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NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
SOI 948773
Jnd%^^nh!-Lf^^ °" l^^ date indicated below
day ther "aAer. '' ^ '"^ °* ~ ^^NTS a
JERSEY CATTLE
AMERICA
JOHN S. LINSLEY, M.D.
' And I, contented with a humble theme.
Have poured my stream of panegyric down
The vale of Nature, where it creeps and winds
Among her lovely works, with a secure
And unambitious course, reflecting clear,
If not the virtues, yet the worth of brutes."
NEW YORK:
Burr Printing House,
18 Jacob Street.
1S85.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, by
F. D. HARMON,
a the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C.
TO
AMERICAN JERSEY CATTLE CLUB,
:hrough whose discernment and enterprise wise provision has been
MADE TO secure TO THE AGRICULTURISTS OF AMERICA THE PERPETUITY
AND PURITY OF THE UNRIVALLED BREED OF JERSEY CATTLE,
THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.
JOHN S. LINSLEY.
EEEATA.
Page 10, SALT UNDISSOLVED IN BUTTER 40S
Page 270, may.
1st line, 15 lbs. Best Mixed Hay.
Page 271, .june.
2d line, 2(;> lbs. Green Rye or Rye Grass.
Page 271, September.
3d line, 30 lbs. Green Barley.
■1th line, 20 lbs. Millet.
5tb line, 20 lbs. Wheat.
Page 272. October.
3d line, .50 lbs. Green Barley.
•1th line, 10 lbs. Green Wheat.
DECEMBER.
1st line, 20 lbs. Best Early Hay.
JANUARY.
1st line, 10 lbs. Green Oat Hay.
Page 273, February.
2d line, 15 lbs. Green Millet Hay.
MARCH.
1st line, 10 lbs. Green Clover Ilaj'.
APRIL.
1st line, 15 ll.)s. Green Millet Hay or 50 lbs. Green Rye.
A CHEAP WINTER RATION.
1st line, 20 lbs. Green Corn Stover.
Page 274, standard winter ration.
2d line, 10 lbs. Rowen Hay.
Page 275, ration one month before calving.
1st line, 15 lbs. Best Timothy Hay.
OR this.
1st line, 15 ll)s. Rowen Hay.
BUTTER TESTS.
Page 653, Fillpail 2d 24,388 ■ 26 lbs. 2 oz.
JERSEY FOUNTAINS.
HOMER H. 3683 omitted from page 565, Page 742.
PREFACE
The object of this work is to set forth fully and cleaiij the special merits and
rare qualities of the beautiful breed of Jersey cattle ; to show how these qualities
have been developed, their mode of perpetuity, and their still further possible
improvement.
It is intended to lie thoroughly practical and progressive, as well as suggestive
of a higher standard in all that pertains to agriculture, cattle-bi-eeding, and the arts of
dairying.
In a work treating of such a wide variety of topics, it has been necessary to
consult many authors and make numerous studies and compilations.
The aixthor has drawn from the writings of many eminent authorities, includ-
ing the Encyclopaedia Britannica ; Morton's Encyclopmdia of Agriculture^
Chamhers' Encyclopcedia ; Reports of Connecticiot Experiment Station ; Re2>orts
of New Yorh Experiment Station y Reports of Agricultural Bureau, Washington,
D.G.; The Marnage of Near Kin,\,j Mive^B.&n.rj Huth ; The Butter Tests of
Jersey Cows, by Campbell Brown j Feeding Animals, by E. "W". Stewart ; Gnenon
on Milch Cows, by Thomas J. Hand ; The Atmospheric System, by Thomas B.
Butler; The Country Oentleman ; The Jersey Bulletin ; The New Yorh Trihtine ;
the wi'itings of J. Le Couteur, John Thornton, and George E. Waring, Jr. ; also the
sale catalogues and herd catalogues of breeders.
Acknowledgment is made of the kindness of Major Henry E. Alvord,
manager of Mr. Yaleutiue's Houghton Farm at Mountainville, N". Y., for re-
ports and chemical tests. Special thanks are due to the hearty and substantial
support of all those who have contributed portraits of cattle to illustrate the text,
and butter records, and render the work attractive to lovers of the Jersey.
The medical and sanitary treatment herein suggested, the author hopes, may be
the means of saving the lives of many valuable animals.
John S. Linsley, M.D.
New Yoek, April, 1S86.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTORY.
PAGE
Our Domain— Influence of Cattle upon Literature — A Pastoral Anthology . . 11
PART FIRST.
History op Jersey Cattle — Principles op Breeding 39
PART SECOND.
Dairy Farming and Management op Cattle : The Nine Points op Good Farming : 97
Feeding Cattle 237
Soiling Cattle : The Seven Points op Soiling 346
Soiling Crops 2.51
Meadows 2.56
Pasturage 363
The Ration 267
Management op Stock 277
Casualties 287
Health and its Conditions 293
Treatment of Accidents and Diseases 298
PART THIRD.
The Dairy.
Milk 338
Cream 366
Cheese 376
Jersey Butter 398
The Thermometer in the Dairy 417
Construction of IceHouses 423
Cleanliness and Filth 429
.Help — Helpers and Hirelings — Rest and Recreation 430
PART FOURTH.
Dairy Farming and the Weather 433
The Atmospheric System 434
Prognostication 459
Annual Rainfall in the United States — Wet- Weather Talk 476
6 COXT£XTS.
PART FIFTH.
TAGE
The Jersey in Amekica 4S3 ■
Jersey Fountains 491
Table of Standard Butter Tests 587
Officiai, Tests of American Jersey Cattle Club 5'JO
Rules for Testing Jersey Cows (JIO
Table op Tests for One Year or Less than a Tear 600
Table op All Tests jVbove 14 Lbs. in 7 Days 653
Tables of Tests Showing Ratio of JIilk to Butter 683
Table Showing Product of Inbreeding ... 687
Pedigrees op Noted Anlsials 687
Study of the Tables TOO
Future op American Jerseys 701*'
ILLUSTRATIONS.
SILHOUETTES.
Jersej' Belle of Scituate 7828
Little Ruth Puller and her pet heifer, Easter Joy
Photogkapheb.
Schreiber.
ScJireiber.
DRAWrNO.
Linsley. . . . Cover.
Linsley. . . Title-page.
PORTRAITS OF JERSEY BULLS.
Photographer. Engraver.
Albert Rex 7734 Schreiber. Sehreiber.
Canada's John Bull 8388 Schreiber. Schreiber.
Dandy Boy 7334 ; drawing by Palmer Bierstadt.
Domino of Darlington 34.59 Schreiber. Schreiber.
Duke of Darlington 3460 Schreiber. Schreiber.
Eddington 3350 Schreiber. Cox. . .
Eurotas' Black Prince 14884 Schreiber. Schreiber.
Footstep 5163 Sehreiber. Schreiber.
Gilderoy 3170 Dr. Howe. Schreiber.
Gilderoy 3d 5043 Schreiber. Foster. .
Hipparchus 11673 Schreiber. Schreiber.
Island Valeur 5514 Schreiber. Schreiber.
King Rioter 6075 Schreiber. Schreiber.
Lille Bonne's Son 4418 Sehreiber. Schreiber.
Matin's Glory 9135 Schreiber. Schreiber.
Mercury 433 Schreiber. Cox. . .
Pogis Chief 3998 Schreiber.
Pride of Mountainside 7118 Schreiber.
Prince Pogis 10683 Schreiber.
Rioter's Combination 10363 Schreiber. Schreiber.
Romano 11806 Schreiber. Schreiber.
Sultan of St. Saviour's 5338 Mcsscherl. Schreiber.
Thalma 4288 Sehreiber. Schreiber.
PORTRAITS OF JERSEY COWS.
Photographer. Engraver.
Alphea 171 Schreiber. Troy.
Belmeda 6339 Schreiber. Schreiber.
Boraba 10380 Schreiber. Schreiber.
513
400
Frontispiece.
224
8 ILL USTEA TIOXS.
PHOTOGRArHEB.
Bonsilene 9811 Schreiber.
Careta 19092 Schreiber.
Couch's Lily 3237 ; drawing by Kittredge
Dandelion 2521 ; drawing by Palmer
Dandelion 3d 21889 ; drawing by Palmer
Dandelion 4th 27000 ; drawing by Palmer
Eudora 1863 Schreiber.
Eurotas 2454 Schreiber.
Evelina of Verna 10971 Schreiber.
Fadette of Verna 3d 11123 Schreiber.
Farmer's 3Iaid 13219 ; drawing by Palmer
Favorite of the Elms 1656 Schreiber.
Fillpail 2d 24388 Schreiber.
Floralia 6230 Schreiber.
Harmony 2d 17118 Kuhns.
Hazen's Nora 4791 Schreiber.
Hilda D. 6683 Schreiber.
Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 Schreiber.
Jersey Lassie 15495 ; drawing by Palmer
Jewell Beauty 2d 1701 ; drawing by Palmer
Lady Buckingham 11670 Schreiber.
Lady Madeline 10526 ; drawing by Palmer
La Financiere 11970 Schreiber.
Landseer's Fancy 2876 Schreiber.
3[arjoram3239 Schreiber.
Mary Anne of St. Laml>ert 9770 -. . Schreiber.
Matin 7768 Schreiber.
Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771 Schreiber.
Miss Cooper 5869 ; drawing by Palmer
Mi.ss Sharplcss 24353 Schreiber.
Oakland Girl 11103 Schreiber.
Oxford Kate 13646 Schreiber.
Pedro Alphea 13889 Schreiber.
Pet of Rose Lawn 11326 Schreiber.
Proctor's Regina 35665 Schreiber.
Pyrrha 3d 11850 ; drawing by Palmer Bierstadt.
Rosebell 2d 11722; drawing by Palmer
Rose of Eden 13437 Schreiber.
Sultaue 2d 11373 Schreiber.
Surprise of M. S. 10938 ; drawing by Palmer
Taoma7300 Schreiber.
Ultissima 34633 Schreiber
Westphalia 24384 Schreiber.
EsORAVEn.
To Face
Schreiber.
... 368
Schreiber.
... 384
Scfireibcr.
... 513
Bierstadt.
Bierstadt.
Bierstadt.
Schreiber
Frontispiece.
Frontispiece.
Frontispiece.
320
Schreiber.
. . . 32
Schreiber.
. . . 128
Schreiber.
... 416
Bierstadt.
Schreiber.
Frontispiece.
... 432
Schreiber.
... 64
Schreiber.
... 496
Schreiber.
... 416
Schreiber.
... 272
Schreiber.
... 144
Schreiber.
... 16
Schreiber.
... 544
Bierstadt.
Schreiber.
Frontispiece.
... 48
Bierstadt.
Schreiber.
Frontispiece.
... 804
Schreiber.
... 560
Schreiber.
•. . . 160
Schreiber.
... 80
Schreiber.
... 176
Schreiber.
. . . 608
Schreiber.
. . . 224
Schreiber.
... 240
Sdireiber.
... 576
Schreiber.
... 240
Schreiber.
. . . 208
Schreiber.
... 640
Schreiber.
... 256
Bierstadt.
Bierstadt.
Schreiber.
Frontispiece.
Frontispiece.
. . . 352
Schreiber.
... 288
Bierstadt.
Schreiber.
Frontispiece.
... 113
Schreiber.
... 16
Schreiber.
... 336
ILL UHTRA TIONS.
CHARTS. DRAWINGS, DIAGRAMS, PLANS AND IMPLEMENTS. To Face
Page
■ Attic Floor Calf Stable 119
Blcorn Escutcheon '^'^
Briarcliff Farm, James Stillman, Sing Sing, N. Y 91'
Brush HaiTow for Grass Seed 361
Carresine Escutcheon 68
Carrot Cleaner 276
Champion Drill 121
Chart of Annual Rainfall Over Part of U. S 454
Chart Showing Variations During a Fair Day .475
Chart of "Winter Rainfall Over Part of U. S 447
Clark's Root Cutter 122
Curveline Escutcheon 68
Curveline Escutcheon of Young Mercurj' 7485 68
Demijohn Escutcheon 68
Device for Changing Feed in Champion Drill 122
Double Selvedge Escutcheon 68
Escutcheon Feathers SS
Flandrine Escutcheon 68
Focal Path in February, 1854 448
Focal Path in March, 1854 449
Focal Path in April, 1854 450
Focal Path and Area of Drouth in May, 1854 451
Focal Path and Area of Drouth in June, 1854 452
Focal Path and Area of Drouth in July and August, 1854 453
Fore Escutcheon of Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 67
Pore Veins of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 67
Fore Veins of Value 2d 6844 68
Front of Calf Stall 118
Funnel 125
Ground Plan of Ridge-and-Furrow Water-Meadow 230
Ground Plan of Stable 113
Left Flandrine Escutcheon 68
Limousine Escutcheon . . 68
Map of Annual Rainfall of United States 480
More's Pyramidal Strainer 124
Plan of Dairy for Fifty Cows 336
Plan of Octagon Barn 108
Plan of Square Barn HO
Points of Dandelion 2521 56
Points of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7838 54-
Points of Lady Vertumnus 13317 56
Points of Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 55
Points of Princess 2d 8046 55
Rest for Strainer 125
Salt Dissolved in Butter 407
10 ILL USTRA TIONS.
To Face
Page
Salt rndissolvcd in Butter 480
Selvedge Escutcheon 68
Sewage Irrigation 21(5
Spring Hoe (Champion Drill) 123
Square Escutcheon 68
Stable 113
Stoddard Churn 137
Stoddard Creamery and Refrigerator 126
System of Ventilation for Stables 114
The Southeaster 441
The Three Stories of the Atmosphere 439
INTRODUCTORY.
OUR DOMAm.
The American people are now preparing a continent to be the chvelling-place,
before another centnry shall have passed, of more than five Inmdred millions of
people.
To ns the nations of the earth are looking for the sohition of many of the prob-
lems of poUtical and social economy and questions that relate to the welfare of the
human race.
One of the most important elements determining our material prosperity and
oiir permanent progress is an enlightened system of agriculture.
By the condition of a nation's agriculture we may judge of its advancement in
the path of civilization.
Not yet is the Golden Age of American Agriculture.
Looking backward to the austere and gloomy barbarism of our Anglo-Saxon
ancestry, beyond a thousand years ago, we exclaim, How great the transition ! Look-
ing at the progress of a centiiry, or a generation, we are filled with self-gratulation.
But when we consider how much we lack, in knowledge, in method, in pur-
pose— when we try to picture the possibilities of the future of American agricult-
ure, we are impressed with the idea that we are only at the threshold of the way of
enlightenment and progress.
In the contest of wresting from the soil an abundant supply of food, clothing,
and all the necessaries of physical existence, and at the same time means of leisure,
cultivation, refinement, and mental growth for the multitude, Ave are required to
deal with a problem which has not yet been solved. At the very beginning of study
we are forcibly convinced of the wastes that are continually draining the resources
of a nation — waste of vital force in a thousand ways, waste of material from neg-
hgence or from ignorance, waste through unprofitable labor and lack of system.
In our agriculture we need new ideas and new methods. We must apply the
lessons we have learned from history and from experience. We must also learn to
anticipate the wants of the near future.
There must be an economy of vital force, a profitable system of fertilizing, more
thorough tillage, improved sanitary buildings for the farmer and his cattle, and a
12 IXTEOnUCTORY.
])ractical system of education in all schools, from the primary to the imiversity.
But, at last, the basis of our agriculture consists in the races of cattle we cultivate.
AVithout cattle it would be impossible to have any civilization. The catfte must
fatten the ground and feed the race of men that live u]>on it. Agriculture is the
mother of all arts, and the cow is the mother of agriculture. Not only are cattle
the essential element upon which agriculture depends for existence, but a progres-
sive agriculture requires that the races of cattle adopted by a ]ieii])k' must be of the
highest excellence to insure prosperity.
In the promotion of this most im)K>rtant Imt luuft ii (.•>;■] cc ted of all human in-
dustries, it is the ])atrii)tic duty of every successful l)u.siness man to devote a portion
of his wealth.
The inventor, poet, physician, artist, merchant, miner, lawyer, statesman, sol-
dier, editor, banker, manufacturer- — each and all that have accumulated a competency,
shoiild hold a portion of the soil for a cidtivated farm, a home which should be
made as productive and as beautiful as possible, a veritable Paradise, With fruitful
fields, orchards, and groves, and herds of the choicest cattle.
As Americans we rejoice in the memory of our famous men, and that many of
the best of them were farinei-s. Washington, Jeifei-son, the inventor of the first
mould-board plow upon mathematical principles ; Clay, Webster, Greeley, the great
editor ; Bryant, the poet ; Gai-field, the beloved President, and many more whom we
love, revere, and honor, have left us a wholesome and worthy example of doing what
they could for agriculture. They loved the country home and its pure attractions.
They loved the art which, above all other arts, is designed to make home happy.
The American fanner is desirous to excel. He wants to have the best of every-
tiiing that pertains to his calling. When he shall ascertain what is best for his
present or prospective need, he will bend his energies to secure it, if practicable.
It is of the first necessity that he supply himself with the breed of cattle best
suited to his needs — cattle that shall help to make farming a source of material pros-
perity, joyous health, and perpetual pleasure. Let the cattle, then, be worthy
of our choice and have a large place in our esteem. What we think of our cattle,
how we shall use them and make them serve us and our national prosperity,
how we shall improve, transform, and perfect them for our purpose, how kindly we
shall treat them and care for them, how they shall influence our life, our comfort,
our health, our hajipiness, our usefulness, our sentiments, our philanthropy, will be
told to the ages that come after us. Let the historian, the painter, and the poet
have a share in this record, for they are to set forth in a new era of enlightenment
a consummation of excellence that shall far exceed in l)eneficence all the earlier ages
of the world's effete civilizations. The coming ages will not foster so much a pride
of war and barbaric splendor. The patriot's boast in the new era shall not be like
that of Henry V. of his soldiers, in battle, " whose blood is fet from fathers of
INTR OD UCTOR Y. 1 3
war proof," but a proiider exclamation will be that of all Americans — " We are the
sons of fathers who made the name of their country glorious by the culture of the
arts of *peace !"
mFLUENCE OF CATTLE UPON LITEEATURE.
All the lovers of choice cattle are glad to read about them. If the songs and
sayings of those who have best expressed the sentiment of mankind in all that
relates to cattle, the dairy, and the charms of country life should be gathered, tliey
would make many delightful vohimes.
Beginning with the oldest literature, we have in tlie writings of Moses the
brief but sublime account of the creation of the world, with its plants, its cattle, and
man, who is given the donunion over all cattle and all the earth's productions, and a
lordly self-control.
There we have sketches of the patriarchs, of the religious sentiment of the
world's best men ; the history of sacrifice, confession of a moral stain that needed
forgiveness and a divine cleansing, by and through a Substitute who was typified in
the -sactim.
There we read of Abraham, who was " very rich in cattle, in silver and gold ;"
of the strife between his herdsmen and his nephew Lot, so amicably settled as ever
to show himself the typical peace-maker among neighbors ; his entertainment of the
three angels with a calf tender and good, dressed with milk and butter.
"We read of Isaac, his son, " who became very great, and had possession of flocks
and herds ;" of Jacob, the most famous cattle-breeder of the ancient world, who
made his father-in-law rich, and then enriched himself out of his wages of spotted
cattle.
What a perennial charm has the story of Joseph — his wonderful interpretation
of the strange dream of Pharaoh, his purchase of all the cattle of the Egyptians for
his brethren while he ruled in Egypt and furnished all the world with wheat ! Then
the deliverance, the laws of sacrifice, the promise to be led to •" a goodly land that
floweth with milk and honey." The songs of Moses, and his great poem, the Book
of Job, contain many allusions to cattle.
The record of the captm-e of the Ark of Jehovah in the Book of Samuel, the
miraculous disasters that befell its captors, and their device for returning the Ark to
the Israelites, by a new cart drawn by two milch cows, that left their calves and went
lowing all the way straight to the laud of the Jews, is one of the most wonderful of
the events in the history of that most wonderful of nations.
Asaph the Seer,* in his sacred psalms, sings of the majesty of Jehovah and
his dominions :
lible Uuiou Version, by T. .J. Couaiil, D.D.
IXTR 01) UCTOR Y.
PSALM L. — THE CATTLE BELONG TO GOD.
'I am Goil, tliy God
Not for tliy sacrifices will I reprove thee :
And thy burnt-ofiferings are continually before me.
I will not take a bullock from thy house,
Nor he-goats from thy folds.
For mine is every beast of the forest.
The cattle on a thousand hills.
I know every bird of the mountains,
And the beasts of the tield are before me.
If I were hungry I would not say it to thee ;
For the world is mine, and the fuluess thereof.
Will I cat the flesh of bulls,
And drink the blood of goats ?
Sacrifice to God thanksgiving,
And pay to the Most High thy vows,
And call upon me in the day of fnnibic ;
I will deliver thee, :ind thou sbalt luinor me."
rSALM LXXIII. — OUT OF EGYPT.
' And he removed as a flock his own people.
And guided them as a lierd in the wilderness :
And he led them on safely, and they feared not.
But their enemies the sea overwhelmed."
The sacred psalms of David the King arc full <if poetic hcaiity and the melody
of praise to Jehovah.
PSALM LXV. — GOI> THE GIVER OF PROSPERITY.
"Thou ha.st visited llie ciirlh, and mu<ie it overllow [with plenty] ;
Thou greatly euriche.sl il.
The river of God is full of water.
Thou preparest their grain, for so dost thou jirejiare tlie earth ;
Drenching its furrows, .settling its ridges ;
Thou makest it soft with showers.
Its springing up thou dost bless.
Thou hast crowned the year with thy goodness ;
And thy footsteps drip with fatness ;
The pa.stures of the wilderness they drip.
And the hills gird themselves with gladness.
The pastures are clothed with flocks.
And the valleys are robed with grain ;
They shout together, yea, they sing."
INTRODUCTORY.
PSALM CIV. — GOD S BENEFICENCE IN CREATION.
" He sends out springs among the valleys ;
They run among the mountains.
They give drink to every beast of the field ;
The wild asses quench their thirst.
Above them dwell the fowls of heaven ;
From among the branches they utter a voice.
He waters the mountains from his chambers ;
The earth is sated with the fruit of thy working.
He causes grass to grow for the cattle,
And herbs for the service of man,
Bringing forth food out of the earth.
They all wait for thee,
To give their food in its season.
Thou givest to them ; they gather ;
Thou openest thy hand, they are sated with good ;
Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled ;
Thou withdrawest their breath, they expire.
And return to their du.st ;
Thou sendest forth thy breath, they are created ;
And thou renewest the face of the ground."
PSALM cvri. — god's care for his people.
' ' He turns the wilderness into a pool of water.
And a dry land into water-.springs.
And there he makes the hungry dwell.
And they fotmd a city for a habitation.
And they sow fields, and plant vineyards.
And produce fruits of the yearly increase.
. And he blesses them, and they multiply greatly.
And their cattle he makes not few."
PSALM CXLIV. A PRAYER FOR DIVINE BLESSING OP PEACE .\NI
" So that our sons may be as plants.
Full grown in their youth ;
Our daughters as corner pillars,
Sculptured after the structure of a palace ;
Our garners full, supplying of every kind ;
Our flocks multiplying by thousands.
By tens of tliousands, in our fields ;
Our oxen laden ;
Ko breaking in, nor going forth.
And no outcry in our streets.
Happy the people to whom it is thus ;
Happy the people whose God is Jehovah 1"
16 ixrn OT) rr toe v.
PSALM CXLVm.— SONG OF PRAISB.
" Praise Jehovah from the earth ;
Ye sea monsters and all deeps ;
Fire and hail, snow and vapor,
Stormj- wind fulfilling his word ;
Te mountains and all hills,
Fruit-trees and all cedars ;
Beasts, and all cattle.
Creeping things and winged birds ;
Kings of tlie earth, and all peoples.
Princes and all judges of the earth ;
Young men, and also maidens,
Old men, with children :
Let them praise the name of Jehovah."
Solomon says :
" I had great possessions of great and small cattle above all that were in Jerusjilem before me."
Among bis three thonsand proverbs we note :
" Be thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks, and look well to thy herds."
" A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast : but the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel."
" Where no oxen are, the crib is clean ; but much increase is by the strength of the o.\."
In the historic temple built by Solomon to the worship of Jehovah was a
great brazen laver, or sea, resting on twelve gigantic brazen statnes <>f oxen, in
groups of three, looking north, south, east, and west. In the dedication of the
temple twenty-two thousand oxen were offered among the sacriiices.
Isaiah, the most fervid and exalted in spirit of all the Hebrew poets, shows us
the coming of the Giver of grace and tnith, and a restoration of spiritual bless-
ings, graphically typified by milk and honeV, pleasant fields, and the feet of
cattle. Habakkuk, too, in a sublime poem upon the majesty of God and his prov-
idence, intersperses like figures to portray the blessings of the day of prosperity ;
while the prophet Joel, by the desolate garners, by broken-do\vn bams and ■withered
corn, by groaning beasts and perplexed herds, by dried-up rivers and fire-devoured
pastures, describes drouth and famine.
A PASTORAL ANTHOLOGY.
The Egyptians deified and worshipped the bull, and the cow was their symbol
of the goddess of Love. Homer,* the greatest of Greek poets, makes f retjuent allu-
sions to cattle, and many of the finest portions of the Iliad are thus illustrated.
Agamemnon, at the head of his armies on the plains before the city of Troy, is
described as
* Translation of Alexander Pope.
JERSEY BELLE OF SCITUATE 7828.
AT 10 YEAKS OLD.
Victor Type.
The Thorougiibked Model.
ROMANO 11,806.
AT 30 MONTHS OLD.
Couch's Lily— Jersey Belle— Eurotaa Type.
GREEN MOUNTAIN HEED.
MOULTON BUOTIIEHS, WeST KaNDOLPII, VERMONT.
ULTISSIMA 24,633.
./<■;•»// n,ll,^K,ii;,t,is Type.
GKE?:x MorXIAIX HEED.
Mori,TON Brothers, West Randolph, Vermont.
INTRODUCTORY. 17
" majestically tall,
Towers o'er his armies and outshines them all ;
Like some proud bull that round the pasture leads
His subject herds, the monarch of the meads."
They sacrifice a steer to Jove in honor of the prowess of Ajax, and at the feast
which follows, in which they eat the roasted tlesh,
" Before great Ajax placed the mighty chine."
Agamemnon, in his desire to appease the wrath of Achilles, makes a list of the
rich presents and honors he will bestow, among them seven cities, and all the rich
lands appertaining :
" Along the verdant margin of the main,
There heifers graze and laboring oxen toil."
When Patroelus is killed by Hector, the Spartan king Menelans guards his
body from capture :
" Thus round her new-fallen young the heifer moves,
Fruit of her throes and first-born of her loves.
And anxious (helpless as he lies and bare)
Turns and re-turus her with a mother's care."
The terrible fighting of Ajax Telemon, the Great, and Ajax Oileus, the Swift,
side by side, in the fourth battle, is likened as follows : ■
" So when two lordly bulls, with equal toil.
Force the bright plowshare through the fallow soil.
Joined to one yoke, the stubborn earth they tear,
And trace large furrows with the shining share.
O'er their huge limbs the foam descends in snow.
And streams of sweat down their sour foreheads flow. "
The shield of Achilles, as wrought by the god Vulcan, is of silver, brass, tin, and
solid gold —
" There shone the image of the master mind.
There earth, there heaven, there ocean he designed."
The sun, the moon, the stars, two cities, two armies, golden gods, two spies,
flocks, herds, battles, a field with plowmen, grain fields, vineyards with maids and
yoiiths.
" Here herds of oxen march erect and bold,
Rear high their heads, and seem to low in gold.
And speed to meadows, on whose sounding shores
A rapid torrent through the rushes roars ;
Four golden herdsmen as the guardians stand,
And nine sour dogs complete the rustic band.
Two lions rushing from the wood appeared
And seized a bull, the master of the herd ;
1 8 INTR 01) UCTOR Y.
He roared ; in vain the tiogs, the men, -witlistood ;
They tore his flesli, and drank tlie sable blood.
The dogs, oft cheered in vain, desert the prey,
Dread the grim terrors, and at distance bay.
Next this, the eye the art of Vulcan leads
Deep through fair forests and a length of meads.
And stalls, and folds, and scattered cots between.
And fleecy flocks that whiten all the scene.
A figured dance succeeds. . . .
The gazing multitudes admire around.
Thus the broad shield complete, the artist crowned
With his last hand, and poured the ocean round ;
In living silver seemed the waves to roll.
And beat the buckler's verge, and bound the whole."
All expression favorite witli the great Homer, and sli(jwing liis appreciation of
the beauties of the bovine race of Greece, was,
" Ooddess of the cow's fair eyes."
Hesiod, another Greek poet, is described by Elizabetli Barrett Browning as
" lle.siod old.
Who, somewhat blind and deaf and cold,
Cared most for gods and bulls."
In the Norse mythology, as recorded in tlie songs and legends which form the
Icelandic Edda, " the giant Yinir and his shapeless progeny, Whirlwinds of the
North and Terrors of the Deep, the enemies of the Sun and of Life, are succeeded
by Aedhumla the Cow, who is fonned of melting snow, and she, licking the white
frost from the rocks, brings to light Burl, a Man ! The sons of Man kill the
giant Ymir, and from his flesh is formed the earth, from his bones the hills, from
his skull the sky, from his blood the sea, and from his brains the clouds."
In the twelfth century Bernard of Clugny wrote a Latin liymn suggested by
the ver.se of Moses, " a land flowing witli milk and honey." In 1851 the hymn was
translated into English by J. M. Neale. It is one of tlie most joyous and inspiring
lyrics ever written —
" Jerusalem the golden.
With milk and honey blest,"
a view of that goodly land of everlasting peace and pleasure.
Among all the nations of antiquity, the Jews were the greatest lovers of cattle ;
but since their dispersion they seem to have lost that instinct, and now the Anglo-
Saxon has become the leading race of cattle fanciers, and English literature is rich
with its allusions to niral felicity. Shakespeare, in tlie tliinl part of King Henry
VI., Scene V., makes the king desire a fanner's life :
iNTR on iTCTOJi r: lo
" O God ! methiuks it were a happy life
To be no better than a homely swain ;
To sit upon a hill, as I do now,
To carve out dials quaintly, point by point.
Thereby to see the minutes how they run,
How many make the hour full complete :
How many hours bring about the day ;
How many days will finish up the year ;
How many years a mortal man may live.
When this is known, then to divide the times :
So many hours nnist I tend my flock ;
So many hours nuist I take my rest ; *
So many hours must I contemplate ;
So many hours must I sport myself ;
So many days my ewes have been with yoiuig ;
So manj' weeks ere the poor fools will yean ;
So many years ere I shall shear the fleece :
So minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, and years.
Passed over to the end they were created.
Would bring white hairs into a quiet gi-ave.
Ah ! what a life were this ! how sweet ! how lovely !"
The prince of Christiau poets, John Milton, invoking Mirth, invites lier to
sliow him all pleasant sights and give him all joyons sounds of rural life :
" While the plowni:in near at hand
Whistles o'er the furrowed land,
And the milkmaid singeth blithe,
And the mower whets his scythe,
And every shepherd tells his tale
Under the hawthorn in the dale."
Again Milton pictures rural delights to the unaccustomed senses — " Paradise Lo,st,"
Book IX. :
" As one who. long in populous city pent.
Where houses thick and sewers annoy the air.
Forth issuing on a summer's morn to breathe
Among the pleasant villages and farms
Adjoined, from each thing met conceives delight.
The smell of grain, or tedded grass, or kiue.
Or dairy, each rural sight, each rural sound."
A plaintive allusion in " Paradise l>ost " touches us with a strange pathos :
•• Thus with the year
Seasons return, but not to me returns
Day, or the sweet approach of even or moru.
aO INTRODUCTORY.
Or sight of vernal bloom or summer's rose,
Or flocks or herds, or human face divine ;
But cloud instead, and ever-during dark
Surrounds me."
How beautiful is his description of tin; Angel Raphael and liis visit to Pani-
dise ! Radiant with the splendor of
" Downy gold and colors dipped in heaven,"
he comes to the garden, and is entertained as a guest by Adam and Eve in their
bower. Eve prepares a feast —
' ' fruit of all kinds,
Nect'rous draughts between from milky stream.
For drink the grape
She crushes, inoffensive must, and meaths
From many a licrr}- ; and from sweet kernels pressed
She tempers dulcet creams."
Robert Herrick in (juaint ver-se, thanking God for his little house and tlie
blessings of garden and field, says :
" The while the conduits of my kine
Eun cream for wiue. '
Thomas Tickell pictures in fancy a country home, in which these lines occur :
" A rill shall warble 'cross the gloomy grove —
A little rill o'er pebbly beds conveyed
Gush down the steep, and glitter through the glade.
What cheering scents the.se bordering banks exhale !
How loud that heifer lows from yonder vale !
That thrush, how shrill !"
Alexander Pope, at twelve year.s, thus de.scril)es " The Quiet Life " :
' ' Happy the man whose wisli and care
A few paternal acres found.
Content to breathe his native air
In his own grovuid.
Whose herds with milk, whose liekls with liri;id.
Whose flocks supply him with attire,
Whose trees in summer yield him shade.
In winter, fire."
•Tames Thomson, in his " Castle of Indolence," gives many plea.sing pictures.
I select one :
" In health the wiser brutes true gladness find.
See how the younglings frisk along the meads.
As May comes on, and wakes the balmy wind :
Rampant with life, their joy all joy exceeds ;
Yet what but highstrung health this dancing pleasaunce breeds ?"
INTR 01) UCTOR Y.
In his " Spring " he loves to
" wander o'er the dewj' fields "
and
'* Through the verdant maze of sweet-brier hedges
Taste the smell of dairy."
He was tender-hearted to all animals —
• To merit death ? You who have given us milk in luscious s
He describes well the restlessness of a pastured liuU, and the contest when two of
them meet :
■ ' And groaning deep the impetuous battle mix ;
While the fair heifer, balmy breathing near,
Stands kindling up their rage."
In his " Snmnier " (after a thunder storm) :
'"Tis beauty all, and grateful song around,
Joined to the low of kine and numerous bleat
Of flocks thick nibbling through the clovered vale."
Alexander Hume thus pictures the " Summer Day " :
'• The burning beams down from his face
So fervently can beat.
That man and beast now seek a place
To save them from the heat.
" The herds beneath some leafy tree.
Amid the flowers they lie ;
The stable ships upon the sea
Send up their sails to dry."
Thomas Gray, in his " Elegy," gives many a perfect verse :
■' The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea.
And drowsy tiuklings lull the distant folds.
* * » * *
How jocund did they drive their team afield !"
Oliver Goldsmith, in the " Deserted Village," thus describes sights and sounds
at Auburn :
" Sweet was the sound when oft at evening's close
Up yonder hill the village murmur rose ;
There as I passed, with careless steps and slow.
The mingling notes came softened from below :
The swain responsive as the milkmaid sung ;
The sober herd that lowed to meet their young ;
The noisy geese that gabbled o'er the pool ;
The playful children just let loose from school ;
The watch-dog's voice that bayed the whispering wind,
And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind—
These all in sweet confusion sought the shade.
And filled each pause the nightingale had made."
IXTRonrcTORY.
William Cowper, the jieiisivi- I'liritmi pui't, expressed a strong sympathy for
or beast sufferiiiiT from cruelty. He was a lover of animals. How fair is the
; of Ouse— the river he so loved— and the tields ahmjj its hanks:
" Slow wiiidiiis; throufili a level plain
Of spacious meads, with eatlle sprinkled o'er.
A breath of unadulterate air.
The glimpse of a green pasture, how they cheer
The citizen and brace his languid frame !
The heart is hard in nature, and unlit
For human fellowship, as being void
Of sympathy, and therefore dead alike
To love and friendship both, that is not pleased
With sight of animals enjoying life.
Nor feels their happiness augment his own.
The very kine that gambol at high noon.
The total herd receiving first from one.
Thai leads the dance, a summons to be gay.
Though wild their strange vagaries and uncouth
Their efforts, yet resolved with one con.sent
To give such act and utterance as they may
To ecstasy too big to be suppressed —
These and a thousand images of bliss
With which kind nature graces every scene.
Where cruel man defeats not her design.
Impart to the benevolent, who wish
All that are capable of pleasure, plea.sed,
A far superior happiness to theirs —
The comfort of a reasonable joy."
James I'eattie, in " The Minstrel," gives lis this pleasing line :
■• Crowned with her pail, the Irippin- niilkiiiaid sings."
Eohert P.nrns, in his matchle.ss pieturi" of •• Tlic (fitter's Saturday Xight."
; describes the simple meal, when Jennie's lover comes in to spend the evening :
" But now the supper crowns their simple board.
The halesome parrilch, chief o' Scotia's food ;
The soupe* their only hawkief does ivilord,
Thai 'yont the hallanj snugly chows her cood :
Tlie dame brings forth, in complimental mood,
To grace Ihc lad, her weel-haincd kebbuck,§ fell,]
An' aft he's prest an' aft he ca's it guid,
The frugal wife, garrulous, will tell
How 'twas a lowmond auld, .siu' lint was i' the bell."
^ .Milk. f Cow. X Partition wall. g Cheese. | Sharp or biting.
INTR OD UCTOR Y.
The foUowiTiii; gem is from " The Farmer's Boy," by Robert Bloomfield :
" A little farm his generous master tilled,
Who with peculiar grace his station filled,
By deeds of hospitality endeared.
Served from affection — for his worth revered ;
A happy offspring blest his plenteous board.
His fields were fruitful and his barns well-stored,
And four-score ewes he fed, a sturdy team,
And lowing kine, that grazed beside the stream.
Unceasing industry he kept in view,
And never lacked a job for Giles to do.
The clattering dairymaid immersed in steam.
Singing and scrubbing midst her milk and cream.
Bawls out, ' Go fetch the cows ! '
Straight to the meadows then he whistling goes ;
With well-known halloo calls his lazy cows ;
Down the rich pastures heedlessly they graze.
Or hear the summons with an idle gaze ;
For well they know the cow-yard yields no more
Its tempting fragrance nor its wintry store.
Reluctance marks their steps, sedate and slow.
The right of conquest the only law they know ;
The strong press on, the weak by turns succeed.
And one superior always takes the lead.
Is foremost wheresoe'er they stray.
Allowed precedence, undisputed sway ;
With jealous pride her station is maintained.
For many a broil that post of honor gained.
Forth comes the maid, and like the morning smiles ;
The mistress, too, and followed close by Giles.
A friendly tripod forms their humble seat,
With pails bright scoured and delicately sweet.
Where shadowing elms obstruct the morning ray
Begins the work, begins the simple lay ;
The full-charged udder yields its willing stream,
While Mary sings some lover's amorous dream.
And crouching Giles, beneath a neighboring tree,
Tugs o'er his pail, and chants with equal glee ;
Whose hat, with battered brim, of nap so bare.
From the cow's side purloins a coat of hair —
A mottled ensign of his harmless trade,
An unambitious, peaceable cockade.
As unambitious, too, that cheerful maid ;
With joy she views her plenteous reeking store.
And bears a brimmer to the dairy-door,
24 INTR O D I Y ' TOR Y.
Her cows dismissed, tlie luscious meuds to roam
Till eve again recall them loaded home."
Here is " Country Life," from the pen of William Wordsworth — " March '' :
" The cock is crowing.
The stream is flowing,
The small birds twitter,
The lake doth glitter.
The green field sleeps in the sun
The oldest and youngest
Are at work with the strongest ;
The cattle are grazing.
Their heads never raising,
There are forty feeding like one.
" Like an army defeated.
The snow hath retreated.
And now doth fare ill
On the top of the bare bill ;
The plowboy is whooping— anon — anon 1
There's joy on the mountain.
There's life in the fountain.
Small clouds are sailing,
Blue sky prevailing.
The rain is over and gone I"
A contrast to the sad experience of the homesick farmer m the city, by the
same author, " The Farmer of Tilsbury Vale " :
" To London— a sad emigration, I ween —
With his gray hairs, he went from the brook and tlie green,
And there with small wealth but his legs and his liiinds.
As lonely he stood as a crow on the sands.
In the throng of the town like a stranger is lie.
Like one whose own country's far over the sea
And nature, while through the city he hies,
Full ten times a day takes his heart by surprise.
'Mid coaches and chariots, a wagon of straw,
Like a magnet, the heart of old Adam will draw.
With a thousand soft pictures his memory will teem.
And his hearing is touched with the sound of a dream.
Up the Hay-market hill he oft whistles his way.
Thrusts his hands in a wagon and smells at the hay ;
He thinks of the fields he so often hath mown.
And is as happy as if the ricli freight were his own.
IJSTTR OD UVTOR Y. 35
But chiefly to Smithfield he loves to repair ;
If you pass by at morning you'll meet with him there.
The breath of the cows you may see him inhale,
And his heart all the while is in Tilsbury Vale."
James Hogg gives us this pretty song :
" Come, all ye jolly shepherds
That whistle through the glen ;
I'll tell ye o' a secret
That courtiers dinna ken :'
What is the greatest bliss
That tongue of man can name ?
'Tis to woo a bonnie lassie
When the kye come hame.
When the kye come hame,
When the kye come hame,
'Tween the gloamin' an' the mirk,
When the kye come hame.
" When the blackbird bigs his nest
For the mate he lo'es to see.
And on the tapmost bough.
Oh, a happy bird is he !
There he pours his melting ditty.
And love is a' the theme ;
And he'll woo his bonnie lassie
When the kye come hame.
" When the blewart bears a pearl.
And the daisy turns a pea.
And the bonnie lucken gowan
Has fauldit up his ee.
Then the lavrock, frae the blue lift,
Draps down and thinks nae shame
To woo his bonnie lassie
When the kye come hame.
" When the little wee bit heart
Rises high in the breast.
And the little wee bit starn
Rises red in the East,
Oh, there's a joy sae dear.
That the heart can hardly frame,
Wi' a bonnie, bonnie lassie,
When the kye come hame. "
Felicia Hemaus, in " The Switzer's Wife," has this melodious couplet :
' ' And when the herd's returning bells are sweet
In the Swiss valleys, and the lakes grow still."
IXTR oi) rcToii y.
Tlie f(>ll(i\viii<r lieaiitifnl stanza is taken from Jolin KeatsV " Ode on ;i (ireci
I "' :
•■ Who are these coming to the sacrifice ?
To what green altar, O mysterious priest.
Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies.
And all her silken tlanks in garlands drest ?
What little town by river or seashore.
Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel.
Is emptied of its folk this iiious morn ?
And, little town, thy streets foreverraore
Will silent be. and not a soul to tell
Wliy thou art desolati^, c-iii cer rcluni."
Samuel Ferguson, in " The I'retty (iirl of Lodi Dan," lia.« this stanza :
" She brought us in a bwclien l)i)wl
Sweet milk that smacked of inouiitaiii lliyme,
Oat cake, and such a yellow mil
Of butter— it gilds iill my rhyme I"
From Alfred Tennyson's "In Memoriam" tiu' foll(.winjr is culled :
" And brushing anklc-dccii in tlowcrs,
We heard behind the woodbine veil
• The milk that bubbled in the pail.
And buzzings of the honeyed hours."
From " The (4ardeniT's Dauijlitcr " :
" The fields between
Are dewy fresh, l)row.sed by deep uddered kine.
And all about the large lime feathers, low.
The lime a summer home of murmurous wings.
All the land in fiowery sq\iares.
Beneath a broad and equal blowing wind.
Smelt of the coming summer. . . .
The steer forgot to graze.
And. where the hedgerow cuts the pathway, stood
Leaning his horns into the neighbor field,
And lowing to his fellows. From the woods
Came voices of the well-contented doves.
The lark could scarce get out his notes for joy,
But .shook his song together as he neared
His happy home, the ground. To left and right
The cuckoo told his name to all the hills ;
The mellow ouzel whistled in the elm ;
The redcap whistled ; and the nightingale
Sang loud, as though he were the bird of day. "
IISTTR OB UCTOR Y. 27
From '- The Palace of Art " :
" Or sweet Europa's mantle blew unclasped
From off her shoulders backward borne ;
From one hand drooped a crocus ; one hand grasped
The mild bull's golden horn."
The pathetic ballad, by Charles Kingsley, " O Mary, go and call the Cattle
Home !" is very popular :
" O Mary, go and call the cattle home,
And call the cattle home,
And call the cattle home,
Across the banks o' Dee !
The western wind was wild and dank wi' foam,
And all alone went she.
" The creeping tide came up along the sand,
And o'er and o'er the sand,
And round and round the sand.
As far as eye could see ;
The blinding mist came down and hid the land.
And never home came she.
" Oh, is it weed, or fish, or floating hair —
A tress o' golden hair,
O' drowned maiden's hair —
Above the nets at sea ?
Was never salmon yet that shone so fair.
Among the stakes on Dee.
" They towed her in across the rolling foam —
The cruel, crawling foam,
The cruel, hungry foam —
To her grave beside the sea ;
But still the boatmen hear her call the cattle home
Across the sands o' Dee."
The following is a part of " The Milkmaid's Song," by Sidney Dobell :
" Wheugh ! wheugh ! He's whistling through —
He's whistling ' The Farmer's Daughter.'
Give down, give down,
My crumpled brown !
He shall not take the road to town,
For I'll meet him beyond the water.
Give down, give down.
My crumpled brown !
And send me to my Harry I
The folks o' towns
May have silken gowns.
But I can milk and marry.
28 TXTJi on rCTOR Y.
I'm too late for my Harry !
And oh, if he goes a-soUliering,
The cows they may low, the bells they may ring.
But I'll neither milk nor marry.
Fill i>!iil.
Neither milk nor marry.
They may talk of glory over the sea,
But Harry's alive, and Harry's for me.
My love, my lad, my Harry !
Come spring, come winter, come sun, come snow,
What cares Dolly whether or no.
While I can milk and marry '!
Right or wrong, and wrong or right.
Quarrel who quarrel, and light who fight,
But I'll bring my pail home every night
To love, and home, and Harry !"
No English poet lias better depicted the emotions of the human lieart or the
vicissitudes of rural life than Jean Ingelow. How sweetly is the " old storv" told
in these few verses selected from " The Maiden -with the Milking-Pail " :
" What change has made the pastures sweet.
And reached the daisies at my feet,
And cloud that wears a golden hem ?
This lovely world, the hills, the sward—
They all look fresh. :i.« if our Lord
But yesterday had tinislu-d them.
" I see the pool more clear by half
Than pools where other waters laugh
Up at the breasts of coot and rail.
There, as she pa.ssed it on her way,
I saw reflected, yesterday,
A maiden with a milking-pail.
" There, neither slowly nor in haste —
One hand upon her slender waist,
The other lifted to her pail —
She, rosy in the morning light.
Among the water-daisies white.
Like some fair sloop appeared to sail.
" Against her ankles as she trod
The lucky buttercups did nod ;
I leaned upon the gate to see.
The sweet thing looked, but did not speak ;
A dimple came in cither cheek,
And all my heart was cone from me.
INTRODUCTORY. 29
" With happy youth and work content,
So sweet and stately on she went.,
Riglit careless of the untold tale ;
Each step she took I loved her more,
And followed to her dairy door
The maiden with the milking-pail.
• * * « *
" And when the west began to glow
I went — I could not choose but go —
To that same dairy on the hill ;
And while sweet Mary moved about
Within, I came to her without.
And leaned upon the window-sill.
" The garden border where I stood
Was sweet with pinks and southern wood.
I spoke — her answer seemed to fail.
I smelt the pinks — I could not see !
The dusk came down and sheltered me.
And in the dusk she heard my tale.
" O life, how dear thou hast become !
She laughed at dawn, and I was dumb.
But evening counsels best prevail.
Fair shine the blue that o'er her spreads.
Green be the pastures where she treads,
The maiden with the milking-pail !"
In '■ The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire" the poet makes an Englisli
matron who lived five miles from old Boston tell the tragic story, in the quaint
speech of the time (ISTl), a little more than a half century before jJeople of the
same neighborhood came to settle Massachusetts and Connecticiit. The poet
Spenser was then a youth of eighteen and Shakespeare was a boy of seven years.
" The old mayor climbed the belfry tower.
The ringers ran by two, by three.
' Pull if ye never pulled before —
Good ringers, pull your best ! ' quoth he.
' Play uppe, play uppe, O Boston bells !
Ply all your changes, all your swells —
Play uppe the Brides of Entierhy.'
" Men say it was a stolen tyde —
The Lord that sent it, He knows all ;
But in myne ears doth still abide
The message that the bells let fall.
And there was nought of strange beside
The flight of mews and peewits pied
By millions crouched on the old sea wall.
IXTRODrcTORY.
' I sat and spun within the doore ;
My tliread brake off, I raised myne eyes ;
Tlic level sun, like ruddy ore,
Lay sinking in the barren skies ;
And dark against day's golden death
She moved where Lindis wandcreth.
My Sonne's fair wife, Elizabeth.
' ' Cusha ! Cusha ! Cusha ! ' callinj;
Ere the early dews were falling.
Farre away I heard her song,
' Cusha ! Cusha ! ' all along ;
Where the reedy Lindis floweth.
Plowelh, floweth,
From the meads where melick groweth
Faintly came her milking song.
' Cusha ! Casha ! Cusha ! ' calling,
' For the dews will soon be falling ;
Leave your meadow grasses mellow.
Mellow, mellow.
Quit your cowslips, cowslips yellow.
Come uppe, Whitefoot, come nppc, Lightfoot,
Quit the stalks of parsley liollow.
Hollow, hollow :
Come uppe. Jetty, rise and follow,
From the clovers lift your head ;
Come uppe, Whitefoot, come upi)e. Lightfoot,
Come uppe. Jetty, ri.se and follow.
Jetty, to the milking shed.'
If it be long — aye, long ago.
When I begin to think howe long.
Again I hear the Lindis flow.
Swift as an arrowe, sharpe and strong ;
And all the aire it seemeth me
Bin full of floating bells (sayth shee),
That ring the tune of Enderby.
' All fresh the level pasture lay,
And not a shadow mote be scene.
Save where full fyve good miles away
• The steeple towered from out the greene ;
And lo ! the great bell, farre and wide.
Was heard in all the coiuitry side.
That Saturday at eventide.
The swannerds where their sedges are
Moved on in sunset's golden breath ;
The shepherde lads I heard afarre.
And my Sonne's wife, Elizabeth ;
IJSFTR 01) UCTOR Y.
Till floating o'er the grassy sea
Came down that kyndly message free,
The ' Brides of Mavis Enderby.'
Then some looked uppe into the sky.
And all along where Lindis flows.
To where the goodly vessels lie,
And where the lordly steeple shows.
They sayde, ' And why should this thing be.
What danger lowers by land or sea '?
They ring the tune of Enderby !
' ' For evil news from Mablethorpe,
Of pyrate galleys warping down ;
For shippes ashore beyond the scorpe,
They have not spared to wake the towne ;
But while the west bin red to see,
And storms be none, and pyrates flee.
Why ring ' The Brides of Enderby ' ?
I looked without, and lo ! my sonne
Came riding downe with might and main ;
He raised a shout as lie drew on.
Till all the welkin rang again —
• Elizabeth ! Elizabeth ! '
(A sweeter woman ne'er drew breath
Than my Sonne's wife, Elizabeth.)
' ' The olde sea wall (he cried) is downe,
The rising tide comes on apace.
And boats adrift in yonder towne
Go sailing up the market-place ! '
He shook as one that looks on death :
■ God save you, mother ! ' straight he saith ;
' Where is my wife. Elizabeth ? '
■ Good Sonne, where Lindis winds away
With her two bairns I marked her long ;
And ere yon bells beganne to play
Afar I heard her milking song. '
He looked across the grassy sea,
To right, to left, ' Ho, Enderby ! '
They rang ' The Brides of Enderby ! '
With that he cried and beat his breast.
For lo ! along the river's bed
A mighty eygre reared his crest.
And uppe the Lindis raging sped.
It swept with thunderous noises loud.
Shaped like a curling, snow-white clo\id,
Or like a demon in a shroud.
INTR 01) UCTOR Y.
' And rearing Lindis backward pre&sed,
Shook all her trembling banks amainc ;
Then madly at the eygre's breast
Flung uppe her weltering walls again.
Then banks came down with ruin and rout ;
Then beaten foam flew round about ;
Then all the mighty floods were out.
' So farre, so fast the eygre drave.
The heart had hardly time to beat.
Before a shallow, seething wave
Sobbed in the grasses at oure feet ;
The feet had hardly time to flee
Before it brake against the knee,
And all the world was in the sea.
' Upon the roofe we sate that night,
The noise of bells went sweeping by ;
I marked the lofty beacon light
Stream from the church lower, red and higl
A lurid mark and dread to see ;
And awsome bells they were to me,
That in the dark rang ' Enderby.'
' They rang the sailor lads to guide
From roofe to roofe who fearless rowed :
.And 1 — my .sonne was at my side,
And yet the ruddy beacon glowed :
And yet he moaned beneath his breath,
' O come in life, or come in death,
O lost ! my love, Elizabeth.'
' And didst thou visit him no more ?
Thou didst, thou didst, my daughter dearo ;
The waters laid thee at his doore.
Ere yet the early dawn was clear.
Thy pretty bairns in fast embrace,
The lifted sun shone on thy face,
Downe drifted to thy dwelling-place.
' That flow strewed wrecks about the grass,
That ebbe swept out the flocks to sea ;
A fatal ebbe and flow, alas !
To manye more than myne and me.
But each will mourn his own (she snytli).
And sweeter woman ne'er drew breath
Than my Sonne's wife, Elizabeth.
' I shall never hear her more
By the reedy Lindis shore,
EUROTAS 2454.
Rioter-Alphea Type.
DARLIXGTON HERD.
Darling, Ramsey's, New Jehsey.
EUROTAS' BLACK PRINCE 14,384.
AT 17 MONTHS OLD.
Eurotas Type.
FAIEVIEW HEED.
G. AND H. B. Cromwell, New Dorp, P. O. Staten Island, N. Y.
PRIDE OF MOUNTAINSIDE 7118.
AT 3 YEARS OLD.
Eu rotas— Belle Dame Type.
FAIEVIEW HERD.
G. AND H. B. Cromwell, New Dorp, P. O. Staten Island, N. Y.
INTRODUCTORY. 33
' Cuslia ! Cusha ! Cuslia ! ' calling.
Ere the early dews be falling ;
I shall never hear her song,
' C'lisha ! Cusha ! ' all along
Where the sunny Lindis floweth,
Goeth, floweth ;
From the meads where melick groweth.
When the water windeth down.
Onward Howelli to the town,
" I shall never see her more
Where the reeds and rushes quiver.
Shiver, quiver.
Stand beside the sobbing river.
Sobbing, throbbing, in its falling.
To the sandy, lonesome shore ;
I shall never hear her calling,
' Leave your meadow grasses mellow,
Mellow, mellow.
Quit your cowslips, cowslips yellow ;
Come uppe, Whitefoot, come uppe, Lightfoot ;
Quit your pipes of parsley hollow.
Hollow, hollow.
Come uppe, Lightfoot. rise and follow ;
Lightfoot, Whitefoot,
From your clovers lift the head.
Come uppe. Jetty, follow, follow,
Jetty, to the milking shed.' "
American poets, too, are appreciative of the beauties of rural life. William
Culleii Bryant, in his " Slimmer Ramlile," hills the sonl with that
' ' deep quiet that awhile
Lingers the lovely landscape o'er."
" The quiet August noon has come,
A slumberous silence fills the sky ;
The fields are still, the woods are dumb.
In glassy sleep the waters lie.
' And mark yon soft white clouds that rest
Above our vale, a moveless throng ;
The cattle on the mountain's breast
Enjoy the grateful shadow long.
" The village trees their summits rear
Still as its spire, and yonder flock.
At rest in those calm fields, appear
As chiselled from the lifeless rock."
34 INTR on rC TOR y.
Henry Wadswortli Loiiirft-llow. in liis •• Rain in Siimincr," thus
" Rest in the Furrow " :
" In the furrowed land
Tile toilsome and patient oxen stand ;
Lifting the yoke-enciiinbereii head,
With their dilated nostrils spread.
They silently inhale
The clover-sccntt'd gale
And the vapors that arise
Prom the well-watered and smoking soil.
For this rest in the furrow after toil
Their large and lustrous eyes
Seem to thank the Lord,
More than man"s spoken word."
In his " Evangeline" he thus describes an " Evening in Acadia" :
" Now recommenced the reign of rest and affection and stillness ;
Day, with its burden and heat, had departed, and twilight descending.
Brought back the evening star to the sky, and the herds to the homestead.
Pawing the ground they came, and resting their necks on each other.
And with their nostrils distended inhaling the freshness of evening.
Foremost, bearing the bell, Evangeline's beautiful heifer,
Proud of her snow-white hide and the ribbon that waved from her collar.
Quietly paced and slow, as if conscious of human affection.
" Patiently stood the cows meanwhile, and yielded their udders
Unto the milkmaid's hand ; while loud and in regular cadence
Into the sounding pails the foaming streamlets descciidcil.
Lowing of cattle and peals of laughter were heard in the farniyiird.
Echoed back by the barns. "
The following is a description of John Aldcn's liuU, from rlic •• ('<
Miles Standish " :
'■ Close to the house was the stall, where, safe and secure from annoyance,
Riighorn, the snow-white bull, that had fallen to AUUn's allolnienl
In the division of cattle, might ruminate in the night-time
Over the pastures he cropped, made fragrant with sweet iiennyroyal."
After the wedding:
■ Then from a stall near at hand, amid exclamations of wonder,
Alden, the thoughtful, the careful, so happy, so proud of Priscilla,
Brought out his snow-white bull, obeying the hand of its master,
Led by a cord that was tied to an iron ring in its nostrils.
Covered with crimson cloth, and a cushion placed for a saddle.
" Onward the bridal procession now moved to their new habitation,
Happy husband and wife, and friends conversing together.
INTR 01) rCTOR Y.
Pleasantly murmured the brook, as they crossed the ford in the forest,
Pleased with the image that passed like a dream of love through its bosom.
Tremulous, floating in air, o'er the depth of the azure abyss,
Down through the golden leaves, the sun was pouring his splendors.
Gleaming on purple grapes, that from branches above them suspended,
Mingled their odorous breath with the balm of the pine and the lir tree,
Wild and sweet as the clusters that grew in the valley of Eschol.
Like a picture it seemed of the primitive, pastoral ages.
Fresh with the youth of the world, and recalling Rebecca and Isaac.
So through the Plymouth woods passed onward the bridal procession."
John (Ti-eenleaf Wliittier embodies a sentiment of " Peace " as fnllows ;
" The grain grew green on battle plains.
O'er swarded war-mounds grazed the cow ;
The slave stood forging from his chains
The spade and plow ; "
and " Prosperity '' in these lines from " The Preacher" :
" The land lies open and warm in tlie sun .
Anvils clamor and millwheels run ;
Flocks on the hillsides, herds on the plain.
The wilderness gladdened with fruit and grain !"
From " Mountain Pictures " :
" So twilight deepened round us. Still and black
The great woods climbed the mountain at our back ;
And on the skirts where yet the lingering day
On the shorn greenness of the clearing lay.
The brown old farmhouse like a bird's nest hung.
With home-life sounds the desert air was stirred :
The bleat of sheep along the hill we heard.
The bucket plashing in the cool, sweet well,
The pasture bars that clattered as they fell ;
Dogs barked, fowls fluttered, cattle lowed ; the gate
Of the barnyard creaked beneath the merry weight
Of sunbrown children, listening while they swung.
The welcome sound of supper call to hear ;
And down the shadowy lane, in tinklings clear.
The pastoral curfew of the cowbell rung."
" The Barefoot Boy " sighs as fond memory calls up the past :
" (J for festal dainties spread
Like my bowl of milk and bread —
Pewter spoon and bowl of wood
On the doorstone gray and rude !"
36 IXTR 01) UCTOli Y.
How sweetly he sings of " The Merriiuiic River" !
" Sing soft, sing low, our lowland river.
(Jnder thy banks of laurel bloom ;
Softly and sweet, as the liour beseeineth.
Sing us the songs of peace and lionie.
" Bring us the airs of hills and forests.
The sweet aroma of liirih and pine :
Give us a waft of llic norlli wind laden
With sweetbrier odors and breath of kine !
" And well may we own thy hint and token
Of fairer valleys and streams than the.se,
Where the rivers of God are full of water.
And full of .sap are his healing trees."
From " The Voice of the Grass," hy Sarali Roberts, the.se happy lines are taken :
" Here I come creeping, creeping everywhere ;
In the noisy city street
My pleasant face you'll meet.
Cheering the .sick at heart ,
Toiling his busy part —
Silently creeping, creeping everywhere.
" Here I come creeping, creeping everywhere,
More welcome tlian the flowers
In summer's pleasant hours.
The gentle cow is glad.
And the merry bird not sad.
To see me creeping, creeping everywhere.
" Here I come creeping, creei)ing everywhere ;
My humble song of praise
Most joyfully I raise
To Him at whose command
I beautify the land-
Creeping, silently creeping everywhere."
What child in the land does not love this pretty " Milkiiijr Smiir," hy Celia
Thaxter '.
" Little dun cow to the apple tree tied.
Chewing the cud of reflection,
I that am milking you sit by your side.
Lost in a sad retrospection.
" Far o'er the fields the tall daisies lilusli warm.
For rosy the stmset is dying ;
Across the still valley, o'er meadow and I'aiin.
The flusli of its beauty is lying.
INTRO DUVTORY.
" White foams the milk in tlie pail at my feet,
Clearly the robins are calling ;
Soft blows the evening wind after the heat ;
Cool tlie long shadows are falling.
" Little dun cow, 'tis so tranquil and sweet !
Are you light-hearted, I wonder ?
What do you think about — something to eat ?
Q\\ clover and grass do you ponder ?"
And the " Farm-Yard Song," by J. T. Trowbridge :
" Over the hill the farm-boy goes,
His shadow lengthens along the land,
A giant staff in a giant hand ;
In the poplar tree, above the spring,
The katydid begins to sing.
The early dews are falling.
Into the stone-heap darts the mink,
The swallows skim the river's brink.
And home to the woodland fly the crows.
When over the hill the farm-lioy goes,
Cheerily calling,
' Co', boss ! co', boss ! co' ! co' ! co' ! '
Farther, farther over the hill.
Faintly calling, calling still,
' Co', boss ! co', boss ! co' ! co' ! co' ! '
" Into the yard the farmer goes.
With grateful heart, at the clo.se of day •■
Harness and chain are hung away ;
In the wagon-shed stand yoke and plow.
The straw's in the stack, the hay in the mow.
The cooling dews are falling.
The friendly sheep his welcome bleat.
The pigs come grunting to his feet,
The whinnying mare her master knows.
When into the yard the farmer goes.
His cattle calling —
■ Co', boss ! co', bo.ss ! co' ! co' ! co'. ! '
While still the cow-boy, far away.
Goes seeking those who have gone astray —
' Co', boss ! co', boss ! co' ! co' ! co' ! '
" Now to her task the milkmaid goes.
The cattle come crowding through the gate,
Lowing, pushing, little and great ;
About the trough, by the farmyard pump,
The frolicsome yearlings frisk and jump.
While the pleasant dews are falling.
18 IXTR ODl'C TO A' ) '.
The new milch heifer is quick and shy.
But the old cow waits witli tranquil eye ;
And the white stream into the bright pail Hows,
WIkmi to her task the milkmaid goes,
Soothingly oalling,
' So, boss I so, boss ! so ! so 1 so I '
The cheerful milkmaid takes her stool,
And sits and milks in the twilight cool,
Saying, ' So ! so, boss ! .so ! so 1 '
" To supper at last the farmer goes.
The apples are pared, the paper remi.
The stories are told, then all to bed.
Without, the cricket's ceaseless song
Makes shrill the silence all night long ;
The heavy dews are falling.
The housewife's hand has turned the lock ;
Drowsily ticks the kitchen clock ;
The household sinks to deep repose.
But .still in sleep the farm-boy goes.
Singing, calling,
' Co', boss ! co', boss ' ! co' ! co' ! co ! '
And oft the milkmaid in her dreams,
Drums in the pail with the flashing si reams.
Murmuring, ' So, boss ! so ! ' "
This eollt'ctioii Wdiild liardly be coiiiiilcto witliout iiitfodiicini; the following
Itentiuiscence " from thu Ilaroat'd Atlvocnt. :
" We stood at the bars as the sun uciil dnwii
Behind the hills, on a sunmier day ;
Her eyes were tender and big and l)rowii.
Her breath as sweet as the new-mown hay.
" Far from the west the faint sunshine
Glanced sparkling oil her golden hair :
Those calm deep eyes were turned toward mine,
And a look of contentment rested llun'
"I see her bathed in the sunlight flooil.
I see her standing peacefully now ;
Peacefully standing and chewing her cud.
As I rubbed her ears— that Jersey cow !"
PART FIRST.
HISTORY OF JERSEY CATTLE — PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING.
The island of Jersey, the native lionie of the breed of Jersey cattle, is the
chief in size of the group called Channel Islands, lying near the coast of France in
the English Channel.
Jersey lies west of the province of Normandy about sixteen miles and about the
same distance south-west from the island of Guernsey, and is eleven miles in length
from east to west and seven and a half miles in breadth.
The surface of the land has a general slope south-eastwardly, being high and
precipitous on the north, with table-lands in the central portion intersected by brt)oks
and runnels which flow to the south and east.
The coast is pictiiresque in savage ruggedness, being high and precipitous on
the north, and indented by numerous bays on the east, south, and west.
The climate is mild and equable, and the air moist, and rains frequent. The
mean temperature is 50.8°, August being the warmest and February the coolest
month, while from mid October to mid December the weather resembles our Indian
siinnner, and is called St. Martin's Summer.
The soil is very i-ich, deep, and porous from centuries of tillage. Means of fer-
tility are afforded by the large number of cattle, green herbage, and large quantities
of sea- weeds collected under strict regulations of the local government.
The island contains 39,680 acres, 25,000 of which are cultivated. The popula-
tion is nearly 57,000, about 15,000 being English denizens and 2nOO Parisians and
others, who resort thither for health or the pleasant enjoyment of a very delightful
climate and picturesque scenery. Jersey is divided into twelve parishes, and the
lands are held in small farms of five to twenty acres.
The productions are the famous Jersey cattle, enormous crops of ])otatoes,
wheat, parsnips, mangolds, carrots, turnips, and a variety of cabbage which has a
long, woody stem surmounted by a tuft of broad leaves ; these last grow from six to
twelve feet high, and are used for cow fodder. There are numerous orchards and
graperies, which produce choice fruit.
40 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
The flora and fniits of semi-tropical regions flourish equally well as those of the
temperate zone, and include oranges, lemons, and such trees as azalea, oleander, and
fuchsia, tlie last being used for hedges and decoration of buildings.
The grasses are short and luscious, and green all winter.
The Eomans occupied the island in the third and fourth centuries, and were
so charmed with its natural beauties and climate that they called it Caesarea, or
Caesar's Isle. Subsequently a mixed population of Gauls, Goths, Danes, and Saxons
occupied Jersey until tlie Nonnan con(iuest of England. Jersey was English under
William the Conqueror ; English under Henry I. ; Nonnan again under Stephen ;
Englisli again under Henry II., since which time it has been steadfastly loyal to
the English crown.
During the last century the people of Jersey have become very ])rosperous, and
now derive a good income by tlie exportation of their favorite cattle, which are sent
to all parts of the world, but chiefly to America, where they are best appreciated
and most successfully bred.
ORIGIN OF THK KACE OF .TEKSKV CATTLK.
" The cattle of this island are superior to the French cattle" (Philip Fallc, a.u.
1734). This is the first historical statement I have found regarding the quality of the
Jersey race of cattle. The history of their origin is more mythical and legendary than
that of the people of Jersey. The cattle are commonly supposed to be a composite
race derived from the cattle of Brittany and Normandy, but neither the Brittany nor
Cotentin breed equals the Jersey of to-day in productive capacity or beauty of fonn
or color. The Montafu breed of cattle in the mountainous district near Lake Con-
stance is said to resemble much the modern Jersey, as also the cattle of Lombardy ;
and in the Saguenay region of Canada there are specimens closely resembling the
Jersey, the descendants of cattle brought by French emigrants from Brittany.
"We know little of the races of cattle of Southern Europe at tliis day, and much
less of their history of one or two thousand years ago. The remote origin of the
Jersey is still more problematical. It is well to note the very striking resem-
blance between the modern Jersey and the Ze])u or sacred cattle of India. Tlie
beautifully blended silver gray and slate shadings, the delicacy of frame, the
fine bone, the yellow skin, the black niuzzle, black tongue, and black switch, the
almost identical facial expression, the shape and setting of the eve, the small car,
the slender horn, are wonderfully alike in Jersey and Zebu.
Is it too much to conjecture that the patriarch Jacob, in hisexperiment.s witli
the herds and flocks of Laban, whereby he produced and fixed fantastic and
grotesque markings of white, also combined the blood of the Zelni bull with that of
his historical race of spotted cattle ?
JERSEY CATTLE JiV AMERICA. 41
Most writers on the origin of the Jersey attribute the yellow coats, buff points,
and white patches to the Normandy or Cotentin race, which is supposed to be the
source of the present breed of Guernsey Island, while the solid colors and black
points are attributed to the Brittany race, although some assume that there has been
an admixture of Norway cattle with the Jersey.
Mr. James P. Swain says : " I consider the cows on the island of Jersey Nor-
man, mixed -wath another distinct breed, the main characteristics of each being still
plainly visible, though growing less so yearly. The original, or highest type, I call
the wild Jersey ; the other type I consider Norman or Guernsey.
" The wild Jersey has a black nose, black tongue, and mealy muzzle ; the otlier,
a buff nose. The wild Jersey's horns are black, pointed, finn, witli single curve,
forming nearly a semicircle, deeply fluted inside when taken off. The other has
weak horns, shelly, yellow, waxy near the head, inclined downward, with double
cui've, compacted, smooth inside when taken off. The color of the female wild
Jersey is chocolate, or mink color, no white spots, and the males nearly black. The
others are yellowish, brown and white, star in forehead. The wild Jersey's skin is
olive brown ; the other, skin very yellow, even to the end of the tail. In the wild
Jersey the tail terminates in a small tuft of long hairs, the skin near the end scaly
with the accumulation of coloi-ing matter. The other, skin on tail very yellow, even
to tlie end, where there is an accumulation of coloring matter, which the Guernsey
men call ' a lump of butter ; ' the long hair on the tail starts higher up."
Professor Low and Charles W. Elliott support the statement that these " darker
colored or wild Jerseys clearly resemble the Norwegian cattle of to-day," and " that
these old sea-rovers have taken their cattle to these islands."
But it is the island of Jersey, with its bland climate and centuries of gentle
care and management by the women of Jersey, that has produced what is now
known as the best butter cow in the world.
One hundred and fifty years ago the Rev. Philip Falle wrote of the Jerseys
as above quoted, and it may have required centuries of selection to enable a faithful
historian to make this statement.
The Jersey cow is tethered to the ground, being changed five or six times a
day to a new station. AVhen she calves she is regaled with toast and with cider,
the nectar of the island, to which powdered ginger is added.
Thomas Quayle, who in 1812 wrote a work on the " Agriculture of the Channel
Islands," is quoted as saying that " on hearing praises bestowed on any particular
cows, they generally, but not always, were found to have a black tinge."
He also states that " the general purity of the breed is guarded by the rooted
opinions of the inhabitants rather than by the sanction of law ; but hitherto no
persevering, systematical experimenter has attempted, by a careful selection of indi-
viduals and attention to their crosses, to improve this breed. When a cow is famed
i2 JERSIjy CATTLK IX AM ERICA.
as a good milker, her male progeny i.s pretserved ; but this is for a short period, and
it is not known whether any (ither measure whatever has been persevered in to keep
up the breed at its present standard."
IMriioVKJIKNl- <1K TEIK .IKKSKV.
Tile Iiuyal Jei-sey Agricultural Society originated in the year 1S83 from a
desire on the part of some intelligent and progressive men tu improve the island
cattle and advance their system of agriculture.
Previous to that time laws had been passed by the local legislature prohibiting
importation of any cattle from France, the first bearing date of July Irtth, 1763.
This continued in force until 1789, when the celebrated " Act of the States of Jer-
sey" was passed on the 8th of August of that year. The first article of the Act of
1789 provided that any person introducing any cattle from France should be subject
to a fine of £:2()0 sterling, besides the confiscation of the cattle and the boat, and
obliged every sailor to be an infonner against his nnister within twenty-four lioui-s,
under a penalty of £'50 sterling, such fines to go one third to the crown and two
thirds to the poor of tlie parish ; imd if tlii' master was insolvent, he was to be
imprisoned six months. Article II. ruciiiiriMl ;ill beef cattle imported to be landed
at St. Helier or St. Anbin, under the same penalties for violation.
Article III. required cattle from the adjacent islands to be liindcd at the same
])orts, under the same penalties for violation.
Article IV. confiscated every French animal landed contrary to law, and
required its innuediate slaughter and distribution to the jioor of the j^arish where
seized.
Articles '\'., VI., A'lL, and A'lII. regulated the e.\i)ortation of Jei-sey cattle.
The law of March 18th, 1826, increased the fine to £1000 for importing
French animals, the fine imposed being repeated for each and every animal.
All accomplices were subjected to the same fine. All cattle found on ship or boat
within two leagues of the island were confiscated, as well as the boat, and the same
fines imposed as for lauding cattle.
Three ports were set apart for the introduction of beef cattle.
Still another act was passed in 1S(;4. in liarniony with the treaties between
France and England. Article III. permitted the importation of French cattle for
consumption or in transit. Article IV. prohibited the breeding of foreign cattle on
the island. Article VIII. required all French cattle to be branded with the letter F,
and to be slaughtered at the port of St. Ilelier, or re-embarked at the same port.
The fine was reduced to ,£10 sterling for each head of cattle, one third to be paid
to the informei-, or six mouths' imprisonment of the principal, if unable to pay the
fine. Several attempts have been made to cross the Jersey with the Shorthorn and
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 43
Ayrshire breeds, but tbey w^ere aliandoiifd, and the jirogeny shuightered because it
was inferior to the Jersey.
Guernsey cattle are not prohibited, and a very few may be found upon the
island. Crosses between the breeds produce buJi' nose and eyes, and the offspring
retains a coarseness, at once detected and rejected by the judges at examination for
Herd Book or for prizes at fairs. The natiiral pride that a Jerseyman has in his
ct>w, and his desire to mate lier with a ]n-ize bull, is an incentive to kee]) the breed
pure.
On the 18th of January, 1834, over fifty years ago, the society drew up their
first scale of points. The Jersey cow as she then existed and was described l)y Col-
onel Le Coiiteur and by the judges that oflBciated at the show was quite a different
animal from the Jersey cow of to-day. It was impossible then to find a cow on the
island that came near to the ideal by the standard of that time. Two of the best
cows were selected from which to make up a scale of points, one of them being
considered perfect in forequarters and barrel, the other in her hindquarters. The
scale consisted of seven articles and twenty-five counts for a bull and tlie same
number of articles and twenty-seven counts for a cow.
The Jersey cow was described by the judges in the year 183-4 as follows :
" 1. That the cattle were very much out of condition.
" 2. Too slightly fomied l)chind and cat-haniined.
" 3. Gait unsightly.
" 4. The udder ill-formed.
" 5. The tail coarse and thick.
" 6. The hoofs large.
" 7. The bead coai-se and ill-shaped.
" 8. Many were without that golden or yellow tinge within the ears which
denotes a property to produce yellow and rich biitter.
" 9. Some cows and heifers had short bull necks.
" 10. Some had too much flesh or dewlap under the throat.
" 11. Some were too heavy in the shoulders.
" The first show was held March 31st, 1834. The prizes amounted to £24.
Colonel Le Couteur won the general prize of £3 with a red and white yearling
bull. . . . The cultivation of parsnips was advocated. It was resolved to en-
courage fine bulls with points up to perfection by giving a premium of £10 for
])erfect biills, and allowing the owners 2*. a head for each cow that shall have been
with calf by siich biiUs."
'* In 1835 the show furnished not only a larger supply, I)ut the animals were of
a mvich finer order as to breed and condition."
"Her Majesty became a patroness in 1837.
" Two shows were held — one in March for bnlls and the other in May for cows
^•^ JEJiSKY CATTLE IX AM Kill (' A.
and heifei-R. This division of tlie shows has continued up to tlie present day.
The system of gi%nng points for pedigree conunenced in 1838." Tlie scale of
points was modiiied, increasing the number of counts to twenty-eight for bulls and
heifers, and thirty for cows. Two new rules recpiired that the owner of a prize bull,
by wnthholding his services from the ])ublic, should forfeit his prize-money, and
the second that prize heifei-s must remain upon the island until they liad dropped
their first calf. The annual reports indicate that improvement in the cattle exhil)ited
was very rapid. After seven yeare, attention to ])reeding had almost caused the
ancient characteristic defect, the drooping hindtjuarter, to disappear ; also several
minor defects; and it only remained to give squareness to the hindcjuarter and
roundness to the barrel to render the Jei-sey a mo.st beautiful animal."
At the annual dinner Colonel Le Couteur said in a speech : " Let me say to
those who are lukewarm to this society to look back ten yeai-s. The land foul with
weeds, crops infei'ior, ]i<jui(l manure wasted, the market ill su])i)iied. What had
been effected ?
"In cattle, beauty of form and fle.sh had been added to milking and creaming
qualities. More cattle had been decorated this year than on any previous occa-
sion, and the breed had so greatly improved that many of the animals rejected for
having less than nineteen points would have been prize cattle when the society was
formed, so well were their mei-its understood. The price of cattle had fully
doubled."
The scale of points was revised again in the years 184-9, 1851, and 18.58.
During these years the reputation of the Jei-sey had greatly increased in Eng-
land and America, and a fraudulent trade had sprung up by the French dealers
exporting the cattle of Brittany to England as Jerseys, or Alderneys, as they were then
misnamed. In 1850 and subsequent years several American gentlemen of wealth
and influence began to make importations of Jei-seys to the United States ; among
these were Daniel Buck, Jr., John A. Taintor, and John T. Norton, of Connecticut,
and Thomas Motley, of Massachusetts ; importations have been almost constant,
except during the civil war, since that time. It is believed that the average quality
of those early importations has not been excelled in later days, as the Ameiicans
tempted the Jerseymen to forfeit their prizes by offering them very liberal sums
for decorated bulls and cows. But the American importiitions gave a new stimulus
to Jersey breedere on the island, and the several parishes began to f(jrm farmers'
clubs, which resulted in a great increase of cattle shows and a larger exhibition for
the parent society. The report for 1858 M-as i-etrospective : " Thirty years ago the
cattle were ill-fed, ill-shaped beasts that knew not the taste of mangolds, carrots, or
swedes, scarcely that of hay ; whose stabling was wretched, and whose winter food
consisted chiefly of straw and a few watery turnips.
" Now they were well fed, improved in quality and synnnetry. and well housed.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 45
" The watery turnip, by careful husbandry, has become as rich as cheese. New
liuildings dotted the island, and general prosperity dawned on the farmer."
The Island Herd Book was started in the year 1866. " The Herd Book is en-
tirely due to the forethought and untiring efforts of Mr. Charles P. Le Cornu. . . .
lie foresaw, many years before the Herd Book was started, the necessity of some
fm-ther classification of the animals in a show where upward of two hundred were
exhibited, so he determined to work out a unique system of his own. His principle
was to sift, as it were, these large gatherings into three classes, by highly commend-
ing the best for their quality, symmetry, and constitution, and their butyraceous or
milk-flowing properties ; commending the second best and rejecting the i-emainder,
or third class ; and by examining the approved offspring he hoped in time to root
out the bad animals, so that with six or' seven registered crosses animals might be
l)red more to a certainty."
At the May show, 1874, Mr. Charles Nicolle offered a cup for the cow with the
best escutcheon according to the Guenon system. The prize is still continued by
voluntary contributions. Guenon prizes are also given for bulls.
The keeping of the modern Jersey upon the island from calf hood is as
follows :* . " When the cow has dropped her calf, there is sprinkled upon it a
liandful of powdered salt, and the cow licks it off. This bit of salt causes the cow
to drink. While she is licking her calf she is milked, and drinks the first milking.
The calf being dry, it is placed upon a bed of straw in a small stall. After some
hours the cow is again milked, and her milk, mixed with tepid water, is given to the
calf. The little animal is fed in this manner three times a day for the first three
days. Afterward, for the next three days, the evening milk is kept till morning,
the cream taken off, and the remainder, mixed with water quite warm, is served to
the calf. The sixth day the keeping of cream for butter-making begins ; the milk
is skimmed every twenty-four hours, which permits it to become thick and acid.
This milk is given to the calf twice every day, not forgetting to mix warm water
therewith, and not hesitating to add at the end cooked flour, or even a slice of
broken bread taken upon a plate held in the hand, in order to assist the calf in swal-
lowing it. From time to time salt is added to the beverage, and a little hay. At
the end of three months, if the weather is fine, the calf is able to go out ; it then
becomes stronger, and when the milk of the dam begins to diminish, the calf is
given twice a day a warm beverage composed of cornmeal and bran.
" When the animal, always submitted to this regimen, attains the age of ten to
thirteen months, and it is exceptionally fine, there is no hesitation in continuing this
alimentation until it is sold ; if the animal is of second quality, the beverages are
.stopped, in order to habituate it, little by little, to the food of the fields. A heifer
* Jersey Cattle, by Henri .Jolianet, translated by W. E. Simonds
*6 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
can be taken to tlie bull at uine mouths, but good heifers ought to wait to fifteen
montlis. The cattle are iis much as iiossiblc left in the opeu air from the mouth of
May till the first of September. They are tethered in the open field, where the
anunal takes delight, making a void around itself. AVhen in the stable it receives
every day four or five pounds of dry food, and from twenty-five to thirty pounds of
roots, the feedings taking place seven or eight times a day. The principal forage
plants are, before all, Swedish turnijjs and ]3arsnips ; then come carrots, radishes,
field turnips, beets, etc. During a milking period of about three hundred days a
good Jei-sey cow gives daily, at the maxinmm, twenty-seven litres ; at the mininmm,
eighteen litres of milk. The result in butter is from eight to ten pounds a week ;
it may be three to five kilogrannnes of butter. The Jereey pound is four hundred
and eighty-eight grains."'
Insuflicient attention is paid to the butter (piality of island aiunuils. A bull
may take all the first prizes — that for best bull on the island, the prize for best Herd
Book bull, and the silver cup for best escutcheon, and liis dam and grand dam might
be very poor butter-makers ; so a cow may take the silver cup for best cow on the
island, the fii-st Herd Book prize, and the Guenon prize for best escutcheon without
having a record for butter-making herself, and not belonging to a line of noted
butter-makers ; she may have all the fine and fancy points, and produce a large
quantity of milk, and still be a very poor butter cow.
It is in America that the breed has begun to be riglitly appreciated, and that
only recently, because of the practice of testing cows to ascertain their butter-making
capacity.
THE AMEKICAN JERSEY CATTLE CLUB.
In the year 1868 Colonel George E. Waring, Jr., Samuel J. Sharpless, Charles M.
Beach, Thomas J. Hand, and a nimiber of Jersey cattle-breeders held a meeting in
Philadelphia, which resulted in the organization of the American Jersey Cattle
Club, with about forty members. The number has since increased to more than
three hundred, and it is believed to represent more wealth and intelligence than any
similar body of men in the world.
The object of the club from its incipiency was to foster al)solute purity of breed-
ing, and all the interests accruing from such breeding.
The adoption of a constitution and stringent by-laws and the formation of a
" Herd Register" prepared the way for the success which has followed. Up to that
time, by a sort of " Irish bull," the Jersey was called an " Alderney," and the
Guernsey cattle also went by the same appellation, although the two breeds are very
imlike, and neither of them was associated in any way whatever with the island of
Alderney, except that Aldeniey ha.s a mongrel mixture of the two breeds which are
not imported to this country. No animal can be registered as unported from Jersey
whicli is not identified by certificates from the agent of the club resident in the
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMERICA. 47
island, and no American animal can be registered wliicli is nut ])r()voii to be tlie
oflfspring of animals already registered.
The Herd Register is now the standard of pedigree in the United States and
(vanada, and contains a record of all transfers of cattle, with the names of owners,
thus giving a complete history of every animal recorded.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JIODERN JERSEY.
The Jersey l)ull or cow of the year 1885 diifers widely in form and color from
the Jersey bull or Jersey cow of fifty years ago. By the skill of numerous breeders
on the Island, in England, and America, as well as by the influences of climate and
feed, and also by various hidden causes, very marked changes have been eiiected in
perpetuating features and peculiarities that were once very rare, or by fixing the
characteristics of sports and phenomenal animals so as to form distinct families and
diverse types.
The Jersey of to-day is the most beautiful of all the bovine races, mateliless for
symmetry, variety of beautiful colors and shadings, and for that delicacy of frame
and fineness of quality which makes the race attractive to the eye and taste of all
lovers of bovine beauty. At the same time, the Jersey cow excels all other races in
the amount and quality of butter. Since the practice of testing cows for butter has
become pojDular, which is only in recent years, upward of one thousand Jersey cows
have produced fourteen pounds of butter in a test of seven days, while the reports
show that ninety of these have tested twenty pounds, or upward, in a week ; and
twelve cows are classed in the list that have produced twenty -five pounds, or upward,
in seven days ; one cow has made, by official test, forty-six pounds, twelve and a half
ounces ; another, thirty-nine pounds, twelve ounces ; and another, thirty-six pounds,
twelve and a quarter ounces of butter in seven days.
The Jerseys have been bred for centuries for their choice quality of milk and
butter, and during the last half century, in their native island, in England, and
America, much attention has been given to perfection of form and beautiful tints of
color and fancy markings.
The breed is classed as medium to small in size ; but in America the tendency is
to select those of larger development, and to cultivate an increase of the size. The
Jersey is of that spare habit of flesh consistent with the best dairy qualities, and the
food she eats so assimilated and the secretory powers so highly developed as to till
the udder with all the fats and oils, instead of excreting them or accumulating them
about the vital organs or upon the body, as in beeves.
The Jersey is fine in bone, of rare symmetry, and has just enough muscxdar
development for healthful activity and full digestive force. Some individuals indicate
a marvellous capacity for changing a large quantity of grain and forage into the best
of dairy productions.
*8 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMElilVA.
JERSEY COLORS.
The young Jersey is colored like tlie fawn. <>r young deer. This ground color
is, later on, so nioditied by the second growth of hair as to produce, in different
animals, an endless variety of soft, pleasing tints. In describing Jersey colors they
are classed as fawns, grays, or browns. The fawns are described with the tint and
shading as, for the
mktai.i.r; tints :
golden fawn, silver, copper, bntnze, steel, slate, brick-dust, granite, and peiirl fawns :
yellow, fawn, red, blue, gray, brown, liay, buff, cinerous, dral), dun, smoky, tan,
duskj' and blackish fawns, and ivory black ;
A^'IMAL TINTS :
buckskin, l)eaver, bison, dove, otter, oriole, fox, mink, moose, mouse, seal, salmon,
seashell, sable, and squirrel fawns ;
VEGETABLE TINTS :
orange, lemon, ])anana, apjile, strawberry, russet, inaize, Ijutternut. mulberry, cane,
mahogany, coffee-seed, cinnamon, and chocolate fawns;
DAIRY TINTS :
cream fawn, milky fawn, cheese and butter fawns ;
squirrel, silver, slate, orange, court, Frencli, blue, steel, iron, cinerous or ash.
russet, and lavender grays.
One animal may have several of these tints beautifully blended and shaded, as
the bull St. Helier 45, bright salmon fawn and silver gray, or the cow Mary Anne of
St. Lambert 9770, a light smoky bay fawn. Some bulls have dark markings resem-
bling the spots of a leopard. Many Jerseys have irregular patches of white, the
white being soft and sometimes margined with a half-inch border of deep indigo.
Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 was a dark sti-awberry fawn, with white saddle on
withers, and white on hips, sides, belly, and legs. A rich golden waxy dandruff shone
under the white and a nankeen color on the udder and escutcheon. Some Jerseys
of dark color have a rich cadmium orange tint within the ears, and very conspicuous
also on the dewlap and the escutcheon. Many of the best cows have the broad
white saddle upon the ^vithers. A Jersey does not depend upon the color of the
coat for any degree of the richness of milk or creamy qualities. The great amount
iZum^^^!^4-i^
BELMEDA 6229.
AT 9 YEARS OLD.
Superb Type.
FAIEVIEW HEED.
Cromwell, New Dorp, P. O. Staten Island, N. Y.
LADY BUCKINGHAM 11,670.
Pien-ot Type.
HIGHLAND HERD.
James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut.
JERSEY CATTLE JN AMEJilCA. 49
of butter fat secreted in the milk is a special trait, highly developed in the whole
Jersey race and phenomenally shown in certain individuals and families. Some
animals have the special abihty to give a rich golden tint to their butter. This
desirable trait is generally thought to be positively indicated by a rich golden-orange
lining of the ears.
There need be no fashion in coloi-, but in the essential dairy qualities the highest
perfection should be sought. One can breed for color and fancy points if he so
desires. Wonderful results can be achieved by selection and inbreeding. An
ancient breeder was very successful in fixing spots, ringstreak, and specks not only
upon bulls and cows, but upon sheep, goats, camels, and asses ; and some of the
modern breeders of Jerseys have proved that they can breed out the spots without
any detriment to the race.
THE SCALE OF POINTS.
From the first organized effort to improve the Jersey a " scale of points" has
been deemed a necessity. The scale is supposed to embody in a schedule the
descriptions of the ideal Jersey bull and ideal cow.
The first scale of points adopted on the Island of Jersey, January IStli, lS3-i, is
as follows :
SCALE OF POINTS FOR BULLS.
Articles. Points.
1. Purity of breed on male and female sides reputed for having produced rich
and yellow butter 1
'i. Head fine and tapering ; cheek small ; muzzle fine, and encircled with
white ; nostrils high and open ; horns polished, cnunpled, not too thick
at the base, tapering, and tipped with black ; ears small, of an orange
color within ; eye full and lively «
3. Neck fine and highly placed on shoulders; chest broad; barrel hooped
and deep, well ribbed home to hips 3
4. Back straight from the withers to the setting on of tail, at right angles to
the tail ; tail fine, hanging two inches below the hock . 3
.5. Hide thin and movable, mellow, well covered with soft and fine hair of a
good color 3
t). Forearm large and powerful; legs short and straight, swelling and full
above the knee and fine below it -
7. llind-quarters from the buckle to the point of the rumj) long and well
filled up ; the legs not to cross in walking '2
Perfection -5
Ko prize to be awarded to a Ijull having less than twenty points.
50 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
SCALE OF POINTS FOR COWS.
Articlbs.
1. Breed on male and female sides reputed for producing rich and yellow
buttei- i
2. Head small, line, and tapering ; eye full and lively ; jnuzzle tine and
encircled with white ; horns polislied and a httle crumpled, tipped
with black ; ears small, of an orange color within s
3. Back straight from the Arithers to the setting on of the tail ; chest deep and
nearly on a line ■nnth the belly -t
4. Hide thin, movable, but not too loose, well covered with tine soft hair of
good color 2
o. Barrel hooped and deeji, well ribbed home, having but little space between
the ribs and hips ; tail tine, hanging two inches below the hock 3
6. Fore-legs straight and tine ; thighs full and long, not too close together when
viewed from behind ; hind-legs short, and bones rather tine ; hoofs small ;
hind-legs not to cross in walking "2
7. Udder full, well up behind ; teats large and squarely placed, being wide
apart ; milk veins large and swelling \
Perfection for cows 27
Two points shall be deducted for heifei-s.
A heifer \vill be considered perfect at twenty-tive points.
No prize shall be awarded to cows and heifers having less than twenty-four
points.
The scale of points had several clianges at various times. In 1858 bulls stood
at thirty-one and cows at thirty-three articles and thirty-three points, each article
counting but one in the scale.
In April, 1875, a new scale was adopted.
KATIO SCALE OF I'OINTS KOU BfLLS.
Articles. Points.
1. Registered pedigree 5
2. Head tine and tapering, foreiiead l)ri)ad 5
3. Cheek small 2
4. Throat clean 4
5. Muzzle dark, encircled by light color, with nostrils high and open 4
(J. Horns small, not thick at base, cnnni)led, yellow, tipi>ed with black 5
7. Ears Bmall and thin, and of a deej) orange color within 5
8. Eyes full and lively 4
i>. Neck arched, powerful, but not coarse and heavy .5
10. Withers fine, shoulders flat and sloping, chest broad and deep 4
11. Barrel hooped, broad, deep, and well rilibed up 5
JERt<,EY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 51
Articles. Points.
12. Back straight from the withers to the setting on of tlie tail 5
13. Back broad across the loins 3
14. Hips wide apart and fine in the hone 3
15. Rump long, broad, and level 3
Ifi. Tail fine, reaching the hocks and hanging at right angles \\A\\\ the Ijack ... 3
17. Hide thin and mellow, covered with fine soft hair -i
18. Hide of a yellow color 4
19. Legs short, straight and fine, with small hoofs 4
20. Arms full and swelling above the knees 3
21. Hind-quarters from the hock to tlie point of riinip long, wide apart, and
well filled up 3
22. Hind-legs squarely placed wlien viewed from l)eliiu(l, and not to cross or
sweep in walking 3
23. Nipples to be squarely jilaced anil wide apart .">
24. Growth 4
25. General appearance 5
Perfection lOi I
No prize to be awarded to bulls having less than eighty points. Bulls having
obtained seventy-five points shall be allowed to be branded.
RATIO SCALE OF POINTS FOR COWS AND HEIFERS.
Articles. Point*.
1. Registered pedigree 5
2. Head small, fine, and tapering :',
3. Cheek small, throat clean 4
4. Muzzle dark and encircled by a ligjit color, with nostrils lagli and open . . 4
5. Horns small, not thick at base, crumpled, yellow, tipjjed witli l)lack .>
6. Ears small and thin, and of a deep orange color within 5
7. Eye full and placid 3
8. Neck straight, fine, and lightly placed on tlie shoulders 3
H. Withers fine, shoulders flat and sloping, chest broad and deep 4
10. Barrel hooped, broad and deep, being well ribbed up 5
11. Back straight from withers to tlie setting on of the tail :>
12. Back broad across the loins 3
13. Hips wide apart, and fine in the lionc ; rump long, l)road and level ;>
14. Tail fine, reaching the hocks, and hanging at right angles with the back :!
15. Hide thin and mellow, covered with fine soft hair 4
16. Hide of a yellow color 4
17. Legs short, straight, and fine, with small hoofs 3
52 .jj:rs /■: y <a ttle ix a merica.
Articles. Poikts.
IS. Arms full and swdliiijj; al.ovo the knees 3
19. Ilind-quarters from tlie hock U> point of I'unij) long, wide apart, and well
filled up 3
20. llind-legs S(piarel_y placed wiieii viewed fi-oni ])eliind, and not to cross or
sweep in walking 3
21. Udder large, not tlesliy. running well forward, in line with the belly and
well up behind 5
22. Teats moderately large, yellow, of eipial size, wide apart, and squarely
placed 5
23. Milk veins about the udder and abdomen prominent 4
24. Growth 4
25. General apjiearance 5
Perfection 100
No prize shall be awarded to cows having less than eighty poiuts.
No prize shall be awarded to heifers having less than seventy-one points.
Cows having obtained sevcnty-tive points and heifers sixty -five shall be allowed
to be branded.
The articles Nos. 21 and 23 shall be deducted from the number required for
perfection in heifers, as their udders and milk veins cannot be fully developed.
SOALK OF POINTS FOR COWS. ADoPrKl) UV THK AMERK^AN .lERSEV CATTLE CLUB,
Al'KlI, 21, IS 75.
Points. Counts.
1. Head small, lean, and ratiier long 2
2. Face dished, broad between the eyes and narrow between the horns 1
3. Miizzle dark, and encircled by light color 1
4. Eyes full and j.iacid 1
5. Horns small, crumpled, and amber-colored 3
»;. Ears small ami thin 1
7. Neck straight, thin, r;irlicr long, with <'lean throat, and not heavy at the
shoulders 4
8. Shoulders sIo])ing and lean; withers thin; breast neither deficient nor
l>eefy 3
9. Back level to the setting on of tail, and broad across the loin 4
10. Barrel hooped, broad, and deep at the tlank 8
1 1. Hips wide apart, and fine in the bone ; rump long and broad 4
12. Thighs long, thin, and wide apart, witli legs standing square, and not
to cross in walking 4
13. Legs short, small below the knee, with small hoofs. 3
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMERICA. 53
Points. Counts.
14. Tail fine, reaching the hocks, with go<jd switcli 3
15. Hide thin and mellow, with fine soft hair 4
16. Color of hide where the hair is white, on udder and inside of ears,
yellow 5
17. Fore-ndder full in form and running well forward 8
18. Hind-udder full in form, and well up behind 8
19. Udder free from long hair and not fleshy 5
20. Teats rather large, wide apart, and squarely placed 6
21. Milk veins prominent 5
22. Escutcheon high and broad, and full on thighs S
23. Disposition quiet and good-natured 3
24. General appearance rather bony than fleshy 0
Perfection 1(10
In judging heifers, omit Nos. 17, 18, and 21.
The same scale of points shall be used in judging bulls, omitting Nos. 17, 18, 19,
and 21, and making moderate allowance for masculinity.
The American Jersey Cattle Club adopted, February 11th, 1885, a new scale of
points, as below :
FOR COWS.
Points. Counts.
1. Head small and lean, face dished, broad between the eyes and narrow
between the horns 2
2. Eyes full and placid ; horns small, crumpled, and amber-colored 1
3. Neck thin, rather long, with clean throat, and not heavy at the shoulders 8
4. Back level to the setting on of tail 1
5. Broad across the loin 6
6. Barrel long, hooped, broad and deep at the flank 10
7. Hips wide apart ; rump long and broad 10
8. Legs short 2
9. Tail fine, reaching the hocks with good switch 1
10. Color and mellowness of hide ; inside of ears yellow 5
11. Fore-udder full in form and not fleshy 13
12. Hind-udder full in form and well up behind 11
13. Teats rather large, wide apart, and s(piarely placed 10
14. Milk veins prominent 5
15. Disposition quiet 5
16. General appearance and apparent constitution 10
Perfection 100
In judging heifers, omit 11, 12, and 14.
54 JJ-:i:sEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
KoK mi.i.s.
Tlie same snile. omitting Nos. 11, 12. and 14. and making Aw aliowance for
masculinity ; but when bulls are uxhibited with tln-ir ])rugen_v, in a separate class,
add thirty counts for progeny.
SCALE OF POINTS FOR COWS IN MILK.*
Poorrs. Counts.
1. Weight of milk in twenty-four hour.-;, one count for each pound of yield,
32 lbs 32.00
2. Total solids by cliemical analysis, one count for each percentum, 13.76 13.76
3. Butter fat, three per cent, being standard, add ten per cent, for every one
per cent, above, or deduct ten per cent, for every one per cent. l)elo\v
the standard, 5.25 22.50
4. Time since calving, add one count for every ten days — one hundred and
twenty -three days 12.30
Total 80.56
The above figures are tho.se of the first prize cow at the Edinburgh Show.
This scale, with an additional point for a butter test on specified rations, would
insure a fair test of merit at exhibitions in contests between all breeds of dairy cows.
DIAGRAMS ILLLSTKATINU SOMK OK TlIK MOKK IMI'oKTANT I'OINTS.
No. 1. — Outline of Uuuer, Barbel, Rump, and Thioh of Jerskv Bki.lk of
SOITUATK 782S.
Scale devised by .lames McQueen, judge of Edinburgh Dairy Show, 1885.
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA.
JS'o. 2. — Outline of Uddee, Barrel, Eump, and Thigh of Princess 2d 8046.
No. 3. — OiTLiNE OF Udder, Barrel, Edmp, and Thigh of Mary Anne of
St. Lambert 9770.
JERSEY CATTLE JN^ AMERICA.
No. 4. — Outline of Udder, Bakkkl, Rump, and Thigh of Dandelion 2521.
No. .5. — OiTLiNK OF TTddkr, Bakkkl, Rump, and TiuGU OF Lady Yertumnus
13,217.
JERSEY CATTLE JW A3IERIGA. 57
THE ESCUTCHEON.
The escutcheon consists of that portion of the surface of an animal which is
covered by a reversed growtli of hair. It usually includes the udder, the inner
surface of the thighs, a portion of the space above the twist, and a part, of the
surface of the abdomen.
Francis Guenon, the discoverer of this feature in the animal kingdom, by which
lie rendered his name immortal, was a native of Libourne, France. He was the son
of a nurseryman, and had become expert in the art of propagating and grafting
fruits. While yet a boy, upon hearing his grandfather say he thought cows might
be judged as easily as fruit trees, if we only knew their points, he was ever on the
alert to make the saying good, and thereby made the discovery, which, after years of
observation, he ingeniously systematized and demonstrated to his own complete
satisfaction. This system he afterward disclosed by jjroving his skill as an expert
upon herds of cattle before agricultural societies, and received high recognition, many
honors, and medals, and was appointed lecturer on his system in the agricultural
schools of France, and also received a pension from the government during his
hfetime.
THE (JUENON SYSTEM.
The limits of the escutcheon as described by Guenon are from the centre of the
lower surface of the udder upward, the inner surface of the thighs and a portion of
the perineal region, from the udder to the setting on of the tail. The escutcheon
has several regular types, which Guenon classified according to their shape. There
are ten of these regular forms, which he described under ten different names, or
classes, besides which there are irregular and mixed forms. The ten classes of
escutcheon are : 1, flandrine ; 2, left flandrine ; 3, selvedge ; 4, curveline ; 5, bicorn ;
G, double selvedge ; 7, demijohn ; 8, square ; 9, limousine ; 10, carresine. The first
class he named because he saw many of them in the province of Flanders, and the
cows were great milkers. The second class was left-hand and one-sided ; the third
class had a narrow strip, like the border on a piece of cloth ; the fourth had a
curved arch ; the fifth had a doul)le top, or two horns ; the sixth was an oddity, with
two narrow strips ; the seventh resembled a wine-jug ; the eighth, a carpenter's
square; the ninth was common in the province of Liniugcs, and steeple-sliaped ;
the tenth was level at the tojj, or horizontal.
In each of these ten classes he made six orders, or sixty distinct forms ; also
a defective escutcheon, which he called hatard, or counterfeit. In tlic first class
there are twelve of these counterfeit escutcheons, and in each of the other classes
six counterfeits, thus making sixty-six counterfeit escutcheons.
58 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIiTCA.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SYSTKM OF GUENON.
We will first make a brief analysis of the system according to Gnenon. In
describing liis system he used the tenn " escutcheon," from the shield-Hke form of
the upward growth covering the back part of the udder and thighs ; and " Epis" or
" feather" for certain peculiar marks on escutcheons by which he designated the
various orders. He describes seven different " feathers," five on the surface of the
escutcheon and two outside of the escutcheon.
By referring to the diagrams the terms " escutcheon" and " feather" will be
fully ex])lained and illustrated.
Stand behind the cow which produces the largest quantity of milk, and you will
notice a peculiarity of liair growth which is upward on the udder and above in a
broad band to the tail, and outward upon the thighs. Brusli the hair in the direc-
tion of its growth with your hand, and you will find it softer than satin to the touch.
You will notice another peculiar growth, a small oval mark of white hair over each
hind teat, whei-e the direction of the hair is downward. This " escutcheon" and this
oval, or '• oval feather," are shown in Fig. 1., p. 59. Fig. II. shows the location of the
" buttock featlier ;" Fig. III., the " babine feather ;" Fig. IV., the " vulvous feather ;"
Fig. v., the " batard feather ;" Fig. VI., the '• thigh feather ;" Fig. VII., the " dart
feather."
Fi(^. I.
THE OVAL FEATHER.
The oval feather is often found on the best escutcheons. If these feathers are
small, regular in form, and composed of very fine liair, they are usually an excellent
sign ; but if large, of irregular shape, and of long coarse hair, they are a mark of
inferior quahty. This feather should be about two inches long by one inch wide.
Fk;. II.
THE BUTTOCK FEATHER.
The buttock feather is on the right and left of the vulva, outside of the
escutcheon. Its hair is ascending, and it is usually two to three inches in length by
half an inch in width. If smaller than this and of fine hair they are not specially
indicative of inferiority ; but if larger, and the hair is coarse, they always indicate
an earlier cessation of the milk-How, according to size and coarseness.
Fui. in.
THE BABINE FEATHER.
The babine feather is a narrow streak of down-growing hair witliin the
escutcheon, starting from the side of the ■vailva — usually upon the left side, but may
be upon either or both sides. It is usually two inches long by a (|uarter inch in
width, but may be six inches in length.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
^
W
?
60 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA.
Fi.;. IV.
THK vri.VdlS FEATHEK.
The vulvuus feather eonsit^ts of down-growing hair enclosing the lower part
of tlie vulva in a \'-.-<liapu or forked like a "W. It is one inch deep and wide to six
inches in de])tli.
Ki.^ V.
THE HATAKI) FEATHER.
The batard feather, or counterfeit oval, is of doM-n-growing white hair in the
centre of the escutcheon midway between the udder and vulva, and, according to
size and degree of coarseness, it indicates a falling off in milk during pregnancy.
It may be six inches by two inches in size, or much smaller.
Fi,;. VI.
THE THKJII FEATHER.
The thigh feather is an encroaeluuent of ingrowing hair upon the escutcheon
of the thigh, and is in the form of a crescent or a triangle, and indicates inferiority,
according to size of feather and coarseness of hair.
Fk;. YII.
the dart feather.
The dart feathei-, also called epijondif^ is the result of crossing or compounding
a selvedge escutcheon with any of the short escutcheons. It resembles a dart
wnth the point downward, and consists of fine up-growing hair. It is situated
beneath the vulva, is an inch wide at the toji, and is considered an improvement to
the short escutcheons.
The oval feather and the dart feather are good feathers or decorations ; the
buttock feather, babine feather, vulvous feather, batard feather, and thigh feather
are bad feathers, or blots upon the escutcheon.
CLASSES AND ORDERS.
The first class, or fiandrine escutcheon, extends from the centre of the four
teats u])ward to the setting on of the tail.
The first order has an oval feather over each hind teat, is full out on the
thighs, and has a clean smooth upgrowth fully three inches wide to the root of the
tail.
Cow a perpetual milker.
The second order has one oval feather and a babine feather about two inches
long on the left or right of vulva. Goes dry two months.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 61
The third order has a viilvous feather mie inch to two inches deep, and goes
dry three montlis.
The fourth order has a vulvons feather about iive inches hing and crescent
thigh feather on right thigh. Goes dry four niontlis.
The fifth order has a vulvous feather six inches deep and a trianguhir thigh
feather on right thigh. Goes dry five months.
The sixth order has a vulvous feather eight inches deep and a very small
thigh escutcheon invaded by triangular thigh feathers. Goes dry six months.
The size of the escutcheon dwindles in all its parts in each descending order.
THE SECOND CLASS, OR LEFT FLANDKINE ESCUTCHEON.
The first order resembles that of the flandrine, exce^jt that it runs up on the
left fiank, and the right thigh wing is apparently wider than the left wing. There
are two oval feathers, and the cow seldom or never goes dry.
The second order has a babine feather on the left, and goes dry two months.
The third order has a babine feather six inches long and crescent thigh
feather right thigh. Goes dry three months.
The fourth order has a longer babine feather, a half-moon thigh feather right
side, and a triangular thigh feather left side. Goes dry four months.
The fifth order has a coarse flaring escutcheon, a large triangle thigh feather
right side. Goes dry five months.
The sixth order has a very small coarse escutcheon, and goes dry six months.
The batard, or counterfeit, has the same marks in all the orders, with the
exception of enormous coarse buttock feathers five inches long by three wide. The
milk is watery, and falls off rapidly when pregnant.
THIRD CLASS, OK SKI.VEDOE ESCUTCHEON.
The first order runs fully one incli wide up to the vulva, and is of full width
(eighteen inches) on the thighs, with the two oval feathers on tlie udder. Never
goes dry unless forced to do so.
The second order has a left oval feather and a left liuttock feather. Goes dry
two months.
The third order has two buttock feathers, the left about tliree inches long.
Goes dry three months.
The fourth order has two buttock feathers, tlie left four inches long, and goes
dry four months.
The fifth order has a broken list, the buttock feathers five inches long, and
goes dry five months.
62 JERSEY CATTLE IX A3IERICA.
The sixtli order has a ragged escutcheon ; the buttock featliers are six inclies
long, and she is dry six months.
The batard orders are similarly marked to the six free orders, but have enor-
mous coarse buttock feathers five inches long by three wide, and produce thin
milk and are soon dry.
THE FOURTH CI.ASS, OR CURVELINE ESCUTCHEON.
The first order has the two oval feathers, the escutcheon is eighteen inches
wide on the thighs, and ascends in a round arch to within eight inches of the vulva.
Never dry unless forced or injured.
The second order has a left oval feather and one small left buttock feather.
Dry two months.
The third order has two buttock feathers, the left three inches long, and goes
dry three months. There is sometimes a triangular thigh feather right side.
The fourth order has buttock feathers six inclies long, right triangle and left
crescent thigh feathers, and goes dry four months.
The fifth order has buttock feathers seven inches long and thigh feathers eight
by four inches. Goes dry five months.
The sixth order has a very diminutive escutcheon, and goes dry six months.
The batard curveline cows have very large and coarse l)uttock feathers, and
give thin milk, going dry soon.
THK FIFTH CLASS, OK DIOORN ESCUTCHEON.
The first order has two oval featliers, a thigh escutcheon eighteen inches wide,
and the upper part of the escutcheon terminating 'u\ two points, the left higher tlian
the right and within four to eight inches of the vulva. There may be two very
small buttock feathers of equal .size. Dry one month.
The second order has one left oval feather, and the left buttock featlier is two
inches long. Goes dry two months.
The third order has buttock feathers three inches long, a triangular tliigh
feather right side, and goes dry three months.
The fourth order has buttock feathers four inches or lougei-. a large triangular
right-side thigh feather, and goes dry four months.
The fifth order has larger bristly buttock feathers, a larger triangle, and goes
dry five months.
The sixth order is a very little l.iconi, and there are bristling hairs all over tlie
buttocks. Dry six mouthg.
The bicorn counterfeit has the same marks in each order and two large coarse
buttock feathers.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 63
THE SIXTH CLASS, OK DOUBLE SELVEDGE ESCUTCHEON.
The first order lias two slender lists running from the bottom of the udder to the
tail, with a broad band of descending hair between, reaching to the base of the udder.
Thigh wings eighteen inches wide, as in all first-order escutcheons. Dry one month.
The second order has the descending band of hair terminating four inches above
hind teats and the thigh escutcheon narrower. Dry two months.
The third order has narrower fillets, descending band stops six inches above
teats ; thigh wings are still narrower. Dry three months.
The fourth order has coarser hair, descending band twelve inches below vulva,
a crescent thigh feather on right thigh. Dry four months.
The fifth order has still coarser hair, the two fillets are ragged, the central band
descends to the udder, a triangular thigh feather in both wings. Dry five mouths.
The sixth order has very small ragged fillets, the right reaching lialf way up, the
thigh wings not discernible. Dry six months.
Tlie batard has the fillets terminating in two large coarse buttock feathers.
THE SEVENTH CLASS, (IR DEMLTOHN ESCUTCHEOX.
The first order has two oval featliers, and may have two small buttock feathers.
The escutcheon is eighteen inches wide on thighs, and the iipper part ri.ses like a
flandrine, but terminates in a level top four to eight inches below the vulva. Dry
one month.
The second order has one left oval feather and buttock featliers two to three
inches long. Goes dry two months.
The third order has the left buttock feather about five inches long and a
right crescent thigh feather. Goes dry three months.
The fourth order has longer buttock feathers and a triangular rigl it thigh feather.
Dry four months.
The fifth order has larger buttock featliers and two large triangular thigli
feathers. Di'y five montlis.
The sixth order has a very small (lemij(jlni and very large buttock feathers.
Dry six mouths.
The batard has enormous liuttock feathers.
THE EIGHTH CLASS, OK SQUARE ESCUTCHEON.
The top of this escutcheon is a narrow Kst joined to the left corner of the top
of a demijohn escutcheon. The first order has two oval feathers. Goes dry one
month.
The second order is the only second order which Guenon gave the two oval
04 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
featheiti. There is a Imttock feather on tlie riifht of the vulva. Goes dry one
month.
The third order has a right buttock feather three inches long, a right trian-
gular thigh feather, and left crescent thigh feather, and goes dry three months.
The fourtii order has the list ragged in the upper part, the right buttock
featJier four iiiciies long, the wings very siiiail. witli a triangular right side thigh
feather. Dry four months.
Tlie fifth order has the tillet still more ragged, the Vmttock feather five inches
long, a triangular thigh feather on each side. Dry five months.
The si.xth order is scarcely recognizable. Dry .six months. The batard is
distingui-shed by a very large coarse buttock feather on right of vulva, ami tlie tillet
on the left of the vulva has bristling hair.
TUK Nl.vrn CLASS. OK LIMOUSINE ESCUTCHEON.
The first oixler has the two oval feathers and wide thigh shield. The upper
part terminates four to eight inches below the vulva in a sharp point like a steeple.
There may be two small buttock feathers. Goes dry one mouth.
The second order has one left oval feather and two buttock feathers about
three inches in length, the left being the longer, as in all the escutcheons. Goes dry
one month.
The third order has the left buttock feather still more elongated; the tliigli
wings are more contracted. Goes dry three montiis.
The fourth order has larger buttock feathers ; the whole escutcheon is lower
and rounded. Goes dry four months.
The fifth order has very long buttock feathers. The wings are small, and each
has a triangular thigh feather. Goes dry five months.
The sixtli order is so small as to be scarcely distinguishable; the buttock
feathers are very long and ragged. (>oes dry six months.
The batard, or counterfeit orders, have the same marks in each order, except
that the buttock fcatliens, as in every class, are larger, coarser, and very ln-istling.
The first order lias an escutcheon of full width, but terminated at a line level
with the top of the udder. There are two oval feathers and two very small buttock
feathers. Goes dry one month.
The second order has one oval feather. The left buttock feather is elongatetl ;
the thigh wings are contracted. Goes dry two months.
The third order is still more contracted. The buttock feathers are longer, and
there is a triangular thigh feather in the right wing. Goes dry three months.
m^^
HIPPARCHUS 11,672.
AT 2 YEAIiS Ol.n.
Oraiif/e Pccl-ICiiif/ Ti/pe.
ISIUGIITSIDE HEKD.
K. M. IIoE. 504 Ghand Street, Ni
FILLPAIL 2d 24,388.
AT 4 TEARS OLD.
Imported by T. S. Cooper.
Kliedwe—King—Mllpail Type.
A. N. Maktin, Sum MIT, New Jersey.
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMEBIC'yl.
65
The fourth order has a triangular gore in each wing. The l)uttoek feathers
are long and bristling. Goes dry four months.
The fifth order has vei'v large biittock feathers and very small escutcheon.
Goes dry five months.
The sixth order does not rise to the middle of the very small udder. The
buttock feathers reach almost down to the udder, and are bristling. Goes dry six
months.
The carresine counterfeits have all the marks of the .six orders and immense
broad buttock feathers in every order.
Batard, or counterfeit cows, in all the classes and orders, only differ from
free cows in losing their milk very soon after impregnation.
Guenon arranged cows, according to amount of milk, in three sizes — large,
medium, and small. As the Jersey may be properly called a medium-sized cow,
the synoptic tables here given are suitable for the Jersey breed.
CHART OF THE GUENON" SYSTEM, SHOWING THE DAILY MILK
YIELD FOR MEDIUM-SIZED COWS, IN QUARTS.
1. Flaudrine.
3. Selvedge. .
4. Ciirveline.
.5. Bicorn . . .
7. iDemijohn.
Left Flandrine . .
Double Selvedge.
Square
Limousine
Carresine .
20 qts.
20 "
20 "
20 "
20 "
18 "
IS "
15 "
16 "
16 "
16 qts.
16 "
16 "
16 "
16 "
15 "
15 «
15 "
12i"
V2i-
2iqts,
n "
2i "
2i "
9iqts
9i «
9i "
6 qts.
6 "
6 "
6 '•
6 "
4 "
i "
4 "
3 qts
3 "
3 "
3 '■
It will be seen that the escutcheons are arraai^ed in this table in order of merit.
66
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMElilCA.
CHAKT SHOWING DUKATION OF MILKING PERIOD FOE PREG-
NANT COWS BY NUMBER OF MONTHS EACH ORDER WILL
PRODUCE MILK.
Classes.
Orders.
1st.
2d.
3d. , 4tli.
5th.
6th.
1.
2.
Flandrine
Left Flandrine
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
0
5
5
5
5
5
4
3
3
3.
3
4.
5.
6.
T.
Curveline
Bicorn
Double Selvedge
3
3
3
3
8.
3
9.
3
10
Oarresiiie . . . .
3
Flandrine
Left Flandrine . .
Selvedge
Curveline
Bicorn
Double Selvedge,
Demijohn
Square
Limousine
Carresine
Number ok Months Dry.
2
3
5
6
2
3
5
6
2
3
^
6
2
3
5
6
2
3
5
6
2
3
5
c
2
3
5
6
1
3
5
6
2
3
i
5
6
2
3
1
^
6
THE FORE-ESCUTCUEON AHI) Tlllon < IVALS.
Gnenon did not think it necessary to observe the fore-escutcheon, but many of
our best breeders of Jersey cattle regard the fore escutcheon of equal importance
with the posterior escutcheon, in judging of the jiroductive and breeding qualities.
The fore-escutcheon consists in the forward growth of hair on the bellj' of the
animal. It is sometimes very large, and extends nearly to the fore-legs, and on the
sides it often sweeps over the margin of the curtain, and forms large waves or curls
on the sides of the body.
Many great butter cows have a large fore-escutcheon, notably the wondurftd
cow Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, and herewith is shown a diagram of her fore-
escutcheon, drawn by the author from memory.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
FoKE-EscuTuHEoN uF Makv Annk OK St. Lamukkt !»770.
Foee-Vkins of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, extending to the Shouldei
JERt>EY CATTLK JX AMEi:i(A.
Foke-\'eins ok Value 2i) 6844.
Many writers upou Jersey cattle have mentioned a feature that seems to have
escaped the uotiee of Gueuon, and tliat is a feather of au oval shape at the juncture
of the thigli ^ving with the uprifflit ixirtiou of tlie escutcheon. In cows this feather
appears at the top of tlie udder on each side, dii)ping down from the thigh about
two inches. (See Fig. VIII., p. 59, and the escutcheon plates.)
The tliigh oval feather is formed of down-growing hair, and is exceedingly tine
and soft, and always indicates superior quality in a Jersey of either sex. In the
hull it is smaller, and dips down ujjon the thigh or upon the scrotum. A good thigh
oval feather should not be more tliau three inches in length, but sometimes they
extend so far as to coalesce with tlie lower oval feathers, thus fonning a long band
of down-growing hair on each hind-quarter of the luldi'r.
The ten plates which follow show an ideal escutcheon of each class. I have
added the thigh ovals, with the exception of the double selvedge, of which I have
only seen one specimen, and the escutcheon of the bull. The flandrine, selvedge,
curveline, bicoru, and demijohn escutcheons are the best classes, and for the Jersey
there is no better escutcheon than a perfect curveline.
Fi.ANnKiNK Escutcheon.
Left Flandrine Escutcheon.
SkT.VEDGE EsfTTC'IIKON.
CuKVKi.iNK Escutcheon.
BiCOKN ESCUTCHEOX.
Double Selvedge Escuitcueon.
SquAKE EstTTC'irKON.
Demijohn Escutcheun.
Limousine Escutcheon.
Carresixe or Level Escitcheon.
ClRVELINK EsCrXCHEOX OF THE BlT.L YoUNG MeRCCRY 7-iSo.
Bred axd Owked by William Simi-sox. New York.
The fun' escutcheon (,f ihlx hull rorcv more than half the helhj.
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA.
THE ESCUTCHEON OF THE BUI.I„
According to Cirueiion, the escutcheon of the bull starts from the fore-part of
the scrotum, extends within and above the hocks, spreads over the hinder surface of
the thighs, and in the higher orders of some classes ascends as liigh as the anus.
Those bulls whose escutcheons, in form and dimensions, resemble those of cows of
the higher orders, are well adapted to the procreation of offspring of good milking
qualities. A bull is well marked and a good breeder when there is no invasion of
descending hair into the ascending hair of his escutcheon ; and the escutcheon is
of large dimensions, in proportion to the size of the animal, and is covered with
very fine hair.
" Bulls, like cows, may be arranged in ten classes, of which each class comprises
several orders, and every order three sizes. I shall only distinguish three orders in
each class, which I shall designate as good, fair, and bad. The same distinctions
could be observed as in cows."
The defects in the escutcheon of the Imll are coarseness of hair, diminutive
size, angular invasions of hair on the thighs, or an oval feather of descending hair
an inch wide by two or three inches in length on the inside of the thigh about the
middle of the escutcheon and covered with long thick hair.
The fair escutcheon of the bull may 1)0 compared M'itli the tliinl and fonrtli
order in cows.
The good escutcheon is eipiivaleiit to tlie lirst oriler in cdws.
SIONIFICANC^E OF THE SCALE OF FOIXTS.
The scale of points, including the fore and liind escutcheon, is recommended as
a guide in the piirchase of animals and as an aid in breeding.
The milk and butter quality, when demonstrated by churn tests, shows what
the cow can do, and encourages the In-eeder to look for the same (piality in her
male and female progeny.
The escutcheon, according to Guenon, "is the only incontestable cliaracteristic
sign that Can enable one to discern, by simple inspection, the aptitude for milk pro-
duction of each animal." Those who decry the escutcheon always like to show a
herd of well-escutcheoned animals. The escutcheon when perfect is also one of the
chief elements of beauty in a Jersey.
The skin color is an indication that the cow, being richly colored within tlie
ears and on other parts, especially if she retains the color throughout the year (she
will show most color when fed on green food), will give a golden tint to lier l)Utter
in midwinter.
The ban-el, if large and capacious, shows that the animal has constitutional
vigor and room for the laboratory of digestion and assimilation of food.
70 .JEllSKY CA TTLE JX AMERICA.
Tlie general appearance should be bony and lean, showing that the animal nses
the ndder and all the lacteal vessels fur the s])ecial pnqiose of ntilizing all the food
elements for the jjroiluctioii of milk and cream.
The fore-nd<lcr .-h.-uld l.c full but well n.iinded rather than square. The
angular udder must give i)laee to the spheroid — free from tle.sliiness, and a true
milk-secreting organ.
Tlie hind-u.ldcr sli.mld ].roject far out fmm the tliighs with a roiiml outline,
and M-ell tucked up in the twist. Tlie whole udder should liave a spheroidal form.
and its su2)porting ligaments must be so stnnig as to ])revciit it fn.m bectimiug
l)endent, even in advanced age.
The udder qualitv should be soft, sujjple, and elastics, .so as t<» milk empty.
There need be only sufficient vascularity to make healthful milk-glands. The udder
should liave a silken and unctuous tt^rnch ; the hair very short and tine — a butter
udd..r.
'i"he veins show a cai>:icity for free circulation accoixling to size. The bull
.should be credited with a " milk" vein, when marking for prizes.
The teats should be ju>f large eiiougli to till the grasp of a man's hand, and yield
tlie milk u|M,n slight pressure, but never leak. The teats nnist be kept free from
warts aii<l s.,res by j.roper treatment. The nii)]iles of the bull, if eipial in size an<l
of good length, an<l st>t wide apart, indicate tlie same .piality in liis lieifers.
The higli rumji is an im|iortant jioint to cultivate; it indicates vigor and less
lialiility to abortii.n. It also adds much to the symmetry and beauty of the animal.
The thin thigh belongs t.> the <-reamer, the round thigh to the beef anhnal
Acnrlon each ]i.K-k is a goo,l sign.
'I'he thin mellow liide is a ]iart of that general make-up which denotes tlie
creamer. 1'he very large pendent navel and loose .skin on the belly are ass(.)ciated
with a cai)acious and flexible udder.
Hair as unctuous as vaseline is a ])rediction of butter in the churn, .\void dry,
wiry hair in i-\i'vy animal, but cultivate the soft, tint' coat.
llil>s of great breadth indicate great abdominal capacity and ro.,m below for an
inniiense udder. FineiU'ss of bone is indicative of tine (piality in ev(ny ti.ssue of the
body.
A level back is an indication of strength, and gives synunetry to the form.
An old cow may sway a little bel..w the line.
The double chine is associated witli fully de\-elo])cd lacteal and generative
organs and first-order escutcheons. "When you can lay the fingers in the spaces
between the s])ines, you have a cow with broad liijis. lai'ge udder, and a very broad
escutcheon.
The long, thin neck of the cow is to be matched with the long, well-arched,
higli-set neck of the bull. A .short thick neck indicates fat on the ribs and kidneys.
JERSEY CATTLE EY AMERICA. 71
Large eyes, which for gentleness of expression rival those of the gazelle, are the
special featnve of loveliness in a Jersey cow. The bull should have a kind but
lively eye. The one indicates docility, the other vigor and power.
The lively and playful Inill indicates a condition of vigorous health and potency.
The gentleness of the cow is manifested by an undisturbed equaniuiity, a condition
of perfect contentment, indifferent to all things except her cud, which she always
enjoys when not feeding or sleeping. It is the business of the butter cow to keep
the cud in motion.
The tail should be as long, as tapering, and as fine as possible. Such a tail, if
tipped with a switch like the tail of a horse, indicates a very well-bred animal.
The shoulders cannot be too oblique or too sloping, and the good butter cow
never lays up fat on her shoulder-blades while she is giving a full flow of milk.
The legs should be fine, having flat, hard bones, which with small feet are
indicative of good breeding and fine quality.
Thin withers also indicate fineness of breeding, and lielong to the wedge-form.
Thick withers indicate more lung power and usually a greater feeding capacity ; but
such animals are liable to become fat, while the thin withers indicate the milking
form.
A widening at the crops indicates constitutional stamina and strong vitality.
The deep chest without great breadth indicates a suificient power of respiration
for good health and a form that is compatible with production of milk and cream
rather than beef.
The small, lean head, long and tapering, indicates nuieli milk ; the short, square
head, beef. The arched crown is a beautiful characteristic of the finest Jerseys.
The dished face is attractive and not incompatible with the greatest jirodnc-
tiveness.
Breadth between the eyes indicates sagacity' and a high degree of Ijovine
intelligence, as well as beauty.
The ash-colored fillet is a striking feature in the Jersey race. If the muzzle is
slightly turned uj), nostrils wide, the mouth broad, and the masticatory muscles stand
out roimdly from the muzzle and cheek, it is a good combination of features for
business and beauty. A black nose is supposed to be characteristic of the Jersey
breed, though not any more essential to purity than a black tongue or a lilack
switch.
The small ear well fringed indicates not only fine l)reeding liut constitutional
vigor. The fringe is also a protection from flies.
Horns of translucent amber with black tips are very ornamental, especially if
small in size and slender, and if they have a natural crumple, or have been trained
to droop or curl about the face. They are as useless as they are ornamental, and
have less significance than any otliei- ]ioint.
73 JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA.
Besides the scale of points, with which one cannot be too familiar, there are
several other considerations which need to be remembered in judging of cattle.
1. Tlie race peculiarities.
2. The family traits.
3. The degree of inl)reeding.
4. The age.
5. The size.
6. The system of management and care.
T. The health.
8. The variety, quality, and amount of food.
9. The special power to assimilate food.
10. The quality of the cow's milk, cream, and butter.
11. Tiie season of the year, and the weather.
12. The period of gestati(m.
By familiarity witli the animals and witli every technicality of these descrip-
tions and points, any one with an eye for a cow can become expert in the selection
of the best stock, and while they are yet young calves may apprehend their future
excellence.
THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING.
Of the ancient methods of cattle-breeding we have Httle knowledge. The oldest
recoi-d of skill in the art is found in the Book of Genesis, where Jacob, who was
the superintendent of the herd of his fatlier-in-law Laban, the Syrian, after fourteen
years of familiarity with Laban's cattle — he had bred cattle, however, all his life, and
was past fifty years of age — proposed to take, as his wages, only the spotted cattle.
From this it would appear that spotted cattle were then a great rarity, a strange
freak of nature not only among sheep, goats, camels, and asses, but bovines. Laban
readily assented to the proposition, and Jacob, by consummate skill and selection of
the strongest cattle, soon had an immense herd of spotted cattle, notable for their
strong constitutions, and, as a sequel, his wages were " changed ten times." This
record of breeding, brief as it is, has much that is suggestive to the modern cattle-
breeder. Jacob had a plan, adhered to it, and was successful in changing the colors
of cattle y in improving their constitiitional vigor, and in overcoming the habit of
abort/ion among his herds. Some might add that, according to the record, there
was divine interposition in his behaK. Well, the record also states that Jacob
sought for divine blessing. All modern breeders would also do well to follow Ids
example, and also make confession of the blessing.
The object of the breeder is to produce at will, not by luck or chance, perfect
specimens of the race, that shall combine all the quaUties desired. Most of the
modern breeds of cattle have been develojied by a slow, hap-liazard process. Some
of the breeds in England have been formed by men of genius after a well-considered
JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA. 73
plan. The best families of Jerseys have been made by method. The results of the
methods practised in England for the last century and in America for a shorter
period show conclusively that breeds or races of domestic animals, to be successful
and profitable, must combine a few peculiar excellencies which are to be developed
to their fullest extent regardless of all other qualities that are incompatible with the
object sought.
The dairy breed must have the wedge form and lean general appearance, com-
patible \vith a long life devoted to formation of tons of cream in the udder, while
the beef animal must have the square form, and make a mountain of marbled meat,
rich in osraazome, at or before three years of age. The two types are wholly distinct,
and cannot be blended in one breed. As soon think of winning races with the
heavy muscles of the cart horse as to win at the churn or cheese vat with a beef
breed.
The possibihties of achievement in bringing the Jersey to a high average
standard of productiveness have been at least partially shown by the efforts of a
few skilful breeders — notably by E. M. Hoe, of New York, 0. S. Hubbell, of
Connecticut, and Philip Dauncey, in England. Mr. Daimcey began in 1826, and
for forty years worked with three distinct objects in view : first, a high average
butter yield ; second, constitutional vigor ; third, coats of uniform style of color,
entirely free from patches of white. All these objects were successfully achieved.
Mr. Hubbell has accomplished the foiindation of a family noted for great ;yields
of butter, beautiful color and symmetry, and remarkable uniformity of excellence.
Mr. William Simpson, of New York, is also pursuing a scientific method in
breeding.
The great problem that confronts every lireeder is tliat of dujjlicating at will
the animals he has selected as his models.
A thoroxigli knowledge of the history of breeding and the special methods of
successful breeders, a taste for the art, and a love for the animals, if combined with
a genius for the work, are auspices of great results.
I believe that the laws of breeding may be formulated in such a manner as to
insure success to the man of average skill and the requisite education.
"When the orchardist, by combining the qualities of two excellent fruits,
produces, out of many thousand seedKngs, one of delicious quality, he very well
knows that he cannot reproduce the same or an equally good fruit short of many
very tedious experiments, perhaps not in a lifetime, by the process of breeding. The
union of two animals produces always a new seedhng which varies from the parents
more or less widely.
74 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Thi.s variation proceeds from tlie law of heredity, that a seedling represents the
sum of the combined qualities of all its ancestors operative at and subsequent to
the time of sexual imion. The most prepotent force in ])rocreation may revert to
some ancestor five, ten, or twenty generations distant, so as to reproduce in all their
force of individuality the features of one noted for great merit or marked inferiority.
This peculiarity of tracing to a remote ancestor is called atavism, and signifies
likeness to " an old grandfather."
To avoid tlie bad influences of atavism, and utilize the good, is tlic province of
the skilful breeder. The oi-chardist, to avoid the inconvenience and delay resulting
from atavism, continually resorts to budding and grafting, perpetuating the identical
variety by offshoots. The l)reeder must assimilate in dealing with animal life as
nearly as jjossible to the ])roccss of the orcliardist witii plant life.
A thorowjhh'cd or jjurehred animal is one of a race that can l)e traced back
to one common ancestry in both the male and female lines, with close in-and-in
breeding for seven or more generations.
\fi(in>r,i/ animal is the result of breeding a tlioronglibred male' to a female of
another breed, and successively to her 2;)rogeny for xix generations. Tims the
progeny of a thoroughbred bull and a native cow gives a female with 50 per cent,
of thoroughltred blood, which cow, mated with the same or anothei' thoroughbred
bull of tlie same breed, gives 75 per cent, of the pure blood. The next generation
gives 87i per cent, of pure blood. The fourth generation gives |^, or i)3J per
cent., of tlioronglibred. Tiie sixth generation gives ||, or 98^^ per cent., of pure
bl.Mxl, ora/VWvrV, very nearly.
A cr(>st<hn',l animal is tlic progeny of two thoronghl)red animals of ditferrnt
breeds.
A tjrail,' luiimal is one that ])osscsses any degree of thoroughbred blood
below a fulll.rcd. .\ low grade has less, and a high grade more than 50 \^vy cent, of
thoroughljred.
A scrub animal is one whose ])edigree has no quality of uniformity or (jf
thorough selection in either the male or female Wna, and alvHnjs y'rves the Jtiyliest
risk of atavism toward inferiority in the progeny.
That ])ecnliar jiower which is possessed in a very marked degree l)y a few
animals of either sex, of transmitting to their ])rogeny all tin' striking individual
characteristics of the parent, so that the descendants have a uniform resemblance
and quality, is c-aA-q^ prepotency. It is a faculty which implies a special aecmnula-
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 75
tioii of vital force in the generative system, in common with all the other depart-
ments of the organism, and is not to be confounded with the narrower term,
potency, which refers to the physical health of the male generative faculty, regardless
of powers of transmission of quality. This element of prepotency may consist
in the ability to transmit inferior or mediocre qualities, as well as those of the
superlative degree of excellence. The breeder wants animals that overcome atavism
by prepotency of the highest order.
Atavism is usually a result of crossing two varieties of the same species, or if
it occurs in a thoroughbred family, it is the result of an inharmonious union.
If the breeder could follow the example of the orchardist by budding, the
imcertainties of breeding would be neutralized. A seed is but a modified bud ; the
animal is analogous to the same process of development. The breeder cannot bud
from his model, but by a certain fonnula he can in time produce an animal that
shall be nearly identical in Ijlood elements \vith the selected mudel.
IX-AND-IN BEEEDING.
There is no subject upon which current notions are so wide from the facts as
the mating of near kin. A jirevalent notion exists that in some mysterious
manner the union of tlie blood of near relations is harmful. All sorts of disasters
in man and animals have been attributed to the union of kindred blood. The history
of man, and the records relating to the natural history of animals and the science of
breeding, show that this cni-rent notion is fallacious in the extreme.
According to the iiook of Genesis, Eve was identical with Adaiu. For the
first twenty-five hundred years of human history mamage between full brother and
sister or half brother and half sister was the recognized order of society. Moses,
the greatest man of antiq^uty — seer, lawgiver, poet, historian, judge, ruler, and
leader of a great people just freed from bondage, was the son of his aunt ; while liis
father was also his double inicle. His mother was a daughter of Levi, and his
father a double grandson of the same Levi. His ijrother Aaron and sister Miriam
were also highly distinguished for ability. These were the ages of longevity for the
human race. From Noah to Moses the average age, for sixteen generations, was
nearly three hundred years. To show how close was the consanguinity, I give a
chai-t of the pedigree of Moses. If the lines were all complete, the closeness would
probably be still more marked.
I have given this pedigree to illustrate the facts of history, and to show that the
closest consanguinity in the human family is not a hindrance to the highest physical
and mental perfection. On the contrary, was not this mingling of kindred blood a
cause for the great qualities which Moses illustrated ? "Was the law of mamage ■
which lie afterward gave based upon physiological or sanitary necessity, or was it
simply relative to a system of social ethics? If the existence of organic diseases
jj:j:shy cattlk ix amkrica.
1 Nabor.
Terah.. ..
Abraham —
1 Sister.
Sister.
Isaac -
Terah...
Sarah —
i Sister.
Nahor.
i Sister.
Jacob -
Rebekah.. -
Nahor, Jr
Bethuel....— 1
Milcah....
Terah.
Sister.
Haran.
Levi -
Laban -
Relation.
, Nahor, Jr
BethueL...-
Milcah. . . .
Sister.
Terah.
~: Sister.
Ilaran.
Levi's Wife.
Leah -
Relation (?i.
Isaac —
Relation (?)
Terah....
Abraham.. -
Sister.
Terah
•sister.
Nahor.
'~ Sister.
1 Nahor.
Sarah -
1 Sister.
1 Sister.
Terah.
Nahor, Jr
Bethuel... -
Haran.
Rebekah.. -
! Milcah. ..
Relation (•).
Nahor, Jr
Bethuel.... -
, Sister.
1 Terah.
Sister.
Haran.
Daughterol
Levi -
Levi's Wife.
Jacob —
Leah -
Isaac -
Rebekah...—
Laban -
Relation e).
Abraham. -
Sarah -
Bethnel....-
Relatlon (?).
Milcah....
Relation (?).
Nahor. . . .
Terah -
1 Sister (♦).
Nahor. ..
Terah -
Sister (?).
Relation.
1 Terah
Nahor, Jr..-
1 Sister.
1 Ilaran...
Milcah -
Sister. ...
{ Sister.
1 Serng.
1 Sister.
Serug.
: Sister.
1 Nahor.
1 Sister.
J Terah.
1 Sister (f).
1 Terah.
Terah...
Nahor, Jr.. -
Sister (•).
_, Nahor.
i Sister (?).
t
Bethuel....-
1 Terah,
Haran
-
l~
Laban -
Milcah —
1 Sister (?).
1 Terah.
Wife of I^vl.
Relation (?).
Kelatlon {?).
Sister
1 Sister (>).
JERSEY CATTLE I^T AMERICA. 77
called for the law, the same organic diseases sliould liave called for a prohibition of
marriage without and beyond the prescribed degrees of consanguinity. It is certain
that there is no evidence to show that consanguineous union in man or the lower
animals ever did or ever can originate disease. On the contrary, we observe that
where races diverse in physique and character are bred together the crosses lead to
many imperfections. Huth has well said that if organisms are not nearly alUed
they can rarely be made to interbreed ; and that the result of such crosses is an
offspring of weedj' growth, ill-balanced intellect, often as susceptible to unfavorable
circumstances as an xmacclimatized animal, and generally sterile ; it is impossible that
crossing can be considered in any way beneficial except inasmuch as it may relieve a
possible hereditary tendency to disease. The Jews, since the Mosaic law, have fre-
quently married cousins, and are the best variety of the hiimau species to illustrate
the princii^le of thoroughbred quality. For ages they have been maligned and perse-
cuted in Eastern countries, and have suffered more hardships than any other people ;
yet they are possessed of greater viability than any other known race, and can thrive
in every variety of climate on the earth, while subject to all the vicissitudes of
commercial life. "Where other European races would perish, the Jew flourishes and
grows rich. Consanguinity is the law among most races of animals in a state of
nature, especially those that are polygamoiis, as cattle, sheep, deer, and antelopes.
In herds of wild horses, and also of the wild boar, it is usual to find but one adult
male. The elephant, the gorilla, the lion, the ostrich, and many sjiecies of birds
are polygamous, which always indicates the closest forms of in-and-in breeding
perpetuated from the beginning of creation.
IN-AND-IN BREEDINi; l)F ANIMALS SHEEI'.
Doctor Iluth, in his great work '' The Marriage of Near Kin," in the preparation
of which he consulted one hundred and seventy-one different authors, after showing
the fallacious character of the meagre statistics purporting to show ill effects attrib-
utable to consanguineous marriages, says : " No census could determine whether
consanguinity can be a primary cause of disease. For that we must interrogate
nature, as she has already been so successfully interrogated on other physiological
questions. We must experiment on the lower animals, since we may not experiment
on man. Generation varies so little in its essential characteristics from the lowest
organisms to the highest, that observations deduced from the breeding of domestic
animals may very safely be applied to man. An animal properly bred in-and-in,
and a wild animal, is each perfect according to its circumstances. Alter tlie circum-
stances, and the animal is at once unfit for its place.
" From the breeder's point of view, in-and-in breeding improves the breed,
because it suppresses those qualities which are useless, and develops those which are
78 JERSEY CATTLE I X AMERICA.
useful, whether it be for racing, for wool, for the hutcher, or for any other purpose ;
and without in-and-in breeding he cannot alter an animal to suit his purpose.
" Naturally, persons with that preconceived notion which every one is bound to
have on this subject who has not studied it are apt to consider any evil result
observed in the course of in-and-in breeding as caused by that kind of breeding
in animals, without any prcNnous examination whether there may not be other causes
to account for it.
" In the study of these cases, therefore, as in others, we must remenil)er that
one fact showing the harmlessness of in-and-in breeding is worth a hundred tending
to show their harmfulness ; since in the former consanguinity is still a factor, but in
the latter we are ignorant what other factore may have come into play. Let tis now
proceed to facts.
" 'M. Allie,' says M. Boudiu, 'after a long experience, is of opinion that the
system of in-and-iu breeding is rain to sheep. A flock at Petit-Bourg,' he says,
' has diminished greatly in value since it passed into other hands, and this system has
been practised.' The ob.servations of Stephens led him to the same conclusion : the
progeny, he says, though improved in iigure, tirmness of bone, etc., are nevertheless
delicate-skinned, and therefore liable to the attacks of insects and to inflammation ;
bait this evil is only the result of long-continued in-and-in breeding, and by no
means the immediate residt.
"M. Aube asserts that sheep will produce a dark kind if bred in-and-in, which he
explains as a step on the road to albinoishi. While Mr. Giblett, quoted by Walker,
asserted that sheep lired in-and-in on Bakewell's principle are fitter for the tallow-
chandler than for the kite-hen.
" On the other hand, M. Beaudouin gives the following account of a flock of
three hundred merinoes bred iu-and-in for a period of twenty-two years: the
animals originally came from Saxony, were renowned for the purity of their blood,
and had only been a few years in the Cote d'Or, when, in 18-iO, he commenced his
observations. At that time, though suffering from no particular disease, the sheep
were laboring under general debility, seemingly attributable more to a want of accli-
matization than anything else. lie began by a little judicious selection, eliminating
about 15 per cent, yearly, and the flock soon became remarkably strong and healthy.
There was no sign of sterility — altogether, perhaps, the cases of cryptorchis (non-
appearance of testicles) and monorchis (single testicle) were not more than 6 per cent.,
while in the females there were even fewer cases of barrenness. Ciises of duplic-atc
organs were about 5 per cent. ; and in 1859, a year when these ciises were unusually
frequent in all the flocks about, there were as many as 7 ])er cent, in his. The sexes
were produced in nearly equal numbers, and cases of miscarriage were not more
numerous than among the neighboring flocks. Far from degenerating, they
became finer and far more to be depended upon to reproduce their jiro^ier ty])e than
JER><EY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 79
is ordinary in flocks when crossed. He concludes with the declaration that, in his
belief, inbreeding, combined with a moderate amount of selection, has no evil effect.
Close interbreeding, says Mr. Darwin, has perhaps been continued longer with sheep
than with cattle ; but perhaps the nearest relations have not been so frequently
matched. Messrs. Brown, during fifty years, have not crossed their excellent flock
of Leicesters, nor since the year 1810 has Mr. Barfoi-d crossed the Foscote flock.
This gentleman asserts that when two nearly related individuals are perfectly sound
no degeneracy is produced in their offspring by their union ; or, in other words,
that there is no danger by in-and-in breeding unless through morbid inheritance.
But, on the other hand, he does not pride himself on breeding from the nearest
relatives ; and I may add that such is not a breeder's object : he does not choose a
relative for its relationship, but for its qualities. In France the Naz flock has been bred
in-and-in for sixty years, without the introduction of any strange blood. Ferdinand
and Louis Fischer started a flock of one hundred ewes of one family and four rams of
another ; and these families have since been interbred without the admixture of a
drop of fresh blood. Mr. Atwood's entire flock, which was so celebrated that it is now
scattered by colonization into all the States of the North American Union, originated
from a single impregnated ewe ; and neither she nor any of her progeny or descend-
ants while in his hands were interbred with any sheep not descended exclusively
from Colonel Humphrey's flock, from which she herself came. Mr. Hammond
bought a small number of Atwood's flock in 1844, and he has since interbred solely
between the descendants of these identical sheep. The Spaniards in their sheep-
breeding guard against any admixture between the different cabanas, and they have
been bred in-and-in for ages. Hallam says that the fineness of Spanish wool is consid-
ered to be owing to an importation of English sheep about the year 1.348, and again
about 1465, in return for which the Spaniards exported horses. McCulloch says that
the Spaniards themselves ascribe their superior breed of .sheep to the introduction of a
few from England by Catherine of Lancaster in 1394 ; while elsewhere he says the
merino breed is said to have been introduced from Barbary. These importations
could not have been very great, and, as it appears, the Spaniards have since bred them
in very closely, with the result that they became so valuable that up to the treaty of
Basle their exportation was forbidden. By that treaty the French were allowed to
buy five thousand merino ewes and as many rams ; and from this stock the English
sheep, which had also been carefully bred, were improved, while those of France and
Germany were almost replaced by them. These sheep, says Mr. Huzard, have been
ever since bred in-and-in at Kambouillet, and have never been crossed except by a
second importation under the First Consulate. The nearest relatives are generally
put together, for the rams are usually put to their own progeny for several genera-
tions, and this without any sign of degeneration. The flocks of Tessier, de Sylvestre,
Perrault, Girod, and others testify to the same fact. The merino, when introduced
80 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
into Germany, was so immensely superior to all the native breeds, that it was every-
wliere accepted with enthusiasm. In Saxony tlie greatest attention was paid to
them, chiefly, however, as regards the quality of their wool, not as regards the
quantity and quality as well as quality of the meat, as in England. To this end they
were kept in stal)les and fed on heating food, such as grain ami ]i;iy, throughout
the winter. The result was an imexampled quality of wool ; hut the uuiiiial.s hecamu
a small and puny race. In England the breed of sheep was already so good that
men were prejudiced in favor of their own breeds. Many merinos, therefore, fell
into tliL' hands of men who had no experience in breeding, and they were misman-
aged ; but in tlie liauds of at least one practical breeder they were eminently
successful. Jle reports on them: 'Soon after the king's flocks were imported . . .
I purchased a consideraljle number of sheep from them, and selected from those of the
Negrette blood, as being the largest sheep and carrying the most and softest wool.
These I continued to keej) strictly pure, having no other sheep whatever, and I drew
rams from the royal flock, so long as that was kept up, since which I have depended
M-holly on my own. By due attention in breeding, the wool, far from degenerating,
has annually improved in softness and fineness, and these (qualities have become
much more uniformly even throughout the fleece; so that I now obtain for the
M'hole a price beyond what any foreign wool brings in bulk in an unsorted state,
wliile the flee<'es of our own flock are full double the weight of those of the Saxon
sheei). ^'^ ^^ I'ight, however, to state that the staple of my flocks having arrived at a
length beyond that of utlier merino sheep, has rendered it fit for combing, thus
enhancing the value. The form of the .sheep is also liighly improved, while the
disposition to fatten equals that of the Southdown. The mutton is of the first quality,
and I can readily have for fat wethers the highest ])rice which any mutton brings in
tlie London market.' The justly celebrated New Leicester breed of sheep was
entirely created as a distinct breed by this method. ' Taking the native sheep,' says
Macdonald, talking of Bakewell, ' he reduced his size, gave him small offals, induced
him to lay on flesh and fat all along the breech, sides, shoulders, flank, and neck.
He opened his wool, and also reduced it in weight, and a little in length. He
increased the tendency to lay on fat in proportion to the food consumed, and made
the animal take on fat at lesist a year or two earlier, thus enabling two or three
aninuds to be fed where one only was fed before. Nor was this change fitful or tem-
porary ; it was permanent and indelible ; and for nearly a century the same breed of
sheep has not only maintained its j)osition, but has been used with more or less of
su(;cess to improve nearly every breed in the LTnited Kingdom, and has, moreover,
more or less displaced almost every other breed.' A correspondent of Walker says :
' I iiave l)red from rams from the same flock in Leicestershire for fourteen years, which
flock has not had a cross since the year 1799.' Some of the new Leicester breed
a|i))ear, however, to deserve the remark of the ' Bond Street Butcher ;' for Sir John
MARr ANNE OF ST. LAMBERT 9770.
AT 5 YEARS OLD.
Stoke Pofjh — Marjoram — Yklor Hugo Type.
OAKLANDS HERD.
Valancey E. Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
PRINCE POGIS 10,682.
AT 1 YEAR OLD.
Mary Anne of St. Lamberl^Rob Roy— Splendid Type.
OAKLANDS HERD.
Valancey E. Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEIilCA. 81
Sebright said that Bakewell's principles were followed up too far ; the propensity to
get fat has increased so much that their stock has become small in size, delicate, and
produces little wool. But another correspondent of Walker points out that a pro-
pensity for fat-getting and the production of the finest wool are incompatible ; and
it certainly appears from the fact that this breed has supplanted so many others that
it cannot have degenerated. Too much fat is always a danger to a breed, for fat is a
degeneration of tissue and a cause of sterility ; and although by in-and-in breeding
man is able to do a great deal in the way of alteration, he must still follow nature —
he cannot go contrary to physiological laws ; he can increase the qualities which he
wishes to get chiefly only at the expense of qualities which he is content to do
without ; and can no more obtain an animal all fat with every other good quahty than
he can teach his breed to live without food. We must remember that ill-directed
breeding is as bad when there are frequent crosses as when there are none ; that it
is selection which is the great improver, when properly directed, and that breeding-
in-and-in is only advantageous because it fixes the breed and obviates the necessity
of crossing from an unimproved breed. Indeed, a careless cross may diminish size,
just as careless in-and-in breeding may do so. The Eomney Marsh sheep were made
smaller in this way ; so were the Teeswater, and so are the mongrels of the merino
and Scotch, or the Southdown and Scotch breeds. The sheep of Scotland, says Dr.
Copland, are very small, their fleeces fine and soft, their meat delicate and finely
flavored. In many parts they have much deteriorated since the introduction of
Southdown breeds. Indeed, the sheep themselves seem sometimes to have an antip-
athy to crosses, for on one of the Faroe isles it was observed that the half wild
native black sheep would not readily unite with the imported white sheep. The
Shetlanders also tried to improve their native breed of sheep by crosses, and failed
signally. So bad are the effects of crossing an improved breed, which must neces-
sarily comprise no very great numbers at first, that some persons keep their animals
in different families, and thus while they retain consanguinity, any tendency to
disease peculiar to one family from the soil, habit, or what not, is obliterated. On
the other hand, so valuable is in-and-in breeding to perpetuate any peculiarity either
caused by selection or by what is known as a ' sport,' that nearly all ' created "
breeds have been produced in this way, and valuable breeds, such as the Ancon and
Mauchamp, would have been entirely lost without it."
IN-AND-IN BREEDING OF CATTLE.
" A majority of the most celebrated breeders and improvers of English cattle,
says Mr. Randall, have bred closely in-and-in ; and this was necessary, since an
improvement cannot comprise a large number at first. Bakewell was one of these
breeders, and his Longhoms were for a considerable time closely interbred, though
82 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMKRIVA.
Mr. Youatt says that they became delicate, and the propagation of their kind
uncertain, a state which seems to have been due to bad management, for
Bakewell hin\self was, as a rule, extremely successful. Knight once in the same
season reared two young bulls of which the parents were nearly related ; and Ijoth
proved perfectly impotent, or at least failed to get a single calf ; yet the females
bred well enough while young. But another correspondent of Walker never found
the generative power fail in consequence of in-and-in breeding of cattle ; all that is
necessary', he says, is to select carefully. The half-wild cattle kept in British parks,
at Cadzow Castle, Chillingham, and Chertly are put forward as long-continued in-
and-in breeding without any evil results by Culley, Dr. Brown, and Mr. Macdonald.
These cattle were parked four or live hundred years ago, and are supposed to be
the only remains of the ancient British cattle. Mr. Darwin, liowever, asserts that,
compared to the wild cattle of South America, these are bad breeders; and
Dr. Smith says that the Cliillingham cattle now produce deviations from the orig-
inal Xy^Q of white, with black muzzles and red ears, which deviation he considers
a degeneration. It does not follow, however, that this is a degeneration in the
ordinary sense of the word ; while it must be allowed that selection has not been
practised witli regard to tlieir breeding, wliich would prevent any selection on
their own part sufficient to allow of the intensification of any particular color, since,
though the keepers may shoot these deviations from the original type, tliis will
not prevent it in tlie first instance. The various colors are there, and it would
be contrary to all the teachings of the evolution hypothesis if deviations did not
occasionally occur, whether by sports, which would be rare in so in-and-in bred a herd,
or by selection among themselves, as explained by Mr. Darwin in his ' Descent of
Man.' The fact still remains, however, that these animals have been bred in-and-in
for centuries, and still continue to breed without the help of crosses. Tlie South
American cattle are all descended from a few brought over from Spain and Portu-
gal ; the first by Garay, in 1580, and they have since increased to such astonishing
numbers that, even in 1587, there were sixty-four thousand three hundred and fifty
skins exported from New Spain. Vast herds of wild cattle are met with in all parts
of the country, particulai'ly in the plains of the southern proAances, where they exist
in troops of twenty tliousand to forty thousand ; so that hides, jerked beef, horns,
and bones have long formed leading articles of export from Brazil. On the Falk-
land Isles are herds of magnificent cattle, all descended from a few brouglit over
from La Plata about eighty years ago. They are now breaking up into separate
herds of different colors, the white, on the Higldands, breeding earher than the
others. I wish to draw particular attention to this natural segregation, wliich is
also common in liorses and sheep, and must be taken in connection with the tendency
all polygamous animals seem to ha\e to separate into families. Is this nature's
liorror of in-and-in breeding { Is this her deliglit in crosses ? Price, the most
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 83
siTCcessfiil breeder of Hereford cattle on record, until twenty years ago, was a staunch
advocate of in-and-in breeding ; so were the Collings, Mason, Maynard, Wetherill,
Bates, the Booths, Sir C. Knightly, BakeweU, Culley, Ellman, and others. The cow
Restless, almost an historical animal, was the result of in-and-in breeding to a degree
which woiild not have been possible to obtain in man, owing to his long childhood.
The bull Bohngbroke was put to his half-sister Phoenix, and produced the bull
Favorite. Favorite was matched with his dam, and produced the cow Phoenix, a
celebrated animal. Favorite was then matched with his daughter, and the produce
was the famous bull Comet ; then with his daughter's daughter ; then with his daugh-
ter's daughter's daughter, he being the father in each case. The produce of this
last imion, a cow, had 93.75 per cent, of Favorite's l)lood in her, and was bred to the
bull Wellington, himself deeply interbred on both sides in the blood of Favorite, of
which he had 62.5 per cent, in him. This union produced the cow Clarissa, an
admirable animal. Clarissa was bred to the bull Lancaster, who had fiS.75 per cent, of
Favorite's blood ; and this union produced the celebrated cow Restless, a lireeding
cow of Sir Charles Knightly's herd. The rule of Mr. Bates was always to put the
best animals together, regardless of consanguinity. His ' Duchess ' family, one of
many families thus bred, ceased to breed ; but he continued his former course of
in-and-in breeding with triimiphant success. Mr. Darwin, however, points oiit that
though Bates bred in-and-in for thirteen years, yet during the next seventeen years
he tlirice crossed his herd, not to improve them, but to increase their fertility ; while
Nathusius, after a careful study of pedigrees, finds that no breeder has continued
in-and-in breeding all his life. But, at all events, many have bred in-and-in far more
closely than would be possible in man, for a number of generations longer than the
average of human famihes exist. Mr. Price, whose Herefords were the best in the
world in his day, declared he had not gone beyond his own herd for a bull or a cow
during forty years. At Earl Ducie's sale, in 1853, a white heifer, only five months
old, sold for four hundred guineas ; she was the daughter of the bull Fourth Duke of
York, who was by Second Duke of York, and her dam was Duchess 59, also by
Second Duke of York ; consequently the sire and dam were half-brother and sister.
Many others which reach high prices are bred on this system. Mr. Gardner gives a
most successful case of breeding between son and dam. M. Sanson points out that
the Charolaise race of cattle has been greatly improved by in-and-in breeding. At
Rambouillet in-and-in breeding was practised among the celebrated cattle of that
place — a white hornless breed — with great success, until they were carried off by the
cattle epidemic of 1815. M. Huzard also saw at Hohenheim and the royal farm of
Holitzchen herds of superior animals, which were always bred in-and-in. In this
way, says Mr. Darwin, were in all probability bred the Niata cattle, from one
individual sport."
.JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
" Breeders are more neai'ly luianiinous on the evils of in-and-in breeding npon
pigs, says Mr. Darwin, tliaii perhaps on any other large animal. Mr. Dnice says
their constitution cannot be preserved without a cro.ss. Lord Weston, the fii-st
importer of a Neapolitan boar and sow, bred in-and-in till the breed was in danger of
dying out. Mr. J. AV right bred with the same boar from its daughter, grand-
daughter, great-granddaughter, and so on for seven generations, with the result that
the offspring in many Ciises failed to breed ; in others they produced few that lived,
and <jf the latter many were without instinct to suck, and unable to walk straight.
The last two sows were put to other l)oars, and produced several litters of healthy
pigs. The best in external ap])earance produced during the whole seven genera-
tions was one of the last births, the sole one of the litter. She would not breed
with her sire, and yet bred from the first trial with a stranger in blood. Nathusius
imported a gravid sow from England, and l)red closely in-and-in from the progeny
for three generations, and witii bad results ; vet lie esteeuicd one of the latest sows
a good animal, and she lire<l well witli a hoar of different blood. On the whole,
Mr. Darwin tliinks, therefore, that in-and-in breeding does not affect the external
form, while it affects the general constitution, the mental powers, and especially the
reproductive ])owers. It must be remembered, however, that pigs are precisely
those animals wliich are cultivated most for their fat, and that fat is very injurious to
the health of any animal, and especially in the reproductive powers. Crossing, on the
other hand, gives a tendency to reversion, and therefore a relief from fat. Indeed,
as I have already explained, facts against the harmlessness of in-and-in breeding
have very little value compared with those in its favor, and this is too generally
overlooked. These pigs with but little hair on their bodies have by correlation also
very bad teeth, and tliis may be prevented by crossing with hairy breeds. If a
breeder, in beginning to breed in-and-in, chose an animal with rather less hair than
usual, the progeny would have a tendency to bad teeth, bad digestion, and heuce
weakness ; and he would natTU-ally conclude, on finding that this weakness was
<'ured by a cross, that it was the in-and-in breeding itself which caused it, and not
mere iidieritance. Mr. Ilobbs divided his st(jck into three families, and by this
device, though he kept the consanguinity, he avoided any chiince inheritance of a
morbid tendency, and obtained more latitude for selection. Mr. Coate, who won
the prize for the best pen of pigs at Smithfield Club Show five times, says : ' Crosses
answer well for ]>r()fit to the farmer, as you get more constitution and quicker
i:i-o\vtli ; but for me, who sell a greater nmnber of pigs for breeding purposes, I
liiid it will n(jt do, as it j-eipiires many years to get anj-thing like purity of blood
again.' So Mr. Youatt says : ' A useful pig in these days may easily be bred ; but
if you want fixity of type, or, as it is well called, ' character,' you must adopt
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 85
pure blood.' Red pigs are ' invaluable for giving vigor and constitution to black
breeds, when demoralized by over-coddling, over-feeding, and injudicious in-and-in
breeding.' "
IN-AND-IN BREEDING OF THE HOKSE.
" In Circassia there are six sub-breeds of horses, three of which are asserted, b}- a
native proprietor of rank, almost always to refuse to mingle and cross while living
a free life, and will even attack each other. It is a crime punishable by death to
forge the mark of pedigree on an animal. The Arabs are equally particular as to
their breeds, and their horses are better able to stand a change of climate tluui are
European horses. Mr. N. H. Smith, long a resident among the Arabs, is of
opinion that colts bred in-and-in show more blood in their heads, are of better fonn,
and are more fit to start with fewer sweats than are others ; Itut when the breed is
continued incestiiously for three or four generations, the animal degenerates. It is
difficult to know what is meant by ' breeding incestuously.' Mr. Meynell, it
appears, did not think breeding from sire and daughter or son and dam was close
in-and-in breeding ; and Mr. Bowly says the term in-and-in breeding ought to be
applied only to animals liavi;ig precisely the same blood, as own brother and sister.
Now, breeding from such relationship as this, seeing that the male has only half the
blood of the dam, and the female only half the blood of the sire, can scarcely be
called jrare in-and-in breeding, but may, on the contrary, if carried out with caution,
be done with advantage. Our race-horses are derived from a mixture of Persian,
Barbary, Arab, and native horses ; but from the first they ha\e lieen bred closely
in-and-in. Rachel, the dam of Highflyer, was the daughter of Blank and grand-
daughter of Regulus; yet both Blank and Regulus were sons of Godolphin. Fox
was born under similar conditions of relationship. The dam of Goldfinder was the
daughter of Blank and granddaughter of Regulus. The granddam of Brick-
Inmter was a daughter of Bald-Galloway, who was also the sire of Brick-hunter.
The great granddam of Flying-Childers, one of the most famous race-hor-ses, was a
daughter of Spanker, while his dam was also the dam of the last. The sire of
the Knight of St. George, a winner of the St. Leger, was also his grandsire and
great-grandsire. Smith, in his work on breeding for the turf, gives ' once in and
once out ' as the rule for breeding ; but ' twice in and once out,' says Mr. Walsh,
is more in accordance with the practice of our most successful breeders. The breeder
can have no hesitation, continues Mr. "Walsh, in coming to the conclusion that
in-and-in breeding carried out once or twice is not only not a bad practice, l)ut is
likely to be attended with good results. The evidence of repeated success in resort-
ing to the practice of in-and-in breeding is too strong to be gainsaid. ' For the
race-course,' says Dr. Elam, 'the pure south-eastern l)recd is adhered to; l>ut
different stocks of the same breed, and those brought up in different l(jcalities, are
86 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
selected." However, by ' crosses ' breeders by no means undei-stand tlie introduc-
tion of fresli blood. There are scarcely two tlioronglibred liorses in the stud-book,
says Mr. Walsh, that cannot be traced back to the same stock in one or more lines.
An absolute freedom from relationship is not to be found, or, if so, very rarely. Yet
continued in-and-in breeding in the closest relationship he does not think advisable —
it is apt to develop weak points in the constitution. ' The cautious breeder, there-
fore, will do well to avoid mnning this risk, and will strive to obtain what he wants
without having recourse to the practice ; though, at the same time, he will make up
his mind that it is xmwise to sacriiice a single point with this view.' ]Mr. Darwin
says that statistics show that nearly one third of our race-horses have proved barren,
or have slipped their foals — a fact which he ascribes to their high nurture and close
interlu-eeding. This is very probably the case, since a racing-horse or mare, how-
ever delicate it may be, is too valuable not to breed from. Indeed, it is generally
a disiibled animal — tuie that has gone lame, and is therefore deprived of exercise
and, with this, much of its natural health — which is set apart for breeding. Nor are
they chosen for their fertility, but solely for their running powers. Tn-aiid-in
breeding in horses is carried on at any rate to a very great extent, and with
decidedly beneficial effects on the race.
"'Nimrod' concludes a comparisoa between the thoroughbred and half-bred
hunter in these words : ' As for his powers of endurance under equal sufferings,
they doubtless would exceed those of the " cocktail ;" and being by his nature what is
termed a better doer in the stable, he is sooner at his work again than the other.
Indeed, there is scarcely a limit to the work of full-bred hunters of good fonn,
constitution, and temper.' Najioleon's celebrated .state horses were directly derived,
says M. Huzard, from the Arab blood of Count Ilumiady, who had bred contin-
ually from the same two stallions. Indeed, it is the natural state of horses to breed
in-aud-in."
IX-AND-IX RKKEDINi; OK DKKK.
In many of tlie J^)ritisli deer-parks the deer have been allowed to breed
uncrossed for long periixls, without any degeneration showing it.self or k)ss of general
health. Tlie dark herds of deer in the Forest of Dean, in High !Meadow Woods,
and in the New Forest, supposed to have been brought by James I. from Norway,
have never been known to mingle with the pale-colored herds, although kept together
with them — another case showing the rarity of crosses when animals are left to
themselves. Dr. Davy mentions the case of a pair of red deer, who, about the year
1 850, were taken from the herd and put into a paddock of twenty or thirty acres
adjoining Stornoway Castle, Isle of Lewis ; these have multiplied yearly, and
numbered, ten yeai-s after, twenty-three, not including several which were killed, all
descendants of the original pair, and all very much imjiroved in comparison with the
deer of the forest. Nevertheless, it is the practice, says Mr. Darwin, to infuse new
JERSEY CATTLE I.Y A3IERICA. 87
blood into the fallow deer of the British parks, and this, he says, proves of the
greatest benefit in removing the taint of rickhach and improving their size and
appearance. Kickbacked deer are too generally found in many parks, says Mr.
Shirley, supposed to be due to weakness, brought on both by breeding in-and-in too
much, and also by insufficient food. In other words, we may say that the cause is
unknown. The Scotch deer, however, breed naturally in-and-in, and the red deer
generally breed between brother and sister for generation after generation, and yet
tliey are, us a rule, perfectly healthy.
IN-AND-IN BREEDING OF FOWLS.
" Sir J. Sebright asserts that his fowls got long in the legs, small in body, and
bad breeders from too close in-and-in breeding. Mr. Clark continued to breed
in-and-in from his own kind of fighting cocks till they became under the weight
required for the best prizes, and lost their pluck. On one cross from Mr. Leighton's
they again resumed their former courage and weight. This breeder found that
breeding from father and daughter produced a greater loss of weight in the
ofEspring than breeding from the mother and son. Mr. Eyton, of that ilk, says his
Dorkings became smaller and less prolific if not occasionally crossed. Mr. Hewitt
says the same of Malays, as to size at least. But the fanciers with large stocks can
breed from their own stock withoiit this danger, because they keep various families
separate for crossing purposes. Mr. Ballanee, who breeds in this way, says that
breeding in-and-in does not necessarily cause deterioration, ' but all depends Tipon
how this is managed. My plan has been to keep five or six distinct runs, . . .
and select the best birds from each run for crossing. I thus secure sufficient
crossing to prevent deterioration.' "
Mr. J. S. Rogers, of Paterson, New Jersey, had some Dorking fowls that were
inbred for many generations, until they became very diminutive in size. He at
once concluded that if any animal could be diminished in size by in-and-in breeding,
the converse must l)e true — they could be bred up in size ; and selecting some eggs
from a single hen of the large white Brahma breed, he bred in-and-in, always
selecting the largest fowls from the descendants of the same hen, but taking care to
have several runs of them. He brought them to an exaggerated size, the hens
weighing twelve pounds and the cocks as high as fifteen pounds each. This is a
good illustration of inbreeding, contrasting neglect and haphazard work with that
of careful selection. The key-note of all successful breeding is intelligent selection.
This, combined with a knowledge of the best formulas for inbreeding, enables the
true breeder to accomplish great results in fixing the types of his own selection.
THE " DOWNY FOWLS."
The following instructive lesson was furnished for this work by Mr. J. Y.
Henry Nott, of Kingston, New York : " When I purchased my farm there were a
88 JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMEBICA.
number of coiniuon fowls upon it of no particular breed. We got a number uf
Plymouth Rock cocks to improve them. After the second year, or when the tiock
were two thirds Plymouth liock in blood, we noticed a chicken that looked like a liall
of down ; and while the rest changed to feathers, she remained downy, and so grew
up to lienhood, when she proved to be a remarkable mother and layer, raising three
broods of chickens in the season, and beginning to lay before the chickens were
weaned. So we concluded, as she was a curiosity in appearance, to save her sons
and breed them to lier, though none of them were downy. After three broods one
of the chicks turned out downy, and a cock, which we bred to his mother, and tlieii-
chickens were about half downy and shortwinged, while the rest were common, or
feathered.
"We then took the downys, and kept a pair in two separate yards, and when
they had chickens took a cock from one yard and pullet from the other, which was
breeding cousins [full brother and sister. — Ed.] together, and that is what we are still
doing, each generation being a degree of cousinship apart. We are now down to
the sixth generation, and the chickens come all downy, but not all shortwinged, or
without flight feathers, which is, of course, their great value, though their down is as
valuable as goose-down, as far as it goes. But the fact of not being able to fly ovei- a
common board fence three feet high makes them the fowl for village people, and to
fully establish that improvement we put each new generation in an enclosui-c with a
fence but three feet in height, and keep only those to breed from that cannot get
over, without regard to size or appearance.
" Their color is a dark smoky blue, and they are as large and hardy as the
Phnnouth Rock. Some have single and some double combs."
IN-ANI>-IN BREEDING OK .JKKSKY CATTLE.
The Island of Jersey, being but a small tract and isolated from tlie rest of the
world, while its cattle are protected from all foreign contamination, would naturally
become a field for the practice of inbreeding cattle. Such inbreeding as has been
practised, however, has been mostly accidental and liaphazard ; yet the pedigrees of
imported stock for the past five years show that nearly all meritorious animals trace
in several lines to one bull — " Old Noble." Roimdus bred to his granddam Miisique
])r<)duced the bull Cetewayo, whose progeny are remarkable for strong constitutions.
Gilderoy, tracing by two or more lines to " Old Noble," was bred to Regina 2d,
a granddaughter and great-great-granddaughter of " Old Noble," producing Chrome
Skin, a cow that made twenty poimds, thirteen ounces of butter in seven days.
Gilderoy bred to Chrome Skin, his daughter, produced Gilderoy 3d, a bull noted for
beauty and vigor. Tliis is the breeding practised by Dr. Howe, of Bristol, R. I.
There have been many fine illustrations of inbreeding among American bred Jerseys,
some by the design of skilful breeders, others that were merely circumstantial. The
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 89
best model of a Jersey cow ever known — Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 — was produced
by breeding Victor 3550 to bis own daughter. Victor 3550 was the result of mating
full brother and sister. Mr. Simpson's Alphea family has a number of very choice
animals, prodiiced by mating full brother and sister, and breeding the progeny to
his daughters, granddaughters, and great-granddaughters in double lines.
Young Merciiry, whose portrait is shown in this work, and whose escutcheon is
iised for the illustration on that subject, is the grandson of his sire Mercury and the
full brother in blood of his dam Phaedra, that made nineteen pounds, thirteen
ounces of butter in seven days. Through seven lines he traces to Saturn and Ehea,
the sire and dam of the famous cow Alphea. His formula is : Full lirother to full
sister and their son to his daughters and granddaughters of the same pure Alphea
blood. Another noted family, originated by Mr. O. S. Hubbell, of Connecticut,
is descended from the noted inbred bull St. Helier. The formula of this
family is : sire to daughter, also to granddaughter, and then combine brother and
sister ; or the grandson of his sire St. Helier is bred to his half sister by St. Helier,
and their male progeny is bred to a daughter or granddaughter of St. Helier
with most successful results in the production of a choice type of butter Jerseys, that
are also remarkable for their uniformity of style and quality. In England Philip
Dauncey bred for forty years by coupling half brother and sister and using an
occasional oiitcross from the Island of Jersey. " Pope," Mr. Dauncey's first hull,
was purchased in 1826 from Mr. Michael Fowler, by whom another Island bull,
"Fowler," was obtained thirty years later. From the combined blood of these two
bulls descended the famous bull Kioter 2d 469, imported to America by Col. E. M.
Hoe, and also " Stoke Pogis," a bull whose descendants in America have made a
great name, the most noted cow being " Mary Anne of St. Lambert," that in her
fifth year made eight hundred and sixty-seven pounds, eleven and three quarter
ounces of butter, and has an ofiicial seven-day test of thirty-six pounds, twelve and
one quarter ounces. All the best cows illustrate the success of inbreeding as an
essential metliDil of improvement.
IXBRKEDING AND FECUNDITY.
" Scraps for Breeders," in the Loudon Live Stack Jonrnnl, contains the
following :
" There is probably no opinion more generally accepted among breeders, and
taken for granted in every new discussion, than that in-and-in breeding must induce
barrenness. That there are grounds for this opinion is certain, for no conclusion
obtains wide assent unless it be at least plausible — i.e., consistent with ordinary obser-
vation. Yet the first thought, to one reader at least, on turning over the new volmne
of the ' Shorthorn Herd Book,' was, ' What a lot of twins there are by Booth bulls ! '
There are not now existing in the kingdom any cattle reared from closer affinities
90 JERSEY CATTLE TX AMERICA.
than those at Warlaby ; yet at Warlaby there was in 1883 one pair of twins and a
trii)le birth: at Killerby there was one pair of twins; at Mr. St. John Ackers' two
pairs; at Lord Pol warth's one pair ; anotlier pair at Mr. Talbot Crosbie's ; another
pair at Mr. K. "Welsted's; while at the Dnke of Northnniberland's, Mr. Willis's of
Carjierbv, and at Mr. T. Pear's — whose herds, although not of Booth origin, are very
closely allied, by recent sires, to that strain of blood^tliere were in each case no
less than three paii-s of twins in one season.
" The.se incidents go far to show that, under jimper superintendence. Shorthorns
may yet be very closely bred for concentration of bloud, and still remain fecund ; and
also that the ordinary allegation against Booth cattle, ' that they are slow breeders,'
is not one which is necessarily trae. For in the lot of cows and heifers of which
these herds are composed, and which probably altogether do not much exceed two
hundred and fifty animals, no less than seventeen, or nearly seven per cent., produced
more than one at a birtli in lss;3. Tliis rate of increase is above tliat of unpedigreed,
loosely-bred dairies."
It would seem very plausible that the quality of producing twins niiglit be made
a prepotent and permanent trait in any breed, by careful and persistent selection,
though perhaps it would not be so desirable in a dairy race as in beef breeds. The
lack of fecundity in Shorthorns, or any breed, may be induced by allowing indi-
viduals of either sex to be kept in a state of obesity that induces fatty degeneration.
It is stated upon good authority that the bull Hubback, from whom the Shorthorn race
was derived, early became impotent, because he was allowed to become very fat,
and consequently his own progeny were very few in nmnher. The quahty of the
Jersey breed is such that very little difficulty obtains from a lack of fecundity
through fat.
INFLUKNCKS DETERMINING SEX.
"In the January number of tlie Pojmho' Science 3fo7tt/tIy {1SS5) there is a
review, by Prof. AV. K. Brooks, uf an article on the laws which determine sex,
published l)y Carl Diiring in the Jenai^c/ie Zeiischrift.
"'Each species has acquired, through natural selection, the useful jiroperty in
virtue of which any deviation from the average ratio between the sexes is corrected
by an increased number of births of the deficient sex, or a decreased number of the
sex wliich is in excess.'
'• Notice the increased number of male colts as the number of mares ])ut tn a
stallion increases!
"Again, notice the iiutreased male ])irt]is following a war that takes many men
friim their homes.
" ' A favorable environment cau.ses an excess of female births ; an unfavoraltle
environment an excess of male births.' The female is supposed by Prof. Brooks
to be the conservative element in reproduction, and the male the element througli
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 91
which new varieties are introduced. Hence, when circumstances unfavorable to the
race occur, an inci'ease of males takes place, in order that the race, by altering its
habits or structure to some extent, may adapt itself more readily to its surroxmdings.
Assuming a large number of births to be an evidence of favorable surroundings, it
has been shown that, in prolific races, the number of females is in excess, and again,
in any case, as the number of births increases the ratio of females increases. The
birth rate of females is higher in cities than in the country. So much in regard to
the human race in general. As regards the individual. Prof. C. M. Hollingsworth
puts forth the hypothesis that ' it is a relative preponderance of the conditions on
which cell division depends which causes the formation of the female or male gen-
erative organs and determines the sex of the individual.' The higher plants, he
has shown, have female flowers situated in places most favorable for cell growth,
and male on places for cell division. The relatively larger plants are female. The
sex of a plant can be influenced by placing it in a position favorable or unfavorable
for cell growth. It is a fact, arrived at by experiment, that in the higher animals
an early impregnation of the oviim results in the birth of a female offspring. It is
supposed that in early impregnation an interval elapses before segmentation takes
place, and in that time the male element tends to become ' assimilated,' and so, ' by
hypothesis, to have its specific capacity or function of exciting cell division to some
extent weakened.' In a late impregnation the reverse would occur, and a male
offspring be the result."
Many Jersey breeders have made more or less persistent efforts to reduce to
practice the theories of biologists in regard to control of sex in offspring. Insuffi-
cient data are obtainable upon which to suggest any plan of action or experiment
with any reasonable assurance of success.
The Stuyvesant theory of alternating sex in successive j^eriods of heat secured
by observing the sex of the last birth, upon the hypothesis that the female gives for
each period an ovum of alternating sex, has received some practical attention.
Thus far the sexes have been about equally proportioned, the females but slightly
preponderating ; and this is doubtless a fixed law of the Creator for the preservation
of both sex and species. If the law has been discovered or is discoverable, the
knowledge of its application will be of immense advantage to all breeders of cattle.
THE EANKIN THEOEY.*
" If we take the proper advantage of the fact that the cow has two ovaries, one
of which throws off, in her normal condition, an ovum every twenty-one days,
which may be impregnated and produce another of her kind, male . or female, as is
the ovTun impregnated. Should a bull calf be the result of the last effort, then the
G. T. Rankin, Jerse}' Bulletin. Sept. 33, 1885.
92 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
first ovum passed would be a female, if impregnated, which is the ' Stuyvesant
theory.' But what I wish to impress upon the breeder is that in from nine to twelve
days after the cow calves she will, through her ovarian system, deposit in
the uterus an ovum susceptible of impregnation, although she will show none of the
usual symptoms of being in a condition to be served ; but if the last calf should
have been a male, then a ser%'ice within twelve days, if impregnation takes place
we may expect a female as the product ; but should she not prove pregnant, as
the next oviun would be a male, we must pass the heat, if we want a heifer calf, and
breed at what would be called the second observable heat, as the fii-st will not be
recognized by any objective signs from the cow, except by her actual exposure to
the male. This is my improvement of the ' Stuyvesant theory ' of breeding for sex ;
and as I have never seen the suggestion of the ' nine-day theory,' I claim it as
original, and only ask breeders to report their experience if they think it worthy of
trial. No doubt many breeders have tried the ' alternate heat theory,' and been
disgusted as well as myself ; but I would like if they would try again, ohserving the
nine-day caution^
The author of this work is not yet satisfied that we have any clew to the law
controlling sex, but believes the subject worthy of persistent investigation and
thorough systematic experimentation. Possibly physiological research by vivisection,
by spaying one ovary, and like experiments, may some time lead to decisive results,
which will give us the key of the great secret.
THKORV OF AOK OK TUE OVULE.
Still another theory relates to the age of the ovule in determining sex. It lias
been promulgated and partially investigated by practice, that vitalization of the
ovule by the male in the early stage of ovulation, or during the first symptoms of
desire on the part of the female, tliat the resulting offspring will be a female, and
conversely if several hours' delay before union of the sexes the ovule undergoes
such changes that vitalization by the male then results in a male offspring. It
would ]>e well to collect iis many observations as possible upon the above theories,
singly and in combination. To that end it is commendable in breeders to keep an
extended record of all cases in their herds from this time forward, so as to prove or
disprove theories.
INB-LUENCE OF SEX UPON OFFSPRING.
That the male transmits his peculiarities to the female progeny and tlie dam
yields her characteristics to the male progeny is continually confirmed in nature.
A fine illustration of this axiomatic proposition is given by a correspondent of
the h,n,h,u Fh'ld :
" I jnit a black-red game et)ckerel witli willow legs to two white game i)ullets
JIJESEY CATTLE IN AMEIilCA. 93
with yellow legs and bills. I have thirty chickens of this parentage. Every cockerel
has the shape and yellow legs of the mother, every pullet the type and willow legs
of the father. Knowledge of this tendency is capable of rendering good service
in many departments thought more highly of than chicken-breeding. Indeed, there
is hardly any limit to its usefulness."
SUMMARY OF FACTS ON BREEDING.
1. That man was for twenty-iive hundred years under a social system of the
closest consanguinity in marriage, the era of the greatest longevity of the human
race.
2. That mongrels of the human races, as the Mestizo and the Mulatto, are
especially inharmonious mixtures in mind and body, notorious for their depravity
and savage-like atavism.
3. " That the effects of crosses in man, animals, and plants are, first, variahiUt/y,
which depends, according to Darwin, ' on the reproductive organs being injuriously
affected by changed conditions ; ' and, secondly, on reversion, which is generally a
change for the worse, as the organism thus reverts to its former unimproved state,
and the good effects of natural or artificial selection are thus lost."
4. That in a state of nature, horses, cattle, sheep, deer, elephants, bison, wild boar,
and many other animals habitually practise in-and-in breeding, and also selection,
the strongest male leading the herd by right of conquest.
5. That among our domesticated animals improvement is made by selection and
the closest in-and-in breeding.
6. That fixity of type can only be maintained by perpetual in-and-in breeding.
7. That the qualities of a " sport " or phenomenal animal can only be preserved
and perpetuated by close in-and-in breeding.
8. That perfect specimens of any species or breed can be perpetually inbred
without any detriment.
9. That no physiologist has ever shown that disease or deformity can be
attributable to in-and-in breeding as a cause.
10. That where disastrous results follow the practice of in-and-in breeding, the
animals are diseased, and those diseases, like other peculiarities, may be intensified
by inbreeding.
11. That a common difficulty is the condition of obesity, which results in
sterility and fatty degeneration to those bulls or cows thus kept and overfed.
12. That swine and fowls and all other animals kept for their fat are in an
abnormal condition, and consequently difficult to inbreed. Hubback, the bull
that founded the Shorthorn breed, early became impotent from fat.
13. That the Jersey race of cattle, being less liable to fatty degeneration than
most other races of domestic animals, bears in-and-in breeding well, and such
94 JA'JISKV CATTLE IX AMERICA.
in-and-in breeding lias been the means of developing the most wonderful specimens
of productive dairy cows ever known in tlie world's history.
PLUS INTO PLUS, OH THE TUUK AKT OF UUEEDINQ.
•• There is a history . . .
The which ohscrveil. ;i ni:in may prophesy,
With a near aim, of the main chance of things
As yet to come to life ; which in their seeds
And weak beginnings lie intreasured." — Shnkespea/re.
To all persons will > read this Ixiok and arc desirous of excelling as Jersey
breeders, wliether they are novices or liavc had many years' experience, the
following directions may be found feasible and practical)ic for tiie progressive
improvement of their herds.
1. As the bull is the breed, and contributes fully fifty per cent, of the bhtod
value to each of liis progeny, lie should be the best animal obtainable.
2. Tlie bull should be as largely of the strain, or family, as practicable, from
which (lue wishes to breed.
;-*.. Select the family you wish ti) breed, and from that family the best bull you
can ol)tain.
4. Select your bull by the new scale of points, from a tested cow.
5. If you cannot find the bidl that meets your requirements, have one bred to
order, using in the interim of his development the best one that you can obtain.
Ci. A good bull is one of a thousand ; indeed, you might examine several
thousand, and not find a suitable model for your herd.
7. I would designate the ball which possesses all the requirements sought as a
plus animal ; for if he is properly bred he is likely to be very prepotent, and will
transmit to his progeny more than fifty per cent, of blood value ; and in estimating
his value he may be marked in the pedigree as (.50-}-) fifty per cant., plus.
8. Similars with similars is the great law for the breeder. St. Ilelier with
St. Heher ; Albert with Albert ; plus with plus ; yellow skin with yellow skin ; liutter
breeder with butter breeder; first order escutcheon with first order escutcheon,
leaving no element of perfection out of the plan.
9. The bull must not only have an imbroken line of good ancestry for at least
six generations without one inferior animal, no weak link in the long chain, but his
dam should be extraordinary in all i)oints ; the bull inherits his special (pialities from
his dam.
10. The cow that fulfils the requirements of the new scale of points may be
called s^plus cow, and is expected, if she be in-and-in bred, to transmit fifty per cent,
of her blood value to her progeny. The^^^w.y cow inherits her special qualities from
her sire.
JERSEY CATTLE LV A3/EJiICA. ' 95
11. To breed nj^lus bull, he should be the product of a formula that would
make him the grandson or great-grandson of his dam, and she a twenty-five-pound
cow, that he may inherit and intensify her form and character.
12. The plus bull should be bred to plus cows of the same family as himself.
I think a good herd should be so uniform in blood ratios that all should be kept up
to a fifty per cent, standard of the family blood. In some cases it would be better
to make the animals one hundred per cent, by close in-and-in breeding, for it has been
demonstrated that a line of family quality cannot be maintained without purity of
blood. If the blood is let loose by crossing it ma}' take years to recover it, or it may
be irretrievably lost by such experiments.
13. All animals that fall below the breeder's own standard should be eliminated
from the herd.
14. A plus cow should be the product of a formula that would make her the
granddaughter or great-granddaughter of her sire, and he the son of a twenty -five-
pound cow.
15. A good formula for the breeder and worthy of adoption as a motto is the
algebraic rule of multiplication.
J'lus into plus produces j!;^(^-«.
I^lus into ininus produces minus.
Minus into plus produces minus.
Minus into minus produces ^^ws.
The \a.st plus is a bad kind for the Jersey breeder to propagate.
16. One cannot be too particular in the breeding of his Irall. He must be
equally particular as to the cows he breeds.
lY. Let the outcrosses, if you make any, not be absolute, but rather let them
have at least fifty per cent, of the best blood which characterizes your herd, and the
other element should be something that ]iromises to supply a deficiency.
NEGLECTED OPPOETUNITIES.
How many neglected opportunities for doing grand work the history of Jersey
breeding sets forth ! Look at the portrait of Jersey Belle of Seituate 7828, and
conjecture what such a cow would be worth to-day in the hands of a skilful breeder.
Study her by the scale of points, her history, and her wonderful record upon moderate
feeding. Where shall we see her like again ? Where, oh, where were our geniuses—
our Ceilings and Bakewells, our Prices or our Guenons — that they did not see to it
that such a wonder of perfection should have been so bred as to leave her form and
quality a rich legacy to the Jersey breeders of America, in at least one in-and-in lu-ed
jdus bull that shoiild more than replace her own individuality ? Suppose she had
l)een bred to Albert 44 or St. Helier 45, and inbred to her own progeny after the
following formula :
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
HYPOTHETICAL PEDIGREE.
Jersey Belle of Scituate
Jersey Belle's Sc
Great-£rrandson. .
A Plus Bull.
Jersey Belle of Scituate
'•'^.
a "nick" in
us St. Ilelic'i
.sneli a
and as
Does any one doubt whether there would iui\e Ijeen
formula '. Let him try the experiment ^\^th as good a Inil
good a cow as Jersey Belle of Scituate !
Other Jersey bulls as worthy to have their names in sneh a formula were
Albert 44, Landseer 331, Mercury 432, Signal 1170, Top Sawyer 1404, Gilderoy
2107, and Stoke Pogis 3d 2238. Victor 3550, the sire and grandsire of Jci-sey
Belle of Scituate, was certainly worthy of filling such a formula; and if it could
have been accomplished, what Jerseys we would now ])ossess for founding herds
of t^uiH-rlative excellence!
PART SECOND.
DAIRY FARMING AND MANAGEMENT OF STOCK.
• ' And he gave it for his opinion , ' That whoever could make two ears of corn or two blades of grass
to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before, would deserve better of mankind and do
more essential service to his country than the whole race of politicians put together.' " — Sinft.
TnK successful Jersey breeder must liave a theoretical and also tliorouglily
practical knowledge of all the jirinciples and refjiiisites of dairy fanning.
THE NINE POINTS OF GOOD FARMING.
1. The right selection of soil and location.
2. The right selection of animals, seeds, and plants.
3. The right construction of buildings, machinery, and tools.
4. The right underdrainage.
5. The right making and saving of manure.
6. The right modes of tillage.
7. The suitable rotation of crops.
8. The timely performance of work.
9. The requisite irrigation of all crops.
Volumes have been written upon each of the above-named subjects, and still they
prove to be inexhaustible in interest and their importance immeasurable. "When the
Jersey breeder shall have mastered them all he will have lived long enough to become
famous. All Jersey breeders who have good farms are very fortunate. In the
selection of a farm for dairy purposes, one must first seek for fertility ; buy a farm that
is of the richest soil, or soil that can be made rich ; secondly, it must be in a healthful
region ; tliirdly, near enough, but not too near, to the best of neighbors ; and
fourthly, contiguous to a good market.
The farm should be stocked with the best strain of Jersey cattle and have build-
ings constructed suitable to their use. The crops grown must be the best assortment
for the comfort and health of the occupants of the fann, and afford a sufficient
variety of economical and wholesome food for aU the stock. Every slough, swamp,
or unprofitable acre of wet land must be thoroughly underdrained in the best manner
98 JERSEY CATTLE I.V AMERICA.
by the use of the best quality of glazed ])i])e and collar drain tilo, tlnis inii)ruving tho
fertility and healthfnlness of the farm.
The fann should continually grow richer by the saving and properly utilizing
all the uianurial elements, and by turning under green crops to make vegetable
mould. The tillage should be done with the most effective and labor-saving imple-
ments and always thoroughly and appropriately qualilied according to the needs of
each crop and the condition of the soil. Tillage enables plants to digest and as.sinii-
late manures, as a thorough mastication prepares food for the animal economy. The
crops must be so arranged in order of rotation as to utilize the various elements of
cumulative fertility and allow of a restoration of those that are deficient or exhausted.
If work is always done at the right day and hour much needless expenditure of
vital force and money will be saved, and the farm will 1)ecome like a well-regulated
workshop, where every employe knows his place and fulfils the expectations of his
employer.
It needs a good deal of careful planning to keep the machiuery in smooth
running order. To drain at the right time ; to manure at the right time, in the right
way ; to jjIow at the right time ; to pulverize thoroughly at the right time ; to cultivate
and harrow and till at the right time and all times ; to plant at the right time ; to
reap at the right time ; to turn on the water from the brook, fountain, or reservoir just
at the right time, and save a crop from the drouth or a pasture from scorching ; to
raise big crops and keep down weeds at the right time — to do everji;bing in the
easiest and most expeditious manner and make it pay in money returns, is tlie
province of good farming.
The Soil.*
by dr. august voelckek.
"On examining the various soils of this or any other country, they will be
found to consist generally :
" 1. Of larger or smaller stones, gravel or sand.
" 2. Of a more friable, lighter mass, crumbling to powder when squeezed
between the fingers, and rendering water muddy.
" 3. Of vegetable and animal remains (organic matter).
" On further examination of the several portions obtained by means of washings,
we find :
" 1. That the sand, gravel, and fragments of stones vary according to the nature
of the rocks from which they are derived. Quartz-sand, in one case, will be observed
as the predominating constituent; in another this portion of the soil consists
principally of a calcareous sand ; and, in a third, a simple inspection will enable ua
to recognize fragments of granite, feldspar, mica, and other minerals.
• Morton's Eneycloptedia of Agriculture.
JIJESEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 99
" 2. In the impaliDable powder, the chemist will readily distinguish principally
fine clay, free silica, free alumina, more or less oxide of iron, lime, magnesia, potash,
soda, traces of manganese, and phosphoric, sulphuric, and carbonic acids, with more
or less organic matter.
" 3. The watery solution of the soil, evaporated to dryness, leaves behind an
inconsiderable residue, generally colored brown by organic matters, which may be
driven off by heat. In the combustible or organic portion of this residue the pres-
ence of ammonia, of humic, ulmic, crenic and apocrenic acids (substances known
under the more familiar names of soluble humus), and frequently traces of nitric
acid, will be readily detected. In the incombustible portion, potash, soda, lime,
magnesia, phosphoric, sulphuric and silicic acid, chlorine, and occasionally oxide of
iron and manganese, are present.
" All cultivated soils present a great similarity in composition : they all contain
the above chemical constituents. This similarity becomes still more apparent after
burning, when nearly all soils will assume a red color, which is due to the presence
of the oxide of iron.
" At first sight this might be regai-ded as opposed to the great diversity of soils ;
but if we examine the relative proportions in which the several constituents are
mixed together, the state of combination in M'hich they occur, and the manner in
which the different soils are formed, we shall find that diversity is compatible with a
certain similarity in elementary composition.
" In all fertile and arable soils organic matters, more or less decomposed, varying
in quantity from one half of one per cent, to twelve per cent., occur ; and as in good
garden mould the proportion of such organic matters frequently amoimts to twenty-
four per cent, of its own weight, and seldom is less than ten to twelve per
cent., it was believed that the amoimt of organic matters in soils determined their
relative degree of fertility. This, however, is a great mistake, for there are soils
containing only two per cent, of organic substances which are, notwithstanding,
greatly superior to others containing six or eight per cent. ; and, again, in peaty or
boggy soils, belonging to the worst description, sixty or seventy per cent, are by no
means uncommon. In soils celebrated as good wheat soils we have found not more
than three to three and one half per cent, of organic matter ; while in far less produc-
tive land we have found as much as ten to twelve per cent. That no reliance can be
placed on the amount of organic matter in soils, as indicating their productive
powers, is also clearly seen in the following determinations made by Dr. Anderson,
in some of the best wheat soils from different parts of Scotland.
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMEJilCA.
Locality.
Organic Matter
in Soil.
Organic Matter
in Subsoil.
Mid Lothian Wlieat Soil
10.19
6.32
8.55
4.54
3.47
6. 67
4.83
E'i<t Lotliiiii Wheat Soil
5.85
Perthshire Wlieat Soil
6.82
Morayshire Wheat Soil
3.76
3erwickaliire Wheat Soil
" The organic matter in the soil is due, for the greater part, to tlie vegetable
remains of former cro])s, and partly to animal matters, derived from the decay of
insects or the excrenientitions substances contained in manure. The vegetable
and animal remains, nnder the influence of water, air, and heat, gradually decay,
producing a brownish or black powdery substance, or rather a mixture of substances,
which is known to practical men under the name of humns, or vegetable mould.
There are principally two kinds of humus — brown and black ; the former is
contained in large cjuantities in the brown variety of peat ; the latter, the result of
further decomposition of the brown, is found in black peat.
" Brown and black humus have a very complex composition, which is changing
every day as the decay of the vegetable remains in them proceeds. During this
decay a number of peculiar organic acids are formed, as, for instance, ulmic, humie,
crenic, apocrenic, and geic acids. These acids resemble each other very much in
their general aspect, as well as in their composition. Humus plays an important
part in the process of the nutrition of plants, but its functions cannot be explained
by one action only, for it is evidently subservient to the luxuriant growth of plants
in more than one way.
" Thus it exercises a beneficial action in condensing ammonia, as well as moisture,
from the atmosphere, and likewise by furnishing a continual source of carbonic acid,
arising from its decomposition. Again, the vegetable remains in humus always
contain a certain amount of inorganic matters, but the latter are not soluble in the
fresh roots, stems, and other parts of plants, and only become available to vegetation
during their gradual decay and conversion into humus.
" Notwithstanding a general similarity in the composition of arable soils, the
appearance and general character of many soils, in every country, present striking
differences, which cannot fail to strike the attention of every superflcial observer.
" The forms and proportions in wliich the chemical elements usually constituting
soils are mixed together, in different localities, explain, in some measure, though by
no means fully, the various appearances and agricultural capabilities which they
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 101
These forms and proportions themselves depend on the causes and circum-
stances under which they originated.
" The manner in which some soils are formed will not be long doubted by any
one who has observed the appearance of large rocky masses, the clefts and crevices
they present, the bare surface of their smoother and harder parts, the growth of
mosses and smaller plants on the more softened portions, the accumulations of
gravel, smaller fragments of minerals, and fine mud, with their luxuriant vegetation
at the foot of these rocks, and in the valleys of mountainous districts.
" These soils evidently have originated in the degradation and decomposition of
the solid rocks in their immediate neighborhood, especially of those which occupy
the surrounding eminences. But as rocks differ much in composition, the soils
which are formed on their decomposition must necessarily present, in many cases,
great differences equally with the rocks themselves ; and the study of the latter will
therefore be of considei-able interest to the cultivator of the soil. In other instances,
however, the nature of the soils, in a given locaUty, partakes nothing of the characters
of the rocks in the immediate neighborhood, nor even of those on which they
rest. The causes which are instrumental in the formation of soils fully exi^lain this
apparent anomaly; and we shall, for this reason, draw attention to the various
causes which give rise to the f onnation of arable soils. In some instances we can
trace the changes rocks undergo in the course of time, step by step, and refer them
to their true causes ; in others only the ultimate products of decomposition are well
described, and their primary causes less clearly understood. This much is sure, that
the causes which operate in the formation of soils ai-e various and often complicated.
Some of them may be referred to chemical forces and agencies ; others, which are
based on purely mechanical principles, we shall distinguish as mechanical causes ; and
a few partake of the nature of both — they act partly chemically, partly mechanically.
" I. Chemical causes of the degradation and disintegration of rocks.
"1. One of the principal agencies in effecting a gradual disintegration of sohd
rocks is the atmospheric oxygen. In the course of the formation of oxides the
compact texture of the rock is broken up, and the whole mass of the rock gradually
crumbles down.
" 2. A second and no less powerful chemical agency in the formation of soils
is the carbonic acid of the atmosphere, carried down by the rain. The affinity of
carbonic acid for different mineral compounds varies greatly. Limestones are easily
attacked by rain-water, while pure quartz and sandstones are scarcely acted upon by
rain-water.
" Under the influence of carbonic acid and water, feldspar, granite, and other
minerals consisting of sihcate of alumina and an alkaline sihcate are decomposed into
alkaline silicates, which in turn give rise to silica and carbonate of potash or soda,
and into silicate of alumina or pure clay.
102 .UniSKY (WTTLE IX AMERTCA.
" 3. Ill the foniiatioii of soils from solid rocks the lower ordere of plants and
animals take an active share. The seeds of lichens and mosses floating in the air
attach themselves to the ronghened and partially decomposed surfaces of rocks, and
finding here sufticient food, germinate and throw ont roots, which penetrate the little
crevices in the rucks like wedges. These widening and multiplying crevices hasten
the final disintegration of the rock. Mosses and lichens likewise retain the atmos-
pheric water and keep the surface of the rock moist for a longer time, giving in
this manner rain-water a lietter c-liaiicf of exercising its dissolving powers on the
constituents of the rocks. Insects and other animals of the lower orders collect and
feed on the lichens and mosses, and both insects and plants in due time die, decay,
and leave all the mineral matter which they liave originally obtained from the rock
beliiud, mixed with vegetable and animal remains or humus. A thin layer of a more
fertile soil is thus formed, on which plants of a higher order may sjiring up ; in the
coui-se of time these die, and enrich and increase the soil.
" II. Mechanical causes acting on the formation of soils.
" Generally the first stage in the disintegration of rocks can be referred to a
chemical force. The described chemical agencies, however, are often associated with
mechanical t>nes, or followed by purely mechanical causes, which produce great
changes in the appearance of rocks, and contril)ute much to the rapid fonnation and
the pecidiarity of some soils.
" 1. One purely mechanical agency is the force of gravitation. When the force
of gravity preponderates over cohesion, the rock so influenced contributes to fill up
the valley below with disintegrated fragments. According to the nature of the
rock, vegetaticju springs up t)n these debris more or less luxuriantly, often very
rapidly.
" 2. The finer portions of broken rocks are easily moved by the winds.
" 3. Water exercises a powerfid influence in changing rocks in a mechanical
way.
" By frei'zing it e.\ii;ui(ls and Inirsts tlie rock. The rains continually wash olf
particles and carry tlieiu to lower levels.
'• The tiller deposits t'onii the alluvial soils of our river-banks. The vast mass of
materials deposited at the nioutlisof large rivers alters the condition of the soils along
the banks of the deltius from a iiatiually sterile into a most rich and fertile one.
" 4. The sea likewise ])lays an active part in chaTiging the character of the land
near the shore and in giving rise to new soils.
"5. A^'egetalde remains, and especially animal remain.^ contribute much to the
formatioTi of some soils. Vast numbei\s of infusorise, near the mouths of rivei-s
whei'c salt aiul fresh waters mingle, die daily, mix with the mud, and are deposited
along the banks, and thus alluvial soils of the utmost degree of fertility are
formed.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 103
CLASSES OF SOILS.
"Soils in general consist of a mechanical mixtm-e of the following four
ingredients :
" 1. SiUca, silicious sand, and gravel.
"2. Clay.
"3. Lime.
" 4. Animal and vegetable remains (humus).
" There are few soils which consist of only one oi- two of these four substances ;
most contain them all, but the relative proportion of each in different soils varies
considerably.
" A simple classification of soils, accordingly, may be founded on the prepon-
derance of one of these four chief constituents :
" Soils may be conveniently classified as follows :
" 1. Swndy soils, containing above eighty per cent, of silicious sand.
" 2. Calcareous soils, containing above twenty per cent, of lime.
" 3. Olay soils, containing above fifty per cent, of clay.
" 4. Vegetable moulds (humus soils), containing more than six per cent, of
organic matters or humus.
" 5. Marly soils, or soils in which the projjortiou of lime is more than five,
but does not exceed twenty per cent, of the whole weight of the dry soil, and that of
clay is more than twenty, but less than fifty per cent.
" 6. Loamy soils, or soils in which the proportion of clay hkewise varies from
twenty to fifty per cent., but which at the same time contain less than five per cent,
of lime.
CHAEACTEEISTICS OF SOILS.
" 1. Sandy Soils. — They are generally of a loose, friable, open, dry character,
and for that reason are more easily and less expensively cultivated than any other
description of soils.
" Many consist almost entirely of silicious sand and gravel, with but little alumina
and calcareous matters. Such soils are almost absolutely barren, and in general
termed hungry soils, from their tendency to absorb manures without any correspond-
ing benefit to the land. Others contain a large proportion of alumina and hme,
which render them more compact and always more fertile.
" On these richer kinds of sandy soils, beans, peas, and spring wheat succeed
well ; and as turnips are frequently grown with advantage on them, they are called
also turnip soils.
" Sandy soils are capable of improvement.
• " Clay, marl, chalk, and many other substances counteract the loose texture and
porosity, and may with advantage be applied to them.
104 JSItSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
" 2. Calcareous Soils. — As the physical characters of calcareous soils depend
cliiefly on the relative proportions of lime and the other constituents which enter
into the composition of this class of soils, it is impossible to give a short general
cliaracteristic. While some are deep, dry, loose, and friable in their natiire, and
as productive as some soils resting on the lower chalk formation, others are stony,
poor thin soils, producing but a scanty vegetation. Beans, peas, and clover are
grown witli advantage on tliis class of soils.
" They are subdivided into calcareous clays, loams, and sands, according to tlie
proportion of clay and silica.
" 3. Clay Soils. — The properties of clay soils are diametrically ()]>posed to those
of sandy soils. Stiffness, impenetrability, great power of absorbing and retaining
moisture, and great adhesiveness characterize this class of soils. They are
consequently cold, stiff soils, which are expensive and difficult to cultivate. "When
properly cultivated some are turned into highly fertile soils. Their mechanical
stnicture may be corrected T)y drainage, burning, bulky manures, and the addition of
lime, ashes, and sand.
" 4. Vfifjetahle Moulds. — Any soil containing more than six per cent, of organic
matter, whatever else its composition may be, is called a vegetable mould. Soils of
the most opposite physical characters may be thus grouped in this class. They are
clayey, loamy, or sandy. Many are highly fertile ; others are more or less unproduc-
tive, but capable of improvement ; and others again contain so large a preponderance
of organic matter that they are called 2>eaty or hoggy.
" 5. Marly Soils. — Marly soils resemble more or less in their characters calca-
reous and clay soils.
" They are always less retentive, less impervious than clay soils, but generally
not so open and porous as many calcareous soils. On the whole, marly soils belong to
the better, more productive, and generous soils.
" A sandy marl is a marly soil in which a large proportion of clay is replaced
by silicious sand. Clay marl, on the contrary, is a marly soil in which clay
preponderates.
" 6. Loamy Soils. — The term loam is reserved to all soils which contain the four
chief constituents — silicious sand, clay, lime, and vegetable and animal remains — in a
tine sbite of subdivision, intimate mixture, and in such relative proportions that
the quantity of lime does not exceed five per cent, nor that of clay fifty per
cent.
" Loamy soils, next to the richer garden moulds, belong to the very best soils.
They are ea.sily cultivated, and yield abundant crops of almost any kind, ilany
alluvial deposits tliat are celebrated for fertility belong to this class.
" Sandy loam, clay loam, marly loam, are tenns applied to soils wherein sand,
clay, or marl appear more prominently than in others."
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA.
Analysis of Loamy Soils.
by dr. anderson.
Constituents.
Silica
Alumina
Organic Matter
Peroxide of Iron
Potash
Water
Soda
Lime
Phosphoric Acid
Sulphuric Acid
Carbonic Acid
Chlorine
63.19+
61.63+
14.04+
14.24+
8.55+
6.82+
4.87+
6.23+
2.80+
2.17+
2.70
4.57
1.43
1.04
0.83
1.27
0.24
0 . 26
0.09
0.03
0.05
0 . 009
0.02
100.00
100.00
" It is a natural inference to expect in unproductive or barren soils a deliciency
or total absence of one or more of those constituents which are highly conducive to
the luxuriant growth of plants. A chemical examination in such cases must prove
of utility to the practical man, inasmuch as it not only is calculated to point out the
cause of infertility, but also to suggest an efficient means to raise its productive
powers. In many other cases, in the majority of instances, the barrenness cannot be
traced to the deficiency or total absence of an important soil-constituent nor to the
existence in the soil of a substance injurious to vegetation. The fault may be one,
not of the existence, but of the accessibility of the requisite ingredients for tlie crop.
All the substances needed by the plant may be present, and in sufficient quantity ;
the soil, considered as a storehouse, may be full ; and the infertility comj^lained of
may simply be the want of the ke^'.
" This is the case of a soil locked up in stagnant water, which only needs drainage
to prove the fertility which one would expect from its analysis. But independently
of this, as a general rule, even a minute chemical analysis, in which only the propor-
tions of the several constituents are indicated, is of comparatively little, and often of
no practical utility to the individual who has had a reproductive soil analyzed,
with the view to have a remedy suggested by the analytical data for bringing it into
a better state of cultivation. . . .
" A point of great practical importance is the state of division in which the
constituent parts of soils are mixed together ; and as a chemical analysis gives no
106 JERSEY CATTLE IN^ A3IERICA.
inforuiatioii in this respect, the necessity for sulmiitting the soil to a uu'chanical
exaniinatiou becomes apparent.
'' Such an examination enables ns to ascertain whether its mechanical condition
is such as to render its cultivation economical or expensive, and at the same time
Hows us to recognize the nature of the stones which are found in the soil. An
acfjuaintance with the composition of the stones affords a good criterion as to its
prol)able state of ])roductiveness, and in many cases suggests the i>ropriety of
lea%-ing the stones on the laud or of removhig them.
" The pro]wrty of absorbing water, either in the form of vajjor or in the state of
dew from the atmosphere, has a material influence upon the productive charactei-s of
soils, and contributes to explain the superiority of one soil over another. Intimately
connected with the jjreccdiug pi'0])erty is the power of soils absorl)ing fertilizing
ga.ses from the atmosphere. Generally speaking, those soils which absorb a larger
amount of moistm-e from the air than others are als(j the Ijetter absorbers for
carbonic acid and annnonia.
" This property, though dependent in a great measure on the porosity or the
state of division of the various constituent parts of the soil, is still more intimately
connected with its chemical constitution."
EIGHT SEEDS, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS.
Under tliis second point of good farming might be arranged the discussion of
tlie raising and imjirovement in quality of all kinds of seeds and all the grasses and
clovers and the root crops used upon dairy farms. But the scope of this work will
hardly admit of such an extended discussion. It is well, however, to advise that, as
far as practicable, farmers raise their own, and patronize those dealers only who
have a reputation for careful selection as to purity and quality of all kinds of seed.
In regard to the selection of stock for the dairy farm, no one who has taken
pains to inform himself in regard to the merits of the various races could hesitate
to give his choice to the Jersey as pre-eminently the best of all breeds of dairy
cattle.
l^l AXTrrV OF SEKI) KKtiUIKED TO I'l.ANT AN AOUK.
Barley, in drills 1 bushel.
Barley, broadcast 2^ bushels.
Beet, in drills 2i feet it pounds.
Cabbage, sown in frames -i ounces.
Carrot, in drills 2^ feet 4 pounds.
(Jlover, Lucerne (Alfalfa) 10 «
Clover, Alsike G "
Clover, Large Red 16 "
Clover, Large Red, with Timothy 10 "
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IE1UCA. 107
Corn, Sweet 10 quarts.
Coru, Field • 8 "
Grass, Timothy, with Large Ked Clover 8 "
Grass, Orchard 64 "
Grass, Italian Eye 20 "
Grass, Mixed (twenty \-arieties with Clover) 40 "
Mangold, in drills 2^ feet 9 pounds.
Millet, broadcast 50 "
Oats, in drills f bushel.
Oats, broadcast 1^ bushels.
Parsnip, in drills 2| feet 5 pounds.
Peas, in drills 2 busjiels.
Rye, in drills 1 bushel.
Rye, broadcast 1^ bushels.
Turnips, in drills 2 feet 3 pounds.
"Wheat, in drills (best conditions) f bushel.
"Wheat, broadcast 1^ bushels.
THE BAEN.
The barn is a storehouse for fodder, and should never be used for a stable. The
contamination of sweet hay, grain, and roots by the putrescible exhalations and
vapors of a stable is neither conducive to the health of the animals nor compatible
with the highest excellence of quality for the butter and cream.
In a barn that costs $1000 a man can keep $50,000 worth of Jerseys ; but if
from any cause the building takes fire, he is sure to lose his herd. The risk is too
great.
The most economical form of barn is the octagon. A fifty-foot octagon, suit-
able for a fifty-acre farm and a storage of fodder sufficient for fifty head of Jerseys,
can be built at a cost of about $700. The barn may be of lumber, but jireferably a
concrete wall, with a lumber framed roof covered with slate. The walls may be
twelve to eighteen inches thick and twenty-four to twenty-eight feet high ; the
rafters thirty-four feet long ; the roof lighted by a cupola. If the bam can be located
in a side-hill of sufficient height, a bridge or an earth driveway can be constructed
so as to drive in at a gable door and dump all loads from a floor resting on the top
of the walls, thus saving a vast amount of labor in unloading hay, grain, and roots.
"Where this plan is impracticable, the next best thing for hay is the horse-fork, which
has a free swing in such a barn, there lieing no cross-ties or beams to obstruct its
working.
The walls should be made of water-Ume cement, sand, gravel, and small
fragments of broken stone.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Elkvation for Octagon Barn, with Sidk-IIill Driveway and Gable Entrance.
Ground Plan of Octagon Barn.
A, Driveway. 7?, Root Cellar. C, C, C. Compartments for Hay and Com Stover.
Upper story may be used for storing grain crops.
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERIGA. 109
FORMULA FOR CONCRETE.
Shmy sand, 4 parts ; water-lime, 1 part. Mix thorotcghly he/ore %oetting. Mix
VERY WET ; add gravel, 4 parts ; mix very wet, and work over thoroughly four
times. Add small broken stone, 4 parts.
Put into the box or form a layer of an inch of the mortar and then a layer of
stone, always taking care to have the stone in the centre and a layer of mortar making
fully two inches of the outer portion of the wall. The mortar should be tamped
in, so as to make it solid. Let it dry forty-eight hours for each tier of one foot in
height. If care is observed the building will be better in quality than stone or brick,
as it makes a very dry wall. Sills jjlaced on the top of such a concrete wall are
liable to rot from being coated with lime. This can be prevented by spreading a
layer of gas-tar or asphalt on the top of the wall. No moisture should be allowed to
come in contact with a concrete wall until it has become hard ; then it will be water-
tight. There should be a drain cut lower than the foundation wall to caiTy off any
water that might come against it from the Iiill-side. Fill in the space above the
drain, which should be of good ])ipe, with small stone as high as the bank in which
the excavation is made.
The boxes or fonns for a wall one foot thick should be made of plank fourteen
inches wide, one and a half inches thick, and of the right length. The standards or
posts may be three by four scantling a little exceeding the height of the wall. These
posts are set fifteen inches apart, with the planks on the inside. The standards are
held in place by nailing thin pieces of board across. These remain in the wall. The
planks on the outer side of the octagon must of course be longer than the inner by
the thickness of the wall. The boxes need a clamp to prevent their springing
between the standards, and it is well to have the plank lined with tin or zinc to prevent
their becoming flexible from the excess of moisture while the wall is drying. The
clamps may be made of hard wood two feet long, with a two-inch hole at each end,
and fifteen inches apart. A strong pin two feet long is set in each hole so as to
protrude ten inches, and these pins will just fit over the outside of the plank box, and
a brace driven between the upper ends will make them clasp the box. Two or more
of these are needed for each form. Door and window frames have jambs the width
of the wall's thickness, and must be put in place at the proper time and plumbed the
same as the standards. The usual cost of the concrete wall is about ten cents a cubic
foot. It will be a little more when tiie walls are high. "Walls twenty-four feet high
give a capacity of hay storage eighty per cent, greater than when but sixteen feet,
because of the closer packing of the deeper mow. The floor of such a barn may be
of concrete and laid directly upon the earth. The root bins should be walled in with
concrete partitions on the hill-side of the basement. The grain bins are to be placed
in the attic. From these the grain is drawn down through a clutli spout into bags
or barrels, as needed.
JER&EY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Elevation foe Side-Hill Barn, with Driveway Entering at Gable.
Ground Plan of Barn.
A, Driveway.
B, Root Cellar. C, C, C, Compartments for Hay and Corn Stover.
Upper story used for grain crops.
JER^iEY CATTLE IN AIIERICA. Ill
The corn crib, for storing maize in the ear, is best made of slats witli spreading
top, and set upon posts capped with flaring tin pans as a guard against rats.
THE STABLE.
The STABLE is the most important of farm buildings, and needs as much care and
forethought in planning as the dwelling-house of the owner. The stable is the home
of the Jerseys, and should be devoted solely to their comfort and health. Neither
horses, sheep, swine, fowls, nor dogs should be allowed to occupy the same building
with Jerseys. The reasons for such exclusiveness should be obvious to every butter-
maker, as the object of the true breeder is not only to develop the Jerseys to the
highest perfection, but to produce the best quality of dairy products.
The requisites for a Jersey stable are : (1) a fire-proof building of the parallel
form, built of material that shall render it cool in summer and warm in winter, and
free from dampness or frost on the floor and wall ; (2) to afford a full . supply of
sunlight ; (3) perfect ventilation ; (4) convenient facilities for feeding and watering ;
(5) comfortable stalls and fastenings; (6) the best means of cleanHness; (7) the
manure storage to be conducted in a separate structure.
THE BUILDING.
As far as walls are needed for a stable, water-lime concrete, made according to the
formula for the barn, is the best material. Such a wall has a pecuHar porosity of an
infinite number of very minute air cells, which render it almost the equivalent of a
double wall of brick or stone as a non-conductor of heat and moisture. The wall
must be so built as to have a stratmn of the concrete mortar on the external and
internal surfaces of about two inches thickness, and the centre of the wall a stratum
of broken stone mixed with the water-lime cement and mortar, the whole to be
thoroughly tamped and well dried in each successive tier of building. The roof
should be of slate. The stable needs a dry floor. This should be made of concrete.
First, a film of coal-tar upon the levelled hard earth ; second, a layer of soft mortar and
gravel, which, after drying forty-eight hours, may be topped with a layer of several
inches (four to six) of small fragments of broken stone ; third, a layer of gravel or
sand which must be thoroughly rolled and worked into the stones ; fom-th, a layer
of concrete mortar three inches deep, weU tamped and left forty-eight hours to dry.
The groimd must first be marked out according to the plan of the stable, making
excavations for the water troughs in front of the cattle and the manure gutters
behind the platforms.
As the cattle may be allowed to drink frequently, the gutter beneath the manger
need be but shallow — five or six inches deep — with f aU suflacient to empty when plug
is removed at the lower end. The manure gutters are to be cleaned three times
112 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
daily, and may be thirty inches wide by six inches deep, with sutScieiit f;
discharge the urhie. This will be treated of under " Cleanliness."
SLN LIGHT.
The direction of the building, if from iioi-th to south, is best, as the windows
then receive the early rays of the sun ; those who ])refer the noonday sun can have an
east and west plan ; but any arrangement whereby a large amount of sunshine may
fall upon the cattle is desirable, and that which pro\ades most is best. One large
window for each animal, or at the least for every two animals, is a plan to be com-
mended— %vindows that come within a foot of the floor and the same distance from
the top of a ten-foot wall. The windows should also be double, with an air-space of
six to eiglit inches between, thus saving warmth in winter and rendering the stable
cool in summer. But the smilight is as needful to the thrift of animals as it is to
plant life, and the breeder who gives his cattle sun baths in winter will soon learn its
vitalizing effects.
VENTILATION.
As in the human dwelling, so the stable should have a perfect system of venti-
lation ; for cattle have the same lung diseases or a similar loss of vitality when
deprived of oxygen as the human race. The air should not only be kept as near a state
of purity as jjossible, but as far as practicable at a healthful temperature. Cattle
thrive well and make their best growth at a temperature of about 60° Fahrenheit. " A
fight with flies and poverty" at 90° or with foul air and poverty at 10° below zero
may suit the fancy of some theorists who hold that " roughing it " is the correct
system of disciplining cattle into enduraiicf ; Imt humane treatment only will be
found profitable with Jerseys or any other breed of cattle.
^ \Z\V\V\\Z\V\^V\V\V\^
Stahle.
b, Vfiitilator.
THALMA 4288.
St. Helier Type.
OAKLANDS HEED.
Valancey E. Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
TAOMA 7200.
St. Ilelkr Type.
briarcliff herd.
James Stillman, Sing Sing, N. Y.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
w
■2
n^.
hi
A.
V-
A
J)
A.
Ground Plan of Stable.
r, Tempering Room. W, Wasli Room. 0, Office.
D, Bull Stalls. 8, Cow Stalls. k. Grating over Gutters.
A, Feeding-way between cattle which ma)' have railway-track for feeding-car.
in. Mangers. r. Ventilating Flues. r, "Windows.
lU
JEIi;SEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
ffcr^
^
Wc('/('^^
k//y/y^yy/yyyyy/y.
.9-
System ok Ventilation.
7777V71---V///y/A
s-
^
s
a. Supply Funnel facing the wind.
c. Supply Pipe for Summer.
rf, Air Box perforated at the bottom.
e, Winter Supply Pipe to Tempering Koom.
g. Warm Air from Tempering Room.
«, Foul-air Exhaust Flues.
6>, Dampers.
.V, Channel for Drinking- Water.
k, Cliannel for JIanure Gutter.
Buildings need niean.s of ventilation other tlian windows or doors. Least of all
can we count upon the natural ventilation resulting from the porosity of building
materials. There should be ample pro\'ision made to furnish a supply of fresh cool
air sufficient for comfort in the heat of August, or to keep up a constant and pure
flow at 55° to ()(>° when the outside temperature is far belctwthe freezing-point. AVe
must provide for the removal of the exhalations of lungs and skin and the evaporated
]iarticles from dung and urine ; for all putrescible matters that are dangerous sources
of tubercular lung disease, or that in any way tend to lower animal vitality.
The fresh air is best introduced from above and in the faces of the animals.
The exhaust or outward flow should always be from the base of the wall behind the
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 115
cattle. One large flue, with an opening a foot square, between each pair of windows
will conduct the foul air into a ventilating loft in the attic. Large ventilators on the
ridge disperse the current outwardly. The outflow may be enforced by heat or regu-
lated by an air-tight blower. The thermometer is essential to show the temperature
of the stable, and the plan should be to pass a river of pure air perpetually through
the stable as near the temperature of 65° as it is practicable to produce. The pure
air must not be sliut out because of pinching cold, but some artiflcial means of heat
must temper the air before it is introduced. During the severe winter weather the
most convenient method of tempering would be the "ventilating stove," which
combines all the elements of stove, furnace, and open fireplace. Where a steam-
engine is used the heat may be utilized. The subterranean system of the deep
earth duct may be found of great advantage in some large herds. By referring to
plate the elements of ventilation are illustrated. The air is best introduced by a
long duct at the top of the stable between the two rows of cattle. This duct may
be of pine smoothly planed within or of galvanized iron, the bottom of the duct to
be closely perforated with half-inch holes. Such a system will not only prevent
tubercular disease, but insure normal health and full constitutional vigor.
THE WATER SUPPLY.
Very fortunate is the farmer who can turn the water of a pure spring from the
hillside into his dwelling and stable. Cows require more water than any other stock.
They drink enormous quantities when in a full flow of milk. The experiments of
Prof. Horsfall and of M. Cancel illustrate the necessity of an abundant supply. The
former " found that cows, when giving only twenty pounds of milk per day, drank
forty pounds of water more than fattening cattle of the same weight." The latter
says that " by inducing cows to drink more water, the quantity of milk yielded by them
can be increased many quarts, without injuring the quality." By moistening their
fodder and adding a little salt the milk was increased from nine and twelve quarts
on dry fodder to twelve and fourteen quarts daily. The amount a cow drinks is a
criterion of her milking powers, a cow that drinks fifty quarts of water daily giving
eighteen to twenty-three quarts of milk. The water should be pure and about 6.5°
in winter and summer. It should run through a gutter in front of the stalls. Tlie
gutter is to be covered by a hinged lid, which forms the floor of the manger, when
closed. Some breeders prefer a trough which is raised or lowered like a dumb-
waiter. Water should Always be piire and perpetually supplied in the manger
gutter, winter and summer.
CAPACITY OF TANKS AND CISTERNS.
Two feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 19 gallons.
Three feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 44 "
116 ji:i!sj:y vatti.e iN^ America.
Four feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 78 gallons.
Five feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 122
Six feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds ITti
Seven feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 239
Eight feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 813 "
Kine feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 396 "
Ten feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 489 "
Eleven feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 592 "
Twelve feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 705 "
Thirteen feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 827 "
Fourteen feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 959 "
Fifteen feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 11 01 "
Twenty feet in diameter and ten inches deep holds 1958 "
Repeat the (quantity for each ten inches in depth.
A good cow reqiiires from twelve to fifteen gallons of water daily.
A herd of fifty good Jerseys require seven hundred and fifty gallons daily.
A tank six feet in diameter and five feet deep holds ten hundred and fifty-si.x
gallons — an ample supply for fifty cows, if it is kept filled or replenished each day.
THE STALLS.
It is desirable to have as little wood in the stable fittings as possible, and no
faint on any ■part of the interior of the stable. The cattle stand in two rows, facing
inward. The concrete floor, covered with suitable bedding, makes a good arrangement
for a stable bottom. This floor nmst be level, from front to rear, and have the same
slope and incline as the gutter. The gutter ought to be covered with an iron grating
(Stewart's). The part of the stalls between the manger and gutter may be three
feet six inches wide. The gutter may be from thirty to thirty-six inches wide. The
grating consists of flat wrought-iron bars three eighths by one and one half inches,
riveted to an iron frame, and hinged so as to be turned up when cleaning the stable.
The cattle stand with the fore-feet on the bedding, and the hind-feet reach the first
and second or third and fourth bars, so that all the dung and urine fall into the
gutter. The space allowed for each cow should be about three feet six inches in
width. A pavement of brick saturated with boiling asphalt is an excellent stable
tlooring. ,
CLEANLINESS IN THE STAHLE.
A first-class breeding establishment should always be in a condition for -v-isitors
to .see, especially in regard to cleanliness, which is essential to the health of the
animals, the purity of dairy products, and the morality of the workmen. The stable
should be cleaned regularly three or more times a day. The attempts to store
JElif>EY (WTTLE IX AMERICA. 117
manure in a cellar beneath the stable or to deodorize it in a deep gutter are not
commendable. The receptacle for the manure should be a separate building devoted
to the collection of all the excrement from all the stables, cattle, horses, sheep, swine,
and fowl houses ; to the drainage of the dwelling, including the contents of the water-
closets, washtubs, sinks, and the kitchen garbage. This manure factory may be a
large concrete water-tight reservoir, roofed over to keep out rain and flies. This
vat will require a great quantity of water from the roofs of buildings or a reservoir,
and in winter if there is not rain enough snow must be apj^lied, so that the contents
may be kept in a condition of moderate fermentation, and it can be applied as
needed to fields and crops by the manure-spreader. Some might make a step in
advance and liquefy the whole mass, to be applied to the soil by a sprinkling cart or
by irrigating pipes.
All bedding should be short. Marsli grass, salt hay, straw, the refuse hay aiid
com stover from the mangers should be run through the cutter to a length of one
or two inches. This may be used alone or mixed with " peat moss," and being kept
clean by the Stewart grating, will last a long time, and make a comfortable bed.
Cocoa matting has been used for bedding cows. The peat moss of commerce is
excellent bedding.
THE FASTENINGS.
Some form of stanchion may be used if one wishes the advantage of cleanliness
to be secured. There is a rotary stanchion, which promises to be just what is needed.
Whether the best contrivance for fastening has yet been devised remains to be
proven.
The hinged lid over the water gutter forms, when closed, the floor of the
manger. All the mangers require side partitions to keep each cow's mess isolated,
but the front may be open. This renders feeding from a car convenient as it is
moved through the stable, and the manger is conveniently kept clean by being brushed
out daily.
CHEAP STABLING FOB COWS.
" Lay out, for twenty-five' cows, a space one hundred feet long by fourteen feet
wide. Set cedar or chestnut posts, six feet apart, nine feet high for the front, and
seven feet high for the rear. Set a row of posts four feet high, four feet apart, and
four feet from the rear row. Board up with twelve-foot hemlock boards laid
horizontally all these three rows. Close in the ends. Put on rafters spiked to the
posts, so that the roof boards will fit (juite close to the plates. A 2x-t scantling
118 .JER.SKY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
nailed to the top boai-d and sjjiked to the posts will make a sufficient plate. Lay the
roof boards of sixteen-foot hemlock from front to rear ; the roof will have two feet
sloijc. Cover the roof joints with three-inch strips well nailed.
•' The roof boards rest upon three boards nailed to the rafters three and one lialf
feet apart. If strong boards are selected the roof will be firm.
" Make a feed trough along the inside of the inner partition two and one half
feet from the ground ; leave out one board — the third ; hinge this to the lower boaixl
and witli cords, so as to make a falling door at an angle of forty-five degrees for a
' shoot ' to the feed trough. Fasten the cow to the post by a strap, or use a
stanchion. Give each cow five feet of space, and make a plank gutter fourteen
inches wide, leaving three feet space behind. Make a concrete floor at a cost of
fifty cents per cow. Cost of stable, $125." — N. J. //., New York TnJntne.
THE CAI.F STALLS.
In the plan for stable shown herewith the attic or second story is appro-
priated as the most suitable place for the keeping and rearing of calves.
A convenient arrangement is to have two rows of bo.x stalls or pens, each stall
four by eight feet, to be occupied by a single calf, as this prevents annoyance of
sucking each other.
A passage-way between the rows of stalls serves for a cart to carry the milk for
feeding. The stalls must be well lighted ; indeed, a glass house would be the l)est
for calves in this respect.
Upon tlie front of each stall, beneath a feeding door, fix a band of hoop iron
of size and sliape to hold the pail securely while the calf is drinking, or, better still,
place the sucking feeder within the stall. "When the milk has been warmed to the
temperature of 102° by the thermometer, add the requisite quantity of prepared
rennet, and set the pails into the receptacles in front of the stalls, and open the
feeding doors. These doors may be nine by thirteen inches in size, and should
swing so as to clear the top of the feeding pail. The calves readily learn to drink
from a feeding pail thus placed, but one can use tlie sucking :ip})aratus instead of
the pail if he prefers that method.
Front of Calk Stall.
(/, Foc-ilinij Door. i. Uinjj f..r PmII.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
TTrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
A
Attic-Flour Calf Stable.
A, Passiige-wiiy. .r. Stiills. z, Elevator.
SELECTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
An important element in the education of every farmer is the cultivation of the
faculty for judging and selecting labor-saving tools and machines. Probably there
is no department of agriculture upon which so much of the final success depends as
the right selection and use of implements. When one instrument will do double
the work of another of the same cost it is a matter of economy to know it and make
it available. The farmer needs the best of everything, and always the peculiar
implement suited to his own special circmnstances.
The plow should have all the qualities of the best invention, the lightest draught,
the best material, and also be specially suited to the quality of soil and the situation
of the land.
The harrow should combine the quaUties of pulverizer, smoother, and cultivator.
The drill should be adapted to all kinds of seed, and perfect in its mechanism.
Cultivators should be adjustable for smooth, shallow, surface pulverization, or
for the needs of special crops.
LIST OF APPARATUS FOR A DAIRY FARM OF ONE HUNDRED
One sulky plow.
One swivel plow.
One iron frame steel-tooth harrow ; pulverizer, smoother, and cultivator.
One two-horse drill, with force-feed grass seeder.
One two-wheel cultivator, for root crops.
Six steel-prong hoes.
One twelve-foot poly-section roller.
One mowing machine.
One wheel horse rake.
One reaper and binder.
120 J£JiSEy CATTLE IX AMERICA.
One hay tedder.
One thresher.
One fan mill.
One corn sheller.
One improved grinding mill.
One hay cutter.
One cutter and crusher for corn stover.
One root cutter (Clark's).
One bone mill.
One motor — two to four horse-power, with attachments suitable for all machines
to be used.
One hay loader.
One power hay fork.
One dumping hay cart.
One hundred hay caps.
One root cart.
Three steel hay forks.
Three manure forks.
Three shovels.
One post-hole digger.
One power maimre lifter.
One manure cart or spreader.
( )ne sprinkling cart for liquid mainire.
LIST OF APPARATUS FOE BUTTER DAIRY USING THE CREAM OF FIFTY COWS.
One three-can Stoddard creamery for testing cows.
One largest size dairy creamery, Stoddard.
Six Perfect Milk Pails.
One No. 1 Stoddard churn for testing cows.
One No. 6 Stoddard chum.
One centrifugal butter worker.
One lever butter worker.
Two fifty-gallon cream tempering vats.
One weighing scale.
One butter salting scale.
Two dairy pails.
One half-gallon dipper.
Two butter ladles.
Two dairy thennometers — eight-inch nickel.
One cream strainer.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEJilCA.
One buttermilk strainer.
One self-gauging butter printer.
One butter tray
IST OF APPARATUS FOB CHEESE BAIRY USINft THE WHOLE MILK OF FIFTY COWS.
Six Perfect Milk Pails.
One two-hundred-gallon self-heating vat.
One eight-blade metallic-head curd knife, perpendicular.
One six-inch by twenty-inch curd knife, horizontal.
One curd scoop.
One curd pail.
One weighing scale.
One dairy thermometer.
One whey strainer.
One syphon.
One gallon dipper.
One curd mill, rotary disk with cuttinj^ blades.
Two moulding presses for ten three-])ouiid cheeses.
Tin-foil for cheese wrappers.
FARM IMPLEMENTS OF SPEfUAL MEEIT.
As an illustration of the points of excellence in farm implements, the author lias
deemed it expedient to show several inventions of special merit by the folk>^\■ing
series of cuts and a mention of tlieir saHent points of superiority and utility.
ZEi; Drill.*
* Gere, Truman, PliUt & Co., Owego, N. Y.
JERSEY CATTLE JX AMERICA.
Dkvick loK OiiAXoiNG F?;kd.
Spring Hoe.
Pobifs (if E.cvelU'uee.
l. It lias forci'-feed grain distributtTs.
•1. Tt has force-feed grass-seed distributers.
?,. It has force-feed fertilizer distributers.
4. You can sow grass seed equally "well in fmut or behind the hoes.
5. It has a special device for dropping and fertilizing corn.
t>. It has a cold-rolled steel axle, which has three times the strength of the iron axle.
7. It is well balanced and of light draught.
8. Its frame is braced with heavy castings at tlie four corners.
!*. By a very simple device, change of feed is made by changing .speed of
distributers, but no loose or detached pinions are used.
Clark's Root Cuttkk.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
10. It is easily handled by the team and operator.
11. It can easily be set to sow accurately any desired ({iiantitv tif grain, grass
and fertilizei-s.
12. It is made of the best materials and the liest workmanship.
clakk s root cutter.''
(three sizes.)
Descriptum.
This cutter is built with a heavy oak frame, well bolted together ; is stanch
and strong, neatly finished and handsomely ornamented.
The cutting apparatus consists of a cylinder of steel knives, shaped like a
chisel gouge, so arranged on a wrought-iron shaft that they are perfectly secure ; no
chance of becoming loose or breaking.
Operation.
It works with rapidity and ease, cutting the roots into thin, narrow pieces, which
are thoroughly crushed and fitted for easy mastication by the animal. Nos. 1 and
2 are for hand use ; No. 3 for power.
Points of Excellence.
It is compact and portable.
It is strong and durable.
It is effective and uniform in its work.
It is worked with ease, a boy cutting forty liushels, and the power cutter one
hundred bushels an hour.
It facilitates mastication and digestion, and promotes health.
It precludes all danger from choking.
It will reduce apples, beets, carrots, mangolds, pumpkins, parsnips, and turnips
to the proper condition for use.
It is an indispensable apparatus in every stable for economy of labor and the
safety and health of the animals.
* Manufactured for R. H. Allen Company. 189 and 191 Water Street, New York.
.7/:i:sj:y cattlj-: ix amihika.
DAIRY IMPLEMEXTS OF SI'ECIAI. MKltlT.
The Pekfkct Mii.k rAii,.*
The pail is made of the best tin phite, and will bear a weight of three luiiulred
pounds; holds fourteen quarts; has a (■(Uicave lid; a bruad fiinuel upon tlie s])()iit;
a rubber tube renders the sjiout Hexible, and there is a strainer at the lower end of
the spout.
J'ou.ts nf Kxn'lhn,;:
It prevents the entrance of dirt or dandniff, and excludes foul air.
It forms an easy seat for the milker.
It enables the milker to do rajiid work.
It strains the milk.
Its funnel is adjustal)le to low or higli cows.
It can be used witliout tln' rubber tube.
It is very durable.
It secures clean milk, sweet cream, and better butter and cheese than can be
obtained without it.
. It is indispensable for < ifort, cleanliness, and consummate (pialitv of ]>roduct
in every dairy.
Mom's l^l\MI|i\l SiKAINKR.
• R. H. Allen Company, 1H9 ami lill Wiilcr Sired. N.w York, Oencial Afre
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA.
Eest.
Funnel.
MORE'S PYEAMIDAL 8TEAINEE.''
Points of Excellence.
It is durable, being stamped from heavy tin and retinned.
It cleans milk rapidly, and will not clog when regularly cleaned at using.
It gives a large straining surface.
It uses finer cloth than a flat strainer.
Its form allows the milk to fall on its apex, and the sediment settles at the
base.
It is a perfect milk strainer, and can be used with the rest and funnel upon any
sized pan or can.
THE STODDARD CREAMERY AND REFRIGERATOR, f WITH PATENT SKIMMING ATTACHMENT.
(eleven SIZES.)
Poin,t» of Excellence.
The cream is drawn oil the milk through an adjustable tube passing down
through the milk and bottom of the can through the faucet. The milk is afterward
drawn through the faucet.
No watching for cream line or cream flakes. No cream wasted.
There is no sediment drawn with the cream, as is the case when the milk is
drawn from under the cream and the .cream afterward drawn out or poured from
the can. When the milk is drawn from under the cream the sediment is not drawn
out with the milk, or but a small part of it, but runs out when the last of the contents
of the can is discharged, which is the cream.
The skimming is done quicker than by any other method, which is a great
advantage in the cream-gathering system.
Milk or cream can be drawn out at any time.
* Moseley & Stoddard Manufacturing Co., Poultney, Vt.
f Moseley & Stoddard Manufacturing Co., Poultney, Vt., or their agents.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
TnK Stoddaki) f 'rkamerv Axn Hefrkjkrator, winr Patent Skimminc Aitachment.
Ventilation of milk, removing aniirial odors, and saving nf ice.
All faucets are brass, nickel-plated, with gronnd joints.
Cans are easily n^niDVcd if ncccssarv for any ])iirp(i.se, ;ind are intercliange-
ible
The construction of tank affords s])ace for large ])ieces of ice.
It has a perfect refrigerator.
The walls of the creamery are thick and built refrigerator style ; lias lining of
two thicknesses of heavy pajier and (Irnihle air space, tlms effecting a great saving
of ice.
No other creamery si» tlioroughly constructed in this respect.
It is made in two styles, with and without the separate refrigerator coni2)art-
inent. The refrigerator is built in one end of the creamery, is lined witli /inc. and
has slate shelves. It has no connection witli the milk rece])tacle. The door to
refrigerator is in the end of crcamerv. It is ilnj and I'l'nj cotil when ice is used for
coolintr the milk.
JERl^iEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 137
Can be used with running water at a temperature of 55° F.
It is an indispensable convenience for the purpose of testing butter cows.
It is the most economical in price, considering material, workmanshij), con-
venience, and utility.
It is fully protected by letters patent.
TuE IStoduaui) (.'iukn.
Points (if Excellence.
Its form gives thorough mixture of cream, with degree of concussion desired.
There are no dashers or floats to injure grain of butter.
Simple in construction and very durable.
It is especially adapted to the granular system of making butter; gli
indicator shows when to stop the churn.
Being air-tight, it never leaks.
It is readily ventilated, allowing gas to escape.
Butter can be rinsed in the churn and thoroughly drained.
It can be used with any regulated motor.
It makes the best quality of butter.
It is an indispensable convenience in making butter tests of cows.
It is fully protected by letters patent.
Moseley & Stoddard Manufacturing Co., Poultney, Vt., or their agents.
128 JERSEY CA TTLK IX AMERICA.
DKAINAGE OF LAND.*
'' There is no subject wliich of late years has attracted more attention or excited
more discussion among those interested in the cultivation of the soil than the drainage
of land. It requires no great research to discover the reasons for the interest which
this subject has attracted to itself. Whether we look at the vast amount of capital
annually exjjended on it or at the great improvement in the agriculture of the
country which it is gradually effecting, we cannot fail to perceive it to be a subject of
the greatest importance. Were any extraneous evidence of its importance required,
it might be found in the recent vote of Parliament, by which the enormous sum
of two millions sterling was set apart to be loaned out for its encouragement and
extension ; \\w\ in thi' avidity witii which the whole of that large sum was applied for
and absorbed in the (•..ursc of a few months.
" Notwithstanding that the benefits to be derived from draining are now so well
known and ap])reciated — so much so, indeed, that most agriculturists, if asked what
they considered the first requisite toward good farming, would, without hesitation,
answer, thorougli drainage of the laud — still, the careful observer, casting his eye
over the surface of the United Kingdom, cannot fail to be struck with surprise at
the vast extent of available surface which is rendered partially or absolutely valueless
tt) the comnninity by the presence of an excess of water.
" The great extent of land which is still undrained excites the more surprise
when we reflect that experience has shown that even very unpromising portions
yield large and remunerating returns for the outlay.
" The beneficial effects which result from complete drainage of land may be
classed under two heads — mechanical and chemical. The mechanical division
includes the improved etticiency of all those laborious operations carried on for
the purpose of pulverizing and cleaning the soil, such as plowing, harrowing, and
weeding. It also includes the saving in time and labor in carrying out the general
business of the agriculturist, as well as the saving of that portion of seed which is
destroyed in wet soil from mechanical causes.
" The chemical division is a copious one, and embraces more than our philosophy
even dreamed of twenty years ago. It includes all that great class of phenomena
relating to the improved fertilizing powers of manures and alteratives, as we may,
in certain Ciises, denominate lime, marl, clay, etc.; the improvement of climate ; the
raising of the temperature of the soil ; the acceleration of the period of the harvest ;
the decomposition of substances in the soil injurious to vegetation ; the improve-
ment in the nutritive value of herbage, and other crops; and, inconsequence of all
these, improved races of animals, including even num himself.
* Encyclopa'diii of Airriciillurc, by J. C. Morton. EdiubiiiKli. Kxlnict from article by Jolin
Girdwood.
^'>
FOOTSTEP 5163.
VKKN-A IIKUI).
Frederic Bronson, Southpoht, C(
EVELINA OF VERNA 10,971.
AT 6 YEARS OLD.
Signal Type.
VERNA HERD.
Fkederic Bronson, Southport, Connecticut.
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 139
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGES.
" Let US first, then, consider the mechanical advantages. Every one at all
acquainted with the conduct of agricultural operations must be aware of the great
difficulties which a wet state of the soil throws in the way of performing these
operations with propriety, despatch, or economy of labor. The great object of all
the operations of tillage is, along with the removal of weeds, to reduce the soil to a
finely divided state, through every part of which the fine filamentary roots of plants
may spread themselves, in order to obtain supplies not only of moisture and air, but
of those substances of which they are partly composed, and the due preparation of
which is one of the most important functions of all mechanical operations of the
soil.
"■ The tempering of mortar or clay affords a very apt simile for any operations
undertaken on land in a wet state, and furnishes a very true analogy as to the results.
It will, therefore, be evident that, so far from furthering the object in view,
plowing, or other working of laud when wet, will have the directly contrary effect
of rendering it more stiff and close ; and instead of producing a finely divided and
porous state of the soil, so indispensable to the healthy and vigorous growth of
crops, will leave it, when dry, a hardened mass, in which \iseful plants will find it
difficult to obtain even the most scanty subsistence.
" In such a climate as that of Britain, where there is generally a great deal of
rain and very little evaporation during the greater portion of the period in which
the preparation of the soil must go on, and where wet, undrained land, once thor-
oughly moistened, hardly dries until the searching breezes of spring begin to act
upon it, it is a matter of no small difficulty to find a season when operations may
be carried on with propriety iipon the land.
" In order to meet this difficulty, it is the custom on wet land farms to maintain
an extra force, both of men and horses, in order to seize such favorable opportunities
for working the land as may present themselves ; to take advantage of a good
' tid,' as such an opportunity is sometimes called ; and to complete, within a few
weeks of early autumn and late spring, those operations which the cultivator of dry
or' drained land may carry on at his convenience during the greater part of winter.
The latter is enabled to effect the tillage of his land in a careful manner at absolutel}'
less cost than that for which it can be slurred over in the most imperfect way by
his less fortunate or less improving neighbor, who, notwithstanding all the haste he
can make, is frequently ' caught out,' and compelled to leave unsown, fields which
have been prepared and manured, and to substitute, at a more propitious season, some
less valuable crop for that which he intended.
" It is not in the operations of tillage alone that extra labor is demanded from
men and horses on wet land ; the carting on of manure, the carting off of produce —
in fact, all operations whatever carried on upon its surface are alike impeded.
130 JEliSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
" The saving effected by drainage in the number of horses required on a farm
has been variously computed by different authorities ; but it seems to be a very
reasonable calculation to estimate at one in four, or twenty-five per cent. ; while even
with the smaller number the preparation of the soil is effected in a more complete
manner.
" The power of layiui,' land flat with safety is one of the important advantages
which draining confers.
"The narrow, high-backed ridge, wiiich wet, undrained land requires, is but too
often accompanied by a bare and sterile furrow, hardly replacing the seed bestowed
upon it ; whereas, after thorough drainage, by gradually levelling down the ridges,
every part may be made to peld alike, and to ])resent the appearance of a garden
clothed with equal and miiform luxuriance.
" There are, perhaps, few occasions on which the value of efficient drainage
addresses itself more powerfully to the mind of the farmer than at the season of the
year when the preparation for the root crops goes on. Upon farms where large
breadths of potatoes or turnips are grown, with what anxiety does the cultivator of
undrained land watch every cloud ! well knowing that a few days of rain may
destroy the resiilts of weeks of laborious exertion ; and that on the very eve of
commencing to ridge his fields the effects of the various plowings, harrowings, and
rollings, which have cost him so much care and expense, may be anniliilated. The
turnip has Mdtli truth been called ' the root of good husbandry.' It may be likened
to a miner ; for it explores the soil, and brings up from it nmch valuable material, in
a state fit to be converted into beef and mutton, while the refuse of that conversion
forms food for new tribes of plants. Like a miner, however, it cannot work unless
the mine be kept ' water-free.' It cannot be called ' the root of good husbandry '
when it barely replaces the manure which may have been supplied to it. It is only
when it yields fair crops that it is so ; and in order to obtain these, the first requisite
is to have the land freed from stagnant water.
" It is found that, coincident with drainage, an important alteration takes place
in the texture of tenacious soils, by which their nature is so modified as to permit of
the most perfect pulverization, without any very great expenditure of labor.
" If tlie extension and improvement of the cultivation of the manure-making
crops were the only advantages of thorough draining, it might with truth be asserted
that these would amply repay the country and individuals for the outlay ; for
without an abundance of root-crops there can be no very large manure heaps ; and
without the latter well-filled barnyards caimot be obtained.
" It is found, however, that all the cultivated crops are benefited by the drainage
of the soil, in some cases to such an extent as to repay the outlay in a single crop.
" The advantages resulting to the grain crops are not confined to increased
luxuriance and bulk. The ear is found to be better filled, and that with a weightier
JEKSIJY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 131
and more valuable grain ; the harvest, too, is generally found to be hastened, which
is no unimportant consideration, especially in the later districts of the country.
" There are few cases in which the value of drainage is more strikingly illustrated
than in the case of wet grass lands. The first effect of a judicious and thorough
system of drainage on such lands is the speedy disappearance of rushes and the
coarse subaquatic grasses, and the siibstitution of a rich sward of sweeter and more
nutritious herbage, which not only maintains a larger number of animals, but
maintains them in superior health and condition. There are no more effectual
means for the extirpation of that most destructive disease, the rot in sheep, than
removing the superfluous water in the soil. So efficient, indeed, has this been found,
that on farms where rot anniially destroyed large numbers of them not a single
instance of the disease has occuiTcd since the land has been drained.
" Paradoxical as it may appear to the inexperienced, the drainage of watered
meadows, where the soil is retentive, is a most valuable and profitable improvement,
and has, in many cases, at once doubled the crop both of hay and aftermath.
" Drainage has a most important effect in preventing land from burning in dry
seasons and in preserving a certain degree of moisture in the soil. This arises wholly
from the more perfect division of the soil which takes place after land is drained,
and not from drains forming reservoirs of moisture, as some have asserted. Soil has
the power of absorbing much moisture from the air ; and this power, as might be
expected, is increased in proportion to the surface exposed. This peculiar property
of soils did not escape the notice of the illustrious Davy, who, in speaking of this
subject, says : ' The power of the soil to absorb water, by cohesive attraction, depends
in a great measure upon the state of division of its parts ; the more divided they are
the greater is their absorbing power.' And again : ' The power of the soils to absorl)
water from the air is much connected with fertility. When this power is great, the
plant is supplied with moisture in dry seasons ; and the effect of evaporation in the
day is counteracted by the absorption of aqueous vapor from the atmosphere by the
interior parts of the soil during the day, and by both the exterior and interior during
the night. The stiff clays, approaching to pipe clays in their nature, which take up
the greatest quantity of water, when it is poured upon tliem in a fluid form, are not
the soils which absorb most moisture from the atmosphere in dry weather. They
cake, and present only a small surface to the air ; and the vegetation upon them is
generally bm-nt up as readily as upon sands.' *
" There needs no apology for transcribing this passage from the great pioneer
of scientific agriculture. It explains, in a clear and forcible manner, one of the
most important advantages of the thorough comminution of the soil, which draining
so greatly tends to promote. It will, no doubt, be eminently suggestive to the
* Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, by Sir Humphry Davy.
132 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
tliouglitful agriculturist, and it will explain some apparent anomalies ; among othere.
the reason that horse-hoe work among turnips, in a dry season, has very nmch the
same effect as successive showers of rain.
"Liebig and others liave shown that rain and snow generally contain sulistances
in the highest degree useful to plants, and that soils have tlie power of abstracting
these substances from the rain which passes through them. It has been further
shown by chemists that various injurious substances are wiushed out of the soil where
a perfect system of drainage is in operation, or are so changed in their nature as to
become innocuous.
" Various experinients have sliown tluit rain, when percolating through the soil,
has a strong influence in raising the temperature of the latter. The causes of this
will be readily understood when we reflect that rain, at those periods of the year
when vegetation is in progress, generally possesses a temperature consideral)ly above
that of the soil. In passing through the soil each successive portion of the rain gives
ofi^ part of its excess of heat, mitil a mean temperature is established. This may be
termed a positive cause of inerea.sed temperature; but there is also a negative cause,
tending to the same end, in the great decrease of evaporation from drained soils. A
great amount of evaporation is constantly taking place from the surface of soil
saturated with water, and tlie temperature of the soil is con8e(iuently lowered ;
whereas, when the amount of moisture does not greatly exceed that for which the
soil has a natural affinity, but little evaporation takes place, and that portion of the
solar heat which would be dissipated in evaporating this water is a])j)lied to raising
the temperature of the soil itself.
" Mr. Parkes has detailed a set of very valuable experiments in this important
branch of the philosophy of drainage, in which he compared the temperatures of
drained and undrained portions of bog. He found the temperature of the
undrained portion to remain steadily at 40°, at all depths, from one to thirty feet ;
and at seven inches from the surface the temperature remained at 47° during the
experiments. During the same period the temperature of the drained portion was
4SJ° at two feet seven inches below the surface ; and at seven inches reached as liigh
as 00° during a thunder-storm ; while on a mean of thirty-flve observations the
temperature at the latter depth was 1(»° higher than at the same depth in the
undrained portion of bog.*
" The sources from which excessive moisture in the soil is derived may be
classified under two general heads : (1) Springs rising to the surface, and pouring
out their waters over the adjacent land, or saturating the soil and subsoil at those
points which they ajiproach, without directly discharging on the surface. (2) Rain
stagnating in the soil and subsoil. To these might be added such occasional and
Parkes' Philosophy and Art of Land Drainage.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 133
accidental sources as the overflowing of rivers and streams presents ; but, as in sucli
cases the water is generally earned off on the subsiding of the flood by open ditches
and water-courses, that portion remaining in the soil may be considered in the same
light as if derived from a heavy fall of rain.
These owe their formation to certain peculiarities in the crust of the earth, by
of which rain falling on more elevated ground is collected and poured forth
in a perennial discharge at a lower level, and frequently at very distant places.
" The crust of the earth is composed of numerous strata, or layers, lying one
over the other, sometimes in a nearly horizontal position, but more frequently in one
more or less inclined, or dipping, as it is termed, to the horizon. Some of these
strata, such as gravel and sand, are highly porous and absorbent, and readily permit
the passage of water ; while others, such as clay and some rocks, are nearly or
altogether impervious.
" When rain falls upon a tract of country part of it flows over the surface, and
makes its escape by the nimaerous natural and artiticial courses which may exist,
while another portion is absorbed by the soil and the porous strata which lie imder it.
Again, rocks lying imder the surface are sometimes so full of fissures that although
they themselves are impervious to water, yet so completely do these fissures carry off
the rain, that in some parts of the county of Durham they render the sinking of
wells iiseless, and make it necessary for the farmers to drive their cattle many miles
to water.
" It sometimes happens that these fissures penetrate to enormous depths, and are
of great width, and filled with sand or clay.
" These are termed /awZfe by miners, and some which we examined, at a distance
of four hundred yards from the surface, were from five to fifteen yards in width.
" These faults, when of clay, are generally the cause of springs appearing at the
surface ; they arrest the progress of the water in some porous strata, and compel it to
find an exit by passing to the surface between the clay and the faces of the ruptured
strata. When the fault is of sand or gravel the opposite effect takes place, if it
commimicates with any porous stratum ; and water which may have been flowing
over the siu^ace on reaching it is at once absorbed.
" This, as it is the most universal, so it is the most important source of an injurious
excess of moisture in land. Before the introduction of thorough draining rain-water
in excess was hardly looked upon as an evil with which the drainer could deal. Land
was divided into two classes — wet and dry. No one contemplated the possibility of
134 JKRsi:)' CATTLK IX AMKliKA.
converting all the wet lands into dry lands by artiticial means ; the attention of
drainers was, therefore, attracted merely to the removal of springs. These rendered
certain parts of most districts of counti-y useless for agricultural purposes. They
arrested the course of the plow, and thus demanded attention and remedy. We
accordingly iind that the early metliodical applications of draining were mainly
directed to the removal of 8])ring water, to rendering the ' springy ' and boggy ground
equal to that among which it lay, and not to the aiiu'lioration of the whole body of
the soil, as is now the case.
" The quantity of rain which falls varies most materially in the different latitudes
of the world ; thus, according to Humboldt, one hundred and forty-one inches
annually fall in Cuba, while only twenty inches fall in ParLs. The (luautity of rain
varies, too, very much in different localities of the same country.
" But in estimating the quantity of rain which re<[uires to l)e provided for in
draining operations, it is not merely necessary to take the average annual fall into
account ; provision must be made to meet the greatest fall which is likely to take
place in a limited period. To carry the system which was required to accommodate a
fall of fifty inches of rain annually to a part of the country where the fall was only
twenty inches might fairly lay the drainer open to a charge of wastefulness.
" Pipes of an inch bore, and laid at wide intervals, have been highly recommended
by several drainers of great experience, without any caution as to their application in
wet localities ; and yet our own experience convinces us that larger pipes, laid at
little more than one half the distance recommended, are barely adequate to perform
the work required of them in some districts of country.
" The whole of the rain which falls is not carried off by drainage, but a large
proportion of it is carried into the atmosphere by evajioration. The experiments of
Mr. Dickinson show that of the rain wliicli fell rather more than one half was
evaporated, leaving rather less than one half to be carried off by drainage.
" The drains used may l)e divided into two classes — open, and covered. These
again may eacli l)e subdivided into drains intended merely to act as water-courses,
and drains which, in addition to acting as water-courses, are also intended to carry off
the surplus water from the land through which they pass.
" The rudest forms of ojien drains are tlie deep furrows, lying between narrow,
high-backed ridges, which are still to be found in some parts of the country, with
their accompanying water-furrows for discharging their streams.
" These are oidy meant to carry off the surplus water after the soil is completely
JEESEY CATTLE IJV AlIEHICA. 135
saturated ; and this they effect by carrying along with it all the best portions of the
soil and of the manure which may have been spread ui^on its surface, as the turbid
waters discharged from fields so treated abimdantly testify. These require no other
remark here than a recommendation to substitute for them some of the more perfect
forms of drain to which we shall have to advert.
OPEN DRAIN WATER-COUESES.
" The ordinary ditch is the common form of this kind of drain, and though rude,
it is one which cannot altogether be dispensed with, although where a perfect and
complete system of drainage has been effected few indeed of them ought to be
found. They are constant sources of annoyance, from their sides crmnbling in ;
and they are constant sources of expense, not only by occupying much valuable
space, but also by requiring a thorough annual scouring, wherever any pretensions
to good farming are made. They are also fruitful nurseries of weeds. Open ditches
occupy an important place in the early stages of draining bogs ; but after the bog
has become consolidated, the greater portion of them may be dispensed with, and
their places supplied by large covered drains.
" In forming open drains in loose soil the sides should generally slope at an
angle of 45°, which is the smallest angle at which earth, if it be at all crumbly, will
retain its position ; indeed, in deep cuttings, such as railways present, a fall of one
in two, or a slope of 27|-°, is that which is generally preferred. Where the soil is
excessively stiff, as strong clay, or where the sides of the drain are to be lined
with masonry, or where the channel is cut in rock or marl, the slope Ta&y be less
than 4.5°.
" The depth, dimensions, and direction of open water-courses nnist be determined
by the purposes they are to serve. Sharp turns are to be avoided, more especially
where the fall is rapid or the quantity of water is great ; for the banks are generally
hollowed out by the force of the current where such turns occur ; and thus it may
happen that at the very time when a free channel is of the utmost consequence in
discharging some flood of rain, a stoppage or impediment may be created by the
fall of a portion of the undermined bank. Where sudden and steep descents are
required in the course of open drains, it is a good practice to line the sides with
rough masonry, and to pave the bottom, so as to prevent that hollowing out which
sometimes converts a moderate-sized ditch in a few years into a gully or ravine of
formidable dimensions.
" Sometimes in large drainage works, where outfalls require to be formed for
extensive districts, calculations of a complicated nature have to be made, to show the
size of main drains which will be required to void the waters which may be expected
to flow into them. Sir John Leslie has given the following rule for ascertaining
136 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA.
the velocity due to declivity and depth of current in streams : ' Multiply the
mean hydraulic depth* of the river by the declivity per mile, both in feet, and
extract the square root of the product ; the result, diminished by one-sixteenth part,
will be the mean velocity of the river in miles per hour.'
" Having thus found the velocity due to any proposed channel, the quantity of
water which it can discharge will be found, in cubic feet, per minute, by multiply-
ing the area of the transvei-se section of the stream by its mean velocity in feet per
minute.
" Thus, a channel or water-course six feet wide and two feet deep, and having a
fall of only five feet per mile, will discharge 2-i64 cubic feet, or 15,400 gallons per
minute ; and would, therefore, be capable of discharging a fall of two inches of
rain in twenty-four hours from 488 acres of land, supposing the whole quantity to
be carried off by it.
COVEKED DRAINS.
" We now come to the consideration of the more im]iortant description of
drainage — the removal of water by means of covered drains.
" For hand-made drains the tools consist of a set of spades — generally three of
different sizes — gradually diminishing in width to suit the different parts of the
drain.
" For soils free from stones these si)ades work better when curved ; but for
stony lands the flat fonn is preferable. For taking out the last narrow spit, to fonn
the seat for the draining pipe, long narrow spades are used, called bottoming tools.
There are also scoops of various widths, furnished with long handles, and rounded
or flattened in the soles, according as they are required to finish the bottom of tlie
drain, for the reception of stones, a horse-shoe tile and sole, or a draining pipe. In
the formation of large and deep drains a shovel, very much bent at the neck, or
having a great ' lift,' as it is termed, is very useful for finishing the bottom.
"Where the subsoil is stony or hard, a haiul jiick or foot ])ick is i-equired to loosen
it before it can be shovelled out.
" For the purpose of laying pipes in narrow deep drains, an instrument called a
pipe-layer has been invented, and is indispensable ; for the narrowness of the drains
prevents a man from standing in them, nor is he able to reach the bottom \vith his
hand, without much trouble ; while, with the assistance of the pipe-layer, he does
not require to go into the drain at all, and can proceed with great expedition.
" In addition to the tools named, a drain-gauge is a necessary instrument.
* The mean hytliaulic (kpth is the deptli which would obtain if a stream were made to tiow
in a new channel, the breadth of which was equal to the stim of its present mean breadth and twice
its mean depth. Thus a stream having a mean breadth of six feet and a mean depth of two feet
would give a mean hydraulic depth of \\ feet.
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMERICA. 137
Different sizes of these are required for the different widths and depths of drains.
AVhere the fall of the ground to be drained is very slight, the workmen should be
provided with a level. The best form of this instrument, because that which they
most readily understand, is the ordinary mason's level, but made of large dimensions,
and having a stem of such height as to show the ' bob ' above the drain, when
the level is applied at the bottom.
TILE DRAINS.
" Of all the materials which have yet been brought forward for forming the
conduits of drains, none are so well fitted for the purpose as tiles or pipes of burnt
clay. Draining tiles, especially those in the form of pipes, possess all the qualities
which are required in the formation of drains. They are cheap, durable, and portable.
They afford a free ingress to water, while they effectually exclude vermin, or earth,
and other materials, which often destr6y the less perfect forms of drains. They
afford a ready passage to the water which enters them, and a moderate amount of
superintendence will insure their being properly laid in the drains, while the expedition
with which a great extent of draining operations can be executed where they are used
permits an extension of this improvement, which could not be even thought of if
stones or other weighty materials had to be employed.
DtJEABILIXy.
" There seems to be hardly any limit to the durability of a well-burned pipe in
itself ; and if they are carefully laid the drains formed of them should be equally
durable with themselves.
" Their structure prevents the entrance of gross matters, by which they might
become choked, while no amount of violence to which they are likely to be subjected
can injure them. Cases have, no doubt, been discovered in which tile drains have
become choked by a ferruginous deposit of peroxide of iron, which, having entered
in the form of a solution of the protoxide, becomes deposited on contact with the
air in the drain. It is of very rare occurrence, and is equally or even more injurious
to stone drains.
" The entrance of roots into pipes is almost the only other accident they are liable
to ; but it is believed that a complete remedy for this, so far as cultivated plants are
concerned, can be pointed out, and will be considered imder the ' Depth of Drains.'
No drain should pass near to water-loving trees, as no crevice, however small, is proof
against the entrance of their roots. An instance of stoppage came under our notice
where the roots of the common willow had so completely filled the pipe of a drain
for thirty feet that not the smallest quantity of water could pass through it. The
ash tree is also very destructive to drains.
138 JERHJ-jy rATTLE IX AMERICA.
" A ton of two-inch pipes will furnish forty-eight mils of ilrain, while a ton of
broken stone will only form two roils.
" Pipe Tiles have been made of a great variety of shapes, but experience has
convinced us that there is no form so good as the cylinder. The cylinder can
hardly be placed imjiroperly. if the trench be finished with a semi-cylindrical scooj),
ius it at once finds its ])la<!e in the centre of the cavity.
" In clay soils the trench should be cut of a convenient width for the operations
of the workman, to within nine inches or a foot of the total depth ; the bottoming
tool is then employed to take out the remaining portion, in the form of a narrow
spit, of just sufficient size to admit the pipe. By this means no more work is done
in cutting than is required, while the fitting of the pipes to each other is secured.
" Where a sudden or steep descent occurs in the course of a drain, or where there
is a running sand or boggy place, pipes of one size should eitlier be entirely sheathed
in lai'ger ones, breaking bond with them, or they should be furnished with collars.
These collars ai-e short sections of pipe of such size as to fit upon smaller ones.
" The ijuestioii of tlie size of pipes proper for drains is not entirely depoidciit
upon the (piuntity of rain to be discharged. An important consideration is the
probable effect of a slight displacement iipon the drain. Some liave advocated the
use of one-inch pipes ; but in some situations these woidd ])rove (juite insufficient to
discharge the quantity required of them, lint, apart from the question of capacity,
it must be obvious that a very slight sinking of an inch pipe or a slight inaccuracy
in placing it would entirely destroy the drain. It is true tliat this objection is
of no force wliere collars are used ; but the cost of collars and trouble and loss of
time in fitting them are so great that a larger size of pipe is a cheaper alternative.
The smallest size of pipe that can be employed with safety seems to be that of one
and a half inch diameter in the bore. In wet districts the two-inch size is to be
preferred, although the one ami a half inch size may, with propriety and economy,
be used in the first one hundred yards of each drain, or throughout, when the drains
are under that length, as in such cases the accumulated cpiantity of water is not
great.
" The same rule which governs the ffow of water in streams also governs the
flow in covered drains, theoretically speaking ; ])ut the great inecpialities and asperi-
ties in ])ipes occasioned by imperfect joinings and otherwise reduce the results in
practice in some cases nearly fifty ])er cent.
DKAINING OF SPRINGS.
" The drawing off of the pent-up waters, which are the sources of springs, is a
department of draining which i-equires, for its successful practice, a considerable
knowledge of the difli'erent varieties of stratification which occur, and is, probably,
for that reason too little practised. When the theory of springs is understood, and
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 139
a knowledge of the strata obtained, the judicious application of a few simple drains,
made to communicate with the watery layers, will often dry swamps of great extent,
where large smns of money, expended in forming furrow drains in the swamp
itself, would leave it hut little improved. It is to the application of both kinds of
drainage where required that we are to look for the best results ; and the judicious
drainer will well consider and avail himself of those means which are capable of
producing the maximum effect required, without staying to consider whose or what
system it is which he employs.
" In endeavoring to drain springs, the point to be sought for is to furnish outlets
sufficiently niunerous to discharge all the water from the ]5orous bed, at the lowest
point to which it reaches in the land to be drained.
" Elkington had the merit of reducing the draining of springs to a system, and
the mles which he laid down were so simple and complete that their authority
has remained undiminished. Johnstone thus describes the method : ' Draining,
according to his (Elkington) principles, depends upon three points : (1) Upon finding
out the madn sjn'ing, or cause of the mischief, without which nothing effectual
can be done. (2) Upon taking the level of that spring, and ascertaining its suhter-
ranea/ri hearings, a measure never practised by any till Elkington discovered the
advantage to be derived from it ; for if the drain is cut a yard below the line of the
spring, you can never reach the water which issues from it, and by ascertaining that
line by means of levelling, you can cut off springs effectually, and, consequently,
drain the land in the cheapest and most eligible manner. (3) By making use of the
auger to reach or tap the spring where the depth of the drain is iK)t sulficient for the
purpose.'
" The term ' main spring ' in the passage just quoted refers to what is sometimes
called the true spring, in contradistinction to those termed false springs. The time
springs seldom cease to flow, whereas, in dry seasons, the false springs sometimes
intermit for considerable periods of time. The true spring is the natural outlet of
the enclosed water which gives rise to it, whereas the false springs are occasioned
by the backing up of a large quantity of water from the insufficiency of the outlet,
till it flows forth at some higher level, in which case they appear above the true
springs ; or they owe their existence to water which, after having issued from the
true spring, has soaked into the soil, and has again appeared where some obstruction
forces it to the surface. In the latter case the false are below the true springs.
" Having ascertained the line of the true springs, the next step is to cut a drain
sufficiently deep to reach the watery stratum at a short distance below the line of the
springs.
" If, upon experiment, it turns out that the superincumbent impervious layer is
considerably more than five or six feet in thickness, it will be proper, instead of
incurring the great exjiense of foi-ming an enormously deep drain, to cut a drain four
140 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
feet in depth only, and then to sink small wells down to the watery Ijed at intervals
along the course and a little to one side.
" These wells are to be filled with small stones, so as to afford a ready passage for
the water to rise up through them to the drain. The conduit may be formed of
draining pipes or bricks or stones, as may be most convenient, taking care, however,
that the culvert is securely formed, and that the floor of the drain is protected by
tile soles or slate or some other material, to prevent the hollowing action of the great
flow of water which may be expected to proceed along it. The small stones should
be continued to the height of ten or twelve inches above the culvert, so as to furnish
a free passage for the water into the chinks and joinings of the culvert. When the
watery stratum hes at a depth exceeding eight feet, it is usual, instead of sinking the
small wells just described, to make use of an auger, or boring rod, in order to reach
the reservoir of water. The auger-hole, like the well, ought also to be sunk a little
to one side of the drain, so that the discharge from them may not interrupt the
course of the drain, by rising at riglit angles ^nth the flow of water in it, and so as to
guard as much as possible against the choking of the culvert by any bodies which
may ascend through the well or auger-holes, such as sand, which is sometimes
discharged in large quantity on the first tapping of the spring.
" In the plan the feeder is carried liorizontally along the line of springs, so as to
communicate -with the tail of the watery stratum along the whole of its course^
From the horizontal drain or feeder there must be carried a main drain, to convey
the water to the nearest brook or water-course ; or where there is a large extent of
horizontal drain or a great quantity of water, it may be necessary to make several
mains. These shoidd always be laid out in the line of the fall of the land, so as to
discharge the water as quickly as possible ; for it must always be borne in mind that
a drain, with a depth of water constantly flowing therein, in a direction transverse to
the slope, cannot fail to supply spongy soils with more water than is consistent with
a healthy state.
" It often happens that instead of a line of springs there is but one, arising
from some chink or fissure communicating with a watery stratiun at a considerable
depth. Such are the ' well eyes,' ' piping springs,' and ' quags,' as they are
called, which one meets witli so often in moorland tracts. The proper co^irse to
pursue with these is to cut a drain of three or four feet in depth from the point
of discharge toward them in a direct line up the ascent, deepening the drain
considerably as it approaches the spring. In such cases it is always necessary to
reach the orifice of the spring, if the watery stratum itself is out of reach ; for the
constant flow of water keeps up a rank growth of peat and subaquatic plants, which
act like saturated sponges, and retain the water even although the drains be within
a few feet of them.
" When the main oriflce of the spring has been reached, and its waters are
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 141
confined to tlie channel of the drain, any subsidiaiy outlets will be more readily
discovered, if such exist.
•' These must be reached by short drains, l:)ranching off the main one described.
" Valleys between rising grounds or hollows in. an undulating country are some-
times kept in a marshy state by springs, which are fed from the higher ground in
the vicinity. In this case a deep drain, carried along the lowest ground, and either
reaching the watery stratum directly, or by means of wells or auger-holes, will
generally dry a very large extent, if not the whole, of the swamp.
" It frequently happens that although the surface of a district is wet there exists
below it, at some distance, a layer so dry and porous as to be capable of absorbing
any quantity of water which may gain access to it. Well-sinkers sometimes meet
with such strata, which at once absorb all the water they may have met with in the
upper strata. This peculiarity has been taken advantage of in draining, and copious
springs may be made to disappear by simply boring an auger-hole into such a
stratum, where it is known to exist, and turning the water of the spring into it.
ABSORPTION AND EETENTION IN SOILS.
" All porous bodies have the power of attracting or absorbing liquids in a greater
or less degree, by virtue of a particular property which they possess, which has been
denominated capillary attraction, from the minute tubes in which its influence is
exhibited. Capillary attraction acts more rapidly in some soils than in others ; thus
we find that in pure clays it exhibits its influence but slowly ; in agricultural clays,
into the composition of which some of the more porous earths enter, its action is
more rapid ; while gravel, sand, or peat — which latter may be likened to a vegetable
sponge — speedily absorb as much water as they can hold on being brought in contact
with it. This power of attraction also manifests itself on the surface of bodies, and
may then be called the attraction of adhesion. Soils, in common with all other
bodies, possess this property, and in a greater or less degree, according to the aggregate
surface which the particles of a given bulk present.
" Thus clay may, by means of kneading, be made to contain so large a quantity
of water as that at last it may almost be supposed to be divided into infinitesimally
thin layers, having each a film of water adhering to it on either side.
" Such soils, again, as sand or chalk, the particles of which are coarser, exert a
less degree of adhesive attraction for water. Professor Schiibler, of Tubingen, found
that sand was capable of holding twenty-five per cent., loamy soil forty per cent., clay
loam fifty per cent., and pure clay seventy per cent, of their own weights of water,
when the water was merely poured upon them in a dry state, till it began to drop.
Sir Hmnphry Davy found that the power of attraction for water generally proved
an index to the agricultural value of soils. This sort of attraction, however, depends
upon other causes besides the adhesion to which we have been alluding. The power
142 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AJfEEICA.
of attraction which certain substances exhibit for the vapo?' of water is more akin to
the force which enables certain porous bodies to absorb and retain many times their
volume of the different gases, as charcoal or ammonia, of which it is said to absorb
ninety times its own bulk. And as finely-divided mineral matter, as well as vege-
table matter in a state of decay, at the same time that they possess this power in a
high degree, are also indications of fertility, according to tlie proportion in which a
soil contains them, so the relationship observed by Davy between fertility in soils
and their affinity for aqueous vapor admits of easy and satisfactory explanation.
Clay soils are called impervious soils, because in their natural state they resist the
passage of water through them. They are also called retentive soils, because if
water does gain access to them their power of adhesion enal)les them to retain a large
quantity of it for a great length of time. These are properties which have a very
injurious effect on all agricultural operations, and their removal is one of the results
which the scientific drainer seeks to effect.
" "We have it in our power to increase for a time the ]ieniieal)ility of clay soil.*
by mechanical means.
"By pulverizing theiu when dry. we so separate their jiarts a.s U< afford a ready
passage to water.
" Natural causes also have a like tendency. The summer drouth causes nmnerous
cracks and fissures, which admit the rains to all parts of the soil. This temporary
permeability on undrained clay lands is, however, found to be an evil ; for by means
of it the rain is enabled to penetrate and saturate the soil, in autiuun, to a consider-
able depth ; while their great adhesive power retains it to an extent which reduces
the soil to a state of quagmire during the winter months. Accordingly, we find that
the clay-land farmer is by no means ambitious to pulverize his soil very finely when
it is undrained. He prefers a rough clod on his wheat land, which has to contend
with the watery influences of the winter months ; and he very properly eschews
all attempts at subsoiling in the wet months of the year, or anything which may
bring into play the water-retaining powers of his soil. When clay is properly
and thoroughly drained, however, a new element is brought into operation by the
constant supply of air to the soil. By its means the permeability is increased, while
the adhesiveness, if not removed, is at least prevented from exercising any other tliati
a beneficial influence.
" The water-resi.sting power of soil which has become slightly dry is familiar
to every farmer, althougli many may not be aware of the cause.
" "When a piece of damp land is plowed it is very apt to get ' soured ' if rain
falls immediately after it is turned over ; whereas, if it gets somewhat dry befoiv
the rain falls it is but little injured. Tiiis effect is entirely owing to the air, which
takes the place of the evaporated moisture, and acts like a waterproof gannent in
warding off the rain.
JERSEY CA TTLE I.V A31ERICA. 143
" "When rain falls upon the surface of soils which rest upon an impervious or
very slightly pervious substratum it is gradually diffused through all the porous
and absorbent portions by capillary attraction, assisted in clays by the cracks and
fissures they may contain.
" If the fall continues the soil liecomes saturated, and the excess then forms
pools, or makes its escajie by flowing over the surface to any neighboring water-
course which may exist.
" When the rain ceases to fall those parts of the surface which are higher than
the rest gradually become drier, because the water being no longer poured upon
them, the law of gravitation produces its natural results. Now, we cannot raise the
soil, but we can lower the impervious or saturated bed on which it rests, and so
increase the depth of poroiis soil.
"If we cut a trench or drain into the subsoil, we immediately disarrange the
hydrostatic relations which exist iu its neighborhood in a greater or less degree,
according to its depth. The capillary force which retained the water in the soil to a
height of a few inches is no longer able to sustain it when the height is increased to
feet, and a portion descends into the drain, leaving the upper part of the surface
comparatively dry. Now, the unequal pressure of different heights of water in the
land immediately compels the portion of soil next to that from which the water has
been drawn to yield up a portion of its excess to it, obtaining, in its turn, a portion
from that farther off, and so on through the whole mass of the surface soil ; but
as fast as it is supplied the drain draws it off, so that in a short time the level of
the water in the whole mass is lowered. This is the action which is indicated by
the term drawing, which is so often applied to drains, probably iu many cases
without any very definite idea of its meaning.
" All soils, too, but especially those containing clay, possess the property of
expanding when wetted, and contracting when dried ; so that after the drain has
removed a portion of the water a considerable contraction takes place, especially in
a dry season ; but as the ends of the field cannot approach each other to suit the
contraction, both soil and subsoil are torn asimder, and divided into small portions
by a network of cracks and fissures, the sum of which represents the amount of
lateral contraction throughout the field. This circumstance is familiar to every one,
and most persons who are conversant with strung land are aware that in some
seasons the fissures extend to a great depth.
" These phenomena are of the utmost consequence in draining land ; indeed, it
may well be doubted whether without such properties ia the soil or subsoil we
could drain our clay lands at all. It is woi'thy of remark here that as on stiff soils
the cracking action is strongest, nature seems to second the efforts of man, and
compensates the want of porosity in clays by the more powerful development of a
property which, under skilfid treatment, renders them almost as easy to drain as the
lU JEItHEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
more porous soils. The teudency of draining is to increase and guide the course of
this cracking action.
" The main fissures all commence at tlie drain, and spread from it in almost
straight lines into the subsoil, forming so manj' minor drains or feeders, all leading
to the conduit.
" These main fissures have numerous small ones diverging from tliem, .'io that
the whole mass of earth is divided and subdivided into the most minute portions.
The main fissures are at first small, but gradually enlarge as the dryness increases,
and at the same time lengthen out, so that when a very dry season happens they
may be traced the whole way between the drains.
" When the fissures are once formed the falling of loose earth into them and the
growing action of the water which passes through them prevent them from ever
closing so ])erfectly as to hinder the passage of water, while each successive summer
produces new fissures, till the whole body of the subsoil is pervaded by a perfect
network of them, which gradually alters the very nature of both soil and subsoil,
and in connection with judicious and liberal manuring has the effect of converting
poor cold clays into something not very different from a good clay loam.
DEPTH OF COVERED DRAINS.
" Sucli drains have a twofold office to perform. They have to collect the super-
fluous water from the soil, and then to carry it oflf in a certain fixed course. They
must, therefore, afford free access to water at all points, and, at the same time,
prevent that which they have collected from leaving them by any other way but by
their own channels. They must also be covered to such a depth as not to interfere
with the working of the land. Let us fix the mininmm depth of this covering of
soil.
" Modern agriculture, practical as well as theoretical, has shown that ' to have
large crops we must have a deep soil.' The soil is a great storehouse of materials of
which plants are composed ; but these require a certain amount of preparation before
they become fitting food for our crops. That preparation is effected by exposing
them to the action of the elements, through the operation of tillage. Plants have
the peculiar property of being able to adapt themselves to almost any amount of
food which may be presented to them. Take turnips, for example ; these will be
found varying from the size of a pigeon's egg to that of a man's head, or larger
according to the amount of food with which they have been supplied. It is, there-
fore, an object of first imjjortance that a large quantity of what chemists call the
inorgmiic constituents of plants be constantly in course of preparation in a soil deeply
stirred by the subsoiler or trench plow. If, then, it is considered probable, or even
possible, that subsoiling and trench plowing may become general, it is imperative
that drains be so put in as not to interfere with or be injured b}' such operations.
HILDA D. 6683.
AT 9 YEARS OLD.
A'EKNA HERD.
FuEnERic Bronsox. Soi'tiiport, Connecticut.
JERSEY ('A TTLE IN AMERICA. 145
" Subsoiling as hitherto practised has reached a depth of eighteen inches, but
it is highly probable that future experience may demand a still greater depth. If,
however, we take the depth at eighteen inches, we cannot with safety place the
upper part of the drain nearer to the surface than this depth at least.
" But, further, if such an instrument as a subsoiler was to pass close to the top of
a drain, it could not fail to injure or destroy it ; and even although an inch or two of
soil were to intervene between the instrument and the top of the drain, still the shaking
and crushing which take place would, in all probability, materially injure it. It
must, therefore, be concluded tluit from four to si.x inches of soil must be left
undisturbed between the top of the drain and the subsoiler, so as to insure the
safety of the former. If to this we add the depth of the siibsoiling operations, we
obtain data showing that the top of a drain should never be nearer the surface than
twenty-two to twenty-four inches.
" "Where a precise rule cannot be laid down, it is best to keep on the safe side ;
we must therefore assume that there should be at least twenty-four inches of soil
above every drain.
RESULTS EEQUIRED BY DEPTH OF DRAINS.
" There is hardly any subject connected with agriculture which has excited such
an amount of controversy as the proper depth for drains.
"A careful consideration of the very numerous recorded opinions published
during the last few years only leaves the conviction that there is no settled rule as
to the depth of drains hest adapted to all soils and all circumstances.
" We say hest adapted, for we believe that there is a depth and distance of drain
which will effectually remove the surface water from all soils ; but whether that
might be the most economical and most judicious mode of proceeding in particular
cases can only be settled by a thorough investigation of the particular case to which
it is to be applied.
" Cases are sometimes adduced as successful examples of deep thoroiigh draining
where the drains are placed at great intervals, and in some cases ten feet in depth.
These have no claim to be considered as examples of thorough draining at all.
They are merely successful examples of Elkington's principles to the removal of
springs, by furnishing outlets to the water in the stratum from which they arise.
The proper function of thorough draining is the removal of rain-water, which would
otherwise lodge and stagnate in retentive soils.
" Gravitation is not the only agent to be considered in thorough draining.
" The first consideration to which we must address ourselves, in fixing the depth
of drains, is the depth of soil which is required to be laid dry. There is a limit to
the depth of drained soil required for the purposes of cultivation ; and any extra
exjjenditure in drying soil at greater depths than will yield a retui-n must be
regarded as waste.
140 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
" It is probable tliat, as a general rule, the roots of our cultivated plants do not
penetrate to a greater depth than two feet, or two feet six inches, even in soil fitted
for their reception. That they descend to the former, at least, of these depths, has
been put beyond dispute, by the roots of mangold having been found in a drain, the
t()]i of which was two feet from the surface ; but there is no case recorded in whicrh
tlie roots of cultivated plants have been found in three-feet drains. This is, no
doubt, only negative testimony ; still, the spirit of inquiry in regard to draining
would probably have discovered such a case if it had (jccurred. It will not be a
verj^ forced conclusion if we take it for granted that thirty inches represents the
ordinary depth to which the plants of agriculture are likely to penetrate.
" It is further necessary that water should not ])e allowed so near the surface as
to create any chilling effect on the vegetation. It is also desirable that it should
not be so near as to be capable of injuring the surface, by ascending in too great
quantities, by means of capillary attraction. A depth of from three to four feet
seems to be as great a dejith of drained soil as can be required.
" But there are still other considerations which must influence us in ii.xing the
proper depth for drains in particuhir cases. In the case of a porous soil and subsoil
saturated with water, in consequence of resting upon an impervious stratum, it will
be proper, if practicable, to sink entirely through the porous stratmn, and to form
the conduit of the drain in the impervious layer. By this plan of proceeding a very
limited number of drains may be made to dry a great extent of surface ; for it niay
be laid down as a general rule in regard to very porous soils, that the deeper the
drain the further it will draw.
" It sometimes happens in clayey soil that at no great distance from the surface
there is a watery stratum composed of porous materials.
" If this stratum is not more than six or seven feet from the surface, it may be
turned to excellent account in draining ; for by cutting a smaller number of drains
down to it than would have been required in ordinary cases, it will not only be
emptied of its own water, but will be converted into one extensive natural drain
imder the whole surface, of which the drains which are cut will form the outlets.
In the drainage of shallow peat bogs it is always desirable to cut through the peat
to the solid stratmn on which it rests, for the very unstable nature of the ]jeat
renders it a very bad foundation on which to form a drain.
" It appears, then, that drains ought to vary in depth according to each
particular case to which they are to be applied.
" Drains in porotis soils maybe deep and widc^ ajjurt, because the water will
readily flow to them from all parts, and the greater the depth, thi^ more jxiwerfully
will the capillary attraction of the soil be neutralized.
" In clay soils, again, the drain has not only to carry away the water, but to aid
in maintaining the artificial porosity of the soil, by means of which the water is to
JEliSEY CATTLE IN A3fEJ{ICA. 147
gain admission to it. This it cannot eiiect if placed at a deptli to which the
shrinkage of the soil does not extend ; and it must not be forgotten that this
shrinking action is much greater in certain parts of the country than in others, and
in some seasons than in others.
" The comparatively slight benefit derived in many cases from drains in clay
during the first season after their formation, more especially if that has been a wet
one, is suiiieient confirmation of this view of the matter.
" Our own experience and observation, combined with the experience of others,
have convinced us that no drain should be put in at a less depth than three feet, where
this is practicable.
" That clay-land farmers will be found to advocate the use of nuich shallower
drains, and will point to the water standing above such deejj drains (as they style
them) as a conclusive proof of their inefficiency, is no doubt true ; but an examina-
tion of the shallowest drains, where the land has been stirred or trod upon when wet,
wUl exhibit the same appearance. One inch of wet and worked clay will prevent
water from passing through, so long as it is kept wet, as effectually as a y;ird
will do.
"The true remedy is to refram from working siu-li land wlieu it is too moist;
any stirring of it in that state is only undoing all that the summer drouth has
effected in rendering it porous.
" Taking three feet as a minimum (k'j)tli for drains, three and a half and four
feet will be found safe and efficient depths at which to place them, where there are
no peculiar circumstances demanding special depths to suit them. What the
nature of these circumstances is has been stated in a general way ; the limits to
which we are necessarily circumscribed in such a work as this prevent our referring
to them more in detail. Neither our nomenclature of soils nor our knowledge of
the laws which govern the flow of water through them is at this time sufficiently
exact to permit us to frame rules to be implicitly followed.
FREQUENCY OF DKAIXS.
" The distances apart at which drains ought to be placed is a subject of great
importance, and one on which much difference of opinion exists.
" Smith contends that drains should be placed at very short intervals. He
says : ' In laying off the drains, the first object for consideration is the nature of the
subsoil. If it consists of a strong stiffy ' till ' or a dead sandy clay, then the distance
from drain to drain should not exceed from ten to fifteen feet ; if a lighter and
more porous subsoil, a distance of from eighteen to twenty-four feet will be close
enough ; and in very open subsoils forty feet distance niay l)e sufficient.'
•' On the other hand, Parkes, who represents the deep and distant di-ain system,
says : ' It consists with my own ]iractice, at the present time, that drains are being
148 JEIISEY (ArrLE IX AMEllIVA.
executed at deptlis of from four to six feet, according to soil and outfall, and at
distances varying from twenty -four to sixty-six feet, complete efficiency being the
end studied, and the proof of such efficiency being that, after a due period given for
bringing about drainage action in soils unused to it, the Avater should not stand
higher, or nnu-h higher, in a hole dug in tlie middle l)et\veen a pair of drains than
rht,' level of those draint;.'
" The distance, like the depth of drains, must be governed by a variety of cir-
cumstances, all of which demand strict and carefid investigation before proceeding
to set oif any system of drainage. The most important of these considerations is
the nature of the subsoil, and the effects which the removal of stagnant wat«r will
produce upon it. If the subsoil be very porous, or, although not porous in itself, if
it rests upon a porous substratum, from which the drains are calculated to remove
the water, tlio parallel drains maybe deep and placed at considerable intervals. On
the other liand, wlicre tlie subsoil is impervious tlie drains iniist be ]>lacc(l at uiucli
.shorter intervals. *
" In estimating the im])erviousnes8 of subsoils, it is not only necessary to have a
due consideration of their nature before drainage ; the effects which drainage will
produce upon them must also be taken into account. In some soils, as we have seen,
a great degree of artificial porosity -will be produced by draining ; on these the
drains may, with propriety, be at wader intervals than on soils in which this cracking
action is less powerfully developed.
" The subsoils ujion M-hich draining acts to a shorter distance perhaps than any
others arc those clay sub.soils, containing a large quantity of imbedded stones, which
characterize a large portion of the surface of the carboniferous and Cambrian f onna-
tions. They are often so completely indurated as to be almost impervious to water,
and wlu'ii cut into are almost dry, even although the surface soil which rests upon
them may be at the same time of the consistence of soft soaj^. The great portion of
their ma.ss, which consists of inexpansible materials, prevents the production of that
artificial porosity which plays such an important part in the draining of the jniri'r
clays. Subsoiliiig as an adjunct to drainage on such soils proves of the greatest
value.
" III planning tlie draining of elay soils, climate must also be allowed its due
effect.
" We have seen that a drain may ])ass very near a spring without drawing off its
waters, because the ])erennial su])ply of water i)revents the formation of fissures by
shrinkage.
" Our own experience over a considerable range of soils and climate, collated
with the experience of a very large number of careful and unprejudiced observers,
has convinced us that the extreme distances named both by Smith and Parkes arc
to be avoidcil.
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 149
" There can hardly occur any instance in which drains require to be placed at
such close intervals as ten feet. There may be isolated spots in a field into M'hich
it may be necessary to extend a branch, to draw off some minor spring; but, as a
general rale, it may be held that draining at ten feet apart is a waste of lal)ur and
materials. On the other hand, we think sixty-six feet au extreme and unsafe
distance for thorough draining.
" A scale of distances ranging from eighteen to forty feet will l)e found to suit
almost any case which may occur, while it will not incur the charge of waste of
means on the one hand, or inefficiency on the other. We have found a distance of
twenty-four feet, with a depth of from three and a half to four feet, produce very
perfect results on soils of considerable tenacity, in districts subject to more than the
average fall of rain in the British Islands. These will l)e found safe examples to
follow under similar circumstances ; and where there is nothing in the formation of
the subsoil calling for a particular arrangement to meet it, these intervals and depths
will generally be fouiui perfectly successful.
DIRECTION AND DK^LIVITV OF DRAINS.
" As the law of gravitation, when permitted to act by either natural or artificial
porosity, is that which governs the descent of water into drains, the chief object to
be considered in laying out drains is the placing of them in such a position as will
bring this principle to bear most fully upon them, in reference to the land on whicli
they are intended to act.
""Where land is altogether level, all i)arts of tlie surface will l>e in tlie same
relative position as to height above any drain whicli may l)e cut into it. In such a
case, therefore, as in the fiat alluvial tracts which border some rivers, and are to lie
met with in various districts, the choice of direction for the drains ought to depend,
in a great measure, on the convenience of outfall. It is a matter of no consequence
whether the drains run in the line of the ridges, at right angles Avith or diagonally
to them. The main consideration necessary to be attended to is how they may be
most conveniently disposed in reference to the main drain or place of discharge.
" Where, however, the land is ])ossessed of any degree of slope, other consitl-
erations must guide the drainer.
" Where the slope is very slight, the necessity for selecting the line in which it
is greatest for the direction of the drains, in order to obtain a fiow in them, will be
admitted by all. This rule ought also to obtain in all casen of slojiing land, thougli
for different reasons.
" There are reasons for selecting the line of the greatest fall for the direction
of the drains, which are applicable to all lands alike.
" The most important of these is, that the line of the greatest fall is the unh/
Une in which a drain is relatively lower than the la/nd on either side of it.
JERSEY (ATTLK IX AMi:niC
I.AVINCJ Of
" Before proceeding to lay out drains, the dei)tli, frequency, and kind of drain
to be used must be fixed ujion. In deciding ujwm these jjoints an exjjeriniental
examination of the subsoil should take place, where its luiture is not already known.
'' Pits of three, foin\ five, or six feet should be dug, and these questions decided
upon the principles already explained, according to the indications which the ■|>its
uH'onl. In deciding on the frequency of tlie drains, it is worthy of reiteration tliat
extreme distances ought in every case to be avoided. A due regard should lie ])aid
to economy of lal)()r and materials, but tlie olijoct of the drainer ought rather to be
to effect a perfect drainage than to convert extensive works into an experimental
trial of the effect produced by drains at wide intervals.
"The same remarks apply to the size of pijies to be used. One-incli j)ipes
ought /(./•-/■ to be used without collars, and the locality must dctcniiinc wlictliei'
they n\\\\ lie used at ;ill. In some districts, if placed at twenty-four feet apart,
tliev would not void one-third i)art of tlie watc-r reiiuired of them.
••This should always art'onl a free and clear outlet to the drains, and must of
necessity be at the lowest jioint of the land to be <lrained. It will often be found
necessary to cut across otluT land, in order to obtain a pi-oper outfall ; but this is an
expense which should readily be gone to, where drains recpiireit; for draining
without a proper and clear outfall is only a waste of money. Tlie position of the
])roper ])oints of outfall should be determined by means of levelling instrunu^nts ;
and wherevei- there is a considerable extent of work to be done a conijietent
surveyor should bi' employed to fix these, as well as some otlier points which we
shall have to advert to, if not to lay ont the wh..le works; f.,r it cannot be too
sti-ongly enforced that there is no more worthless economy tiian that which entrusts
t!ie ])lanning of operations involving an outlay of hundreds or thousands to the rule
<if tlnnnb proceedings of some laborei' whose sole qualification is derived from the
fa<-t of his having helped to r^i som.' hundre.ls of rods .,f drains.
posrrioNS of thk minoh drains.
"There is a very simple mode of laying out the minor drains, which will apply
to most cases, or, indeed, to all, although in some its api)lication may be more diffi-
cult. The surface of each field must be regarded as being made up of one or more
))lanes, as the case may be, for each of which the drains should l)e laid out separately.
Level lines are to be set out a little below the upper edge of each of these planes ;
and the drains nnist then be made to cross these lines at right angles. By this means
the drains M'ill run in the line of the greatest slope, no matter how distorted the
surface of the fieM mav be.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 151
" When the furrows happen to coincide with the line of drains, it may some-
times be proper to take advantage of them, in order to lessen the cost of cutting ;
bnt where either their distances or direction do not coincide with those which are
ascertained to be the proper ones, they should without hesitation be disregarded.
THE POSITION AND SIZE OF THE MAIN DRAINS.
" All the minor drains should be made to discharge into mains or submains, and
not directly into an open ditch or water-course. There are many reasons for this.
" Grass and weeds, and debris of various kinds, collect in open ditches, and are
apt to choke up the mouths of drains, and thus greatly injure them, especially if
the fall is slight ; but when many drains are collected into one main, the mn of
water at its mouth becomes so strong as to clear away and overcome these obstacles,
if through negligence they are allowed to accumulate. It is also much more easy
for the farmer to look after the working of a few main drain mouths than to have
a large number of small drains requiring examination from time to time.
" There is also the further advantage of there being less risk of damage from
roots in the fences entering the drains, and the entrance of vermin can more
readily be guarded against.
" The mains should intercept all the minor drains, at eighteen or twenty feet
distance from the fences to which they tend, and conduct the accumulated waters
toward the place of outfall. There must also be submains in all the hollows. As
a general rule, there should be a main to receive the waters from every live acres,
as a great current is apt to injure them.
" The rule of Leslie which has been given will serve to determine the necessary
sizes of mains required, by deducting in round numbers twenty-iive per cent, of the
gross discharging power, on account of friction, and some other phenomena
connected with the discharge of water from pipes. Main drains may be conveniently
formed of one or more large pij^e tiles. Main drains should be three inches deejier
than the minor drains, so as to give the latter a drip, and prevent any damming up
from sand. The minor drains should enter the mains with a curve, in the direction
of the current of the mains ; and when they enter on both sides of the mains they
should not be exactly opposite to each other, as such an arrangement is apt to
produce stoppage of the full flow in the mains.
EXCAVATIONS.
" In excavating the trenches for drains, the first operation should be to cut the
main, beginning at the place of outlet. The width must be carefully and neatly set
out with a line, as indeed that of the whole of the drains should be. The earth
should be tiirown on the lower side of the main. The minor drains are next to be
152 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
cut, commencing with those farthest from tlie outlet. Tlie object of this is that as
fast as each drain is cut it may be laid with pipes, or other material, and covered in,
as well as the pieces of main between it and the next mouth or joining ; for nothing
is more improper than having a great extent of drains open at one time, as a
moderate degree of frost will cause much expense and trouble from the crumbling
in of the sides. Two workmen generally work together in each trench, commencing
at the lower end, that they may not Ije incommoded with water. As soon as they
have completed it, it should be carefully inspected by the overseer of the work,
after which the laying of materials should be immediately proceeded \vith. Where
pipes or tiles are used, these should previously be laid ready along the sides of the
trenches, taking care, however, iu laying horseshoe tiles down from the carts, to
place them on their backs ; for if their edges are placed in contact with the earth, a
very slight degree of frost causes it to adhere to them with such tenacity that they
cannot be used until a thaw sets in.
" The laying of materials should commence at the upper end of the drains, so
that all mud nuiy be cleared away without the risk of its entering the conduits.
'■ As a general rule, the laying of materials should be performed by a trustworthy
person paid by the day, for on the perfection of this operation the value of the
drain in a great measure depends. The joinings at the mains should be made either
by means of tiles made for the purpose, by having a hole cut in the side before
being burned, or by neatly chipping out a small piece by a smart blow in the projjcr
direction. All faulty tiles should be rejected, as holes in drains are fniitful sources
of injury.
"When the materials for the conduit have been placed in the trench, tlie CMrth
may either be returned upon them by manual labor or by the ])low.
"Where the plow is to be used, the earth must be placed on the right and left
of eacli alternate trench, so that the plow may make a full bout Ijy passing up one
drain and down another. The horses walk on either side of the trench, and a wide
swingle-tree must be used. Each drain will retpiire from four to six furrows to
complete the turning in. Where labor is not too high, the spade or drag hoe will
generally be found nearly as cheap methods of filling in as the ])low ; and with the
latter there is a great risk of accident to the horses."
The Theory of Drainaoe.*
" The theory of drainage, an operation in agriculture of almost equal importance
to that of plowing, is, in reality, very simple, although it depends upon several
physical and chemical conditions in themselves very distinct. The mechanical
Morton's EncjTlopwdia of Agriculture.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 153
conditions effected in thoroxigh drainage require : (1) That all the rain which falls
on the siu-face should quickly sink to the level of the drain, and be carried off ;
(2) that, iu thus sinking, the finely dixdded ^^ortions of the soil should not be carried
away, but that the water should be filtered before entering the drain ; (3) that the
depth of the drain should be sufiicieut to carry off underground water, and produce
amelioration in the soil to sufficient depth. Keeping these mechanical conditions in
view, the two principal effects produced, and which require explanation, are the
following : (1) The increased temperature of the soil, by which crops mature
upon it with greater rapidity ; (2) its increased fertility and better adaptation for
all kinds of cultivated crops.
" These two main improvements require separate consideration.
" When water stagnates in a soil, air is at the same time excluded, and the
necessary amelioration of the organic and inorganic ingredients cannot be effected.
In all cultivated soils decaying matter has a positively injurious action, even on its
mineral ingredients, by reducing the higher state of the oxidation of the iron gener-
ally present into the lower and injurious condition. In soils permeable to air, this
evil is at once counteracted by a fresh absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere ;
but in soils in which water stagnates this remedial process does not exist.
" The heat of the sun falling upon wet land does not exercise its genial influence
in promoting the growth of plants, but expends it in evaporation of the stagnant
water. In doing this much of the sensible heat is rendered latent, or, in other
words, is deprived of its warming properties. Water, in being converted into steam,
absorbs or renders latent an enormous amount of heat, which is of course robbed
from the soil ; for it otherwise would be used in the more profitable manner of
maturing the crops growing upon it. Some idea may be entertained of the amount
of heat absorbed and rendered useless to the plants growing on the soil, if a special
case be taken for illustration. It is found that porous chalk soils evaporate only
one half the fall of rain, the rest infiltrating and running off as springs and streams,
or being afterward found as wells.
" This, therefore, is a case very favoral)le to a wet soil, which would iu reality
allow a very much smaller quantity of rain to pass it ; nevertheless, the porous land
would require an expenditure of nearly twelve hundred weight of coal per day to
evaporate artificially one half the rain which falls on an acre during the year. In
other words, more than two hundred and nineteen tons of coal annually would be
required for every acre of undrained land, so as to allow the free use of the sun's
rays for the legitimate purpose of growing and maturing the crops cultivated upon it.
" It will not, therefore, be surprising that undrained soils are, in the language
of the fanner, ' cold.''
" But in addition to the heat abstracted by the evaporation of water in imdrained
soils, other physical properties combine in reducing their temperature.
154 JFliSEY (ATTl.F. IX AMERICA.
■' Oni> of tliesp is tlie 1(jw conducting power of water. When the sun's raj's
infringe upon tiie surface of a watery soil, it raises the temperature of the water;
l»ut tlie lieated water, being lighter than the cold water beneath, remains on tlie
surface, and the heat cannot penetrate into the interior of the soil. But at night the
verv reverse action i-nsucs ; for the water, rendered cold at the top, descends, by an
interchange witli the hottei- water beneath, which, in its turn, being cooled again,
sinks; and tlms tiic whole soil becomes quickly reduced to the same temperature as
the external air. and the roots of the plant frequently suffer from being thus chilled.
Water radiates its own heat freely into space, and hence a watery soil is quickly
cooled ill a cold night by the heat which the water distributes into the colder
" All tlu'se evils teiiil to reduce the temperature of undrained soils, and to render
them less fitted for the growth of cultivated crops, which, in general, reipiire a
genial warmth.
" When soils are drained to a sufficient dejith, the condition of the soil, with
regard to temperature, is entirely altered. The redundant water does not now
stagnate on it, but is immediately carried off. The aqueous moisture of the atmos-
|)Iiere. coiKlensed into raindrops, is of a higher temperature than the air itself. This
arises from the circumstance that when Vapor becomes liquid it renders sensible
that latent heat which it had absorbed to keep it in the gaseous state. The rain,
therefore, in its passage communicates its own natural heat in addition to the higher
heat of the soil's surface, and (quickly percolating through it, and being removed by
drainage, it does not require an additional amount for the purpose of evaporation.
The similar warming action of rain on a drained soil is also exerted by dew in the
coldness of the night.
" Soils and the plants iq>on them radiate heat into the atmosphere, from which
is deposited water in the form of dew, as soon as their temi)urature is lower than
that of the surrounding air. But the dew deposited upon the cold surface still
preserves the latent heat, rendered sensible by its condensation, and this heat
prevents the extreme chilling which would otherwise take place. The texture and
porosity of drained soil soon change by chemical actions, so that they Ijecome more
abscjrptive for moisture during dry weather. In fact, such soils do attract a large
(pnintity of the a(jueons vapor always present in the air, even in the driest weatliei",
and thus prevent the parching of j)lants from the heat of the sun in the absence of
moisture.
"These very obvious im|)rovenients in tiie condition of soils, (lei>ending njum
their relation to heat and moisture, have i)ractically the effect of an amelioration in
the clinuite of a district.
" The sun's rays now produce their full effect on the soil and on the crops,
without being robbed of their heat by the stagnant water of the soil, unable to effect
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERICA. 155
its escape except by evaporation. The chemical effects of drainage, in promoting
increased fertility, are not less striking. Eain-water always contains in solution air,
carbonic acid, and ammonia. The first two ingredients are among the most powerful
disintegrators of a soil. The oxygen of the air and the carbonic acid being both
in a highly condensed form, by being dissolved exert very powerful affinities on the
ingredients of the soil. The oxygen attacks and oxidizes the iron ; the carbonic acid,
seizing tlie lime and potash and other alkaline ingredients of the soil, produces
further • disintegration, and renders available the locked-up ingredients of this
magazine of nutriment. Before these can be used by plants they must be rendered
soluble ; and this is only effected by the free and renewed access of rain and air. The
ready passage of both of these, therefore, enables the soil to yield up its concealed
nutriment. The soil thus acted upon becomes soon changed to a certain extent in
its mechanical as weU as its chemical character. The particles of the soil being
comuiinuted, are rendered more absorptive of the gaseous foods of plants — carbonic
acid and ammonia. The porous soil thus becomes richer in organic food at the same
time that it is made to yield its nutritive mineral riches to the plants growing upon
it. The pecuhar chemical action exerted by the surface of soils for fixing ammonia
and other soluble ingredients in water becomes more powerfully exerted.
" The water being i-emoved from beneath the roots of plants by an adequately
deep drainage, prevents the depression of temperature in the manner described.
But, at the same time, it opens a new magazine of nutriment, by enabling the air
and carbonic acid to reach the lower parts of the soil, and to ameliorate its injurious
ingredients, while it liberates those which are useful.
" The plant has, therefore, a wider range in which it may seek its food, and is thus
enabled to extend its roots in search of nutritive matter, which it formerly refused
to do in a cold wet soil, in which the constituents were unfit for its healthy growth.
" Hence it is apparent that drainage is a most powerful agent in agriculture. By
it tlie temperature and therefore the climate of soils is elevated ; their porosity for
moisture, though not for wet, is increased; their disintegration is effected, and
nutritive, soluble materials are liberated; the organic gaseous food of plants
is furnished by absorptive action in greater quantity than before ; and the injurious
organic and mineral ingredients of the soil are so far altered as to be positively
beneficial to vegetation. With such advantages it is not surprising that drainage
has become an essential operation in agriculture."
DRAINAGE IN AMERICA.
As compared with Great Britain, the climate of America presents a greater
variety, but with a lower average rainfall, a less humid atmosphere, and greater
rapidity of evaporation, because of the very much larger prevalence of simshine at all
15C .IKIISKY CATTLK IX AMERICA.
seasons of the year. Nevertlieless. all that has bet'ii saiil in favor of drainage and
its results applies with equal force to the ijreater ]);\rt of the United States and
Canada, while many portions of the country require in connection with tliorouirli
underdrainage an ecjually elaborate system of irrigation either with river water or
the sewage of towns, in order to derive the full l)enefit of the system of drainage.
The testimony of those wlio liave had long experience in drainage, where the work
was thoroughly well done (and all else is absolute waste of money and labor), assert
that with drainage alone the crops are so largely increased in quantity and improved
in quality that the expense of the original cost is repaid in from two to three years.
It is believed by many who have given the subject careful study that in America
great advantages will accrue if the systems of drainage and irrigation shall Ite
combined for all soils where practicable.
Great improvement has been made in recent years in tlie (luality of ]>ipc tile.
The best arc those that are hard-baked and glazed.
The plows and machines for use in soils which are free from stone i)romise to
greatly lessen the cost. Vast areas of the best land are at present saturated a large
part of the year, or entirely and perennially drowned. These are also a ])rolific
source of fevers, ill-health, and poverty, to the majority of tlie inhabitants of
neighboring districts.
Drainage is the only remedy.
Among the various ditching machines, there are several that jiroinise to give
aid in reducing the cost of excavation, and also greatly facilitating the si)ee<l of
the work.
VALUE OF MANURE.
" No civUk', IK) ilimg; no (liiiifr, no crop." — Flemish Adage.
Most fanners keep themselves in a stati' bonlering on impoverishment by a
neglect to save manures. To allow the li(iui(ls to jiercolate through a porous soil
beneath the barn and stable yards is to lose the greater i>art of manurial value.
According to the best authorities, the urine is of more value than the solid excre-
ment, being ordinarily of double value, and under high feed is quadruple the value
of the dung of equal weight. According to experiments of German chemists, fully
ninety-five per cent, of all the valuable fertilizing elements digested were recovered
in the liquid excrement. The undigested elenkents are passed as solid excrement.
Tlie feed was barlev meal.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 157
NITROGEN STORED VP AND VOIDED FOK 100 CONSUMED.
Stored up as
Increase.
Sheep 4.3
Oxen 3.9
Pigs 14.7
Voided as
Solid
Excrement.
16.7
22.6
21.0
Voided as
Liquid
Excrement.
79.0
73.5
64.3
In Total
Excrement.
95.7
96.1
85.3
ASH CONSTITUENTS STORED UP AND VOIDED FOK 100 CONSUMED.
Animals.
Stored up as
Voided in Total
Excrement.
Sheep
3.8
2.3
4.5
96.2
Oxen
97.7
Pigs .
95.5
The combined excrements are rich in both nitrogen and mineral constituents.
Two thousand pounds of the solid would contain fourteen pounds, and of the liquid
twenty-eight pounds, on light feed ; but a rich food would give nearly double for
the liquid, or more than fifty pounds. The great essential to an improved agri-
culture is the saving of all manure, and then properly applying it to the soil when
and where needed. It is simply a question of prosperity with manure, or poverty
without manure.
TABLE OF MANURE VALUES.
Estimated Value
of Manure
Article. fi'om 8000 lbs.
1. Linseed Cake $19.54
2. Peas 13.65
3. Clover Hay 9.65
4. Oats 7.40
5. Wheat 7.08
6. Maize 6.76
7. Meadow Hay 6.43
8. Barley 6.27
9. Oat Straw 2.90
10. Wheat Straw 2.68
158 JEliSKY (ATTI.K IX AMFAIICA.
Estimated Value
of Manure
Article. 'roni 2000 lbs.
11. Barley Straw ^2.20
12. Potatoes 1-51
13. Mangolds 1.0^
14. Carrots 86
The above is a part of the table from Stewart's work, " Feeding Animals,"
which is made up from the estimates of Sir J. B. Lawes.
Tables showing Amount of Niteooen, Potash, and Phosphorio Acid ix 10(i
Pounds, and their Value per Ton at a Low Estimate.
SlIBBTANCES.
1. Beans . .
2. Vetches.
3. Flaxseed
4. Peas . . . .
5. Oats....
fi. Wheat..
7. Eye....
8. Barley..
Dry
Matter.
Nitrogeu.
Potash.
Phosphoric
Acid.
18 cts.
6 cts.
10 cts.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
S5.5
•il.O
12.0
11.6
Sfi-t
•M.o
6.3
7.9
lt(l.5
36.0
12.3
15.4
S57
36.0
9.8
8.8
870
20.6
4.5
6.2
8.5<i
18.8
5.4
8.0
851
17.6
5.4
8.2
860
17.0
4.9
7.3
Manure,
Value per
Ton.
$18.52
18.17
17.51
15.S7
10.27
9.(11
8.62
8.16
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
1. Green Vetches.
2. Green Peas. . . .
! 833
White Clover ! 840
Jr. Lueem
5. Ked Clover, in blossoni .
6. Green Oats
7. Timothy
S. Meadow Hay
9. Red Clover, ripe
10. Dead Eipe Hay
84(.)
840
85.5
85t)
857
840
856
Nitrogen.
Potash.
Phosphoric
Acid.
18 cts.
6 cts.
10 cts.
Lb.s.
Lbs.
Lbs.
22.7
30.9
9.4
22.8
29.6
9.7
23.8
10.6
8.5
23.0
15.2
.5.1
19.7
19.5
5.6
14.7
24.1
5.1
15.5
17.2
6.8
15.5
16.8
3.8
. 15.0
12.2
3.5
12.0
5.0
2.9
$13.75
13,69
11.53
11.00
10.55
9.20
9.00
8.35
7.56
5.56
GKEEN FODDEK.
1. Lucern
2. Hungarian Millet
3. Eye, in blossom
4. Green Vetches
5. Green Peas
6. Red Clover
7. Meadow Grass
8. Swedish Clover
9. "White Clover
10. Oats, coming into bloom
11. Timothy
12. Oats, in blossom
Dry
Matter
Lbs.
247
320
300
ISO
185
200
300
185
190
180
300
230
Nitrogen.
Potash.
Phosphoric
Acid.
18 cts.
6 cts.
10 cts.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
7.0
4.5
1.5
5.3
8.6
1.3
5.3
6.3
2.4
4.9
6.6
2.0
5.1
5.6
1.8
5.2
4.6
1.3
4.8
6.0
1.5
5.2
3.5
1.0
5.0
2.4
2.0
3.6
7.1
1.7
5.4
6.1
2.3
3.0
6.5
1.4
Manure,
Value per
Ton.
$2.94
2.54
2.51
2.35
2.34
2.27
2.24
2.18
2.15
1.94
1.94
1.61
JEli.SEY CATTLE IX AMElilOA.
Substances.
STRAW AND ROOTS.
1 . ( ):it Straw . .
2. Barley Straw
3. Wheat Straw
4. Potatoes
.5. Mangolds. . .
6. Carrots
Dry
Nitrogen.
IScts.
Lbs.
Lbs.
830
5.0
850
5.0
857
4.8
250
3.4
115
1.9
142
1.6
Phosphoric!
Acid.
Sets.
Lbs.
10.4
9.7
5.8
5.6 I
3.9 ,
3.2 i
Manure.
Value per
Ton.
Lbs.
2.5
2.0
2.6
1.8
0.7
1.0
$3.54
3.36
2.94
2.55
1.29
1.16
" The above tables are compiled from Professor Stewart's ' Feeding Animals.'
The estimates are made for the elements of nitrogen at eighteen cents, phosphoric
acid ten cents, and potash six cents a ponnd. This estimate is a low one, and holds
good for the value when both the liquid and solid excrements are saved, and will
help to give an approximate estimate of the values of manure from various fodders."
TABLE OF MANUEK TAI.rES FROS[ JOSEPH HAEEIS S " TAXKS ON MANURES.
Hen
Guano
These figures are given for ordinary care of animals, where the horse gets the
best all the year, and the hog rich food a part of the year. If the cow was fed as
well as she ought for a full yield of milk and butter, her manure would be as rich
as that of the horse.
M^ls^^^
MARJORAM 3239.
AT 13 YEARS OLD.
BKYN MA WE HEED.
F. 0. Sayles, Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
^s^^^*-
POGIS CHIEF 3998.
Stoke Porjis— Marjoram Type.
BEYN MAWR HERD.
C. Sayles, Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
JEESEY CATTLE IJV A3f ERICA.
RELATIVE VALUES OF UEINE.
Man
Cow (not in milk)
Sheep
Horse
Pig
.^ Solid Organic
Water, per cent. ki^jtg^_p^^^^.^j
93.0
96.0
94.0
92.6
2.34
5.00
2.70
5.60
Solid Inorganic
Matter, per cent.
0.76
2.00
1.20
3.30
1.80
METHODS OF SAVING MANUEE.
That there must be a radical reform in methods of treating and saving manure
ought to be apparent to every man that owns an acre of ground, or is interested in
the material prosperity of his country.
SOUECES OF MANURES.''
" Manure includes every substance, whether of animal, vegetable, or mineral
origin, which, when applied to the soil, has the effect of increasing its fertility.
"In practical agriculture manures are divided into two classes — natural and
artificial ; the former being originally derived from the soil itself, in the different
forms of forage, roots, plants, corn, and purchased food — all of which being consumed
by cattle, yield that much-prized substance familiarly known as farmyard manure.
Artificial, or, as they are sometimes termed, special or light manures, are, on the
contrary, all derived from sources extraneous to the usual products of the farm — that
is, they are neither directly the product of vegetable growth nor indirectly the
residuum of the consumption of vegetable substances by animals. Thus guano is
primarily derived from the ocean, in the fish consiimed by the sea fowl, whose excre-
ments, having accumulated on islands and rocks, furnish an almost inexhaustible
supply of a manure so powerful and concentrated as to baffle all artificial attempts
at imitation.
" Seaweed is another gift of tlie great deep, and is cast upon our shores in immense
quantities by the storms and tides. The earth presents us with another class of
manures, not the result of vegetable growth, but the product of great geological
events : take, for instance, the limestone rocks, chalk beds, marl beds, and gypseous
deposits ; the coprolitic and other collections of phosphate of lime ; the nitrates of
soda and potash, which appear on its surface in efflorescent incrustations in some
John Haxton, Morton's Encyclopaedia.
1C2 JERHEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
districts of India and upper Peru ; and the sulphur from which that powerful ac!id,
oil of vitriol, is obtained, which so greatly facilitates and economizes the effect of
bones and coprolites. The commercial industries are continually, adding to our
suppUes of manure, in the refuse substances of various manufactured articles ; thus
the refuse substances of gas-works, consisting of ammoniacal water and the lime iised
in purifying the gas from sulphurous acid, are now lai-gely employed as fertilizers —
the former in a liquid state or the more portable form of sulphate of ammonia, and
the latter, after exposure to the air, as sulphate and carbonate of lime. Our salt
mines also furnish us with muriatic acid and sulphate of soda, both of which are
obtained from salt by various processes in the chemical arts. The manufacture of
prussiate of potash yields large quantities of animal carbon derived from the hoofs
and liorns employed in the process. Bone charcoal is also another refuse product of
commerce, and is obtained in the form of a grayish gritty powder from sugar
refiner-s, who employ large quantities of charred bones in clarifying the liquor of
dissolved raw sugar before converting it into the whiter and purer sorts.
" Besides these sources of manure there -is one of far higher importance, in a
national, sanitary, and economical point of view, than all others, not even excepting
guano ; we mean the sewers of all the towns.
" This source of fertilizing wealth has been strangely overlooked hitherto, a fact
which is remarkable when contrasted with .the saving and economy displayed in
every department of the mechanical arts. Not a rag or shred of clothes is permitted
to be lost, but is turned to some use in the making of paper; not a scrap of rusty,
malleable, or cast-iron but is carefully collected, and the one welded together into
bars by the ponderous strokes of the steam-hammer, while the other is put into the
furnace, whence it issues ready to be formed into any shape which the founder may
desire. The gathering and collecting of the odds and ends which constitute the
refuse of the useful arts are so important and profitable that they form a large trade
in the country ; yet, notwithstanding the examples of success set before our capitalists
and speculators by these humble departments of industry, it is only lately that
the subject of applying the valuable contents of our city sewers to the ])urposes of
agriculture has attracted anything more than cursory attention. Now, however,
there appears something like a systematic attempt to turn to a useful and important
purpose that which has so long run to worse than waste, and which, if economized,
would not only increase the fowl nf the country, but also render our towns more
cleanly and healthful.
" In addition to the natural and artificial sources already specified, there is
another class of manures to which the term artificial may be exclusively aiiplieil.
They consist individually of different substances, mixed in various proportions,
according to the special purposes to which they are to be applied, and according to
the theoretical opinions of those who compound them.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 16;5
FARMYARD MANURE.
" According to Dr. Thomson's experiments,
100 lbs. of grass consumed by a cow daily give 71 lbs. of dung.
80 lbs. of grass and \\ lbs. of barley, water ad lihitum 78 "■ " -
85 lbs. of grass, 5f lbs. of malt, with water as before 82 " " "
25^ lbs. of hay, lOi lbs. crushed malt 77 '• " '•
Average 77 lbs. of dung.
" From these figures it appears that one hundred pounds of grass, consumed in-
doors by a cow, produce seventy-one pounds of solid and liquid manure. But a cow
also produces from twenty to twenty-five pounds of milk from one hundred pounds
of grass ; so that were the grass consumed by an o.x instead of a cow, we would infer,
from the fact of his only increasing a few pounds of live weight daily, that he would
void a greater weight of dung than a cow. The quantity and composition of dung,
however, are greatly dependent upon the amount of water drank along with the food ;
but all things being alike, it seems logical, as well as a correct physical deduction, to
consider that in the case of a cow and an ox of equal size and capacity, consuming
the same amount of food, the one giving a full supply of milk, and the other increasing
at a maximum weight, the latter will yield the greatest quantity of manure.
" In stall-feeding the amount of manure will stand thus (for iTiedium-sized
cows) :
Tons. Cwts. Qis. Lbs.
SoUd dung for 210 days, 55 lbs. daily 5 :'. it 24
Solid dung for 155 days, 41^ lbs. daily 2 17 1 20
Litter for 365 days, 14 lbs. daily -1 r> 2 14
Urine absorbed by litter, 22^ lbs. daily ■'> V^ 1 8|
Total solid dung 13 19 2 lOi
Urine which flows into tank 7 18 0 5^
Total manure and litter 21 17 2 l»i
" Estimating the gallon of urine to weigh ten ])^)unds, the whole quantity
collected in the tank will amount to seventeen hundred and seventy gallons yearly.
According to Sprengel's analysis of cow's urine, this quantity would contain three
hundred and thirteen pounds of ammonia, besides other substances of a valuable
nature also.
"Under the ordinary system of managing (hti ry cows the foregoing statements
will not harmonize with general experience.
1IJ4 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIilCA.
" Wo scarcely require any chemistry to teach us that the quality of dung voided
t)y any description of fattening stock or milch cows is the difference between the
food consumed and that portion of it retained in their bodies, as flesh, fat, etc., or
withdrawn in the milk, perspiration, respiration ; or, in other words, the dung is the
food, minus the flesh, fat, milk, and insensible waste through the lungs and skin.
The dung is, therefore, inferior to the food in a fertilizing point of view, just in
jiroportion to the substances extracted from the latter by animals.
MANAGEMENT OF MANURE.
" Tliis may be said without exaggeration to be the most important department of
farm practice, and unfortunately one in which there is greater need of improvement
than any other. Notwithstanding the fact that the proper management of the
manure heap has been explained and enforced by the teachings of agricultural
chemistry year after year, the practical application of the lesson remains in a great
measure to be made.
" Farmyard manure, as heretofore, continues to be carted out from rain-soaked
straw-yards to the distant fields, and there deposited in large, ill-formed heaps,
exposed to rain, wind, and sun for weeks and months.
" Many farmers whose practice otherwise is unassailable are yet strangely blinded
to the great loss sustained by exposed manure heaps. On the great majority of
farms, even in the best-farmed districts, there is a fearful waste of food-producing
material.
" Badly constructed homesteads have, no doubt, greatly contributed to this state
of things, and it is very seldom that any provision is made, in the constniction of
new ones, for the preservation of liquid manure or for protecting the straw-yard
from being deluged by rain poured into it from the surrounding roofs.
" A loss of manure is equivalent to a diminution of produce, and this again, by
lowering the profits of farming, necessarily depreciates the value of land. All
manure should be made under cover, either in stalls, boxes, or sheds ; if in the
former, it must be removed daily, so that a covered shed will be necessary for its
protection ; if in" the second, it may be allowed to accumulate for two or three
months ; and by the latter mode it may remain until required for laying on the land,
provided height of the roof will admit of its being accumulated. How is it
that we invariably find box-feeding or house-feeding of some kind or other always
accompanied by bulky crops of corn, roots, and clover ? Just 1)ccause the manure
,«o made is richer and more abundant than on those farms where the horse-pond
receives the drainage of the courts and byres.
" "We need only point to what has been already said in regard to the quantity of
urine voided l)y animals to prove that if there be no tank to receive the drainings of
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 165
stall-fed animals, the loss sustained will amount to one third the weight of the whole
dung, or twice that of the liquid part. Few who have not studied this subject are
aware of the enormous quantity of fertilizing materials that accompanies the little
black stream that oozes from a straw-yard where there is no tank to drain off the
surplus liquid.
MANURE HEAPS.
" There being few steadings where the accommodation is sufficient to hold all
the manure until wanted for application to the land, it is necessary and particularly
convenient to cart it out to the more distant fields, and to make it up in large heaps.
" Wherever this is necessary, the cart should be driven upon the heap before
being emptied.
"By so doing, manure is consolidated, air is excluded, and fermentation
prevented.
" In finishing the heap, the ends should be raised nearly on a level with the
centre, which is easily done by a little attention on the part of the carter. These
portions unavoidably left low at both ends for the cart to get on and off the heap
can be raised on a level with the rest by backing several cartloads, tilting them up,
and throwing up the manure with forks.
" After this the whole heap should be covered with earth from the sides, three
or four inches thick, which should be well beaten down with a spade. Eoad
scrapings are even better than common soil, as they are in a very minute state of
subdivision, besides always containing a considerable quantity of manure dropped
on the roads.
" If these are sufficiently wet to beat into a plaster on the heap, so much the
better, as the surface will thereby be more hermetically sealed, both within and
without. In addition to all this the whole surface may very profitably be sprinkled
with sulphuric acid, so that any ammoniacal gas escaping may be at once arrested
by this useful agricultural detective, whose affinity for fugitive alkalies is altogether
insatiable. Dissolved bones, having a free acid, may also be employed for fixing
ammonia ; and if the manure be intended for turnips or mangolds, it is an excellent
plan to mix a few himdred weight through the whole heap.
" An excavated site, built on three sides, with a wall four feet high, is the
best mode of preserving manure in a field ; there would be no risk of loss from
evaporation or fermentation, provided the top and open side were covered with earth.
APPLICATION OF MANURE TO THE SOIL.
" The quicker farmyard manure is buried, the better. This is a maxim that holds
good everywhere, and under every circumstance ; because, when once covered up by
166 JEllSEY rATTLK fX AMlJIilCA.
three or four inches of eartli, it is safe from all risk of being lost, as the soil has
both a ph^ysical and chemical power of retaining aniiiiouia, while, at the same time,
it yields it up readily to the growing plants. The wasteful practice of spreading
manure on the surface of the soil, and allowing it to lie bleaching for weeks, and
even months, before being jilowed in. is still carried on and stoutly defended by
hosts of clay-land farmers.
•' If the perpetrators of such an enormity be right, science is at fault, analysis is
a delusion, and ammonia and all its kindred a family of impostors.
" The practice in Syria of making the dung into cakes and sticking these upon
the walls of their houses to dry in the sun, preparatory to their ultimate destination
of being burnt as fuel, is not imicli more wa.steful than spreading out farm-yard
manure to the \\ands, rains, and sun for moiitlis together.
" A farmer who imiwrts ammonia from the Chincha Islands and dissipates to the
winds that furnished by his own farm, is nearly as wasteful as he would be were he
to give away his straw fur nothing, and to purchase from others what he required
for his own use."
Asn Ukai-.*
•• There is a source of valuable and extremely useful manure on every fann, of
which very few farmei-s avail themselves — the gathering together in one spot of all
combustible waste and rubbish, the clippings of hedges, scouring of ditches, grassy
accumulation on the sides of roads and fences, combined with a good deal of earth.
If these are (-arted at leisure times into a large circle, or in two rows, to supply the
fire kindled in the centre, in a spot frequented by the farm laborers, with a three-
])ronged fork and shovel attendant, and each pa.sser-by is encouraged to add to
tlie pile whenever he sees the smoke passing away so freely as to indicate rapid
combustion, a very large quantity of ashes are collected between March and October.
In the latter month the fire may go out ; the ashes are then thrown into a long
ridge, as high as they will stand, and thatched while dry. This will be found an
invaluable store in April, May, and June, capable of supplying from twenty to
forty bushels of ashes jier acre, according to the care and industry of the collector,
to drill with the seeds of the nmt ci-op. It is a good practice to dissolve bones
with acid in the beginning uf l-'eliruary. and when reduced to a pulp to mix
them up with the ashes in a large heap, which should be turned over two or three
times at intervals, and the bone paste well reduced with the shovel, and thoroughly
mixed at each turning ; by the month of May a homogeneous compound will be
fonued that will run freely and evenly through the drill, and foi-m an in\ating
})ed for the seed."
' C Lawrence, Morion's Encyflop;wiia.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA.
Restoration of Soils.
" The two principal means of restoring the fertility of a soil which has been
diminished by the continued cropping, are : (1) The mechanical improvement of
the soil. (2) The application of manure.
" All plants take away from the soil a certain quantity of mineral matters which
are essential to their existence. Some plants require more phosphoric acid than
others, which want a greater supply of potash for a healthy growth ; some again
require for their perfection much lime, others silica ; but all take up a number of
inorganic chemical substances, which the plant can have derived only from the
soil on which it was grown. If it is true that these mineral elements are essential
to the very constitution of all plants — and there can be no doubt in reference to the
function of the inorganic matters of the soil — it follows that sooner or later the most
fertile soil must become exhausted to such an extent that it will no longer produce
remunerative crops. Experience has long ago proved this, and at the same time
pointed out two ways which are pre-eminently calculated to restore the native
fertility of a soil deteriorated by long-continued cropping.
" The first includes all those practical operations, such as digging, plowing,
rolling, whereby the physical structure of a soil is improved, or its latent fertilizing
properties developed by strictly mechanical means.
" The second consists in the application of manures. In all countries where
agriculture is practised as an advancing art, the application of manures, together
with their preparation and economy, are justly regarded as the most valuable and
indispensable means of an improved system of farming. Hence, the great impor-
tance which attaches to the subject of manures in general ; to the theory of their action
and their rational application ; to the best modes of preserving and increasing the
fertilizing value of farm-yard manure, and to the methods which are pointed out from
time to time of saving many natural products, which are still in so many instances
allowed to run to waste ; or to the means of converting comparatively valueless
articles into fertilizers. It is for these and similar reasons that the subject of
manures has been treated in this work at great length.
" Whatever acts as a fertilizer, which is brought to the land, may be termed a
manure.
" Clay, lime, marl, water, air, and even sand, accordingly come under the denom-
ination of manures, just as well as dung, urine, and guano. It is quite true the
beneficial effects resulting from the application of clay, marl, lime, sand, and many
other compounds are realized chiefly in the altered physical condition of soils to
which the above substances have been applied. In many cases they do not act so
Prof. Voelcker, Morton's Encyclopaedia
168 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
much by supplying direct nourishment to the plants as by indirectly facilitating the
absorj)tiou of the hidden treasures, which, being present in a dormant state in a soil,
are thereby rendered available for the use of jjlants.
" We shall include all materials -which are added to the soil for the purpose of
increasing its productive power under the name of manure. A normal manure will
be such only as shall furnish to the growing plant all the elements of food which
the plant requires for the formation of its roots, stem, leaves, and fi-uit.
" A rational application of manures to the land is dependent on several circum-
stances ; and we can entertain the hope of manuring our fields in the most successful
and economical manner only when the following four points shall have been
detennined accurately :
" 1. The wants of the plants intended to be cultivated in reference to the
elements of nutrition.
" 2. The wants of plants in reference to the physical condition of the soil.
" 3. The composition of the soil.
" 4. The composition of the manure.
" The organic portion of which the great mass of all cultivated plants is made up
is derived jjrincipally from the atmosphere ; whereas the inorganic part of plants,
remaining behind in the form of ashes when a plant is burnt, can be supphed only
by the soil or the manure.
CONSTITUENTS OF JLA.NCRES.
" 1. Nitrogen, in the fwrn of Ammonia or Nitric Acid. — Nitrogen is one of
the most important of all fertilizing substances ; it must be considered as the most
valuable, in so far as its commercial price is taken as the test in estimating its value.
It is, however, useful to the luxuriant growth of our cultivated plants only in one of
the above fonns ; for in a free state it is not assimilated by plants to any extent, nor
does the nitrogen of organic bodies become available to plants before the nitroge-
nized matters have undergone a change by fennentation or putrefaction, the result
of which change, among other products, is the formation of ammonia or nitric
acid. Nitrogen in either of these two forms exercises a most powerful action in
manure, particularly when applied to plants at an early stage of their growth ; at a
later period of development the application of ammonia or nitric acid appears much
less effective, and sometimes even useless. The rapid forcing effects of ammonia,
of the ammoniacal liquor of gas-works, of sal-ammoniac, and ammoniacal salts in
general, are too well known generally to require reference to the direct niunerous
practical field experiments which have been made in order to ascertain the efficacy
of ammonia as a fertilizer. It will scarcely be necessary to allude to the presence of
ammonia in guano, soot, etc., as being one of the causes of the forcing properties
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AlfEBICA. 1G9
whicli characterize these and other fertilizers. The beneficial effects of ammonia
and its salts have been occasionally denied, because the materials containing these
fertilizing agents have been improperly used.
" As a general rule, ammonia or its salts should never be used on the farm in a
concentrated form. Their caustic properties necessitate their application in a
diluted state.
" Every practical man is acquainted with the l)urning effect of strong liquid
manure or the ammoniacal water of gas-works, and therefore never applies the first to
his land in dry weather, or the latter, except diluted with much water, or mixed with
other substances.
" It has been observed that the nitrogen of matters, such as flesh, bones, hair, and
horn-shavings, benefits vegetation only in so far as it becomes changed into ammonia.
"When these substances putrefy, ammonia is generated in large quantities, and it is
principally for these reasons that they act as fertilizers. In a fresh state they are
almost entirely useless, biit they are rendered the more powerful in their action the
further their decomposition has proceeded. Fresh bones, hair-refuse, wool-refuse,
unfermented urine, long dung, are much slower in their action than the same mate-
rials after having undergone fermentation or putrefaction. In the latter state they
contain ammonia ready formed, which the plant can assimilate at once ; but in the
first case the decomposition of the nitrogenized matter proceeds slowly in the
ground, particularly when plowed in deep ; and the plants are thus made to wait
a long time before they can absorb the ammonia, which is generated during the
decomposition of the nitrogenized organic matters. In stiff soils, and in dry
seasons, the formation of ammonia proceeds so slowly that the beneficial action
of manuring substances is frequently lost in the first year, because if plants have
passed the period of their most vigorous growth they derive very little advantage
from the ammonia.
" Therefore wool-refuse, bones, and other fertilizers, the action of which depends
on the ammonia which is gradually formed on their decomposition, ought never to
be applied in spring, when it is intended to benefit the first crop by such applica-
tion, but at least three or four months, and in many cases even longer, before the
crop is sown. On the other hand, manuring substances, such as guano, soot, refuse-
water of gas-works, sal-ammoniac, sulphate of ammonia, putrefied liquid manure,
which all contain large quantities of ready-f onned ammonia, exercise a surprisingly
quickening power on grass land, wheat, and all plants at an early stage of their
growth.
" The vahie of ammonia and its salts in manuring substances has been greatly
underestimated by Liebig and his followers, who beheve with him that there is no
necessity for siipplying plants with manures containing ammonia, because plenty of
it is afforded to them for assimilation by the air. Now, although it cannot be denied
170 JJ'jnsKY (ArTLE IX AMJ-nUCA.
that plants absorb tlic aiinnoiiia of the air, and that the air presents to them an almost
inexhaustible source, from which they may derive ammonia, it is nevertheless tnie that
this property of absorbing and claltorating the atmospheric ammonia in sufficiently
large quantities is shared by conii)aratively few i)lants. To most vegetable produc-
tions the supply of ammonia from that source proves insufficient ; and as we know
])ractically tliatidmost all our cultivated plants are dependent on other sources, from
which they can derive nitrogen, and as ammonia and its salts decidedly improve their
contlition, it would be unreasonable not to attach any value to the presence of these
fertilizing materials in the different articles used as nuinures. In the fonn of nitric
acid, niti'ogen becomes also a ]nost valual)le manure, and in this state it closely
resembles ammonia in its action. The effects of nitrate of soda, for instance, on
grass land are strikingly exhibited by the succulent, luxuriant appearance and the
deep green color M-liich the grass assumes shortly after its application. Even small
<]uantit.ies of the alkaline nitrates exercise a most surprisingly quick forcing action
t)n grass lands ; and it is undoubtedly the case that cattle prefer grass to which to]>
<lressingof nitrate of soda has ])een apjilied to grass grown without the intervention
of that fertilizer.
•• -2. Ortjaiiic Suhstances, Ilmnus. — Organic matters, consisting of carbon,
liydrogen.and oxygen only, are present in farm-yard manure and many other fertilizers
in large quantities; but their importance as fertilizing agents is not to be compared
with that of the nitrogenized organic matters, ammoniacal salts, or nitrates.
" Formerly the value of a manure was estimated according to the proportion of
(jrganie matters it contained ; the chief fertilizing effects were thus referred to the
presence of orgiinic substances, which, on decomposition, furnished hmnus, the
substance which for a long time was regarded as the only material from which plants
derived any direct food. The value of the organic or humus-forming matters in
manures, accordingly, was overestimated by former physiologists and agriculturists,
until the researches of Liebig have placed it in a clear light that the effects produced
liy tlic organic portion of manures in comparison with those of their inorganic
matters are so trifling that he disregards the organic substances in manures entirely.
Although we do not agree with this view of the subject entirely — a view, it may here
be observed, iMtely modified by Lie])ig himself — we still hold the opinion of those to
be con-ect whu regard the iiiori/iiiiic imttii-i-x of inaninvs ;is tlic cliicf frrtilizing
agents.
" In one imi)ortant point, however. \\ e must differ from the strict adherents of
the mineral theory — namely, in attaching a much greater value to the nitrogenized
organic matters than is done by Liebig and his followers. A little consideration will
show the comparative insignificance of the humus-forming substances in relation to
the nutrition of ])lants. In the fii-st phice, tlie insufficiency of humus to supply
plants with organic food can Ik' demonstrated l)y an easy calculation ; for if we
JERSEY CATTLE IX A3IERICA. 171
estimate the weight of the organic matters removed in a crop from the soil, and the
amount of humus supphed by the manure, we shall find that a small proportion of
the first can have been derived from the humus of the manure, even if we estimate
the whole of the latter as having passed into the substance of the crop. We know,
secondly, by direct experiments, that the great bulk of all plants is derived from the
carbonic acid of the atmosphere, which presents plants with an inexhaustible source
from which they may draw organic nourishment.
"A practical confirmation of this fact we find, thirdly, in the abundant crops of
Indian corn which are raised in Mexico and Peru on soils destitute of all humus,
without the application of any organic manure, as well as in the fertility of irrigated
meadows, which like^vise do not receive any organic manures. It is for these
reasons that we do not attach to the non-nitrogenized organic matters the same
importance as to the inorganic, which the jilants can derive only from the soil
or the manures.
" So far as the direct supply of food to plants is concerned, we are thus inclined
to consider the importance of the organic matters of manures as insignificant in
comparison with that of their inorganic substances. Indirectly, however, organic
manures play an important part in relation to the growth of plants, inasmuch as, by
their application, the physical condition of soils is materially improved. This function
of the humus-forming substances in manures must not be overlooked. They are
further useful to vegetation, because they absorb both moisture and ammonia from
the atmosphere with great avidity, thus becoming indirectly suppliers of food ; and
because, on decomposition, they themselves furnish carbonic acid.
" While we ascribe the chief value of the non-nitrogenized organic matters to the
alteration in the physical condition of the soil which they effect, and to the indirect
food which they furnish to plants, their use as direct suppliers of food cannot be
altogether denied, if dependence can be placed on Soubeiran's experiments, made in
reference to the absorption of soluble salts of ulmic acid by plants. From these
experiments Soubeiran concluded that ulmate of ammonia was taken \ip by plants ;
and Mr. Malaguti has confirmed and extended this observation by quantitative
analysis.
" 3. By far the most valuable inorganic constituent of manures is, jjhosplioriG acid,
as it is a substance without which the grain of our cereals cannot come to perfection.
Its deficiency in the soil is generally indicated by the poor, thin appearance of the
ears of wheat, barley, or oats. Phosphoric acid rarely occurs in soils in sufficient
quantities to equal the demands of the crops, and has therefore to be supplied in the
form of manures. The beneficial action of bone-dust, superphosphate, coprolites,
must be referred chiefly to the phosphoric acid which these fertilizers contain.
" In the same combination in which phosphoric acid is found in bones — that is,
in the form of bone-earth or phosphate of lime — it occui-s in the solid excrements of
i:-i ./KJiSKY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
all domestic animals ; it consequently constitutes an important ingredient of farm-
yard manure, and of all artilicial manures which are applied with advantage to the
growth of grain and root crops. It is worthy of observation that phosphate of lime,
although insoluble by itself in water, is rendered soluble by the addition of a small
quantity of ammonia to the water.
'• This property of phosphate of lime agrees well with practical cxjiericnce, which
tells us that phosphate of lime, or phosphates in general, exhibit the most energetic
effects on vegetation when they are mixed witli ammoniacal salts or nitrogenized
organic matters, which furnish ammonia on decomposition.
"For the same reason, the most powerful manures will bt- found those which
contain nmch phosphoric acid and annnoniacal salts, or nitrogenized organic
matter.
" 4. Alkalies, Potash, and Soda. — Potash and soda, particularly the former, are
valuable component parts of fami-yanl manure, and of all the better artificial
fertilizers.
"Although potash and soda belong to the more widely diffused inorganic
substances on the earth, their quantity in most soils is too small to justify us in
neglecting the direct supply of salts of potash in some way or other. The solid
excrements of horses, cows, sheep, and pigs contain but small quantities of salts of
potash, wliich, being very soluble in water, are chiefly separated with the liquid
excrements, or the urine of our domestic animals. The presei'vation of their urine
thus becmnes a duty imperative on all farmers, because they will otherwise lose all
the advantages of the highly fertihzing salts of potash. In its chemical relation
potash resembles ammonia closelj', and the same is the case with the salts of potash
and ammonia. In their effects on vegetation this similarity is observed ; for potash
and its salts exercise the same stimulating or forcing action which we have seen
is characteristic of ammonia.
" In manures potash occurs partly in combination with chlorine, as chloride of
])otash, jKU-tly in combination with sulphuric and silicic acid, as sulphate and silicate
of potash.
" In the urine of carnivorous animals pho.sphate of potash also is found.
" All cultivated plants, particularly root crops and herbaceous plants, require
potash as a necessary article of food, for their ashes contain large (quantities of it.
The chief reason of the beneficial effects produced by the application of wood ashes,
liquid manure, and many natural siUcates is, undoubtedly, the greater or smaller
quantity of salts of potash which these kinds of manures contain. The principal
cause of tlie fertilizing effects of burnt clay is to be referred also to the soluble
potash, which in burnt clay exists in a larger proportion than in the same clay in its
natural state. On burning the insoluble alkaline silicates occurring in clay are in a
great measure decomposed, and potash is thus rendered soluble. The beneficial
effects produced by the application of quicklime on some lands is also due to the
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AJlEJilCA. 173
liberation of potash in the soil, which previously existed in an insoluble state.
Silicate of potash, which is found in farm-yard manure and other fertilizing mixtures,
is a very valuable compound, which appears to exercise a beneficial action, particularly
on grain crops. Much less effective than potash salts are the salts of soda, of which
the more frequently recurring are chloride of sodium and the sulphate and silicate
of soda. Generally speaking, the proportion of salts of soda in manures is larger
than that of the salts of potash. There are few soils which do not contain naturally
so much soda in one form or the other as to satisfy the wants of the crops which are
raised upon them. It is for this reason that the value of soda salts as fertilizers is
very much less than that of potash salts. It is so inconsiderable, that we need not
care to supply the salts of soda by artificial means to the land. The localities where
common salt proves most effective are inland places, far removed from the sea ; and
in such places beneficial effects following its application are intelligible. In the
ashes of plants potash occurs almost always in larger quantities than soda, and this
affords another proof of the greater vahie of the former.
" Nitrate of soda, which exercises a most decided and surprisingly quick forcing
action on grass land, owes its efficacy principally, we believe, to nitric acid, and not
to soda.
" 5. Zime and Magnesia. — Almost all manures contain lime and magnesia,
which are indispensable for the healthy growth of plants. Farm-yard manure
contains Hme partly in the state of carbonate, partly as sulphate of lime. The latter
compound, or gypsum, is a fertilizer, which frequently constitutes the chief compo-
nent part of several artificial fertilizers, which have been mentioned ; the better sorts
of manures do not, or ought not, to contain too large an amount of gypsum.
" Lime and magnesia are among the most widely distributed mineral substances,
and can be very economically added to soils in which a deficiency may have been
found, in the form of gypsum, marl, quicklime, gaslime, limestone, chalk. As
constituents of manures, lime and magnesia are not very important.
" 6. Silica. — All ashes of plants contain silica ; some, as the ashes of straw, of
wheat, barley, a very considerable proportion. Silica, for this reason, is an essential
article of food to plants, without which many could not come to perfection. How-
ever, it is in but few cases that the farmer need care to apply silica to the soil,
because most soils contain a large excess of it already. The only state in which silica
can be taken up is in the soluble form, and it is in this soluble state that silica occurs
in the solid excrements of animals. These are rich in soluble silica, and tlierefore
particularly well adapted to soils deficient in this element.
" Sihca, even in a soluble form, is far less important than any of tlie sultstances
previously mentioned.
" 7. Sulphuric acid, chlorine, fluorine, oxides of iron and manganese, and some-
times alumina, are also constituents of many manures ; but as these compounds are
so generally distributed throughout nature, we find few soils which do not contain as
174 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEllIL'A.
mudi of tlit'iii :is is n'(|uiir(l to tlic lic;iltli_v gruwrli of plants. Their value as
constituents of luamire.s can, tliurL't'oru, with pro})riety he altogether overlooked.
" These, then, are tlie constituents which ought all to be present in a uiiivei'sal
manure, and wJiich are present in farm-yard maniu-e.
" In order to avoid misunderstanding, we would observe that when speaking of
the different values of manures, we refer to their commercial value. In one sense
all substances which are found in tlie ushes of plants are valuable, as they are
essential to the perfection of plants, and in this sense lime or silica is just as valuable
as potash or phosphoric acid, because the largest supply of the latter substances would
not prevent the plants languishing for want of the former.
" Referring, then, to the commercial value of the fertilizing constituents of
manure, it will appear from the aliove observations that they i-ange in the following
order :
" 1. Nitrogen or, rather, anmionia and nitric, atdd.
" 2. Phosphoric acid.
"3. Potash.
" 4. Lime and magnesia.
" 5. Soluble silica.
" 6. Humus-fonning oi-ganic matters.
" 7. Siilphuric acid, chlorine, oxide of iron.
"Nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, aminoniacul salts, nitric acid, nitrates, or
nitrogenized organic matters, is the most valual)le ingredient of manures, because the
mineral matters of manure show their full fertilizing eflfects only when decaying
nitrogenized matters or salts of ammonia are present at the same time.
"Next in value follow phosjjhoric acid and potash, as both belong to the rarest
of the mineral matters which serve as food for plants, and as both are required for
their healthy growth in larger quantities than any of the other constituents which
are usually found in the ashes of plants.
"The high value of nitrogen in manures has Iteen fully recognized liy IJou.ssiu-
gault and Payen, who determined the quantity of nitrogen in a great many
substances used as manures. These nitrogen determinations were used by them as the
basis for calculating the princijjal relative fertilizing effects of different manures.
In the second edition of Boussingault's ' Economic Rurale ' he enlarges the genei'al
utility of the former table by adding to it another cohuun, in which the equivalent
weights are determined in relation to the quantity of phosphoric acid which they
contain. In the subjoined table farm-yard mamye is taken as the standard <>t'
comparison, and its e(juivalent is assumed to be 100.
"Thus, 250.0 pounds of wheat straw are equal iu fertilizing effects to IdO.o
pounds of comuion farm-yard manure, as far as the n'drogi'n is concerned ; but with
respect to the fertilizing effects of \hv jihoxjifiorlc acid 2*'>().7 pounds of wheat .straw
are equal to 100.0 pounds of coniinon farm-yard inaniiri>."
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ A MEEK LI.
EXTRACT FKOM TAliLE REPRESENTING THE COMPARATIVE VALl'
MANURING SUBSTANCES.
)K DIFFEREN'I
Substance.
1
§
B
"A
Nat-
ural
State.
<
1
h
It
Natural
State.
If
1?
OliSEU\ATIONS.
Dry.
Natural
State.
Farm-yard Manure
«5.0
0.63
2.25
England.
Mixed Manure
66.7
0.60
1.45
100.0
100.0
Farm-yard manure.
Wheat Straw
19.3
0.24
0.22
250.0
266.7
Alsace.
Oat Straw
21.0
0.28
0.21
214.2
300.0
Alsace.
Eye Straw
12.2
0.17
0.15
352.9
369.2
Alsace.
Carrot Leaves
70 0
0 85
70 6
Green in autumn.
Clover Koots
97
1 61
37 3
Air-di-ied.
Seaweed
39.2
0.86
69.8
160.0
Air-dried.
Fir Sawdust
■^4 0
0 93
260 9
9,400 0
Oak Sawdust
9,6 0
0 54
111 1
1600.0
Cow Dung
85.9
0.32
187.5
480.0
Solid excrements.
88 3
0 4^
136 4
Excrements of Cow
84.3
0.41
0.55
146.3
533.3
Solid and liquid excrements.
Horse Urine
79.1
2.61
22.9
Concentrated urine.
Horse Excrements
75.4
0.74
1.12
81.1
178.9
Solid and liquid excrements.
Pig's Excrements
93.8
0.37
3.44
162.2
228.6
Solid and liquid excrements.
Sheep's Excrements
67.1
0.91
1.32
65.9
111.6
Solid and liquid excrements.
Human Urine
93.3
1.45
3.88
41.4
184.6
Berzelius.
Human Excrements
91.0
1.33
2.85
45.1
189.6
Solid and liquid excrements.
Unboiled Bones
8.0
6.22
22.20
9.6
2.3
Containing ten jjer cent, of fat.
Peruvian Guano
25.6
5.52
20.00
10.9
3.2
Denham Smith.
African Guano
25.0
6.19
17.00
9.7
8.8
Kasten.
Wood Soot
5.6
1.15
1.00
52.2
51.1
Oyster Shells
17.9
0.32
0.65
187.5
90.6
Marl
1.0
0.51
117.6
Seashore Sand
0.5
0.13
461.5
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
NATURAL SIANUEES.
"The atniosplieric; air may be regarded as the great storehouse which provides
plants witli organic food. It presents an inexhaustible soiu-ce of carbonic acid,
which is principally assimilated by the leaves of plants, and elaborated by them into
starch, sugar, cellular tissue, etc. The great bulk of all plants, whether entering
them by the leaves or the roots, owes its origin to this natural manure.
"Besides carbon, the air supplies plants with ammonia and with moisture.
Though small in (quantity, the ammonia is a very important constituent of tlie air.
in reference to tlie nutrition of plants.
" During thunder-storms nitric acid, which unites with the ammonia, is also
formed, and as nitrate of ammonia is a very soluble and highly forcing manuring
substance, we can ex]5lain in some measure the fresh appearance of our fields after
a thunder-stonii. The moisture contained in the air in an invisible state provides
plants witli more water than the rain which falls upon the land.
" Rain-water, the purest natural water, is perhaps the most important of all
natural manures, as without it vegetable as well as animal life would become
impossible.
" Spring waters owe the additional effects which many exhibit, in comparison
with pure or distilled water, to the presence of mineral or inorganic raattei-s. Salts
of lime, potasli and soda, whicli occur in some waters, render them well adapted for
irrigation.
" Some natural waters contain phosphoric acid, which are used with gi-eat
advantage for irrigating meadows.
" The muddy deposits near the mouths of some rivers may also be called natui-al
manures ; the deposits belong to the most valuable fertilizers, and have converted
a great part of the very sterile sands of Holland and Belgium into rich garden land.
QUALrrV OF FARM- YARD MANURES.
" The quality and quantity of fann-yard manures are affected,
" 1. By the quantity of food upon wliich the animal is fed.
" 2. By the quality of the food.
" 3. By the amount of water in ration and water drank.
" 4. By the age of the animal. Eicher in mature animals.
" 5. By the purpose for which the animal is used, being increased by fattening
and diminished by milk or work.
" 0. By the treatment of animals, comfort increasing and hardship diminishing
manure.
" 7. By the (|uantity and (juaiity of tlic litter.
^"^5^^^}
MATIN 7768.
AT 8 YEARS OLD.
Brown Prince Type.
BILLINGS irEED.
Frederick Billings, Woodstock, Vermont.
MATIN'S GLORY 9135.
AT 2 YEARS OLD.
Matin— Lille Bonne — FavonU Type.
Average Tests of Dam and Grandams, 17 lbs. 13f oz.
BILLINGS HERD.
Fredehick Billings, Woodstock, Vermont.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERICA. 17
" 8. By the length of time tlie manure is kept, and the method l)y which it
preserved.
QUANTITY OF EXCREMENT VOIDED BY ANIMALS.
Animal.
Solid Excrements.
Urine,
20,000 lbs.
12,000 "
1,800 "
760 "
8,000 lbs.
3,000 "
A piff furnishes annuallv
1 200 "
A .'^lieep furnishes annually
380 «
LIQUID MANURE.
" Neither the solid nor the liquid excrements, applied separately, constitute a
universal manure, or a manure which can be used for the raising of all kinds of
crops ; lic^uid manure can never supersede the use of the solid, well-prepared farm-
yard manure, if care is not taken to dissolve in it those substances which enter into
the composition of the solid excrements of animals. In Flanders and some parts of
Holland a most powerful liquid fertilizer is obtained by dissolving and distributing
the excrements of animals in the liquid.
" During the fermentation of the liquid the solid matters are for the greater
part dissolved, or at all events reduced to a, tine mud, which remains easily
suspended in the water.
" For the cultivation of flax, beets, and green crops in general such a liquid
manure is preferred in Flanders to any other, as it has been found, by long expe-
rience, that in the liquid state the excrements of animals are best employed for the
growth of these crops. The Flemish farmers accordingly bestow great care upon its
preparation, and carefully collect the urine of the stables, which is conducted through
drains into separate liquid manure tanks, into which all the drainings of the dung-
heap are allowed to flow. In Belgium the urine and solid human excrements are
not wasted, as with us. Before its application to the land this liquid manure
must first be diluted with much water, as it is so strong that it would burn up and
completely destroy the young plants, if the precaution were not taken to dilute the
liquid, according to its strength, with three to six times its bulk of water.
" Even so diluted, it is advisable to apply it to the laud in wet weather or when
the soil is soaked with moisture, because in dry weather the manure is likely to
exercise a burning action on vegetation. It appears incredible to continental
farmers that our farmers should prefer willingly to pay heavy sums for the imported
178 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
guano and other artificial manures, while neglecting to reap the benetit from tho.se
fertilizers which present themselves at our own doors.
" The urine of aninuils possesses greater value than the solid dung, and is subject
to great loss if not properly treated. The loss of this valuable fertilizer, by
evaporation of ammonia, will be greater in hot than in cold weather, in open than in
covered places. Hence, the use of covered liquid-manure tanks and the disadvantage
of shallow pits exposed to wind and sun. Next to the collection of the liquid
excrements of animals, the preservation of its volatile constituents ought to be
attended to by every good farmer.
TO PREVENT LOSS OF AMMONIA.
" Sulphuric acid and sulphate of iron, when they can be had at a cheap rate, are
by far the most efficient materials for j)reventing the evaporation of ammonia. On
the average, one pound of oil of vitriol will be sufficient for one hundred and fifty
pounds of liquid manure. The acid should tii-st be diluted \dth water before it is
poured into tlie liquid manure tank."
Sewage Manure.*
" 1T7(«< is. sewage? In it the chemist recognizes rounds of beef and basins
of turtle ; cargoes of sugar, coffee, and port wine ; millions of loaves of bread and
thousands of tons of cheese and butter. Therein are not only all the alimentary
productions of our own country, but also our enormous alimentary imports, altered
in form, but scarcel}' in utility or value. It is truly a well-known but imworked
mine of gold.
" We might call it a stream of liquid guano. It exists in a form of peculiar
availability and almost self -portability ; its fertilizing powers are enormous. We
may estimate its value by the sums expended to compensate for its loss. We pay
for guano, oil-cake, and corn many millions, and vast sums are annually abstracted
from the agricultural pocket for phosphates and other artificial manures.
" Nationally, this neglect of sewage is a great calamity, but one that, it is to be
hoped, may receive a gradual and wholesome correction.
" If it is considered ruinous by the fanner to waste the excrementitious deposits
of his animals, with still greater force does the objection ajiply to the waste of our
sewage.
'' Experience has taught the writer of this article that there is no material prac-
tical difficulty to overcome in its economy and appliance to the soil as a fertilizing
agent.
Extracts from article of .1. ,J. Morlii. Morton's Encyrlop.Tdia of Afrriciilturp.
JERSEY CATTLE I.Y A^FEEICA. 179
"It is not more difficult to convey tliaii tlie water which intersects onr streets,
and finds its way into every house. It may, in fact, he considered the venous return
of an arterial circulation ; and the more abundant its liquefaction, the more valuable
it becomes, seeing that water alone contains all the organic elements of our food.
It is hardly possible to treat this subject excejit as a joint question of sewage and
irrigation with drainage, artificial or natural.
"We said there was no practical difficulty in economizing this most valuable
commodity, excepting the all-important one that pulilic opinion has not yet
appreciated its value.
"The force of public opinion must be brought to bear on this great ipiestion.
" Teach the farmer that it is liquid guano, brought to his door in its only
available form ; let him understand that the water of solution is, independently, a
means of fructification ; point out to him that every valued meadow whose rich
crop of hay he covets owes its powers of production principally to the abundant
supply of moisture.
" It is a question for our legislators and the country at large.
" When once convinced of its value, recorded registers of supply- will be attached
to each farm, like our gasometers. Quarterly demands foi- its use will be cheerfully
paid ; our towns will be cleansed and our country fertilized. The evidence on this
subject is too abundant and distinct to l)e doubted or denied. It is collated in a
document issued by the General Board of Health, Whitehall, London, entitled,
' Minutes of Information Collected on the Practical A])plicatiou of Sewage Water
and Town Manures to Agricultural Production.' The copious instances of cost
and return there exemplified induced the writer of this to carry out the system on
• a farm of one hundred and seventy acres ; and an experience of one year has
sufficed to convince hiui of its easy practicability and great pecuniary advantages ;
he finds it, in fact, the key to profital)le farming.
"The evidences are all sufficiently clear that the mere water irrigation of laud
on this principle of subterranean pipeage is remunerative. How much more so,
then, when saturated with the elements of our food !
" The necessity for irrigation is becoming annually more apparent. The exten-
sive removal of woods, fences, and the general clearing and improved cultivation of
our country, added to the daily increasing drainage, render our soil and our climate
warmer and drier, and consequently less favorable to succulent productions. By the
proposed system of irrigation we shall have a warm moisture for our roots and
green crops and dryness for our cereals ; in fact, a desirable combination of food in
abmidance for man and for beast.
" Sewage, or liquefied manuring, renders the root and green crops self-supjioit-
ing, by furnishing a great increase at a diminished cost. It may be compared to
growing the ordinary produce of one hundred acres on fifty acres, thus diminishing
180 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A.
by liftv \m- cent, taxes, horse and manual lahor, wear and tear of implements, roads,
gates, ete. Jn many instances, as in those of ]>oor irrass lands, the writer has no
hesitation in sayiiiir that the produce would ho douhled and greatly improved in
feeding (jiiality.
"The facility and ])roniptitude with which a barren soil maybe fertilized is
surprising. In lands di'ained luiturally or artificially, the writer has seen cabbages and
roots lu.xuriate in a miserable plastic clay brought from the subsoil immediately after
its saturation with sewage or liquefied manure. Its effects are alike beneficial to
every croj) — cereal, bulbous, or leguminous ; although, in the case of cereals, a due
regard is required as to the necessity for its application and a judicious regulation of
the quantity of seed.
" With regard to the form of ajiplication, the writer's experience confirms the
evidence collated, that the hose and jet present very great ailvantages in every
respect.
" As to the period of growth, or season for application, the writer has applied it
at almost every stage : in sunshine and wet ; in winter and summer ; on fallows in
wet weather very strong, in dry weather more amply diluted. During the heats
of summer its frequent application to bulbous, leguminous, and green crops is
attended with the most profitable results, illustrating, in degree, the rapid vegetation
produced by great heat and moisture in trojjical climates. With an increasing
po])ulation, the time is fast approaching when the concentration of capital on land
for a greatly increased ])roduction will become a necessity. In lieu of two acres
jn'oducing barely enough for one cow, six sheep, or one bullock, by these means from
three to five cattle, or twenty sheep, may be maintained on one acre. In extreme
cases enormous results have been produced. The meadows near Edinbiirgh, some
of them onct! ai'id and worthless, have, by being flooded with the sewage of that
city, risen to an enormous value, and are annually let by public auction at prices
varying from £15 to £32 per acre. It is estimated that the quantity of green food
cut annually from each acre is from fifty to eighty tons.
"• The sn})ply of milk to our great cities woidd, by similar irrigati(jns, become
greatly improved in (juuntity, (jiiality, and price.
" One of the most important results is the destruction, or driving away, of
injurious grubs or insects. Wire-worm, slug, and beetle either jjerish under the
jet, or quickly leave the fiehl. Clovers do not fail, and roots are freed from knobs
and fingers and toes."
There is no subject connected with agriculture so generally attracting attention
as that of fertilizers, especially the avoidance of waste, so common upon farms, and the
utilizing of the sewage of cities. Much attention has been given to the practical
investigation of the saving of liquid manure in Gi-eat Britain, but the problem is still
considered a matter of experiment, because of the great cost of receptacles and
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. ISl
apparatus for application to tlie soil. There is no question of its great ^'alue and
the advantageous form for promoting rapid plant growth.
I quote from the EncyclopEedia Britannica a part of an article that appeared
originally in " Minutes of Information," issued liy the General Board of Health,
detailing the Scotch method :
" The next place visited was the farm of Myremill, near Maybole, in Ayrshire,
the property of Mr. Kennedy, who adopted and improved on the method of
distribution just described. On this farm, aliout four hundred imperial acres
of which are laid down with pipes, some of the solid as well as the liquid manure
has been applied by these means, guano and superphosphate of lime having been
tlms transmitted in solution, whereby their value is considerably enhanced. This is
especially the case with guano, the iise of which is thus rendered in great measure
independent of tlie uncertainties of climate, and it is made capable of beiug applied
with equal advantage in dry and wet weather. In some respects the farm labors under
pecviliar disadvantages, as water for the purpose of diluting the liquid has to be raised
from a depth of seventy feet and from a distance of more than four liundred yards
from the tanks where it is mixed with the drainage from the l)yres.
" These tanks are four in number, of the following dimensions respectively :
48 X 14X12; 48X14X15; 72x14x12; 72x17x12. They have each a separate
communication with the well from which their contents are pumped up, which are
used in different degrees of ' ripeness,' a certain amount of fermentation induced by
the addition of rapedust being considered desirable. The liquid is diluted, according
to circmnstances, with three or four times its bulk of water, and delivered at the rate
of about four thousand gallons an hour, that being the usual proportion to an acre.
The quantity to be applied is determined by a float-gauge in the tank, which warns
the engineer — whose business it is to watch it — when to cut off the supply, and this is
a signal to the man distributing it in the field to add another length of hose, and to
commence mamiring a fresh piece of land. The pumps are worked by a twelve-horse-
power steam-engine, which performs all the usual work on the farm, thrashing, cutting
chaff and turnips, crushing oil-cake, grinding, etc., and pumping.
" The pipes are of iron ; mains, submains, and service pipes, Ave, three and two
inches in diameter respectively, laid eighteen inches or two feet below the surface.
At certain points are hydrants, to which gutta-percha hose is attached in lengths of
twenty yards, at the end of M'hich is a sharp nozzle, with an orifice i-anging from one
to one and a half inch, according to the pressure laid on, from which the liquid makes
its exit with a jet of from twelve to fifteen yards. All tlie laljor recpured is that of
a man and a boy to adjust the hose and direct the distribution of the manure, and
eight or ten acres may thus be watered in a day. There are now seventy acres of
Italian rye grass and one hundred and tliirty of root crops upon the farm. Tlie
quantity they would deliver by a jet from a pump worked by a twelve-horse-power
steam-engine would be foi-ty thousand gallons, or one hundred and seventy-eight tons
18-^ JKRSEY VATTI.K IX AMKIIKA.
per diem, and tlie expense jht tmi Mlnmt twoju'iict', hut a duulile wt nf men would
reduce the cost. The extreme Icnj^tli nf pipe is three (juarters of a mile, and ■with
the hose the total extent of deliverv is ahoiit one mil!i..u nine hundred tliousand
yards, or four hundred acres.
"To deliver the same quantity j>er diem hy water-carts to the same extreme
distance would be impractical )le. One field of rye grass, sown in April, had been
cut once, fed ofT twice with sheep, and was ready (August 20th) to be fed off again.
" In auotiier, after yielding four cuttings within the year, each estimated at nine
or ten tons per acre, the \alue of the aftermath for tlie keep of sheep was stated at
twenty-five shillings an aeie. < )f the turuii)s, one lot of swedes, dressed with ten tons
of solid farm manure, and about two thousand gallons of the liquid, having six bushels
of dissolved bones along with it, was ready for holing ten or twelve days earlier than
another lot dressed with double the amount of solid manure without the litjuid appli-
cation, and were fully equal to those in a neighbor's field which had received thirty
loads of farm-yard dung, together with three hundredweight guano and sixteen bushels
bones ])er acre ; the yield was estimated at forty tons the Scotch acre, and their great
luxuriance seemed to me to justify the expectation. From one field of white globe
turnips sown latei-, (uid mmnu-ed solely with liquid iiKuiure, from forty to fifty tons
to the Scotch acre were exj)eeted. A field of carrots treated in the same manner as the
swedes, to which a second application of liquid was given just before thiiming,
jiromise from twenty to twenty -five tons the acre. Similarly favorable results have
been obtained with cabbages, and that the limit of fertility by these means has not
yet been reached was clearly sliowii in one part of the Italian rye grass which had
accidentally received more than its allowance of liquid, and which showed a marked
increase of luxuriance over that around it. The exact increase of produce has not
been accurately determined, but the nmnber of cattle on the farm has increased very
largely, and by means of the Italian rye grass at least four times as many beasts as
before can be kept now on the same extent of land, the fertilitij of the land being at
the name time increased. This plant, of all others, appears to receive its nourishment
in this form with most gratittule, and to make most am])le returns for it ; and great as
are the results hitherto obtained, I believe that the nuiximum of productiveness is not
yet reached, and that the jiresi-nt cv\|)erimeiit must he carried yet further before we
know the lull capahililies of this maiiuri'. Of one important fact connected with this
croji, T am asMiivij that, not withstanding the I'ank hixuriance of its growth, animals
fed upon it not only aiv not scoured, hut thrive more than on any other kind of grass
in eultivatioii.
" Taking int.. the iiTigath.n are..untthe whole cost of the engine and tlu^ whole
of the fuel and wages- altiiongh lialf of these nnght have been deducted— the
following appears to be the ea]>ital ae<-onnt and working exi)en.ses for fertilizing
^Ivrendll farm :
.TERHEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 18:5
Tanks complete £300
Steam-engine 150
Pumps 80
Iron pipes, laying, and hydrants 1,000
Gutta-percha distributing pipes, etc 5(3
£1,586
Actual interest on £1,586, and wear and tear at 7-| per cent. . £118 19.s.
Annual wages 101 0
Fuel 58 10
£281 9.y.
"This amount, divided In- the numlier of acres, is equal to the annual sum of
fourteen shillings per acre.
" I now come to the practical results of so cheap a mode of fei-tilizing land.
" Mr. Young informed me that in one of the fields he had himself measured
the growth of Italian rye grass, and had found it to be two inches in twenty-four
hours; and that within seven months Mr. Kennedy had cut from a field we were
l)assing at the time seventy tons of grass per acre.
" Wliere the whole is cut, four or five heavy crops are thus taken ; but Tipon some
of the land during the past two years twenty sheep to the acre have been penned in
hurdles, and moved about the same field from time to time ; after each remove the
fluid has been applied, and immediately followed by an abundant growth of food.
There is not the slightest appearance of exhaustion in the land — its fertility ap])ears
to increase. I was informed that before the liquid manure was used the land would
not keep more than a bullock or five sheep to the acre, nor will it maintain, if the crops
are cut and carried in, five bullocks or twenty sheep to the acre. Some beans, bran
and oil-cake are bought for the stock ; but, on the other hand, one third or more of
the farm is kept in grain, notwithstanding the great number of live stock.
" Canning Park — Mr. Telfer's Farm., near Ayr. — This is a small dairy farm of
forty acres, near the level of the sea, and about a mile and a half west of the town of
Ayr. The subsoil is beach gravel with a slight admixture of clay. Water is too
abundant. It lies dead within about twenty inches of the surface, and in winter
nearer than that.
" No bedding or litter is used here. The cows lie on cocoanut mats. The
ventilation is perfect, and the air sweeter than in the majority of the dwelling-
houses of human beings.
" The following appears to l)e the cost of carrying out the system of Mr. Telfer's
farm :
184 JERHEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Tank £30
Engine 60
Iron pipes and livdrants 100
Distributing hose-pipe, etc 20
£210
Annual interest on £2 Id, and wear and tear at 7^ per cent. . . £15 ir).s-.
"Wages and fuel 11 i »
£2t; 15.V.
" In summer tlic cows have a quantity of oil-cake as well as grass ; and in winter
they have turnips or mangel-wurzel, bean or barley meal, and cut liay or grass,
the whole mess l)eing steamed together. Miss Bell, the cousin of .Mr. Tclfcr,
manages the dairy, and said that last year the hay bought would amount to from
£80 to £-K), and she .shouhl think the grain to n,,t less than £200. In general
terms, the other food is j)roduced upon the farm. As to the produce of grass,
which is the chief article, the first cutting during the jiresent year was in the latter
end of Mardi, about eighteen inches thick. The second was from eighteen inches
to two feet thick. The third was from three feet to four feet six inches thick.
The fourth nearly the same. The fifth was two feet thick ; and the sixth, in
process of cutting at the time I was there, we measured at eighteei'i inches thick.
Taking the mean, where two dimensions are given for the same crop, 1 find the
aggregate depth of grass grown and cut off this fann within seven months to be
not less than fcnirteen feet three inches. All this is, however, eaten upon the
premises, and the whole marketable produce of the farm is represented by the milk
and butter.
" As to the quantity ;md value of these. Miss Bell stated that the ])revious week
the butter was one hundred and fourteen pounds and one luindred and twenty
pounds — together two Imndred and thirty-four ])()unds sold at one shilling jhm-
])ound. This, she stated, was about the average (pumtity and price. The amount
for butter would therefore be £11 U.v. i)er week, or per amnnn £tios s.v. She
informed me, further, that during about eight months in the year the cold milk
realizes about the same aim unit as the butter. In the summer months, during hot
weather, the market value of the milk is ,,uly about half that of the butter. From
these data, tlie amount of milk sold \wv annum is £.->o7. The total receipts for the
two articles of milk and butter amount to £1115 S«. per annum.
"I only need to add that, previous to the adoption of the present .system of
farming, these forty acres of land were barely sufficient to support eight or nine
cows, and would liave been well let at a rental of thirty shillings an acre."'
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
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180 .IKllSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
The agricultural editor of the Kncijdopwd'nt Britannica cautions tliose who
\oiituri' UJ10U such experiments not to bie rash or too sanguine, and is inclined to
do>il)t tilt' feasibility of such expensive apparatus.
It would seem, however, that the experiment is well worth trying in our dryer
eliiuate, as promising great advantages, especially in seasons of long drouth, imt only
for grass fields, but for maize, sorghum, and other important soiling cro])s, ami in
the Southern States, where the pastures are parched by the scorching sun, to raise
immense crops of Johnson grass {SorghiDii lialapetise) and Millo maize. Satisfactory
results have attended the use of the sprinkling-cart on small farms, Imt a permanent
system of irrigating apparatus ought to return a large dividend when well nuuuiged
upon good land and with first-rate Jersey stock.
Theory of Cn.TivATiox.*
•• Tlie main conditions required in the cultivation of the soil are :
•• 1. A thorough pulverization and drainage of the soil.
" ti. A progressive chemical disintegration or liberation of insoluble ingredients.
" ;'. A I'cnewid, by means of manure, of those substances wliicli liave been
rcniuved fnmi thi' soil by successive crojis.
"The art of cultivation consists in aiding nature to accomplish tiiese conditions
with greater celerity than, unaided, would be ifccomplished.
" By means of tlie ]ilow and harrow the soil is mechanically pulverized, and fresh
surfaces exposed to the disintegrating action of the air. Many soils, especially
clayey varieties, contain a very large amount of alkalies, which, by the action of
carlionic acid, are liberated and lieconie soluble. In such cases it is more econom-
ical to depend u]>i>ii tliis \ast magazine of supply for the necessary alkalies than to
import them in the foi-in of manures. But, as the disintegration of the soil and
liberation t>f tin' ingredients jiroceed with slowness, it is necessary not only to offer
every fa<*ility l)y increasing the surfaces, but also to admit the air and fresh supplies
of rain-water, so as to render the treasures available within the ])rescril)cd period ;
this is effected by drainage. It is to sucli rich soils only that the ruiman methods
of culture apjily.
" Cato gave good advice ; for plowing is both the first and second operation of
good farming, and manuring is the more advantageous the more thoroughly prepared
and pulverized the soil is; for manure, like land, requires disintegration to render
its constituents thoroughly available. The plow and the harrow are, therefore,
both mechanically and chemically advantageous. They are mechanically useful in
fitting the soil for the reception and growth of jjlants, and chemically by increasing
Lyon Playfair, Morton's Eucyilopa'dia of Ajriieultiiic.
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 187
the absorptive powers of the soil for aerial food, and also by admitting those
atmospheric influences which disintegrate the soil and liberate the mineral food.
" If the subsoil do not contain an excess of iron, and be not sufficiently tenacious
to alter the character of the upper soil, trench- plowing is useful, by presenting to
atmospheric influences a new and unexhausted magazine of mineral food. The
oxygen, carbonic acid, and rain-water acting on this freshly upturned soil render
soluble the alkalies and other ingredients formerly present in an insoluble form ;
but when the subsoil is either too slowly acted upon by the air or too tenacious, it
may act injuriously hy preventing that very disintegration which it is intended to
promote.
" The lower oxide of iron, if it be present, absorbs the oxygen, which ought to
find its way to the roots of the plants ; or the tenacity of the soil acts mechanically,
by preventing that access of air which the iron refuses to allow to pass by its chemi-
cal properties. In all such cases subsoiling is preferable to trench-plowing, because
the subsoil, being loosened, is progressively acted upon by disintegrating influences,
and, in a few years, changes its character sufficiently to enable it to be mixed with
the surface soil without danger. This subsoiling cannot, however, be advantageously
done without a previous natural or artiflcial drainage ; for unless the soil be suffi-
ciently free from moisture it cannot be acted upon by the atmospheric causes of
change. The moi-e accessible tlie soil is to air and to the free passage of rain-water
tlie quicker will it become fitted fo»the wants of vegetation.
" Tlie term cultivation properly inchides the abnonnal growth or increase of
particular ingredients in plants, such as the gluten in the cereals and the starch in
the potato."
Plowing.*
" Wherever farming is conducted on an extensive scale, plowing constitutes the
priuci])al operation, as being the preliminary process necessary to prepare the soil
for the subsequent series of processes by which systematic cultivation is effected.
For this purpose oxen, asses, mules, and horses have been variously employed by
different nations to draw the plow, ever since the cultivation of the soil became the
necessary consequence of a settled state of society. Up to very recent times oxen
appear to have been principally emjiloyed for this purpose ; and their docility,
strength, and endurance, combined with the simplicity of the apparatus required to
yoke them, were properties which, in the estimation of the unscientific and unin-
ventive tiUer of the soil, gave them a superiority in field labor over all other animals
of draught.
"The employment of horses in ])lowiiig and titlier agricultural operations,
Jolin Haxton, Morton's EncyclopiPdia of AgTiculturc.
188 .n:i:si:y catti.e i\ ameiuia.
and tlie introduction of the irnii jilmr, aw. uiidoulitedly. ainoiii;- tlio jri't'atest
improvements effected in afrriculture.
" AVhen land lias been well plowed, and cultivated to a ])roper depth in preparin<^
for green croj^s, deep plowing for the subseciuent grain eroj) is not only unnecessary,
but oftentimes injurious. This is particularly to be observed in tlic cultivation of
wheat, in which experience has taught us that the firmer the s(jil is in which tlic roots
of the young plants are embedded, the better are they able to withstand the clianges
and shif tings produced in the immediate surface soil by the effects of alternate frosts
and thaws. Thus it is that the peculiar habit of growth of plants must be
studied, and a cultivation adopted wliich accords, as nearly as itossibk-. with the
requirements of nature; and this knowledge is necessarily tlie result of observation."
AMERICAN cri-TIVATIOX.
The greatest inipi'ovenients (with the exception of the steam plow) in recent
years have been made by American inventoi's. For tho.se who are interested in the
subject of the history of plows I refer them to the Annual Report of the New York
State Agricidtural Society for ISfiT. The more recent liLstory of plows and plowing
must be studied in the ])ro(luctions of the past few yeai-s that are offered for sale by
the best dealers.
Among the modern improvements ai-e tlie jilows for turning_7!'r//_7''(//'/v///'.v ; the
better adjustment for power, especially in the sulky plows; the use of better
material, as in the best steel plows ; the greater pulverizing power, as exhibited in
the Sackett plow ; non-liability to choke in stubble ; lightness of draught ; ease of
holding ; durability ; cheapness ; excellence of workmanship ; even distribution of
wear ; effective service in burial of weeds and stubble ; regularity of turning Hat
furrows. Whatever force is usi'd for ])roi)elling the plow, the wheel plows
undoubtedly have the advantage of easier tb-aught, better quality of work, effective
work in drouth-baked land. The efficiency of the wheel plow is independent of the
skill of the plowman, and when once properly adjusted will cut every furrow of an
equal width and depth, and lay them all over nnifonnly levi'l. The Sackett j^low is
the best of its kind, as it serA^es the jnn-pose of both ])low and harrow, doing nnich
better work than can be done with both of those implements; but it can only be
used in fine land that is free from stones and rocks.
Great improvement has been made in harrows. The best imj>lcment has an
iron frame with steel spring seat, and slanting, reversible steel teeth, which have
a cutting edge for pulverization and a round edge for smoothing and cidtivating all
kinds of crops, and the frame also, in sections, to wliich plow-handles can be
attached, and each section used as a cultivator between rows or drills. This imple-
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 189
nient is the most effective and useful of its class, and absolutely indispensable to every
farnier. It is the best pulverizer, the best cultivator, the best for the purpose of
scarifying old pastures and meadows that need renovation.
"With this harrow wheat may have three harrowings in early spring ; oats and
barley two or more, or until three inches high ; corn can be harrowed every week,
until twelve inches high. The round edge is also used for covering clover seed.
Among the harrows for grass seed that require covering only one eighth of an inch,
is the chain-harrow, an implement which consists of a draught-bar to which are
attached pairs of square-linked chains, each seven and a half feet long, connected
by cross-links, and kept expanded by two movable stretchers.
These are iisually hollow cylinders of cast iron, of diverse weights, for one
or two horses. They may have a smooth surface or may be formed of a series
of corrugated rings or discs having serrated edges and side-way projecting teeth.
Some require three horses abreast to work them. They are very effective for
breaking clods, consolidating loose soils, checking the ravages of the wire worm, and
covering in clover and grass seeds. For grass seeds the smooth roller is best, with
the brush-harrow or chain-harrow attached. Another fonn of roller is made of a
series of eccentric fluted discs, which is said to uossess many advantages over any
other implement of its class.
CULTIVATORS.
An implement is needed for the effective cultivation of maize that shall finely
pulverise the surface to a depth of one inch, and work smoothly without j^lunging or
destroying the rootlets of the growing plants. Maize needs, especially in a drouth,
a mulch of soil like fine flour, of a depth not to exceed two inches, and the culture
should always be level and smooth.
DRILLS.
These implements secure straight rows, and thereby assist in clean culture for
all kinds of grain and root ci'ops. Drills are of various patterns, some of them con-
structed for planting several rows at once, and dropping manure at the same time ;
while others have added an irrigating apparatus for moistening manure and seed in
dry ground, and are more effective in promoting germination, even upon damp
groimd, and also intensifying the effects of the superphosphates.
OTHER IMPLEMENTS.
Among the many useful machines and implements for tillage, harvesting and
feeding, a completely equipped dairy farmer needs trencli plows ; subsoil plow ; a
manure-spreader ; a horse-hoe ; carrot-thinner ; reaper and binder ; mowing-
machine ; hay-tedder ; horse-rake ; hay-loader ; thresher ; fanning-mill ; grinding-mill ;
190 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA.
root-cutter ; liay-cutter ; corn-stalk crusher ; staiulard weifihei-s, scales and measures ;
also improved wagons and fann-carts.
As a general rule, no tillage operations can be perfonned when the soil is wet.
Clay soils especially are liable to great injury in this way. Plowing or harrowing
land when wet is destructive to crops.
ItoTATiox OF Crops.*
" The arrangement of a certain succession of crops, by which each shall folluw in
such a rotation as shall best economize the resources of the farm, has long been an
object of primary consideration among agriculturists. The fact that certain crops
impoverish the soil in a greater degree than others is very much dc]iendent on the
use that is made of them.
"If a crop is entirely removed from the farm on which it is produced the laud
will obviously be deprived of some of those elements which would be restoi-ed to it
by the consumption of the whole or a portion of the same crop on the ground.
The manner in which a crop is cultivated will also influence the condition of the
soil. A succession of grain crops, grown in such a manner as would not admit of
the soil being kept free from weeds, even though they did not of themselves draw
from the soil a greater supply of the elements of fertility, would be more injuriou.s
to it than a succession of well-hoed crops, the intervals between the rows of the
latter and the comparatively late period of the season at which they are sown
admitting of the complete eradication of weeds.
"The inorganic matter abstracted from the soil by any one crop is .so small in
amount as to render the choice of a particular crop, in reference to that ]ioint, of
little moment. A deficiency is generally rectified by the manaire applied in the
ordinary routine of cultivation. Without entering, in this place, on the scientific
investigation of this subject, it will be found that, for practical purposes, the prin-
ciple to be kept in view, in fixing on a rotation of cropa, is, what succession is hkst
SUITED IN A GIVEN LOCALITY TO DRAW FROM THE SOIL THE LARGEST NET RETURN, WHILE
THE CAPABILITIES OF THE LAND ARE, AT THE SAME TIXIE, MAINTAINED AND INCREASED.
" There are three conditions, namely, climate, nature of soil, and local iM)sition,
which must first be observed in dealing with this subject. Some jilants are best
adapted to a dry, some to a moist climate ; one is suitable to a stiff clay soil, another
to a loam, and a third to a sand. The local demand for a particular croji may render
its culture on a particular soil remunerative; while the absence of .such a demand
may make the same crop on a similar and suitable soil of little value.
* James Caird Morton, Encyclopedia of Agriculture.
JERSEY CATTLE EV AMEEKJA.
THE ENGLISH SYSTEM.
'■'■Norfolk. — Here tlie four-course system had its origin, and liere it is still prac-
tised in the best style. But this county, ■which was the first to l^reak through the
old system of cropping as long as the land would yield grain, is now beginning to
amend its own improvements. The ease with which artificial and other manures
can now be procured, and the readiness with which they may be applied to the land
at any period of the rotation, have taught the enterprising farmers of this county
that the matter for their consideration, in fixing on a coiirse of crops, is simply
which, with a given outlay, will produce the largest return, and, at the same time,
most enrich the land. Instead of the four-course, the following is adopted Ijy some
first-rate farmers, namely : 1, clover, trefoil or peas ; 2, wheat ; 3, oats ; 4, turnips ;
5, wheat or barley. Every crop is manured for, either by direct application or by
sheep-feeding.
" And on a large farm, where this system lias supjilanted tlie four-course, the
average produce of all the grain crops has increased, in ten years, between thirty
and forty per cent. ; the extent of land on this farm in wheat having, during that
period, annually increased, till it has now become one-third greater than it was then.
The four-course is conducted thus : the clover lay, after being mown, is dunged.
A rapid growth of aftermath is prodiiced, which is plowed in to enrich the ground
for the wheat crop. In spring the young wheat receives a dressing of one hundi-ed
weight of nitrate of soda and two hundredweight common salt mixed, and sown l)y
hand in two applications, at an intei-val of three weeks, beginning in Mai-c-li Mud
ending in April. When the wheat is removed the ground is plowed and sown with
rye, which is eaten off in spring, and followed by the turnip crop. Dung, super-
phosphate, and guano are applied to the turnijjs, the greater proportion of which
are consumed on the ground by sheep which are also cake-fed. The land is thus
prepared for barley, which is sown out with red clover, and with trefoil and white
clover alternately. No rye grass is sown with the clovers, as it is reckoned injurious
to the following wheat crop. Many of the best Norfolk farmers do not hoe their
wheat crops in spring, as hoeing has been found to increase the proportion <if
inferior grain. The wheat fields are rolled in spring with advantage to the crop."
AMERICAN ROT
A system of rotation for Jersey dairy farms in America must depend upon
greatly varying conditions of soil, climate, and jjroximity to market. Soiling or
pasturing of stock also necessitates a variation of crops. Where soiling is practised,
especially in a case where the land is both imderdrained and irrigated with liqiud
manure, the rotation may often include two grain ci'ops and one root crop in a single
season from the same piece of groimd. For the ordinary method of dairy practice
I'M JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
the following rotation may prove useful : 1, clover; 2, carrots or mangolds; 3, rye
or barley ; 4, sweet com ; 5, oats ; 6, barley. ( )r this : 1, oats ; 2, sweet corn ; 3, rj'e
forage ; 4, llutigai-iaii grass ; 5, clover and grasses ; (J, carrots or parsnips.
KOT.VnOX l)K SUII,IN(i CKOI'S.
1. Winter Ijarley, winter wheat, and winter rye sown in September and
October for the May and June feeding, may follow (in land that has fed a crop of
corn fodder.
2. Barley, oats, oats and peas, oats and vetches for early spring sowing, for June
and July feeding. Lucern, red clover, large clover, alsike, alsike and timothy, are also
included in this list for second growth for June and July feeding.
3. Millet, Hungarian grass, dent corn, flint corn and sweet corn for July
feeding.
4. Sweet corn, flint or dent corn grown on the ground that was occupied by
barley and rye, for August feeding.
5. Sweet corn grown on the ground that was occupied by the barley, oats and
peas, for September feeding.
6. Barley and rye, grown on the ground that furnished the millet, Hungarian
grass, and early corn fodder, for October and November feeding.
7. Carrots, jjarsnijis and mangolds to follow clover and lucern every second or
third year.
It would be impossible to specify any course of crops which can be recom-
mended as the best under all circumstances. The agriculturist may select without
much difliculty the course of crops most suitable to his soil and locality, and those
best adapted to his needs, which are elsewhere mentioned under the list of soiling
crops in another section of this work. He may therefore, by saving his manures in
tight vats and continually enriching his soil, grow any crop suitable to his climate and
soil, in such a succession as he pleases, the conditions needful to success being that
the land must be kept dry, clean, and rich.
PI,ANNIi\(; FOK ROTATION.
In order to plan for a rotation of .soiling croj)s it is necessary to know how much
a full-sized cow requires for the season.
If your soil is of average good quality the daily allowance for one cow will be
one square rod of grass, clover, or lucern ; three fourths of a rod of barley, oats, oats
and peas, rye or millet ; and about one half a rod of maize or sweet corn. Rich
land will require less.
Estimate the amount of ground you will need for the season according to the
number of cows and the variety of crops to be cultivated.
For all the annuals there must be a regular planting in periods, of every seventh
ALPHEA 171.
.4 Fountain Ikail.
-^1 IMM
MERCURY 432.
snrpsoN iiEKi)
iM Simpson, 51 Chatham S'l
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 193
day, so that there shall be provided a succession of young, tender, juicy herbage,
ready to be cut while in bloom, that the waste from toughness may be reduced to
the lowest degree. It would be preferable to doulile the frequency of seed-sowing
rather than to lengthen the above-named period.
PUNCTUAL PERFORMANCE OF ALL FARM-WORK.
" A stitch in time saves nine." — Old Prorerb.
The farmer who excels the average achievements of agriculturists must needs
be free from the fetters of prejudice and a merely routine agricultural ediication.
lie must bring to bear upon his calling all the tact and business ability with whicli
lie is gifted and experience enables him to develop in himself.
Energetic industry and sound common sense, comliined with systematic and
thorough methods and extreme punctuality in all operations, are the elements upon
which depends tlie success of the farmer.
It is well for every farmer to have a calendar of oi3eration8 for the year made to
suit his locality and the sj^ecial work upon his farm.
JANUARY.
Take account of stock and balance the books.
This is generally tlie coldest month of the year. Those wlio have access to beds
of marl or other natural fertiUzers, as well as factory waste, may cart them upon lands
which are suitable, during the whole winter, but the earlier the bettei", so as to get the
beneficial action of the frost upon them. Thrashing of grain, composting manures,
preparation of bone manures. Tools and implements should be looked over to see
that they are in good condition.
Cattle should be made very comfortable in good stables that are both warm and
well ventilated.
Harness should be kept well oiled, bright and clean, and not allowed to freeze or
crack from getting wet.
Water-meadows must be closely watched, where the English method is adopted ;
obstructions from dead leaves removed ; let the water flow until a scum appears
upon the grass, an indication that the soil is surfeited with water.
Prune trees.
Breed cows for winter butter.
Cows should be kept in good condition and full flow of milk for winter butter.
FEBBUAEY.
The weather is generally very irregular during this month. "Wliere the climate
admits, oats, barley, peas and spring wheat are to be sown.
194 JERSEY CATTLE I.Y AMERICA.
Parsnips may be sown in our Middle and Southern States the last uf tliis month.
Seeds of all kinds must be procured this month, if they are not grown upon tlio
farm— grass, clover, maize, carrot, mangold, parsnip, rutabaga, rye, barley, oats,
peas, millet, vetch, sweet com — everything needed for forage crops, pastures and
meadows. Grass land intended for oats or barley should be plowed as soon as they are
dry enough. Oil the wood and metal of tools and machines with petroleum. Guaiio
and superphosphate or other artificial manures should be purchased and stored this
month. Finish pruning apple-trees. Allow no cattle to go upon wet grass lands, as
they will seriously injure the sod by trampling it.
The water-meadows, if they have been successfully irrigattMl, will l)ec;iii to show
green in the South and central States.
Look well after the young calves. The ealt'-eril)s sliould have one occupant only,
with plenty of bedding. Keep them warm and dry, and with a constant •supply of
])ure air, always putting a little rennet in the warm mixed milk to prevent any trouble
from indigestion. Breed cows for winter dairy.
This is the first month of agricultural spring over the greater portion of Ainei-ii-a.
The soil dries rapidly. Toward the end of the month young wheat and i-ye will
require hoeing, or the slanting-tooth smoothing-harrow may be used, followed by
the roller, if the land is sufficiently dry.
Oats may be sown this month as soon as the ground can be made ready, barley
a few days after oats, one to two bushels of seed per acre. Pickle four bushels of
oats or barley in a gallon of water containing tw<i ounces of sulphate of copper, as a
safeguard against bunt and smut.
Grass and clover seeds may be sown near the end of the month, best on ground
especially prepared for them, and not with grain crops. After sowing the clover and
grass seeds, go over the ground with tlie roller and brush-harrow attached, or use the
chain or web-harrow.
C'arrot ground should now be prepared by deep plowing and thorough manur-
ing. Rich ground thoroughly pulverized, and mixed with manure to the depth of
twelve inches, will give good returns for the butter dairy. Subsoiling, going twice iu
tlie furrow, is a good preparation for carrots.
Spring vetch may begin the first sowing this month, with peas.
Sow mixtures for sailing crops.
Plant a])ple-trees this month as early as possible. Also attend to grafting and
budding.
Plant hedge fences of prim as an accompaniment to barbed wire.
Dig around and clean young iiedges.
Where water-meadows have been regularly irrigated tiirough the winter a go<jd
JERf^EY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 195
crop of grass may be now expected ; the rye fields also afforil gnod pn^ture. I^se
dry hay with this green food to prevent violent scouring.
If cows are properly kept they will not be in much danger of- colostrum fever
or apoplexy, a disease induced by a high condition, plethora, fat, and a constipated
condition of the bowels, probably often complicated by a cold from sudden draught of
air. These conditions are made worse by neglect of cxei'cise and insufficient or
improper stable ventilation.
The month of March is an important montli to look after the destructitm of all
kinds of field and barn vermin, such as nbice, rats, and atray days.
The rats and mice destroy a vast amount of farm produce. Soak a box of
matches in a half pint of water, and mix the water with flour enougli to make a stiff
dough ; place this where rats or mice or only small creatures can liave access to it.
They are very fond of this phosphorated poison, and eat it with avidity to their
destruction.
Any mongrel cur or thoroughbred huund straying without his owner on any field
thereby forfeits his life. lie is easily tempted to injure live stock, and may, by
causing fright in a herd, be an agency of producing abortions. One dog will destroy
a large flock of choicely bred sheep in a few minutes. Dog-skins make the best
gloves, and their carcasses and bones the best manure for meadows and orchards.
Begin to set dog-traps in the moutli <if March. Make a pyramidal frame of
slats, leaving a space at the top for them to jump \n as they ascend the ladder to get at
the bait, which may be a large piece of meat tliat has been perforated with skewers and
the holes filled with powdered strychnine. A large number of dogs may be captured
in this way, and thus may be secured a great quantity of the most valuable manure
at a little expense, and thereby may be prevented the danger of frightened herds,
abortion, or the mangling and destruction of thousands of dollars' M'orth of sheep
throughout the country.
The dairy work is beginning to increase. Provision should be made for prompt
performance of every kind of work. The cows should be milked regularly Ijy the
minute, two or three times daily, as they require, and all dairy operations, as well as
the milking and feeding, should be begun and finished according to a fixed schedule
and time-table. Neither good butter nor clieese will be made in this month without
oatmeal, parsnips, clover hay, and a little green rye, or water-meadow pasture,
combined.
Al'RII,.
The weather is capricious, with showers, hot sun, cold winds, and nipping
frosts, especially in the central and northern States and Canada.
Wheat will require harrowing, after which it may have the roller.
Pull all thistles, docks, daisies and dandelions in grain crops and meadows.
These can only be rooted up when the ground is moist after a rain.
196 JERSEY CATTLE ly AMERICA.
Barley sowing may be completed this month. Carrots may be entirely planted
this month. The laud, deeply tilled and rolled as hard as possible, is to be sown in
rows eighteen inches apart by the drill, which is to be followed by a light roller to
complete the operation. Five pounds of seed are rubbed, soaked in diluted urine and
warm water, mixed with two l)ushels of ashes or sau<l, witli tlio drill set to sow two
bushels. A few oats added will earlier show the line of the row, so that weeding
may begin before the carrots appear above ground. iLmgold-wurzel may be planted
thi,s month. Tliese are dibbled half an inch deep in richly manured soil, two feet
apart by one foot in the drill. A light roller follows. Kolil-rabi may be sown fur
transplantation in May. Successive beds may be sown for transplanting all
through the summer to cultivate like turnips. Use the wlieel-hoe cultivator.
Lucern may be sown by the end of April, ten poimds per acre, in rows one foot
apart, on deeply tilled, rich, calcareous soil. Spring vetches or peas, alone or with
oats, may be sown during April for soiling in July and August.
Turnip land may have its first plowing in April, after whicli it should be
harrowed and kept clean from weeds.
Paring and burning is the most efficient nietli()d of breaking up old grass lands.
Spread the ashes, plow, harrow and roll.
April is a good month for laying down grass lands, either by sowing grass seed
or by planting bits of turf six by si.\ inches on a well-tilled field. Follow both grass
seed and turf with the roller, and give a coat of fine manure broadcast or saturate
with liquid manure. In the early part of April, in moist or showery weather, sow
guano and superphosphates upon grain crops. More easily soluble manures, as nitrate
of potash, may l)e sown later and in dryer weather. Hedges and trees may still be
planted. Puddle the roots well. Keep orchards, hedges, and all crops free from
weeds by freipient stirring of the surface or mulching the ground.
Cattle will continue to receive parsnips and mangolds, a ])ortion of green lye
and Italian rye grass. Cheese-making is on the increase. The cows are turned to
grass at the latter jjart of this month in most of the country, but they need hay until
accustomed to the change, or they may receive part soiling of rye and rye grass with
roots.
Peas require llnic, hotic-powdcr, or marl, to insure a good cro]).
Cattle need one eighth of an ounce of salt every day.
Rennet is now j)repared by the following method: One gallon of tliin whey is
boiled with a handful of salt and a spoonful of saltpetre ; the solution is then strained,
and when it is cooled to the temperature of 98° Fahr. four large maws or rennets
are put into it; the whole is placed in a covered jar, and may lie used after standing
fourteen days. To this may be added one fourtli jiart alcohol for keeping. A
very small quantity of this preparation should be mi.\ed with the food of all
young calves, as a preventive against indigestion and consequent diarrhoea. Four
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMEHICA. 197
ounces of this solution without the alcohol will he sufficient for a cheese of thirty
pounds.
Two jars of rennet should he kept to be used alternately. The rennet-skins may
be resalted, dried, and used again the following year if desired. Use no so-called
" rennet " manufactured from mineral acids ; only a pure article.
Wheat, if too heavy, may be topped again, as in April. Weeds must be pulled
out of grain crops. Plant maize as soon as the ground is warm enough. Carrots
may be cultivated and hoed, and singled out by the end of May, as also parsnips.
Mangolds need tilling and cleaning with hand-hoe work. Use the prong-hoe
and single out the plants. Seize the best plant by the left hand, and tear the rest
away with the right hand very abruptly.
Blanks may be filled by plants thus taken out.
Eye, barley, vetches, clover, and Italian rye grass will have been the soiling
supply for Jersey cattle. The land that is clearerl of these crops is to I)e immediately
plowed again.
Rye grass and lucern will make a succession of cuttings till autumn.
Irrigate the late-planted trees. Destroy caterpillars and moths upon trees and
crops before they scatter from their webs.
Water the newly-set hedges. Plant maize fields.
Sow buckwheat for green manure, one bushel to the acre, in drills one foot
apart, and cultivate once.
Ply the cultivator and hoe against all weeds in all crops.
Early cleanliness and thorough cleanliness are indispensable to success.
Rich spots in pastures should be mown gradually, and cattle will eat the hay
which they would not eat as rank grass.
Cattle will receive full allowance of green food by the end of the month or
before, and will have finished the mangolds.
There is economy in letting pasture be very forward in growth before stocking it.
If soiling is adopted calculate the quantity of the different crops according to
the number of stock on the farm.
If cows are pastured it is economy to use the tether. They should always be
housed at night and also during the hottest part of the day, \vith at least one feed in
the stable and great abundance of pure clean water.
If cheese is made, pigs are needed to consume the whey and biittermilk.
Mangolds require the wheel-hoe cultivator, and the second cleaning by the
six-tined hand-hoe.
198 .lEllSE ) ■ < A TTFJ-: IX A MERK A .
Carrots and parsnips must be singled out as early as practicable, at intervals of
eight to twelve inches, and kept clean of weeds. 8o\v millet for a crop of hay
from the first to the tenth of the month. The maize will require the smoothing-harrow
until six to twelve inches higli, two, tliree or more harrowings. Orchard grass ready
for soiling.
Clovers for soiling, vetches and oats also. Clover.s for hay may be mown and
early grasses for hay. Look sharp to keep all weeds down this month. Allow no
weed to flower and seed. Cut clover and grass for hay oh noon as they hegin to flower,
then they are rnost nutritious.
Thumb-and-finger pruning for apple-trees cannot be neglected this month.
Let every superfluous growth be pinched off while it is tender and small.
Keep the pastures well fed, aiid mow the grass that is too rank to be eaten by
stock. Allow one or two fields for a reserve in case of drouth. Never allow thistles,
weeds and briers to encumber grass lands. Thistles may be spudded in dry seasons,
or pulled with tweezers in wet weather. Spread all droppings of cattle within three
days. Mow the early meadows. Be careful to guard against hoven upon change of
feed. Give the working horses and oxen a plentiful feed of oats. This is the month
of most abundant pasture and good soiling crops. Cattle need salt every day.
Dairy produce is at its height. Change of pasture as often as practicable increases
the flow of milk, (rive as great a variety of soiling crops as can be growni.
Ill the hot days pastured cattle should have one or two feeds of soiling crops in
the stalls. The (|iiality of tlic milk will often vary so much for cheese-making as to
require a change in the rciiiict. Cheeses inust be very regidarly turned. The
temperature of the cheese-room should be kept at tltt° Fahr. Hang wet cloths near
the windows and doors or ventilators, to aid in cooling. If there is a current of air
in the cheese-room the cheeses must be well covered to prevent hea\'ing and cracking.
Sow rutabagas from middle of June onward. Sow soiling crops every week.
Wheat is in full ear. The ])ulk of the hay crop is cured before the middle of
this month. The last sowing of millet must be made before the middle of the
month. All turnips must be sowed before the first of August.
Plantings of maize may be made every two weeks until the middle of July.
Alsike and timothy are now ready for soiling. Green oats should be combined
with them in feeding while they last.
Vetches also, c()ml)ined with oats and ]ieas. The liorse-hoe, or wheel hand culti-
vator, is to be kejit moving in all root croiw. The thinning process must be
fini.shed for carrots, parsnips and mangolds. Turnips hand-hoed. Weeds kejit down
in all fields. Maize ground cultivated, shallow, fine, and level.
Apples must be thinned on the trees.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3fEIiICA. 199
Mow all pastures before seeding to prevent smut.
Pastures must be thinned and soiling increased this month. Thistles destroyed.
Keep the dog-trap baited. Make a compost of dogs. Cover the heap with fine
earth, and pour on daily diluted sulphuric acid until the bones are all dissolved, or
use the bone-mill when the bones are cleaned.
This is a busy month in meadow, field, stable and the dairy.
Do not pasture meadows. Keep the stables and the dairy very, very clean
and sweet. Milk should be kept by controlling the temperature to the right point.
Sow barley for autumn soiling, every week.
Oil wood-work of all tools and machines with petroleum.
Sow sweet corn every week.
AUGUST.
A good time to renovate old pastures and lay down grass lands.
Wheat, rye and barley grains are generally all harvested before the middle of
August in the most northern districts.
Fodder corn is the great soiling crop, and vetches, millet, timothy and rye grass,
with second cut of clover and lucern. Plow in buckwheat while in full bloom for
green manure. Sweet corn is the best green crop of this month. Keep up the
full flow of milk and the routine of butter or cheese-making. Sow late barley and
rye for soiling.
Grub up and cut bushes and trees in August to destroy them, as they will not
sprout.
SEPTEMBER.
Apply lime, marl, and natural manures of all sorts and clay to sands. Burn all
rubbish. Cut seed clover. Sow the winter vetches, wheat and rye, before the last
week in September. Sow winter barley. Sweet corn, vetches, and barley are good
soiling feed.
Harvest and shock the maize ; cure corn stover. The pastures have a fresh
growth if there are late rains. The full flow of milk must be kept up in the butter
dairy.
The stock of cheese is large.
Keep the dog-trap in operation. Dogs make most excellent manure.
Gather apples. Feed them to cows lightly at first, beginning with two quarts
a day ; increase gradually to a half bushel. Run them through a root-ciitter. Never
allow the chance of choking animals at any time with apples, roots, or tubers, then
you will not need to be on the watch to save the best cow in a dire emergency.
This is the great month for wheat-sowing, as well as the planting of winter
barlej' and rye, with winter vetches, though rye generally does better sown in
200 .JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Sejitember. A half bushel of seed per acre for each grain. In Southern States
grains may be planted later. Root-crops are all ready for harvesting.
Drains may be opened. Ditches cleaned.
Hedges have last clipping.
Rats, mice and moles, as well as the dogs, are to be trapped or poisoned this month.
October is a busy month with the irrigator of water-meadows. The rowen
hay is cured.
Sweet corn and barley are the best green crops of this month.
Take good care of the stock tliat they do not suffer from the chilly weather and
cold rains. Get all the cattle up early to the stables, so as to be prepared for winter
in the northern districts by the month of November. Oil wood-work and metal
again when tools and machines are stored for the winter. Always have a place for
each implement, and wlien not in use the implement should be iu its place in the
tool-house.
NOVEMBER.
Keep up the full flow of milk with green barley and corn stover.
Finish harvesting turnips, carrots and mangolds. Parsnips may remain in the
ground. Plant prim hedges. Continue ditching and draining.
Put the water-meadows and irrigating works in perfect order, or build them, if
land is suited for irrigation. Carrots pull easily after a soaking rain.
Use a heavy roller for the land during irrigation. Turn off the water on the
mild Indian summer mornings, and there will be a beautiful green growth of grass.
Cheese-factory work has generally suspended, but the butter dairy must be
made perjjetual. Sow wheat in Gulf States. Breed cows for winter dairy.
DECEMliKK.
The month is varial>le. The Indian summer is generally cut short a week
before Christmas, sometimes nmcli earlier, by very cold ice-making weather.
This will necessitate the stopping of draining and all field operations, which
should be well finished before winter sets in.
Commence ice-harvesting as soon as a sufficient dejjth is frozen, which is from
eight to twelve inches.
If you have water-meadows they need as much care as during any month of the
year. Let the water flow unchanged during the severest frost, and change the water
upon mild mornings.
Cattle must be kept warm, dry and clean, the butter dairy in full operation,
with corn stover, oatmeal and carrots fed in the stalls.
The drinking-water should always be tempered to about 65°, and esjjecially not
neglected in autumn and 8j>ring months. Keep the stables well ventilated and
comfortable for all Jerseys, old and yoiuig. Breed cows for winter butter dairy.
JERiiEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
BREEDER'S CALENDAR.
Average Table of Gestatiox fok Jersey
Datk of Service.
Due to Calve.
Dateo
' Service.
Due TO
:ai,ve.
Date of Service.
Due to Calve.
Jail. 1 . . . .
. . . . Oct. 8.
Feb
4....
...Nfn
. 11.
Marc
1 10. ...
.... Dec
. 15.
" 2 . . . .
9
u
.5
T*
,j
16.
17.
" 3....
. ... •' 10.
«
6
13.
"
12....
"
« 4....
. . . . " 11.
u
14
«
13 ... .
«
18
" 5....
. ... '• 12.
u
s
15
u
14....
19
" 6....
. . . . " 13.
u
9
16
u
15.. . .
u
9fl
" 7. . . .
. ... " 14.
-
10....
17.
16.. ..
"
21.
" 8 . . . .
. . . . " 15.
"
11. ...
18.
"
17....
"
22.
" 9
. " 16.
i>
12
(I
18....
19
((
" 10
... " 17.
a
13....
%\
a
a
^\
" 11 ... .
. ... " 18.
... " 19.
n
14....
15 ... .
21.
22.
"
20 . . .
„
9,5
" 12....
21....
"
26.
" 13
. " 20.
"
16....
17....
23.
24.
22....
23 ... .
,,
^"i
" l-l....
. ... " 21.
28.
" 15....
. ... " 22.
"
18....
25.
"
24....
... "
29.
" 16
. ... " 23.
... " 24.
... " 25.
... " 26.
u
19
26.
27.
28.
29.
"
25....
26....
■■■ I
SO
" 17....
20....
21. ...
22....
31
" 18 ...
27
Jail
1
" 19....
28 ... .
2.
" 20
... - 27.
... " 28.
i.
23
30.
1.
"
29 ... .
30....
u
?,
" 21....
24....
...Dec
4.
" 22 ... .
... " 29.
25 ... .
2.
31 ... .
... "
5.
" 23 ... .
. . " 30.
26 ... .
3
Apri
1
u
6
" 24....
... " 31.
>'
27....
4.
2....
"
7.
" 25 ... .
...Nov. 1.
28....
5.
3 . . . .
... "
8.
" 26....
. . . '• 2.
Marcl
1....
6.
4....
... "
9.
" 27....
..." 3.
... " 4.
2
7.
8.
»
5....
6....
«
10
« 28....
3....
11.
" 29....
... " 5.
"
4....
9.
"
7....
... "
12.
" 30....
... " 6.
"
5....
10.
"
8....
... "
13.
" 31 ... .
... " 7.
... " 8.
"
6 . . .
11.
12.
"
9....
10. ...
... "
14
Feb. 1....
7....
15.
" 2 . . . .
..." 9.
-
8
13.
"
11... .
16.
" 3....
... " 10.
u
9....
14.
«
12....
"
17.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
I)aT« op SiRVlCE.
> Calve, j Date op Service. Due to Calve, i Date op Service.
Mav
ril 13 Jail. IS. I May 2-1 Feb. 20.
, Fel).
June
July
20.
" 24....
. . . . " 28.
21.
'• 25....
. ...Marclil.
22.
" 2G....
. ... " 2.
23.
" 27....
.... " 3.
2+.
" 28....
.... " 4.
25.
" 29 . . .
.... •' 5.
2G.
" 30 ....
. . . . " 6.
27.
" 31....
. . . . '■ 7.
28.
June 1 . . . .
. . . . " 8.
29.
'• 2....
. . . . " 9.
30.
" 3 . . . .
. ... " 1(1.
31..
" 4....
. ... •• 11.
1.
" 5 . . . .
.... '• 12.
2.
" 0
.... '• 13.
3.
" 7....
. . . . '• 14.
4.
'• 8....
. . . . •• 15.
fi
'• 9
'• IG
0.
'• 10....
.... •• 17.
7.
" 11....
... •• 18.
8.
" 12....
. . . . '• 19.
9.
" 13....
.... " 20.
10.
'• 14....
.... " 21.
11.
" 15....
.... " 22.
12.
" 16....
.... " 23.
13.
" 17....
. . . . " 24.
14.
" 18....
. . . . " 25.
15.
" 19....
.... " 26.
16.
'> 20....
. . . . '* 27.
17.
" 21....
. ... " 28.
18.
'• 22 ... .
. ... '• 29.
19.
" 23....
. . . . " 30.
20.
" 24....
. ... " 31.
21.
'• 25....
....April 1.
22.
" 26....
. . . . '• 2.
23.
'• 27....
. . . . " 3.
24.
" 28....
. . . . " 4.
25.
" 29....
. . . . " 5.
Aug.
LETo Calve
. April 6,
30.
.May 1.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA
Datb of
Sertios.
Doi TO Calve. |
Date of
Service.
Doe to Calve. 1
Date of Service.
Doe to Calve.
Aug.
8....
...May
15.
Sept
16....
. . . . June 23.
Oct.
25 ... .
....Aug. 1.
"
9....
. . . . "
16.
"
17.. ..
. ... "24.
"
26....
.... " 2.
a
10....
11....
12....
:::: :
I'i'.
18.
19.
;;
18. ...
19
. . . . "25.
" 26
"
27
. . " 3.
,(
28....
29....
" 4
"
20....
. ... " 27.
.... " 5.
"
13....
.... "
20.
"
21....
. . . . "28.
«
30....
" 6.
"
14....
. . . . "
21.
"
22 . . .
. . . . " 29.
«
31....
.... " 7.
u
15....
«
9,9,
"
23 ... .
. ... " 30.
^ov
1....
.... " 8.
11
16....
17....
18....
19....
20....
21....
22.. ..
. . . . "
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Ocl
24....
25 ... .
26
....July 1.
..." 2.
" 3.
2 . .
.... " 9.
,1
3...
.... "10.
41
4...
5...
6
" 11.
,,
27
" 4.
" 12.
u
28....
. . . . " 5.
... " 13.
,1
29
" 6.
7....
8. . .
" 14
u
30....
. 1....
.... " 7.
.... " 8.
.... "15.
'.
23....
"
9...
.... "16.
"
24....
.... "
31.
"
2....
.... " 9.
«
10...
.... "17.
a
25 ... .
26 ... .
June 1.
" 2
"
3....
.... " 10.
"
11...
12
" 18.
<,
4...
.... " 11.
. " 19.
u
27 ... .
3.
44
5...
.... " 12.
44
13. . .
.... " 20.
J.
28 . . .
44
4.
5.
,4
6
. " 13.
"
14...
15...
" 21.
"
29....
"
7. ..
.... " 14.
.... "22.
"
30...
.... "
6.
"
8...
.... " 15.
"
16. ..
.... " 23.
"
31...
.... "
7.
"
9...
.... " 16.
"
17...
.... "24.
Sept
. 1...
.... "
8.
"
10 . . .
.... " 17.
"
19...
" 25.
i>
2. . .
U
9.
10.
11.
12.
"
11...
12...
13...
14...
.... " 18.
.... " 19.
.... " 20.
.... " 21.
"
20 . . .
21...
"26.
11
3...
4...
5...
:;:: [
"27.
„
2^
" 28.
"
23 . . .
"29.
u
6 .
. 13.
14.
"
15...
16...
" 22.
.... " 23.
44
24.. .
25...
"30.
"
7. . .
"
"31.
"
8...
.... «
15.
"
17...
.... " 24.
«
26...
Sept. 1.
44
9 .
4,
16.
17.
18
"
18...
19
.... " 25.
.... " 26.
"
27...
28...
29...
" 2.
44
10...
11. . .
.... "
" 3.
44
2(»
.... " 27.
" 4.
44
12...
13...
44
19.
20.
44
21...
22...
.... " 28.
.... " 29.
Dec
30 .
" 5.
"
.. 1 . . .
" 6.
(4
14. ..
15...
"
21.
99.
"
23...
24...
.... " 31.
.... " 31.
"
2
" 7
44
3...
" 8.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
4TB OF SbBVIOB.
Dob to Caltb.
Datb of Skbvice.
DdbtoCalvb.
Datb of Sbbtiob.
Dub to Caltb.
Dec.
4....
...Sept
. W.
Dec
14....
. . . Sept
.19.
Dec
23...
. . . Sept. 28.
u
5....
0
u
10.
11.
.,
15
20.
21.
u
24 ... .
25...,
. . " 29.
"
1(1. ...
"
.... " 30.
"
7....
. . . . "
12.
n
22.
"
26 ... .
....Oct. 1.
u
8
a
13.
U
"
18....
19....
23.
9,4
..
27
2
u
9....
u
28 ... .
.... " 3.
u
10....
11....
. . . . "
15.
16.
::
21)
25.
26.
29...
30 ....
" 4.
"
21....
.... " 0.
"
12....
. . . . "
17.
"
22....
27.
«'
31....
.... " 6.
"
13....
. . . . "
IS.
AVERAGE PERIOD OF GESTATION IN RACES OF ANIMALS.
Elephant 2 years.
Camel 1 year.
Buffalo 1 '•
Mare 340 days.
281 "
240 "
144 "
144 "
120 "
63 "
Cow ....
Reindeer
Sheep . . .
Goat ....
Sow . . . ,
Cat 56
Eab])it 28
Swan sit8 42
Gocjse " 30
Duck " 30
Pea Hen " 28
Turkey " 28
Guinea Fowl " 28
Hen " ; 21
Canary " 14
Pigeon " 14
The longest recorded period of gestation in the cow is 313 days.
The shortest period in which the calf survived was a Jersey born at the sev
month.
MEASUREMENTS OF HAY, CORN, ICE AND ROOTS.
enth
One cubic foot of bale hay weighs 9 pounds.
One cubic foot of pressed hay weighs 25 pounds.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 305
Five hundred and twelve cubic feet of hay weigh one ton in mow.
Two cubic feet of sound corn in ear will make one bushel of shelled corn.
One cubic foot of ice weighs 57^ pounds, and sustains a weight of more than
1500 pounds in its natural position.
In building ice-houses allow one ton of ice to thirty-four cubic feet of space.
An acre of ice one foot in thickness wiU yield about 1300 tons.
To find the number of bushels of carrots or mangolds in a bin multiply the
length, breadth, and thickness together, and this product by 8, and point off one figure
in the product for decimal.
One cubic foot of water measures 8 gallons and weighs 12 pounds.
One (juart of milk weighs 2.15 pounds.
NUMBER OF PLANTS i''Ol4 AN ACRK.
1 foot by 1 foot 43,560
1^ feet by 1^ feet 19,630
2 feet by 1 foot 21,780
2 feet by 2 feet 10,890
2i feet by 2i feet 6,960
3 feet by \ foot 29,040
3 feet by 1 foot 14,520
3 feet by 2 feet 7,260
3 feet by 3 feet 4,840
3i feet by 3^ feet 3,555
4 feet by ^ foot 21,780
4 feet by 1 foot 10,890
4 feet by 2 feet 5,445
4 feet by 3 feet 3,630
4 feet by 4 feet 2,722
30 feet by 30 feet 48
33 feet by 33 feet 40
40 feet by 40 feet 27
IRKIGATION.
In a country like our own, containing every variety of soil and climate, and
subject to the most variable degrees of rainfall in its different parts — a country of
abundant sunshine, a land of streams and great lakes, and yet subject to the
severest drouths, extending over large areas — a land, too, where there is a greater
waste of fertilizing material than in any other part of the civilized world — in such
a country the need of irrigation is great and continually growing.
206 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Drouths occur anuually, of more or less severity, in almost every section, while
severer drouths occur periodically every third year, and still greater drouths about
every decade. Again, large portions of our western domain are under a state of
perpetual drouth, but only require that the mountain streams and the mighty rivers
of the great valleys be made to flow over them to induce the highest state of fertility.
It is a grievous thing to hear a wail of complaint from every quarter of the land
during a time of drouth, while every portion of the country is intersected with
brooks, rivulets and mighty floods of water running unheeded and unused to the
unfilled sea.
An incident will illustrate how a small stream may sometimes be utilized. On
my native liomestead, in Connecticut, there flows a small trout-brook, and on one
occasion, during a time of the severest drouth ever known in that part of tlie country,
we had a field of corn bordered by the brook. At the time when the maize should
have been making its most rapid growth, instead of waving its broad fresh leaves
in every breeze, it began to wilt and lose its color, rolling up its leaves, and
not receiving moisture enough from the air to allow them to unroll at night. In
such a case the maize crop becomes worthless in a few days, unless it can be saved
by irrigation. There was an abundant flow of water in the brook, and it was but
the work of a few minutes with a shovel and pieces of boards to constrnct a suitable
dam. In a few hours the whole field was saturated to the depth of about six
or more inches, when the dam was taken up and the stream allowed to go its way.
The result was a crop of one hundred bushels of ears to the acre when other fields
unirrigated had a yield so small as to be scarcely worth harvesting.
Water.*
" This most important of all liquids occurs in nature in all the three states of
aggregation which substances are capable of assuming.
" In its solid state, as ice, and in its liquid form, it covers at least three fourths of
tlie entire surface of the earth. It constitutes about three fourths of the weight of
living plants and animals, and enters largely into the composition of many mineral
matters. In a gaseous form it continually evaporates from the surface of the eartli,
rises as watery vapors, which, in the colder regions of the atmosphere, become
condensed into clouds, and is, without doubt, the most abundant substance we meet
with on the face of the earth. It is never found in nature in a state of perfect
purity ; but pure water can easily be obtained from almost any kind of natural water,
by the simple process of distillation. Distilled or pure water, on evaporation, does
not leave the slightest residue, and none of the ordinary chemical tests produce any
change in its appearance. Pure or distilled water, from whatsoever natural source
* Morton's Encyclopedia, Professor .Vugust Voclckcr.
JERSEY CATTLE IR AMEBIC A. 307
it may have been obtained, invariably is a chemical compound of two simple or
elementary gases, hydrogen and oxygen. Every nine jjounds of water always contain
eight pounds of oxygen and one pound of hydrogen ; or in one hundred pounds of
water there are 88.88 pounds of oxygen and 11.11 pounds of hydrogen.
" Water freezes at 32° Fahr., or at 0° Celcius, and 0° Eeaumur, and boils, and
becomes converted into watery vapor or steam, at 212° Fahr., or 100° Celcius,
or 80° Eeaumur. The evaporation of water, however, not only proceeds at an
elevated temperature, but takes j^lace, under favorable circumstances, at all degrees
of heat ; and even in the form of ice, water slowly, it is true, but steadily, evaporates
on exposure to a dry atmosphere. The rapidity M'ith which water is changed into
vapor depends mainly on the temperature of the surrounding air, its degree of
dryness (its hygroscopic condition), its amount of pressure, and the speed with which
the air, charged with watery vapors, is replaced by a dry current. Thence tlie
drying effect of a hot sunshine and of a strong and dry wind.
" During the evaporation of water a considerable amount of cold is produced,
arising from the circumstance that water, in a gaseous state, contains a much larger
amount of latent or imperceptible heat, i.e., heat which is not indicated by our
thermometers. The heat necessary to change liquid water into vapor is abstracted
from surrounding warmer bodies, and consequently we feel the sensation of cold.
"Thus we are liable to catch culd when ^\i' sit down in wet clothes, but seldom
feel any inconvenience from a shower uf rain which may have surprised us, if we
take strong bodily exercise, and thereby supply the heat which is removed fmm our
bodies by the evaporation of the moisture from our wet garments.
" The atmosphere always contains water in an invisible form, and i.s capable of
keeping in perfect solution a larger quantity of moisture at a more elevated
temperature than at a lower.
"Water is not merely indispensable to animal and vegetable life, but also to the
very existence of many purely inorganic compounds.
" The principal varieties of natural waters are : rain water, well-spring water,
river water, sea water, and mineral waters.
" Rain water, having undergone a kind of natural distillation, especially when
collected in remote country districts, is the purest of all natural waters. On evapora-
tion it scarcely leaves a trace of fixed matters, and is contaminated only Math minute
traces of impurities, which the rain washes out of the air. The rain water collected
in towns is less pure. Besides the usual atmospheric impurities, such rain water
contains organic and inorganic matters which the rain washes out of the frequently
dense, smoky town atmosphere, or dissolves from the roofs of houses. The organic
208 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
iinpuritu's impart iiiitu it a yellowisli culor, more ol>serva])k' in water kept some
time.
"The same impurities are likewise tlie cause of tlie ]>utriil smell which such
rain water assumes on keepiiig.
" The more important of the gaseous impurities collected in rain water are carbonic
acid and ammonia, and, especially during thunder-storms, nitric acid. They are
washed out of the air by the falling rain, and, as might be expected, the first shower
contains a larger amoimt of carbonic acid and ammonia than the rain which descends
after a succession of rainy days.
"The amount of ammonia in the air is ever variable, and for that reason rain
water cannot contain always the same quantity of this valuable fertilizing substance.
At any rate, the amount of ammonia and nitric acid in rain water is so small that at
least twenty gallons are requisite for ascertaining their relative proportions. From
the average results of M. Barral's analyses of the rain water collected at Paris, it has
been calculated that in the course of a year the following quantities of nitric acid
and ammonia are brought down from the air, by the rain falling, on every English
acre :
Lbs. Xitrogen, lbs.
Ammonia 12.29 = 10.69
Kitrie Acid 41.2-1: = 10.12
" Supposing our annual rainfall to lie twenty-eight inches, according to Professor
"Way's analyses, the following amount of ammonia and nitric acid would be poured
down yearly on every English acre :
Lbs. Xitrogcn, lbs.
Ammonia 28.59 = 23. 5i
Nitric Acid CS.Ol = 17.88
"It thus appears that the rain which falls in a j-ear conveys to the soil a
considerable quantity of two of the most beneficial fertilizers.
WEIX-SPEING AND RIVER WATERS.
" Water being a solvent for many mineral and organic matters, necessarily must
become contaminated with some of the materials of which the strata are composed
through which it flows ; and as different strata are composed of a variety of mineral
matters, differing greatly in solubility, spring water, according to the nature of the
rocks and soils through which it passes, must always contain a smaller or larger
quantity of various mineral substances.
" Sometimes spring waters contain so large a quantity of mineral substances in
solution that they acquire a saline taste — they are then called mineral waters.
"The ])ure.st kinds of spring waters are those which i-isc in granite districts, or in
DUKE OF DARLINGTON 2460.
Mphui^llwUr T,„,.^
DAULIXGTOX HHIU).
B. I)AltI,IN(i. RaMSKYS, Nkw jKliSKY.
PEDRO ALPHEA 13,889.
AT 4 YEARS OLD.
Test, One Day, 3 lbs. 11 oz.
Eurotas Type.
FAIEVIEW HERD.
6. AND H. B. Cromwell, New Dorp, P. O. Staten Island, N. Y.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 209
localities abounding in sands and rocks, which are principally composed of silicious
elements. One of the purest natural waters is that of the Laka, in the north of
Sweden. It contains only one twenty-sixth of a grain of solid mineral matter in the
imperial gallon, and is admirably well adapted for the making of filtering paper.
" On the other hand, water which rises in calcareous districts, or which flows over
soils and rocks abounding in lime, is very impure, as it contains invariably a large
quantity of mineral matters, more especially lime.
" The drinking-water of Cirencester contains about forty-four grains of
soUd mineral matters to tlie imperial gallon, and some other waters a miich larger
quantity.
" Good drinking-water ought to be perfectly clear, colorless, odorless, tasteless,
and uniformly cold at all seasons. The presence of much oi-ganic matters renders
water disagreeable to the taste, and unwholesome. Inattention to this circunistance
has often been productive of serious and fatal disease. Well water is liable to
become contaminated with these injurious impurities.
"• In sinking a well, the neighborhood of farm-yards, grave-yards, and all places
where refuse matters accumulate ought to be avoided, particularly if the soil in the
locality is silicious, or of a porous nature, which favors percolation of the surface
water. This also shows how desirable it is to prevent the accumulation of the
droppings of animals in open yards ; for not only will the rains that fall upon them
wash out their most valuable constituents, and thus deteriorate the value of tlie
manure, but the well water in the neighborhood is liable to become adulterated with
unwholesome impurities.
" In all M^ell-manured and porous soils the organic substances of the manure give
rise to the production of nitrates, a class of compounds remarkable for their high
fertilizing powers.
" The use of leaden pipes for conducting drinking-water ought to be avoided.
Should the water assume a decidedly brownish or black color on the addition of
sulphuretted hydrogen water, it may be inferred that it contains in solution a quantity
of lead which cannot be introduced in the human organism without causing the
most serious consequences.
BIVEE WATER.
" Like spring and well waters, river waters contain a variable quantity of soUd
matters ; but, generally speaking, river water in most instances is softer than the
well or spring waters in its neighborhood, and for this reason it is better adapted for
general purposes than spring or well waters.
" Carbonate and sulphate of lime, or gypsum, constitute the chief portion of the
solid matters which are left on evaporation ; besides these compounds, ordinary
spring, well and river waters usually contain variable quantities of common salt,
210 JERSEY CATTLE JX AMEIUCA.
sulpliate of soda, sulphate of potasli, carbonate of mafiiiesia, silica, inm, alumina,
phosphoric acid, and organic matters.
" River waters generally hold variable quantities of suspended matters, dependent
upon locality and state of weather ; and thereby are rendered more or less turbid
or muddy.
" The particles of suspended matters do not always readily sul)side, and river
water, for that reason, must usually be filtered, or otherwise purified, before it can
be employed for domestic purposes. Thus even unwholesome and turbid water,
by the use of the water-filter, can be rendered wholesome and clear.
" Simple filtration, however, does not remove to any extent the several consti-
tuents contained in natural waters, and cannot, for tliis reason, be restarted to for the
jnirpose of rendering a hard water soft.
IKKKJATKlX WATER.
" Prejudicial as arc the organic impurities in water to animal life, they nuiterially
benefit the growth of plants ; consequently a water intended to l)e used for irrigation
will be all the better for containing a good proportion of organic substances. Hence
no water is so useful for irrigation as sewage water, or a natural water into which the
sewage of towns finds its way ; for water of that description invariably contains a
considerable amount of putrefying animal and vegetable remain.s, partly in a state of
perfect solution, partly in suspension. But as many natural waters are employed
for irrigation with much benefit, although they contain mere traces of orgaTiic
substances, the beneficial results attending irrigation cannot be due entirely to
the organic matters deposited on the soil in the passage of the water over it. The
inorganic substances contained in all natural waters ccrtaiidy must contribute
to their general beneficial effects ; for several of tiie mineral constituents of spring
and river waters are known to l)e excellent fertilizers.
"There are few natural waters whicli do not contain an appreciable quantity of
salts of potash and soda, sulphate of lime, and solulde silica; and as all tiiese com-
pounds are calculated to promote the healthy and luxuriant growth of plants, most
natural waters must exercise a beneficial action on vegetation, partly on account of
their mineral constituents. In niany waters known to be well adapted for irrigation
we have also detected a small amount of phosphoric acid, or, more correctly speaking,
of phosphate of lime or bone-earth ; and though the i)ercentage of phosphoric acid
in water is but trifling, yet, considering the large quantities which run over irrigated
land, an absolute amount of phosphate of lime is conveyed on it, which is equivalent
to a good dressing of bones.
"Some natural waters are much riclier in alkaline salts than others, and perliajis,
partly for that reason, some kinds pn)duce a more marked effect on vegetation than
others.
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 311
" However, we believe tl le beneficial effects attending irrigation cannot be referred
entirely to the organic and inorganic fertilizing substances wliieli all waters contain.
But as we are not inquiring into the full causes of these effects, and are only speaking
of the qualities of irrigation water, we sliall content ourselves by observing that there
is scarcely any natural water, however poor in solid nmtters, which cannot be employed
with advantage for irrigation purposes.
" While experience teaches that all ordinary spring and river waters are capable
of being employed with advantage by the irrigator, it also inf onus us that some
kinds of natural waters produce much more striking effects on vegetation in
irrigation than others.
" As a general rule, it may be stated that the value of a water, for the purpose of
the irrigator, depends first and chiefly on the quality, and second, upon the quantity
of the solid matter it contains.
" The streams or sjjrings which flow from or over limestone districts, and especially
those which have their origin in the lower strata of limestone rt)cks, are particularly
characterized by fertilizing properties. In the opinion of many practical men it is
the lime in these waters which causes the green, fresh, and luxuriant appearance of
the hei'bage ; and lime, consequently, is regarded by them as the most valuable
ingredient of the water. Lime, no doubt, is a useful fertihzing agent ; and water
containing a considerable proportion of this substance necessarily must exercise a
highly beneficial action when allowed to flow over land naturally deficient in lime.
" Most soils, however, contain proportions of lime amply sufficient to supply all
the wants of the growing plant ; and almost all natural waters, likewise, contain this
substance in considerable quantities.
" In the majority of cases we are not warranted to ascribe to lime alone the -whole
or even the principal share of the chemical influence which water may exercise when
employed for irrigation. Now the springs which rise in the lower strata in limestone
rocks we have ascertained invariably contain proportions of alkaline salts and phos-
phoric acid which are larger than those usually found in natural waters ; and as
alkaline salts and phosphoric acid belong to the most valuable fertilizing substances,
we are inclined to ascribe the superior fertilizing action of these waters, as far a# is
dependent on chemical substances, not to the presence of lime, but to that of a
considerable proportion of alkaline salts and phosphoric acid."
Watek-Meadows.*
"Watering meadows, or the system of applying liquid to further the growth of
the permanent grasses, is a custom very peculiarly localized, botli in England and on
the Continent.
Morton's Encyclopiedia, Hugh Raynbird.
212 jehsky cattle IX amerkw.
"While in the latter we see irrigation practised largely in hot climates, as in the
south of Spain, in Persia (whence the Persian wheel), in China, where the mechan-
ical contrivances for this purpose are ingenious, though simple ; and in Egypt,
where the natural and annual irrigation of the Nile leads to productive harvests ; yet,
with the exception of the rich meadows of Lombardy, and in the mountain slopes
of Switzerland, we find that this irrigation is confiued principally to the growth of
vegetables and tliu cultivation of grain crops, and docs not come under the view of
water-meadows.
" In England we find the custom of watering confined to a few of the southern
counties ; for although successful instances (some of them on a large scale) may be
found in other districts, they are only the introductions of large landholders, and
come under the head of experiment rather than practice.
" I shall briefly mention the English counties that excel in irrigation. These
are: Wiltshire, with its water-meadows on the Avon, and its celebrated Orchiston
meads, which are known under the title of the Long Grass Meadows, the crop of
hay on which is enormous ; Hampshire, with its meadows upon the Avon, the Test
and the Itchen, so useful to flock-masters from their vicinity to the Downs and
their early produce of herbage for ewes and lambs ; Gloucestershire, on the
banks of the Severn, Avon and Ledden. Worcestershire has water-meadows on its
numerous rivers and small streams, and in many instances the water is brought from
a considerable distance by canals, which supply several farms on one estate.
" Dorsetshire possesses six thousand acres of irrigated meadows, including some
of the very richest in the vale of Blackmore, watered by the river Stour.
" Devonshire has its hillside or catch meadows, as also many water-meadows, on
the alluvial borders of the principal rivers.
" Berkshire has valuable meadows along the river Keniiet.
''It is probable that the total quantity of land under this cultivatiiiu in England
is under one hundred thousand acres, a very small proportion of those tracts that
might be improved in this way.
" The most celebrated Wiltshire meadows are on a loose bed of broken flints,
wifh scarcely any earth ; the water above feeds the grass. The Hampshire rivers
have a hard bottom subsoil of chalk, and the water runs over a gravelly or peaty
surface. It seems only necessary tliat the snl)soil should lie porous, and the surface
soil may be what it will on thoroughly well-drained land ; pro])ably it is not of
primary importance what the constituents of the soil may be, although the best
and healthiest meadows certaiidy occur where the soil is porous and dry.
yUAIJTY OF WATKR.
"Water which is productive of fish, particularly trout, is generally supposed to
be good for water-meadows. Experience seems to declare that, for grass land, the
JERSEY a A TTLE IW AllEIlICA. 213
clearer the water the better ; that calcareous matter taken up in a form not to render
the water turbid is almost the only beneficial admixture.
" When the rivers are turbid from quantities of silt, or of finely divided clay and
peat, they injiire the grass, especially the former ; but streams flowing clear and
pure from the hills are of benefit, and esiJecially from hiUs abounding in lime. But
admixture with other soils injures them ; as, for instance, in Staffordshire, where the
river Dove, flowing from calcareous hills, so enriches its neighboring mead that it is
proverbially said : ' In April Dove's flood is worth a king's good ; ' but when admixed
with streams from other sources its benefit ceases.
" On arable land the more thick and turbid the water the better. Tlie Nile
water is thick, and the water used in warping land even more so. The Humber, in
Lincolnshire, is famous. The basis of the warp soil of this river is fine clay and
sand, the latter in the greater proportion, and minutely divided and intimately
mixed with the former, with a considerable portion of fine calcareous earth.
" Though not suited for water-meadows, it is probal)le that warp land, if laid
down to grass, would form very fertile natural ones ; in fact, it is the mode in wliich
all our rich alluvial meads were originally produced.
" But though an admixture of natural earth with the water is not beneficial, yet
that of dissolved animal excrement is. All water is weak liquid manure, and
although it might not be economically practicable for every farmer to lay down a
water-mead, on the system of Mr. Mechi, of underground iron pipes and steam
piimping power, or even advisable, except in particular instances, to imitate the
cheaper mode common in Switzerland, and sometimes practised in Cheshire, and
also in Devonshire, of turning a rivulet so as to flow through a farm-yard, and thus
irrigate meadows situated lower down ; yet the example of the Edinburgh meadows
shows with what great success liquid manure may be applied to grass, as does the
experience of Mr. Dickenson and others with Italian lye grass.
HERBAGE PLANTS SUITABLE FOR IRRIGATION.
" This is a subject which deserves more attention than has yet been applied to it.
The nature of the grasses for water-meadows has not been studied, but it has been
left to accident to produce and circumstance to alter.
" In Lombardy greater care is taken.
" The Italian rye grass is the principal kind cultivated under this system. It is a
native of this district of Italy, and perhaps its larger size originated from its being
thus peculiarly cultivated, just as the timothy grass is only an enlarged American
variety of the common cat's-tail grass, improved by cultivation and the influence of
change of soil and climate. No grass produces earlier or more abundantly under
irrigation, and Mr. Rham, in his Dictionary of the Farm, mentions having seen an
214 JKIiSJjy (ATTLK I.\ AMERICA.
instance of Imy iiiadu in .Fiilv fi-om u newly-inadi' watL-r-iiK-adow sown witli Italian
rye grass in Maivh.
"A Mr. Dickenson, in a letter addressed to tiie Dnke of Richmond in July, 1847,
after mentioning that his land was strong clay, thorongiily drained and well pulver-
ized, and sown with Italian rye grass at the rate of four bushels to the acre, mentions
that in 1S44 he cut a crop ' the tirst week in March, with about ten inches of grass ;
April i;;tli cut the second time; May 4th the third time; May ii4tli the fourth
time; dune lath the tiftii time; July 22d the sixth time, with ripe seed, and
three loads of hay straw to the acre. Immediately after each of these crops the
land was watered at once, from a London street water-cart, with two parts of
pure urine from the stables and one part of i)ure water, the produce of each crop
increasing with the temperature of the atmosphere, from three fourths of a load per
acre, as hay, to three loads per acre.' The land was not watered any more, yet
produced four light crops afterward, making ten cuttings in the course of a year.
" In this experiment we may notice the strength of the manure, and also that the
crop increased with the temperature of the air. This last is a fact that shows why
watering is only useful in hot climates, and acc^umts for its being almost entirely
contined to the southern counties of England, and not practised in Scotland.
yUAJJTV OF TUE (;k.\ss.
" This is a subject not unworthj^ of notice ; for its increased produce is little gain
if, from its laxative and too succulent nature, it produces diarrlioja in young animals
feeding on it, though this may be corrected by giving good hay.
" Although the introduction of water-meadows into a district where before
unknown is desirable, yet the introducer nuist not overlook the dithculties or reasons
that prevent siirji iiaving lieen previously attempted.
" Climate must be considered, nature, and pientifulness of water — and even
where plentiful not obtaiiuible, being nuinopolized by mills; nature of soil in wliicli
to be api)lie(l ; and, if all these are suitaljle, nature of the country; for one must
consider how to take water off as well as how to get it on, and a Hat colintry may have
greater ditticnlries in the latter p.iint than a hilly one to ovtTconie tlie obstacle of its
declivities. We must recollect that all English counties where water-meadows are
in vogue are hilly, and all these have a rocky, and at least a fissured subsoil, which
collects the water in sjjrings, so as often merely to require easy direction.
"Where land is favorable for water-meadows it cannot better be described than
in the words of Mr. Pusey : ' A slight film of water trickling over the surface — for
it must not stagnate — rouses the sleei)ing grass, tinges it with living gi-i'cn amidst
snows and frosts, and brings forth a luxui-iaiit crop in early s])ring, just when it is
most wanted, while the other meadows are still bare and brown. It is a cheerful
JERSEY CATTLE IiY AMERICA. 315
sight to see the wild birds haunting these green spots among the hoar-frost at
Cliristmas ; or the lambs, with their mothers, folded on them in March. A water-
meadow is the triumph of agricultural art, changing, as it does, the very
seasons."
EIDOE-AND-FUBKOW IRRIGATION.
"The streams arc diverted by means of hatch-work, and the water runs in small
gutters or carriers along the tops of the ridges into which the land is shaped, and is
made to flow over the entire surface, and falls into another series of gutters, which
convey it away, either to the river from whence it came, or to serve the purpose of
irrigating meadows that are lower down the stream. The best meadows are those
upon a gravelly soil, with a good drainage ; the latter is a matter of great importance,
although seldom sufficiently attended to in the formation of meadows.
" In extreme cases, where other methods cannot be adopted, the main body of
water need not be diverted from its proper channel when it passes from the meadow ;
but a small drain, with an outlet at a sufficient distance down the stream, generally
below a mill, may be opened to convey away the soakage water, the mouth of this
drain being, of course, closed when the meadow is watered.
" The process of floating the meadows is intrusted to the care of a man who
makes this kind of work his regular employment, and who is usually paid at a
certain rate per acre per year for taking charge of the meadows upon one or more
farms. He commences in the autumn, by clearing out the gutters, and as soon as the
water is turned on he regulates the stops and edges of the gutters, so as to insure an
even and regular flow of water over the surface of the meadow. Injury results if
the water is allowed to stagnate in any part, or if it remains on too great a length of
time ; it is therefore turned off and on at short intervals.
" A succession of feed is secured by commencing watering a portion of the
meadows upon a farm earlier than the remainder. Some even do not turn the
water on till after Christmas, but then the early feed is lost altogether. Ujjon the
best meadows grass is ready to be folded about the middle or end of March, the
water being turned oif a few days previously. The grass is fed with ewes and
lambs, the latter having a run forward ; they are not, however, allowed to remain
entirely on the meadow, but are removed to a piece of Swedes, or other feed growing
upon arable land, at night. When the grass is all fed the watering is again
renewed, as before, and is continued until a short time before the grass is in readi-
ness for the scythe, usually at the end of June or beginning of July. The great
bulk of the succulent herbage, and the natural dampness of the situation upon wliich
it grows, occasion the process of hay-making to be one that requires much care and
attention. The meadow is again watered, and the aftermath fed off with horses and
cows, few meadows being safe to feed sheej) upon in the autumn.
216
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEJIICA.
SEWAGE IRRIGATION.
"The nieadow-s watered with the sewage of Edinburgh afford tlie liest, tliough
in many respects imperfect, examples of the advantage to be ol)taiuud l)_y the use of
the otiscouriug of our towns for agricultural purposes.
" The method of application is simple, but it has proved successful, when
compared with the elaborate and expensive methods tried in other quarters at present,
imfortunately, however, without proportionate results. Although the irrigation
is carried on only upon a small scale, and the means used are imperfect— a great
quantity of manure running to waste — yet the results appear truly extraordinary.
The following sketch will roughly illustrate the method adopted upon a meadow
at Loehend farm :
rz
^
a. The open sewer from the town.
b, Shiice for turning the sewage into the carrier cc, wliicli lias stops at intervals to turn the liquid
into the small carriers dd, which are about ten inches by ten inches, having stops to throw Ihe manure
water regularly over the grass, to facilitate which small cuts are also made with a spade at the edge of
the carriers.
/ is a settling-tank into which the liquid runs, having a dam and grating at one end, which
prevents the solid portion escaping ; as it accumulates it is removed.
ee is a drain which carries otf the waste water. Iiotli fmin tlie -iiirfaee and \iiiileri;nniiid drains.
"Of course it will be understood that tiie wonderful rcstdts of tliis licpiid
manuring are dependent on other causes than those to which the fertility of the ordinary
water-meadow are due. The gross and rapid growth of Loehend meadows is owing
simply to excessive manuring; that of English water-meadows may \w in a measure
attril)Ut;ible to the efficient and rapid supply of food to the grasses by ninning water ;
but also, no doubt, in part to an improved temperature — and even if this were not
one of tiie operating causes, feeding by a rapid flow of clear water is very different
from the mere drowning of land in thick and sluggish liquid maimrc
" At Quarry Hole Farm a meadow of six or seven acres is soniewliat differently
arranged, with very similar results :
"The licpiid, very strongly iiiqifegiiated with sewage matters, is turned on these
meadows for tiiree or four days at a time, at intervals. After mowing, the water is
not turned on for six or seven days, or it will rot the roots of the grass.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERICA. 217
" The enormous prices given by tlie Edinburgh cow-keepers for the produce of
these meadows is the best evidence of their value.
" The grass is sold in half-acre lots by pubUc auction, and reahzes from £30 to
£50 per acre : the grass is cut four or five times by the purchaser, and left clear by
the 20th of October.
" If such results as these are obtained l)y the simple means in tliis case employed
to distribute the town sewage, we have reason to anticipate far greater advantages,
both in an agricultural and sanitarial point of view, from the more modern means of
distribution by the hose and force pump, the practicability of which, for the appKca-
tion of sewage as a fertilizing agent to our fields, is so well and clearly illustrated by
Mr. Mechi at Tiptree Farm, and by other spirited agriculturists, and recommended
by them as a system far more in character with the improvements of the advancing
age than the one just described ; and, we do not doubt, for the application of town
manure experience will prove it to be such.
CATCH MEADOWS.
" Catch meadows have the great advantage over ridge-and-furrow meadows of
cheapness of formation : the same quantity of water will suffice to irrigate a larger
surface, falling as it does from tier to tier of gutters. The hillside affords a more
natural surface for the water to fiow over than that which is given by the artificial
and expensive ridge-and-furrow.
" Philip Pusey gives a very good account of catch meadows in the Journal of the
Royal Agricultural Society : ' It is to the southwest we must turn, to Somerset
and to Devonshire, for patterns of future irrigation. In these two lovely counties,
which have the valleys without the Alps of Switzerland, abundant streams roll
cheerfully in a rapid descent over stones, or among mossy rocks, and the sheltered
sides, shelving rapidly upward, have long since tempted the farmers to lead water
along their sloping face in tiers of channels, each of which, receiving the overflow
from above as it begins to gather irregularly, receives it in a level trough, to brim
over anew, until it reaches the lowest channel, which delivers it back to the river's
bed.
" ' The horseman, as he rides along, sees meadows of a few acres rising above his
head, bright as emerald, glistening against the sun with their thin film of water, alter-
nating with orchards in which cottages are nestled that seem to cling to the hill,
with a canopy of oak copse above, whose russet leaves, a remnant of the last summer,
look the ruddier against the narrow space of blue sky that roofs in the glen. These
are called catch meadows because each trench thus catches the water from its
neighbor above it.'
"Mr. Pusey also quotes examples of catch-work upon level meadows Ijeing
carried out successfully at a small cost.
218 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIilVA.
" An improved system of irrigation is also described in the Journal by Jolm
Bickford, of Crediton, Devon, which is also well worthy of perusal by those
requiring infonnation on the subject.
"The following monthly directions for tlie iiiaiuigeinent of water-meadows are
given from Boswell Wright, and from original observation.
" But such directions for this and all other agricultural operations depend on the
natural, not on the nominal season. Those here given are for an average year, and
must be altered to suit one more forward or backward, an extraordinarily mild
winter, or other peculiarity of time or climate.
" The land should be floated in frosty weather to protect the grass ; but about
once a fortnight air must be given, and the land laid as diy as possible for a tew
days.
" If the frost has given a complete coat of ice to tlie meadow, do not tloat over
this, as the attachment of the ice to the surface often draws the soil into heaps and
injures the evenness.
FEBRUAKV.
"In tills moiitli the meadows require much attention. If the water is allowed
to flow over the grass several days without intermission a white and very injurious
scum is formed ; and if the water is then drawn off, and a severe night-frost attacks
the wet grass, it cuts off the herbage. To prevent this scum take the water off by
day and lay it on at night, to avoid frost. A less troublesome but inferior plan is
to take the water off early in the morning, if a dry day, and let it remain off several
days and nights ; for one day's drying is suflicient to enable the grass to resist frost.
From the middle of this month water is apjilied more sparingly tlian in winter, and
more to encourage vegetation than to protect from frost ; and in tlie last week of the
month there probably will l)e a good bite for ewes and lamlis.
" At the beginning of tliis montii old Hoateil meadows will supply abundant food
to all kinds of stock. If heavy cattle are turned in the water must be taken off for
a week jireviously, to allow the land to become firm and dry. If the season be cold
in the first week give a little hay in the evening, to correct the effects of too moist
food. But the grass is best applied for ewes and lambs, and should Ije hurdled off
for them in portions. Peat soils would l)e damaged if heavier stock than sheep or
calves be turned on thus early.
APKIL.
" In this month the use of meadows for ewes and lambs is still greater than in
March, and the farmer who possesses a good breed of them will require little else
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 219
for their keep ; but it must be recollected that they must not be on longer than this
month, or the hay crop will be much injured.
MAY*
" Remove ewes and lambs and calves the last day of April : the meadows will
be fed bare, and most farmers consider that the barer the ground is left, so much
more is the meadow improved, and the quality of the hay superior.
" After clearing water for a week, carefully examine every trench and drain,
and so shift the water into other meadows that the land is alternately watered and
drained, and the time of the water remaining on the land shortened as the weather
gets warmer.
" In five, six, or seven weeks the meadows will be fit to mow for hay.
" This is also a good montli for forming new water-meadows, though any time
of the year, unless during severe frosts, will answer for the work.
" Mow and make hay. The grass, being of a more succulent nature, requires
more careful making, and is more subject to heat if not got up in good order.
" As soon as the grass is oil turn in cattle (not sheep) to eat the grass left by the
mowers and what grows in the trenches. Then let the water dribble on them as
slowly as possible, this being the hottest season of the year; and after two or
three days shift this first watering to another meadow. The effect will be very
great, and the verdure, comjiared with unwatered meadows, exceedingly rich ; but
recollect not to keep water on too long in warm weather, or a white substance like
cream is produced ; and if this is neglected a scum as thick as glue, and nearly as
tough as leather, settles on the grass, and (pxite destroys it.
JULY TO OCTOBER.
" Where the meadows are fed late the beginning of July is the season for naaking
hay on the water-meadows, which, we have before remarked, is an operation requiring
much care and attention ; after which the watering is renewed for a short time, and
the aftermath fed off with cattle.
NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER.
" Begin to water the meadows ; frequently water can be collected in the higher
parts of the farm sufficient to water some of the low meadows, and, by attention to
the ditches and water-courses, a free passage can be given from that portion of the
farm where injurious to that where it would be highly beneficial and more produc-
tive than a coat of manure. It is best to keep the water running over the grass, and
not to allow it to stagnate.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
ElDGE-AXD-FuRROW GROrND Pl.AN OF A WaTEK-MeADoW.
Scale of 40 yards to -f^ths of an inch.
Light lines, Barriers ; black lines, Drains, a. Hatch across river ; hb. Hatches to water lower stem ;
cc. Small hatches to draw off the water when the meadow is laid dry. Dotted lines. Barriers from
the main drain of the meadow above, by which the irrigation may be continued lower down the
stream, the water being penned up by the two small hatches dd. Small stops of turf are placed
in the small carriers at intervals of about fifteen yards, or as required, to make the water flow
regularly over the surface of the meadow.
MILANESE IRRIG.ATIOX LOMBARDY MEADOWS.
" In Lomliardv neither sheep nor cattle are fed tipon the
meadows, but the entire produce, whetlier of permanent grasses or
clovers, is mown and used for soiling cattle in stalls. Manure is
applied to tlif incadnws, and, as they are not trodden by cattle,
tlieir surface is kept smooth with mathematical correctness.
" "We ])elieve this example might be followed with advantage,
particularly near the towns, where the produce of grass would be
of so great value. Signor J. Devincenzi, an Italian gentleman,
has favored me with the following details on the Milanese system
of irrigation. He considers that irrigation is neglected in England ;
and that many of our canals, now rendered almost useless by the
introduction of railroads, might be employed, at little expense, both
to fertilize tracts now cultivated, and to bring land altogether waste
into profitable cultivation. He also considers that the common idea,
that the Milanese system is unsuited to England, from the difference of climate of
the two countries, is erroneous ; for, taking as an instance the work of Professor
Dove, of Berlin, and referring to his maps of the isothermal line of the globe
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IEEICA. 221
for each month, we shall lind that Milan and England possess the same temper-
ature during the months of January, February, November and December ; and
during these months the Lombards mow their meadows, called marcite, twice or
thrice, while in England no such result is obtained.
" No doubt the summer temperature of England is far lower than that of
Lombardy, but it may be questioned whether this is not an advantage in the production
of grass ; and yet in Lombardy they cut eight or nine crops yearly from a meadow.
" Signer Devincenzi's opinion ought to possess some weight, as he has written
on the subject, is secretary to the Italian committee on irrigation, appointed by the
Milanese Scientilic Association, and was reporter to a committee on Milanese
agriculture, consisting of first-rate Italian agriculturists, from whose report, so far as
relates to irrigation, the following is an abridged extract :*
" ' In the province of Milan, as well as the rest of Lombardy, there exist two
widely different systems of agriculture, both exceedingly well calculated to suit the
varying circumstances of their localities.
" ' In Upper Lombardy we find small occupations of arable land, tilled by an
industrious population of peasantry ; in Lower Lombardy extensive water-meadows,
held by wealthy tenant-farmers. If we draw a line from west to east, dividing the
province of Milan into two parts, and passing through the capital, we shall very nearly
show the correct division of the upper and lower part. In general the cultivation of
the land surroimding great cities must be considered by itself, as being quite different
and inapplicable to the rest of the country or district ; yet that surrounding Milan is
but a type of Lombardese valley agriciilture, and consists almost entirely of meadows,
the tilled land being so small in quantity that it is scarcely worth mentioning.
" ' These meadows, though very ancient, are in a most thriving and flourishing
condition, and the labor employed in them is merely that of regulating the supply of
water and levelling the ground, the grass being that naturally produced by the soil.
The meadows lying on the south are irrigated by the sewage water from the city,
receive no other manure, and are cut seven, eight, and in many instances nine times a
year. Those on the north, partly from copious manuring and partly from spring
water, there called /ojito^mt, are but little inferior to the former.
" ' "Winter water-meadows, in the country language, are called marcite. They are
watered every sixth or eighth day in the summer, and are continually covered by
a sheet of flowing water in the winter. By this means vegetation is so encoui-aged
that from November to March two or tliree abundant crops are cut, so that the
cattle fed from and upon them are not deprived of fresh fodder more than thirty
or forty days in the year. The rate at wliich these water-meadows are commonly
let in the neighborhood of Milan is from twenty to twenty-five francs a pertica, or
^ Report on Milanese Agriculture.
232 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
from £5 to £6 sterling per English acre. The water is applied in summer on
meads and all kinds of cultivated plants, as required in winter on the marcite
only, of which tlicre is sufficient to employ all the water, so that it never runs to
waste.
" ' The Lombardese irrigation is worthy of praise, as it has converted what would
have been barren sands and unhealthy marshes into fertile meadows, and as combining
irrigation, drainage, navigable canals, and motive power for mills and machinery in
such a manner that one object does not, or only in a slight degree, interfere injuriously
with the other. The Lombardese customs and legislation on irrigation are also
deserving of notice and imitation.
" ' Still it must be remembered that Lower Lombardy jiossesses a peculiar
adaptabihty to irrigating purposes in its immense valley, in the vast reservoirs
above, the lakes resting on the heights of the mountains, and in a river to carry off
the superfluous water.
" ' The farms in the Lower Milanese are generally from two thousand to three
tho-a&axxd pertiche in extent (three hundred and thirty-three to live hundred English
acres), and they are commonly let on leases of from nine to twelve years. Some of these
farms are, from the tenacious nature of the soil, suited for the cultivation of rice.
Nearly one tenth is laid down as permanent meadow, and of this very nearly one half
is cultivated as winter meadow or marcite. The ordinary meadow is manured once
every year, the mardte often twice ; and although water from springs is, from its
warmth, the fittest for winter irrigation, marcite are nevertheless made with any other
kind of water. Li the other part of the territory, if the soil be proper for the growth
of rice, a nine years' rotation is employed. In the first year wheat is sown with
Trifolium pratense, which supplies abundant j)asturage in the autumn. Manure is
applied in the second year ; and the Trifolium repens and other useful plants
spontaneously succeed the Trifolium, pratense during the third and fourth year,
in both which years manure is applied.
" ' In the fifth year the soil is sown partly with flax and partly witli maize. The
part sown with flax is followed the same year either with miik't or with maize
(ptarantine, so called from requiring, from its germination, only forty days to grow
and ripen in.
" ' In the sixth year maize is cultivated with manure. In the seventh, eighth and
ninth years rice is sown, in the last two years with manure. On the fields where rice
is not grown the same rotation is practised as for the first six years. Thus in the
first rotation the soil is manured six times in nine years, and in the latter four times
in six years.
" ' It would be interesting to compare the relation that different kinds of
cultivation have to one another, and that which the meadow bears to them all. The
Lombard cultivators well understand that the latter system augments, instead of
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 223
diminishes, the produce of grain. An acre of land produces on an average from
twenty to twenty-four bushels of wheat and fifty to seventy bushels of maize.
" ' Among the minor products, though still a valuable one of these meadows, is
the mulberry, common both in the permanent and other meadows, which, so far from
being injured by irrigation, tlirives under it. However, this tree is more largely
cultivated in Upper than in Lower Lombardy. The hay of all these meadows is used
to feed working cattle and cows. The annual rent of each cow is calctdated to
average from two hundred and eighty to three hundred francs (£11 to £12). This
large sum is not obtained solely near large cities, but is common over the district, the
milk being employed entirely in the manufacture of Parmesan cheese and butter,
that may be carried to any distance. The general rent of farms in the Lower
Milanese is from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and eighty francs per
hectare (£2 to £3 per acre). To prove the value of this water, let us examine the
estimate that the inhabitants themselves put upon it.
" ' They reduce all measures of flowing water to a common unit, which they call
onica. The Milanese onica is a quantity of water flowing from a hole nearly one
hundred and forty-nine millimetres wide and one hundred and ninety-eight high
(0.488 by 0.649 of the English foot), and comprising a little less than one third of the
English square foot, under a pressure of ninety-nine millimetres (0.324 of an EngUsh
foot). Kow this water onica is genei-ally sold at the enormous price of from twenty-
five thousand to thirty thousand francs (£1000 to £1200), and often even more. If,
however, we should state often double or triple the rent of the farm, we should
still be under the mark.
" ' The fertilizing power of water is immense. It changes wild heaths into
luxuriant meadows, or, to employ figures, raises the rent of land from a bare thirty
or fort}'^ francs to three hundred or four hundred.
" ' The Lombardy farmer on these meadows is generally a man wealthy and
possessed of considerable capital, which he employs with much profit. As a general
rule, forty thousand francs are employed on every one hundred hectares of land
(nearly £6 8s. per acre), which would be nearly three years' rent of the land.
" ' In cultivating the soil the farmer employs not only daily laborers, but families
of cultivators, who share in the produce ; and cultivation on the large scale does not
therefore injuriously affect tlie inoral and economical condition of the lower orders,
as it unhappily does in other parts of Europe.' "
SAVINt; OF WASTE MANURES.
The waste fertilizers of the farm (•(insist of the licjuid or drainage from the
manure heaps, cattle sheds, stables, and the li(|ui(l refuse of the dwelling, the
gaseous evaporations from fermeiitiiiir manure heaj)s and yards, and all animal and
vegetable refuse.
224 JKJUSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Upon large farms, where steam power is used with a system of iron irrigating
pipes, so that all the manure of the farm can be distributed in a licjuid form, the
method is capable of preventing nearly all waste, where it can be adopted. J^nt
ujjon small farms this method cannot generally be adopted.
Perhaps the most economical of all methods is to remove the manure directly'
from the stable each day to the field when and where it is to be used. This is
certainly advantsigeous if it can be at once i)lowed in at a depth of from three to
five inches. As far as it is practicable this method may be adopted.
As a general plan for the average farm the following method promises to be
economical : Select a shaded place on the north side of a wall or l)uilding. It would
be well to roof it in. Make the space sufficiently large to hold all the manui-e made
during six or eight months, allowing twelve tons for eacli animal, so as to form a
compost couch, and allowing for a depth of from two to five feet. Make the floor
of cement or clay, and inclining so that the liijuid may run to the front side. Divide
this compost couch into two or three compartments by a partition of concrete.
Make a capacious tank, allowing about thirty hogsheads of space for each
animal kept, on any convenient side of the compost couch, and connect the tank by
drains with the couch, so that the tank may receive all the liquid manure from the
compost lieaps. Also connect the tank with the liquid manure gutter of the stables
and with the house drainage and water-closets. Also coimect the tank with the
system of spouts that collect the water from the roofs of stidiles and bams, so that
the rain-water may be conducted at will, either to the compost heap or to the tank.
Fix a pump over the tank, so as to provide for pumping its liquid contents upon
any and all parts of the compost couch.
These arrangements may be made at moderate expense, and worked with little
trouble by the farmer, so as to give him perfect command over his manure, and to
concentrate all the manurial elements of the farm in compost or otherwise, at pleasure.
To prevent waste the manure of the stables and yards is daily removed to the
compost couch. One section of the couch forms a place of deposit for all the
vegetalde refuse whicli can be gathered together.
The gaseous waste arising from too active fermentation may be prevented in the
manure heap by compaction and tramping of animals, and also by a liberal wetting
daily from the liquid tank. The li(iuid in a section of the couch can be retained by
closing the pipe or sluice which leads to the tank from that section. By covering a
section with ashes, peat, or dry earth to the depth of ten inches, and saturating the
surface of this covering with sulphuric acid diluted with twenty parts of water, very
little ammonia will escape. Thus the couch and liquid-manure tank, both of which
must be preserved water-tight, furnish the means of using compost in any condition
desired, and also the tank provides a large amount of licjuid manure, to be applied by
the sprinkling-cart.
DOMINO OF DARLINGTON 2459.
Alphn, Tijpc.
llKIAUcr.II'l'' HEItl).
MISS COOPER 5869.
Alphen Type.
HOLLY GKOVE HERD.
John I. Holly, Plainkield, New
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 335
It only remains, for those who desire to be successful cultivators of land, to
avail themselves of the means now in their power of remedying a great evil, and
of securing and saving a great waste.
Irrigation in California.*
"■ The Padres who established the missions here over a century ago are generally
credited with having introduced the practice of irrigation, and many of the ditches
constructed by them are still in use by the white settlers. In one instance at least,
however, in California, a large section of country derives its supply of water for this
purpose from a ditch, or zanja, wliich antedates history and presents every appear-
ance of extreme antiquity. In Arizona, too, are found evidences of vast irrigation
systems upon lands long since given over to the desert, and which even the traditions
of the Indians fail to supply us with anything approaching a history. Several efforts
on a large scale have been made to divert the waters of the Salt and Gila rivers upon
the plains through which they flow, and, singularly enough, it has been found that the
ancient remains of irrigating canals afforded the exact grade and the requisite fall
per mile that the best appliances of modern engineering could suggest or construct.
" The common method of irrigation in California may be described as follows :
Having settled on a site, which must of necessity be in the vicinity of a running
stream, a large triangle is made, having a plumb-line hanging from the apex. With
the aid of tliis primitive apphance a ditch is laid out from the field up-hill at a proper
grade, until the stream is reached. When the ditch has been built a rude dam of
Ijrush or logs is put across the stream, so as to divert a portion of the water into the
mouth of the canal, which is just above the dam. The main ditch is carried across
the highest part of the field to be irrigated, so as to have a constant fall from the
source of supply to the lower end of the field. Sometimes boxes with a wooden slide
are put into the lower bank of the ditch opposite each row of trees, vines or
plants. Sometimes one man can attend to twenty or thirty such openings at once,
and it is necessary to go up and down through the field and see that the little streams
are not lost in squirrel holes, but find their way to the foot of the slope. As may
be imagined, this is a very wet and disagreeable job. With grapes, corn, etc., a
shallow furrow is plowed each side of the rows, at a distance of a foot or eighteen
inches, and through this the water is run as long as needed.
" When alfalfa or grain is to be irrigated the system adopted in the case of large
fields is to mark off ' checks ' of five, ten, or twenty acres, with a slight levee, or
l^ank, across the lower end and sides, to keep the water from running off. The ditch
at the upper end is then tapped, and the check flooded until the water has reached
every part of it.
• G. F. W., in Country Ocntleman.
22G JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
" The next check is then operated, and so on until all are supplied.
"The method described is only practicable where the water supply is abundant.
It is estimated that where opeia ditches, with no protection to bottom or sides, are
Tised, from half to two thirds of the water is lost by evaporation and seepage. Many
ditches have been lined with stone and cemented, so as to prevent loss by seepage,
and it will not be long before they will be also protected from loss by evaporation.
" A very successful method of underground irrigation has been devised, far
superior in the end, though more costly in the beginning. Pipes, made of cement
and sand, are laid throughout the field or orchard at just sufficient depth to escape
the plow and cultivator, with taps or plugs at regular intervals. When desired,
these plugs are withdrawn, and the water soaks through the ground beneath the
surface, and proves far more beneficial than when apphed upon the surface. With
the growing scarcity of water other sources of supply have been sought, and these
are found in surface and artesian wells. With surface wells windmills are used, and
the water is often conveyed by iron pipes laid in sliallow trenches to all parts of
the ranch. From artesian wells the water is either collected in a reservoir, or it is
allowed to run continually, being diverted, as occasion requires, in small open ditches,
or little V-shaped flumes. By this means one well, if not more than an inch and a half
in diameter, can be made to irrigate a very large tract of land.
" As t(j the result of irrigating, a few actual experiences may be given. An
alfalfa field has been cut by the writer eight times in as many successive months,
yielding from two to three tons to the acre at each cutting. After the crop was
removed one thorough soaking with water was all that was needed to insure an
abundant growth at once. Vineyards yield six, eight, or ten tons to the acre, pota-
toes eight to ten tons. Barley and wheat at the rate of from forty to sixty bushels,
and corn at one hundred bushels or more, are harvested ; watermelons of one hundred
and seventy jiounds on ground that would not produce a spear of grass without artificial
moisture, and vegetables of all kinds in like proportion. Although the water may
be clear as crystal, and apparently free from any organic substance, its use
in irrigation seems to render manuring almost unnecessary. The same soil will
produce al)undant crops year after year, with no apparent diminution, when not a
particle of fertilizer of any kind is sujjplicd to it. Irrigation seems to be all
that is needed.
" Wliile the use of undergromul pipes at the East, or where frosts prevail,
might not be practicable, still there is hardly a farm where some source of water
supply might not be made available, and by a little expenditure in the construction
of open ditches a large portion of the loss from drouths might easily be avoided, as
well as largely increased yields secured."
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
FEEDING OATTLE.
Feeding is not alone the means of simply sustaining animal life by nourishment,
but the basis of a science which has power to transform and reform races of animals.
Breeds are made by feed and selection. For a special breed, like Jerseys, that is to be
kept up to a certain standard of milk and butter production, a peculiar systeni of
feeding is required. The food nmst not only contain all the elements of animal
bodies, but it must be given in such form and proportions as to develop the milk
and butter qualities in the highest degree.
Plants elaborate the elementary principles into complex structures ; cattle ajjpro-
priate them in a form especially suited to their needs. The organic elements, oxygen,
hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen, which form the combustible parts of plants and
animals, with potash, soda, magnesia, lime, sulphur, phosphorus, chlorine, silica, iron,
and a few other elements which form the incombustible portions, are all to be adapted to
the wants of animal sustenance by vegetable growths. These elements are all incor-
porated into the blood, which always remains the same in composition, and its quantity
from six to eight per cent, of the bulk of the body. From the blood all the organs
are replenished and built up — the nerves, the nmscles, the fat, the bones, the skin,
the hair, the horns. The amount and quality of the fat, muscle and bone vary greatly
in the dairy and the beef type. The fat ox is said to have about three times as much
fat as lean flesh, consisting of forty-nine per cent, water, thirty-three per cent, dry fat,
thirteen jier cent, of dry nitrogenous matter, muscles separated from fat, hide, etc., and
three per cent, of mineral matter ; the lean animal fifty-four per cent, water, twenty-
five and one half per cent, of dry fat, seventeen per cent, of dry nitrogenous matter,
and three and one half per cent, of mineral matters.
The nutritive chemical compounds are divided into two classes, nitrogenous and
non-nitrogenous. The term protein includes the first class, which consists of albumen,
gluten, casein, legumin, fibrin, mucedin and gliadin, which resemble each other closely
in composition, containing very nearly the same proportions of carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. With these are classed certain nitrogenous bodies found
in grasses and other plants, called amides, which resemble ammonia. Protein, the
material of which flesh and blood largely consists, exists ready-formed in the cereals
and leguminous and other plants which cattle eat. All these jjlants contain l)ut a
small proportion of iwoteiu, their bulk being made up of cellular fibre, sugar, gum
starch and oil, called carbo-hydrates. The first class, nitrogenous nutrients, are called
proteids, or albuminoids, and sustain animal life. The second class, non-nitrogenous
nutrients, consist of carbon and water. Cellulose is the material which, with ligniii,
forms the framework of plants, an important part of all fodder, the cellulose being
228
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
digcntible in yi>uiig and loader plants in proportion of from tiiirty to seventy percent.,
wliilu ligniu ifi not digestible in its crude state. Starch is, next to cellulose, the most
abundant carbo-hydrate, and is deposited rapidly near the ripening period ; maize
contains from sixty to sixty-eight per cent., and wheat from sixty-two to seventy-two
perceJit. Dextrine is produced from starch by heat. Sugars are of three kinds,
cane, grape and fruit sugar. They are all easily digested. Cellulose and starch are
supposed to be changed to sugar in the digestive jjrocess. Pectin is the jelly of
fruits, turnips, beets and carrots, and is believed to aid digestion by gelatinizing the
contents of the stomach.
The oils of plants are very important, especially in the rations of dairy cattle.
They are estimated to liave two and one half times the nutritive value of sugar and
starch. Maize contains from four to seven per cent., oats six, the best hay three per
cent, of oils. Animals appropriate oil for creanx and fat, and also transmute the other
carbo-hydrates into fat when needed.
The mineral nutrients are appropriated in the same combination as found in
plants.
Tahle
shod'imj the Pi'opoi't'tons of Mineral ConstHuentx of soma Plants and
Grains in One Hundred Pounds of Dry Siihstance.
Onk Hundred Pounds of
<
3
<
Substance.
i
1
1
1
a
3
1
1
m
1
1
lbs.
lbs. lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
Meadow Hay
6.66
1.71
0.47
0.33
0.77
0.41
0.34
1.97
0.53
0.17
Dead-ripe Hay
6.62
0.50
0.19
0.23
0.85
0.29
0.05
4.18
0.38
0.27
Red Clover
5.65
1.95
0.09
0.69
1.92
0.56 0.17
0.15
0.21
0.21
Swedish (Hover
4.65
1.57
0.07
0.71
1.48
0.47j 0.19
0.06
0.13
(irreen Vetches
7.34
3.09! 0.21
0.50
1.93
0.94 0.27
0.13
0.23
0.15
2.05
0.25
0.15
■
■^
'
JURSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A.
GREEN FODDER.
Onb Hundred Pounds op
Substance.
Meadow Grass in Ijlossom . .
Young Grass
Timothy
Oats beginning to blossom. . .
Barley beginning to blossom .
Rye Fodder
Hungarian Millet
Eed Clover
"White Clover
Swedish Clover
Lucern
Green Peas
lbs.
2.33
2.07
2.10
1.70
2.23
1.63
2.31
1.34
1.36
1.02
1.76
1.37
lbs.
0.60
1.16
0.61
0.71
0.86
0.63
0.86
0.46
0.24
0.35
0.45
0.56
0.16
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.11
0.02
0.02
lbs.
0.11
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.05
0.19
0.16
0.14
0.16
0.10
0.11
lbs.
0.27
0.22
0.20
0.12
0.16
0.12
0.
0.46
0.44
0.32
0.85
0.39
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.02
0.08
0.04
0.12
0.04
0.11
0.05
lbs.
0.69
0.21
0.75
0.47
0.70
0.52
0.67
0.04
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.04
lbs.
O.li
0.04
0.11
0.08
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.05
0.15
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.06
ROOT CROPS.
One Hundred Pounds of
Substance.
Potato
Beet
Turnip
"White Turnip
Carrot
0.94
0.80
0.75
0.61
0.88
1.24
1
1
1
i
1
!
1
1
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
0.56
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.18
0.06
0.02
0.43
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.30
0.08
0.03
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.02
0.31
0.02
0.01
0.08
0.11
0.04
0.01
0.32
0.19
0.05
0.09
0.11
0.06
0.02
0.60
0.05
0.04
0.19
0.20
0.11
0.01
lbs. lbs.
0.03i 0.02
0.05j 0.01
0.031 0.04
0.04' ....
0.03j 0.01
0.03i 0.05
JERSEY VA TTLE IX AMEIHV
One Hundred Pounds ok
<
<
SUBSTANCK.
1
1
1
^
.1
1
1
i
02
1
S
3
5
lbs. 1 lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs. 1 lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
Wheat :..
4.26' 0.49
0.12
0.11
0.26
0.23
0.12
2.82
0.16
Rye
4.07
0.76
0.13
0.13
0.31
0.19
0.08| 2.37 . . . .
0.09
Barley
4.39
0.92
0.20 0.11
0.33
0.19
0.16 2.36. ...
0.13
Oats
4.40
0.97
0.23 0.18
0.36 0.18
0.15 2.12 ....
0.17
Maize Fodder
4.72
4.92
1.66
1.07
0.05 0.26
0.26 0.38
0.50 0.38
1.86 0.38
0.25 1.79. ...
0.281 0.28 0.30
0 39
Pea Straw
0.07
GRAIN, SEKDS, KTC.
One Hundred Poinds ok
Substance.
4.
<
1
.
■1
1
1
<
j
<
1
3
1
1
%
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
Wheat
1.77
0.55
0.06
0.22
0.06
0.82
0.04
0.03
0.15
Rye
1.73
0.54
0.03
0.19
0.05
0.82
0.04
0.03
0.17
liarlev
2.18
0.48
0.06
0.18
0.05
0.72
0.05
0.59
.0.14
Oat.-*
2.64
1.23
0.42
0.33
0.10
0.02
0.18
0.18
0.10
0.03
0.55
0.55
0.04
0.01
1.23
0.03
017
Maize
0.12
Millet
1.23
0.92
0.23
0.21
0.07
0.06
0.23
0.12
0.03
0.66
0.44
0.02
0.02
IJllckwlieat
. ...
0.02
Flaxseed
3.22
0.04
0.06
0.42
0.27
1.30
0.04
0.04
....
0.17
Peas
2.42
2.07
2.96
0.98
0.63
1.20
0.09
0.22
0.04
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.12
0.06
0.15
0.88
0.79
1.16
0.08
0.09
0.15
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.08
0'?l4
Vetches
Reaus
0.23
Wheat Bran
5 56
1.33
1 93
0.03
0 09
0.94
1 13
0.26
0^5
2.88
3 4?
0.06
Rye Bran
Linseed Cake
714
5.52
1.29
0.08
0.88
0.47
1.94
0.19
0.36
0.03
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA.
231
Tahle showing average Composition, Nutritive and Money Value of different
hinds of Fodder, compiled from Tables of Dr. Wolff for Oermany, Dr.
Collier for United States, various Analyses of Connecticut Experiment
Station, and other American Analyses.
ARTICLES SUITABLE FOR DAIRY CATTLE-FEEDING.
Kinds of Fodder.
Meadow Hay, medium
Meadow Hay, very good . . .
Meadow Hay, extra
Red Clover, medium
Eed Clover, very good
Red Clover, extra
Red Clover, aftermath ....
White Clover, medium ....
Hay of pure Red Clover. . . .
Lucern, medium
Lucern, very good
Swedish Clover, Alsike ....
Fodder Yetch, medium ....
Fodder Vetch, very good. . .
Peas, in bloom
Lupine, very good
Fodder Rye
Timothy
Early Meadow Grass {Poa
annua), in blossom
Orchard Grass, in blossom.
June Grass {Poa pratensis),
in blossom
Sheep Fescue
Red-top, in blossom
%
U.3
15.0
16.0
16.0
16.5
16.5
16.
16.5
16.0
16.0
16.5
16.0
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
2.5
6.4
1
Organic Substances.
Nutrients.
1
.S
1
1
3
1
t
E
a
1
1
i
si
II
il
i
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Asl :
6.2
9.7
26.3
41.4
2.5
5.4
41.0
1.0
8.0
7.0
11.7
21.9
41.6
2.8
7.4
41.7
1.3
6.1
7.7
13.5
19.3
40.4
3.0
9.2
42.8
1.5
5.1
5.3
12.3
26.0
38.2
2.2
7.0
38.1
1.2
5.9
6.0
13.5
24.0
37.1
2.9
8.5
38.2
1.7
5.0
7.0
15.3
22.2
35.8
3.2
10.7
37.6
2.1
4.0
10.5
13.0
25.1
24.8
41.8
3.7
1.8
6.0
14.5
25.6
33.9
3.5
8.1
35.9
2.0
5.0
5 6
18 4
95 4
36 4
8 9
6.2
14.4
33.0
27.9
2.5
9.4
28.3
1.0
3.3
6.8
16.0
26.6
31.6
2.5
12.3
31.4
1.0
2.8
6.0
15.0
27.0
32.7
3.3
8.6
34.8
1.8
4.6
8.-3
14.2
25.5
32.8
2.5
9.4
32.5
1.5
3.9
9.3
19.8
23.4
28.5
2.3
15.1
31.1
1.4
2.3
7.0
14.3
25.2
34.2
2.6
9.4
33.1
1.6
4.0
4.1
23.2
25.2
28.6
2.2
17.2
36.0
0.7
2.2
5.1
0.4
23.1
44.5
2.8
6.6
44.3
1.3
7.2
4.5
9.7
22.7
45.8
3.0
5.8
43.4
1.4
8.1
2.4
10.1
25.9
47.2
2.9
6.0
42.5
2.1
7.9
4.6
11.6
28.9
40.7
2.7
6.9
40.3
1.9
6.5
5.1
8.9
32.6
39.1
2.3
5.9
40.0
1.6
7.5
3.6
8.8
25.1
57.1
3.6
8.8
67.1
3.6
6.9
6.8
10.3
20.6
53.1
2.6
10.3
53.1
2.6
5.4
J
>
%
0.64
0.75
0.85
0.70
0.79
0.89
0.76
0.71
0.86
0.76
0.77
0.99
0.77
1.10
0.72
0.70
0.74
0.74
0.68
0.85
0.82
232 JER&EY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
AVERAGE COMPOSITION, ETC., OF FEEDING STUFFS (cOntinUcd ).
Kinds ok Foddkr.
UAY {continued ).
Meadow Foxtail, after 1)
soin
Meadow Soft (iruss, v
young
Fowl Meadow Grass (/%/
serotimi)
Blue Grass {Poa coiapresm)
Blue Grass, early bloom . . .
Foxtail Pigeon Grass, early
l)l..<)in
Johnson Grass
Beriiuula Grass
Quack Grass
Gaina Grass
Timothy
Timothy and Ked-top
Timothy and June Grass. . .
Mixed Grasses
Containing Clover
Low Meadow Hay
Salt Marsh Ilay
Japan Clover
Italian Rye Grass
English Rye Grass
Upland Gi-asses
Mexican Clover
Hungarian Grass
Desmodium
Brown Hay of ( "lover
9.0
Org;!
NIC Substances.
Digestible
nuthients.
i
it
-^
.^s
^
P
1
°l
^
■i
p
p
^
1
Ph
f^
£
^
£
"A
6.2
12.7
8.6
10.7
11.4
8.6
6.2
7.6
7.0
7.3
10.9
7.4
6.1
12.9
11.2
10.2
9.5
10.8
16.7
23.1
49.6
21.7
17.8
19.1
21.4
16.6
22.7
28.9
24.1
30.8
31.9
20.3
22.9
30.2
28.7
25.6
29.4
21.7
25.4
49.0
56.4
52.7
52.4
46.0
44.7
48,
48.2
45.8
44.1
45.4
44.9
43.0
43.8
41.3
44.8
40.6
36.1
39.1
45.1
38.5
3.2
16.8 49.3 4.1
.8149.6! 3.2
11.2,49.3, 4.1
5.3
10.2
8.5
9.16
10.1
9.8
7.4
).0 2.9
3.4 2.4
2.7 4.0
52.4
46.0
44.7
48.2
48.2
4.8, 0.85
6.9' 0.69
10.9 0.66
4.5 0..S3
5.2 0.76
44.8
41.5
35.3
40.9
45.2
41.0
16.2 38.2
0.74
0.57
0.64
JEESJEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
AVERAGE COMPOSITION, ETC., OF FEEDING STUFFS {continued ).
Kinds ok Fodder.
HAY (continued ).
Brown Hay of Grasses
Brown Hay of Maize
GKEEN FODDEE.
Grass, before bloom. . ,
Pasture Grass
Rich Pasture Grass
Italian Rye Grass
Timothy Grass
Upland Grasses
Maize Fodder
Green Maize, German
Fodder Rye
Fodder Oats
Hungarian Grass, in blos-
som
Pasture Clover, young
Red Clover, before bloom. .
Red Clover, full bloom ....
White Clover, in blossom . .
Swedish Clover, beginning
of bloom
Fodder Vetch, beginning of
bloom
Fodder Peas, in bloom. .
Fodder Cabbage
White Cabbage
STRAW.
Winter Wheat Straw. . .
Winter Barley Straw. . .
„ Q DiGESTIBLB
Organic Sdbstances. nutkients.
%
22.4
7.0
6.0
4.0
4.0
7.1
8.0
10.1
4.7
4.4
7.9
6.5
8.5
2.8
4.5
5.8
6.0
5.5
5.6
2.4
2.0
40.0
43.0
45.5
10.1
13.1
9.7
10.1
12.1
16.3
13.4
8.4
9.3
10.4
8.3
10.9
7.2
7.0
5.1
6.0
35.6
31.4
a i S
8.1
0.4| 45.8
0.4' 40.5
0.22
0.21
0.27
0.23
0.28
0.23
0.13
0.20
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.19
0.17
0.19
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.11
0.37
0.33
234
JERSEY VATTLE IN AMERICA.
AVERAGK COMPOSITION,
ETC., OF FEEDING STUFFS
{con
tinned).
1
i
Orgakic Substances.
DlOESTIBI.E
Nutrients.
1
1
Kinds of Foddek.
1
1
1
1
1
J
1^
1
1
S
i
1
STRAW (continued ).
%
%
i
%
i
%
%
%
Asl :
*
Summer Barley Straw. . .
14.3
4.1
3.5
40.0
36.7
1.4
1.3
40.6
0.5
32.2
0.44
Barley Straw, witli Clo-
ver
14.3
6.7
6.5
38.0
32.5
2.0
3.3
38.8
0.9
12.4
0.53
Oat Straw
14.3
4.0
4.0
39.5
36.2
2.0
1.4
40.1
0.6
29.9
0.45
Summer Grain Straws,
medium
14.3
4.1
3.8
39.7
36.4
1.7
1.4
40.4
0.7
31.0
0.45
Summer Grain Straws,
very good
14.3
6.7 6.9
36.7
32.9
2.5
2.5
36.9
0.8
15.5
0.47
Fodder Vetcli
16.0
4.5
7.5
42.0
29.0
1.0
3.4
31.9
0.5
9.8
0.46
Tea
16.0
4.5
6.5
38.0
34.0
1.0
2.9
33.4
0.5
12.0
0.44
Seed Clover
16.0
5.6
9.4
42.0
25.0
2.0
4.2
28.5
1.0
7.4
0.49
Corn Stalks
15.0
4.2
3.0
40.0
36.7
1.0
1.1
37.0
0.3
34.4
0.39
Wheat
14.3
9.2
4.3
36.0 '34.6
1.4
1.4
32.8
0.4
24.1
0.37
CHAFF AND IHLI.S.
Bye
14.3
7.5
3.6
43.5
29.9
1.2
1.1
34.9
0.4
32.6
0.37
Oats
14.3
14.3
10.1
13.0
4.0
3.0
34.0
30.0
36.2
38.2
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.2
36.6
35.0
0.6
0.6
23.8
30.4
0.39
Barley
0.38
Vetch
15.0
8.0
8.5
33.0
33.5
2.0
4.2
34.3
1.2
8.9
0.54
Pea
15.0
6.0
8.1
32.0
36.9
2.0
4.0
36.2
1.2
9.8
0.55
Flax
11.2
7.2
2.7
45.2
32.6
1.1
0.7
36.8
0.4
53.8
0.38
Wiiite Clover
11.5
7.9
18.3
22.4
36.8
3.1
10.7
34.8
1.5
3.6
0.84
KOOTS AND TUBERS.
Potatoes
75.0
88.0
0.9
0.8
2.1
1.1
1.1
0.9
20.7
9.1
0.2
0.1
2.1
1.1
21.8
10.0
0.2
0.1
10.6
9.3
0.29
Mangolds
0.14
American Mangolds. . . .
Sugar Beets
92.1
1.04
1.77
0.78
4.23
0.45
81.5
0.7
1.0
1.3
15.4
0.1
1.0
16.7
'o.!
17.0
0.19
Kutahagas
87.0
1.0 1.3
1.1
9.5
0.1
1.3
10.6
0.1
8.3
0.15
Carrots
85.0
0.9 1.4
1.7
10.8
0.2
1.4
12.5
0.2
9.3
0.18
Turnips
92.0
0.7 1.1
0.8
5.3
0.1
1.1
6.1
0.1
5.8
0.16
JERSEY CATTLE IW A3IER1CA.
AVERAGE COMPOSITION, ETC., OF FEEDING STVFFS {continued).
Kinds ok Fodder.
BOOTS AND TUBERS
{continued).
Parsnips
Sweet Potato
American Yam
GRAINS AND FRUITS.
Wheat
Rye
American Winter Rye. .
Barley
Oats
Maize
Mammoth Sweet Corn. .
Sweet Corn, average . . .
Stowell's Evergreen
Sweet Corn
Millet
Golden Millet
Rice, hulled
Peas
Vetch
Cow Peas, American. . .120.0
69.7
71.2
jl4.4
14.3
8.7
14.3
14.3
14.4
6.47
8.59
5.98
14.0
13.4
14.0
14.3
14.3
Flax Seed
Apples and Pears . . .
Roxbury Russet. . . .
Pumpkins
Squash, American . .
BY-PRODUCTS.
Coarse Wheat Bran .
Wheat Middlings . . .
Ii2.;
11.4
11.8
Organic Substances.
0.7
1.1
0.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
2.2
2.7
1.5
1.92
1.
1.92
3.0
2.8
0.5
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.4
0.4
0.2(
1.0
0.7
5.1
2.3
1.6
1.9
2.1
13.0
11.0
12.1
10.0
12.0
10.0
12.78
12.08
11.9
12.7
9.6
7.7
32.4
27.5
21.6
10.5
0.4
0.27
0.6
0.9
12.9
11.4
1.0
1.7
0.7
3.0
3.5
1.4
7.1
9.3
5.5
1.8S
2.04
2.66
9.5
11.6
2.2
6.4
4.3
0.95
2.7
1.0
8.1
4.8
10.2
26.3
25.2
66.4
67.4
73.9
63.9
55.7
.1
67.95
67.3
69.53
57.5
58.6
75.2
52.5
45.8
49.3
19.6
11.8
15.71
.5
.1
59.1
66.8
0.2
0.3
0.2
1.5
2.0
2.1
2.5
6.0
6.6
9.0
8.04
8.00
3.3
4.0
0.4
2.0
3.0
1.3
37.0
0.53
0.1
0.2
Digestible
Kdtribnts.
9.5
7.
6.9
20.2
24.8
19.4
17.2
0.3
11.2
28.0
64.3
65.4
70.3
58.9
43.3
45.0
47.0
72.7
54.4
48.2
49.6
18.9
12.9
0.2
0.3
0.2
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.7
4.7
4.1
7.3
31.9
12.5
5.8
7.0
0.18
0.30
0.33
1.13
1.08
1.16
0.95
0.98
1.11
2.6
3.1
0.3
1.
2.5
1.1
35.2
0.93
0.87
0.96
1.44
1.63
1.33
2.47
0.13
0.08
0.11
1.01
1.00
JEli^iEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
AYEEAGE COMPOSITION, KTC, OF FEEDING STUFFS {cOntinUHl).
Kinds op Fodder.
BY-PKODUCTS {continued ).
Eye Bran
Buckwheat Bran
Pea Meal Bran
Pea Meal
Millet Bran
Barley Bran
Wheat Meal
Rice Meal
Barley Middlings
Oat Bran
DAIRY PROD0CTS.
Cow's Milk
Jersey Milk
Skimmed Milk
Skimmpd Milk, by sep-
arator
Buttermilk
"Whey
Cream
Jersey Cream
Organic Substances.
Digestible
Nutrients.
i'i
^
l!l
^;
•s
?
OR
•s
^■^
'<
I
E
1
1
^
3|
1
%
12.9
14.0
12.3
11.4
9.5
12.0
11.5
9.9
12.3
9.7
87.5
85.2
90.0
91.7
90.1
92.6
62.0
36.4
3.4
4.2
3.5
7.5
4.1
3.0
10.6
%
12.6
17.1
13.1
23.7
6.5
14.8
13.9
10.9
11.6
7.1
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.1
3.0
1.0
2.7
% j %
2.5 67.0
14.7j 46.4
31.ll 37.8|
4.5' 54.5
57.6 14.4|
19.4 45.6
4.8 63.5:
1.1 47.6'
14.3i 52.9I
19.3' 57.9'
%
1
2.2
10.6
4.4
13.5
1.5
9.2
3.5
20.9
4.5
4.5
4.1
11.5
3.3
10.8
9.9
8.6
3.6
9.6
2.3
5.6
3.6
3.2
5.2
3.6
0.7
3.5
0.3
3.1
1.0
3.0
0.6
1.0
31.8
2.7
56.8
3.8
%
50.0
44.0
45.8
55.4
38.8
43.
54.8
47.2
47.0
49,
5.0
4,
5.0
4.1
5.4
5.1
2.9
2.8
% Asl:
2.o| 5.3
3.9; 4.1
1.2! 5.3
2.8| 3.0
2.7 10.1
3.6 4.5
2.9 5.7
8.8^ 8.0
3.2' 6.0
2.0' 9.7
1.00
1.15
0.86
1.53
0.66
1.04
1.08
1.16
0.93
0.77
3.6
5.2
0.7
0.3
1.0
0.6
31.8
56.8
4.4! 0.34
1.9: 0.S
2.6
6.6
30.5
0.22
0.11
1.54
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
AVERAGE COMPOSITION, ETC., OF FEEDING STUFFS {continued).
Articles of Questionable Utility i?i Feeding Jersey Cattle.
Kinds of Fodder.
Organic Substances.
Digestible
Nutrients.
7.2
Meadow Hay, jjoor
Fermented Maize Hay. .
Cotton Seed
Cotton-seed Meal, de-
corticated
Cotton-seed Meal, un-
decorticated
Palm Seed
Palm-nut Cake i 10.5
Palm-nut Cake, Ameri-
can 7,
Palm-nut Cake, extract-j
ed ! 10.5
Linseed Cake i 9.1
Linseed Meal, extract-
ed
Sunflower Seed
Sunflower Cake 10.3
Distillery Slump 90.6
Brewers' Grains 75.2
Malt Sprouts 11.6
Rye Refuse, starch fac-
tory 70.0
Wheat Refuse, starch
factory 74.0
Potato Refuse, starch
factory 86.0
%
7.5
1.2
22.8
23.6
8.4
16.9
13.5
18.5
32.4
33.2
13.0
37.3
1.8
5.9
25.9
6.1
4.4
0.8
33.5
5.3
16.0
22.0
6.0
17.4
18.8
20.2
15.4
24.4
30.5
26.8
41.0
41.0
43.5
31.5
38.7
23.9
26.0
5.2
13.2
45.5
18,
15.4
n.7
18.0
6.1
49.
10.0
3.3
11.6
3.4
0.8
17.1
17.5
8.0
16.1
12.8
17
27.6
27.8
10.4
31.3
1.6
4.8
3.7
%
34.!
8.(
18.'
17.6
14.9
31
55.4
56.2
60.4
27.0
33.9
24.6
24.7
5.4
11.3
43.7
18.1
15.1
13.7
%
0.5
0.4
27.3
16.2
5.5
48.:
9.5
14.0
3.1
10.4
2.1
21.2
7.6
0.8
1.2
0.9
1
1.8
0.1
I
As]
10.
12.0
4.
1.8
1.7
18.3
4.
7.0
%
0.48
0.13
2.08
1.14
2.75
1.61
1.4
7,
1
4
3.0
2.2
4.1
5.3
17.4'
1.44
1.89
1.61
1.59
1.93
0.15
0.36
1.33
0.44
0.37
0.16
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
AVERAGE COMPOSITION, ETC., OF FEEDING STVFV8 {oontintud).
Articles of Questionable Utility in Feedim^ Jersey Cattle (continued).
1
4
Organic Substances.
Digestible
Nutrients.
1
1
•c
Kinds ok Foddek.
4
1
if
1
1
fl
".2
1
S
i
1
Rape Cake
Rape Meal, extracted. . .
Apple Pomace
Ensilage of Maize
Ensilage of Rye
Ensilage of Red Clover.
Ensilage of Sorghum. . .
Rye Straw, ripe
Timothy Ensilage
Cow Peas Ensilage
Orcliard Grass Ensi-
lage
%
11.3
8.5
77.2
82.0
7fi.2
79.2
77.3
14.3
70.0
76.0
74.0
74.2
82.2
84.9
77.6
%
7.1
7.9
0.5
4.1
31.6
33.1
0.9
....
3.0
%
11.0
13.4
3.9
44.0
%
29.9
34.1
15.7
33.3
%
9.6
3.0
1.7
1.3
25.3
26.5
23.8
27.2
7.7
2.4
Asl :
1.7
1.3
■
1
1.66
1.51
1.0
1.9
3.0
1.6
0.8
2.1
3.0
2.6
10.1
12.0
8.1
11.9
36.5
16.0
9.4
12.4
0.5
0.4
1.7
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.4
11.4
6.8
4.0
7.4
46.9
8.2
3.2
5.1
0.16
0.21
0.28
0.19
0.35
0*^8
....
0.24
0^4
0.8
0.9
4.7
7.0
0.3
Carrot Leaves Ensi-
lase.
2.2
7.0
0.5
3.8
0.1 H
Extra Maize Ensilage. . .
Best Maize Ensilage*. . .
1.8
1.9
2.0
7.9
6.0
13.0
12.0
0.9
0.54
i
* This was a sample analyzed at the Connecticut Station, made from corn well advanced in ear.
It contained acetic acid iWa. "equivalent to one quart of strong vinegar per hundred pounds," and
iWr alcohol, equivalent to one pint of rum per lumdred pounds of ensilage.
JEliSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
VALUE OF THE TABLES.
These valuations are only approximate. The standard is average meadow
hay figured at sixty-four cents for one hundred pounds. Tlie German estimates
by Dr. "Wolff on the basis of four and one third cents for one pound of digestible
proteids, four and one third cents for one pound of digestible fat, and nine tenths of
a cent a pound for the digestible carbo-hydrates.
The feeder will learn to make practical use of the tables by frequent reference
to them, and comparing the estimates with the results of his own practice. By
the exercise of his own skill he can combine such elements as are best to form
rations for his own stock.
REQUISITES TO SUSTAIN LIFE AND HEALTH.
The animal heat must be sustained by the carbo-hydrates and the carbon of the
proteids. This is believed to be accomplished by oxidation in the cells and capillary
vessels of the body, and consumes the starch, gum, sugar and cellulose, and furnishes
the carbon given off in breathing.
The fat which is stored up in the body, as well as the great quantity secreted
in milk, must be supplied by vegetable oils. The natural wear and waste of muscle
and cartilage and the growth of these in young animals must be sufficiently provided
for in proteids, as albumen, gluten, casein, legumen, fibrin, mucedin and gliadin.
The bones and teeth must be built u]) and nourished by earthy phosjjhates, and
the processes of digestion, asshnilation and excretion aided by saline substances,
chlorides, sulphates, and other elements that appear in the various excretions after
fulfilling their purpose. Food that furnishes all these essential elements in right
proportions and sufficient quantity in the most palatable and digestible forms must be
provided by the care and skill which meets all the purposes of the dairyman and the
breeder of butter cattle. These objects cannot be accomplished without a great
variety of grasses, grains, leguminous plants and roots.
JEliSJ-JY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
AMERICAN FEEDING STUFFS.
AvKRAOE Selections from Table ok American AxALYSt:s.
COMPILED BY E. H. JENKINS, PH.D., CONN.
Agrieiiltural Experiment Station Report, 1884.
(JREEN KODDKRS.
Maize
Maize Ensilage
(\)W Pea Vine and Pods
llyi^
HAY.
(h.ovER Hay
Timothy
Sorghum Leaves
Hungarian Grass
Oat Straw
MaIZK, FlEI.IK'lKED. . . .
('ow Pea Vines
ROOTS.
Beets (red)
Carrots
Mangolds
Potatoes
Sweet Potatoe.*.
Turnips
Kntabagas
FRUITS
Apples
Squash
i
^
1
1 ,
18.86
1.30
19.29
1.47
15.94
3.12
25.30
2.60
84.98
11.38
87.42
6.36
27.00
3.10
83.30
6.59
89.89
3.35
67.95
4.29
88.95
15.68
11.43
1.60
12.68
1.38
7.96
1.70
21.35
1.23
29.72
0.97
11.11
1.34
12.92
1.15
15.89
0.21
5.12
0.66
§1
.60
.65
1.98
2.03
1.81
2.07
1.24
2.87
0.18
0.67
0.20
0.13
0.31
0.09
0.09
0.28
0.28
10.65
9.88
6.91
5.90
5.37
5.88
3.48
14.30 1
40.11
26.35
44.89
29.93
45.10
5.20
42.49
27.16
36.97
42.78
35.96
22.14
42.17
19.82
7.40
1.16
7.28
1.93
4.19
0.82
18.72
0.38
26.13
1.36
8.11
0.86
9.11
1.16
14.26
0.91
3.24
0.54
1.22
1.34
1.83
1.90
5.15
4.23
3.50
5.24
4.72
4.32
8.41
1.08
1.34
1.05
0.89
0.93
0.71
1.41
0.23
0.40
$--
m^
OXFORD KATE 13,646.
AT 5 YEARS OLD.
Kliedite Type.
R. S. Andrews, Baltimore, Maryland.
MISS SHARPLESS 24,352.
Kliedire Type.
HIGHLAND HERD.
James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut.
JERSEY CATTLE IN' AMERICA.
AMERICAN FEEDING STUFFS (cOntinUed).
Average of American Analyses {continued).
(iKAIN8.
Peas
Barley
Cow Pea
Soja Bean
Maize Kernel (Dent)
Maize Kernel (Flint)
Maize Kernel (Sweet)
Maize Kernel (Western) . .
Oats
Rice
Rye
Wheat (Winter)
Wheat (Spring)
Sorghum Seed
meal and bran.
Barley Meal
Hominy
Maize Meal
Oat Meal
Cotton -seed Meal
Linseed Meal, old process .
Linseed Meal, new process.
Rye Bran
Wheat Middlings
Wheat Bran
Wheat Shorts
21.94
4.37
88.90
12.40
85.21
20.77
91.41
36.22
89.93
10.36
88.93
10.67
91.42
11.71
80.90
8.30
89.30
11.30
87.60
7.40
88.40
10.60
89.63
11.82
89.63
12.51
87.48
8.88
84.90
11.80
86.51
8.25
85.14
9.26
92.15
14.66
92.17
42.45
91.28
31.23
89.49
33.45
87.70
15.26
88.03
12.27
87.98
14.54
88.15
13.14
0.55
L80
1.43
17.92
5.15
5.00
8.31
3.70
5.00
0.40
1.70
2.14
2.20
3.65
1.70
.44
3.82
7.06
13.36
8.72
14.48
1.66
69.30
2.90
55.75
4.06
28.66
4.24
70.60
2.29
70.08
1.71
66.54
2.82
66.00
1.75
61.00
9.00
79.20
0.20
72.60
1.60
72.04
1.77
71.19
1.82
71.27
1.88
70.90
0.10
77.12
0.32
68.58
2.29
67.57
0.86
23.49
5.67
37.75
7.34
38.78
8.37
63.12
3.51
65.48
4.58
55.16
8.79
51.22
6.12
242 JEItSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
RELATIVE VALUE OF FEEDING STUFFS.
100 lbs. Good Hay ^ lbs.
Beets 070
Turnips 470
Clover, Green 375
Carrots 371
Manjrokls 368
Lucern Hay 89
Clover Hay 88
Corn 62
Oats 59
Barley 58
Rye 53
Wheat 44
Linseed Oil-cake 43
SUMIIAKY OF FOOD ELEMENTS.*
"1. The earthy substances contained in food, consisting chiefly of lime and
magnesia, present the animal with the materials of which the long skeleton of its body
principally consists.
" They may be called, therefore, bone materials.
" 2. The saline substances — chloride of sodium (common salt) and potassium,
sulphate and phosphate of potash and soda and some other mineral matters occurring
in food — sujiply the blood, juice of flesh, and various animal juices, witli tlie
necessary mineral constituents.
" 3. Albumen, gluten, legumen and nitrogen, containing jjrinciples of food,
furnish the animal with the materials required for the formation of blood and flesh.
They are therefore called flesh-forming substances.
" 4. Fat and oily matters of the food are employed to lay on fat, <>r to support
respiration and annual heat.
"5. Starch, sugar, gum, and a few other non-nitrogenized substances, consisting
of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, are used to support respiration (hence they are
called elements of respiration), as they produce fat when given in excess.
" <i. Starch, sugar, and other elements of respiration alone cannot sustain tlie
animal body.
" 7. Albumen, gluten, or any other albuminous matter alone does not support
the life of herbivorous animals.
" 8. Animals fed upon food deflcient in earthy phosphates or bone-producing
principles grow sickly and remain weak in the bone.
* Chemistry of Food. Dr. August Voelcker.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 'ZU
" 9. The healthy state of an animal can only be preserved by a mixed food,
which contains flesh-forming constituents as well as heat-giving principles, and earthy
and saline mineral substances in proportion, determined by experience, and adapted to
the diflEerent kinds of animals, or to the purposes for which they are kept."
DIGESTION IN CATTLE.
The digestive organs of cattle are very complex. Digestion begins in the mouth
and is completed in the large intestine. The mouth is the mill for grinding and
salivating food. It contains the tongue, teeth, salivary glands, and also the organs
of taste, which latter, aided by the sense of smell, inform the animal in selecting what
is good and rejecting what is unsuited to its use. There are five sets of salivary
glands — the j)(^rotid glands, the largest, one on each cheek in front of the ear ; the
submaxillary, under the lower jaw ; the suhllngual, under the tongue ; the molar
glands, parallel to the molar arches ; the Uj> ami palate glands. These all discharge
a thin fluid into the mouth. This fluid, or saliva, contains an element called jjtyalhi,
which changes starch to sugar. A lurge vow k liclieved to discharge more than a
gallon of saliva while chewing the cud one lionr. If the cow is in good health and a
large milker she must feed largely and secrete an enonnous quantity of saliva, and
that food is best which is given in a form requiring remastication. Ground feed
should be mixed with cut hay to make the whole mass bulky, so as to be raised for
cud-chewing.
Bovine animals have a compound stomach with fom- C(jmpartments : the flrst, or
rumen, holds about eight bushels in a full-sized ox, and makes up about nine tenths
of the bulk of the quadruple stomach; It tills the left side of the belly from tlie
short ribs to the hips, and is lobulate in form, having three compartments.
The second stomach, reticulum, is a prolongation forward of the left sac of tlie
rumen, the communicating connection allowing the soft contents to pass freely from
the rumen. Its lining membrane has cells like a honeycomb.
These organs are connected with the gullet, and also the third stomach, by a
curious structure called the (lettvi-canaJ. This structure forms a common way for
the first three stomachs, and has also the power of contracting its walls so as to
communicate only with the third stomach.
The third stomach, omasum, or manifold, is larger than the second, lies over tlic
reticulum to the right, and above the right fore-sac of the rumen, beneath tlic short
ribs on the right side.
On its convex side a dozen or more leaf -like folds extend nearly across the organ.
These are interspersed with shorter folds in alternation, the smallest becoming mere
ridges. These present a lai-ge amount of apposite surface, and the partitions being
endowed with invohintary muscles, for the moving of adjacent surfaces against each
other, the tliird stomach is thus made a triturating apparatus.
244 JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMElilCA.
The fourtli stomacli, rennet, is of an elongated oval fonn, tapering backward in
the right flank at tlie lower border of the rumen, to its termination, where it joins the
small intestine. Although second in size, it is very snuill coiuiJured with the rumen.
This organ corresponds to the one stomach in other aiiiiii;ils. This is the organ for
secreting and mixing the gastric juice with the softened aliment.
The coarser foods pass as soon as taken into the rumen or to tlic (reticulum)
reticule; flner and softer foods may ])ass at once to tlie tliird iind tlie fourth
stomachs.
Liquids with finely divided food may be distributed througii the four stomachs,
liquids being propelled through the demi-canal into the manifold and rennet by a
series of contractions of the reticulum while the animal is drinking. Thus some foods
may reach the manifold and rennet and not be returned for rumination. The rumen
often holds two hundred pounds of food when an ox is slaughtered. This is one
fourth food mixed with three times its weight of saliva and some water. The
reticule usually contains liquid. The strong involuntary muscles of these organs
give a continuous clmming movement to all their contents, rendering all soluble
elements into a condition for mixing with the gastric juice of the rennet.
The great bulk of the food in the rumen and a small portion from the reticule
are floated back in small quantities to the mouth for mastication. This is done by a
muscular compression of the runien. ;i contraction of the demi-canal and gullet from
below upward, thus forcing a mouthful of liquid mixed with fibi'ous matter to the
tongue and palate, which seize the solid portion in a mass, separating and swallowing
the li(juid. The solid is then leisurely chewed and remixed with saliva, when
it is passed on to the several receptacles, according to its degree of preparation,
some of it probably being masticated and remasticated many times before it is fit
for the rennet.
The good cow is content to spend a large portion of her time chewing the cud.
She has a very capacious rumen, needs from twelve to fifteen gallons of water daily, and
perfect qiiietude. Any worriment or disturbance of the general health interferes with
the process of rumination. The manifold jiresses out the fluid ])ortions of the food,
and triturates the residue, still further pulverizing it. In the rennet it is mixed with
the gastric juice, which transforms the protein elements into milky peptones, ready
for absorption by the lymphatic vessels of the rennet, and the carbo-hydrates already
converted into sugar by the saliva are also absorbed by the giustric blood-vessels, while
a large portion of the food needs something more than the compound acid and pepsin
of the stomacli, and must be passed onward to the intestiiial canal to complete the
process of digestion. At tiie proper time the pylorus, a sjihincter or circular gate,
involuntarily oj^ens, allowing the contents of the rennet to flow into the next vessel,
a long, thin tube, convoluted and doubled upon itself in many folds and festoons.
The first part is the duodenum. This organ has its involuntary muscular structure
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
i45
for propulsion, and a mucus lining filled with little follicles wliicli secrete a digestive
fluid. Here also through two oritices is received the bile from the liver, and the
pancreatic jiiice from the pancreas, to digest and emulsify the fats and prepare them
for the subsequent production of butter. Here also any undissolved starch is, by the
combined action of the bile and the diastase of the pancreas, rendered into sugar,
and any protein elements needing further preparation are served with the proper
solvents, and the nutritive fluids are absorbed and pass into the general circulation.
The small intestine is about one hundred and twenty feet in length, and leads into
the large intestine, which has a length of about thirty feet. Here what is left of
assimilative elements in the digested food is absorbed, and the excretory refuse is
thrown out upon the surface of the lower or small (olon, and becomes fecal matter,
which is formed into round masses by the propulsive contractions of the tube, and
progressively expelled from the rectum.
The following interesting table is taken from Roberts, and gives a general view
of the process of digestion :
TABLE OF THE DIGESTIVE JUICES AND THEIE FEEMENTS.
DiGESTivB Juices.
Ferments Contained in
Tliem.
Action on Foods.
Saliva
Salivary Diastase or
Ptyalin
Changes starch into su-
gar and dextrin.
Changes proteids into
peptones in acid me-
dium.
Curdles casein of milk.
Changes proteids into
peptones in alkaline
and neutral media.
Curdles casein of milk.
Changes starch into su-
gar and dexti'in.
Emulsifles and partially
saponifies fats.
Assists in emulsifying
fats.
Changes cane-sugar into
invert-sugar.
Gastric Juice \
[
Pancreatic Juice \
Bile
h. Curdling Ferment. .
\a. Trypsin -
h. Curdling Ferment.. .
6'. Pancreatic Diastase ]
d. Emulsive Ferment -
a. Invertin }
h. Curdling Ferment . .
Curdles casein of milk.
246 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Starcli is attackcnl aloiii; tlic M-liolo line of tliu aliiiientarv track. Alliuiiiinous
elements in the renni't and small intestines. The ferments wliieli curdle milk are
found in tiie rennet and pancreas, and jxissiblv in the small intestine. The bile is
alkalescent in its reaction, and helps absorption of fatty matters by its emulsifying
projierties. Healthy Iwvine digestion depends largely upon ajjpropriate food to suit
the complicated series of fcrment-acticnis here illustrated.
The kidneys, the skin and the lungs all assist in excreting the waste materials
that have served tlicir jjurpose. The hitrogen of the food, with the exception of
what is ajjpropriated in building n|) t!ie liody or the formation of milk, is believed to
be all recovered in the dung an<i urine. When animals are fed upon rich food the
iirine will sometimes yield forty jut cent, of phosphoric acid, but upon coarse fodder
little or none M'ill be found in tlie urine, while ninety-five per cent, of the soda and
])otash of the fund are excreted in the urine, and also about tliirty ])ei- cent, of the
magne.sia, most of tiie sulphuric acid and chlorine; the silica, witli the rest of the
ash constituents not utilized in the production of milk or .structure of tissues, is
excreted in the dung. These facts show the importance of an intelligent selection
of all fodders, and also the value and importance of saving all manure, esjjccially the
liquid portions.
soiLiNu cattlp:.
" Turning pusture into lillugc makes the ni:in." — Knr/lixfi Prorerh.
The cutting of green forage plants and feeding to cattle in the stable is com-
monly termed " soiling," a i)ractice which must become general on all land that is
suitable.
■rilK SEVKN POINTS OK SOILING.
1. It saves land.
2. It saves food.
3. It saves fences.
4. It saves manure.
5. It saves health and condition.
6. It saves the losses of ordinary unproductiveness.
7. It .saves the jirofits of well-eniployed labor.
The contrast betwec^n feeding luxuriant cultivated crops and ordinary pasturing
is as wide as the distinction between civilization and barbarism. Indeed, the one is
the result of civilization and progress, while the other is essentially barbaric in its
methods.
Soiling utilizes the land for all it can produce of the best crops. Pasturing
usually takes what chances to grow, whether good or l)ad ; and, as the animal occupies
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 247
its own dish and tramples its own food ; scatters its dung and nrine upon it ; lies
upon it and breathes lapon it, to the disgust of other animals— it naturally results that
a wide space of groimd is rendered unprofitable. Besides, the soil that is thus
rendered useless ought to be producing crops which in a cold climate must be
relied iipon for winter support from six to eight months of the year.
It is estimated that imder skilful management of pasturing it requires three acres
to furnish an equivalent for one acre of forage crops. Under poor pasturing there
is a much wider variation, so that fifty acres imder the forage system are equal to one
hundred and twenty-five acres under the barbaric system of pasturage.
THE SAVING OF FOOD.
The saving of food is tlie result of having the food under complete control as
to growth, selection of kind and quantity, which is or ought to be such that it is
wholly eaten, and all the waste caused by the animal from trampling, fouling, lying
upon, breathing upon and overgrazing are precluded. Cattle will also eat many
weeds, such as daisies and thistles, when cut, in a tender and succulent condition or
mixed with other food. The forage system saves everything that is aromatic and
edible, and this leads to the extermination of weeds by cutting them before bloom.
The cattle cannot be fed with profit from food used in pasturing, because they
are obliged to expend its value in many hours of unprofitable foraging for themselves
in the vain effort to utilize dry grass and the branches of trees, so that, whereas the
cow should speedily fill the rumen and chew her cud, she must spend sixteen hours to
get the amount of a square meal, and then fail in filling her udder.
THE SAVINIJ OF FENCES.
Many a man spends more for fences to keep cattle within the bounds of a poor
pasture than the land itself is worth. But on good land the expense is a profitless
outlay, as it costs a tax of one dollar per acre as the annual expense of maintaining
pasture fences. Where the land admits of it, it were far better to employ one
hundred dollars' annual outlay for the fences of a hundred-acre farm in maintaining
three times the number of cattle and steadily improving the richness of the farm.
THE SAVING OF MANURE.
The estimates of the value of manure by various authorities warrant the placing
it at twenty dollars per cow or upward, pi-ovided all the excrement is saved.
The soiling system is the only means of saving this amount, and under this
system the manure that is daily dropped in the exercise lot should be gathered in a
cart and dumped upon the heap in the manure house. It is wasted if allowed to
remain where it is, and would be more than half wasted in the pasture by evaporation
or washing into brooks and slouglis.
248 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Those who have had many years' experience in soiling declare that the saving
of the manure is more than a full compensation for all the labor in soiling.
THE SAVING OF HEALTH AND CONDITION.
The exercise of the animal, like its food, is all under the control of the owner,
and may be so managed as to render the animal healthful and profitable, while the
pasturing system may compel the animal to take too much exercise, and that often of
a very unprofitable kind.
The health of the animal is benefited by a proper selection of food of
abundant quantity. The pasture gives an unequal and often scanty supply of food
of an indifEerent or bad quahty, at a waste of energy in searching for it.
The animal is protected, in the cool stable, from the scorching heat, from the
tonnenting flies and mosquitoes, and from chilling storms and wet. Surely this
protection, combined with good feeding and careful exercise in a convenient
yard, cannot but be conducive to the fullest health and comfort.
SAVIN(( liV INCREASKD I'RODLCTITENESS.
The dairy cow needs but a very moderate amount of exercise, and both exercise
and food must be so controlled as to develop the liighest capacity for the production
of milk, butter and cheese.
The forage system is adapted to prnducc such results because it enables the
animal to be fed a full ration at all times, so that all her powers are devoted to the
one objective point of transforming the greatest possible amount of wholesome
fodder into the greatest possible amount of wholesome human food, and this is accom-
plished by soiling ; for actual tests have demonstrated that the productiveness of
lierds has been more than doubled year by year for long periods. An experiment
by Dr. Rhode, of the Eldena Royal Academy of Agriculture of Prussia, conducted
through seven years of pasturing and seven years of soiling, gave an average for
each cow at ])asture for seven years of one thousand five hundred and eighty-three
(juarts annually, while for soiling the average for each cow was three thousand four
hundred and forty-two quarts, giving much more than double productiveness.
And now the saving of land, of food, of fences, of manure, of health, of
productiveness, all conduce to the
SAVIN(1 OF PROFIT UPON I>AB0R EMPLOYED.
There is a profit from labor employed because it is expended judiciously in
bringing immediate returns and also permanently enriching the farm. Professor
Stewart in his excellent work, "Feeding Animals," shows how one man can with
proper tools and appliances perform all the hand labor for soiling one hundred
head of cattle. The annual expense for fences for pasturing one hundred head
JERHEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 249
of cattle wonld be not less than three hundred dollars, at a loss of one half their
productiveness. The feeder needs a team, mowing-machine, horse-rake, wagon and
hay-loader, and a good growth of soiling crops.
SOILING CROPS.
Large crops of the following list of plants are to be recommended for cultiva-
tion, to be fed in the order produced, but taking care to combine several of them,
when practicable, in one ration.
1. Winter Rye {Secale oereale).
2. Winter Barley {Hordeum).
3. Red Clover {TrifoUum praten>ie).
4. Orchard Grass {Dactylis glomerata).
5. Italian Rye Grass {Lolium Italicuin).
6. Timothy {Phleum pratense).
1. Timothy and Large Clover.
8. Timothy and Alsike {Trifolium hyhrldum).
9. Green OatS {Avena sativa).
10. Winter Wheat {Triticuin vulgare).
11. Cow Peas and Oats.
12. Common Millet (Panieiim milUaciuni).
13. Hungarian Grass {Setaria Oerma/nica).
14. Italian Millet {Setaria Italica).
15. Vetch ( Vicia sativa).
16. Spring Wheat {Triticum vulgare var.).
17. Sweet Corn {Zea mays var.).
18. Dent Corn {Zea mays var.).
19. Fhnt Corn {Zea mays var.).
20. Spring Barley {Hordeum vulgare mir.).
21. Spring Barley and Rye.
22. Savoy Cabbage (Improved American).
23. Schweinfurt Quintal Cabbage.
24. Sugar Beets.
25. Mangolds.
26. Butman Squash.
27. Pumpkin.
28. Carrots.
29. Rutabagas.
30. Parsnips.
250 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
For the SoutluTii and some of the Wostcrn States may l>o added :
;^1. Lucerii.
32. Gania Grass.
83. Altilaria {Krodluni cirutafi aiii), an aromatic ijeranium jrruwii as a forage
plant in California.
34. Tall Oat Grass.
35. Texas Millet.
36. Johnson Grass {Soryhuiih /uUitpensc), a very important perennial ; use one
Imsliel eleau .seed per acre.
37. MiLLo Maizk.
38. Cow Peas.
39. Satin Grass.
40. Sweet Potato.
41. Yam.
And many other plants.
SOUTHEEN SOILING.*
" With green oats for feed in March, April and May ; corn in May, June and
July ; (-Jerman millet and cow peas in July, August and Septeihber, aided by millo
maize in times of long dry spells, like the recent one for September, down to and
into Deceud)er, surely one great problem in the possibility of the South becoming a
dairying and fine stock section is solved.
" Millo maize is a uew ])lant introduced only two years ago in our vicinity
(Mobile), the seed coming from South Carolina, and introduced into this country from
Brazil. It evidently belongs to the Sorghum family, closely resembling amber cane.
For two years I have watched it on the farms of two of my neighbors, and
particularly this year — a year of a most ])roloiigcd and disastrous drouth — where the
ordinary growth of our pastures, scanty enough at the best, was di-y enough to burn.
" At the home farm of State Senabn- Smith a field was planted in July. From
this field tivo immense crops of rich, juicy food have been taken, and now (November
14tli) the f/iird crop stands ready for gathering, while from the stubble of some
recently cut a lu.xuriant growth is springing, and this in spite of the fact that within
the past'fortnight we have had heavy white frosts. Beginning in July, the rainfall
till the last of October amounted to almost nothing, yet through all this long drouth
this wonderful ])lant was rank, green, and as dense as a canebrake. It seemed tg
utterly ignore the dry, liot days that i)arched and burnt every other living thing,
and stood a living oasis in a desert of arid fields.
"It seems essentially a sun plant — those who introduced it here claim this for it
— and no better test could have been jriven than what it underwent this year
George G. Duffee, in " Country Gcntlcmau," Deceinbcr, 18a4.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 251
Planted in rich and well-prepared land, in rows eight feet apart, after the ground is
thoroughly warm, it grows rapidly to a height of ten feet, and' can be cut from two
to four times in the season. Mr. Smith's foreman tells me that the mules and cattle
eat it with avidity."
Good reports are given by various writers of the excellent results of cultivating
Johnson grass {Sorghum halajpense) in the Southern States. It is a perennial,
producing under irrigation four or five enormous crops annually of green fodder. It
is regarded as drouth-proof, and well adapted to hot and arid regions.
For green manui-ing the cow pea is one of the best crops for the Southern States.
General Soiling Ceops.
WINTER RYE {Secale cereale).
This is a hardy, succulent plant, growing from four to six feet high, and flourish-
ing best on sandy or gravelly loam that is moderately rich. If the crop is put in by
the first of September in the North, and by the first of November in the Southern
States, it will be well rooted before cold weather, and may be fed oflE or cut with a
machine, leaving it from two to three inches high. Rye is ready to cut very early in
spring, when it should be mixed with clover hay for feeding. Oatmeal and wheat
bran are good accompaniments, as protein is needed to make a good ration. Rye
should be sown with a drill at the rate of one bushel to the acre. In the early spring
it is greatly benefited by cultivating the ground with a smoothing-harrow. If cut
frequently and kept from heading it becomes a perennial, but it is most profitable
as a single crop, cut when in blossom and the ground planted again to a late crop.
Rye is ready to cut from about May 1st to 15th in latitude 38° to 40°. One square
rod is sufficient for one day for each animal, but it is better to mix other food, as the
rye alone is not a perfect food. Turn under heavy crops of rye early in spring
as green manure.
WINTER BARLEY.
Winter barley is suited to clay or clay loam. Barley grows best in the cool
weather of spring and fall, and helps to give variety to the fodder. It is one of
the best of forage plants, also a good grain for butter cows.
RED CLOVER.
This plant is ready for cutting in latitude 38° to 40° from about May lOtli to
June 1st, and is very succulent. It furnishes green about twenty thousand pounds to
the acre, which would feed twenty cows from ten to twelve days. The second and third
cuttings will furnish from twelve thousand to fifteen thousand pounds more, some-
times yielding as high as twenty tons in a season. It is one of the most important
soiling crops. Its long roots draw fertility from the subsoil and its leaves from the
air. Use ten poimds of seed per acre. Also one of the best crops for green manure.
252 ./J'JRSEY lATTLK IX AMKllKA.
OKC'HAKI) (iKASS.
This grass is ready for cutting with clover. It is of great merit, ami may be cut
three times a season on rich soil. It should be sown thickly, thrw husheh of seed to
the acre. It is good alone or mixed witli clover, and is well worthy of universal
favor as a forage plant.
IIMOTIIY.
Timothy will cut as high as ten tons of green fodder before blot^soining. and is a
very nutritious forage plant. It should be cut when in full bloom nr when the
bulb is ripe enough to survive.
The large pea-vine clover makes a good combination with timothy and adds
more protein to the ration. This may be cut twice a year ; the first cutting may
reach as high as sixteen tons to the acre, and will feed thirty cows ten days ; the
second cutting will feed thirtv cows three davs.
The Swedish hybrid clover is very hardy, and will yield good crops for ten
years. It branches much, and the roots penetrate deeply into the soil. It lasts long
in bloom, and may be cut for a month. This combination will feed thirty cows per
acre twelve days.
Alsike should be thinly seeded, and may be sowni with timothy either in the
spring or fall. Ten pounds of timothy seed per acre and six of alsike.
GRKKN OATS.
Oats require a cool climate and rich, deei)ly tilled soil for their ]>erfection.
They are ready for forage from last of Jmie to middle of July. If cut before
heading in June they make a quick second growth. For a soiling crop it must be
put in with a drill as early as ,the ground will admit, with two bushels of seed to
the acre. For culture use one or two harrowings with the smoothing-harrow, until
they are two or three inches high. Make the first cutting when about a foot high.
They are most profitable, however, when cut in the milk, using but one crop.
A better method of cultivation for seed crop, if some of the large varieties of
oats are used, is to plant in drills sixteen inches apart, dropping single seeds one
foot apart in the drill and tilling with cultivator. Mr. liurpee reports crops of the
" Welcome Oat" raised by Mr. Alfred Rose, of Penn Yan, New York, where one
ounce of seed produced three thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight ounces of
very heavj' oats, aiul two ounces of seed produced ten bushels and three pecks of
oats, weighing four hundred and seventy-three and a half pounds.
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 253
Roswell Parkhurst, in Montana, raised three hundred and thirty-two pounds, and
August Mongin, of Illinois, three hundred and fifteen pounds from two ounces of
seed, while six other competitors raised from two hiindred to two Inmdred and
seventy-six pounds from two ounces of oats. Specimens were grown six feet four
inches high, and as many as seventy-six stalks from one seed. Most of them report
hoeing twice and keeping free from weeds. This is doubtless the best way to
cultivate wheat, rye and oats where the grain is to be ripened, and it might be well
to try the experiment for forage crops. Oat seed needs to be large and heavy to
produce good plants. The oat is sure to degenerate in a dry and hot climate, but
good seed will produce a good crop the first year. The oat makes most excellent
hay if cut green or when in the milk.
PEAS AND OATS.
The pea when combined with the oat makes an excellent milk ration. They
grow well together. Plant with drill four bushels per acre of a mixture of forty
quarts of oats with two bushels of peas. Cut when the oat is in the miUc. If the
peas are allowed to get too ripe the butter will not be of so good a flavor. Plant as
soon as the ground will admit in spring. Steep seed one night in diluted urine,
drain, and roll in mixture of ashes and plaster. This combination has produced as
high as fourteen tons to the acre. Peas need lime and bone-powder to insure good
crops.
WINTER WHEAT.
Plant in September same as recommended for rye and oats ; requires but three
pecks of seed per acre if cultivated like maize.
Millet requires a very mellow, rich soil. Claj' loam, if thoroughly underdrained
and well tilled, will produce the largest crops. Millet grows -five feet high, and
produces as much as eighteen tons of green fodder, and is a little richer in nutritive
value than timothy. Plant with drill sixteen quarts or broadcast twenty-four quarts
of seed to the acre, one fourth inch deep, from first of May to July. Cut just before
blossoming.
HUNGAEIAN GRASS.
This is a millet which grows three feet high and has an abundant foliage and
a large quantity of fine seed. It is the most nutritious of green forage grasses.
Objection is made to the stifE bristles which surround the seed spikelets, which are
said to have caused the death of cattle by jjenetrating the stomach. Early cutting-
would avoid this objection. Sow in early June twenty-four quarts of seed per acre
for forage or green hay. Cut in early bloom. The richest, by analysis, of green
manure crops.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMElilVA.
ITALIAN MILLET
This grows four feet high, has ahiindaiit foliage, and yields the greatest quantity
of seed; has been reported to produce tivc times as much grain as wheat. Pure
Italian should be yellow when ripe.
VETCH.
The winter vetfh iiiay he sown with rye or the s})ring vetch with oats. Its
food value is similar to the pea. It may l)e cultivated alone, and bears several
cuttings of heavy growth. Spring wheat may be cultivated in drills, .same as
reconimended for oats.
SWEET COKN.
This is the best of all forage ])lants, and pays several ])er cent. j)rotit with less
la])or than any other crop.
Good varieties are known as Early Minnesota, Potter's Excelsior, Stowell's
Evergreen, ]\Iannnoth Late and Egyptian, which form a succession in the order
mentioned. Sweet corn is more nutritious than the dent or flint varieties of maize.
Plant in drills thirty-two inches apart and one plant every si.\ inches in the rows, so
that ears may be formed. It should be combined with clover, oats and peas, in
feeding, or wheat bran and middlings can be fed with corn. Cut the corn when the
ears are in the milk. The corn should always be run through a feed cutter, reducing
it to lengths of from two to four inches.
The large varieties of dent jn-oduce lu^avier crops than sweet corn, but the
([uality is not as good.
There is no plant that produces such a weight of green food, unle.ss it be
sorghum cane. Crops have been reported a.s weighing iifty tons upon an acre.
Twenty tons may be easily grown, and with fair tillage thirty tons.
The ground should be plowed about five inches deep and well manured; the
entire manure, licjuid and solid, is the best for corn. The land may be pulverized
with a slanting-tooth harrow, followed by the roller and a second harrowing. The
seed ought to be good and about three pecks to the acre ; it may be drilled in or
planted two and one lialf inches deep with the hand planter, the drills three feet six
inches ai)art for tiie largest varieties, and the single plants six inches apart in the
row. This gives the largest crop of fodder per acre. No crop pays better returns
for good cultivation. After planting use the heavy two-horse roller.
Before the corn breaks the surface go over the field with the smoothing-harrow,
using the round side of teeth to break the crust and aerate the ground. As soon as
the corn begins to appear above ground repeat the harrowing eacli week until the
JERSEY CA TTLE IK AMERICA. 255
plants are one foot in height. Drive the smoothing-harrow over the rows without
any trepidation, for it will save much hand labor and greatly increase the crop.
After the maize is a foot higli cultivate between the rows with a section of the same
smoothing-harrow, so as to finely pulverize the surface to the depth of about one
inch, or not more than two inches, making a fine powder for a mulch, and always
level culture.
FLINT CORN.
In the Northern States and Canada the hardier varieties of flint corn are grown
in order to mature a crop of seed before danger from frost. One of the heaviest
yields ever reported is by Mr. Davis, of Scituate, Massachusetts. One acre produced
two hundred and seventy-five baskets of ears, which weighed eleven thousand and
three pounds. The corn was planted in drills three feet apart, four kernels every
twenty-two inches. For tillage use the smoothing-harrow xintil six inches of growth,
afterward a fine steel-tooth cultivator and six-prong hoe, giving clean level culture,
and making a middling surface of finely pulverized earth one to two inches iii
depth.
BARLEY.
Barley is a very importaiit ci-op, lioth for green forage and barley meal, in tlie
dairy ration. The Kinver Chevalier may be sowed every two weeks from July
to October, the Manshury in March and April. It produces succulent crops
in cool weather, and yields a heavy crop of grain in July, as high as ninety bushels
per acre on rich clay loam with good tillage.
AMERICAN SAVOY CABBAGE.
Cal)bages make an excellent food for dry cows and young stock, but are not
desirable in rations for butter, as the flavor can be detected after every precaution.
The Savoy variety is very palatable to cattle. The Schweinfurt Quintal yields
immense crops, and is the best in quality of the wliite varieties. Plant eight ounces
of seed to the acre, or two omices for transplanting.
SUGAR BEETS.
The Imperial Sugar Beet is also a good food for dry cows and young stock, but
does not give the best flavor to milk and butter. Under high culture thirty tons
per acre may be grown, using about flve pounds of seed in drills two feet apart and
eight inches in the row.
MANG<1LOS.
To be used for y<ning stock and dry cows. Mangolds produce the largest of all
root-crop yields, as high as seventy-five tons to the acre being reported in England
with rich soil and high cultivation, with abundant moisture. Use six pounds of
256 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
seed to the acre. Keep the surface of the <:trouiid tine ami nu'llnw and free from
weeds. The rows may bo two feet a])art and plants ten inches in the row.
The carrot is the dairy root for cows in milk. The Danvers is a stumjvrooted
variety and easily harvested, but the Long Orange produces larger crops and is said
to give a considerable degree of color to butter. In the cultivation of this root
adopt those methods which reduce the cost to the lowest degree. The land must
be rich, mellow, and free from stones. Saturate with liquid manure, plow twelve
inches deep, pulverize with the Acme harrow, smooth with the roller, use the drill
planter, making the rows straight and twelve inches apart ; jilant thickly, using two
pounds of seed to the acre. Run the cidtivator between the rows as soon as the plants
appear, and cross-harrow the field at right angles to the rows M-ith a slanting-tooth
harrow once or twice ; give clean culture. In harvesting use a swivel plow to turn
a deep furrow away from each row. The si.\-i)rong hoe may be found useful both
in cultivation and in gathering the crop, also wooden forks instead of steel shovels in
handling the crop. Some farmers prefer to cut the tops with sharp hoes while in
the row, l)ut it is doubtful if that is an advantage, especially with the Long Orange
variety. From twenty to thirty tons may 1)0 raised upon an acre. Steep the seed
in warm water to hasten germination. They are easily harvested by pulling after a
heavy rain. In dry weather they may be pulled after irrigating the ground.
The parsnip (Long Smooth) will be found a valuable ci-o]> for butter cows, and
can be allowed to remain in the ground until early spring. (Jultivate and treat as
carrots. Steep the seed in tepid water twelve hours before planting.
KUTABAO.\S.
The rutabagas are only valuable for young stock and dry cows, because of the
tlavor they give to milk. Oultivate in drills. One pound of .seed to the acre.
MKADOW SOILING UKOI'S.
It is well to have as great a variety as possible in soiling and also in wintei-
feeding.
MKADoWS.
" The murmur that .springs
From tlie growing of grass." — Ptx.
For the jiroduction of hay crops, fields and meadows containing mixed gras.ses
ai-e desirable.
PROCTOR'S REGINA 35,665.
AT 3 YEARS OLD.
Bex—Celewayo Type.
BAGGS HOTEL HERD.
T. R. Proctor, Utica, New York.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
SEEDING FOE AN EARLY MEADOW.
1. Meadow Foxtail Grass {Alopecmms pratensis) 8 lbs.
2. Green Meadow Grass {Poa pratensis) 8 "
3. Meadow Oat Grass {Arrhenatherum amenaceuiit.) 8 "
4. Red Clover [Trifolium pratense perenne) 8 "
32 lbs.
OU THIS.
1 . Orchard Grass {Dactylis glomcrata) 3 bushels or 40 lbs.
2. Eed Clover 10 "
3. Luceru 4 "
54 lbs.
SEEDING FOE A LATE MEADOW.
1. Timothy Grass {Phleum prate7is<>) 10 lbs.
2. Eed-top Grass {Agrostis vulgaris) 6 "
3. White Bent Grass {Agrostis alba) 6 "
4. Alsike Clover {Trifolixbm hyhridum) 6 "
5. Meadow Oat Grass {Arrhenatherimn avenaceuni) 6 "
34 11)8.
SEED FOE lEEIGATED MEADOWS.
Italian Rye Grass {Lolium Italicuvi) 10 lbs.
Perennial Rye Grass {Lolium perenne) 10 "
Timothy Grass {Phleuvi pratense) 4 "
Rough Meadow Grass {Poa trivialis) 3 "
Fowl Meadow Grass {Poa serotina) 3 "
White Bent Grass {Agrostis alba) 2 "
Red-top Grass {Agrostis vulgaris) 2 "
Meadow Foxtail Grass {Alopecurus pratensin) 2 "
Meadow Fescue Grass {Festuca elatior) 2 "
Alsike Clover {Trifoluim hybridum) 3 "
40 lbs.
THE CULTIVATION OF MEADOWS.
The importance of thorough tillage as a preparation for laying down grass lands
cannot be too strongly presented.
The fanner who kee^js himself abreast with the most progressive agriculturists
will appreciate the advantages of using only the best machines and implements
obtainable in order to keep his land in such a condition as to return him profit and
pleasure.
258 JER.SEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
The plowing should he so done as to leave the field in a level sUte, with no ridges
or dead furrows to interfere with the mower and loader. The'pulverization is effected
by the slanting-tooth harrow, after which the roller prepares the land for the grass
seed.
EXTRACT FKUM MK. STIRLING S TABLE SHOWING THE RESULTS OF COVERING SEEDS
VARYING DEPTHS.
Agrostis stolonif era
Agrostis vulgaris
Alopecurus pratensis
AiThenatherum avenaceuii
Dactylis gloinerata
Festuca elatior
Loliuin Italicum
Loliuin pereime
Milium eflf usum
Phleum pratense
Poa nemoralis
Poa pratensis
Medicago lupulina
Medicago sativa
Trifolium hybridum
Trifolium pratense
Trifolium p. perenne
Trifolium repens
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
13
500,000
Otoi
i to i
1
12
425,000
....
5
76,000
0 to-J-
1 toli
2i
7
21,000
itof
H to li
4
12
40,000
0 to i
1 to 1
2i
14
20,500
otoi
1 toli
2i
15
27,000
0 to i
1 toli
3i
-30
15,000
itoi
H to If
3*
25
80,000
itoi
1 to i
n
44
74,000
0 to \
|tol
2
15
173,000
0 to i
*
1
13
243,000
i
63
16,000
Otoi
f tol
H
CO
12,600
63
45,000
Otoi
ito i
li
64
16,000
0 to^
li to H
2
64
16,000
0 to 1
li to li
2
05
32,000
Otoi
ito 1
1
lA
Column 1. Names of grasses and clovers.
Column 2. Average weight of seeds per bushel.
Column 3. Average number of seeds in one ounce.
CJolumn 4. Depth by inches at which greatest number s])r(iuto(l.
Column 5. Depth at which only one half sprouted.
Column 6. Least depth at which none germinated.
The seeds were sown in finely sifted loam, which w^as kept moist throughout the
process of germination and under full exposure to light.
By the use of a proper harrow for covering the grass seed a greatei- i)roi)ortion
will germinate, and consequently a great saving may be made by lessening the amount
of seed sown. The table given above showing the experiment of Mr. Stirling would
JERfiKY CATTLE IN A3IERIVA. 25'J
indicate that grass seeds need only a covering of from one eighth to one quarter of an incli
in depth. James Smith, of Deanston, the inventor of the modern system of tile-draining
on account of these experiments of Stirling's invented a harrow for the covering of
small seeds at a shallow and uniform depth. The implement, which may be called
the Serrated Disc Web Harrow, combines the operation of roller and haiTow. "It
consists of an iron chain web, connected together by discs of iron, which, lying
obliquely upon their sides when in operation, roll around, thus tearing and abrading
the surface of the ground, so as to expose and disturb the surface to depth enough
to cover the small seeds strewn upon it.
" Any one who considers how many clover ])laiits, for instance, will sutHce to stock
an acre, and what a vast number of seeds are contained in tlie twelve pounds or even
twenty pounds which are now sown per acre, will admit the great room there is for
the use of some contrivance for avoiding the common waste now permitted. It is
only fair to add that the bush harrow forms a good substitute for the more expensive
implement. It nierelj' scratches the surface, but it wants to l)e weighted to make
it as effective as the web harrow to compress as well as abrade the surface. The l)ush
harrow is the cheaper, less effective — the web harrow the dearer, but mure efficient
implement for the purpose of covering small seeds."
" When the seeds are to be sown among winter wlieat it is expedient to begin
by using the horse-hoe (supposing the wlieat to liavelieen (Iriiied), as well to loosen
the surface and produce a kindly l)e(l for tlie seeds as to destroy weeds. In tlie case
of broadcasted wheat a turn of the harrows .secures the same end. In tiie case of
the more recently sown barley all that is needed is to smooth tlie surface witli the
one-horse roller. Over the groimd tlnis ])repai'e(l the small seeds are distrilnited by
a broadcast sowing-machine, which sows at once a space of tifteen or eighteen feet
in width. The covering is then effected by simply rolling with the smooth roller,
or by dragging over the siu'face the chain-harrow, which may eitliei' be attached to
the sowing-machine or to a .separate frame; or by using a roller, witli a very light
chain-harrow attached to it. On clay soils the chain-web is to be preferred ; but on
loose soils the roller (Crosskill) imparts a beneficial firmness, and, with its tail-i)iece of
chain-web to fill up the indentations, gives an accuracy of finish \\'hich rivals the
neatness of a newly raked garden-]ilot. We have long regarded this covering in of
grass seeds as the most important use to \\\w\\ (h-os'skill's valual)le implement is put.
The only drawback to it is tliat it makes a heavy demand on the horse-power of the
farm at a pressing season. As it can only be worked in dry weather it is advisable,
when the land is in trim, to work it double tides, by means of a relay of horses.
• Encyclopedia Biitannka.
20(1 JlCnsEY (ATT LI-: IX AMERICA.
Tliis mode of procedure is alike applicable to the sowing of mixed clovers and
grasses, and to that of the clovers alone, and is the course usually pursued in sowing
for one or two years' ' seeds.'
" When it is intended to lay down araliU" land for sevi-ral yciirs, or to restore it
to jiernianent pasture or meadow, it is always advisalilc to sow the seeds without a
grain croj).
" This doubtless involves an additional cost at the outset, but it is usuall}- more
than repaid by the eidianced value of the pasture thus obtained. To grow the
grasses well the soil should be pulverized to the depth of three or four inches only,
and be full of manure near the surface. There is no better way of securing these
conditions than ])y first consuming a crop of turnips on the ground by sheei>folding,
:ind thtii pulvciizing the surface by means of the grubber, harrow and roller,
irit/iiiut jiliiirlnij It. 'Never sow grass seed in time of drouth. The ground
sliould be moist enough foi* rapid germination. Sow clover in early spring. Grasses
do l)est sown in early autunni. C'hoose the morning calm as the best time to make
an even seeding.' "
PERMANENT MEADOWS.
It is of the utmost importance that our farmers should give the requisite .attention
to all their grass lands, and especially to the establishment of pennanent meadows.
The time for this woi-k is the month of August. There is greater probability
of tliffrough germination, <i i/r<tr <if tliae is sa/ved, and a good stand of grass is made
to endure the winter.
Tliis niontli gi\-cs tlic necessary time also to prepare the land in tlie best possible
manner.
Take a field of oat, rye or wheat stubble or a second growth of clover, having
manured the stubble heavily ; the clover is e(piivalent to a liberal supply of barn-
yard manure ; turn clean furrows not more than five inches deep, and work imme-
diately with the slanting-tooth harrow, ihaking the land fine, mellow and smooth.
Go Over it again with the poly-section roller, so as to make it firm and obliterate
every ineipiality of surface. A force-feed grass-seeder may be attached to the roller
for a second rolling, and a brush or chain-harrow follow, drawn by the same t«ani.
Select the seed according to the tables given above or the lists given for pastures.
If the plowing has been smooth and of even depth and three or more harrowings
gi\en with the cutting edge of the teeth, and the seed covered j)retty uniformly to
the depth of one eighth of an inch, and the finish given with the fine brush or chain-
harrow, you will have ]>rovided a mellow seed-bed well firmed, and having a slightly
scarified surface ready to receive the first shower of rain that shall promote rapid
germination and growth. If the surface has been well fined and levelled by the
harrow the rolling may be omitted. In every case the finish must be made by the
grass-seed harrow to prevent the crusting, which would be destructive to grass growth.
JERSEY CATTLE IK
Bkush IIakijow fob Grass Seed.
In a month from sowing, if the nsuiil August rains liave fallen, tlio field will l)e
a sheet of vivid green. Do not pasture the ground. The following seasdn will
yield one or two crops of hay. Four hundred pounds per acre of bone meal may l)e
harrowed in with the seed with lasting benefit. Subsequent manui-ings with wood
ashes and diluted stable manure from the sprinkling-cart, combined with irrigation,
where practicable, will make a permanent meadow yielding a large annual profit.
In the Southern States lucern and cow peas, best planted in narrow drills and
kept clean of weeds, make very nutritious hay when cured in shade.
The miUets and Johnson Grass are important hay grasses.
In some localities other grasses may l)e added for permanent meadows. The
Italian rye grass (Lolium Italicum) is rich in protein, very succulent, and will
prove a valuable addition to irrigated meadows.
Barley and rye may be sown together from the middle of July to the first of
October, and the barley cut until severe frosts harden the ground. The rye will
then furnish an early spring forage. In the culture of meadow grasses the land
needs deep and thorough tillage ; the seed should be rolled and :ifterwai'd dragged in
by a fine brush harrow, covering the seed lightly. Grasses do not thrive as well
when sowed with grain crops, but should have the ground Avitliout such shading
and choking, while grains yield better crops thinly seeded in drills with liglit surface
cultivation.
In a permanent meadcnv a nuxture of grasses is more jirofitalile, as their roots
occupy diiierent areas, and many varieties need company to prevent their dying out.
It is believed that timothy, red top and oat grass mutuaUy protect each other.
Another very important j5oint in the preservation of meadows is that they should
never be pastured. Deterioration by dejjasturing and l>y too late mowing are very
speedily ruinous to the best meadows.
263 JERSJ-: Y r.l TTLE IX . I MEnrCA .
For winter j^rotectiou meadows need a growth of about from four to six inches of
aftermatli. Tliis aiituninai growth corresponds to the depth of root growth and also
acts as a winter mulch td prevent killing by the freezing and thawing alternations
that destroy grasses JKiving a short top and shallow root. The natural mulch also
becomes of great value as a fertilizer in early sjiring. ^feadows preserved by
this method and saturated fall and sjiriiig with li<piid manure will yield large cmps
lierpetually.
l!l .N r AM) SMfl.
•• Dombasle's iiii'tliod for treating the bunt fungus in wheat might l)e applied to
the seeds nf all grains and grasses to desti-oy smut of all species with favorable results.
•'Thoroughly wet the grain with a solution of sulphate of soda; the wheat or
other grain is then mixed with (juicklime, which ronibiiies with the sulphur to make
sulphate of lime (gypsum), which acts as u mainue. while the caustic soda destroys
the spores of the fungus."
Professor Ilenslow experimented with sulphate of copi)er. using two ounces
or more to the bushel, which should be used alone. It is not invariably .successful
in destroying the spore.s.
Professor Ilenslow says : " It has always appeared strange to me that practical
agriculturists are accustomed to pay so little attention to the raising of pure seed crops.
There may be reasons which I do not jiroperly appreciate that would render it
inexpedient to cultivate a seed crop ; l)ut I should have thought that it was always
worth while for every farmer to set aside .some portion of ground to be more
carefully tended than the i-est, for the purpose of securing good and clean seed.
Among othei- reasons for such a practice, he would then be alile to weed his crop
from ev^ery plant infected with bunt or smut befoiv the fmigi i-ijiened."
i'As-i'ru.\(;K.
" The waves arc a joy to tlic spn-mcw, tlic meads to llic licrd." — Sirintn/nn-.
Where land is cheaj), or not specially adapted to soiling, pa.sturing will be the
])ractice. Some can carry on j)artial soiling and i)asturage with profit.
The es.sentials of a good jjasture are : a soil of moi-e than average richness aiul
sufHciently pervious to rain and flowing water; a |)ersisteiit growth of sweet, luscious
grasses and clo\ers in great variety; a never-failing supply of ])ure running water;
and fences that will turn not oidy cattle, but pigs, ducks and turkeys. There should
be no fiuagmires or slough.s, nor streams or ponds where cows can wade deep enough
to chill the udder, nor thickets of briers to scratch and wound the teats.
The greatest variety of grasses and aromatic plants edible for cattle is desirable
in a pasture. Some of our wild pastures contain more than forty species of grass,
besides other plants relished by cows. If tlie land is arable select the following
grasses and clovci"s for a northern jiermanent pasture :
JEE8EY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 363
For Permanent Pasture. (1.)
1. Meadow Foxtail {Alopecurus j^ratensli) 5 lbs.
2. Tall Fescue {Festucu elatior) 5 "
3. Devon Eaver {Lolium perenne Devonit) 5 "
■1. Green Grass {Poa pratensis) 2 "
5. Pacy Grass {Lolitim, jperenne Pacyii) 2 "
6. Eed-top {Agrostis imlgaris) , 2 "
7. White Bent Grass {Agrostis alha) 3 "
8. Blue Grass {Poa compj^essa) 2 "
9. Orchard Grass {Dactylis glomerata) 2 "
10. Fowl Meadow Grass {Poa serotina) 2 "
11. Rough Meadow Grass {Poa trivialis) 2 "
12. Meadow Fescue {Festuca pratensis) 2 "
13. Oat Grass {Arrhenatherum a/venaceum) 2 "
Irt. Perennial Bed Clover {Trifoliujn p. perenne) 2 "
1.5. Alsike Clover {Trifolium hylridmn) 2 "
16. White Clover {Trifolium repens) 1 "
4:0 lbs.
Seed for Permanent Coxo Pasture. (2)
Perennial Rye Grass {Devon Earner) -l lbs.
Italian Rye Grass 4 "
Orchard Grass 4 "
Green Meadow Grass {Poa pratensis) 4 "
Chicory {Cichorium Intyius) 4r "
Burnet {Poterium sanguisorha) 4 "
Alsike Clover 2 "
Perennial Red Clover 2 "
AVhite Clover 2 "
Meadow Foxtail Grass 2 "
Timothy Grass 2 "
Meadow Fescue Grass 2 "
Red-top Grass 2 "
Fowl Meadow Grass 2 "
White Bent Grass 2 "
Pacy Grass {Zolium i^erenne Pacyii) 2 "
Blue Grass {Poa compressa) 2 "
Oat Grass {Arrhenatherum a/venaceum) 2 "
Lucern {Medieago sativa) 2 "
60 lbs.
264 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
The perennial red clover is a variety that should be used in all mixtures.
The green grass sometimes called " Blue Grass" and " June Gniss" is in certain
localities liable to " smut." Seed should be selected where there is no danger of
such disease. Mow all pastures before seedhuj of grasses to jyrevent smut.
The true blue grass {Poa compressa) is especially valuable upon dry soils, as it
resists long droutli. Combined with white clover it makes the richest pasturage.
Under trees and woods it is best to sow the orchard gniss, also drop-seed grass
{Muhlenhergia diffusa). The latter is a late grass flowering in August and
September, and grows to a height of one and a half feet. It is believed to be a good
butter grass, and many think it gives a fine flavor to butter. It deserves investi-
gation. It grows only in woods. The sweet-scented vernal grass and vanilla grass,
wliich are sometimes recommended because of their pleasant odors, are probably
of little or no value, as cattle do not relish them and they occupy the land as weeds.
SOITHKKX I'ASTURK.
In the extreme South good pasture grasses are grown with difliculty or not at all.
There are some grasses that are very hardy and make terrible pests in cultivated
fields, wliich, however, yield rich pasture. Such are the Johnson gra.ss {Sorghum,
halapense), which is of great value, the Bermuda grass and the crab grass
{Pa7i!cum sanguinale), also the juicy grass (Paspaliwi laeve). The perennial grass
{Paa^yalum ovatum) promises to be of great value in the Gulf States, as it is said
to thrive on very dry land in the longest drouth.
Texas meadow grass (^Poa arachnifera), a grass native to the region of the
Red River, Louisiana, and elsewhere in the Southwest, is claimed to be more valuable
than the green meadow grass [Poa jn^atensis), and is of larger growth. It makes
excellent winter pasture, as it has a rapid growth, sometimes making ten inches in as
many days in Texas during the winter months.
It is very leafy, makes a dense, permaneiit sod, and is therefoi-e a tine lawn grass.
It is worthy to be widely introduced and extensively cultivated in all parts of
the country where it will jirove hardy.
For Southern winter pasture the following list of grasses is recomiiiended :
1 . Texas meadow grass {I*oa arachnifera).
2. Orchard grass {Dactylis glamei'ata).
3. Tall oat grass {Arrhenatlierum, amenacewn).
4. Italian rye grass {Lolium, Italieuni).
The Johnson grass {Sorghum, halapense) may be pastiu-ed uv used for a soiling
crop. Swine are very fond of its creeping root-stocks.
Lucern requires very rich, warm land. It must be sown in drills eighteen
inches apart, using about twenty pounds of seed to the acre, and a dressing of two
Inmdred pounds of bone-powder planted with the seed by the drill. (-Jive thorough
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 205
cultivation every fall and a rich dressing of cow-nianure. Kee]) down all weeds.
It will give four cuttings a year in the Southern States.
PASTURE AND FARM FENCES.
The coming fence is a combination of wire and hedge. Prim is easily grown
from cuttings, has a foliage of soft, l)eautiful green, which remains bright from eight
to ten months of the year. A barbed wire fence, of six wires, covered by a prim
hedge about eighteen inches wide at the base and five or six inches wide at the top,
with a height of five feet, is the ideal fence. The hedge forms a covering or screen
from injury by the wire, and the barbs eiiectually turn all intruders, whether man,
beast or fowl. The posts may be set thirty feet apart, and the prim plants nine to
twelve inches apart, alternating on either side of the lowest %vire, or, if the wires
are set on alternate sides of the posts, the ])lants may be set on a line with the centi-e
of the posts. Five wires may be set, four inches apart at the bottom and widening
to sixteen at top. Such a fence would be ornamental to the farm and a very
pleasing attraction to the landscape. The wire fence should have an occasional rod
of iron set with the posts and soldered to the wires, at least one at each corner of the
field, as a protection to cattle from lightning during storms. Other hedge plants
worthy of trial are hemlock, spruce, sweetbrier, buckthorn, clethra and althea.
TETHERING.
An economical method of pastui-ing on small farms is by the use of the tether.
It is the practice in the Island of Jersey, and to some extent in America.
This confines the animal to a small area and necessitates a closer and more
thorough use of the grass. The removal of the tethering iron or stake a few inches
four or five times each day allows the cropping of another space. Water should be
supplied every three hours. The tethering iron should have a ring and swivel at
the top, and the animal may be secured by a .chain of fine links attached to the
headstall. The chain should have several link swivels to prevent kinking. A bull
may have the chain pass through his muzzle-ring and fasten to a strong leather
strap buckled around the base of the horns.
WATER SUI'l'IA' IN PASTURES.
An abundant supply of pure water in every pasture is essential to successful
dairying.
One or more troughs or tanks in every field, raised so that animals cannot stej)
or plunge into them, maybe filled by pipes conducting from hillside springs of pure
water, or from a reservoir filled by a windmill or other power pump. These troughs
should be in the open field and most accessible, never in a corner, where they endanger
the timid or invite to hooking and goring.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AJUEIilCA.
KENdVATION OK FASTI' KES.
Go ovei- the jiastures every year, in August, and rout out or c-ut down every
plant, shrub or tree that is nnprolitable to you.
The hquid-manure cart will prove of great advantage in seasons of drouth wliere
irrigation is impracticable in any other way. Irrigation and fertilization will do
much to keep up a fresh growth in parching weather, provided the ground be well
saturated with very dilute manure. AVhere certain varieties or species of plants and
grasses are deficient it is well to g(j over the pastures in the latter part of August with
a steel-toothed harrow, breaking and scarifying the surface sufficiently, when the
desired mixture of seeds may be scattered broadcast and rolled or brushed into the
scarified ground. If rains do not soon follow, irrigation, by some method, M'ill hasten
germination of the seed. All plants having bitter or acrid juices should be cut before
seeding in all fields and pastures, so as to exterminate them. Many weeds or stout
plaTits may be destroyed in the early stages of growth by touching the cro^vns with a
wand dipped in a vessel of sulphuric acid. Finely pulverized bones and wood
ashes produce sweet grasses, and are the most lasting of manures for pastures.
Clover pastures require a lihcral dressing of lime and hone-poioder.
kui.es for 1-asturino.
1. Allow no sheep upon new pasture within two years, as they will destroy it.
2. Mow the first growth in early flowering to prevent smut and woodiness.
3. Roll frequently and stock with young cattle only until the second season is
over.
4. Never stock i)astures in spring until genial weatlier is fairly estaliiished.
5. Never allow the grasses to run to seed or parts of the field to be eaten bare
and others to get rank and coarse. ,
6. Duly spread about all dung, remove all stagnant water, and extirpate all
weeds.
7. At midsummer have the pasture grazed or cut so close that there AvaW be no
dead or dry herbage on any part of it.
8. Always adapt the stock, as regards breed, size, condition and niunbers, to the
actual capabilities of the pasturage.
9. Secure to the stock at all times a full l)ite of clean, fresh-grown, succulent
herbage.
10. In moving stock from field to field take care tliat it always be to better fare.
11. Have pasture sheds built and furnished with bedding and absorbents, that
the manure may be saved while the cattle are sheltered from scorching heat or cold
storms.
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMERICA.
THE RATION.
At all times the dairy cow, if she be the best type of Jersey, will exhibit a good
appetite, the largest digestive power, and great capability for transforming meadow
and farm products, in the shape of grass, hay and meal, into milk and cream. What-
soever is produced in milk, cream, butter and cheese must come from the food which
the animal eats. How important, then, that the art of feeding should be thoroughly
mastered by all who have charge of dairy cattle.
The cow must be suppoi'ted by food. It requires two thirds of a full ration to
sustain a cow in good condition. This is called the food of support, and is simply
appropriated to keep the animal alive. If the animal takes more exercise than is
required, or is subjected to very low temperature, or to violent changes of weather
and cold storms, or is misused in any way, as by being kicked or beaten by harsh
attendants, or worried by dogs, or irritated by being placed with strange cattle, or put
under any unusual nervous excitement, there must be a compensation for the loss,
for the wear and tear of the system, as far as the law of equivalents can be made to
operate, before there is any production of milk whatever.
All the profit must come from the other third of a full ration or from what
is used above the two thirds necessary for maintenance. If the cow is not made
profitable by right feeding there will be a loss.
The cow must be under the best conditions as to exercise, the maintenance of
animal heat and protection from the weather, and then fed so that she will produce
the greatest amount of rich milk, and a calf, year by year, to a full age. The cow is
the largest producer of food among animals, and consequently the most profitable for
economical feeding.
The ration for cows must support animal heat and contribute to maintain all
the tissues of the body, and in addition give the largest possible yield of milk of the
best quality. If the average temperature is 70° it requires only food enough to
raise this temperature to 101°, or to overcome a variation of about 31° between
the air and blood-heat. If the stables are kept at an average temperature of 60°, then
10° are added, tlius requiring additional food. If the stables are cold and the average
winter temperature is 40°, then the temperature must be raised 61° to maintain
normal temperature.
Growing cattle require a larger projjortion of the elements for maintaining
animal heat than milch cows.
In order to save a waste of rations the stable should be made comfortable and
of the right temperature in summer and winter, and the animals should be protected
from all sources of worriment and annoyance.
The milch cow, the growing animal and the mature bull must each be fed a
ration suited to the special requirements of each. The cow must have that proportion
268 JERSKY (WTTLI-: IX A M Kill C A.
of protein, carbo-li3'drates ;iiul tat suited to the liigliest productiveness of the best
quality of niili< and butter and the development of the foetal calf. The growing
heifer inuBt have a ration suited to ])rei)are her to become a perfect cdw. Tlie
growing bull and the mature bull must each have an approj)riate ration, whicli
differs in comi)ositi()n accitrding to age and service.
A PART OF PKOFESSOII TANNEirS TABLE OF FODDER A^AU'FX
WKK.III- UKyllKKI) TO I'KODlrK o.\K I-olXI> OK MKAT.
Linseed ('akc and IVas, c(pial parts \), lbs.
Linseed Cake ."> or tS
Barley 6
Rape Cake 6 ••
Cotton Cake 0
Oats 7 "
Beans 8 "
Peas S ■•
Clover Hay 12 "
Swedes 150 "
Mangolds 150 "
Carrots 1 60
Professor Johnson, of the C!onnecticut Ex])erimcnt Station, lias translated the
feeding standard tables of the German experimenter. Dr. "Wolff, which show what
has been found to work well on a small scale and may be useful to the Jersey breeder
in aiding him to form a better standard suited to his own herd for sj)ecial pur))oses.
Great variations may be made from these standards, and farther on in the history of
individual Jerseys will be given the rations for tests from which the great butter
records have been made.
According to Wolff, thirty pounds of young clover liay will keep a cow in fair
milk: this contains of dry organic substance twenty-three poimds, of whieli the
digestible substance is: protein, 3.21; carbo-hydrates, 11.28; and fat, 0.63. This
varies from the standard \\\ the table by .71 jiouiids more of protein, .22 pounds
less of carbo-hydrates, and .23 pounds more of fat.
The ration m\ist not only contain the correct proportion of nutrient substance,
but it must always be combined in such a way as to be most palatable and in
the most convenient form for mastication.
Special rations must be fed to cows that are ju-oducing a very large amount of
butter, and also to service bulls and choice calves. Special feeding that keeps a
cow up to the limit of her full capacity has been proven a source of iJernianent
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIC A. 269
improvement in individual cows, and also a governing factor in the production of
better calves, the cow producing her best heifers, according to Stewart, at the
period of her highest feeding and greatest productiveness. The best cows of the
Jersey breed may be greatly improved in both quantity and quality of their milk by
high feeding of well-selected rations.
Feeding Standards,
per day and per thousand pounds, live weight.
2 to
3 to 6
6 to 12
12 to 18
18 to 24
Oxen moderately worked. . .
Cows in milk
GROWING CATTLE.
Average Live Weight per Head,
150 pounds
300 "
500 "
700 "
850 '•
OS
— 3
22.0
23.4
24.0
24.0
24.0
Nutritive Digestible
Substances.
g; .
i
2
■g g
SI
■53
0
0
a
tl
z^
Ph
"
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
lbs.
1.6
11.3
0.30
13.20
2.5
12.5
0.40
15.40
4.0
13.8
2.0
19.8
3.2
13.5
1.0
17.7
2.5
13.5
0.6
16.6
2.0
13.0
0.4
15.4
1.6
12.0
0.3
13.9
lbs.
1 :7.5
1 : 5.4
1 :4.7
1 :5.0
1 :6.0
1 :7.0
1 :8.0
PER DAY AND PER HEAD.
2 to 3
150 pounds.
3.3
7.0
12.0
16.8
20.4
0.0
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.4
2.1
4.1
6.8
9.1
19.3
0.30
0.30
0.30
0,28
0.26
3.00
5.40
8.40
10.78
11.96
47
3 to 6
300 "
5 0
6 to 12
500 "
6(1
12 to 18
700 "
70
18 to 24
850 " . ...
80
Professor Horsfall says it requires twenty pounds of good meadow hay, besides
tlie food of support, to produce eighteen quarts (forty pounds) of milk a day. The
cow cannot consume this amount of hay above the ration for her maintenance, and
the extra food must be sought in more concentrated forms, such as are rich in
270 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
protein, pliosphoric acid and oils, and these be selected with reference to economy.
His stables in winter were kept at 0(1° temperature. His ration for milk consisted of
rape cake, five ])ounds, liran, two pounds, mixed with bean straw, oat straw, and
oat shells in eijual parts, fed three times a day, all they would eat. These materials
were moistened, mi.xed thoroughly, then steamed and fed warm. Each cow had, in
addition, from oTie to two jwunds of l)ean meal, according to her (juantity of milk,
and when eaten, green food, consisting of cabbages from Octolier to Decembei-,
kohl-rabi until February, and mangolds till grass-time. To preserve a good flavor
the green food was limited to thirty or thirty-five pounds daily, and after each feed
four pounds of meadow hay or twelve pounds daily to each cow, with all tiie water
they would drink twice a day.
This ration was given to produce quantity of milk and prepare cows for the
second stage of fattening for the butcher. His cost of feed was twenty-seven cents
a day for each cow, and the nnlk from six cows averaged $46.83 for one hundred
and ninety -one days, and the manure was equal to $2!».49 per cow for the same
length of time.
The English, German and American experiments demonstrate that two partK
of all food are required to h'cp the row alive, and one part for production and
profit. They also show that the oil contained in the food is insufficient to supply
the needs of the animal, and that the fat must in part lie derived from the
carbo-hydrates in the food.
Rations for Jersey Cows in Milk when vieldino from Two to Three Pounds
OF BrrrER Daily.
In the month of May green rye and barley may be cut and mixed with clo\ei-
hay i)r extra meadow hay of mixed grasses and clover, twenty-five to fifty pounds of
rye, and twelve to sixteen pounds of hay, given in four feeds, at 6 and 9 a.m.
and 3 and 6 p.m., allowing the time from 10 a.m to 3 p.m. for exercise in the
oj)en air. Until the cows are accustomed to the green food it is best to graduate
the ])roportions for a few days, giving a ration as follows, for cows of nine hundred
pounds live weight :
MAY.
10 lbs. Best Mixed Hay,
25 lbs. Green Rye and Barley,
4 lbs. Wheat Bran,
2 lbs. Corn Meal.
10 lbs. Parsnips,
4 lbs. Barley Meal.
•J oz. Salt at each feed.
C/Ut and mixed
for two feeds.
Noon feed.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEItlGA.
2 lbs. Best Hay,
10 lbs. Green Rye or Rye Grass,
20 lbs. Green Clover,
25 lbs. Orchard Grass,
25 lbs. Green Barley.
1 quart of AVheat Bran at each
^ oz. Salt at each feed.
Mixed for two
feeds.
ilkinK.
2 lbs. Best Hay,
25 lbs. Green Clover or Clover and Timothy,
25 lbs. Green Oats or Oats and Peas, [ Two feeds.
20 lbs. Green Wheat or Alsike,
20 lbs. Green Hungarian Grass, in early blossom.
1 quart of Wheat Bran at each milking
^ oz. Salt at each feed.
2 lbs. Best Hay,
20 lbs. Italian Rye Grass,
20 lbs. Italian Millet and Hungarian Grass,
30 lbs. Green Sweet Corn Fodder,
20 lbs. Alsike or Green Wheat.
1 quart of Bran at each milking-time
J oz. Salt at each feed.
Two feeds.
SEPTEMBER.
2 lbs. Best Hay,
25 lbs. Sweet Corn (with ears in milk),
10 lbs. Green Barley and Hungarian Grass,
10 lbs. Millet, or ^ bushel Crushed Ripe Apples,
10 lbs. Wheat in early bloom.
1 quart of Bran at milking.
^ oz. Salt at each feed.
Two feeds.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
OCTOBER.
2 lbs. Best Ha.v.
25 lbs. Sweet Corn (with ears in milk),
20 lbs. Green Barley,
10 lbs. Green Wheat.
1 quart of Rye Bran at milking.
Given upon 1 peck of Crushed Ripe Apples,
I oz. Salt at each feed.
Two feeds.
NOVEMBEK.
2(1 11 )s. Green Corn Fodder,
10 lbs. Best Hay,
10 lbs. Green Barley,
2 lbs. Oatmeal,
2 lbs. Barley Meal.
4 lbs. Bran,
10 lbs. Pumpkins.
J^ oz. Salt at eacl
- Two feeds.
Middav feed.
feed.
DErEMHEli.
15 lbs. Best Early Hay of Orchard Grass and
Clover.
(5 lbs. "Wheat Bran,
4 lbs. Maize Meal,
2 lbs. Barley Meal,
4 lbs. Oatmeal.
i lb. Linseed Meal,
10 lbs. Pumpkins.
^ijf oz. Salt at each feed.
- Two feeds.
feed.
5 lbs. Green Oat Hay.
15 lbs. Com Stover,
6 lbs. Rye Bran,
2 lbs. Barley Meal,
4 li)s. Maize Meal,
4 II IS. Oatmeal,
i lb. Linseed Meal,
10 ll)s. (^arrots.
•jiff oz. Salt at each feed.
Daily ration f«
two feeds.
}x
oon feed.
HAZEN'S NORA 4791.
AT 8 TEARS OLD.
Rajah — Bismarck— Splendid Type.
GEEEN MOUNTAIN HERD.
MOULTON BnOTHER9, WeST RANDOLPH, VERMONT.
JERSEY CATTLE IiV AMERICA.
FEBRUARY.
8 lbs. Best Green Clover Hay,
8 lbs. Green Millet Hay,
6 lbs. Eye Bran, or Wheat Shorts,
4 lbs. Maize Meal,
2 lbs. Barley Meal,
4 lbs. Oatmeal.
i lb. Linseed Cake Meal,
10 lbs. Carrots.
■^ oz. Salt at each feed.
Two feeds.
Noon feed.
MARCH.
4 lbs. Green Clover Hay,
15 lbs. Green Corn Stover,
6 lbs. Eye Bran or Wheat Shorts,
4 lbs. Maize Meal,
6 lbs. Oatmeal.
10 lbs. Mangolds or Parsnips,
1 lb. Linseed Meal.
y'^ oz. Salt at each feed.
Two feeds.
Midday feed.
8 lbs. Green Millet Hay, or 25 lbs. Green Eye
8 lbs. Cow Pea Hay or Clover Hay,
6 lbs. Eye Bran,
6 lbs. Oatmeal,
2 lbs. Maize Meal.
10 lbs. Parsnips,
i lb. Linseed Meal.
-rV OZ. Salt at each feed.
Two feeds.
Midday feed.
A CHEAP WINTER RATION.
10 lbs. Green Corn Stover,
8 lbs. Green Millet Hay,
4 lbs. Oatmeal,
fi lbs. Eye Bran,
3 lbs. Maize Meal,
2 lbs. Linseed Meal.
-jig- oz. Salt at each feed.
- Two feeds
274 JERSEY CATTLE JX A3IERICA.
Use the " Crusher" machine for cutting, connninuting and pulverizing all the
corn fodder, and the Hay Cutter for all other grasses, then moisten and mix with
the ground feed.
RATION KOK WINTER MILK.
3 lbs. Clover Hay.
15 lbs. Corn Stover, well (nired.
4 lbs. Oatmeal.
2 lbs. Corn Meal.
8 lbs. Wheat Bran.
2 lbs. Linseed Meal.
^ oz. Salt at each feed.
OR lillS, FOR WINTER AlILK.
Cost.
18 lbs. Corn Fodder, well cured 4.5 cents.
5 lbs. Best Clover Hay 2.0 "
8 lbs. Wheat Bran 6.0 "
i lbs. Corn Meal 3.0 "
2 lbs. Linseed Meal 3.0 "
-^ oz. Salt at each feed. 18.5 cents.
STANDARD WINTER RATION FOR A BREEDING HERD.
10 lbs. Com Fodder, cured green.
5 lbs. Rowen Hay.
1^ qts. Oatmeal.
1 qt. Maize Meal.
1 qt. Wheat Bran.
1 pt. Linseed Meal.
6 qts. Parsnips.
-^ oz. Salt at each feed.
The corn fodder to be cut in foui'-incli lengtlis, or crushed in the '' Crusher,"
then well moistened and mi.xed with the grain, one lialf at G a.m., one half at •> p.m.
(Bundles of corn-stalks may be cut in four-inch lengths with the bucksaw.)
The rowen hay at 12 m.
The parsnips at 3 p.m.
Full watering at 10:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m.. with water at (!5° temperature.
WINTER ration for YELLOW BUTfER.
Same as above, provided the corn fodder and hay are cured so as to retain their
green color. The parsnips also aid in giving butter color in winter.
Give double the quantity of salt with green succulent cro])s, and always mix
dry hay or oat straw with green clover.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
RATION AT ECHO FAKM, LITCHFIELD, CONN., AS KKPOUTKU liY CONNECTICUT
AGKICULTUKAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 1881.
Daily Ration per Head.
11)8.
Hay 23.5a
Provender* , -l.tJlt
Bran 2.50
Mangolds , 7.50
Total
Total per 1000 lbs. live weight
Standard
Digestible.
lbs.
15.72
8.88
2.15
O.W
lbs.
0.66
0.34
0.33
0.12
Carbo-
hydrates.
lbs. [ lbs.
8.37 j 0.1-4
2.54 I 0.13
1.16 I 0.05
0.43 i ....
22.39 \ 1.45 ! 12.50 j 0.32
25.16 j 1.63 I 14.04 , 0.36
24.00 I 2.50 12.50 \ 0.40
Total digestible matter, 16.03.
Nutritive ratio, 1 : 1.9.
Order of feeding : Morning, Hay, Pro
Noon, Hay.
3 P.M., Mangolds.
Night, Hay, Provei
RATION RECOMMENDED KOK .IKRSKV C(
In Winter: 10 lbs. Best Meadow Hay.
10 lbs. Corn Stover.
10 lbs. Kntabagas.
2 lbs. Oatmeal.
i lb. Oil Cake Meal.
-jig- oz. Salt at each feed.
15ran
iEEOKE CALVINO
10 lbs. Eowen Hay.
6 lbs. Oat Straw.
15 lbs. Entabagas or (Cabbage.
2 lbs. Oatmeal.
i OZ. Salt.
■ Equal parts j;rnund oats
27(! JERSEY CATTLE IX AM Ell [c A.
DAKLINGTOX KATIOX.
At tlie •• Darliiiirton'" dairy of grade cows the following ration is fed in order
tu give a good flavor to the imtter, which has a reputation in the market for (quality,
Havor and nnifonnity of a))pearance throughout the year:
Best Clover Hay 8* lbs.
(Jorn iMeal 8i "
Wlieat Shorts 8^ -
No cornnieal or shorts are used if in the least degree fermented, but sliould such
fermented meal or bran be sent from any dealer, it is immediately returned, as the
feeding of fermented food would destroy the quality of the butter.
I)RYIN(; OFF cows.
If it is desired that a persistent milker shall be thoroughly dry before calving
turn her into a box-stall and feed her with a ration of thirty ])ounds of oat straw.
Straw is a good ration to make cows dry off at any time, and therefore not a
desirable food except for the sole ])urpose of drying.
In sunin
pasture alom
especially sweet
All -r
('AI;|(o|- Cl.KANKK
SIMMIOU KKKDINC
•hat she will eat
of mixe
1 forage p
lant
or
are better after a
few ho
irs of wilti
ig i
1 tl
ir,,od
JERi^EY CATTLE IJSr AMERICA. 277
No forage crop can be fed when wet by rain or clew without injury, because uf
the added excess of moisture, which causes indigestion and a diminished yield of
milk.
Roots like all the greens and apples nuist be fed in small <juantities at first,
gradually increasing to the full proportiun in the mixed ration.
RATION FOR THE JERSEY BFLL.
SUMMER.
Let him be tethered in good pasture, or give from seventy-five to one hundred
pounds of green forage with from one to three pounds of oatmeal, according to size
and service. Give salt at each feed.
12 lbs. best Clover m- Cow Pea Hay.
3 lbs. Oatmeal.
2 lbs. Linseed Meal ; grain mi.xed with the cut hay.
4 to 6 lbs. Carrots, Mangolds, Rutabagas or Parsnijis.
^ oz. Salt.
Feed three times daily, and give water as often.
RATION FOR THE CALF.
The calf is best fed with the utmost regard to punctuality, three times daily,
from birth, upon the fidl milk of its own dam, when practicable. Let the calf suck
the dam one day, then remove it to its own softly-bedded stall. The second and
third days it may be taught to drink from a pail or bucket by firmly holding the
muzzle in the warm milk while two fingers of the right hand are inserted in its
mouth. The calf will take from a quart to three pints of the colostrum three times
daily, and a gradually increasing quantity of his dam's milk. This should be given
as soon as a sufficient quantity is drawm, that it ma}' not lose its normal temjierature
of 101-|-°. After one month, if it is desired to use the cream for buttei-, the calf can
have one third of the dam's milk mixed with two thirds warm skim-milk from
the Separator ; or, if some other mode of cream-raising is practised, the sweet
skim-milk should be warmed to 1(»2° or 103° by careful test. It is better
to give six quarts a day in three than the same in two feeds. At the third
month the calf can have entire skim-milk, to which should be added a gruel
made from flaxseed. It is well to begin the addition of the gruel the second month,
278 JERSEY CATTLE IX AM Ell I (A.
to su))ply the diange from wliole milk with cream to a partial ration. A j)iiit of
flaxseed and a pint of '* oilmeal" hoiled in ten quarts of water, or flaxseed alone in six
times its bulk of water, will make a gruel nearly rieli enough to sui)pl_v the lack of
cream in the skim-milk. Mix this, one to two parts, in the skim-milk, and feed at a
temiierature of lo'^-. Always )ise the thermometer, and a good one. From the
l)egiiining adil a little rennet or laeto-rennetine to the milk before feeding, and a
gradually increasinir allowance of salt at each feed, beginning with a few grains
only.
If the Sucking Feeder is used it may be fastened to the inside of the stall and
tlie milk poured in through the door or a port-hole.
The rennet renders digestion and a-ssimilation easy.
Let the calf be satistied three times a day until six months old. During the
tiftli month or earlier teach it to eat a small handfid of oats. If the food has a
tendency to produce diarrhoea diminish the quantity at once by three fourths, or
substitute for a few meals, in the milk, a (piart of coaree wheat flour or pure wheat
meal instead of the linseed. But always diminish the food at once upon the first
symptoms of indigestion. Pea meal may be combined with the flax meal or flaxseed
if desired, or when the calf is two months old one pound of oatmeal or wheat
middlings may be added to its i-ation. Twenty pounds of skim-milk may be
suflScient in the daily ration until the fourth mouth. If the milk is diiuiuished the
oatmeal must be increased.
OTllKK U.VTIOXS I'OK CAl.VKS.
WIIKV RATION.
There is miich valuable nutriment in the whey after cheese-making, but the fat
and casein extracted must be supplemented by a sufficient amount of grain food
to supply the nitrogencms elements, and thereby reudei- the mixture an equivalent
to normal milk. Add a little salt to each feed.
FoKMl I..\ KOI; Yor.VO CALK.
Whey 1 gal.
Oil Cake \ lb.
.Mix when hot. and feed at I(»L>^
I'oRMri.A KoK CAl.l- AT ONK MONTU or,I>.
AVhey 1 gal.
Oil Cake i lb.
Oatmeal \ lb.
Mix hot, and feed at 1(»2°.
JERSEY VATTLE IN AMERICA. 279
HAY TEA RATION FOE CALVES ONE MONTH OLD.
Skim-Milk 1 gal.
Hay Tea (decoction of early cut hay) 1 gal.
Flaxseed (decoction) \ lb.
Wheat Middlings \ lb.
Mix the milk after boiling the other ingredients well and straining, and feed
at 102°.
Gradually increase with age the grain elements. Add a little Salt.
RATION FOR CALF FROM FOURTH TO SEVENTH MONTH.
10 lbs. Skim-Milk.
2 lbs. Oatmeal.
1 lb. Linseed Oil Meal.
Add \ teaspoonful of Prepared Rennet ; and Whole Oats to eat midway
between feeds. Give a little Salt.
(>K THIS.
20 lbs. Skim-Milk, |
1 lb. Oatmeal,
1 lu -PI , - Two Feeds.
I lb. Flaxseed,
20 drops Prepared Rennet. )
A haH pint Whole Oats, dry, at noon. Add a small quantity of Salt.
This is a ration for a very large Jersey calf ; a small calf may thrive on much
less than this. During the first year or from six months onward the young heifer
should be fed chiefly on hay, so as to expand and develop the digestive organs to a
capacious size. Many breeders prefer to keep calves from grass until a year old.
Some jirefer to keep them upon whole milk for three months, gradually intro-
ducing skim-milk until the calf is six months old, returning to whole milk if the
calf scours, always reducing the quantity, and giving it at a higher temperature, from
125° to 130° Fahrenheit. Bran has an irritant effect on the bowels of a calf
and should not be used. The greatest care in raising calves is necessary, that they
may always have just enough, and never too much. Hundreds of valuable calves are
killed by overfeeding ; especially by persisting in the overfeeding after serious
disorder of the bowels threatens to destroy the animal. It is the most important
de]3ai"tment of feeding. Some breeders rarely or never lose a calf, others have
continual disasters from their own niismanagement.
ENSILAGE.
The storing of green forage crops in water-tight vats under eiKjrmons pressure
is the invention of M. Goffart, of France.
280 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
For centuries green crops had been buried in ditches and caverns and subject to
great loss by fermentation and decay. The method of Goffart, although a great
improvement upon the old, by largely excluding the air and arresting the fermenta-
tion at a certain point, still has many serious objections. Its inventor and some of
its advocates have undoubtedly claimed too much for the system. For if all their
clai:ns are just and tenable, then all fodder should be put into the silo, and every
available crop, including apples, squashes, roots, and every grain and grass, would
be improved by this process of jiartial decomposition.
Some claim that it is analogous to the art of canning fruit and vegetables for
human consumption and as successful, and tliat in ensilage they are providing a
canned fodder for their cattle.
If this comparison were true the silo and its products would be all and nioi'e
than any one has claimed for them. But from the chemical analysis of ensilage and
the strenuous opposition which many breeders offer against adopting it because of
that analysis, and also because of ill effects observed from its use, it is considered to
be a very defective fodder for the butter or milk dairy when fed in any consider-
able quantity.
According to analyses made at the Connecticut Experiment Station, 188:i, the
best sample ever offered contained acetic acid and alcohol equivalent to " a quart of
strong vinegar" and a pint of rum for each hundred pounds of ensilage. In the
United States Agricultural Report for 1882 it is stated that " the aciditj- and alcoholic
nature of the ensilage has been of universal remark, and, to a certain extent, of
exaggeration.'' In the sample from C. H. Roberts, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., the
conditions had been such as to make the alcoholic fermentation most prominent,
but even under these circumstances alcohol was only recognized in the distillate from
the juice by the iodoform test. The juice expressed from the specimen amounted
tij forty and a half per cent, of the substance taken. The following determinations
were made :
Specific gravity, 15° C 1.0335
Total solids 8. U
Glucose l>4
Sucrose 13
Total acid as acetic 2.71
Total acid as lactic 3.08
This sample may be regarded as an extreme of acidity, owing to its having been
out of the silo two days before examination. As it requires one tenth of a pound
of acetic acid to make one quart of the strongest vinegar, one hundred poimds of
this ensilage would contain twenty-seven quarts of the very harshest vinegar, beside
JERSEY CATTLE IX A3fERICA. 281
the three pounds of lactic acid. A specimen from Alexandi-ia, Va., contained
acid equivalent to twenty-one quarts of sharjj vinegar to the hundred pounds.
It is the vinegar and alcohol, and other products of fermentation, that render
ensilage unacceptable as a food for winter soiling. If these products could be
avoided or prevented, then winter soiling would be as successful as the summer
soiling for dairy cattle. If acetic acid, lactic acid, butyric acid and alcohol in great
or small anaounts improve the fodder, as some claim, why, then the whole world will
have the benefit of it as soon as it can become generally adopted. It is a matter of
great consequence to breeders of thoroughbred Jerseys that they adopt nothing that
shall hinder the progress of successful breeding and dairying.
Some have boldly risked and lost much in testing the ensilage experiment
during recent years, while many of the best breeders and feeders in the Jersey world
cannot be induced to try the experiment.
When the silo shall have become as successful in its purpose as the canning of
pears or peaches in culinary art all Jersey breeders will adopt ensilage. The
feeding is just as important as the breeding. Proi^e and holdfast that alone ivh/'ch
Is best.
TRAINING HORNS.
One Jersey breeder is very successful in producing cattle of fine form and
beautiful colors ; another cares little for form, much less for color, but gives his
whole attention to filling the churn, while a third is a dabster at training horns.
The horns of a Jersey are ornamental and give a certain character to the
animal, varying according to their size, color, shape and texture.
It is best to have Jerseys that breed the true Jersey horn, or at least it is
desirable to have something like imiformity in the herd. Some horns crumple,
others are tossing, and a few are angular. It is supposed that about one fourth of
the Jerseys have horns that either turn inward and downward, or inward and
slightly upward, while about three fourths have horns that either flare or assume a
nearly vertical direction. It is desirable that they occupy as little space as possible,
and also that they be rendered, as far as practicable, harmless from goring. The
crumpled form is the best, turning inward and downward.
The process of training should begin at an age before the horn is too hard,
usually about one year old.
Bore through the horn half an inch from the tip with a small gimlet. Tie a
piece of catgut or a copper wire securely through these holes. With some heifers
the weight of the string and its slight pressure may be sufficient ; if not, hang a
little bag from the centre, having a few birdshot for weight, allowing it to rest upon
the forehead of the animal. The weight of the shot must be adjiisted to the stiffness
of the horn. A young bull might require from half a pound to two pounds, and in
rare cases three and four pounds. The process must be watched and the weight
282 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
adjusted according to the conditions, [f out' Imrii is stiffer tiian its mate it may be
nicived with a file or rubbed witii saud-piipL^r on tlie inner surface ; at the same time
a daily oiling will hasten somewhat the operation. Too iiuu-h weight or too violent
a strain on the wire or catgut will cause a tiiickening nf the liorn at the base. The
trainer simply needs to exercise judgment and will soon acquire skill in his work.
While the training of horns is progressing the animals should be kept in their
stanchions, as that secures them from any damage by cntanglenieiit or hooking or
colliding M-itli fences.
When the horns have the desii'ed turn remove the apparatus and tile off and
])olis]i the tips of the horns, so iis to obliterate the gimlet-holes.
The work will well repay the care and skill expended by a more attnactive
appearance. Recent improvements in horn-training apparatus obviate the necessity
of boring the horn, a button being adjusted to the tip of the horn as a support to
the tension and weights.
CARE OF THE RFLL.
The bull is ••half the herd." and if in himself he is worthy of the place he
occupies, must command the most skilful care and attention to preserve his potency
and keep him in condition for the transmission of his best qualities to all
his progeny. The bull is the l)reed, and transmits his race characteristics and
individual (jualities in a greater degree than the female. It is important that he
should be kei)t in a uniforndy healthful condition by proper exercise and feeding,
and in no case allowed to impair his potency by any excess or too fre(|uent use.
The best bull must ]>ossess a vast amount of latent energy and neural force, and
consequently should lie of a very lively dispufition. lie therefore needs much
exercise in the; open air and suidiglit and kind treatment, or he may become surly
and fierce. He should be nind)le in his movements and never lazy, high-spirited
and never dull, always ivady to respond when properly called u])on for service, and
unfailing in every effort, pnividecl that the cow is in gond healtli.
He must be kept in a lean and active condition, and yet he well nourished. \i
he becomes fat impotency will follow. His first service may be at about the age of
fifteen months, and may be repeated monthly until he is two years of age. From two
to tliree years old he may give a service bi-monthly, and after three years of age one
weekly ser\ ice is enough to require, if offspring possessing the requisite neural energy
is to be seemed. The service might be less frequent to the advantage of the progeny,
male or female ; and in service the bull should never be allowed to repeat his efforts
after one suc-cessful copulation, but always removed immediately to his own stiill.
Nothing is worse than repeated copulations at one interview, or on the same daj', for
destroying the potency of the male or for tending to produce degenerate offspring.
The best progeny must always be procreated when the male is in perfect vigor. One
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 383
service supplies a superabundance of the sperm cells ; a second is less likely ti> hold,
and may be of inferior vital quality.
The question is not how much, but how good service.
BULL e.xeecise;.
The bull should have a variety of exercise. The running of an empty tread
jjower at a low rate of speed for one hour or even a half hour each day is of great
benefit. He should not be compelled to follow too long. In pleasant weather he may
be turned into an open field that is guarded by a barbed wire fence. The bull pays
a profound respect to barbed wire. It is a good plan to tether him in a pasture a few
hours each day, as advised in chapter on Pasturing, using a strong iron post, which
may be driven into the ground to the depth of two feet or more. On the top of this
post a sliding ring and swivel admit of the requisite freedom of movement. To
this ring is attached a chain, which may be about twenty -five feet long, and composed
of steel in fine links, of which a sufficient part are swivelled to prevent kinking while
the bull walks. Such a tether gives a circuit of one hundred and fifty feet. The
fastenings must be secured by a steel spring or clasp, which may be passed upward
through the nose-ring, and secured to the steel ring in his head-stall, that is firmly
buckled about the base of the horns.
KINGING THE BULL.
The ring ought to be of the best quality of steel, or of pure copper, and of a size
having an outside diameter of two and one half inches.
It is well to apply it when the animal is about one year old, or during the time
of his horn-training.
To perform the operation, be provided with the trocar and canule and a ring of
the right quality. Secure the bull in the stanchion of his stall, or turn his head and
secure him firmly to the post by a strong halter. Grasp the cartilage of the nose and
carefully select the point for insertion, which must be as high as possible, so that the
ring shall be out of the way of liability to catch upon snags or nails, and also to guard
against its tearing out, as may occur in powerful bulls when set too low. Take a
good hold upon the nasal cartilage, pass the canule, with the trocar point slightly
projecting through the cartilage, let the open ring follow the canule through the
incision, clasp it, and insert the screw, turning it down firmly in its place.
For leading, a short steel chain may be attached to the staff hook, always well
secured to both hook and ring by a strong lock snap.
The staff needs to be of the finest quality of straight-grained, thoroughly seasoned,
well-tested timber.
Care must be observed in the operation of ringing that the trocar and canule are
of the best pattern and quality and the trocar always kept sharp and smooth, as a
284 .//■:j!s/:)- cattli-: i\ ameiika.
rough or dirty iiistniiiu'iit may cause hlood-poisoiiintr ,ir other iiiiscliief by a rairsrol
incision.
KIND TK'KATMKXT llF TIIK lU'r.I,.
Tiie hull isassusceptiMf to kind trcatiiicnt and ])ettinjr as any otiicr animal, and
he resents cruel treatnieut, oftentimes with the traditional persistency of a bear or the
iwengefulness of a savage. Instances ai'e recorded where a bull, having been beaten
or abu.sed in his stall by a stranger, always entertained a hatred for the person, anil
knew his step so well that whenever he came within hearing, although he could not
see him, he would manifest his displeasure in the most unmistakable manner.
Always treat a bull kindly and manage liim with iirmness and caution. Never
])resume upon liis friendship, for he sometimes takes a sudden freak of j^layfulness oi-
a passion for combativeness, and in either case wishes to try the force of his neck,
head and horns. Treat him as a pet. and at the same time let him very early be
taught to recognize you as his master ami to yield iini)lieit ol)e(lience to your will
and your commands. The bull is in<'Hned to resent a elnl) — at least he cannot he
beaten back with a clnh if he is determined — hut he ])aysresi)ect to the tingling of a
tough switch orwhi[) when ap])hed to his muzzle. If early trained he dreads the
whip, and pays it as much respect as he does a barbed wire fence that is properly con-
.sti-ucted, for that is a barrier he doesn't care to light against, even under the extremest
provocation of the charms of a matable heifer on the opposite side of the fence.
Treat the bull kindly and compel kindness from all his attendants, but allow no
man to have charge of him who is a poltroon or a coward.
If a valnal)le l)u]l becomes excitable and hard to manage ho may be controlled l)y
the Bull Helmet. This may be made of strong leather and formed to cover the fore-
head and eyes, and secured firmly around the horns, and l)y a strong throat-latch made
to buckle under the cheeks. The eyes are protected from contact by conical-shaped
leather goggles, which are firmly fastened in the helmet. This helmet is a complete
blinder, and the bull wearing it is subject to his ma-ster's hand, and maybe led quietly
wherever desired. The helmet ouglit to be used on all bulls above two years old with
absolute safety, and might have saved many a valuable bull from slaughter, as it is the
lively fellows that get good stock and transmit neural force to their progeny, and
such a buU may remain potent for fifteen years or more if rightly used.
UABE OF HKEKUrNO nKIKKKS AND COWS.
The Jersey breeds at an early age.
The lieifer should be bred when fifteen months old, as nearly as ])ractical)le. Mr.
J. W. Vance, Cantrall, 111., reports heifer dropping calf when eleven months and
eighteen days old. It is desirable to havi- uniformity of size in a herd and to have
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 285
Jersey cows of about nine hundred pounds weight, but it is also desirable that they
have the characteristic Jersey traits of early development, persistent milking, and
cream-prodiicing richness. It seems necessary to breed at the age named to secure
and perpetuate these qualities. If bred later they are inclined to lose the Jersey
quality and take on fat. If thought desirable, the time of the second calf may be
delayed so as to give time for a larger growth of the young cow, but the cow
character is to be established as early as the growth and constitution of the animal
admit of it. The aptitude for milk production early established, the after-growth
and management depend somewhat on the time of the second calf, which it may be
well to have timed to the age of three and a quarter or three and a half years, so
that the second breeding should be from six to nine months, or even a year from
the time of dropping the first calf. The cow should be treated with the utmost
gentleness, and the Jersey heifer makes the most attractive pet in the world. Every
farm attendant should have the characteristics of a gentleman, and in his mind
anything like cnielty or even rudeness to a Jersey cow should be abhorrent, and any
person practising such cruelty by a kick or a blow should be banished from the farm
at once.
THE PAETUKIENT COW.
Two weeks or more before calving the cow should be put in a box-stall where
she may have quiet and especial care as to her diet and bedding. The food should
be palatable, cooling, and sufficiently laxative to preclude any danger from constipa-
tion. The bedding should be sufficient to give her comfort and rest. If the cow is
in perfect health she will pass through the ordeal in safety, and afterward, under the
right management, give her owner the full benefit of her productive powers in milk
and butter.
It may not always be easy to say that a cow is in perfect health, but if she has
been properly cared for and had proper feed she will not need any assistance in
parturition. Any mechanical interference, unless very skilfully managed, is hazardous,
and may destroy the calf and permanently injixre the cow. There should always be
present a man of experience, who is properly informed in regard to the necessary
treatment in case of emergencies, and he should have the good sense to refrain from
all unnecessary interference, and yet know how to afford proper aid, either mechanical
or medicinal, when such is needful.
The approach of parturition is indicated by the soft and swollen vulva, the fully
distended udder, and the day previous a sinking in about the pelvic bones. The cow
should now have a quiet stall and no one allowed to come near, except the persons
who liave charge of her feed and her safety. Her drink must be warm ; no cold
drinks should be within reach, but pure water 65° or upward, or warm gruels of
flaxseed and bran mashes, and cooling, laxative food.
As labor approaches the first stage is ushered in by uneasiness, which gradually
286 JERSEY (LITTLE nY AMERICA.
increases. The animal must be screened from view by a curtain, and kept from all
annoyance. After a few hours the dilatation of the uterine ring is complete, the
contractions become violent, the cow gets up and lies down frequently, the belly
becomes lank, the cow utters a slow, fretjuent mcjan, the expulsive efforts becoming
gradually more forcible, and the breathing is (piicker.
The bursting of the sac and the discharge of watery tluid imlicatc tliat the labur
should terminate reasonably within two or three hours. The efforts now proceed in
progressive rapidity, till at length a protrusion of the vulva indicates a near termina-
tion of labor. The parts gradually dilate with each expulsive pain, the calf presents
at the opening vulva in its natural position, the head stretclied forward and resting
upon and between the knees ; the labor is progressing naturally ; let the cow alone and
keep away any intr.iders, but be ready to attend to the calf, which in a little while is
safely expelled and becomes at once a breathing, independent existence. See that
the cow is protected from currents of air.
THE CAKE OF THE YOUXtt CALF.
Examine the navel-cord to see that it does not bleed. If it bleeds tie it with a
ligature of soft thread. Place the calf in front of the dam, that she may lick it-
When this natural and beneficial process is completed the calf will after a few
attempts rise upon its feet and instinctively search for the udder. Allow it for the
first day to suck the dam three or more times, and after each sucking milk the
udder empty.
Afterward milk the cow i-egularly three times a day, and tea(!h the calf to drink
as directed in the chapter on Feeding Calves. It is very important that the pails
buckets and feeding-troughs of calves should be kept scrupulously clean by daily
rinsing in cold water and scalding in hot water, and a subsequent airing and sun-
drying. The calves should be kept in separate pens or stalls, as they annoy each other
by sucking. Bull calves should not pasture with heifers at any time, as after three
months old they are liable to breed. After ten months old bulls annoy each other
and should be kept apart.
Difficulties of parturition will be treated of in another chapter on Casualties.
The afterbirth should be conveyed to the manure-house as soon as it is exjjelled.
Never allow the animal to go tlirough the revolting ])roeess of trying to hide it by
swallowing.
CARE OP THE CALF AT BIKTH.
In cold, wet, or chilly weather many a young calf is lost, or stunted, for want
of the requisite attention during the few hours subsequent to its birth. Have several
boxes provided of a size large enough to hold the calf, so that it can lie comfortably
at rest. When the birth of a calf is expected have a dozen bricks heating in an oven
or furnace. As soon as tlie calf is born place the bricks evenly over the floor of the
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 287
box, cover them with three or fmir iiiclies of tinely-cut sti'aw, placinii; a hhmket over
the straw.
Lay the calf upon the blanket and cover with another. Rub the calf dry with
a coarse towel. Such care insures against much loss that would otherwise accrue
during cold or inclement weather. Calves that were so feeble as to require feeding
wifcli a spoon and constant artificial heat to keep them alive have become wonder-
fully robust animals.
In one case a birth at the seventli month of a choicely-bred calf required such
treatment, and the owner was well repaid tVtr liis care in the saving of the life of a
valuable Jersey bull.
Calves need as much of sunshine as adult animals. The sun must always be
admitted freely to their stalls by very large windows, and their exercise should be
sufficient to keep them in good health and prevent the accumulation of fat, a
condition iinallowable in a Jersey of any age, whether bull, cow or calf.
Never allow any animal to be imprisoned in a dark stall.
Teach every animal to lead by halter, from calfhood.
CASUALTIES.
There is no calling without its casualties.
As in all other human occupations, so in the breeding and management of
cattle there are accidents, unforeseen, improbable and strange ; accidents from
negligence or from carelessness ; from ignorance or from improvidence ; from
mistaken kindness ; from overfeeding and from medical malpractice or neglect
of correct medical practice.
STRANGE CASUALTIES.
A choice Jersey bull died from swallowing a piece of Ijale wire in cut feed.
A farmer having a herd of clioice Jerseys pastui-ed them in a river meadow.
On a day when one of the herd stood quietly chewing her cud upon the river bank
a passing steamer blew its whistle, at which sound the cow was so suddenly startled
that her one impulse from fear caused the bank to cave in, and she was drowned in
a depth of two feet of water.
A farmer turned a heifer (not a Jei'sey) alone into a pastm'e, and a few days
afterward found her with a broken horn which had bled excessively, and for which
no treatment that was used caused any check, the animal at last dying from loss of
blood. The injury was probably caused while rubbing herself against a rough rail
fence or while attempting to get out from loneliness.
The same farmer left a calf (not a Jersey) tied to a stanchion by a rope around
its neck, and turned the dam into the adjoining stanchion to give the calf suck.
Returning after a little while, what was his astonishment to find the cow quietly
288 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIiKJA.
standing in her stall, while lier calf, with his ro])u nooso acros-s liei- hack, was hanged
hv the neck, dead I
How many s])ecific errors can you discover in the management of each of the
above cases '.
"When the cow lay down and tlie frisky calf jumped over her back he might
not liave been strangled if he had worn a head-stall instead of a noose ; hut who
would think of allowing a calf to suck when hampered by any kind of a halter '{
A famous prize cow in a noted herd was one day missing. Search was made in
every field and building. She was a gentle and sagacious creature, and could opeu
any gate or door, and at last in a little colt barn the searchers, peering down a
hatchway into the deep, dark cellar, saw tlie favorite cow, all in a heap, and grieved
to think her dead.
They got her out and found her yet ])reatliiug, and with good care she soon
began to mend, but her fine, sliapely rumj) was broken, and it took nearly a year to
heal. Although she was within three months of calving, she carried her calf to full
term, and has since had several choice calves, and at sixteen years of age is jjroducing
a large quota of butter, with a prospect of several more valuable calves.
A wealthy gentleman, who might be characterized as more wise than pnident,
having a large estate and rich farm which he wished to stock with choice cattle,
procured at a large expense two young bulls and several heifers.
He desired that the bulls should be kept in vigor by abundant exercise, and
concluded to break them at once to the yoke. To make them speedily familiar ^vith
this ancient implement of service he turned them, yoked, into a river pasture, to
enjoy close companionship in eating and drinking.
The heifers were also turned into a river pasture. It re(piired but l)rief Hfec
to l)ring disaster ui)on disaster, which almost wi]ied out of existence the new young
herd. The hulls waded the stream to drink anil ])lay, when one of them fioundered
and was drowned, and his yoke-fellow was but just able to keep his head above water.
The heifers discovered upon the river's brink some freshly painted boats and
paint-pots partly filled with paint, and, having a great relish for linseed oil and the
aromatic turpentine with the eondjination of white lead, were soon eagerly engaged
in licking off or lapping up the fresh paint.
Result : all that got access to the paint were speedily attacked with intestinal
spasms, colic, general convulsions, and paralysis, which soon put an end to life.
Foresiglit is better than hindsight. Those who attempt to breed and nuuiage
herds of cattle should be able as far as possible to foresee and forefend all such
accidents, and also manv violent diseases.
SULTAN OF ST. SAVIOUR'S 5328.
SuWin Type.
M II. Messciiekt, Douoi.Assvii.i.E, Pa.
SULTANE 2d 11,373.
S„ll,u, Tiii'i.
TESTED IX 3 DAYS, 10 I.IiS. 1 OZ.
M. H. Messciikut, Doici.assvii.i.e, Pa.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 289
LEAD COLIC FKOM PAINT.
Several very choice animals have died from colic by licking fresh paint in their
stables, or from barns and fences. A very choice bull, son of tiie best Jersey cow
ever known, was thus destroyed. He could not have been purchased from his
owner for any amount of money, and was of more value to the Jersey interest in
America than the cost of all the paint on all the barns of the whole country for a
century.
THE DEADLY AESENITES.
The practice of using Paris green to destroy insects is a reprehensible one, in
that it not only endangers the lives of valuable animals, but also human lives. The
system cannot be too strongly condemned. It should be abated, and other means as
effective, but without hazard to life, substituted therefor.
OVEEFEEDING.
Indigestion from overfeeding is very common and fatal among calves, while
bulls and cows not infrequently die from the evil effects of the same system of
injudicious cramming with ill-assorted rations of rich or indigestible foods.
FATTY DEGENERATION.
Many breeds of cattle have suffered much deterioration from habitual over-
feeding, perhajjs none more than the Short-horn.
It has frequently been noted that a Short-horn bull kept in full flesh or fat enough
for the butcher failed to get any calves, but with gradual decrease of ration and
gradual increase of exercise, health was restored and potency returned. Barren cows
by being worked in the yoke were freed from surplus fat, and became prohfic again.
Nothing has been so ruinous as overfeeding for fairs. It destroys the milking
properties of a breed and induces a disease, Fatty Degeneration of all the Muscular
Tissues. Many choice Jerseys have been killed by overfeeding for shows and for
tests, and much damage has been done by presenting stock at public sales in a
pampered and extremely deHcate condition. Such cattle suffer deterioration in
quality and may require a year in the new owner's hands to recover ; some are never
restored to a normal condition of health. The coat becomes dull, the appetite
capricious, the milk falls off in quantity and quality, or fails entirely, and the
purchaser suffers great loss.
Skilful feeding is needful for health and success.
HOOVE METEOEISM — TYMPANITIS.
The overfeeding of cattle upon succulent food like green clover or the exces-
sively heating maize meal or cottonseed meal, causes very dangerous attacks of
290 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
indigestion. The filling up with green foods produces a gastric irritation and a
rapid fermentation in the rumen, with enormous distention from food gases, a severe
and dangerous affection.
GARGET.
Inflammation of the udder may be caused from improper food, as ensilage, cotton-
seed meal, or excess of corn meal, or by incomplete milking or too seldom reheving
of the udder ; from taking cold in a blast of cold air ; from dampness and cold ;
from wading in cold brooks or ponds ; by injury to the udder from briers in the
pasture ; from bites of animals or stings of insects ; from attempting to force dry ;
from acclimation fever or other illness ; and, worst of all, from kicks or blows given
by brutal attendants. It often renders one or more quarters of the udder useless.
Feed wilted grass, warm bran mash, and linseed gruel.
LIGHTNING.
A spark of electricity passing down a tree in a storm is often sufficient to
destroy a herd gathered there for shelter from the rain.
So in a barn unprotected by a rod, a bolt may take in its course the bodies
of several cattle, or burn the barn and its stored crops, with the cattle ; or a rod
unskilfully set may conduct the bolt to the cattle instead of the earth.
Any man is culpably negligent who does not see that his buildings and cattle
are properly protected from any stray thunderbolt that chances to come witliin liis
dominions.
In a city most buildings are well protected by the great amount of metal in
them, especially of waste-pipes, water-pipes, and gas-pipes, but in the country barns
and stables are very prone to be struck by lightning, with great loss to farmers. Wii'c
fences also conduct the lightning to cattle lying near them. The greatest losses from
lightning occur in the tornado region of the United States.
Rules for Ad-justing Ligiitnjng-Rods.
by professok j. k. macomhek, iowa aokicultural college.
" 1. The l)est material for the rod is injiL Copper is a better conductor, but
more costly.
" 2. The size of the rod should not be less than three quarters of an incli for solid
roimd iron. A hollow pipe would do equally well if it contained as much metal.
Rods usually sold are too light.
" 3. Insulators of glass or otlier material are worse than useless. They increase
the expense, weaken the support of the rod, and actually do liai-m by preventing tlie
induced electricity from being drawn from the building by means of the rod.
" 4. The rod should be fastened to the building by staples, and be laid up
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 291
against it as closely as possible. No sharp turns should be made by the rod. All
turns should be made by smooth, long cm-ves.
" 5. The rod should he continuous throughout. If too long to be welded into
one rod let it be made in four or five sections, with screws cut so that the parts can
be piit together strongly. The end should be pointed.
" 6. Each prominent chimney or gable should have a rod running to it and a
point i-unning up from six to eight feet above the building.
" 7. Thfi rod should he well grounded and also be metallically connected with
all masses of metal within or on the building at their highest points. Eave spouts
and metallic roofs should be connected by soldering copper straps thereto. The
point most important and generally neglected is the ground connection. It is the
universal custom for those who put up rods to simply drive a bar of iron into the
dry earth a few feet, and shove the rod into it, and call that a sufiicient ground
connection.
" A rod put ?«/) in such a manner is of no value. A hole should be dug until
permanently moist earth is reached ; the rod should run down into this and then
bend away from the house.
" Several square feet of metal should l)e placed in this hole and the rod
terminate in this metal. An old copper wash-boiler is a good terminal. One
hundred feet of three-quarter-incli iron costs $7.50 ; painting, ft ; couplings, $2 ; labor
for one day in erecting, $2. Total, $12.50.
" A fancy tip, or gilded vane or ball, can be added at a small cost."
Large trees in pastures where cattle remain during storms are sources of danger.
A single tree of great size in a pasture should have a rod passing well down beneath
its roots.
The barbed wire fence should be made safe by a rod at each corner of the field
and at each gateway. These rods should also be set deep enough to reach moist
earth. The wires should be wound around or soldered to the rods and all stapled to
the fence-posts.
LICE UPON CATTLE.
That farmer cannot be called civilized who would allow cattle to become
infested with such a pest as Hce while in his own stable. If cattle are kept in clean
stables, fed upon suitable rations, and have a good brushing once a day, they will not
be so afilicted. But if cattle have in any way been subjected to such a nuisance, it
should be remedied as quickly as possible. A decoction of Y&r^s^wc {Delphinium
staphisagrid) applied daily imtil all signs of annoyance disappear is a very effective
remedy. The tincture of larkspur can be procured at the pharmacies. If of full
strength it can be used by mixing one part to nine parts of hot water, and applying
at a temperature of about 130°,
292 JERSEY CATTLE JX AMERICA.
Pyrcthnim powder, a teaspoonful to a gallon of hot water, is also effective for
the same use.
The cattle should be brushed in a room set a])art for that purpose, daily. The
Universal Joint Brush is very expeditious l)y the use of steam power oi- an ordinary
tread power. Such brushing and cleanliness are of great benefit to the cattle.
HEALTH AND rrS CONDITIONS.
In perfect health all bovine animals are sprightly in disposition, good feeders,
regularly chew the cud with enjoyment, have a normal pulse and respiration,
uniform temperature, soft, mellow skin, and glossy hair, void urine at regular
intervals, and also moderately soft fecal excretions.
The bovine pulse is naturally full, soft and rolling to the finger-touch. In
disease it may become more frequent or slower ; it may have a sharper stroke or a
lagging impulse ; it may be full and strong, or weak, small and thread-like : hard or
soft, oppressed, jerking, intermittent, unequal and thrilling.
The pulse may be felt on the border of the lower jaw ; beneath the bony ridge
which extends upward from the eye ; over the middle of the first rib or under the
tail.
In adult animals, while lying at rest, the nuniber of beats jxn- minute vary from
thirty-eight to forty-two. But after a full feed and in a high temperature the pulse
may be excited to sixty or seventy. In young animals it is much more rapid, wliile
in old age it may lessen by five or more beats. Small animals have a faster pulse than
larger of the same breed.
The pulse is increased l)y fear, exertion, nervous exaltation, by jiregnancy, in
hot, foul air, and by overfeeding. Aside from these conditions, a rapid ])ulse indicates
either fever, debility or some inflammatory action.
The unequal and irregular pulse may indicate a fatty degeneration of the heart
and otlier organs, or dilatation of the heart, or some disease of the lieart- valves of the
left side of that organ.
The intermittent pulse may indicate merely a disturbance of the heart's action
throtigh some disoi-der of the system ; it sometimes accompanies organic disease of
the heart.
The jerking pulse indicates disease of the valves at the left side of the heart, and
is usually accompanied by a hissing or sighing murmur with the second heart-sound,
heard by placing the ear as near to the region of the great vessels as possible.
The action of the heart may be detected by applying the palm of the hand
lichind the left elbow.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA.
By frequent practice one may learn to detect the slightest variation from
healthy standard, and apply the sanitary and medicinal remedies as needed.
RESPIRATION.
There should l^e nine or ten full respirations each minute. The nostrils, dilating
easily and regularly, admit the air to the larynx, trachea and bronchi, a complex,
flexible, and elastic apparatus, retaining a tubular form, and conveying an ample
supply of air to the two large, spongy, elastic bodies called lungs, which occupy the
right and left portions of the thorax. The lungs are about one-thirtieth of the weight
of the body, and are for the absorption of oxygen and expulsion of carbonic acid and
other impurities, or the transformation of vitiated or venous blood into bright red
arterial blood.
The process of maintaining animal heat is carried on in the minute vessels called
capillaries, where the waste of the tissue cells is oxygenated or burned in the
processes of repair, and it is in the cells and capillaries of the body that animal heat
is produced. The normal bovine temperature does not vary much from 101^°.
ACCLIMATION OF .JERSEYS.
If Jerseys are taken into the Southern or (iulf States from the Northern States
and Canada, they must necessarily suffer, according to the change of conditions of
climate and soil, for some months, during the process of acclimation, a degree of
disturbance sometimes rising to quite a high febrile reaction.
It is best to bring animals into the South in the autumn and always locate them,
if possible, during the first year iijion high lands. The higher and drier the land,
the nearer will their condition approximate to that from which they came. Those
breeders living upon high and elevated districts are best situated for the importation
of Jerseys either from the Island of Jersey or the Northern States and Canada.
It is also advisable to select young animals, from six to twenty months old, as
they endure the change better than adult animals or very young calves.
ACCLIMATION FEVER.
Acclimation fever is a term applied to the very marked disturbance of the
system caused by a change of climate. Jersey cattle are as easily acclimated,
perhaps, as any bovine race.
They thrive with wonderful vigor in Canada and are fast becoming favorites in
our Southern States and California. Acclimation fever is most violent at low
altitudes in hot weather. Cattle improve when taken from low hot districts to
moimtain altitudes.
J^:/l,sh'V CATTLE IX AMERK'A.
ABOKl'In.N (sLIXKIXCi).
Abortion is tlie woi-st of all the fusualtics that affect the Jersey breeder, because,
if not properly understood and guarded against, lie is liable to suffer the greatest loss
and disapijointnient from this dire disaster.
Abortion is the separation and expulsion of the immature ovum from the womb.
It may occur at any time between fecundation and the time of normal fultilment of
utero-gestation.
During the fii-st month it is called ovular abortion ; from the fii'st to the third
month it is called embryonic abortion ; from tlie third to the sixth month it is called
fcBtal abortion; from the sixth to the ninth month premature birth.
This casualty is mentioned in the oldest literature of the world which we
possess. Moses in the book of Genesis makes Jacob allude to the subject in his last
interview with Laban. Speaking of the prosperity of the flocks and herds under his
care, he mentions that they had been exempt fi-ona this scourge during his long
sojourn of twenty years, and attributes tliis secui-ity to the favor of Almighty God.
Moses in the book of Job, where he utters his complaint in his terrible affliction and
makes allusion to the unaccountable prosperity of the wicked, says, " Their bull
gendereth and faileth not, their cow calveth and casteth not her calf." From this it
would appear that abortion is not a new thing, but was an old-time calamity among
the bovine races.
Abortion is very frequent in all breeds of cows, and not more common among
Jerseys than among scrubs. It is an evil the more to be dreaded by the Jersey
breeder as, besides the loss of a valuable calf, it sometimes occasions also the loss of
the dam, or renders her barren by some uterine injury, or subject to repeated
abortions.
Thecau.sesof abortion are very various, such as : l)odily injury by shar]) goring ;
kicks or blows from cruel attendants ; fast driving, or running to and from ])asture ;
plunging or jumping down embankments ; injury by transportation in carts and rail-
cai's ; from violent efforts at riding with rutting animals ; from fright by thunder
and lightning, barking dogs and wild animals or any startling sight ; from the
nervous excitement caused by company of al)orti!ig cows; from pasturing with
horses ; from electric shock by proximity of lightning-stroke ; from foul air of
non-ventilated stables ; from " malaria" or swamp air ; from pungent or offensive
odors, such as carbolic acid or chlorine gas ; from sour, fermented food, as brewers'
grains, apple pomace, distillery slumj) and ensilage ; from excess of laxative food ;
from insulflcient or poor quality of food ; from excessively rich or stimulating
food, as cottonseed meal ; from impure water ; from mineral waters ; from insuf-
ficient exercise ; from standing on sloping iloor ; from confinement in dark
stables ; from lonesomeness ; from " acclimation fever ": from many acute diseases ;
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 295
from poisoning by "smut" of Poa grass, corn smut {Ustilago maydis), rye spur
{Secale cornutum), and other fungous growths ; from other poisonous plants ; from
the malpractice of using cathartics, salts and various nostrums ; by contagion from
impure vaginal discharges ; from being forced dry ; and from a specific infection which
may be communicated from herd to herd by the transjiortation of animals out of
infected herds to healthy herds. This contagion is so virulent that every member of
the largest herd may become infected from one animal.
SYMPTOMS OF THREATENED ABORTION.
Sometimes the symptoms are so slight as to be unobserved previous to the
culmination of the disaster, especially before the third month ; but in general it is
announced by great disturbance of the system, anxious look, depression, sudden
diminution of the milk, and by offensive muco\is vaginal discharge. It may occur at
any period of pregnancy, but especially about the twentieth week, and from that to
the thirty-second week. The approach of abortion will be noticeable in the languid
gait of the animal, the less active movements of the fetal calf, the diminished
appetite, the loss of the cud, the lank, drooping belly, irregular breathing, a
yellowish or bloody discharge from the vulva, an irregular or feeble pulse, a
springing of the bag and increase of milk.
Always isolate a cow at the first symjrtoms and give her a separate attendant.
COLOSTRUM AI'OPLEXY. MILK FEVER.
These are names applied to one of the most fatal of maladies affecting the cow.
The best cows are liable to be destroyed by it within three days from calving. Cows
seldom have it with the first calf. Yery poor milkers never have it. The danger
increases in great milkers as they attain the period of their greatest productiveness,
usually from seven to ten years of age.
An excess of fat upon the internal organs aiid the habit of constipation are
conditions which strongly predispose the cow to a fatal attack.
"Within twenty-four hours after calving the cow may suddenly fall without any
premonitory symptoms having attracted the attention, and, remaining unconscious
and unable to swallow, dies in a few hours.
The cases vary much in the severity of the onset, but very few recover sponta-
Many show a condition of languor or great depression, cease to chew the cud,
and lose all relish for food, and hang the head with a dull expression of countenance ;
the muzzle is dry and hot, the horns also hot, the bowels constipated, the urine
scanty or suppressed, the pulse fast, and the breathing rapid, with heaving flanks, the
milk diminished or checked altogether, the temperature high. If these symptoms
296 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
are not soon remedied the cow gets rapidly worse. The eyes glisten and become
congested, and the white is of a leaden color streaked with the red blood-vessels.
The eyes protrude from their sockets, the cow is uneasy, the legs are weak, she
continually changes her position, the liind legs become tremulous and can scarcely
support her. The discharge (lochia) from the vulva ceases, the pulse becomes slower
and the breathing more and more labored ; the udder is hard and swollen ; the weak-
ness in the hind legs increases, the feet are spread wide apart ; she staggers and falls
heavily upon the floor, then, struggling to recover herself, is unable to rise. In this
condition she tosses and writhes, with lashing of the tail and frequent moaning or
bellowing, seems in the greatest distress, the breathing becomes a labored panting, the
body is covered with a cold sweat, and the rumen is enormously distended with gas,
which more and more increases the difficulty of breathing. The pulse flags, the
legs become cold, the cow belches a fetid gas, and life is extinguislied.
In other cases the cow may lie stretched upon her side, with the head turiicd
looking backward and resting upon the floor, or the head is thrown upward and
backward in a rigid position with the horns pointing over the shoulders, the eyes are
glassy and sightless, the pupil widely dilated, the ears limp, the jaw drooping, and
the cow scarcely able to swallow and fast losing all sense of touch ; the pulse is
scarcely perceptible or intermits, the horns, legs and skin become cold, the breath
rattles, the belly distends, the udder is swollen and sometiiiK's red, tlie (iiiiii;- and
urine suppressed. The cow dies within two days, often in a few lioiirs. Tlic
pathology of this disease is not yet fully understood. It is not yet docided wlK'thtT
it is a disease of debility or of congestion of the brain, ur wlietlier it may nut 1)0
complicated with meningitis. It seems to be the result of the profound disturbance
caiised by the sudden effort of the system to transform a large part of its tissues into
nulk. It is remarkable also that the disease occurs only during the colostniiu stage,
wliile the milk is yet incomjilete, and while the disruption of membrane from tlie
follicles of the udder glands is one of the results of the intense and mighty change,
prior to the normal shedding of milk globules and the well-established flow of perfect
milk.
Pi'oI)ahly in all c-ases of colostrum apoplexy there is a cliock of juTspiration
following labor — in other words, ''taking cold."
I3y a reference to the analysis of colostrum* given below, and comjjarison of
its elements with those of milk analysis in aiiother part of this volume, it does not
require very profound reasoning to determine that the organism of the cow, during
the week of the colostrum, ntfuje, endures a great physiological change, wliicii
requires but a slight disturbance to become a serious one, bordering on fatally
diseased conditions.
* First Annual Report N. Y. State E.xperimeut Stiition, 1883.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEIilC'A. 297
According to the amount and ricliness of the colostnmi is the degree of nervous
vital expenditure and the danger of a violent irregular circulation of the blood.
Consequently the feed and all the sanitary conditions should be regulated for one
month before and after parturition with a view to the preservation of a normal
action of the whole system.
COLOSTRUM ANALYSIS.*
" Meg, a Jersey cow, calved December 4th. The colostnmi was orange yellow,
of acid reaction. Specific gravity by weight, 1063. It coagiilated into a solid mass
by boiling.
Fat 5.22
Casein 7.87
Albumen 7.81
Milk sugar 2.94
Ash 1.23
Loss, etc 21
Total solids 25.28
Water 74.72
Per cent, nitrogen by combustion, 2.35 100.00"
GENEEAL SUMMARY OF CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES.
1. Diseases of the bowels and kidneys ordinai-ily jjroceed from improper feeding
and watering or bad forage.
2. Diseases of the chest from insufficient or improper ventilation, overcrowding,
neglect and exposure.
3. Abortion from carelessness of attendants, blows, alnise, or eating smut of
grass or maize.
4. Diseases of the skin from want of cleanliness, and sometimes from using
barley straw for bedding. Some skin diseases are contagious.
5. "Wounds and broken horns usually arise from carelessness of management.
If horns are broken in fighting it is often by the introduction of a stranger into the
herd. The Jersey horn is fragile, so that special care is needed to guard against an
accident that mars the beauty so greatly and gives the animal the appearance of a
cripple.
6. Garget and foul foot are often caused by wet yards, muddy pastures, or
wading in brooks.
It is best to forefend all such accidents, even including " milk fever," by being
* Report N. Y. State Experiment Station, 1883.
298 JERSEY CATTLE IX A. UE It TV A.
well guarded at all times against any form of neglect or carelessness in the rontine
of management.
TliEATilEXT OF DISEASES AND SERIOUS CASUALTIES.
"By medicine life may be prolonged,
Yet death will seiz.e the doctor, too." — S/mk-exprinr.
An ounce of prev^cntion is worth va.stly more than a jjonnd of cm-e, but when
all the precautions of wise forethought and good judgment and well-trained sanitary
skill have failed to ward off a much-dreaded malady, then is the opportunity to test
the potency of scientific medical skill. The readiness to practice is almost universal,
but the skill is miich more of a rarity.
Let any man or animal fall a victim to any disease, and every casual visitor of
the multitude has a prescription to offer to thrust upon the jjatient. Everybody
likes to doctor except the skilful physician ; he holds back until called upon and
urged to give advice, which with true modesty and many misgivings he humbly
proffers. The world is advancing in civilization, and of all the discoveries of
modern times the most beneficent has been that of the great German physician
Hahnemann, whose law of ciire with its small dose has revolutionized the practice of
medicine. But all people have not yet availed themselves of the mild beneficence of
scientific medicine. Hahnemann's discoveiy consisted : First, in finding a universal
law for the selection of cures ; second, in noting the wonderful susceptibility of the
diseased organism to the effects of minute doses ; third, a system of preparing
medicines so that they may be taken in doses of any degree of division or attenuation
desired.
The law for the selection of cures always takes the drug that has the greatest
affinity for the organ or organs diseased, and is capable of producing a similar
disturbance in the healthy organi.sm. Similars to cure similars. This law will
doubtless be demonstrated in the future as an electrical affinity. The small dose
avoids aggravation or poisonous effects, but induces a 6})eedy and wonderful reaction.
Neither Hahnemann nor any of his followers have been able to ascertain a limit to the
curative powers of a drug by any degree of attenuation, and no man is able to say
of any drug properly selected that a dose of any degree of limitation ceases to have
curative jjower by reason of its smallness, nor, on the other hand, that any dose has
curative power because of its comparative largeness. In other words, the curative
power of a drug lies in its quality rather than in its quantity. It is not the purpose
of this work to su]j])ly a text-book on the practice of Veterinary Medicine, but to
offer a few suggestions by which breeders will be enabled to combat, with some
degree of success atid satisfaction, diseases that have hitherto baffled the skill of the
old barbaric system that is hajjpily soon to be among the things of the historic past,
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 299
while a happier day awaits those who shall enjoy the advantages of a higher
civilization and a better system of medicine.
Those who would have all the necessary equipments for treating the diseases
cf)mmon to all domestic animals must provide their sanitarium with the best
text-book extant, Boericke & Tafel's " Homoeopathic Veterinary Practice," and a
full list of medicines to meet the requirements of all common diseases. There
should be the necessary sanitary apparatus, means for heating water, rubber bags
for immersing the udder, rubber sheets or blankets to be used in (milk fever)
colostrum apoplexy, sponges of various sizes, air thermometers (accurate) to note the
temperature of the stalile, hot-water thermometers to test the temperature of
external applications and drinks, a fever thermometer to note the animal tempera-
ture in each case, an elastic syringe for hot-water injections. Hot-water bags may
be useful in various diseases ; a rubber probang in case of choking ; trocar and
cauida for dropsy and hoven ; and a medicator for placing doses upon the tongue.
All breeders who adopt the medical practice herein set forth will be glad that
they live in the nineteenth century rather than the ninth. After a faithful
following of the principles and doses as given by the great Hahnemann, both for
their animals and themselves, they will never desire to return to the barl)aric
methods which we have inherited as a legacy from the Dark Ages.
PREVENTIVE TREATMENT FOE ABORTION.
Preventive treatment requires one to guard against all the causes which produce
this terrible scourge. . Strange cows always have to meet the attacks of the fighting
or boss cows. Keep them apart, especially if either the stranger or the boss cow is
pregnant. A timid cow is sure to be gored ; keep her apart from the others.
Transport cattle by steamers when it can be done. Never allow pregnant cows
or heifers to be in the company of non-pregnant cows or in the company of aborted
cows. Protect animals from lightning as far as possible by good rods on buildings.
Never allow any man or boy to make a cow move faster than a moderate walk. A mau
that rims the cows for fear of getting his shirt wet in a shower may destroy a
thousand-dollar calf and permanently injure a valuable cow. Such a man should
be discharged from your service at once for any disobedience of orders.
The stables should always be sweet with a perpetual ventilation and perpetual
cleanliness. Offensive odors by all means are to be avoided. Fermented foods are
a curse in any dairy. The breeding cow should be kept in good health and given
wholesome food at all times. All smut plants must be collected if practicable and
burned. A field of green meadow grass or other soil infected with this fungus should
be plowed and the groiind planted to root crops for two years. To prevent fungous
growths all pastures ought to be mowed before the grasses mature their seed.
Cathartics or drugs for producing artificial diarrhoea and dysentery and other
300 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
inflammatory diseases of tlie digestive organs should not be tolerated in any
form ; it is mischievous malpractice. All breeders should be cautious about
spreading contagion. Those who have abortion in their herds and continue to buy
and sell are contributing to spread the disease by every animal that leaves the herd.
The period of incubation after exposure is from three to six months. All
cows that abort should be quarantined for from nine to twelve months before
being bred again. It is safest to withhold from breeding more than one year
rather than less. All strange animals should be quarantined before introducing
them to the herd stable at least three months, if there is any uncertainty in
regard to their freedom from exposure.
TKKATMENT OF Til KKATKNKI) AlfOKTION.
Aconite. If the animal has ItecTi frightened and tlic fear remain.-;, or slie .shows
serious after-effects, give a dose or two of the sixth dilution of aconite.
Aletl'is fariiiosa. For habitual abortion. Give five drops of the first
dilution twice a day during gestation.
Apis mel. Scanty urine with frequent urging to urinate. Constipation.
Give sixth or thirtieth dilution.
Arnica. From any mechanical injury, such as goring or any hurt, give ten
drops of the first, third or sixth dilution every two hours. Bathe the bruised
parts with a lotion of arnica tincture, one part to ten parts of liut watei'.
Asafoetida. If the cow is very nervously excitable at any time during
pregnancy give this remedy daily in the sixth dilution.
Cinchona. Give after abortion to check hemorrhage aiul to enal)le tlie animal
to recover from the debility caused by abortion. Ten-drop doses of the first or
third dilution.
Helonias. Very important in ca.ses of threatened abortion and for enlarged
uterus after abortion or parturition.
Opium. From great disturbance by fright give fre(pient doses of the thirtieth
dilution.
Pulsatilla. If the vulva is swollen and there is an intermittent red fiow give
the thirtieth dilution every two hours.
Rhus toxicodendron. If the animal is subject to rheumatism or has taken
cold in wet weather, subsequent to an injury, give the sixth or thirtieth dilution every
four houi-s.
Ruta. Give to habitual sHnkers, in alternation witii Saliina.
Sabina. For abortion at the third montli. For ivi)eateil early abortions, with
profuse discharges, use the thirtieth dilution.
Secale corniituni. For thin, scrawny, sickly-looking cows, both before and
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 301
after abortion, especially if there is violent straining, profuse flow and feeble pulse.
Frequent doses of the thirtieth dilution.
Sepia. This may prove useful in restoring where there is a tendency to
frequent abortion, especially with disorders of the mucous membranes. Give doses
once a day of the thirtieth dilution.
Sulphur. Give a dose of this remedy in the sixth or thirtieth dilution when
the system does not respond to any of the above remedies.
Vibiirniim opiiliis is also of great value for abortion and hemorrhage.
Viburuiini prunifolium. This is a very useful remedy, and may be given
as a preventive of abortion. Give once a day ten drops of the first or third dilution
at any stage of pregnancy. Many are in the habit of giving enormous doses of this
drug, a dram or more of the fluid extract daily, through the whole period of gestation,
but this is inexpedient. Do not make your animals dmg-sick with even a mild
remedy. Try the eflicacy of this remedy if you will in ten-drop doses of the tincture
or one-drop doses of the fluid extract, and also the first, third, sixth and thirtieth
dilutions. This will prove useful in hemorrhages after abortion.
FORMULA FOR TREATMENT OF ABORTION.
If your cow has aborted prepare one gallon of the Hyposulphite of Mercury
solution as directed under Germicides, then scrub the floor with the disinfectant, or
saturate the surface of the ground with the sohition. If the cow does not clean
readily give her ten drops, three times daily, of Pulsatilla, third dilution, mixed
with four times its bulk of water.
ITse the medicator and inject it upon the tongue if the cow does not drink it
in water. The placenta will probably come away early enough without mechanical
interference. If the medicine does not bring it away within three days it may be
carefully removed by the placenta forceps. When she comes in heat give her a
vaginal injection of hot water 130° Fahr. and follow with another of Hydrastis
Can., |- ounce ; Listerine, ^ ounce ; Water, 8 ounces. Mix. Keep the hind feet
elevated, and fill the vagina with the injection from an elastic syringe. When her
full time of heat is passed give her another vaginal injection.
Then give her three times daily until her next period, Sabina, third dilution, ten
drops of a mixture containing four times its bulk of water. If she comes in heat
regularly every twenty-one days you need not delay service with this treatment
more than three months, but let it be given as soon as the first symptom is observed.
The bull used should not be allowed to serve other than " sUnkers."
SPECIAL RULES RELATING TO ABORTION.
1. Remove from the herd at once a cow that shows any symptom of impending
abortion.
302 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
2. Quarantine all aborted cows and all threatening abortion (the t\vt> classes in
separate buildings) for one year or until ])roducing a healthy calf.
3. Employ special hands to attend each class of cows, and quarantine these
worlimen froin the rest of tJi£ herd.
4. Use no quack nostninis in treating such cows, but f(illt)W carefully the
directions given in this work.
5. If the afterbirth does not come away within three days let a skilful veterinary
carefully remove it. If a veterinary cannot be had, the herdsman, if he be intelligent,
may be able to do it. The arm and hand being well oiled with vaseline or almond
oil, introduce the liand and pass it gently forward to the womb. If the hand, or
even two fingers can be introduced within the M'omb, the adhering substance can
be gently separated by pressing the edge of the fingers along the inner wall and by
rotating the cord and membranes, remove it without any tearing or wounding of
the parts.
BARREN NKSS IN COWS.
Barrenness is doubtless most frequent as a sequel of abortion.
Inflammatory action within the litems or the small tubes which receive and
convey the ovides from the ovaries to the uterine cavity may result in producing
adhesions of the surfaces of the lining membrane, thereby making obstructions or
strictures which prevent either the semen or ovules from entering the organ, so that
a union of the male and female germs is impossible.
The only cure for such a condition is effectual dilatation of all the strictures.
Dr. A. D. Newell, of New Brunswick, N. J., has devoted much attention to the
study and surgical treatment of barrenness, and has treated several cases successfully.
I (piote from an article published by him in the Jerseij Bnllelin of February loth,
1885 :
" In almost every herd there are one or more cows that tlicir owners fail to get
with calf, even after the cow has calved once, and often using various bulls, large
and small, usually throwing the blame on the bull. I am of the opinion that it is
seldom the fault of the bull, but almost always the relative location of the male germ
and ovum in the cow. The male germ must meet the ovum beyond the osniteniuin
or conception will not take place. I will mention only two of the main causes and
opposite conditions of the cervic ■uteri, os tincte and os inter?! a in that I find prevent
conception. There are other minor causes. Conception cannot take place if either
of these two conditions e.xist. One is where the cei'vix uteri is patulous or relaxed
and lets out tlu; male germ and ovum before it makes vital connection with the
internal mucous membrane of the womb. The other is where the os tinea or the
OS internum is closed, or so small as not to admit the male germ to the womb easily,
and thus cannot reach the ovmn to impregnate it in the womb. The usual length
of the cervix of a cow is about one and a half inches. In a post-mortem examina-
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 303
tion of a cow killed for beef I found the cervix uteri full five inches long from os
tinccB to OS internum, a very unusual length. I have found quite a number that
measure three and four inches, and with the os intermim completely closed, some
with OS internum open and os tinccB closed. This great distance of ee7'vix uteri to os
i7iternu7n, and its firm closure, with open os ti7icce, has deceived me, and no doubt
others, the os tinooe often being easily opened with the finger, and the extra depth
of the cervix causing the operator to think he was through both sphincters and into
the womb.
TREATMENT OF CLOSUSE OF THE OS TINC.E AND OS INTERNUM.
" Extract of belladonna will relax the cervix ute7'i when the tube is pervious,
but no medicine will open the internal os when closed by a cicatrix caused by
abortion or the rupture and tear of the mucous membrane near the os internum at
natural calving.
" The whole mucous membrane that lines the womb is thrown off every time a
cow aborts or calves, except just at the internal neck. I believe this torn condition
of the membrane and its heahng causes this cicatrix and closure.
" The canal to the womb must be opened by mechanical means. The parts are
of a very delicate structure, and this must be done by very gradual easy dilators and
a day or two before the cow comes into heat.
" I have not been able to find any dilators or sponge tents that will answer the
purpose fully. The sponge tents were too soft, and gave before they could be got
inside.
" The instrument had to be used with one hand, and that in the vagina, and so
could not handle the instrument and at the same time keep the finger at the os tincce,
and thus prevent the instrument from catching into the folds and fossse, and could
not use gradual continuous pressure, and was uncertain when the canal was tortuous.
" To overcome these defects I made a metallic bougie two feet long, the end
of flexible metal that could be bent to any sweep by the end of the right forefinger
acting as a hve guide to the os tinccE. With an arrangement at the end out of the
v.agina I can make the flexible point sweep to any course, and at the same time keep
up a steady, continuous pressure at the obstractions.
" Some points are made of soft material, strengthened by internal broken joints
that adjust themselves to any course by a simple rotation, so that there is no danger
of wounding the canal. As soon as the canal is pervious I introduce sponge tents
to make the canal larger and remain open. •
" These tents should be made of tough sponge well saturated with gum-arabic
and bound tight over a steel knitting-needle, to be removed when dry.
" Many of the worst cases of barren cows can be made to breed."
The above-mentioned instruments, consisting of a soft metal stylet, and a hollow
304 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
flexible bougie, the doctor kindly sent to me for inspection. In the hands of a
skilful operator and with the use of properly prepared sponge tents, doubtless many
barren cows could be made to breed. But not until we have colleges which will
develop the genius for surgical skill that lies dormant in possible ve^rinary surgeons,
and a new order of surgical instrument-makers has been trained, can we look for many
cures of these internal deformities. Under the best conditions, with trained surgeons,
ingenious devices, rare instruments, and consummate skill in applying them, it may
be possible that bovine uterine surgery will yet become a popular art.
In all cases of barrenness arising from fimctional derangement the cure must be
sought by either sanitary or medicinal treatment, or both.
If all the conditions of healthful air, feed, exercise, warmtli, dryness and
sunlight are secured, and it is found that there is no stricture in the uterus or
Fallopian ducts, the breeder must resort to medicines.
We have much to learn in this department of medication, but will offer to
suggest a few remedies for investigation.
Aleteis faeinosa ; Damiana ; Lachesis ; Pulsatilla ; Ruta geaveolens ;
Sabina ; Secale coenutum ; Sepia ; Ustilago maydis ; Vibuenum opulus ; Vibue-
NUM PEUNiFOLiuM, and Xanthoxylum.
Use only oneremedij at a time. Give Aletris, Damiana and the Viburnums in
the mother tincture, from one to three droj)s daily, as uterine stimulants.
Give Xanthoxylum where the animal does not come into heat, using live drops
of \\\&fivst or third dilution.
Give Sabina, 30, where you suspect abortion in the first to the thinl month.
Give Secale, 30, and Ustilago, 30, in lean, scrawny, sickly animals.
Give Ruta, 30, in all cases where you suspect a tendency to a persistent habit of
abortion.
Give Lachesis, 30, and Sepia, 30, for fetid vaginal discharges or suspected
diseases of the mucous membranes. Always mix the medicine in a little water, and
insert it in the mouth of the cow by the injector, if she will not drink water.
A cow that is barren from an enormous accumulation of fat may perchance
become fruitful by reducing her to the condition of flesh requisite in a milking
animal. This may be accomplished by abundant exercise and suitable feeding with
hay and straw.
PEOLAPSUS rXEEI — EXTEUSION OK THE WOMB.
This is a displacement wliich is sometimes very troublesome, and unices properly
treated may cause the death of the animal or become a chronic ailment.
It most frequently occurs in an aggravated form in those cows having a badly
formed rump. The ligaments of the utenis, from various causes, become relaxed or
stretched, the vagina loses its elasticity, and the uterus during gestation almost
^4
«ei
m^]
LA FINANCIERE 11 970.
AT 8 YEAHS OLD.
Orey King Type.
FAIRVIEW HEED.
G. AND H. B. Cromwell, New Dorp, P. O. Staten Island, N. Y.
JERSEY CATTLE IiY AMERICA. 305
protrudes from the vulva. Parturition may be passed safely and the uterus completely
extruded within a few hours afterward.
The uterus should always be immediately returned liy a hand and arm Avell
anointed with vaseline and pressed forward to its place.
The cow should stand with the hips elevated. Hot-water injections at 130°
should be given once a day, cleaning out the vagina, while the discharge lasts.
Several quarts may be used each time.
The cow should receive internal medical treatment for several months, and
ought not to be admitted to service again within nine months.
REMEDIES.
Calc. carb. For general ilabbiness and relaxed condition. One dose daily of
the thirtieth dilution.
Coiiiuiu iiiaculatiim. Chronic enlargement and hardening of the womb.
Helonias dioica. A very important remedy for chronic jyrolapsus uteri,
with enlarged uterus. Give the thirtieth dilution, a dose of ten drops once a day.
Nux vomica. Constipation, or alternate diarrhoea and constipation accom-
panying the conditions. Use, as above, the thirtieth dilution, to give tone to the
uterus.
Tabaciim. Excessive relaxation of the whole system ; it seems impossible
to keej) the organs in place. Use one dose daily of the thirtieth dilution, and apply
a bandage or truss if necessary.
Viburnum prun. Chronic hemorrhage from womb.
H.EMATURIA REDWATER BLACKWATEE.
Bloody urine is coinmon among cattle in certain localities where the land is wet
and the pasture poor, and is especially prevalent in rainy seasons with animals that
are badly nourished. It is characterized by an impoverished condition of the
system.
The disease may also be caused by eating many plants that have an inflammatory
action upon the kidneys and bladder.
Oftentimes inflammatory action with this condition of urine may result from a
mechanical injury, by sprain or by blows, or various other causes.
Acute Redwater is always an inflammatory condition of the kidneys resulting
from one of the above-named causes.
Chi'onic Redwater, a still more common disease, is characterized by inflam-
mation of the kidneys, and is more difiicult to remedy.
Acute Redwater may result from injury or neglect during calving, or bad results
following delivery.
It occurs rarely on well-drained lands with well-fed cattle.,
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERKJA.
SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE KEDWATEK.
Fever ; rapid breathing ; cold ears, feet and legs ; dry, hot n)uzzle ; tenderness
over loins ; loss of appetite and end ; bent back : straining to discharge urine, which
is very scanty or bloody.
There is at lirst a bloody diarrhoea or dysentery, afterward obstinate constipation
of the bowels and pure bloody discharge from the bladder, which gradually becomes
darker or c^uite black, and may become fetid because of gangrene of the i)arts.
SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC EEDWATER.
Jaundice; languor; collapsed belly; animals want to be alone; the ears are
cold and drooping ; eye turgid and yellow ; quick pulse ; diarrhosa, followed by
constipation ; emaciation ; urine at first yellow-brown, then red, dark brown, and
finally black ; the discharge is by a fine stream, but copious, with or without
straining; milk brown-yellow and lessened, with bad flavor. Sudden remissions and
recurrences may continue for months.
TREATMENT.
Remove the animal to dry, comfortable qiiai-ters, and give gnod rations,
accompanied with linseed gruel, three times daily.
Arsenicvim. In advanced stages with fetid diarrlnea.
Camphor. For chilliness and prostration give drop doses of the third dilution
every hour.
Cannabis sativa. For bright, bloody discharges of urine use drop doses of
the third dilution every hour.
Cantharis. Terrible straining, with bloody urine.
Terebinth. Bloody urine. Third dilution, one drop every two hours.
TREATMENT OF DIFFICULT I'ARTUKITION.
The too-long-continued pains, the convulsive violence of the efforts, the
straining after delivery, excessive hemorrhage, and any otlier irregularities call for
medical treatment.
Pulsatilla. When the pains are slow in developing, or there is fear of a
mal-preseutation in the first stage of parturition, give ten-drop doses of the third,
sixth or thirtieth dilution every hour to facilitate delivery. It is always safe and
often greatly aids delivery.
Chanioniilla. If the animal is irritable because of the pains and the labor is
very slow, give, after Pulsatilla, a dose of the thirtieth dilution.
Opium. If the jJains are very sluggish or cease for very long intervals
give the sixth dilution.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 3U7
Vibvirnum prviiiifoliuin. For lack of tone in the ntenis, or for
hemorrhage resulting tlierefroni, give five-drop doses of the tinctnre every
three hours.
Vibiirmiin opulus. Tliis may be preferred by many to the above.
Secale coriiut. Tlie paius are accompanied with excessive straining. Or
the pains are intense with straining after the placenta has been several honi-s
delivered (after-pains). Give doses of the thirtieth dilution after each pain.
Pulsatilla and Secale in the thirtieth dilution promote delivery of the
afterljirth. Any serious delay in the delivery of the calf nr of the placenta requires
manual interference, which should be given with the utmost care and gentleness.
If the womb is inverted or extruded from the vulva it should be very gently
returned with a well-oiled hand. The cow sliould be kept standing for many
hours or a supporting bandage applied. Doses of arnica should be always
administered after parturition, ten drops of the third dilution every three hours,
and if the vulva has been bruised or lacerated lotions of arnica should he applied
to the parts. Sixteen parts of hot water to one part arnica tincture.
Helonias. This remedy should follow arnica for extrusion or falling of the
womb. Use the third or sixth dilution.
COLOSTRUM Al>0rlj;XV '• MILK FEVKK.
If the COW has beeu properly fed and not too fat, and the digestive organs are
in full health and free from constipation and flatulence, and care is given to protect
from taking cold, she is not liable to colostrum fever or apoplexy.
"Watch the pulse by placing the finger on the temporal artery near the outer
angle of the eye, or by applying the hand to the left side of the chest beneath and
behind the elbow. The normal pulse of the cow may vary from thirty-five to forty-
two beats a minute. If the pulse rises rapidly to fifty or sixty beats there is much
constitutional disturbance; if it rises to ninety or one hundred beats the case
indicates peril. Apply the fever themiometer to the rectum ; if the temperatiire is
101|° or 102° there is no danger, but if it suddenly rises, and the rise is progressive,
tlie danger increases with each degree and fraction of a degree. The udder should
be relieved of its colostrum after the calf has sucked, by a thorough stripping.
noT-WATKR TKEAT>[ENT.
If the udder is hard and swollen it should be immersed in a bag containing
hot water at a temperature of 125°. Hot water should be applied to the crown and
najie of the neck and the spine by saturated sponges or cloths at a tenqierature
(jf 140° or as hot as can be used.
308 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
I>KV t'ALoUK' TKKAniKNT.
The following is coiiiiminicated for this work l>v ]\Ir. F. Looser, New York,
who translated it from the German :
"The W&noycY Agriculhiral Gazette contains tlie followinf^ article rc<rar(ling
the treatment of milk fever from Mr. von Rhedn :
" 'A few days ago, in one of my stables one of my hest cows was taken with
Tuilk fever, a violent and apjjarently hopeless case. I called veterinarj' Meinberg
(Tr()nau. He ordered treatment used by a veterinary with success in Baden, and
pulilished in the Veterinary Journal.
" ' The cow was covered with a woollen blanket, and a common smoothing-iron
lieated very hot was passed along tiie s])ine, and repeated continuously at the
highest degree of heat, from lo a.m. until s p.m.. when the cow arose and com-
menced to eat.
" ' During the niglit, in spite of the constant use of the iron, a relapse occurred,
but the persistent use of the treatment was successful in the recovery of the cow.
" ' The success is explained by the supposition that there is a collection of fluid
along the spine, and that this excess of fluid is dissipated by the heat. The woollen
blanket is essential to protect the cow from injury. Veterinary Gronau treated four
cases successfully. The Baden veterinary claims a recovery of three fourths of all
cases thus treated.' "
MKDICAL TREATMENT.
Aconite. If the cow is an extraordinary milker watch her closely ; if she
refuses food, the horns become hot, the muzzle dry and hot, and the pulse increases,
continue to apply the hot water to the head and the udder, and give Aconite
every fifteen minutes, five dro]>s of the sixth dilution.
Aininoiiiuiii causticuin. If the rumen becomes distended and the
breathing diflicult, the pulse weakens, and the cow seems in pain, give this remedy,
ten drops every fifteen minutes until the swelling subsides. Use the first watery
dilution.
Belladoiiua. If the cow seems wild or furious and tlie j)ii])i]s (iiiate give
ten drops of the sixth dilution every fifteen minutes.
Gelseniiuui. If the pupils are widely dilated, so tliat the animal cannot see,
and the eyes are bloodshot, give every ten minutes a dose of the third dilution. Tiie
medicine is to lie administered in a spoonful of water without elevating the cow's
head too high, for fear of strangling.
Arsenicum. In the drowsy stage ; insensible to pain ; glassy eyes ;
open mouth ; inability to hold up the head. Give a dose of the thirtieth dilution
everj' fifteen minutes. In all cases if decided imi)rovement follows a dose lengthen
the time of administering medicines.
JERt<EY CATTLE IN AMERICA. :509
Khus toxicocleiidroii. For a total suppression of the lochia, or discharge
from vulva, or for signs of paralysis of back and legs, give frequent doses of the
sixth or thirtieth of this valuable remedy. It should restore the discharge in a little
while. If the discharge afterward lasts too long, and becomes offensive and
ichorous, or bloody, give the Rhus again.
Nux vomica. If the fever has subsided, and the cow lies comparatively at
ease, but with loss of muscular power, give a dose of the sixth dilution in water every
four hours.
SPECIAL DIRECTIONS.
The cow should be treated in a well-bedded box-stall, with abundance of fresh
air of the right temperature. If in the iirst stages the fever and temperature
threaten to reach a high figure the cow should be enveloped in a rubber lilanket
and wet with water at 102°, or the normal temperature, while water at liO° is
applied to the head and also to the udder.
All excretions should be removed at once.
The temperature of the stable should be kept at about (')5°.
The udder should be milked out every four hours.
If the cow cannot pass urine the catheter must be used every six hoiirs.
Her head should be supported with bundles of clean straw.
In no case should she be allowed to get cast or to lie extended with the legs
stretched out ; but she should be placed in such position as to favor easy respiration.
The water if used as directed at the right temperature will greatly assist in
allaying congestion, restoring a normal circulation, and abating the fever. Especially
excellent is the apphcation of hot water to the head and neck in conjunction with
such remedies as Aconite^ Gelsemium and Rhus. Hot injections will sometimes
prove useful.
MILK DISEASES — KED MILK.
Galactohfemia is an imperfect secretion wherein milk or colostrum and a red
secretion are commingled. From some defect in the udder, or from a diseased
condition resulting from over-stimulation by improper food, the secretion becomes
imperfect and the organs are unable to secrete milk liy \\\q proper transformation
of the blood.
It is the theory of some physiologists that food which is radically deficient in
potash may be a cause of the disorder. The cow should always be well fed on the
most wholesome food in order to avoid the development of this disease. When the
disease occurs put her on a diet of good clover or cow-pea hay, cut and moistened,
and give with it twice a day one quart of rye bran and one pint of linseed-cake meal,
or pea or bean meal.
.IKRSK y (A TTL K J\ . 1 J//.' A' / < '
MEUICAI, TKKA-IMKNT.
Argeiltuiu ilitricuiii. The calf does nut thrive or refuses tlie milk.
• Asafoetida. Dt-ticieiicv uf milk with over-seusitiveness.
Borax veiieta. ililk curdles soon after being drawn, tastes badly or has an
offensive odt)r. Give tliird to sixth dilution three times a day.
Calcarea carbonica. Deficient or very scanty milk, with a distended
udder.
Calcarea pliosphorica. ililk tastes saltish ; milk acid, thin, watery,
neutral ; udder sore to the touch ; teats sore on pressure.
Causticuiu. Milk almost disappears from fatigue after long driving. Sixth
dilution.
Cheliduuium. Milk diminished.
Cinchona. Debility from excessive flow of milk. Third dilution.
Dulcamara. Sui)pres8ed milk from taking cold.
Ferri phosplioricum. Debility ; want of appetite ; cough.
Ignatia. Milk sujipressed ; homesickness; lowing for loss of calf. Third
dilution.
Kali hydriodiciini. Bloody milk, witli wasting or diminishing of the
udder. Third dilution.
Kali carboiiicum. Give ten dn>])s three times daily of the first dilution
in the water drank, as long as the milk is bloody in appearance.
Lachesis. Milk thin and blue. Thirtieth dilution.
Millefolinni. Total suppression of milk. Drop doses of the mother
tincture.
Phosphoric acid. Scanty milk, with apathy and great duluess ; debility
from excessive milking. Give drop doses thrice daily in the water drank.
Phytolacca. Stringy milk ; offensive odor in milk. Always give in garget
or threatened garget. Give first or thii-d dilution three times a day, ten drops.
Pulsatilla. Sudden sup|>ressi(iii of milk. Sixth dilution.
Urtica urens. Entire want of secretion of milk after j)arturition.
Constijjation is a term applied to a loss of ])ower in the intestines by which the
stools are difficult, or altogether obstructed.
The dung may become dry, hardened or impacted, or it may lie soft and
adhesive.
Among the sources of constipation in cattle is a diseased condition of the
intestine caused by poisoning or frequent irritation by the use of "' cathartic" drugs.
One dose is sometimes a sufficient cause to induce the habit.
JERSEY CATTLE IN jUfERICA. 311
Constipation may be habitual in an animal of feeble constitution. It may occur
as a result of many acute diseases. It is frequently caused by improper feeding, as
giving dry rations of woody bay, or in the reaction after an excess of laxative food.
It may be induced from imjjure air in a close, dark stable, from insufficient exercise,
or from any cause that impairs tlie nervous force of the animal. Cows are especially
prone to constipation in the last month of gestation. This should be avoided, as it
is one of the conditions tending to produce apoplexy in the colostmm period, or the
three days after calving. Give a sufficient amount of laxative food, such as sweet
grass or green forage plants or cabbages, carrots and sugar beets, and linseed meal.
MEDICINES FOE CONSTIPATION.
Aconite. Dryness of the nose ; much thirst ; constant restlessness, especially
if the animal has had a fright. Dose, ten drops of thirtieth dilution.
Alumina. Great straining, with soft adhesive stool ; torpor of the rectum.
Belladonna. Congestion to the head ; injected eyes ; intolerance of noise
and light. In acute diseases. Dose, ten drops of thirtieth dilution.
Bryonia. Stools dark, dry and hard ; much thirst. Especially if the animal
is lame or dreads to move because of soreness of any part, or in rheumatism or simple
fever. Dose, ten drops of the sixth or thirtieth dilution.
Lycopocliuin. Great gurgling of wind in the bowels. The thirtieth dilution.
Nux vomica. After use of cathartics ; alternate constipation and diarrhoea.
Opium. Stools very small, hard and black ; general torpor of the system.
Use the thirtieth or two hundredth dilution.
Plumbum acet. Stools compacted like sheep's dung, accompanied with
violent colic pains. Use the two hundredth dilution.
Pulsatilla. Obstinate constipation after a severe attack of diarrhcea,
especially in calves.
Ratanhia. Most obstinate and k>ng-continued constipation. Use the sixth
dilution.
Selenium. Stool so large and hard that it has to be removed by mechanical
aid ; shreds of mucus that look like hair in stool.
Sepia. Terrible straining ; stool covered with mucus. Especially in calves
or for cows in last month of gestation. Thirtieth dilution.
Silicea. The stool is lumpy and requires a number of severe efforts before it
can be expelled. Thirtieth dilution once a day.
Suljjliur. In all cases where other remedies fail to act give once a day a
dose of the thirtieth dilution.
Zinc. Stools remarkably dry, hard and insufficient.
It may sometimes be found necessary to remove fecal matter by a small scoop
or by the introduction of the hand, well oiled. Or an injection of warm water and
312 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIifrA.
may be thrown well into the rectum by a. long flexible tube attached to the
syringe. But it is best to so care for the health of all animals that such severe cases
of constipation shall never occur. "With a sufficient knowledge of feeding and by
avoiding the old-fashioned cruel dosing it will be rare to meet with a severe case of
constipation. Nothing more laxative than a little boiled flaxseed should ever be
allowed in the treatment of cattle, and that with caution. Use carrots and other
roots when they are in season.
The drugs for constipation are given in minute doses and ;it long intervals.
They induce reaction by gently stimulating those portions of the nervous and
muscular sj-stemsthat are impaired or hulking in tone.
Extreme care, guided by knowledge and experience, with good judgment and
])rompt decision, are necessary factors in a good stock feeder. If. added to this, he
can gain a fair knowledge of drugs and their use as cures he becomes well fitted to
be the friend of good animals.
KHEUMATISXI.
Ulienraatism is a disease wliicli attacks cattle more frecpieiitly tlian other
domestic animals. The malady arises from malarial blood-poisoning in conjunction
with a cold, moist atmosphere, or cold basement stables. The conditions are
identical with those of the same disease in the human subject. A pei-son who
perspii'es easily and lives in a damp dwelling will scarcely escape rheumatism in
some form. To prevent the disease is better than to try its cure. To guard against
rheumatism in choice Jerseys, have only dry stables above groiind. A barn with a
basement will do more annual damage to a good herd, liy causing rheumatism and
other maladies, than it would cost to l)uild an cxjx'nsive sanitary stal)le.
Cn.\KA(TKK AND SVMI'TOMS.
Rheumatism irritates and inflames the joints, muscles, tendons, sheaths of
nerves, and particularly the heart and heart-sac and pleura. It is ])aiiitul in tlie
highest degree, and may attack the healthiest animals, and become clironic. It
is commoTdy of the chronic form in cattle, owing chiefly to lack of proper care and
right treatment. In the acute form it may prove speedily fatal, especially if it
attacks the heart. In acute rheumatism the animal is very restless, loses apjietite,
has dry skin, constipation, and apparent stiff'ness of joints and muscles.
The force of tlie disease may be cxjicndcd chiefly upon one joint, with more or
less painful swelling. The disease may move to other joints and muscles or
suddenly change from part to part. This sudden transition from one part to another
is characteristic of acute rheumatism.
Chronic rheumatism causes extensive structural changes in one or more joints,
and sometimes causes abscesses, espe(;ially in the knee, wlu'n the joint may become
enormously enlarged.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
TREATMENT.
Aconite. Very useful in the acute form when there is much fever and
soreness, especially if the disease is ushered in by shivering with great disturbance of
the pulse. Give five drops of the third dilution every two hours until improvement
begins.
Amnion, plios. Pain in the joints and spine, with great nervous irri-
tability.
Give drop doses in water every four hours.
Arsenicum. Where there is great debility, with anxiety and restlessness,
especially at night, and -when hot applications relieve ; ^/y>/We ^fz-s/^-iVa^^OT*, and
change to the heart. Use the third, thirtieth or two hundredth dilution.
Belladonna. High fever, hot, dry skin, and extreme soreness to the touch.
Use the third to thirtieth dilutions.
Bryonia. Pain that is continually worse from the slightest motion ; pains
affect the legs, shoiilders and ribs ; thirst ; stools very dry ; breathing short ;
urine very red ; great dread of tnomng. Use the third or thirtieth dilution in
frequent doses. A very valuable remedy.
Coniocladia. Great languor ; painful swellings. Sixth dilution.
Cimicifnga. Very important for pains in the side and chest, as well as in all
the joints. Use the first, third or thirtieth dilution.
Calcarea carb. Useful, and is needed in chronic rheumatism of the joints.
Calcarea phosph. Needful to complete a cure after other remedies
have failed.
Chamomilla. Muscular pains, with great irritability of disposition, and
especially to restore tlie milk which is usually suppressed in cows. Give the thirtieth
dilution.
Gelsemiiim. Often a great relief for the severe i}ains at night, for partial
paralysis, or great loss of muscular power ; rheumatism of the legs, with great
weakness, and little fever.
Give the first, third or thirtieth dilution, ten drops three times daily.
Phytolacca. C!hronic rheumatism in damp weather; swollen glands,
bone pains worse at night. Give the first or third dilution, three times daily, in
ten-drop doses.
Rhus tox. Pains caused by wet weather or damp stables or from
straining or injuries ; the pains are worse during rest or when first beginning to
move ; better from exercise, warmth, external applications. There is always great
la/tiguor and excessive restlessness.
Give the sixth or thirtieth dilution, in ten-drop doses.
Rhododendron. Bone pains in stormy weather.
314 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
liiita. Pains in spine and legs.
Silieetl. Chronic swelling of the joints and for abscesses or diseases of the
bones in old cases. Give the thirtieth dilution once a day.
Spigelia. Inflannuation of the heart and heart-sac.
In all cases the animal should be put into a dry, warm stable and have extraor-
dinary care. The food should be very light until recovery is complete.
HOOVE — TVMl'ANITIS.
Ainmoniuin causticuiu. Violent spasms of the stomach ; difficult
swallowing; panting breatliing; violent trembling; rapid pulse; sudden starting.
Give from five to ten drops of the watery solution in half a ])int of water every
fifteen minutes until reUef is produced.
Ill all cases use JmI injections at 140° Fahr.
From two to eight quarts of hot water may be gently injected, using an elastic
syringe with a long flexible tube, to be passed into the rectum. This will speedily
allay the pain and inflammation.
Colcliicuin. Swelling and puffiness of the belly ; alternate heat and coldness ;
scanty, red urine ; stool very hard and dry or loose, with mucus and blood, preceded
by severe colic pains. Uneasy, constantly changing position ; pawing the ground ;
stamping the hind feet ; lies down and gets up, turns from side to side ; the hair
stands on end ; great distress when the animal attempts to iirinate ; tender to the
touch ; full of wind ; great distention. Give ten drops of the first or third dilution
every fifteen minutes.
Colocynth. Paroxysms of violent colic every half liour or at sliorter
intervals. Loose, thin stools.
Give the sixth dilution, ten drops at each paroxysm.
Hyposulphite of Soda. Give first trituration for fermentation of food
in stomach.
Lycopodiuni. Weak stomacli ; animal has fre(pient attacks of indigestion;
great rumbling and rolling of wind in the bowels. Give a dose of ten drops of the
thirtieth dilution every half hour in acute cases, and once a day for chronic
indigestion. This remedy should cause fiatulence to be discharged freely.
Niix vomica. Give during last stages or for chronic indigestion, especially
if the animal has had cruel treatment by excessive dosing with violent medicines.
One dose a day at night of the third, sixth or thirtieth dilution.
When remedies fail to relieve the lioove, and the rumen remains inflated or the
tympanitis increases, a trocar and canula must be inserted, after making a small cut
through the skin, and penetrate to the interior of the rumen and allow the gas to
escape. The opening slioidd be made midway between the last rib and the hi]),
and about nine inches below the transverse lumbar bones.
JERStJY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 315
ACCLIMATION FEVKK.
Aconite. Simple fever ; restlessness ; thirst ; timidity. A dose of the thirtieth
dilution daily.
Nux vomica. Depraved, fastidions or capricions appetite, with constipation.
SUN-STROKE.
Glonoine. If a cow seems dizzy or falls off in her milk, or stops her cud after
being a few hours exposed to the sun in very sultry weather, there is danger of
great injury. She should be treated precisely as for sun-stroke in the human subject,
by applying, every five or ten minutes, to the crown and neck sponges saturated
with water at from 130° to 140° temperature, and a dose of Glonoine, thirtieth dilution,
every fifteen minutes until all signs of danger are passed.
Pliytolacca. Udder distended, hard and hot. Give every two or three
houivs ten drojjs of the first, thii-d, or sixth dilution in a little water. Wash the bag
with a lotion of hot water and Phytolacca, using one teaspoonful of the tincture to a
pint of water. After bathing the udder for ten or fifteen minutes with gentle
friction and manipulation of the milk -glands, immerse the whole udder in hot water
(125°) by means of a rubber bag. The process of bathing and immersing should
be repeated several times a day until the udder recovers a normal condition.
Milk -tubes may be used to advantage in some cases.
SORE TEATS.
Arnica. The teats have been scratched or bruised. Give the first dilution
internally and a weak lotion externally. Milking tubes may be necessary.
Cliauioniilla. The teats are inflamed and very tender ; hard, knotty tumors
in the udder. Give a dose of the sixth dilution three or more times a day.
Hydrastis. Ulcers on the teats which will not heal. Use the sixth dilution
internalh', and for a lotion one part of Hydrastis tincture to a hundred parts warm
(102°) water. Apply three or more times daily, and follow with Vaseline.
WARTS ON TEATS.
Thviya. Give a dose of the sixth or thirtieth dilution daily. Apply a lotion
of one part Thuya tincture to sixteen parts warm (102°)water daily. Always give
Thuya internally for warts, and continue the remedy for six weeks, one dose daily.
If the warts do not disappear they may be carefully touched with chromic acid or
with nitric acid, using the point of a small wooden toothpick, always taking care
that the teat is covered by slipping a piece of kid leather over the wart. The warts
316 JEliSJ-JY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
may also be destroyed by applying a concentrated solution of wood jifili lye in tli
same way. Always nse the Thuya internally, however.
Ol. Kiciui. Castor Oil a])plie(l externally twice a day is often I'tlVctivc.
Owing to the artiticial inetliod.s wliicli ol)tain in tlie rearing of (mIvcs it will
readily be seen that there arc many causes for indigestion. From tlie use of
artiticially prepared food and the too rapid swallowing, and the numerous incidental
changes that accrue, disordered assimilation and indigestion may de])end uj)on,
1. Insufficient or altered saliva ; 2. Belident action of the gastric juice ; 3. De-
ficient action of ths pancreatic juice ; 4. Dixonlered liver; 5. Dejieient art ion of
the intestinal juice ; 6. JVervoiis irrittifioii ; 7. Altered Mood supply.
I'KKVKNlIoN Ol- IXDKJESTIOX IN CAI.VKS.
It is of the highest importance tliat the digestive organs of the young Jersey
should always remain in the normal state of perfect healtli.
The breeder, to be successful in the management of his young stock, cannot
neglect tliis j)oint without suffering disastrous conseipiences, in the loss of his most
valuable animals and the deterioration in <piality and vigor of his whole herd.
The powers of digestion and assimilation must have their fidl development in
the young calf through good management. Serious diseases, accruing from
carelessness and ignorance, will surely follow even slight neglect.
Milk, according to the eminent cliemist, E. Duclaux, is oidy assimilati'd by
animals after it has received treatment by two ferments — rennet and cukiu-^i .
This noted chemist has not only di-monstrated this proposition by numerous
experiments, but practical breeders and others have shown that calves may l)e kept
from indigestion, and the violent diseases resulting therefrom, by the punctual
addition of a small (puuitity of prepared rennet after the milk has been warmed for
feeding. It is well to liave some arrangements by wliicli the calf will be compelled
to drink the milk slowly, so as to mix it with the secretions of the mouth.
For this purpose an artificial teat, made of rubber, and attached to a Moodi'U
float, is placed upon the surface of the milk, and tlie calf sucks tlie fluid at leisure.
It is necessary, however, to pay strict attentii )n to the cleansing of this instrument,
by washing and scalding, after each feeding.
The calf must also be placed in a very dry, well-ventilated stall, ])rovi(]ed
with plenty of soft bedding and an abundant adudssion of sunliglit. If all tliese
retpiirements are met and steadfastly followed by all Jersey breeders the results
will be of immense beneflt to every one of them, and the Jersey interest in America
will be greatly promoted and rendered highly remunerative.
With tlie above treatment of the milk, calves will require full rations, according
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 317
to size and rapidity of growth. But if from climatic or other unknown causes
gastric disorders appear, diminish the ration from one half to two thirds, and give,
in addition to the rennet, the medicines prescribed for indigestion, constipation or
diarrhoea, according to the indications given in those sections of this work relating
thereto. In addition to the foregoing, let it be remembered that calves require the
free use of soft, pure water to quench thirst, and this must be amply provided for
them, and always at a temperature of about from 65° to 70° Fahr.
In addition to the former simple preparation of rennet I would suggest that a
preparation be made which can be used in the form of a powder, making a permanent,
long-keeping article, which may be styled Lacto-Rennetine.
FOEMTJLA..
Pui-e milk sugar 40 ounces.
Pure rennet 10 ounces.
Pancreatine 5 ounces.
Ptyalin 4 drachms.
Lactic acid 5 iluid drachms.
Hydrochloric acid 6 iluid drachms.
I believe that such a preparation, if made of pure articles, would excel, in
beneficial effects, the rennet alone, and produce always uniform resiilts.
DIAEEHCEA IN CALVES.
Aconite. Stool bloody, slimy, mucus, small, frequent ; worse after exposure
to cold, dry winds ; after fright ; after being overheated ; after getting wet in rain ;
in simimer after cool nights ; restlessness ; great thirst ; dry heat ; quick pulse. Dose
of sixth dilution after each stool.
Aloe. Involuntary stools after feeding ; pain in stomach ; loud gurgling in
the belly, like water running out of a bottle. Sixth dilution.
Arsenicvim. Stool thin, watery, frequent, scanty ; worse after feeding with
cold milk; great restlessness ; great thirst ; weakness; emaciation ; raj^id exhaustion.
Thirtieth dilution.
Baptisia. Stool of pure blood ; low states ; fevers. Tincture, five drops.
Benzoic acid. Stool watery and white ; copious ; very offensive and pungent
odor ; urine dark colored, and very strong smelling.
Bryonia. Undigested stools; aggravated by warm water and by moving
about. Desire to be quiet.
CamiJhor. Stools involuntary ; attack very sudden ; worse from hot sun ;
sudden collapse,^ with coldness of the whole body. Use first or third dilution.
318 .HJIiSHV (ATTIJ-: IS AMFJIKA.
Capsicum. Stool of U-nacions miiciis. friMjiioiit, sin;i!l : worsu after
feeding, with cutting colic- ; difficult uriiiatiou ; .-shivering after drinking.
Carbo vegetabilis. Stools thin, frequent, putrid; worse from cold milk
or cold water ; flatulent distention of the belly ; coldness ; collapse.
Chamoiiiilla. Stools hot, small, frequent, with smell like rotten egg.s ;
worse from taking cold ; colic.
Ciiiclioiia. Undigested stools; fre(juent, involuntary, painless ; worse after
feeding ; colic from gas in belly ; distention of the belly ; great weakness ; sweating.
Cilia. Diarrluea, with pin-worms.
Cistiis. Thin, hot, squirting .stools.
Colcliicuni. Stools watery or mixed with white mucus ; ))rofuse : worse in
hot, moist weather; straining; colic; <listenti(in of the belly with gas ; weakness;
prostration.
Cotoill. Where Arsenicum temporarily rt'lieves ; persistent chronic diarrluea.
Colocyiith. Frothy, liquid stools; sour, putrid, musty; worse from cold
milk. CitttltKj, violvtif n,r,i\ irlurl, nial-en the anirrMl helloio loith pain. Give
frequent do.ses of the third or si.xth dilution until colic is relieved. Use injections
of hot water at 13(1°.
Crotoii tigliuin. Watery stool, coniiiii/ nuf lil:e a, xhot ; womc qftfr
drinking cohl in'tU-. Better from a moderate (piantity of hot milk at from 120° to
130°. Colic, with writhing pains ; sorene.-^s of the intestines. Add rennet to milk
at time of feeding.
Dioscorea. Watery stools ; profuse ; violent, twisting colic, occurring in
regular paro.wsms with remissions; colic relieved by pressure on the l)elly, by
walking, and by rubbing. Use injections per rectum at 130°.
Ilainainelis. Stool of pure blood. Tincture, five drops.
Ilepar sulpli. Whitish, .sour-smelling stools ; painless; indigestion ; chronic
diarrhea. Use the si.xth or thirtieth dilutit)n. A grand remedy. Add a little
rennet before feeding the milk.
Lycopodium. Stools thin, fetid, j^ainless ; worse after a feed of milk ; the
l)elly fills with gas from very little food ; rimibling of wind in the belly ; weakness,
emaciation, prostration.
Nux vomica. Stools thin or bloody, alternating with constipation ; woi-se
from too much drugs ; urging and straining constant ; colic and gri])ing; much gas
in belly ; emaciation.
Opium. Offensive, involuntary stools; worse from fright or any excitement.
Use third or sixth dilution.
Phosphoric acid. AVhite, watery diarrheea, painless. Dilute acid, one
tenth in water. Add a little rennet to the warm milk.
Podophyllum. Profuse, frequent, gushing stools.
JERSEY CATTLE IN' A3IERICA. 319
Pulsatilla. Stools ii^jtcr;/, ijrriiiisJi, yelhw or venj rhaiojiiilil,' ; vertj
frequent; loss of appetite ; emaciation ; c/u'//i/)esN ; worse at night ; worse from,
poor milk y jjaiiiful, I'uinbling flatulence.
Sepia. Worse from boiled milk ; rapid exliaTistion ; clironic diarrliosa.
Silicea. Li(^nid, slimy, frothy stools ; worse from exposure to cold air ;
better from warmth ; milk not digested ; hard, hot, distended helly ; emaciation.
Sotlse hyposiilph. For fermented stools give the first trituration.
Sulphur. Watery, undigested stools ; changeable, frothy, sour, fetid.
Expulsion sudden or involuntary ; worse in tlie early morning ; worse after a feed
of milk ; colic ; straining ; should be givini when other remedies fail to produce
their usual effects. Give doses of the thirtieth dilution in a little water.
Thuya. Stool forcibly expelled ; copious ; gurgling, like water from a
bunghole ; worse after feeding ; rapid exhaustion ; rapid emaciation.
Veratruni album. Stools frequent, profuse, thin ; worse at night in hot
weather ; preceded hy pinching colic ; great sinking and weakness ; skin cold ;
prostration ; collapse.
Calves should be put upon a smaller allowance of milk as soon as indigestion
or diarrhoea is indicated. The milk slwuld always he sweet, the feeding vessels
scoured, rinsed, scalded, rinsed again, and dried in the sun. If colic occurs the
animal should be fed but very lightly twice a day. Every effort should be made to
bring the calf back to good health as soon as possible. As soon as the first signs of
diarrhoea occur a dose of sulphur (sixth dilution) may be given, unless the symptoms
indicate some other remedy, and a raw egg may be beaten and mixed with the milk.
If the case of any calf seems desperate do not give it up till every effort fails. If
there is violent colic and collapse apply hot-water bottles to the belly, legs and back.
Rub the belly with a roller and give the remedies as described above as long as the
calf will swallow. You will probably save the calf by such persistent effort and
careful nursing, with the medicines given as directed. Keep the calf blanketed in
cold weather.
SELF-ABUSE IX THE BULL- — SPEEMATOREHtEA.
This bad habit of self -abuse in bulls is very common, and the results are disastrous
to the breeder. The conditions are owing to an excessive irritability of the seminal
vesicles, or to a general disorder of the sexual system.
Among the causes of this form of spermatori'luEa are too early service ; excessive
service ; solitude in dark stable ; insufficient daily exercise in the open air ; worms
in the intestines or rectum. The animal becomes so excitable that the sight of
another animal or the presence of a human being causes a siidden effort and an
ejaculation. Such a frequent drain from the system of this important vital secretion
soon produces a change of character in the animal. If he does not become speedily
JERSEY CATTLE JX AMEliK
impotent he is an uncertain sender and slow, his disposition heeonies eitlier very
sluggish or very des])erately ugly and tierce, and his j)rogeny are necessarily
inferior. He becomes susceptible to acute and fatal diseases, and sooner or later
becomes permanently impotent.
TREATMENT.
Avoid all causes of self-alnise, and stop the cause that induces it as soon as it can
be ascertained. As soon as the lirst indications of such a habit present themselves
prepare and adjust a broad leather girth around the loins, with a piece of fine steel
cliain about a foot long set in the girth so as to cro.ss the spine in front of the hips.
This must have a bxickle and be so arranged as to fit just tight enough to bring a
strong pressure of the chain upon the back at the first effort.
T would recommend trial of the following remedies to assist in curing the bad
habit at its very beginning :
Camphora. Great depression inid lark of ])o\vcr. (iivc first, third and
thirtieth dilutions in rotation daily.
Cciiitharides. Great irritability of tlie sexual organs. Give ten drops
tiiird dilution three times a day.
Cilia. Irritability from wonns in rectum. Give first, third or thirtieth
dilution daily. Also inject into the rectum a pint of warm milk in which has been
mixed a drachm of tincture of aloe ; once a week it may be repeated.
Dainiana. (Treat seminal excitability. Use the sixth dilution.
Gelseiiiiiiiii. "Want of irritability; rela.xation ;. lack of tone. Give ten
drops of first or third dilution three times a day.
Nlix voiuiea. Indigestion ; constipation ; lack of vital force. Give first
third and thirtieth dilutions in rotation daily.
Phosphoric Acid. Very fre(iuent emissions on the .slightest excitement.
Use the jjure acid, one part to one hundred parts of pure water, ten drojis of mixture
twice a day.
Picrate of Zinc. When the lack of energy and true vigor threaten
impotency. Give the sixth or thirtieth dilution in ten-drop doses twice a day.
Sulphur. When irritability increases in spite of the use of any remedy, or
when the system does not respond at once to the remedy selected. Give the first
and third or thirtieth triturations in rotation once a day.
The Butcher is the last remedy and a sure cure.
EUDORA 1863.
AT 18 YBARS OLD.
BILLINGS HERD.
Frederick Billings, Woodstock, Vermont.
JERSEY (J A TTLE IN A3IEMIGA. 321
COUGHS.
BEONCHITIS.
Lung diseases are too common among dairy cattle. A proper attention to the
ventilation and temperature of stables, and the protection of cattle from rain and cold
winds, would prevent the majority of cases of bronchitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis,
and also render cattle less susceptible to contagious pleuro-pneumonia.
Ample provision must be made for a pei-petual supply of pure, unadulterated,
ozonized air in the stable for every hour of every day of the year, and also for
rendering such air of the proper temjierature, so that the animals may never be
chilled by cold currents or oppressed by too high a temperature.
Bronchitis is acquired from chilling air impinging upon animals while standing
in their stalls, or from exposure to cold rains or to dry cold winds in autumn and
winter. The cough is at first short, hard and dry, but soon becomes moist and more
prolonged, with a varying degree of mucous secretion. This may become, if not
properly treated, a chronic cough and last for months or years. Oftentimes a chronic
dry cough is the result of nervous irritation, sympathetic or otherwise, and may be
the result of worms or other parasites that excite a reflex action in various nerves.
TEEATMENT.
Aconite. Fever ; dry nose ; restlessness ; use in the first stages, especially
if caused by exposure to cold, dry winds. Use the third, sixth or thirtieth dilution.
Apis inellifica. The cough is suffocative, painfiil, with much difficulty of
breathing.
Arsenicum albvim. Cough remaining after influenza or catarrh ; dry
cough, with watery discharge from the nostrils. Give the sixth or thirtieth
dilution.
Belladonna. Cough in the larjnix or in the windpipe ; painful cough
from inflammation of the bronchial membranes, with fever and depression ; dry
cough.
Bryonia. Cough in larynx, windpipe and the large bronchial tubes ; dry
cough from irritabihty of the upper air passages, especially in morning ; cough from
pressure on windpipe ; from exposure to cold wind or from the least exercise ;
cough that causes pain ; breathing quick ; phlegm frothy. Thirtieth dilution.
Causticuni. Persistent hacking cough. Thirtieth dilution.
Hydrastis. Debility; mucus thick and ropy. Use the third or sixth
dilution.
Ipecac. Rattling, convulsive cough, with difficult breathing.
Drosera. Deep, hollow, groaning cough.
322 JEJisar CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Kali carb. Chronic cough.
Cilia. Cough arising from woriiK;. Animal presses its nose against the wall.
Iodide of Ar.seiiic. AVindpipe cough, with thin discharge from nostrils.
Sixth or thirtieth dilution.
Merciiriiis sol. Catarrh of all the respiratory mucous membranes, but
especially the larynx and nasal region. Third, sixth or thirtieth dilution.
Nux vomica. Nervous, spasmodic cough; a chronic cough, arising from
irritability of the digestive organs ; discharge of flatulence from the rectum wliile
coughing. Third or sixth dilution.
Opium. Convulsive, dry cough in paroxysms at night.
Pinus. Chronic, short, feeble, hacking or grunting cough. Use drop doses
of the mother tincture, or a decoction of white pine needles and the tree bark.
Phosphorus. Cough arising from inflammation of the snudl bronchial tubes
or lung substance. Chronic cough ; dry, short, frequent, racking cough ; distress
from difficult breathing, with discharge of reddish or yellowish mucus. Third,
sixth or thirtieth dilution.
Populus balsamifera. Chronic catarrhal cough. Use drop doses of the
saturated tincture.
Rumex crispus. Cough in throat and windpipe; frequent cough from the
slightest exertion.
Sulphur. When otlier remedies do not produce the expected result. Third,
sixth or thirtieth dilution.
Spoil^^ia. Sharp, shrill, ringing cough, or dry, hollow, barking and hooping
cough.
Tartar emetic. Chronic cough, where the whole respiratory organs seem
loaded with a loose, rattling mucus.
PNEUMONIA.
Bulls seem to be especially prone to attacks of pneumonia. Alternate heat and
coldness of the ears and horns ; costiveness or diarrlioea ; short, oppressed breathing ;
dry muzzle ; dry, harsh, frequent cough ; loss of cud ; intense thirst ; lassitude ;
discharge of water and mucus from the nostrils, and later on bloody or rusty discharges ;
brilliancy of the eyes; sensitive tenderness of the spine; continual change of heat,
with or without shivering ; partial or general sweating. In severe cases the jianting
becomes laborious ; the flanks heave ; the nostrils expand, emitting discolored, fetid
mucus ; the strength fails ; the legs are drawn under the belly, which is contracted
and puckered ; the evacuations become putrid ; the eyes have an offensive discharge ;
the pupils are dilated ; the breath becomes cold, and the animal sinks.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 323
TREATMENT.
Aconite. In the first stage, especially if the auinial has been exposed to cold,
dry wind, and is very restless.
Arseiiicviiu. Great thirst ; prostration.
Belladonna. Congestion of brain ; dilated pupils ; drowsiness, with frecjiient
starting, as fi-om fear.
Bromine. "When the lungs become solid like livei-. Give the second, third
or sixth watery dilution, ten drops every hour.
Bryonia. Pain and dread u]ion the slightest motion ; great thirst for large
draughts.
Carbo vegetabilis. Rattling in hings ; great prostration ; fetid discharges,
especially in last stage. Use third or sixth trituration.
Cnpriim nitrate. Suffocative spells ; diarrhoea.
Ferri plios. In first stage. A very important remedy. Use third or sixth
trituration.
Lycopodiiini. Sweat without relief; fan-like movement of the nostrils;
rumbling of wind in the bowels. Use sixth or thirtieth dilution.
Phosphorus. In catarrhal pneumonia. Give the sixth or thirtieth dilution,
ten drops every two or four hovirs.
Sangninaria. Extreme difficulty of breathing ; tough, rust-colored mucus ;
pulse weak ; extremities cold. Use the third, sixth or thirtieth dilution, with
frequent doses.
Tartar emetic. Great rattling of mucus ; much coughing ; great suffoca-
tion. Sixth or thirtieth dilution, ten drops every hour.
Veratrum viride. When the pulse is hard and renj slow. Sixth dilution.
Sulphur. "When there is heard, by applying tha ear to the chest, ajine
crackling or crepitcmt rattle.
Give the sixth tritui-ation, a teaspoonful of the powder every two or three
hours.
TUBERCULOSIS CONSUMPTION.
Limg tubercle, abortion and apoi^lexy are the three scourges (jf the dairy
cattle-breeder.
"When the diagnosis of consumption is clear the animal should be slaughtered
and buried deep in dry soil. Such animals must not be used for breeding, as the
defect would thereby be propagated, wliile the milk and flesh will be hable to
communicate the disease to the human subject. This disease is most frequently
generated by close, dark, non-ventilated stables, especially in malarial regions.
To prevent lung tubercle supply the stables with proper ventilation ; every
animal requires twelve hundred cubic feet of fresh air each horn-. The disease is
324 JERSEY (ATrLE IX AMEllKA.
contjigiou.* to a (rrtain degree. Quarantine doubtful cases, hut do nut fail to use
the knife in every instance uf tubercular development.
Among the remedies to be used upon doubtful cases are the following :
Calcarea oarbonica. Loose, rattling cough : dulness of lung upon
percussion. Thirtieth dilution.
Ferri plios. Congestion of the lungs, with dulness ami frequent cough.
Hepar siilpliuris. (!ough, excited by cold air. Thirtieth dilution.
Iodine. Emaciation : cough. Thirtieth dilution.
Iodide of Pota.sh. Dulness of lung ; cough, with thin discharge from
no.'strils. Thir.l dilution.
Jaboraiidi. Very profuse sweating. Third dilution.
Lycopodium. Fandike motion of nostrils ; rattling of flatulence in bowels ;
dulness of lung. Thirtieth dilution.
Pinus. (Chronic hacking, or racking, dry cough.
Phosphorus. Dry, tight, tonnenting cough ; loose stools ; sweat.
Sambucus. Profuae sweat.
CONTAC.IOIS I-I.KUKO-rNK.rMONIA.
This is not a common disease, and under our efficient quarantine regulations it is
not probable that the (tountry will ever suffer very seriously from this much-
dreaded malady.
Gamgee gives the following description of the symptoms of this disease : " From
the time that an animal is exposed to the contagion to the first manifestation of the
symjjtoms a certain period elapses : this is the period of incubation. It varies from
a fortnight to forty days, or longer. The firet signs pro^-ing that the animal has been
seized can scarcely be detected by any but a professional man ; though, if a proprietor
were extremely careful, and had painstaking individuals about Lis stock, he would
invariably notice a slight shiver usher in the disorder, which for several days, even
after the shivering fit, would limit itself to slight interference with the breathing,
detected readily on auscultation (by the ear).
" Perhaps a cough might be noticed, and tlie appetite and milk secretion diminisji.
Tlie animal becomes costive and the shivering fits recur. The cough becomes more
constant and oppressive, the pulse full and frequent, usually uundjeriug about 80
per minute at first, and rising to upward of 100. The temperature of the body
rises, and all the symptoms of acute fever set in. A moan or a grunt, in the early
l)art of the disease, indicates a dangerous attack, and the alfe nasi, or nasal cartilages,
rise spasmodically at each inspiration ; the air nishes through the inflamed windpipe
and bronchial tubes, so as to produce a loud, coarse, respiratory murmur; and the
spasmodic action of the abdominal muscles indicates the difficulty the animal
experiences in the act of expiration. Pressure over the intercostal spaces and
JERSEY CATTLE IN AlfERTVA. 325
pressing on the sjaine induce the pain so characteristic of plenrisy, and a deep moan
not infrequently follows such an experiment.
" The eyes are bloodshot, the mouth clammy, skin dry and tightly hound to the
sub-cutaneous textures, and the urine is scanty and high-colored.
" On auscultation the characteristic, dry, sonorous rale of ordinary Itronchitis
may be detected along the windpipe and in the bronchial tubes. A loud sound of
this description is not unfreqiiently detected at the anterior part of either side of the
chest, while the respiratory murmur is entirely lost posteriorly, from consolidation
of the lung. A decided leathery friction-sound is detected over a considerable
portion of the thoracic surface. As the disease advances, and gangi'ene, with
the production of cavities in the lungs, ensues, loud, cavei-nous rales are heard,
which are more or less circumscribed, occasionally attended by a decided metallic
noise. When one lung alone is affected the morbid sounds are confined to one
side, and on the healthy side the respiratory murmur is unifonuly loitder all
over.
" By carefully auscultating diseased cows from day to day interesting changes
can be discovered during the animal's Ufe-time. Frequently the abnormal sounds
indicate progressive destruction ; but at other times portions of lung that have been
totally impervious to air become the seat of sibilant rales, and gradually a healthy
respiratory murmur proves that, by absorjjtion of the materials that have Ijeen
plugging the hing-tissue, resolution is fast advancing.
" Unfortunately we often find a rapid destruction of lung tissue and speedy
dissolution. In other instances the general symjjtoms of hectic or consumption
attend lingering cases, in which the temperature of the body becomes low ; the
animal has a dainty appetite, or refuses all nourishment. It has a discharge from
the eyes and a fetid, sanious discharge from the nose, but imfrequently it eoiighs up
disorganized lung tissiie and putrid j^us. Grreat prostration, and, indeed, t^q^hus
symptoms set in. There is a fetid diarrluea, and the animal sinks in the most
emaciated state, often dying from suffocation, in c(jnsequence of the comjjlete
destruction of the respiratory structures."
Dr. James Moore thus describes the disease :
" First stage. It begins in one of three ways : Firstly, it may attack the cow
suddenly, and run a rapid coui-se in spite of all treatment ; secondly, it may come on
slowly and insidiously, the cow appearing not to be very ill, while the lungs are
becoming diseased beyond the hope of restoration ; and, thirdly, it sometimes begins
with violent purging, followed by great weakness and loss of flesh. The majority
of cases, however, present the following symptoms : a short, dry, husky cough,
which is heard only occasionally ; it is highly characteristic of this disease, and when
once heard cannot be mistaken again. The owner says, perhaps, that he has heard
this ' hoose ' for two or three days, but thought no more about it. On inquiiy it will
326 JhnsKV CATTLE IX AMKIUCA.
be found tliat tlie beast docs not jrivu as inucli milk as usual, and that lias a slightly
ytdlowish tinge ; tiie ajj^etite is not much worse, yet still she is careless about her
food, and tloes not lick iter disii clean ; when at rest the breathing may uot show
any departure from its healthy play, but when the animal is moved and walked some
distance it becomes more frequent, labored and difficult ; the pulse is often healthy
in cliaracter, although sometimes it is weak and slightly increased in frequency ;
the bowels may either be confined or [)urged, or quite regular; the body is sometimes
hot, sometimes cold.
" The cow appears dull and listless ; when at grass she separates herself from the
others, and lies on the ground while they are browsing,
" Second stage. The cough is now more frequent, and thick, frothy phlegm
dribbles from the mouth ; the breathing is short when the air is taken into the
hmgs, and long when it is pressed out of thena ; the inward breathing is attended
with mucli pain, which causes the animal to grunt and to grate her teeth ; the gmnt
is heard when the animal is pressing the air out from tlie lungs ; the pain is much
increased l)y coughing and diange of position, and to lessen it the cough is now
suppressed, or held back and short, and the cow stands fixed in one place. The pain
is owing to the pleura being inflamed, and the position of the diseased place may be
ascertained by pressing the side, between the ribs, with the jioint of the thumb ;
when pressed on the animal will flinch and grunt.
" The pulse is quickened and oppressed ; the skin is hard, tight, and bound to the
ribs ; the horns are hotter and the muzzle dryer than usual ; the head is lowered and
thrust forward, with the nose poked out ; the back is raised up ; little or no food is
eaten; the cud is seldom or never chewed; the milk is stopped; the bowels are
bound, and, when moved, the dung is in hard, dry lumps.
"Third stage. The breathing is much quickened, very difficult, labored and
even gasping ; the breathing is carried on partly through the mouth, partly through
the nostrils ; the breath lias a bad smell ; a stringy, frothy fluid constantly dribbles
from the mouth ; the cow groans loudly and frequently, while the grunt is either
gone or subdued ; the jmlse is (|uick, weak, and in some cases imperceptible or
intermittent ; the horns, eai-s and legs are cold, the skin covered with cold sweat,
the head and neck stretched out, with the nose poked into the corner of the manger ;
the fore legs are separated from one another and fixed in one ])lace, unless the cow
is restless and uneasy ; sometimes the hind legs are crossed over each other, or the
hind fetlock joints are knuckled forward; the stoppage of milk is complete; the
animal is reduced to a skeleton ; the strength is also of course greatly impaired, and
the beast can scarcely cough ; insensibility sometimes steals over her ; the urine is
very highly colored ; toward the last violent purging comes on, the discharged matter
being quite watery, blackish, highly offensive, and sometimes mixed -with blood ;
eventually the cavity of the chest becomes so full of fluid, or so much of the lung is
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 327
condensed, that the breathing, from being more difficult and frequent, at last
ceases, and tlie animal is dead."
TREATMENT.
Aconite. Pulse hard and quickened ; shivering or trembling, attended with
coldness of the legs or the horns, and dry heat of the skin ; breathing short, painful,
anxious, attended with open mouth and groans. Give the third or sixth dilution, ten
drops every hour.
Aininoiiiuin causticuiu. Quick, difficult breathing, with rattle ; inhala-
tion of air very short, from pain ; fi-equent cough, with discharge of mucus ; great
languor and listlessness ; pulse feeble and quick ; frequent shivering ; skin at first
hot and dry, afterward moist.
Give five drops of the watei-y solution in a little water every two (^r tln-ee hours
till improvement begins.
Arsenicuiii. Wheezing ; hurried breathing ; small, quick pulse ; great
weakness ; cold, clammy sweats ; frequent short cough ; purging in every stage.
Give ten drops of the sixth or thirtieth dilution every two hours.
Baptisia. Stupor ; listlessness ; restless, but too lifeless to move ; eyes
congested, look red and inflamed ; thick mucus from nose ; fetid odor from mouth ;
can only swallow water ; distended abdomen ; mushy stools or dark, very offensive
stools ; great prostration ; urine scanty and dark ; oppressed breathing, with cough ;
pulse at first accelerated, afterward slow and faint ; pain along the back ; restless,
.uneasy, or drowsy and stupid ; chilly ; great prostration, with tendency of the fluids
to decompose. Discharges and exhalations fetid ; ulceration of mucous membranes,
especially of mouth, with tendency to putrescence ; intolerance of pressure ; constant
change of position.
Give drop doses of the saturated tincture, or of the first and third dilution, every
two hours, in a little water.
Bryonia. Frequent, short, suppressed cougli, which seems to cause sharp
pain in the chest ; breathing short, with characteristic grunt ; when the ribs are
pressed by a hand or a finger the cow flinches and utters the short gnmt, as if the
pain were very acute ; the animal di-eads to move from pain.
Give ten drops of the third, sixth or thirtieth dilution every two to four hours.
Lycopocliiiin. Fan-like motion of the nostrils ; loose stools ; rumbling of
flatulence in tlie bowels. Give ten droj)* of the thirtieth dilution every two to four
hours.
Phosphorus. Difficult, obstructed breathing ; pains in chest ; pain between
ribs ; frequent short cough, with slimy phlegm, sometimes mixed with blood ; violent
purging, like gushes of water ; wasting, weakness and prostration. Give ten di'ops
of the sixth or thirtieth dilution every two, three, or four hours.
328 JKUSEY VATTLK IX AMERICA.
Sulphur. Diiriii-; c.nivalesceiice, ur when the (jther remedies do not act
promptly.
Give ten drops of the sixth or tliirtieth dihition in a little water three times a day.
The diet should be oat-meal gruel and boiled carrots. All animals should be
quarantined most securely for ninety days. Xo healthy animals that have been in
the same stable should be allowed to mingle with healthy cattle within a period
of ninety days. A cow, whether in sickness or health, needs one thousand two hundred
cubic feet of air per hour, and the system of ventilation should admit of a constant
change of air to that amount without subjecting the animal to chilly currents.
LOCK.IAW TKTANIS.
This disease is usually tlie result of a slight wound, and in some localities is very
common to man and beast, especially if the wound is caused by some blunt instrument
and does not bleed nmcli. Exposure to wet and cold increases the liability of attack.
There is also some uninvestigated source of aggravation, as evidenced Ijy the varying
prevalence of the disease or its aptitude for certain localities.
Among cattle the pulse may be at first apparently normal, presenting Imt
little disturbance until the disease has become perilous ; the muzzle, horns and ears
are also normal ; the animal stands rigidly fixed, or appears afraid to move ; the
head is extended horizontally forward ; the nostrils dilated ; the eyes bulging
outward, or sunken and reti-acted, the membrane at the corners partly covering the
eyeball ; the tail elevated and tremulous ; the legs splayed out ; the quarters depressed ;
all the muscles rigidly fixed, so that the animal cannot bend; the muscles of the belly
and neck tense, stiff, and in hard ridges ; the teeth convulsively clinched or slightly
I)arted. The Country Gentleman of July 31st, 1884, gives this case, which conveys
a moral : " Beware of Pitchforks. — Died, of lockjaw, July lltli, 188-1:, Signalda 2d
6748. Signal 1170 is close on both sides of his pedigree, and he was no mean
representative of that long line of fine breeding. About a month before his deatli
he was pricked with a pitchfork for breaking up his water-tub. He was kind and
gentle."
TKKATMKNT.
Arnica. After all wounds, however slight, give this remedy, eitlicr in drop
doses of the tincture or the third, sixth or thirtieth dilution.
Arsenicum. Great thirst; restlessness; rigidity remaining after the use
of other remedies.
Give drop doses of the tliirtietii dilutinn on the tongue three or more times
a day.
Bellailonua. AVhere wimiids are greatly inflamed, with great beat and inucli
fever.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 329
Bryonia. The animal dreads to move or be touched.
Caiuplior. Great prostration ; languor. Give the tincture or first dilution,
one drop every hour iipon the tongue or by olfaction.
Gelsemium. Great debility ; convulsive spasm ; congestion to head.
Give the tincture or first dilution, one drop every half hour upon the tongue.
Nitrate of Amyl. This remedy may be used as a palliative where the
spasms are desperately rigid. It is given by inhalation, ten to twenty drops upon a
small sponge enclosed in a napkin folded in conical form.
Nux voiuica. This is the most important and distinctively homoeopathic
remedy. Give the sixth or thirtieth dilution, ten drops upon the tongue every tliree
or four hours. Some cases may require the saturated tincture in doses of from one
to five drops, while others may do better when given the two hundredth or one
thousandth dilution.
Passiflora incarnata. A very important remedy in the first stage. Give
one drop of tincture every hour, or as Nux vomica.
In all cases where practicable immerse an inflamed limb in hot water (130° to
l-t()°), or apply saturated cloths or sponges of the same temperature. There is
nothing like hot water to relieve inflammation, congestion, and the agonizing pain
resulting from wounds.
BROKEN HOEN.
The Jersey hoi-n is fine and fragile, rendering it liable to fracture and casting of
the shell upon slight provocation. When fighting, or even rubbing against a fence
or tree, a shell may be broken or knocked off, and followed by a severe hemorrhage
from the vessels at or near the liase of the horn, and sometimes a very slow
recovery.
TKEATMENT.
To check hemoi-rhage apply the solution of subsulphate of iron [Liq. Ferri
suhsulph.) to the bleeding parts until a clot is formed. When the clot falls off and
there is no more bleeding apply bandages saturated with a dilution of tincture
Calendula officinalis in water, one part tincture to sixteen parts of water. The
Calendula is the best lotion for all forms of lacerated wounds in any part of the
body. Continue the application imtil the healing of the parts, which will be
rapid if the cow is otherwise in good health.
" Styptic cotton," or cotton saturated with the subsulphate of iron, is convenient
for application to most conditions of heniorrhage.
LOTIONS AND UNGUENTS.
Calendula. For lacerated wounds this is a rapidly heahng wash.
Dilute with twenty parts water and keep the parts wet.
330 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Haniamelis, or Witch Hazel. For iiiriamed surfaces and inflamed veins
the bust application. Also valualilc in liemorrliages. Apply diluted, one to ten,
with hot water.
Arnica. For all l)ruises and si)niins without laceration. Dilute with hot
water, one part tincture to ten parts water.
Pliytolacca. For garget. Dilute witli hot water, one to sixteen.
Hydrastis. For old ulcers, for eruptions by poisoning, like poison sumach,
or rhus-poisoning. Dilute with hot water, one part tincture to one hundred pai-ts
water.
Thuja. Use for warts at any time the pure tincture.
Castor Oil. For warts apply pure when the cows are dry.
Listeriiio. Use for vaginal injections and for deodorizer.
Calendula Vaseline. Apply to all wounds or burns.
Mutton Tallow. Apply melted to sore teats and ulcers.
Vaseline. \\:y\ useful for many eruptions and sores.
Crude Petroleum. I'seful in alternation with Phytolacca for garget.
DISINFECTANTS.
Tlie best disinfectant is absolute cleanliness.
Remove all discharges and wash the stalls each day.
If there is any evidence of contagious disease tlie cattle that are infected should
be (juarantined at a distance from all others.
DISINKI'X'TION WITir PIKK mi.OKINE GAS.
For the destruction of the germs of disease in buildings where contagious pleuro-
pneumonia and other dreaded destructive maladies have existed, the most effective
method of disinfection is probably with pure chlorine gas. This method is recom-
mended by Professor Doremus for old hospitals where the walls are permeated with
tilth, and for the destruction of the cholera germ, and other disease elements.
Dr. Dorennis says : " The gas must be used in large quantities. We spread out
large sheets of lead and turned up the edges so that they would hold the chemicals
for generating the gas. I woiikl have three or four assistants, and wlien ready the
word was given to ' pour.' Then all would run out and the door would be fastened,
ajid the gas jienetrated everything. To have entered the room during the time
would have been certain death." Chlorine gas may be made in large quantities, by
pouring slightly diluted sulphuric acid upon a mixture composed of common salt and
oxide of manganese in large leaden vessels. Its development requires care. It is
safer to have the pouring done automatically than to risk human life in the
experiment.
JERSEY CATTLE iTV^ A3IERJVA. 331
GERMICIDES.
The method of Dr. Doremus is expensive and only advisable in special cases.
Mr. John C. Pennington, chemist, of Paterson, N. J., who has made thorough
and persistent experiments in the propagation of various forms of bacteria, in his
studies of the germ-theory of disease, has found that the salts of mercury are the
most effective germicides or disinfectants. He uses the bichloride of mercury in a
solution of one part to a thousand of water, sprinkhng it in the air and upon walls
with a brush or whisk-broom. He also uses the hyjjosulphite of mercury in the
same manner, with similar results, in annihilating the bacteria which float in the air or
contaminate almost every substance. It must ever be borne in mind that these
powerful mineral salts are very violent agents, and must be used in very dilute form,
and with great caution. Never venture to apply any of the mineral salts where they
will fall upon the bedding or feed of animals. Mr. Pennington finds that the
burning of sulphur will not destroy bacteria, and therefore condemns the use of any
such means, as well as all the so-called germicides which by experiment have proved
to be less effective than the hyposulphite of mercury and the corrosive subHinate.
These mineral salts must not be used for injections in the treatment of any
disease unless further diluted.
If your walls are tinted with " alabastine " once in two or three years, a mild
blue color, they will be very pleasant for the eyes of animals, a cheap and tasty
finish for a brown wall. If not, apply lime whitewash semi-annually.
The agents that destroy every form of disease germs in the air, in all discharges,
and in the walls of buildings, are the only true disinfectants. The number of these
is very limited. For ordinary use the hyposulphite of meecuky is probably the
best. Prepare a solution in the proportion of TFrnrtl^ ™ water, or sixty (60) grains
of the hyposulphite to one gallon of the latter, and sprinkle it in the air and upon
the walls of the building, and apply to all the fetid excretions of diseased organs.
The chlorine gas method of Professor Doremus may be adopted wherever
there has been infection oi pleuro^ieu7nonia and the Texas fever. The authorities
should see that this method of disinfection is employed, and a competent chemist
given charge of the work.
Caution : These germicides are fatal poisons to every living organism, and
should he used intelligently in every instance, knoioing that chlorine gas is deadly if
inhaled, a/nd the m,ercurial salts unsafe to he taken into the stomach of any animal
except in a smaller quantity than used above. Use no vessel, containing them
FOE ANY other PURPOSE WHATSOEVER.
hypochlorite OF SODA.*
Hypochlorite of soda may be used as a germicide, and can be safely applied to
ulcers and putrid eruptions, in dilution of 1 to 60 of water, or used as an injection
* Reed & Carnrick.
332 JERSEY CATTLE J X AMERICA.
for diseased raucous meinbrdues, 1 to 10(J of water. As a germicide apply to all
infectious matter 1 to 16.
DKODOKIZEES.
For every offensive odor in the stable seek out and remove the cause. Keep
the air as sweet as a pasture-tield. There is no better deodorizer than a hot roasting
pan of cofe^-beans carried through the building so as to freely give the fumes of
parched coffee, while the grains also act iis an absorbent. Among the commercial
compounds Listerine will prove useful and pleasant as a deodorizer for the hands
after operations.
GENERAI, SIMMAKY F(iK DISINFECTION.
A radical discriniiiiatiuii must be made between deodorizers, disinfectants, and
germicides.
Use each of these for special jnirposes in the stable, just as in the human
dwelling and hospital.
Listerine, a fragrant antiseptic mixture, may be found useful in deodorizing
the foul discharges that follow abortion, parturition, and those excretions accom-
panying various diseases. It is a mixture of oils and extracts from Thyme, Eucalyptus,
Baptisia, Gaultlieria and Mentha arvensis. Each drachm contains two grains of
retined benzo-boracic acid.
The Listerine when well diluted is useful as an injection where the vaginal
discharges are very fetid. It is useful for deodorizing when a thorough washing with
hot water and soap fails to remove offensive odors.
SUMMARY OF PRACTICAL USE OF DISINFECTANTS.
FOK EXCKETIONS.
1. Chloride of Mercury in solution, 1 to 500.
2. Hyposulphite of Mercury in solution, 1 to 500.
FOR INFECTED CLOTHS OR SPONGES.
1. Destniction by tire if of little value. The combustion must be total and
complete.
2. Boiling one hour.
3. Immersion in a solution of Chloride of Mercury of the strength of 1 to 1000
four hours.
FOR CLOTniNG OF ATTENDANTS.
1. Exposure to dry heat at a tem])erature of 23ii° F. for two hours.
2. Destruction by lire if of little value and badly infected with contagion
spores.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 333
3. Immersion in boiling water for one hour.
4. Immersion in solution of Chloride of Mercury of 1 to 2000 for four hours.
FOE THE PEESON.
1. Wash the hands and surface of the body in a ten per cent, solution of
Chlorinated Soda.
2. Wash the hands in a solution of Chloride of Mercury or Hyposulphite of
Mercury 1 to 1000.
FOE THE WALLS OF THE STABLE.
1. Wash all surfaces, while occupied, with a solution of Chloride of Mercury
of 1 to 1000.
2. When vacated use Prof. Doremus's method with Chlorine Gas.
3. For instruments and all metallic surfaces a solution of the Hyposulphite of
Mercury of 1 to 1000.
PART THIRD.
THE DAIRY
THE DAIRY BUILDING.
The plan of a dairy will vary according to its iiurp(jses, wlietlier it is for canniui!;
or bottling inilk for market, for butter-making, for canning or bottling sweat cream,
or for a fancy cheese dairy. The essentials of a good dairy building are the means
for controlling the temperature of the milk and cream to any desired degree in
winter and summer, ample ventilation, sufficient north light, abundant supply of hot
and cold water, an ice-house, means of cleanliness, absolute exclusion and prevention
of all offensive odors, exclusion of flies and other insects, exclusion of dust, together
with all the best-improved machinery used in every process.
The building should be conveniently arranged for work and as compact as
possible, and all the attendants held responsible for a certain share in the i-outine,
which must always be perfectly performed, and the quahty of product of the highest
excellence.
There is an ever-increasing class of discriminating customers who are willing to
pay an increased price for articles of rare quality, purity and absolute cleanliness,
especially when furnished in attractive form, and of such unvarying sameness that
the brand of the dairy shall always justify confidence.
The system in every dairj^, large or small, shoiild be thoroughly organized and
complete. Whether it be the little spring-house with its primitive methods or the
large establishment equipped with steam-engine, separator, ice- water tanks, elevators,
rotary churns, and all the apparatus for making fancy butter pats, or bottling sweet
cream, or making fancy cheeses, every person employed should be thoroughly
familiar with liis work and all its requirements, and held responsible for all the duties
of his department or share in the work. Each milker must be an expert and held
strictly accountable for the healthy condition of the cows' udders and the cleanliness
of the milk. The feeder shoiild be held responsible for the condition and appetite
and productive power of the cows. The man who has charge of the milk-room
should be held responsible for the cleanliness of all the utensils, the temperature of the
330 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
air, milk aiul cream ; tlie engineer respousible for all the machinery and the heating
of the building and sfcible ; the man in charge of the separator responsible for the
churn, shafting and other utensils ; the dairy woinau responsible for the washing,
working and salting, moulding and printing of the butter. The men employed
should all wear clean white overalls, frocks ;iii(l aprons, and spotless cleanliness and
purity must be the rule in every department. Xn loud talking, no profanity, no
smoking or drinking ; but everywhere sweetness, which must be encouraged by an
abimdant supply of steam, hot and cold water, for all purposes of cleanliness.
Vessels are to be scalded with steam, rinsed in hot and cold water, the floors to be
kept polished, and all metal-work bright and shining, the stables and the dairy as
clean as a parlor at all times.
1'lan oi- Daihv i-ok Fifty Cows.
General plan of Dairy. Main dairy Iniildintr, 16 x 32 feet. Ice-house, 16x20 feet. Ensine-room
12x14 feet.
WESTPHALIA 24,384.
AT 4 YEARS OLD.
Welcome Type.
CREAM C0TTAC4E HERD.
S. RooEUs, Patekson. New .Th
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA.
Main part divided into five rooms. Receiving-room, 7x16 feet, with slanting
floor and drain. Can be used for receiving milk, a cabinet creamery or centrifuge,
and for washing-pails, cans and utensils. The floor elevated four feet above sills,
or built upon terraced ground and jjaved with concrete.
Cream-room, 10x16 feet, with slanting floor draining on to churn-room
floor ; used as a cream tempering-room ; floor elevated two feet above sills or
terraced groimd. Two fifty-gallon cream vats.
Churn-room, 8x16 feet, has floors on a level with sills, or terraced ground,
slanting toward cream-room, with drain at the junction of the elevated floor of
the cream-room.
Butter-room, 7x16 feet ; slanting floor drain connects with main drain in
chum-room.
Cold-room, 7x8 feet, is built in ice-house and is covered with galvanized
iron and surrounded with ice ; this is for butter storage.
CONSTRUCTION OF DAIRY.
The dairy is built in the following manner :
Sills, 6x8, on stone, brick or concrete foundation ; joist for elevated floor, 2x8,
spiked to studs supported in centre with 4x6 timbers, shored up on pillars. Ends
shored up with 2x4 studs ; outside walls 2x4 studding, twelve feet long. Upon
outside of studs nail rough inch boards ; cover them with building paper ; fur on it
with inch strips ; side with drop-siding, or stock boards stripped ; on inside of studs
rough-board, paper ; fur out with inch strips, and ceil vidth fence flooring ; ceiling
overhead with fence flooring ; floor laid with clear flooring or terraced with
concrete ; partitions ceiled on studs set flatwise, on both sides, leaving a two-inch
air-space. Cream and churn-rooms can be in one, or partitioned, as desired.
To enlarge the capacity of the dairy add to the width of the main building.
The raised or terraced floors are constructed for convenience in handling cream ; cream
strained and carried into vats, through conductor pipes ; also from vats to churns,
through conductor pipe, saving all the lifting of cream in cans, and rendering it
possible for one man to do one half more work than in a dairy without terraced floors.
DAIRY DRAINAGE — PLAN OF DAIRY.
To avoid dampness and mould the first requisite in the structure of the dairy is
thorough drainage, combined with provision for thorough ventilation and abundance
of light.
The key to good drainage is a good foundation. Select a site where the soil is
sandy and having a good fall.
Build the foundations of good cement wall laid below the frost line, and allow a
338 JERSEY CATTLE I.Y AMEBIC A.
basement fotir feet deep. Lav drains two feet heluw tlie funndation, even in the
dryest soil.
Tlie basement floor is tlien built in terraces, according to following jjlan : laid of
broken stone and concrete three inches thick, and coated with cement one inch thick,
made of one part hydraulic cement and three parts of sand. The foundation walls
need coating without as high as the ground surface with hot asphalt, and a space
twelve inches wde upon the outside, filled in with broken stone and topped with
flagging, to keep out the rain. The windows of the milk, cream, and butter
apartments should all l.)e double and face northward. The system of ventilation
should l)e independent of the windows, as the latter ought always to be closed.
Admit air at night or by subterranean tunnel. Always use a hygrometer. Three
pounds of fresh lime will absorb one pound of water, and the hygrometer will
measure the efficiency of this extractor.
MILK.
Milk, the special secretion of all female animals for the sustenance of their young,
has l)een wonderfully increased in quantity and improved in quality in the cow by
the skill of man, so as to become one of the most important articles of human
subsistence. It has the appearance of an opaque, creamy Avhite fluid, l)ut is in
reality a turbid, almost transparent senim, with numerous fat globules floating therein
which create an optical illusion of oijacity.
TUE UDDKR.
The udder of the cow often attains an immense size, rendering the cow the
greatest food- producer in the world.
The udder is divided into four, rarely six, distinct compartments or quarters.
The milk is secreted from glandular organs whose structure is very simple. Each
gland is composed of several separate glandules, which are connected by certain fibrous
or binding structures in such a way as to admit of quite a degree of mobility of its
parts, one upon another ; and the glandules are also connected l)y the branching of
the milk-tubes, wliieli intermingle. The tubes are abundantly supplied with valves.
The terminal ducts contained in the teat are straight but of variable size, aiid their
orifices are narrower than the tubes. At the base of the teat these tubes dilate into
reservoirs, which extend some distance into the gland. From each of these reservoirs
commence several branches of the milk-bearing tubes, each of which speedily sub-
divides into smaller ones ; and these again branch until their size is very minute and
their extent vastly increa.sed. These, like the reservoirs and terminal ducts, are
composed of a fibrous coat lined with a mucous niembrane ; the latter is very
vascular, and forms a secretion of itself when the milk ceases to be secreted.
The smaller divisions of the milk-tubes proceed to distinct minute lobules in each
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. 339
glandule. These milk-tubes terminate in follicles or minute cups, wliicli are lined Ijy
the same membrane as the ducts.
The arteries which supply the glandules with blood become very large during
lactation, and their divisions are very minutely spread upon the follicles. From the
blood which they convey the milk is secreted in some way not yet understood, and
poured into the follicles, and thence into the tubes, ducts and reservoirs, distending the
udder, when fully active, in about eight hours to its full capacity. The resei-voir at the
base of the teat is about the size of a large egg, and is separated from a smaller reservoir
in the teat by a membranous valve. The lower orifice of the teat is closed by a circular
elastic muscle, the elasticity of which varies greatly in easy or hard milkers. The
udder is siipported by a very large and strong tendon leading down from the muscles
of the belly, between the four great lobular divisions of the udder. This tendon is
subdivided into a multitude of branches, which enable the vessel to sustain an
enormous weight. In some cows these ligaments are deficient in strength and by
stretcliing allow the udder to sag. (See portrait of Eiirotas 2454.)
ELEMENTS OF MILK.
The milk secretion is shown to be an emulsion of fat globules suspended in water,
with a mixture of fixed salts, sugar of milk, and a peculiar substance, casein.
The fat globules are formed in the follicles of the milk glands, and vary in size
from the most minute, 4-oVo^^^ ^f an inch, to medium, about 2-7*0^*'^^ of an inch, and
largest, Yso^o't'i of ^^ iweh. in diameter. Their size and quality, according to Dr.
Sturtevant, vary greatly in different breeds and according to feed and the health of
the animal. The Jersey cow has a very large cream globule ; the Dutch, or Holstein-
Friesian, has exceedingly minute cream globules, and small in amount ; the Ayrshire a
mixture of medium and small, also in moderate amount. Bran is said to minify
them and maize meal to increase their size.
The large globules rise first in the form of cream, the smallest globules last, the
former churning easily, and yielding butter of the finest grain and quality.
Milk is the only secretion of the body and the only article supplied by nature
for the young combining the three elements required for human food — j^rotein, fat
and sugar.
Of all secreted fluids milk is most nearly allied to blood in its composition.
The chemical composition of milk considered in its relation to human food,
especially the nutrition of children, is a most important study, not alone for the
physician, but for the practical dairyman and farmer.
The first question, in the study of the quality of milk pertaining to different
races or breeds, is the amount and proportion of the solid constituents. "Water, the
most abundant element in milk, is simply a vehicle for the suspension and diluti(jn of
the solids, and constitutes an average of seven eighths of the total milk.
340 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Butter is the milk fat mixed with about ten to lifteen per cent, of water and
one lialf per cent, of the fixed salts and casein with what chloride of sodium or
common salt is used in the making.
Cheese is the casein and albumen of tiie milk in combination with a portion or
all of the fat, the fixed salts and a variable ciuantity of water.
Buttermilk consists of the water of milk with a large part of the casein and a
remnant of the fat.
Wliey is the water of milk with tJio chief part of the milk-sugar, and small
portions of the other solids.
The value of milk depends on the amount of solids it contains.
In estimating the excellence of a breed of cattle we must consider the quantity
of milk, the proportion of water and solids, the relative amount of the different solids,
the period of lactation and gestation, the kind and amount of food, the weather, the
climate, the health, the age, and any other conditions that may affect the proportion
of the ingredients. The eye is unable to judge by the color of the milk or the bulk
of cream of its richness in composition. The test by chemical analysis is the
al)solutely conclusive means of ascertaining the quality of miUc.
The specific gravity test is an aid in judging of the purity of milk, and is made
by an instrument called the lactodensimeter, which consists of a glass spindle having
a slender stem marked with a scale of degrees and a bulb containing mercury ; this
sinks in the milk and can be read with accuracy at once. Milk is a little heavier than
water. A vessel holding one thousand grains of water will hold from one thousand
and twenty-nine to one thousand and thirty -six grains of milk.
Milk is made heavier than water by its casein, sugar and salts, and lighter than
water by its cream, so that its specific gravity is diminished by adding water and
increased by taking away cream.
If milk be both watered and skimmed it may show a nearly normal specific
gravity, but the chemical test will ascertain the exact composition of the lifpiid.
Analysis of Milk kv IIaidlku, France.
cow S MILK.
Water 87.300
Fat 3.000
Casein 4.820
Milk-Sugar 4.390
Phosphate of Lime 231
^ I Phosphate of Magnesia 042
Phosphate of Iron 007
Chloride of Potash 144
tZ; / Chloride of Soda 024
Soda combined with Casein 042
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
The forty-two-tliousandths of one per cent of soda combined witli casein is
sufBcient to render new milk slightly alkaline. On standing it very soon develops
lactic acid, an acid that never exists in the fresh condition. The soda holds the casein
in solution, vi^hich gives casein power to take up and retain a quantity of phosphate of
lime.
The average weight of milk is 2.15 pounds per wine quart.
Milk Analysis by D. W. Voyles, M.D.
Margarine . .
j Glycerine.
1 Margario Acid.
Solid Fats....
Butter
. Stearine ....
j Glycerine.
1 Stearic Acid.
Liquid Fats..
Oleine
Butyrine.
J Glycerine.
1 Oleic Acid.
f Caseum
(Jlycerine.
Butyric, Capric and Caprylio Acids.
. Buttermilk..
Milk Sugar.
Whey
Osmozene.
f Alkaline and Earthy Lactates and Phosphates.
Salts
•I Alkaline Sulphates and Phosphates.
1, Ferruginous Phosphates.
f Caseum, coagulable by Rennet, as above.
Skim Milk. -I Zeiger, coagulable by Acetic Acid.
L Serum, or Whey, as above.
VARIATIONS IN MILK OF BREEDS OF CATTLE.
Milk varies so greatly in its composition in diiferent breeds of cattle that it will
fiu'nish many useful lessons, if breeders will make systematic chemical tests of rich
cows. Numerous chemical tests have l>een reported which are suggestive and
instructive, although incomplete in a majority of cases. In a chemical test the
breed should always be stated and the date, with the following heads : Specific
Gravity, "Water, Total Solids ; Fat, Casein, Albumen, Sugar, Fixed Salts ; Age and
Weight of Cow, Daily Eation, Weight of Daily Yield of Milk ; Time from Calving ;
How Long Pregnant ; Weather, and Other Incidents ; also state whether there are
two or three daily milkings.
The elements of milk vary widely not only in breeds, but in the individuals
of the same breed, in one cow at various times, and in the four separate quarters of
the udder of the same cow. Each breed has its general peculiarities of quality in milk
342 .JER!<EY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
secretion. Jersey milk differs from that of all other breeds, as one variety of peach,
apple or pear differs from all others in having a tixed individual character. There
is a wide difference in quality between the Ansault, the Bosc, and the Sheldon
pears, but they are all e.xcellent ; there is a wider difference between all these and
the " Choke " pear. There is as wide a difference between the milk of the Jersey
and some of the coarse breeds of cattle, a difference that is much wider than the
art of the chemist can show, because there are qualities too delicate to be appre-
hended by the chemist's crucible.
There is not alone a great variation in the combinations of elements, and the
proportions of fat, casein, sugar and mineral matter, but the inherent quality of all
these parts is more or less varied. For the milk is affected by the character of the
animal, its odor and taste being varied much ; also the kind of food used makes
differences so great as to produce results affecting the health and life of a child, or even
a young animal fed thereon. The study of milk is deserving of more attention in
minute details because of its importance in relation to the artiiicial feeding of
children. The mineral substances of the milk also vary greatly in proportion and
possibly in the quality of their combinations. Here are combinations formed from
phosphoric acid, chlorine, the oxides of potassium, calcium, iron, soda, magnesia and
sulphur. These mostly exist in the form of phosphates, of which the most important
is the phosphate of lime, the latter constituting about half the ash of milk. Milk
contains several gases in small amount, including a small amount of carbonic acid,
oxygen and nitrogen, which make up about .002 of the bulk of new milk, but escape by
exposure. Cow's milk also contains a small amount of pepsin, which aids in its digestion
and in cheese-making. A temperature of 145° destroys the pejisin and greatly injures
the milk. Coloring matter and various volatile oils give character to the milk.
Jersey cows produce a milk which differs greatly from almost all other breeds.
By the reports of chemical analysis and by the actual tests of milk as food, and in
the production of butter and cheese, the Jersey milk is unrivalled in quality and
richness by that of any otiier breed of cattle in the world.
The following comjianitive analyses show the chemical variations between the
milk of Jerseys and other breeds :
Analyxes of Milk made in 188-1: hy Profemor II. W. Smith, Cliemist for Iloughton
Farm, Mountalnville, iV. Y., and contributed for this toork by Major Henry E
Alvord, Manager :
MILK OK .IKKSKVS nolUJHToN FA.KM UKKI).
Mixed milk of lierd of twenty -eight cows, morning and evening, in July, 1884:
Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar.
Morning S.5..3 14.7 5..5 3.9 4.3
Evening s.'i.t; 1 4.4 4.s ,3.9 4.8
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 343
Milk from fourteen selected cows :
Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar.
Extreme 84.1 15.9 &.Q 3.9 6.2
Extreme 86.3 13.7 4.3 2.7 4.3
Average 85.6 14.4 4.93 3.3 5.1
Jersey Tests.
MILK OF cow Maid of Five Oaks 7178, eight yeaes old.
Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar.
85.7 14.30 5.20 3.S0 5.0
Date, July, 1884. Last calf, April, 1884. In calf thirty days. Milk yield
day of sampling, 25 lbs. 12 oz.
MILK OF JERSEY HEIFER VaLLEY LasS 20,050. BORN NOVEMBER 10, 1882.
Water.
Total Solids.
Fat.
Casein.
Sugar.
83.18
16.82
7.12
4.20
4.1
MILK OF RajIETTE 20,051. BORN DECEMBER 18, 1882.
Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar.
87.80 12.20 4.57 3.90 4.3
These two heifers, daughters of the Jersey bull Ramapo 4679, came into milk
while in pasture, July, 1884, neither having had service by a bull.
MILK OF HOLSTEINS, MEADOWBROOK HERD.
JOHN MITCHELL, PKOPKIETOR, ORANGE CO.
Mixed milk of herd July, 1884, noon milking, milked thrice daily :
Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar.
88.0 12.0 4.3 2.6 4.1
Milk of eight selected cows :
Water. Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar.
Extreme 87.20 12.8 4.0 3.8 5.8
Extreme 88.50 11.5 3.3 1.5 4.7
Average 87.70 12.3 3.6 2.8 4.3
HOLSTEIN COW JAMAICA 1336 II. H. B. BORN 1881.
Total Solids. Fat. Casein. Sugar.
12.6 3.5 3.8 4.7.
July, 1884 ; had calf early in spring ; in calf ; milk yield day of sampling,
noon milking, 41 lbs.
344 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Correct. October, 1884. From Records of E.xperiineutal Departiiieiit of
Houghton Farm ; Henry E. Alvord, Manager.
Milk analyses from Jersey cows at the Xew York State Agrictiltural Experiment
Station, hy S. Monlten Bahcock, A.M., Ph.D., Chemist {Report for year 1882) :
" Four Jersey cows arrived at the station November 30tb, after a two days' trip.
Three of these were giving milk, and these were milked in the morning, and were
not again milked imtil the evening, and the mixed milk was at once carefully
sampled for purposes of analysis. "We had, hence, the milk of fatigued and
harassed cows. It would scarcely answer to generalize from one case, yet we
would call attention to the general belief that harassing of cows diminishes the fat
of the milk. The results of the analysis are phenomenal in their character."
MIXED EVENINO MILK FKOM THREE FATIOUED JERSEY COWS.
1. Specific Gravity 1.0226
2. Per cent. Cream after iifteen lioiirs 80.30
3. Fat 10.50
4. Casein 3.09
5. Albumen 70
6. Sugar 3.23
7. Ash 59
8. Loss 62
Total Solids 18.73
Water 81.27
100.00
Per cent, nitrogen by combustion 0.60
TOTAL SOLIDS.
" In the milk from fatigued cows the solids were largely increased, the increase
being wholly due to increased amount of fat, the other solids being lessened. More
influence must be attributed to insufficient food and deprivation of water than to
any mechanical effect of the journey." (Report of 1883.)
" Commencing January 2d, 1 883, and extending over a period of forty-seven
days, daily examinations of the milk of four Jersey cows were made, for the purpose
of ascertaining the influence of different rations on the quantity and quality of the
milk. The composition of the milk from the herd of four Jersey cows kept at the
station ae determined by analyses made during the feeding experiments is given
below."
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
SUMMARY OF JERSEY ANALYSES.
Elements.
Highest.
Lowest.
Average.
Specific Gravity
Cream
Solids
1.0336
! 17.5
' 15.90
1.0296
10.
13.26
4.47
.3.25
4.64
.56
1.0315
13.80
14.47
Fat
Casein
Sugar
Ash
6.02
3.93
5.56
74
5.09
3.57
5.15
.67
Two analyses of Milk from Holstein cows helongmg to the herd of G. S. Miller
Peterhoro, JV. T. :
Elements.
Milk from
Holstein Cow
"Nannie Smith."
Milk from
Holstein Cow
"Gem."
Specific Gravity
1.0319
12.11
3.40
2.47
5.69
.55
1.0305
Solids
13.61
Fat
4.41
3.10
5.34
Ash
.76
ABSTRACT FROM REPORT.
In the experiments with the four Jerseys they were fed, preceding the
analysis, four pounds each of wheat bran and four pounds corn meal, with hay
ad lihitum, and the four cows averaged in weight, from December 10th to January 1st,
seven hundred and nine pounds.
From January 2d to 7th each cow received twenty pounds hay, eight
pounds corn meal, and eight pounds of shorts, and averaged in weight seven
hundred and five pounds, and the average solids in the milk was 14.52 percent.
January 8th to 14th each cow had twenty pounds hay, and, with the exception
of three days, sixteen pounds of shorts, the three days fourteen pounds of shorts and
fifteen pounds hay ; the cows averaged seven hundred and twenty-two pounds in
weight, and gave their highest yield in solids and in butter. Highest solids, 15.90
per cent. ; average, 15.05.
340 JERSEY CA TTLE IJV AMERICA.
January 15tli to 19th each cow had fifteen pounds hay and twelve pounds
gluten meal, and averaged seven hundred and thirteen pounds. The yield of milk
was greatest, but the solids were 14.05 per cent.
January 20th to 25th each cow had fifteen pounds of hay and ten pounds corn
meal, and weighed six hundred and ninety-seven pounds. The solids averaged
14.27 per cent.
January 26th to 2Sth each cow had five jxninds hay and four pounds corn
meal, four pounds shorts and ten pounds ensilage. The average weight of the
cows was six hundred and ninety-seven pounds. The solids averaged 14.61 ])er
cent.
January 29tli to 31st the feed was five pounds hay, four pounds corn ineal, and
twenty pounds ensilage to each cow. Their weight fell to six hundred and ninety-
one pounds, the milk greatly lessened in quality, and the solids averaged 14.83
per cent.
February Ist to 3d each cow was fed four pounds corn meal and thirty pounds
ensilage, with a falling to six hundred and eighty pounds in average weight, a
lessening of milk, and an average of 14.25 per cent of solids.
From February 4th to 11th each cow had an average feed of fifty-five pounds
of ensilage. They gave the lowest yield of milk during the experiment, 9.41 pounds
daily ; the cows averaged six hundred and ninety-three pounds in weight, and the
percentage of milk soHds was 14.23.
From February 12th to ISth each cow had fifteen pounds hay, four pounds
corn meal, and four pounds shorts. The average weight was six hundred and
eighty-five pounds, and the percentage of solids 14.27, with an increase to 10.59
pounds of milk daily.
ANALYSES MADE AT THE NEW .lERSEY STATION, 1880.
Elements.
Jersey.
Native.
Ayrshire.
Water
6 Cows.
85.28
14.72
3.67
6.21
4.93
.91
21 lbs. 3 oz
6 Cows.
86.43
13.57
3.34
4.49
4.82
.92
22 lbs. 9 oz.
5 Cows.
8715
Solids
12.85
3.20
Fat
4 33
Sugar
4.60
Ash
.72
21 lbs. 4 oz.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
ANALYSES AT THE CONNECTICUT STATION.*
347
Elements.
Guernseys.
Guernsey Cow
Ceres.
Ayrshire.
Specific Gravity
3 Cows 7 mos. from
Calf.
1.0337
85.49
14.84
4.12
4.68
4.44
1.08
8i mos. from Calf.
1.0368
82.94
17.06
4.60
6.74
4.52
1.20
3 Cows.
Water
87.87
12 16
Solids
Casein
3 12
Fat
3 59
4 69
Ash. .
76
MILK OF DUTCH COWS.f
Dr. Schmoeger (Milch-Zeitung, 1881) gives the results of extended obser-
vations on the yield and quality of milk from a herd of forty-five Dutch cattle
in Proskau, from October 15th, 1878, to March 31st, 1881. The average yield
per head from October, 1878, to October, 1879, was two thousand eight hundred and
sixty-four quarts ; from October, 1879, to April, 1880, was one thousand four
hundred and eighteen quarts ; and from April, 1880, to April, 1881, was two thousand
nine hundred and seventy-three quarts.
The cows were milked three times daily : at 4 and 11 a.m. and 6 p.m. The
observations on the quality of the milk are as follows :
Morning. Noon. Evening.
( Minimum 1.0292 1.0291 1.0299
Specific Gra^^ty. J Maximum 1.0340 1.0340 1.0345
( Average 1.0320 1.0312 1.0319
Average. Average. Average.
Solids 11.31 11.85 11.77
Fat 2.79 3.41 3.26
AYRSHIRE MILK.:]:
Analysis of milk from Ayrshire cow. Evening milk, August 6th, 1876 :
1. Right forward teat, yield 2 lbs.
2. Left forward teat, yield li "
3. Eight rear teat, yield \\ "
4. Left rear teat, yield li "
* From Connecticut Annual Report, 1883. \ Report of Connecticut Experiment Station, 1882.
X Dr. Sturtevant, in U. S. Agricultural Report, 1880.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Elements.
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
Specific Gravity
1.025
1.024
1.026
1.028
Fat ....
5.59
4.09
4.48
.68
4.43
2.18
6.58
.61
4.39
3;44
5.00
.66
3 84
Sugar
4 20
Casein and Alhuincn
Asli
5.59
.67
Total Solids
14.84
85.16
13.80
86.20
13.49
86.51
14.30
Water
85.70
Cow eleven years old ; seven months from calf. Feed, pasture, fodder-corn,
and six quarts of shorts.
Milk of Ayrshire heifer two and one half years old ; six months from calving ;
stabled and fed on com fodder, hay and oatmeal.
1. Right forward teat, yield If lbs.
2. Left forward teat, yield If "
3. Right hind teat, j-ield 1^ "
4. Left rear teat, yield If "
Elements.
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
Specific Gravity
1.032
14
1.0316
11
1.030
13
1.0315
10
Sugar
Casein and Albumen
Ash
4.90
3.53
.59
3.32
5.00
3.42
.57
3.00
4.72
3.61
.61
2.73
4.88
3.48
64
Fat
2.13
Total Solids
12.34
87.66
11.99
88.01
11.67
88.33
11 13
Water
88 87
S. p. Sharples, Chemist.
The average for the two Ayrshires is as follows:
Specific Gravity.
Water.
Solids.
Ciisein.
Fal.
Sugar.
Ash
1.028
87.05
12.94
4.41
3.67
4.17
.62
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 349
EFFECT OF WORRY UPON QUALITY OF MILK.*
A pet COW, breed not stated, was purchased, and turned in with the herd of the
new owner, and, although represented to be a good milker, the quality was poor and
almost creamless. On May 14th, 1883, a sample of her milk was analyzed at the
Connecticut Station, with the following results :
TESTS OF MILK.
Specific Gravity 1.031
Solids 11.28
Fat 2.16
At later dates :
Aug. 1st, 1883. Jan. 15th, 1884.
Water 87.50 84.92
Sohds 12.50 15.08
Casein and Albumen 2.81 3.34
Fat 3.94 5.54
MILK ANALYSIS IN PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.
From United States Agricultural Keport for 1878 is derived this analysis of milk
from a grade Shorthorn cow suffering with pleuro-pneumonia :
Specific Gravity at 59° Fahr 1.033
Water 86.42
Fat 2.28
Sohds not fat 11.30
Casein 4.60
Albumen 1.23
Sugar 4.63
Ash (insoluble) .626 "i
Ash (soluble) .213 /
TESTS OF MILK.
Jersey Cow Honey. Holstein Cow Itzehoe.
(Both owned by W. 8. Tilton, Mass.)
Water 83.55 85.80
Total Solids 16.45 14.20
Fat 5.24 3.94
Casein and Sugar 10.44 9.60
Mineral Salts .77 .66
Per cent. Cream by vohune 25.75 15.00
* Annual Report Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1883. Abstract.
350 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Analysis of six samples of Dutcli (or IIolsteiu-Friesian) milk by Professor
Voelcker, of London, England :
Water, 88.20.
Total Solids, 11.80.
Fat, 2.90.
COMPAKATIVE CHEMICAL TKSTS OF MILK OF DIFFERENT BREEDS.
Name of Breed. Total Solids.
Jersey, one cow *21.43
Jersey, three cows *18.73
Guernsey, one cow 17.15
Jersey, one cow 16.23
Jersey, one heifer (virjiin) 16.82
Jersey, one cow 16.59
Jersey, one cow 16.33
Ayrshire, one cow 14.76
Devon, one cow 14.75
Native, si.\ cows 13.57
Ayrshire, seven cows 12.85
Short-horn, one cow 12.96
Dutch (Ilolstein), one cow 12.60
Dutch, forty-five cows for two and a half years' test 11.77
Breed. Per cent, of Fat.
Jersey, one cow 12.53
Jersey, three cows 10.50
Jersey, one cow 8.58
Jersey, one virgin heifer 7.12
Guernsey, one cow 6.74
Jersey, one cow 6.59
Devon, one cow 5.28
Ayrsliire, one cow 4.96
Swiss (liighest) 4.50
Native, six cows 4.49
Shorthorn, one cow 3.85
Dutch (Ilolstein), one cow 3.50
Dutch or Holstein, forty-five cows, two and a half years' test 3.26
* New York State Expcrimrnt Station.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 351
Breed. Casein.
Jersey, one cow 4-9"
Jersey, one virgin heifer -i-^O
Guernsey, one cow -i-tiO
Guernsey, three cows ■t.12
Jersey, four cows <^-93
Jersey, three cows 3.61
Jersey, six cows 3.67
Ayrshire, one very extra cow 3.26
Ayrshire, five cows 3.20
Dutch (Holstein), one very extra cow 2.78
RELATIVE RICHNESS OF MILK IN BREEDS.
As far as I am able to determine by the limited number and incomplete
character of milk analyses yet made, the various breeds of cows deserve to rank for
richness in solids and utility for the dairy, whether as butter, cheese, cream, or
milch cows, as follows :
1. Jersey (always First).
2. Guernsey.
3. Angler.
4. Ked Poll.
5. Devon.
6. American Eed (Native).
7. Swiss.
8. Ayrshire.
9. Shorthorn.
10. Dutch (or Holstein Friesian).
" An experiment with two Jersey and two Holstein cows required forty-eight
pounds of food for Holsteins and twenty-four pounds for Jerseys to produce a
pound of butter."
As corroborative evidence that tlie above tabulation is approximately correct in
all its parts and as a whole essentially so, I quote from an article written by Mr.
Yalancey E. Fuller, in the Cotmtnj Gentlemmi, November 26th, 1885, in which he
says : " I now desire to call attention to a series of public tests at the Dominion
Exhibition in London, Ontario, in September last. It was the boast of the Holstein
breeders that they had, in point of numbers (about two hundred, including heifers
and young bulls) a grand representative display ; and, as compared to Jerseys, they
were three to one.
" Tests were made by Professors Brown and Barre for milk, butter and cheese
353
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA.
combined, according to the plan and connt of points adopted in Eiiirhind and
Scotland at the dairy fairs, as follow :
" ' 1. MTeiff/d of milk. One point (count) is allowed for every pound given in
twenty-four hours. 2. Quantitij of butter. In England the standard is three pounds
to every one hundred pounds of milk. In Canada the standard is 3.5 pounds to
every one hundred pounds of milk. Add or deduct ten points (counts) for every one
above or below. 3. Cheese curd per one hundred pounds of milk. Allow one point
(count) for every pound. 4. Time since calving. Add one point (count) for every
ten days.'
" All the cows were judged by the same count of points, and under similar
circumstances, but in different classes ; eight Holsteins entered in their class, three
Ayrshires in theirs ; two grade Shorthorns in theirs, and two Jerseys in their class.
" The Jersey cow Rose of Eden led them all, making the largest score ever
made by any cow of any breed in the world for a similar contest — namely, one
hundred and nine points [counts] for butter, milk and cheese combined.
" An Ayrshire was second (83.85) ; a grade Shorthorn third (81.52) ; the other
Jersey fourth (78.10) ; Ayrshire iifth (68.27) ; Ilolstein sixth (64.29) ; Holstein
seventh (59.07) ; grade Shorthorn eighth (55.07) ; Holstein ninth, tenth, eleventh,
twelfth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth, and Ayrsliire thirteenth (49.42).
" The Jersey excelled the highest combined score of the Ayrshire twenty- one
points [counts] and the highest of the Holsteins by forty-five points [counts].
"The lowest Jersey excelled the highest Holstein by over thirteen points
[counts].
" The averages of each breed were as follow :
Milk in 34 hours
Jersey
Ayrsliire
Holstein
Grade Shorthorn
25.56
24.51
32.19
35.52
Butter per
100 lbs. of Milk,
4.24
2.9S
Wet Cheese
Curd per 100 lbs.
of Milk.
20.30
22.70
16.59
20.62
" The highest milk record is that of a grade Shorthorn, 46.80 jwiinds. The
best milk record of Holstein is 37.60 pounds, and the lowest 23.60 pounds. Highest
and lowest Ayrshire, 29.50 pounds, and 18.12 pounds.
" Highest and lowest Jersey, twenty-seven pounds, and 24.12 pounds. Quantity
of milk required to make one pound of Imtter: Jersey, less than fourteen pounds;
^^^^
ROSE OF EDEN 13,437.
AT G YEARS OLD.
A Champion Prize Winner.
oaklands herd.
Valancey E. Puller, Hajiilton, Ontario, Canada.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IEEICA. 353
Ayrshire, over twenty -three pounds ; grade Shorthorn, over twenty -nine pounds ;
Holstein, over thirty-three pounds.
" Unfortunately the Holstein breeders did not enter into direct competition
with other dairy breeds in a similar test under like rules at the Toronto Exhibition
in the following week, and thus here no comparison can be made, but I may say
that those competing ranked as follow : Jerseys first, second, third, fifth, sixth and
seventh places (there were six Jerseys entered) ; Ayrshire fourth, ninth, and tenth ;
Devon eighth."
This evidence is cumulative. The Jersey is always the l)est, the Ayrshire
uneven in quality, the Holstein always the poorest.
The Holstein approaches nearest to a hydrant, in the quality of her jJroductions,
of any living creature. The best thing for the Netherlanders and the American
importers of this breed to do is to forthwith inaugurate an improvement by
introducing to all their herds the best-bred American Jersey bulls, so that in six
generations, when their cattle shall have become fullbred, ||th Jersey and -g^th
Holstein, they will be possessed of a breed of cattle from which to make selections
that will astonish the world for productiveness and rich quality.
HUMAN MILK.
A comparative study of human milk and cuw's milk is of great importance in
the artificial feeding of young children. Some accounts state that " the casein of
human milk is much less precipitable by acids than is that of the cow, very
commonly resisting the action of the mineral acids and that of the acetic, but being
always coagulated by rennet, though the curd is long in collecting." Others state that
" rennet does not seem to act upon human milk unless an acid be also present." It
obtains that one of the chief difficulties in the feeding of children with cow's milk is
the character of the casein and its formation of a curd much denser than that of
woman's milk. Of the many devices for correcting or overcoming the peculiar
effects of the amount and the density of the bovine curd, the best is a proportional
dilution with a solution of gelatine and milk sugar, adding a small quantity of
rennet or lacto-rennetine.
The milk of women differs as much in different individuals of the same race as
that of cows of the same breed.
The dilution for -children should be made proportional according to the
following analyses, regard being exercised to select milk according to era of calving
and age of infant, and always from non-pregnant cows.
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMEBIC A.
Analyses of Human Milk,
bt simon. — fourteen analyses from the same woman.
Elements.
Average.
Extreme.
Extreme.
Water
88.99
11.01
2.53
3.43
4.82
0.23
83.57
16.43
5.40
4.52
6.24
0.27
93.16
6.84
Fat
0 80
Casein
1.96
Sugar
3.92
Fixed Salts
016
The quantity of casein is least at the beginning of lactation, and gradually
increases to a standard proportion.
Milk sugar is in greatest amount at the commencement of lactation, and gradually
decreases. The amount of butter fat is the most variable constituent. The
proportion of casein is increased by exercise, as in animals.
HUMAN MILK.
Elements.
QOOTID BT TaNNBB.
WObtz'8
Amaltsis.
LiBDS' AUALYSIS OF
EioHTT Samples.
Blonde.
2.
Brunette.
3.
Average.
Average.
Extreme.
Extreme.
Average.
Water
89.20
10.80
5.85
3.55
1.00
0.40
85.33
14.67
7.12
5.48
1.62
0.45
88.90
11.10
4.36
2.69
3.92
0.13
87.81
12.19
5.78
3.90
2.18
0.33
87.02
12.98
7.05
4.06
1.67
0.20
91.51
8.49
5.40
2.11
0.85
0.13
79.96
20.02
7.92
6.89
4.86
0.37
86.73
Solids
13.26
Suirar
6.94
Fat
4.13
Casein
Salts . .
2.00
0.20
JERSEY COWS AS MILKERS.
From a record by Dr. Sturtevant, published in United States Agricultural
Eeport for 1880, the Jersey herd of Mr. Edward Burnett, Southborough, Mass.,
shows the following averages, which included all the cows in milk, with the young
heifers, some of which calved toward the close of the year in which their first yield
appears.
JERSJEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 355
Deerfoot Herd.
Tears. Qts. per Cow.
1873 2050
1874 2377
1875 2215
1876 2712
1877 2475
1878 2404
1879 2726
Average for seven years 2423
'' DEEEFOOT" herd — INDIVIDUAL YIELDS.
Year.
Pink 3d.
Pink 4th.
Susie.
Mab.
1873
Quarts.
2594
3118
3348
3922
3827
3660
3130
Quarts.
2076
2566
3143
3879
3895
2820
2210
Quarts.
1988
2298
2922
3476
3576
3495
4524
Quarts.
1950
1874
2463
1875
3028
1876
3384
1877
2991
1878
1879
2978
3935
Average for seven years. .
3371
2941
3182
2933
The cow Siisie gave in her seventh year an average of 12.39 quarts for three
hundred and sixty-five days.
Deerfoot Maid gave 3592 quarts in 1879.
Julia 3510 gave 3593 quarts in 1876.
Patty 2d of Deerfoot gave 3083 quarts in 1879.
Princess of Southborough gave 3043 quarts in 1879.
ECHO FAEM HERD.
Records of " Echo Fann " Herd, Litchfield, Conn.
Filbert 3630 at five years old gave in eight months 8466^ pounds of milk,
or more than eight times her weight.
Locust 3631 at six years old gave during August 1274 pounds of milk, and for
356 JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA.
eleven months after calf gave 9528 pounds, and in the latter part of the twelfth
month, on hay ration, while being forced dry, gave 8 pounds daily.
Nellie 131 at sixteen years old had not been dry in nine years, and gave in lier
fifteenth year 7412J pounds of milk, equivalent to 3447 quarts.
Mel 3d 127 when eleven years old gave 7354^ ])(ninds of milk. (Cherry 18S7,
her daughter, gave for Mr. Durand 44 pounds a day. i
Clemmy 450 when fourteen years of age gave 055 pounds of milk in one month.
Dash 3060 when eight years old gave 8453 pounds of milk ; at nine years old
7848 pounds, and at ten years of age 8937^ pounds, or 4156 quarts.
Norton's Peggy 2811 when seven years old gave 8550 pounds of milk, and at
nine years old 7782 pounds.
Viviane 6866 at ten years old gave 7271 pounds of milk.
Arawana Belle 3277 at eight years old gave 8060 pounds of milk in ten months.
Quakeress 1861 gave at nine years old 8414 pounds, or 3913 quarts.
Myrtilla 2898 at nine years old gave in less than five months 3556 pounds of
milk.
lUid i)f Glastonbury 4652 at seven years old gave in five months twenty -two
days 4081^ pounds of milk.
MILK OF FAMOUS BUTTER COWS.
Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 when making her test of 705 pounds of
butter in a year had ordinary pasture and two quarts of bran daily in summer,
rowen hay and two quarts of bran in winter. She made a pound of buttei- from
five and one half quarts of milk at the flush and from four quarts later in her
seasoTi, thus giving from 20 to 21 quarts a day at the flush, and was never dry,
yielding 25 pounds of milk ten hours before calving.
Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 when five years old produced, between
calves, 8470 pounds 12f ounces of milk, which made 867 pounds 14| ounces of salted
butter, and in her oflicial test of seven days, when six yeai-s old, produced 36 pounds
12J ounces of salted butter from 245 pounds of milk, or a pound of butter from si.\
and two thirds pounds of milk (three and one seventh quarts), an average daily )-ield
of 35 pounds, or 16^ quarts of milk. Her daily feed was withered clover pasture,
from thirty-five to fifty quarts of grain, a small quantity of roots, cabbages, and a
few apples, divided into from five to seven feeds.
Eprotas 2454, between two calves dropped within one year, yielded in 340 days
7525 pounds of Tnilk, which made 778 pounds 1 ounce of butter ready for market.
Masena 25,732, between calves dropped a year and fifteen days apart, yielded
in 376 days 9101 jwunds of milk, which made 9t)2 pounds 3 ounces of l)utter ready
for market.
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 357
Average Milk Yield of Houyhton Farm Herd for One Year — Fifteen Goios,
including Two Aged Cows and Three Undeveloped Heifers*
Herd Book
Number. Lbs. Oz.
7.177 ti,077 1-i
7.178 6,505 4
7.280 6,081 5
7.281 5,131 11
7,283 5,64-7 13
9,127 6,151 8
12,560 4,901 1
12.574 4,611 . .
12.575 5,062 9
12,578 6,176 15
14,432 5,600 02
14.992 5,048 14
14.993 6,899 8
6,560 3
7,207 8
Fifteen cows 87,663 3
Average 5844 pounds 3 ounces = 2,718^ (juarts.
Hon. Thomas Allen's " Maplehurst Herd," reported by D. G. Roberts in
Scientific Farmer, 1878, Panthea, a heifer very remarkable for productiveness,
richness and persistent milking, dropped her first caK when twenty-one months and
twenty-seven days old, in the year 1875, October 10th, and has given milk as
follows : From that date up to January 1st, 1876, gave 1205 pounds. During the
year ending December 31st, 1876, she gave a total of 4136 pounds, and during the
year 1877 she gave as follows : January, 373 ; February, 337 ; March, 367 ; April,
207 ; May, 178 ; June, 176 ; July, 526 ; August, 732 ; September, 609 ; October,
876; November, 771; December, 548 — making a total of 11,041 pounds of milk
given before she was forty-nine months old. She was tested at butter-making when
twenty-three months old (one month from first calf), the first seven days of Novem-
ber, 1875. Gave 114 pounds of milk, and made 8i pounds of butter, a poimd of
butter from 13.41 pounds of milk. The first seven days of November, 1877, gave
161 pounds of milk, and made 12^ pounds of butter, a pound from 12.9 pounds of
milk. Taking these averages, she must have made over 850 pounds of butter before
the first of January, 1878. Previous to this date she has given milk eight hundred
and eleven days ; consequently she has made an average of more than a pound of
* Reported for this work by Henry E. Alvord.
358 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEJilCA.
butter a day. Panthea lias steadily given milk siuce she caine in, and has dropiK'd
three calves.
Mr. 11. Saltonstall reported in Scientijic Fai-mei' : Yield of imported Jei-seycow
Snowdrop 569 for one year, 9085 pomids of milk, and succeeding year 9(>'23 pounds.
Buttercup 2d 5G32, with second calf, 1877. ^nelded 9080 pounds of milk ; Mr.
F. Davis's cow. Belle of Newton 1747, gave in three hundred and fifty-three days,
1874, 10,085 pomids of milk.
PROSPECT HILL FAKM HKKD.*
The largest yield ever i-ejjorted from a heifer with first calf, Fawx <>f
St. Lambert 27,942, making 10,101^ pounds with ordinary feed.
La Petite More 2d 12,810 yielded 10,329 pounds of milk in one year on
ordinary feed of pasture and hay.
Matilda 4rH 12,816 yielded from April 1st to December 1st, 18S5, 11,167^
pounds of milk, and is still yielding about 40 pounds daily, with a prospect of
reaching over 15,000 in a year.
T<sf.'< i)f Three Cowx — Feed: Hay, Corn-stalks, a7id not more than 27 Pounds
Mixed Ground Feed.
Matilda 4th 12,816. La Petite M6re 2d 12,810. Ida of St. Lambert 24.990.
Last calf, April 1, 1885. Last calf, October 30, 1885. Last calf, November 16, 1885.
Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.
38 December 11 56 December 11 63^
40 " 12 53 '• 12 67
39 " 13 53 " 13 67
39 " 14 50J " 14 63
40 " 15 52i " 15 65
38 " 16 54 '• 16 6.3i
38 " 17 52 " 17 65
272 1m 454
LOESER FARM HERD, SOMERVILLE, N. J.
Jenny Pogis 22,984 yielded at two years old 5877^ pounds of milk and a
calf in less than one year, 11|^ pounds of milk making a pound of butter; or at the
rate of 505 pounds of butter in the year.
Daisy Pogis 23,015, at two years old, yielded 6S77 pounds of milk in twelve
months.
PERSISTENCY OK JERSEYS IN MILK.
The Jersey breed is the most remarkable for persistency in milking, many
cows being perpetual milkei-s. The Jerseys, as far as I have observed, illustrate the
* Miller & Sibk-y, Fruukliu, Veuaiigo Co., Pa.
December
11
12
13
"
14
■ "
15
16
17
Total
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA.
theory of Guenon in respect to tliis quality with ahnost absohite accuracy, cows
escutcheons of the first order being perpetual milkers when they are not
by bad milking ; those of the second order going dry one month, and those
of the third order from two and one half to three months. The cow that never
goes dry is oftener a Jersey than of any other breed.
Major Henry E. Alvord reports in Jersey Bulletin, October, 1884, two
illustrations of persistency in Houghton Farm herd. " As good examples of this
excellent habit, I give the records of two heifers. The first is Amalgam 15,360, bred
by T. J. Hand, bom September, 1881, a granddaughter of Eioter 2d 469. The other
is Mrs. Laugtry 14,994, born at Houghton Farm, December, 1881. Mrs. Langtry
took first prize in her class (seventeen entries) at the last New York State Fair.
Amalgam dropped her first calf August 18th, 1883, and her second August 29th, 1884.
" The following is the record of her milking between these dates. She was
milked every day, but the milk was not weighed in August, 1884, nor for five days
after her first calf.
" Mrs. Langtry dropped her first calf December 19th, 1883, and is due again
December 20th, 1884.
" Her product from October 1st is estimated :
xlMAMAM 15,360.
August 124 lbs.
September 498 "
October 480 "
November 452 "
December 483 "
January 473 "
February 447 "
March 477 "
AjDril 441 "
May 451 "
June 422 "
July 402 "
Total 5,155 lbs.
1 oz.
Mrs. Lakgtry 14,994.
December 152 lbs. 1 oz.
January 608 " 6 "
Feljruary 544 " 4 "
March 548 " 13 "
April 504 " 4 "
May 546 " .. "
Jime 544 " 15 "
July 525 " 10 "
August 503 " . . "
September 487 " 11 "
October 400 " .. "
November, dry.
Total
.5,635 lbs. 2 oz.
" With small allowances for the milk nut used, the product for the year after
the first calf is, for one, over 2400 quarts, and for the other 2500 quarts. This is a
good record, and the quality is equal to the quantity. But the point especially to be
noted is the very even and persistent product, which I deem of the greatest value.
" Both heifers were brought to calf first at a suitable time to develop this
important habit. Amalgam in particular. She had the fine nutritious pasturage of
360 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERFCA.
September and October to give her a start, and then, just as she would be tending to
diminished yield, when five or six niontlis in calf, fresh spring pasture started her up
again and kept her in milk right along to second calf. This calf is strong and
hearty, and the dam in Septeml)er gave more inilk than in any month of her first
year. . . . Give me the little Jersey, yielding a good mess of rich milk nearly every
day I have to feed her, and, pro])erly handled, most jirofitable, while many other
cows are dry.
"When a robust cow keej)s up lier How and shows no signs of entire drying
before she 'springs' f(jr a new calf, I lia\e never gained anything by struggling
to make her dry off, and never experienced any l)ad result to cow or calf by a
continuous yield."
UNRIVALLED RICHNKSS OF JKKSETS.
j'y reference to the tallies of butter tests in another part of this work it will
be seen that nearly eleven hundred cows have made 14 pounds of butter or u]>ward
in seven days. Of these, ninety-eight cows have made 20 pounds or upward, and the
highest record is an oflicial test of 46 pounds 12i- ounces in seven days. Of tlie
one thousand and eighty tests, as far as has been ascertained, more than two liundivd
cows have made a pound of butter from less than 14 poinids or (U cjuarts of milk ; and
of this number, one hundred and forty cows have made a })ound of l)utter from less
than 13 pounds or OgV quarts of milk; one Inmdred cows have made a pound of
butter from less than 12 pounds or of quarts of milk ; si.xty cows have made a pound
of butter from less than 11 jiounds or 5^'^ quarts of milk ; thirty cows have made a
pound of butter from less than 10 poimds or 4f quarts of milk ; nineteen cows have
made a poiiiid of butter from less than 9 pounds or 4^ quarts of milk ; ten cows
have made a pound of butter from less than 7 pounds or SJ quarts of milk ; four
cows have yielded a pound of butter from less than 6 pounds or 2f quarts of milk :
and one cow, Ethleel 2d 32,291, by ofiicial test with first calf, yielded a pound of
butter from 5^^;^ pounds or 2f quarts of milk.
THE AKT OF Mir.KINO.
Milking is an art wholly to be learned by practice, and cxjHM-t skill is developed
only in the one who has natural adaptation.
The secretion of the udder glands fills the tubes and reservoirs to distention in
from eight to twelve hours, when the cow desires natural relief by the sucking of
her calf or the artificial gratification furnished by the hand of the milker. The
calf's mouth fits the teat, so that the palate forms a ])oint of resistance in one
direction, while the mol)ile tongue gives an undulatory pressure along the teat
channel, forcing the fluid contents against the lower elastic ring, which opens to give
vent to a flowing jet, and closes again while the upper elastic ring opens to allow the
enq)ty teat to be filled l)y the j)ressure from the reservoir above. Tlie hand
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 361
assimilates the action of the calf's mouth, the palm taking the place of the palate,
and the pliant fingers being substituted for the tongue. Only by much practice can
the delicate manipulation requisite be attained, which shall rapidly drive the
alternate jets into the foaming pail with the utmost celerity. When the hand is at
first applied to the teats the cow involuntarily tightens the upper elastic ring, which
seems to make the udder fuller and harder, and the milker gets only the fluid lying
in the channel of the teats.
But in two or three seconds, if the cow is in good health and on friendly terms
with the milker, she gives a free relaxation of the upper sphincter, and the teats are
quickly swollen with the milk that is pressed from the distended reservoirs, and the
cow yields herself and the whole contents of the udder unreservedly to the milker's
hands. Now is the milker's opportunity to obtain all the milk secreted, provided
his movements are dexterous and speedy, for the milk must all be drawn during
this mood of yielding relaxation of the cow. Any interruption of the steady flow
or any slacking of the speed of the jets induces a contraction to shut off the flow,
and tends to lessen the amount secreted, so that the moderate or lazy milker never
gets the whole mess, because he never allows the cow to yield her full amount, and
the habit confirmed makes a great difference in the annual yield of a cow.
The milker should know that the cow yields her milk readily and continuously
as long as she feels a sense of relief at his hands, and that the more expeditious he is
in gratifying the cow the greater will be the yield. But if the cow is offended or
her quietude and comfort disturbed she may refuse to yield her milk altogether
until her mind is diverted by feeding, and even then a stranger or offensive person
will fail to ol)tain all the milk.
It should also be borne in mind tliat tlie udder and teats are of a delicate
structure, and consequently may be permanently injured by casual violence or any
harsh usage. No other method of drawing the milk except by well-trained hands is
to be tolerated, unless it be in a case of disease where the ordinary hand pressure
cannot be endured or fails to draw the milk. In such instances a milking-tube may
be used until the disease is remedied. The tube must Ije of a good pattern, perfectly
smooth, and always well oiled at the time of its introduction, when it may be passed
slowly and gently through the sphincters to allow a steady flow from the reservoir.
In any case the milking-tube is a necessary evil, and must only be used in an
emergency, and immediately discarded when the emergency is passed.
Good milkers are hard to find. The skill and thoroughness with which the
milking is done is one of the most important factors in successful dairying and
breeding. Milking must be done gently, quickly, thoroughly, and with all cleanliness.
The structure of the lacteal organs is so delicate that without the requisite gentleness
the teats and udder are liable to serious injury.
The milk cannot be drawn too quickly or the udder stripped too thoroughly, and
362 JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA.
unless done verv quickly and very thoroughly loss and injury are sure to follo-n-, for
the cow that is milked properly gives her full quantity with due persistency, while
the cow that falls to the hands of an indolent and careless milker will fall off in
quantity and persistency, often to her permanent injury. Many cows are utterly
ruined by ignorant, lazy and vicious milkers. Cleanliness of character and cleanliness
of person shine forth in t^je stable and the dairj- as cardinal virtues, while filthiness
of person, filthy character, filthy language and slovenly work are intolerable soiirces
of moral, pliysical and financial degradation. The milker must have a love for all
the cattle under his care, a love that would shield them from all injury and every
hurt ; he must treat a Jersey cow as gently as he would a lady, and her calf as
tenderly as a child. He must be cleanly in dress, with clean linen, clean jacket, clean
overalls and clean shoes, and never a dirty hat. He must not chew or smoke tobacco,
or drink whiskey. No pipe or cigar should ever be allowed inside the stable or the
dairv. The man who drops a pipe into the milk is quite as dangerous as the one
wiio allows (lung and dirt to accumulate in the pail.
The milker should have soft hands and quick, strong muscles. The cow should
be bruslied, the udder and teats carefully wiped with a clean, moist cloth previous to
each milking, and a little vaseline applied if the teats are sore or chapped. The
" Perfect Miikpail " or its equivalent is essential to avoid all dust and dandruff, and
to strain tlie milk as it is drawn. In this pail the lid is used for a seat, while the
milk falls upon a strainer in the spout of the pail. A narrow-mouthed can with two
or more thicknesses of fine cloth tied across for a strainer may be used, laying a small
plate or saucer in the centre to receive the stream and prevent the wear of the cloth,
as well as to insure clean straining.
KICKING cows.
Kicking cows should be treated with great gentleness, as their tendency to kick
is usually the effect of sore teats or a peculiar nervous excitability. Cruelty and
punishment only confirm the habit. Any arrangement which compels the cow to
stand upon three legs will ensure safety to the milker. Bending up a foreleg and
slipping on a link of rope or a rubber elastic, or drawing up one hind leg by a fi.xed
pulley, are convenient means for controlling any valuable cow that lias tliis unfortunate
habit. The hocks may also be firmly bound together by buckling a pair of leather
stockings upon the legs, like the manner of handcuffs.
MILKING MACHINES.
In milking, no machine will ever be able to compete M'itli the human hand. All
attempts to use mechanical appliances are sure to result in serious injury to the cow
and financial loss to the owner. Good milking should be cultivated as a fine art in
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 363
every dairy, and those cows should be bred which yield the greatest returns for so
laborious an occupation.
Between the rich milk secretion of the best strains of Jerseys and the excessively
watery secretion of the Dutch or liolstein breed, there is the widest possible diii'erence.
It is much easier to draw water from a hydrant by the force of gravity than to
laboriously pull it from the teats of a Dutch cow.
CLEANLINESS IN MILKING.
The stable should have a dressing-room where the milkers can wash their hands,
black their shoes, and tidy themselves. Every operation in the dairy should be
absolutely cleanly, and the milker always tidy enough to enter a parlor or to sit at
the dinner-table whenever he presents himself to the task of milking. Whether
this branch of work can best be done by men or women is a question unsettled.
Women have softer hands, but men have more of the necessary muscular power.
Perhaps the singing dairy-maid will yet reappear in the American Jersey dairy as a
necessary element of success.
PERPETUAL MILKEES.
The Jersey cow's habit of persistent milking should be cultivated. Perpetual
milkers cannot be forced dry without injury.
Some cows yield as high as from ten to twenty pounds of milk daily at calving
time without any interruption to the habitual flow. Such cows sometimes have small
calves needing special care, that grow, however, to full size and vigor, and inherit
the family propensity of perpetual milking. It is worse than useless to attempt to
force such animals into the habits of other breeds that go dry from three to six
months. Good Jerseys will not adopt the habit. Heifers of persistent families may
require milking for one month before the first calf, when the udder is early in its
distention, in order to .prevent garget.
SELF-SDCKING COWS.
By the customary performance of licking and dressing herself a cow may
acqiiire the habit of relieving her own udder of its contents, nmeh to her enjoyment
and the dissatisfaction of her owner. Many cruel devices have been invented to
cure the habit, but most of them injure the cow without attaining the desired
result.
The sim]3lest way to treat such a cow is to keep her in the stall and milk her three
times a day. Whenever she is let out for exercise give the teats a coating of the
following mixture : fluid extract of wormwood one fluid ounce, and gum arable
mucilage two fluid ounces. Apply with a mucilage brush, covering the teats. This
is exceedingly bitter, and the cow ought to be fully satisfied with one attempt, but it
may be well to repeat it until the habit is thoroughly disrelished and forgotten.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEKTC.
For an involuntary liowiiig of milk the e^;sontial remedy is frenueut milking.
If the udder is relieved three or four times daily at regular intervals it is indeed a
bad case that cannot be thus remedied. An extra good cow that has this fault may
be milked five times a day, and that would prove profitable not alone l)y saving the
milk, but also largely increasing the yield of cream.
THE ESCUTOHEOX AX INDEX OF PERSISTENCY.
Instead of trying to force cows dry, if one desires to have his herd rest for one,
two, or three months, upon the supposition that the calves will develop more vigor
of constitution, let him rather follow the Guenon schedule and make his pick of
cows that will go dry spontaneously when wanted to do so. If one wishes his cows
to go dry three months let him select and save all the cows and heifer calves haNdng
hind escutcheons of the third order. There will be some exceptions of course to
this law, but even among a race of persistent milkers like the Jerseys the Guenon
index is a fair guide as to the time a cow will go dry.
If you wish cows, however, that will do their utmost in the production of milk
and butter, it would be well to cultivate the ideal escutcheons as illustrated in another
part of this work. Those cows that have a perfect hind escutcheon and a broad
belly escutcheon extending to or beyond the navel will not only do the utmost
consistent with their race, family and breeding, in quantity and quality, but will be
almost certain to never go dry unless forced dry at tlie risk of oi-gauic injury.
FREQUENCY OF MILKING.
Large producers ought to have the udder completely emptied and thoroughly
stripped thrice daily, at equal intervals of eight hours. The punctuahty of the
milking hour is also of great importance, for punctuality cannot be violated without
affecting unfavorably the habits of secretion in the cow. For this reason it is a
great injury to the udder to allow it to become distended and painful far beyond
the usual milking time, " stocked," as we often see at public sales, where an udder
is sometimes allowed to become so strained as to l)e deformed and unsightly in
carrying more than nature designed it should hold. Three milkings daily increase
the secretion of milk and cream so as to add a large percentage of profit above two
milkings.
NIMBER OF cows TO A MII.KEK.
In large herds it becomes an inqiortant consideration to limit the number of
cows to be apportioned to each milker, and to confine each milker to the cows
selected for him. Milking being the most important work in the dairy, in that it
JJSRSEY CATTLE IJV A3IEIiICA. 365
requires a special skill in delivery, great s^jeed, and uufoinjiroinisiiig punctuality in
its performance every day in the year, the milker should nut he overtaxed, and, as
far as practicable, he should always milk the same coivs and in the same order and
by t/ie dock, on time.
In every dairy there is the continual variation from flush yields to the minimum
or dry state. It is possible for an expert to milk twenty cows, but with extra good
milkers better results will be obtained by allowing not more than ten cows to each
milker. Much depends upon the men and the cows. If a milker is given too many
cows he will be apt to acquire habits of slackness, to the loss of tJie owner in many
ways, by reducing their productive capacity, or preventing their complete
development as dairy cows. The better the cows the greater the numljer of milkers
required, in projjortion to the herd number. As a matter of economy Jerseys are
the cheapest milkei's, because thej' give a much greater value in cream, butter,
cheese, and all the nutritive elements of milk, for a given amount of labor of all
kinds, than any other breed of dairy cattle.
It is very expensive labor when men are hired to di'aw watej-ed milk from cows'
udders, and the manipulation of the dilution is also very expensive after it is drawn.
The best breed is that which gives condensed milk in large quantities, rather than
an immense quantity of watered milk.
Every dairy should have a tabulated set of rules posted in the milking-room,
requiring cleanliness, punctuality, alertness and thoroughness in every milker. The
cows ought to be inspected by the owner or his herdsman after each milking, to see
that they are thoroughly stripped.
TREATMENT OF MILK FOR HOME USE OK TRANSPORTATION.
Milk, to be in good condition for use at the farm, or to bear transportation,
needs, at all seasons of the year, a special preparation. As soon as it is drawn it
Tuust be quickly reduced to a temperature below 60°. This is readily done by placing
it in tin cans, which are set into cold spring water. The water-line must always rise
higher than the milk, and the mouth of the can protected by a cover of muslin. If
desired, the milk may be gently stirred for a half hour before putting on the muslin
cover, as the stirring facilitates the cooling. In no case must the milk be as high as
the water in the tank or spring, for it must be e(£ually cooled throughout. Never
mix milk of different temperatures. The large cans may be transported in coolers
that keep the temperature below 62°, or the milk maybe transferred to glass bottles,
which can be sent to market in refrigerator cars or wagons suitably provided with
cooUng boxes. Milk may be cooled by running it through a spiral pipe immersed
in a tank of spring-water fed from a pipe passing beneath tlie ice-house. Otherwise
cover the cans with wet blankets.
It is essential that the first cooHng be done promptly, to insure keeping quality.
3G6 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Tlie flavor of the milk is also greatly improved. The stirring prevents the cream
from rising, and is essential where the milk is to be used by young children.
The stirring is important with Jersey milk.
CREAM.
Sweet Cream, soft, smooth, palatable and of delicate flavor, is tlie clioicest
element in every sumptuous repast and the most delicious luxury of the civilized world.
It gives a most agreeable flnish to the best productions of the culinary art, so that
many of the most wholesome dishes are incomplete without its crowning excellence.
Stewed celer}', sweet com, lima beans, cauliflower, sweet peas, asparagus,
artichokes, baked potatoes and spinach are all enhanced in richness by the addition
of this barmonizer.
The Garden Royal, the Pippin, the Mother Apple, and all the rich aromatic
apples when roasted or baked mate well with sweet cream.
The melting flesh and rich, racy flavor of the Nectarine Peach, and the superb,
meaty Melocoton, are never so well appreciated as when mingled in a bath of cream.
The strawberry amateur will readily admit that the spicy flavor of Belle
Bordelaise or Triumph, and the mild flavor of the Downing are enhanced by the
same means, while the Brinkle raspberry or the Carohne, the Turner, or the wild
" black cap" temper most deliciously dulcet creams.
The Jersey cow is the most noted producer of cream, and that, too, of a very
fine quality.
The best cream has the peculiarity of being developed in large globules, and this
is one of the characteristics of Jersey cream.
PHYSICAL QUAUTIES OF CREAM.
Cream, like milk, varies greatly in character with different breeds of cows, and
almost as widely with individual cows of the same breed, and responds, in its
elements, to various vital and food changes influencing its secretion. Its chemical
composition consists of fat, casein, albumen, sugar, fixed salts, and about fifty per
cent, of water.
Pen-y gives analyses of cream as follows :
Water. Fat. Casein, etc. Sugar. Ash.
Jersey Cream 36.40 56.80 3.80 2.80 0.20
Country Cream 49.00 42.00 4.20 3.80 0 60
Sharpie's analysis of centrifugal cream from Shorthorn and Ayrshire grades
gives :
Specific Gravity. Water. Fat. Casein. Sugar. Ash.
956.4 49.45 43.14 3.31 3.70 ().4n
The cream of the Jersey breed has large globules of remarkable unit'oriiiity in size.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA.
367
The cream of all breeds varies greatly in density, as also in different individuals
of the same breed, so that the so-called creamometer is exceedingly misleading hi
regard to determining the amount or quality of cream and butter to be obtained
from diilerent specimens of milk. Some cows produce cream that is very Light and
fluffy, while that of others may be very dense, giving as much or more butter from
half the bulk of the former. This variation of density is very clearly set forth in the
report of the Maine Experiment Station, 1883, showing a test of twenty cows as
follows (I have rearranged the table in order to give the column of cubic density in
the order of arithmetical progression) :
TWENTY SAMPLES OF CREAM.
Number op Cows.
Pounds of
Milk per
Day.
Cream
per cent.
Pounds of
Butter per
Day.
Pounds of
Milk for
one pound
of Butter.
Cubic
Inches of
Cream for
one pound
of Butter.
14.93
18
1.00
14.93
74
20.06
21
1.50
13.40
79
12.00
18
.75
16.00
84
32.68
18
1.56
17.65
89
20.62
20
1.43
16.35
92
13.87
27
1.00
13.14
99
20.56
27
1.50
13.70
104
14.75
25
1.00
14.75
104
22.00
21
1.25
17.60
104
15.62
22
.87
17.74
108
17.56
30
1.37
12.77
108
30.25
21
1.62
19.23
113
20.62
20
1.00
20.62
116
18.93
19
.87
21.64
116
30.75
32
2.31
13.29
120
37.43
25
2.12
17.61
124
16.31
28
1.00
16.30
128
21.75
16
.75
29.00
130
16.93
21
.75
22.58
133
11.43
37
.87
13.70
136
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Number 1 shows eighteen per cent, cream, of which seventy-four cubic inches
make a pound of butter, while number 20, giving thirty-seven per cent, cream, or
368 .TERSE V VATTLE IX AMERICA.
more than twice as much as number 1. iv(juirc.s one hundred and thirty-six cubic
inches to make a pound of butter.
Again, number 18 shows sixteen ])i'r cent, of cream, which is exceedingly light,
requiring one hundred and thirty cul)ic inchesfor a pound of butter and twenty-nine
pounds of milk for the same.
Number 11 is the richest, where thirty pei' cent, of cream reciiiircs one hundred
and eight cubic inches for a pound of butter from 12.77 pounds of milk.
The breeds of cows are not stated in the i-epoi-t.
These figures are suiKcient to show tluit meclianical tests for cream are
entirely misleading.
Chemical analysis alone can determine the essential riclmoss of milk and give
the relative proportions of constituents.
The chum rightly used is the test for the amount of l)uttcr obtainable
from milk or cream.
At the De Kalb creamei-y, Illinois, each test of milk from separate farms is made
by a sample measuring one hundred and thirteen cubic inches.
The milk is rated for each farm according to the amount of butter in tliesamjile
tested.
Taking one hundred as the standard, the variation intliat creamery ranges from
sixty-two to one hundred and seventy-two, thus sluiwing that some samples of cream
produce, bulk for bulk, three times as much butter as others.
METHODS OF SEPARATION.
The Centrifuge.
The globules of cream, which are simply suspended in the watery solution
containing the other milk elements, and having a specific gravity of 956 to 1(»20 as
compared with 1035 of skim-milk, at once the fluid is at rest after removal from the
cow, begin to float to the surface, the largest globules moving to the top and the
snuillest rising last. The speed with which the globules separate from tlie milk
depends upon a number of causes.
One of the great discoveries of modern times is the a]>]>iication of centrifugal
motion to produce a rapid separation of cream from milk. \]\ machines of this
character have been invented within the i)ast twenty-flve years.
Among the machines that have been successfully employed are the Danish, the
Swedish, by De Laval, and the Nakskov, of Denmark. In these three the cream and
skim-milk are separated by their velocity while in rotation. The Pape machine
accomplishes the separation by hydrostatic pressure. It is claimed for the Pape
machine that the milk and cream leave the drum in (luiet currents, without anv
|4aA^
BONSILENE 9811.
Black Bess— Pilot Type.
HIGHLAND HEED,
James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 369
foaming or squirting, and tliat it performs a greater amount of work tlmn any other
separator.
The Nakskoy is the clieapest, and it is claimed that one horse will run two
macliines, each capable of five hundred pounds an hour. The Danish -Weston is
used in many large creameries. The De Laval centrifuge has l:)een introduced into
several American dairies.
The leading points of a good centrifuge are :
1. It must be of first-class workmanship, running snH>othly, safe from explosion,
and resting upon a firm and solid foundation.
2. It must be accessible for complete cleanliness in all its parts.
3. Simplicity of construction, so as to be easily understood by farm helj).
4. The milk must be under control at all stages of separation.
5. It should be of a size suited to one or two hours of work daily.
6. The separated cream and skim-milk should be discharged in sound condition,
with no foaming nor any rise of temperature.
7. The machine should be cheap and easily set iip.
THE POWER.
The power required is a steam-engine for the larger sizes ; the smaller centrifiige
may be run ])y from one to four-horse-power low-pressure engine.
The De Laval makes seven thousand revolutions a minute, with seven hundred
pounds of milk an hour, at an indicated 1.03 horse-power.
The small machines are safer and more desirable, and in a large dairy it is better
to have several small than one or two large machines.
The milk must be passed through the De Laval centrifuge as soon as it is
drawn and while it has the animal heat, because great loss results from cooling. Or
if the milk has been cooled it must by artificial heat be restored to its natural
temperature of aboiit 102° Fahr. The cream must be cooled as quickly as possible
after separation, to fit it for keeping, or carrying, or making good butter.
ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGE CREAMER.
1. The cream can be separated as soon as it is drawn from the cow.
2. It saves the cooling of the milk.
3. It saves much time.
4. It obtains from ten to fifteen per cent, more cream.
5. It insures regular and thorough separation.
6. It gives the use of both cream and skim-milk, with an advantage of freshness,
from twelve to twenty-four hours in advance of natural separation.
Y. It removes a large percentage of the inevitable impurities in milk as well as
foul odors.
370 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEIilVA.
8. It saves much room.
9. It gives eleauer butter and cheese, as well as clean cream.
10. It .saves expense.
11. It increases profits.
12. The machine can be set so as to give a light ur a heavy cream.
18. The cream is of uniform quality, and Huid.
1-1. The centrifuge can leave any desired proportion of cream in the milk foi-
the purjjose of cheese-making.
I.'). The first, or light cream, is of extra (juality for many purposes, and makes
a finer (juality of butter.
lt>. The warm skim-milk can be fed at i>nce to calves, which is a great
advantage.
17. The quality of cream is of the highest excellence for table use.
IS. Odors from feed and animal flavors are removed, either wholly or in part,
by the rapid aeration of the cream.
19. Ripening of cream is initiated by rajjid aeration during separation.
CREAM SEPARATORS AT THE LONDON DAIRY FAIR.
Below we give the report of the judges on Cream Separators at the late London
Dairy Fair, published in the English Agricultural Gazette. It will prove of great
interest to every butter-maker in America, as it answers every question with regard
to this new system. Following is the report :
CIJKAM SEPARATORS.
" In reporting upon the separators first, they do so feeling that that class
possesses more interest to dairy farmers than any other classes of dairy utensils, and
being undoubtedly the dairy implement of the future.
" In considering the points that were neces.sary to be taken into account in testing
the machines the judges had to look at what was possible to be done in the time at
their disposal, which was necessarily limited to the days of the show ; and they
thought — rightly or wrongly — that the council did not require them to enter into a
full scientific test, so nmch as the more practical one of saying which machine they
considered best adapted for use by farmers for the production of cream of good
quality ; and to this end the judges drew up a list of points, which they considered
the most important to test the machines ; and, moreover, they took the somewhat
unusual course of giving a copy oi the requirements to each exhibitor, eo that they
might be able to work their machines to the best advantage in exhibiting these points.
" The points were as follows :
"1. Con.struction (endjraciug simplicity of design, facility of cleaning, emptying
and oiling).
JERSEY (JATTLE IN AMERIiJA. 371
" 2. Analysis of skiin-inilk.
" 3. Analysis of cream.
"4. Quality of cream.
" 5. Temperature at which the milk was separated.
" 6. The time taken in separating a given quantity.
" 7. The quantity of milk required to work the separator.
" 8. The cost of the separator, including the intermediate motion.
" 9. The cost of fixing.
" 10. The revolutions.
"11. The safety.
"12. The convenience of delivery of the skim-milk and cream to a higher or
lower level.
" 13. The adaptability for horse-jjower.
" 14. The intermediate motion, embracing simplicity of construction, readiness of
throwing in and out of gear, and any arrangement for neutralizing the effect on the
speed by the stojipage of the horse.
" 15. The power required to work each machine.
" As regards the last point, the judges were informed the council did not desire
the machines to be tested on this point. They further wished to test the weight of
skim-milk and cream, but were prevented by the aljsence of the steward.
MACHINES COMPETING.
" There M-ere four machines competing, three of them being Danish, exhibited by
the Aylesbury Dairy Company — these were exactly similar in design, and, in fact,
were three different sizes of the same machine — and De Laval's, exhibited by
D. Hald & Co.
" For convenience it will l)e better to distinguish the three Danish machines as a,
B and c ; a being the largest machine, b the medium-sized, and c the smallest.
" (1) Taking the points deemed most essential by the judges in rotation, we have,
first, construction. It is not deemed necessary to give any illustration of the two
separators, as they are most probably familiar to all those interested. It certainly
seemed that in the detail of points indicated, \'iz., simplicity of design, facility of
cleaning, emptying and oiling, the advantages were all on the side of the De Laval.
On the judges requiring this machine to be emptied, the drum was simply lifted out
of its bearings and turned upside down by one man, the contents being emptied into
a bucket, this occupying a very few minutes. In the b Danish the milk had first to
be removed by a siphon, and then it seemed to require two or three men to undo the
several screws and adjustments, and to lift the drum from its place. A hole was
372
ji:nsi:Y cattle rx amertca.
provided in the base of the drum, into whieli a conical plug was driven; this plug
had to be knocked out ^vit]l a hammer before the milk left in the drum, after the
siphon had extracted all it could do, could be run out. Tiiere seemed to be great
difficulty in getting at this plug to knock it out, when the drum was in its place, and
it seemed to be at best a clumsy contrivance. These remarks apply to all the four
Danish machines, whicli were of similar coiistnictiun.
" 2, etc. Before considering the next point of analysis it will be ctmvenicut to state
the course of proceeding. Four hundred pounds of whole-milk were ordered to be
weighed out to each machine, the milk being first mixed in a large tauk provided for
the purpose to insure equality of sample. The judges wished tu try tlicm all
simultaneously, but, uufortimately, only the quantity was weighed out for two of the
machines — the De Laval and the is Danish — on the first day. The a Danish and
the c Danish not having their milk weighed out till the next day was unfortunate,
as it somewhat altered tlie conditions of tiie contest ; but in the absence of the
steward it was impossible to rectify the eri'or. Tlie temperature of the wliole-milk
in the large tank showed 56°. The following table will bring concisely together
the different jjoints in connection with each nuichine which were considered
important. It is not thought necessary to give the different totals of the complete
analysis, as only the item ' butter fat ' is important. The effect of the action of
the separator on the ' solids not fat,' or cheese-making matters in milk, is a ])oint
that has not yet been tested, tliough it is undoubtedly an important one, as certain
curious facts in connection with them have been observed :
Name and Maciiinb.
2 .
H
i|
1
"S
S .
II
.11
■a 2
P
1
.a
L
a
'I
1
is
I
■B
.s
Is
1'^
1
If
c 9
^
n
^
»
P
^
-
^
Deg.
Min.
Lbs.
^
De Laval's
4.32
.67
47.36
62
40
12.25
V
6,234
2,800
1,600
3,400
6,000
3,000
2,000
4 39
.18
l.fi fi.*!
88
A^,
30.75
41
3.60
3.60
.32 26.42
62
74
*32
68
128.75
5.25
73
26
c Danish
1.62
33.12
3,600
By an error of the steward six hundred pounds were weighed out to this niiiehine.
JERSEY CATTLE IX A3IERICA. 373
" It Avill be observed that the bTitter-fats in the whole-milk supplied showed au
excellent quality of milk, and as the most important point of a separator is to separate
the cream from the skim-milk, the analysis of the skim-milk and of the cream must
be compared to see what quantity of fat is left in the skim-milk, and what quantity of
skim-milk is left in the cream ; and it will be noticed that, though the De Laval left
a somewhat lai'ge percentage of fat in the skim-milk, it left little or no skim-milk in
the cream, the cream from this machine Ijeing far above the standard of ordinary
cream.
" The B Danish, though showing only an average percentage of fat in the
skim-milk, showed a remarkable result in the cream, being considerably below the
standard of ordinary cream ; and the explanation of this is that a large percentage of
skim-milk passed into the cream, probably about fifty per cent, of the whole-milk
supplied to it. In plain language, this machine absolutely failed to carry out the
very first element in a separator, viz., to separate the skim-milk from the cream ; and,
for the purposes of butter-making, it would have been cheaper to have churned the
whole-milk instead of having the expense of separating.
" The A Danish, showing rather above the standard of fat left in the skim-milk
— though not so high as the De Laval in the cream — there is still a large percentage
of skim-inilk, leaving the cream of poor quality.
" The c Danish, being the smallest of the Danish machines, and looking like a toy
beside the leviathan a machine, shows a very large percentage of fat in the skim-milk
(about two and one half times as much as the De Laval) ; and, though the cream is
better in this than in either of the other Danish machines, it must still be declared
poor, considering the quality of the whole-milk separated, and, like the a and b
machine, shows skim-milk mixed with the cream. From what has been said about
the mixture of skim-milk with the cream in the Danish machines, it will be apparent
that the quality of the cream, as it ran from these separators, M^as decidedly inferior.
This point had the special attention of the judges, as it is an important one where the
sale of cream is an object. The machines were tried as to their capability of
producing thick or thin cream at pleasure ; and, whilst the De Laval proved itself
capable of doing this, the Danish proved themselves incapable of doing it ; in fact,
the operator tried to produce thick cream at the request of the judges, but failed.
TEMPERATURE.
" 5. The next point was the temperature at which the milk was separated. This is
a very important one, as upon the lowness of the temperature at which the milk is
separated depends the keeping quality of the skim-milk and of the ci'eam ; and where
the sale of the skim-milk and cream is an important item the lowness of temperature
in separating is a sine qua noii, as where the milk is separated at a high temperature
374 .lEllSKY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
(as was done in the » and c Danisln tin- skiin-milk and civani will he lialtle to go
sour very ijuiekly.
'• The De Laval and the a Danish separated the milk at the low temperature of
62°, but the b and c Danish separated at the liigh temperatures of 88° and 74°
respectively. It is claimed that these Danish machines can separate at 40°. If so,
then why was it necessary to separate at the high temperature thej' did ? and how
was it that at these temperatures they turned out such inferior work, as it is a
well-known fact that separators do their work more completely under a high than
under a low temperature ?
TIME.
" 6. As regards the next point — the time taken in separating — the judges
prefeiTed, under the circumstances, to have a given quantity passed through the
sejjarators instead of separating by time. The objection urged against this is, that
whilst it is the specialite of one macliine to show the best results in a short working,
the other only does it in a long working. But surely this reasoning is false. The
machine that gets quickest into its working is the best for farmers.
" 7. The seventh point — the quality of milk required to work each separator — is
practically not of so mucli importance, because each separator, whatever its size, works
out the last contents by using skim-milk to finish with. But the judges thought it
necessary to weigh the last contents for information, and to see huw easily the drum
could be emptied if it was found necessary to do so.
" S. As regards the uiulitli point — tlie cost — having regard to the quality of the
work done, the De Laval was the c-hcapest, or rather the most worth the money;
and as regards the cost of fixing them, there seemed little to choose between them.
All machines travelling at a high rate of speed require a firm foundation, and it is
very false economy to pinch the cxjicnsc in this particular.
" 9. The ninth point — revolution — there seems, so far as experience has gone, no
practical evil resulting from the high speed at M-hich the De Laval machine rotates,
and we are rather inclined to regard the difference in speed between De Laval and
the Danish as more apparent than real, depending upon the size of the drum. But
this is a question more for mechanical engineers to solve. But with this high speed
comes the question of safety, and all the machines were made strong enough for the
work they liad to perform.
"In the A Danish was exliil)ited a contrivance for raising the skim-niilk to a
higher level, and succeeded in lifting it nine feet two inches, and it probably would
have been able to have lifted it higher had pipes been prei)ared for that puqiose. It
is simply the elongation of the pi])e that conveys the skim-milk from the separator
drum. This power of raising the milk would be very useful in factories where large
bodies of milk arc in daily passage, but what effect the weight of such a column of
milk -would have upon the separating power of the machine there was no time or
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIC A. 375
opportunity for testing. This raising the millv seemed to be applicable to all the
Danisli machines, and was a point in their favor.
POWER.
" 10, etc. On the question of the adaptability for working by horse-power, it
was not thought necessary to test the machines, as the council did not desire that the
power required to work each machine should be noticed ; and there is no doubt that
all the machines are suitable for working l^y horse-power, as at the Royal
Agricultural Show at Shrewsbury this year both the De Laval and the Danish were
worked by horse-power satisfactorily, and the judges therefore confined their attention
to examining the intermediate motion, with a view to seeing what arrangement was
made for counteracting the effect of the uneven paces of the horse. In the De Laval
this was met by the arrangement of two friction pulleys, which worked together
or independently, according to circumstances, and seemed to answer the purpose. In
the Danish there was a simple clutch action on the shafting, which also answered
perfectly the object desired.
THE DE LAVAL BEST.
" In summing up the results of these remarks, it will be noticed that, though the
De Laval and the Danish machines are on an equality as regards some of the minor
points, in regard to the essential points of construction, separation, temperature and
quality of cream, and analysis of cream, the De Laval was far ahead of its opponents,
and quite deserved the gold medal given by the council. The j^ower of raising the
skim-milk after separation to a higher level seemed to entitle the large a Danish to
a second prize, but the failure to separate the milk satisfactorily debarred the other
Danish machines from any further recognition."
THE pan system.
The setting of milk in shallow pans, wooden tubs, or delf crocks is the oldest
method of all. In this method the cream varies greatly, according to the weather
and other conditions. This is the poorest method for the production of marketable
cream, as the cream becomes quite sour if left until wholly separated from the milk.
If exposed to currents of air the surface of the cream becomes dry and leathery,
requiring a system of ventilation that prevents the possibility of such a result. The
temperature, if controlled, should be at about 62° to 64° Fahr.
the ice-cooling system.
By submerging deep cans in ice-water a quicker separation is obtained than by
the open pan method. The submerging is generally conducted at a lower
temperature than the open pan system admits, being about 40° to 50° Fahr. for
376 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
about twelve hdiirs. Tlie pan and the deep setting produce about the same amount
of cream.
According to Professor Fjord, who made extensive experiments with the three
systems in Denmark, the centrifuge produced a more complete separation of cream
than the other methods, wliile the deep ice-water setting was for a part of the year a
failure. "With his experiments the skim-milk of the ice system contained an average
of 0.53 per cent, fat against 0.11 ]K'r cent, for the centrifuge.
Several analyses of skim-milk from tiie centrifuge in Mr. Burnett's dairy at
Soutldaorough, Mass., gave, by analysis of Lawrie and Terry, after milk had been in
machine fifteen minutes, 0.90 per cent, of fat. Tiiree analyses by Mr. Shaqjles gave
0.07 per cent., 0.05 \)gv cent, and O.lO per cent, of fat.
By the later improved separators a still more thorougli removal oi the cream
is secured, specimens of skim-milk showing, by analysis of Professor Fjord, (1.2
per cent, of fat.
Some of the I'esults have been computed and comparisons made to show that an
average gain of fifteen per cent, is the net gain of the centrifuge over other methods
of gathering cream, a great saving for the creamery or the butter dairy.
Average good skimming by the centrifugal separator is to leave from 0.15 to
0.25 of one per cent, of fat in the skimmed milk.
The centrifuge or separator may eventually become of vast importance in our
dairy system, by immensely improving the methods for marketing a superior quality
of sweet cream, by the increase of facilities for making a finer quality of butter,
and by giving an impetus to every department of dairy business and the raising of
the l)est dairy cattle.
OriEESE.
In our own country a vast quantity of cheese is made for the export trade.
For our domestic use cheese is considered a condiment or a relish, rather tiian a
staple article of food. Consequently a taste is cultivated for choice quality and
rare flavors, which requires a corresponding improvement in methods of cheese-
making. There are of necessity various orders of taste and many oddities, \niX
the popular taste is for cheese of the very best quality in any class or style of
manufacture.
Good cheese may vary greatly in density and flavor, but for a general
description we may say that it should have a substantial body, not too dense, of a
plastic and satiny feel, and readily melting upon mastication. The flavor should be
clean, clear and cheesy, and its odor rich and aromatic, with sufticient cream in its
texture to be perceptible to the touch and taste and give it a decidedly buttery
quality.
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 37'?
Such a cheese is very palatable, digestible and wholesome, but the ordinary
article of commerce is the reverse in every particular, and a source of indigestion
and many gastric disorders. That a great advance will soon be made among our
American dairies in the production of cheese of extra quality I lirmly believe. The
Jersey cow of necessity will be a leading factor in the improvement, for 1 think it
will soon be demonstrated that she is the best cheese cow in the world.
Not only miist the methods adopted be radical improvements in relation to the
prevailing customs, but they must be in advance of the best foreign processes from
which we receive the popular imported cheeses.
There are doiibtless defects both in the methods of treating the milk previous
to and in the various stages during the progress of the manufacture.
IMPROVED CHEESE-MAKING.
The Galloway Advertiser (1884) reports a meeting at Dumfries, Scotland, of
the Scottish Dairy Association to listen to the method of cheese-making of Mr. J. B.
Harris, of Antwerp, N. Y., as practised and taught by him in America and the
dairy-schools of Great Britain.
By answering questions of various members the following facts and statements
were elicited : " He had always opposed using any foreign acids. There was acid
enough in the milk. If you would only give it time and ripen your milk properly
before you commenced to make the cheese, there would be no trouble in making it
good. At Baldoon last week — where they had no steam — he kept one cooler full of
Saturday night's milk and two of Sunday's, and worked the milk together on
Monday. It was very ripe then. He got through the work about two o'clock
without any sour whey. He heated the milk very gradually up to 90°, then to 100°;
then he added cold milk and brought it down to 84°, and when it was at that
temperature he put the rennet in and set it. They got through the operation about
three o'clock. Next day he had the same quantity of milk, Sunday night's and
Monday morning's ; but the air was so changed, being much colder, that he did not
get through till half-past four. So it would not do to make cheese by the clock.
You must work as the milk will. When you put in the sour whey the milk will
coagulate quicker, and you think it is working faster ; and so it is, but it will
spoil your cheese.
" That was the reason, probably, why their cheese-making had gone backward
since the}^ adoj^ted the sour-whey system.
" By the ripening of milk he meant a ripening as a pear or apple ripens that is
unlit to eat when pulled, but will become ripe by lying.
" It is impossible to make cheese with milk as it comes from the cow. It must
be of a certain age. You may call it acidity, but it is just ripening.
" If cheese is colored I put the coloring in a good while before the rennet.
378 JKllSEY CATTLE IX AMEUK'A.
Spotti'd clicese ucciirs hecaiise the C()li)riiig is not j)ni])iTly iiiixi-d. Tim imicli acid
" If I was inannt'actiirini,'' cliocso i\\\ a farm I would ])rL'fiT my own rennet.
Then I would know wliat I liad. 1 would not buy any nostrums or patent rennet.
But I would, in tlie first place, get the calves' stomachs right. Many people in
Scotland kill calves which have never had a mouthful of milk. That is not fit for
human food.
"There is nothing in the stomach excej)t what was in the cow during gestation.
It is ju.st poison. The calf ought to l)e three days old — better more. Feed the calf
in the morning and kill it at night, or at night and kill in the morning. Kill it
just wlien it is ready for feeding. Don't let it wait twenty-four hours, or the calf
will lie hungry and its stomach intlamed. You want the stomach liealthy and in
good condition. Turn tlie stomach inside out, and shake out all the curd. Some
people save the curd, l)ut that is good for nothing.
"Rub the stomach inside and outside witlisalt. Then hang it up in some place
where the temperature is not too high, as i;!it' will spoil any rennet.
"Ilias'e made cheese in a ten-t^uart pail, and good cheese too. It does not
matter what vessel you use if you only make cheese with common sense. I would
certainly prefer steam in making cheese, because it lessens the labor ; but a small farm
can turn out quite as good cheese as a big one.
" To know when milk lias reached the ])roper maturity you must ascertain just
tlie amount of maturity you need to make good cheese. You canarrive at it by two
or three trial makes, and that will last you the whole season.
"You find out that the milk is of propei- maturity, then take a teacup and
teaspoon, fill the cup with nulk, put in a teaspoouful of rennet, and mark how long
it takes till the milk is coagulated. 'J'hat will be your guidi' for the future. You
will know how long it takes for the milk to ripen. The other morning a teacupful
coagulated in ten seconds, yestenlay it took twenty-five seconds. The milk was so
much sweeter, consecpiently it had to wait till it matured. The more mature the
milk the quicker it will thicken. Milk just come from the cow at 98° will take some
time to coagulate.
" Let it stand for twenty-four houi-s, and then get it up to !)S^ again, and it will
coagulate more quickly.
" There is acid in the milk, but not sour whey acid. I might just as well put in
a jug of vinegar as sour whey — it would give a better flavor.
" You may know the ripeness of the milk by tasting ; but itrecpiires a very acute
taste.
" When the cows are on grass I heat to 98°, then I sto]) lieating ; and as soon
as I get the heat assimilated all througli I stop stirring till it gets ready to draw off
the whey. I stir about an hour, or just the time I'm heating.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEHICA. 379
" Turnips give cheese a bad flavor. The best feeding in the world is green cut
hay. Put it up green, cure it properly, and covs^s will do better on that and a little
bean meal or cotton cake than anything else.
" In America we give theni Indian corn meal and shipping stuff, what they call
shorts, from the mill, with short cut hay.
" Ensilage is not fit to make hutter or cheese. Your cheese would he all whitish
trash. Cheese will come to the proper stiffness by putting in tlie cream the
last thing before putting in the rennet ; then stir that around, and it catches all the
cream."
EUROPEAN METHODS.
Summary of a paper read hy Mr. Harris hefore the Scottish Dairy Association, as
reported f 01' " Country Gentleman^'' hy Mr. Stephen Bcale.
" The Cheddar system has been of great service to the country, but a feeling
prevails that it is not at present meeting the requirements of the market. This is
chiefly attributable to the way in which the system is practised in most of the dairies
in Scotland. A want of knowledge of much of its working has much to do with the
inferior quality of the goods produced. Many beliefs and suggestions have been
written on the siibject of cheese-making, but I doubt if there can ever be a code of
rules laid down that the maker can follow under all conditions of weather and other
influences. The cheese-maker must use his own judgment, and vary his processes
as often as the atmosphere changes. Good, well-ripened cheese is a help to digestion,
while bad cheese is a cause of indigestion. Among the causes of bad cheese are :
cows out of health, or having access to bad water ; want of cleanliness ; setting the
milk at night too thick or too thin ; heating the milk too high or too low ; too much or
too little rennet ; not cutting at the proper time ; scalding too fast ; drawing off the
whey too soon or not soon enough ; not getting the whey properly out ; allowing too
much or too little acid to develop before salting ; putting to press too soon ; putting on
too much pressure, and having too much or too little heat in the curing-room. It is
of the utmost importance to have the milk in the right condition before adding the
rennet, as when that is right the cheese is half made. These are matters which the
cheese-maker has to discover for himself, as the milk works differently on. every change
of soil. There are a hundred pitfalls before the cheese-maker, and it requires the
greatest care and attention, with experience, common sense and skill, to accomplish the
desired end. It is possible to do everything right and at the proper time except
one, and because of that exception to have a faulty cheese.
" The active agents that affect the character of cheese in its making and curing
are heat, rennet, salt, moisture, lactic acid, and the alcoholic acid developed by
the action of the air. Heat up to 98° appears to hasten and stimulate the action of
all the other active agents ; above 98° and up to 1-40° it has a killing effect.
380 JKi:sj:y cattleixamkukw.
" I use one third more rennet and less salt in spring tlian snmmer. The heating
of the curd should be slow at first, gradually increasing as the whey forms on the
outside of the curd ; 98° is the usual heat in summer, but as the season advances the
milk becomes richer, and I have found it necessary to heat to 102° in Scotland.
" The great secret of good c1iee«e-mahing is, that means must he used to expel
the whey before acid is developed. This is best done by stirring. Lactic acid must
l)e allowed to develop in a very small degree only, .s( > as t< > overcome the putrefactive
ferment, and prevent the formation of gas in the cheese during the time of
curing.
••The alcoliolic ncid, or tlio form of acid wliicli develops by tlie exposure of
the dry curd to the air at a temperature of 95° to 98°, takes from two to four hours'
exposure of the curd to the fnse action of the air. This exposure is done by
-grinding the curd and stirring until it has the proper consistency, when it will feel
soft and velvet}-. Curd should contain tliirty-tive i)cr cent, of moisture when pressed,
and thirty-three per cent, when cured.
" To determine and retain this proper proportion of moisture requires good
judgment in the ojjerator, the only guide being observation antl common sense.
" Coarse salt is preferable to the fine kind, as the latter dissolves too rapidly,
but it must be the best quality of salt that can he gt)t."
HINTS ON CHEESE-MAKING.
From ajuqyer read hefore the JS\no York State Agricidtiind Society, January 21.v^
1885, hy Oeorge A. Bonfoy, of Herkimer County.
" To establish one set of rules for making cheese from all conditions of milk
would be like recommending one remedy for all diseases of the human system. The
quality of milk is very easily influenced by surrounding circumstances, both natural
and unnatural; therefore tlie rule that would be beneficial to one kind of milk would
be detrimental to another.
'• I have adopted a few i-ules that I use in nearly all cases for making full cream
cheese.
" First, ^yarm the milk gradually to 83° in warm weather, and 85° or 8G° in cold,
using enough of sweet water-soaked rennet to coagulate in thirty -five or forty minutes,
then cutting lengthwise and crosswise, letting it settle until the curd has entirely
disappeared, after which stir and cut carefully to the desired fineness, stirring and
warming to 98° or 100°, being governed by the keeping qiiality of the milk as to the
length of time for heating. If the milk is sweet and the curd cooks slowly, then heat
slowly, but if it cooks fiist, then heat fast.
" The one-year-old cheese that took the prize at the New York State Fair last
fall was made from fa\\ cream milk, and in the usual way, with the exception that it
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 381
was salted three and three quarter pounds of salt to one thousand pounds of milk,
instead of two and one half ; the curd was very fine-flavored, well cooked, and about
liaK inch acid, and was not cheddared.
" Where the curds are well cooked, are free and not inclined to settle together,
and sweet-flavored, I do not always consider it necessary to cheddar.
" It is sometimes difiicult to know just when to salt and press the curd. We
have to be governed by the condition of the curd, and whether it is intended for
home trade or shipping.
"A great deal depends on having good milk to make good cheese. Too much
pains cannot be taken in the care of milk.
" I find from personal e.xperience and observation that there is a great difference
in localities as to the quality of the milk.
" Where cows feed on wet, swampy lands that produce wild grasses, and have
poor water to drink, the milk when made into cheese will be spongy and difiicult to
cook, of an offensive fiavor, and when aggravated by tainted milk the curd will float
on the surface of the whey.
" I know of no better way to manage such curds than to heat them in the
usual way, and as soon as the acid begins to develop draw the whey, pack the curd,
keep it warm, and if it turns spongy and full of pin-holes, then let it lie until
a sufiicient amount of acid has develoj^ed, so that when ground and jn-essed the
pin-holes will have entirely disappeared.
" I have let such curds string from the hot iron five inches without any injury
to the cheese.
" Such cheese when cured will be firm, meaty, and fine-flavored.
" Where cows fed on uplands have tame grasses to eat and running water to
drink, the milk will be of better quality, and when heated will cook easier and be
better flavored. Such curds do not require as much acid as the lowland milk.
" I am very much in favor of cheddaring cheese, especially in warm weather, for
in our factory system, where we get a mixture of all kinds of milk, I consider it
safer to draw the whey and let the acid develop on the dry curd. It takes the cheese
a little longer to cure, but when cured the flavor is more durable.
" One mistake some of our factory-men are making is to make their cheese too
quickly. The object is to get the cheese upon the market as soon as possible, so as
to save care and shrinkage, and that the patrons may get the proceeds sooner.
" These are good arguments in favor of quick curing.
" Such cheese soon gets sharj) and off flavor, and depreciates in value, bringing a
loss to the dealers, dissatisfaction to the consumer, and a loss of our reputation abroad for
the production of good cheese. Cheese-buyers are discriminating more closely now
between good and poor cheese.
" Good cheese always finds ready sales at good prices."
JKRSEY CATTLE IX AMEIUCA.
MAKING WHOLE-MILK CHEESE."
" After making all your apparatus clean and sweet strain tlie milk into y()ur
vat ; it will be about the right temperature as it comes from the cow ; add one ounce
of annatto fluid coloring to three hundred pounds of milk, and one pint fluid extract
of rennet, more or less, according to strength. Stir well, then let stand thirty minutes,
only slightly agitating the surface of the milk to pre%'ent the cream from rising ;
when a stiff curd is formed cut botli Mays with a curd knife ; in ten minutes the whey
will start; then gently and gradniilly liuat to l(iO°, gently stirring and cutting with a
curd knife until about as fine as wheat grains; draw off the whey, except enough to
cover well the curd ; when the curd has taken enough acid to ' hair' when applied
to a hot iron it is ready to draw off the remainder of the whey ; stir lively to prevent
the curd from running together, add one pound of fine salt to forty -two pounds of
curd, bandage and press forty-two hours, grease and remove to the curing-room,
which should be kept at a temperature of about 55°."
COOLINc; MII.K lOK CMKKSK.f
" Last week Wednesday and a part of the night was fearfully hot. the storm
howled, the lightnings blazed pretty continuously, and the rains poured.
"We got a little nervous in expectation that such a condition of the atmosphere
would caiLse the milk to sour, and that Thursday we might expect trouble in tlie
cheese vat. Not so. The patrons, taking note of scorching heat and flashing skies,
did, no doubt, double duty in cooling their milk, and, to the surprise of all our
cheese-makers, the contents of every vat were an hour longer in souring than is usual
for moderate weather.
" This shows in an uninistiikal)le manner what we have often tried to impress
upon patrons, that it is themselves wlio are the prime factors in the making of a high
quality of cheese'; and it also shows that if milk can be safely kept on such a night
as that, no night will probably come when it cannot be so kept.
" Another lesson it teaches, that more cooling, even in moderate weather, adds
to the quality and quantity of the cheese made. Nothing wastes and devours milk
like acid, and every added degree of coldness — in hot weather— the milk gets through
care and attention, means added cash to the farmer."
ULUUUESTER CHEESE.
The " Encyclopaedia of Agriculture," edited by Jolm Chalmers Morton, gives
the following description of the manufacture of cheese in Gloucestershire, England :
"The operation of inilking the cows commences in summer at five o'clock in
•F. M. Sexton, First Prize Cheese. Iowa State Fair, 1883.
t J. A. Smith, in Cedarbury (Wis.) News.
JERSEY CA TTLE IW AMERICA. 383
the morning, again at three in the afternoon, and is completed in about one hour each
time, nine cows being allotted to each milker, the dairymaid usually assisting.
" As soon as the milk is drawn it is carried to the dairy-house, strained into the
cheese tub, and the rennet and annatto mixed witli it. The rennet is prepared in
several different ways.
"In Gloucestershire the cleaned strtiiiach of a calf is salted, and pickled, and
dried ; and when at least a year old it is well sodden in salt water, half a pint of
which becomes enough to coagulate fifty gallons of milk.
" In autumn and winter, when the weather is cold, a small portion of the milk
is warmed in a tin pan or pitcher, in order to bring the whole to the proper
temperatui-e (85°) before adding the rennet. The milk is then allowed to remain
perfectly still for an hour, and during all this time it is kept carefully covered with
a woollen cloth, to exclude currents of cold air. If all has gone well the curd will
then be completely formed, and ready for being broken up.
" The breaking is effected by passing a three-bladed knife or a coarse wire sieve
gently downward to the bottom of the tub. After the curd has been cut through
and subdivided as equally and minutely as its suspension in the whey will admit of
the whole is allowed to remain undistui'bed for ten minutes or so, in order that the
broken curd may sink sufficiently to allow the whey to be bailed off the top. As
soon as all the elear whey has been removed, the curd, now much more condensed,
is broken a second time, but nnicli moi-e slowly than before, to avoid pressing out
any of the butter — which would undoubtedly occur were the cutting of the curd to
be done roughly or rapidly. "When the curd has been properly broken and reduced
to an equal degree of fineness, it is allowed to settle for a short time, after which
more of the whey is removed and poured through a sieve, to retain any small
particles of curd that may still be suspended in it. When the most of the whey has
been removed in this way the curd is divided into lumps, and laid aside one upon
the other, in the bottom of the tub, which, being placed a little atilt, allows the whey
to escape to the lower side, and be removed.
" When the whey has ceased to drain oft', the curd is ready for I)eing jjlaced in
the vat.
" A cheese cloth, made of fine canvas, is spread across the mouth of the vat ; the
curd is then lifted from the tub by the hands, and laid upon the cloth, and pressed
equally down. When all the curd has been placed in the vat the ends of the cheese
cloth are tucked up and folded inward, with as few creases as possible on the top,
and covered with a circular board, made exactly to fit the inside of the vat. It is
then put in the press for half an hour and lightly pressed, after which the partially
consoHdated curd is taken out, cut in slices, and passed through the curd-breaker,
which reduces it to small crumbs, without squeezing out the fatty matter.
" The comminuted curd is again returned to the vat, and firmly pressed into it
384 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
by tlie liands wliile filling. A dry cheese cloth is then spread over the mouth of the
vat, whicli is then turned upside down, and the curd turned out upon the cloth.
The vat is now rinsed with wliev, and dried, and the curd, still in the cloth, placed
in it. The ends of tiie cloth are tlieii folded neatly and evenly over the top, as before,
and covered with the cheese board, or another cheese vat, if more than one cheese is
to be placed in the same ])ress. The vat is allowed this time to remain two hours
under the press, when it is again taken out, and the cheese, now in a fine, solid state,
is pared at the upper edges if necessary, thereafter inverted, and ])ut in a clean dry
cloth, and again pressed. There are usually two or three presses employed, each
heavier than the other, and ordinarily it takes about four or five days for a cheese to
go through these presses, beginning with the lightest and ending with the heaviest.
.SAI.Tl.NO.
" After the cheese has been twenty-four hours in the press it is ready for
recei\nng the salt ; but some apply the salt in twelve hours. As a general rule, the
salt sliould not be applied until the skin of the cheese is firm and free from openings,
as these openings never close completely after salting, however great a pressure may
be applied. Tlie salting is effected by the hand, the salt being rubbed o^^?r the
whole surface of the cheese us long as it continues to take it in, after which it is again
wrapped in a dry cloth, and put under the press.
" In another twenty-f<jur hours it is again salted as Ijefore ; l)ut this time it is
put in the vat, without a cloth, and pressed, in order that a smooth and even surface
may be obtained.
" A third and final rubbing with salt is given at the same interval, and the cheese
being pressed as before, it is then ready for being removed to the drying-room. When
cheeses are salted in this way it takes one pound of salt to thirty-two pounds of
cheese.
nRYING.
" A dry-room or loft is, or should be, specially appropriated to the drying of
cheeses. The cheeses, as they are removed from the press, are laid either upon shelves,
racks, or the floor, and are well wiped with dry cloths, and turned every twelve hours
for two or three days. After this they are only wiped and turned every twenty-four
hours, and in a montli after leaving the press they are ready for being scraped and
painted, the latter operation being performed only when the cheeses are intended for
the London market.
"The paint employed is either Indian red <.rS])anish l)rnwn, or a mixture of both
with small beer, which is rubbed on with a woollen cloth.
MARKS OF GOOD GLOUCESTER CHEKSE.
" ' The blue coat which rises through the paint on their sides, and, what is a sure
sign of their richness and sweetness, the yellow, golden hue of their edges, a smooth.
.i-'S^
RIOTER'S COMBINATION 10,363.
AT 5 YEARS OLD.
Stoke Porjis— Marjoram— Pride of Windsor Type.
HIGHLAND HERD.
James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut.
CARETA 19,092.
AT 2 YEARS OLD.
Stoke Pogis — Marjoram Type.
highland heed.
James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 385
close and waxlike texture, a very mild and rich flavor, not crumbling when cut into
thin slices, nor parting, when toasted, with the oily matter they contain, but softening
without burning.' If cheese has been soured in the making, either from being too
long in hand or from want of attention in scalding the utensils, nothing will cause it
to assume the blue coat. ' If the curd is salted when ground down, before being put
in the vats, the salt has the effect of giving a skin to each of the particles of the curd
it comes in contact with, which prevents them from intimately uniting ; and although
the curd may be pressed together and become good cheese, yet it never becomes a
close, smooth, solid mass, like that which is salted after it is made, but is of a loose
texture, and crumbles when cut ; and although it may be equally fat, yet in toasting
the fat melts out of it, and the cheesy part burns.'
BUTTER-MAKING.
" The quantity of cream butter in dairies where cheese of the best quality is
made is very small. About one fifteenth part of the milk is allowed to remain one
meal, or twelve hours, when it is skimmed immediately before the making of the
cheese commences, and of which it forms a part, along with that newly brought in
from the cows. The cream taken from this small portion of milk is shifted once a
day from one vessel to another (to prevent a skin forming on its surface, which is
considered to injure the quality of the butter), and churned twice a week. The whey
cream is also churned twice a week, but it is allowed thirty-six hours to rise before
l)eing skimmed off. The quantity of whey butter averages weekly about one pound
per cow during the summer months.
" Mr. Morton gives sixteen pounds of cream butter and twenty-five pounds of
whey butter as the average annual produce per cow on a large dairy farm in the
vale of Berkeley.
. DAIEY UTENSILS.
" The dairy utensils employed in Gloucestershire vary little from those used in
other counties.
" They consist of the milk-pail., the cheese tub, the sieve, the cheese vat and circular
hoard, locally called ' suity boards,' shimming dish and howl. The milk-pail is
made of maple, and will hold aboiit six gallons. The cheese tub is of a size suflicient
to hold the milk from which a cheese is to be made. The cheese vats are made of
elm, turned out of the solid, and are of various sizes. For ' double Gloucester ' (five
cheeses to the hundredweight), the vats are fifteen and one half inches in diameter by
four and one half inches deep ; and for ' single Gloucester ' (eight cheeses to the
hundredweight), fifteen and one half inches diameter by two and one half inches deep.
" The only difference in the manufacture of the two kinds is that arising from the
size of the article ; and the only difference of quality is owing to the longer period
during which the thicker cheese must be kept in order to ripen.
386 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
I.KANLINKSS.
" The greatest attention is paid to cleanliness in the Gloucestershire dairies. The
floor is kept as dry as possible, and the temperature as uniform as circumstances will
admit of. The proper temperature is considered to be about 60°, but this is seldom
attained in winter and spring."
GRUYKKE."
" Of all foreign kinds of cheese the Gruyere is iirohably the best knt)wn. The
familiarity of the consumer with the produce is not, liowever, accompanied by an
exact knowledge of the process of its manufacture; and I liave heard the most
amusing descriptions given ])y people who assume the air of being well-informed on
such subjects.
" As an illustration of the prevailing ignorance I may cpiote the following
description of Giniyere from one of the favorite text-books still used in the elementary
private schools : ' Gruyere — made in a small town in Switzerland, in the Canton of
Fribourg. It is a mixture of goats' and ewes' milk, and has a very strong flavor.'
" Although the Gniyere is of Swiss origin, is in many places known as ' Swiss
cheese,' and is manufactured extensively in Switzerland, in France alone the value
of Gruyere cheese, made annually, is estimated at more than $3,000,000.
" Owing to differences in the physical and economical conditions of the districts
in which it is manufactured, there are many variations in the size and quality of the
cheese, as well as in the arrangements under which it is made, cured and marketed.
It would require a lengthy treatise to enter into all these details, and I therefore
propose to confine myself to a brief description of the making of the cheese as I
saw it done at M. Le Comte's factory, near Montereau, about fifty miles south
of Paris.
"Gniyere cheeses have a sort of cart-wheel shape ; thin cylinders of large
diameter. In weight they vary from under half a hundredweight to three times
as much.
" M. Le Comte has four cheese-tubs placed round a central pillar in the middle
of his cheese-room. Each tub holds nearly seventy gallons of milk, and is heated
by means of steam injected into a coil of pipes An the space in the false bottom.
The whey is drawn oif by means of a syphon, and rims through pipes into one of
three whey tanks, which have a total capacity of nearly nine thousand gallons. One
man has charge of each tub, and if the supply of milk is suflicient he can make five
cheeses per day.
" Each cheese is imnibered, and also branded witli the distinguishiuir mark of
* Extract from a lecture on Dairy IiiU'resIs Abroad, liy F. B. Tliurlier, at Internalional Dairy Fair,
New York, 1879.
JERSEY CATTLE IN' AMERICA. 387
the dairyman, who receives a bonus for each really good cheese that he makes, iu
addition to his daily wages.
" The milk, measui'ing as nearly as possible sixty-six gallons, having been -pwt
in the tub, the temperature is raised to 95° Fahr., when about twenty-one ounces of
rennet are added and carefully mixed with it, and the tub is covered.
" The curd comes in about forty minutes, and the whey is then raised to a
temperature of from 138° to 140°, at which it is kept for another forty minutes to
cook the curd. Toward the end of this period a large flat wooden shovel is placed
carefully upon the tojD of the curd, the progress of which is now and then tested by
the attendant gently moving the shovel over its surface. If the shovel sticks or
hangs to the curd, the cooking process is still incomplete ; but when it glides
smoothly along, the attendant commences cutting the curd gently into horizontal
slices, which he removes toward the rim of the tub. After this has been done
sufficiently, in his judgment, he uses one of various forms of curd-breakers.
Amongst others, I noticed a wooden pole armed with a number of projecting
slanting spikes, which cross one another along aboiit two feet of its length. Great
practice appears to be necessary in order to acquire skill in this part of the operation,
and the object in view appears to be to break up the curd as evenly but as ruggedly
as possible. Toward the end of the breaking the dairyman, by varying the
movement of the breaker, collects all the curd into the centre of the vat, and then
allows a few moments for the rotatory movements of the whey to subside.
" He then takes a cloth, puts one corner between his teeth, holds the lateral
corners in each hand, holding at the same time a curved iron wire over which the
remaining comer of the cloth is folded. He then bends over the cheese-tub,
and by deftly passing the wire completely under the heap of curd collects it all
in the cloth. The clothful of curd is then taken out and placed in a frame the
size and shape of the cheese, the ends are carefully folded over the top of the mass
of curd, a board is put on, and the cheese submitted to pressure for twenty-four
hours, in the course of which it is turned seven or eight times. After pressure it is
rubbed with salt and transferred to a cellar, where it is turned and rubbed every
other day for about three months, when it is fit for market."
" Stilton cheese, manufactured chiefly in Leicestershire, is made from full milk,
sometimes enriched by the addition of cream, and the curd hardens into cheese
without pressure. The cream of the night's milk is added to the new milk of the
morning, and the rennet is mixed with it when the whole is at a temperature of
* Extract from a lecture on Dairy Interests Abroad, b}' F. B. Thurber, at International Dairy
Fair, New York, 1879.
388 .//■:nsj:Y cattle ix America.
84° Fahr., enough being used to make it coagulate in an hour and a lialf. If it
comes sooner it will be too tough.
" The curd is not drained of its whey in tlie ordinary manner, but is removed
ill slices with a skimming-dish, and placed upon a canvas strainer, the ends of which,
when it is full, are tied up and the whey gently pressed out.
" It is then allowed to drain until the ne.xt morning, when it is removed and
placed in a cool dish, whence, cut in thin slices, it is put in a hoop made of tin,
about ten inches high and eight inches across, and pierced with holes. A clean
cloth is placed within the hoop, and as the slices are laid in a small quantity of salt
is sprinkled between the alternate layers. It remains in the hoop covered up but
without pressure. Next day the cheese is taken out of the hoop and clean cloths are
applied, after which it is inverted and replaced, and pricked with skewers through
the holes of the tin hoop, to facilitate the extraction of the whey. In four or five
days the curd becomes firm. During tliis consolidating process the cheeses are kept
in a i)lace wliere the temperature can be maintained at about 100° Fahr. When the
cheese has become firm enough it is firmly bound up in a strong fillet of canvas,
wrapping it around several times. The binders and cloths are removed every
morning ; cracks are tilled up with curd, and ultimately the coat becomes hardened,
and the cheese is removed to the curing-room.
" Here they remain for several iiKjnths, during which time they are turned
fre(|ueiitly, and acquire a rough, firm rind, diffei-ent from any other variety.
" A Stilton cheese when ripe and in condition for use is rich, soft, creamy, and
generally becomes slightly mouldy, the moulding evenly being facilitated by pricking
it in several places with a sharp-pointed bodkin, a little larger than a knitting-
needle, about twice a week ; this is to admit the air a little, and in these places it
soon begins to mould. The curing-room or cellar should have an equable and
uniform temperature, and the cheese should be kept carefully brushed to keep out
the mites which are apt to infest the rough coat or rind. Stilton cheese sells readily
at high prices in England, wholesale quotations ranging from twenty to twenty-five
cents a pound, and it would probably pay some of our enterprising American
dairymen to experiment in making Stiltons until they succeed in turning out an
article as closely resembling the original as they liave in the Cheshire and Cheddar
styles."
Soft Ckeam Cueesk.
camkmbeut.*
"Of all the .soft kinds of cheese made in France, the Camembert, when
properly manufactured, is no doubt the king. Its rivals are the Bi"ie and the
Coulommiers, but the more unwieldy shape and shorter season of the former, and
* E.xtract from a lecture on Dairy Interests Abroad, by F. B. Thurber, at IiiternatioBal Dairy
Fair, New York, 1879.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 389
the restricted manufacture of the hitter, deprive their competition of any serious
importance.
" On the other hand, the popuharity of the Camembert has so increased the
demand that many of tlie smaller and especially of the newer makers take too much
toll in the shape of cream before they commence the process of cheese-making, and
thus tend to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs. When j^roperly made the
Camembert quite deserves the eulogium passed upon it by the Reporter of the Jury
at the Paris Dairy Show, in 1874: 'It surpasses in delicacy everything tliat the
ingenuity of the cheese manufacturer has been able to invent to flatter the most
fastidious palate.'
" This result cannot, ho-n^ever, be obtained without great care, some experience,
and a most watchful attention to the details of the process of curing.
" Many of the successful makers of this kind of cheese believe that they possess
a valuable secret in their method of procedure, and not imnaturally are averse from
giving technical information to a possible competitor, or ever to an outsider. I
visited several Camembert dairies, which are generally situated in the Pays d'Auge,
although there are some also in Le Bessin ; but I have found it necessary to discard
my notes on all but three dairies — namely, one in La Bessin, near Isigny (that of
the Marquis de Cussey de Jucoville), and two in the Pays d'Auge, that of M. Paynel,
at Mesnil Mauger, near Lisieux (whose grandmother first made this kind of cheese
in 1791, at Camembert, in Orne), and one near Livarot, where I was taken by that
disinterested and enthusiastic pioneer of agricultural progi-ess, the Viscount de
Neuville, President of the Soeiete d'Encouragement de Lisieux.
" Even in these dairies there are differences in the details of the various
processes of making and curing, and it must frankly be admitted that Camembert
cheese-making is still a ' i-ule-of-thunib ' procedure, and has not yet been reduced to
scientific principles.
" The cows are generally milked three times a day — at 4.30 a.m., 11.30 a.ji. and
6 P.M. In most dairies the evening's milk is lightly skimmed in the morning,
after having stood twelve hours, and butter is made with ci'eam. The skimmed milk
is divided into two portions, one of which is added to the morning's and the other
to the midday's milking. The mixture of two thirds whole and one third skim-milk
is immediately put into earthenware vessels, holding from about twelve to fifteen
gallons each, and sufficient rennet is added to make the curd fit to be transferred to
the cheese-moulds in about three or four hours, or perhaps after a longer interval
in winter.
" It should be mentioned that, before adding the rennet, the milk is brought to
about the temperature it is supposed to have had after being drawn from the cow, or
about 86° Fahr. After adding the rennet its mixture with the milk is insured
by a gentle stirring, and the pots are then covered with a square board.
390 JERSEY CATTLE TX AME/ilCA.
" The curd is known to be ready for removal when it does not adhere to tlie
back of the finger phiced gently upon it, and when the li(^uid which runs off from
the finger is as nearly as possible colorless.
"When ready the curd is carefully transferred, without breaking it ninre than
is possible, to perforated moulds, of the same diameter as a Camenibert cheese (say
four inches), and about three times the height; or others use a mould about three
inches high, and ]>refer to add new curd from time to time, as the first shrinks from
drainage of the whey. The moulds are placed on reed mats, resting on slightly inclined
slabs made of slate, cement, or other hard material, and having a gutter near the outer
edge. The curd remains in the moulds from about twenty-four to forty-eight hours,
according to the season, being turned upside down after an interval of from twelve
to twenty-four hours — that is to say, when sufficiently drained at the bottom. After
the turning the face of the cheese that is then inside the moulds is sprinkled with
salt, and about twelve hours afterward the opposite face and the rim of the cheese
are also salted. The cheeses are then placed on movable shelves round the walls of
the dairy for a day or two, according to the season and to tlic caiiacity of the room,
in relation to the number of the cheeses made daily ; and thus cuds the first stage in
the manufacture of this renowned dairy product. It must be understood, however,
that the above description is merely general, and that each maker knows by
experience how much rennet of an ascertained strength he should add to the milk ;
how long the curd takes, under different circumstances of weather, to become fit for
putting into the moidds ; how large the perforations in the moulds should be ; how
long the cheeses should be left to drain in the moulds ; how often they should be
turned ; how much salt should be used, and so on through the whole processes
which constitute the manufacture and the curing of the cheese.
" The curing of Camend)ert cheese consists of two distinct stages. In the first
stage the cheeses are placed in a thoroughly well-ventilated room (^'drying-room'),
on shelves made of narrow strips of wood, having narrow intervals between them, or
of ordinary planks, covered with reed mats or clean rye straw. The great point is to
secure as dry an atmosphere and as equable a temperature as possible, and the greatest
ingenuity is exercised in efforts to attain these objects. Generally the windows are
numerous and small, placed at different heights, and furnished withtiiree fittings: viz..
glass to exclude air, but not light when the glass is shut ; with a wnudcu shutter, to
exclude both light and air; and with a wire-gauze fitting, wliich will admit botii
light and air, liut will exclude tiles and all kinds of winged insects, which are the
great banc of the soft cheese ciirer.
■■ The cheeses, as a rule, are turned every day at the commencement of their
curing, and every other day aftei'ward while they are in the drying-room, except
in damp weather, when daijy turning is necessary. During the sojourn in the drying-
room the cheeses show the following succession of appearances: after an interval of
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 391
three or four days they become speckled ; in another week they are covered with a
thick crop of white mould ; by degrees the color of this mould deepens to a dark yellow,
while the outside of the cheese becomes less and less sticky. At the end of about a
month, when the cheese no longer sticks to the fingers, it is taken to the finishing-
room, where light is nearly excluded, and where the atmosphere is kept very still and
slightly damp. Here they remain for three or four weeks, being turned every day
or every two daj's, according to the season, and carefully examined periodically.
"When ready for market — that is to say, in winter when they are rijje, and in summer
when they are about half ripe — they are made up into pockets of six, by means of
straw and paper, with a skill and tidiness worthy of the reputation of the cheese.
" The prices of Camembert cheese vary very much according to quality and
season. A really good cheese should have a mottled external appearance, the colors
being a reddish brown and a dirty yellow, the fonner predominating. If the color
is too bright it betokens a skim cheese, as also does an elasticity or toughness when
the cheese is pressed on the face with the finger. The quantity of milk required to
make a Camembert cheese varies a little, according to its richness in cream when
used for cheese-making. Thus the Marquis de Cussey de Jucoville, who has a dairy
of thirty cows near Isigny, makes eight cheeses from twenty-four and one half pints
of milk, or about three pints of milk to a cheese, but he takes off no cream. He
sells them at from $1.50 to $1.60 the dozen ; and, assuming that his cows (which are
remarkably good ones and graze on some of the best pastures of Normandy, having
a rent value there of nearly $25 per acre) give an average of five hundred and fifty
gallons, their gross return in cheese alone would be $180 per head per annum, if it
were all made into Camembert."
JERSEY CHEESE.
In the progress of time the thoroughbred Jersey and Jersey grades will push
all other breeds of dairy cows out of sight in this country. The chemical and the
practical analysis of Jersey milk, as well as the practical use of the milk for human
food by children or adults ; the production of sweet cream, superior butter and rich
cheese — all demonstrate beyond any question that the Jersey is the best breed in
existence. It is better to have a breed, I repeat, like the Jersey, which produces a
large quantity of milk rich in solids, condensed milk, than the Dutch (Holstein) that
yields a larger secretion of highly watered milk.
The Jersey, not yet having supplied the demand of the breeders for seed stock
for butter dairies, has been but seldom tested for cheese. But the time is coming
when a choice, luxurious cheese made from Jersey milk will bring the highest price
in the market, rivalling the French Camembert and other fancy cheeses in quality.
Yery little cheese has been made upon the Island of Jersey because of the
392 JJC/iSEV CATTLE IX AMERICA.
demand for butter. Mr. Quayle says : " It was anciently thought that cream from the
Jersey cow was too rich for making cheese. Mr. Le Feuvre, of La Ilogue, tried the
experiment and succeeded to admiration. It wa.s made from the pure milk, cream
and all, as it comes from the cow. It was found that the quantity of milk that would
have produced a i)oiiiul of hiittiT afforded one and one half pounds of cheese. From
the quantity of milk whiili produced a cheese of about twenty pounds weight, the
drainings of the cniids and « ln'V, on being churned, yielded four pounds of butter.
This butter was of an intVrior quality when eaten with bread, but was superior to
any other for the making of pastry ; it was peculiarly hard, and of excellent texture
for such use in hot weather. The writer has tasted cheeses from Mr. Le Feuvre'e
farm quite equal in quality to the richest ' Double Glo'ster.' "
A correspondent of the Country GenUeman for March 27th, 1884, in writing of
the " Beauty and Quality in Jerseys," says : " When the temporary economies of the
dairy demand tlie cessation of butter-making the Jersey's milk furnishes cheese the
rival of the finest Stilton or Roquefort.
" Dr. Grant's ' whole Jersey milk' makes a cheese in July and August, while
many of his special butter customers are at the seaside, which is snapi)ed u]> in the
market at thirty-five and forty cents a pound so rapidly as to render it impossible to
buy it ri])e enough for fair appreciation."
The richness of Jersey milk renders it peculiarly applicable to the making of
cheeses of such types as the Stilton and the Camembert, while by removing from one
third to one half of the cream by the centrifuge the remainder of the inilk will l)e
rich enough to make the first quality of Cheddar or Double Glos'ter.
Again, let it be enforced vl\wii the memory to use none but pure, uiell-prepared
rennet. Good rennet rightly used produces good, stable, rich curd ; it prepares the
way for a good "cure," and finally for good quality, fine flavor, ready sales and fair
profits. It is easy to him who understandeth to make good cheese with good
rennet, having, of course, good milk. Bad rennet and artificial rennet make bad
cheese. Bad cheese cannot be mended.
QrAi.rrv ok jkrsey chkese."
"The Itusiness of the Jersey cow is einpbatically that of butter-making. Her
milk, however, is rich in cheesy mutter, and, contrary to the general belief, if I may
judge from samples of cheese from Jersey milk which have been sent me from
Maine, is capable of nuiking as fine cheese as it does butter. It requires less
milk to make a pound of cheese than it does of the milk of natives — about eight of
milk to one of cheese. It is a new feature worthy of note in the uses of this breed
* L. B. Arnold, " ,\merifiiii Ouiryiiig.'
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
393
of cattle that their milk can, without the waste of buttery matter, be converted into
a strictly fancy cheese, and as rich in fat as Stilton. Analyses of cheese from pure
Jersey milk recently made at Cornell Uliiversity have sho^vn over forty per cent,
fat."
JEESEYS AS CHEESE-MAKERS.^
" That the Jersey cow is ' queen of the churn ' is generally admitted, but little
has been said in the public press as to her qualities as a cheese-maker in comparison
with other breeds that assume to have a special ' corner ' on the cheese industry.
" That the facts warrant the very strongest claims being made on behalf of the
Jersey in this respect has been most completely demonstrated by a series of very
exhaustive and comprehensive dairy tests conducted at the Ontario Experimental
Farm, by Professor "William Brown and Professor Barre, the latter in charge of the
practical butter-making department of the Ontario Experimental Farm. Tlie tests
began in the month of December, 1884, and were continued into July, 1885. The
tests were made weekly. The number of breeds embraced therein was twelve.
Below is set out the result :
THE ONTARIO EXPERIMENTAL FARM DAIRY TESTS. SEASONS 1884—1885.
Holstein
Ayrshire
Ontario Grade . . .
Shorthorn Grade
Guernsey
Quebec Grade . . .
Jersey
Shorthorn
Devon
Galloway
Aberdeen Poll. . .
Hereford
Averasres
Milk per
Season.
Estimate.
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,600
3,500
3,000
2,800
2,500
2,300
2,000
3,800
11.9
16.9
9.5
16.8
16.1
14.0
19.9
17.2
11.6
11.8
12.8
14.3
Butter per 100 lbs.
2.4
4.5
4.4
3.7
2.5
3.4
5.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
34.5
43.5
41.6
46.3
44.5
52.9
55.0
48.5
51.2
34.0
28.0
43.4
Cheese
Curd per
100 lbs.
of Milk.
10.9
12.9
12.2
14.9
12.7
13.9
15.6
14.0
11.9
11.7
10.1
* Valancey E. Fuller, in Jersey Bulletin.
Jf:RSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MILK.
Sources.
Fat.
S,)li(ls othlT
than Fat.
Water.
Total
Solids.
Jersey
6.62
5.72
4.99
4.65
4.68
4.13
4.08
4.03
3.73
3.60
2.87
8.03
7.81
9.00
8.60
9.90
8.02
8.77
8.55
8.15
8.20
8.70
85.35
86.47
86.01
86.75
85.72
87.35
87.15
87.42
88.12
88.20
88.43
14.65
Ayrshire
13.53
Shorthorn
Ontario Grade
Galloway
Devon
Quebec Grade
13.99
13.25
14.28
12.15
12.85
Shortliorn Grade
Holstein
Guernsey
Aberdeen Poll
12.58
11.88
11.80
11.57
Averaces
4.44
8.54
87.02
12.98
" It will be noticed the quantity of inilk is estimated, and I :ini satisfied, according
to my experience and that of other Jersey breeders to whom I have spoken on the
subject, that Professor Brown credits the Jerseys with at least one thousand pounds
too little milk. At Oaklands we sold and bought a good many cows last year (1884).
Most of those sold were amongst our heaviest milkers. Those that remained
a whole year on Oaklands, including heifers, by actual daily weight of night and
morning, averaged 6382 pounds per head. That this is more than an ordinary
average for a Jersey herd I admit, but in placing it at 4500 pounds per head I feel
that, if anything, I am giving them credit for too little, as the Jersey cow is known
to be most jjersistent in her milking.
" In the ' dairy tests ' it will be noticed that the respective positions occupied by
the three breeds — Jer.seys, Ayrshires and Holsteins — are as follows : Jerseys first,
19.9 ; Ayrshires third, 10.9, and Holsteins eightli (out of 12), 11.9, or a difference of
eight per cent, in favor of the Jersey. In butter per one hundred jiounds of milk :
Jersey first, making 5.1 pounds of butter out of one hundred pounds of milk;
Ayrshire second, 4.5 pounds to one hundred pounds of milk ; and Holstein tenth, 2.4
pounds of butter to one hundred pounds of milk, it taking over forty-four pounds
of Holstein milk to one pound of butter. When we come to consider the cheese curd
per one hundred pounds of milk, it is natural to expect that the Holsteins and
Ayrshires, for whom special claims iii-e made in tliis respect, would 'beat the
Jersey clean off her feet,' but we tind that when we come down to actual
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMERICA. 395
competitive tests the Jersey leads all other breeds, and distances the Holstein, the
Jersey standing first, 15.6, the Ayrshire fifth, 12.9, and the Holstein tenth (out of
12), at 10.9.
" By chemical analysis of milk the Jersey leads in fat, followed close up by the
Ayrshire, with the Holstein tenth, 3.73. In ' solids other than fat ' the Holstein
leads the other two breeds, the Jersey and Ayrshire, the Galloway standing first, but
the two last-named being at the bottom of the lists. In ' total solids' the Jersey
leads, 14.65, the Ayrshire fourth, 13.53, and the Holstein ninth, 11.88. Judging on
the basis of these tests, the Jersey must be admitted as being the best butter and
cheese cow per one hundred pounds of milk of all the various breeds, and if for the
production of that milk she requires less food, she is the most economic and the best
cow for the average dairyman, and it must be a source of congratulation to Ayrshire
men to see how well tlieir favorite breed has stood these searching comparative
tests.
" It might be claimed that the Jerseys, Holsteins and Ayrshires employed at the
Experimental Farm were not fair representatives of the breeds. I know the Jerseys
at the farm, and know them to be below, not above the average. Unfortunately for
this contention, so far as it might be iised against the Jersey, a series of prizes were
offered for milk, cheese and butter combined at the Provincial and Dominion
Exhibition held at London, and the Industrial Exhil)ition held at Toronto, both in
this month of Se^jtember.
" At London no competition was entered into directly between the breeds, but
the same rules and score of points were applied to each. The rules are those adopted
in England and Scotland in adjudicating upon the best milkers. Each cow was
milked out in presence of Professors Brown and Barre, or their assistants, the night
before the test began ; twenty-four hours' milk was taken. The scale of one hundred
points, according to which the samples were to be adjudicated, was as follows :
(1.) "Weight of milk ; one jjoint was allowed for every pound's weight given in
twenty-four hours. (2.) Butter per one hundred pounds, three pounds, decimal five
being the standard in Canada (in England it is but three pounds) ; to every one
hundred jJounds milk ten points were added or deducted for every one per cent,
above or below. (3.) Cheese curd ; one point was allowed for every pound.
(4.) Time since calving ; add one point for every ten days.
" But two Jerseys were entered at London, Ijoth from my herd. Eight
Holsteins competed, three Ayrshire and two Shorthorn grades, and with the
following results, arranged according to their order :
396
JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA.
Jersey 6 yrs. 1 114 days.
Ayrshire i 5
Shorthorn Grade I 7
Jersey
Ayrshire 8
Holstein (!
Sliorthorn Grade.. .
Holstein
Ayrshire
Holstein
Time after
Calving.
Milk {ur
Day.
Butter
I)er
100 Ib-s.
Milk.
Wet
Cheese
Curd
per 100
lbs. .Alilk.
114 days.
24.12
8.81
20.60
138 «
29.50
5.43
21.25
129 "
46.80
3.62
20.62
86 "
27.00
5.75
20.00
161 "
18.12
4.53
23.75
207 "
25.37
3.36
19.62
153 "
28.80
3.31
16.87
145 «
24.25
3.12
20.62
116 «
35.00
2.81
15.60
113 "
37.60
2.75
11.25
83 «
26.25
3.62
16.05
133 "
30.90
2.37
19.37
70 "
25.90
2.75
23.12
109 "
23.60
2.65
20.00
Order
of
Merit.
109.22
83.85
81.52
70.10
68.27
64.29
59.07
55.57
55.30
52.65
52.62
52.27
49.42
46.00
1st
2d
3d
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
" By this the Jersey cow Rose of Eden made the greatest count that I am aware
has ever been made at a public competition of this nature, beating the second by
over twenty-five points. Tlie weather was extremely cold, and there had been
considerable rain, sheds Icid, witlimit any flooring, and our cows had decreased
very materially in their flow of milk, as I presume others had. The riclniess in
butter fat of the milk of Rose of Eden, it taking less than twelve pounds of milk to
one pound of butter, is in striking contrast to that of the other breeds, the average
of the Holsteins requiring over thirty-three pounds of milk to every pound of butter,
and the average of the Jerseys less than fourteen pounds of milk to every pound of
butter. The Jerseys at the London Exhibition were about one to every three
Holsteins, and some of the Holsteins had very large reported tests for milk. Rose
of Eden is not by any means one of our liest cows for butter, and the other Jersey
has never been tested for butter.
'• The average net curd to one hundred pounds of milk was as follows : Ayrshire,
22.7 ; Jersey, 20.30; Holstein, 16.46 ; Shorthorn grade, 20.02 ; but it luust be borne
in mind that two Holsteins were two years old only. It will 1)0 noticed that the
Shorthorn grade excelled all in milk, and excelled the llol.-itein in butter and
cheese.
" At the Industrial Exhibition at Toronto, under the same judges and same mode
of judging, the breeds were brought into direct competition with each other. After
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 397
their experience at London, the Holstein breeders, though making a large show of
cattle at Toronto, failed to ' toe the mark ' in another public competition, though I
am not aware that they were averse to the mode of judging prior to the London
competition. The result was as follows, arranged according to merit : first, Jersey ;
second, Jersey ; third, Jersey ; fourth, Ayrsliire ; fifth, Jersey ; sixth, Jersey ;
seventh, Jersey; eighth, Devon ; ninth, Ayrshire ; tenth, Ayrshire. The average of
cheese curd was in favor of the Jerseys, and the butter per one hundred ])ounds was
largely in favor of the Jersey.
" It has for a considerable length of time been contended by the enemies of the
Jersey that they could not stand public competition in the hands of parties outside
of the Jersey interest. To meet that objection, one of the committee of testers in
Mary Anne of St. Lambert's great test was a Shorthorn man, and no greater
refxitation of this charge can possibly be given than has been administered by these
competitive tests, and by the series of carefully conducted tests of Professor Brown
and Professor Barre, set out in the earlier part of this letter. On the contrary,
they are the strongest corroboration of the claim made by the Jersey as to their
butter-giving powers, and show that the only trouble with Jersey breeders has been
that they have been too modest in not claiming her as the greatest cheese cow to a
given quantity of milk, as she has amply, in the most public manner and in the
hands of thoroughly disinterested experts, shown herself."
ANALYSIS OF CHEESE.
From ArnolcPs "Atnerican Dairyin(/."
Cheese made from pure milk of Jersey cows :
Water. Fat. Ash. Protein.
28.11 41.03 2.68 28.18
Cheese made from Jersey milk mixed with equal quantity of common milk :
Water. Fat. A.sh. Protein.
30.49 39.25 3.00 27.06
Tlie Jersey makes the most cheese, oi the best quality, her only competitor
being the Guernsey breed of cows.
ANALYSIS OF CHEESE.
From Fliiifs Treatise on '^Milch Cows'
Water. Fat.
Full-Milk Cheese 38.46 31.86
Skim-Milk Cheese 43.82 5.98
Margerine Cheese 40.56 20.53
Ash.
Casein.
8.81
25.87
5.18
45.04-
7.05
34.86
398 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA.
ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH CHEESE.
By Mi: Jones, in Lahoratorij of Professor Johnston.
Water. Casein. Fat. Ash.
Double Gloucester, one year old 35.81 37.96 21.97 4.25
Clieddar, two years old 36.04 28.98 30.40 4.58
North Wilts, one year old 36.34 31.12 28.09 4.41
Dunlop, one year old 38.46 25.87 31.86 8.81
Skim-Milk, one year old 43.82 45.04 5.98 5.18
Cheese, according to Lyon Playfair, is (•onsideral>ly higher in its nutritions
elements than the ilesli of animals, and is composed as follows :
Water 38.78
Flesh-forming substances 31.02
Heat-giving substances 25.30
Mineral matter 4.90
JEIISEY BUTTEE.
" Didst thou never see a Titan kiss a dish of butter?" — Shakespeare.
Next to sweet cream of the richest (juality and perfect purity, golden .Ti-rsi'v
butter, when made according to the perfect art, is the crowning luxury of the table,
and no bill of fare is quite complete witliout such butter.
A perfect specimen of Jersey butter, e\'eii if it is sold as high as one dollar a
pound, is hard to find, and very few people know how t<j make butter worthy of the
name of Golden Jersey.
Good butter has qualities that ouglit to be made familinr to the sight, touch,
smell and taste of every worker in the dairy.
The texture of butter, when made from a well-fed model Jersey, is aciiaractcristic
that every exj)ert soon learns. There is a fine, waxy, almost crystalline grain,
without any appearance of water following the cut of the knife ; the color is like
the glistening yellow of tlie blossom of tlie buttercup; the aroma delicate and
refreshing, giving the true "smell of dairy," and suggestive of fields of white clover
and poa ; and the taste gives a suggestion of chestnuts and almonds. The butter
has a soft, satiny touch, and melts upon the tongue with a delicacy like that of sweet
cream or clover honey. It has no suggestion of buttermilk, no touch of oil or
grease, gives no hint of salt ; and, all-in-all, when once learned the excellencies of
golden, waxy, aromatic, delicious, nutty-flavored Jersey butter are so superlatively
satisfactory to the educated senses that it is a great deprivation to the lover of good
and wholesome fare to fail of a regular sup])h' of this luxury.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA. 399
The best butter caa be drawn out in shape, like wax, a " plastic, fragrant gold,"
and is made from non-pregnant cows when, at the fliish of milk, they are fed on a
select, high-flavored ration of mixed grasses, clover, shorts and maize meal.
The very pinnacle of good butter-making is reached on that day when the
cow does her level best in productiveness, provided the cow is in that state of
perfect health wherein she can assimilate the food she eats, that food being the
richest in quality and flavor. It matters not if her product be one pound or five
pounds a day, as long as she is a healthy Jersey of typical quality.
Formerly good butter was made accidentally once or twice a year, when the
cii'cumstances of pasture, temperature and weather were favorable; but now the
best butter ought to be produced every day in the year. Much butter is rained, in
the process of milking, by the filthiness of the milker. The manipulation of
materials in any dairy cannot be over-cleanly. Sweet-flavored butter cannot be
made from a solution of cow-dung and the odor of horse-urine, or the dust and
dandruff of the cow, or the tobacco-pipe of the smoker, or the saliva of the cliewer,
or the dirty tricks of the milker who dips his hand in the pail to moisten the udder
and teats.
Butter is either good or bad ; when it is good it is very good, but when it is
bad it is horrid — it is too generally very bad in the dairies of our country. Good
butter cannot be produced from cows that are not in normal health. A cow that is
kept in a stalile where the floor is dry and clean ; where the sunlight floods all the
place several hours ; where there is a perpetiial flow of sweet, pure air, the gutters
cleansed and washed before each milking, and her feed the best, will make her best
butter from one week after calving until her next gestation begins. The quality
will fall off a little during the rest of her season.
The factors that militate against the production of good butter are too
common — low, damp basements ; non-ventilated hovels ; close, dark sheds ; filth ;
an air full of exhalations from skin and lungs, and vapors from dung and urine of
hogs, horses and fowls ; the dust of currying, brushing and sweeping, and endless
combinations of disgusting filth.
If the milk of cows of all periods of gestation is mixed indiscriminately, and
the cows drink impure water, and, in addition, are worried and chased by boys and
dogs ; if they are kicked and clubbed or pitchforked by savage and boorish men ; if
tormented by mosquitoes and flies — all the conditions are against the production of
cream or butter, and the feed is worse than wasted.
To make good butter every factor heretofore mentioned must be well
considered by the owner. He must have the best Jersey cows which he can procure,
400 JEimEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
and keep thciii with a caro and alTcctinii that rivals tlie Arab's fondness for his
horse.
With tlie best cows, best stable, best care, best food, pure water, cleajjliness
IN THE STABLE AND IN THE DAIRY, the lujlk classified from ft'esh cows, bred eows,
and from cows near calming, everything will be fa\-(ii-al)le for the display of skill
in the art of butter-making.
METHODS IN UUITEK-MAKINO.
There are not less than four distinct systems of treating milk in the manufacture
of butter : 1. The centrifuge method. 2. The whole-milk churning. 3. The
shallow-pan system. 4. The duep-caii sotting.
1. T/,r Centrifuge.
The centrifuge method consists in treating the cream as drawn from tlie
separator. It is the latest method in the preparation of cream for the butter dairy.
A saving of fifteen per cent, as the average net gain in the butter product for
tlie centrifuge is a very large profit. AVhen both butter and cheese are made in the
same dairy the machine can be set so as to remove only a part of the cream, and
that consisting of the largest globules from which the best butter is made.
When the cream is skimmed by the centrifuge it is of a high temperature,
having the animal heat or a little less, and, whether used for sweet cream or for
butter, needs to be speedily cooled to about 65° Falu*. According to numerous
reports of trials at butter-making with centrifuge cream, the chief drawback has
been the neglect of rapid cooling. Again, the after-treatment of the cream has not
been perfectly understood, for it is very evident that the cream is of a different
character to that by any other mode of setting, and must therefore require a special
preparation for butter. The proper degree of ripening in cream, and the best method
of securing it, has as yet no fixed rules. The ripening can be hastened by proper
ventilation and aeration of the cream ; by stirring at frequent intervals, and pouring
from vessel to vessel slowly, to give contact with the air.
If all the directions for cleanliness under Milking are fully observed there will
not be much more than 0.15 per cent, of dirt in the milk, the chief part of w'hich
will be effectually removed by the centrifuge, thus furiiisliing a cream sweeter,
cleaner and purer than by any other system.
2. Churning mwle-Milk.
Next to the centrifuge, churning the whole-milk produces the greatest amount
of butter from a given (quantity ; the butter is, however, of an inferior, caseous quality.
By any system of setting, in order to make good butter requires a practical knowledge
and skill in all that pertains to quality of breed and the particular qualities of
CANADA'S JOHN BULL 8388.
AT 2 YEARS OLD.
Stoke Pogis- Marjoram Type.
OAKLANDS HERD.
Valancey E. Fullek, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
JERSEY CATTLE UST A3IEEICA. 401
individual cows in the lierd and to methods of feeding and management ; the natm-e
and quality of milk and cream ; sources of contaminatiou ; the absorption of odors and
impurities ; the special advantages of any and all systems of setting milk ; proper
temperature of milk, cream and butter at each and every stage of progress ; the
right churn and process of churning ; the method of washing ; the degree of working ;
the true philosophy of salting ; the proper handling, printing and fitting for special
customers.
The whole-milk needs to be quickly cooled. The ripening of cream is hastened
through aeration. The temperature of the milk at churning needs to be about 62°
Fahr.
Defects of the whole-milk system are very patent. There is a loss of the sweet
skim-milk for calves, and a great amount of unnecessary labor is occasioned by the
cooling and churning of an immense bulk of milk.
There is more waste in this method than any other, and the butter, containing
more casein, does not keep so well.
3. 77,e ran Method.
The setting of milk in shallow pans is necessarily subject to greatly varying
conditions, but when well conducted the results are very favorable toward the
production of the best quality of butter.
The process of ripening cream is perhaps as favorable to siiccess under
well-conducted shallow setting as by any other method. Eipening of cream for
butter-making, like the ripening of whole-milk in cheese-making, is something
entirely different and apart from mere souring. The main factors in the ripening of
cream are oxygen and light, with a proper temperature. Oxygenation is a process
absolutely essential to ripen cream for the first quahty of butter. So that cream
spread out upon the surface of milk in strong light but not the direct sunlight, and
in a pure, sweet atmosphere, at a temperature of 62° Fahr., needs only good churning,
washing, salting and shaping to make perfect butter.
The pan system entails much work, and it needs more space than any other, and
also good ventilation. There is a great loss of sweet skim-milk by the long time
required for rising and ripening.
THE SPRING HOUSE.
There are those who think the spring house the most desirable form of
dairy-house, whether the shallow-pan setting or some other be used.
The milk and cream rooms must be kept at 55° Fahr., well lighted, from
the north or northwest side only, so as to avoid the direct rays as well as the heating
power of the sim ; clean and well ventilated, with a good concrete or marble floor,
and suitable tanks or compartments, with ever-fiowing spring water under perfect
402 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
control as to quantity and speed of flow. This abundant spring water helps to
preserve the right temperature, and also aids greatly in removing the disagreeable
animal odors of the milk, as the cool, moist air acts in the douljle capacity of
absorbent and vehicle of removal in its outward flow.
This dispelling of odors greatly improves the flavor and keeping quality of the
butter.
The cream also ripens well in the moist air, and does not become tougli and
leathery as in dry air or contact with a strong current of air.
4-. Tl,>' Deep-Can Setthuj.
The deep-can setting calls for a great and sudden reduction in the temijcrature
of the milk in order to separate the cream in twelve liours. In this process the cans
are deep and either entirely submerged or cooled at the top. This method produces
about the same amount of butter as the pan system. The essentials in butter-making
are rapid cooling of the cream to 50° or 55° ; gradual return of the temperature of
cream to 75° until ripe ; a ripening of the cream by giving a broad surface to air and
light ; ventilation, with pure, sweet air ; churning at tlie desired period of ripening,
which may require twenty-four or more houi-s, the chum and tiie cream at from 62°
to 64° during the churning.
VENTILATION.
The subterranean system of ventilation has proved advantageous in maintaining
a uniformity of temperature, and is consequently well adapted to the butter and
cheese dairy. The air is conducted through an underground shaft so far below the
surface that the temperature of the earth at a given depth is maintained with
remarkable uniformity. Care is needed that the introduction of the air current shall
be so directed and diffused that it will not blow ujion tlie milk or cream, as the
effect of such a blast of air iipon pan-set milk is to make the cream dry and
leathery.
With such a system of ventilation and a setting of the cream in broad vessels
with much light, but never direct simlight, and frequent stirring, the conditions are
as complete as possible for rapid ripening and flue flavor of butter. The flavor
desired must be determined by the length of time of ripening and the amount of
stirring and aeration required. Mild milk-flavored butter is made from sweet cream
without ripening.
HKAVY MILK.*
" In some of Mr. Fjord's experiments he met witli milk which would partly
refuse discharging the cream by intense cooling.
" It would generally appear every fall when most of the cows were old milkers.
* " Creaming Milk by Centrifugal Force," J. D. Frederiksen.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 403
" Mr. Fjord called it ' heavy ' milk, and made the phenomenon the object of
thorough investigation. When the milk is heavy the cream will rise slowly, it will
appear thin, and there will be no sharply marked line between the cream and the
skim-milk, while the latter is less blue than usual. From such milk the cream can
never be fully separated by cooling.
" Shallow tubs will do it better, yet not satisfactorily, and only the separator will
do the work perfectly well. In tlie series of experiments previously mentioned the
milk was heavy during October, November and December, when the ice system
proved perfectly worthless, leaving as much as 2.75 per cent, of fat in the skim-milk,
and giving a yield as low as 1.25 pounds of butter from one hundred pounds of
milk — the same milk producing 4.27 per cent, of Iratter by the centrifugal creaming.
By transportation and premature cooling, milk which is not originally heavy may
become so, and many creameries have been troubled on account of that. The
centrifuge removes the trouble."
In a paper hy Major Henry E. Alvord occurs an account of the peculiar
churning quality of milk as witnessed at Houghton Farm :
" It has long been our practice at Houghton Farm to make frequent churn tests
of the milk of every cow in the herd, as well as of the mixed milk of the dairy. We
had one cow, ' Clover,' good for sixteen or seventeen pounds of butter a week when
at her best, and usually fresh in the spring. Two years ago she failed to calve in the
spring, and became fresh on dry feed. Testing her at the usual time of calving, when
she gave as much milk as formerly when fresh, I was surprised to get only twelve
ounces of butter where I had expected to get thirty ounces. We at once examined
her milk, and found it to be as rich in butter fat as ever. So I tried again, got
twelve and a half ounces of butter from the first churning of thirty-seven pounds of
milk, and then churned the same milk (buttermilk) a second time, and got twelve
ounces more of butter. A third churning of the same milk gave five and one half
ounces, and a fourth one and a quarter ounces — a total of thirty:one and a quarter
ounces of butter from thirty-seven pounds of milk.
" Churning a fifth time, the milk failed to yield any Ijutter."
When the cream has readied the proper standard of ripening it is poured into
the churn, filling to about one third its capacity, through a fine wire strainer, to give
a soft and even texture. It must be accurately tested at 62° in summer and at
64° Fahr. in winter. The churn may be of the barrel pattern (Stoddard), working
end over end. The power may be applied from the engine, by animal power, or any
convenient apparatus, according to size of churn. As soon as the sound within
indicates that the point of separation is reached, it is also shown by the glass
indicator in the lid becoming clear ; a small quantity of cold, weak brine, at about 55°,
404 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
is to be poured into the churn to facilitate granulation, when a few more revolutions
cause the butter to form granules about the size of barley grains. The churn is then
stopped and the buttermilk strained off and set aside. The time required for
churning will vary from twenty to thirty minutes under a moderate speed of
revolutions.
EINSING THE GEANULES.
The butter grains are then to be rinsed in cold, clear spring water, weak brine, or
pure filtered water, at a temperature of 62°, using three or more washings until the
water falling into the vessel beneath the churn runs clear, free from any tinge of
buttermilk or caseous particles.
CLEANING AND WORKING BUTTER BY CENTRIFUGE.
" A new method of washing butter has been patented in Germany. As soon as
gathered in the churn, in particles of about one tenth of an inch in size, it is transferred
to a centrifugal machine, whose drum is pierced with holes, and lined with a linen
sack that is finally taken out with the butter. As soon as the machine is set in
rapid motion the buttermilk begins to escape : a spray of water thrown into the
revolving drum washes out all the foreign matters adhering to the butter. This
washing is kept up till the wash-water comes away clean, and the revolution is then
continued till the last drop of water is removed, as clothes are dried in the centrifugal
wringer. The dry butter is then taken out, moulded and packed. It is claimed that
the product thus so fully and quickly freed from all impurities, without any working
or kneading, has a finer flavor, aroma and grain, and far better keeping qualities
than when prepared for market in the ordinary way."
Salting is one of the most important essentials to successful dairying. Its
purposes are threefold — to increase the density and dryness ; to augment the flavor
by contrast and increase of piquancy ; and to give antiseptic qualities that will prevent
fermentation and rancidity. In regard to the properties of dairy salt, I quote from
the Annual Report of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station for 1882:
" The putrefaction, or spoiling of meat, and probably also the rancidity of butter, are
caused by microscopic organisms, probably vegetable in their nature, which are latterly
known in science as bacteria. If the growth or multiplication of these organisms is
hindered or prevented, putrefaction and rancidity are corresjjoudingly checked or
altogether stopped.
"In the preservation of food, salt is most applical)lc, because it is the cheapest
and least injurious to the health of man, small (quantities being beneficial to health
and agreeable to taste."
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 405
From a partial analysis given, the composition of Higgin and Ashton salts is
calculated as follows :
Higgin. Ashton.
Water at 100° 0.48 0.71
Sulphate of Lime 1.41 1.40
Chloride of Calcium ". 0.08 0.14
Chloride of Magnesium 0.26 0.21
Chloeide of Sodidm — Salt 97.77 97.54
" The sulphate of lime is tasteless ; the chlorides of calcium and magnesium are
highly soluble, with a bitter taste, and greedily attract moistiire from the air, but a few
thousandths of one per cent, have no appreciable effect on the taste or on the articles
it is used to preserve. Salt generally used rarely contains less and often more
impurities, and these are not recognizable by the taste.
" Salt may be too fine or too coarse for salting butter. Fresh-churned butter
contains a quantity of the milk-serum or buttermilk, which it is one object of salting
to remove. When salt is worked into butter each grain of salt gradually dissolves
in the buttermilk and withdraws it from the butter, probably shrinking the bulky,
jelly-like casein, just as salt mixed with a jelly of soap shrinks the soaj^ into a small,
firm cake, and unites with the water to make a brine. If the salt be very fine the
result is to fill the mass of butter with a multitude of very small drops of brine, which
are diflicult to work out of the butter. On the other hand, if the salt be very coarse
the buttermilk will gather in large drops, easy to work out, but the salt grains will
not be entirely dissolved, and will make the butter too salt and gritty to the taste. The
proper fineness, therefore, is that which comes just short of occasioning the last-named
difliculty, so that by its use we remove the buttermilk thoroughly, without leaving
any unpleasant surplus of salt in the butter.
" The Ashton butter-salt and the Syracuse factory-filled dairy salt are commonly
reputed to have the degree of fineness suitable for dairy use. According to Alexander
Miiller, the grains of a good dairy salt should have dimensions lying, for the most
part, between one twenty-fifth and one fiftieth of an inch in diameter (one half and
one millimetre).
" The mechanical analysis of these two salts is as follows :
Higgin, fine. Ashton, coarse.
Between 2 and 1.5 millimetres 0.0 4.4
Between 1.5 and 1.0 millimetres 1.0 10.9
Between 1.0 and 0.5 millimetres 13.0 20.8
Less than 0.5 millimetres 86.0 63.9
100.00 100.00
40C JERSEY CATTLE lY AMEIUCA.
" While a moderately coarse salt may answer Ijest for the first object of salting,
viz., to withdraw the buttermilk, a finer yradc may be l)ctter suited to the other
object, the preservation and seasoning of the butter.
" Good salt for dairy use should dissolve in water, making a clear or very
nearly clear brine. Tlie coai-se Turk's Island salt is often very dirty, and makes a
brine that might be said to look like sdhp-suds."
MIXING SALT IN liUTTKK.
If the flmrnini^ is pn)]H'rly dniio, liriiii^Miig the hutter to the barley-grain form
and getting all the l>utter fnnn the cream, which may be better eilected by mixing a
quantity of water or thin sweet milk with the cream when it goes into the churn,
and regulating the temperature to 04°, and thoroughly rinsing the butter granules
so as to remove every trace of buttennilk, using first clear water, then weak brine,
the process of salting is best done by mixing thoroughly the finer salt at the rate of
one half ounce — some may prefer one ounce — of salt to the pound of butter. The
salt can very easily be incorporated with the l)utter. Spread and press the butter
upon the mixer, pressing or rolling it into a thin sheet, about a half inch in
thickness, and sprinkle the salt from a sifter evenly over tlie surface. Fold the
sheet of butter double and press or roll it out thin again, liepeat this three or more
times, and the salting is completed.
All the salt applied will remain, and the Imtter will require no more mixing ;
many prefer a lever worker to the roller.
" Working," as the term is usually applied, is an injury to butter. Unless the
salting is evenly done it is one of the causes of streaks in butter.
MOULDS OK I'KINTS.
After the butter has been salted it is best to put it in the form in which it is to
be marketed with as little delay as possible. The temperature of the butter-room
should ])e kept at 62°, and the butter moulded without .allowing the hand of the
operator to touch a particle of it. This rule ought to be strictly enforced.
There need be no second mixing or " working," and the butter should be
handled with wooden scoops and spatules without bruising or spatting, but simply
laid in the moulds and i)ressed into the desired form and size. These may be
square, and half-pound, pound, three, and five-pound prints, to suit the wishes of
])atrons, the larger sizes l)eing more economically marketed, but many customers
preferring the half-pound prints.
The use of a monogram and decoration to designate the dairy is desirable.
Each print should l)e wrajiped in moist, snowy muslin, and placed in a clean, square
wooden box, and these packed in a cooler at such temperature as desired, fi2° being
«
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 407
well suited to good keeping. Freezing and thawing speedily destroys the quality
of biitter.
SDGAK IN BUTTEB.
Sugar is sometimes mixed with salt to give a desired flavor to butter, and is
very agreeable to many palates. When the butter is thoroughly rinsed in granular
form, the sugar may be triturated (using the pure white finely pidverized) in a
mortar with the salt for a half hour, one part sugar to three parts of salt, and
thoroughly incorporating the mixture in the butter. A difference of taste is
allowable for the quantity of salt in butter, whether with or without sugar. The
quantity varies from one fourth or one half ounce to one ounce in the pound. One
half or three fourths of an ounce of salt and one fourth ounce of sugar to the pound
give a good flavor if thoroughly mixed and incorporated.
INCORPORATION OF SALT.
Mr. Henry Stewart commends the above practice of using fine sugar in an
article published in the Country Gentleman, November, 1884. The same article
also illustrates the effects of good and bad salting in two specimens of butter. The
salt and sugar need to be perfectly dissolved in the butter, and in order to do this
it must be pulverized very finely and passed through a fine sieve to remove scales.
It is hardly practicable to do the triturating except when the material is to be used,
Sample I.
Salt Dissolved in Butter.
After H. Stewart.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
f''jll\m\fv, ,
lkm0
S.VMPhK II.
Salt Undissolvku ix Bi'ttkk.
After II. Stewart.
because of deliquescence. I reproduce here the iiiicrosc<jj)ic slides as given by Mr.
Stewart, showing the texture of well-salted Ijuttcr in No. 1 and badly salted
butter in No. 2.
"In sample No. 1 not a single salt crystal was found. The texture is
seen to ])e much closer and the dryness is conspicuous. The very small globules of
brine are few in number, and the moisture is diffused invisibly through the mass, so
that every particle is enveloped in a film of brine, which is an antiseptic fluid, and
preserves the butter from all contact with air. This is the true preserving effect of
the salt in tlie butter. lu regard to the flavor of perfectly salted butter, it is
evident that the saline taste is so evenly diffused that it is quite subordinate to the
flavor of the butter, and that consequently the real butter flavor is paramount, and
is really aided by the piquancy of the salt.
" In sample No. 2 the texture is more open, from the greater quantity of
moisture contiiined in it. The large drops of water, some of which had not reached
the salt, and some were already saturated, and could dissolve no more, gave an
excess of softness and a want of firmness to tlie butter ; while the undissolved
crystals of salt quite overpowered the flavor of the butter, leaving, however, some
of the butter not influenced at all by the salt. This evidently nmst injure the
butter in both texture and flavor, because there is too much salt in part and not
enough in part. All this shows that a microscope may be made a valuable aid in
dairv work."
JjEHSUY cattle in AMBJilCA.
BUTTER FLAVOR.
Butter is chiefly composed of a solid crystallizable fat, a fluid oily substance
consisting of a mixture containing olein and a fragrant fatty principle hutyrin, a
yellow coloring matter, and a small quantity of the casein of milk. Chemists make
a still further analysis of butter, giving no less than nine fatty acids, combined with
glycerine — four of the acids solid and Ave fluid. The solid are stearine, palmitine,
myristine and butine, chiefly of the two former.
The fluid fats are olein, butyrin, caproin, caprylin and caprinin. About one
third of the fat is olein, but the relative proportions of hard and soft fats in butter
are very variable, running as high as sixty per cent, of fluid fats when cows are fed
upon green succulent food. Various etheric oils of both vegetable and animal
origin, together with the coloring matter and numerous unknown elements, combine
to give flavor and aroma to butter. Any substance capable of being taken up by
the circulation, whether wholesome or poisonous, pleasantly fragrant or offensive,
may appear in the milk and cream, and consequently affect more or less the flavor
of the butter, which therefore varies according to the varying conditions of breed
and feed, as well as many other circumstances. The method of making, whether
centrifuge, whole-milk, pan or deep-can system, has much to do with flavor. The
quality of making, the cleanliness, the kind of vessel in which cream is ripened, the
surroundings, the atmosphere, the weather, the quality and fineness of the salt, the
thoroughness of incorporation, and the quantity used — all affect the quality and flavor
of the butter.
The temperature at which each operation is conducted and at which the butter
is subsequently kept has much to do with quality and preservation of original flavor.
The flavor of butter is also greatly affected by the manner of the keeping of
the cream as to its thorough ripening. Cream that is not suificiently aerated will
make an insipid quahty of butter. The souring of cream will not give flavor, but
thorough aeration and abundant north-light will give a higher flavor and better color
to the butter. When ripe the cream has a pleasant acid taste, and will then make a
good-flavored butter.
Butter, Uke milk and cream, has remarkable absorptive quaUties, and is liable to
contamination and injury from any odor, even during the process of manufacture.
Delicate odors, like the strawberry and peach, will spoil the flavor of butter by
inciting fermentation. The flavor of the metal or wooden vessel in which cream is
ripened may be communicated to butter. The flavor of tin, however clean, is very
offensive and nauseating when communicated to drinking-water at any temperature.
Tin is not the best material in which to ripen cream ; zinc and galvanized ware
form dangerous poisons ; glass or delf insures a cleaner flavor to butter and to
with safety from poisoning by lactates of zinc and tin.
410 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
FEEDING FOR FLAVOR.
The flavor of the milk, cream, cheese and butter is widely variable, according
to the aromatic qualities and richness of the ration. Marsli grasses, bog hay, and
l)uckwlieat bran will give very little Ijutter, and that flavorless. Cotton-seed meal,
tiiough rich in fat, gives a bad-flavored butter, and linseed meal and oil-cake are but
little better. To have rich flavor in butter, the food must contain certain aromatic
oils and flavoi-s that, passing through the alembic of the cow's udder, shall retain
their delicacy embodied in the cream globules.
A rich aroma and high flavor perbiin to butter where cows have wild highlaml
pasture of sweet grasses uncontaminated with any coarse or bitter weeds. If to
butter made from such sweet juices is added the sugar and salt as previously
directed, you have the very acme of flavoring in butter, especiall}' in June, or later
in the season, if the grasses are not allowed to get hard and seedy. All grasses
give the richest juice for flavor when in the tenderest growth and abounding in
succulency. All the soiling crops, with the exception of sweet corn, are best in their
very young growth.
Rye, when of rank gmwtli and iiuar to ripeness, will often give a very
unpalatable flavor to milk and butter. Su may wheat, barley, oats, maize and clover,
when too mature and fed excessively, especially if given singly. A mixture of
two or more of these, not too matm*e, is better for flavoring. Sweet corn, with ears
in the milk, is good l)Utter fodder. Professor Brewer speaks of Alfilaria, a species
of geranium, as being grown for forage in California, where it is considered highly
aromatic for making fine-flavored butter. Fermented foods, including ensilage,
cannot possibly produce the finest flavors. In winter feeding, maize meal, when
combined with wheat shorts and oatmeal, gives a rich, nutty flavor to the butter,
jirovided the meal is always of good quality.
If there is the slightest degree of fermentation, the result of feeding will be a
very marked deterioration in the quality and a falling ofE in the quantity of butter.
Tlay made from quickly cured green oats, just in the milk, or gra.ss cut before
flowering, or clover cut early, and well-cured stover of sweet corn, with maize meal
and a small quantity of carrots, make a fine combination fur winter flavoring.
When apples are very abundant, and do not find a ready market, they make a
choice addition to the ration, especially if of a rich and spicy quality. Special care
must be had in feeding them, to begin moderately and gradually increase the
quantity. Two quarts at first and afterward a half bushel may be given daily.
These should always be passed through the root-cutter and mixed with meal and
bran. Feeding them whole endangers choking the cow. The feed of butter cows
can never be too good in quality, and without the best quality it is imoossible to
have good butter.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
EFFECTS OF SEWAGE GRASS AND SEWEB GAS UPON MILK AND BUTTER.
" Dr. Smee, F.R.S., in the (Dublin) Farmer's Gazette states that he has found,
by a comparison of the milk from cows fed on ordinary meadow grass and on grass
from a sewage farm, that in the latter case the milk went putrid before twenty-six
hours, and the butter became rancid very rapidly, compared with that made from the
milk of cows fed on ordinary meadow grass. These effects were more apparent in
the spring than in the latter part of the summer. On three or four occasions he also
noticed that when the milk of cows fed on sewage grass was placed on a dializer the
casein passed through the membrane, from which it would appear that the casein
existed in these milkers in a modified form. Milk which had been exposed to sewer
gas from an imtrapped drain, although, on analysis, it appeared to be unaltered in
composition, yet when distilled at a low temperature (100° Fahr.) it yielded a
distillate that had a very offensive smell. It also caused intense headache, which was
followed by diarrhcea. The milk of cows suffering from foot-and-mouth disease has
been examined and found bad. Dr. Smee expresses his opinion that the methods
employed by public analysis are not sufficiently dehcate to detect the slight
physiological change which may take place in a fluid so complex as milk."
KEEPIN(; QUALITY OF JERSEY BUTTER.
Jersey butter, when made according to modern scientific methods, has the best
keeping quality. As the casein is the chief element of destructive fermentation
in milk, it becomes necessary, in the manufacture of butter, to remove this element
as completely as practipable, and consequently the best made and best keeping
quality of Jersey butter is that which has the smallest portion of casein. It is true
that butter, however well made, is a quickly perishable commodity, and under
ordinary circumstances rapidly degenerates, having in itself many of the elements
that facilitate decomposition.
Butter is best on the day of its manufacture, and is subject to many accidents
that hasten its destruction. It is very absorptive, and is quickly contaminated with
any impurity or any foreign odor. If it is frozen the decomposition becomes rapid
in any temperature above 40°. Freezing is ruinous to butter. Artificial coloring
introduces elements that excite decomposition and destroy the quality and flavor.
The sooner it is eaten, when rightly made, the better for both maker and consumer.
The experiment has been tried of preserving butter in the granular form, by
submerging it in vessels filled with clear, strong brine, and reported as a success.
Jersey butter should be kept as near a temperature of 62° as practicable. In
transportation it must be well guarded against changes of temperature, and in the
consumer's care be wholly excluded from the air until used. Jersey butter bears
412 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
transportation well, and reaches the consumer in better condition than it is possible
for that of any other make under the same conditions of weather.
CIIKMICAL ANALYSIS OF Bf
Samples analyzed for Dr. Sturtevant, November, 1876, by Mr. Sharpies: Xos.
1 and 6 from the dairy of Mr. Edward Burnett, Southborough, Mass. :
Class.
Retail Price
per Pound.
Water.
Per cent.
Fat. Casein. Ash.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
1. Jersey
$0.90
0.80
0.75
0.40
0.25
11.15
9.44
9.94
9.52
9.8S
14.27
86.01
87.78
85.89
86.95
87.14
84.53
1.77
2.02
2.68
1.65
1.90
1.07
0.76
1.49
4. Grade Jersey
5. Poor Tub
1.88
1.08
6. Centrifuge, 188U...
1.11
0.09
The following is the Houghton Fann report on butter contributed for this
work by Mr. Alvonl ; analysis made by Professor II. W. Smith, chemist :
Elements.
Jerseys. Houghton
Farm, Mountain-
ville, Orange
County, N.^.
Ayrshires. Smith
Farm, Tompkins
County, l^y.
Holsteins. Mead-
owbrook Farm,
Orange County,
Water
7.8
87.30
1.3
3.9
9.88
77.42
9.1
86.75
1.4
2.8
10.85
75.90
121
Fat.
82 60
Casein . .
26
Salt and Ash
40
Volatile Fat- Acids
8 84
Non-Volatile Fat-Acids
73.76
Correct.
HououTON Farm, October, 1884.
Henry E. Alvord, Mana<j>'r.
The variations in the composition of genuine well-worked unsalted butter ;
according to Fleischmami :
AVater, from 8 to 18 ; average, 14 per cent.
Fat, from 80 to 90 ; average, 84 per cent.
Other solids, from 0.8 to 2.4 ; average, 1.5 per cent.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
ENGLISH BUTTEK.*
413
In 100 Parts.
In 1 Pound.
Ounces.
Grains.
Water
10.0
1.0
87.7
0.3
1.0
1
1-i
262
Caseiii . .
70
Milk Fat
14
Milk Sugar
21
ComiTioii Salt.
70
A. H. Chuech, M.A.,
Professor of Chemistry, Royal Academy.
SALT BUTTERS FORTY-EIGHT SAMPLES.
• Water, from 8.48 to 28.60 per cent.
FEESH BUTTEES.
Water 4.18 to 15.43 per cent.
Salt 0.30 to 2.91 "
Fat 67.72 to 96.93 "
Water and Salt even 20, 30 to 35. "
Curd l.lSto 5.13 "
Aethue Hill Hassall, M.D., London.
Curd.
1.61 to 7.83 per cent.
SALTED BUTTEES.
Elements.
Jersey.
Hassall.
Ventner.
Butterine.
Water
10.44
78.49
2.53
8.32
6.50
85.38
2.84
5.28
3.88
86.28
3.28
6.60
5.83
•
Fat
92.77
Curd
0.53
Salt
0.83
From Jersey Bulletin, ;
Angell & Hehnee.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
ADULTERATED BUITEKS. DEVON.
Blytlie's Analysis.
Water 17.10 13.36
Fat 78.50 76.34
Casein 1.72 6.64
Salt 2.68 3.70
Angell >fc Ilehner's Analysis.
23.98 42.35
67.58 47.01
6.88 7.85
1.55 2.68
JENUINE BUTTERS.
Elements.
^(F^esh? ' M« of Wight.
Guilford.
Winchester.
Water
9.30 12.98
82.64 ; 83.87
5.13 2.72
2.19 0.40
9.10
84.74
3.47
2.08
8.58
Fat . . .
85.48
Curd
Salt (Ash)
2.78
3.15
Milk Sugar
.... 1 ....
Konig : Average of eighty-nine analyses :
Water.
Fat...
Curd . .
Salt
Angell & Hehner.
(Ash).
14.14
83.11
0.86
1.19
Milk Sugar 0.74
[For nnineroiis analyses of Jersey butter, see Tables of Official Butter Tests.]
BAD FLAVORS IN BUTfER.
It is not necessary to resort to oleomargarine and butterine for disgusting odors
and flavors. The fetor and flavor of the filthiest slaughter-houses are obtainable
in those productions of a fraudulent art ; but all l)adly made butters have a
multitude of defects. The best Jersey cows, the best buildings, best feeding and
keeping, best utensils, best facilities, and best advantages of every kind %vill not
insure good butter. The article that is botched in the making always tells its ovn\
story. Such butter is sloppy and slushy, full of water, gritty with undissolved Sidt,
sour with buttermilk and curd, bitter from bad salting and uncleanliness, and in a
very short time this badly made butter will so offend the sense of smell that you will
be glad to cast it into the manure vat, where it belongs.
Rancidity quickly follows the botching of butter, and you have MityHc acid,
which gives a pungent, rancid odor and sour taste ; caproic add, with an odor which
JERSEY CATTLE IjV AMERICA. 415
is rather slight, but resembling that of vinegar ; eaprylio acid, which exhales the
powerful and disgusting smell of a he-goat or fetid armpit sweat ; and capric acid,
that has a mixed odor of he-gout and vinegar, also valeric acid, anotlicr indescribable
stench.
Oleomargarine gives all of these odors and flavors, with the peculiar ulaiightr)--
house perfume of decomposing tallow thrown in gratis.
Butter made from cotton-seed meal has a bad flavor. The flavor of ensilage is
not the best that may be had, neither that of turnips, cabbage or ragweed. Many
a stray plant growing in the pastures gives an ofiensive taste to both milk and
butter. "Wheat shorts and poor hay give a butter that is almost flavorless, while
buckwheat bran deprives the milk of both butter and flavor. The meadows and
pastures must have thorough inspection and be kept at a high standard of purity in
regard to the quality of plant growth for cow-feed.
The flavor of the best butter is transitory, " fleeting as a summer cloud."
" Give it neither time nor associates, for there is always danger from the moment it
leaves the cow's udder until it passes down the throat of 'the consumer."
The flavor of cabbage may be in great part avoided if the feeding is made
immediately after milking. . Turnips, beets and parsnips should be fed in the same
way, taking care to remove the tap-root of turnips, as being rank-flavored, and there
is then little probability of the flavor appearing in the milk or cream, but it is best to
feed only carrots and parstiips to milch cows. If the flavor should appear in ever
so shght a degree it may be overcome by the use of a small quantity of nitrate of
potash (saltpetre) put into the churn with the cream. Use a half teaspoonful of
saltpetre dissolved in a teacup of water for four gallons of cream.
CHEMICAL TEST FOR BDTTEE.
" Thomas Taylor, M.D., microscopist of the Department of Agriculture, gives
the following test for butter : ' If a few drops of sulphuric acid be combined with a
small quantity of pure butter, the butter will assmne flrst an opaque whitish yeUow
color, and after the lapse of about ten minutes it will change to a brick red.
" Oleomargarine made of beef tallow, when treated in the same manner,
changes at first to a clear amber, and after a lapse of about twenty minutes to a deep
crimson.' "
HEKU YIELDS OF BUTTEE.
Col. Waring gave as a yearly average (1872) for a herd of nineteen Jersey cows,
two hundred and twelve pounds each-of bvitter. Mr. Roberts reports the butter yield
of Mr. Allen's herd at Pittsfield, Mass., at an average of two hundred and thirty-nine
poimds in 1875, two hundred and forty-five pounds in 1876, and in 1877 two
hundred and seventy-eight pounds.
416 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
In 1874 Mr. Mackie's herd of fifteen cuws gave an average of two Inindred and
eighty-one pounds.
Mr. Moses Y. Tilden's herd in Lebanon, N. Y., produced in IcSTH an average
of three hundred and thirty-three pounds.
The herd of Mr. Thomas J. Hand, at Sing Sing, N. Y., j>ro(iufed in lsT4 an
average of four hundred and six pounds of butter.
HOUGHTON FARM .lEESEY HEK!) 1883.
Henry E. .Vlvoni. Manager.
" Special test churnings were made j)eriodically to get the ratio of butter to milk,
in the product of the herd. The average of these records for the year is six pounds
seven and a half ounces of merchantable butter for every one hundred pounds of
milk, or one pound of butter for every fifteen and a half pounds of milk. Applying
the average ratio for the year, we find the average butter product to be for ten selected
cows, three hundred and ninety-eight pounds, ten ounces, per year ; for the herd of
fifteen animals, including the two aged cows and three heifers, three hundred and
seventy-seven j)ounds a year."
Jersey Herd yield of " Mapleton Farm," A. Baker, West Dryden, New York,
for four months, beginning April 1st, 1884. Twelve cows, including one, two
years old ; two, three years ; four, four years ; one, five years ; two, six years ; one,
eight, and one, ten years old. Nine were giving milk at beginning of test. Of the
others, one calved May 18th, another May 22d, and the third, June 8th. The nine
had been in milk two and a half months
9 Cows, April Butter, 2t>9i ])ounds.
10 " May (11 cows from May 22d) " 389^ "
12 " June (12 cows from June 8th) '. .' " 508f "
11 " July " 460i «
.JERSEY HERD OF V. B. STKArr, SVI.VANIA, I'A.
Six cows — two, three years old ; two, four years old, and two past ten years — test
on grass alone, from June 14th to June 20th, 1884, seven days. The total amount
of butter made when salted and ready for market was ninety -eight and a half pounds,
an average of sixteen pounds six and a half oimces per cow. Four of the cows were
sired by Aberdeen of Clermont 2.531. ()nly one of the six is registered, but all are
thoroughbred. The registered cow made seventeen pi)unds and ten ounces of butter
in seven davs.
FADETTE OF VERNA 3d 11,122.
AT 8 YEAH!. .Jl.l).
HigiKil Type.
ELLASLEIGII IIEUD.
G. W. Faiu.kk. Tkkxton, New Jersey.
HARMONY 2d 17,118.
AT 5 YEAliS OLD.
Signal Type.
BELMONT HEKD.
Richard Peters, Atlanta, Georgia.
JEliSEY CATTLE IN' AMERICA.
THE THEEMOMETEE IK THE DAIEY.
Any one who is at all familiar with first-class dairy work knows that in the
making of dehcious butter and superior cheese, it is absolutely necessary to keep
everything at the right degree of temperature in every stage of every process.
In order to do this, thermometers are required that are very nearly correct. The
best thermometers are imperfect, because of the impossibility of making a vacuum
chamber of uniform calibre throughout in such a substance as glass. No cheap
thermometer can be trusted in the dairy, as such an instrument may vary two to
five degrees from the standard, and while it may agree with the standard at one point,
will be far away at another. Every butter and cheese maker shiiiild have one tested
and ofiicially certified thermometer from which he can gauge the less expensive ones
by marking upon them all variations from the standard.
FEEDING FOE BUTTER.
The series of tests made at the New York Experiment Station and published in
the report for 1883 are very instructive.
DAILY AVERAGE FOE EACH WHOLE PERIOD.
Date,
Milk.
Pat.
Butter.
Actual Fat.
Butter.
1883.
Lbs.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Oz.
Oz.
First Period,
Jan. 2d-7th
55.14
5.19
4.91
45.58
43.46
Second "
" 8th-lith
53.35
5.66
5.50
48.38
46.94
Third "
" 15th-19th
61.84
4.87
3.72
49.25
36.70
Fourth "
" 20th-25th
58.33
4.76
3.97
44.36
36.83
Fifth "
" 26th to Feb. 3d.
50.
5.14
4.18
41.07
33.50
Sixth "
Feb. 4th-llth
37.63
4.99
4.74
30.17
29.56
Seventh "
« 12th-lSth
42.37
4.93
4.73
33.46
32.13
The above table gives the product of four Jersey cows whose average normal
weight was seven hundred and nine pounds each.
During the First Period, six days, they were fed twenty poimds of hay, four
pounds of corn meal, four pounds of shorts, to each cow.
The Second Period, seven days ; three days, twenty pounds of hay and twelve
pounds of shorts ; two days, fifteen pounds of hay, ten and a half pounds of shorts ;
and two aays, fifteen pounds of hay and twelve pounds of shorts.
The Third Period, five days, fifteen pounds of hay, twelve pomuls of gluten
meal.
418 JERSEY VATTLE IN AMERICA.
The Fourth l\"ri()(h six (hiys, tiftecu pounds of liiiy, ten pounds of com meal.
The Fifth Teriod, nine days, three of which they had live pounds of hay,
four pounds of coru nieah four pounds of shorts, ten pounds of ensilage ; the
second three days, live pounds of liay, four pounds of corn meal, twenty pounds of
ensilage ; the third three days, four pounds of corn meal, thirty pounds of ensilage.
The Sl.xth Period, eight days, from one hundred and sixty pounds to two
hundred and fifty-five pounds of ensilage.
The Seventh Period, fifteen pounds of hay, four pounds of corn meal, four
pounds of shorts.
In studying the above table some allowance must be made for the iutiuence of
food extending from two to four days or longer into each subsequent period. There
isan increase in quantity of milk under gluten meal and corn meal, and a great falling
off under ensilage.
" The hay and gluten feeding. Third Period, shows a great waste inlnitter and
other solids ; next to that, in Fifth Period, when the ration was insutKcient, a large
waste ; Fourth Period, hay and meal feeding, also shows waste to a large extent ;
Second Period, hay and bran feeding, far less waste ; Sixth Period, ensilage feeding,
still less waste ; and First, Fourth and Seventh Period, hay, bran and meal feeding,
scarcely any waste of butter. We can see that when meal is added to the ration.
First, Fourth and Seventh Period, the waste averaged 2.16 ounces; where liran was
added to the ration, First, Second and Seventh Period, the waste averaged but 1.22
ounces. In the case of hay and meal, Fourth Period, i.97 ounces; in the case of hay
and bran, Second Period, 2.17 ounces. We must thus believe that the adding of bran
to the meal feeding was advantageous to butter recovery from the milk, and that
bran is more economical for butter recovery than meal." " The whole table gives
evidence as to the value of wheat bran as a butter fat yielding food for cows." " The
butter which may be obtained from the milk seems more dependent upon the
character of than upon the composition of the food."
The food must not only have all the elements in suitable projiortions, in order to
produce the best milk, but that food must have a certain quality which shall fit it
for bovine digestion and assimilation. The lacteal organs have the power of select-
ing and secreting the elements from certain foods of peculiar quality, and those alone
are profitable in the dairy.
FOOD AND QUALITY OF MII.K.*
" As there is a very close analogy, if not an actual connection or alternation,
between the fat of the tissues of a cow and the fat of the milk, it certainly A^uld seem
that as the quality of the food has a great deal to do with increasing the quantity of fat
'Henry Stewart, in Country Qentlemnn, 1W84.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 419
deposited in the tissues, so it must luiveagood deal to do with increasing the quantity
of fat deposited in the niillv glands and conveyed from them into the milk. I have
a record of a pure Jersey from the first week's churning, when at twenty and one
half months old, she produced eight and one half pounds of butter. The standard
feed of all my cows has always been, for morning and night's feeding, five pounds of
cut hay or corn fodder wetted and mixed with five pounds of meal made of three
hundred pounds of corn and two hundred pounds of fine wheat or rye bran,
preferably the latter, groiind together as fine as possible ; and five pounds of long
hay at noon ; any extra meal is given dry at this time. As a normal food, I have
found none better, more easily and cheaply procured, and more safe and satisfactory
in all respects. But I have at times varied this standard ration with every kind of
feed that has been on the market, and have carefully noted the results. Some of
these for this particular cow I will give. The feeding was the same as the standard
above given from January 4th, 1880, when the calf was a week old, and the milk
was set for cream.
" In January the butter yield was 1.3-4 pounds per day ; February, 1.25, and
March, 1.145. On April Ist the feed was changed to six pounds of wheat middlings,
with the hay as usual, twice a day. The butter yield for April and May in this
feeding was 0.95 and 0.84 pounds per day, the butter being very white and
crumbly.
" In June and July the ration was changed to two pounds of wheat bran (fine
bran, with considerable middlings, sometimes called ' sharps ') and three pounds of
palm-nut meal. The butter yield was 1.29 and 1.18 pounds respectively. In August
the food was changed to two pounds of the bran with two pounds of fine bolted
corn meal and two pounds of cotton-seed meal. The yield for August was 1.22
pounds daily ; September, 1.45, and October, 1.28. The milk now began to fall off
in quantity. Through 1881 the same difference in regard to cotton-seed meal was
shown, and the butter yield came up to 1.83 pounds a day. I was expecting to get
up to two pounds a day, when the cow had an attack of garget, and did not fully
recover until October, when on two pounds of the bran and three pounds of fine
yellow meal she gave 1.66 pounds of butter daily. The next season I kept a more
particular account, and weighed the milk carefiilly. This season lasted from May 9th.
1882, to December 6th, 1883.
"The very large difference caused by l)uckwheat bran — the cow fell off in flesh
very much in those two months, and took two months more to fill up again — is
almost exactly paralleled by glucose meal, which increased the milk of some other cows,
but considerably reduced the quantity of butter ; and also, but not to so great an
extent, by the new process linseed meal and by brewers' grains ; all of these make more
milk but less cream. I must say I have little confidence in the conclusions of the
(rerman scientific peojile, and in the mass of food tables and various rations they give.
420
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
and still less in this idea, that the quality of the food has no eifeet upon the quantity
of the butter, and should be very glad to have it shown that they are mistaken."
2 lbs. Bran
3 lbs. Com Meal \
1 lb. Cotton-seed Meal. .
5 lbs. Mixed Meal
I Bran j
I Corn I
5 lbs. Buckwheat Mid- (
dlings and Bran (
5 lbs. of the Standard
Meal
f Bran
I Com
May 14tli to 30th.
June
J^iiy
August
September
October
November
December
1883.
January
February
March
April
May
June
J"iy
August
September
Oc£ober
November
December (6 days) ,
Pounds of
Milk.
592
926
918
930
902
840
897
912
1,009
912
690
793
807
671
464
482
430
281
241
38
Pounds of
Milk to 1
Pound of
Butter.
18.5
18.0
17.1
15.2
18.5
21.0
21.1
20.25
42.0
41.5
30.0
20.6
19.7
19.7
18.0
17.2
18.0
13.7
11.0
12.7
FKKD AND UKEEl) OF DAIRY COWS.
The following summary of concliLsions ])y Dr. E. L. Sturtevant are the result of
many years of study and experiment :
" 1. The production of butter is largely dependent on breed.
" 2. There is a structural limit to the production of butter to each cow.
" 3. When a cow is fed to tliis limit, increase of food cannot increase the
product.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 421
" 4. That the superior cow has this structural limit at a greater distance from
ordinary food, and is more ready to respond to stunuli than the inferior cow.
" 5. That consequently the superior cow is seldom fed to her limit, and as a
practical conclusion, increased feed with a superior lot of cows will increase the
butter product, hut if fed to an inferior lot of cows, waste can but be the
result.
■ " 6. That the character of the food has some influence on tlie cliaracter of the
butter, but even the breed influences more than the food.
" 7. There is no constant relation between the butter product and the cheese
product.
" 8. That the casein contains a constant percentage, and that this ])ercentage
does not appear to respond to increase of food.
"9. That the casein appears to remain constant without regard to the
" 10. That increase in the (quantity of milk is followed by an increase in the total
amount of casein.
" 11. That insufficient feed acts directly to check joroportion of hntter and- has
a tendency to decrease the casein of the milk a/nd substitute aUjumen.
" 12. The best practice of feeding is to regulate the character of the food by
the character of the animal fed ; feeding superior cows nea/rer to the limit of their
production than inferior cows ; feeding, if for butter, more concentrated and
nutritious foods than for cheese ; feeding for cheese product, succulent material
which will increase the quantity of the milk yield."
CONTRAST OF BREEDS.
A Jersey cow weighing 800 to 1000 pounds will give 35 to 50 pounds of
butter to 100 pounds of live weight, or 700 to 800 pounds of milk to 100 pounds of
live weight ; while a Diitch (Holstein) cow weighing 1300 to 1700 pounds will give
20 to 26 pounds of butter to 100 pounds live weight, and 675 pounds of milk to 100
pounds of live weight.
One pound of Jersey milk is equivalent in value to two and one half pounds of
Dutch or Holsteiu-Friesian milk.
BUTTER IN DIFFERENT BEEEDS.
The butter production of the Jersey race is very exceptional, exceeding in that
respect all other breeds of cattle. It is interesting to com2)are the Jersey
production with that obtained from other known milking races. The following
figures are established by the works of eminent agriculturists :
422
JJ-JltSEY CArriJ-J IX A.V/:/!/(A.
COMl'AliAlIVK ■
Race. Milk
Jersey
Cotentine
Breton
Sclnvitz
Ayr
Maine
Flemish
Holland
Alil.E OF liUKKDS.'^
uT Kilo^'niiiiine of IJuttcr.t
1«) to 18 Litres.J
25 to 28 "
25 to 3(1 '•
20 to 30 "
2S to 35 "
28 to 40 "
30 to 4-0 "
35 to 40 "
Milk per Year.
3,000 to 4,000 Litres.
3,000 to 3,500 "
1,400 to 1,(500 "
3,000 to 3,200 "
2,500 to 4,000 "
2,000 to 2,500 "
3,000 to 3,500 "
3,000 to 4,000 "
CRYSTAL SI'RINO FARM .lERSEYS.
Mr. J. H. Walker, of Worcester, Mass., says : '• I find my ' Victor Cows'
13.57 lbs. of milk to a pound of butter, when fed two quarts of corn meal and two
quarts of shorts per day. My whole herd average a pound of butter to 14.82 pounds
of milk. The least milk to a pound of butter was from Pavon 12,485, who made 14
pounds 8 ounces of butter in seven days at twenty-five months old, from 134 pounds
8 ounces of milk, or 9.28 jtounds of milk to a pound of butter."
BREEDS IN AMERICA.
The American Jerseys, compared witli other breeds, sIk i\v a bettor record than that
•jivon in the above table. Ilundreds of our tested Jersey cows show as follows :
Uucf, Pounds of Milk to 1 pound of limttT.
Jersey 5 to IS. Averaiic 1 4
Guernsey 10 to 24. " 1 !•
Angler 14 to 26. " 22
Red Poll 15 to 28. " 25
Devon 18 to 30. " 26
American Red (Native) 18 to 30. " 20
Ayrshire 20 to 35. " 28
Shorthorn 22 to 38. " 29
Dutch or Molstein-Friesiaii 28 to 50. " 35
It can readily be seen that a great disadvantage accriies to all wlio select the
breeds that produce a secretion abounding in water ; for it follows without
argument that the most expensive metluxl of securing a supply of water is by the
laborious operation called milking.
* Jerse}' Cuttle. By Henri .Johanet. Trnnslnlcd by \V. E. Simoiuls.
+ A kilogramme is equivalent to 2^ lbs.
i A litre is equivalent to l.O.ICT qts. or If's <lt<-
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIC A. 423
The increased labor in the dairy, the larger space required, the increase of
utensils, all add to the expense without any recompense.
The milk of Jersey cows should sell in the market for its proportional value
according to chemical analysis.
C( )NSTECCTION OF ICE-HOUSES.
One writer announces that " ice in the dairy must go !" It will go when the
dairy interest finds it expedient that it should go. Ice has its uses in all well-
regulated dairies. It was never designed to be used as a destructive agent, as hj the
freezing of cream and milk, butter and cheese, but it has its place. The discerning
dairyman will always appropriate ice to its place and service.
The ice-house must be as large as necessary to meet your purposes, for ice keeps
best in a large house and in large bulk. Allow about thirty-four cubic feet for a ton.
Dig the cellar below frost, lay drain pipe at the base of the foundation walls, with
a free outlet, which must also be safe from frost. Build the walls of concrete,
according to directions for barns, either octagon or square ; fill the cellar with gravel
and small stones for a sure drainage base. A single wall will suftice.
In filling the house, build up the blocks so as to have a layer of sawdust one
foot thick beneath and around, and also fill all the interstices with the same. The
blocks of ice may be laid up three feet at a time, leaving a space by the wall, which
may then be filled and well packed by tramping it hard. Fill the chinks and cover
each layer as it is placed. Finish by packing the top very firmly with two feet or
more of sawdust.
A ventilator in the roof is essential to the keeping quality of the house.
A CHEAP ICE-HOUSE.
For a small, cheap ice-house, cover a square frame with hemlock boards and
batten the seams. Fill the building in the same way as described above. A house
ten feet square and ten feet high, well packed, will hold about thirty tons of ice.
Paint the boards annually with crude petroleum.
HARVESTING THIN ICE.
Where the climate is mild, and ice cannot be safely left when it has acquired a
thickness of five or six inches, the ice is best broken into cakes and thrown into the
house, where a man with an axe breaks and fits the pieces by knocking ofl: or
battering down all the projecting points, throwing small pieces into the larger
cavities, and covering the top with two feet of sawdust. Every day as it settles
tramp down the sawdust by the walls and in the cavities on the surface. This must
be repeated once or twice a week until the month of May. This will secure a
perpetual supply.
Ji:RSEY CA TTLE IX AMEIilCA.
ICE MACHINE.
In the South, where ice does not form, the question of supply lies between
receiving the Nortiiern crop when abundant, or home manufacture when the market
is high. The Twining machine will enable those who require it the requisite
facility of supply.
bcttp;k-colok — yelk.
A bright, glistening, golden color is a distinctive characteristic of the best quality
of butter. Such a color is natural, and is not only pleasing to the eye, but suggestive
of health and sweetness in the cow, with wholesome food from pasture, field and
meadow, indicative of fragrant aroma, delicate texture, and pure, delicious flavor, a
satisfaction to the sight, which is not disappointed in well-made butter by the smell
or taste. Butter color is derived from the cow's lacteal organs, through her special
power of secretion of a yellow oil, the coloring matter contained in the elements of
her food. Some cows have the ability to store up coloring matter in large
quantities, in their fat and in various tissues of the body. It also exudes from the
skin in little shining particles, and can be seen on many Jerseys in great abundance,
especially within the ears ; also beneath the lower lip, behind the elbow, within the
thighs, upon the ndder, teats, vulva and escutcheon, and beneath the hair on all
white patches. If it appeai-s within the ear, the cow may be considered pretty
sure to color her butter well. Many individuals have this faculty so strong, that
change of food and the severest hardship from cold cannot change it or diminish
its force, for their butter is nearly as golden in February frosts with hay fodder
as when pastured in June meadows. The original source of this butter color is the
juice, which contains the true coloring matter in green plants — that which gives
to j'Oung verdure its softest and most refreshing tints, and in luscious, full-grown
plants the rich, deep green, an element so marked in its abundance in the months
of May and June, where fine meadows and woods abound, that it deserves the
name of greenth.
GKEEXTH.
This greenth is called chlorophyl by the chemist, and the cow that can store up
the most of it and tincture her butter with it every day in the year is considered a
prize, if she be otherwise good. The greenth is a compound color and yields only its
yellow and orange to milk and butter. Many vegetables, like mangolds, yellow maize
and squashes, do not jdeld much of their color to butter, or at least in so small a degree
as to be practically of no value in that respect, so that if one desires to increase the
natural sources of butter-color it must be through those materials alone which furnish
greenth. To have high-colored butter, then, one must have the best yellow-skinned
Jerseys, and that yellow should be rather a rich cadmium orange ; and these Jerseys
should have succulent food of the richest green color, as many months in the
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMERICA. 425
year as can be supplied with rye, barley, sweet corn and orchard grass, and in winter,
green, unbleached hay made from the richest colored grasses, sweet com and clovers,
cut early or before their fullest blossoming growth, and in their richest color. Put
the liquid manure, bone meal, ashes and plaster on all the meadows and pastures, and
with abundance of plant food you will have luxurious growth and very deep color,
and consequently will seldom need to resort to annattoine for a tint.
GEEKN HAY.
Let all hay and fodder be cui-ed in such a manner as to retain as much as possible
of its green color. It is well to " make hay while the sun shines," but nevertheless
the best hay may be made while the sun shines, imihoid the sun shining wpon it.
OECHAED GEASS HAY.
If the land has been well prepared and the orchard grass seed sown at the rate
of three bushels to the acre, it will grow thick and fine, avoiding the buuchiness,
harshness and coarseness of tliiu seeding. When the grass is just blossoming and in
its richest green, set the wide-swath mower at work, but always be careful to mow
at those hours of the day when the grass is free from any wet of rain or dew.
The double-swath mower has extra size driving wheels, large geared, and of superior
power, and will cut with one pair of horses twenty acres in a day. A good time to
cut is from four to seven o'clock p.m. If the grass is heavy it will take nearly two
days to cure it. It should be put into cocks the middle of the following day while it
has the heat of the sun, and will cure much faster in heaps than if allowed to remain
flat until cool. The next day turn over the whole heaps at eleven a.m. and divide
into two or three flakes. In two hours it will be ready for the bam, and should be
housed while it has the heat of the sun. even if looking quite green and feeling a little
heavy. There will be no sourness or smokiness when you come to feed. Get in all
hay by four o'clock p.m.
THE MOW.
The deeper the mow the better for all kinds of hay. Let it be air-tight upon the
bottom and the four sides.
If the hay is thoroughly trampled and impacted in the mow, and salted, it may
be put in quite green, having the heat of the sun upon it, care being taken to make
it so firm and close as to exclude the air as thoroughly as possible.
The top may be finished by two or three feet of oat straw or very dry hay, also
well-trodden and impacted.
ANOTHER METHOD.
Cut in good weather as soon as the dew is ofl:, and follow with the hay tedder
once an hour until it is thoroughly wilted, but yet gree7i. Drive the improved hay-
cart with loader attached over the field in the hottest hours of the day, so as to secure
426 JERSEY CATTLE IX AJ/EIilCA.
it in the mow with the highest degree of absorbed heat. Pack in the bam as
densely as it can be trodden down, using a peck of salt to the ton. The old way was
to dry it to tinder and let it get wet with rain or dew. The new way is vastly better.
GKEEN CI.OVEK IIAV.
Cut the clover in early bloom in good weather, free from dew, run the tedder
over it twice and put it into tall, slender cocks a.s soon as it isfulhj \oilted. Cover
with hay-caps and let theiu stand two days if the weather is fair, three or four if rain
intervenes. Open the heaps without any shaking, by laying them apart in a fexo
fat flakes, at eleven to twelve o'clock. Between two and three o'clock put into
cocks of double size and let them stand two days with the hay-caps on, then pack in
mow l)y treading each load thoroughly and firmly.
ANOTHEE METHOD.
Put into heaps hefore it is thoroughhj icilted, say two hours from cutting ; let
these tall, thin cocks stand covered with hay-caps three days, during which time it
will sweat, heat, and cure. By this method it will not become harsh and brushy,
but will retain its leaves and green color. The fourth day, at noon, simply turn over
the whole heap without spreading, and put into the mow, packing it evenly, after one
hour of exposure to the air and sun. Clover must be cured as much as possible
without exposure to the direct rays of the sun ; and, like all good hay, it must be
made on time and in its own time, and gathered in at the hottest hour of the day.
A TUIKD METHOD.
Dry the clover upon frames hung in tiere two feet deep, under a slied that hiis
open sides, thus giving it practically no sunshine at all. Pack in the mow as soon
as practicable, fourth or fifth day.
CUBING cr.ovEK wrrH grasses.
Clover will cure better if the ground is seeded with a mixture of grasses, so as
to give from one fourth to one third in bulk of orchard grass and tunothy, and the
hay is cleaner from being kept off the ground. To cure a crop of two or three tons
per acre, always cut in good weather, selecting the time when the clover is iu
early bloom, just after a rain-storm, in clearing weather.
Use a mower that will leave the swath loo.se and airy, and cut from three to seven
o'clock in the evening. The next day at ten o'clock use the tedder, and at two
o'clock the same day put up into high cocks and let them stand one or . two days,
getting them into the barn on a bright, clear day witliout opening, if there has
been no rain.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERICA. 427
If during any stage of this process there is threat of an approaching storm or
shower, get the hay into cocks as quickly as possible, and put on caps.
In a wet season, clover and grass need more curing than in dry times. Irrigated
crops also need more drying. Always cock when the thermometer is highest, and
get in hay at the same hour of the day.
Never get in hay after four o'clock.
Select those varieties of oats that do not breed smut. Cut with the reaper just
before coming into milk or in first stage of bloom and quite green. Let the swaths
lie imtil thoroughly wilted. Rake and bind in small sheaves, and set in small shocks
with hay-caps for four days. Break open the shocks and expose the bound sheaves
to the heat of the sun four hours, turning them once, then pack in mow, laying
evenly.
ANOTHER METHOD.
Cut with the mower and treat like orchard grass. Many who have tested
green oat hay declare it to be excellent for the production of golden butter. The
hay-caps may have a short stake to drive into the ground instead of being weighted.
COW-PEA HAY.
The so-called speckled or whippoorwill pea (a bean) is much used in the
Southern States, and it would be well to extend its culture Northward. We could
not get two cuttings, as in the Gulf States and Mississippi, but one cutting would
doubtless prove profitable wherever it will grow. Sow in drills three feet apart,
one bushel to the acre, about the first of May ; cultivate to a slight depth several
times with a fine-tooth cultivator. Cut when the plant is in the young pod with
peas half to two thirds grown. As soon as slightly wilted cure upon frames made of
rails, beneath a shed, where they may be placed in layers two feet deep, leaving
a foot of space between the several layers for ventilation and thorough curing. This
is said by those who use it to be superior to clover for feeding purposes. Pack in
the mow as soon as the water is sufliciently evaporated. It may also be treated like
clover.
GREEN MILLET HAY.
The soil must be warm, rich, and very finely pulverized for millet. Sow early in
June fifty pounds of seed to the acre, to get a thick, fine stand. If the soil and
weather are in their best harmony, with abundant rain, it will produce a very dense
growth from five to six feet high. Cut with the mower just as the seed is coming
into milk or before the heads are fully out, which will probably be early in
September, Cure it in the cock, like clover, but the cocks may be miich larger, and
you will have a bright green, very heavy hay, that will be excellent for the
438 JERSEY CATTLK IN AMERICA.
production of irokleii winter l>ntter. If cnt ton late it will he coarse, and very hard
to cure.
OREEN MAIZE HAY.
Tlic saving and cnriiii; of green corn is a sn1)jeet wortiiy of mncli tlioii^lit.
"Professor J.W.Sanborn entertains the 'emphatic belief, founded on years of
practical experience as a farmer,' that Missouri alone wastes each year not less than
$20,000,000 net in neglect of her crop of com fodder. It sliould be fed in
connection with the grain instead of ' selling the latter to be worked up abroad, and
throw away its base.' " With the new machines for the crusliing and finely comminut-
ing of well-cured cornstalks, the economy of the maize cn^p becomes of much greater
importance than hitherto.
Where the Southern or Dent corn is grown it is the practice with some farmers,
as soon as the corn is well filled m the kernel, and the leaves begin to lose their How
of sap, to strip off all the leaves l)elow the ears, to be made into maize hay, while the
upper half of the stalk is cut just above the ear, or topped. These are cured in shade
and make sweet hay. The Northern or Flint varieties it is customary to cut close
to the ground as soon as the kernels are glazed. This gives, if properly cured, a full
crop of maize grain and a large amount of excellent fodder, which by the aid of the
new machine is converted into a crushed and semi-pulverized condition, whereby it is
wholly utilized in feeding.
CUKINU COKN FODDER.
The curing of corn fodder is of as much importance as the curing of any other
grass for hay or the curing of clover. Ordinarily in a dry climate there should be
no difficulty in curing the stalks well in the field so that they will keep in the mow.
The only item necessary for consideration .after cutting is, that the stalks should be
well set up in the field, so that they cannot fall down, for if they fall, or lean from
the upright, both the grain and the stalks become mouldy and full of decay.
But in a vertical position, curing of both grain and fodder go on to perfection.
It is the custom of some farmers to set a stake firmly in the ground, around which
are fixed the stalks in liundles, forming ki/'(/i', circular shochs.
A machine is needed for cutting the corn rapidly.
A short-handled hoe well sharjjened, with which at one stroke a liill of four or
five stalks is clipped, is the common method, but a stout cradle will double the speed
of cutting. The shocks are best l)ound very tightly at the top with a cord. The
bottom of the shocks is left sufficiently open ft)r ventilation and ripening. If the
weather is fine these shocks may be left in the field for many weeks. Corn grown
in drills may be cut with a reajjcr. Give the weather-beaten stalks to di'v cows, the
bright green to butter cows.
The advantages in this system over the silo are :
1. The work is done at a convenient season after the hurry of hay harvest.
JERSEY CATTAE IN A3IERICA. 429
2. The avoidance of the cost of the silo.
3. The sweetness and purity of the fodder as contrasted with the vinegar and
offensive odor of ensilage.
4. The better quality of the milk, butter and cheese.
5. The avoidance of the dangers of ensilage in causing debility and abortion.
6. The saving of a full crop of grain.
7. The coinminuter or " crusher " prevents all waste and greatly increases the
economy of feeding.
. The silo may perhaps be tolerated by and be a source of profit to beef butchers ;
but I very much doubt that beef rich in osmazome can be produced by ensilage feed.
I believe it the part of wisdom for all Jersey breeders who are feeding silo fodder
to turn their silos into root-cellars or hay-barns for the storing of sweet, pure,
wholesome fodder for their cattle that are too choice to put to any rash experiment.
The silo is an adventure that is full of hazard to all dairy breeders, and inexpedient
for the perfection of the arts of breeding and of dairying. Good maize fodder
may be cut as for the silo and packed in the air-tight mow, after being cured green.
CLEANLINESS AND FILTH.
The progressive dairy farmer should have both a native and a cultivated
abhorrence of all filth. Unless the ordinary processes of fermentation of manure-
heaps and privies are put under perfect sanitary regulations, disaster will come to the
home. There will be a poisonous atmosphere, poisoned wells, poisoned ground, and
the dreadful calamities of typhoid fever, scarlatina, diphtheria, untimely deaths, and
much terrible suffering and life-long regrets. And also all these dire calamities may
be spread to neighboring homes, and to the city marts, and even to distant parts of
the world, by poison milk, poison cream, poison cheese, and poison butter.
The necessity of a radical reform in all the matters pertaining to cleanliness at
the farm is paramount.
Of all the occupations on this earth, from ruling nations to peddUng peanuts,
there is not one that is carried on in such a slovenly and slipshod manner as farming.
Every sink-spout is a breeder of typhoid fever. The milk-slops and housewash that
are poured down in the nearest and most convenient place breed scarlet fever, the
privy breeds diphtheria, and the whole vicinity is tormented with myriads of flies
bred in the manure-heaps, while rats revel in all this filth, and destroy more hay and
grain than the value of all the profits of the farm. Change it all. Make it all
clean and sweet. Protect your neighbors and yourselves from all these manuf ac.
tured diseases. Never allow a rat, mmise, or fly, to enter one of youriuildings.
Well-made concrete walls and floors keep out rats. Terriers, ferrets, cats, owls,
430 JERSEY CATTLK IX AMERICA.
traps, and skilfully used phosphorus or strychnine will destroy all the rats and mice
that dare intnule or that are brought in by hay and grain from the fields.
Fine window-screens and wire-doors keep out all flies. Ee clean !
HELP— HELPERS— HIRELINGS.
Most of all, the fanner needs, in his hired help, men and women that are
skilful and wholly trustworthy. Wheu the fanner attempts to conduct his business
with untrained and careless hirelings, he soon finds his farm-work in disorder and
everything in the way of destniction. He says, " This choice Jersey calf is tobe
well fed, and I won't trust the boy or the hired man, I'll do it myseK." " This field
is to be thoroughly tilled and carefully seeded with grass ; I can't trust my hired man,
I'U do it myself." The consequence is that the attempt to do everything requiring
care or consummate skill becomes too great a l)urdon, and he must also shirk it, for
he cannot do everythin<j.
The true helper is a rarity. The hireling is to be found everywhere, and no
greater opprobrium can attach to any man than to give him the stigma of '' an
hireling." " He fleeth because he is an hireling." He cares for nothing but his
wages, and is indifferent to the fact that his employer's prosperity depends upon his
faithfulness. Helpers and not hirelings are needed — trained, skiKul helpers. The
interests of the employer and the helper are mutual. Let the wise employer keej)
and train his own help, and care for all their interests. Let him encourage them by
rewards for well-doing, or punish by penalties, and rebuke for shortcomings. Let
him give rewards for care of stock and fine productions, either by testimonials or
by a share in the profits of the business — and, above aU, Jy Mndhj words of
commendation for all well-doing. How encouraging to the tme and faithful are
the words, " Well done " ! Let the helper respond by still striving to excel.
REST AND RECREATION.
The farmer and his helpers must each day have the work planned so as to give
the requisite number of hours to labor, to rest, and to sleep. There must be eight
to twelve /wurs of good hard work over and beyond all the interrupt io?i^ and
hindrances / there must be eight hmirs of good, refreshing sleep / the other four
to eight hours are given to food, to contemplation, and to planning, to self-
improvement, to reading, and also include all the voluntary interruptions and
irregularities.
In all Christian countries the first day of the week is officially recognized as a
day of release from all work e.xcept that which is indispensable. The day is regarded
by Christians- as the Lord's day, in which are to be made special observances of
commemoration and divine worship and the declaration of the gospel or good news
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 431
of salvation to all men wlio will bear. The farm-work should be so arranged as to
give a part of the Lord's day to each man to attend upon divine worship and
preaching, if he wiU, and the employer himself should set the example in so doing.
The day is one of high and gracious privileges, of which no man has a right to
deprive another, but which all men everywhere are enjoined to regard with pleasure,
and avail themselves thereof with moral and religious benefits ever accruing.
The employer whose helpers delight in regularly attending Christian worship
shall find that his interests will be well regarded.
The man that smokes will be lazy and shiftless, and unless very stringent rules
are adopted to prevent it, may some day ignite the hay-mow.
The whiskey-drinkers and swearers are not fit to be tnisted with the care of
Jerseys, for they will always maltreat them when angry.
''"^^y^-.A
jy.^
FAVORITE OF THE ELMS 1656.
IIOLLV (iKIIVIC JIHIill.
John 1. IIoi.ly, Pi.ainkiki.I), New Jek^^ey.
PART I^OURTH.
DAIRY FARMING AND THE WEATHER.
The ^veatlier, in its relations to the growth and the liarvesting of billions of
dollars' worth of hay and grain in good condition, also to the care and health of
animals, its effect on their breeding and stamina, as well as upon all the productions
of the dairy, offers a vast field for observation, profound study, and availability
of practical knowledge. By the forecast of the weather an individual may save
in perfect condition a large crop which otherwise might be either a partial or a
total loss. In the aggregate, when a system of observation and weather signals shall
have been adopted throughout the ci:>untry, the saving of these amounts will insure
great prosperity.
In the United States Agricultural Report for 1881 and 1SS2 an estimate of the
value of crops for the country in 1881 is given as follows :
Hay $415,131,366
Indian Corn ' 759,1:82,170
Wheat 456,880,427
Oats 193,198,970
Barley 33,862,513
Rye 19,327,415
And yet the statistician says : " While a crop failure, or such scarcity as to limit
necessary consmnption of food, is practically unknown in this country, the nearest
approach to it for many years occurred in 1881. It affected all the cereals except
oats, the potato crop to a very serious extent, and reduced the production of cotton
more than a million bales. Five consecutive seasons, from 1876 to 1880 inclusive,
produced crops of moi-e than average yield, while the same period in Western
Europe was attended with medium or low productions in nearly all branches of farm
industry, but especially in wheat.
434 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
"In 1875 our wheat proihict was reduced, wliile tlic cdrii croj) wa.s aliove an
average.
" In 1874 the reverse was trne, .wheat making an average eroj), and corn nearly
as bad a faihire as in 1881. In 1869, corn wa.s a comparative failure, while wheat
produced more than an average yield. In no season since tlie inauguration of
crop reporting lias there been so general disaster, involving corn, wheat, barley,
buckwheat, and rye, oats alone being exempt from loss, as 1881."
The corn yield was twenty-seven jjer cent, less than 1880 ; the wheat twenty-two
per cent, less, and the lowest ever reported ; rye twenty-seven per cent, less ; barley
nine per cent. ; the aggregate product of all cereals twenty-four per cent, less than
that of 1880, the result of a cold, backward spring. Oonsequeiitly, a very late
spring would seem to necessitate the planting of a much greater area, from one
fourth to one third in extent, with still more careful culture, in order to meet the
demands of the country in food supply.
The value of the green pasture grass is probal)ly greater than tliat of the hay
crop.
AVith tlie rapid increase of population it becomes necessary to ado])t imjjroved
methods of agriculture, not only to increase the growth and yield, but to insure a
safe harvest of what is grown. A general knowledge of the atmospheric changes
will aid much, while a Government system of daily weather reports for all parts of
the continent will result in the saving of a vast amount of material that is now
wasted. The subjects of Drouth, Irrigation, Drainage, Backward Seasons, Diver-
sity of Crops, will receive the attention they desei"ve, and aid farmers in determin-
ing plans of operation in all that relates to Agricultural Economy. In order to
give a correct knowledge of the subject as far as yet understood, I have deemed it
best to present to my readers " The Atmospheric System" of Thomas B. Butler,
which I have found it necessary to do in a condensed and slightly modified abstract.
THE ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM.
" Tlie weather is the existing state of the atmos])here in any specitied locality,
and tlie changes there occurring from one state to another in regard to —
" 1. The weight of the atmosphere.
" 2. The temperature.
" 3. The direction and force of winds.
" 4. Clearness or clouds.
" 5. The degree of moistiu'e.
" 6. The state of precipitation, mist, rain, snow or hail.
" 7. The electrical state.
J1£RSEY VATTLE IN A3£ERICA. 435
PROPOSITION FIRST.
" The iionnal state, in the temperate zones, is clear, still, dry weather.
PRf)P()SITI0N SECOND.
" Changes of tlie weather and all the ]>henoniena connected with them result
from one of several distinct, organized atmospheric conditions, formed in the
atmosphere of the tropical zone, and passing from thence over our zone, or formed in
our zone of materials and by influences emanating from the base of the system in the
tropical zone.
PROPOSITION THIRD.
" All the conditions referred to result from the operation of tixed and intelligible
laws, pertaining to a general organization of the atmosphere, or an atmospheric
system, which has its base in the tropical zone.
" The various states which are a departure from fair weather result from a series
of organized, varied, successive, passing, atmospheric conditions.
THE STORIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE.
" The atmosphere has three distinct stories in regard to clouds and winds.
" They are constituted by the interposition of a current of warm, rain-bearing air
from the tropics. It enters over the United States from the southward in large
volume, at different points, in different seasons of the year. It moves to the northwest
in the tropics, and curves between 25° and 3.5° latitude, according to season of year,
moving afterward to the northeastward. It varies in quantity. Sometimes it is
not more than a thousand feet deep ; again it may form ' a river in the air,' ten
thousand feet in depth.
" Where it enters upon the continent its lower surface may be half a mile to a
mile above the earth. Gradually descending it will come nearer at 40° north
latitude and in the "Western States. It seems to be elevated in passing over the
Alleghanies, and the easterly wind blows in under it in greater volume after it has
passed elsewhere.
" The tropical current constitutes the middle story of the air. All below it is
the surface story, all above it the upper story.
" The middle or ' trade ' story may be seen in a large proportion of the days of
the year, and known by its elevation, direction, and the character of the clouds which
form and float there.
" At the latitude of 4( i°, when unexcited, it moves at the rate of about twelve
miles an hour, but its motion is sometimes less, often much more ; during intense
storms, twenty-four miles an hour, or more.
430 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
SUKFACE-STORY CLOUDS.
" Tliere are throe kinds of cloud and vapor in the surface story : Fog, Scud and
Mist.
" Liini Fo(j forms at tlie surface from one to two hunch-ed feet. TZ/y// Fog
forms in the niglitfroni tifteen hundred to two thousand feet high, and is generally
dissipated by ten o'clock in the moraing. Scud clouds form and float in all the winds
of tiie surface story which blow with notable force. Scud form in all the winds
wliich are parts of Conditions. Such winds usually blow from northeast, southeast,
northwest and southwest. This results from the fact that the Cmulitions, after
they curve in a low latitude, move in a northeast direction, and the lateral winds
necessarily are northwesterly and southeasterly.
"The northeasterly wind moves in under the storm, iu opposition to its line of
progression. The southwesterly follows after the same line. The northeasterly wind
is very common east of the Alleghanies, and less common west of them.
" The Northwest Scud are seen, according to season of year, in every conceivable
form.
'• In the summer they assume rounded heaps, and are white, unless very dense,
when the under surface is dark. In autumn they are less rounded and more elongated
and horizontal, and float in larger, darker, irregular masses. In the early spring and
late fall they are often very dark and gloomy, coalescing and covering the sky, and
dropping, for a brief period, flurries of snow, but they may always be known by the
direction and character of the wind they float in, and their relation to some stormy
Condition which lias passed by and cleared off. You ^vill have fifty opportunities
in the year to observe them.
" The Northeast Scud may be seen running under the outlying, advance
condensation, toward the southwest, and the l)ody of the storm approaching from
that quarter. They are ahnost always in irregular patches, and always of an ashy-
gray color.
" As the storm approaches tiearer, tliose masses of scud become larger and denser,
and before rain sets in they wliolly fill tlie upper part of the surface story, and
obscure the storm clouds from view. The northeast wind and scud continue to move
southwest, until after the body of the storm has passed to the eastward, the rain
ceased, and the layers of other kinds of clouds are visible in the ti-ade and u])per
stories through the dissolving scud. Tho.se who live east of the Alleghanies will
have at least twenty opportunities for observing the Northeast Scud in the course of
a year.
" The Southeast Scud closely resemble the Northeast, but are not so uniformly
ashy-gray. These float in the southeast wind, toward, under, and frequeiitly quite
across the long, stormy conditions to which they are incident. Tlie opportunities for
observing the Southeast Scud are less frequent than the Northeast.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 4:57
" The Southwesterly Scud are less distinct than the others. "When they blow
from the southwest, toward and under a belt of showers, in the summer, they very
much resemble in form and color the scud of the easterly winds. But when, after a
storm or belt of showers has passed by, and the wind is hauling or veering through
the west toward the northwest, the sciid become whiter and more regular in form.
TEADE-STOEY CLOUDS.
" With the exception of mist, trade-story clouds are all of the stratus form, or
more or less dense horizontal layers of a dark, sombre hue. They are all rain-bearing
clouds, and precipitate the moisture which they bring from the tropics. There
are three forms. The Cirro-Stratus, ' mackerel sky,' is seen in the incomplete
condensation which appears in front and at the sides of the body of a storm. As
tliese bands of Cirro-Stratus coalesce before the rain reaches us, they form a dense
unbroken Stratus which is often \asible in sjjots between the flying masses of scud.
It is from the stratus that we obtain most of our rain, in the northeast and southeast
storms of the autumn, winter and spring. In the summer most of the rains come
in the belts of showers, which fall from the other form of trade-story cloud, the
CuimdoStratus, witli a dark, wide, flat base, surmounted by swelling heaps of fleecy
whiteness.
" It is among the masses of Cumulo-Stratus, in such a belt of showers, that
the lightning plays and the thunder is heard ; and it is from the base of some
Cumulo-Stratus which settles down into the surface story, that the lightning descends
and strikes upon the earth ; and it is from the roimded thunderhead of the same
cloud that the lightning flashes up, to the layer of upper-story clouds above ; and in
the cliamber between these two stories, that the thunder reverberates and rolls, till it
dies away in the distance.
CLOUDS OF THE UPPER STORY.
" The clouds of the upper story of the air, with tlie exception of mist, are Cirrus
or woolly clouds. They are variable in form, always white and thin, and generally
fibrous or thready, with slender filaments, contrasting with the azure of the sky,
though sometimes misty and without observable form, and at others in thin sheets
or parallel bands, and always the highest clouds to be seen.
" The Fibro-CirrihS consists of curled wisps, or 'mares' tails.'
" The Linear-Cirrus consists of long layers of horizontal threads, often seen as
the outlying advance condensation of a northeasterly storm, approaching from the
west and extending in the same general direction.
" A third form is the Misty-Cirrus^ consisting of thin, misty, nebulous clouds.
A rarer form of cloud, seen, perhaps, half a dozen times a year, is the Cumulo-Cirrus,
438 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
that consists of small, isolated heaps, like fleet-es of siiowv wool. This a])pears in
long drouth or set fair weather.
TAlil.K SI10WIN(i XATIHAI. (IKDKK
Misty or Nehulo-Cirriis. 1
Fibro-Cimis.
Linear-Cirrus.
Cuniulo-Cirrus.
Mist.
Cirro-Stratus.
Cuniulo-Stratus.
Stonn-Stratus.
Mist.
Scud.
High Fog.
Low Fog.
Mist.
I'jjper Storv — ("iinus.
8 t,. C. miles in (lei)th
Ti-ade Storj' — Stratus.
i to 3 miles in depth.
Surface Story — Scud.
1 mile in depth.
" The Scud clouds are driven in all winds, from a fresh breeze to a hurricane, at
a height from half a mile to a mile. Tiie (Jirro-Stratus are from one to two miles
high; the Storm-Stratus is aljout a mile iiigli. The Cirrus clouds are from three to
ten miles high. Fogs form at night in still air, or in winter storms, in thaws liy day
or night, and in storms at all seasons.
-roRM c'oxnrrioN.
"The l)()dy of ;i stiinii is composed of tiiree strata of clouds: a layer of rirruti
in the upper story ; a layer of .stratus in the trade story ; and in the lower story a
layer of surface wind, blowing in under the other strata, humid and moist, and filled
with patches or dense masses of send ; and all these work and act together, and
move together, as relative parts, to produce and deposit the rain.
'•The diagram on page 441 exhibits the jjosition of a Southeaster, which,
entering upon the continent over Texas, and curving to the northeastward, has
crossed the upper jiart and arrived at the lower part of the Mississi]ipi River, and is
drifting to the eastward to cover the entire territory of the United States and
Canada, east of that river, and jiass off on to the Atlantic.
" It will 1)6 seen, by the direction of the arrows, that it has lateral southeast and
northwest winds, the arrows in the body of condensation or central portion of the
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IEEICA.
The Three Stories of the Atmosphere.
Upper, Cirrus ; Middle, Stratus; Lower, Scud.
stonn, indicating that tliat jwrtioii is moving to the nortliea.st, whit-li is true of all
tlie various conditions, as a rule. There are some exceptions.
" The dotted lines on the northwest portion of the storm indicate that portions
of it have moved up to the northeast and left the surface uncovered, showing the
manner in which such storms generally ' clear off ' from the northwest. The
shading down at the Gulf indicates the accession of additional portions upon its
eastern side. In such a condition the southeast lateral wind often blows a gale, and
its direction is nearly at right angles with the axis of the storm, and under and across
the belt of condensation. Sometimes, in autumn or winter, the northwest wind may
blow in under the southeast wind, a part of the way, and turn the rain to snow.
" Anterior to the approach of such a storm, within influencing distance there is
440 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
a fair, pleasant, still and normal day, sometimes called a ' weather-breeder,' with high
barometer. As soon as the influeuee of the storm reaches the place and is fult, the
barometer begins to fall, the air moves toward the storm, and the wind freshens
from the southeast and fills with scud, the thermometer rises, the air grows damp,
approaching cloud condensation (cirrus) is seen in the west and n(»rthwest, and men
and animals feel sensibly the approach of the storm.
'•In the hrlt of shotoers, the commencement of the fall of rain is nearly
coincident witli the arrival of the eastern abrupt edge of the cloudy portion of the
condition over the place. In the condition we are now describing, tlie cloudiness
may e.\tend from one to two hundred miles to the eastward of the rain, gradually
thickening from the eastern edge to the ])art where rain is falling, and the western
edge may terminate abruptly. In all other respects, and indeed in all their essential
features, the two conditions are alike, and belong to the same general cla.ss. The
sunnner condition is narrower and less extensive than those of antunni.
'•The number of this cla.ss of conditions (taking a period of ton yearsi wliicli
occur in each year, at any i;ivcu point cast of the ninety -fifth meridian, will not
vary, on an average, inncli from tiiirty, and, if anything, exceed it. All, or nearly
all of our thunder showers, so called, are contained in and are a jiart of them.
'• In the course of nearly fifty years of habitual and close observation in different
parts of the country, 1 have Tiot seen a dozen xingU, isolated thunder showers.
"Slight showci-s sonietiines occur on the eastern or western edge of the belt
before the main body has arrived or after it has [)assed, which seems to be isolated,
biit they are a ])art of the condition.
"Of the thirty or moir. at least one fifth do not precipitate at all over the
eastern part of the continent. "Whether because their energy is spent before they
reach us, or l)ecau8e they never were sufficiently intense in their character, it is not
always easy to detennine. Probably sometimes from one cause and sometimes the
other. These feeble conditions are most common during summer drouths. They
are perfectly distinct — have all the elementx and go through idl the motions of the
most intense conditions of their class, hut feebly and decejitively. They e.xcite and
disappoint hopes, and are the cause and foundation of the proverb that '■All signs
fail in a drij time.'' Hundreds of thousands of dollars are lost by farmers, l)y a
single rain, in the value of their hay and the cost of redrying it, which might he
saved if they understood the thirty-si.\ houre' perfectly int<'lli(iihle loaniing which
precedes it.
" Belts of showers present the following succession of piicnoniena in sumnu'r :
" 1. Still, warm weather, one or more days.
" 2. Fresh southerly wind, one or more days; if more tlian one, dying away at
tlie S. "W. at nightfall, but continuing into the evening of the day before the belt
of condensation arrives.
JEBSEY CATTLE IN AIIERICA.
The Southeaster.
(Left-hand side of cut h north.)
" 3. Belt of coiideiisatioii, witli or witliout rain or showers, witli the easterly
wind blowing axially, if the condensation is heavy and the belt wide ; westerly, if
the condensation is feeble or the belt narrow, the clouds moving about E. N. E.
" 4. Cooler aii', light N. W. in snmnier, heavy N. W. in autumn, winter, and
spring.
442 .fj:iisi:y cattle ix amerka.
" And the next period :
'• 5. Still warm weatlier m- iiglit airs.
" t;. Southerly wind, fresh.
'* 7. Belt of condensation.
" .s. Cool northerly wind.
" And so on, successively, nnle-ss l>niki'ii in upoii In- some other class.
" Sometimes these periods are exceedin>;ly rei^nlar, at otiier times other classes
prevail.
" I have much reason to believe that this is tiie normal, iHrioiJ'ic provision for
conden-sation of our portion of the northern hemisphere, and probably of every other
where rain falls rejrularly in the summer season, and that the other classes are
exceptions, as the hurricanes are exceptions to the iioi-mal condition of the weather
everywhere.
'* Perhaps in some seasons, during the uortiiern transit, the exceptions may equal
the rule, but I do not remember such a season. In other years neai-ly all the storms
are of this character. Thus. Dr. Ilildrcth. in Silliman's Journal for 1827, speaking
of the year 182<'>, in a note to liis register of tliat year, says : 'There have been,
this year, an unusual luniilxT of winds from N'.or >;. "\V. Nearly every rain the
past summer has been followed with winds from the northward, when in many
previous summers tlie wind sliifted to the southward after rain."
" The belts of siiowers are sometimes com])osed of imperfectly (ronnected masses
of cumulo-stratus, and wlien the l)reak l)etween them passes over any given point, a
shower will pa.ss to the north and another to the south of it, and people say, 'The
showers go round us.' In such cases the observer must look in the southwest, and
not at the west or northwest, for the particular portion of cloud which is to precipitate
rain upon his locality.
•'There is one otluT |ieculiarity : the hitinil n-'nul is always the strongest which
blows from the surface tliat is m,.xf wolst.
" This class of rniKlilions, belts of shower.-, is the most common evervwhere.
" This condition is a distinctly nuirked mie on the ea.st side of the Alleghanies,
but not as prevalent or distinctly markid on the west side. The distinguishing
feature is a thin stratiun of northeast wiinl, which sometimes blows a day or two, _
toward the storm which is approaching from the southwest, Ijefore the storm reaches
us. In such ca.ses, the .storm is very wide and presents a wide front to the eastward.
I am inclined to think that tlie wind is always northeast, where the belts have a
width of live hundred miles or more on the ea.st of the Alleghanies. This wind is
very frequent in the si)ring, when the focus of the storm is south of us, and its
northern edge extended up over us, and the conden-satiou is not sufficiently dense to
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEUICA. 443
precipitate. In such cases, we may get no rain in Xew England, but liave what is
termed ' a dry northeaster.'
IKKEGULAK CONDITIONS.
" There are certain irregular conditions which occasionally occur. Thus the
whole eastern part of the continent is sometimes covered for days by cloudiness, with
liere and there irregular patches of snow or rain in winter and spring, or showers and
perhaps tornadoes in summer. These long spells of extensive condensation and
dampness, or irregular rain and irregular winds, are occasional and exceptional, and of
course defy distinct description or classification. But it will be observed that they
generally begin with southerly or easterly wind and clear off from the northwest.
TIIK nURRICANE CONDITION.
" This term is applied to violent gales at sea, and particularly those that originate
in the tropics. They are most common in the warm season. The Atlantic hurricanes
begin to the east of the Caribbean Sea, sweep across the eastern portion of the West
Indies and along near the coast of our South Atlantic States, gradually widening out,
maintaining their action many days, until they pass into the North Atlantic, beyond
the track of commerce and observation.
" The most violent hurricanes occur upon the land, and vary in width from one
mile to fifty, and under the whole width the lateral winds are masked by a most violent
and destructive wind which follows the body of cloud and its line of progress from
westward to eastward.
THE TORNADO CONDITION.
" Tornado is applied to the condition upon land, but it is called water-spout
upon the sea.
" 1. It occurs during a peculiarly sultry electric state of the trade and surface
atmosphere, and at a time when thunder showers are prevailing in and near the
locality, as an incident of the showery condition, and at any period of the year when
such a state of the atmosphere exists.
'' 2. There is always a cloud above, but very near the earth, between which and
the earth the tornado forms and rages. It is usually described as a black cloud,
ranging about one thousand feet or less above the earth, often with a whitish shaped
cone projecting from it, and forming a connection with the earth ; at intervals rising
and breaking the connection, and again descending and renewing it with devastating
energy. Its width at the surface varies from forty to one himdred and eighty rods —
the most usual width being from sixty to ninety rods. Sometimes when wider, they
have more the character of thunder-gusts, and are brightly luminous.
" 3. Two motions are usually visible, both ascending, one near the earth and in
the middle, and a gjTatory one around the other.
444 JEUSF.Y CATTLE IX AMERICA.
" The latter is rarely felt, or its effects observed near the earth. Occasionally, and
at intervals, objects are thniwn obliquely backward by it.
"4. It is composed, at the surface of the earth, «/" tiro lateral currents,^
northerly and a southerly, var>-ing in direction, btit at right angles in most cases,
although not always, with its course of progression, extending from the extreme
limits of its track to the axis ; which currents are most distinctly deiined toward the
centre and upward. These currents prostrate trees, or elevate and remove every-
thing in their way which is movable. The south current is always the strongest, and
often crosses the axis and curves backward as it rises from the surface, and ascends a
little in advance of the other, and covers the greatest area. The two lateral currents
appear always to be the principal actors, except when it widens out and assumes more
the character of a straightforward gust.
" 5. This cloud and its spout move generally with tin- c-oiuve of tlie counter-trade
in the locality — L c, from some point between S. AV. and W.. to tiie eastward, but
occasionally a little south of east.
" 6. Several instructive particulars have been observed and recorded.
"a. No wind is felt outside <if tin- track, as those assert who have stood very
near it, and as its effects show.
" Ik The track is often as distinctly marked, where it passed through a wood,
as if the grubbers had been there, to open a ])atli for a railroad. Branches are
liroken or twisted off, while not a leaf is disturbed on the side of the tree out of the
track.
" r. As the sj)out pas.ses over water, the latter seems to boil u]) and rise to meet
it, and flow up its trunk in a continued stream.
" (l. As it passes over land, things appear to .s/mot up instaiitaneousiy into the air,
and into fragments. Doors, gables, and roofs may be snatciied oil' on the leeward
side and unaffected on the windward side of buildings.
"e. Articles of clothing have been carried through o])en doors and chimneys, to
a great distance.
"_/". If there be a discharge of electricity uj) the sjxnit from tlie earth, like that
of lightning, the intense action ceases for a time or entirely.
"r/- Vegetation within the track is often scorched and killed.
"/'. The active agent luis been known to xeizehoM of a chain attached to a plow
and di'Kic the plow ahoaf, ttiriiinij the stiff' nod for xome dlxtance.
" /. In passing over ]>onds, all the water and tish have been scattered to a great
distance.
"_/. The barometer falls but little in its track.
"^:. Persons have been carried far and set down uninjured.
" /. Buildings on posts escaped imdisturbed.
" m. A chisel was taken from a chest of tools and stuck f <ist in the house-wall.
JEBSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 445
" n. Fowls -were completely stripped of feathers and unlianned.
" 0. Articles of furniture have been found torn in pieces.
" 'p. Frames taken from mirrors without breaking the glass and nails drawn from
roofs without disturbing shingles.
" q. Hinges taken from doors ; mud from the bed of a stream, and let down
upon a house, covering it completely ; a fanner taken up from his wagon and carried
thirty rods, his horses carried as far in the opposite direction, the /larness stripped
from them, the wagon also carried away and one wheel lost / timber and boards
driven deeply into a hillside, as no force of powder could have done.
" From Mr. Stoddard's description of the Brandon tornado, where an oak
three feet in diameter was shivered to fragments, and more than fifty thousand trees
prostrated or broken by it in less than half an hour, the estimated speed was one
hundred and seventy-three miles an hour ; and a section of it one half mile wide
and one hundred feet high exerted a force eqiial to half the steam power on the
globe. Among a long list of incidents illustrating its peculiar force, ' a hoard
was driveii three feet into a charred oak stump. ^
"The Harrison tornado had an estimated speed of three hundred and forty
miles an hour; the Mayfield tornado a velocity of six hundred and eiglity-two miles
an hour.
" Tornadoes, although occurring occasionally over all the Eastern States, in the
Atlantic system of conditions, nearly all have occurred at or south of the then
location of the focal path. In the few cases where they have occurred north of the
focal path, it has been dui-ing very warm, intense southeast thaws.
" It is impossible to estimate satisfactorily the average number which have
occurred each year. The forests of the Mississippi valley are scarred with them.
An average of ten a year would be a low estimate. Some of them have been very
destructive to human life, and they constitute one of the dangers of the east, as
earthquakes do in California ; but the tornadoes are the greater of the two dangers.
" They do not occur in the Pacific system.
THE THREE NORTH AMERICAN SYSTEMS OF CONDITIONS.
" There are three distinct and diverse systems of atmospheric conditions passing
over this continent in distinct and different paths.
" The Atlantic System, which consists of conditions that originate upon the
Atlantic Ocean within the tropics, the Caribbean Sea, the "West Indies, and the
Gulf of Mexico, or form in the equatorial current, which comes from that part of
the tropics, and, moving north and northwest, enter upon the Southern and
Southwestern States of the Union, curving and moving to the northeast, supplying
the Eastern and Central States with rain.
446 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEllTCA.
" Tlie Pacific System with its londitlom originating uj)on the Pacific Ocean
and moving in npon the western coast, snpplying California and the Northwestern
States and tlie Uritisli Territories and Alaska and the country northeastward of tlieni
with rain.
" The Cextrai. System is a part of tlie tropical central belt of rain which
siUTOunds the earth, and wliich moves up in summer far enough nt)rth to cover some
portion of Florida and the Gulf Coast, the West India Islands. Snuthern ilexico
and Central Amerit-a.
"The path of the <^v)«//yV/o?!.? in this central tropical belt is from ea.stward to
westward, across Southern Mexico and Central Anierica and out into tiie Pacitic
Ocean.
"The path of tlie Atlantic riwt/JfJnn.^' is northward fn.ni the Gulf States,
curving to the northeast and j)assing off on the -North Atlantic.
"The path of the Pacific system of conditions is northeastward from the
Pacific, across the northwestern part of the continent, into tlie Arctic Circle.
" To these different systems of cmiditioris and their diverse paths we owe,
fundamentally, the diverse character of the climates of America.
" Thus, the eastern portion of the United States is largely supplied with
moisture by the Atlantic conditions. The western coast from San Diego to tlie
Arctic Circle is sui)plicd — California moderately, and Oi'egon, Alaska and the
country east of them abundantly — by the Pacific system. Southern Mexico and
Central America are abundantly supplied during their rainy season by the central
belt which moves up over them in summer. Intermediate l)etween these three
systems. Lower California and Northern Mexico, the Valley of tlie Gila, Western
New Mexico, the Staky Plain, the Valley of the Colorado, Utah, and the territory
east of the Rocky Mountains, and west of the one hundredth meridian, are in some
places nearly, and in all, comparatively dry or desert, iioth the Atlantic and
Pacific systems reach them by an extension of the paths of their conditions at
particular seasons of the year, but those extensions are for brief periods, temporary
and exceptional — the Atlantic extending up upon a part of them in suninior. and
the Pacific system reaching down on a part in winter.
" In this diversity of conditions and in their paths, we shall tiiid law. order
and organization, and we shall find also an explanation of all the phenomena and
peculiarities in the climatology of our country.
FOCAL PATHS OF CONDITIONS.
" The focal paths of the conditions are the paths in which the greatest number
of conditions, or the most intense conditions, or the focus of precipitation in the
conditions, pass, for the time being, over the country. Thus, to speak generally,
the path of the Atlantic conditions is upon the southeastern portion of the United
JERSEY CATTLE IJSF AMERICA.
447
States, and there the greater number of those conditions, or the most intense of
tliem, or the focal precipitating parts of those which spread all over the Eastern
States, are found.
Chart of Winter IIainfall ok a Part of the United States, 1.S;">4.
• and January the for-al ]iath is
not until after the 1st of l^Vliru;
HKiuth, that the eonditiims lic-n-ii
lesceuunig
y, and not
to extend
" During tlie months of Deceiiihe
rapidly to the southeast and east. It is
always so early as tlie middle <if that
their paths to the west, over the (iulf Coast and States, and to the noi-tliwest and
north, as they curve to the northeast. This chart does nut sIkiw tlie lines and
rainfall when the focal path is at its greatest descent in February.
"From its position on the 1st of February the focal path moved U> flu' west
and north, month by month, until it attained its highest elevation about the first of
August, followed from May 1st by a gradually extended droutli.
" It is generally cool or cold west or north of the focal path, lohen concentrated,
and always cool or cold when the focus of a storm passes to the sfxith or southeast of
a place, and warm when it passes to the 7iorth or northwest. In the tirst case the
448 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA.
Siiomx dears off cold — the wind hauling tlirouf/h the north to the northwest, as the
focus of the storm passes by to the soutli.
" In the second case the wind hauls round by the south, iis the focus of the
storm passes by to the north of the place, and it clears off from the southwest
warm.
" AVheii tlie latter becomes the /v//^, x-itmmer sets in.
Focal Path i.v Fkhklaky, 1854, also Path ok thk Pacikiu Conditions.
(.IrrojM indicate the direction of the Conditions.)
"In the I'acitic .system, the conditions all enter upon the coa.st from the
southwest and move northea.-iterly, while the attendant winds lilow from the south-
east and south with a strong, steady force, but all the coMditions are less intense
than in the Eastern States.
" Gales are unconmion ; thunder-storms rare — not more than two or three times
a year in California.
" The conditions partake of the Pacific character of the ocean.
" The third system of conditions is not directly connected with the other two
GILDEROY 2170.
AT !t VKAliS OI.I).
XahU Type.
FERRYCLII'-FE HKKI).
Dn. II. M. IIowK. BuisToi,, UiKiT)!.: Isl:
JERSEY CATTLE IJSf AMERICA. 449
systems. They consist almost wholly of limited and isolated thunder-showers,
passing frequently and rapidly over the track, giving dashes of rain in large drops
and pouring masses for a brief period, and are gone, but the aggregate amount of
rain which they deposit during the rainy season, even during the brief period they
are over the Gulf Coast, is very large.
Focal Path in March, 1854.
(Arrows indicate the direction of t/ie Conditions.)
THE GREAT CENTRAI, CONDITION OF THE EARTH.
" 1. This condition consists of a central body known as the central belt of rain,
and two areas or wings of wind, known as the trade-winds— the whole together
having a westerly movement.
" 2. The trade-wind south of the body moves from some point between east
and south, toward a corresponding point between the west and north, and the
trade-wind north of the body moves from some point between north and west,
toward a corresponding point between south and west.
450 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIilCA.
" 3. The central condition has an average breadth of about 50°, and a transit
north and south averaging more than 25?. Nearly one half of the central jiurtion
of the globe is therefore covered by it, at some seasons of the year.
" 4. The central portion or body, averaging more than five hundrud niilos in
width, precipitates rain wherever it may be, and gives to the tropical portions of the
earth, as it pa.sses over them in its transits, tlicir rainy seasons.
Focal Path in April, 1854.
(Arroirs indirate the direelion of the CoinUtions.)
"5. The areas covered by the trade-winds, wliile so covorod, are as a rule dry,
except as occasional storms or showers, issuing from tlie central bolt in tlic trade,
precipitate upon them.
" (!. The polar zones of rains recede before the advancing areas of trade-winds^
and return after them as they retire.
" 7. Surfaces which arc not covered by the transits of the central ])elt of rains,
nor the tropical extension of the polar zones of rains, continue dry tlirough tlie year,
and constitute the principal rainless deserts of the world.
JIJBSBY CATTLE IK AM K RICA. 451
" 8. The trade-winds blow with substantial constancy night and day, when not
iuternipted by passing storms, and contain scud, and both winds and scud resemble
the wind and scud of approaching or passing conditions in the polar zones.
" 9. On the west side of the Atlantic, and also on the west side of the Pacific
Ocean, the southeast trades exist in great strength ;niil volume, and blow as
surface winds over latitudes which would otherwise Iju co%erud by the iiortlieast
Akka of Drouth in May, 1S5-1-.
(Arriiirs iiuUcatc the dindiniL of tin- foni/itwHs.)
trades, up to and connecting with the polar zones of rains. These two exceptional
and remarkable volumes of trade give a large and exceptional supply of moisture
and fertility, and a peculiar climatology to soutlieast North America and southeast
Asia. And in these remarkable volumes of trade originate the intense hurricanes
of the "West Indies and the typhoons of the China Sea and Bay of Bengal.
" 10. "Where the southeast trades originate on arid areas, like that of Australia,
corresponding areas under the north polar zone of rains, like those of southwestern
452
JERSKY CATTI.I-: IX AMERICA.
Asia, are dry. And wliero tlii'V oriifiiiato on tlic coiitim'tits that arc well watered,
areas under the same ])()hir /.one are less perfeetly sui)j)lied witli iiiuisture than those
supplied by ti-ades which originate upon oceans. And where they originate upon
continents like that of South America, or upon oceans, and are met in their j)ath by
lofty mountains, corresponding areas, like those of southwestern Noi-th America,
and the Desert of Gobi in Asia, and Peru in South America, are foimd.
[i^ f^
___J^i_.-^r^ \ "^^
Wfi flf 1 1
'T^^I^X^
w'
k^j^^x:^ 1
\
\i
^^^^M
'''^ ^-i^g==^^'^r'*''''^jj^j~- \
%
prp^^^
-^^4. ^^ '1 f^f)'--^}^'''^^
Area of Drouth in June, 1854.
(Arrmoii indicate ttie direction of the Condilionn.)
"11. The body of the central condition is coiniioscd. lirst, of an overlying
stratum of cirrus and cirro-stratus, extending in a more misty form, to a greater or
less extent, out over the trades. This stratum is usually misty or tibro-cirrus in
the morning, becoming dense and assuming a cirro-stratus ft)rm as the day advances.
Tnder this stratuin the trades pass and afterward overlie each other, and in the
trades occasionally — thougli rarely in the morning, but generally in the afternoon or
night — thunder-showers form, and furnish the rains peculiar to the belt. These
showers have a westerly progression, corresponding to that of the trade in whicli
JERSEY CATTIJ-: IX AMERICA. 453
they are formed. Beneatli tin- ti'ades wjiere they meet and pass each other it is
either cahii or there are si|ii;i,lls (ir gusts or slant winds, incidental to showers or
storms, as everywhere.
" 12. The nortlieni transit of the condition is nsiially completed ahont the li^t
of Aiigust, and the southern transit commenced before the. middle of that month.
So the southern transit is usually completed about the 1st of February, and tlie
- / .\^J^^
\—\\\ vr\ ^^£.u
^,^. I ^
^^w \^^
[^'%(f ' a|
Pti \r \ ' "^'', i"''|'f^lf=^
\ -^
^^$\
^^
^^\
gL' .1 f'^A
'^^^1 1 1\'..^ ^iiV-"' 1
Situation of the Fcjcus of PK^:cn'ITATI0x in July and Au(;ust, 1854.
(Arrom indicate the direction of the Conditioim.)
northern transit commenced l>efore the 15tli. But in respe(-t to these, and also
in respect to the rapidity and extent of the transits, there are some irregularities,
occasioned by a cause which could not be considered without anticipating.
" 13. There is no ' vortex ' in the central belt.
" The theory of Halley was originally but a mere assumption, and it is not
supported by any facts since discovered. Observation, analogy, and every known
fact, when properly understood, are inconsistent with and adverse to it."
JJJllSKY CATTLK IX AMJJRICA.
Annvai. Hai.nkai.i. mvkk Pakt
li.E Vy
" From tlie action of the central condition, all our incidental conditions, with
their attendant phenomena, result ; and irrej^iilarities in the movements and
operations of the central condition produce corresponding irregularities in the
polar zones. One of the most noticeahle and important irregularities to wliich we
are subject is that of drouth. "When extensive, unseamnahlc, and long-continued,
drouths wxAy, ]>rlmaf(icii\ lie attrihuted to irregularities in the action of the central
condition ; for as our fall of rain at any given ])oint de])ends mainly upon the
volume of counter or upper trade jxtsiiiii// ocer It, any ii-regularity in the central
* See maps
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEHICA. 455
condition, which interrupts the usual supply of t/mt trade at that jjoint, must
necessarily produce a drouth there.
" There are four classes of drouth of extensive character, which can be directly
traced to irregular action of the central condition. The tirst class occur in spring,
when the transit of the central condition to the north is delayed, and the volume
of the upper trade remains concentrated upon the Southeastern States. Such drouths
are the most common in the early part of the decade, following open winters, and
are greatly injurious to crops of hay and winter grain. Such a drouth occurred in
the spring of 1862, and it was very dry in all the Northern States, while McClellan
and his army were nearly drowned on the Chiclcahominy.
" This class of drouths is most common in the Northeastern States, because
the focal path does not move up there as early as it does to the westward of the
mountains, and often seems rather to contract down in March and April.
" Another class of drouths is produced by an vmusiially extended transit and
concentration of the central condition to the north and west in summer, carrying
the path of the conditions farther to the west and north, and leaving the
southeastern portion of the United States comparatively dry. Such was the drouth
of lS5-t.
" That, too, occurred in an early year of the decade, and was connected with an
excessive transit of the central condition.
" The third class of drouths is meridional, depending upon a concentration of
the volume of counter trade, and a succession of storms issuing out of the central
belt, and passing up on the eastern coast of the United States. Such a condition of
things existed in 1867, when a severe drouth covered the interior States from Texas
to Canada, and the Atlantic States were drenched by a succession of tropical storms
which passed up the coast, reaching inland a few hundred miles.
" A fourth class of drouths which sometimes extends as far nortli as New
England, is confined mainly to the Atlantic coast. These are accompanied by a
dry northeast wind, and are evidently produced by an unusual and temporary
extension of the outer limit of the northeast trade, as high up as 41° or 42° off
the Atlantic coast. I have known such a temporary extension, with its easterly
wind, to last seventeen or eighteen days. But the few others that I have known
have ranged from a week to ten days. The heavens are never more brassy than
during the short drouths dependent on this cause.
" There are also limited drouths dependent upon local causes.
" There is a known tendency to drouths in the summer season in the Gulf
States, upon an area which for the time being is left uncovered by the upper trade,
in consequence of its extension to the north and west in midsummer. The drouth
of 1854 commenced upon that area, and extended north and west. The line between
this local drouth and the northern line of the central belt which extends up on to
456 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Florida and the Gulf Coast in midsuinmer, is sometimes very sharply defined. Thus,
at \ew Orleans, Tampa Bay, ^[obile, Fort Brook, St. Augustine and Savannah, the
rainfall may be heavy, when upon an east and west line, one liimdred miles to the
nortli of them, a severe drouth may prevail. This drouth, although apparently local,
depends upon a degree of the same action of the central condition as that whicli
produced the drouth of 1854.
" There is a local tendency to drouths upon the southern coast of New England,
and the fall of rain is materially less in the summer than upon the more elevated
ridges to the north of it. This is so well recognized a fact as to be represented upon
all the hyetal charts of the country.
" It is ])ainf ul to hear people in New England complain of the apparently
excessive rainfall of the rainy season in May and June, when there is a certainty
that the springs and wells will need it all in July and August.
"Other local drouths seem to depend upon the manner in which belts i.f
showers distribute their rain. The Eastern and Middle States of the Union are
supplied with rain in summer, in normal seasons, mainly by passing belts of showers.
These belts are very irregular in their action. Sometimes they precipitate heavily in
the afternoon and early part of the night only, and then the area over which they pass
during the latter part of the night and morning will receive little or no rain from
them. Thus the condition of August, 1859, deposited about one and one half inches
of rain at Buffalo and Rochester in the afternoon and night of the 3d, and nearly
three inches at Amherst, Mass., in the afternoon and night of the ith, but it
deposited very little rain at many of the intermediate places where the focus was
vertical in the forenoon. Harvard received a tritle more than one inch, and
Providence three fourths of an inch.
" These differences show that the fall is heaviest from belts where their focus is
vertical in the latter part of the afternoon and in the evening, and inconsiderable
where it is vertical during the early part of the day. In this there is conformity to
the manner in which rain falls, under the great central belt of the tropics.
Configuration also has an influence. The elevations of the interior of New England
receive a larger rainfall in summer than the depressed and more level coast.
" Hills and mountains increase the intensity and precipitation of the cloud belts
as they pass over them, and that precipitation is still further increased by the surface
atmosphere and scud, which are drawn to them by the increased intensity, especially
if that surface atmosphere is drawn fnjiii an exten.sive moist evaporating surface.
" The materials and data for a comprehensive and thorough examiiuvtioii of tlie
drouths of this country do not exist. The records of the weather ])rior to tiiis
century are too few and imperfect, and confined to a few localities. The same is
measurably true of the first three decades of this century. The records since
accumulated at the Smithsonian Institute and the War Department, if continued,
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 457
will furnish the next generation ample data for their elucidation, and that may tlirow
very much additional light upon the whole subject.
" Mr. Charles L. Fhnt, Secretary of the Board of Agriculture in Massachusetts,
instigated by the extraordinary drouth of 1854, sought out all the old records which
could be found, and embodied the result of his examination in his report for the year
1854. About fifty severe drouths are noticed, commencing with the year 1623, and
extending to 185-4. Of these nearly two thirds were summer drouths, occurring
between the middle of Jime and the 1st of September, ending usually with heavy
rains in the latter part of August, and apparently owing, like that of 1854, to a
concentration of the conditions on the focal path, to the west and north. Nearly one
third were spring drouths, apparently due to the detention of the focal path at the
south, on the Atlantic coast, and its undue extension to the northwest.
"A few continued through the whole season, and were probably due to a
meridional diversion of the upper trade, like that which occasioned the interior
drouth of 1867. The remaining ones were for shorter periods and obviously
local.
SUN-SPOTS.
"Whatever the uature of the motive-force or its manner of operation maybe,
it is certain that it emanates from the sun. The semiannual transits of tlie whole
system from south to north and from north to south, following the sun in its transits
from tropic to tropic, as well as the time of the diumal changes, showing in a lesser
degree, but with equal certainty, its influence, all point unerringly to tliat gz-eat
luminary as the controlling source of the power. Irregularities in the operation
of the system must of course be referred to irregular action of the power which
controls it, as aifected or modified by other influences. Our knowledge of the
sun is yet imperfect. "We feel and know its heatiny power ; we know that we are
mainly dependent upon it for light , and we can detect and trace its magnetic
influence. We know that its surface is not uniformly the same ; that it is sometimes
partially obscured by dark spots, and at other times its surface is mottled by dark
dots or pores. The former occur in cycles, and increase and decrease with substantial
regularity, and their connection with the irregularities in the operation of the
atmospheric system is clearly traceable. This part of our subject has great significance,
in respect to the laws of the system, as well as to the elements of prognostication.
" ' When the sun is examined through a telescope, its surface is found to be
marked by black spots, edged with a penumbral fringe of uniform shade; they
appear sometimes singly, sometimes in groups. These spots are not permanent, but
undergo changes from day to day, or even from hoiir to hour, indicating a form of
gaseous matter. They seldom last longer than six weeks, and often only a few hours.
They are seen to break out and enlarge, or to contract and disappear, and occasionally
458 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
one is observed to divide into several. When they di.sai)])eiir, tlie l)lack centre
always vanishes before the ])enuinbra.
" 'Their size is sometimes enonnous. Meyer records having seen one. in 1758,
whose diameter was one twentieth that of the sun, and Secchi thinks some of them
are deeper than the earth's radius.
" ' They are almost entirely contined to a belt of 25° on either side of the sun's
e(juati>i-.
'"They are found to gradtially increase in iiutiiher up to a ceitain jjcriod, and
then to decrease to a certain period, and so on. The cycle is conii)leted, according to
this investigation, in ten years.' *
" The table of Schwabe shows that there is, in relation to the number and size
of the spots, in different decades, as for e.xamjile : the table commences with the year
1820, when the number of spots were but US.
" In 183(> the number was 272, and in 18-ifi it was but 157. Again, tiie greatest
number of spots during the decade from 1820 to 1S;5() was in 1828, but the greatest
nundier for the decade from 18;^0 to 184(J occurred in 1837, which was 333, and again
in the decade between 181:0 and 1850, in 1848 the number was 333.
" The spots were not as numerous from 1820 to 1830 as during subsequent
decades. That was a very warm decade. It was consequently a period when
epidemics were prevalent, and the cholera spread from India all over the northern
hemisphere, arriving in this country in 1832. In the solar decade from 1833 to
1843 the spots were more nmnerous, and the season correspondingly cold and
peculiar in both hemispheres. In every decade the year preceding or succeeding
the minimum of sjjots is colder than tliat in wliicl.the minimum occurs.
VOI.CAXIC ACTK)X.
" That volcanic action affects tlie weather locally is generally believed. Even
earthquakes at a distance from volcanoes seem to exert an influence.
" Ilittell, on the ' Resources of California,' says : ' Earthquakes, according to the
common theory of Californians, are electrical in origin, or closely connected with
electrical influences. Many of the strongest shocks have been ]>receded by a condition
of the atmosphere very similar to that which jirecedes thunder-stonns in other lands.
" ' When the weather is sultry and oppressive, peojile say : " Look out for an
earthquake!" And it usiuUly comes, perhaps so faint as to l)e l)arely perceptible,
and sometimes not till several hours after a change in the weatlier.'
"According to Mr. Dobson :
" ' 1. The eruption of submarine volcanoes has produced water-spouts.
" ' 2. Hurricanes, whirlwinds, and hailstones accompany the paroxysms of
volcanoes.
New American Cyclopwdia.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 459
" ' 3. In volcanic regions, earthquakes and hurricanes often occur simultaneously,
but iu no certaiii order, and without any volcanic eiiiption being observed.
" ' 4. The breaking of water-spouts on mountains sometimes aceonijjanies
hurricanes.
" ' 5. The fall of an avalanche sometimes produces a hnrricniie.
" ' 6. Water-spouts occur frequently near active volcanoes.
" ' 7. Cyclones begin in the immediate neighborhood of active volcanoes.
" ' 8. Within the troj^ics, cyclones move toward the west ; and in middle
latitudes, cyclones and water-spouts move toward the northeast in the northern
hemisphere, and toward the soutiieast iu the southern hemisphere."
I'BOGNOSTICATION.
"How far and by what means can a local isolated observer prognosticate the
weather ?
" 1. The normal state of the polar zones is still, fair weather.
" 2. The changes from that state result from the influence of forming
approaching or passing conditions. In respect to prognostication, the inquiry must
be, how long will that normal state continue undisturbed by a passing condition, or
when will the next condition approach and disturb that state by its changes 'i
" What will be the character and intensity of that condition and its incident
changes ? How long will it be in passing away and permitting the normal state to
return ?
" Certainty or regularity iu relation to the intervals lietween the occurrence of
the conditions is not ordinarily to be expected. The Californian knows indeed when
the focal path of the conditions has moved to the north in summer, that it will not
descend until fall, and that a long period of drouth and fair weather is before him.
He sees the thin and feeble southern edge of the conditions occasionally pass over
him, while their intense and precipitating bodies are far to the north, carried by a
law as unchangeable as the transits of the sun.
" But with respect to the eastern part of the continent, that class of drouths is
exceptional. So, too, in the rainy season of spring and early summer, when the
conditions are focal over us, and both frequent and intense, and we say, ' It rains very
easy now,' and it does so almost every day, and the intervals are short, we can
calculate with reasonable certainty on the recurrence of rain. But this also is
confined to a season of a few weeks, and is exceptional.
" Nor is there any certainty in respect to the character or intensity of the next
condition on which a local observer can rely. There is 2)rohabiUty, dependent upon
the season of the year and the location of the year in the decade, but it is merely
probability.
" Inasmuch, then, as there is no certainty or regularity of interval between the
460 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
conditions, or in respect to the character or intensity of the one which will next pass
over the observer, it is philosophically and logically obvious that his only reliance is,
and must be, upon the observable chatiges of state which the forming, approaching
or passing conditioTis induce ; and as matter of fact, it will be found, on careful
examination, that all tlie most important proverbs and signs whicli men have observed
or adopted and tradition has preserved are founded on those changes of state ; and
that all which ai'c not directly connected with or Indicatii'c of mm^ one of those
states are empirical and worthless.
'' 1. The first element to be considered is the location of the observer.
" •!. The second preliminary element is the season of the year. This element is
closely connected with the jjreceding, and both are connected with the question,
where, at the time of observation, is tlie focal path of the system of conditions under
which the observer is situated '. Is that focal path over him, or south, or north, or
east, or toest of him, and how far ? And what are the probabilities that a condition
pursuing the path ^\n\l spread out so as to cover his locality at that season of the
year '{
" 3. The tliird preliminary element is, wluit yi'ar it is in tlie decade, and what
the state of the sim's surface in relation to spots.
" The presence or absence of spots u])on the sun has an effect in carrying the focal
paths of the conditions to the south in winter, and extending them nortli in
summer, or contracting them at Ixitii extremities, and affecting the rapidity of their
transit in the different portions of tlic decade, and in different decades.
THE SKVKN STATKS.
" There are seven states to which we are to look to determine tlie immediate
future.
" 1. The >r,';;/ht of the atmos])]ieri'.
"2. The temperature.
" 3. The wmds.
" 4. The clearness or cloudiness of tlie atmusphere.
" 5. The humidity.
"fi. ThQ precipitation, rain, hail, snow.
" 7. The electrical state.
" The air has weight, and though exceedingly thin and mobile, is controlled
by the attraction of gravitation and unaffected by the revolutions of the earth.
" The weight of the atmosphere is measured in two ways — by the barometer,
and the temperature at which water will boil at tlie time and j)lace. The latter is
rarely used.
"The mercurial iKimmeter is the j)rincipal instfumeiit, and the most certain and
reliable.
JERSEY^ VATTLE JjST A3IERICA. 461
" The barometer at one season of the year, and in one class of conditions, is
elevated by the first effect of that influence, and in respect to that class, elevation
and not depression is the indication of its approach and the measure of its intensity ;
and, again, it has no invariable fair-weather standard, a departure from which, by
elevation or depression, will indicate with certainty the cluiracter and intensity of
the approaching condition.
" The mean height of the barometer is stated to be, for the United States, thirty
inclies at the sea-level. This is substantially accurate when taken for long periods
and for all latitudes, but there is very considerable diversity in different localities.
The mean from the northern limits of the trades in the northern hemisphere is
higher than in the trades, differing greatly in different places, from several causes,
the principal of which is the difference in the volume of the equatorial current, or
upper trade, which passes over the locality.
" The mean of thirty inches is the average of all fair-^weather elevations and
foul-weailier depressions, and as the foul-weather depressions are greater in extent
than the fair-weather elevations, and the latter differ very greatly in different
climates in the same latitude, according to their intensity, it is obvious that thirty
inches is not a reliable fair-weather standard for any particular place. The greatest
known fluctuations of the barometer were three and a half inches, and of that range
at least two thirds was below the mean of thirty. The barometer very rarely rises
above thirty-one in this country, and sometimes falls as low as twenty-eight, making
a range of three inches, and it would be safe to say that the ranges, as a nde, are
twice as great below thirty as above it. And there are other difficulties. The
ranges and the mean elevation of the barometer vary in different years, in different
months of the same year, and in different localities. The reader must endeavor to
get the true fair-weather standard of his locality.
•• In all latitudes the mean height is low when the passing conditions are intense
and frequent, and that is the main reason why it is so low at Cape Horn. For the
same reason mainly the mean heiglit of the barometer is lower in Europe than here.
" They have more frequent though less intense conditions, and the changes in
the barometer more frequent, btit the ranges less. At the same time their volume
of upper trade is also less. In this country it ranges lower, imder the focal path of
the conditions, and during the rainy season, than upon either side of it.
" The barometer ranges lowest when the focal path of the conditions is over us
in its ascent to the north, in the spring and early summer.
" The barometer ranges highest on the north and south of the focal path of the
conditions, and in the winter and autumn.
" The approach of northeasters is told by a rise of the barometer. It is common
in the Eastern States for it to rise from four tenths to six tenths above thirty at sea
level when a northeast snow-storm is approaching, and still higher before a thaw.
462 JERSEY CATTLE TX AMERTCA.
"Wlien the barometer feels the influence of the ai)proacliing condition of
a summer belt of showers, it commences falling steadily, and falls rapidly or slowly
in proportion to the intensity of the condition and the rapidity of its approach ;
rising again slowly after the condition is past. This is trae in respect to conditions
which approach overland from the west. It does sometimes rise on the approacli of
an intense hnmcane condition \ip the coast, and afterward fall rapidly and very
considerably at those places which are covered by the condition.
" Specific rules for observation cannot be given, but in reference to a fair-weather
standard I will say :
" 1. Your mean fair-weatlier elevation of the barometer will range between thirty
and thirty and two tenth inches, deducting therefrom one tenth of an inch for every
one hundred feet, or to be perfectly accurate, every ninety-one and seven tenths feet
of altitude above the sea-level.
" 2. That the fair-weather elevation will average higher in winter when the focal
path is south of the observer, in normal yearn, than in midsummer, when it is at the
north of him.
"It will average lowest when the focal path is over hiiu in spring and early
summer.
" 3. A fair-weather point cannot be fixed for either period, except approximately.
If I should attempt to fix them, I should say, thirty and two tenths for the period
when the focal path is farthest wvth, if not unusually concentrated, thirty and one
tenth when it i&farthed north, and thirty when centrally focal, deducting, as in rule
firet, for altitude, and scaling gradually from one to the other, as the focal path changes
its position. But it must be borne in mind that a great contraction and concentration
of the upper or counter trade, down upon the Southeastern States, will produce
great cold and a low fair-weather barometer west and north of them in very severe
winters.
IKMl'EK.VllKK.
" Temperature is important in conneeti(m with the other elements, as an
indication of the approach of a condition, and important also as furnishing an
indication of its character and continuaiure, but still more important to be considered
in relation to its changes, when the condition is passing away.
" In winter, when the normal state of the weather is clear and cold, among
the other early indications of the approach of a stormy condition is an increase
of temperature. As an indication of the approach of a winter storm which is
invariably present, and nearly simultaneoiis with the rise of the barometer and the
appearance of cirrus condensation, it should always be looked for and regarded.
" When the season advances, and the mean daily temperature is above 05°, an
elevation of the thermometer is not to be expected upon the approach of a
northeaster. In the hottest seasons of the year the temperature never exceeds 70°
JERSEY CA TTLE IN' AMERICA. 463
during a northeast storm. When it ranges above that in the daytime, bnt on a
given day fails to rise higher, or, having risen, falls to that point or below, it is as
certain an indication of the character of the apjiroaching condition as the precedent
sudden and considerable rise of the barometer.
" During the rainy season changes of temperature, though less distinctly marked,
are worthy of note as indications. The prevalent winds, if they occur in spring or
early summer, are easterly, and their chUUness proverbial.
" In relation to the approach of a belt of showers, temperature is an important
indication. It always rises high, and above the mean of the season, on the
southeasterly side of those belts ; it is therefore a distinguishing characteristic, as well
of their approach as their intensity. The 'hot spells,' or 'heated terms,' are an
elemental part of the condition, and the excessive heat is created hy the cause
which organizes and continues the condition. Very hot weather sometimes occiirs
in midsummer, during droiiths, which is not connected with or a part of an
approaching condition, but is the mere effect of an unclouded sun operating upon
a dry and heated soil. Two characteristics, however, distinguish the incident heat
of the condition from the mere heat created by the sun. First, the latter does not
rise so high, and it cools off by radiation at night, rarely rising to 90° in the daytime
east of the Rocky Mountains, unless there has been a long-continued drouth, and
cooling off during the night to 7(*° or below. Second, the incident heat of an
approaching condition is both humid and electric, a state which is described as
sultry, muggy, close, and the temperature continues high through the night and
into the morning when the condition is to arrive. The humid, electric, muggy heat
of an approaching conditioii of an intense belt of showers would be scarcely
endurable if it was not tempered by the accompanying incident of southerly wind.
" Temperature is also an important element in relation to the character which
the storm will assume. In the middle latitudes of the country it is usually an
interesting inquiry whether a coming winter storm will be one of rain or snow, and
one of the elements in the answer is temperature. Snow sometimes falls from the
northwest scud in squalls, for a few moments or even half an hour, early in the
spring or late in the fall, when the thermometer is considerably above the freezing-
point. Snow sometimes also falls in the early part of storms after the thermometer
has risen above the freezing-point, but unless the thermometer falls again soon the
snow will turn to rain, for snow does not often fall for any great length of time
mth the thermometer above the freezing-point, and when it does it is usually in
large flakes, which indicate that it is about to turn to rain. Snow sometimes
falls with the thermometer near zero, but such instances are rare. In a snow-storm
in the Arctic regions, described by Dr. Kane, the thermometer rose to near zero.
"When a snow-storm is approaching in the middle latitudes of this country, if the
thermometer is near zero the temperature generally rises about twenty degrees before
464 JERSEY CATTI.E I\ AMElilCA.
the 6110W falls. The temperature in snow-storms, between the latitudes thirty-five
and fifty-five, is from 20° to 3( t°, between latitudes forty-two and forty-one from 24°
to 30° from the commencement to the close of a storm.
" Rain sometimes falls when the thermometer is low, freezing to the trees, and
constituting what is called an ice-storm ; but there, again, the fall of the rain is not
caused by the continued low temperature, but by a warm southerly current in the
upper part of the surface story, the storm being exceptional, and having its focus
to the north.
" Very warm southeasters sometimes occur, even in severe winters, and one or
two may be expected in ordinary winters, for • January thaws ' are proverbial. They
are usually southeasters, caused by a very large, concentrated, and e.xceptional
eruption of the counter or upper trade west and north of the focal path, having a
warm area on their eastern front corresponding to the hot area which they present
on the same front in summer.
" The thermometer may be watched during tiie existence of storms with
reference to their continuance. In a northeast storm iu spring or at other seasons,
when the focus of the storm is to the southeast of the observer, if the thermometer
falls and the wind backs into the north the rain is usually at an end. The wind
^vill continue to back to northwest, and it will soon after light up iu that quarter,
and fair weather return as the storm passes away to the eastward. If, however, it
veers back to the northeast, it will continue. In those northeastei-s where the
focus is over the observer, or to the north of him, the cessation of the rain is tisually
accompanied by a rise in the thermometer and a temporary lull in the wind,
followed by the wind afterward coming out from the west and hauling slowly
into the northwest. A similar lull sometimes occurs in southeasters with a fall in
the thermometer. The rain is then over. If the wind has been very heavy from
the southeast this lull will be followed by a sudden change to the northwest.
This is most common in the intense hurricane storms which come up the coast.
In a majority of the southeasters the wind hauls gradually round through the
southwest and west to the northwest, the thermometer gradually rising.
" A very sudden change iu the thermometer is frequently experienced when a
belt of showers is passing over us, with or without a change of wind to northward.
The southerly wind usually lulls before the precipitating body of the cloud reaches
us, and in many, though not perhaps in the m.ajority of instances, there is a heavy
gust from the westward preceding the fall of rain and continuing during that fall.
Such gusts are often accompanied by a marked fall in temperature.
" All the conditions which have a soutlierly wind and a warm or hot area on
their easterly or southeasterly sides have northerly winds and a cool or cold area on
their westerly or northerly sides. Changes in the thermometer in a few hours are
sometimes very great. It is impossible to describe in adequate terms the importance
GILDEROY 3d 5043.
Nuhlf 'I'yitc.
HOLLY (iltOVK HERD.
John I. Holi.y, Pi.ainkield. Nkw Jerski
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 465
of understanding and heeding this fact, for it is thus that the sudden changes from
heat to cold are produced. Let it be understood that the frame which is now
sweltering in a humid atmosphere of 90° on the hot side of a condition will, as a
matter of course, and by the operation of perfectly intelligible and imalterable laws,
in a few hours be exposed to the chilling temperature of 60° under the cold side of
it, and the additional chill occasioned by a rapid evaporation in its peculiar dry air.
And let it be understood that it is by such changes, so occurring, and so capable of
being forecasted, but which are unregarded, that many diseases which bring sufEering
and death are produced.
" It is after one of these belts has passed, and after its northerly wind has blown
for one or two days, that we have our unseasonable frosts. That is the time to look
out for them in August and September.
" In a majority of cases the dreaded ' first frost ' does not occur early in
September, unless the noi'therly wind continues two days ; but it does sometimes come
in the first night after the clearing off. Frost makes at the surface of the ground as
soon as my thermometer, hanging five feet from the ground, falls below 40°, and if
the thermometer is at or below 50° at sundown frost is very probable, when the night
is clear and still. After tlie wind has blown from the northward through the day the
thermometer falls rapidly after nightfall.
" Wind or cloudiness prevents frost, but both may disaj^pear before morning and
frost ensue.
THE WINDS.
" The conditions themselves are characterized as Northeasters, Southeasters,
Southwesters and Northwesters ; and that the southerly winds, according to their
freshness and earnestness, are reliable indications of the approach and intensity of the
showery conditions, we have more than once had occasion to observe. Breezes are
often loocd, but there are no fresh, earnest winds, unless created by the influence of
some approaching or passing conditioti, and the quarter from which they blow, and
their force, are consequently among the most reliable indications we have.
Ordinarily, the wind and its direction and force are felt or indicated by the
wind-vane ; but it is often observable before it is felt at the surface by its scud, or
by sounds. The roar of the surf or breaking of the waves on the shore, when great
bodies of water are disturbed by a precedent storm-wind, is often heard before the
wind is perceived on the land. Yarious sounds are heard with great distinctness
before storms, according to the character of the coming winds. This is undoubtedly
moving in a rapid invisible current, not far above us. If from the east or south it
betokens rain, if from the western quarter fair weather.
JERSEY (J A TTLE IX AMERICA.
" In the clouds of a condition, when they come in sight, we liave actual, visible
evidence of its approach and character. The first cloud seen is ordinarily the cirrus,
which overlies the condition, and which is not only first visible because the most
elevated, but because it extends in every direction farther than the other strata of a
stonn.
" All the forms of cirrus are seen in the advance condensation of the conditions,
except the cumulo-cirrus, or fleecy cloud, which occurs independently in set fair
weather.
" But the early cirrus condensation of the conditions is not always visible.
There may be enough of it to aflEcct the brightness of the sun, or tlie moon and stars,
or to occasion halos when it is not sutticiently dense to assume the appearance of
clouds. It is a turbid or misty condensation rather than visible cloud. Sometimes
it is of a smoky character, like that which attends midsummer drouths, or the shorter
dry spells of autinun or Indian sununer, and gives the sun a blood-red appearance.
But ordinarily, when it constitutes the advance condensation of an approaching
condition, it changes the appearance of the sky from a deep azure to that ' lighter hue '
which Humboldt describes as preceding the arrival of the central belt of rains from
the south. It was found by Gay Lussac, and has been by otlier aeronauts to have
the fonn of cloud at the height of from twenty thousand to tliirty thousand feet, when
not visible at the earth except as obscuring mistiness.
" Thin cirrus cloud, whether misty, linear or fibrous, pales the light of the sun,
especially at nightfall. Occasionally in the course of the day, when the cirrus is
dense, various coronae and halos appear in it. The lialos of the moon only are of
importance. There is at all times a circle round the moon, more or less distinct,
produced by the mistiness of tlie atmosphere, but during normal fair weatlier the
circle is small and not very distinct. But when the circle is large, perfect, and the
rim well defined, it is a certain sign that the cirnis in which it is formed is the advance
or lateral condensation of a storm. It is Ijest seen when the moon is nearly vertical.
KESIIMK.
" In winter and early spring, when the focal path is at the south, we look at the
southwest for the first api)earance of the clouds of the condition.
" They maybe looked for at all himrs of the day, but if they exist at all will be
seen most distinctly at nightfall. r.;itcr. in the spring and early summer, when the
focal path has moved to the north, you will look to the west, and in summer and
early autumn, when the focal path is north of us, you may look north of west, unless
you reside in tlie Atlantic or New England States, and have reason to look for an
approaching hurricane condition, which is coming up the coast, and then you will
look south-southwest. The appearance may be that of the misty cirrus wliich we
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 467
have described, discoverable by the aid of the sun, moon or stars ; or the cirrus
existing in visible, thready patches or wisps ; or some form of the cirro-stratus ; to be
followed by the cunmlo-stratus or thunder-head, or the rain-beariug stratus, according
to the season of the year and the character of the condition.
" Sometimes, though not often, the scud may be seen floating in the southerly
or easterly wind, before other cloud condensation is visible, except the misty, formless
cirrus. Generally, however, the scud are not seen before tlie cirrus assumes form
and patches of cirro-stratus appear.
" "When in midsummer a belt of showers is approaching from the northwest
and the cloud condensation does not show itself above the hoi'izon before nightfall,
you may sometimes discover it in the evening or night, as it is illumined Ijy the
flashes of lightning which play on its summits. And before the thunder-heads
appear above the horizon the flashes of lightning will perhaps be seen, reflected
from the milky stratum of cirras, which will cover that part of the sky, and seeming
to come from the atmosphere above the horizon.
HUMIDITY.
" The atmosphere contains at all times a quantity of watery vapor ; whether
combined or uncombined witli the air or its oxygen has been and is still a
question.
" Certain it is that at times there exists a quantity wliich is uncombined and
visible, and equally certain it is at other times, when evaporation has been large, a
considerable quantity must be contained in the atmosphere, which, if it is not
combined, is at least invisible, and undiscoverable by any ordinary test. The subject
of evaporation is receiving closer attention than formerly. Mr. Steinmetz lias
invented a vaporimeter, to measure evaporation, an excellent instrument.
" Evaporation is exceedingly rapid in our northwest winds. The excess of
evaporation falls in dew.
" Two very important facts are stated by Steimnetz : First, ' That invariably the
greater the evaporation the less the rain, and viae versa, in every month, on all
occasions.' Second, ' That evaporation decreases during the hot, sultry period which
precedes a thunder-storm.' The importance of these two facts will be seen in
connection with another — that humidity, as measured by the hygrometer and
perceived by our senses, commences to increase with the first influence of an
approaching condition, and continues to increase till the arrival of the rain. Mr.
Steinmetz believes the hygrometer the most reliable instrument in the prognostication
of the weather.
" But the hygrometer cannot tell us directly, at any given time, whether the
upper trade is saturated or not, for it is flowing in a distinct and isolated stratum far
above the earth. I believe in the hygrometer, not because it indicates the state of
4G8 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEPxICA.
saturation merely, or indicates a fall of rain consequent on the mere saturation of
the surface story, but because it indicates the influence of an organized atmospheric
condition, which influence produces a humid state of the atmosphere. The mer-
curial hygrometer with the moistened bulb is now generally used.
" The point at which the mercury is depressed by evaporation is called the
dew-point. The difference between that and the dry tlieniiometer is the complement
of the dew-point, and the existing humidity is measured by that difference. The
greater the humidity the lexs that difference.
" There is another observable evidence of humidity indicative of an approaching
condition, especially of a belt of showers in summer and a southeaster in ^yinter —
such as the deposition of moisture upon tumblers and other vessels containing
water, and upon flagging and other stones connected with the ground.
" Before a snow-storm the advance cirrus condensation is generally uf the linear
kind, existing in long threads or bars, extending from southwest to northeast, and
not in wisps or patches, as in summer. The layer of stratus from which tlie snow is
to fall is smooth and uniform, and of a lightish hue. There is at the approach and
in the commencement of the storm very little wind, and that at flrst southwest, and
afterward northeast. The barometer usually rises higher before a snow-storm, and
falls with less rapidity. Of rain and hail former chapters may suffice.
THE ELKt'TRIC STATE.
" Our knowledge of electricity is not yet such as to furnish alone direct evidence
of the approach of a condition, but there are many signs which are founded on the
indirect effect of electricity, and are relied upon, even in less intense climates than
ours. A collection of nearly all the received and credited English signs was made
by Dr. Jenner, and arranged in rhymes. Nearly all of any merit depend upon
electricity.
jennee's signs of rain.
" ' The ItoUoio winds begin to blow,
The clouds look bUick, the glass is hie,
The soot falls down, the spaniels sleep.
And spiders from their cobwebs creep.
Last night the sun went pale to bed,
The moon in halos hid her head.
The boding shepherd heaves a sigh.
For see ! a rainbow spans the sky.
The walls are damp ; the ditches smell ;
Closed is the pink-eyed pimpernel.
Hark 1 how the chairs and tables crark.
Old Betty's joints are on the rack.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 469
Loud quack the ducks, the peacocks cry ;
The distant hills are looking nigh.
How restless are the snortiug swine !
The busy tlies disturb the kine.
Low o'er the grass the swallow wings ;
The cricket, too, how loud it sings !
Puss, on the hearth, with velvet paws
Sits smoothing o'er her whiskered jaws.
Through the clear stream the flshas rise
And nimbly catch the incautious flies ;
The sheep were seen at early light
Cropping the meads with eager bite.
Though June the air is cold and chill ;
The mellow blackbird's voice is still.
The glow-worms, numerous and bright,
Illumed the dewy dell last night ;
At dusk the squalid toad was seen
Hopping, crawling o'er the green.
The frog has lost his yellow vest.
And in a dingy suit is dressed.
The leech, disturbed, is newly risen
Quite to the summit of his prison ;
The whirling wind the dust obeys
And in the rapid eddy plays.
My dog, so altered is his taste.
Quits mutton bones on grass to feast ;
And see yon rooks, how odd their flight —
They imitate the gliding kite.
Or seem precipitate to fall.
As if they felt the piercing ball.
'Twill surely rain. I see, with sorrow.
Our jaunt must be put off to-morrow.
" Most of the signs relate to the feehngs of animals. They cannot be supposed
to have any mental conception of an approaching stonn. Man and animals and
plants are all sensitive to and exhibit signs of electrical action before storms.
" Hone added the hnes —
' Her corns with shooting pains torment her
And to her bed untimely send her.'
"Howe added another conplet —
' The smoke from chimneys right ascends,
Then spreading back to earth it bends.'
" I know of no cause to which this descent of smoke can be attributed excejjt
that it is positively electrified and attracted by the negatively electrified earth.
470 JERSEY CATTLE TX AMERICA.
'' No degree of liuiiiiditv, witli tlie tlieniioiiieter at 70°. can account for the
oppressiveness of what is called a muggy, close atmosphere. No degree of humidity,
with the thermometer at ^5° — its common spring and autumn register in northeastere
—could revive the rheumatism in old Betty's joints or the ])ain in her corns.
" The renewal of pain in once broken bones or old scars is felt in the dry,
warm air of the house and in bed.
" The down of the dandelion and other ])lants closes fur bad weather. l)Ut expands
for sunshine.
" The trefoil grows more upright, with a swelling stalk, against rainy weather.
Before showers the trefoil contracts its leaves, as does the convolvulus and many
other ])lants.
"The ])impernel (.Iwrtj/rtW^.v) closes its petals on the ap])roach of rainy weather.
" Chickweed {Stellarta) in showery weather is half-shut ; M-licn it is entirely
shut we may expect a rainy day.
" If the flowers of the Siberian sow-thistle remain ()j)en all night we may expect
i-ain next day.
" There are many traditional signs which have no value whatever. Thus, it is
connnou to look for storms at the equinoxes, or when, as tlie sailors say, ' the sun
crosses the line.' This is aii absurdity. Storms of like character are occurring
CIA'/'// (lay in the year, in different and numerous portions of the hemisphere. In
some portions of the hemisphere storms nevt'r occur. In neither respect is there
any difference on that day.
KKSUMK.
"All signs akk fallacies unless connectku with ok koi'nded tpon one
OK the seven states of the WEAIHEK.
" When we hear of an existing and distant storm we can tell, within a day,
when, if it originated east of the Windward Islands, or over the Caribbean Sea, or
the Gulf of Mexico, or Texas, it will pass over any particular point in its path, for
we know substantially what its movement per hour, according to its intensity, will
be, and wliat its course will be at that season of the year.
" 1 l)elieve that by the next generation the West India Islands will all i>e
connected by wire, and that important representative points of observation in this
country will be connected in like manner, and the organization and progress of the
conditions be reported to the country from hour to hour. The advantages of such a
system, to all our industries, will lie beyond present comprehension.
DURATION OF CONDITIONS.
" Scud in the southerly wind, running toward the approaching belt of
condensation, if very numerous and large, and ragged at the edges, and moving
rapidly, a heavy fall of rain may be anticipated at the point to ivhich they are
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 471
running. Freshets follow where these scud are rniiniug, and may be predicted
without failure.
" The strength and freshness of the wind which blows toward the focus of the
storm, and the number and character of the scud, are all indicative of its strength.
" How long will a condition continue ?
" Very weak belts of showers in summer may not be more than twenty miles
wide, and pass over in two hours. There is great variety in the width of the belts of
showers. "We have no means of judging of that width with certainty except by the
telegraph. The character and continuance of the southerly wind, and its scud, the
continuance of humidity, and our feelings, will give a partial knowledge. Some
belts of showers last twenty-four hours. The average length of time during which
rain falls in southeasters is about fifteen hours.
" It remains cloudy for a much longer period.
" The northeaster is of longer continuance than any of the other distinct
conditions. It is rarely less than forty-eight hours from the time when the first
cirrus condensation is visible and its wind begins to blow, to the time when its wind
and rain cease. It is frequently twice as long, and sometimes longer still.
"I have seen the scud run continuously and at the same elevation for more than
sixty hours.
" The wind not infrequently blows forty-eight hours toward an approaching
northeaster before its precipitating portion reaches us.
ORGANIZATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEM.
" The organization and motive force of the atmospheric system is invisible. We
recognize its existence only in its effects. We see that each organization has its law,
and that the whole is governed by a controlling agency ; we see, too, that this agent
has IMMENSE POWER ; that it is capable of moving the atmosphere or exerting a force
equivalent to moving it, at the rate of six hundred aud eighty-two miles per hour.
" What is that force ? That it emanates from or is excited by the sun we
cannot doubt. We know of one, and but one force capable of exerting such a
controlling and immense force, and that is electricity.
PROPOSITIONS.
" 1. ' The earth is a magnet, but not a natural magnet,' a magnet by thermal
electricity.
" 2. According to the law of thermo-electricity, currents must be excited at the
place where the earth is being heated, and flow to the west, toward the portion of
the earth which is coolest. The electric currents thus excited flow around to the
west, where it is night, and thus form a permanent succession of currents flowing
around the earth from east to west, as it presents its siu-face to the action of the
472 JERSEY CATTLE TN^ AMERICA.
sun during its daily revolution. By a central belt of currents encircling the earth
within the tropics thus excited and operating the earth is constituted a magnet.
(This is a theory of Ampere.)
" 3. Parallel currents of electricity have a tendency to converge toward each
other. Doubtless the primarj' central currents flowing to the west exist under the
entire central condition, converging toward the centre, where tlie currents are most
intense, and where the great central belt of rains is found.
" 4. As the sun in its transits is more vertical, and acts with greater heating
power on the smamer Hide of the central belt, the currents gradually become more
intense upon that side and less intense on the other, and thus the central condition
with its belt of rains follows the smi in its transits, because the sun is continually
creating a new focus of intense currents. And for the same reason the central
condition continues to move north or south after the sun has reversed his transit,
and until it has heated up the waters on the reverse side.
" .5. All successive currents of electricity induce secondai-y currents on each side
of the primary one, and they flow in an opposite direction to and parallel with the
primary current. iSuch currents are produced on either side of the central condition
and in the temperate and polar zones, which gives to the atmosphere and all
conditions contained in it a tendency or drift to the eastward.
" t). A second secondary current is sometimes induced by the first secondary,
and that too moves parallel with and opposite to the direction of its inducing current.
" 7. By this method of niagnetization there is also produced in or over the earth
a class of lateral currents like those discoverable in all magnets by the aid of iron
filings.
" 8. The magnetic currents or currentsof electricity whicli flow outwardly fmm
the earth are recognized by us in various ways. Faraday intercepted them by a
revolving wire, which by its revolutions cut them, and obtained from the end of the
wire currents of electricity of low intensity but considerable volume. The flow of
these currents is variable in quantity, and when the quantity is excessive the Aurora
is produced by them in the upper, attenuated atmosphere. Sometimes when the
(juantity is very excessive, constituting what Humlioldt calls magnetic storms, they
produce an Aurora in all parts of the atmosphere, and the telegraph wires can be
worked by them without a battery. Magnetism consists of, or has associated
with it, currents of electricity, and all electric currents are lines of force, as Faraday
has abundantly demonstrated.
" 9. All currents of electricity passing througii the atmosphere tend to displace
it or to create currents in it. Thus we attribute thunder to the recoil of the air into
the vacuum which the curi-ent of electricity has occasioned by carrying the air within
its passage downward through the atmosphere. In substantially the same maimer
it carries the air upward in a tornado. These magneto-electric currents are constantly
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMEBIC A. 473
being discharged from trees and mountains, and every object connected with the
earth. They have much to do with animal and vegetable life.
" 10. These lateral currents have much to do in constituting the great,
permanent, general movements of the atmosphere ; with the trade-winds while
siirface trades, and when constituting the upper trade or equatorial current. But
most of the local and special winds are the result of static induction and attraction.
" 11. Evaporation is an electric process, aided by heat, but existing inde-
pendently of it, for ice and snow evaporate in the Arctic regions and everywhere,
and at all experienced temperatures. The vapor when evaporated is combined with
electricity and oxygen, and exists by force of that combination in the atmosphere ;
and the disturbance of the electricity and the combination, by static induction or
other action, occasions the condensation of vapor, the formation of vesicles, and the
constitution of a cloud, and the diffusion of the electricity thus set free over the
surface of the vesicles.
" 12. The trade-winds are probably produced primarily by the lateral magneto-
electric currents of the earth. Upon islands which lie near the outer limits of , the
northern trade in summer the surface and upper trade constitute distinct strata of a
different character.
" "When the surface trade is of sufficient volume to cover the elevation of the
islands they have xmbroken drouth. As the surface trade recedes in the fall, and
the upper trade comes in contact with the elevations, rain falls upon and to the
leeward of them, and the line of rain descends the slopes as the surface trade
decreases in dej^th.
" These facts indicate the initiation of the surface trade by the permanent
magneto-electric currents. As the surface trades pass on beneath the stratum of
cirrus condensation which overlies them they are affected statically, and storms and
showers and squalls are produced in them. So the belt of rains is constituted.
" As they pass on beyond the belt of condensation, if they are in moderate volume
they become clear again, and pass as upper or coimter-trades into the opposite
hemisphere, but partially deprived of their vapor. Arrived in that hemisphere, they
are exposed to the static electric induction of the positive atmosphere of the uj^per
story, and' the negative electric induction of the earth. Storms or showers are
produced as one or the other influence predominates and ojserates with sufficient force.
Thus, in most of our large extensive storms which originate upon the level interior
of our country, the incipient condensation is discoverable in the upper story in the
form of cirrus, or in the upper part of the trade story in the form of cirro-stratus.
Subsequently the stratus is formed in the trade story in its inferior portion, and after
that the wind and the scud are, by like induction and by attraction, produced in the
surface story. In this class of cases the storm is originated by the positive inductive
action of the electricity of the upper atmosphere.
474 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
" As a rule our general storms are initiated in the great central condition or in
the polar zone, by the positive electricity of the upper story actinu; by induction upon
the upper trade of the second story, surcliargod with tiie vapor of evaporation from
the surface where it originated.
•• Induced electric excitement is felt far in advance of all storms. It influences
animal and vegetable life, as we have seen. It checks and stops evaporation, and
disturbs the combination of electricity with the vapor of the atmosphere, producing
partial condensation and increasing humidity. It is a mistake to assume that the
increase of humidity, as indicated by the hygrometer or by its deposition on surfaces,
is owing to an actual increase of the amount of water in the atmosphere. Evaporation
decreases before an increase of humidity is apparent, and humidity goes on increasing
long after evaporation has ceased. This increase of humidity is, as I have said, the
eflfect of electric induction disturbing the electricity of the vapor, and causing the
apparent increase of humidity. There is, in fact, no sudden increase of the quantity
of vapor in the air— it is simply an increase of that which is uncombined.
" I do not think we have yet arrived at a satisfactory solution of the barometric
oscillations, and it may ultimately appear that they are occasioned by electric induction
" We have seen that the barometric; changes are coincident with the electric and
magnetic ones. Certain it is that the changes in the barometer and in the feelings
of animals and plants are in advance of thermometric or hygrometric changes which
can account for them. I think it is well established that the condensation consists
in the formation of an infinite imiuber of small vesicles which electricity can form
and cold cannot, and very clear that the formation of cloud is an electric inductive
process, and that in all extensive storms the primary inductive action is by the
positive electricity of the upper story, and the forming jirocess may generally be
observed upon the advance portion of the storm."
Since Mr. Butler wrote his work the United States Government has established
the Weather Bureau at Washington, and a system of Signal Stations throughout the
country, which give us daily reports of the weather probabilities. The system will
eventually become perfected and of great benefit to the agriculture of America.
APPARATUS USED IN TIIK STt'DV OK THK ATMOSPU KRIC SYSTEM.
The re(juisite a])i)aratus for the investigation of the changes of the weather
includes the Barometer, Tiiermometer (air and soil). Wind Vane, Anenaometer or
Wind Gauge, Rain-band Spectroscope, Hygrometer, A''aporimeter, Rain Gauge,
Lysimeter or Drainage Gauge, the Telescope, the Telegraph, and the Mariner's
Compiiss.
Mr. Harding, an English meteorologist, reports in respect to experiments
JERHEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
A.M. PM. A.M.
4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 /O J2 2 4 Hou>
^S JDarometer
/
N
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N
/•
N
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N
y
S
y
S
V
y
N
y
\
^
^
■~^,
^
">^
y^
^
^
\
■^
^
"^^^
X
/
X,
/
^
N
^^
^
^
^
y
\
^
^
^
k
X
^
/s
/
S
/
\
,
/
\,
/
N
y
\
X
/
\
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X
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/
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/
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/
\
y
\
/\
,
■v
/
\
\
/
--^
-"■^
s
/
—
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ihermometer
Fo.
y
Oumueus
Eie c tf/'c
Tension,
DecJtnatiort
o/lVced/o
Wi'nd
Horiz.o7itaL
Chart showing the Variations durinw an Atmospheric Day in Fair Wkathek.
476
JERSEY CATTLE IX A3IERIVA.
" of daily weatlier forecasts made with the raiii-baiid spectroscope, that sixty-
three per cent, proved approximately true, and oidy fourteen per cent, were false.
On two very wet days the spectroscope gave no indication, and on two others it
gave valuable warning in contradiction to the barometer."
The lysimeter, as used at the New York State Experiment Station at Geneva,
has aided in demonstrating the benefit of fine surface pulverization in tillage for
preventing the loss of moisture by excessive evaporation in drouth.
AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPEHATUEE IN UNITED STATES.
Place.
Jack.^^onville, Florida fii)
New Orleans, Louisiana 69
Austin, Te.xas 67
Mobile, Alabama 66
Jackson, Mississippi 6-t
Little Rock, Arkansas 63
Columbia, South Carolina 62
Raleigh, North Carolina 59
Atlanta, Georgia 58
Nashville, Tennessee 58
Richmond, Virginia 57
LouisviUe, Kentucky 56
San Francisco, California 55
Washington, D. C 55
St. Louis, Mis.souri _. 55
Baltimore, Maryland 51
Ilarrisburg, Pennsylvania 54
Wilmington, Delaware 53
Trenton, New Jersey 53
Columbus, Ohio 53
Portland, Oregon 53
Pl.^ce. Degree.
Salt Lake City, Utah Territory 52
Romney, West A^irginia 52
Indianapolis, Indiana 51 _
Leavenworth, Kansas 51
Hartford, Connecticut 50
Springfield, Illinois 50
Camp Scott, Nevada 50
Des Moines, Iowa 49
Omaha, Nebraska 49
Denver, Colorado 48
Boston, Massachusetts 48
Albany, New York 48
Pro\ndence, Rhode Island 48
Detroit, Michigan 47
Fort Randall, Dakota Ten-itory 47
Concord, New Hami)sliire 46
Augusta, Maine 45
Madison, Wisconsin 45
Helena, Montana Territory 43
Montpelier, Vermont 43
St. Paul, Minnesota 42
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
477
AVEEAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF
THE UNITED STATES.
Prepared hy W. B. Hazen, Brig. Gen., Chief Signed Officer, U. S. A.
Rainfall.
Inches.
New England.
Eastjjort, Me
49.02
38.67
83.86
48.21
52.26
50.99
New Loudon, Conn I 47.75
Portland, Me
Mt. Washington, N. H.
Boston, Mass
Block Island, R. I
New Haven, Conn
Middle Atlantic States
Albany, N. Y
New York, N. Y
Philadelphia, Pa
Atlantic City, N. J
Barnegat City, N. J
Cape May, N. J
Sandy Hook, N. J
Delaware Breakwater, Del . . ,
Baltimore, Md
Washington, D. C. , ,
Cape Henry, Ya
Chincoteague, Va
Lynchburg, Ya
Norfolk, Ya
SoDTH Atlantic States.
Charlotte, N. C
Hatteras, N. C
Kitty Hawk, N. C
Macon (Fort), N. C
Smith ville, N. C
Wilmington,- N. C
51.24
75.44
64.90
63.81
52.86
57.42
South Atlantic States.
(Contim/efl.)
Charleston, S. C
Augusta, Ga
Savannah, Ga
59.89
49.91
52.86
Jacksonville, Fla 55.33
Florida Peninsula.
Cedar Keys, Fla
Key West, Fla
Sanford, Fla
Punta Rassa, Fla
Eastern Gulf States
Atlanta, Ga
Pensacola, Fla
Mobile, Ala
Montgomery, Ala
Yicksburg, Miss
New Orleans, La
58.95
40.66
44.61
42.61
56.91
70.22
65.84
53.68
60.44
64.69
Western Gulf States.
Shreveport, La , 54.11
Fort Smith, Ark 46.65
Little Rock, Ark 57.64
Galveston, Tex
Indianola, Tex
Palestine, Tex
51.43
38.22
43.49
Rio Grande Yalley.
Brownsville, Tex
Rio Grande City, T
32.02
25.12
478
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF
THE UNITED STATES— CW^miw«Z.
Rainfall.
Inches.
Ohio Valley and Tennessee.
Chattanooga, Tenn
Kuoxville, Teiui
Memphis, Teim
Nashville, Teuii
Louisville, Ky
Indianapolis, Ind
Cincinnati, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
Pittsburgh, Pa
LowEK Lakes.
Buffalo, N. Y
Oswego, N. Y
Rochester, N. Y
Erie, Pa
Cleveland, Ohio
Sandusky, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Detroit, Mich
59.42
53.20
55.38
53.63
48.83
47.59
44.09
44.r.2
37.04
37.03
36.05
37.23
42.39
38.40
41.78
33.07
35.27
Up.i'ek Lakes.
Alpena, Mich
Escanaba, Mich
(THind Haven, Mich
^[ackinaw City, Mich. . .
Manjuctte, Mich
Port Huron, Mich
Chicago, 111
Milwaukee, Wis
Duluth, Minn
Uppee Mississippi Valley.
St. Paul, Minn
La Crosse, Wis
38.21
35.30
39.17
38.97
32.68
35.26
37.57
33.87
33.87
29.83
34.26
' Upper Mississippi Valley.
I (Continued.)
I Davenport, Iowa , 35.96
j Des Moines, Iowa I 42.72
Dubuque, Iowa
Keokuk, Iowa
Cairo, 111
Springfield, HI
St. Louis, Mo
Missouri Valley.
Leavenworth, Kan
Omaha, Neb
Bennett (Fort), Dak
Huron, Dak
Yankton, Dak
39.41
38.57
46.33
48.61
37.88
36.45
18.17
25.68
28.21
Extreme Nokthwest.
Moorhead, Minn 29.48
St. Vincent, Miini j 18.62
Bismarck, Dak 21.27
Buford (Fort), Dak \ 16.08
Totten (Fort), Dak 17.36
Northern Slope.
Assiniboine (Fort), Mon. . . .
Benton (Fort), Mon
Cu.ster (Fort), Mon
Helena, Mon 1 15.13
Maginnis (Fort), Mon 13.29
Poplar River, Mon 8.24
13.93
12.50
14.36
Shaw (Fort), Mon.
Dead wood. Dak . .
Cheyenne, Wy. . . .
North Platte, Neb.
13.87
26.47
10.72
19.97
JERHEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
479
AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF
THE UNITED STATES— CoMfoViwe^^.
Rainfall.
Inches.
Middle Slope.
Denver, Col
Pike's Peak, Col
West Les Animas, Col. . .
Dodge City, Kan
Elliott (Fort), Tex
SoDTHERN Slope.
Sill (Fort), Lid. T
Concho (Fort), Tex
Davis (Fort), Tex
Stockton (Fort), Tex
Southern Plate a i
Santa Fe, N. M
El Paso, Tex
Apache (Fort), Ariz
Grant (Fort), Ariz
Prescott, Ariz
Thomas (Camp), Ariz. . .
Ynma, Ariz
Middle Plateau.
Winnemucca, Neb
Salt Lake City, Utah
14.98
3L60
13.41
20.09
21.48
33.38
29.18
19.83
19.43
13.89
12.11
22.75
15.71
14.51
10.31
2.04
16.91
Northern Plateau.
Boise City, Idaho
Lewiston, Idaho
Dayton, Wash
Spokane Falls, Wash
North Papific Coast.
Canby (Fort), Wash
Olympia, Wash
Tatoosh Island, Wash
Portland, Oregon
Roseburg, Oregon
13.30
17.85
28.11
20.31
45.71
59.72
75.18
54.64
35.72
17.1
Middle Pacific Coast
Cap Mendocino, Cal
Red Bluff, Cal 28.27
Sacramento, Cal 21.68
San Francisco, Cal 22.80
South Pacific Coast.
Los Angeles, Cal 14.56
San Diego, Cal 9.48
Office, War Department,
Washington City, Fel)ruary 14, 1885.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
WET WEATHER TALK.
liY J. W. KILKY.
' It ain't no use to grumble and complain ;
It's jest as cheap and easy to rejoice.
Wlieu God sorts out tlie weather and sends rain,
yW'y, rain's my choice.
' Men gener'ly to all intents—
Although they're ap' to grumble some —
Puts most their trust in Providence,
And take things as they come-
That is, the commonality
Of men that's lived as long as me
Has watched the world enough to learn
They're not tlie boss of this concern.
' With some, of co\U'sc, it's different.
I've see'd young men that knowed it all.
An' didn't like the way things went
On this terrestrial ball ;
But, all the same, the rain some way
Rained jest as hard on picnic day ;
Or when they really wanted it
It maybe wouldn't rain a bit I
' In thi.s existence, dry and wet
Will overtake the best of men —
Some little shift o' clouds'll shet
The sun ofT now and then.
But maybe as you're wonderin' who
You've fool-like lent your umbrella to
And want it, oufll pop the sun.
And you'll be glad you ain't got none.
' It aggervates the farmers, too —
There's too much wet, or loo nmch sun.
Or work, or waitin' round to do
Before the plowin's done.
And maybe, like as not, tlic wheat.
Jest as it's lookin' hard to beat.
Will ketch the storm — and jest about
The time the corn's a jlntin' out !
PART FIFTH.
THE JERSEY IN AMERICA.
CONNECTICUT.
It is the province of the historian to give due credit and honor to the individual
or the commonwealth whose genius or wisdom has engaged in the initiation of any
grand enterjjrise which, once entered upon and developed, causes results of beneficence
to accrue in measureless flow to a nation and to mankind.
Connecticut is a small territory, and occupies hut a speck upon the map of the
world, yet how great has been the influence of her people upon American events and
history. To the sterling chaVacter of her sons and daughters we may attribute much
of the power and glory of national progress and the honor of the American name,
as her people have ever been characterized in history for wisdom, inventive genius
and patriotism. Among the honored names of her sons to whom we owe grateful
remembrance may be mentioned Silas Deane, "through whose efforts Lafayette,
Rochambeau, and others were induced to engage in the cause of independence"*
during the darkest days of the Revolution. It was " by the learning and eloqiience
of William Samuel Johnson, the genuine good sense and discernment of Roger
Sherman, and the didactic strength of Oliver Ellsworth, that the Federal Constitution
came to be adopted, thereby giving to the people of the United States the l)est
system of government upon the face of the earth."
It was Jonathan Trumbull, the great war governor, who, being the bosom friend
and confidential adviser of Wasliington, received from him the appellation which has
since become the patronymic for every American, " Brother Jonathan."
John Trumbull, a son of the governor, became the earliest of American
historical painters.
In poetry no modern writer has appeared " who diired commit his fame to the
keeping of so few lines, and no jjoet has seemed so well aware that to write little and
well is to write much " as Fitz-Greene Halleck. Eli Whitney invented the cotton-
gin, which developed the production of the material and manufactures of a great
fabric staple throughout the world. " John Fitch was the first to apply steam to the
uses of navigation," aiid " Junius Smith was the originator of the grand project for
' Quoted paragraphs are from "History of Connecticut," by G. H. HoUister.
48-i JERSEY CATTLE IX AJfEIilCA.
navigating the ocean by the same motive power." " Samuel F. B. Morse, of Connecticut
parentage and culture, invented the magnetic telegraph, and thus gave to tlie world a
courier swifter than tlie light." " Jared Mansfield originated the present mode of
surveying puhlic lauds."
" Ephraim Kirby published the first volume of Law Rejiorts ever issued in the
United States."
" Joseph Bellamy foxmded the first Sunday-school in the world. The first
Temperance Society in Christendom was formed in this State. The first Asylum for
the Deaf and Dumb ever instituted on this continent was established upon Connecticut
soil ; and the seeds of almost all the colleges in the Union have been carried from
Connecticut fields and planted by Connecticut citizens."
" The first British flag that fell into the hands of the American patriots during
the Revolutionary War, and the first British flags upon the land as well as on the
sea that did homage to our valor in the "War of 1812, were all striick to sons of
Connecticut."
Jonathan Edwards was the most eminent theologian of the eighteenth century
in this or any country.
Noah "Webster, the great lexicographer, by his Spellin(/-B'>ol and Dictionary
became the schoolmaster of this Western World, and thus made it possible for the
people of a continent to speak one common tongue.
Thomas B. Butler wi-ote The Atmospherio Syiit<-m, the first and only work that
gives a rational and pliilosophical exjjosition of the organization of the atmosphere
and the changes of the weather.
Elihu Burritt, blacksmith and farmer, wlio never went to college, was the first
man in the world to acquire a thorough grammatical knowledge of more than fifty
languages.
Maltby Fowler invented tlie ingenious machine which makes pins for all the
■world.
Alexander C. Twining was the inventor of the only feasible machine for the
manufacture of ice.
E. E. Matteson was the inventor of the hydraulic ])i-ocess for washing out
gold in the Tertiary deposits, a system whicli has immensely increased the yield and
profitableness of gold-mining in California.
From Connecticut people, emigrating to other States of the American Union,
have descended many of the most illustrious characters of modern times, including the
greatest soldier and military commander of the nineteenth century, Ulysses S. Grant ;
the scholarly statesman, brilliant soldier, and martyr President, Garfield, and many
others pre-eminent for patriotic service to their country, by devoted labors in the times
of peace or war.
The people of Connecticut are also noted for longevity. From Pei-kins'
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 485
" Encyclopfedia of Longevity" it appears that in the number of centenarians, and in
length of human life, the United States leads all the countries of the world,
while the State of Connecticut, in the proportion of centenarians, and in human
longevity, reaches a higher average than any other portion of the globe.
It was fitting that Connecticut, the State of the oak and the vine, whose
people are no less renowned for their interest in agriculture than all else that tends
to build up a State — it was pre-eminently fitting that such a people should be the
first in America to admire, appreciate and adopt the Jersey cattle.
From a Hartford correspondent of the Country Oentleman I quote the following
" Keminiscences " :
"The first importation of Jerseys recorded in the American Jersey Cattle Club
Herd Register was made in 1850, in the ship Splendid, by a little club of
gentlemen in Hartford.
" The suggestion was made by Dajstiel Buck, Je. He was familiar with their
reputation as dairy cows for quantity, and especially for quality of butter, and in
putting this before his friends had no difficulty in getting the order at once for an
experimental herd. This was put into the care of John A. Taintoe, also of
Hartford, who was then importing Merino sheep. It is believed to have been the
first attempt to breed pure Jerseys in America, and Splendens 16 was the first bull
purchased on the Island of Jersey for importation into the United States.
"No better agent could have been found than Mr. Taintor. A perfect
gentleman, with a good knowledge of human nature, a good judge of cattle also, a
thorough business man, and a cool, judicious buyer, he was exactly the right man to
execute a commission of this nature. This was to buy about a dozen of the l^est
animals, including the best bull on the island, without limit in price, and without
restriction as to color and fancy points.
" The importation was a great success. It is doubtful if, with all the supposed
improvements in breeding during the past few years, there has ever been one of
more uniform excellence. Nearly every one of these cows had the reputation of
making over two pounds of butter a day, and each gentleman thought his own the
best. The quaHty was even more of a surprise than the quantity. The firmness,
and the rich color, even in winter, on ordinary feed that was then thought the proper
allowance for a cow, was something quite astonishing.
" The superior dairy quality of the breed soon attracted the attention of the
most advanced farmers, and other importations were made.
" John T. Norton, of Farmington, was one of the first to recognize their merits.
He was fortunate in having a friend in Mr. Stetson, of the Astor House, New York,
who appreciated and was wiUing to pay for such a superior article any price which
Mr. Norton thought he ought to charge for his butter.
"Mr. Buck's product found ready sale in Hartford, fai- above the prices of what
48(1 JKRSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
were then the best dairies. I believe that Mr. Buck's was the first and Mr.
Norton's the second lierd estabhshed in this county. Since that time the number
has constantly increased, until there are herds in nearly every town.
" Mr. Taintor saw Spi-kndid 2 on one of liis trips to the Island of Jersey, and
on his return reported him to Mr. Norton as a perfect animal.
"lie was ordered at once, and for a number of years stood at tlie liuad of Mr.
Norton's herd.
"Mr. Noi-tou liiglily prized liiiii fur tho ricli yellow .skin wliicli sliowud through
tlie hair of his white patches."
I suppose that the two bulls SjJoufi'nx 1(5 and Sjihnd'nl 2 were thus named
because of the brig " Splendid," which l)rought them across the ocean. This was
indeed a happy augury, both in the vessel anil her rich cargo, as has been well
verified, not alone in the descendants of these famous bulls, but in the rich exhibit
which the following pages show as tlie result of a genesis so auspicioiisly heralded,
whose golden fruitage glows, as the seasons conie and go, with ever-increasing
splendor !
Of the near descendants of Splendcns 16, none liave recorded butter tests. His
great-granddaughter Pansy 1019 made a record of 574-^ pounds of butter in a year.
Splendid has left a much stronger and richer imj)ress upoTi the American Jersey
records. Among his descendants, botli innnediate and remote, are the names of some
of the richest cows ever known, one of them having produced a pound of butter
from 5y\ pounds of milk, under an official test, and slie has also made tlie largest
yearly record in the world.
In the first cargo of Jerseys, along with the bull Splendens, were the cows Dot
7, Violet 23, Jessie 28, and the Ives Cow. Splendens It; and Dot 7 produced
Dolly 1021, the granddam of Pansy loi'.t.
In the year 1851 Mr. Taintor imported tlie hull Premium 7. in IS.-i-l the bull
Commodore 56 and the (afterward) noted bull Czaij 273 in his dam Jennie 686. In
1855, among the noted ones, Mr. Norton imported the wonderful cow Pansy 8,
whose tested descendants outnundjer those of any other Jersey. Among the noted
bulls of later importations were Spi.kndid 2, by Mi-. Norton, St. IIeliek 45, by Mr.
O. S. Ilubbell, of Stratford, Rob Roy 17 and Pikkrot 636, by Mr. S. C. Colt, of
Hartford. Of tiie imported cows, sometime owned in the State, that have become
famous, are Dandelion 2521, Nancy Lee 7618, Coomassie 11,874, Ona 7840, and
Princess 2n 8046. Some of the noted bulls bred in the State are McClellan
25, Sam 980, Tom Dasher 42(1, Wetiiersfielt) 966, Living Storm 173, Monitor
878, Pierrot 2n 1669, Pierrot 7th 1667, Ralph 957, Champion of America 1567,
Bekswax 1931, Bristol Chief 1496, Hurrah 2814, Lord Bronx 2d 1730, Oxoli
1922, Rex 1330, and Superb 1956. Among the many famous Connecticut-bred
cows may be mentioned Pansy 6tii 38, Pansy 1019, Lady Ives 1708, Couch's
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 487
Lily 3237, Lucky Belle 2214, Volie 19,465, Hazen's Bess 7329, Hazen's Nora
4791, CHROiLA. 4572, Evelina of Verna 10,971, Value 2d 6844, and Landseer's
Fancy 2876. The first butter test reported in Connecticut was of Rose 240, by
Mr. John T. Norton, in tlie year 1853, yielding seventeen pounds of butter in
seven days.
The Ives Cow, in the first importation of 1850, Splendens 16, and
Splendid 2, each appear twice in the pedigree of LANDSEER'S FANCY
2876, the champion cow of the world, she having made the largest annual yield of
butter ever yet recorded.
MASSACHUSETTS.
According to the Herd Register, the first importation of adult bulls into
Massachusetts was made by Mr. Thomas Motley, in the year 1851. This importation
included Colonel 76, Typhoon 77, and " Gen. Lyman's Bull" 833, with such noted
cows as Flora 113 and Countess 114. In the previous year Mr. Samuel Henshaw,
of Boston, had imported the cows Daisy 382 and Buttercup 557 ; and Daniel
Webster imported for Mr. F. Haven, of Boston, the cow Jenny Lind 552. The bull
Sailor 169 was di'opped on shipboard for Mr. Henshaw, June 12th, 1850.
Of the later importations, Sam Weller 271, Cceue de Lion 318, Mr. Micawbee
556, Broker 873, Lopez 313, and Landseer 331, are worthy of celebrity.
Of imported cows. Dazzle 379 deserves to be held famous.
Among noted bulls bred in the State are Dick Swiveller Jr. 276, Cliff 176,
YicTOE 3550, and Homer H. 3683.
Of the famous Bay State bred cows are Maud Lee 2416, Meines 3d 7741,
Mink 2548, and Jersey Belle of Soituate 7828, the choicest model of perfection
ever known.
The first butter test ever reported was made in Massachusetts of the cow
Flora 118, by Mr. Motley, in February, 1853, when at three years old, eight
months from second calf, and two and a half months before third calf, upon
average feed, she made fourteen and a half pounds in seven days. After third
calf. Flora made five hundred and eleven pounds two ounces of butter in fifty
other states.
It appears from the Herd Register that John Glenn, of Baltimore, was the
pioneer breeder of Jerseys in Maryland, having imported cows in 1851.
In the State of New York Samuel Thome, of Thorndale, imported Jerseys in
1855, as did also R. L. Colt, of Paterson, in the State of New Jersey, and E. M.
Hopkins, of Philadelphia, Penn.
488 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
From tliese apparently feeble beginnings the growth of the Jersey interest has
gradually extended, until it now permeates nearly every State of the Union. At the
first there were many hindrances to rapid popularity and success ; for although the
earliest breeders were men of culture and high character, and possessed with
perseverance and persistency of purpose, j'et not until 1868 was there any movement
for establishing a pure Herd Kegister, nor any well-organized effort to insure
community of interest and establish jjure pedigree breeding upon an infallible basis.
The cattle were misnamed " Alderney," in England, and the same appellation was
applied liere, no race distinction being made between the cattle of the various Channel
Islands, except as they w'ere sometimes called " Jersey Alderney " and " Guernsey
Alderney." The majority of American breeders, however, greatly preferred the
cattle of Jersey, and bred them pure. Thei-e had been importations of cattle from
those islands into Pennsylvania as far back as the year 1817, or earlier, but the cows
were bred to native and mongrel bulls, and the value of the animals for all purposes
of thorough breeding was dissipated and lost.
The j)ioneer breeder of Canada was Mr. S. S. Stephens, of ^rontreal. An
importation of Jersey cattle made by him August 17th, 1868, consisted of the bull
Victor Hugo 197 and five cows from the Island of Jersey, besides the bull Defiance
196 and the cows Pride of Windsor -183, Amelia 484, and Juliet 485, from the
" Shaw Farm," Windsor Park, England. The Island cows, including Hebe 489,
dropped island-bred calves, all heifers, Hebe's calf being the since famous cow
Pauline 494.
These cattle, wOiose l)lood has been combined with the blood of stock imported
from England into Vermont, by Peter Leclair, has resulted in the St. Lam])crt strain,
that has become so far-famed for great butter tests, in the herd of Mr. Valancey E.
Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario.
THE AMEIilCAN JEESEY CATTLE CLUB.
The organization of the American Jersey Cattle Chib began, in the year 1868,
■with forty-three members, but not until the year 1875 did the first volume of the
Herd Eegister appear in print, containing the names of 539 bulls and 1427 cows, to
date of 1871.
In December, 1874, the number of Club members was 94. The organization was
incorporated by statute of the State of New York passed April 19th, 1880. The Club
has been very prosperous, and on August 15th, 1885, had an active membership of
JERSEY CATTLE IN AlfERICA. 489
370, distributed as follows : Alabama, 4 ; California, 7 ; Connecticut, 32 ; Delaware, 1 ;
Georgia, 5 ; Illinois, 8 ; Indiana, 9 ; Iowa, 3 ; Kansas, 1 ; Kentucky, 16 ; Louisiana, 3 ;
Maine, 4 ; Maryland, 17 ; Massachusetts, 35 ; Michigan, 2 ; Minnesota, 2 ; Mississippi,
10; Missouri, 6 ; New Hampshire, 3 ; New Jersey, 42; New York, 58 ; Ohio, 13 ;
Oregon, 1 ; Pennsylvania, 37 ; Khode Island, 10 ; South Carolina, 2 ; Tennessee, 14 ;
Texas, 1 ; Vermont, 8 ; Virginia, 2 ; West Virginia, 1 ; "Wisconsin, 9 ; Canada, 6.
Since its origin, in 1868, four members have resigned and iifty have died.
This body of men represents more wealth and infliience than any other similar
organization in the world. Besides the membership of the Club, there is a large and
rapidly increasing nmnber of breeders — about three thousand — scattered in every
portion of America.
HISTORY OF BUTTER TESTS.
In a prize essay for the Cattle Club written by Colonel George E. "Waring, Jr.,
and puljlished by the Club in 1871, mention is made of only one butter test, and that,
one that had been made eighteen years before the essay was written. The first
butter test, as before stated, was that of the cow Flora 113, in the year 1853. In
the same year Rose 240 was tested, yielding seventeen pounds in seven days.
From all the records and reports of butter tests that have been published, the
author of this work has compiled a talile numbering nearly 1100 cows, that have
yielded fourteen pounds or more in seven days. After Rose 240, in 1853, I find
no dated test vmtil a period of foiirteen years later, when the cow Eureka McIIenry
8341 was tested by Mr. A. E. Kapp, Northumberland, Pa., from June 5th to 11th,
1867, yielding fourteen pounds of iinsalted butter.
After another interval of more than five years a test of the imported cow
Jennie 766, from September 10th to 16th, 1872, by Mr. "W. B. Dinsmore, of
Staatsburgh, N. Y., yielded fourteen pounds nine ounces of butter.
Aboiit October 1st, 1872, began the test of the noted cow Pansy 1019, by Mr.
John H. SutlifF, Bristol, Conn. Pansy was five years old December 13th, 1871, the
test being concluded when she was a little more than six and a half years old, and
the yield 574f pounds of butter for one season between calves. The feed was, in
summer, pasture and two quarts of corn meal daily ; in winter two bushels of cut
hay and six quarts of meal daily, divided in two feeds, besides a feed of dry hay at
noon.
The cow Plenty 950 was tested in 1873, with a yield of 14|^ pounds at ten years
old.
The tests of Pansy 1019 and Couch's Lily 3237 gave a new impulse to Jersey
breeding, causing many to embark in what were styled " experimental herds."
490 JERSEY CATTLE IX AJfERICA.
Many of the tests that liave become tixed in Jersey history fail to show the date of
the test, tlie amount of feed, weight of milk, or age and weight of cow.
Of the tests as dated there were, in 1853, 2 ; in IStiT, 1; in 1872, 2 ; in 1873, 1 ;
in 1874, 4 ; in 1875, 5 ; in 1870, 6 ; in 1877, 5 ; in 1878, 8 ; in 1879, 4 ; in 1880,
14 ; in 1881, 35 ; in 1882, 79 ; in 1883, 185 ; in 1884, 190 ; in 1885, about 175.
The official tests made under the supervision of committees appointed by the
President and Directors of the American Jersey Cattle Club are dated as follows :
In 1882, 1 ; in 1883, G ; in 1884, 8 ; in 1885, 13.
Of the twenty-eight officially tested Jerseys, twenty -five cows gave larger yields
than by previously made private tests, and three cows gave smaller j-ields than by
private tests, the latter under adverse conditions.
QUAUTY OF AME14ICAX JERSEYS.
The American Jersey has been undergoing for many years a jirocess of refining
and improving, by the selection of butter bulls containing finer qualities of fibre and
anatomical conformation better adapted to produce butter dairy cows of a high
order. These qualities can be heightened by continual selection and through better
breeding, adliering strictly to butter-producing families and close inbreeding to the
best individuals in those families. As an instance of selection, the bull St. Ilelier
45 was bred to order on the Island of Jersey by Mr. Philip Quenault, of St.
Martin, for Mr. O. S. Ilubbell, of Stratford, Conn., Mr. Hubbell having pre-
viously employed competent persons iipon the island to make private butter
tests from milk purchased of the best breeders. These tests wei'o carried on for a
period of five years, having continued from 1862 to 1867, when St. Ilelier was bred,
out of a family that had been started some forty yeare before and inbred
continuously, and constituting the best butter-bred herd on the island. The dam of
St. Ilelier tested over three pounds of butter daily. For the bull calf dropped in
1868 the sum of $1500 was paid, which, with the previous e.xpeuses of testing
cows and cost of importation, brought the price up to S2500, then the highest price
that had been paid for a Jei-scy. The Jei-sey breed has been built up through
centuries of selection, and in certain families and strains has become such a grand
type that it cannot be improved by any cross with any other breed of dairy cattle ;
but it improves every dairy race upon which it is crossed, so that the best dairy
grades, cross-breds or full-breds, may be produced by the use of Jersey sires,
whatever may be the race of tlie dam.
The finest examples of Jersey breeding have been produced in America by
American breedei-s. The vicissitudes of our climate, ranging from the frozen
regions of Labrador to the orange-groves of Florida, the prairies of the "West, and
the mild climate of the Pacific coast, will in time develop new types of the Jersey.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 491
Already, under the magneto-electric intensity of our climatic conditions, the Jersey
of Several generations of American inheritance is of larger size and possessed of a
stronger constitution, while the grand characteristic faculty of cream-secretive power
has l^een intensified and increased. Selection of rare individuals and their inbred
progeny, with regard to increase of constitiitional vigor, will yet bring the average
of the Jersey breed to a much higher degree of perfection than has ever been
thought attainable by our best breeders.
JEESEY FOUNTAINS.
"Each fountain takes the force of vein it coucheth in." — Lidgate.
The following list of celebrated animals, beginning with the first Jersey bull
imported into America, is arranged in historical order of year of birth, or date of
importation when age is not given.
A. J. C. C. H. E. — American Jersey Cattle Club Herd Eegister.
J. H. B. — Jersey Herd Book.
E. H. B.— English Herd Book.
Italics in chart pedigrees or headings indicate imjjorted anhnals.
H. C. — Highly Commended, Jersey.
C. — Commended, Jersey.
E. J. A. S. — Eoyal Jersey Agricultural Society.
J. F. A. — Jersey Farmers' Association.
Full-face type indicates official butter tests of the American Jersey Cattle
Club.
Full-face italics indicate official butter tests of the Jersey Farmers' Association,
Island of Jersey.
Full-face capitals indicate that the animal so designated leads in a given
class or table.
Animals not recorded in tlie A. J. C. C. II. E. are designated by a dash .
The butter tests in the following tables include all that have been reported
directly to the author, as well as those reported in the ciuTcnt Jersey literature.
These tables are designed to include every cow that has made a seven-day test.
If any cow is included herein upon a partial or a fictitious report, the author
will be under great obligations to any one who will furnish connect information
regarding such animal, in order to enable him to revise and perfect the tables for
future editions of this work.
492
JERSEY GA TTLE IN AMERICA.
1850.
BULLS.
SPLENDENS 16.
Color, dark brown, l)lack and white. Imported in Brig Splendid by John A.
Taiutor, for Daniel Buck, -Ir., TIartford, C(
the year I85t)
TKSTEn nKSCENnANl>
HuTTSR Yield i
Canto 7194
25
15 lbs
12
oz.
Lady Greville 12,930 .
4iJ
14 lbs
. 6 oz
Pansy 1019 (rated) . .
13i
20 "
0
Maggie C. 13,316 . .
4|i
14 ■'
6 "
" O'ear) • •
574 "
8
"
Minnie Lee 2d 13,936 .
41 J
14 "
6 "
AImeda3842 ....
12+
15 "
5
"
Therese M. 8364 . . .
4H
14 "
2 "
Herberta8811 . . . .
10/j
15 "
5
"
Jessie Leavenworth 8248
4ii
14 ■■
0 "
Webster's Pet 4103 . .
n
14 "
2
VALUE 2d 6844 . .
3i
25 "
21i"
Maggie Mitchell .
Oi
18 "
13
LANDSEER'S FANCTi
Hcpsy 3d 12,008 . . .
Palestine 3d 1104 . .
6i
17 "
g
2y76
3i
21 '
16 "
16 "
8
^_
Lily Scituate 13,665 .
34
24 "
9J •■
Princess of Mansfield 807(
6i
15 •■
2
..
Hypathia 2d 14,774 . .
3i
19 "
184 "
New London Gipsy 11,66
• 6i
14 •■
8
Colt's La Biche 6399. .
3i
17 "
24 "
Silveretta 6852 . . .
•ili
16 ■'
9
Marie C. Magnet 22,903
3i
15 "
8 "
Tobira 8400 ....
415
15 "
16 "
13
9*
Palestina 4644 . . .
3i
15 "
14 ■•
8
GILT EDGE 0. 12,223
Prances C. Magnet 22,904
34
134 "
Princess Sheila 7297. .
m
15 "
8
Pet Clover 14,624 . .
lA
16 •■
8 "
Champion's Chloe 12,225
4H
15 •'
5i
Kosabel Hudson 5704 .
lA
15 "
12 "
Dairy C. 12,227 . . .
m
15 "
Oi
Grandiflora 9953 . . .
lA
15 "
8 "
Arnold's Lulu 7328 . .
4H
15 •'
0
Rosy Dream 9808 . .
lA
14 "
13 ■•
Coronilla 8367 . . .
m
14 "
9i
Total, 35 cowis.
1851.
BULLS.
COLOi
YEL 76.
Color, steel gray and white. First prize over Jersey. Dam reputed best cow on
island. Imported by Thomas Motley, Jamaica Plains, Mass., May 19th, 1851. He
was ricli and stylish, and left a good iinj)ress upon our earliest foundation stock.
ELORA 113.
Color, fawn and white. Imported May 19th, 1851, by Thomas Motley. Famous
for beauty and richness, and worthy of a place in history as the first cow tested for
one week and also for one year.
Butter yield in seven days, 14 lbs. 8 oz. Fifty weeks, 511 lbs. 2 oz.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
493
COUNTESS 114.
Color, fawn and white. Imported by Thomas Motley, 1851. Tested as an aged
cow. Butter yield in seven days, 16 lbs.
Flora 113 and Countess Hi were among the best in quality of the early impor-
tations.
Colonel 76 and Countess 111: form the background in many noted
among them Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 and Moss Eose of Willow Farm 5174. The
latter inlierited through four lines 35-^| per cent, of the blood of Countess 114, and
was the product of breeding son to dam.
1854.
BULLS.
CZAR 273.
Imported in dam Jennie 686, by John A. Taintor, Hartford, Conn., in 1854.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Dolly of Lakeside 10,824
31i
Clara of Lakeside 10,637 .
37tV
Sylvia 687
25
Cressy of Deerfoot 15,324 35
Jersey Belle of Scituate
7838
23A
Minnie of Scituate 17,829
19|J
Christmas Nannie 4075
12i
Abbie Z. 3d 14,742 .
13i
Countess Micawber 1759
12+
Patty of Deerfoot 15,324 .
13i
Deerfoot Girl 15,339 . .
13i
Darling of Neatham 20,086 13+
Polly of Deerfoot 15,328 .
13i
Dena of Deerfoot 15,325 .
12i
Daisy of Chenango 18,582
13i
Gilda 2779
12+
Cressy of Deerfoot 15,324 .
12+
Butter Yield in
S
EVEN DaT3.
14 lbs. 8 oz.
15
, Q -
15
' 8 "
14
' 0 "
25
' 3 ■■
14
■ 4+ •■
19
' 7 ■■
17
, 0 .,
16
, g .,
16
• 0 "
15
' 8 "
15
• 3 "
15
. Q .,
14
■ 8 "
14
, -j
14
' 6 "
14
• 0 "
Name. Pee Ceni
. Seven Dat
Belle of Scituate 7977 .
IIH
18 lbs
0
Pauline's Vivienne 11,305
IHi
16 •■
13
Lass of Scituate 9555 .
IIH
15 "
14
Thorndale Belle 5365 .
9i
14 "
8
Jenny Dodo H. 14,448 .
6i
21 "
8
Roland's Bonnie 2d 18,054
6i
19 "
3
PERCIE 14,937 . .
«,
18 •■
14 "
10
6+
Lily of Burr Oaks 11,001
6i
15 "
13
Scituate of Woronoco
18,040
5fJ
24 "
14
Lily Scituate 12,665
5|f
24 •■
9i
Lydia Libby 11,698 .
4H
15 ■'
3
Deletta 21,305 . . .
4U
14 ■'
15+
Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . .
3i
20 "
0
Snowdrop P. W. 16,948
3i
14 "
8
Total, 31 cow%.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
1856.
PANSY 8.
Color, light silver gray fawn. Imported by John A. Taintor for John T.
Norton, Farniington, Conn., in 1855.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blooii.
BiTTKB Yield
y
NAyi.
Feb Ce.xt. Sevem Days.
Pansy 1019 (rated) . .
37i
20 lbs. 0 0
'• " (.year) . .
37*
574
' 8
Lady Brown 433 .. .
25
14
■ 0
Champion Chloe 12,155
2H
15
' -H
.
Maggie 3d 3221 . . .
18i
17
• 8
Peggy Leah 3097. . .
m
18
' 12
Maggie C. 12,216 . .
15J
14
■ 6
Maggie May 2d 12.926 .
155
14
' (!
'
Webster's Pet 4103 . .
15t
14
• 2
.
Oktibbeha Duchess 4422
13*
16
• 14
Dimple 3248 ... .
12i
16
• 11
Ciwcadilla 3103 . . .
12i
15
• 12
Mary Clover 9998 . .
m
14
' 15
Lady Brown 4th 6911 .
12i
14
• 12
Linda 3d 3219 . . .
12*
14
' 3
Maggie May 3255 . .
12}
14
' 2i
May Blossom .5657 _. .
9f
18
' 11
Gabrielle Champion 14,10-
9f
17
' 8
Silveretta 6852 . . .
i>«
10
• 9
Princess Sheila 7297 .
»S
16
' 4i
Belle of Vermilion 879H
n
15
■ 14
Tobira8400 ....
n
15
• 13
OILT EDOE O. 12,223
9f
15
' 9i
Marie C. Magnet 22,903
9|
15
' 8
Dairy C. 12,229 . . .
9f
15
' 0*
Clover Bloom 9783 . .
9«
14
■ 14i
Coronilla 8367 . . .
9t
14
• 9i
Lady Greville 12,930 .
91
14
• 6
Minnie Lee 2d 12,941 .
9|
14
' 3
Tlierese M. 8364 . . .
9«
14
' 2
Jessie Leavenworth 8248
9«
14
• 0
Ethalka 2d 14,128 . .
m
15
• 0
Cordelia Baker 8814
m
17
' 9
Hurrah Pansy 12,153 .
m
14
• li
Celeste Cox 12,948 . .
m
20
• 8
Geranium 2d 7838 . .
6i
26 lbs
4i
Fadette of Verna 3d 11,122 6i
22 "
8+
TeneIlaG712 ....
6i
22 "
li
Croton Maid 5305 . .
6i
21 ■■
lU
Optima 6715 ....
6i
21 •'
8i
CEnone86U ....
Ci
18 "
15
Princess Jlostar 9700 .
Ci
17 "
3
Katie Bashford 15,982 .
Oi
17 "
0
Valhalla 5300 ....
6i
17 "
0
Jersey Cream 3151 . .
6i
17 "
0
Belle of Patterson 5664 .
Oi
16 "
10
Edwina 6713 ....
fii
15 "
13
Valerie 6044 ....
6i
15 ■■
13
Fanny Taylor 6714 . .
6i
15 "
12
Signalana 7719 . . .
6i
15 "
4
Aldarine 5301 . . .
6i
15 "
u
Oxalis606
6i
15 •'
0
01ie4133
6i
15 "
0
Heartsease 503 . . .
Ci
15 "
0
Lady Gray of HilUop 2,
14,641
Oi
14 "
12
Bloomfield Lady 6912 .
6i
14 "
12
Pansy K. 23,889 . . .
6i
14 "
9
Deborana4718 . . .
6i
14 "
8
La Pera 2d 13,404 . .
6}
14 "
8
Lilley Rex 9852 . . .
Ci
14 "
7
Lady Gray of Hilltop :i>
14,642
«i
14 ••
2
Creamer 2467 ....
Oi
14 "
1
Melody 26,891 . . .
6i
14 "
1
Elmora Mostar 15,9.55 .
H
14 "
0
Pansy 602
6i
14 "
0
Pet Clover 14,624 . .
58J
16 •'
8
Guinevere Sinclair 11,167
5H
14 ■•
9
Signetilia 16,333 . . .
m
14 "
3
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IEEJGA.
Name.
Polly Clover 7053 . .
Orphean 4636 . . . .
Chautauqua Queen 26,403
Bell Rex 11,700 . . .
'ER L■E^
4H
4ii
Butte
16 lbs
15 "
14 "
EN Days.
15 OZ.
11 "
Name.
Euphorbia 11,239
Lady Clarendon 3d
Adina 1943 . .
Blood. Butter Yiel
Peh Cent. Seven Da
. . 34 14 lbs. 91
7,578 34 14 " 54
9,1 14 " 4
14 "
10 ■■
Gem of Sassafras 8434
. 34
14 "
34
Clover Mel 16.159
444
14 "
9 "
Helve 4565 ....
34
14 "
0
Kate Daisy 8304 . . .
Baby Buttercup 10,888 .
Hazen's Nora 4791 . .
3|t
14 "
14 ■'
30 "
4 "
0 "
4 "
Alice Donald
Rosona 13,956 .
Belmeda 6329 .
• 2jV
■ 2ii
2{4
14 "
16 "
18 "
0
13
TETTE 20,803 . . .
17 "
6 "
Dollie Dale 16,140
. 3H
15 "
7
Flora Lee of Tennessee 769
t 3||
16 "
Fall Leaf 8587 .
■ 3ii
14 "
10
Frances C. Magnet 23,904
m
14 '•
134 "
Mollie Garfield 12,173
. ItV
22 ■'
13
VALUE 2d 6844 . .
3i
25 "
211"
Alberta Signal 18,611
. lA
20 "
11
Hazens Bess 7329 . .
Atlanta's Beauty 13,949
3i
3i
34 "
3 •■
Mary Norton 13,053
Rosaline of Glenmore 3
179 1/,
17 "
17 "
14
10
Lady Mel 2d 1795 . .
Fairy of Verna 2d 10,973
Hilda A. 2d 10,793 . .
3|
31 "
•0
Embla 4799 . . .
• lis
17 "
8
3i
30 "
3i "
Renalba 4117 . .
• lij
17 "
44
3i
30 "
0 ••
Creole Maid 11,017
. lA
16 ■'
15
Gardiner's Ripple 11,693
34
19 "
124 ■'
Herberta 8811 .
. lA
16 ••
15
EVELINA OF VERN^J
Joan d'Arc 3163
. lA
16 •'
134
10,971
3i
19 "
10 "
Willis 3d 4461 .
. lA
16 "
3
Tenella 2d 19,531 . .
34
18 "
12 "
Dom Pedro's Julian 863
1 . lA
16 "
0
Harmony 3d 17,118 . .
Signaldella 24,107 . .
Reckless 3569 ....
ChamomiUa 7553 . .
3i
3i
3i
34
18 "
18 "
17 "
16 "
8
li "
8 "
10 "
Mary Hinman 17,619
Arawana Buttercup 605
Arawana Poppy 6053
Bellini's Maid 15,170
. lA
3 • lA
• lA
. lA
15 "
15 "
15 "
15 "
114
5
2
14
Belle Mardi 18,363 . .
Olie's Lady Teazle 13,307
34
34
16 "
16 "
8 "
Ampelis 5th 17,548 .
Bellini La Biche 15,091
. lA
■ lA
15 "
14 ■'
0
144
Gazella 3d 9355 . . .
34
16 ••
3 "
Chillis of Hillcrest 9067
. lA
14 '■
13
Alhena 15,995 . . .
34
16 "
3 "
Thorndale Belle 5365
■ lA.
14 ■'
8
Dahlia ....
34
16 "
0 "
Belle of Uwchland 8468
. lA
14 "
7
Pansy Patterson 18,613
34
15 "
15 ■'
Susie La Biche 3d IS.l""
1. lA
14 '•
64
Rupertlna 10,409 . .
Ultima 14,456 . . .
Friz Cam 14,655 . . .
34
34
34
15 "
15 "
15 "
124 "
13 "
Marpetra 10,284 . .
Lebanon Daughter 610t
Prince's Bloom 9729
. lA
. lA
• lA
14 ■'
14 "
14 ■'
6
4
3
Enigma 5360 ....
Bronze Leaf 14,903 . .
34
15 •■
15 "
6 "
1 "
Lilian Mostar 10,364
Lebanon Lass 6108 .
. lA
. lA
14 "
14 "
3
Signal Maid 19,361 . .
Oxalis 3d 15,631 . . ,
34
34
15 "
15 •'
0 "
0 •■
Silene 4307 . . .
■ lA
14 "
20 "
0
Hillside Gem 16,640
• 0^
0
Earl Cow ...
34
15 "
0 "
Goldthread 4945 . .
■ Off
16 •'
9
Mary Clover 9998 . .
34
14 "
15 "
Louvie 3d 6159 . .
. Off
14 "
13
Duchess of Argyle 3758
Cowle's Nonsuch 6199 .
34
34
14 ■
14 •
13 "
13 •■
Roll of Honor 13,610
Nannie Fitch 9143 .
■ Off
■ Off
14 "
14 "
13
4
Magnibel7976 . . .
Jersey Cream 2d 8519 .
Reception 3d 11,035 .
34
34
34
14 '
14 •
14 '
13 "
12 "
10 '■
Duchess of Mane
30,838 . . .
ToUil, 154 cows.
les
• Off
14 ■'
0
given almost a full table of the tested descendants of this noted co'w to
496 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERIVA.
tlie seventli generation, in order to show the reuuirkable prepotency of tlie Pansy blood.
Although none of her near descendants were tested, yet this table shows that her
name appears in the pedigree of about one in seven of all the cows that have been
tested for butter. Her first calf, imported in dam, was the l)ull York 8, her last
calf the bull Living Storm 173. Among her daughters, which were all good cows,
were Pansy 2d 259, Pansy 5th 414, Pansy 6th 38, and Pansy 7th 13().
Pansy 6tli 38 was the best of her progeny, and gave twenty-four (piarts of milk
daily at the flush, but was never tested for butter.
In order to get Pansy 6th 38, ]\[r. S. W. Bobbins, of "Wetherstield, Conn.,
purcliased the whole herd of Mr. John T. Norton, comprising thirteen animals, and
including Pansy 8, with her daughters Pansy 4th, Pansy 5th, Pansy 6th and Pansy
7th. Mr. Robbins says that " Pansy 6th 38 was the handsomest and best cow he
ever owned, and that the Pansys were all remarkable for quality of milk, with
udders as near perfection as any seen to-day, and grand cows for yield."
The light silver fawn color of Pansy 8 and Pansy 6th 38, ^vith their peculiar
markings, I have seen in their descendants of the sixth and seventh generation,
although possessing but as small a fraction as ^^ or -^-^ of the Pansy blood.
1856.
SPLENDID 2.
Color, light fawn and white ; rich yellow skin. Imported l)y John A. Taintor,
of Hartford, for John T. Norton, of Farmington, Conn., in the Brig Splendid, May
30th, 1856, and kept at the head of the Norton Herd five years, when he was killed.
The daughters of Splendid were not generally tested, except for quality of
milk, some of them producing a pound of butter from less than four quarts of milk,
when fed with ordinary farmer's feed rations of that day. He was doubtless the
richest bull ever imported from Jersey, and his quality appears very richly in
LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876, the chanqjion cow of the world.
The solid color fashion had not begun to be entertained in his day by Jersey
breeders on this side of the Atlantic. His blood is obtainable in small percentage
only, but ought to be sought out and concentrated as much as possil)le in a family
line.
w
t
FLORALIA 6230.
Gouch's Lily — Clement— C'onius Type.
HIGHLAND HERD.
James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut.
JERSEY CATTLE IJSF A3IERICA.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood. Butter
Name. Per Cent. Sevej
Rose 3d 913 50 16 lbs.
Rose 2d 239 50 10 "
Lady Ives 1T08 .... 3T|- 18 "
Belle of Bloomfield 4331 . 874 14 "
(Maggie Mitchell) .25 IS "
Palestine 3d 1104 ... 25 16 "
Copper 1979 25 15 "
Maggie 3d 3321 . . . . 18J 17 "
Lady Ives 3d 6740 . . . 18 J 14 "
Louvie 3d 6159 .... 11-^^ 14 "
Maggie Rex 28,623 . . . 15| 17 "
Chloe Beach 3931 . . . 15| 14 "
Kate Daisy 8304 . . . . 15f 14 "
Rosa Miller 4333 .... 14^V 17 "
LANDSEER'S FANCY
2876 12.V 21 ■■
Queen Victoria . . 12^ l!l "
Pansy of Bellewood 2d 890 12A 18 "
Dusky 2535 12i 16 "
Couch's Lily 3237 . . . 12A 18 "
Alhena 15,995 . . . . 12i 16 "
Canto 7194 12* 15 "
Palestina 4644 . . . . 12* 15 "
Arawana Buttercup 6053 . 13^ 15 "
Rene Ogden 1568 . . . 13* 15 "
AbbieZ. 14,002 .... 12* 14 "
Zinal434 12* 14 "
Lady Fanning 11,169 . .12* 14 "
Fandango 12,908 . . . . 12i 14 "
Pretty 2526 12* 14 "
CARRIE LENA 3d
20,077 IIJI 16 '•
Bell Rex OfJ 14 -
Hazen's Nora 4791 . . . 9| 20 "
( 18 "
PERCIE 14,937 . . . 9f-;
( 14 "
Hepsy 2d 13,008 . . . . 9| 17 ■'
Arawaua Queen 5368 . . 9f 16 "
Calypris 5643 9| 15 "
Bloomfield Lady 6913 . . 9| 14 "
Kannie Fitch 9143 . . . 9| 14 •'
Elsie Lane 13,303 ... 8^ 15 "
Hazen's Bess 7329 . . . 7i| 34 "
Princess Belhvorth 6801 . 7jf 15 "
Favorite Rajah Rex 16,153 7|| 15 "
758
Lilley Rex 9853 .
Lottie Rex 18,757
.Jeannie Piatt 6005
Pet Rex 30,166 .
Dollie Dale 16,140
Attractive Maid 16,935
Gold Lace 10
Kitty Potter i
Medrena 3939
Mirth's Blanche 19,5
Abbie Z. 3d 14,743 ,
Golden Skin 10,861 .
Sister Rex 13,194
Polynia 10,753
Pride of Corisande 53
Rosabel Hudson 5704
Myrtle 3d 311 .
Cascadilla 3103
Ultima 14,456 .
Grandiflora 995:
Usilda 3d 6157
Rosy Dream 9808
Duchess of Argyle
Pansy K. 33,889 .
Kate Daisy 8304 .
Gem of Sassafras 8434
Lucy Gaines Buttercup .5058 6i
Chautauqua Queen 36,'
Fall Leaf 8587 . . .
Mollie Garfield 13,173 .
Lara 4306
Renall)a 4117 ....
Flora Lee of Tennessee 7
Mary Hinman 17,619 .
Arawana Poppy 6053 .
Bellini's Maid 15,170 .
Bellini La Biche 15,091
Magnibel 7976 . . .
Adinal942 ....
Rosy Kate's Rex 13,192
Herberta 8811 ...
VALUE 2d 6844 . .
Queen JIary of Woodlawn
11,659 . . .
Colt's La Biche
14 lbs.
14 "
14 "
14 "
6i
16
6i
15
6i
15
6i
15
6i
15
6i
15
6i
15
6i
14
6i
14
6i
14
6i
14
6i
14
6i
14
m
14
m
14
m
22
4U
17
m
17
m
16
m
15
^
15
m
15
m
14
m
14
4H
14
■m
18
m
16
3i
25
3i 23
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
LOOP, BUTTEB Tit
Kami. Per Ok:
Lizzie D. 10,408 . . . . 3i
Pride of Mashamoquet
Farm 6469 3i
Lady Alice of tlie Wilder-
ness 12,207 3i
Tobira8400 3i
Rollof Honor 13,610 . . 3i
Maud Lee 2d 8839 . . . 3i
Moiiocacy Dimple 9680 . 3i
Miami Prize 8100 . . . 3i
Ethalka 2d 14,128 . 2^ 15
Sister Casli 33,987 . . . 6i 14
Naue.
Pl« C»l
SlVM DaTB.
Milkmaid Felch 12,839
. m
16 lbs
7i 0
Alice Donald .
■ m
14 "
0 ■
Clover Bloom 9783 .
■ m
14 "
14i '
Belle of Uwchland 8468 . 2^^
14 "
7 '
Duchess of Manchester
20,832 ....
. m
14 "
0 '
Clover Mel 16,159 .
. m
14 "
9 '
Medrie Le Brocq 8888
■ h\
14 "
7 '
Marpetra 10,284 . .
■ lA
14 '•
6 '
Evaof Snipsic 17,650
• h\
14 "
1 '
PEINCE 55.
Color, light fawn and white. Dropped 1850. Bred by W. C. Wilson. Sire,
Commodore 56. Dam, Duchess 82.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Naue.
Bi.ooi.,
Pee Ce.s
Butte
EN Days.
Bloob,
Name. Per Ce.t)
Sex-
Yield i.
_N- Davs.
Grace 2d 919 . . . .
. 50
20 lbs
0 oz.
Grandiflora 9953 . . .
91
is lb.S.
8 OJ
Oxalis 606 .
. 50
0 "
Ada Minka 15,562 . .
9#
14 "
0 '
Reckless 3569 .
. 37*
17 "
8
Nan Day 17,192 . . .
Mary M.Allison 6308 .
20 "
4
Memento 1913
. 37i
14 "
5 ■'
20 "
14 '
Haddie 921 .
Oxalis 2d 15,631
. 25
. 25
0 "
0 "
Belle of Prospect 2d 14,32(
Florinanna 9862 . . .
6i
19 ••
17 "
0 ■
5 '
Mirth's Blanche 19,592.
. 184
13} "
Rose of Rose Lawn 9365
H
16 "
3 *
AUieMinka 15,562 . .
. 184
14 "
6+ "
Urbana5597 ....
6i
16 "
0 '
Cigarette 2849 . . .
Muezzin 3670 ....
. 184
. 184
14 "
4 "
0 "
Merry Burlington 7600.
Dark Cloud 9364 . . .
6i
6i
15 "
15 "
4 ■
3} '
Rosaline of Glenmore 31
79 12i
10 "
Enibla Brick 15.690 . .
6i
14 "
3 '
Embla4799
. m
17 "
8 "
PET OF ROSE LAWN
3i
18 ••
2i '
Maggie May 2d li
Naomi Cramer 86
Bonnie Yost 7943
,926 .
28. .
. 12}
. 12i
. 9*
18 "
6 "
0 "
3 "
11,326
Corn 10,504 ....
Total, 28 cows.
15 "
16 "
8} '
2 '
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBICA.
1858.
BULLS.
PILOT 3.
Color, fawn, with little white. Dropped on ship Stalwart, May 2d, 1858.
Imported by WilKam F. Potts, June, 1858.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Butter Yield
Name. Per Cent. Seven Days.
Silver Rose 4753 .... 25 16 llis. 14 <
Thisbe 607 35 15 " 13
Adiiial943 35 14 " 4
Beauty 184 30 " 15
Reiialba4117 18f 17 " 4+
Leoni 11,868 134 18 " 7
Thisbe 3d 3301 .... 124 19 " \\
Creole Maid 11,017 . . .13+ 16 " 15
Chamomilla 7552 . ... 13+ 16 " 10
Linda 3d 3319 .... 134 16 " 8
Flora Lee of Tennessee 7694 134 16 " 5
Lutea4563 134 16 " 3
Belle of Vermilion 8798 . 12i 15 " 14
Romp Ogden 3d 4764 . . 134 15 " 5
Kalmia4561 12i 15 " 0
Opaline 7590 134 14 " 10
Pixie 4115 134 14 " 0
Elmora Mostar 15,955 . . 131 14 " 0
Dollie Dale 16,140 . . . 9f 15 " 7
Alice Donald ... 7^ 14 " 0
Mollie Garfield 13,173 . . 6i 33 " 13
Mary M. Allison 6308 . . 6i 30 " 14
Roonan5138 6i 30 " 4
Belle of Prospect 3d 14,336 6J 19 " 0
Harmony 3d 17,118 . . . 6i 18 " 3
Bonnie Yost 7943 . . . 6i 18 " 3
Kaoli 18,980 6i 17 " 8
Safrano4568 6i 17 " 8
CeritaofMeadowbrook5056 6i 17 " 8
Mhoon Lady, 6560 . . . 6i 17 " 3
Princess Mostar 9700 . . 6i 17 " 3
Dudu of Linwood 8336 . 6i 16 " 15
Auria4567 6i 16 " 13
Pattie Mc 3d 4754 . . . 6i 16 " 8
Gossip 6165 6i 16 " 7
Urbana5597 6i 16 " 0
Fleurette of Linwood 13,918 6J 16 " 0
Kate Gordon 8387 . . . 6i 15 " 15
Zoe Henry 6693 . . . . 6i 15 " 14f
Per (
Mary Hinnian 17,619 .
Petite Mere 8516 . . .
Cenie Wallace 3d 6557 .
Bellini's Maid 15,170 .
Winsome of Ipswich 9313
Clover Bloom 9788 . .
Bellini La Biche 15,091
Florry Keep 6556 . .
Magnibel7976 . . .
Charmer 4771 ....
Mountain Lass 13,921 .
Epiga?a4631 ....
Susie La Biche 3d 15,171
Jaquenctta 10,958 . .
Gem of Sassafras 8434 .
Bintana9837 ....
Lillian Mostar 10,364 .
Lucetta 6856 ....
Queen of Prospect 11,997
Bathsheba 2556 . . .
Elmora Mostar 15,955 .
Erith 4564
Scituate of Woronoco 18,040
Hazen's Nora 4791 .
Jennette Montgomery 5177
Volie 19,465 ....
TETTE 20,803 . . .
Daisy Brown 13,313 .
Dot Buttercup 16,358 .
Arawana Buttercup 6053
Calypris 5643 ....
Dora Doon 13,909 . .
Fall Leaf 8587 . . .
Violet of Glencairn 10,231
Adora 18,569 . . .
Taglioni 9183 . .
Duchess of Manchester
30,838 3i
Total, 76 cows.
Seven Days.
15 lbs. 114 O
15 " 13 '
15 " 4J
15 " H
15 " 0
14 ■' 144
14 " 144
6i
14 ■
3
6i
14 '
3
6J
14 '
6i
14 •
6i
14 '
3i
34 '
14
3i
30 '
3i
30 ■
3i
18 '
3i
17 '
3i
17 '
6
3i
16 '
3
3i
15 '
5
3i
15 '
0
3i
15 '
0
3i
14 '
8
3i
14 '
4
3i
14 '
3
34
14 '
1
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICj
Colur, jcUuw and wli
Paterson, N. J.
PATERSON 11.
Dropped 185S. Bred by lieirs of li. L. Colt,
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood. Butter Yi
Xake. Pie Cent. S
Cowslip .5tli 849 .... 50 15 1
HlaiKlie 594 35 1«
VALUE 2d 6844 . . . 3U 26
Cliroiiiii 4572 18J 20
Vixen 7591 12i 17
Oktibbeha Duchess 4422 ,12* 17
Lucky Belle 2d 6037 . . 121 16
lauthe 8562 12i 16
Maggie May 3255 . . . 12i 14
Sue Gallagher 15,945 . . 9f 23
Geranium 2ii 7838 ... 61- 26
Fadelte of Verna 3d 11,122 6i 22
Tenella 6712 6i 32
Croton Maid 5305 . . . 6i 21
Optima 6715 6i 21
Fairy of Verna 2d 10,973 . 6i- 20
Leoui 11,868 6i 18
Roonan 5133 ^ 18
Jersey Cream 3151 . . . 6i 17
Silver Rose 4753 . . . . 6^ 16
Valhalla 5300 6i 17
Kate Gordon 8387 . . . 6i 15
(Enone 8614 Oi^ 15
Zithey 9184 6i 16
Valerie 6044 i.>i 15
Belle of Patterson 5664 . . Of 10
Edwina6713 i\\ 15
Urbana 5597 6^ 16
Fanny Faylor 6714 . . . 6^ 15
Signalana 7719 . . . . OJ 15
Aldarine 5301 6^ 15
Arnold's Lulu 7338 . . . (i^ 15
01ie4133 0^ 15
Cowles' Nonsuch 6199 . . (i^ 14
Pansy K. 23,889 . . . . ^^ 14
Maggie May 2d 12,926 . Oi 14
Maggie C. 12,216 ... 6^ 14
Kate Daisy 8304 . . . . GJ 14
Litza6338 6^ 14
Creamer 3467 6^ 14
VaricUa of Linwood 10.954 ()^ 14
Pixie 4115 6i 14
VlEI.I> IK
s Dat.s.
4 oz.
XA1.E. P
Guinevere Sinclair 11,167
Blood.
EE CE.N-T
. 4H
BuTTEE Yield ii
Seve.-! Date.
14 lbs. 9 o
0 ■'
6 "
Daisy Hamilton 18,301 .
Lady Mel 3d 1795 . .
Celeste Cox 12,948 . .
■ m
. 3i
14 •
21 •
20 "
0 '
0 •
8 '
6 "
Hilda A. 2d 11,130 . .
. 34
20 '
0 '
4 "
14 "
Gardiner's Ripple 11,693
EVELINA OP VERNj
. 34
19 "
124 •
10 "
10.971
H
19 "
lOi •
2i '■
Tcuella 2d 19,531. . .
34
18 ••
12 '
4i "
8i "
Harmony 2d 17,118 . .
Signaldella 34,107 . .
Reckless 3569 ....
34
. 34
34
18 "
18 "
17 '•
3 •
li '
8 '
U "
Patlie iMc 3d 4754 . .
. 34
16 "
8 '
Hi "
Celeste Cox 12,948 . .
34
16 "
4 '
8i "
Gazella3d9355 . . .
34
16 "
3 '
3i "
7 "
2 "
(Dahlia) ....
Ruperlina 10,409 . . .
Ultima 14.456 ....
34
34
34
16 "
15 "
0 •
124 '
13 '
0 "
Friz Cam 14,655 . . .
34
15 "
7 *
14 "
Sultana 3d 11,798 . .
34
15 "
4 •
0 "
15 "
14 "
Bronze Leaf 14,903 . .
Signal Maid 19,361 . .
Earl Cow . . .
34
34
34
15 "
15 "
15 "
1 '
0 ■
0 *
7 "
01ie4133
34
15 "
0 ■
13 •'
Duchess of Argyle 3758
34
14 "
13 •
6 "
13 "
Jersey Cream 3d 8519 .
Reception 3d 11,035 .
34
34
14 "
14 "
12 *
10 ••
0 "
12 "
Euphorbia 11,229 . .
Lady Clarendon 3d 17,578
34
34
14 "
14 "
9f "
.54 ••
4 "
Gem of Sassafras 8434 .
34
14 ■•
34 "
n "
Signetilia 16,333 . . .
34
14 ■•
3 "
0 "
Fall Leaf 8587 . . .
2U
14 •'
8
0
Atlanta's Beauty 12,949
21 "
3 "
12 "
Alberta Signal 18,611 .
Polly Clover 7052 . .
Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307
20 "
16 "
16 "
11 "
15 "
6 ■•
4 "
Pansy Patterson 18,613
Orphean 4636 ....
15 "
15 "
15 "
7 "
3 "
Clover Bloom 9788 . .
lA
14 '•
644 "
1 "
1 "
Lady Gray of Hilltop 3(
14,642
h"«
14 ■'
2 "
0 ••
Total, 81 com.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
COM US 54.
Color, French gray ; black nose, black around eyes. Imported in dam Diana
77, by John A. Taintor, Hartford, for John Eidgely, of Hampton, Baltimore
County, Md. Dropped May 3d, 1858.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
Bdtte
t Yield in
Slood,
BuTTEK Yield m
Name.
Pie Cm
T. SkV
.N DATS.
Name. Peb Ceni
Sev
EN Days.
Plenty 950 ....
50
14 lbs
8 oz.
Cornucopia 3414 ....
6i
15 lbs
12 oz.
Eugenie Chouteau 6186
341
24 "
8 "
Naomi's Pride 16,745 . .
6i
15 "
2 "
Lillie Pope 8589 . . .
341
14 •■
5 "
Bessie Ridgely 8393 . . .
6i
14 "
114 "
Zampa 2194 .
35
18 "
0 ••
Celia Belle 5865 ....
6i
14 "
3 "
Haddie 921 .
25
16 '•
0 "
Ada Minka 15,562 . . .
6i
14 "
0 "
Allie Minka 2982
25
14 "
6+ ■•
Mary Norton 13,052 . .
6i
17 ■'
14 "
Turquoise 1129
25
14 '■
3 "
Miami Prize 8100 . . .
6i
14 "
0 "
Nellie 1507 .
25
14 "
2 "
Alberta Signal 18,611 . .
4U
20 '■
11 "
Mother Carey 11,746 .
211
27 "
H "
Cerita of Meadowbrook
Jessie Lee of Labyrintl
5056
34
17 "
8 "
5290
m
14 "
7 "
Maudine of Elmwood 8718
Pattie Mc 3d 4754 . . .
3i
3i
16 "
16 "
15 "
Sunset of Pleasant View
13,071
13/s
15 "
3 "
Lily of Maple Grove 5079
3i
16 "
3 "
Beulah of Baltimore 3370
12+
14 "
61 "
Dot Buttercup 16,358 . .
3i
16 "
2 "
Buttery 3502 ....
13i
14 "
1 "
Gledelia 10,524 ....
3i
15 "
13 •'
Queen of De Soto 13,318
9|
14 "
13 "
Fancy Juno 6086 . . .
3i
15 "
10 "
Putnam Belle 13,116 .
9|
14 "
0 "
Oitz 8649
34
15 "
1 ■'
Valma Hoffman 4500 .
6i
31 ■■
0 "
Alice of the Meadows 20,748
34
14 "
12 "
The Widow's Daughte
Gold Princess 8809 . . .
34
14 "
13 "
11,507
6i
19 "
8i ■'
Halsie McCurdy 13,379 .
34
14 "
34 "
Harmony 2d 17,118 . .
6i
18 "
3 "
Litza6338
34
14 "
3 "
Conover's Beauty 12,650
6i
18 "
0 "
Pixie 4115
34
14 "
0 "
Cyrene4th480 . . .
6i
17 "
1 "
Rose of Rose Lawn 9365 .
1t\
16 "
3 "
Lady Josephine 11,560 .
6i
16 "
llf "
Dark Cloud 9364. . . .
lA
15 '■
34 "
Ochra 2d 11,816
6i
16 "
6i "
Total, 45 cows.
1859.
BULLS.
DICK SWIVELLER JE. 276.
Color, fawn and white. Bred by B. D. Godfrey, Milford, Mass. Dropped
April, 1859.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Butteb Yield in
Name. Pee Cent. Seven Days.
Countessof Lakeside 12,135 75 19 lbs. 7 oz.
Jersey 3260 50 15 " 6 "
Minnie of Scituate 17,829 401 14 " 44 "
Name. Peb Cent. Seves
Jersey Belle of Scituate
7838 374 35 lbs.
Eupidee's Perfection 30,175 374 15 "
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Nake. Pzb Cix:
Clara of Lakeside 10,827 25
Dolly of Lakeside 10,834 35
Gilda 3779 25
Belle of Scituate 7977 . . ISJ
Pauline's Vivienne 11,305 ISJ
Lass of Scituate 9555 . .18}
Jersey Queen of Barnct
851 lbs. 1 oz. in one j'car 13+
Lily of Burr Oaks 11,011 . 131
Scituate of Woronoco 18,040 m
BCTTEE TlKI-D IH
BlOOD.
BCTTEB YiEL
Seveh Datb.
Sua.
Pm CIS-
r. Seven Dat
15 lbs. 0 oz.
Lily Scituate 12,665 .
. 91
24 lbs. 9i
14 " 8 "
Effie
. 6i
23 " 2
14 " 6 "
Jenny Dodo H. 14,448 .
. 6i
31 " 8
18 " 0 '•
Roland's Bonnie 2d 18.054 6i
19 " 2
16 " 13 "
Dove Dee 18,059 . .
■ 6i
15 " 3
15 " 14 '•
Snowdrop P. W. 16,948
. 6i
14 " 8
Eva
. 6i
14 " 0
19 " 4 •■
Nan Day 17,193 . . .
• 4H
30 " 4
15 " 13 "
COWS.
PRINCESS 836.
Color, dark fawn. Dropped 1859. Imported 1861, from Jersey, by H. Kulin.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Blood, Buttee Yield in
Pee Cent. Seven Days.
Name,
Blood, Buttee Yield im
Feb Ce.\i. Seven Days.
Wybie 595 75
17 lbs
4 oz.
Lucky Belle 2d 6037
. 3J 16 lbs
14 oz.
Chenie 4570 . .
371
19 "
71 "
Gos.sip (iior> . . .
. 3J 16 "
7 "
Thisbe 607 . .
37A
15 "
10 "
Juli:i Evelyn 0007 .
. 3J 15 "
151 "
Thisbe 2d 2201 .
18f
H "
GILT EDGE C. 12,23
3 . 3J 15 "
94 "
Chamomilla 7552
18}
10 "
Valerie 6044 . . .
. 3J 15 "
13 "
Ma Belle 4942 .
18}
0 "
Duchess Caroline 3d 60
11 . 3J 15 "
8 "
Adina 1942 . .
Belle of Ogden Parr
Princess Mostar 9700
nl57C
18}
124
91
W "
4 "
0 "
3 "
Arawana Buttercup 60^
Arawana Poppy 6053
Bettie Di.xon 4527 .
3 . 3J 15 "
. 3J 15 "
. 3J 15 "
5 "
2 "
0 "
Lillian Mostar 10,364 .
Elniora Mostar 15,955 .
9|
9|
14 "
3 "
0 "
Plorry Keep 6556 .
Coronilla 8367 . .
• 3J 14 "
• 3J 14 ■'
14 "
91 ■•
Mamie Coburn 3798 .
6i
18 "
4 "
Pride of the Hill 4877
. 3J 14 "
8 "
Rose of Hillside 3866 .
6i
31 "
Maggie May 2d 12.926
. 3J 14 ••
6 "
Maggie May 3255 . .
Gilt Edge 3d 4430 . .
Maculae 24,277 . . .
Hazcn's Nora 4791 . .
Rosebud of AUerton 635J
6i
3J
15 "
20 ■'
19 "
21 ■'.
0 "
3 "
4 "
13 ••
Maggie C. 12,216 .
Plamant 11,270 . .
Minnie Lee 3d 6009 .
Starkvillo Beauty 4897
■ 3J 14 "
• 3J 14 "
. 3| 14 "
. 3J 14 "
6 "
2 '■
3 •'
0 "
Marea 10,167 . .
.
3J
17 "
10 <■
Total, 36 ccmi.
JERSEY CATTLE IIST A3fEJiICA. 503
1860.
BULLS.
SIB CHARLES 131.
Imported 1860, from Prince Albert's Shaw Farm, Windsor, England, by Com-
modore E. F. Stockton, New Jersey. (Age not given.)
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name. P
Monmouth Duchess 4th
Blood, Bcttee Yield in
EB Cent. .Seven Days.
Blood,
Name. Pie Cen
Monmouth Duchess 3895 . 35
BuTTEB Yield i
14 lbs. 7 0
7129
62i
18 lbs. 0 oz.
Countess of Warren 3896 . 25
14 "
0 '
Tamy2d7135 . . .
Monmouth Duchess 3fl
62+
16
' 4 ..
Lady Conover 3d 17,589 . 15i
Tamy Lowndes 35,316 . 151
20 "
16 "
0 '
3 '
4620
62+
14
' 7 "
Countess Lowndes 26,874 . 12+
17 "
8 '
Violet 273
Carrie 3894 ....
50
50
17
16
' 8 "
' 8 ■■
Lady Warren 12,168 . . 12+
Ida of Bear Lake 6169 . . 12+
16 "
16 "
7
0
Warren's Duchess 4622
Tamy 3d 7127 . . .
Dot of Bear Lake 6170
50
31i
25
16
16
19
' 1 "
' 0 •'
' 4 ..
Mary's Silver Drop 14,325 12^
Duchess of Dudley 8670 . 12i
Lena Lowndes 23,203 . . 13i
15 "
15 "
14 "
4i '
0
7
Princess Imperial 11,620
25
18
' 15 "
Niobe's Alpheanette 33,336 6i
33 "
10* '
Mary of Bear Lake 6171
My Queen 12,614 . .
25
25
15
15
' 14 "
' 8 "
Total, 22 cows.
MARY LOWNDES 273.
Imported in autumn of 1860, from Prince Albert's Shaw Farm, Windsor,
England, by Commodore R. F. Stockton, New Jersey. (Age not given.)
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Violet 272 50 17 i
Carrie 3894 50 16
Monmouth Duchess 4th
7129 35 18
Tamy 2d 7125 .... 25 16
Warren's Duchess 4622 . 35 16
My Queen 13,614 ... 35 15
Monmouth Duchess 3895 . 35 14
Monmouth Duchess 3d
4630 25 14
Countess of Warren 3896 . 35 14
Dot of Bear Lake 6170 ..13* 19
Princess Imperial 11,630 . 12* 18
Yield in
Blood,
BUTTEE Yield
N Days.
Name. Pee Cent. Seve
N DATS.
8 oz.
Lady Warren 12,168 . . 13*
16 lbs
7 0
8 "
Ida of Bear Lake 6169 . . 12*
16 ■'
0
Tamy 3d 7127 .... 12*
16 "
0
0 "
Mary of Bear Lake 6171 . 12*
15 "
14
4 "
Duchess of Dudley 8670 . 13*
15 "
0
Lena Lowndes 23,202 . . 13*
14 "
7
8 "
Niobe's Alpheanette 33,336 6i
33 "
10*
7 "
Lady Conover 2d 17,589 . 6*
30 "
0 '
Countess Lowndes 26,874 . 6i
17 "
8 '
7
Tamy Lowndes 25,316 . . 6J
16 "
2 '
15 "
Mary's Silver Drop 14,325 6*
15 "
4* '
Total, 23 cows.
504
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEBIC A.
18G1.
CHARLESTON 1.
Color, fawn, dnn, and wliite. Imported in dam Princess 836, September, 1861,
by H. Kulm. Dropped October, 1861.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
>'amb. I'EB Cent. Seven Dats.
Wybie595 50 17 lbs. 4 oz
Ma Belle 4943 37i 15 " 0 "
Adinal943 37i 14 " 4 "
Chenie4570 25 19 " 7i "
Thisbe607 25 15 " 10 "
Belle of Ogden Farm 1570 25 14 " 0 "
Tlilsbe2d2301 . . . . 12i 19 " U "
Mamie Coburn 3798 ..12^ 18 " 4 "
Chamomilla 7553 .. . . 12* 16 " 10 "
Rose of Hillside 3866 . . 12J 14 '■ 3J "
Maggie May 3355 . . .12* 14 " 2i "
Gilt Edge 2d 4420 . . . 12i 14 " 0 "
Hazen's Nora 4791 . . . 6i 20 " 4 "
Rosebud of Allerton 6353 6i 19 " 12 "
Marea 10,167 6i 17 " 10 "
Princess Moster 9700 . . 6i 17 " 3 "
Lucky Belle 2d 6037 . . 6i 16 " 14 "
Emma Hudson 12,469 . . 6i 16 " 8 "
Gossip 6165 6i 16 " 7 "
.Tulia Evelyn 6007 . . . 6i 15 ■■ 1.5+ "
Valerie 6044 6i 15 " 13 "
GILT EDGE O. 12,223 . 6i 16 " 9i "
Duchess Caroline 3d 6041 6i 15 " 8 "
Arawana Buttercup 6052 . 6i 15 " 5 "
1863.
BULLS.
McCLELLAN 25.
Color, French gray, black muzzle. Bred by William Eedmond, Connecticut.
Dropped January 27tli, 1862.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Pansy 1019 (rated)
574i lbs. in one year.
Champion's Chloe 13,335 . 849
Lady Mel 2d 1795
Bl/)OD,
BCTTER Tuld is
Kami.
Pee lex-
r. Seve.-( Datb.
Arawana Poppy 6053 .
. 6i
15 lbs
2 oz
Bettie Di.xon 4527 . .
. 6i
15 "
0 "
Florry Keep 6556 . .
. 6i
14 "
14 "
Coronilla 8367 . . .
. 6i
14 "
9i "
Pride of the Hill 4877 .
. 6i
14 "
8 "
Maggie May 3d 13,936 .
. 6J
14 "
6 "
Maggie C. 12,216 . .
. 6i
14 "
6 "
Minnie Lee 2d 6009 . .
. 6i
14 "
3 "
Lillian Mostar 10,364 .
. 6i
14 "
3 "
Flamant 11.270 . . .
. 6i
14 "
3 "
Elmora Mostar 15,955 .
. 6i
14 "
0 "
Starkville Beauty 4897 .
. 6i
14 "
0 "
Vivalia 12,760 . . .
. 6i
14 "
0 "
Little Han 8004 . . .
. 6i
14 "
0 "
Atlanta's Beauty 12.949
• 3 J
31 "
3 "
Gabrielle Champion 14,
102 3J
17 "
8 "
Arraon 10,863 . . .
. 3J
16 "
13i "
Maculae 24,277 . . .
. 3i
15 "
3 "
Mountain Liiss 13,921 .
. 3J
14 "
9 "
Marpetra 10,384 . . .
. 3i
14 "
6 "
Therese M. 8364 . . .
. 3J
14 "
2 "
Le Rosa 10,078 . . .
• H
14 "
0 "
Total, 46 cwBi.
Blood. Bi-ttek Yield is
Feb Cent. Seves Davs.
Name.
Blood, Butteb Yield xs
PlB Cest. Seven Dats.
. 37i 20 lbs. 0 OZ.
Lady Brown 433 . .
. . 25 14 lbs. 0 OZ.
Ethalka 2d 14,128 .
. . 22ii 15 " 0 "
.849 15 " 5i "
VALUE 2d 6844 .
. . 18} 26 " 2ii "
. 35 21 " 0 "
Maggie 3d 3221 . .
. . 15S 17 " 8 "
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Blood
Bdtter Yield
Name.
Pek Cen
T. Seven Days
Louvie 3d 6159 . . .
151
14 lbs
13
Maggie May 2d 12,926 .
15i
14 "
6
Maggie C. 12,316 . .
151
14 "
6
Webster's Pet 4103 . .
151
14 "
2
Peggy Leah 3097 . .
12*
18 "
12
Kitty Potter 9893 . .
m
18 "
5
Dimple 3248 ....
13i
16 '■
11
Cascadilla 3103 . . .
12+
15 "
12
Arawana Queen 5368 .
12i
15 "
9
Romp Ogden 2d 4764 .
13+
15 "
5
Mary Clover 9998 . .
m
14 ■'
15
Lady Brown 4tli 6911 .
13+
14 '■
12
Bloomfield Lady 6913 .
13+
14 "
12
Lilley Rex 9853 . . .
13+
14 "
7
Halsie McCurdy 12,379
13+
14 ■■
3i
May Blossom 5657 . .
9|
18 "
11
Gabrielle Champion 14,10
J 91
17 "
8
Silveretta 6852 . . .
91
16 "
9
Princess Sheila 7379 .
91
16 "
4+
Tobira8400 ....
91
15 "
13
GILT EDGE C. 12,223
9*
15 "
9*
Marie C. Magnet 22,903
9f
15 "
Oi
Coronilla 8367 . . .
91
14 "
9i
Guinevere Sinclair 11,167
9f
14 ••
9
Maggie May 2d 12,926 .
91
14 "
6
Lady Greville 12,930 .
91
14 ■'
6
Maggie C. 12,316 . .
91
14 "
3
Minnie Lee 2d 12,941 .
91
14 "
3
Webster's Pet 4103 . .
H
14 "
2.
Therese M. 8364 . . .
91
14 "
3
Jessie Leavenworth 8248
Jersey Cream 3151 . .
Ultima 14,456 . . .
Forget-Me-Not-0 10,564
01ie4133
Mary Clover 9998 . .
Deborana 4718 . . .
La Pora 2d 13,404 . .
Creamer 12.467 . . .
Romp Ogden 3d 5458 .
Fall Leaf 8587 . . .
Polly Clover 7053 . .
Pet Clover 14,634 . .
Alhena 15,995 . . .
Lady Gray of Hilltop 2d
14,641 ....
Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d
14,643
Baby Buttercup 10,888
Celeste Cox 12,948 . .
Hazen's Bess 7329 . .
Hazen's Nora 4791 . .
CEnone 8614 ....
Alfleda6744 ....
Pansy Patterson 18,612
Frances C. Magnet 22,904
Jersey Cream 3d 8519
Gem of Sassafras 8434
Total, 63 cowi.
4^ 14
6i 14 '
' 8
6i 14 '
' 1
6i 14 '
1
5^ 14 •
' 8
4U 16 '
15
4H 16 '
' 8
4ii 16 '
' 3
^\ 14
' 3
4U 14 '
' 0
3i| 30
' 8
3| 24 '
' 11
3J 20 '
' 4
31- 18
' 15
%\ 16
' 5
3^ 15 '
' 15
3i 14
' 13J
%\ 14 '
' 12
31 14
' 3J
KOXBUKY 247.
Color, fawn upon back and sides, shading into gray and black. Dropped 1862,
Bred by Jonathan French, Massachusetts. Sire, Commodore 229. Dam, Rose 709.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Blood, Butte
Pee Cent. Seve
1 Yield in
•J DATS.
Name.
Blood
PiB Cen
Buttee Yield
Angela 1682 . . .
. . 50
14 lbs
3 oz.
Roonan5133 ....
. 13+
30 lbs. 4
Belle Dawson 8270 .
. . 37i
18 ■'
3 "
Lara 4306
. 13+
17 •• 8
Pattie Mc 3d 4754 .
. . 87+
16 •■
8 "
Kate Gordon 8387 . .
. 12+
15 " 15
Duchess of Bloomfield 3653 35
20 "
0+ '■
Lorella 12,913 . . .
. 13+
14 " 7
SULU4705 . . .
. . 35
17 ■■
15 "
Litza6338
. 12*
14 " 3
Vixen 7591
or,
17 "
6
Variella of Linwood 10 954. 1 o,j
14 " 1
Letitia3977 . . .
. 35
15 "
5 "
Pixie 4115
. 134
14 " 0
Bathsheba 2556 . .
. . 35
14 "
ETHLEEL 2d 33,391
. 6i
30 " 15
Urbana5597 . . .
. . 18f
16 "
0 "
Jeunette ^Montgomery 51
77 6i
30 " 0
Lucetta6856 . . .
. . 18f
14 "
3 "
Bonnie Yost 7943 . .
. 6i
18 '■ 2
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Leoiii 11,868 ....
B..OOD. BlTTtE T..LD
Peu Cknt. Ss\in Dais.
6i 18 lbs. 2 c
Dudu of Linwood 8336
6i 16 " 15
Silenta 17,685 . . .
6i 15 '■ 10
Fall Leaf 8587 . . .
6i 14 " 8
Epigica 4631 ....
Jaquenetta 10,958 . .
6i 14 " 7
6J 14 " 6
Adora 18,509 6i
Silene4307 6i
Jule3640 6i
Lady of Otsego, 26,671 . 6i
Putnam Belle 12,116 . . ^
Total, 31 cows.
COWS.
PANSY 6th 38.
Color, light silver fawn; silver white saddle on withers.
Norton, Farmington, Conn. Dropped February 16th, 1862.
Dam, Pansy 8.
Bred by John T.
Sire, Paterson 11.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
Name. Pm Ceu
Bdtteb Yiild in
r. Seven Daib.
NAME.
Blood,
Feb Cen
BcTTiB Yield
r. Seven Days
Oktibbeha Duchess 4422
. 25
17 lbs
. 4 oz.
Harmony 3d 17,118 .
. . 6i
18 lbs
. 3
Lucky Belle 2d 6037 .
Maggie May 3255 . .
Maggie 3d 3221 . . .
Geranium 2d 7838 . .
25
. 25
18i
12*
16 ■'
14 "
17 "
26 •■
14 "
2i "
8 ■'
4i "
Signaldella 24,107 .
Gazella 3d 9355 . .
Pan.sy Patterson 18,613
. 6i
. . 6]
. . 6i
. 6i
18 "
17 ••
10 ••
15 '■
If
6
3
15
Tenella6712 ....
12+
22 "
1+ "
Rupertina 10,409 . .
. 6i
15 "
12+
Croton Maid 5305 . .
12i
21 ■'
Hi "
Ultima 14,456 . . .
. 6i
15 ■•
13
Optima 6715 ....
13i
21 "
8i "
Friz Cam 14,655 . .
. 6i
15 '■
7
(Eiione 8614 ....
12+
18 "
15 •'
Signal Maid 19,361 .
. 6i
15 "
0
Valhalla 5300 ....
12+
17 "
0 "
OIie4133 ....
. 6i
15 "
0
Jersey Cream 3151 . .
Belle of Patterson 5664
12+
12+
17 ■'
16 "
0 "
6 "
Duchess of Argyle 375
Jersey Cream 2d 8519
3 . 6i
. 6i
14 "
14 ••
13
12
Edwina 6713
12+
15 "
15 "
13 ■'
Euphorbia 11,399 .
Pansy K. 23,889 . .
. 6i
• 6i-
14 "
14 "
9}
Valerie 6044 ....
12^
9
Fanny Taylor 6714 . .
Signalana 7719 . . .
12+
12+
15 "
13 •■
13 "
Lady Clarendon 3d 17
Gem of Sassafras 8434
578 6i
. 6i
14 "
14 "
3i
Aldarine 5301 ....
Maggie C. 12,216 . .
Maggie May 2d 12,936 .
Creamer 2467 ....
13+
15 "
14 "
6 "
Signetilia 16,333 . .
Fall Leaf 8587
. 6i
5J£
14 "
14 "
3
12i
12+
14 "
14 "
6 "
1 "
Alberta Signal 18,611
one's Lady Teazle 12,3
. 3i
07. 3i
20 •'
16 "
11
5
Guim.vcrc Sinclair 11,107
9f
14 "
9 "
Dahlia . . .
. 3+
16 ■'
0
VALUE 2d (i,s44 . .
0}
25 "
2i; •'
Orphean 4636 . . .
. 3i
15 "
7
Fadettcof Vcrna3dll,12i
6i
22 "
8+ "
Bronze Leaf 14,902 .
. 34
15 "
1
Atlanta's Beauty 12,949
Lady Mel 2d 1795 . .
6i
6i
21 "
21 "
3 •'
0 "
Earl Cow . .
Clover Bloom 9788 .
. 34
. 34
15 "
14 "
0
14*
Celeste Cox 12,948 . .
6i
20 "
8 "
Louvie 3d 6159 . .
. 34
14 "
13
Fairy of Verna 2d 10,793
Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . .
Ganlimr's Uipple 11,093
EVELINA OF VERN/
6i
6J
6i
L
20 "
20 ■■
19 "
3J "
0 "
12i '■
Cowle.s' Nonsuch 6199
Lady Gray of Hilltop
14 641
. 34
2d
. 34
14 ••
14 "
14 "
12
12
Monocacy Dimple 9680
. 34
3
10,971
Tenella 2d 19,521 . .
6i
6i
19 "
18 "
10+ "
12 "
Lady Gray of Hilltop
14,642
3d
. 34
14 "
2
May Blos,som 5657 . .
6i
18 "
11 "
Total, 62 cwoa.
JERiiEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIC A. 507
1863.
BULLS.
SAM WELLER 271.
Color, fawn, brown and white. Dropped 1863. Imported from Island of
Jersey, by E. F. Bowditcli, Massachusetts, August, 1864.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
Name. Feu Cen
BoTTEii Yield in
. Seven Days.
Blood, EnxTEn Yield
Name. Per Cent. Seven Dats
Hilda 2d 5447 50
28 lbs. 5 oz.
Jer.sey Queen of Barnet — 12*
19 lbs. 4
HILDA D. 6683 .... 50
Hilda A. 3d 11,130 ... 25
Hennie 3335 25
21 " 2* «'
20 " 0 "
15 " 0 "
851 lbs. in one year.
Lily of Burr Oaks 11,001 . 12*
Niva7523 13+
15 " 13
15 " 8
Masena 35,732 . . . . 12i
8995i lbs. milk and 892 lbs.
30 •' 7 "
Nibbette 11,635 . . . . 13|
Nordheim Creamer 9758 . 12^
HuUa 7898 6i
14 " 7
14 " 0
3 oz. butter in one year—
Roland's Bonnie 2d 18,054 6i
19 " 3
902 lbs. 3 oz. in one year
Snowdrop F. W. 16,948 . 6i
14 " 8
and eleven days.
Total, 13 cows.
For Sam Weller type, see portrait of HILDA D.
EEGINA, P. 32 J. H. B.— H. C.
Color, brown and white. Dropped 1863. A noted prize-winner, taking First
Prize over Jersey as a yearling. Second Prize over Jersey as a two-year-old. First
Prize over Jersey in Aged Cow Class, and reputed to have made eighteen pounds
of butter (Jersey weight) in seven days' Sire, Old Noble. Dam, Mignonne.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name. Pee Ceit
. Seve
N DATS.
Name.
Pee Cen
. Sev
N Days.
Regina 4th 13,732 . .
50
17 lbs
13i OZ.
Saragossa 33,019 . . .
. 134
15 lbs
. 2 OZ
Regina3d2475 . . .
50
14 "
8 "
Kate Pansy 15,177 . .
. 124
15 "
1 "
Chrome Skin 7881 . .
35
20 "
10 "
Regina's Guide 16,863 .
. 124
14 "
12 "
Merry Duchess 13,693 .
25
18 "
94 "
Ccsetta 15,991 . . .
. 134
14 "
11 "
Sultane 2d 11,373 . .
25
16 "
8 "
L'Etoile Du Nord 16,419
. 124
14 "
9 "
Walkyrie 5708 . . .
25
14 "
1 "
Tale-Bearer 24,535 . .
. 134
14 "
8 "
MAMELLE 20,804 .
12i
21 "
8i "
Brown Princess 30,941
. 124
14 '•
8 "
Calendine 9415 . . .
13i
20 '•
5 "
Sultan's Lily 18,099 .
. 124
14 "
0 "
13+
17 ••
6 "
Signaldella 34,107 . .
. 6i
18 "
If "
Bramballetta 10,451 . .
12i
16 '•
4 "
Total, 19 coim.
Butter Yield i
ALPHEA 171.
Color, solid brown fawn ; black points. Sire, Saturn 94. Dam, Ehea 166. Bred
by E. M. Hoe, New York. Dropped March 11th, 1863.
508 JEESIJy CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Alpliea made a pound of butter from six quarts of milk when jnelding at
the rate of one hundred and eighty quarts of milk in seven days, on grass only,
a£ reported by Mr. George Harris, the manager of Colonel Hoe's " Briglitside
Farm." Consequently, a full week's test should have yielded thirty pounds of
butter. The accounts of her partial tests, as kept by Mr. George Harris, have been
examined with great care by Colonel M. C. Weld, and it is his conviction that the
above estimate of the butter capacity of Alphea 171 is correct.
TESTKD DESCENDANTS.
Xymphffia 5141 . .
100
Purest 13.730 . . .
100
Clvtemnestra 2455 .
100
Richness 16,336 . .
. 87+
Leah Darlington 13,836
. 871
MnrvBl m 7S4
75
Smoky 13,733 . . .
Ideal Alphea 18.755 .
. 75
Alphea Star 16,532 .
. 75
Alphetta 16 531
r.r
Lernella 22,322 . .
. 75
Alphea Jewell 32,331
. 75
Reality 16,537 . . .
. 62i
Renown 13,729 . .
. m
Bessie Bradford 7269
. 62i
Iola4627 ....
. 56i
Eurotas2454 . . .
. 50
778 lbs. in one year.
Torfrida 3596 . . .
. 50
Idaletta 11,843 . .
. 50
Lerna3634. . . .
. 50
Idalene 11,841 . .
. .50
Crust 4775 ....
. 50
Porget-Me-Not 0 10,56'
t . 50
Ideal 11,842 . . .
. 50
Nimble 22,335 . .
. 50
Hartwick Belle 7722
. 50
Ve8tina2458 . . .
. 50
Ballet Girl 18,750 .
. 50
Dove Dee 18.059 . .
. 43i
Robinette 7114 . .
. 43J
BOMBA 10,330 . .
. 37*
Colie8309 ....
. 37i
Zitella 3d 11,922 . .
. 37i
19 lbs. 13 oz.
18 '• 7J
15 " 4
1,068
Ceccola 13,C
j Matilda 5th
' Malope 2d 11,923 . . .
^ Eupidees Perfection 20,175
Nazli 10.327
Honey Drop 10,033 . . .
I Mother Hubbard 10,331 .
Dia 13,658
Little Torment 15,.581 . .
Xiobe's Alpheanette 23,336
Quarhette 17,091 ....
Typha5870
Lass Re.\ Alphea 16,965 .
j Lady Alice of Hill Crest
7450
Pride of Corisande 5323 .
Gray Therese 5322 . . .
Bessie S. 5002
Fillpail 16,.530 . . . .
Niva7523
Darling of Neatham 20,086
Forsaken 7520 ....
Faustlne 10,a54 ....
Estrella2831
Belle of Uwchland 8468 .
Silversides 3857 . . . .
St. Xick's Flora 16,195
Silver Belle 4313 . . . .
Lily of Maple Grove 5079 .
Princess Mostar 9700 . .
Rioter Alphea 10,091 . .
! Bertha Black 26,275 . .
Com 10,.5O4
Pansy Patterson 18,613 .
Calpurnia 13.267 ....
Bessie Bradford 2d 7291 .
7i 16 lbs.
7* 15
n 15
7i 15
n 13
25 22
35 19
25 16
25 16
25 16
25 16
25 16
25 16
25 15
25 15
25 15
2.5 15
25 14
25 14
25 14
35 14
25 14
25 14
15J 16
12i 17
13* 16
12i 17
12i 16
12i 15
12i 15
13i 15
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBICA.
Blood,
Name. Per Cen
BuTTEit Yield in
Seven Dire.
Blood. Bdttee Yield
Name. Pee Cent. Seven Days.
-
Verora 10,766 . . . .
m
15 lbs. li oz.
Lucy Lanier 13,053 . . . 6i 18 lbs. 3 oz.
Lady Louise 4339 . .
I'Zi
15 " 0 "
Lida Mullin 9198 . . . 6i 16 '
' 8
Peggy Ford 21,713 . .
13i
14 " 10 "
Gabrielle Champion 14,102 6i 17
' 8
Lillian Mostar 10,364 .
12i
14 " 3 "
Corinna 2d 6594 . . . . 6i 16
' 5
Signetilia 16,333 . . .
12i
14 " 3 "
GILT EDGE C. 13,333 . 6i 15
• 9*
Elmora Mostar 15,955 .
12i
14 " 0 "
Leoline 3d 18,315 . . . 6i 14
' 4
Gilt 4th 4308 ....
VM
14 " 0 "
Sasco Bell 13,601 . . . 6i 14
' 0
Gilt Edge 3d 4430 . .
12i
14 ■' 0 "
Bronze Leaf 14,902 . . . 3| 15
' 1
Referette 15,209 . . .
9|
15 " 8 "
Shiloh Daughter 20,378 . Ifs 14 '
• n
Lizzie D. 10,408 . . .
'il
16 " 15 "
Goldstraw 3d 14,724 . . 6i 14 '
• 12 '
Alberta Signal 18,611 .
6i
20 " 11 "
Total, 91 cows.
1864.
EIOTEE 746 E. H B.
Color, mulberry fawn with gray saddle; black points. Dropped February,
1864. Fatted 1869. Bred by Philip Dauncey, Horwood Eectory Farm, "Winslow,
Bucks, England. Sire, Pedlar 631 E. H. B. Dam, Eita, imported from Jersey.
TE.STED DESCENDANTS.
Blood
Butte
R Yield in
Name. Per Cent. Sev
EN Days.
La Petite Mere 3d 12,810
28i
16 lbs
7 OZ.
Eurotas2454 ....
25
33 "
7 "
Torfrida 3596 ....
35
17 ■'
6i "
Hebe 3d 3613 ....
25
15 "
0 "
Rioter 2d's Venus . . .
25
14 ■'
0 "
MATILDA 4th 12,816
18f
21 ■•
Z\ "
Miunie ot Oxford 13,806
18*
16 "
0 "
La Belle Petite .5473 . .
18f
15 "
8 "
Marjoram 3d 13,805 .
18i
15 "
0 "
Mintba 12,812 . . .
I-ItV
15 "
0 "
Colie8309
TH
18 "
4 "
Typha5870 ....
13+
16 "
Dia 13,658
13+
15 "
13 "
True Inwardness, 10,362
12i
14 "
0 "
MARY ANNE OF ST.
LAMBERT 9770
91
36 "
12i ■'
IDA OF ST. LAMBERT
24,990
91
30 "
2+ "
MERMAID OF ST
LAMBERT 9771 .
9f
25 "
13+ "
NAIAD OF ST. LAM-
BERT 13,965 . . .
91
22 "
2i "
Blood, Butte:
Nora of St. Lambert 13,963
9|
33 lbs
0
NIOBE OF ST. LAM-
BERT 12,969 . . . .
9f
21 "
94
Brenda of Elmhurst 10,763
91
30 "
8
Honeymoon
of St. Lambert
11,231 . .
9f
30 "
54
RIOTER
PINK OF
BERLIN
33,665 . . .
9f
19 "
14
Crocus of St
Lambert 8351
91
17 '■
12
Cowslip of
St. Lambert
8349
9f
17 "
n
Minette of
St. Lambert
9774 . .
91
17 "
4
Diana of St
Lambert 6636
9f
16 "
8
Maggie of St
Lambert 9776
9f
16 "
3
Moth of St.
Lambert 9775
91
16 "
2
Mary Hinman 17,619 . .
91
15 "
11+
Rioter's Nora 31,778 . .
91
15 "
9
Mavourneen of St. Lambert
9777 91
May Day Stoke Pogis
28,353 9f
Cupid of Lee Farm 5997 . 9f
610
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IEJiICA.
Blood.
Nam. Pes Ckxt
Nancyof St. Lambert 12,964 9f
BnTTHi YwLD ra
SCVEK DiT8.
14 lbs. 5 oz.
Blood,
Nawj. Pm Cest
Rose of St. Lambert 20,436 4|i
Bottib Tiild
Sevzk Dats.
21 lbs. 3i c
z.
Rioter's Beauty 14,894 .
Mother Hubbard 10.331
BOMBA 10,330 . . .
M:ililii:i 5th 18,068 . .
7A
6i
6i
6i
14 ■'
34 "
21 "
16 "
0 "
U "
Hi "
4 "
Rioter's Maggie 22,530 .
Carrie Pogis 22,568 . .
Maggie Sheldon 23,583.
Rioter's Ruth 14,883 .
m
18 " 6i
15 " 9
15 ■■ 3
14 " 13
EUPHONIA 0783 . .
6i
16 '■
Oi "
Daisy Morrison 14,035 .
3i
25 ■■ 12i
Leah Darlington 13,836
Nazli 10,327 ....
Nimble 22,335 . . .
6i
6i
15 "
15 "
14 "
5i "
3i "
10 "
Rioter Alphea 10,091 . . 3i
Eupidee's Perfection 30,175 3i
Dove Dee 18,059 . . . . 3^
16 " 7
15 " 4
15 " 3
Smoky 13,733. . . .
Jennie Johnson 3d 6782
6i
14 "
14 "
9 "
0 ■'
ToM, 55 cows.
LIVING STORM 173.
Color, brown, black and white. Dropped March 20th, 1864. Bred by John
T. Norton, Farmington, Conn. Sire, McClellan 25. Dam, Pansy 8.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood.
BtTTTE
Yield ih
Blood.
Bdtte
R Yield is
Nahz. Peo Cent
. Reve
N Dais.
Name.
»ER Cen
Sev
EN Days.
Pansy 1019
50
20 lbs
0 oz.
Ethalka 2d 14,138 . .
124
15 lbs
0 oz
5744 lbs. in one year.
Debnrana4718 . . .
124
14 "
8 ■■
Peggy Leah 3097 . .
25
18 "
12 "
Pet Clover 14,634 . .
n
16 "
8 "
Dimple 3248 ....
25
16 "
11 "
Lady Gray of Hilltop 2(
CascadiUa 3103 . . .
25
15 "
12 "
14,641
9S
14 ••
12 "
Gabrielle Champion 14,10;
18f
17 "
8 "
Bell Rex 11,700 . . .
9|
14 "
10 "
Silveretta 6853 . . .
18J
16 "
9 "
Chautauqua Queen 26,40
J 9|
14 "
11 "
Princess Sheila 7379 .
18}
16 "
U '•
Lillcy Rex 9853 . . .
9f
14 "
7 "
Tobini 8400 ....
18J
15 ■'
13 "
Lady Gray of Hilltop 3c
GILT EDGE C. 12,323
18J
15 "
94 ••
14,643
9|
14 "
3 "
Marie C. Magnet 32,903
18J
15 "
8 "
Hurrali Pansy 12,153 .
91
14 "
14 "
Champion's Chloe 12,225
18J
15 "
54 "
Baby Buttercup 10,888
91
14 ■'
0 "
Dairy C. 13,227 . . .
18f
15 "
04 "
Celeste Cox 12,948 . .
6JI
20 "
8 "
Mary Clover 9998 . .
18}
14 "
15 "
Hazen's Nora 4791 . .
^
20 •'
4 "
Coronilla 8367 . . . .
184
14 "
94 •'
Cordelia Baker 8814 .
ej
17 "
9 '•
Maggie C. 12,216 . .
18}
14 "
6 "
Polly Clover 7053 . .
6}
16 ■•
15 "
Maggie May 2d 12,926 .
18}
14 '■
6 "
Alhena 15,995. . . .
6}
16 "
3 "
Lady Greville 12,930 .
18}
14 "
6 "
Orphean 4636 ....
6}
15 ■'
7
Minnie Lee 2d 12.941 .
181
14 "
3 ••
Frances C. Magnet 32,904
6}
14 "
134 "
Jessie Leavenworth 8248
18}
14 "
2 "
Cowles' Nonsuch 6199 .
6}
14 ■■
12 "
Webster's Pet 4103 . .
18}
14 "
2 "
Hillside Gem 16,640. .
m
20 "
0 "
Thercse M. 8364 . . .
18i
14 "
3 "
La Pera 2d 13,404 . .
4H
14 "
8 "
May Blossom 5657 . .
124
18 "
11 "
Total. 42 coim.
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA.
1865.
BLUCHER 48.
Color, dark brown. Bred at Shaw Farm, Windsor Park, England. Imported
September 9th, 1865, by R. W. Cameron, Staten Island, New York.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Lilly Cross 13,796 . . . 31i
Golden Princess 4557 . . 35
Myrtle 3d 211 35
Copper 1979 25
Hulla 7898 12+
Floret 9959 12i
Pride of Mashamoquet
Farm 6469 12+
Grandiflora 9953 .... 12+
Maud Lee 2d 8839 . . .12+
Myrtle of Ridgewood 7858 13i
Gold Lace 10,726 . . . . 6i
Hillside Gem 16,640 . . 6i
Belmeda6239 6i
Lizzie D. 10,408 . . . . 6i
Lida Mullin 9178 . . . . %\
Lady Bidwell 10,303 . . 6J
Golden Skin 10,861 . . . 6i
Elsie Lane 13,302 . . . 6i-
Canto 7194 6i
Elsie Lane 13,302 . . . 6i
Butte
YiEL
D IN
Blood,
BuTTZE Yield
Sbv
K DATS.
Name. Pee Ce^
r. Seven Dats.
14 lbs
3
Little Sister 11,666 . . .
6i
14 lbs
12
15 "
14
Pawtucket Belle 12,406 .
6i
14 "
12
15 "
12
Lady Ives 3d 6740 . . .
6i
14 ■'
8
15 "
7
Shiloh Daughter 30,378 .
6i
14 "
74
19 "
12
Kate Daisy 8304 ....
6i
14 ■■
4
17 '■
6
Lucy Gaines Buttercup 5058 6i
14 •■
0
Miami Prize 8100 . . .
6i
14 "
0
16 "
1*
Queen Mary of Woodlawn
15 "
8
11,659
3i
22 "
5
14 "
9
Sue Gallagher 15,945 . .
3i
23 "
H
14 "
1
Alfleda 6744
3i
16 "
4
21 "
1
Topaz of Woodlawn 11,661
34
16 "
4
20 ■'
0
Pierrot's Picture 13,481 .
3i
16 "
0
18 "
13
Lady Alice of the Wil-
16 "
15
derness 12,207 ....
34
15 "
14
16 "
8
Lady Hayes 10,136 . . .
34
15 "
13
15 "
12
Moonah's Pet 7484 . . .
34
15 ■'
6
16 "
8
Gold Princess 8809 . . .
34
14 "
12
15 "
15 "
15 "
12
Sister Cash 33,987 . . .
34
14 "
10
4
Toial, 37 CWM.
1866.
BULLS.
ALBE
RT M.
Color, orange fawn. Bred by W. B. Dinsmore, Staatsburg, N. Y. Dropped
July 26th, 1866. Sire, Jerry 15. Dam, Frankie 17.
Albert ii was remarkable for symmetry and elegance of form. His
descendants outnumber those of any other bull.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Bl.OOD,
Pee Cen
r. Seven Dats.
Name.
Blood, Bottee Yield m
Pee Cent. Seven Datb.
Lady Mel 2d 1795 .
. . 50
21 lbs. 0 oz.
Kitty Colt 2213 . .
. 50 15 lbs. 9+ oz.
Couch's Lily 3337 .
. . 50
16 " 9 "
Fragrance 4059 . .
. 50 15 " 3 "
Lady Love 3d 2212 .
. . 50
16 " 8 "
Lady Brown 4th 6911
. 50 14 " 12 "
jer;sey cattle in America.
Bl-TTEE Yl
DAT
2d
Lady Oniy.if Hilltop
t'onlcliti Baker S814
CAKRIE LENA 3d
20,077 ....
Countess Poloka 7496
Belle Grinnoll 4073 .
Rosa Miller 4333 . . ,
Oktibbeha Uuclicss 4421
Jersey Cream 3151 . ,
Lucky Belle 2d 6037 .
Dusky 2535 . . .
01ie4133 ....
Brightness 3d 14,824
Louvie 3d 61D9 . .
Bright Lady .5938
Lady Gray of nillto]:
14,641
Phyllis of Hill Crest 9007 . 25
Susette 4068 .
Maggie May 3255
Lady Gray of Hilltop
14,642
Rarity 2d 7724 . .
Creamer 2467 . . .
Pretty 2526 . . .
Jersey Cream 3d 8521
Elhalka 2d 14,128 .
Prince's Bloom . .
I'.l Clovir 14,024 .
(J.-n.niiim 2,1 7838 .
VALUE 2d 6844 .
Tenella6712 . . .
Croton Maid 5305 .
Optima 6715 . . .
(EnoDe8614 . . .
Peggie Leah 3097 .
.May Blossom . . .
Siiinnicrliiic 8(101
Hepsy 2(1 12,008 . .
Jennie of the Vale 9553
Floret 9959 . . .
Valhalla 5300 . . .
Arawana Queen 5368
Belle of Paterson 5664 . 12i
01ic'.s Lady Teazle 12,307 . 12i
May Lankton 15,872 . . 12*
14 lbs. 12
18 " 12
17 " 9
16 " 5
18 " 15
3d
. 25
. 25
. 25
. 25
. 18i
. 181
. 18J
• 14A
. 12*
. m
. 12i
. 12i
. 12*
. 12i
. 12i
4J
H
Hi
8i
15
12
Xamb.
Ed\vina6713 ....
Valerie 6044 ....
Funny Taylor 6714 . .
Princess Bellworth 6801
Etiquette 4300 . . .
Signalana 7719 . . .
Usilda 2d Gl,57 . . .
Aldarine 5301 ....
Favorite Rajah Rex 16,153
Mary Clover 9998 . .
Duchess of Argyle 3758
Jersey Cream 2d 8519 .
Bell Rex 11,700 . . .
Princess Rose 6249 . .
Maggie C. 12,216 . .
Deborana 4718 . . .
Maggie May 2d 12,926 .
Jeannie Piatt 6005 . .
Lottie Rex 18,757 . .
Gem of Sassafras 8434 .
Pet Rex 20,166 . . .
Belle Grinnell 3d 16,503
Kerui Rex 13,671 . .
Hurrah Pansy 12,153 .
Celeste Cox 12,948 . .
Roll of Honor 13,610 .
Chautauqua Queen 26,403
Signetilia 16,333 . .
Fadette of Verna 3d 11,122
Atlanta's Beauty 12,949
Celeste Cox 12,948 . .
Fairy of Verna 2d 10,79£
Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . .
Gardiner's Ripple 11,693
EVELINA OF VERNA
10,971
Tenclla 2d 19,521 . .
Harmony 2d 17,118 . .
Rosy Kate's Rex 13,192
Signaldella 24.107 . .
TETTE 20,802 . . .
Colts La Biohe 0399 .
Maggie Rex 28,623 . .
Polly Clover 7052 . .
Grinnell Lass 11,859 .
Sister Rex 13,194 . .
GazeUa3d9355 . . .
Bm-M YlBLD in
Sh-
ES DATS.
is lbs.
13 OZ.
15 "
18 "
15 "
13 "
15 "
m ••
15 •■
8 '•
15 "
4 "
15 "
24 "
15 ■■
H "
15 ■•
0 "
14 "
15 •'
14 "
13 '•
14 "
12 ••
14 "
10 "
14 "
8 "
14 "
6 '•
14 "
8 "
14 "
6 •■
14 •'
5i •■
14 "
4 "
14 "
34 "
14 "
2i "
14 "
2 "
14 "
0 ■'
14 "
U "
20 •'
8 "
14 "
12 "
14 "
11 "
14 "
3 •'
22 "
8i ■■
21 '•
3 "
20 ■'
8 '•
6} 19 " 12i
19 •• lOJ
6]
18 '
IJ
ei
17 •
6
«1
17 ■
2*
6]
17 •
Oi
fij
16 •
15
6}
16 •
10
6]
Ifi '
8
6}
16 •
3
COUCH'S LlLy 3237.
Albert— Splendid Type.
GREEN MOUNTAIN HEED.
Moui.TON Brothers, West Randolph, Vr.RjtoNT.
rt^---
ALBERT REX 7724.
AT 4 YEARS OLD.
Albert — Eurotas Type.
GREEN MOUNTAIN HEED.
MouLTON Brothers, West Randolph, Vermont.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
BuTTEU Yield i
Name.
Dahlia . .
Lady Cecilia 24,831
Rupertina 10,409
Friz Cam 14,655 .
6i
6i
r. Sev
16 lbs
15 '•
15 "
EN DATS,
0 oz.
12i "
Susie La Biche 3d 15,171
Marpetra 10,384 . . .
Lady Clarendon 3d 17,57t
Monocacy Dimple 9680
ER L'INT. SEV
^\ 14 lbs
6^ 14 "
6J 14 "
6} 14 "
EN DATS
6i 0
6
5i
Orpliean 4636 . .
Elsie Lane 13,302
Earl Cow .
6-}
6i
6J
15 "
15 ■'
15 "
4 "
4 "
0 "
Alberta Signal 18,611 .
Guinevere Sinclair 11,167
Belmeda 6329 ....
3i 30 "
411 14 "
3i 18 ■'
11
9
12
Signal Maid 19,361
Clover Bloom 9788
6J
6^
15 "
14 "
0 "
144 ■■
PERCIE 14,937 . . .
3i-^^' "
10
6i
Cowles' Nonsuch 6199
6i
14 "
12 •■
Lass Rex Alphea 16,965
3i 16 ■'
lOJ
Reception 3d 11,035
Sister Cash 33,987 .
6}
6i
14 "
14 ■•
10 "
10 "
Rcsoua 13,956 . . .
Alfleda 6744 ....
3i 16 "
3i 16 "
4
Euphorbia 11,229
Lllley Rex 9853 .
6i
6i
14 "
14 ■'
9i "
Sue Gallagher 15,945 .
Total, 133 ama.
lA 23 "
U
CLEMENT 115 {F. 61 -/. //. B.—IL C).
Color, light red and white ; hind legs white below hocks. Dropped 1866.
Imported October, 1868, by J. H. McHenry, Maryland. Clement sired the bulls
Orange Peel 502 (F. 129 J. H. B.— H. C.) and Orange Peel 86i. Clement was
half-brother of Lawrence 61.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Joan d' Arc 3163 . .
Bloop.
Pee Cen
. 50
Butte
16 lbs
B TiELI. IN
N DATS.
3i OZ.
Alice of Salem 5053.
. 50
14 "
8 "
Nerissa of Nyack 9693
Valma Hoffman 4500
. 37i
. 35
15 "
31 "
0 "
Lucy Lanier 13,053 .
Conover's Beauty 12,65
Mary Norton 13,052
Portia of Nyacli 9690
Ochra 2d 11,516 . .
9 . 35
. 35
. 25
. 25
18 ■•
18 "
17 "
17 '■
16 "
0 "
14 "
9 •' !
6* " I
Lustre 2063 . . .
. 35
15 "
81 "
Buttery 3503 . . .
Witch Hazel 1360 .
. 35
. 25
14 "
14 "
1 - i
0 " i
Alberta Signal 18,611
Miami Prize 8100 .
. 18f
. 25
30 "
14 "
11 •• 1
0 " 1
Beauty of the Grange 75
Cora of Linwood 13,91c
Rosa of Bellevue 6954
02. 12i
. 12i
. 13i
23 "
18 "
: ;:
7+ "
Eveline of Jersey 6781
Viva Le Brocq 13,702
Mary Jane of Bellevue 6
Vixen 7591. . . .
. 124
. 134
956 12*
. 12i
18 ■•
18 "
17 "
17 "
: :
7 "
6 •' 1
Gold Trinket 9518 . . . 13^ 17
Leonice 3d 8343 . . . .134 16
Easy Bee 6336 .... 134 16
Lily of Maple Grove 5079 .134 16
Dot Buttercup 16,358 . . 12| 16
Dairy Pride 4th 31,681 . . 134 16
Witch Hazel 4th 6131 . . 124 15
Romping Lass 11,021 . . 134 15
Atricia6039 134 15
Royal Princess 33,013 . . 134 15
Dora Doon 13,909 . . . 134 15
Rosy Dream 9808 . . .134 14
Gold Princess 8809 . . .134 14
Alice of the ' Meadows
30,748 124 14
Opaline 7590 134 14
Caroline 13,019 .... 124 14
Gilda 3779 134 14
Denise8381 12i 14
Fandango 13,908. . . .134 14
JERSEY CATTLE IiY AMERICA.
Blood.
Xaiie. Pm Cex
Litza 633S 12i
Robinette 7114 . . . . 12*
BUT
. Si
141
14
rCB TlILD
FES Dais.
3S. 3
' 1
Romp Ogden 3(1 5458 . .
Pixit' 4115
12i
12*
14
14
30
; 1
ETHLEBL 2d 33.2i)l .
9g
• 15
Bertha Black 26,275 . . .
Rose of Oxford 13,409 . .
Moberly Creamer 23,051 .
Auntybel 12,582 ....
Mother Cirey 11,746 . .
Island Stiir 11,876 . . .
9|
9|
9f
6i
61
17
14
14
27
21
• 0
' 14i
' 5
' 9 '
' H
' 3
Elhleel 18.724
6]
19
' 14
Beauty Romeril 36,090 . .
Bounie Yost 7943 . . .
6]
61
18
18
■ 9
Floret 9959
61
17
' 6
Floriiiamm 24,354 . . .
61
17
• 5
Bellita4553
61
17
• 2
Milkmaid Felch 12,339 .
61
16
' li
Troth 6139
61
16
' 5
Pear Not 2d 6061 . . .
6]
16
• 2
Lily of Burr Oaks 1101 .
61
15
' 13
Countess Gascla 9571 . .
61
15
' 11
Lady of Bellevue 7705 . .
Etiquette 4300 ....
Belle Dame 2d 22,048 . .
6 J
61
61
15
15
15
■ 8
• 3
Nelida 3d 22,043 ....
6]
15
• 3i
Naomi's Pride 16,745 . .
Grace Felch 8291 . . .
6]
61
15
■ 2
' 0
Magnolia Ridgely 17,269 .
Fall Leaf 8587 ....
61
61
14
14
' 8
Jaquenetta 10,958 . . .
Milkmaid of Burr Oaks 903-
61
61
14
14
Lucetta6856
61
14
Variella of Linwood 10,954
61
14
Comtesse d'Espagna 10,308
61
14
' 04
Sa.sco Bell 13,601 . . .
I5lite4299
61
61
14
14
' 0
' 0
Lizzie D. 10,408 ....
61
14
• 0
Gazelle 15.961 ....
61
14
' 0
Cario-s Fancy 14,.591 . .
61
14
' 0
Lotchen 19,823 ....
■^u
10
' 7
Kami. Pu Ceiit.
Miss Porter 20,300 . . . 4' J
Young Garenne 3d 13,648 . 4}J
Prize Rose 16,309 . . . 4} J
Niobe of Linwoixl 11,134 . 41 J
Cherokee Rose 20,921 . . 3i
Jenny Dodo H. 14,448 . . 3i
Hypathia 2d 14,774 . . . 3i
Lady of the Isles 2d 10,653
(rated) 34
The Widow's Daughter
11,507 3i
Fan's Grouville Beauty
10,079 34
LE BROCQ'S CUR- \ \
l^£>r 30.697. . . .j ]
Attractive 5Iaid 16,925 . . 34
Princess of Ashautee 13.467 34
Corn 10,504 34
Eclipse 14,427 34
Les Marais Dell 20,314 . . 34
Queen of Ashantee 14,5.54 . 34
Stinset of Pleasant View
13,071 34
Cicero's Mabel 18,238 . . 34
Daisy Di.xie 9469 .... 34
Romping Lass 11,021 . . 34
Jenny AVilliams 29,058 . . 3i
Como La.ss 24,309 ... 34
Medrie Lo Brocq 8888 . . 34
Bella Delaine 10,356 . . 34
Leoline 2d 18,315 ... 34
Nannie Fitch 9143 ... 34
Kate Pansy 15,177 ... 34
Birdie Le Brocci 17,633 . 34
Elinor Wells 13,060 ... 34
Le Ro.sa 10,078 .... 34
Nutley's Alma 13,581 . . 34
Frances C. Magnet 22,904 . 2|1
Daisy Morrison 14,035 . . l^j
Total, 116 COTOT.
16 lbs,
16
15
• 12h
16
■ 13
16
• 12
16
• 2
15
' 12
15
' 8
15
■ 2
15
' 2
15
• 2
15
' 1
15
' 0
15
' 0
14
• 9
14
' 7
14
14
14
14
' 04
14
14
14
14
14 '
' 134
35
■ 124
ji:rsey cattle in America. 515
SULTAN^, F. 58 J. H. B.— H. C.
Color, light brown ; white spot on left wither. Dropped 1866. First Prize
over Jersey 1867-68. Sire, Prince of "Wales, son of Noble. Dam, Flower 53
J. H. B.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name. Peg Ce.n
r. Sev
EN IlATS.
Name.
Pek Cen
Sei
esDa
Fine (le I'Air 2474 . .
50
14 lbs
0 oz.
Queen of Prospect 11,99
-12+
14 lbs
3
Arietta 3tl 14,274 . .
46S
14 "
m "
Grace's Nightingale 19,855 12+
14 ■'
3
Garenne 24,534 . . .
37i
16 "
3 "
Walkyrie5708 . . .
. 13+
14 "
1
Calendine 9415 . . .
3n
20 "
5 "
Little Torment 15,581 .
9«
33 "
2+
Sultane 2d 11,373 . .
•i\\
16 "
8 "
Fear Not 2d 6059 . .
9f
16 '■
3
Bramballettii 10,451 .
31 1
16 "
4 '■
Pillp.<iil 16,,530 . . .
91
15 "
11
Mitteu 13,368 ....
311-
15 "
11 "
Saragossa 33,019 . . .
91
15 "
3
Frugal 14,925 ....
35
17 "
2} ■■
15 "
Cosetta 15,991 ....
91
1 91
14 "
■11
Thorndale Belle 3d 10,45t
35
15 "
Niobe of Linwood 11,13
14 "
9
Regina2d2475 . . .
35
14 '•
8 ■'
Sultan's Lily 18,099 .
9*
14 •■
0
Belle Thorne 13,369 .
25
14 ■'
11 "
MAMBLLE 30,804 .
• 7^
21 "
8|
Mary of Gilderoy 11,219
35
14 •'
4 ••
PRINCESS 2d 8046 .
■ 6i
46 •'
13-t
Negress 7651 ....
35
14 "
0 "
Niobe's Alpheanette 33,33
3 Q\
32 "
10^
Rosebud of Allerton 6353 18f
19 "
13 ■'
Reception 8557 . . .
6i
31 "
^
Queen of Delaware 17,02£
181
IS ■'
13 "
Merry Duchess 13,693 .
• 6i
18 "
9i
Panatella 4778 . . .
18}
18 "
3 "
Lady Josephine 11,560
6i
16 "
lU
Regina 4tli 13,733 . .
18f
17 ■'
13+ ■■
Nutley Silverelte 33,410
6i
15 ■■
12}
Fear Not 6059 . . .
m
17 "
10 "
Daisy 3d 15,761 . . .
H
15 "
8
Faultless 13,018 . . .
m
17 "
5A "
Trudie 3d 4084 . . .
^
15 "
.0
Faith of Oaklands 19,69(
18}
17 "
4 "
TETTE 20,803 . . .
6}
17 "
6
Lucilla Kent 8893 . .
184
15 "
10 "
St. Jeannaise 15,789 .
•5M
16 ■'
4
Enigma 5360 ....
18}
15 "
6 "
Eugenie Tourneur 34, 53;^
Fan of Grouville 7458 .
18}
151
15 "
0
(rated)
3i
15 "
2'
Alfritha 13,673 . . .
15 "
ETHLEEL 2d 32,291
30 "
15
Mary M. Allison 6308 .
m
20 "
14 "
Westphalia 24,384 . .
3i
34 "
n
Chrome Skin 7881
13+
20 "
10 "
Ona 7840
3i
5 ^
00 <<
10+
Belle of Prospect 3d 14,33(
13i
19 "
0 "
Daisy of St. Peters 18,17
20 "
54
Butter Star 7799 . .
m
18 "
4+ "
Oakland's Cora 18,853 .
3i
19 "
9+
Cream of Sidney 17,038
m
17 "
2+ ■•
Valentine of Trinity 7460
3i
19 "
4
Nightingale K. 3d 19,84
m
16 "
14+ ■'
Fan's Grouville Beauty
Lednice 2d 8342
12i
13i
16 "
8 "
5 "
10,079
34
3i
19 "
3
Corinna 3d 6594 . . .
16 "
Beauty Romeril 26,090
IS "
9
Desire 9654 ....
vu
16 ■•
3 "
Queen of Nubbin Ridge
31
Lady Alice of Hillcrest
7450
s
12*
16 "
3 '•
Lactine 10,680 . .
Pyrrha6100 . . .
34
34
il .,
14
14i
Maid of Five Oaks 7178
12i
13i
15 "
15 "
4 "
4 "
16 "
16 "
Merry Burlington 7600
Daisy Queen 9619 .
4
Gledelia 10,534 . . .
12i
15 •■
0 "
Dot Buttercup 16,358
34
16 "
3
Magnolia Ridgely 17,369
VU
14 "
8 "
Dairy Pride 4th 31,681
:34
16 "
0
Violet of Glencairn 10,22
13i
14 ■■
4 "
Brunette Le Gros 9755
34
15 "
15
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA.
Nam..
Pis Ce.v
, S.VEN DaT«.
Name.
Pee Cen
. Seve
Jenny Lc Brocq 9757
. . 3t
14 lbs 14 ov..
Como Lass 24,369 . .
. 3i
14 lbs.
OOCOTTE 11,958 .
..'
14 ■• 12 "
14 " 6 "
Brown Princess 30,941
Total, 80 cows.
. 3i
14 "
BROWN PRINCE, F. 85 J. II. B.— H. C.
Color, fawn ; white line across withers ; white patch on right rump. Dropped
November let, 1866. Sire, Prince of Wales. Dam, Browuey, F. 113 J. H. B.—
H. C.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Xamk.
Per Cen
Bdtte
Sev
I Yield in
EN DATS.
Name. P
Blood, Butte
ER Cent. Sev
E Yield in
EN Days.
Lady Vclvetiiie 15,771
. 311
17 lbs
3 OZ.
Ona 7840
6i
23 lbs
lOi oz.
Queen of Ashantce 14,554 28i
15 "
3 "
Island Star 11,876 . .
6i
21 "
3 '■
Xelly 6456
. 25
31 "
0 "
Olymph 17,957 . . . .
6}
17 "
8 •■
Ladyof the Isles 3d 16,652
Daisy Queen 9619 . .
6|
16 "
4 "
(rated)
. 25
19 •'
11 "
Les Cateaux 2d 15,538 . .
6J
16 "
1 "
Pear Not 6059 . . .
Coomassie 11,874 .
. 25
. 35
16 "
10 "
11 "
Lady Kingscote 36,085 .
Lady Jane of St. Peters 747
6}
) 6}
15 "
15 "
10 "
0 "
Queen of Asliantee 14,554 25
15 "
3 "
Lady Vcrtumnus 13,317
6}
14 "
10 "
Daisy of St. Peters 18,
175 13i
30 "
5i •'
Auntybcl 13,583 . . . .
6|
14 "
9 "
Matin 7768 ....
. 13i
17 "
11 "
La Rouge 13,405 . . . .
6}
14 "
9 •'
Fear Not 2d 6061 . .
. m
16 "
2 "
Como La.ss 24,369 . . .
6J
14 "
9 "
Little Torment 15,581 .
■ 91
23 "
2i "
Blonde 2d 9268 . . . .
6}
14 "
4 "
Daisy Brown 13,213 .
St. Jeannai.se 15,789
Ruby "Wray . .
. 91
. 9f
. 9f
16 "
16 "
6i "
4 "
0 "
Gazelle 15,961 . . . .
Lady Young 16,668 . . .
ETHLEEL 2d 33,291
6}
6}
14 "
14 "
30 "
0 "
0 "
15 "
Rose of Oxford 13,469 .
. 9«
15 •■
Uk -
Young Garenne 3d 13,648 .
m
16 "
3 ■*
Kompiiig Lass 11,021 .
. 91
15 "
0 "
Prize Ho.sc 16,309 . . .
w.
15 "
1 "
Ada Miiika 15,.503 . .
. 9|
14 "
0 ■•
PRINCESS 2d 8046 .
■ 6i
46 "
12i '■
Total, 35 cows.
CLIFF 17(1.
Color, fawn, with smoky face and sides. Bred by D. B. Fearing, Massaclui-
i. Dropped March 29th, 1866.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Thlsbe 3d 3201 . . .
. 50
19 lbs.
U oz.
Estrella3831 . . . .
. 50
12 "
St. Perpetua 3d 5557 .
. 35
0 "
Gossip 6165 . . . .
. 13i
7 "
Corinna 3d 6594 . . .
. 13i
Lady Louise 4339 . .
. 13i
0 "
Gilt 4th 4208 . . . .
. Vil
0 "
Gilt Edge 2<1 4430 . .
. 12i
0 "
Gabrielle Champion 14,103
"I
17 lbs
. 8
GILT EDGE C. 12,233 .
<5J
15 ••
9*
Cenie Wallace 3d 6557 . .
CJ
15 "
^
Bettie Di.von 4527 . . .
«f
15 "
0
Florry Keep 6556 . . .
6i
14 "
14
Leoline 2d 18,315 . . .
6i
14 "
4
Sasco Bell 13,601 . . .
6i
14 "
0
Total, 15 cows.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEIilCA.
G(EUR DE LION 318.
Color, brown fawn, gray and white. Dropped February, 1866. Imported from
Island of Jersey, by Thomas Motley, Massachusetts, July 27th, 1868.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
NAira.
Blood,
Pee Ce.v
Butter Yield in
T. Seven Days.
Blood.
Nam. Peb Cent
BCTTER Yield
Seven Days
Maud Lee 2416 . .
. . 50
23 lbs. 0 oz.
Vivalia 12,760 .... 35
14 lbs. 0 c
Cornucopia 3414 . .
Corinne8518 . . .
. . 50
. . 50
15 '■ 13 "
14 " 7 "
Mrs. Knickerbocker 19,367 13|
Ochra 3d 11,516 .... 134
15 " 2
16 " 61
Miss BeU 5083 . .
. . 25
14 " 15 "
Total, 7 cowi.
NELLY 55.
Color, gray and white. Dropped March, 1866. Bred by H. Kuhn. Sire,
Charleston 1. Dam, Nannie 4.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Per Cent. Seve
N DATS.
Name. Per Cen
r. Seve
V Dai
Mamie Coburn 3798 .
. 25
18 \hh
4 OZ.
Maggie May 3d 13,926 .
. 13+
14 lbs
6
Maggie May 3355 .
. 25
14 "
3+ "
Maggie C. 13,316 . .
. 13i
14 ■'
6
Gilt Edge 3d 4430 .
. 35
14 "
0 "
Minnie Lee 3d 6009 . .
. 12i
14 "
3
Hazen's Nora 4791 .
. 12+
30 "
4 ■'
Vivalia 13,760 . . .
12i
14 '■
0
Marea 10,167 . . .
. m
17 ••
10 •'
Starkville Beauty 4897
13*
14 '■
0
Lucky Belle 3d 6037
. 13i
16 "
14 "
Little Han 8004 . . .
134
14 •■
0
Emma Hudson 13,469
. 13+
16 "
8 "
Atlanta's Beauty 13,949
6i
31 "
3
Julia Evelyn . . .
. 13+
15 "
15+ "
Gabrielle Champion 14,10
J 6i
17 "
8
Valerie 6044 . . .
. 13.i-
15 "
13 "
Obella B. 10,575 . . .
6i
17 "
4
GILT EDGE O. 13,32
3 . 12+
15 "
9+ "
Armon 10,863 ....
6i
16 "
13i
Duchess Caroline 3d 60
11 . 13+
15 "
8 "
Mountain Lass 12,921 .
6i
14 "
9
Arawana Poppy 6053
. 13+
15 "
3 "
Marpetra 10,284 . . .
6i
14 "
6
Settle Dixon 4527 .
. 13+
15 "
0 ■'
Therese M. 8364 . . .
6i
14 "
3
CoronilUi 8367 . .
. 12+
14 "
9+ "
La Ro.sa 10.078 . . .
6i
14 "
0
Pride of the HUl 4877
. m
14 "
8 "
Total, 29 cmxs.
518 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
PANSY 1019.
(!<jlor, (lark hmwii ; line of back and back of legs liglit l)uff; black points.
Bml by .iolm II. Siitlilf. Jiristol, Conn. l)rop]KHl Deconiber i:Uii. iStWj.
Pansy niade tive hundred and scventy-fonr and a half pi)unds of butter in one
year.
I'A.NSY 1019 AND TKSTKD DESCENDANTS.
Bi.oop. Bu
Name, Pel Ce.vt.
Pansy 1019 (raud) . . lUO 20
Gabriolle Champion 14,102 3.") 17
Silveretta 6852 .... Sf) 16
Princess Sheila 7279 . . 25 10
T..l.ira8400 25 ir>
GILT EDGE O. 12,223 . 25 15
iMarie C. Magnet 22,903 . 25 15
Champion's Chloe 12,225 . 25 15
Dairy C. 12,227 .... 25 15
CoroniIIa8367 .... 25 14
Maggie C. 12,216 . . . 25 14
JIaggie May 2d 12,926 . . 25 14
Lady Greville 12,930 . . 25 14
Webster's Pet 4103 ... 25 14
Tliercse M. 8364 .... 25 14
Jessie Leavenworth 8248 . 25 14
BiTTEB Yield i
0 oz.
Minnie Lee 2d 12,941
25
14 lbs
3
8 "
Frances C. JIagnet 22
904
12i
14 "
13
9 "
Lady Gray of Hilltop
2(1
4i "
14,641 ....
12^
14 "
12
13 '■
Bell Hex 11,700 . .
I'-H
14 "
10
9\ •'
Lady Gray of Hilltop
3d
8
14,642 ....
12A
14 "
2
5i "
Baby Buttercup 10,888
12i
14 "
0
Oi "
Chautauqua Queen 26,403
n
14 "
11
9i "
Kate Daisy 8204 . .
91
14 "
4
6 '■
La Pera 2d 18.404 .
7}f
14 "
8
6 •'
Pet Clover 14,624 .
Ci
16 "
8
6 "
Ethalka 2d 14,128 .
6i
15 '■
0
2
Lilley Rex 9852 . .
6i
34
14 '•
7
Celeste Cox 12,948 .
20 "
8
2 "
Total, 29 cows.
DAZZLE 37!t.
Color, fawn and white,
linuton, Massaclm.setts, iMan
Dropped in ISfifi.
Imported from Jersey by C. "Wel-
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
LANDSEER'S FANCY
.Jersey Queen of Banicl — 25
19 ■
4
851 lbs. 1 oz. in one year.
Pride of JlaslianKxpiet
Farm 6469 25
16 •
IS
Snowdrop F. W. l(i.S48 . 25
14 ■
8
.lulia Walker 10,133 . . 12i
15 '
12
Rosabel Hudson 5704 . . 12*
15 •
12
Lady Hayes 10,136 . . .12*
15 ■
12
Rosy Dream 9808 . . .13*
14 •
13
Gold Princess 8809 . .
12*
14 lbs
12
Queen Fannie 10,275 .
12i
14 •■
2
Miami Prize 8100 . .
12i
14 ■'
0
Starlight Rose 8804 . .
12*
14 ■'
0
Pride of Eastwood
H
20 "
11
Emma Hudson 12,469 .
6i
16 •■
8
Pierrot's Picture 12,481
6i
16 '■
0
Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11,67
2 6i
15 "
12
Sister Cash 33,987 . .
6}
14 "
10
Pierrot's Countess 12,480
6i
14 "
0
Tohil, 18 cows.
JEMHI^Y CATTLE IJST AMElilCA.
1867.
LA WRENCE 61.
Color, orange fawn and gray ; black points ; white spot on left slionlder.
Dropped 1867. Imported from Jersey, 1868, by Thomas J. Hand, New York.
Brother to Clement 115.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Memento 1913 . . .
Turquoise 1139 . . ,
Nan Day 17,193 . . .
Lady of Bellevue 7705 .
Countess of Gasela 9571
Witch Hazel 4th 6131 .
Bronze Leaf 14,903 . .
Ma Belle 4943 . . .
Fall Leaf 8587 . . .
Lorella 13,913 . . .
Irene of Short Hills 5137
Allie Miuka 3983 . .
50 14
38i 30
14 lbs. 5
3
Cigarette 3849
35
Muezzin 3670 ....
35
The Widow's Daughter
11,507
13*
Bonnie Yost 7943 . .
13i
Grandiflora 9958 . . .
13i
Fannie Bugler 19,902 .
13*
Rosy Dream 9808 . .
12i
Ada Minka 15,563 . .
131
Attractive Maid 16,925 .
6i
14 lbs
14 "
19
18
15
15
Total, 21 cows.
BISMARCK 292.
Color, roan and white ; black switch ; horns crumpled. Dropped 1867. Im-
ported by "W. B. Dinsmore, New York, 1868.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Blood, Butteb Yield in
Pee Cent. Seven Days.
Name.
Blood, Bdttee Yield
Pee Cent. Seven Days.
Tilda 3720 ....
. 50
16 lbs
0 oz.
Tobira8400 . . .
. 121
15 lbs
13 0
Almeda3843 . . .
. 50
15 "
5 "
GILT EDGE O. 13,3
3 . 12i
15 "
9*
Zina 1434
50
14 "
Marie C. Magnet 33,90
Orphean 4636 . . .
J . 12*
. 13i
15 "
g
Hazen's Bess 7339 .
. 35
34 "
11 "
15 "
Hazen's Nora 7339 .
. 25
20 '•
4 "
Champion's Chloe 12,33
5 . 13i
15 "
5*
CEnone 8614 . . .
. 25
18 "
15 "
Dairy C. 13,227 . .
. 13i
15 "
0*
Maggie Rex 38,633 .
. 25
17 "
OA "
Corouilla 4636 . .
. 13*
14 "
n
Polynia 10,753 . .
. 35
16 "
7 "
Maggie C. 13,316 .
. 13*
14 "
6
Deborana 4718 . .
. 35
14 "
8 "
Lady Greville 13,930
. 12*
14 "
6
Gabrielle Champion 14,
Herberta 8811 . . .
103 12A
. 13A
17 "
16 "
15
Maggie May 3d 13,926
Minnie Lee 3d 12,941
Webster's Pet 4103 .
. 13*
12*
14 "
14 "
6 '
Silveretta 6852 . .
. 12}
16 "
9 "
. 12*
14 •'
2
Princess Slieila 7397
. 13i
16 "
4A "
Therese M. 8364 . .
. 12*
14 "
3 '
Alhena 15,955 . .
. 13A
16 "
3 ■'
Jessie Leavenworth 824
S . 12i
14 "
2 '
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA.
Beaiilv Bismarck 4967 . .
m
14 lbs.
VALUE 2d (W44 . . .
6i
25 ••
BclnKaa6229
6i
18 "
Katie Basliford 15,982 . .
61
17 "
May Lanktoii 15,872 . .
6i
16 "
Lady Gray of Hilltop 2d
14,641
6i
14 "
BeU Rex 11,700 . . . .
6i
14 "
Blood.
Bdttbe Tiiu) ra
Name.
Pie CiLM
. StVE.S DATB.
Kate Daisy 8204 . . .
• 6i
14 lbs. 4 oz
Lady Gray of Hilltop
3d
14,642 ....
• 6}
14 ■• 2 "
Hurrah Pansy 12,153
• ej
14 •• U "
Baby Buttercup 10,888 .
. 6}
14 " 0 •'
La Pera 2d 13,404 .
. ^
14 " 8 "
LiUey Hex 9852 . .
. H
14 " 7 "
Total, 41 com.
VICTOR 3550.
Color, squirrel gray and white. Dropped September, 1S67. Bred by L. H.
Bowker, Massachusetts.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Jersey Belle of Scituatc7828 75
705 lbs. in one year.
Minnie of Scituate 17,829 . 68}
Belle of Scituate 7977 . . 37J
Pauline's Viviennc 11,305 . 37|
14 '■ 4i
18 •• 0
16 " 13
Lass of Scituate 9555 . .
Scituate of Woronoco
18,040
Lily Scituate 12,665 . . .
Total, 7 coijct.
U. 15 lbs. 14J oz.
9* 24 " 14
9f 24 " 9i
by
FOB ROY 17.
Color, gray ; black points. Dropped November, ISC';
3. C. Colt, Hartford, Conn., July 10th, 1869.
Imported from Jersey
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Naue. r
r.R Cej,
r. Sev
E.V Dais.
Namz. I
EBCE.-n
. SZVI.V Dat^
Belle Hartford 2718 . .
50
15 lbs
0 oz.
Katie Ba.shford 15,982 .
12i
nibs
0 oz
Eugenie 2d 1623 . . .
.50
14 "
0 ■•
Jersey Cream 3d 8521 .
m
16 "
5 ■
Princess Rose 6249 . .
37i
14 "
8 "
Arawana Queen 5368 .
m
16 '•
9 "
Belle Grinncll 4073 . .
25
18 "
8 '■
Lily of Maple Grove 5079
m
16 "
3 "
White Clover Leaf 4512
25
17 "
15 "
Princess Bellworth 6801
12*
15 ■■
lOi •
Fair Starlight 1745 . .
25
17 "
71 '•
Arawana Buttercup 6052
12i
15 •'
5 '
Corolla 4392 ....
25
17 "
4 "
Usilda2d6157 . . .
m
15 ■■
2i '
Jersey Cream 2d 8519 .
25
14 "
12 "
Favorite Rajah Rex 16,153 12i
15 "
0 '
Chloe Beach 3931 . .
25
14 "
^ "
Louvic 3d 6159 . . .
m
14 "
13 '
Lucy Gaines' Buttcrcur
Bell Rex 11,700 . . .
. m
14 "
10 '
5058
25
14 "
14 "
0 "
0 "
Jenny of the Vale 9553
Jeannie Piatt 6005 . .
13i
12*
14 "
14 "
6* •
4 '
St. Perpctua 2d 5557 .
25
Countess Potoka 7496 .
12i
18 "
15 "
Lottie Rex 18,757 . .
. 12A
14 "
4 •
Hepsy 2d 12,008 . . .
12i
17 "
8 "
Pet Rex 20,166 . . .
. 12i
14 "
2i "
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA.
Nave. P
EB CeN
r. Sev
N DaV3
Name.
Per Cent. Seven Days.
Belle Grinucll 3d 16.503
131
14 lbs
3
oz.
Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307
61
16 lbs
5 oz
Kami Rex 13,671 . .
13i
14 "
0
"
Lady Cecilia 24,831
61
16 "
1
Hillside Gem 16,640 .
6i
30 ■'
0
Elsie Lane 13,303
6}
15 "
4 "
Gardiner's Ripple 11,693
6}
19 "
m
Chautauqua Queen
36,403 6i
14 "
11 "
Rosy Kate's Rex 13,193
6i
18 "
8
Sister Cash 33,987
6i
14 "
10 "
Maggie Rex 38,363 . .
6i
17 "
0+
Euphorbia 11,339
61
14 "
91 ■'
Grinnell Lass 11,859 .
6i
16 "
10
Lilley Rex 9853 .
6i
14 "
7 '■
Sister Rex 13,194 . .
6i
16 "
8
Prince's Bloom 9739
61
14 "
3 "
Lida Mullin 9198 . .
61
16 •■
8
Lizzie D. 10,408 .
61
14 "
0 "
CARRIE LENA 3d
Ethalka 3d 14,128
3i
15 "
0 "
20,077
6i
16 "
5
Total 47 cows.
cows.
LADY
MARY 1148.
Color, pure gray ; black tongue ; black switch. Dropped 1867. Imported
from Jersey, .September 21st, 1868, by William H. Scbieffelin, New York.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood.
Butter Yield in
Blood,
Botter Yield m
Name. Per Cent. Seve
N Days.
Name. P
eeCen
r. Sev
EN Days.
Welma5943 ....
37i
17 lbs
8 OZ.
Fleuretteof Linwood 13,918
184
16 lbs
0 oz
Chenda4599 ....
371
15 "
9i '•
Edwiua6713
184
15 "
13 "
Calypris 5943 ....
371
15 "
4i "
Fanny Taylor 6714 . . .
184
15 ••
12 "
Evri5282
37i
15 "
4 "
Lisetta Johnson 5331 . .
184
15 "
10 "
Pussie3035 ....
25
19 "
1 ■■
Denise8381
184
15 '■
9 "
Lady of Bellevue 7705 .
25
15 "
11 "
Etiquette 4300 . . . .
184
15 "
8 "
Countess Gasela 9571 .
35
15 "
11 ••
.Jewell 3d . . . .
184
15 ■■
4 "
Witch Hazel 4th 6131 .
25
15 ■•
54 "
Signalana 7719 . . . .
184
15 "
4 "
Fall Leaf 8587 . . .
35
14 "
8 "
Aldarine5301 . . . .
184
15 "
1| "
Lorella 12,913 . . .
35
14 "
7 "
Jenny Williams 29,058 .
184
15 ■'
0 "
Geranium 7838 . . .
18f
36 "
44 ••
Dora Doou 13,909 . . .
184
15 •■
0 "
Tenella0712 ....
18f
32 •■
H "
Opaline 7590
184
14 "
10 "
Cora of Linwood 12,915
18i
33 "
0 ■'
Medrie Le Brocq 8888 . .
184
14 "
7 "
Croton Maid 5305 . .
181
21 "
\U "
Marpetra 10,384 . . . .
184
14 "
6 "
Optima 6715 ....
184
21 "
3i "
Litza6338 '.
184
14 "
3 ••
(Enone 8614 ....
184
18 "
15 "
Fandango 13,908 ....
184
14 "
3 "
Fair Starlight 1745 . .
184
17 "
7i '■
Romp Ogden 3d 5458 . .
184
14 "
1 "
Vixen 7591
184
17 "
6 ■■
Comtesse d'Espagna 10,308
184
14 "
01 "
Beeswax 9807. . . .
184
17 "
5
Le Rosa 10,078 . . . .
184
14 ■'
0 "
Bellita4553 ....
184
17 "
3 "
Elite 4399
184
14 "
0 "
Valhalla 5300 ....
181
17 "
0 ■'
ETHLEEL 2d 33,391 .
14iV
30 "
15 "
Belle of Patterson 5664.
184
16 "
6 "
Signetilia 16,333 ....
14iV
14 "
3 "
Troth 6139
184
16 •■
0 ■■
The Widow's Daughter
Busy Bee 6336 . . .
184
16 •■
4 "
11,507
m
19 "
84 "
EUPHONIA 6783 . .
184
16 •
Oi "
Fanny Bugler 19,962 . .
12J
15 "
2 "
522
JEIiSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
TllLD IX
Blood,
Brrrra Yiilo
Datb.
Xaue. I-e
B Text
. S.VE
X Dats.
13 oz.
Friz Cam 14,055 ....
»l
15 lbs
7
10 '•
AlfritUa 13,673 ....
9|
15 "
3
8J ••
Romping Lass 11,021 . .
91
15 ••
0
5 ••
Earl Cow ....
9f
15 ••
0
3 "
Signal Maid 19,361 . . .
9f
15 "
0
8 ••
Belle Thome 13.369 . .
9|
14 ••
11
3i ■'
Reception 3(1 10.020 . .
91
14 •■
10
0 "
Euphorbia 11,229 . . .
9f
14 "
9J
14 "
Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 .
91
14 ••
9
12i •'
JaquenetUi 10,958 . . .
9f
14 ••
6
Lady Clarendon 3d 17.578
91
14 •'
5i
lOi •■
Variella of Linwood 10.954
9f
14 "
1
12 "
Jennie Johnson 3d 6782 .
n
14 "
0
10 ••
Sadie's Choice 7979 . . .
9f
14 "
0
6i •■
Fair Starlight 7745 . . .
6i
17 •'
7i
3 •'
Daisy Jlorrison 14.035 . .
■Hi
25 "
124
IJ '■
Alberta Signal 18,611 . .
■tH
20 •'
11
li ••
Pansy Patterson 18.612
■tH
15 "
15
0 "
Frances C. Magnet 22.904
HJ
14 ■'
13i
4 "
Lottie Rex 18.757 . . .
■HJ
14 "
4
3 ••
Dai.sy Hamilton 18,301 . .
■I'lO
14 •'
0
0 ••
Duchess of Manchester
15 ••
20.838
■tu
14 ••
0
11 ••
8 "
Tuua. 94 <:«(/■«.
18
68.
BUI
.LS.
r. nEi
UER 4.-i.
Rosy Dream 9808 . . . 12J 14 1
Cherokee Rose 20,921 . . 9| 23
Fadctte of Vema 3<1 11,122 95 22
Attractive Maid 16,925 . . 9f 22
Atlanta's Bejiuty 12,949 . 9| 21
Celeste Cox 12,948 ... 91 20
Fairy of Verna 2<1 10,973 . 9| 20
Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . . 9| 20
Ethlecl 18,724 . . . . 9| 19
GardimrV Ripple 11,693 . 9| 19
EVELINA OF VERNA
10,971 9| 19
Tenella 2d 19,521 . . . 9| 18
FERCIB 14,937 . . . 9« -^
( ^*
Harmony 2d 17,118 . . . 9| 18
Signaldella 24,107 . . . 9| 18
Rupertina 10,409 . . . . 9| 15
Bertha Black 26,275 . . 9« 17
Troth Plight 10.258 . . . 9| 16
Gazella 3d 9355 . . . . 9| 16
Dahlia 9f 16
Thorndale Belle 3d 10,459 9| 15
Mitten 13,368 9J 15
Pinafore 2d 15,072 . . . 9| 15
■ST.
Color, bright salmon fawn and silver gray. Bred to order of (). S. Hnhbell, by
Philip Quenanlt, St. Martin, Jersey. Dropped June 30th, 1868. Imported by O. S.
Hubbell, Stratford, Conn., June 15th, 18t>9. Mr. Hiibbell kept him at the head of
his herd six years, when he ])resented him to General Lincoln, of Worcester, Mass.,
in 1875, where he was kejrt until his death, in 1879. The dam of St. Ilelier made
at the rate of twenty-three pounds of butter in seven days on the Island of Jer.sey.
This famous bull was the product of forty years of inbreeding in one line.
TfCSTKD DESCENDANTS.
Lcsbie9179 87J 16 lbs.
Volie 19,465 Bij 18 "
Renim9181 8U 14 "
Taglioni 9183 81i 14 "
Queen of Chenango ;
(at 2 years) . . .
78i 14 lbs.
Trenie 17,770 (at 2 years) . 78i 14 " 6
j Chroma 4572 75 20 " 6
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Ef YIELD IH
Blood
DUTT
EB Yield
VEN DATS.
Name. Pei. Cent. Seven Days
s. 6 oz.
Bessie Bradford 3d 7371
37i
15 lbs. 3 c
' 3i "
Nannie Pitcli 9143 . .
37i
4
' 7 '•
Reckless 3569 ....
35
8
' 0 "
iVDioon Lady 6560 . .
35
3
. 3 „
Avis B. 9714 ....
35
14
' Zi "
Cenie Wallace 3d 6557 .
25
44
' 2 "
Florry Keep 6556 . .
35
14
' 1 ■'
Mountain La.ss 13,931 .
35
' 11 "
Daisy Hamilton 18,301 .
18f
' 7i "
Willis 3d 4461 ....
1^+
, 3 ..
Renown 13,739 . . .
13i
6
' 0 "
Lebanon Daughter 6106
13i
4
' 8 ■•
Lebanon Lass 6108 . .
\%\
3
' 8 "
Reality 16,537 . . . .
6i
3+
' 0 "
Marpetra 10,386 . . .
6i
6
' 10 ■'
Total, 39 cows.
ZAiVBS
EER 331.
Pyrola4566 75 18 lbs.
Safrano4568 75 14
Zithey 9184 68f 16
Niplieta9180 68J 16
Maculae 17,118 . . . . 68i 15
Bintana9837 68f 14
Flamant 11,270 .... 59f 14
Meines 3d 7741 .... 50 30
Ianthe4563 50 19
Chenie4570 50 19
Kaoli 18,980 50 17
Oxalis 3d 15,631 .... 50 15
Pavon 12,485 50 14
Del of Willow Farm 23.461 50 14
Silene 4307 50 14
Jule3640 50 14
Silenta 17,685 43f 15
Imported in dam Dazzle 379, March 31st, 1868, by C. Wellington, Massachv
;. Dropped September IStli, 1808.
TESTf:D DESCENDANTS.
LANDSEER'S FANCY
21 Ills
Pride of Mashamoquet
Farm 6469 ....
50
16 '•
1,
Rosabel Hudson 5704
35
15 "
13
Julia Walker 10,133
35
15 "
13
Rosy Dream 9808 .
35
14 '•
13
Little Sister 11,666 .
35
14 "
12
Gold Princess 8809 .
35
14 "
13
Queen Fanny 10,275
35
14 "
3
Miami Prize 8100 .
25
14 '■
0
Blood.
Name. Pee Cent
Starlight Rose 8804 ... 25
BuTTKE Yield
Seven Days.
14 lbs. 0
Lady Hayes 10,136 ... 184
15 " 13
Pride of Eastwood . 124-
20 " 11
Emma Hudson 12,469 . . 121
16 " 8
Pierrot's Picture 12,481 . 13+
16 " 0
Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11,673 13i
15 " 12
Sister Ca.sh 33,987 . . . 12|
14 " 10
Pierrot's Countess 13,480 . 13i
14 " 0
Hypathia 3d 14,774 . . . 3J
19 " 13
RAJAH 3-K).
with squirrel gray back
Color, black and tan
Bred by Clement Buesnel, Grouville, Jersey.
Island, June 17th, 1869.
Dropped January 1st, 1868.
Imported by John S. Barstow, Khode
DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Oonan 1485 .
Fantine 1271 .
Per Oe
. 50
. 50
23 lbs.
15 "
Spirea 3915 . .
Moonah's Pet 7484
50 14 lbs.
37i 15 "
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Nam.. Feb Cm
T. .S«vzs Datb.
Pride of the Hill 4877
37i
14 lbs
Hazen's Nora 4791 . .
35
20 "
4 "
Roonan5133 ....
25
20 "
4 "
Mamie Coburn 3798 .
25
17 "
8 "
Dudu of Linwood 8330
25
10 "
71 "
Callie Nan 7959 . . .
25
16 "
2 "
Roselaine 7167 . . .
25
15 "
7
Arawana Buttercup 6053
25
15 "
3 "
Pet Lee 7993 ....
25
14 ••
12 '•
Enid 2d 10,783 . . .
25
14 "
71 ••
Rose of Hillside 3866 .
25
14 "
31 "
Maggie May 3255 . .
25
14 "
21 "
Myrtle of Ridgewood 785S
25
14 "
1 "
Gilt Edge 2d 4420 . .
25
14 "
0 "
Little Han 8004 . . .
25
14 "
0
Bennie Hiuman 7166 .
25
14 •■
0 •■
Calcndine 9415 . . .
12J
20 "
5 ••
Marea 10,167 ....
12A
10 ■•
Lucky Belle 2d 6037 .
12i
10 "
14 •■
Arawana Queen 5368 .
12i
16 "
9 "
Emma Hudson 12.469 .
12 i
10 "
8 "
Braniballctta 10,451 .
121
16 "
4 "
Valeric 0044 ....
12i
15 "
13 "
GILT EDGE 0. 13,223 .
121
15 "
91 ••
Duchess Caroline 3d 6041
12*
15 "
8 "
Julia Evelyn 6007 . .
121
15 "
.51 "
Calypris 5943 ....
121
15 •■
41 ••
Bellini's Maid 15,170 . .
\%h
15 lbs
\\ oz.
Bettie Di.xon 4527 . .
121
15 "
0 "
Bellini La Biche 15,091
121
14 "
14* ".
Florry Keep 6556 . .
121
14 ■•
14 •■
Cosetta 15,991 . . .
121
14 "
11 "
Coronilla 8367 . . .
12i
14 ■'
91 ■'
Mountain Lass 12,921 .
131
14 "
9 "
Susie La Biche 3d 15,171
121
14 "
61 "
Maggie C. 12,216 . .
121
14 ■'
6 "
Maggie May 2d 12,926 .
121
14 "
6 "
Mnnie Lee 2d 12,941 .
131
14 •'
3 "
Walkyrie 5708 . . .
121
14 "
1 "
Stark ville Beauty 4897 .
131
14 "
0 "
Vivalia 12,760 . . .
121
14 "
0 "
Scituate of Woronoco 18,040 6i
24 "
14 "
Atlanta's Beauty 12,949
6i
21 ■'
3 "
Gabrielle Champion 14,10x
6i
17 "
8 "
Obella B. 10,.575 . . .
6i
17 "
4 "
Armon 10,863 ....
6i
16 •'
13i "
Dora Doon 12,909 . .
6i
15 "
0 "
Favorite Rajah Re.\ 10,15:
6i
15 "
0 "
Marpetra 10,284 . . .
6i
14 "
6 "
Therese M. 8364 . . .
6i
14 "
3 "
Le Rosa 10,078 . . .
Oi
14 "
0 "
Dai.sy Hamilton 18,301
6i
14 '■
0 "
ToUd, 56 (
MR. MWAWBER 5.5fi.
Color, steol gray. Dropped 1S«8. Imported l)y Tlioinas Motley, 1869.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
BlOOD, BtTTTKB '
Name. Peb Cikt. Sive:
Countess Micawbcr 17.59 . 50 17 lbs.
Clara of Lakeside 10,827 . 371 15 "
Mink 2d 3890 25 19 "
Medrena 3939 25 18 "
Lady Essex 4749 .... 25 18 "
Mirtha3437 25 17 "
Mink 3d 4868 25 14 "
Dolly of Lakeside 10,284 . 25 14 "
Woodland Lass 3444 . . 25 14 "
D^vr. '"
Blood.
Name. Peb Cexi
Bdtteb Y«u> ra
Skvi.v Dat8.
1 oz.
Marie C. Magnet 23,903
121
15 lbs. 8 oz.
0 "
Dove Dee 18,059 . . .
121
15 " 3 "
11 "
Village Maid 7069 . .
12i
14 ■■ 0 "
4 "
Frances C. Magnet 22,904
91
14 " 131 "
OJ "
Mhoon Lady 6560 . .
6i
17 " 3 "
131 "
Julia Evelyn 6007 . .
6i
15 " 151 "
9 ■'
Medrie Le Brocq 8888 .
6i
14 " 7 "
8 '■
Therese M. 8364 . . .
6i
14 " 2 "
0 "
TotaZ, 17 arws.
JJSBSJEY CATTLE IN AMERICA,
DOLPHIN %J 468.
Color, dark fawn ; back and loins tipped with silver gray. Dropped March,
18C8. Bred by F. M. Wilson, England. Imported from England, November, 1869,
by Colonel E. M. Hoe, ISTew York.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Butteb Yield in
Name. Pbk Cent. Seven Days.
Nasie.
Blood,
Pee Cehi
Butte
Sevi
Yield
N Days.
Miss Willie Jones 6918 . . 35
16 lbs. 4 oz.
Typha 5870 13i
16 lbs
11 0
Pride of Corisande 5323 . 25
16
' 0 "
Idaletta 11,843
13i
15 "
141
Gray Therese 5322 . . .25
16
' 0
Dia 13,658 . .
12i
15 "
13
Zalina8778 25
15
, g „
Fillpail 16,530
13i
15 "
11
Forget-Me-Not-0 10,564 . 25
15
• 4 "
Idalene 11,841
13i
15 "
8i
FanstitiR 10,354 .... 25
14
• 14i "
Calpuruia 13,367
131
15 "
31
Silversides 3857 .... 25
14
■ 8 "
Marvel 13,734 .
121
15 "
1
Pet Rex 20,166 .... 25
14
■ 3* "
Signetilia 16,333
13i
14 "
3
Robinette 7114 . . ! . 25
14
' 1 "
Sadie's Choice 7979
12i
14 "
0
Silver Bell 4313 .... 35
14
' 0 "
Alberta Signal 18,611
6i
20 "
11
True Inwardness 10,363 . 35
14
' 0 "
Smoky 18,933 . . .
6i
14 "
9
Niobe's Alpheanette 33,336 13i
22
' lOi "
Colie8309 13i
18
. 4 "
Total, 24 cow
.
VICTOR HUGO 197.
Color, black and dark brown. Bred by J. DeVeuUe, St. Clement,
Imported August, 1868, by S. S. Stephens, Montreal, Canada.
Jersey.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name. Per Cent. Seven Day
Oaklands Nora 14,880 . . 50 33 lbs. 5
Lady Fawn of St. Anne's
10,930 50 16 " 12i
Tidy of St. Lambert 31,114 50 14 " 3
Melia Ann 5444 .... 37* 18 " OA
Carrie Pogis 33,568 ... 374 15 " 9
Moss Rose of St. Lambert
5114 374 15 " 8i
Coquette of Glen Rouge
17,5.59 37i 15 " \\
IDA OF ST. LAMBERT
24,990 35 30 ■' 2i
Name. Peb Cent, Seven Days.
Sweet Brier of St. Lambert
5481 35 23 lbs. 13 oz.
Brenda of Elnihurst 10,763 25 30 " 8 "
Rioter's Maggie 33,530 . . 35 18 " 6+ "
Cowslip of St. Lambert
8349 35 17 " 13 "
Minette of St. Lambert
9774 35 17 " 4 "
Jolie of St. Lambert 5136 . 25 15 " 13^ "
Lucy Dale 5129 .... 25 15 " 13 "
Duchess of St. Lambert
5111 35 15 " 11 "
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEBIC A.
May Day Stoke Pogis
28,383
25
15 lb.v
. 3
Uinta 5743
25
14 ••
10
Gem of St. Cloud 7342
25
14 "
8i
Nancy of St. Lambert
12,984
25
14 "
5
Clematis of St. Lambert
r.478
25
14 "
3
Bonnie Fawn CVM . . .
25
14 •'
0
Kosenf SI. Lambert 20,426
20A
21 •■
U
MARY ANNE OF ST.
LAMBERT 9771) . .
m
36 ■
12}
Daisy M,,rris„ri 14,U3r, . .
m
25 "
m
NAIAD OF ST. LAM-
BERT 12,095 . . . .
m
22 ■'
2i
(rcnsof St. Lambert 8351
m
17 "
12
Maggie Sheldon 28,583 .
m
15 "
3
Honeysuckle of St. Anne's
18.fi74
18}
14 "
14
Kioter's Beauty 14.8!)4 . .
IS}
14 "
0
MERMAID OF ST.
LAMBERT 9771 . .
12i
25 ••
13i
Nora of St. Lambert 12,962 124
NIOBE OF ST. LAM-
Honeyi
lofSt. Lambert
13i
Obella B. 10,575 .
Tutal, 48 cowa.
22 lbs. 0 oz.
RIOTER PINK OF
BERLIN 23,665 . . . 12i 19
Judith Coleman 11,391 . 13i 17
Baronetti 8425 . . . . VU
Chamorailla 7552 . . . 12*
Diana of St. Lambert 6636 12i
Cill of Glen Rouge 13,818 13i
Moth of St. Lambert 9775 12i
Bonnie 2d 5742 . . . . m
Pearl of St. Lambert 5527 12i
Nordheim Creamer 9758 . 12A
Flower of Glen Kouge
17,560 ^. 9| 23
AlephJudea 11,389. . *. 9|
Rioter's Nora 21,778 . . 9|
16 •
■ 14
16 '
10
16 '
8
16 '
6
16 •
3
14 '
11*
14 •
2
14 •
' 0
23 '
14}
15 •
1»
15 •
9
6i 17
PRIDE OF WIXDSOR -ts.3.
Color, brown. Bred at Shaw Farm, Windsor Park, Eiiirlaiul. Iiiiportfil
August 17tli, 1868, by S. S. Stephens, of Montreal, Canada.
Mr. Valancey E. Fuller writes of Pride of Windsor : " She was a cow of im-
mense substance, and milked si.\teen quarts a day at fourteen years, on grass alone."
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name. I'kb Cent. S
Duchess of St. F/ambert
5111 ,50 15 1
Lily of St. Lambert 5120 . 50 14
Coquette of Glen Rouge
17,559 43} 15
Cill of Glen Rouge 13,818 . 37i 16
Rioter's Nora 31,178 . . 37i 15
Honeysuckle of St. Anne's
18,672 31} M
VIEI.D 1»
Blood,
Btn-T.R Ylld
DaV9.
Name. I"
Sweet Brier of St. Lambert
K Cen
T. Seve.-. Days.
13 oz.
14,880
25
22 lbs. 12
0 "
Nora of St. Lambert 12,962
Flower of Glen Rouge
25
23 " 9
n "
17, -^yo
155
23 ■■ 14}
« ■■
MERMAID OF ST.
9 "
T.AMBERT 21.!)!I0
RIOTER PINK OF
12i
26 " 13.t
14 "
BERLIN 23,605 . , .
12i
19 " 14
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIilCA.
527
Name. Pe
R CeN
. Seven Days.
Kame. Pe
E OEN
Seve
N Days.
Moth of St. Lambert 9775
134
16 lbs. 2 oz.
NAIAD OF ST. LAM-
Moss Rose of St. Lambert
BERT 13,965 . . .
6i
22 lbs
2+ OZ
15 " 8i •■
14 "• 3 "
Rose of St. Lambert 30,436
Crocus of St. Lambert 8351
6i
6i
31 "
17 "
Pearl of St. Lambert 5537
13i
12 "
Rioter's Beauty 14,894 . .
91
14 " 0 "
Judith Coleman 11,391 .
6i
17 "
5 "
MARY ANNE OF ST.
AlephJudea 11,389 . . .
H
15 "
If "
LAMBERT 9770 . .
6i
36 '■ 12i "
Total. 21 com.
PAULINE 494.
Bred by Eli Hubert, St. Ouens, Jersey. Imported iii daiu Ilebe, August ITtli,
1868. Dropped October 18th, 1868.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Buttee Yi.
jNIelia Ann 5444 ....
37A
18 lbs
Oi
Oaklands Nora 14,880 . .
35
33 "
5
Sweelbrier of St. Lambert
5481
35
33 ••
12
NIOBE OF ST. LAM-
05
21 •
18 '•
Rioter's Maggie 22,530 . .
35
6+
Jolie of St. Lambert 5136 .
35
15 "
13
Duchess of St. Lambert
5111
35
15 "
12
Uinta 5743
•^^
14 ■■
10
Clemati-s of St. Lambert
5478
25
14 "
3
Bonnie Fawn 6190 . . .
35
14 "
0
Rose of St. Lambert 20,436
23xV
21 "
3+
Carrie Pogis 33,568 . . .
181
15 ••
9
IDA OF ST. LAMBERT
24 990
124
30 "
S+
Daisy Morrison 14,035 . .
181
35 "
13+
Nora of St. Lambert 12,962
12i
22 •■
0
Brenda of Elmhurst 10,762 12i
20 "
8
Honeymoon of St. Lambert
11,221
12i
20 ■'
oi
Cowslip of St. Lambert
8349
12+
17 ••
1''
Minnette of St. Lambert
9774
13+
17 ••
4
Baronetti 8435 ....
13+
16 '•
14
Chamomilla 7552 . . .
13+
16 "
10
Name. Pee Cent. Seven Dats.
Diana of St. Lambert 6636 13J 16 lbs. 8 oz.
Moss Rose of St. Lambert
5114 12+ 15 " 8+ "
Maggie Sheldon 23,583 . .13+ 15 " 3 "
May Day Stoke Pogis
28,383 12+ 15 " 3 "
•Coquette of Glen Rouge
17,5.59 12+ 15 " U ■'
Honeysuckle of St. Anne's
18,672 13+ 14 •' 14 "
Bonnie 2d 5743 .... 13+ 14 " 11+ "
Obella B. 10,575 . . . . 9| 17 " 4 "
Rioter's Nora 21,178 . . 9| 15 " 9 "
Rioter's Beauty 14,894 . . 9| 14 " 0 "
MARY ANNE OF ST.
LAMBERT 9770 . . iS{ 36 " 12i "
MERMAID OF ST.
LAMBERT 9771 . . (ii 25 " 13+ "
Flower of Glen \V^\\s,^•
17,560 61- 33 " 141 "
NAIAD OF ST. LAM-
BERT 13,965 .... 6i 22 " 2+ "
RIOTER PINK OF
BERLIN 23,665 . . . 6i 19 " 14 "
Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 ^\ 17 " 13 "
Judith Coleman 11,391 . 6i 17 " 5 "
Aleph Judea 11,.389 . . . 6i- 15 " If "
Total, 39 cows.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
EMBLEM 90.
Color. o:ray ; lielly and legs partly white ; dark dish face ; black tongue.
Dropped February, 1808. Ured by E. Gibaut, Jersey. Imported by T. J. Hand,
New York, October, 1868.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name. Per Cent. Skv
Com of Linwood 13,915 . 25 22 lbs
Vixen 7591 35 17 "
Busy Bee 6336 .... 25 16 "
FleuretteofLiuwood 12,918 25 10 "
Dcnise8281 25 15 "
Romping La.s.s 11,021 . . 25 15 "
Opaline 7590 25 14 "
Lilza 6338 25 14 "
Fandango 12,908 .... 25 14 "
Romp Ogden 3d 5458 . . 25 14 "
ETHLEEL 2d 32,291 . 18f 30 "
Clicrokw Rdsi- 20.921 . .12^ 23 '■
Ellilccl 18,724 12A 19 "
Troth 6139 12i 16 "
Corn 10,504 12i 16 "
Etiqviette 4300 12i 15 "
Jaquenetla 10,958 . . . 12J 14 "
YlI!I.I. IN
Blooi.,
BlTTK
K YlEL
s Datb.
Na>.k. P
ER C.;s
Se\
E.V Da
0 oz.
Variella of Linwood 10,954 12*
14 Ib^
1
6 "
Comtesse d'Espagna 10,308 12i
14 ••
Oi
4 •■
Sasco Bell 13,601 . .
12J
14 "
0
0 ■•
Bertha Black 36,375 .
6i
17 "
4
9
Attractive Maid 16,925 .
6i
16 ■•
13
0 ••
Troth Plight 10,258 . .
Gi
16 ■•
4
10 •
EUPHONIA 6783 . .
c^
16 ■
0*
3 ■•
Rosy Dream 9808 . .
6i
14 "
13
3 ■•
Nannie Fitch 9143 . .
6i
14 "
4
1 ••
Daisy Morrison 14,035 .
34
25 •'
12i
15 "
10
PERCIE 14,937 . .
34-
18 "
14 "
10
6\
14 "
Lottie Rex 18,757 . .
34
14 "
4
5 "
Daisy Hamilton 18,301 .
34
14 "
0
2 "
Duchess of Manchester
8 '• •
20.838
3J
14 "
0
6 "
Total, 31 cows.
DANDELION 2521.
Color, pure lemon fawn ; dark face, white star. Dro])ped ilarch lOtli, 1808.
Imported by W. II. T. Hughes, for James 15. A\' illiams, (41astoiil)ury, Conn., Ajiril
6th, 1870.
DANDELION AND TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Dandelion 2521 (at 15yrs.) 100 16 lbs. 9 oz.
Gentle of GIa.stonbury 4651 50 14 " 0 "
Pretty 2526 50 14 " 0 "
Roll of Honor 13,610 . . 25 14 lbs. 12 oz.
Sunset 15,130 15| 16 " 2i "
Total, 5 eoim.
For portraits of Dandelion 2521, her son Dandy Boy 7334:, and two daughters,
see frontispiece.
.^*^^
■ji^Kf:uv'>>:iv >',c, } if;{
EDDINGTON 2250.
AT iS YEARS OI.l).
R/otrr Tiwc
SIMPSON" IIEIU).
William Simpson, 5t CiiA-rnAM Strkkt, New York.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
1869.
RIOTER U 469.
Color, solid dark fawn and gray. Bred by the Marquis of Bristol, England.
Dropped April, 1869. Imported by Colonel E. M. Hoe, New York, November,
1869.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Pek Cex-
Se%
EN DATS.
Name.
Pee Cen
. Seve
N DATS.
Eurotas 2454 . .
50
33 lbs
7 oz.
EUPHONIA 6783 . .
. m
16 lbs
0+ 0%
and 778 lbs. in on
e year
Leah Darlington 13,836
. 134
15 ■'
5* ••
Torfrida 3596 . .
50
17 "
6+ "
Nazli 10,337 ....
. 12i
15 "
3i "
Colie8809 . . .
35
18 ■'
4 "
Nimble 33,335 . . .
. 13i
14 "
10 "
Pyrrha 6100 . .
Typha 5870 . .
25
16 "
14i "
Smoky 13 733
134
14 "
9 "
25
16 "
11 "
Jennie Johnson 3d 6783
. 12i
14 "
0 "
Dia 13,658 . . .
35
15 "
13 "
Daisy Morrison 14,035 .
• 6i
25 "
13^ "
True Inwardness 10,363
35
14 "
0
Rioter Alphea 10,091 .
. 6i
16 "
7 "
Mother Hubbard 10,331
13*
34 "
H "
Eupidee's Perfection 20,1
75 6i
15 "
4 "
BOMBA 10,330 .
13+
21 "
lU "
Dove Dee 18,059 . . .
. 6i
15 "
3 "
Matilda otli 18,068
VU
16 "
4 "
Tohil, 20 cows.
ORANGE PEEL 502 {F. 129 J. II. B.—Il. C).
Color, orange fawn and white ; three small white spots below right flank.
Bred by John Arthur, St. Mary's, Jersey. Sire, Clement 115. Dam, Cowslip
(F. 3.30 J. H. B.— H. C). Dropjjed February, 1869. Imported by A. Kobeson,
June 30th, 1870.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
Butte
i Yield in
Name. Pee Cent. Set
EN DATS.
Lustre 3063
50
35
15 lbs
18 "
8i OZ.
Rosa of BeUevue 6954 .
7i "
Viva Le Brocq 13,702 .
35
18 "
3 "
Mary Jane of Belle vue 695(
25
17 "
7 "
Gold Trinket 9518 . .
35
17 "
2 "
Dairy Pride 4th 31,681 .
35
16 "
0 '•
Rose of Oxford 13,469 .
35
15 "
144 '■
Atricia6039 ....
35
35
15 "
15 "
O <l
Naomi's Pride 16,475 .
2 "
Caroline 12,019 .
35
14 "
8 "
Gilda 2779
25
184
14 "
15 "
6
Prize Rose 16,309
1 "
Island Star 11,876
12i
21 "
3 "
Florinanna 24,3.54
13+
17 "
5 "
Milkmaid Felch 13,339
Fear Not 2d 6061 . .
Lily of Burr Oaks 1101
Countess Gasela 9571 .
Grace Felch 8291 . .
Charmer 4771 ....
Rosebud of Bellevue 7703
Magnolia Ridgley 17,269
Milkmaid of Burr Oaks
Lotchen 19,833 . . .
Young Garenne 3d 13,648
Niobe of Linwood 11,134
Cherokee Rose 30,931 .
12i
16 '
' 2
12i
15 '
' 13
13i
15 '
' 11
13i
15 '
■ 0
12i
14 '
12
124
14 '
' 11
121
14 '
8
124
14 '
5
9f
16 <
7
91
16 '
3
9f
14 '
9
6i
23 '
10
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA.
Blood,
Nauk. riB Cexi
Jenny Dodo H. 14,448 . . 6J
Lady of the Isles 2d 16,653
(rated) CJ
BCTTIK YllLD IK
Seven Dats.
21 lbs. 8 OZ
19 " 11 "
Fan's Grouville Beauty
10,079
6i
19 "
3 "
Beauty Romeril 26,090 . .
6J
18 "
9 '■
LE BROCQ'S CUR-
FEW 30.697 ....
H
18 "
13 '•
0 •■
12i "
Fear Not 5059 ....
6i
17 ■■
10 ■•
Lady Velvctine 15,771 . .
Lady Josephine 11,560. .
Corn 10,504
6i
6i
17 "
16 "
16 ••
2 ••
lis "
Wakena 19,721 ....
6i
16 "
0 "
Eclipse 14,427
Les Marais Dell 20,314 . .
Belle Dame 2d 22,043 . .
6i
6i
6i
15 "
15 "
15 "
12 "
8 "
Queen of Ashantce 14,554 .
6J
15 "
2 "
Cicero's Mabel 18,238 . .
6i
15 "
2 •'
Verora 10,766 ....
Daisy Di.\ie 9469 . . .
Jenny Williams 29,058 .
Jledrie Le Brocq 8888 .
Island Dots 17,023 . .
Embla Brick 15,690 . .
' Bella Delaine 10,356 .
I Nervine 25,932 . . .
Birdie Le Brocq 17,263 .
' Elinor Wells 12,060 . .
Le Rosa 10,078 . . .
I Nutley's Alma 13,581 .
j Carlo's Fancy 14,591 .
Frances C. Magnet 22,904
Moggie Bright 25,891 .
Liberty 2d 16,717 . .
Pendule 2d 16,709 . .
Total, 59 cows.
IB CE.>n
BlTTE. YlEI.1. IS
Sevex Dats.
. 6i
15 lbs.
U oz.
6i
15 "
1 "
. 6i
15 •■
0 "
. 6i
14 "
14 "
7 "
. H
14 "
3 "
6i
14 "
2 "
. 6i
14 "
u ••
. 6i
14 "
0 "
. 6i
14 "
0 '■
. 6i
14 "
0 "
. 6i
14 "
0 ■'
. 6J
14 "
0 "
■ 3i
14 "
16 "
13* "
6 "
. 3i
14 "
6i "
. 3i
14 "
6 "
MOXAECH OF EOXBUEY 499.
Dropped July 26tli, 1869. Bred by Thomas Motley.
Dam, Nellie 289.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Merry Burlington
Topsey Roxbury 7
Audrey 1447 . .
Sire, John Le Bas 398.
TlELD IN
1)*T8.
Naiie.
Blood, Bitteh Yield
Pee Cent. Seven Dais.
4 OZ.
Clover Top 9910 . .
. . 50 14 lbs. 0 c
0 "
Walkyrie 5708 . .
. . 13i 14 '• 1
0 '■
Total, 5 com.
RIOTER 670.
Color, dark gray brown. Bred by Mr. Alexandre, Jersey. Dropped August,
1869. Imported by P. H. Fowler, November, 1871. Purchased by Silas Belts, of
Bloomfield Cottage Farm, Camden, N. J.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Butter Y'ield i
Blood, Bctter Yi
Lady Bloomfield 4704 . . 75
14 lbs
m oz.
Lucetta6856 ....
25
14 lbs.
3 0
Duchess of Bloomfield 3653 ,50
20 "
Oi '■
Elmora Mostar 15,955 .
18f
14 "
0 '
8U LU 4705 .50
16 "
ETHLEEL 2d 32,291
12*
30 •■
15
Leiitia 3977 ,50
5 "
Celeste Cox 12.948 . .
12J
20 "
8 •
Princess Mostar 9700 . . 37i
3 "
Jaquenettu 10,958 . .
12+
14 •'
6 '
Princess Bowen 9699 . . 25
13 "
Leoline 2d 18,315 . .
13*
14 "
4 •
Lorella 12,913 .... 25
7 "
Total, 18 «)«•».
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
COLUMBIAD 534.
Bred by A. Le Gallais, Jersey. Dropped on ship Hndson, September 7th
1869. Imported by Captain Pratt, September 1-ith, 1869.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Aspirante 9272 . . . .
PET OP ROSE LAWN \
Alluring 5541 .
)=«*(..
14 lbs, 7
\ 18 " 2+
19 ■■ 5
Rose of Rose Lawn !
Deoine 6343 . . ,
Dark Cloud 9364 .
Total, 6 cow*.
16 lbs
14 "
LOPEZ 313.
Imported in dam Amy 595, January 29th
Massachusetts. Dropped Jime 4th, 1869.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
1869, by H. M. Wellington,
Namb. Pee Cen
T. SeVE
N D
Bertha Morgan 4770 . . 50
19 lbs
6
Molly Brown 7831 . . .50
16 "
0
LTDIADARRAOH4903 35
17 ••
14
Violet of Glencalrn 10,231 25
14 "
4
May Lankton 15,872 . . 12i
16 "
H
Lydia Darracli 2d 8056 . 12i
16 '■
0
Lydia Darrach 3d 10,662 . 12i
16 ••
0
Orphean 4636 12i
15 ••
7
Lydia Darrach 5th 16,577
\%\
15
NIOBE OF ST. LAM-
BERT 12,969 . . .
6i
21
Behneda 6329
6i
18
Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 .
6i
16
Gem of Sassafras 8434 . .
6i
14
TOM DASHER 42u.
Dropped January 30th, 1869. Bred by S. W. Robbins, "Wethersfield, Conn.
Sire, Albert 44. Dam, Flora 420.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Jersey Cream 3151 . .
OUe4133
Blood,
Pee Cen
. 50
. 50
Seven Dats.
17 Hw. 0 oz.
15 " 0 •■
Name. P
Polly Clover 70.52 . . .
Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307
BUTIEE Yield
Seven Dats.
16 lbs. 15
16 " 5
Creamer 2467 ....
. 50
14 "
1 "
May Lankton 15,872
3U
16 "
li
Jersey Cream 3d 8521 .
. 37*
16 "
5 '■
Orphean 4636 ....
m
15 "
7
VALUE 2d 6844 . .
. 25
25 "
2H "
Cowles' Nonsuch 6199
12i
14 "
13
Peggy Leah 3097 . .
May Blossom 5657 . .
Duchess of Argyle 3758
. 25
. 35
. 25
18 "
18 "
14 "
12 "
11 "
13 "
Lady Gray of Hilltop
14 641
2d
13+
14 "
12
Lady Gray of Hilltop
3d
Jersey Cream 2d 8519 .
Gem of Sassafras 8434 .
. 25
. 35
14 "
14 "
12 "
12i
6i
14 ••
20 "
Hillside Gem 16,640
0
Katie Bashford 15,982 .
. 12i
17 "
0 "
Belmeda6329 . .
6i
18 "
12
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Cordelia Baker 8814
Rosona 12,956 . . .
Ethalka 2<i 14,138 . .
Phyllis of llillcri'st 906';
Blood. Bctteb TraLD
NiMi;.
Peb Ckkt. Sbvek Days.
Roll of Honor 13,610
. 6i 14 lbs. 13 c
Celeste Cox 12,948 .
. . 3i 20 " 8
Pet Clover 14,634 .
. 34 16 " 8
Total, 37 cows.
YOUNG BARON 702.
Color, solifl bronze fuwn ; black points. Bred by Mr. Mallett, Jersey.
1869. Imported by E. P. P. Fowler, 1871.
T?;STED DESCENDANTS.
Dropped
Hr.ooD.
BlTTTEE YIELD IS
Blood
BUTTEK YlBL
Kamz.
Tee Uen
r. Seven Dats.
Name.
Pe« cex
T. Seve.v Dat
Gipsy May 6259 . .
. 75
17 lbs. 8 OZ.
Peggotty II. 8639 . .
. 25
15 lbs. 6
Pearl Armstrong 2670
. 50
21 " 10 "
Suuuy Lass 6033 . . .
. 25
14 " 7
Amethyst 2699 . .
. 50
18 " 0 •■
Muezzin 3670 ....
. 25
14 " 0
Arietta 5115 . . .
. 50
15 " 0 "
La.ss Rex Alphea 16,965
. m
16 " lot
Bertie Briggs 5213 .
. 50
14 " 4 "
Duenna's Duchess 5508
. 25
16 " 10 "
Total. 10 cmcs.
MERCURY 432.
Coliir. solid dark f;;ray, shading to black ; lilaek tiin<rne and switcli. Sire, Jupiter
93. Dam, Alphea 171. Bred by R. M. Hoe, New York. Di-opped October 7th,
1869. Still in servdce, at sixteea years of age, at the head of the Simpson Herd.
Has given from fifty to one hundred per cent, of his blood to twenty -five tested cows.
Mercury is the product of full brother and sister, and is a good lesson for those who
theorize so energetically against the practice of inbreeding.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Naue.
Phaedra 2561 . .
Nymphica 5141 .
Purest 13,730 . .
Richness 16,536 .
Marvel 13,734 . .
Ideal Alphea 18,755
Alphea Star 16,532
Alphetta 16,.531 .
Lernella 22,322 .
Alphea Jewell 22,331
Reality 16,537 .
Smoky 13,733
Renown 13.729
Idaletta 11,843
Lernu 3634 . .
. Sk>
E.N DATS
19 lbs
13 0
18 ■•
7i •
15 "
4
. 63i
. 63i
. 63^
. 50
50
2i
u
0
3J
9
6
14*
13
Idalene 11,841 .
Crust 4775 . . .
Zalma 8778 . .
Clytemnestra 3455
Tola 4627 . . .
Ideal 11,843 . .
Nimble 22,335 .
Ilartwick Belle 7731
Vestina2458 . .
Ballet Girl 18,750
Zitella3d 11,933 .
Ceccola 13,608 .
Malope 3d 11,933
Nazli 10.327 . .
Robinetle 7114 .
. 50
. 374
. 374
. 374
. 374
15 lbs.
15 "
15 "
15 "
15 "
14 "
14 "
14 "
14 "
14 "
17 "
16 "
15 "
15 '■
14 "
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Nam
Feb <
Colie 8309 25 18 lbs.
Bessie S. 5002 25 16 "
Fillpail 16,530 .... 25 15 "
Niva7523 25 15 "
Forsaken 7520 . . . .35 15 "
Faustine 10,354 .... 25 14 "
Bessie Bradfoid 7269 . . 25 14 "
Honeydrop 10,033 ... 25 14 "
St. Nick's Flora 16,195 . 25 14 "
Mother Hubbard 10,331 . 12+ 24 "
Little Torment 1.5,581 . . 12i 23 "
BOMBA 10,330 .... 12+ 21 "
Quachette 17,091 .... 12+ 19 "
Bertha Black 26,275 . . 12+ 17 "
Matilda 5th 18,068 . . .13+ 16 "
Lily of Maple Grove 5079 12^ 16 "
s Days.
Name. Pee Cent
Sev
N Dai
4 oz.
Corn 10,504 ....
13+
16 lbs
3
0 "
Referette 15 309
12+
15 "
g
11 "
Leah Darlington 13,836
12i
15 "
54
8 "
Bessie Bradford 2d 7371
12+
15 "
3
1 "
Verora 10,766 . . .
13i
15 '•
H
14i ■'
Lucy Lanier 13,053 . .
6i
18 "
3
2 "
Lass Rex Alphea 16,965
6i
16 "
lOJ
Oi "
Rioter Alphea 10,091 .
6i
16 ■■
7
0 "
Eupidee's Perfection 20,17
6i
15 "
4
li "
Dove Dee 18,0.59 . . .
6i
15 "
3
2* "
Bronze Leaf 14,903 . .
6i
15 "
1
Hi "
Goldstraw 3d 14,724 .
6i
14 "
13
11+ "
Peggy Ford 21,713 . .
6i
14 "
10
0 "
Dia 13,658
3i
15 '■
13
4 ■'
Shiloh Daughter 20,378
lA
14 "
%
3 "
Total, 61 cowi.
PIERROT 636.
Color, silver gray fawn ; Iilack tongue and tail.
S. C. Colt, Hartford, Coini.. 1871.
Dropped 1869. Imported by
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
BcTTER Yield in
Blood,
Butter Yield
Name.
Pee Cek
N DATS.
Name.
Pee Cen
. Seve
N Days.
Minneola of Elmarch 8
339 50
15 lbs
15 OZ.
Little Sister 11,666 . .
. 35
14 lbs
12
Elsie Brown 4021 .
. 50
14 "
6+ "
New London Gipsy 11,6
57 35
14 "
8
Geranium 3963 . .
. 50
14 "
0 "
Susie La Biche 3d 15,171
. 35
14 "
64
Rosy Kate 10,376 .
. 37+
18 '■
13 "
Palestine's Last Daught
Lady Cecilia 24,821 .
. 37+
16 "
1 "
12,603
. 35
14 "
6
Pierrot's Picture 13,481
. 374
16 "
0 "
Lady Fanning 11,169 .
. 25
14 "
6
Pierrot's Countess 12,480 . 37+
14 "
0
Rarity 3d 7724 . . .
. 35
14 "
2
Pierrot's Lady Bacon 12
483 3U
16 ■'
10 "
Queen Fannie 10,375 .
. 25
14 "
2
Geranium 2(i 7838
35
26 "
4f "
10 "
Little Han 8004
25
14 "
0
PEROIE 14,937 . .
. 35
18 ■■
Rosy Kate's Rex 13,193
. 18f
18 "
8
14 •■
6+ "
Celeste Cox 12,948 . .
. 134
30 "
8
Jennie of the Vale 9553
. 35
17 "
7+ '■
Belmeda 6239 ....
. 13+
18 "
13
Colt's La Biche 6399
. 35
17 "
3+ "
Kitty Potter 9893 . .
. 134
18 "
5
Polly Clover 7052 .
. 35
16 "
15 "
Floret 9959
. 134
17 ■'
6
Hattie Douglass 34,960
. 35
16 "
5 "
Lida Mullin 9198 . . .
. 124
16 "
18
Fannie Taylor 6714 .
. 25
15 "
13 "
Lizzie D. 10,408 . . .
. 134
16 "
15
Julia Walker 10,133
. 25
15 "
12 "
Jersey Cream 3d 8531 .
. 134
16 "
5
Canto 7194. . . .
. 35
15 "
13 "
Lady Hayes 10,136 . .
. 134
15 "
13
Ultima 14,4.56 . . .
. 35
15 "
12 "
Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11,6
72 124
15 "
13
Palestina 4644 . .
. 25
15 ■'
8 "
Bellini La Biche 15,091
. 134
14 "
144
Princess of Mansfield 8
070 35
15 "
2 "
Pawtucket Belle 13,406
. 124
14 "
13
Bellini's Maid 15,170
. 25
15 "
H •'
Yellow Locust 10,679 .
. 134
14 "
104
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Blood.
Kami. Per Ceni
Eva of Snipsic 17,650 . . 12*
BuTTEli YiELl. I!<
Skvin DAYe.
14 lbs. 1 oz.
BI...OI..
Signal Maid 19,361 . . . 6i
Bi
15
Atlanta's Beauty 12,949 . Oi
Hypathia 2(1 14,774 . . . 6i
Pet Clover 14,624 . . . 6|
21 •• 3 "
19 ■■ 13i "
16 •■ 8 •'
Chautauqua Queen 26,403 6i
Leoline 2d 18,315 . . . 6^
Baby Buttercup 10,888 . . 6i
14
14
14
Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 . 6>
Pinafore 2tl 15,073 . . . 6i
16 " 5 "
15 '• 8 "
Tohd, 52 mws.
COUCH'S LILY 3237.
Color, light orange fawn ; dark shading around eyes ; black switch. Dropped
February, 1869. Bred by Joseph M. Waters, Cromwell, Conn.
Dam, Lily Dale 3230.
couch's lily and tested descendants.
Sire, Albert 44.
Blood,
Butteb Yield in
Blood.
BOTTE
« Yield in
Name.
Peb Cent. Seven Davs.
Naue. Per Cen
T. SeV
en DATS.
Couch's Lily 3237
. . 100
16 lbs
9 oz.
Rosy Kates Rex 13,192 . 12A
18 lbs
8 oz.
Ilepsy 2d 13,008 .
. . 25
17 "
8 "
Maggie Rex 28,623 . . . 12i
17 "
Oi ■■
Floret 9959 . .
. . 25
17 "
6 "
Sister Rex 13,194 . . . 12*
16 "
8 ••
Arawana Queen 5368 . . 25
16 ••
9 "
Elsie Lane 13,302 . . . 12i
4 "
Princess Bellworth 6801 . 25
15 "
lOi ••
Chautauqua Queen 26,403 \i\
11 "
Usilda 2d 6157 .
. . 25
15 "
21 "
Sister Cash 33,987 ... 12*
10 "
Favorite Rajah Rex 16,153 25
15 ■•
0 ■'
Lillcy Rex 9852 . . . . 12J
7 "
Louvie 3d 6159 .
. . 25
14 ••
13 ■■
Lass Rex Alpliea 16,965 . 6]
16 ••
lOf "
Bell Rex 11,700 .
. . 25
14 '•
10 ••
CARRIE LENA 3d
Princess Rose
. . 25
14 "
8 "
20,077 6i
16 •'
5 "
Jeannie Piatt 6005
. . 25
14 ■•
4 ••
Guinevere Sinclair ... 6}
16 "
2 "
Lottie Rex 18,757
. . 25
14 "
4 "
Elhalka2.1 14.128 . . . i\\
15 "
0 "
Pet Rex 20,166 .
. . 25
14 •■
2i •■
Kerni Rex 13,671
. . 35
14 ••
0
Total, 25 evwa.
1870.
BfLLS.
WELCOME, F. 106 J. 11. B.— H. C.
White line on left side ; tail brown, tongue black. Dropped 1870. Second
prize over Jersey 1871. First prize over Jersey 1872.
tested
DESCENDANTS.
Naue.
Blood.
BuTTEE Yield
Seven Day
r
Name.
Blood,
Pee Ceni
Bi'TTEE Yield in
Seven Date.
Garenne 24,534 . . .
. 50
16 lbs. 3
OZ.
Trudie2d4084 . . .
. 25
15 lbs. 10 OZ.
Lucilla Kent 8892 . .
. 37i
15 " 10
"
Fan of Grouville 7458 .
. 25
15 •' 0 "
Fear Not 6059
25
17 " 10
17 •• 4
Lily of Staatsburg 5427
Miss Porter 20,300 . .
. 25
. 181
14 " 2i "
16 " 6 ■•
Faith of Oiiklnnds 19,696
. 25
Buttercup 17,285 . . .
. 25
16 " 8
St. Jcannaise 15,789 .
. 18J
16 " 4 •'
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A.
Eugenie Tourneur 24,533
(rated) 18f
PRINCESS 2d 8046 . . 13A
Westphalia 24,384 . . .12+
Ona7840 13i
Primrose 11,956 .... 13*
Daisy of St. Peters 18,175 12+
Oaklands Cora 18,853 . . 12+
Fan's Grouville Beauty
10,079 13i
Blue Bell of Maple Grove
10,687 13J
LE BROCQ'S CUR- [ ^
FEJF 30.697 ...("*
Lactine 10,680 .
Pyrrha 6100 . .
Daisy Queen 9619
Young Garenne 3
Desire 34,360 ....
Fear Not 3d 6061 . .
Dot Buttercup 16,358 .
Brunette Le Gros 9755 .
Happy Blossom 18,218 .
Satin Bird 16,380 . .
Jenny Le Brocq 9757 .
13,648 12J
12+
OOCOTTE ll,95)r
Corao Lass 34,369
Blonde 2d 9268 .
Ballet Girl 18,750
Nell Gwynn 9654
Fillpail 2d 34,388
EHELULA 17,970
King's Tru.st 18,946 .
Granny's Gem 30,406
Roxie R. 13,503 . .
13+
12+
12+
13+
12+ 14 ■
0
9f 25 •
2
».};::
8
6+
9| 18 •
0
9| 16 •
•5i
9f 16 '
0
1,467
Name. Pei
Pendulc 2d 16,709 . . .
OXFORD KATE 13,646
Little Torment 15,581 .
Island Star 11,876 . .
Pilot's Veronica 18,917 .
Floribundus 2d 14,949 .
Arthur's Mistletoe 11,968
Daisy Brown 12,313 .
Mousy 3d 14,963 . . .
Princess of Ashantee 1
Dairy Pride 4th 31,68
Rose of Oxford 13,46!
Calington 22,031 . .
Victory 16,379 . .
Queen of Ashantee 14,554.
Cicero's Mabel 18,338
Romping Lass 11,031
Beauty 17,414 . . .
Lady Fair 33,103. .
Rosebud of Bellevue 7702
Nimble 22,335 . . .
Miss Huelin 22,296 . .
Scipio's Lively 19,869 .
Belle Grinnell 3d 16,503
Lizzie C. 7713 ....
Ada Minka 15,562 . .
ETHLEEL 2d 33,291
Queen Neptune 15,501 ,
Cetewayo's Silver Bell 18,952 34
Rosona 12,956 . .
Lotchen 19,833 .
Elsie Lane 13,303
Prize Rose 16,309
Deletta 21,305 . .
Betsona 16,776 .
Variella of Linwood 10,954
Total. 77 cows.
3i
Seven Days.
14 lbs. 6 c
39 " 12 '
DUKE OF GRAYIIOLDT 1035.
Dropped 1870. Imported from
Color, solid gray brown ; black points
Jersey 1871, by J. V. Prather.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Duenna's Duchess 5508
Verbena of Fernwood 9088 50
Blood,
Pee Ozn
BuTTEK Yield in
. Seven Day8.
Name.
Blood, Butter Yie
Per Cent. Seven D
. 50
16 lbs. 10 oz.
Morlacchi 2725 . .
. . 50 14 lbs. 0
8 50
15 " 0 "
Putnam Belle 13,116
. . 37+ 14 •• 0
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Plilox 16,399 25
Ada S. 18,366 25
Sunset of Pleasant View
13,071 25
Miss Baden Baden 14,760 . 25
Sunny Lass 6033 .... 25
21 lbs. 11 oz.
Marv of Pleasant View
10 ■• 9 ••
13,448 18f
141b.s. 6
Belle Mardi 18,362 . . . 12i
18 " Oi
15 " 2 "
Belle of Lynwood 18,364 . 12^
17 " 14
14 •' 14A "
Lass Rex Alphea 16,965 . 12+
16 ■• lOf
14 " 7 "
Toua, 13 cows.
Dropped 1870.
New York. Sire,
J. II. B.— C.
YANKEE 1003 (/'. 27 ./. //. B.—II. C).
Imported from Jersey August 15th, 1872, by W. B. Dinsmore,
Paddy, F. 97 J. H. B.— C. Dam, Georgette, F. 309
TESTED DESCENDAlfTS.
Biooi),
SVTTT.
a Yield is
Blood.
BuTTEn Vield
NiMt.
Pee Cen
r. Sevbn DATS.
Name. Pee Ces
Sevex Days.
Ca.ssia 2d 21.307 . . .
. 50
30 lbs.
10} oz.
Mother Carey 11,476 .
12*
27 lbs
1 (
Chloe4tU4612 . . .
. .50
17 ■'
4 "
Lady of the Isles 2d 16,652
Susie Marshall 5782 . .
. 50
16 "
2 "
(rated)
12i
19 ••
11
Kitty 5tli 3849 . . .
. 50
16 "
0 "
Mabel of St. Mary's 8627
m
16 ■•
10
Ida 8tli 5429 ....
. 50
14 "
3 "
Farmer's Floss 17,773 .
12*
15 "
Ij
Viva Le Brocq 13,702 .
. 35
18 "
3 ..
Fall Leaf 8587 . . .
m
14 ■'
8
Queensborough 24,345 .
. 35
17 "
5 ••
Adora 18,569 ....
12+
14 "
3
Belle Dame 2d 22,043 .
. 35
15 "
3 "
Lotchen 19,823 . . .
91
16 "
7
Fancy Fan 13,657 . .
. 25
14 "
14 "
Viva Le Brocq 13,702 .
6}
17 "
7
Lily of the Valley 7439
. 25
14 "
0 "
Armon 10,862 ....
6}
16 "
13i
Cleliola 14,042 . . .
. 35
14 "
0 "
Nibbett 16,635 . . .
61
14 "
7
Queen of De Soto 12,318
. 18i
14 "
13 "
Belle Grinnell 3d 16,503
6i
14 "
2
Carlo's Fancy 14,591 .
. 18J
14 "
0 '■
Total, 24 cows.
MOGUL 532.
Dropped February, 1870. Bred by Mr. Payn, St. Martins, Jersey. Imported
by S. J. Sharpless, Pennsylvania, January, 1871. Sire, Sultan, F. 58 J. H. B. —
n. c.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
Buttei
Yield in
Blood.
BlTTE
. Yield
Name. ' Pee Cen
T. Seves Days.
Name. Pee Cent. Sev
N DATS.
Rosebud of Allerton 6352 . 37i
19 lbs
12 OZ.
Thorndale Belle 8d 10,459 25
15 lbs
15 0
Belle of Prospect 2d 14,326 25
19 "
0 "
Mitten 13,368 25
15 ■■
11
Mary M. Allison 6308 . . 25
20 ••
14 •■
Merry Burlington 7600 . . 25
15 "
4
Calendine 9415 .... 25
17 "
9 ••
Gledelia 10,534 .... 25
15 "
0
Leonice 2d 8342 . . . . 25
16 "
8 "
Belle Thorne 13,369 . . 25
14 "
11
Corinna 2d 6594 .... 25
16 "
5 "
Violet of Glencairn 10,221 25
14 "
4 '
Bramballetta 10,451 ... 25
16 "
4 "
Mary of Gilderoy 11,219 . 25
14 "
4 '
Lady Alice of Ilillcrest
Queen of Prospect 11,997 . 25
14 "
4 '
7450 25
16 "
3 "
Little Torment 15.581 . . 13*
23 "
3i '
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIOA.
537
Name.
Niobe's Alpheanette 23,3:
Lady Josephine 11,560 .
12i 32 lbs. m
m 16 " lU
Alfritha 13,678 ,
Nutley Silverette
. . . 13i 15 lbs. 3
,410 . 6J 15 " 12f
Tvtal, 31 coies.
NELUSKO 479.
Solid color.
Sire, Kajah 340.
Dropped May 20th, 1870.
Dam, Nelly 55.
Bred at Ogden Farm, Newport, R. I.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Kame. Pee Ce
T. Seven Days.
Name.
Per Cin
r. Seve
1 Days.
Maggie May 3255. . .
50
14 lbs
3+ oz.
Starkville Beauty 4897 .
. 35
14 lbs
0
Gilt Edge 2d 4420 . .
50
14 "
0 "
Atlanta's Beauty 13,949
. m
31 "
3
Lucky Belle 2d 6037 .
35
16 "
14 "
Gabrielle Champiqn 14,103 13J
17 '■
8
Julia Evelyn 6007 . .
35
15 "
154 "
Obella B. 10,575 . . .
. 13i
17 "
4
"Valerie 6044 ....
25
15 "
13 "
Armon 10,863 ....
. 13i
16 "
134
Duchess Caroline 3d 6041
35
15 "
8 "
GILT EDGE O. 13,33
5. 13i
15 "
9i
Bettie Dixon 4537 . .
35
15 "
0 "
Mountain Lass 13,931 .
. 134
14 '■
9
Florry Keep 6556 . .
25
14 "
14 ••
Minnie Lee 3d 12,941 .
. 13i
14 "
3
CoroniUa 8367 . . . .
25
14 "
9| '■
Therese M. 8364 . . .
. 12i
14 •'
3
Pride of the Hill 4871 .
25
14 ■'
8 "
Vivalia 13,760 . . . .
. 13i
14 "
0
Maggie C. 13,216 . .
25
14 "
6 "
Marpefra 10,384 . . .
. H
14 "
6
Maggie May 2d 13,926 .
25
14 "
6 "
Total, 33 C0W6.
Color, dark fawn
Bred by John Arthur, Jersey
C. Ridgely, of Hampton, Md
ORANGE PEEL 864.
gray head ; black switch ; white on belly. Dropped 1870.
Brother of Orange Feel 502. Imported 1871, by
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Valma Hoffman 4500
Pee Ceijt. Sevej
. 50 21 lbs.
Kate Pansy 15,177 ... 50 15 "
Lady Mary Hampton 4861 50 14 "
Leonice 2d 8343 .... 25 16 "
Name.
Mary Norton 13,0
Nelida 3d 8337 .
13i 17 lbs. 14
13i 15 " 3i
OMAHA 482.
Imported in dam Omoo 1247, by S. J. Sliarpless, April 18th, 1870. Dropped
June 3d. 1870.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood
Name.
Pee Cen
Metah's Queen 4886 .
. . 50
Mendota 3d 36,326 .
. . 50
Bryant 4193
Metah's Baby !
Pee Cent. f
. 50 141
. 50 14
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
MONlTOIl 878.
Color, solid dark gray ; black tongue ; mixed switch. Dropped July 8th, 1870.
Bred by S. C. Colt, Hartford, Coun. Sire, Rob Roy 17. Dam, Emma 801.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Nakk.
Hlood.
BUTTIE YlKLD IN
Sbvix Days.
Name.
Blood,
Pke CE.-n
Bdttie Yield
Sevem Datb.
Belle Grinnell 4073
. 50
18 lbs. 8 oz.
Lady Cecilia 34,821
. . 12*
16 lbs. 1 0
White Clover Leaf 4513
. 50
17 •' 15 "
Prince's Bloom 9729
. . 12i
14 ■• 3
Belle Grinnell 3d 16,503
. 25
14 •• 2 •■
Ilypathia 3d 14,774 .
. . 6i
19 " 13i
Grinnell Lass 11,859 .
. 12*
16 •' 10 •■
Sunset 15,130 ....
. 12i
16 " 3i "
Total. 8 mwa.
SON OF ALPIIEA oti2.
Color, solid ; black points. Dropped November 17tli, 1870. Bred by R. M.
Hoe, New York. Sire, Dolphin 2d 468. Dam, Alphea 171.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Pride of Corisandc .'
Gray Therc.se 5322
Silversides 3857 .
Silver Bell 4313 .
Niobe's Alpheanette 25
Calpurnia 13,267 . .
Alberta Signal 18,611
Total, 7 cows.
35
33 lbs. lOi oz.
5 15 " 3J "
3i 30 •• 11 "
ANGELA 1682.
Color, deep fawn, nearly solid. Dropped March 22d, 1870. Bred by L. H.
Twaddcll, W. Pliiladelplua, Pa. Sire, Roxbury 247. Dam, Europa 121.
ANGELA AND TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
Name. Pee Cent
BiTTTER Yield in
.Seven Dats.
XAME.
Blood,
BUTTEB YiE
DIN
Angela 1682 .... 100
14 lbs. 2 OZ.
Luci-tta3!)17 ....
25
14 lbs. 3
OZ
Duchess of Bloonitield 3653 50
20 •■ OS ■•
ETHLBEL 2d 33,291
12i
30 " 16
SU LU 4705 50
17 " 15 •
.Jiuiucnctta 10,958 . .
12*
14 " 6
"
Letitia3917 .50
15 •■ 3J "
Lcolinc 2d 18,315 . .
13i
14 " 4
"
Lorella 12,913 25
14 " 7 "
Total, 9 cows.
LADY OK THE ISLES, F. 992 J. H. B.— H. C.
Color, light brown and white ; white speck on right slioulder ; wliite speck right
of setting of tail. Dropped April, 1870.
First prize over Jer.sey, 1874, 1875, 1876. Sweepstakes and Silver Cup, 1875.
Also Sweepstakes Parish Prizes many years.
JERHEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Bred by J. Arthur, of St. Mary. Sire, Brown Prince, F. 85 J. H. B.— H. C.
Dam, Nonsuch, F. 334 J. H. B.— C.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blooh, Butter Yield in i
Name. Pee Cekt. Seven Days. Name.
Lady of the Isles 2d 16,6.53 I Lady Velvetine 15,771
(rated) 50 19 lbs. 11 oz. Pear Not 3d 6061 .
Fear Not 5059 .... 50 17 " 10 "I ToM . 4 corns.
Blood, Botteo Yield l
50 17 lbs. 3
35 16 " 2
1871.
MILO 590.
Color, nearly solid ; white iieck on eacli shoulder, right hip and left flank ;
black switch and tongue. Dropped March 12th, 1871. Bred by T. J. Hand. Sire,
Lawrence 61. Dam, Motto 80.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Per Cen
T. SeVE
N DATS.
Name.
Per Cent. Seven D
Allie Minka 3983
. . 50
14 lbs.
6i OZ.
Bonnie Yost 7943 .
. . 35 18 lbs. 3
Cigarette 3849 .
. . 50
14 ••
4 "
Ada Minka 15,563 .
. . 35 14 " 3
Muezzin 3670 . .
. . 50
14 "
n
MAEI1
Total, 5 mws.
[JS 760.
Color, solid gray; black switch and tongue. Dropped April 23d, 1871. Bred
by W. H. Schieffeliu, New York. Sire, Willie Boy 434. Dam and granddam, Lady
Mary 1148. A model of good breeding, having seventy-five per cent, of Lady Mary
1148, his dam, and showing the largest number of tested descendants of any bull of
his era. Another grand lesson upon the true art of inbreeding.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Nam
Per I
"Welma5943 50
Chenda4599 50
Calypris5943 50
Evri 5283 50
Geranium 3d 7838 . .
Tenella6713 . . . .
Cora of Llnwood 13,915
Croton Maid 5305 . .
Optima 6715 . . . .
CEnone 8614 ....
Vixen 7591 . . . .
K DATS.
Name. Per Cen
T. SevI
N I)
8 oz.
Beeswax 7805 35
17 lbs
5
9i "
Bellita 4553 35
17 "
3
4i "
Valhalla 5300 25
17 ■'
0
4 "
Belle of Patterson 5664. . 25
16 "
6
4f "
Troth 6139 35
16 "
5
li "
Busy Bee 6336 .... 35
16 "
4
0
Fleurette of Linwoodl3,918 25
IG "
0
lU "
Edwina 6713 25
15 ■'
13
8i ■'
Fanny Taylor 6714 ... 25
15 "
12
15 "
Li.setta Johnson 3d 6783 . 25
15 "
10
6 "
Denise8381 25
15 "
9
JERSEY CA rrLE IX AMERICA.
Nav
Etiquette 4300 .... 2r> 15 lbs.
Jewell 3d .... 25 15 "
Signiilana 7719 .... 25 15 "
Aldimne 5301 25 15 "
Jenny William.s 29.058 . 25 15 "
Dora Doon 12,909 ... 25 15 "
Opaline 7590 25 14 "
Medrie Lc Brocq 8888 . .25 14 "
Marpetra 10,284 .... 25 14 "
Litza6338 25 14 "
Fandango 12,908 ... 25 14 "
Romp Ogden 8d 5458 . . 25 14 "
Comte.s.se d'Espagna 10,308 25 14 "
felile 4299 25 14 "
Le HoHii 10,078 .... 25 14 "
ETHLEEL 2d 32,291 . 18f 30 '
Signetilia 10,333 . . . . 18f 14 "
Clierokec Hose 20,921 . . 12* 23 "
Fadctte of Verna 3d 11,122 12i 22 "
Celeste Co.\ 12.948 . . . 12i 20 " 8
Attractive Maid 16,925 . 12* 20 " 5
Fairy of Verna 2d 10,793 . 12i 20 " 3J
Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . .12* 20 " 0
Ethlecl 18,724 . . . . 12i 19 " 14
Gardiner's Hippie 11,093 . 12i 19 " 12j
EVELINA OF VERNA
10,971 12i 19
TeneUa 2d 19,521 . . .12* 18
Harmony 2d 17,118 . . . 12i 18
Signaldella 24,107 . . . 12* 18
Bertha Black 26,275 . . 12* 17
Troth Plight 10,258 . . .12* 16
Gazella 3d 9355 .... 12* 16
10*
Dahlia ....
Rupertina 10,409 . . .
Mitten 13,368 ....
Pinafore 2d 15,072 . .
Friz Cam 14,655 . . .
Alfritha 13,073 . . .
Fanny Bugler 19,962 .
Romping Lass 11,021 .
Signal Alaid 19,361 . .
Earl Cow . . .
Belle Thome 13,369 .
Reception 3d 11,025 .
Euphorbia 11,229 . .
Guinevere Sinclair 11,16
Jaquenetta 10,958 . .
Lady Clarendon 3d 17,5
Lottie Rex 18,757 . .
Variella of Linwood 10,954
Sadie's Choice 7979 . .
Daisy Hamilton 19,962
Jennie Johnson 3d 6782
Daisy Morrison 14,035 .
Atlanta's Beauty 12,949
Alberta Signal 18,611 .
PERCIE 14,937 . .
Pansy Patterson 18,612
Frances C. Magnet 22,904 ,
Duchess of Manchester
MaquiUa 24,043 . . .
TiAal, 84 com.
Per C«k:
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
12*
16 lbs. 0* oz.
GRAND DUKE ALEXIS 1040.
Color, solid squirrel gray ; full black points. Imported in dam Victorine La
Chaise 2740, by Dr. E. W. Voris, Scarborough, N. Y. Dropped November, 1871.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
N..,.
Blood,
Btm-IE TlELD
SiVES DATS
Chrissy2d7720 . . .
. 50
16 lbs. 14
Polynia 10,753 . . .
. 50
16 •• 7
Countess of Croton 5307
. 50
15 " 12
Roselaine 7167 . . .
. 50
15 ■• 1
Cosette3874 . . . .
. 50
14 •' 10*
Name. Peb Ceki
Hartwick Belle 7722 . . 50
Corolla 4392 50
TencUa 6712 25
Gold Trinket 9518 . . .25
Valhalla 5300 25
Bt-TTEB Yield in
Seven DaT8.
14 lbs. 8 oz.
14 " 4 "
22 " 1* "
17 " 2 "
17 " 0 "
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA.
Name. Pee Cekt
Seve
U DATS.
Name. Pek Cen
Seven Dats.
Belle of Patterson 5664. . 25
16 lbs
6 oz.
EVELINA OF VERNA
Rupertina 10,409 . . . .25
15 "
121 "
10,971
13J
leibs. 10| oz
Azelda 2d 7022 .... 25
15 "
3 '•
Tenella 3d 19,521 . .
121
18 ■' 13 "
Aldarine 5301 .... 25
15 "
li "
Signaldella 34,107 . .
124
18 " If "
Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 . 25
14 "
9 "
Pansy Patterson 18,613
134
15 " 15 "
Alphea Jewell 22,331 . . 25
14 "
0 "
Euphorbia 11,329 . .
134
14 " 91 "
Signetilia 16,333 18|
14 "
34 "
Litty8017
12J
14 " 0 ••
Fadette of Verna 3d 11.122 124
22 "
84 "
Sadie's Choice 7979 . .
134
14 " 0 "
Fairy of Verna 2d 10,793 . 12+
20 "
Si "
Alberta Signal 18,611 .
6i
30 " 11 "
Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . .12^
20 "
0 "
Gardiner's Ripple 11,693 . 134
19 "
131 •'
Total, 39 cows.
G UY MA NN^ERTNG 698.
Solid color ; white muzzle ; black switch. Imported in dam Bnmette Lass
1870, by E. P. P. Fowler, January 14th, 18Y1. Dropped March 24th, 1871.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Blood,
Pek Cent
Butter Yield in
Seven Datb.
Blood,
Butter Yield in
FAIR LADY 6733 . .
. 75
19 lbs. 1 oz.
Queen of Nubbin Ridge
May Fair 5184 . . .
. 75
16 " 7 "
14,.538 31J
17 lbs. 0 oz
Phlox 16.399 ....
. 50
21 " 11 "
COTTAGE LASS 5353
. 50
14 " 8 "
Total, 5 cows.
WETHERSFIELD 966.
Color, dark gray and brown ; black switch and tongue. Dropped November 27th,
1871. Bred by S. W. Eobbins. Sire, Albert 44. Dam, Grinella 2d 1303.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name. Peb CEI,^
Butter Yield in
Seven Dais.
Blood,
Butt
I. Se
EB Yield in
en Dats.
Lady Gray of Hilltop 6850 50
18 lbs. 13 oz.
Jennie of the Vale 9553 . 25
14 lbs. 61 oz
Summerline 8001 ... 25
18 ■' 6 "
Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 . 25
16 '
5 •■
Cordelia Baker 8814 . . 25
Mary Clover 9998 . . .25
17 " 9 "
14 " 15 "
PERCIE 14,937 . . . . 131 -
18 '
14 '
10 "
61 "
Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d
Pet Clover 14,634 ... 131
16 '
8 "
14,641 25
14 " 13 "
Ethalka 2d 14,138 . . .131
15 ■
0 "
Deborana4718 .... 35
14 ■• 8 "
Cele-ste Cox 13,948 . . . 6i
20 '
8 "
Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d
Chautauqua Queen 36,403 61
14 '
11 "
14,643 35
14 " 2 "
Total, 14 cows.
JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA.
IRON BANK 1120.
Nearly solid color ; white on belly. Imported iu dam Birdie 2611, September
19th, 1871, by A. M. Herkness, Philadelphia. Dropped December 25th, 1871.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Nawk.
Blood,
Peb Cen
BvTTEit Yield in
. Seven Dats.
AVillis 2(1 44«1 . . . .
. 50
16 lbs. 3 OZ
Vaniah6g97 . . . .
. 50
15 " 9i "
Lebanon Daugliter 6106
. 50
14 " 4 "
Lebanon Lass 6108 . .
. 50
14 " 2 "
Royal Sister 12,457 . .
Blossie Reynolds 6082 .
. 37i
. 25
14 " 11 "
16 '■ 3i "
Name. Feb Ce
Dora Bell of Shelly 's Island
9394 25
Dom Pedro's Julian 8631 . 25
Home JIatron 6707 ... 25
ToUd, 9 cows.
17 lbs. 10 OZ.
16 " 0 "
14 " 0 "
LEMON. F. 170 J. H. B.
Color, dark bro\ra ; -white patch between forelegs. Dropped 1871.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Nelly 6456 . . .
Nancy Lee 7618 .... 21
Mi.ss Vermont 7698 ... 2:
Daisy of St. Peters 18,175 . 2i
Royal Beauty 18,908
I Cent. Seven Dats. I Name. Feb Cent. Seven Dais.
50 21 lbs. 0 OZ. j Bohemian Gipsy 17,452 . 12i 14 lbs. 11 oz.
25 26 " 8A " Lizzie C. 7713 m 14 " 0 "
25 16 " 5 " Variella of Linwood 10,954 6i 14 " 1 "
" 5i "
12* 15 " 2J " ToUd,^ eoifs.
PADDY 899.
Solid color ; black ])oints. Imported from Jersey by Captain Pratt, November,
1871, at two months old.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Ella of Sidney 4522 . .
Blood. Bitteb Yield in
Pee Cent. Seven Dats.
. 50 14 lbs. 7 OZ.
Rosetta of Sidney 4520 .
.50 14 " 2 "
Rosalia of Sidney 4521 .
. 50 14 " 2 "
Jefferson Albiua 12,196
. 37i 14 " 13 •■
Moberlv Creamer 23,051
Cream of Sidney 17,028 . 25 17 lbs. 2i oz.
Hypathia 2d 14,744 . . . 12i 19 " 131 "
Queen of Delaware 17,029 12i 18 " 13 •'
Total, 8 co>cii.
JERtiEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
PERTINATTI 713.
Color, neck and head dark ; body gray ; white points. Dropped September,
1871. Bred by C. L. Sharijless, Philadelphia, Penn. Sire, Pilot, Jr. 141. Dam,
Pert 110.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
NAME.
Pe» Ce>
T. SeV
EN Days.
Name.
Per Cent. S
EVEN Days.
Beauty • 50
30 lbs
15 oz.
Kate Gordon 8387 .
. 25
15 lbs. 15 oz
ReDalba4117 . . .
50
17 "
4i "
Petite MiSre 8516 . .
. 25
15
' 13 "
Romp Ogden 2d 4764
50
15 "
5 "
Lucetta6856 . . .
. 25
14
' 3 "
Pixie 4115 ....
50
14 "
0
Daisy Brown 13,313
Dot Buttercup 16,358
Dora Doon 12,909 .
. 12i
17
' 6| "
Roonan 5133 . . .
30 "
4
. 12i
16
' 2 "
Leoni 11,868 . . .
35
18 "
7
. 12i
15
' 0 "
Harmony 3d 17,118 .
35
18 "
3 ■•
Fall Leaf 8587 . .
. 12i
14
' 8 "
Bonnie Yost 7943 .
25
18 "
2 "
Leoline 2d 18,315 .
. 121
14
■ 4
Creole Maid 11,017 .
35
16 "
15 "
Adora 18,659 . . .
. 12i
14
' 3 "
Dudu of Linwood 8336
25
16 "
7i ••
FleuretteofLinwoodlS
91
B35
16 "
0 ■•
Total, 20 cows.
CHIEF JUSTICE 2d 1643.
Color, dark on head and sides ; orange twist, light scrotum, white heels, black
switch. An inbred Sara Weller Ijnll. Bred by Peter W. Jones, New Hampshire.
Dropped November, 1871.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Butter Yield in i Blood, Butter Yield in
Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. Name. Per Cent. Seven Days.
HILDA D. 6683 ... 100 21 lbs. 2.\ oz. | Hilda 3d 5447 . .
Total, 2 com.
m\ 23 lbs. 5 oz.
Color, fawn ; white on hind quarters.
Dropped July 30th, 1871.
cows.
OONAN 1485.
Bred at Ogden Farm, Newport, E. I.
OONAN AND TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
Butter Yield in
Blood,
Butter Yield
Name,
Per Cent
Seven Days.
Name.
Per Cent
Seven Days.
Oonan 1485 . .
. . 100
22 lbs. 2i oz.
Callie Nan 7959 .
. . 50
16 lbs. 2 c
Roonan 5133 . .
... 50
30 ■■ 4 "
Total, 3 cowa.
EUEOTAS 2454.
Color, dark fawn and gray ; black points. Bred by Colonel E. M. Hoe, New
York. Sire, Eioter 2d 469. Dam, Enropa 176. Dropped August 13th, 1871.
Dam of eight bulls and two heifers. Eurotas dropped a calf October 30th, 1879,
JJ-ntSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
and began her notable test for a year November lOtli, 1879, her next calf October
24:tli, 1880, and the test concluded October loth, 1880, making seven hundred and
seventy-eiglit pounds one ounce of butter in eleven months and six days, with
calves a little less than a year apart. She was never fed more than six quarts of
grain daily, a mixture of maize, oats and wheat bran, with a few potatoes and the
best hay in winter, and the best of pasture in summer.
EUKOTAS AND TESTED DESCEXDAJJTS.
Blood, Bitteb Yield i.n-
Nahi. Pkh Cent. Se^is Days.
Blood. BirrxER Yield
Xahe. Feb Cent. Seven Days.
Eurotas34o4 .... 100
23 lbs. 7 oz.
Leah Darlington 13,836 . 25 15 lbs. 5i c
778 lbs. 1 oz. in one year.
Nazli 10,327 25 15 •' 3i
Mother Hubbard 10,331 . 25
24 ■• li "
Eupidee's Perfection 20,175 12i 15 " 4
BOMBA 10,330 .... 2.5
Matilda 5th 18,068 . . . 25
21 •• Hi "
16 " 4 "
Dove Dee 18,059 .... 12i 15 " 3
Dia 13,658 25
15 " 13 "
Total, 9 cows.
COOMASSIE 11,87-1 (F. 144:.' J. H. I*..— II. C.\
Color, brown; figure 7 between hips. Dropped 1871. Imported January 23d,
1881, by S. M. Burnham, Saugatuck, Conn.
Cooinassie, with different judges every year, took the following prizes : 1876,
first prize over Jersey, young cow class ; 1877, first prize over Jersey, young cow
class; 1878, first prize over Jersey, champion cow class; 1879, first prize over
Jersey, champion cow class ; 1880, first prize over Jersey, champion cow class ; also
four first parish prizes, 1874 to 1870.
COOMASSIE AXD DESCENDANTS.
TESTS OF
coo^
Blood
BOTTEE YlII
XiKE.
Pee Ce.v
T. SeV
EH Da
Coomassie 11,874 . .
ion
16 lbs
. 11
St. .Jeaniiaisc 15,789 .
. 37i
16 "
4
PRINOESS 2d 8046 .
. 25
46 "
12i
Ona 7840
. 25
23 •■
m
Island SUir 11,876 . .
0-,
21 "
3
LEBBOCQ'SCUR
.;.
18 "
0
FEtF ■M.di)-; . . .
IS "
12i
Olyniph 17,937 . . .
. 25
17 "
8
Daisy Brown 12,213
. 25
17 "
6i
Lady Velvetine 15,771 .
. 25
17 "
2
Daisy Queen 9619 . .
. 25
16 "
4
Desire 24,360 . . . .
. 3.5
16 "
3
Lady Kiugscotc 26,085
. 25
15 "
10
Lady Verturanus 13,217
. 25
14 "
10
Auntybel 12,582 . . .
. 25
14 "
9
Como Lass 24,369 . .
. 25
14 "
9
Name.
Blood, Bcttek Yield
Per Cent. Seven Date.
Blonde 2d 9268 . . .
25
14 lbs
4 0
Le Rouge 12,405 . . .
Lady Young 16,668 . .
Young Garcnnc 3d 13,648
OXFORD KATE 13,646
25
25
18f
12i
14 "
14 ■'
16 "
39 "
3
0
3
12 •
Westphalia 24,384 . .
Little Torment 15,581 .
Pilots Veronica 18,917.
12i
. 12i
24 "
23 "
30 "
9i •
2i '
2
Ethleel 18,724 . . . .
. 12i
19 "
14
Arthurs Mistletoe 11,968 . 12i
PrincessofAshantee 13,467 12i
16 "
lU
12
Miss Porter 20,300 . .
. 13i
16 "
6
Pear Not 2d 6061 . .
m
16 "
2 '
Thaley 14,299 . . . .
Ruby Wray . .
. 12i
. 12i
16 •■
16 "
0
0
Rose of Oxford 13,469 .
. m
15 "
14i
ISLAND VALEUR 5514.
AT 4 YEAliK OLD.
Comnitme Tape
CHEAM ((ITTAGP: IIElil).
J. S. HoGKUs, Patkhsox. Xkw Jeus
JERSEY LASSIE 15,945.
JERSEY CATTLE IJSf AMEBIC A.
Blood,
BUTTEB
Yield in
Blood,
Butte
» Yjel
Name. Peu Ceot
. Seve
M DaT3.
Name.
Per Oek
Sev
EN Da
Happy Blossom 18,318 .
13*
15 lbs.
8 OZ.
King's Trust 18,946 .
. 6i
18 lbs
0
Eugenie Tourneur 24,532
Toltec's Fancy 7172 . .
. 6i
17 "
6
(rated)
12+
15 "
3+ ••
Rosona 13,956 . . .
. 6i
16 "
7
Queen of Ashaatee 14,554
12A
15 "
3 "
Moggie Bright 35,891 .
. 6i
16 ■'
6
Romping Lass 11,021 .
13*
15 "
0 "
Granny's Gem 30,406 .
. 6i
16 ■'
■>-i
Lady Fair 22,103 . .
13+
14 "
13 "
Roxie R. 13,503 . . .
. 6i
16 "
0
Pendule 3d 16,709 . .
13+
14 "
6 ■■
Les Marais Dell 20,314 .
. 6i
15 ■'
8
Nell Gwynn 9654 . .
12+
14 ■'
0 ■'
Elsie Lane 13,302 . .
. 6i
15 "
4
Ada Minka 15,563 . .
12*
14 •■
0 •■
Cicero's Mabel 18,238 .
. Ci
15 "
3
Gazelle 15,961 ....
13+
14 "
0
Prize Rose 16,309 .
. 01-
15 "
1
ETHI.TJEIi 2d 32,291
«i
30 "
15 ■■
Deletta 21,305. . . .
. Ci
14 "
15+
Fillpail2d24,388. . .
6i
25 "
2 "
Liberty 3d 16,717 . .
• 61
14 "
6+
Maquilla 24,043 . . .
H
30 •'
1 "
Betsona 16,776 . . .
• 6i
14 "
3
KHELULA 17,970 . .
6i-
19 "
14 "
8 "
6+ "
Total, 57 cows.
JEESEY BELLE OF SCITUATE 7828.
STORY OF THE MODEL COW.
I think Kature hath lost the mould
Where she her shape did take." — Old Poet.
In a little liamlet of eastern Massachusetts, on a cold Sunday in February, 1871,
two good dames in the village church at the hour of noon, while partaking of their
lunch, left the discussion of the morning sermon and all kindred subjects to talk
about that which all good housewives allow to have a pre-eminent importance in
conversational culture — that is, golden, sweet-flavored butter.
One of these good dames informed her neighbor that their " Jersey cow Jenny
had last week made eleven poimds of butter as yellow as California gold, being fed
only upon good hay and beets."
" What a wonder ! We would like to own something as choice as that, for
it is something we have not been able to do — make yellow butter in winter."
The charmed listener told the story of Jenny, the golden-butter cow, to her son,
on arriving home, and he then determined, if possible, to procure some of the
progeny of such a cow, so that he could with certainty make yellow butter in winter.
By an effort to secure the next calf he was agreeably surprised to receive as a present
a fine heifer soon after its birth, July, 1871. The heifer was named Jersey Belle of
Scituate. As the time approached when the heifer should have her first calf a
neighbor who chanced to be in the barn examining her points exclaimed to the
owner: " Have you ever examined this heifer? She is all swollen under her belly
clear to her shoulder, and has an enormous bag !"
After calving her milk was mixed with that of another cow, a Shorthorn grade,
540 JERSEY CATTLE TLV AMERICA.
and the two cows yielded six Iniiidred and four pounds of butter that year, but it was
suspected that the little heifer made the major part of the butter. The next year
the milk was kept separate and tlie quality of Jersey Belle as a butter-yielder
demonstrated. When six years old her udder measured five feet one inch in
circumference, in after years five feet three inches. On March 5th, 1877, she made
three pounds six oitnces of butter, and for the week ending March 11th twenty-one
pounds five ounces, and for the year ending March 5th, 1878, seven hundi-ed and
five pounds of butter. For five months she averaged nineteen pounds a week.
In 1879 her greatest weekly yield was twenty-two pounds thirteen ounces. In
the year 188(t her greatest weekly yield was twenty-five jiounds three ounces. In
the color of her butter she was very remarkable. In midwinter it was of so rich a
golden hue that those not familiar with it supposed it artificially c(jlored.
The yield of Jersey Belle of Scituate is also the largest ever known for kind and
quality of feed. During her six-year-old test she received in summer, ])asture in
cranberry marsh-land and two quarts of wheat bran at night. In winter her feed
was rowen hay and two quarts of bran daily. She was an enormous feeder, with
an almost insatiable ajjpetite, and wonderful powers of mastication, digestion and
assimilation. Iler feed during her best week's test was for tliu tinst four days :
pasture by day ; at night cut grass, w^ith one <|uart corn meal and two (piarts wheat
shorts ; last three days, pasture by day ; cut grass at night, with twi> quarts corn meal
and two quarts wheat shorts, or three and three seventh quarts of grain daily for the
seven days.
This cow was, in almost every point, the ideal of perfection. Her breeding
was according to one of the best formulas for inbreeding, the product of sire and
daughter, her sire having been the product of brother and sister.
Her udder was very large and of the perfect spheroidal type, the sole on a line
with the belly, and giving in combination with the barrel the best po.ssible illustration
of the term "wedge-shape." The udder was of a nankeen color. T!ie teats were
perfect in pattern and placing and of a mahogany color. I am iinalilu to give the
dimensions of the fore escutcheon. The fore-veins were the most remarkable of any
cow ever described. There were two very large tortuous veins on each side of the
belly and a fifth shorter vein, two large fountains on each side where but one is
usually foiuid, and one large vein upon either side extending along the belly to the
chest and upward to the shoulder, terminating about midway between the elbow
and the jjoint of the withers.
The hind escutcheon was of tlie Limousine tyi)e, but witliout buttock feathers,
and therefore etpiivalent to a rii-st order curveline, being very wide and deep on the
thighs.
Her skin color was a rich orange within the ear and annotto tint beneath all
the white i>atche8.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 547
She had a clean, thoroughbred appearance. The rump was remarkable for
height, and, being level, gave a fine setting to the tail, which hung plumb, without
touching the cow at any part.
The bony structure was of the finest quality, as shown by the thin flat thigh,
making a striking contrast with the broad surface of the full udder. The hide was
mellow and delightful to the touch, remarkably loose about the belly, and the navel
was a most notable feature, because of its great size, observed by many while she was
a young heifer.
The hips were of great breadth and of the finest shape and quality ; the back
of great breadth at the loins ; the neck long, thin and clean ; the eyes full and placid ;
the temper most notable for equanimity, being wholly occupied with feeding or
chewing the cud ; tlie head small, the muzzle fine, the masticatory muscles round and
very prominent.
The cow gave the following measurements at ten years of age :
"Weight, 952 poimds ; udder, 5 feet, 3 inches ; height at rump, .5i inches ;
length of tail and switch, 54 inches ; height at withers, 50 inches ; girth at shoulder,
68 inches ; girth at navel, 92 inches (not with calf) ; length of back, 55 inches ; width
of hips, 21 inches ; length of neck, 28 inches ; girth of neck, 4Y inches (at shoulders) ;
girth of neck at throat, 27 inches ; girth of muzzle, 16 inches ; breadth at eyes,
8 inches ; breadth of crown, 7 inches ; length of head, 18 inches ; width of liind
escutcheon across the thighs and udder, 18 inches.
The cow was a marvel for symmetry and beauty of proportions, and well worthy
to be ranked as the very choicest model of perfection.
Not until she made a large record was she registered in the American Jersey
Cattle Club Herd Eegister.
Mr. Charles O. Ellms, of Scituate, Mass., who owned her, refused an offer of
twenty thousand ($20,000) dollars for her, and afterward was urged by the late
Mr. C. L. Sharpless to name the sum which he would be willing to take for her ; but
he had determined to keep her as long as she lived, and refused to name any price
for her. While yet a heifer he had offered her to a neighbor for thirty ($30) dollars,
who thought the animal not worth the money.
It will ever be a cause for regret that she was not mated with some of the
great bulls, such as Albert 44, St. Helier 45, Sam Weller 271, Mercury 432,
Marius 760, Chief Justice 2d 1643, Signal 1170, Stoke Pogis 3d 2238, or Land-
eeer 381. There never existed a finer model for the experimenting hand of a
skiKul breeder. Jersey Belle was a perpetual milker, and gave twenty-five pounds
of milk on the morning of the day of her last calving.
Her color was strawberry fawn and white ; white saddle on withers ; white across
hips, on belly, sides and legs ; white star and switch, with indigo margin bordering
the white markings. Bred by E. D. Soliier, Boston, Mass. Sire and grandsire.
548
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Victor 3550. Dam, Jenny 7827. Dropped. July lOth, 1871. Died August, 1881,
of colostrum apoplexy.
JKKSKY BELLK OK SCITUATK AND IIER DESCENDANTS.
Jersey Belle of Scituatc Lass of Scituate 9555 . . 50 15 lbs. U
7828 100 25 lbs. 3 oz. Scituate of Woronoco
Minnie of Scituate 17,829 . 75 14 " 14i " 18,840 12* 24 " 14
Belle of Scituate 7977 . ..TO 18 "0 "I Lily Scituate 12,665 . . . 12* 34 " 9i
PauIine'.sViviennp 11,305. .TO 16 " 13 " ' 7'«to?, 7 coir*.
NOR A J AH 812.
Color, nearly solid fawn ; white spot in forehead ; white spot back of left
shoulder. Dropped June 10th, 1872. Bred at Ogden Farm, Newport, E. I.
Sire, Rajah .34(1. Dam. Nora 434.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Hazen's Nora 4751 .
Arawana Buttercup t
Arawana Poppy 6053
Blood. Butteb Yield in
Blood
Bin-TER Yield in
Pus CiNT. Seven Days.
Name.
Pee Cen
r. Seven Days.
. 50 20 lbs. 4 cz.
Little Han 8004 .
. . 50
14 lbs. 0 oz.
. .50 15 ■' 5 "
Arawana Queen 5368
. . 25
16 " 9 "
. 50 15 •• 3 "
Total, 5 coics.
GREY PRINCE, F. 168 J. H. B.— C.
Color, solid silver gray ; black puint.s. Dropped January, 1872. Bred by
W. Alexandre, Trinity, Lsland of Jer.sey. Sire, (4rey of the West. F. 1317 J. H. B.
Name. Pee Cent. Seven Dai
Beauty of the Grange 7.502 50 23 ll)s. 9
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Butter Yield in |
B. Naiii.
oz. I Eveline of Jersey (
Tijtal, 2
JACQUOT, P. 63 J. H. B.— C.
Color, light gray and white. Dropped 1872.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Butteh Yield in
Name. Per Cent. Seven Dat».
Heception 8557 .... ,50 21 lbs. 4i oz.
Dora Neplune 20,318 . . 35 20 " Oi "
Reception 3d 11,035
Total, 3 cowa.
14 lbs. 10 oz.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
NOBLE 901.
Solid color ; black points. Imported in bam Fanny of Babylon 23-1:5, by
Captain Pratt, November ISth, 1871. Dropped June lOtli, 1872. Bred by J. F.
Journeaux, St. Martin, Jersey. Sire, Noble, F. 104 J. H. B.— H. C.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Queen of Delaware '.
Cream of Sidney 17,(
Seven Days. Name.
18 lbs. 13 oz. Desire 9654 ....
17 " 3+ " Daisy of Chenango 18,583
Total, 4 cows.
3 o:
7 '
PIERROT 2d 1669.
Color, light fawn and white. Dropped March 10th, 1872. Bred by S. C. Colt,
Hartford, Conn.
ESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
Name. Per Ckn
Botte
r. Seve
! Yield in
•« Days.
Rosy Kate 10,376 . . .75
18 lbs
12 oz.
Julia Walker 10,133 . . 50
15 "
13 "
Palestina 4644 . . .■ . 50
15 "
8 "
Princess Mansfield 8070 . 50
15 •'
3 "
Little Sister 11,666 . . . 50
14 "
13 "
New London Gipsy 11,667 50
14 ■'
8 '■
Queen Fanny 10,375 . . 50
14 "
2 "
Rosy Kate's Rex 13,193 . 37+
18 "
8 '■
Belmeda 6339 35
18 "
12 "
Floret 9959 25
17 "
6 "
Lizzie D. 10,408 .... 25
Pierrot's Lady Bacon 13,482 25
Lida Mullin 9198 . . .35
Pierrot's Picture 13,481 . 35
Lady Hayes 10,136 ... 35
Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11,672 35
Pawtucket Belle 13,406 . 35
Pierrot's Countess 13,480 . 35
Hypathia 2d 14,774 ... 121
Total, 19 cows.
RALPH 957.
Dropped September 1st, 1872. Bred by O. S. Hubbell, Stratford, Conn.
Sire, St. Helier 45. Dam, Ibi 671.
I'ESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Mhoon Lady 6560 .
Cenie Wallace 2d 6557 .
SB Cent. Seven Dats.
50 17 lbs. 3 oz
50 15 " 4i "
Florry Keep 6556
Total, 3 coirs.
Butter Yield i
14 lbs. 14 oz.
fiSO
JERSEY CATTLE IaV AMERICA.
LORD LISGAR IdGG.
Solid color. Dropped May 5th, 1872. Bied h;
Canada. Sii-e, Victor Hugo 197. Dam, Pauline -lii-i.
S. S. Stephens, Moutreal,
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Bdtteb
Namk. Pek Cent. Seven
Carrie Pogis 22,568 . . .62* 15 lbs.
Sweetbrier of St. Lambert
5481 50 22 "
Jolie of St. Lambert 5126 50 15 "
Lucy Dale 5129 .... 50 15 "
Duchess of St. Lambert
5111 50 15 •'
Clematis of St. Lambert
5478 50 14 ■■
Bonnie Fawn 6190 . . .50 14 "
Rose of St. Lambert 20,426 284 21 "
IDA OF ST. LAMBERT
24,990 25 30 ■■
Flower of Glen Rouge
17,560 25 2:i "
Nora of St. Lambert 12,962 25 22 ••
NIOBE OF ST. liAM-
BERT 12,969 .... 25 21 "
Brenda of Elmhurst 10,762 25 20 '
Honeymoon of St. Lambert
11,221 25 20 ••
Rioter's Maggie 22,530 . . 25 18 "
Melia Ann 5444 .... 25 18 "
Cowslip of St. Lambert
8:i49 25 17 "
Minnette of St. Lambert
9774 25 17 "
Baronetti 8425 . . . .25 16 "
Chamomilla 7552 . . .25 16 •
Diana of St. Lambert 6636 25 16 "
oz. I Cill of Glen Rouge 13,818 25
j Moss Rose of St. Lambert
5114 25
May Day StokePogis 28,383 25
Coquette of Glen Rouge
17,559 25
Honeysuckle of St. Anne's
18,674 25
Bonnie 2d 5742 .... 25
Gem of St. Cloud 7342 . . 25
Rioters Beauty 14,894 . . 18}
MARY ANNE OF ST.
LAMBERT 9770 . . 12i
MERMAID OF ST.
LAMBERT 9771 . . 12J
Dai,sy Morrison 14,035 . . 12i
NAIAD OF ST. LAM-
BERT 12,695 . . . . 12i
RIOTER PINK OF
BERLIN 23.6().-) , , . 12i
Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 12J
.Tutlith Coleman 11,391 . 12i
Obella B. 10,575 .... 12*
Rioter's Nora 21,778 . . 12*
Maggie Sheldon 23,583 . . 12i
Aleph Judea 11,389 . . . 12i
Rioter's Ruth 14,882 . . n\
Uinta 5743 12^
Total, 42 cows.
BcTTBB Yield ni
16 lbs. 6 oz.
14 '
14
14 ■
IH
14 •
8i
14 ■
• 0
STOKE POGIS 1259.
Color, dark favrti ; black ]K)ints. Bred by E. J. Coleman, Stoke Park, Bucking-
hamshire, England. Dropped 1872. Sire and grandsire. Young Rioter 751 E. II. B.
Dam, Essay. Stoke Pogis had eighty-one and a (piarter ])er cent, of the blood of his
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
551
sire. Imported by Peter Leclair, Winooski, Vt, July 19tb, 1873. A pure Dauneey
bull and tbe result of forty-six years of systematic inbreeding, begun in the year 1826
and carried out by Philip Dauneey, Horwood Eectory Farm, Winslow, Bucks,
England.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name. Pek
La Petite Mere 2d 12,810
MATIIiDA 4th 12,816
Minnie of 0.xford 13,806
La Belle Petite 5473 . .
Marjoram 2d 13,805. .
Mintha 12,812 . . .
MARY ANNE OF ST.
LAMBERT 9TT0 . . 25
IDA OF ST. LAMBERT
34,990 25
MERMAID OF ST.
LAMBERT 9771 . . 25
NAIAD OF ST. LAM-
BERT 12,965 .... 25
Nora of St. Lambert 12,963 25
NIOBE OF ST. LAM-
Blood
kCes
Bdtter Yield
T. Seven Days.
75
16 lbs. 7 (
50
21 ■■ 8i
50
16 " 0
50
15 " 8
50
15 ■' 0
50
15 " 0
Brendaof Elmhurst 10,762 25
Honeymoon of St. Lambert
11,221 25
RIOTER PINK OF
BERLIN 33,665 . . .25
Cowslip of St. Lambert
8349 25
Blood, Buttek Yield i
Name. Per Cent. Seven Days.
Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 25 17 lbs. 12 c
Minnette of St. Lambert
9774 25 17
Diana of St. Lambert 6630 25 16
Maggie of St. Lambert 9776 25 16 " 3
Moth of St. Lambert 9775 . 25 16 " 3
Mary Hinman 17,619 . . 25 15 " lU
Rioter's Nora 21,778 . . 25 15
Mavourneen of St. Lambert
9777 25 15
May Day Stoke Pogi.s
28,383 35 15
Cupid of Lee Farm 5997 . 25 14
Nancy of St. Lambert
12,964 25 14
Rioter's Beauty 14,894 (two
years) 18f 14 " 0
Rose of St. Lambert 20,426 13+ 21
Rioter's Maggie 32,530 . . 12^ 18
Carrie Pogis 22,568 . . . 12| 15
Maggie Sheldon 33,583. . 12| 15
Rioter's Ruth 14,882 . . 12i 14 " 12
DOCTOK H. 2132.
Color, fa-WTi and white. Dropped December 11th, 1872.
Huston, Coatesville, Pa. Sire, St. Malo, Jr. 733. Dam, Julia 2
Bred by Charles
4902.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Lydia Darrach 2d 8056
Lydia Darrach 8d 10.66!
Blood.
BUTTEE Yield in | Blood, Buttei
Pee Cent
Seven Days. Name. Pee Cent. Sev
. 75
16 lbs. 0 oz. j Lydia Darrach 5th 16,577 . 75 15 lbs
. 75
16 " 0 " LYDIA DARRACH 4903 50 17 "
Total. 4 ams.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
MARJORAM 3239.
Color, silver gray fawn; full l)lack points. IJivd by "William G.Duncan,
Bradwell, Buckinghamsliire. England. Sire, Dr. Syntax. Dam, Magnet. Both sire
and dam were descended from stock from the Dauncey herd, at Winslow, and
consequently Marjoram 3239 was of kindred blood witli Stoke Pogis 1259. Dropped
April, 1872. Imported by Peter Leclair, Winooski, Vt., July 19th, 1873. Marjoram
was considered by Mr. Duncan the finest and handsomest heifer he ever bred.
AIARJORAM 3239 AND
Blood. Butteb Tibld i
Name. Pee Cent. Seven Dats.
Marjoram 3239 . . . 100
16 lbs
0 0
Mai-j..niin id lO.MOr,. . . .50
15 ■•
0 '
MARY ANNE OF ST.
LAMBUKT lirro . . 2.5
36 ■•
m ■
IDA OF ST. LAMBERT
24.'.l!l() 2.5
30 ■■
2* •
MERMAID OF ST.
LAMBERT !)771 . . 25
25 •■
13A •
NAIAD OF ST. LAM-
BERT 12,905 .... 25
22 "
2i •
Norn of St. Lambert 12,902 25
22 '•
0
NIOBE OF ST. LAM-
BERT 12,969 .... 25
21 ••
4* •
Broiiila of Elmhur.«t 10,702 35
30 •■
8 •
IIoiu-jiuouu of St. Lambert
11,221 25
20 "
5i •
RIOTER PINK OF
BERLIN 23,605 . . .25
19 "
4
CowslipotSt.Lambert8349 25
17 "
12 •
Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 25
17 "
13 '
Minnette of St. Lambert
9774 25
17 "
4 '
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood. Butteb Yield i
Name. Per Cent. Seven Days.
Diana of St. Lambert 6636 25 16 lbs. 8 o
Maggie of St. Lambert 9776 25 16 " 3 '
Moth of St. Lambert 9775 25 16 " 2 '
Minnie of 0.\ford 12,806 . 2.5 16 " 0 '
Mary Hinmau 17,619 . . 25 15 " lU '
La Petite M^re 2d 12,810 . 25 15 " 11 '
Rioter's Nora 21,778 . . 25 15 " 9 '
Mavourneen of St. Lambert
9777 25 15 " 7 '
MayDayStokePogis28,383 35 15 " 3 '
Cupid of Lee Farm 5997 .25 14 " 6 •
Nancy of St. Lambert
12,964 25 14 " 5 '
Rioter's Beauty 14,894 (two
years) 18} 14 " 0 '
Roseof St. Lambert 20,426 12* 21 " 3i '
Rioter's Maggie 22,530 . . 13* 18 " 6i '
Carrie Pogis 33,568 . . . ISJ 15 " 9 '
Maggie Sheldon 33,583 . 13* 15 " 3 '
Mintha 13,813 .... 13* 15 " 0 '
LUCKY BELLE 2214.
Nearly solid color. Sire, Albert 44. Dam, Pansy 6th 38. Bred by S. W.
Bobbins, Wethersfield, Conn. Dropped February 13th, 1872.
Oktibbeha Duchcs.s 4433 . .50
Lucky Belle 3d 6037 . . 50
Maggie May 3355 . . .50
Valerie 6044 25
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Bdtter Yield m
Blood. BtrrrER Yit
Seven Days. Name.
Pee Cent. Seven Da
17 lbs. 4 oz. Maggie C. 12,216
. m 14 lbs. 6
16 " 14 " Maggie May 2d 13
936.
. 13J 14 " 6
14 " 3* "
15 ■■ 13 ■■ Total. ^ coms.
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMERICA.
553
MINK 2548.
Bred by Thomas Motley, Massachusetts. Dropped March 10th, 1872.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Blood,
Pee Cent
Butter Yiel
Seves Day
Mink 2d 3890 . . .
. . 50
19 lbs. 11
Miuk 3d 4868 . . .
. . 50
14 " 9
Mhoon Lady 6560 .
. . 35
17 " 3
Julia Evelyn 6007 .
. . 25
15 " 15i
Name.
Marie C. Magnet 22,908 .25 15 !
Frances C. Magnet 22,904. 25 14
Therese M. 8364 . . . . 12^ 14
Total, 7 cows.
BUFFER 2055.
Color, solid ; black tongue ; black and gray points. Dropped May 11th, ISI
Bred by R. H. Stephens. Sire, Lord Monck 304. Dam, Amelia 484.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Butter Yi
Name. Pes Ce,
Moss Rose of St. Lambert
5114 50
Pearl of St. Lambert 5527 50
MART ANNE OF ST.
LAMBERT 977 . . . 25
MERMAID OF ST.
LAMBERT 9771 . . 25
NAIAD OF ST. LAM-
BERT 24,965 .... 25
RIOTER PINK OF
BERLIN 23,665 . . .35
Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 25
15 lbs. 8i oz.
Blood, Buttee Yield
Name. Pee Cent. Seves Dats
Judith Coleman 11,391 . 25
171b,s. 5 0
Moth of St. Lambert 9775 25
16 ■' 2
Aleph Judea 11,389 ... 35
Coquette of Glen Rouge
17,559 25
15 " 14
15 " H
Honeysuckle of St. Anne's
18,674 25
14 " 14 '
Rose of St. Lambert 20,426 12*
21 " 31 '
Rioter's Ruth 14,882 . . 12*
14 " 12
Rioter's Beauty 14,894 . . 13*
14 " 0 •
HAMILTON 1074.
Color, gray ; white spot behind right shoulder and on left side and flank ; black
switch and tongue. Dropped May 24th, 1873. Bred by T. J. Hand. Sire, Marius
760. Dam, Emily Hampton 1912.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Blood, Butteb Yield in
Pee Cent. Seven Dats.
Name.
Blood,
Per Cent
Butteb Yield in
Seven Days.
Bemta4553 . . .
. . 50 17 lbs. 2 oz.
filite4299 ....
. . 50
14 lbs. 0 OZ.
Lisetta Johnson 5321
. . 50 15 " 10 "
Pinafore 2d 15,072 .
. . 25
15 " 8 "
Etiquette 4300 . .
. . 50 15 " 8 "
EUPHONIA 6783 .
. . 35
16 " Oi "
JEIiSEY CATTLE IN AMElilCA.
Kamx.
Daisy Hamilton 18,301 . . 25 14 lbs. 0 oz.
Daisy Morrison 14,035 . . 12i 25 " 12i "
) 18 " 10 ■•
PEROIE 14,937 . . . 12i ^ , ^, „
S 14 6i
Blood. B<n-riR Yiiu> ix
Name. Feb Cent. Sives Days.
Lottie Hex 18,757 . . .12* 14 lbs. 4 oz.
Juiinie Johusou 3d 6782 . 12^ 14 " 0 "
ToUd, 11 cowa.
1873.
BULLS.
ALDINE 1136.
Sire, Nelusko 479. Dam, Gazelle of Moltile. Bred by W. B. Montgomery,
Alabama. Dropped July 7tli, 1873.
TESTKD DESCKNnANTS.
Namk. Peb Ce
Lucky Belle 2cl 6037 . . 50
Julia Evelyn 6007 . . .50
Duchess Caroline 3d 0039 50
Bettie Di.xon 4527 . . . .50
Starkvillc Beauty 4897 . . 50
Gabrielle Champion 14,102 25
Armon 10,803 25
OUiT EDGE O. 12,223 . 25
Mountjiin Lass 12,921 . . 25
Seven Dai
16 lbs 14
15 " 15i
Minnie Lee 2a 12,941
Therese M. 8364 . .
Gilt Edge 2d 4420 .
Coronilla 8367 . .
Marpetra 10,284 . .
Maggie C. 12,316 .
Maggie May 2d 12,936
Vivalia 12,760 . .
Total, 17 cow».
BuTTEB Yield
Seven Dav8.
14 lbs.
3 0
14 "
2
14 "
0
14 "
9i
6
14 "
6
14 "
6
14 "
0
THE HUB 1009.
Dropped March 9th, 1873. Bred by C. S. Sargent.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name. Feb Ceni
Mink 2d 3890 50
Oktibbeha Duchess 4422 . 50
Dairy 3fl 5891 50
Mink 3d 4868 50
Adora 18,569 50
Mhoon Lady 6560 . . . 25
Seve
N DATS.
Xahe.
Pee Cent. Seven Datb.
19 lbs.
11 oz.
Julia Evelyn 6007 .
. . 25 15 lbs. 15i oz.
Valerie 6044 .. .
. . 25 15 " 13 "
Dairy C. 12,227 . .
. . 12i 15 •' Oi "
Marpetra 10,384 . .
. . 13i 14 " 6 "
Therese M. 8364 . .
. . 12A 14 " 2 "
17 "
Total. 11 cmos.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA.
IKE FELCH 1292.
Color, solid dark brown. Bred by Moses Ellis. Dropped May 18th, 1873.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Milkmaid Felch 13,339 . 50 16 lbs. 7i oz.
Lily of Burr Oaks 1101 .50 15 " 13 "
Grace Felcli 8291 ... 50 15 " 0 "
Milkmaid of Burr Oaks
50 14 lbs. 5 oz.
12i 16 " 0 "
REMARKABLE (F. 229 J. H. B.— C.)
Solid color ; black points. Dropped April, 1873. Double grandson of Orange
Peel 502. Sire, Orange Peel 2d (P. 36 J. H. B.— H. C). Dam, Young Rose
(P. i3 J. H. B.— H. C).
TESTED
DESCENDANTS.
Name, Per Ceni
Butter Yield
Seven Days.
■"
Name.
Rosa of Bellevue 6954 . . 50
18 lbs. 7+
a.
Rosebud of Bell
Mary Jane of BeUevue 6956 50
17 " 7
Cherokee Rose 20
Countess Gasella 9571 . . 50
15 ■' 11
Caroline 13,019 .... 50
14 " 8
"
Total, 6 cmcs
CHAMPION OF AMERICA 1567.
Color, solid brown ; full black points. An inbred Pansy bull. Sire, May Boy
705. Dam, Pansy 1019. Bred by John H. Sntliff, Bristol, Conn. Dropped April
17th, 1873.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Gabrielle Champion 14,102 50
Silveretta 6853 .... 50
Princess Sheila 7279 . . 50
Tobira8400 50
GILT EDGE C. 13,323 . 50
Marie C. Magnet 33,903 . 50
Champion's Chloe 13,225 . 50
Dairy C. 12,327 .... 50
Coronilla 8367 .... 50
Maggie C. 13,316 ... 50
Maggie May 2d 13,926 . . 50
17 lbs. 8 oz.
16 " 9 "
16 " 4| "
15 " 13 "
15 " 9\ "
15 " 8 "
BuTTBB Yield i
Lady GreviUe 12,930
Minnie Lee 2d 12,941
Jessie Leavenworth 8248 . 50
Webster's Pet 4103 ... 50
Therese M. 8364 .... 50
Prances C. Magnet 23,904 . 25
Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d
14,641 35
Bell Rex 11,700 .... 35
Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d
14,643 35
i Cent. Seve:
50 14 lbs.
50 14 "
13i
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
ClnrHC. Magnet 31,563 .
Hurrah Pansy 12,153 . .
Baby Buttercup 10,888
Hillside Gem 16,640 . .
Chautauqua Queen 26,403
BlTTEI. YiEl
Seven Da
14 lbs. 11
14 •• U
14 •■ 0
20 " 0
14 ■■ 11
La Pera 2d 13,404
Lilley Rex 9852 .
Celeste Cox 12.948
Total, 28 cows.
14 lbs. 8
14 " 7
SIGNAL 1170.
!. llicb orange amber lioms.
I'd by Joliii T. Foote, Morris-
Color, solid mulberry fawn witb gray .sacklL
Sire, Marius 760. Dam, Pansy Morris 2060. 13i
town, K J. Dropped August 27tb, 1873.
This bull inherited the butter qualities of a rare line of ant-esturs, including
Pansy 8, Paterson 11, Pansy 6th 38, Albert 4-4, Lady Mary 1148, and Marius 760.
Transferred to Mr. James A. Ilayt, of Patterson, N. Y., he produced only
fourteen daughters, and was killed by his owner before his signal qualities were
known, because he sired so many bulls. It is not stated what proportion of his
progeny were males. It would be well to preserve all statistics in regard to the sexes,
in order to get a clue to breeding for sex. It would also be a matter of interest to
know if the greatest bulls, like some of the wonderfid cows, produce a majority of
males. Of his fourteen daughters, eleven appear in the accompanying table, with
an average weekly test of eighteen pounds eleven and nineteen forty-fourth oimces.
Two of the other three met with injuries which caused a loss in one of three
quarters of the udder and half the udder in the other, «)nly o\w sound daughter
remaining untested. Twenty-two granddaughters and great-granddaughters average
seventeen pounds eleven and one fourth ounces in weekly tests.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Buttkk \
Name. Per Cent. Seven I
Geranium 2d 7838 . . . 50 26 lbs.
Tenella6712 .50 22 "
Croton Maid 5305 . . . 50 21 " 1
Optima 6715 .50 21 "
(Enone8614 50 18 " 1
Valhalla 5300 .50 17 "
Belle of Pattenson 5664 .50 16 "
Edwina6713 .50 15 " 1
Fanny Taylor 6714 . . ..50 15 " 1
Bignalana 7719 .... .50 15 "
Aldarine 5301 .50 15 "
Signetilia 16,333 . . . .37+ 18 "
Fadette of VernaSd 11,122
(at 31 years) .... 25 22 "
Blood. Bcttee Yield in
Pei.(
Celeste Co.\ 12,948 . . .
Fairy of Verna 2d 10,793 .
Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . .
Gardiner's Hippie 11,693 .
EVELINA OF VERNA
10,971 ....
Tenella 2d 19,.521
Harmony 2d 17,118
Signaldella 24,107
Rupertina 10,409 .
Gazella 3d 9355 .
Dahlia . .
Signal M'ii<l 19,361
Earl Cow .
Seven Dats.
Olbs. 8 (
0 " 3i
0 " 0
9 " 13i
9 " 101
8 ■' 12
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERIGA.
557
Euphorbia 11,339 . . . 35 14 lbs. 9f oz.
Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 . 35 14 " 9
Lady Clarendon 3d 15,578 35 14 " 5i "
Sadie's Choice 7979 . . . 25 14 " 0 "
Kaue.
Blood.
Feb Ubn
Bdtteb Yield
Seven Days
Atlanta's Beauty 13,949
. 13J
31 lbs. 3 <
Alberta Signal 18,611 .
. 13i
20 " 11
Pansy Patterson 18,612
. m
15 " 15
Total, 33 cows.
SAUGATUCK 1144.
Color, solid. Dropped December 12th, 1873. Bred by W. K. McCready,
Connecticut.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Butter Yield in i Blood, Bdtter Yield in
Alice Jones 8335 .... 50
Alfleda 6744 25
Seven Dats. Name.
31 lbs. 13+ oz. I Nannie Fitc:li 9143
16 " 4 " i Alfritha 13,673 .
Total, 4 CHIPS.
Feb Cent. Seven Days.
. 35 14 lbs. 4 o
. VU 15 " 3 ■
LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876.
Color, light fawn and white ; eyelids buffi ; white star ; white on shoulders ; white
forefeet, hind legs and belly. Dropped November 23d, 1873. Bred by "W. "W.
Billings, New London, Connecticut. Sire, Landseer 331. Dam, Young Fancy 97.
This is now, for the amount of butter and richness of milk, the champion cow
of the world, she having produced the largest amount of butter for tests of thirty
days, sixty days, and a year.
In regard to her oiEcial test, Mr. William J. Webster, in a communication to
the Country Gentleman, says :
" The various tests of this cow are supported by more disinterested proof than
any I know of. They have been twice questioned, and each time proved to the
satisfaction of the party questioning, who on both occasions became a witness, and
made statement giving details of the test.
" She was tested again one day, December 28th, under care of the clerk of our
Circuit Court and Mayor of Columbia, and made on this day sixteen pounds ten ounces
of milk, and two pounds fifteen ounces of butter. We tested her again from 15th to
21st of May, when her calf was nine months, old, and she was due to calve in three
months. She gave one hundred and twenty and a quarter pounds of milk, which was
churned in four churnings, and jdelded seventeen pounds of butter. This was worked,
and one ounce of salt added to the pound, and then reworked, and weighed when
ready for market.
" After this test was made, knowinij that Mr. Samuel N. Warren doubted her
558 JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA.
former test, owing to its exceeding great richness, I invited liim to come and conduct
a test of one day to bis satisfaction. He is a breeder well known and of bigb
reputation in tins State, and is associated witli Major Campbell Brown and Mr. Polk
in the ownership of the Clovernook Herd, at Spring Hill, Tenn. She was due
to calve in two months after this last test, and her calf was ten months old. She
made si.xteen poimds three ounces of milk, which chm-ned two pounds ek'\ l-h and a
half ounces of butter, or at the rate of nineteen pounds a week. I regret I did
not have her tested officially for a full week at the time, but thought we might be
induced to feed her too heavily, and called in Mr. Warren simply to satisfy him as to
her yield of one day and the richness of her milk."
The ratio of milk to butter in the official test of Laiulseer's Fancy was h-^
pounds to one, or 2f quarts of milk to one pound of butter.
The week's test in May, three months before calving, required 7yV pounds of
milk to one pound of butter, and the one-day test, two months before calving,
required h^^ poimds of milk, or two and three quarter qixarts to make a pound of
l)Utter.
Her year's test began January 2r)th, 1885, when past twelve years old, and was
finished January 25th, 1886, making a record of 111 pounds 15i^ ounces for thii-ty
days, 206 pounds 9 ounces for sixty days, 302 pounds 15 ounces for ninety days, and
for tlie year 936 pounds l-tf ounces of liutter.
TEST FOK OXE YEAK.
" We started her when four months and four days in calf, the test running with
the year and not with the calf, to try her powers as a brood cow, as well as capacity
as a butter cow.
" She was served by Pogis Chief 3898, on September 22d, 1884, and dropped
a bull, Landseer's Pogis, June 29th, 1885, having carried him over five montlis
during the test. She was served by Toltec 6831, September 29th, 1885, and now
carries tlie calf. So she carried the two calves nine months during the test.
"Her usual feed, till May 15th, 1885, was four quarts cornhearts and two
quarts bran, over cut hay, twice daily, sometimes more, sometimes less. No
iiccurate account of her feed was kept. On May 15th we began to cut down the
feed, and took it entirely from her May 30th, and turned her in the meadow, where
she cfiuld get plenty of grass and cool out. In doing this many would think I took
great risk of milk fever. But I don't believe in starvation at any time. Tiu;
record needs no explanation. The weights of milk were not kept till July i:5tli.
After July 4th her usual feed was four quarts cornhearts, four quarts oats, and two
(juarts bran, till October 24th, when it was two quarts cornhearts, two quarts
oats, and two quarts bran, twice daily. She is as great a brood cow as she is in
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA.
January 36, 27 .
" 28, 29 .
" 30, 31
February 1, 3 .
3, 4.
5 8
\ 5 4
i 5 12
6 4
5, 6 5
7, 8 5 14
9,10 6 4
11, 12 * 7 8
13,14 1 5 4
15,16 6 4
17, 18 ■ 5 6
19, 20 7 4
" 28 and March 1 6 4
March 2, 3 5 9
4. 5 (milk partly wasted).' 4 10
6. 7
8, 9
10, 11.
13, 13 .
14, 15 ,
16, 17 .
18, 19 .
20, 21 .
32, 23 .
24, 25 .
26
6 13
6 13
6 1
5 9
6 4
5 13
5 12
3 10
Amount first 60 days j 180 14
3 10
March 27 ... .
28, 29 .
30, 31 .
April 1, 2 .
5, 6.
7, 8 .
9, 10 .
11,12.
13, 14 .
5 8
6 12
6 12
6 4
5 9
April
*15, 16 .
+17, 18 .
19, 20 .
21, 32 .
|33, 34 .
§35, 36 .
||37, 38 .
29, 30 .
May
1[3, 4
5, 6
**7, 8
9, 10
From March 27 to May 10 in
elusive
First 60 days forward
Total for 120 days 299
This is correct. I superintended this test to
this date. L. Taylor, Manager.
May 11, 12
" 13,14
" 15, 16
" 17,18....
" 19,30
" 20, 21, 33 ,
" 24, 25, 26 .
" 27, 28, 29,
Total .
lbs. oz.
4 14
3 10
" The milk of the 33d was not saved, and from
* Feed reduced on 15th.
+ Feed increased on 17th.
X Feed reduced on 23d.
§ Feed increased on 25th.
II Cut down gradually on 27th and 28th.
^ Increased on ZA and 4th.
** Cut down on 7th.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
the 30th on, although there was one churning of
2.19, it was not counted, because too close to
calving to be called gilt-edged butter. We no-
ticed this churning wa.s a little strong, because
she was being milked irregularly to reduce flow
of milk and quantity of butter.
July
lbe.oz. 11m. oz.
July 4.
July 4-16.
July 11).
13
10 8
10 11
111 6
ii) :io 1113
21 |lO 1210
22 11 210
21
20 12
30 11
23 11
20 15
22 1
July 16-22.
5 12
3 9
4 8
7 6
4 9i
4 4
" It will be noticed that tJie milk of the 16th
and morning of the 17th — three milkings, 31.4 —
was churned together on the 18th, and the
night'.s milking of the 17th was churned on the
30lh. This was caused by our moving from one
barn to another on the 17th, and the evening's
milk placed in a different house.
27 112
28 Il3
29 'll
1310
11
11
11
11
112
21 4
33 15
22 9
July
23-29.
July 30.
31.
August 1 .
July 3()-August 1
August 6. ,
8..
9..
10.,
11.,
August 6-12 in-
clusive ,
11 Hi
1213 8
311 10
3il0 4
810
211 3
710 3
August 1.3..
I Ibe. oz.
\<i,h\ 3 13
26 3 13
27 3 6
:28 4 1
139 3 11
JSO 3 8
31 3 10
22 Hi 13 6
34 4 2 3 10
22 13 3J 3 8
23 7 I 4^ 3 7
21 8 : 5; 3 7
23 5 6 4 1
22 11 I 7I 3 8
159 IH
22 15
31 13
23
31 7
22 11
21 8
20 7
9 3 15
10 3 6
3
12 3
13! 3
14 3
28 15i
August 13-19
elusive
11 1210
11 3' 9
15 3
16 3
21 11
30 10
21
31 6
30 3
LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876.
AT 10 YEARS OLD.
Dazzle— Splendid Type.
Webstee it Morrow, Columbia, Tennessee.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
August
Aufust 20-26 in-
clusive
September
13 11
10
9 3
9
10
10 11
13
10 11
8 1
10 3
10
August 27 -Sep
teuiber 3
September 3. ,
4.,
5.
11 8
11 8
9 15
10
11
September 3-9 in-
clusive
September 10 10 12
11 9
10
8 13
10 10
30 3
22 2
22 10
16 11
17 9
19 9
129
18 8
19 3
19 11
17 8
20 3
16 4
18 6
39 11
22 4
17 13
19 8
17 5
19 14
15 13
17 13
September 10-16,
inclusive ' .
lbs. oz.
3 li
3 4
3 15
3 4
3 4
3 15
3 3
3 6
3 7
3 14
September 17-23
inclusive
September 24. .
35.
36.
37..
38.,
30.,
September 24-30
inclusive . . .
October 1-7 in
elusive
. lbs. oz.
17 6
19 13
18 10
17 10
19 3
15 8
13 15
3 6
3 13
3 9
9
9
7
10 14
7 12
8 1
8 15
5 12
123 1
18 3
14 13
15 8
17 1
15 13
15 10
15 7
8 1
8 11
7 13
7 3
6 9
8 11
9 11
11 11
.' 9 14
.| 9 13
21 10
3 15
3 13
3 5
3 14
3 3
3 2
3 9
31 13
3 3 8i
4 3 6
5 3 6
6 3
7 3 8
8 3 10
9 4 4
33 lOi
3 13
4 11
3 11
3 15
3
October 8-14 in-j
elusive
JICRSIJV lATTLK IX AMERICA.
1885.
October 15. ,
lbs.c
, 11
.11 15
f '
' 9 10
9 10
10 3
Octolier V:
clu.sivu. .
October 23-27 in-
clusive
12 2
6 8
7 11
7 4
7 11
7 11
4 14
4 7
4 7
5 1
5 11
5 11
October 28 -No.
veml)cr 0
NovenilKT 7-13.
31 6 3
01 G 6
ISj 6 6
2| 4 13
4| 5 0
0^ 5 9
2 6 3
e 7
6 2
5 0
Total.
1
1
s
Butter.
lbs. oz.
lbs. oz.
19 10
3 10
18 14
18
3 8
20 12
19
3 13
18 15
20
3 3
19 4
21
3 8
16 -9
22
3 5
15 6
23
3 9
129 6
i!
23 8
t 17
34
3 12
10 5
25
2 2 t
12 3
26
112
13 5
13 6
27
28
3 1
2 14
13 6
39
3 2
79 2
1
13 11
14 6
31
5 4
16 6
15 3
3
4 14
11 15
13 4
3
3 2
13 9
4
3 3
13 5
5
3 2
14 13
6
3 1
15 5
7
3 0
13 14
8
3 1
142
38 U
15 5
9
2 12
14 2
10
3 0
14 6
11
2 14
16 4
12
3 4
14 1
13
3
14 9
14
3
16 13
15
2 10
105 7
30 8 i
1885.
November ]
November 31-37.
November 38
6 10
6 3
November 14-30.
11 O, I I
11 10: 6 15
9 7
29 10 8
30 jlO
December 1 ,9 5
2
6 12
4,
December 5 4 12 4
5 10
Nov. 38- Dec. 4 1 95 9
14 10 16
14 6
14 13
15
14 7
13 14
15 11 132^ 2 11
103 12 20 12
16 1 '23 3 13
16 2
34 2 13
15 8
25 2 14
16 7
26 3 3
18 10 127 3 12
18 9 !28 2 8
15 11 29 3 3
117
j 15 10
15 10
15 14
14 12
12 1
12 6
9 4
8 13
8 3
5 10, 3 3
6 4l 3 13
6 I 3 1
6 3J 3 13
6 13 4 8
6 10 4 8
7 10 4 7
7 12 4 3
7 14 5 3
7 14 5 11
7 4 5 7
31 3
30 2 12
1 3 1
3 3 13
3 3 1
4 4 1
5 2 7
6 1 14
20 1
5 14 5
= [!
1 Il6, 4
1114J I
13 1 |18| 4
13 9
12 11 20i 4
Dec. 5-18 inclusive I |147 11
I P
JERSEY CATTLE lA^ AMERICA.
December 19.
30.
21.
30
31
December 19-31
inclusive
January 1.
January 1-7 in-
clusive
lbs. oz,
11 9
11 10
11 10
13 8
15 11
13 8
12 3
13 6
18 3
18 10
12 8
13 3
13 4
13 4
11 12
13 0
13 0
lbs. oz.
3 12
3 6
4 14
4 13
5 1
4 4
4 5
January
3 1
4 1
4 7
January 8-14 in-
clusive
Januar3' 1.5.
16.
17.
18.
19.
January 15-3.5 in-
clusive
7 13
7 4
7 7
7 9
6 14
6 14
4 11*
6 3
5 lOA
4 4
4 1
4 2
4 0
4 13
4 13
4 11
4 4
3 10
3 2
3 10
13 3
13 0
10 7
13 5
10 10
11 10
11 9
11 9
11 11
II 10
9 6
10 7
9 4i:2;
7 6
7 11 ^27
114 lU 24 15i
8 10
4 8
5 1
18 3
4 13
4 11
4 11
4 11
3 lOf
The foregoing record of Landseer's Fancy 2876, from July 4tb, 1885, to
January 25tli, 1886, evenings inclusive, is correct.
RECAPITULATION.
From January 26th, 1883, to March 26th, 1885, inclusive.
From March 17th, 1885, to May 10th, 1885, inclusive
Ills. oz.
180 14
lis 11
Total.
This as per statement of L. Taylor, manager.
Part spilled.
564 JERSEY CATTLE IN" AMERICA.
lbs. oz.
Carried forward 2!tO 9
From May llth, 18S5, to May 3Utb, 1885, inclusive 28 5
This as per statement of W. J. Webster.
Aiiionnt before dropping calf 327 l-t
From July 4th to loth, inclusive 36 3
From July 16tb to 22d, inclusive 29 i
From July 23d to 29th, inclusive 25 13
From July 30th to August 5tli, inclusive 2-1 15
From August 6th to 12th, inclusive 23 15^
From August 13th to 19tb, inclusive 21 11^
From August 20th to 26tb, inclusive 21 8^
From August 27th to September 2d, inclusive 22 4
From September 3d to 9th, inclusive 22 12
From September 10th to Kith, inclusive 22 Q^
From September 17th to 23d, inclusive 21 10
From Septemljer 24th to 30th, inclusive 21 13
From October Ist to 7th, inclusive 23 lOi
From October 8th to 14th, inclusive 24 C
From October 1 5th to 21st, inclusive 23 8
From October 22d to 27th, inclusive 13 11
From October 28th to November 6th, inclusive 28 11
From November 7th to 13th, inclusive 20 8
From November 14th to 20th, inclusive 20 12
From November 21st to 27th, inclusive 21 2
From November 28th to December 4th, inclusive 20 1
From December 5th to 18th, inclusive 27 12
From December 19th to 31st, inclusive 31 8
From January 1st, 1886, to January 7th, inchisive 10 4
From January 8th to 14tli, inclusive 18 3
From January 15th to 25th, inclusive 24 15f-
Amount of butter from January 2<It]i, 1885, to evening of January
25tli, 1886— one year 930 14J
'' During this year she was out of the dairy from May 30th, 1885, to June 29th,
date of calving, and till July 4th after calving, the first day's milk being July 4tli,
after dropping bull, Landseer's Pogis."
On the three hundred and sixty-third day of her year, and tlie three hundred and
thirty-eighth of her test, four and a half months in calf, she made 2 pounds lOf oimces
of butter from 9 pounds 4^ ounces of milk, a pound of butter from ^-^^ pounds
or three pints rf milk.
JERSEY CATTLE IX A3IEEICA.
565
The test for richness of milk was a pul)lic one, conducted by the Tennessee
Breeders' Association.
Mr. Webster says : " A great many think that there must be some unusual
treatment to produce such results.. It is much more simple than they suppose.
" There have several serious mistakes been made during the year, and if she had
not been a cow of great recuperative power, she would have broken down. The
record shows that our most successful treatment was when she was under good, high
feed, but not the highest. I am satisfied that there is more in constant care and
watchfulness than in forcing, and the feed should be for butter only.
'' A cow is not made rich in a week or month, and possibly not the richest even
in a year."
landseee's fancy and tested descendants.
liANDSEER'S FANC7 |
2876 I
Rosy Dream 9808 . . .
( 29 lbs.
(21
50 19
Toltec's Fancy 37,172 . .
Maquilla 24,043 . . . .
Total, 4 cows.
50 17 lbs. 6 oz.
25 20 " 1 "
1874.
SANS PEUR, F. 201 J. H. B.— H. C.
Color, gray ; right foreleg and lower part of arm white ; white line on right
stifle. Dropped April, 1874. Sire, Welcome, F. 166 J. H. B.— H. C. Dam,
Fanchon, F. 1-432 J. H. B.
tested descendants.
Fear Not 6059 50 17 lbs. 10
Buttercup 17,825 .... 50 16 " 8
Fan of Grouville 7458 . . 50 13 " 0
Fear Not 2d 6061 . . .25 16 " 2
Fan's Grouville Beauty
10,079 25 19 lbs. 3
Lucilla Kent 8893 ... 35 15 " 10
Total, 6 coios.
DEERFOOT BOY 1926.
Color, solid gray ; black points. Dropped July 19th, 1874. Bred by
E. Burnett. Sire, Albion 490. Dam, Daisy of Deerfoot 3182.
tested descendants.
Naiie.
Blood,
Pee Cejt
BOTTEE TlZLD IN
r. SeVEK DATS.
Blood,
Name. Pee Cen
Butte
Seve
Abbie Z. Sd 14,743 . .
. 50
17 lbs. 0 oz.
Dena of Deerfoot 15,325 . 50
14 lbs
Polly of Deerfoot 15,338
. 50
15 " 0 "
Total,
Cressy of Deerfoot 15,324 . 50
4 cows.
14 "
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
CLAIMANT, P. Si J. H. B.— C.
Color, solid fawn ; black points. Dropped 1874.
TESTED PESCENDANTS.
Butter Yield m I
Xame.
Nancy Lee 7618 . . .
Royal Beauty 18,908 .
Bohemian Gipsy 17,452
Lizzie C. 7713 . . .
26 lbs. 8i
15 " 2i
U " 11
14 " 0
BiTTTER Yield ra
XiME. Peb Ce.vt. Seves
Lalla Rookh of Sugar Grove
15,882 12i 20 lbs.
Variella of Linwood 10,954 12i 14 "
Tohd, 6 cows.
COLUMBIAD 2(1 1515.
Solid color; black points. Dropped A]iril lltli, 1S71. Bred by C. and D.
Pennington. Paterson. X. J. Sire, Cohimbiad 531. Dam, Celestia 1898.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
14 lbs. 7 oz.
PET OP ROSE LAWN ( ^18
11,326 \''^ { 15
Xame. Feb Cent. Seven Days.
Alluring 5541 50 19 lbs. 5 02
Rose of Rose Lawn 9365 . 50 16 " 3 "
Total, 4 coin.
HEKO, P. 90 J. PL B.— LL C.
Color, solid dark red ; eyes encircled with orange. Dropped 1871.
Daisy of St. Peters 18,
Satin Bird 16,380
Jenny Le Brocq 9757
COOOTTE 11,958 .
Westphalia 24,384 .
. 50
. 50 14
. 50 14
no J
14
24
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
rTEB Yield in
EVES DXTS.
lbs. 5i oz.
" 15A "
" 14 "
50-
Blood,
BuTTEB Yield is
Name. Feb Cexi
Seves Days.
Mousy 2d 14,963 .... 25
nibs. 1 oz.
Bergcrelia 15,546 . . . 25
14 •' li "
Cetewayo's Silver Bell
18,953 12+
17 " 2i ■'
Cetewayo's Dorcas 20,287 . 13i
16 " 3i "
Tokil, 9 coica.
CECCO 1673.
Color, solid dark fawn ; black points. Dropped October 15th, 1871. Bred by
Robert Iloe, Tarrytowii, N. Y. Sire, Mercury 132. Dam, Ceres 427.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Ceccola 13,608 .... 50
Idalettal 1,843 50
Idalene 11,841 .50
BuTTEB Yield is
Seves Days.
Name.
Hlood, Butter Yield is
Pes Ce.vt. Seves Day«.
16 lbs. 13 oz.
Ideal 11,843 . . .
. . 50 14 lbs. 12J oz.
15 " \^ ■•
Ideal Alphca 18,755 .
. . 25 14 " 6 "
15 •• 8i "
ToUa, 5 ooics.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
PIERROT 7tli lOiiT.
Color, dark gray ; black switch ; black tongue. Dropped December 1st, IS 74.
Bred by S. C. Colt, Hartford, Conn. Sire, Pierrot 636. Dam, Pet 811.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Nam
Palestine Pierrot 34,099 . To
Pierrot's Ludy Bacon 13,482 50
Pierrot's Picture 13,481 . 50
Lady Hayes 10,136 . . . .50
Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11,673 50
Lady Fanning 11,169 . . 50
Seven Days.
Name. Per Cen
Seven D
14 lbs. 6 oz.
Palestine's Last Daughter
16 '• 10 "
12,603 50
14 lbs. 6
16 " 0 "
Pierrot's Countess 13,480 . 50
14 " 0
16 " 0 "
Countess of Lome 30,823 . 25
14 " 14
15 " 13 ■'
14 " 6 ■■
Madame Argyle 19,476 . . 35
Tutal, 10 cows.
14 " 1
RECTOR 1458.
Color, .solid. Dropped April 9th, 1874. Bred by Campbell Brown, Spring
Hill, Tenn. Sire, Pertiiiatti. Dam, Roxana 2d 2532.
Bonnie Yost 7943
Leoni 11,868 . .
Dudu of Linwood i
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
18 lbs. 3 oz.
Name.
Lucetta 6856 .
Dora Doon 13,!
Total, 5 co\
Bi.ooD, Better Yield in
Pee Cent. Seven Dats.
. .50 14 lbs. 3 OZ.
. 35 15 " 0 •■
HURRAH 2814.
Solid fawn ; black points. Bred by S. R. Gridley, Bristol, Conn. Dropped
March 11th, 1874. An inbred Tom Dasher 420 and Paterson 11. Sire. Colonel
Crockett 1694. Dam Village Girl 5744.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
VALUE 2d 6844
BoTTEB Yield in
Blood,
Per Cini
Butter Yield in
Seven Days.
25 lbs. 2H oz. Hurrah Pansy 13,153
. 50
14 lbs. li oz.
Total, 3 C0W.1.
JERSEY BOY, P. 92 J. H. B.— H. C.
Color, solid dark gray. Dropjjed 1874.
Name.
Oakland's Cora 18,853 .
Sclpio's Lively 19,869 .
Queen Neptune 15,501 .
Rosona 13,956 . . . .
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
19 lbs. 94 oz.
14 ■' 7 "
18 '■ 13i "
16 " 7 "
Blood, Biitter Yield
Name.
Pee Cent. Seven Days
Lane 13,303 .
. . m 15 lbs. 4 0
na 16,776 . .
. .m 14 " 3
Total, 6 <
JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA.
LORD LxUVREXCE UU.
Color, dark French gray ; black tongue and switch.
York. Dropped May lltli, IbT-t.
TESTED DESCEXDAXTS.
Bred by T. J. Hand, 2st
Same.
Pee CE^
T. Seves Days.
X..KE. Pee Ce.>
T. Seve.\- Di
Lady of Bellcvue 7705
. 50
15 lbs. 11 OZ.
The Widow's Daughter
Countess Giiscla 9571
. 50
15 ■■ 11 ■'
11,507 25
19 lbs. 8
■\Vitch Hazel 4th 6131
. 50
15 " 5i "
Fanny Bugler 19,963 . . 25
15 '• 2
Fall Leaf 8587 . .
. 50
14 " 8 "
Rosy Dream 9808 ... 25
14 " 13
Lorella 12,913 . . .
. 50
14 •' 7 "
ToUil, 8 cows.
8i OZ.
LOED BRONX 2d 1730.
Solid color ; black points. Bred by II. E. Johns. Bloomfield. Conn. Dropped
June 10th, 1874.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Butteb Yielp ix
Kaiie.
Pee Ce.\t. Sevex Davs.
X
Hazen-s Bess 7329 .
. . 50 24 lbs. 11 OZ.
Herberta 8
Arnold's Lulu 7328 .
. . 50 15 •' 0 "
Total,
16 lbs. 15 OZ.
OXOLI 1022.
Color, fawn ; shaded with dun. Sire, grandsire and great-grandsire, eighty
seven and a half per cent. St. Helier 45. Bred by Dr. 0. S. Hubbell, Stratford,
Conn. Dropped March 3Uth, 1874.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood. Bitteb Yield i
Naxe. Feb Ce.vt. Seves Days.
Volie 19,465 .50 18 lbs. 1 o
Kaoli 18,980 .50 17 " i
Zithey9184 .50 16 " '
Lesbie9179 ..... 50 16 ' ;
Maculae 24,277 . . . . .50 15 " ;
Renini 9181 .50 14 " 1(
Blood, BnTBB Yield is
7 50 14 lbs. 3i oz.
Taglioni 9182 50 14 " 1 "
Trenie 17,770 37* 14 " 10 "
Queen of Chenango 17,771 25 14 " 6 "
Flamant 11,370 .... 25 14 " 2 "
Total, 11 cowt.
JERISEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
PEINCE OF WAEREN 1512.
Solid color ; black points. Bred bj J. 11. McHenry, Baltimore, Md. Dropped
July 17th, 1874. Sire, Southampton 117. Dam, Golddrop 222. For Prince of
Warren type see portrait of Lady Madeline 10,526 in frontispiece.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Pra Ceki
Sev
^^ DATS.
Name. Feb CEh
T. Sev
N DATS.
Lady Conover2dl7,.589
. 75
20 ll)s
0 OZ.
Mary of Bear Lake 6171 . 50
15 lbs
14 OZ
Taniy Lowndes 35,316 .
. 75
16 "
3 ■■
Gledelia 10,534 .... 50
15 "
0 "
Dot of Bear Lake 6170 .
. 50
19 "
.3 "
Lena Lowndes 23,203 . . 50
14 "
7 "
Coaover's Beauty 12,650
. 50
18 "
4 "
Countess Lowndes 36,874 . 25
17 "
8 "
Lady "Warren 12,168 .
. 50
16 "
7 "
Witch Hazel 4th 6131 . . 25
15 "
U "
Tamy3d6127. . . .
. 50
10 ••
0
Mary's Silver Drop 14,325 25
15 "
4* "
Ida of Bear Lake 6169 .
. 50
16 "
U
Total, 13 cows.
EEX 1330.
Color, solid orange gray fawn, with dark shadings around eyes ; black switch
and tongue. Bred by John O. Couch, Middlefield, Conn. Dropped April 17th,
1874. Sire, Colt Jr. 825. Dam, Couch's Lily 3237.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Hepsy 2d 13,008 . .
Arawana Queen 5368 .
Blood
Feb Cen
. 50
. 50
Butte
17 lbs
16 "
YiEI,
ekDa
8
9
Prmcess Bellworth 6801
. 50
15 "
lOi
Usilda2d6157 . . .
. 50
15 "
3i
Favorite Rajah Rex 16,
Louvie3d6159 . . .
53 50
. 50
15 ■'
14 "
0
13
Bell Rex 11,700 .
. 50
14 "
10
Princess Ro,se 6249
. 50
14 "
8
Jeannie Piatt 6005
. 50
14 "
4
Lottie Rex 18,757
. 50
14 "
4
Pet Rex 30,166 .
. 50
14 "
4
Kerni Rex 18,671
. .50
14 "
0
Rosy Kate's Rex 13,
93
. 35
18 "
8
Name. Pek Cek
Maggie Rex 38,633 . . .35
Sister Rex 13,194 . . .25
Elsie Lane 13,303 . . .35
Chautauqua Queen 26,403 25
Si.ster Cash 33,987 . . .35
Lilley Rex 9853 .... 25
Lady Panalphrex 17,400 . 13i
CARRIE LENA 3d
20,077 13i
Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 . 12|
Lass Rex Alphea 16,965 . 12|
Ethalka 2d 14,138 .
Total, 34 com.
17 lbs. Oi OZ.
131
570
JERSiEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
SWEEPSTAKES DUKE 19(>5 {P. 76 J. H. B.—II. C.)
Color, solid gray. Bred on Island of Jei-sey. Won Sweepstakes Prize with
complete score, of Island Scale of Points, at one year old, show of 1875. Dropped
April, 1S74. Imported by Moses Ellis, Massachusetts, October, 1875.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Fairy Quteii of St. Belades
7404 50
Valentine of Trinity 7409 50
Queen of Nubbin Ridge
14.538 50
Forget-Me-Xot 5809
Deertoot Girl 15,329
Florence Billot 7849
Energy 23,010 . .
Lily of the Valley 7439
Handsome Myra 14,244
Camelia 3d 11,188 . .
Lady Velvetine 15,771 .
Les Cateaux 2d 15,538
Cassis 13,028 . . . ,
Olyniph 17,957 . .
Lady Kingscote 26,085
La Financiere 11,970 .
Lydia of Libby 11,698
Forsaken 7530 . . .
Lady Jane of St. Peters
Sweetrock 18,356 . .
Lady Vertumnus 13,217
.Jazel's Maid 11,011 . .
La Rouge 12,405 . . .
Beulah de Gruchy 13,480
25
BCTTE
Y«I,D IS
Bl.noD,
Butter Yield is
Sev
S DATS.
Navi.
Pee Ckxi
. Sev
X Days.
MAMELUi 20,804 .
. 124
211bs
8i OZ.
19 lbs.
7i oz.
Rozel Lass 20,208 . .
. 12i
19 "
9* "
19 "
4
St. Jeannaise 15,789 .
. 12*
16 •■
4 "
Maritana 12,039 . . .
. 13*
16 "
3* "
17 "
8 "
Fear Not 2d 6061 . .
. 13i
16 "
2 "
15 "
8 •'
Geneva 13,220 . . .
. 13*
15 "
11 ••
15 "
0 "
Farmer's Floss 17,773 .
. 13*
15 "
11 •'
14 "
13 "
Happy Blossom 18,318 .
. 13*
15 "
8 ••
14 "
5 '•
Jlarie S. 12,043 . . .
. 13i
15 "
0 •'
14 "
0 "
Kate Pansy 15,177 . .
. 13*
15 "
1 "
20 "
8 "
Sweet SLxteen 10,683 .
. 13*
14 "
15 •'
20 "
3 "
Regina'.s Guide 16,863 .
. 13*
14 "
13 "
17 "
o <.
Peggy Ford 31,713 . .
. 13*
14 "
10 "
16 "
1 "
L'Etoile du Nord 16,419
. 12*
14 "
9 "
16 "
0 "
Tale-Bearer 34,535 . .
. 12*
14 "
8 "
15 "
13 "
Lady Young 16,668 . .
. 12*
14 "
0 "
15 "
10 "
Well Done 25,987 . .
. 6i
19 "
4 "
15 "
5i "
Signaldella 24,107 . .
. 6i
18 "
If "
15 "
3 "
Glory of Elmarch 31,.521
. 6i
15 "
13* "
15 "
1 "
Cicero's JIabel 18,338 .
. 6i
15 "
3 "
Les JIarais Dell 30,314 .
. 6i
15 "
8 "
15 "
0 "
Baron's Rosette 35,988 .
. 6i
15 "
4 "
14 "
lU "
Lady Fair 32,103 . .
. 6i
14 "
13 "
14 ••
10 "
Pendule 2d 16,709 . .
. Oi
14 "
6 "
14 ••
14 "
23 "
0 ••
Nervine 25,933 . , .
. Oi
14 '
1* "
3 "
Total, 49 rotts.
TOP SAWYEIl 1404.
Color, solid squirrel gray ; black points. Dropped ^lay 19th, 1S74. Bred by
T. J. Hand, New York. Sire, Marius 760. Dam, Emblem !Mi.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Blood,
Peb Ce.n
BiTTEE Yield i.-«
. Seven- Days. Name.
Blood.
Per Cex
Butter Yield
r. Sevex Dat».
Cora of Linwood 13,915
. 50
23 lbs. 0 oz. Busy Bee 7590 .
. 50
16 lbs. 4 0
Vi.\en 7.591 ....
. 50
17 '• 0 " Fleurette of Linwo
)dl2
,918 .50
16 •• 0
Beeswax 9807 . . .
. 50
17 " 5 " Dora Doon 13,909
. 50
15 " 0
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Br.oor
Naue. Feb Ce!
Opaline 7590 50
Denise8381 50
Litza 6338 50
Fandango 13,908 .... 50
Romp Ogden 3d 5458 . . 50
ETHLEEL 2d 32,391 . 37*
Maquilla 34,043 .... 35
Butt
N Days.
Blood,
Name. Pee Cen
Butter Yield
r. Seven Days.
14 lbs.
10 OZ.
Ethleel 18,734 35
19 lbs. 14
14 "
44 ■•
Cherokee Rose 20,931 . . 25
23 " 10
14 "
3 "
Romping Lass 11,021 . . 35
15 " 0
14 "
3 "
Jaquenetta 10,958 ... 25
14 " 6
14 "
1 "
Variella of Linwood 10,954 35
14 " 1
30 "
15 "
30 "
1 "
Total, 18 cows.
CLIVE DUKE 1901.
Color, solid. Dropped -Time 19th, 1874. Bred by T. S. Kennedy, Lonisville,
Ky. Sire, Prize Duke 942. Dam, Welcome Beauty 1268.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Oitz 8fi49 .
Peggotty H.
15 lbs.
15 "
Name.
Halsie McCurdy 13,379
Total, 3 cows.
. 50 14 lbs. 34 oz.
AZELDxi 3872.
Solid color; black points. Sire, Grand Duke Alexis 1040. Dam, Grand
Duchess of St. Peters 2733. Bred by J. A. Hayt, Patterson, N". Y. Dropped
March 13th, 1874.
Name. Per Ce
Gold Trinket 9.518 ... 50
Valhalla 5300 50
Belle of Patterson 5664 . . 50
Azelda 2d 7033 .... 50
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Butter Yield
Name.
Pansy Patterson .... 35 15 lbs. 15
Guinevere Sinclair 11, 167. 35 14 " 9
Alberta Signal .... 13* 30 " 11
Total, 7 cows.
1875.
DUKE OF DAPtLINGTON 2460.
Color, solid gray; black points. Sire, Sarpedon 930. Dam, Eurotas 2454.
Bred by A. B. Darhng, Kamseys, jST. J. Dropped April 1st, 1875.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
Butter Yield ra
Blood,
Butter Yield in
Name.
Per Ce.m
T. Seven Days.
Name. Per Cent
Seven Days.
rsrother Hubbard 10,331
. 50
24 lbs. U oz.
Nazli 10,.327 50
15 lbs. 34 oz.
BOMBA 10,330 . . .
. .50
21 " 114 "
Eupidee's Perfection 20,175 25
15 " 4 "
Matilda 5th 18,068 . .
. 50
16 " 4 "
Dove Dee 18,059 .... 25
15 " 3 "
Leah Darlington 13,836
. 50
15 " 54 "
Total, 7 cows.
JERSfJY CATTLE IX A .VESICA.
KIIEDm:, P. 103 J. 11. B.— H. C.
Color, solid light fawn.
Cooniassie ll.ST-t.
Dropped 1S75. Sire, Leo F. 198— H. C. Dam,
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Bitter YitLD is
XAur. Pee Cent. Seven Dam.
Xa»e.
Blood,
Per C-En
BrrrtB Yield ix
. SEVE.X DATS.
PRINCESS 2d 8046 .
. 50
46 1b.
.12i oz.
Romping Lass 11,021
. 25
15 lbs
0 oz.
Oua 7840
. 50
22 "
lOi ■'
Nell Gwjnn 96.54 .
. 25
14 "
0 "
LEBROCQ'SCUR-
h
18 •
0 "
Ada Minka 15.562 .
. 25
14 ••
0 "
J^£»r 30,967 . . .
15
12i "
ETHLEEL 2d 32,291
. 12i
30 ••
15 "
Daisy Qiiwii 9619 . .
.50
16 "
4 "
Fillpail 2d 24,388 .
. 12A
25 ••
2 "
Desire 24,360 ....
50
16 "
3 •■
MaquiUa 24,043 . .
. 12i
20 "
1 "
Blonde 2<I 9268 . . .
St. Jeannaise 15,789 .
50
37i
14 "
16 •'
4 •'
4 "
KHELULA 17,970
.12,
19"
14 "
8 "
6+ ••
OXFORD KATE 13.646
25
39 "
12 "
King's Trust 18,946 .
. 12i
18 ■'
0 "
Weslphalia 34,384 . .
25
24 "
H •■
Toltec's Fancy 27,172
. m
17 "
6 ••
Little Torment 15,.581 .
25
23 "
2i "
Rosona 12,956 . . .
. m
16 "
7 "
Pilot's Veronica 18,917.
25
20 "
3 "
Granny's Gem 30,406
. m
16 "
5} '■
Ethleel 18,724 . . .
25
19 "
14 "
Bessie R. 13,503 . .
. 12+
16 "
0 "
Arthur's Mistletoe 11.968
25
17 "
in '•'
Elsie Lane 13,302 .
. 12.i
15 "
4 "
Daisy Brown 12,213 .
25
17 "
6i '•
Prize Rose 16,309 .
. 12+
15 ••
1 "
Prince-ss of Ashantee 13,467 25
16 ■■
12 "
Deletta 21,305 . . .
. 12+
14 "
15+ ••
Miss Porter 20,300 . .
25
16 "
6 ■•
Betsoua 16,776 . .
. 13+
14 -
3 "
Ruby Wray . . .
25
16 "
0 "
Rose of Oxford 13,469 .
25
15 "
14+ '■
Totiil, 34 coics.
SILVER MINE 1658.
Color, solid fawn ; black tongue. Dropped January 28th, 1875. Bred by Dr.
A D. Newell, New Jersey. Sire, Silverlocks Jr. 699. Dam, Minerva 1529.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Nancy Lovelock 15,511
Siloam 17,623 ....
Countess Coomassie 19,3
Blood, BirrrEK Yield in
Pee Cext. Setes Days.
Blood, Bitter Yield in-
Name. Per Cent. Seven- Dats.
. 75 17 lbs. 9 oz.
Queen of Nubbin Ridge
. 50 18 " 10 "
14,528 25 17 lbs. 0 oz.
39 50 16 ■' 10 "
Total, 4 cows.
BARONET 22-10.
Color, dark gray. Dropped April 12th, 1875. Bred by R. II. Stephens, Montreal,
Canada. Sire, Lord Li.sgar 1066. Dam, Amelia 484.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Baronetti 8425 . .
Chamomilla 7552 . .
Bonnie 2d 5742 . .
1"ER Cbkt. Sevex Days.
. 50 16 lbs. 14 O
. 50 16 •' 10 '
. .50 14 " lU '
Uinta 5743 . . .
Bonnie Fawn 6190
Total, 5 cows.
50 14 lbs. 10 oz.
50 14 " 0 ••
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERIGA.
573
GUY FAWKES, F. 251 J. IL B.— H. C.
Color, solid light gray, except white spot on forehead ; black points. Dropped
December, 1875. Bred by Philip Godeaux, Trinity, Jersey. Sire, Koffee, F. 233
J. H. B. Dam, Angelica, F. 1T3S J. H. B.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name. Peb Cest. Seve
Island Star 11,876 . .
50 21 lbs
Thaley 14,299 . . .
50 16 "
Queen of Ashantee 14,554
50 15 "
Auntybel 15,582 . . .
50 14 "
Moggie Bright 35.891 .
25 16 "
Blood,
Butter Yiel
Name. Feb Ces
T. Seven Da
Young Garenne 3d 13,648 . 25
16 lbs. 3
Liberty 2d 16,717 ... 35
14 " 6*
Pendule 2d 16,709 . . . 25
14 " 6
Total, 8 I
STOKE POGIS 3d 2238.
Bred by Peter
Leclair, Winooski, Vt.
Color, mulberry fawn ; black switch.
Dropped March 29th, 1875.
Just previous to the announcement of the test of Mary Anne of St. Lambert
9770 the owner of Stoke Pogis 3d 2238, living near Montreal, killed him "because
he made such a nice lot of beef ; " he " dressed seventeen hundred pounds."
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Bcttee Yield in
Name, Pek Cent Seven Days.
MARY ANNE OF ST.
LAMBERT 9770 . . 50 36 lbs. 12i oz
IDA OF ST. LAMBERT
24,990 50 30 " 2i "
MERMAID OF ST.
LAMBERT 9771 . . 50 25 " 13i "
NAIAD OF ST. LAM-
BERT 12,965 .... 50 22 " 2| "
Noraof St. Lambert 12,963 .50 33 " 0
NIOBE OF ST. LAM-
BERT 13,969 .... 50 21 " 4* "
Brenda of Elmhurst 10,763 50 30 " 8 "
Honeymoon of St. Lambert
11,231 .50 20 " 5J "
RIOTER PINK OF
BERLIN 33,665 ... 50 19 " 14 "
Cowslip of St. Lambert
8849 50 17 " 13 "
Minnette of St. Lambert
9774 50 17 " 4 "
Name. Pee Cen
1. Seve
nDat
Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 50
17 lbs
12
Diana of St. Lambert 6636 50
16 "
8
Maggie of St. Lambert 9776 50
16 "
3
Moth of St. Lambert 9775 50
16 "
2
Rioter's Nora 21,778 . . 50
15 "
9
La Belle Petite 5473 . . 50
15 "
8
Mavourneen of St. Lambert
9777 50
15 "
7
May Day Stoke Pogis
38,333 50
15 "
8
Cupid of Lee Farm 5997 . 50
14 '■
6
Nancy of St. Lambert
13,964 50
14 "
5
Rioter's Beauty 14,894 . . 37*
14 "
0
Rose of St. Lambert 30,436 35
21 "
3*
Rioter's Maggie 23,530 . . 25
18 "
6i
Carrie Pogis 32,568 ... 25
15 "
9
Maggie Sheldon 23,583 . 25
15 "
3
Mintha 12,813 .... 25
15 "
0
ToUil, 37 cows.
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA.
SUPERB 1956.
Xearlv solid color. Sire. Pierrot 2d 1G09. Dam, Myrtle 2d 211. Bred by
Thoiuas Fitch, New London, Conn. Dropped Jnne 16th, 1875.
Belraeda 6229
Floret 9959 .
TESTED DESCEXDAXTS.
18 lbs. 12 oz. Lida Mullin 9198
17 " 6 " Lizzie D. 10,408
Total, 4 coins.
Blood, Butter Yield is
PZB Cest. Seves Days.
. 50 16 lbs. 8 OZ.
. 50 14 " 0 "
cows.
MOSTAPv 6971.
Color, fawn, with pray shading.s, a little white. Bred by James Young, Jr.
Pennsylvania. Dropped April 27th, 1875.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
liLOOD
I-EB CeN
Bt-TTEB TiELD
T. SeVES DaT8
rincess Mostar 9700 .
. 50
nibs. 3
illian Mostar 10,304 .
. 50
14 " 3
El Mora aiostar 15,955 . . 50 14 lbs. 0 oz.
ToM, 3 cows.
1876.
NIOBE DUKE 2364.
Solid color ; black points. Sire, Jeweler 1.385. Dam, Niobe 6th 3516. Bred
by J. S. Jenkins. Dro])ped April 24th, 1876.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Thorndale Belle 3d 10,459 . 50
Jlitlen 13,368 .50
Belle Thornp 13,.369 . . .50
15 llw. 15
15 " 11
14 " 11
Alfritha 13,673 .... 25
Pegjry Ford 21,713 . . . 25
Total, 5 coies.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 575
CASH BOY 2248.
Color, nearly solid ; a faint white spot on right side ; dark switch. Dropped
January 1-tth, 1876. Bred by Lyman A. Mills. Sire, Eex 1330. Dam, Dido of
Middlefield 3416.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Rosy Kate's Rex 13,193
Maggie Rex 28,623 . .
Sister Rex 13,19-1 . .
Blood, Butteh Yi]
Pee Cent.
Seven Days.
.50 18 lbs. 8 oz. Sister Cash 33,987 . . . .50 14 lbs. 10
50 17 " Oi " CARRIE LENA 3d
50 16 '■ 8 "I 20,077 2.5 16 " 5
Total, 5 coios.
GEEY KING, P. 169 J. H. B.— H. C.
Dropped 181
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
BuTTEn Yield i
Name. Per Cent. Seve
Camelia 3d 11,188 ... 50 20 lbs.
Cassis 13,038 .50 16 "
La Pinanciere 11,970 . . .50 15 "
Lady Jane of St. Peters
7475 .50 15 "
Beulali de Gruchy 13,480 . 25 22 "
Rozel Lass 20,368 ... 25 19 "
Maritana 13,039 .... 25 16 '•
Geneva 13,220 .... 25 15 "
Farmer's Floss 17,773 . . 25 15 "
9i "
3+ "
Marie S. 13,043 .... 35
Beauty of the Grange 7503 \2l
Well Done 25,987 . . .121
Eveline of .Jersey 6781 . . 124
Glory of Ehnarch 21, .521 . 12*
Baron's Rosette 25,988 . . 12+
Queen ofAshantee 2d 16,6.59 13+
Nervine 35,933 .... 12+
Total, 17 cows.
BrTTER Y'l
Seven I
lolb.s. 6
VERTUMNUS, P. 161 J. H. B.— II. C.
Color, brown ; white jJatch in forehead. Drojjped February, 1876. Bred by
Philip Godeaux, Trinity, Jersey. Sire, Sioeepstahes Dnlie 1595 (P. 76 J. II. B. —
H. C.) Dam, Coojnassie 11,874 — the two most noted prize-winners of Jersey.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Blood, Butter Yield in
Per Cent. Seven Days.
Name.
Blood,
Per Cekt
Seven Dats.
Olyinph 17,957 . . .
. 50
17 lbs. 3 OZ.
St. Jeannaise 15,789 .
. 25
16 lbs. 4 0
Lady Velvetine 15,771 .
. 50
17 " 3 "
Fear Not 2d 6061 . .
. 25
16 " 2 '
Les Cateaux 2d 15,.538 .
. 50
17 " 2 "
Happy Blossom 18,318 .
• 25
15 " 8 '
Lady Kingscote 36,085 .
. 50
15 " 10 "
Les Marais Dell 30,314 .
. 12+
15 " S '
Lady Vertumnus 13,317
. 50
14 " 10 "
Cicero's Mabel 18,338 .
. 12+
15 " 2 '
La Rouge 12,405 . . .
. 50
14 ■■ 2 "
Pendule 2d 16,709 . .
. 12+
14 " 6 '
Lady Young 16,668 . .
. 50
14 " 0 "
Total, 13 cows.
JERtiEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
BROWNY, P. 15S J. II. I).— 11. C.
Color, light brown ; black switch ; tongue black and wliite. Dro])ped March,
1876. Sire, Tom 77 J. 11. B. Dam, Fairy 96-i J. H. B.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
liLoon. Butter Yield is I
Miss Browny 7288 ... 50
Rojal Beauty 18,908 . . .'iO
Beauty 7414 50
Rosebud of Bcllcvuc 7702 . .10
Lizzie C. 7713 .... 50
But
24 ■•
0 "
Naue. Peb Cent. Seven Days.
Cherokee Rose 20,921 . . 25 23 lbs. 10 oz.
Graniiy'.s Gem 30,406 . . 25 16 " 5i "
Variella of Linwood 10,954 25 14 ' 1 "
THORN DALE 2582.
Solid light fawn ; l^lack switcli. Dropped November 18th, 1S70. Bred by
E. Tliorne, New York. Sire, Balsora 2357. Dam, Katinka 5204.
Maggie McM. 14,073 . . 51)
Jennie 50
Almah of Oak lands 11,102 .50
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
ButterYiei.d 1
Oakland Girl 11,103
Florie May 10,728 .
Total, 5 covis.
50 14 lbs. 12* oz.
50 14 " 8 "
DUKE OF BRANDYWINE 2213.
Color, brown, tinged with gray ; star in face ; white sptit on l)ack ; lower part
of legs white. Dropped Jnly 11th, ls7t;. ]5red l)y Isaac Morgan, Barkersville,
Pa. Sire, Doctor II. 2132. Dam, Lillie Morgan +752.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood, Butter Yield in Blood, Butter Yield in
Name. Per Cent. Seven Days. Name. Per C'e.nt. Seven Dath,
Lydia Darrach 2d 8056 . .50 l(ni)s. 0 oz. Lydia Darracb .5th 16,577 . 50 15 lbs. 0 oz.
Lydia Darrach 3d 10,662 . 50 Hi " 0 " Tut<il, S eoics.
VICTOR (P. US J. II. 1?.— 11. C.)
Color, brown ; wliite on left Hank ; black switch. Dropjied Ajiril, 1876.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Floribundiis 2d 14,949
Dairy Pride 4th 21,681
Miss Iluclin 22,296 . ,
Blood,
Butter Yiel
D IN
Blood. Butter Yield I
•er Cexi
Seven Da
H.
Na«e.
Per Cent. Seven Days.
. 50
18 lbs. 8
OZ.
Lalla Rookh of
Sugar
. 50
16 " 0
Grove 15,882 .
... 25 20 lbs. 1 0
. 50
14 " 9
"
Total, 4 cows.
OAKLAND GIRL 11,103.
Thorndale Type.
HIGHLAND HERD.
James N. Smith, Litchfield, Connecticut.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IEEICA. 577
GILDEROY 2107.
Bred by II. Bordeu-Bowen, Rhode Island. Dropped May 7tli, 1876. Sire,
Magnetic 1428. Dam, Jeanne Le Bas 2176.
The following is a description of Gilderoy 2107 as the antlior saw him at
" Ferrycliflfe," the farm of Dr. H. M. Howe, in July, 1885 :
This noted bull, destined through his progeny to become a famous fountain
of richness, is a rare model of symmetry, and at nine years of age well illustrates the
remarkable vital energy inherent in an inbred Jersey bull. Every feature indicates
a superlative thoroughbred quality, constitution and potency. The barrel is long
and well-ribbed ; the back straight ; the loin very broad ; the hips prominent ; the
withers thin ; the rump long and high ; the thighs broad and flat ; the forearm
powerful ; the legs neat and small ; the neck grandly crested and admirably set upon
oblique, sloping shoulders ; the throat clean ; the head shapely, and having a well-
arched crown and slender waxy horns ; the face dished ; the eyes mild. The fore
escutcheon is large ; the hind escutcheon a good curveline ; the rudimentary udder
and teats well-marked ; the scrotum very large ; the foreveins unusually large and
prominent ; the tail fine. The hide is delightfully mellow, and of just the right
degree of thinness ; the hair one twelfth to one sixteenth of an inch in length, and
his whole surface as unctuous and soft to the touch as vaseline. The ears are
handsomely fringed with black. His color of coat is mahogany fawn upon the back,
dark mulberry or purple black on the head, face, neck and sides. He has some
white markings which are bordered with a margin of blue ; the white saddle upon
the withers, which is a characteristic feature of many famous historic Jerseys ; white
on belly, chest, flanks, and legs, and a white switch. His most remarkable
characteristic is his very rich skin color. Within the ears, beneath the elbows,
upon the scrotum, the escutcheons, the tip of tail, and from beneath the white
markings, there is a brilUant glow of the richest cadmium orange color, and from
his dark mulberry face there exudes a golden powder that looks like pollen
upon a honey-bee. All his progeny have the handsome, black-fringed, orange-
glowing ears and orange-coloi-ed skin ; and the Gilderoy cows yield a rich, buff-
colored cream, and brilliant, orange-tinted butter. Gilderoy is not excelled by any
living bull in this rare coloring, and I know of no herd that approaches that of
" Ferrycliffe" in the prevalence of this very desirable feature. All the yearlings and
calves in the herd of Dr. Howe show the rich orange-tinted skin.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
14 lbs. 4 oz.
Kame.
liLoon,
Peb Cen-
rincess Mary
of
Wood-
lawn 11,663.
75
Name. Pbe Ceot
BtiTTEE Yield i
p. Seven Dats.
Queen Mary of Woodlawn
11,659 50
32 lbs. 5 0
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEHIC'A.
Chrome Skin 7881 . . . 5U
Lacaine 10,682 .... 50
Topaz of Woodlawn 11,661 50
Lady Alice of the Wilder-
ness 12,207 50
Daisy's Daughter . . 50
Sweet Sixteen 10,682 . . 50
Gold Mask 10,727 ... 50
BirTTEB TlILD IN
Blood
SlVI.1 DATS.
Naxi.
Pm Cist. Skvim Datb.
20 lbs. 10 oz.
Yellow Locu.st 10,679 .
. 50
14 lbs. lOi oz
17 " U •'
Clover Mel 16,159 . .
. 50
14 " 9 •■
16 " 4 ••
Eugenic 2<1 12,733 . .
. 50
14 " 2 "
Mary of Gilderoy 11,219
. 50
14 " 4 "
15 •• 14 ■'
MAMELLE 20,804 .
. 25
21 ■ 8i "
15 •• 3 •■
. 25
17 ■■ 6 "
14 " 15 ■■
14 •• 14 •■
Total, 15 cows.
MASEXA 25,732.
Color, fawn and white ; white on brisket, right shoulder, left side, hips, flanks,
belly and legs; white switch; white tongue. Dropped March 8th, 1876. Bred
by II. Talcott. Sire, Kago 1353. Uani, Highland Mary 3d 19,876.
TEST OF MASENA.
Masena was tested at intervals for one year and eleven days, under the
supervision of her owner, Mr. P. P. Paddock, the test ending four days previous to
dropping her calf, making the time between calves one year and fifteen days.
The yield was as follows : *
One year, 8995 lbs. 8 oz. of milk 892 lbs. 2 oz. of butter.
The ne.xt eleven days, 105 lbs. 8 uz. of milk lu " 1 " " "
Liust four days, milk not used ; total 902 lbs. 3 oz. of butter, from
9101 lbs. of milk, or ten and one quarter (lOJ) lbs. of milk to a pound of butter.
Cost of feed for one year and fifteen days :
To 1500 lbs. middlings $18.75
" 1600 " corn meal 20.00
" 1100 " barley meal 13.75
" 600 " bran (JOO
" 450 " ground oats 5.(J2
" 30 Inishels potatoes 7.50
" 1800 lb.s. hay ' iq'so
" Pasturing 10.00
T'-tal ^.»^.42
902 lbs. 3 oz. butter 27(1.65
^'i^f profit $178.23
• Estimated in part.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA.
MOLLIE GARFIELD 12,172.
Color, dark fawn ; little white. Dropped 1876. Sire, Bell Caliph 1432. Dam,
Maple Dale 2907.
MOLLIE GAEFIELD AJSTD TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Bi.ooD, BoTTEE Yield in I Blood, Bdttee Yield in
Name. Pee Cent. Seven Days. Name. Pee Cent. Seven Dats.
Mollie Garfield 13, 173 . 100 33 lbs. 13 oz. Duchess of Manchester
MoUie Garfield 3d 18,663 100 15 " 14 " , 30,838 50 14 lbs. 0 oz.
Dollle Dale 16,140 . . 100 15 "7 "I Total, i cows.
NANCY LEE Y618.
Color, cream fawn ; black points. Dropped 1876. Imported by E. P. P.
Fowler, 1878.
NANCY LEE AND TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Nancy Lee 7618
8i oz. I Lizzie C. 7713 .
Total, 2 cows.
14 lbs. 0 oz.
1877.
TORMENTOR 3533.
Color, gray, with dai-k shadings ; small star ; white on belly, front of hind legs,
and fore-ankles. Dropped March, 1877. Bred by John Arthur, St. Mary's, Jersey.
Imported August 23d, 1878, by Campbell Brown, Spring Hill, Tenn. Sire,
Khedive, P. 103 J. H. B.— 11. C. Dam, Angela, F. 1607 J. H. B.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
BuTTEB Yield in
Blood,
BOTTEB Y'lILD IS
Name.
Pee Cehi
Seven Days.
Name. 1
ee Cent. Seven Dats.
Little Torment 15,581
. 50
33 lbs. 3+ OZ.
ETHLBEL 2d 83,391
35
30 lbs. 15 oz
Ethleell8,724 . . .
. 50
19 " 14 "
Maquilla 24,043 . . .
35
30 " 1 ■'
Daisy Brown 12,213
. 50
17 " 6i "
Toltec's Fancy 27,172 .
35
17 " 6 "
Ruby Wray .
. 50
16 •' 0 "
Prize Rose 16,309 . .
35
15 " 1 "
Rose of O-xford 13,469
. 50
15 •' 14| "
Deletta 31,305. . . .
35
14 '■ 1.51 "
Romping Lass 11,081
. 50
15 " 0 "
Ada Minka 15,562 .
. 50
14 " 0 "
Total, 12 coim.
JERSEY CATTLE IiY AMERICA.
WAXDEIlEIi ^014.
Color, solid; l.lack points. Dropped xMarcli ir)tli, l>
Sire, Signal 117»i. Dam, Cosctte 3874.
TESTED DESCENDAKTS.
I3LOOD. BiJTTEE YiELD IN
Name. Peb Cest. Sevex Datb.
Fadclte of Verna 3d 11,122 50 23 lbs. 8* ov..
Fairy of Verua 2d 10,973 .50 20 " 31 "
Hilda A. 3d 11,130 ... 50 20 " 0 "
Bred l)v .1. A. IIa>-t.
Blood, Butteh Yi
EVELINA or VERNA
10,971 ">U 19 lbs. lOi
ToUil, 4 cows.
SAMSON JR. 2723.
Solid color, excej)! switch. Drojiped ^lan
Bred by W. B.
Dinsmore, New York. Sire, Dexter of Staatsburgli lil42. Dam, Susie 2d 778.
TESTED I)KSCKNn.\NTS.
Blood, Buttee Yiel
Name. Pek Cent. Seven- Dat
°,.'-"'
Name.
Blood,
Peu <'es
BCTTEB Yield in
r. Seven Davd.
Calista of Newark 13,296 . .50 15 lbs. 9
oz.
Flora Lee 13,294 . .
. . 50
14 lbs. 1 OZ
Plufbe N. 35,401 ... 50 15 " 3
ToUil, 3 cows.
LE BROCQ'S PRIZE 33.50.
Color, dark l.ruwn ; l)lack points. Sire, Horace (P. 94 J. II. B.— H. C.)
Dam, Matin 182!). Le Brocq's Prize, dropped 1877, won First Prize over Jersey
in 1878. Imported by Colonel George E. "Waring, Jr., 1878, for Churchman &
Jackson.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Blood,
Name. Peb Cent
Fan's Qrouvillc Beauty
BUTTEB Yield ih
Seven Days.
Blood,
Name, Peb Cent
Bir.li(! L(^ Brocq 17,363 . 50
Bctteb Yield in
Seven Datb.
14 lbs. 0 OZ
10,079
.50
I!) lbs. 3 OZ.
Elinor Wells 12,060 ... 50
14 •• 0 ••
Marea 10,167 ....
50
17 " 10 "
Le Rosa 10,078 .... 50
14 '• 0 "
Viva Le Brocq 13,702 .
Eclip.se 14,437 . . . .
50
50
17 " 7 •■
15 ■• 12 "
Nutley's Alma 13,581 . . 50
Island Dots 17,003 . . . 25
14 •• 0 "
14 ■■ 9 "
Prize Ro.se 16,309 . .
.Jennie Williams 29,058
.50
50
15 '• 1 "
15 " 0 "
Frances C. Ma.^net 22,904 . 13J
14 •• 13i "
Jledrie Le Brocq 8888 .
.50
14 " 7
ToUil, 13 colts.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
PRINCESS 2d 8046.
Color, light buckskin fawn ; white on belly ; black tongue ; white switch ;
yellow skin; large spheroidal udder; selvedge escutcheon of the first order.
Dropped February 22d, 1877. Sire, Khedive, P. 103 J. H. B.— H. C. Dam,
Princess 402. Imported by Edward P. P. Fowler, 1879.
Sold at auction in New York, 1882, for $4800. Tested February 2Uth to 27th,
1884, by John V. N". Willis ; for seven days yielded twenty-seven pounds ten ounces
of butter. Officially tested by Committee of the American Jersey Cattle Club in
March, 1885, and yielded in seven days forty-six pounds twelve and one half ounces
of butter.
PANDORA OF STAATSBUEGH M 6497.
Solid color ; black switch. Dropped April 1st, 1877. Bred by W. B.
Dinsmore, New York. Sire, Faro 1749. Dam, Pandora of Staatsburgh 3280.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Name.
Maggie McM. 14,073
Pandothro 33,383
Nahe.
AlmahofOaklaud 11,103. 50 16 lbs. 14
Total, 3 coics.
FARMER'S GL OR Y
BULLS.
5196 {F. 274 ./. //. B.
-E. C.)
Color, silver gray, with slate shadings ; black points. Dropped March 1st, 1878.
Bred by F. Le Brocq, Jersey. Sire, Grey King, P. 169 J. II. B.— H. C. Dam,
Bonheur 14,942.
TESTED dp:scendants.
Blood,
Name.
Pee Cent
Beulah de Gruchy 13,480
. 50
Rozel Lass 30,368 . .
. 50
Maritana 12,039 . . .
. 50
Geneva 13,220 . . .
. 50
Parmer's Floss 17,773 .
. 50
Marie S. 13,043 . . .
. 50
Well Done 35,987 . .
. 35
DATS.
Name. Pee Cem
T. SEV
N Days.
3 oz.
Glory of Elniarcli 21,531 . 35
15 lbs.
13+ oz.
9i "
Baron's Rosette 35,988 . . 35
15 "
4 "
3i •■
Queen of Ashantee 3d
1 "
16,657 25
14 ■'
3+ "
e ■'
Nervine 35,933 .... 35
14 •'
1+ "
Ti>liiL 11 COICS.
For Fanner's Glory Type, see portraits of Fanner's Maid and Surprise of
Maple Shade in frontispiece.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
KAMBLER OF ST. LAMBERT 5285.
Color, light fawn; black switch; black tongue. Dropped June 11th, 1878.
Bred by Romeo H. Stephens, St. Lambert. Canada. Sire, Stoke Pogis 3d 2238.
Dam, Bessy of St. Lambert 5482.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Kaki.
Rose of St. Lambert 20.426 50
Rioter's Ruth 14,882 . . 50
21 lbs. 3i
14 '• 12
Name.
I Rioter's Beauty 14,894
I Total, 3 cowa.
14 lbs. 0 oz.
1879.
BULLS.
CATONO 3761.
Solid fawn, except white fleck upon left shoulder ; full black points. Dropped
January 15th, 1879. Bred by A. E. Renouard, St. Lawrence, Jersey. Sire, Cato,
P. 178 J. H. B.— H. C. Dam, Ona 7840.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Rosona 12,956 . .
Elsie Lane 13,302
16 lbs. 7
15 ■• 4
Betsona 16,776
Total, 3 mu
KING, P. 23S J. IL B.— C.
Color, light brown ; white patch between body and right hind leg. Dropped
February, 1879. Bred by F. Le Brocq, Jr., St. Owen. Sire, Young Prince, P. 182
J. IL B.— II. C. Dam, Judv, F. 1590 J. II. B.— H. C.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
Nak..
Blood,
PirCis
BlTTTM YlELI. IN
T. SiVEN DaT».
Name.
Blood, Bvtteb Viel
Pee Cent. Seven Da
Fillpuil 2d 24,388 .
. . 50
25 lbs. 2 oz.
King's Trust 18,946 .
. 50 18 lbs. 0
KHBLULA 17,970 .
■ s
19 " 8 "
14 ■• ^ '•
Granny's Gem 30,406
Total, 4 com.
. 50 16 '• 5i
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
OXFORD KATE 13,646.
Color, light brown fawn ; white on flanks, breast, left shoulder and legs ; brown
and white switch. Bred by Francis Le Brocq, St. Peters, Jersey. Dropped February
20th, 1879. Imported by T. S. Cooper, August, 1881. Bought at auction, New
York, for $3550. Oxford Kate has a nearly perfect flandrine escutcheon. She
won the First Guenon Prize, a silver cup, at the Royal Jersey Show, May 26th,
1881. In America she won Sweepstakes Prize, as best cow, New Jersey State Fair,
1882, and in Virginia, 1885. Made thirty-nine pounds twelve ounces of butter in
seven days' official test for Mrs. S. M. Shoemaker, Baltimore. A very choice model
of jDerfection in a Jersey.
MARY ANNE OF ST. LAMBERT 9770.
Color, smoky bay fawn ; black points. Bred by Romeo H. Stephens, St.
Lambert, near Montreal, Canada. Sire, Stoke Pogis 3d 2238. Dam, Lolly of St.
Lambert 5480. Dropped March 26th, 1879. This cow is noted for having made the
largest annual test and the largest official test for seven days previous to February
1885. Her general appearance indicates remarkable strength of constitution, and her
wonderful tests fully confirm the evidence of great capacity given by her outward
conformation, while her ability to digest and assimilate food is phenomenal, and her
power of secretion of cream is marvellous. The cow is large for the breed, weighing
one thousand and fifty pounds at six years, very long in the barrel, very deep in the
chest and shoulder, very wide in the "crops," and, though styled a cow of
the parallel type, shows much of the wedge form, being deep in the loin, and
of great breadth behind. Her udder is of the spheroidal type, very long, very broad,
but not of great depth. One of her most notable features is a very large fore
escutcheon, which extends as far as the long foreveins, and sweeps out upon the
sides of the capacious belly. The hind escutcheon would be classed as a selvedge of the
third order, although it combines many features of a flandrine of the first order, in
having two iidder oval feathers, and in widening out at the top, so as to include the
vulva. The cow verifies the theory of Guenon in the quantity of milk she yields
and the time of going dry. At from five to six years old she yielded eight hundred
and sixty-seven pounds fourteen and three quarter ounces of butter ; in one week,
on five qiiarts of grain, twenty-four pounds eleven ounces of butter, and when fed
thirty-five quarts of grain, twenty-seven pounds nine ounces. When six and a half
years old her official test, elsewhere reported in full, yielded thirty-six pounds twelve
584
JERSEY CATTLE JX AMERICA.
and one quarter ounces of butter in seven days. For this test she was prepared by
a gradual increase of feed for two months, so that she was able to consume from
tliirty-tive to tifty (juarts i»f grain daily.
1881.
CHAMPION MAGXET 6480.
Color, solid, except white tip to switch. Dropped April 13th, 1881. Bred by
"W. B. Montgomery, Starkville, Miss. Sire, Champion of America 1567. Dam
Mink 2548.
TESTED DESCENDANTS.
', BUTTBB YrBLD IN
Marie C. Magnet 33,903
Prances C. Magnet 33,904
Blood,
Per Cest
Butter Yield in
SeVEH DATS.
Naue.
. 50
15 lbs. 8 oz.
Clara C. Magnet 31.563
. 50
14 " 13i "
Total, 3 cotes.
m 14 lbs. 11 oz.
Clara C. Magnet 31,563
Mellie Argyle 30,609 ,
Bessie R. 13,.503 . .
Madame Argyle 19,476
Julia Anna 16,463 .
Additional Tests for previous Tables.
PANSY 8.
Blooi>. Bctter Yield i
Per Oek
• -Hi
■ 3|i
. 311
■ 34
Sevks Da
14 lbs. 11
14 ■' 6
16 " 0
14 '• 1
17 " 0
NaUI. PeB CE.VT.
Duchess of Argj-le 4th 757 1 3i
Countess of Lome 30,823 . 3J|
Clematis 3(1 6653 . . . . \-^
Total. 163 ams.
14 lbs. 1
14 " 14
14 " 1
SPLENDID
Nancy Rc.\ 11,743 .
Toltec's Fancy 37,173
Ida of Coal Hill 13,.543
.Ma(iuilla 34,043 . .
-Mellie Argyle 20,609
Celia Belle .5865 . .
Name. I
Duchess of Argyle 4th 757:
Countess of Lome 20,822
Madame Argyle 19,476 .
Lady Panalphre.x 17,400
Belmeda6229 ...
Total. 116 cow».
3i 14 lbs. 1
3|i 14 " 14
2H 14 " 1
If} 23 " 9
1t», 18 " 13
ALBERT 44.
Nancy Re.\ 11,743 . . .
Duchess of Argyle 4th 7571
Mellie Argyle 30,609 . .
Julia Anna 16,463 . . .
Clematis 3d 6653 ....
Seven Dats.
16 lbs. 7 OZ.
14 " 1 "
14 " 6 "
17 " 0 "
14 " 1 "
Butter Vield i
Countess of Lome 20,822
Bessie R. 13,503 . . .
Madame Argyle 19,476 .
Lady Panalpbrex 17,400
Total, 130 cotn.
lOH 14
91 16
7}S 14
U 23
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBICA.
MCCLELLAN 25.
MeUie Argyle 30,609 . . 19J| 14 lbs. 6 oz.
Duchess of Argyle4tli 7571 14iV 14 " 1 "
Countess of Lome 30,823 . lOf I 14 " 14 "
Bessie R. 13,503 . . . . 3|f 16 " 0 "
Madame Argyle 19,476 . 9JJ 14 lbs. 1
Julia Anna 16,643 . . . 3i 17 " 0
Clara C. Magnet 31,563 . 3i 14 " 11
Total, 69 cows.
PANSY 6tli 38.
Blood, Butter Yield it
Name.
Per Cent. Seven Datb.
Duchess of Argyle 4th
-571 9| 14 lbs. 1 O
Mellie Argyle 30,609
. 7H 14 '■ 6 ■
Julia Anna 16,643 .
. 6i 17 •• 0 •
Bessie R. 13,503 .
. . 6J 16 " 14 ■
Blood, Bdttee Yield i
Countess of Lome 20,833 . 5^ 14
Madame Argyle 19,476 . . 3|| 14
0 oz.
1 ■•
PIERROT
Palestine Pierrot 34,C
Countess of Lome 20
37i 14 lbs. 6
13i 14 " 14
Name. Pee Cent. Seven
Madame Argyle 19,476 . . 13i 14 lbs.
Total, 55 cows.
LANDSEER 331.
Toltec's Fancy 27,172
Pee Cent. Seven Days. Nai
. 35 17 lbs. 6 oz. I Maquilla24,(
Total. 30 cows.
12+ 20 lbs. 1
LADY MARY 1148.
Clara C. Magnet 31,563 . 18f 14 lbs. 11 oz, Czaretta 17,358
Total, 96 C010S.
MARIUS 760.
Name.
Clara C. Magnet 31,.
14 lbs. 11 oz. I Czaretta 17,538
Total, 86 cows.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
ROB KOY 17.
NAyi.
Blood.
Pee Curr.
BnTTKB YlKLD IS
SeVIX DATS.
Blood.
Name. Peb Cent
BuTiEE Yield a
Seves Days.
■Nancy Rex 11,743 .
Mellie Argyle 20,609
. 12J
. 12i
16 lbs. 7 OZ.
U ■' 6 "
Total,
Madame Argyle 19,476 . . 12^
Countess of Lome 20,823 . 6i
51 cows.
14 lbs. 1 OZ.
14 " 14 "
TOM DASHER 420.
Julia Anna 16,463 . . . 25
Clematis 3d 6653 . . . . 12i
Duchessof Argyle 4th 7571 12i
Bessie R. 13,.503 .... 6}
Name.
Pee Cesi
Seve.-! Dais.
Countess of Lome 20,823
. 6i
14 lbs. 14 OZ.
Mollie Argyle 20,609 .
. 6i
14 •• 6 "
Madame Argyle 19,476.
. 6i
14 " 1 "
Toua, 34 cows.
PIERROT 2d.
Naue. Per Cent. Sevex Days. Name.
Countess of Lome 20,822 . 13^ 14 lbs. 14 oz. ] JIadame Argyle 19,47
Total, 21 cows.
Seven Dats.
14 lbs. 1 OZ.
EMBLEM 9(.t.
Blood, Butter Yield in
Name. Per Cent. Seven Days.
La Famine 34,489 .... 25 16 lbs. 8 oz.
Duchess of Bloomfleld 3d
15,.580 181 15 " 1 ■■
Maquilla 34,043 . . . . 13i 20 " 1 "
Rochelle 15,574
Czaretta 17,858
. 12i 15 lbs. 10 OZ.
. 6i 14 " 7 "
Name.
Toltec's Fancy 27,173
OONAN 1485.
Seven Days.
17 lbs. 6 OZ.
COUCH'S LILY 3237.
Nancy Re.x 11,743
16 lbs. 7 OZ. I Lady Panalphrcx 17,400 13J 33 lbs. 9 oz.
Total, 26 cows.
JEBSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 587
STANDARD BUTTEE TESTS
SHOWING GREAT EICHNESS OF QUALITY UPON GRASS ALONE, HAY ALONE, OR GRASS,
WITH NOT MORE THAN FOUR QUARTS OF GRAIN DAILY.
' ' Ye are the Hebes who dip
And lift from the loam to the lip
The nectar, whose plethoric flood
Is tinted and turned into blood."
lbs. oz.
JERSEY BELLE OF SCITUATE 7838. At six years old
a test of one year yielded of the best quality of very deep yellow butter, T05 0
Feed : in summer, pasture, two quarts wheat bran daily ; in winter,
rowen hay, two quarts wheat bran daily.
At nine years old test for seven days 25 3
Feed first four days : pasture by day ; at night two quarts wheat
shorts, one quart corn meal, and cut grass. Feed, last three days : jjast-
ure by day ; at night two quarts wheat shorts, two quarts corn meal, and
cut grass, or three and three seventh quarts of grain daily.
Maud Lee 2416. Feed, good rowen pasture and four and one half
pounds corn meal daily (equivalent to three quarts) 23 0
Jenny Dodo H. 14,448. Grass only, hill pasture 21 8
Reception 8557. Grass and four quarts corn meal 19 8
Christmas Nannie 4075. Good pasture, one quart corn meal, three
quarts wheat middlings daily 19 7
Brighteyes 2d 2290 (twelve years old). Hay, com stover, pasture,
beets, carrots, four quarts corn meal 19 6
Alluring 5541. Grass only 19 5
Belle of Ingleside . Grass only ■ 19 0
Queen OF Delaware 17,029. Good timothy pasture, just heading out. IS 13
Gold Ear 2d 3592. Grass, hay, beets, carrots, four quarts corn meal. IS 2
Pyrola4566. Grass only 18 6
Mamie Coburn 3798. Grass only IS 4
VoLiE 19,645. Grass only IS 1
Melia Ann 5444. Grass only 18 0^
Patterson's Beauty 4760. Grass only IS 0
Renalba 4117. Pasture, hay, and four quarts of grain 17 144
Dora Bell of Shelly's Island 9394. Grass only 17 10
Brunette of Scaesdale 13,276. Grass only 17 8
Wybie 595. Grass only 17 4^
688 JERSEY CATTLE TX AMERICA.
lbs. oz.
Attractive Maid lti,!ti>5 (tliree years old). Fair pasture, two .quarts
cottonseed meal !•' ^-^
Dusky 2525. Grass only l'"' 1"
Couch's Lily 3237. Grass, one pound oatmeal, one half pound eorn
meal 1'^ '"^
Goi.DKN Skin 1(),S(;1. Pasture and green rye lt» 8
Leomce 2d 8342. Pasture, four quarts of bran 10 S
Palestine 3d 1104. Grass only 16 S
ZiTHEY 9184. Grass only 16 7
Gala 1375. Grass only 16 7
Belle of Patteeson 5064. Good " blue grass" pasture 16 6
Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307. " Blue grass" pasture 16 5
CoRiNNA 2d 6594. Grass, hay, corn stover, beets, carrots, four <juai-ts
corn meal 16 5
Flora of St. Peter's 8022. Luceru by day ; pasture by night ... 16 5
Corn 10,504. Pasture of " blue grass" and white clover 16 2
Moth of St. Lambert 9775. Test eight and one half niontiis from
calf. Pasture, two and one half quarts barley meal 16 2
LvDiA Darrach 2d 8056. Grass only 16 <•
Lydia Darrach 3d 10,662. Grass only 16 0
Tilda 3720. Grass only 16 0
Gold Lace 10,726. Grass only 16 0
Maid of the Elms 6960. Grass and out; ijuart bran 16 0
Thaley 14,299 (Jwo years old). Grass only 16 0
Countess 114. Grass only 16 0
Cream of Java 23,507. Grass oidy 16 0
Lady Alice of the Wilderness 12,2n7. Pasture ami green rye.. . 15 14
Lucy Gray 2746. Grass only 15 13
Matilda 5th 18,068. Grass and four (piarts corn meal 15 12
Sylvia 687. Grass only 15 8
Pinafore 2d 15,072. Grass only 15 8
Lustre 2062. Pasture of mi.xed grass 15 8|^
Refeuette 15,209. Grass only 15 8
Kalmia 4561. Grass only 15 8
Eupidee's Pekkection 2I»,175 (two and one half years old). Gra.ss
and com fodder 15 4
Dorothy <»■• Bovina 9373. Pasture 15 4
Dove Dee 18,059 (two years old). Pasture 15 3
Lady Adams 2d 6529. Pasture, four (juarts grain daily 15 3
Grace's Nightingale 19,855. Gi-ass only 15 3
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 589
lbs. oz.
Lassie 1134. Grass only 15 1^
Aldaeine 5301. "Blue grass pasture."' 15 1^
Hennie 3335. Grass only 15 0
OxALis 2d 15,631. Grass only 15 0
Ltdia Daeeach 5th 16,577. Grass only 15 0
Ma Belle 4942. Dry Hay 15 0
Winsome of Ipswich 9213. Grass only 15 0
Deletta 21,305. Grass only 14 15^
Miss Baden Baden 14,760. Grass only 14 14^
Velveteen 7703. Grass only 14 13^
Phyllis of Hillceest 9067. Grass only 14 12
EsTRELLA 2831. Grass only 14 12
Peggy Ford 21,713. Grass only 14 10
Kosi 3431. Pasture of mixed grasses 14 7
Brown Princess 30,941. Grass only 14 8
Del of Willow Farm 22,461. Grass only 14 8
Florie May Bakee 10,728. Grass only 14 8
GiLDA 2779 (at three years old). Grass only 14 6
Fides 2d 1576. Grass only 14 6
Lobelia 2d 6650. Timothy and clover pasture 14 6
LiLLiE Pope 8589. Grass only 14 5
Lady Palestine 2769. Pasture and bran mash 14 5
Energy 22,016. Grass only 14 5
Tidy op St. Lambert 31,114. Four quarts grain 14 2
Jeannie Platt 6005. Grass onlj- 14 2
Webster's Pet 4103. Grass only 14 2
Angela 1682. Grass only 14 2
Queen of Peospect 11,997. Timothj' and clover pasture 14 2
Taglioni 9182. Grass only 14 1
Lady Caeoline of St. Auisins 11,372. Grass only 14 0
Erith 4564. Grass only 14 0
Daisy of Clermont 3492. Grass only 14 0
Olymph 17,957. Grass only 14 0
Le Eosa 10,078. Grass only 14 0
Sultan's Lily 18,099 (two years old). Four quarts grain 14 0
Lady Young 16,668. Grass only 14 0
Putnam Belle 12,116. Grass only 14 0
Bounty 1606. Grass only 14 0
Pet Anna 1608. Good pasture 14 0
Fidelia 5817. Grass only 14 0
590 JEJiSEV VATTLE IX AMERICA.
lbs. oz.
Elinor Wells 12,008. Grass only 1-i 0
St. Pkrpetua 2d 5557. Grass only 11 0
NioBE 99. Grass only 1-i 0
TotdL 97 C01C8.
OFFICIAL BUTTEK TESTS.
1882.
Boniba 10,330.
KKl'OKT.
To the Directors of the Amerledn Jei-Heij Cuttle Clul> :
In accordance with my proposal, wliicli yoii approved at your last meethig, I
went to Darlington to witness the test of Mr. Darling's cow JJoinba, and licg to
submit to you the following report :
This test was taken for the week from October Gth to 12th, inclusive, and during
this time Eomba was milked in my presence night and morning; her milk was
weighed j^ersonally by me directly after each milking, and it was never out of my
sight until it was placed under seal in a small cellar room, set apart for that purpose.
The milk was strained into old-fashioned five-quart pans, and taken out to be
churned at the end of four days. No one entered the room except in my presence,
the one window being sealed with my private seal, and the door, beside the seal,
being fastened with a Swedish padlock.
The milk and cream at the end of four days, when it became loppered, were
chiirned together in a small Blanchard churn.
Having completed the week's milkings, and superintended the first three
churnings, I was obliged to return home ; but Mr. John Mayer, an old personal
friend, and manager of Mr. T. A. Havemeyer's Mountain Side Farm, kindly
consented to take my key and seal, and to conduct the fourth, fifth and sixth
churnings, the results of which he reported to me daily by telegraph.
The pasture into which Bomba was turned night and morning after niilkinij;
contained about four acres, and it had been seeded in the spring with clo\er anil
oats. Four or five colts had fed there for the past two months, but the grass was
from two to four inches high, and thickly set. The grain I fed to her myself night
and morning, just before milking-time. On "Wednesday, October 11th, after Bomba
had been out all day in a northeast storm, at my advice she was put into a loose box,
and had a warm mash with plenty of corn fodder. You will notice the eifects of
this in her last day's yield.
On Monday, previous to the test, a swelling about the size of a goose-egg was
discovered upon Bomba's udder, midway between and just above the two left-hand
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
October 6..
7..
8..
" 9..
" 10..
" 11..
" 12..
i
Fog, clearing,
P.M
Clear
Fog, clearing,
IOa.m
Clear and colder
Cloudy. rain,
windN. E.. ..
Rain, -wind N.E.
1
* s w n H s n
mi
2 qts. Wheat Middlings.
1 qt. Corn Meal.
3 qts. Wheat Middlings.
1 qt. Corn Meal.
m qts. Middlings.
1 qt. Corn Meal.
1 pt. Linseed Menl.
Hi qts. Middlings.
1 qt. Corn Meal.
1 pt. Linseed Meal.
2 qte. Middlings.
1 pt. Corn Meal.
1 pt. Linseed Meal.
3 qts. Middlings.
1 qt. Corn Meal.
1 pt. Linseed Meal.
Bran Mash.
3 qts. Middlings.
1 pt. Corn Meal.
1 pt. Linseed Meal.
a|
is
i
1
16 lbs. 10 oz.
15 " 1 "
13 " 4 '
14 " 4 "
14 " IS "
1
•"a
15 lbs. 1 oz.
14 " 3 '■
13 " 13 "
14 " 6 "
15 " 4 "
16 " S "
>
•a
g
October 10.
11.
12.
" 18.
14.
15.
16.
la
n f 8 § 2 1 1
i#
Sour and lop-
pered.
Sour and lop-
pered.
Sour.
Loppered.
5
g.
i
1
30 minutes.
45
45
40
26
if
i
592
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
teats; there was some inflammation at that time. l(Ut it gradually subsided, and
before the end of the week's test was almost g(jne.
Bomba 10,330, dropped October 12tli, 1878, by Duke of Darlington 2460, out
of Beauty of Darlington 5736; weight, 880 pounds ; last calf, June 16tli, 1882.
Her color is fawn, with black points. She is of a jjcrfect wedge shape, with deeji
barrel. Her udder is almost perfect in form, with large and wide-spread teats, and
meandering milk-veins, larger than a man's thumb, and corresponding milk-holes.
The escutcheon is curveline, but not remarkable. E.xtending down from the
vulva are large swelling veins, so rarely found, except in our best cows. She shows
but little richness of skin, and has considerable hair on the udder. The homs are
small and without much quality, rather straight, and running up abi-uptly from the
head, like the Alphea cows, but her butter is of good quality and color. Her general
form is like Jersey Belle of Scituate, with a modified Eurotas head. She shows
splendid constitution, and a ])erfect indifference to all surroundings except her feed.
Lydia Darrach 4J)(>3.
REPOKT.
AIk. John I. Holly, President:
In accordance with the appointment
Worth's cow Lydia Darrach, we l)eg to n
iiadc by you to witness the test of Mr.
ike the following report:
Thermometer.
A.M.
Thermometer.
PounUsMilk.
Cottonseed
Meal.
A.M. and P.M.
P..M.
A.M.
P.M.
May 4
50°
54°
58°
55°
59°
52°
66°
79°
57°
63°
63°
82°
68°
53°
1Q\
16i
15i
ITi
16i
18
18
16|
161
17|
171
• in
Iqt.
" 6
ipt-
Ipt.
1^ pts.
n pts.
Ipt.
" 8
" it
" lit.
" J 1
....
Witli the above varying quantity of cottonseed meal she received regulady,
each morning and evening, two quarts of corn meal, two (piarts of ship-stuff, and
one peck of cut hay.
BOMBA 10,330.
Alphea-UwUr Tape.
DARLIXfiTOX HEIM).
Darling, Hamsey's, New Jersey
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 593
Total yield of milk, two hundred and thirty-eiglit and a half pounds. Total
yield of butter, seventeen pounds fourteen ounces.
The cow having been milked, as usual, on that morning, the test was begun with
the milking of May -ith, and was completed on the morning of May 11th, 18S3.
jDuring the seven days Lydia Darrach was fed and milked in my presence every
morning and evening at six o'clock ; her milk was weighed personally by me,
directly after each milking, and was never out of my sight until it was put in a
Cooley Creamer, which was securely fastened by me with lock and key. I carried the
key at all times.
The result for the first half of the week (seven milkings) was one hundred and
seventeen pounds of milk, the cream from which was churned in thirty-six hours
after the last milking, in a small dash churn, and the butter came in twelve
minutes. After it had been thoroughly worked, and before the addition of salt, it
weighed nine pounds eight and a half ounces of solid butter. The yield of the last
seven milkings, completing the week's test, was one hundred and twenty-one and a
half jjounds ; the cream from this was churned twelve hours after the last milking,
and the butter did not come until the churning had been going on an hour and
thirty minutes. The quality of the butter from both chumings was most excellent,
firm, of good grain, and of high color. It was apparent, when too late to remedy the
mistake, that the last churning was done before the cream had properly ripened, as
four and a half pounds more milk (yielding more cream than was first churned)
produced one pound three ounces less butter. The skimming was done by me after
the milk had been set twelve hours, by drawing off the milk from the Cooley can ;
some milk was retained with the cream at each skimming.
Lydia Darrach is mulberry fawn. Dropped February 22d, 1880 ; sired by
Doctor H. 2132, oiit of Bertha Morgan 4770. She weighed at end of the test eight
hundred and fifty-five pounds. She calved February 16th, 1883, and was served
April 6th, 1883.
Note. — Lydia Darrach has lost the use of the left fore-quarter of her udder, and
only gives milk out of three teats, which must Ije detrimental to a larger yield. Had
her bag not been impaired she must have made a much larger yield of butter.
Louis M. Lusson.
Fair Lady 6733 and Cottage Lass 5333.
To Thomas J. Hand, Secretary :
Under and by virtue of the letter of "William J. "Webster as to ofiicial test of
Fair Lady and other cows of Mr. "William J. "Webster, President of Columbia Jersey
Cattle Company, I certify that I tested for Mr. "William J. "Webster the following
cows :
JERSEY CATTLE IiV AMERICA.
Test of Cottage Lass 5333.
l\Iay 1«.
" 17.
•' 17.
" IS.
" 18.
" lit.
" lit.
" 2(t.
" 2(1.
" 21.
" 21.
>' 00.
" 22.
" 23.
Evening.
Morning.
Total.
Butter.
Churned.
lbs. oz.
Ihs. oz.
11)8. (./..
11)S. OZ.
20
15 11
35 11
2 3
May 19.
15 9
13 2
28 11
2 7
" 21.
13 1
15 11
28 12
2
" 22.
14 !♦
ir. 6
30 15
2
" 23.
13 14
IG
29 14
1 13
" 24.
15 G
IG 8
31 14
2 3
" 25.
13 3
IS 13
31 15
1 14
" 26.
217 12
14 8
This test was made at same continuous testing of Mr. "Webster's cows, as requested,
and under supervi8i(jn of the same gentlemen, and, as will be seen, this is a half sistei
of Fair Lady. The two cows are handsome and well-formed, fawn color, neat
head and horns, and weigh from about eight Imndied to eight hundred and fifty
]K)unds.
(SiiiiKMl) M. C. Campbell.
Tkst of Fair Lady 0733.
The test of Fair Lady was commenced on the evening of May 23d, under the
supervision of Mr. C. O. Nicholson, a gentleman of integrity whom I called in to
a.ssist in making the test, as I could not be present during the test all of the time.
She had commenced a test a week before, and, owing to the fact that slie was in
season, and the sickness of her milkman, only made fourteen pounds eleven and a
half ounces, and was retested under request of Mr. Wel)ster, the test commencing on
the evening of the 23d. She was milked dry at usual time on the morning of the
23(1, and evening of 23d commenced saving milk for the te.st.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Test of Fair Lady 6733.
Date.
Evening.
Morning.
Total.
Butter.
Churned.
May 23
lbs. oz.
17
19 6
20 4
14 12
18
14 10
13 14
lbs. oz.
16
16 8
15 1
16
13
17
20 8
lbs. oz.
33 8
35 14
35 10
30 12
31
31 11
34 6
lbs. oz.
2 15
2 7
3 2
2 5
2 9
2 5
2 5
" 24
May 26.
" 24.
" 25
" 28
" 25
" 26
" 28.
" 26
" 27.
" 29.
« 27
« 28
" 31.
" 28.
" 29
" 29
" 30
" 2.
232 13
IS
This was dry, imsalted Initter, and when reworked and salted in the presence of
T. L. Porter made seventeen pounds eight ounces of merchantal^le gilt-edge butter.
May 31st. Evening, 28 lbs. 2 oz. ; morning, 13 lbs. 0 oz. ; total, 41 lbs. 2 oz. ;
butter, 3 lbs. 12 oz. ; churned June 2d.
This was one day's milk only. She was milked in the presence of T. L. Porter
the evening before, and late the next morning, and at the usual time next evening.
This was churned in the presence of T. L. Porter, M. C. Campbell, W. J. Webster,
and Eobin Jones. It was milked in the presence of T. L. Porter and Messrs.
Schreiber in the morning and T. L. Porter in the evening, and tested under care of
T. L. Porter and Eobin Jones.
I certify that I called in to assist in conducting the test T. L. Porter and Eobin
Jones, and I have perfect confidence in them and rely upon their statements
implicitly. I was not present during the whole of the test, but visited frequently
during the test.
She was fed lightly during the first part of the week three quarts corn and oats,
ground, over half a bucket of cut hay twice daily imtil the evening of the 29th of
May, when she was fed five quarts ground oats, and corn morning and evening.
596 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Till the 2d of June the milk of the last two days of tlie first seven was too
sour, had whejed badly, and did not churn well.
The forty-one pounds two ounces were churned before it was fully turned, but
was well churned, and yielded, as shown, three pounds twelve ounces of firm unsalted
butter. This butter being washed with brine before being weighed, and well
worked out, when salted and reworked made three pounds thirteen ounces of
printed butter. This gained in salting, because it had already been washed out
with brine. Our experience through this week was that, however dry it was worked
out, it would lose in salting and working if previously washed out with brine, as is
usually done with the butter-worker. Major Dobbins, who had the key, and
superintended part of the milking, was present during part of the churning, and was
called in by me.
(Signed) M. ('. Cami'hkll.
Statements are also made and severally signed by the following gentlemen :
C. O. Nicholson.
Thomas L. Porter.
Robin Jones.
William J. Webster.
Joseph J. Dobbins.
Test of Su Lu 4705.
Thomas J. Hand, Esq., St'cnturtj :
Dear Sir : Under authority given, upon an application of Mr. Campbell
Brown, to the President and Board of Directors of the Club, that they a])point some
member of the Club to superintend a test «f his Jersey cow Su Lu 4705, I took
charge of the test, and report the following result :
As I was unal)le to be present during all tlie test, Mr. II. J. Fiiscli and Mr. S.
N. Warren, of Spring Hill, Tennessee, known to me us tliurouglily reliable gentlenu'ii,
acted as my deputies during my absence.
The cow was milked clean twelve hours before the test began.
This was cluirned in a small Blanchard churn at a temperature of C2°.
Tiie butter was thoroughly worked, then weighed, and one ounce of salt to tlie
pound added, then it was worked and weighed again.
The result, stated below, is in butter salted and ready for market. It was, in
texture, color and flavor, fully up to the average yield of the herd.
The cow was on mixed pasture of blue grass and white clover during the test,
and was fed twice daily, the ration being as follows :
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERIGA. 597
Three and a half pounds chopped oats ; three pounds corn meal ; one pound
wheat bran ; one pound cottonseed meal ; one pound cut hay — all mixed with water.
The cow was milked during the test and for f om- days previously, in the presence
of one or more of the undersigned, the milk was weighed by us, and we accompanied
it to the dairy, where we saw it placed in a locked box, of which we carried the key.
The churning was done in our presence and the butter weighed by us.
The key was never out of our possession during the test.
THE YIELD FOR THE SEVEN CONSECUTIVE DAYS WAS AS FOLLOWS :
June 6.
Total for 7 days .
Morning.
Evening.
lbs.
IS
IS.
17
16
19
19
18
Day.
lbs. oz.
34 14
35 10
33 14
32 12
35 13
35 3
33 10
lbs. oz.
2 7i
2 15i
2 m
2 9i
2 4i
2 5
17 15
Fusch and Warren certify to me in wi'iting the correctness of the above
statement.
I was myself present during part of the test.
(Signed) H. J. FrscH.
S. IST. Waeeen.
"William J. Webstee.
598 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
1883.
OFFICIAL EEI'ORT OF THE PUBLIC TEST OF JERSEY COW
Value 2d 6844.
Baltimore, June 28, 1883.
John I. Holly, Esq., President of the American Jersey Cattle Clul :
Dear Sir : In accordance with your request, I went to Baltimore on the 18th
inst. as a Committee for the American Jersey Cattle Club, to witness the testing of
the Jersey cow Value 2d (6844), the property of Messrs. "Watts & Seth, Baltimore.
I submit tlie following statements and tabulated report :
I found that the Maryland Live-Stoek Breeders' Association had appointed
Messrs. W. H. "West, of Baltimore, and Alexander M. Fulford, of Belair, Md., a
committee to inspect the test also, and throiighout the continuance of the test I
have received from these gentlemen polite consideration and cordial co-operation in
every eifort to make the test accurate in all particulars.
We each witnessed every milking, and the weighing, setting and skiiiimiiig of
the milk, the setting of the cream to " ripen," and the churning, working and
weighing of the butter.
The preliminary milking was made at precisely ten o'clock on the 18th, and
after the milker had left the cow I proved that she was milked dry by stripping her
out myself.
The milking was done three times a day — every eight hours^and was
commenced each time with almost exact punctuality.
The scales for weighing the milk and butter were bought on the ISth at tiie
warerooms of Fairbanks & Co., in Baltimore, being selected with the advice and
co-operation of your committee and that of the Maryland Breeders' Association. I
bought also two padlocks at Mr. Seth's request, and provided myself with tape and
sealing-wax, and a verified one-pound weight for testing the scales.
The milk was weighed and then strained into one of the cans of a Moseley
Cal)inet Creamer, where it was surrounded by ice-water. The creamer wa.s then
closed, surrounded l)y a band of tape, tied and sealed with my seal, and locked also
by me with a padlock, and by the Committee of the Breeders' Association with
another.
In this creaniLM- the milk was allowed to remain twenty -four hom'S, when the
skim-milk was drawn oil and the cream, with some milk, removed to another
creamer, where it remained surrounded by water at a temperature of from 62° to
64° to " ripen." This cream-chest was also sealed and doubly locked in the way
described above.
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. 599
Neither the milk nor the cream was ever exposed to view, nor were the locks
and seals removed when we, all three, were not present.
The cream was left about two days to " ripen," and was stirred and well niixi'd
whenever the chest was opened.
Churning took place regularly on the fourth day, after milking, except that
Thursday's cream was churned Saturday evening, to avoid churning on Sunday.
The churn used was a No. 1 Stoddard Barrel Churn — a very satisfactory one
for this purpose.
The butter when it came was gathered only to that degree that, while retaining
the granular form, it could be washed easily with cold water in the churn.
When removed from the churn it was thrown upon a Reid Buttei'-Worker and
worked until your committee pronounced it dry and well worked, and the other
gentlemen agreed, and weighed unsalted.
This was the only opportunity which we, who were only witnesses of other
operations, had for the exercise of our judgment ; for Mr. Seth continued the
working without objection until we were satisfied that the butter was worked as
thoroughly as it could be without endangering its quality. And I may add that the
dairy-woman uniformly objected to its being worked so much.
The accuracy of the balance was tested after each weighing, and found to be
correct.
The temperature of the cow was taken at least once daily by me. On Monday
evening, the 18th, at the time of the preliminary milking, her temi)erature was found
to be alarmingly high (104f °), indicating a feverish condition.
The weather was excessively hot, sultry and moist, and though retaining her
appetite fully, her breath was short and quick. This led to a reduction of her feed,
and the weather becoming favorable, she maintained an excellent condition of
health throughout the week, but was found to lie in heat the day after the close of
the test.
Mr. Seth has kindly furnished the accompanying statement of his manner of
feeding and treatment, and I may add that Value's appetite has really appeared
insatiable. "We have repeatedly noticed that all her Ijedding within reach of her head
had been consumed.
The skim-milk tested by the Fesser " Lactoseope" indicated only three quarters
of one per cent, of fat, which is much less than common. It was, however, never
really blue. The buttermilk was rechurned on two occasions without getting any
butter. I conclude, therefore, that there was no loss either in skimming or
churning.
On Saturday, the 23d, after the naorning's milking had been weighed, on
attempting to pour it into the can for setting it was discovered that the faucet was
open by the milk running out upon the floor. The remaining milk was at once
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
JER^SEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 601
weighed, and it was thus found that exactly two pounds had been lost. This was
the top of the milk in the pail, which had no doubt been standing fifteen minutes
or more. It is therefore fair that the butter which it contained (two and two third
ounces) should be added to the butter actually weighed out of that day's milk. The
calculation is simple, for if forty-six pounds thirteen ounces of milk produce three
pounds fourteen and a half ounces of butter, then two pounds of milk will produce
two and two third ounces.
Mr. Thomas Taggart, of Hagerstown, Md., the former owner of Value 2d, by
whose test she made twenty-four pounds three ounces in one week with her second
calf, was present witnessing the entire test, except the first two milkiugs.
Other Jersey breeders of the vicinity took great interest in the test, which was
in every sense a public one, and were repeatedly present during the operation.
Yery respectfully, Mason C. Weld.
As to the feed of Value 2d Mr. Seth writes as follows : " As neither accurate
weights nor measures were used, I am unable to say what amount of food was given
her. Of grain she had unsifted corn meal, bran, cottonseed meal and linseed meal.
She was fed three times a day ; morning and evening, corn, bran and cottonseed, and
at noon a small quantity of linseed meal was substituted in the place of the cottonseed.
On three nights, after the last milking, she had a small quantity of oatmeal gruel,
made of half a pound of dry meal. Her green food consisted of cut clover and
orchard grass mixed, and oats and peas mixed on alternate days ; besides, she had the
run in the morning of about one acre of old pasture that had been completely
grazed off this season ; in the afternoon and night she was put in another lot of about
one acre, mostly wood, with a little orchard grass outside of the wood, on which three
cows, herself included, had been running for three weeks. These runs were given
her for air, shade and water ; of pasturage, strictly speaking, I have none, as I soil
my cattle entirely. And for the whole period she was fed with reference to the
preservation of good health, luij^iug for as good a yield as consistent therewith."
State of Pennsylvania, |
Copy of Affidavit.
vnt :
Philadelphia County, S
I hereby cei-tify that on this sixth day of November, a.d. 1883, before the
subscriber, a notary public for the State of Pennsylvania, personally appeared
William Daly, and being first duly sworn, deposes and says as follows — that is to say :
" I was for about seven months herdsman for Mr. T. Alexander Seth, of Baltimore,
Md.; that I had chai'ge of his cow Value 2d during the time she was publicly tested
for butter by Colonel M. C. Weld, of New York, and Messrs. Fulford and West, of
Maryland. During the week of this test — i. e., from June 19th to 25th, inclusive — I
60a JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
bad sole and entire charge of said cow, and gave her all the food she consumed except
pasture ; that during said week, and for several weeks before, her grain feed did not
exceed twelve pints wheat bran, nine pints corn chop, two pints cottonseed meal, and
half a pint of pure linseed meal per day ; that she was fed no milk or cream at
this or any other time, and had no drink but water ; that at no time, while I was at
Mr. Seth'e place, was Value 2d, or any other cow, fed either milk or cream iiT any
form. William Daly.
Sworn and subscribed to before me, this l
sixth day of November, a.d. 1883. / K. T. Fraley, Notary Public.
Chemical tost of a sample of the last day's churning of Value 2d's test, by
H. W. Wiley, Chemist of the Agricultural Department. Waslungton, D. C. :
Water 9.98 per cent.
Salt 1.64 " "
Casein 66 " "
The dry butter fat contained tiltered :
Soluble fat acid 6.79 per cent.
Insoluble fat acid 86.70 " "
Glycerine, etc 6.51 " "
Sum 100.00 per cent.
Melting-iJoint of dry butter fat, 35° C, 75° F.
Melting-point of insoluble acid, 43° C, about 100° F.
Mr. Wiley writes : " I have been much interested in this butter, which, as you
see by the analysis, is first-class in every respect. I think you have reason to be
proud of the quality of the butter made by your cow, as well as of its quantity.
Comtnercial butters, as far as we have examined them here, have from twelve to
fifteen per cent, water, and about eight per cent, casein. The average melting-point
is not far from 33° C. The average soluble fat acids is about five per cent. The
points of excellence in your butter are its high melting-point, making it firm in hot
weather, its low per cent, of curd and its large per cent, of soluble fat acid."
Landseer's Fancy 3876.
At the request of Mr. William ,T. Webster, Columbia, Tenn., for an official
test, Mr. .\r. C. Campbell was authorized by the Directors of the Jersey Cattle Club
to superintend the test which was made December 14th to 20th, 1883.
The weather dm-ing the week was " cold, rainy and sleeting." The cow was
ten years old, and four months from calving.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
TABULAE EEPOET.
Date when
Butter.
Churned.
Unsalted.
Salted.
lbs.
oz.
lbs.
oz.
Dec. 17
3
12i
3
12
>' 18
3
8
3
3
" 19
3
2
3
i
" 21
6
6
i
" 22
2
15
2
14
" 21
3
2
3
1
22
n
21
15
(Signed) M. C. Campbell.
The cow was fed five quarts twice a day of com and oats ground together, over
a peck of oats cut from bundles, and had access to a straw-stack. There was very
little milk remaining after skimming, and on the last day the entire milk was
churned.
1884.
Naiad of St. Lambert 13,965.
John I. Holly, Esq., President American Jersey Cattle Club :
Deae Sie : The imdersigned, at your request, as a Committee for the American
Jersey Cattle Club, visited " Oaklands," the farm of Valancey E. Fuller, Esq., at
Hamilton, Ont., for the purpose of inspecting the test for butter of the cow I^aiad
of St. Lambert.
The results of the milkings and churnings, with the times at which they were
done, the character of the weather, its temperature at noon, the temperature of the
cow, and the especial witnesses, are presented in tabular form.
The test was conducted by the manager of the farm and herd, Mr. "William T.
Norton, who had the entire management of the test, under the guidance of the
proprietor, who was personally present every day at one milking, as well as at the
drawing off of the cream, and at the first churning.
The test commenced at 6 p.m. on Thursday, the 5th of June, at which time the
604 JEltSEY CATTLE IX AMEBIC A.
cow was milked as usual, and proved to be stripped dry by Mr. "Weld, at exactly
6:10. After that she was milked at 6 o'clock, morning and evening, for several days,
the last strippings being taken at 6:10 p.m. on Thursday, June 12th.
The milk was weighed as soon as drawn, on a spring balance hanging in the
stable, and used for weighing the milk of other cows. This balance was tested and
found reasonably accurate. The milk was taken at once to the dairy, where it was
strained into one of the cans of a four-can Cooley Creamer in ice-water. The
ci-eamer was locked and sealed at once, being banded M'ith tape after locking, and was
perfectly secure.
The cream was removed once a day, at evening, after the second day, the milk
having been set twenty-four and thirty-six hom-s.
It was placed in another creamer containing two cans, and kept at the ordinary
temperature of the atmosphere. This creamer was also securely locked, banded with
tape, and sealed.
The milk before setting, when the locks were off, as well as during skimming
and churning the milk, cream and butter, and all the operations, were constantly
under the inspection of one or the other, and usually both of us.
New locks were purchased, and a seal used bearing the initials of the Club.
The butter from the first churning, when removed from the churn, was very firm
and cold, and, though it appeared to be well worked and dry, really contained too
nmch water and buttermilk, as shown by the slight gain from salting and
reworking.
The butter from the second churning was not so cold, gained more weight in
salting, and is of better quality. We submit samples of both.
The salt added was an ounce to the pound.
The table scales used for weighing the butter were tested by a pound weight,
purchased as a standard, and having the Canadian official seal in lead upon it.
Naiad was fed by Mr. Norton at his discretion. She was kept with the herd,
both in the stable and at pasture, but brought in to be fed.
The pasture was, part of the day, a field of heavy red clover, with timothy and
other grasses, the clover just coming into bloom at the end of the test, and part of
each day and at night the cows were turned into a large lot which had been several
years in grass, and from which the clover had nearly disappeared or was no longer
conspicuous, but in which a variety of grasses, with the white clover, afforded
abundant feed for twice as many cows.
During the last tliree days of the test we arranged to havea quantity of each kind
of meal weighed, and from these weighed quantities Mr. Norton used as much as he
pleased, the bags being weighed at evening. '
This gave us accurately the amount of grain-feed consumed daily during this
part of the test, when the cow was no doubt fed more than before. The various
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
605
quantities of each kind of feed given daily for the fifth, sixth and seventh days of
the test are submitted in tabular form herewith.
The weather for the first three days was fair, but hot and sultry, while that of the
rest of the week was foggy, rainy, and cold for the season. The change seemed favor-
able for the production of milk, but the liutter product seems not to have been
affected, either by the increase of feed or by the change in the weather.
The last day there were intimations that Naiad was coming in heat, and on the
following day at the morning milking her milk fell off to about ten pounds.
(Signed) M. C. Weld.
New Yoek, June 19, 1884. Henry E. Alvoed.
Naiad of St. Lambert 12,965, solid gray, shading to fawn, bred by Romeo H.
Stephens, is a finely fonned cow, below medium size, four years old in January, and
weighs about seven hundred and fifty pounds. M. C. W.
TABULAR REPORT.
Weather.
Temper-
ature.
Milk.
Churning.
Butter.
Air.
Cow.
6..«.
6rM.
To-
tal.
Un
salted.
Salted.
Junes....
" 6..
" 7....
" 8....
" 9....
" 10....
•' 11....
•■ 12....
Fair.
Showers.
Cold rain.
Cold fog.
Very foggy.
86°
78°
86°
83°
56°
58°
68°
102.5°
102.2°
102°
1(«°
101°
102.2°
irj4
16H
16M
20H
21H
20
dry.
21
IS
19!^
18^
17)^
22
20
38H
34M
38
35
38
40
June 11 and 14 cream
from mills of first
half of week, 127
lbs, yielded
Cream from milk of
last half of week,
140 lbs., yielded....
lbs.oz.
10 12
10 111^
lbs. oz.
10 14H
11 4
M. C. Weld.
Weld and H. E. AIv ord
Weld and Alvord.
Weld and Alvord.
Weld and Alvord.
Weld and Alvord.
Weld and Alvord.
Weld and H. H. Fuller.
Seven days (average 38'A lbs. a d
a
267
21 7J^
22 2M
GRAIN FEED LAST THREE DAYS OF TEST.
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,
June 10. June 11. June 13.
lbs. lbs. lbs.
Oats, crushed 21 21 22^
Linseed Cake Meal 10 9 Si
Pea Meal Hi Sf 15^
Wheat Bran 5 5 5
Total 47i 43i 51^
M. C. Weld.
Henry E. Alvord, per W.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Percie li.OST.
EEPOKT OF OFFICIAL TEST.
Percie 14,937, aged three years, owned by C. Wellington, East Lexington,
Mass. Sire, Golden Lion 5239. Dam, Bellita 2d 10,311. Last calf dropped May
22d, 1884. Cow iKjt served at time of test. Estimated weight, 800 pounds.
Date.
MiLKIN-GS AT
Daily
Total.
Weekly
Total.
5:30 A.M.
12:30 P.M.
7 p.m.
i
17th
18th
19th
2(tth
21st
22<1
23d
lbs. OZ.
15 15
14 9
14 11
14 2
14 12
15 3
14 5
lbs. OZ.
11 8
12 12
12 15
13 15
13 5
11 1
11 8
lbs. oz.
10 3
9 3
9 12
9 8
10 6
10
11 11
lbs. oz.
37 10
36 8
37 6
37 9
38 7
36 4
37 8
lbs. oz.
74 2.
Ill 8)
149 1 I
187 8 I
223 12 J
361 4
lbs. oz.
27 15
27 2
9 6
lbs. oz.
5 15i
6 1
2 6
Total yield of butter for seven days, ready for market, fourteen pounds six and
one half ounces.
Test began June 17th and ended on the 23d. Feed, daily ration, two quarts
corn meal, three quarts line feed, one quart linseed meal, and pasture.
" I was told by owner and by dairy-woman that this cow had made si.xteen
pounds and over of 1)utter the preceding weeks since cahnng. It will be noticed
that the last day's yield bears out that statement, which leads lue to t-onsider the
result of the test as not re])resenting her full capacity.
"I was present at each milking, and have had at all times exclusive control of
milk and cream."
(Signed) Okestes Piekce.
A true copy. Attest. "William Sullivan, J. P.
Commonwealth ok Massachusetts, Suffolk County, .w. .•
There personally appeared before me, this twenty -sixth day of June, a.d. 1884,
Orestes Pierce, of Baldwin, Me., and made oath that he is the duly appointed agent
of the American Jersey Cattle Club for the purpose of testing the Jersey cow
Percie 14,937 ; that he has tested the said cow, and that the foregoing statement
contains a true statement of the result.
(Signed) William Sullivan, J. P.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IEIUGA.
Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771.
JSTew York, Jiily 11, 1S84.
Me. John I. Holly, President American Jersey Cattle Cluh :
Dear Sir : As the committee appointed by yon to witness the test of Jersey
cow Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771, owned by Mr. Yalancey E. Fuller, of Oakland
Farm, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, I beg to re^Jort that the test was commenced
June 25th, by my seeing that at 6 p.m. of that day she was milked entirely dry.
The first milking which was saved for test was made on the morning of the 26th, at
6 o'clock. From that time until Jiily 2d, at 6 p.m., inclusive, I saw the said cow
milked twice each day, at regular hours, making in the aggregate fovirteen milkings.
The product of said milkings was under my personal supervision from the moment
it left the cow's udder until securely locked in a Cooley Creamer, taped and sealed
by me with private seals and locks, as was the case with each and every milking
separately.
The milk was allowed to remain in the creamer thirty-six (36) hours, after which
the cream was removed and put into another creamer, which was locked and sealed
by me. At no time was the milk or creamer disturbed, except in my presence,
after the seals and locks were removed by me. There were two churnings made of
the cream, from seven (7) milkings each. The first churning produced twelve (12)
pounds five and one fourth (.5J) ounces unsalted, thoroughly worked butter ; the
second, twelve (12) poimds five and one half (5^) ounces of same, making in the
aggregate twenty-four (21) pounds, ten and three quarter (lOf) ounces unsalted
butter in the seven days. To this was added salt at the rate of one (1) ounce to the
pound when reworked.
The butter was reweighed and produced twenty-five (25) pounds thirteen and a
half (13^) ounces of butter ready for market.
Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771 was dropped April 27th, 1879 ; dropped last calf
April 20th, 1881, and was unserved when tested.
The feeding was under the control of the owner, and only such observations
were made by me as convenience permitted. I was informed, however, that she
received the following food, in which statement I have full confidence :
At beginning of test four qiiarts of crushed oats, one quart linseed meal, one
quart pea meal, two quarts wheat bran.
Fed four times daily, and on the third day the feed was increased gradually up
to six quarts crushed oats, one quart linseed meal, one quart pea meal — bran omitted.
From this on she was fed five times a day, excepting one day, when she was
fed six times.
The cow was kept with a part of the hei'd at jiasture, but Ijrought in to l>e fed.
JERSEY CATTLE 7iV AMERICA.
The accompanying tal)le will give you the details of each stage of the test,
as it sufficiently explains itself, I herewith submit it as part of my repm-t :
and.
Date.
Weather.
Ther-
mom-
eter at
6 a.m.
Mn.K.
Total.
Churning
Butter.
6 A.M.Ie P.M.
July 2d and 5th.
Unsaltod.
Salted.
June 25 . . .
" 2r,...
« 27...
" 28...
" 29 . . .
" 30...
July 1 . . . .
" 2 . . . .
Cold Rain.
Fair
Shower.s . .
Cloudy....
62°
70°
72°
74°
75°
74°
73°
lbs.
24i
20
20
23
23
23
m
lbs.
Dry.
21
23
22
23
21
23^
lbs.
44
41
43
45
46
44
44
Cream from Milk
of first 3^ days,
151 lbs. yielded.
Cream from Milk
of last 3^ days,
156 lbs. yielded.
lbs. oz.
12 oi
12 5i
lbs. ox.
12 13i
13 OOi
307
24 lOf
25 13J
(Signed)
W. F. Williams.
Niobe of St. Lambert 13,969.
Officially tested July 14tli to 21st, by a committee consisting of Messrs. Thonuis
Stock and J. Henry Gest. Niobe of St. Lambert, belonging to ilr. V. E. Fuller,
Hamilton, Canada, was a few days past four years old at time of test, and had dropped
her calf May 11th, two mouths previous to test.
The cow was with the herd at pasture and in tlic stable, and fed by ]\rr. "William
T. Norton. The pasture was a field of clover very much dried, and supplemented by a
feed of green corn-fodder night and morning. The grain feed, as reported to us by
Mr. Norton, was from eighteen to twenty-six quarts daily, the highest being
thirteen quarts of ground oats, four of wheat bran, four and one half of pea meal, and
four and one half of linseed meal.
During the seven days she gave two hundred and eighty pounds twelve ounces
of milk, from which was made 1 mtter weighing twenty pounds twelve and a half omices
unsalted, and twenty-one pounds nine and a quarter ounces salted and ready for
market. r tt r^
J. Henry Gest.
Thomas Stock.
MERMAID OF ST. LAMBERT 9771.
AT 5 YEARS OLD.
Stoke Pogis — Marjovum Type.
OAKLANDS HERD.
Yalancey E. Fuller, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Gilt Edge C. 13,333.
To the Directors of the American Jersey Cattle Club :
Date.
Milk.
Butter.
July 21
lbs.
38i
35i
37
3(3i
34
35
31f
lbs. oz.
2 8i
2
" 22
" 23
2 2
"24 . .
2 2J
" 25
1 13i
2 1
" 26
" 27
1 8
2471
14 3^
This was well- worked, iinsalted butter.
The above test was made under the supervision of the undersigned, one or the
other being present at each and every milking, skimming and churning, and all under
seal except in the presence of one or the other, and sometimes both. She came in
heat on the 22d, and her udder was hurt — supposed to be snagged — which caused pain
and trouble in milking, preventing thereby a fair test.
Mat. Mahoenee,
A. W. Lampkin,
Rioter Pink of Berlin 33,665.
Officially tested from August 9th to loth by N. G. Pond.
She was at time of test four years two months old ; three months eight days
after calving.
Her yield for the week was nineteen poimds well-washed and worked butter,
which when salted one ounce to the pound and reworked weighed nineteen pounds
fourteen ounces. The grain rations were in quarts : 9th, pea meal, 3 ; corn meal, 1 ;
oil meal, 1 ; oats, ground, 6 ; bran, coarse, 4 ; total, 15. 10th, pea, 4^ ; oil, \\ ; oats,
8 ; bran, 4 ; total, 18. 11th, pea, 5 ; oil, 5 ; oats, 8 ; bran, 7i ; total, 25J. 12th, pea,
5i ; oil, 2 ; oats, 12^ ; bran, 5 ; total, 25. 13th, pea, 4 ; oil, 1 ; oats, 12 ; bran, 3 ; total,
20. 14th, pea, 6; oats, 15; bran, 4; total, 24. 15th, pea, 3; oats, 9; bran, 3;
CIO .TERSE Y CATTLE IX AM ERIiW..
total, 1."). Total fur 7 days, 142^. Total cost at Berlin, 82.oS. The feeding was left
to tin- judgment of the herdsman, James Harlock. The com- Avas at the town
residence of the owner, and was tinder the disadvantage of a shadeless pasture
(nearly a mile from the barn, over a stony, hilly road) during the heat of the day,
which on the last half of the test was excessive, and yarded during the night fully
fourteen hours — conditions that should have heen reversed— and on the evening of
the tenth (10th) and during the eleventh (11th) was in heat.
Rioter Pink is a large, evenly developed cow. weighing nine hundred and fifty
pounds, with a wide rear udder, ninning well forward, milking in eight minutes.
She is full sister to ]V[ermaid of St. Lambert, therefore fifty per cent. Stoke Pogis 3d,
and twelve and a half per cent. Victor Hugo 1!)7, one cross through Buffer 205.5,
grandsireof Mary Anne of St. Lambert. Ilcr blood, in common witli ^Mary Anne,
is ninety-eight and three quarters per cent.
(Signed) X. G. Poxn.
RULES FOR TESTING JERSEY COWS.
Amendments to By-Laws of the Aiiu'rlcan. Jirxiij Cuttle Cluh, 2>(tsse€l ly the
Board of Director's, Aiujust ISih, ISSi, and stihin'dtcd to the Cluh for ajyproval,
confirmed hy a large majority of the memhers.
Article VL
1. A book shall bo kept by the Secretary, to be known as " The Official Butter
Test Book," in which all tests heretofore made by an ajipointec of the Club, or which
shall hereafter be made by the Club, shall be entered.
2. The Executive Committee of the Board of Directors sliall. assoon as possible,
appoint testers for each State, Territory or province, to conduct tests on behalf of
the Club, who may be removed at any time by a majority of the Board of Directors.
3. Any person making application for a test by the Club shall bear all the cost
thereof, which must be fully paid l)efore the same is entered in " The Official Butter
Test Book," or reported ; upon ai)plication a dejiosit of $50 shall be made to apply
toward cost of the test and the publication of the result of the same.
4. Upon such application with such deposit the President of the Clul) shall
appoint a committee from among the approved testers, to be appointed under Section 2,
or any member of the Club, or any expert (whether resident in the State, Territory or
province, or not), at his option.
5. Such committee shall be jiaid l^y the Club %\i jier day for each day be is
necessarily engaged in conducting such test, as also his travelling cxjienses to and
from the place where the test is to be conducted.
JEESEY CATTLE IN' AMERICA. 611
6. Under no circumstances shall any payment or gratuity to the tester be made
or permitted from or by the owner of the cow, or any one interested in her, and any
violation hereof shall invahdate the test.
7. The following rules shall be followed in every test :
(«) The committee shall see the cow completely milked out twelve hours before
the next succeeding milking.
(5) The committee shall be present at each milking throughout the entire test, and
must see the milk weighed, and keep accurate records of the net weight of each
milking and time of milking.
(<■) Immediately upon the milk being weighed the committee must see the milk
placed under lock and seal. In case a creamer is used, the committee must securely
lock the creamer containing the milk with a padlock, to be provided by such
committee, and miist seal the same by passing a ribbon or band of tape around the
creamer, and sealing such tape or band with a seal not furnished by the owner. In
case the milk is set in pans or crocks, the room in which it is set must be securely
locked hj the committee, and the doors and windows thereto sealed.
(^7) The committee must be present at the drawing off of the cream, and must
retain it securely with the same precautions as are set out in last preceding
section.
{(') "When the owner of the cow considers the cream or whole milk ripe for
churning the committee must see the cream or whole milk placed in the churn and
remain until it is chunied, thoroughly worked, salted, reworked and reweighed ; he
shall weigh the butter before salting, and after being salted and reworked. In
salting, one ounce of salt to every pound of butter shall be used, the tester keeping
a record, and reporting to the Club the temperature at which the cream or whole
milk was churned, and length of time required in churning. The quantity of butter
with which the cows shall be credited shall be salted butter ready for market.
if) The committee shall report, as nearly as possible, the quantity in weight
and composition of the food given the cow during her test, but the feeding of the
cow and the quantity of feed given shall be left to the judgment of the owner.
(r/) Two milkings only j^er day shall be made, unless the cow is ineonnnoded
thereby.
8. The report of the committee shall be retained by the Club as a permanent
record, and the quantity of butter made by such cow sliall be entered in the
" Official Butter Test Book." No test shall be made for a shorter period than seven
consecutive days.
9. In the issue of any herd register hereafter to be published by the Club, in
case the dam is reported in the " Official Test Book," her butter record in pounds
and ounces shall be added after her herd-book number, or in a foot-note whei'ever
her name appears.
C12 JJSnsEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Ida of St. Lambert 24,990.
Pektii Amik.y, N. J., September 23, 1884.
John I. Holly, President:
My Dear Sie : Kespondlng to j-our request, I started on the 10th inst. for
" Oaklands," to supervise the testing of the Jersey cow Ida of St. Lambert Xo.
24,990. By the accompanying report you will see that she made the unprecedented
amount of thirty pounds two and a half ounces of salted butter in seven days.
Neither tlie milk, cream or butter were out of my sight for one moment, from the
beginning to the end of the test, unless under lock and sealed with my seal ; and
during the test the feeding was left entirely to the discretion of the manager of the
" ( )aklands Herd." The cow Ida is a good feeder, and whatever the manager thought
tempting he fed her — mangolds, cabbage, carrots, corn fodder ; and for pasture she
had an almost burnt-up second-growth clover. Besides tlie foregoing she was fed
as high as forty-five imperial quarts of mixed grains per day, and from that down to
twenty-si.x quarts per day, the amount being increased or diminished at discretion of
the manager.
The mixed grains were in the following proportions: Crushed oats, four
quarts ; ground oil cake, one quart ; wheat bran, two quarts ; and pea meal, two
quarts. She was fed as often during the day as the manager thought prudent, and
the various ingredients were also varied as he thought fit.
In this test the whole milk was first cooled, and tlien left to ripen, nieanwhilo
being daily stirred ; when thought ripe enough it was put into a barrel churn.
The first three and a half days' milk was put in at a temperature of 62*
and the churn started at 7.05 p.m. ; at 8.37 v.si. the butter separated, and a part
of the buttermilk was drawn off and the churn again started slowly ; by 9.23 p.m.
the butter had gathered in a great mass, and the buttermilk was drawn off ; cold
water was then poured on the mass, and the churn given quarter-revolutions
backward and forward. In this way the lump was washed in three waters, the lump
breaking into two pieces before the third washing. The butter was then taken out
and weighed and salted, one ounce to the pound, and then weighed as salted butter.
The entire time from the putting of the milk into the churn until the mass was
weighed as unsaltcd butter was two hours and thirty minutes, and from the time it
was weighed as unsalted butter until reweighed as salted butter was less than five
minutes.
The second churning was conducted in the same manner, excepting that the
milk was reduced from 68° to 62° by the addition of ice-water. This churning
separated in one hour and seven minutes, and it gathered in five or six lumps in
thirteen minutes more.
The buttermilk was then drawn off and the process of washing repeateil with
two waters, then weighed, salted and reweighed.
JERSEY CATTLE I^ AMERICA.
613
The rules for official testing of cows, as projjosed to the Club for adoption, were
strictly adhered to in this test, and every precaution taken in the way of locks, tapes,
seals, etc. The milk of the 12th, 13th and 14th, and morning of the 15th was
churned on the 18th, at 7 p.m., and made foiu-teen pounds salted. The milk of the
eve of the 15th and of the 16th, 17th and ISth was churned on the 21st, at 10 a.m.,
and made sixteen poimds two and one half ounces salted, or a grand total of thirty
pounds two and one half ounces for the week.
Very truly yours, D. A7. Wateous.
Description of Ida of St. Lambert 34,990.
Solid light cream fawn, full black points ; upturned horns, black, mottled with
white.
Sire, Stoke Pogis 3d 2238 ; dam, Kathleen of St. Lambert 5122. Last calf
dropped in June, 1884. Not in calf when tested.
Date.
Milking
Time.
Milk.
Tem-
pera-
ture.
Total
Unsalted
Butter.
Salted
Butter.
Total
Weekly
Yield.
lbs. oz.
deg.
lbs.
lbs. oz.
lbs. oz.
lbs. OZ.
Friday, Sept. 12, '84....
\ 6.30 a.m.
] 6.30 P.M.
20 0
22 8
48
60
Saturday, Sept. 13, '84 . .
f 6.30 A.M.
\ 6.30 P.M.
20 8
22 8
44
64
Sunday, Sept. 14, '84. . . .
( 6.30 A.M.
] 6.30 P.M.
21 8
21 8
42
60
Monday, Sept. 15, '84 . . .
\ 6.30 A.M.
] 6.30 P.M.
20 0
20 8
48
70
148i
13 4|
14
Tuesday, Sept. 16, '84. ..
( 6.30 A.M.
\ 6.30 P.M.
22 0
22 8
72
70
Wednesday, Sept. 17, '84
( 6.30 A.M.
] 6.30 P.M.
21 8
19 0
58
62
Thursday, Sept. 18, '84..
\ 6.30 A.M.
"i 6.30 P.M.
16 8
20 0
55
58
142
15 6i
16 2i
official,
30 2J
Totals
290 8
290i
28 11
30 2i
Peeth Ambot, ]Sr. J., September 23, 1SS4.
D. W. Wateous.
JERtiEY CATTLE IX AMEJilCA.
Mary Anne of St. Lambert {)770.
Hamilton, October 2, 1884.
Joiix I. UoLLV, Esq., Premlejit American Jersey Cattle Clnh, J^fos. 1 ami 3
Broadway, New Yorh, iV. Y., U. S. :
Dear Sir : Having beeu appointed by you as a coininittee to witness the test
of the Jersey cow Mary Anne of St. Lambert 1)770, owned by Mr. Fuller, of
" Oaklands Farm," Hamilton, Ontario, we beg to report as follows : The test began
September 23d, by "Walter Rutherford seeing that at 6:30 of that day the cow was
milked dry. The first milking for tlie test was made at 6:30 p.m. of the same day,
in the presence of "Walter Eutherford, and the cow was milked at 6:30 a.m. and
6:30 P.M. each day up to and including morning of the 30th ultimo. The cow
was, at the dates and times named, milked in the presence of "Walter Rutherford
each time, and in the presence of Thomas Stock on the following dates : The
evening of the 24th, both milkings of the 25th, both milkings of the 26th, both
milkings of the 27th, and botli milkings of the 29th. The milk produced by the
cow at each milking — namely, fourteen- — was, from the moment it left the cow's udder
until securely locked in a Cooley creamer, under the personal supervision of each of
the committee, when pre.sent, and always under the personal supervision and within
the sight of "Walter Rutherford (I, "Walter Rutherford, always following close to the
pail when taken from the stable to the Cooley creamer) until securely locked in a
Cooley creamer, which was fastened -with a tape passed round the creamer and
through the hasp of the padlock, and sealed by "Walter Rutherford with a private
seal, and locked by "Walter Rutherford with new padlocks purchased by the
committee for this test. The milk remained in the creamer for thirty-six hours, and
the whole milk was then removed and put in another creamer, which was locked and
sealed in the same way as the Cooley creamer, in the presence of both the committee,
when both were present, but always in the presence of and by "Walter Rutherford.
The seal used for this creamer was the same private seal, and the padlock was a
new padlock purchased by the committee for the express purpose.
Before any fresh milk was put into the creamer, or before any wliolo milk was
removed from it, I, "Walter Rutherford, always examined the seals and found them
perfect and untamjiered with. The same care was taken to see that the seals of the
creamer in which the whole milk was left to ripen had been untampered w-ith, and
we found the seals throughout the test perfect. The milk or cream was never
disturbed except in the presence of both of us, when both were present (and always
in the i)resence of "Walter Rutherford), and until after the seals and locks had
been removed by "Walter Rutherford.
On tlic evening of the 28tli, after tlie uiglit's milkiuir had been brou>,'ht
JERSEY CATTLE ZF A3IERICA. 615
over from the stalile, in the presence of me, Walter Kutherford, I, "Walter
Rutherford, had the milk poured into the creamer between me and the lamp we
were using, and to me the whole milk when hot and fresh from the cow had the
appearance of cream. Two churnings of the whole milk were made, each churning
being of seven milkings.
Before each churning the seals were examined and broken, by AValter
Riitherford, of the creamer in which it was put to ripen, the padlocks were opened
in the presence of both the committee by "Walter Rutherford, the whole milk was
placed in the churn in the presence of both of the committee at each churning, and
both of the committee were present throughout the entire churning. From the
time that the milk went into the churn until the butter was gathered of the first
churning the time was one hour and a quarter, and it produced seventeen pounds
one and a half ounces unsalted, well-worked butter. For the second churning
the whole milk was removed in the same way in the presence of both of iis, and
both of us were present throughout the whole churning, which took one lioi# and
five minutes, producing eighteen pounds seven and a half ounces of well-worked,
unsalted butter, the total unsalted butter in seven days being thirty-five pounds
eight and three quarter ounces. At each churning salt was added at the rate of one
ounce to the pound, in our presence, when the butter was reworked in our presence
by the dairy-woman, which we do not tliink was thoroughly worked, but was
worked as miich as the dairy-woman believed the butter required for her mode of
making. Each churning was reweighed by us after salting and working, the first
producing seventeen pounds seven and a half ounces, and the last nineteen pounds
four and three quarter oimces, making a total of thirty-six pounds twelve and one
quarter ounces of good marketable butter. The butter was of very high color and
very good texture. Herewith we send you some of the butter for analysis, and
would request you to be good enough to have it analyzed. Mary Anne of St.
Lambert 97Y0 was dropped March 26th, 1879 ; dropped her last calf July 23d,
1884. She was served for the last time, as we are informed, on August 25th,
1884, and we are informed that she was only served once, and as she has never
been in season since it is assumed she is in calf.
The cow was fed by the manager at his discretion, and he informs us that at
the beginning of the test she was eating thirty-five imperial quarts of feed per day,
consisting of the following : Twenty quarts ground oats, ten quarts pea meal, three
quarts ground oil cake, two quarts wheat bran, and that this was increased up to
aboiit fifty quarts per day, the composition of the above food being varied.
She was also fed a small quantity of roots and cabbages and a few apples. "When
we saw her fed she always appeared (excepting once) greedy for her food. This was
divided ujj into from five to seven feeds. The cow was kept with Ida of St. Lambert in
a small pasture of withered clover — very poor feed — with no undergrass at all, and
616
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
which could not produce a flow of milk, but the whole feed was given to enrich it.
Marj Anne is long-bodied, with a wedge-shaped, wide-spread barrel ; she is exceedingly
deep through the chest, weighing ten hundred and fifty pounds. She is very clean-
limbed, very fine head, \vith iiorns turning in, a little long in the face, rather straight,
very well spnuig open ril)S ; she is very long from hip to rump ; she has a very large
belly escutcheon ; good milk-veins, very large and tortuous, and many udder-veins.
We are informed that ever since the cow got over her calving the cow lias
l>een fed rich food, with the intention of producing rich milk rather than a flow, and
keeping iu mind the test that was before her ; and if their statements are correct, she
really has been fed for this test for nearly two months, and certainly the color and
density of her milk bear out its great richness in butter fat. The scale by which
the butter was weighed on each occasion was tested by your connnittee with a pound
weight bearing the Government stamp as being a proper pound weight of sixteen
ounces to the pound. We send you the accompanying statement, giving you the
detaiffe of each stage in the test :
Amount
Wei
ffht
Amount
of Butter
WEATHEn.
cter at
Date of Milking.
or 1
Milk. 1
When Churned.
of Butter
Unsnlted.
Sailed
Rea.iv for
Market.
deg.
lbs.
oz.
lbs. OZ.
lbs. OZ.
Fair
55
Sept. 23, 6.30 p.m.
16
8
1
Rain....
71
" 24, 6.30 A.M.
17
0
" 24, 6.30 P.M.
IS
s
Churned togeth-
Fair
60
" 25, 6.30 A.M.
18
0
, er on the 29th
" 25, 6.30 P.M.
IS
0
of September,
Fair
57
" 26, 6.30 A.M.
19
0
1884.
17 li
17 U
" 26, 6.30 P.M.
16
8
J
Rain....
70
" 27,6.30 a.m.
'' 27, 6.30 P.M.
18
15
0
8
1
Rain....
68
" 28, 6.30 A.M.
18
0
Churned togeth-
" 28, 6.30 P.M.
16
0
1^ er on the 2d
Rain ....
67
" 29,6.30 a.m.
IS
0
of October, 1
" 29, 6.30 P.M.
16
0
1884.
18 7i
19 H
Rain ....
63
" 30, 6.30 a.m.
20
0 1
J
Tota
in sev(
jn days
245
0
36 8i
36 12^
Walter Rutherford. Thomas Stock.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMEBIC A. 617
BUTTEE ANALYSES.
The following is the report of AY. M. Habirshaw, of New York, Chemist to
the New York State Agricultural Society, to whom President Holly, of the Amer-
ican Jersey Cattle Club, submitted samples of the butter of Mary Anne of St.
Lambert 9770 and Ida of St. Lambert 24,990, as sent by the respective committees.
Mary Anne of St. Lambert's butter contains equivalent to
Per ceut.
Butter Fat* S3.53
Salt 3.47
Casein 1.12
Water (by diff.) 12.88
Per cent 100.00
Ida of St. Lambert's butter contains equivalent to •
Per cent.
Butter Fatt 80.39
Salt 5.21
Casein 1.20
Water (by dili.) 13.20
Per ceut KtO.OO
1885.,
PRINCESS 3d 8046.
John I. Holly, President American Jersey Cattle Cliib, JVeio York :
Dear Sir : Having been appointed by you to act as Committee of the American
Jersey Cattle Club in witnessing the test of the Jersey cow Princess 2d 80-±G, owned
by Mrs. S. M. Shoemaker, of Burnside Park, near Baltimore, Md., I respectfully
submit the following report :
The test began at 6:05 p.m. Sunday evening, February 22d, when the cow was
milked dry in my presence. The first milking included in the test was that at
3 A.M. Monday, February 23d, after which the cow was milked at intervals of eight
hours— namely, at 3 a.m., 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. of each day, until the last, Sunday
* Insoluble fatty acids, 85.99 ; soluble fatty acids and glycerine, 14.01.
t Insoluble fatty acids, 85.51 ; soluble fatty acids and glycerine, 14.49.
618 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
evening, March 1st, wlien slie was milked :it <i:n5 p.m., to correspond with tiie time
of the preliminary milking. The duration of the test was thus seven days, to tlie
minute.
The cow was milked three times a day, at periods of eight hours, because her
udder would not hold the milk she made in twelve hours.
I was present at each of the twenty-one milkings, and did not lose sight of the
milk until after it had been placed in a nine-can [Moseley Cabinet Creamer. The lid
of this creamer, the doors and the ventilators were carefully secured each time by
tape and seals firmly affixed to the wood, ami each stamped with my private
seal.
The cream, on ])eiiig removed from tlie creamer, was placed in large buckets in
a wooden box made at my suggestion, and tliis l)ox was likewise sealed and
stamped.
These various seals remained intact, except when broken In- me to admit the
milk of each milking, or to draw off cream.
I was also present when the cream was placed in the churn, remained while it
was being churned, and weighed the unsalted butter, the salt to be added (one ounce
l)er pound), and finally the salted butter. The butter was worked to my entire
satisfaction, exceedingly dry, as will be seen in the fact that the salt when added
made almost a clear gain.
So that, from the time of milking until the salted butter had been finally
weighed, the milk, cream and butter were either within my sight or securely sealed
in the creamei* or box described above.
The scales on which the butter was weighed were bought of Fail-banks ife Co.
for this special purpose, after having been tested and guaranteed by them to be
accurate by United States standard. Inclosed is a letter from Fairbanks &, Co. to
that effect.
The cow was fed at the discretion of Mr. (). Ilicklefsen, manager of the
Bnniside Park Herd, the daily ration being twenty-two quarts ground oats, fifteen
quarts pea meal, two quarts linseed-oil cake, one quart wheat bran ; total, forty
quarts, besides carrots, beets, and good clover hay.
Her appetite was constantly good ; in fact, she seemed always ready to eat
more.
The weather during the test was disagreeable, cold and snowy, and interfered
somewhat with her daily exercise.
In the following table are given the details of the test, which resulted in a total
yield in seven days of two hundred and ninety-nine and a half poun<ls of milk, from
which were churned forty-four poimds one and a half ounces of unsalted butter,
which, when salted at the rate of one ounce to tlie jiounil, gave forty-si\ pounds
twelve and one half ounces of salted butter ready for market. The great gain by
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
619
salting is due to tlie fact that tlie iinsalted butter was worked so very dry that when
the salt was afterward worked in no water or buttermilk appeared in the bowl.
It should have been said above that the butter was twice washed in the churn
when in the granular form, removing every trace of buttermilk.
Feb. 22 6.05 p.m. Milked dry.
lbs.
" 23 3.00 a.m. 181 1
11.00 A.M. 11 I 44i lb
7.00 P.M. 15^ I
" 2-1 3.00 a.m. ITi
11.00 A.M. Ill I 41^ lbs.
7.00 P.M. 12i
" 25 3.00 a.m. 13|
11.00 A.M. 12i I, 40 lbs.
7.00 P.M. 14
" 26 3.00 a.m. 16i
11.00 a.m. 12| L 43f
7.00 P.M. 14f J
" 27 3.00 a.m. 16^ ^
11.00 a.m. 12 l44ilbs.
7.00 p.m. 16 I
" 28 3.00 A.M. 16i \
11.00 A.M. 12 L 42 lbs.
7.00 p.m. 16 J
March 1 3.20 a.m. llf T
11.00 a.m. 15^ l43ilbs.
6.05 p.m. 16i
Churned March 2d and 3d. But-
ter, unsalted, 23 lljs. 14 oz.
Salted, 1 oz. to lb., 25 lbs. h\ oz.
Seven days' milk
. 299* lbs.
Churned March 4th. Butter, un-
salted, 20 lbs. 3^ oz. Salted,
21 lbs. 7 oz.
( Butter, unsalted, 44 lbs. 1^ oz.
salted, 46 lbs. 12^ oz.
Princess 2d 8046 was dropped February 22d, 18,77, and was therefore exactly
eight years old when this test began. She is by Khedive P. S. 103, out of Princess
F. S. 1294, being a Coomassie-Welcome cow. She is in color light fawn, with
white on belly ; white switch, very yellow skin ; has a large selvedge escutcheon ; a
large, perfectly formed and very symmetrical udder, with large teats ; large and very
prominent tortuous milk-veins. Her weight, Mr. Eicklefsen informs me, is 1125
pounds, and she carries no superfliious flesh, being fine in bone and muscle.
Her last calf was dropped December 31st, 1884, seven and a lialf weeks before
620 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
the beginning of this test, for which she was prepared by six weeks of high feeding,
which so enriched her milk that during the test only six and two fifth pounds of
milk were required to make a pound of butter.
Eespectfully, J. IIexey Gesty.
Ealtijk.re, March 2, 18S5.
Mr. IIen-rt Gest :
Dear Sir: "We desire to say that the scale and weights sold to Mrs. S. M.
Shoemaker for the purpose of weighing butter in the test of Princess 2d were
sealed to the United States standard, and are guaranteed perfectly accurate in every
particular.
Yours very truly, Fairbanks ct Co.
J. G. Doox.
Euphonia 6783.
John I. Holly, President American Jersey Cattle Club :
Dear Sir : By your invitation, in behalf of the Club. I visited the farm of
Hon. Frederick Billings, "Woodstock, "\'t., to witness the test of the Jersey cow
Euphonia 6783.
I report : The cow was milked dry March 22d, 5:50 p.m., at which time the
test began. The rules of the Club pertaining to tests were faithfully complied with.
Mr. Aitken, manager of the Billings Herd, attests over his signature that the cow
received no previous preparation for the test, but that both before and during the
week of trial the same treatment as to care and feed was given as was given
all other cows in the herd, and no more.
Preparation and method of feeding grain : corn and cob meal, wheat bran, wheat
middlings, oil meal, pea meal, all mixed in equal quantities as to weight, and ten
pounds given per day, divided as follows : three and one third pounds on steamed
cornstalks at 5 a.m. ; three and one third pounds on one peck of beets at 12 m.,
and three and one third pounds (ground flaxseed and ground oats substituted for
corn and cob meal and oil meal) scalded on steamed cornstalks at 5 a.m. ; hay as
required, con-stituted daily feed. The 12 m. ration of grain was given her in week
of trial, and not previously. She was milked at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. ; watered once a
day, at 1(J a.m.
Temj^erature of stable, average, 53° above.
Temperature of weather : Monday, 5 J° below ; Tuesday, 22° below ; "Wednesday,
13° aliove ; Saturday, 28° above ; Sunday, 20° above.
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ A3IERICA. 621
MILK KKCOED.
lbs. oz.
Monday . . . . , 1^ 15i
18 0
Tuesday 19 9
18 11^
Wednesday 19 2
ir 5i
Thursday 19 7
17 12
Friday 20 7
" ^ 17 7i
Saturday 20 0
16 13
Sunday 20 1
" 17 11
Total 2t)l 6
The milk was placed in open cans and set in water to height of milk.
Temperature of water, average, 53°.
Kesult : Churned March 30th. Temperature of cream, 60°. Time of churning,
eight minutes; seven pounds seven and one half ounces unsalted butter; seven
pounds thirteen and one half ounces salted, ready for market.
Churned April 1st. Temperature of cream, 65°.
Time of churning, eight minutes ; seven pounds seven and one half ounces
unsalted butter ; eight pounds three ounces salted, ready for market.
Total, sixteen pounds one half oimce.
Cost of all feed, grain, roots and hay, thirty-two cents per day.
Cost of butter, per pound, fourteen cents.
The sire of Euphonia was Gilroy 1653, a cross of Lady Mary (the same Lady
Mary whose prepotency is seen in several other cows of this herd) and Rioter
strains; dam, imported Eudora 1863, an excellent cow of great constitutional
stamina, looking a six-year-old, while just entering her eighteenth year, and has
a record of two pounds twelve ounces a day.
I am all the more pleased to report the above result, believing that the interests
of the Jersey will be advanced by such practical tests, and, while phenomenal records
may now and then appear to prove the possibilities of a cow's production under
excessive stimxilation, results like the above lie within the 'reach of all, and are
worthy of the consideration of the dairymen of the country.
Eespectfully submitted, John O. Cocch.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Oxford Kate 13,646.
Mk. John I. IIollt, President of the Ameriean Jersey Cattle Chib :
Dear Sir : In compliance with your request to conduct the test of the Jersey
cow Oxford Kate 13,640, owned by Mrs. S. M. Shoeniakor, of Burnside Park,
Baltimore County, I herewith respectfully submit the following report :
The test began at 4 p.m. Ai^ril 1st, when the cow was milked dry in my
presence.
The fii-st milking included in the test was that at 4 a.m., April 2d, after which
the cow was milked at intervals of twelve hours, viz., 4 a.m. and 4 p.m. of each day,
the last milking being at 4 p.m. of April 8th, to correspond with the preliminary
milking. The duration of the test was thus seven days, to the minute.
I was present at each of the fourteen milkings, and did not lose sight of the
milk until after it had been placed in a nine-can Moseley Cabinet Creamer. The litis
of this creamer, the doors and the ventilators were carefully secured each time l)v
tape and seals firmly affixed to the wood, and each stamped with my ^irivate seal.
The cream, upon being removed from the creamer, was ])laced in a box provided for
it, and was then securely stamped and sealed.
These various seals remained intact, except when limken by me to admit the
milk of each milking, or to draw oif cream.
I was also present when the cream was placed in tlie churn, remained while it
was being chui-ned, and weighed the unsalted butter, tiie salt to be added (one ounce
per pound), and finally the salted butter.
The butter was worked to my entire satisfaction, exceedingly dry. and my
wishes in every re.spect were willingly complied with during tlie test.
In addition, I can say that from the time of milking until the salted bnttei- had
been finally weighed the milk, cream iind butter Mere either witliin my siglit or
securely sealed in the creamer or box described alio\e.
The scales used in weighing the butter were bunght of Fairlianks 6z Co.. and
were the same used in the test of Princess 2d.
The cow was fed at the discretion of Mr. O. Ricklefsen, manager of the Burnside
Park Herd, who informs me that her daily ration consisted of twelve quarts of
pea meal, sixteen quarts of ground oats, three quarts of linseed-oil cake and four
quarts of wheat bran, it being a total of thirty-five quarts, to which was added a
plentiful supply of good clover hay, beets and carrots.
In the following table are given the details of the test, which resulted in a total
yield in seven days of two himdred and forty-eight and one half pounds of milk,
from which were churned thirty-eight pounds two ounces of unsalted butter, which,
when salted at the rate of one ounce to the pound, gave thirty-nine jwunds twelve
ounces (3'J lbs. 12 oz.) of salted butter, ready for market.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA.
One Week's Test of Oxfoed Kate.
j CHUKNED APRIL 6.
April 1, 4
" 2, 4
" 2, -i
'' 3,4
" 3, 4
" 4,4
'•' 4, 4
" 5,4
" 5,4
" 6, 4
" (5, 4
" 'i', ^
" 8,4
" 8,4
1885.
p.M milked dry
A.M 19il
3 If lbs.
12i
''"[34 1bs.
nj I" ^^ ^^'•
;;;^} 38^ lbs.
IS i
38* lbs.
Butter.
LInsalted 11 lbs. 1 oz.
Salted 11 " 9 "
CHURNED APRIL 8.
Unsalted 10 lljs. 5 oz.
Salted 10 " 9 "
CHURNED APRIL 10.
Unsalted 16 ll)s. 12 oz.
Salted IT •• 10 "
Total 248i lbs.
UNSALTED.
11 lbs. 1 OZ.
10 " 5 '•
IC " 12 "
38 lbs. 2 oz.
SALTED.
11 lbs.
9 oz.
10 "
9 "
19 "
10 "
39 lbs
12 oz.
Oxford Kate 13,646 was dropped February 20tli, 1879, and is eonserpiently a
little over six years old. She dropped her last calf on the 9th of January, 1885.
Her sire is Pilot 188, Jersey Herd Book (C). Her dam was Verclut 1846 F. S. (C),
Jersey Herd Brook.
Her color is a light brown ; crescent on left flank ; In-own and white switch ;
first order flandrine escutcheon, with remarkable width on the thighs ; extra large
milk- veins ; perfect-shaped udder, very deep ; short legs, and altogether a perfect
tyjje of a Jersey cow.
All of which is respectfully sulnnitted,
Andrew Banks.
Baltimore County, April 1<), 1885.
Carrie Lena 3tl 30,077 and Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956.
Nashville, Tenn., June 12, 1885.
Thomas J. Hand, Secretwry American Jersey Cattle Glith, New YorTc :
Dear Sib : Having been appointed by the President of the Club to conduct
the tests of the cows Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956 and Carrie Lena 3d 20,077,
624 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
belonging to Major Campbell Brown, of Spring Hill, Maury County, Tenn., and
being unable to personally superintend it, we, upon consultation with t)tlier members
of the Club, selected Mr. C. O. Nicholson, of Columbia, Maury County, Tenn., to
act for us.
We enclose herewith the report made to us by him, which we adopt as our
own. We also enclose a statement of liis account, which, ISfajor lirown informs us,
is in all things correct.
Very respectfully, Thomas H. Malone.
M. M. Gardner.
Carrie Lena 3d 20,077.
jSTashville, Texn.
Messrs. Thomas II. Malone a7id M. M. Gardner :
Gentlemen : Having been selected by you to conduct the test of the Jersey
cow Carrie Lena 3d 20,077, belonging to Major Campbell Brown, of Spring Hill,
Tenn., I hereby submit the following report :
I saw the cow milked dry on the evening of May 20th at 6.30 o'clock, twelve
hours previous to the commencement of the test. I afterward saw her milked at
6.30 a.m. and 6.30 p.m. each day, from May 21st to May 27th inclusive. I was
present at each of tlie fourteen milkings, and the milk was not out of my sight imtil I
bad weighed and placed it in a Cooley Cabinet Creamer, which I securely locked with
a padlock, and also sealed by placing a band of tape around the creamer. I also
sealed all of the screws, etc. I saw the cream drawn off, and I placed it in a box
under a padlock and seal in the same manner as the creamer. I used my own seal.
These various seals remained intact, except when broken by me to admit the
milk of each milking or to draw off cream. I was also present when the cream was
churned, and weighed the unsalted butter, added the salt (one ounce per pound),
and then weighed the salted butter.
The cow was fed twice daily, and Mr. Bruce, the herdsman, informed me that
the daily ration was two pounds of ground oats, two pounds wheat bran, and eight
pounds corn-hearts, a total of twelve pounds daily. He gave her some pea meal once
during test, but she would not eat it. She ran on a good blue-grass pasture with
the herd.
The butter was thoroughly worked to my siitisfaction, and was good first-class
butter.
JERSEY CATTLE IiY A3IEBICA.
May
In the following table are given
the details of the test :
lbs. oz. lbs. oz.
21,6.30 A.M., 15 6)
21, 6.30 P.M., U 10 S
22,6.30A.M.,U 8 J 3^^ ^^
22, 6.30 P.M., 15 S \
lbs. oz.
Chiinied May 25.
- Unsalted butter, 6 9^
Salted " 7 0
23, 6.30 A.M., 14 10 [
23, 6.30 P.M., 14 0 \
24, 6.30 A.M., 13 0 ]
24, 6.30 P.M., 13 0 f
25, 6.30 A.M., 13 10 )
25, 6.30 P.M., 12 S \
26, 6.30 A.M., 14 8 ^
26, 6.30 P.M., 14 4 S
27, 6.30 A.M., 14 8 )
27, 6.30 P.M., 13 0 \
26 2
Churned May 29.
Unsalted butter.
Salted "
Churned May 28.
Unsalted butter, 4
Salted " 4
Temperature, 68°.
Time, 15 minutes.
(Temperature, 69°.
Time, 10 minutes.
*^ J
(Temperature, 68°.
Time, 15 minutes.
^ , .„ ^ , - Unsalted butter, 15 6
Total milk tor seven days. . 19 < 0 ^ ^. , ,
■^ j Salted " 16 4
I would state that all the rules laid down by the Club were strictly carried out
in every particular.
Carrie Lena 3d 20,077 was dropped March 14th, 1883. She dropped her last
calf January 10th, 1885. Her sire is Lenox Cash Boy 6804, her dam Carrie Lena
3348. Her weight is six hundred and sixty pounds.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
May 29, 1886.
C. O. Nicholson.
Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956.
Messes. T. H. Malone and M. M. Gakdnek, Nashville, Tenn. :
Gentlemen : Having been selected by you to conduct the test of the Jersey
cow Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956, the property of Major Camjjbell Brown, of
Spring HiU, Maury County, Tenn., I hereby submit the following report :
1 saw her milked out clean on the evening of May 20th, at 6.30 o'clock, twelve
hours before commencing the test. I afterward saw her milked at 6.30 a.m. and
6.30 P.M. each day from May 21st to May 27th inclusive. I was present at each of
the fourteen milkings, and the milk was not out of my presence until I had weighed
it and placed it in a Cooley Cabinet Creamer, which I securely locked witli a padlock,
626 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
and also sealed by j)laciug a baud of tape around the creamer. I also sealed all of
the screws, etc.
The seal used was my own.
I siiw the cream drawn off and placed in a box under a padlock and seal in the
same manner as the creamer. These various seals remained intact, except when
broken by me to admit the milk of each milking, or to draw off the cream. I
was also j)resent when the cream was churned, and weighed the unsalted butter ;
the salt was added (one ounce to the pound), and finally I weighed the salted
butter.
The butter was worked to my satisfaction.
In the following table are given the details of the test :
lbs.
oz.
lbs.
oz.
May
21, 6.30 A.M..
, 16
if
33
4
]
lbs.
oz.
"
21, 6.30 I'.M.,
,17
1
4.
22, 6.30 A.M.,
, IS
+ )
Clmriied May 25.
1
Time, 16 minutes.
"
22, 6.30 P.M..
, 14
"!■
32
4
J- Unsalted l)ntter,
6
0
1
Temperature, 68°.
((
23, 6.30 A.M.,
, l'»
:i
Salted
6
3
J
«
23, 6.30 P.M..
, 15
35
0
«
24, 6.30 A.M.,
,20
8 ;
"
24, 6.30 P.M.,
,15
36
0
Churned May 28.
1
Time, 15 minutes.
]
25, 6.30 A.M.,
25, 6.30 P.M.,
26, 6.30 A.M.,
, 18
,16
, 1!>
34
0
- Unsalted butter,
J Salted "
4
4
6
1
Temperature, 68°.
U
26, 6.30 P.M.,
, l-l
8 \
33
■^
1 Churned May 29.
1
Time, 15 minute.^.
«
27, 6.30 A.M.,
, 20
" )
V Unsalted butter,
4
H
f
Temperature, 68°.
«
27, 6.30 P.M.,
, 14
10 }
34 10
J Salted
4
i)
J
/ Unsalted butter,
14
10
Toti
il milk for seven d;
iiys. .
2:'.s
10
( Salted
15
2
The cow was fed twice daily, and Mr. L. P. Brown, who fed her, informs me
that her daily ration was : Ground oats, 11 lbs. ; bean meal, 5 lbs. ; pea meal, 2 lbs. ;
cottonseed meal, 2 lbs. ; cornhearts, 1 lb. ; total, 21 lbs. daily. She ran on a good
blue-grass pasture with the rest of the herd. I would state that all the rules laid
down by the Club were fully carried out in every particular. Mary Jane of Belle-
vue was dropped in the spring of 1876. She dro]iped lier last calf March 30th,
1885. Iler sire was Remarkable, F. 229 J. H. B., her dam Nelly, F. 1509 J. U. B.
T Would further state that her butter was of very fine quality.
All of which is respectfully submitted. C. O. Nicholson.
i[av 29, 1S85.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 627
Manielle 30,804 and Tette 20,803.
Nashville, Tenn., June 20, 1885.
Mk. F. Bronson, President American Jersey Cattle Clvh :
Dear Sir : Having been appointed by you to act as a committee of the American
Jersey Cattle Club in witnessing the test of the Jersey cows Mamelle 20,804 and
Tette 20,802, owned by Mr. Thomas H. Malone, of Nashville, Tenn., I respectfully
submit the following report :
Test of Manielle 20,804.
I associated with myseK Mr. George H. Harding, of this county, a gentleman
of well-known integrity and reliability.
Mamelle was milked clean in our presence Friday, June 5th, at 6 a.m., giving
seventeen pounds ten ounces of milk.
The first milking included in our test was Friday, 6 p.m., June 5tli. She was
milked twice a day, morning and evening, at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m., during the test.
"We were present at each of the fourteen milkings, and did not lose sight of the
milk until after it had been placed in a four-can Cooley creamer.
The lids of this creamer were securely locked by locks of our own. A tape was
then passed around the creamer and through the locks, and seals firmly affixed to the
wood, on the tape, and each stamped with our private seals.
The cream on Ijeing removed from the creamer was placed in tin cans, which
were put in a large wooden box made for the purpose. This box was locked with
our lock, a tape passing around this box and through the lock, and sealed with our
private seal.
These various seals remained intact, except when broken liy us to admit the
milk of each milking, or to diuw ofE the cream.
We were also present when the cream was placed in the churn, remained while
it was being churned, and weighed the unsalted butter ; the salt added was one
ounce to the pound, and we then reweighed the salted butter.
The butter was washed thoroughly, taken out of the churn, and worked as long
as any water could be got from it. It was then salted, one oimce to the pound, and
reworked. In l)oth instances it was worked to our entire satisfaction, making a first-
class article of marketable butter.
From the time of milking until the butter had been finally weighed, the milk,
cream and butter were either in our sight or securely sealed and locked in the
creamer or box described above.
We tested the scales carefully and found them to be correct.
The cow was fed three times a day on ground oats, corn, and a small quantity
628 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
of cottonseed meal (one quart per day), the whole mixture amounting to twenty-one
poimds per day, in three feeds, morning, noon and night. She also had the run of a
good blue-grass pasture with the rest of the herd. Her appetite remained good
during the entire test, and she would have eaten more, in our judgment, had it been
given her.
Total milk yield of Mamelle for seven days, two hundred and fifty-six pounds
one ounce, which churned twenty-two pounds four and one quarter ounces of worked,
unsalted butter, which, when salted, one ounce to the pound, and reworked made
twenty-one pounds eight and one quarter ounces of butter ready for market.
In both instances, before and after salting, the l:)utter was worked as long as any
water could be drained from it.
The following is the detailed report of her milk and butter yield :
June 5, 6 a.m milked dry.
" 5, 6 p.M 19 lbs. 10 oz. )
,, „' \ 38 lbs. 4 oz.
" 6, 6 A.M 18 " 10 " \
" 6, 6 p.M 19 " 2 " ) ^, .,
" 7, 6a.m 18 " 2 " )
" 7, 6 p.M 17 " 10 " )
" 8, 6 A.M 18 " 10 " t ^^ " **
" 8, (5 p.M 16 " 12 " )
" 9, 6a.m 16 « 10 " } ^^ " ^
" 9, 6 p.M 19 " 14 " )
" 10, 6a.m 17 " 9J " j ^" " "* "
" 10, 6 p.M 20 " U '' )
« 11 fi .^ . , r < ^ 3^ '• 3* " in heat.
" 11, 6 A.M 17 '' 10 " \
" 11, 6 p.M 17 " 6 " )
" 12, 6 A.M 17 " 14 " } ^-^ " ^
Seven days' milk 256 lbs. 1 oz.
First churning, two and a half days' cream, churned at 4 p.m., June 10th ; temper-
ature, 59° ; time of churning, fifteen minutes ; worked, unsalted butter, eight pounds
eight and one quarter ounces ; salted, one ounce to the pound, and reworked made
seven pounds eight and one quarter oimces.
Second churning, two days' cream, churned at 3.30 p.m. June 12th ; temperature,
59° ; time of churning, twenty-one minutes ; worked, unsalted butter, six pounds
twelve ounces ; salted, one ounce to the pound, and reworked made seven jwunds.
Third churning, two days' cream, churned at 3.50 p.m., June 15th ; temperature,
58° ; time of churning, twenty minutes ; worked, imsalted butter, seven pounds ;
salted, one ounce to tJie pound, and reworked made seven pounds.
JERSEY CA TTLE IN AMERICA. 629
Making seven days' yield of worlced, salted butter twenty-one pounds eight and
one quarter ounces.
Mamelle 20,804 was dropped March 24:th, 1883, and was tlierefore twenty-six
months old when the test began. She dropped her first calf, a heifer, to Gold Basis
4038, April 26th, 1885.
Mamelle is by Gold Basis 4038, out of Jazel's Maid 11,011.
Gold Basis now stands at tlie head of Mr. Malone's herd. He is by Gilderoy
2107, out of dam imported Eegina 2d 2475.
Geokge H. Harding.
M. M. Gardner.
Mr. F. Bronson, Pr'esident American Jersey Cattle Club :
Dear Sir : Having had business to attend to, and not being able to be present
at the test of Tette, I appointed Mr. George H. Harding, the gentleman who
assisted me in the test of Mamelle 20,804, to conduct this test, and I vouch for same
as being correct.
M. M. Gardner.
He makes the following report :
Test of Tette 20,802.
Tette 20,802 was milked clean in my presence Sunday evening June 7th, 1885.
The first milking included in test was on Monday, June 8th, 6 a.m. She was
milked twice a day during the test, morning and evening, at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.
I was present at each of the fourteen milkings, and did not lose sight of the
milk until after it had been placed in a four-can Cooley creamer. The lids of the
creamer were securely locked by locks of my own ; a tape was then passed entirely
around the creamer and through the locks, and seals firmly fixed to the wood, on the
tape, and each stamped with my private seal.
The cream, on being removed from the creamer, was placed in tin cans, which
were put in a large wooden box made for the purpose. This box was also locked
with my lock, a tape passing around the box and through the lock, and sealed with
my private seal. These various seals remained intact, except when broken by me to
admit the milk of each milking or to draw off the cream.
I was also present when the cream was placed in the churn ; remained while it
was being churned, and weighed the unsalted butter. The salt added was one ounce
to the pound, and after being reworked I then reweighed the salted butter.
The butter was washed thoroughly, taken out of the churn, and worked as long
as any water could be got from it. It was then salted, one ounce to the pound, and
reworked. In both instances it was worked to my entire satisfaction, making a first-
class article of marketable butter. From the time of milking until the butter had
630 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
been finally weighed the milk, cream and butter were either in my sight or securely
sealed and locked in the creamer or box described above.
I tested the scales and found them to be correct.
The cow was fed twice a day on ground oats, com, and a small quantity of
cottonseed meal (she received of the cottonseed meal three quarters of a quart per
day), the whole mixture amounting to fourteen pounds per day in two feeds, morning
and evening ; she also had the run of a good blue-grass pasture with the rest of the
herd. She ate her feed with a good deal of relish.
Total miUc j4eld of Tette for seven days, one hundred and eighty-eight pounds
four ounces, which churned seventeen pounds six ounces of M-orked, unsalted butter,
which when salted, one ounce to the pound, and reworked made seventeen pounds
six oimces ready for market.
In both instances, before and after salting, the butter was worked as long as any
water could be drained from it.
The following is the detailed report of her milk and butter yield :
June 7, 6 p.m milked dry.
" 8, 6 A.M 10 lbs. 6 oz. )
•' 8,6p.m 11" 2 " [ ^1"- «-
« 9, 6 A.M 11 " 12 " )
S 25 " 8 "
" 9, 6 P.M 13 " 12 " i
" 10, 6 A.M 12 •' 6 " )
" 10, 6 P.M 14 " 10 " \
" 11, 6 A.M 13 " 2 " I
\ 27 " 12 "
" 11, 6 P.M 14 >' 10 " S
" 12. 6 A.M 18 " 10 " )
^ 29 " 4 "
" 12, 6 P.M 1.5 " 10 " i
" 13, 6 A.M 13 " 14 " )
« 13,6p.m 14^' 6 " f -'" *"-^-t-
" l-^'^A-M 13" 10 " ) . ^^
" 14, 6 P.M 15 « 6 " i
Seven days' milk 188 lbs. 4 oz.
First churning, two and a half days' cream, churned 8.40 a.m. June 12th;
temperature, 59° ; churned eleven minutes ; worked, unsalted, five pounds ten ounces ;
salted, one ounce tt) pound, and reworked, five pounds six ounces.
Second churning, two and one half days' cream, churned 4.19 p.m. Jime 16th ;
temperature, 58° ; churned twelve minutes ; worked, unsalted butter, six pounds
eight ounces ; salted, one ounce to pound, and reworked, six pounds twelve ounces.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA. 631
Third churning, two days' cream, churned 5.11 p.m. June 16th; temperature,
58° ; churned six minutes ; worked, unsalted butter, five pounds four ounces ; salted,
one ounce to pound, and reworked made five pounds four ounces, making seven
days' yield of worked, salted butter seventeen pounds six ounces.
Tette 20,802 was dropped November 5th, 1882, and was therefore two years and
seven months old when test was made. She dropped her first calf, a bull. May 21st,
1885, to Gold Basis 4038.
Tette is by Gold Basis 4038 and out of Syringa 3d 6778.
Geoege H. Haeding.
Hilda D. 6683, Evelina of Veriia 10,971, and Etlessa 31,844.
Deerfoot Farm, Southboeough, Mass., July 21, 1885.
T. J. Hand, Esq., Secretary American Jersey Cattle Cluh, 1 and 3 Broadioay,
New York :
Dear Sie: Having been appointed by Messrs. Alvord and Taylor, of the
Executive Committee, I went to Verna Farm, Greenfield Hill, Conn., June 22d, to
test three cows for the President of the Club, F. Bronson, Esq. — Hilda D. 6683,
last calf March 22d, 1885 ; Evelina of Verna 10,971, last calf March 31st, 1885,
and Edessa 21,844, a two-year-old heifer, last calf March 14th, 1885. All three
were fine animals that would attract attention anywhere, and all had first-class
udders.
At 6 P.M. on the night of my ai-rival I saw the cows milked out dry, and from
the next morning everything pertaining to the milk was under my personal
supervision and under my private lock and seal.
The first three days the cows were turned out (only during the day) into a field
of about two acres, seeded down last autumn, where the feed was very rank and
past the bloom.
Afterward, at my suggestion, they were turned into an old pasture.
Hilda D. was very lame during the entire test, and after the first day her grain
was reduced. (See tabulated report.)
AU the butter was thoroughly and carefully worked, ready for market, before
the final weighing.
Professor Babcoek, of the New York Experiment Station, was with me for five
days, and his report I add to mine. He was present at all the milkings while at
Verna, and took samples of the same for analysis.
Yours very sincerely, E. Burnett.
632
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3TERICA.
N. Y. AoRicrLTiRAL Ex. Station, Dk. E. L. Sturtevant, .Director.
Geneva, K Y., July 16, 1885.
F. Bronson, Esq., Prenident 'Jersey Cattle Cluh, Xew Tori- City :
Dear Sir : I herewith forward you the official report by Mr. Babcock of our
observations at tiie butter tests, commencing June 23d, of Hilda D., Evelina of
Verna, and Edessa.
Very truly yours, E. Lewis Sturtevant, Director.
Geneva, N. Y., July 16, 1885.
Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, Director l^eio York Agricultural Experiment Station :
Sir : Through the courtesy of Mr. F. Bronson, of Southport, Conn., and by
your orders, I was present as representative of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station during a portion of a "seven-day" butter test of throe of his
Jersey cows — Hilda D., Evelina of Verna, and Edessa.
The test commenced on the morning of June 23d, and was under the official
supervision of Mr. Ed-ward Burnett. I was present till June 27th, and made
determinations of the solids and fat in the milk of each milking up to that time,
and in the skimmed milk and buttermilk. Complete analyses were also made of
the well-worked butter from the first and the last churning sis sent to the Station.
The analytical results are presented in the folk)wing tables :
Hilda D.
Milk.
Datk.
Weight of
M?lk.
Solids.
Fat.
Fat.
June 23, 5 a.m
lbs. oz.
17 4
12 1
12 0
12 10
10 15
11 12
12 6
per cent.
15.74
16.23
15.33
15.74
15.40
16.26
15.90
16.05
15.79
15.64
15.63
15.37
per cent.
5.71
6.33
5.75
5.91
5.52
5.73
5.41
6.90
5.96
5.75
5.45
5.70
oz.
lo 76
" 23, 1 r.M
12.22
" 23, 9 P.M.
11 04
" 24, 5 A.M.
11 94
" 24, 1 i".M
9 66
" 24, 9 i-.M
" 25, 5 A.M
10.7^
" 25, 1 p.M
11 3
12 2
12 11
11 2
11 15
" 25, 9 p.M
" 26, 5 A.M
" 26, 1 r.M
" 26, 9 p.M
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Skimrned Milk.
Per cent, of Solids.
From milk of June 23, 5 a.m. and 1 p.m 10.53
" " « " 23, 9 P.M 10.52
" " " " 24, 5 A.M and 1 p.m 10.28
Buttermilk from churning of cream of June 23 and 24, 10.80
Per cent, of Fat.
.092
.091
.340*
Butter.
Churning of June 37 from
Cream of June 23-24. Churning of July 1.
Weight of butter 5 lbs. 8 oz.
Water, per cent 14.51 21.47
Ash, per cent 6.42 3.26
Fat, percent 78.51 74.09
Caseine, per cent .62 .84
Fat in butter, ounces 69.09
Evelina of Veena.
Milk.
June 23, 5 a.m.
" 23, 1 P.M.
" 23,
" 24,
" 24,
" 24,
" »25,
" 25,
6 a.m.
1 p.m.
9 p.m.
5 a.m.
1 P.M.
9 P.M.
5 A.M.
1 P.M.
Weight of
Solids.
Fat.
lbs. oz.
per cent.
per cent.
18 7
14.45
5.06
12 10
16.57
6.59
12 2
15.28
5.25
13 4
14.92
5.01
11 12
15.48
6.01
12 6
15.11
5.58
12 9
15.21
5.77
12 2
15.50
5.81
11 14
14.84
5.30
13 1
14.96
5.33
11 15
15.53
6.02
12 1
14.80
5.66
oz.
14.93
13.31
10.19
10.62
11.30
11.05
Extracted \vith ether and includes any free lactic acid present.
JERSEY CATTLE IK AMEItlCA.
Siimmed Milk.
From milk of June 23, 5 a.m. and 1 p.m
« " '• '■ 23, 9 P.M
" " " " 24, 5 A.M. and 1 p.m
Buttermilk from churning of June 23d and 2-itli .
Butter.
Per ct. of Solids. Per ct. of Fat.
9.96 .07
10.00 .U
.12
10.22 .63*
Weight of butter
Water, per cent
Ash, per cent
Fat, per cent
Caseine, per cent
Fat in butter, ounces .
Churning of June 27
from Cream of June 23 and 24. Churning of July 1.
5 lbs. 5 OZ.
14.60
1.95
83.21
0.51
70.73
12.65
1.33
84.91
0.69
Edessa.
Milk.
June 23, 5 a.m.
23, 5 P.M.
24, 5 A.M.
24, 5 P.M.
25, 5 A.M.
25, 5 P.M.
26,5 a.m.
26, 5 P.M.
lbs. OZ.
12 8
11 11
12 10
12 2
0
Solids.
Fat.
per cent.
per cent.
14.25
5.15
14.76
5.68
14.89
4.85
14.64
4.94
15.57
4.98
14.40
4.51
15.31
4.72
15.02
5.21
10.30
10.62
BiOtenmlk from churning of whole milk of June 23d : Solids, 12.08 ; Fat, 2.23.
Butter. ^
Churning of Juno 26
from Whole Jlilk of June 23. Churning of July 1.
1 11). 4 OZ.
15.85 14.37
8.83 5.13
Weight of butter.
Water, per cent . .
Ash, per cent
Extracted with ether and includes any free lactic acid present.
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 635
Churning of June 26
from Whole Milk of June 33. Churning of July 1.
Fat, per cent 74.01 79.63
Caseine, per cent . . 0.52 ' 0.56
Fat in butter ounces 14.8
The milk of Hilda D. for June 23d and 24th, which constituted tlie iirst
churning, contained in the aggregate, according to the analyses, 71.39 ounces of
butter fat, 69.08 ounces or 96.79 per cent, of which was recovered in the butter.
Evelina's milk for the same time contained 71.4 ounces of butter fat, and there
were recovered in the butter 70.78 ounces, or 99 per cent.
Edessa's milk for June 23d contained 20.92 ounces of fat, and the butter from
this milk contained 15.08 ounces, or 79.01 per cent.
The melting-points of the butter fats in the above samples of butter are as
follows :
Hilda D 96 F.
EveUna 93 F.
Edessa 89 F.
Herd 92 F.
Further details of the above tests are omitted, as these will appear in the report
of the official tester, Mr. Edward Burnett.
Very truly yours, S. M. Babcock.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
1
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JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AJfEBICA. 639
EULES FOR OFFICIAL BUTTER TESTS.
[To take effect June 29f/<, 1S85.]
Adopted by the Boaed op Dieectoes of the Ameeican Jeeset Cattle Club,
UNDEE AUTHOEITT OF AmENDED Bt-LawS, SeCTION 7, AeT. VI.
The following rules shall be followed in every butter test :
1. The tester shall see the cow connDletely milked out at the beginning of the test.
2. The tester shall be j^resent at each milking throughout the entire test, and
must see the milk weighed, and keep accurate records of the net weight of each
milking and time of milldng.
3. Immediately upon the milk being weighed the tester must see the milk
securely placed under lock and seal. In case a creamer is used the tester must
securely lock the creamer containing the milk with a padlock to be provided by such
tester, and must seal the same by passing a ribbon or band of tape around the creamer,
and sealing such tape or band with a seal not furnished by the owner.
In case the milk is set in pans or crocks the room in which it is so set must be
securely locked by the tester and the doors and windows thereto sealed.
4. The tester must be 2:)resent at the drawing off of the cream, and must retain
it securely with the same precautions as are set out in last preceding section.
5. When the owner of the cow considers the cream or whole milk ripe for
churning the tester must see the cream or whole milk placed in the churn and remain
until it is churned, see the butter thoroughly worked, weighed, salted, reworked and
reweighed ; he shall weigh the butter before salting, and after being salted and
reworked. In salting, one ounce of salt to every pound of butter shall be used, the
tester keeping a record and rei:)orting to the Club the temperature at which the
cream or whole milk was churned, and length of time required in churning.
The quantity of butter with which the cow shall be credited shall be salted butter
ready for market. The tester may require as many churnings to be made of the
cream or whole milk as he may deem necessary.
6. The tester may leave the feeding of the cow and tlie quantity given to the
discretion of the owner, or he may supervise the feeding, in order that no improper
ingredient may be given her ; but he shall not in any way limit the quantity of the
feed so given. In all cases the affidavit of the feeder of the cow shall be required as
to the quantity and composition of the feed so given. The owner of the cow shall
also make affidavit as to his or her confidence in the accuracy of the test to the best
of his or her knowledge, and as to his or her confidence in the man who fed the cow.
7. In the event of the owner, or the person in charge of such cow, refusing to
comply with the requirements of these regulations, the tester shall discontinue the
640 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
test, and report to the President the facts of the case, and the party so refusing shall
forfeit his or her preUminary deposit of ^50.
8. Two milkings only per day shall be made, unless the cow is incommoded
thereby.
9. A sample of tlie bntter made in tlie test may be taken by the tester in person
for analysis by a competent analyst.
10. The above rules shall apply in all eases to any deputy or deputies appointed
in accordance with Section 2, Art. VI., of By-Laws.
11. These regulations may be altered at any regular meeting of the Board of
Directors.
Additional Rules for Butter Tests.
1. A book shall be kept by the Secretary, to be known as the " Official Butter
Test Book," in which all tests heretofore made by an appointee of the Club, or which
shall hereafter be made by the Club, shall be entered.
2. An official tester may be appointed by the Board of Directors, and shall hold
his office during its pleasure, and shall receive such compensation iis the Board may
fix. Sucli official tester shall have power, subject to the approval of the President,
to appoint a deputy or deputies to assist him.
Pet of Rose Lawn 11,326.
New York, June 30, 1SS5.
F. Brokson, Esq., President of the American Jersey Cattle Chib :
Dear Sir : In accordance with your letter of the 17th inst. appointing me a
committee to conduct the test of the Jersey cow Pet of Rose Lawn 11,32(), I went to
Paterson on Saturday, the 2(.ith, and started the test that evening by thoroughly
" stripping out " the cow.
Pet of Rose Lawn was five years old in May, and dropped her foiu-th calf April
15th. She is slightly above the medium size, of a light cream fa^vn color of a very
uniform tint. She fills the eye as a handsome Jersey cow in most respects, has a
capacious barrel, rich skin color, a mellow hide, a large, well-shaped udder and
teats, with full and tortuous milk-veins, and a Lunousine escutcheon of the first
order. The udder measured over fifty inches in circumference.
In conducting the test the rules of the Club in regard to precautions against fraud
were closely followed, and the results are tabulated in duphcate, as you requested.
I do not think the test, though accurate in every particular, really does the cow
justice, for tlie severe drouth which prevailed so parched the pasture upon which
she had been depending for a large portion of her food that it became brown, almost
entirely losing its green color, and caused, no doubt, the nearly uniform decrease in
milk and butter.
Very respectfully. Mason C. Weld.
PET OF ROSE LAWN 11,326.
AT H YKAHS t.l.D.
Colli iiihiiiil Typi-.
CKEAM COTTACiE IIEKD.
S. HiHJKUs, I'atkkson. Nkw .Tek^sey.
JEBSEY CATTLE IJST AMEBIC A.
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642 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMEIilCA.
Ethleel 2d 32,391.
Mr. John M. Tlioin]).son, of Xasliville, was elected by the American Jersey-
Cattle Clul) to conduct the test. Mr. Thompson appointed Dr. H. B. Titcoml), of
Columbia, to personally supervise the test.
L)k. TrrcoMB's Kepoet.
As requested by you and under your appointment, I took charge of the test of
the Jersey cow Ethleel 2d 32,291, the property of John A. McEwen, Kashville,
Tcnn., at the farm of the Colimibia Jersey Cattle Company, at Columl)ia, Tenn.,
June 30th, 18S5, at G.20 p.m., at which time I saw the cow milked thoroughly dry.
I saw her milked thereafter as follows :
Timeof Milkiii!;. Amount of Milk.
Jtdy 1, C.2(» A.M 11 lbs. 5 oz.
'• ],0.20p.M 11" 7"
" 2, fi.20 A.M 11 " 12 "
" 2, G.2U I'.M 11 " 1 "
« 3, 6.10 A.M 12 " 2 "
" 3, 6.16 VM *11 " 5 •'
" 4, 6.25 A.M 11 " 11 "
" 4, 0.30 p.M 11 '• s '•
'• .5, 6.30 A.M 10 " 11 "
'• 5, 6.25 p.M 0 " 12 "
" 6, 6.35 A.M 10 " 3 "
" 6, 6.20 p.M 9 " 9 "
" 7, 6.20 A.M 11 " I' '•
" 7, 6.30 p.M I'l •• 11"
Making in all fur seven consecutive days une hundred and lifty-tive ])ounds
eleven ounces of milk. At each milking the milk did not leave my sight until it
was strained, put in a stone jar, and placed in the test room, the windows of which
were ])rotected by iron rods and wire gauze, ujion which I placed my seal, and
double locked the door, and placed my seal upon that, and during the entire test no
seal was broken except by myself. Neitlier was the milk handled, except in my
presence and sight, until it was placed in the churn, churned and the butter worked,
weighed, salted, reworked and reweighed.
July 3d, 18S5, we commenced churning the first da.y"s milk at 3.20 p.m., at the
temperature of 63° ; churned sixteen and one half minutes, and took up four pounds
* A few ouuces spilled.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 643
three ounces of thorouglily worked butter ; added four ounces of salt, reworked, and
had four pounds six ounces of butter.
I proceeded in the same manner, with the temperature of tlie milk aliout the
same, the six succeeding days, with the following results, adding one ounce of salt
with each pound of butter :
July 4th, 2.55 p.m. Churned second day's milk fifteen minutes. Butter worked
and taken up, four pounds two ounces : butter salted and reworked, four pounds five
ounces.
July 5th, 3.53 p.m. Churned third day's milk fourteen and one half minutes.
Butter worked and taken up, three pounds fourteen ounces ; Ijutter salted and
reworked, four pounds one ounce.
Jidy 6th, 3.07 p.m. Fourth day's milk churned sixteen and one half minutes.
Butter worked and taken up, four poimds three ounces ; butter salted and reworked,
four pounds five ounces.
July Yth, 2.45 p.m. Fifth day's milk churned twelve and one half minutes.
Butter worked and taken up, four pounds two ounces ; butter salted and reworked,
four pounds five ounces.
July 8th, 3.30 p.m. Sixth day's milk churned ten and one half minutes.
Butter worked and taken up, four pounds thirteen ounces ; butter salted and reworked,
five pounds.
July 9th, 3.20 p.m. Seventh day's milk churned thirteen minutes. Butter
worked and taken up, iowr pounds five ounces ; butter salted and reworked, four
pounds eight ounces.
Total of reworked bixtter for seven days, thirty pounds fifteen ounces.
The churn used in the above test was a patent churn called the "Wonderful."
The milk when jslaced in the test room in the stone jar was piit in running water
which ranged at a temperature of from 60° to 61°, and on the evening of the second
day the morning and evening milk of each day was put together and remained imtil
the next afternoon when churned, adding only enough water at the time of
transferring and mixing the morning and evening milk to rinse the cream froni the
jars.
I had a copy of the com2)any's testing rules by me, and go^-erned myself by
them.
At each churning there were several present to witness the taking out and
weighing of the butter, among whom were J. M. Mays, President of the First
National Bank at Columbia ; Major Campbell Brown ; M. C. Campbell and Horace
Polk, of Spring Hill ; Mr. Malone, Edward Baxter and wife, of Nashville ; L. W.
Cooper, of New Orleans.
Ethleel 2d 32,291 is a rather small, smooth, handsome, light gray heifei-.
She was dropped October 31st, 1882 ; therefore at the beginning of the test,
C,U JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
July 1st, ISSo, she was only two years eight montlis old. Iler sire was Lord Harry
3rtt5; her dam Ethleel 18,724.
AFFIDAVIT.
I, II. B. Titcouib, do solemnly swear the above test is correct, to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
(Signed) II. B. Titcomb.
Sworn and subscribed to licforc W. B. Feierson, N. P.
The feeding of Ethleel 2d during seven days' official test was composed of one
gallon of comhearts meal and one half gallon corn bran, fed her morning and
evening, permitting her to run on a short pasture during the day with the balance of
the herd. This heifer was calved at the Columbia Cattle Company's farm, and sold
at their May sale, at Xashville, to Mr. McEwen, for $8^0. Affidavits were given of
feed and management by "West Gannaway, Frank Dale and William J. "Webster,
and John A. McEwen, owner of the cow.
Matilda 4:th 13,816.
Fredekic Bronson, Esq., President of the American Jersey Cattle Club :
Dear Sir : I have the honor to report the following test of Matilda 4th 12,816,
the property of Messrs. Miller and Sibley, of Franklin, Pa., made in my presence
and under my private locks and seals.
Matilda 4th was dropped March 29th, 1880, had her last calf April 1st, 1885,
and is not yet served. She is a pure Dauncey cow ; sire. Stoke Pogis 1259 ; dam,
imported Matilda 3238. In color she is a bronze fawn, shading to black ; body good
length, large barrel, straight back, square rump, short legs, neat head ; rather inclined
to flesh, but not beefy ; large, cajjacious udder, well-placed teats, but smaller than
desirable for so large a milker ; good constitution, and in general a])pearance closely
resembling Eurotas 2454, without her pendent udder.
At 9 A.M., July 6th, she was stripped dry, and each day thereafter was milked
punctually at 5 a.m., 1 p.m. and 9 p.m. I was present at every milking, and the
milk and cream were not out of my sight except when iinder lock and seal.
The feeding was left entirely to the judgment of Mr. George B. Jobson, manager,
and one of the herdsmen, "William A. Shorts, whose affidavit as to quantity is hereto
annexed. To tliis is also attached Mr. J. C. Sibley's affidavit as to his confidence
in the man's statement and his belief in the accuracy of the test. During the
test the cow was in the barn at night and on pasture about ten hours each day. The
quality of the grass was poor on account of its age, and she appeared to derive but
little benefit from it.
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. C45
While in the barn slie was fed as much clover hay as she would eat with relish.
The weather was extremely sultry during most of the test, and its effect was very
apparent upon the cow. The milk was set in the Cooley cans, in running spring
water, the temperature of which was taken before placing the new milk, and
afterward ice was added. Each can was allowed to stand thirty hours, when part of
the milk was drawn off, leaving about an equal quantity of milk and cream. The
first two days' cream was chxirned on the 11th. After drawing off the buttermilk
and washing the butter in the churn it was at once weighed, salted, one oimce to the
pound, worked, allowed to stand ten minutes, reworked and reweighed. ^ The second
churning consisted of the third day's cream. In this and siibsequent churnings the
butter was thoroughly worked before weighing, then salted, worked, allowed to stand
ten minutes, reworked and reweighed. The time between end of churning and
drawing of biittermilk was about ten minutes in each instance ; between drawing off
buttermilk and first weighing, ten minutes (except in the first churning), and ten
minutes lietween each weighing. A tabulated statement of the test is hereto annexed.
The second churning was made July 13th, the third on the IGth, consisting of
fourth and fifth day's cream, and the final churning on the ITtli, making a total of
twenty-one pounds eight and one half ounces.
Yours truly, William S. Taylor.
Feanklin, Pa., July 17, 18S5.
Franklin, Pa., July 16, 1885.
F. Bronson, Esq., President American Jersey Cattle Cluh :
My Dear Sir: The man who fed the cow Matilda Irth 12,816 during her
ofiicial test, Mr. W. A. Shorts, has been in our employ for many years. We therefore
give full credence to the statement sworn to by him as to the feed consumed by the
cow during the test.
I desire further to state my full confidence in the accuracy of her test under the
supervision of Mr. W. S. Taylor, and hope that all official testers appointed by you
may be as careful in their supervision and as watchful of every detail as he has
been.
Pesjoectfully yours, J. C. Sibley, for Miller & Sibley,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, County of Venango, ss. :
Before me, the subscriber, personally appeared the above-named, J. C. Sibley,
who, upon being legally sworn, says that the foregoing facts are true and correct to
the best of his knowledge and belief.
Sworn and subscribed before me this ISth day of July, a.d. 1885.
W. J. Breene, Notarv Pulilie.
(Ui; JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Statement and Affidavit of William A. Shorts.
I am in the employ of Messrs. Miller ife Siblej, of Franklin, Pa.
I had sole charge of the feeding of Matilda -Ith 12,S10, A. J. C. C. H. E., dnring
the test, l)eginning at 9 o'clock p.m., July Ctli, and terminating at !• o'clock ]>. m.,
July 13th, 1885.
The feed that was fed wet consisted of two quarts sifted oats, two quarts pea
meal, one quart oil-cake meal, and one qiiart wheat middlings, making eight pounds,
or in that proportion.
The dry feed consisted of sifted oats, pea meal, and oil-cake meal, mixed in
equal parts.
The following is a true statement of all the feed given to the c^w between the
hours and dates given above, viz. :
Between. Lbs. TVct. Lbs. Dry.
July ti, 9 P.M. and July 7, 5 a. si s -2^
" 7, 5 A. jr. " " 7, 1 P.M. 12
" 7, 1 P.M. " •' 7, 9 p.M s^
•' 7, 9 P.M. " " 8, 5 A.M s 2i
" 8, 5 A.M. " " 8, 1 p.ji 1.5 2
" 8, 1 P.M. " " 8, 9 p.M 7
" 8, 9 P.M. " " 9, 5 A.M 8
" 9, 5 A.M. " " 9, 1 p.M 8 2
" 9, 1 P.M. " " 9, 9 p.M 8
" 9, 9 P.M. " " 10, 5 A.M 8
" 10, 5 A.M. " " 10, 1 P.M 15 2
" 10, 1 P.M. " " 10, 9 p.M S
" 10, 9 P.M. " " 11, 5 A.j[ 8
" 11, 5 A.M. " " 11, 1 p.M ir, 2
" 11,1p.m. " " 11, 9 p.M S
•• 11, it P.M. " " 12, 5 A.M 8
'' 12, 5 A.M. " " 12, 1 p.M 1(5 2
" 12, 1 P.M. " " 12, 9 p.M S
" 12, 9 P.M. " " 13, 5 A.M 4 2
" 13, 5 A.M. " " 13, 1 p.M 12 2
" 13, 1 P.M. " " 13, 9 p.M 7
Total 200J 19
■Grand total of feed 219^ lbs.
JERSEY CATTLE IN' AMERICA. 647
From 9 p.m. to 5 a.m. the cow was in the barn, and was fed clover hay as she
would eat it ; during the day she was in rather poor pastiire about ten hours each
"^^y- W. A. Shorts.
Subscribed and sworn to before me, |
this 17th day of July, a.d. 1885. i
E. H. L.UHBEETON,
[Seal.] Notary Public.
ANALYSIS OF THE BUTTEE OF MATILDA 4th 12,816.
New York Agricultural Experiment Station,
Geneva, N. Y., July 28, 1885.
T. J. Hand, Esq., Secretary American Jersey Cattle Cluh, No. 1 Broadway^
New Yorh :
Dear Sir : The butter sent by you from the test of Miller & Sibley's arrived
with two of the packages broken. The two whole butters gave the following
result :
No. 1, Churned July 11.
"Water 14.17
Fat 80.70
Caseine 0.58
Ash 4.38
Melting-point of butter fat 91° F.
No. 3, Churned July 16.
Water 14.54
Fat 81.27
Caseine 0.54
Ash 3.61
Melting-point of butter fat 91° F.
In sending other samples please put in a little larger quantity, in order that
we can have sufficient for duplicate determinations.
Yery truly yours,
E. Lewis Sturtevant,
Birector.
G48
JERSEY CATTLE ly AMERICA.
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JERSEY CATTLE IN" AMERICA. 649
1886.
Kheliila 17,970.
Beiaecliff Herd, Jajies Stilljiax, Sing Sing, N". Y.
YAUtract:\
Tested Jaimarj 5tli to 12th, 1SS6, yielding 14 His. (\\ oz. of l)iitter.
EATION.
Pounds of Grain : Corn msal, 9 lbs. daily, on the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th only.
Pounds of Grain : Linseed cake as meal, 3 lbs. on the 5th, 6th, Tth, 8th and 9th
only.
Pounds of Grain : Crushed oats, 6 lbs. on the 5th, 6th, Tth, Stli and 9th ;
14 lbs. on the 10th and 11th.
Pounds of Grain : Wheat bran, 6 lbs. on the 5th, Cth, Tth, Sth and 9th ; 14 lbs.
on the 10th and 11th.
Pounds of Hay : Y lbs. every day.
Pounds of Fodder : Ensilage of corn, 14 lbs. every day.
Pounds of Poots : Carrots, 15 lbs. every day.
The cow was fed six times daily, always ate heartily, and would have eaten
much more. We considered it evident that the increase of feed changed the
secretions from the production of milk and butter to that of fat, and the change of
feed on the last two days showed improvement in both milk and apparent butter
yield. She came in heat the last day of test.
(Signed) Mason C. Weld.
Cocotte 11,958.
Beiaecliff Herd, James Stillman, Sing Sing, K". Y.
\_AUtractJ^
Tested January 5th to 12th, 1886, yielding 14 lbs. 6 oz. of butter.
ration.
Pounds of Grain : Corn meal, 9 lbs. daily.
Pounds of Grain : Wheat bran, T lbs. daily.
Pounds of Grain : Crushed oats, 6 lbs. daily.
Pounds of Grain : Linseed-oil cake, 9 lbs. daily.
Pounds of Hay : 1 llis. daily.
Pounds of Fodder : Ensilage (corn) 21 lljs. daily.
Pounds of Eoots : Carrots, Y lbs. daily.
The cow was fed six times daily, had a persistent appetite, and showed little
diminution of milk during the severe weather, but the depth of the cream was much
reduced.
(Signed) Mason C. Weld.
650 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
BUTTER TESTS.
" Cows arc my passion. What I have ever siglied for has been to retreat to a [dairy] farm, and
live entireli' surrounded by cows." — DkkeM.
FUR ONE TE.VK. Yield. Age.
lbs. oz. Yre.
1885-6 1 year, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2870 936 li| 12
1883-4 1 year, Mary Aimc of St. Lambert 9770 867 lif 4
1881 1 year, Jersey Queen of Bariiet 851 1 G
1879-80 1 year, Eiirotas 2454 778 1 8
1877-8 1 year, Jersey Belle of Scitiiate 7828 705 0 6
1880 1 year, Value 2d 6844 671 8 4
1883 1 year, Cora 580 6 2
1883 1 year. Pansy 1019 574 8 6
1853-54 1 year, Flora 113 511 2 4
1 year, Abbie 486 0 6
1885 1 year. Lulu 4th 406 0
1 year, Webster Pet 4103 429 0*
FOR LE.SS THAN ONE TEAK.
1884 304 days, Belle Steuben 20,115 450 8^ 2
1884 247 days, Duchess of Bloomfield 3653 5(tl 4 It)
236 days, Effie 507 S
1881 227 days, Mollie Garfield 12,172 526 12 5
1885 207 days, Gold Lace 10,726 433 10 10
1885 151 day.s, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876 479 2
1885 145 days, Lady of Otsego 26,671 227 0 2
138 days, Eva 281 0
1885 120 days, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876 392 3 12
98 days, Goldthread 4015 204 7
1884 90 days, Masena 25,732, end of year 152 2 8
1885 91 days. Little Torment 15,581 228 1^ 3
1885 90 days, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876 302 15 12
1879 70 days, Maud Lee 2416 212 0 9
1882 62 days, Bomba 10,330 174 0 4
1884 62 days, Eoonau 5133 160 8 8^
1883 62 days. Fair Lady 6723 150 4i 7
1875 61 days. Lady 'WiA 2d 1795 183 0 5
1885 60 days, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876 205 9 12
1884 56 days, Little Torment 15,581 83 5 2
1881 35 days, Yalma Hoffman 450o 105 3 7
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
FOR THIETY-ONE DAYS
1883 31 days, Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 106 12^ 4
1883 31 days, Nancy Lee 7618 95 3| 7
1882 31 days, Bomba 10,330 89 li 4
1883 31 daj^s, Jennette Montgomery 5177 .' . . . 89 0 9
1884 31 days, Thorndale Belle 3d 10,459 89 0 6
1884 31 days, Hilda A. 2d 11,120 86 4^ 4
1884 31 days, Hazen's Nora 4791 84 5 9
1884 31 days, Roonan 6133 86 4^ 8^
1881 31 days, Jersey Qiieen of Barnet 84 5
1885 31 days, Dora Neirtune 20,318 83 6^ 4
1881 31 days, Mollie Garfield 12,172 82 0 5
1883 31 days, Oakland's Cora 18,853 ' 81 5^ 6
1884 31 days, Siloam 17,623 77 2f 3
1885 31 days, Pet of Eose Lawn 11,326 75 15 5
1885 31 days, Gold Lace 10,726 75 0 10
1884 31 days, Daisy Brown 12,213 73 4i 3
1882 31 days, Colt's La Biche 6399 73 2 5
1874 31 days, Couch's Lily 3237 71 0 5
1885 31 days, Signal Maid 19,361 65 11 2
1883 31 days, Cora 64 1 2
31 days. Oak Leaf 4769 63 4
1885 31 days. Sunset of Pleasant View 13,071 61 13 6
1884 31 days, Rosebud of Belle\^ie 7702 60 4^ 6
31 days, Robema 3840 54 0 2
FOR THIRTY DAY'S.
1885 30 days, LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876 Ill 15^ 12
30 days, Effie 98 0
1880 30 days, Enrotas 2454 88 0 8
1881 30 days, Valma Hoffman 4500 87 9 7
30 days, Queen Victoria 80 0
1885 30 days. Princess Imperial 11,620 76 13 6
30 days, Jersey Cream 3151 71 4
1885 30 days, Baronetti 8425 68 7 6
1885 30 days, Signal Maid 19,361 65 11 2
30 days, Abbie Z. 14,002 61 2 6
30 days. Maple Dale 2907 60 0 4
1884 30 days. Belle Steuben 20,115 56 4 2
652 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
FOR FOL'E WEEKS. Yield. Age.
IbB. oz. Yr?.
1884 28 days, Princess 2d 8046 107 3 0
1884 28 days, Fairy Queen of St. Brelades 7404 73 14^ 9
1885 28 days, Fan's Grouville Beauty 10,079 72 5 3
1885 28 days, Lady Fawn of St. Anne's 10,920 04 6J 15
1884 28 days, Pride of Bovina 8050 64 0 7
1885 28 days, Lady Fair 22,103 56 12 2
FOK TIIEEE WEEKS.
1885 21 days, Cherokee Rose 20,921 61 2
1884 21 days, Maggie Eex 28,623 47 8i 4
FOE TWO WEEKS.
1884 15 days. King's Trust 18,946 36 6J
1885 14 days, Grace Davy 8292 44 2* 9
1884 14 days, Viva Le Brocq 13,702 33 13
1882 14 days, Yalhalla 5300 34 0 6
1884 14 days, Chamomilla 7552 3u 11 6
14 days, Letitia 3977 30 7
1886 14 days, La Financiere 11,970 29 7i 8
1884 14 days. Pansy K. 23,889 20 2 2
1884 14 days, Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 28 10 4
14 days, Jersey Eosalie 25 3 1
FOR LESS THAN TWO WEEKS.
1885 13 days, Khelula 17,970 37 8 5
1885 10^ days, Optima 6715 30 15J 8
1878 10 days. Lady Oxford 4860 22 2 4
1885 10 days, Eugenie Tourneur 24,532 21 12^ 6
1879 10 days, Miss Blanche 25,157 20 9 8
10 days. Birdie 2611 20 0
1882 8 days. Lady of the Isles 2d 16,652 22 8 4
1883 8 days, Fair Lady 6723 21 5 6
1882 8 days, Lady Josephine 11,560 19 2 4
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA. 653
TESTS OF JEESEY COWS FOR SEVEN DAYS.
Butter Yield in
GEOUP FIEST : FOETY-SIX-POUND COWS. Seveu Day6. Age.
lbs. oz. Yrs.
1885 PRINCESS 3d 8046 46 12^ 8
GEOUP SECOND : THIETY-NINE-POUND COWS.
1885 Oxford Kate 13,646 39 12 6
GEOUP THIED : THIETY-SIX-POUND COWS.
1884 Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 36 12^ 6
GEOUP FOUETH : THIETY-ONE-POUND COWS.
1885 Alice Jones 8225 ' 31 13^ 7
GROUP FIFTH : THIETY-POUND COWS.
1885 Ethleel 3d 32,291 30 15 2
1884 Ida of St. Lambert 24,990 30 2^ 6
GEOUP SIXTH : TWENTY-NINE-POUND COWS.
1885) ^ , , ^ ^„„, ( 29 8 12
1883 r^^^'^^^^^^^^^"**'^"^ 13115
GEOUP SEVENTH : TWENTY-SEVEN-POUND COWS.
1885 Mother Carey 11,746 27 1^ 6
GROUP EIGHTH : TWENTY'-SIX-POUND COWS.
1883 Nancy Lee 7618 26 8i 7
1885 Gerani-am 2d 7838 26 4f 7
GEOUP NINTH : TWENTY-FIVE-POUND COWS.
1884 Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771 25 13^ 6
1885 Daisy Morrison 14,305 25 12^ 4
1880 Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 25 3 9
1883 Value 3d 6844 25 2|i 7
1885 Fillpail 2d 24,388 25 2 4
GROUP tenth: twenty-foue-pound cows.
1885 Scituate of Woronoco 18,040 24 14 2
1883 Hazen's Bess 7329 24 11 7
1885 Lily Scituate 12,665 24 9^ 4
1885 Westphalia 24,384 24 9^ 5
1885 Eugenie Chouteau 6186 24 8 3
1885 Mother Hubbard 10,331 25 U 6
23
10
3
23
9
S
23
9
3
23
6
6
23
5
9
23
5
4
23
-H
3
23
n
4
23
1
12
23
0
0
23
0
6
654 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Butter Yield In
GKOUP eleventh: TWEXTV-TIIKEE-POUXD cows. Seven Days.
lbs. OE.
1S85 Flower of Glen Kouge 17,560 23 14f
1885 Cherokee Rose 20,921
1884 Beauty of the Grange 7502 23
1885 Lady Panalphrex 17,400
1885 Fame 17,424
1884 Hilda 2d 5447
1885 Oaklands Kora 14,880
1885 Little Torment 15,581
1885 Sue Gallagher 15,945
1885 Moss Rose of Willow Farm 5194
1879 Maud Lee 2416
Kaomie
GKOCP TWELFTH : TWEXTY-TWO-PorXD COWS.
1884 Sweetbricr of St. Lambert 5481 22 12
1882 Mollie Garfield 12,172 22 12
1885 Niobe's Alpheanette 23,330 22 lOi
1884 Ona 7840 22 lOi
Effie
1884 Fadette of Verna 3d 11.122
1881 Eurotas 2454
1885 Attractive Maid 16,925
1885 Grace Davy 8292
1885 Queen Mary of Woodlawn 11,059
1882 Oonan 1485
1884 Naiad of St. Lambert 12,905
1885 Beulah de Gnichy 13,48(1 22
1881 Tenella 6712
1885 Nora of St. Lambert 12,902
1884 Cora of Linwood 12,915
GROUP THIRTEENTH : TWENTY-ONE-POrND COWS.
1882 Boinba lo,330 21 lU 4
1881 Croton Maid 5305 21 11^ 5
1884 Phlox 16,399 21 11 7
1882 Pearl Armstrong 2070 21 10 K*
1885 Primrose 11,956 21 10 9
22
10
22
8i
3
22
7
8
22
5
5
22
5i
9
22
5
0
22
2i
11
22
2i
5
22
5
22
H
4
22
0
5
22
0
3
JEBSET CATTLE lA^ AIIEJilCA. 055
GEOUP THIRTEENTH. Butter Yield in
Seveu Days. Age.
(.Continued.) lbs. oz. Yrs.
1SS5 Matilda 4tli 12,816 21 Si 5
1885 Optima 6715 21 S|^ T
1885 Mamelle 20,804 21 SJ 2
1883 Jenny Dodo H. 14,41:8 21 8 5
1884 Niobe of St. Lambert 12,969 21 4i 4
1884 Eeception 8557 21 4* 9
1885 Eose of St. Lambert 20,426 21 3^ 4
1SS5 Atlanta's Beauty 12,949 21 3 3
1884 Island Star 11,876 21 3 5
1885 Hilda D. 6683 21 2^ b
1884 Gold Lace 10,726 21 1 lo
1881 Valma Hoffman 4500 21 0 7
1884 Handsome Myra 14,244 21 0 4
1875 Lady Mel 2d 1795 21 0 7
1885 Gem of Hope 17,102 21 0 4
1881 JSTelly 6546 21 0 9
GEOUP FOUETEENTH : TWENTY-POUND COWS.
Beanty 20 15
1882 Mary M. Allison 630S 20 14 5
1885 Alberta Signal 18,611 20 11 3
1882 Pride of Eastwood 20 11
1883 Chrome Skin 7SS1 20 10 5
1885 Cassia 2d 21,370 20 lOJ 9
1885 Celeste Cox 12,948 20 8 4
1885 Brenda of Elmhurst 10,762 -20 8 7
1884 Masena 25,732 20 7 9
1883 Chroma 4572 20 6 8
1883 Daisy of St. Peter's 18,175 20 5^- 6
1884 Honeymoon of St. Lamliert 11,221 20 5J 5
1885 Calendine 9415 20 5 7
1884 Hazeu's Nora 4791 20 4 9
1885 Nan Day 17,192 20 4 3
1884 Eoonan 5133 20 4 8
1884 Fairy of Verna 2d 10,973 20 3i 4
1885 Camelia 2d 11,188 20 3 6
1885 Pilot's A^erouica 18,917 20 2 6
656 JERSEY CATTLE ly AMERICA.
GROUP FOURTEENTH. Bnttcr Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
{.ConUnued.) lbs. oz. Yre.
1885 Eose of Eden 13,43 7 20 U 7
1883 Memes3d7741 20 1 6
1885 Lalla Rookh of Sugar Grove 15,882 20 1 4
1885 Maqiiilla 24,043 20 1
1882 Duchess of Bloomfield 3653 20 Oi 8
1883 Jennette Montgomery 5177 20 0 9
1884 Dora Keptune 20,318 20 0 3
1885 Hillside Gem 10,640 20 0 4
Lady Couover 2d 17,589 20 0
1SS4 Hilda A. 2d 11,120 20 0 4
1872 Pansy 1019 (rated by year's test) 20 0 6
GROIP FIFTEEXXn : XIXETEEN-POUND COWS.
1884 Rioter Pink of Berlin 23,6(!5 19 14 3
1885 Ethleel 18,724 19 14 5
1885 Hypathia 2d 14,774 19 1.3^ 3
1882 Phjedra 2561 19 13 9
1884 Gardiner's Ripple 11,693 19 12^ 5
1885 Lille Bonne 8108 19 12 9
1884 Hulla 7898 19 12 6
1883 Eosebud of Allerton 6352 19 12 6
1SS5 Quacbette 17,091 19 11^ 3
lanthe 4562 19 11
1882 Mink 2d 3890 19 11 7
1882 Lady of the Isles 2d 16,652 (rated) 19 11 4
1885 Evelina of Verna 1(».971 19 10| 5
1883 Oaklands Cora 18.853 19 9^ 5
1885 Eozel Lass 20,268 19 9f 5
1885 Maggie McM. 14,073 19 9 4
1885 The Widow's Daughter 11,.507 19 8^- 4
1885 Sunimerline 8001 19 8 6
;^Jj[Khelula 17,970 \^' ^ ^
1885 Fairy Queen of St. Brelades 7464 19 7^ 9
1882 Countess of Lakeside 12,135 19 7 14
1883 Christmas Nannie 4075 19 7 9
1883 Brighteyes 2d 2290 19 6 12
LILLE BONNE'S SON 4418.
AT 3 YEAHS OLD.
Lille Bonne— Favorite of the Elms Type.
billings heed.
Frederick Billings, Woodstock, Vermont.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IEBICA.
GROUP FIFTEENTH.
Butter Yield it
Seven Days.
( Continued.) He. oz.
! Bertha Morgau 4770 19 6 9
! AUuring 5541 19 5 5
L884 Cherry 3d 19 4^
L885 Well Done 25,987 19 4 3
L880 Jersey Queen of Barnet 19 4
L885 Valentine of Trinity 7460 19 4 7
i Dot of Bear Lake 6170 19 4 6
• Fan's Grouville Beaiity 10,079 19 3 3
; Eoland's Bonnie 2d 18,054 • 19 2 4
I Beauty of Jersey 7850 19 2 6
I Thisbe2d2201 19 IJ 10
I Magna 2238 19 1 14
Pussie 3035 19 1
• Fair Lady 6723 19 1 6
L885 Eosy Dream 9808 19 1 6
L882 Kissa 16,014 19 0 5
Queen Victoria 19 0
L885 Belle of Prospect 2d 14,326 19 0 5
L885 Belle of Ingleside 19 0
GEOtIP SIXTEENTH : EIGHTEEN-PODND COWS.
1886 CEnone 8614 18 15 T
1882 Countess Potoka 7496 18 15 4
1885 Princess Imperial 11,620 18 15 6
1885 Queen Neptune 15,501 18 13^ 5
1882 Queen of Delaware 17,029 18 13 4
1884 Tenella 2d 19,521 18 12 4
1883 Belmeda 6229 IS 12 6
1880 Maggie Mitchell 18 12
1882 Lady Gray of Hilltop 6850 18 12 7
1884 Peggy Leah 3097 18 12 11
1884 Eosy Kate 10,276 18 12 8
1883 May Blossom 5657 18 11 6
1883 Bet Arlington 8970 18 11 5
Dolly IS 11
1885 Percie 14,937 Ub 10 4
U4 6i
658 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
GKOUP SIXTEENTH.
Butter Yield In
Seven Days. iLge.
lbs. oz. Tre.
1884 Siloam 17,623 18 10 3
188i Beauty llomerii 26,090 18 9 4
1882 Belle Grinnell 4073 IS 8 7
1885 Eosy Kate's Rex 13,192 18 8 5
1883 Floribundus 2d 14,949 18 8 4
1884 Nymphffia 5141 18 7^ 9
1882 Rosa of Bellevue 6954 18 7^ 6
1884 Leoni 11,868 18 7 4
1885 Rioter's Maggie 22,?30 18 6J 2
1883 Pyrola 4566 18 6 7
1883 Eveline of Jersey 6781 18 6 5
1884 Kitty Potter 9893 IS 5 5
1886 Signetilia 16,333 IS 5| 4
1884 Butter Star 7709 IS 4^ 6
1884 CoUe8309 18 4 7
1885 Harmony 2d 7118 18 3 5
1884 Countess Qtieen 13,519 18 3 3
1885 Viva Le Brocq 13,702 18 3 4
1884 Lady Appel 8612 18 3 7
Pauatilla 4778 18 3
Jennie — — IS 3
1884 Belle Dawson 8270 IS 3 6
1884) ( IS 24 4
^g3^|Pet of Ro.e Lawn 11,326 | ^^ ^^ .
1881 Gold Ear 2d 3592 18 2 7
1885 Lucy Lanier 13,053 18 2 4
1882 Blue Belle of Maple Grove 10,687 18 2 3
1883 Bonnie Yost 7943 IS 2 4
1885 Signaldella 24,107 IS If 2
1885 Abbie Clay 15,702 18 1 4
1883 Volie 19,465 18 1 6
1885 Belle Mardi 18,362 18 Of 6
Lady Essex 4749 18 Of
1883 Melia Ann 5444 18 0^ 8
1884 Medrena 3939 18 0 9
1883 Ida Bashan 4725 18 0 7
1884 King's Tnist 18,946 18 0 3
Amy 395 18 0
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERICA. 659
GKOTJP SIXTEENTH. Butter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
(.Continued.) lbs. oz. Trs.
Patterson's Beauty 4760 18 0
Conover's Beauty 12,650 18 0
Lady Ives 1708 IS 0
Belle of Scituate 7977 18 0 8
Amethyst 2699 18 0
Le Brocq's Curfew 30,697 \^^ ^
Pansy of Bellewood 2d 8904 18 0
Monmouth Duchess 4th 7129 IS 0
GROUP SEVENTEENTH : SEVENTEEN-POUND COWS.
White Clover Leaf 4512 17 15
; Su Lu 4705 17 15 6
1 Bell of Lynwood 18,364 17 14 3
; Mary Norton 18,052 17 14 5
1 Lytlia Darrach 4903 17 14 7
; Mirtha 3437 17 13^ 8
L883 Mh-th's Blanche 19,572 17 134- 6
L884 Crocus of St. Lambert 8351 17 12 6
L884 Cowslip of St. Lambert 8-349 17 12 6
1881 Royal Princess 2370 17 12 7
L884 Eoyal Princess 2d 12,346 17 12 6
1885 Arthur's Mistletoe 11,968 17 11^ 4
L884 Matin 7768 17 11 9
Jersey Rosalie 17 10
L884 Fear Not 6059 17 10 9
1884 Dora Bell of Shelly's Island 9394 17 10 5
L885 Mareal0,167 17 10 5
L881 Rosaline of Glenmore 3179 17 10 8
L885 Lady Thurlow 12,410 17 10 5
Empress 6th 3203 17 9| 8
1885 Nancy Lovelock 15,511 17 9 4
Oak Leaf 4769 17 9
L883 Cordelia Baker 8814 17 9 5
1881 Metah's Qiieen 4886 17 9 5
1885 Milky Way 18,865 17 8^ 6
G60 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
GEOPP SEVENTEENTH. Batter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
{Continued.) lb« oz. Yre.
1884 St. Jeannaise 15,789 1" Si ^
1884 Zitella 2d 11,922 IT Si 3
1884 Couutess Lowndes 26,874 17 8 2
1884 Maud Meliuda 12,120 17 8 5
Lara 4306 17 8
Reckless 3569 IT 8
1885 Queen of Nubbin Eidge 14,528 17 8
Violet 272 17 8
1885 Gabrielle Champion 14,102 17 8 4
1884 Kaoli 18,980 17 8 8
1882 Welma 5942 17 8 5
1881 Cerita of Meadow Brook 5050 17 8 5
Gipsy May 6259 17 8
Maggie 3d 3221 17 8
lo 5tli 280 17 8 13
1878 Mamie Coburn 3798 17 8 4
1881 Erabla 4799 17 8 6
1885 Olymph 17,957 17 8 5
Hepsy 2d 12,008 17 8
1885 Brunette of Scarsdale 13,276 17 8 4
1884 Jennie of the Vale 9553 17 7i 5
1883 Fair Starlight 7745 17 7i 6
1883 Ro8aMiUer4333 17 7 9
1884 J „ .. _ _„„„ ^7 7
)■ Cottage Lass 5332 i
1883 Torfrida 3596 17 6^ 9
1884 Daisy Brown 12,213 17 0^ 3
1885 Tette 20,802 17 0 2
1883 Vixen 7591 17 6 5^
1885 Floret 9959 17 6 6
1885 Toltec's Fancy 27,172 17 6 2
1883 Faultless 12,018 17 5^ 8
1884 Queensborough 24,345 (Jersey) 17 5 10
1883 Judith Coleman 13,191 17 5 2
1885 Richness 10,536 17 5 4
1883 Florinanna 24,354 (Jersey) 17 5 7
1885 Pandothro 22,383 17 5 2
1882 Renalba 4117 17 5 6
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 661
GEOUP SEVENTEENTH. Butter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
iContimied.) lbs. oz. Trs.
Beeswax 9807 17 5
1883 Minnette of St. Lambert 9774 17 4 4
1883 Faith of Oaklands 19,696 17 4 7
1882 Oktibbeha Duchess 4422 17 4 7
18S5 Obella B. 10,575 17 4 6
1875 Wybie 595 17 4 9
1885 Chloe 4th 4612 17 4 10
1883 Mhoon Lady 6560 17 3 5
1882 Princess Mostar 9700 17 3 5
1885 Frugall4,925 17 2| 9
1882 Colt's La Biche 6399 17 2^ 5
1885 Cetewayo's Silver BeU 18,952 17 2i 4
1881 Cream of Sidney 17,028 17 2^ 5
1885 Gold Trinket 9518 17 2 6
1883 Gipsy 5th 2252 17 2 13
1885 BeUita 4553 17 2 9
1884 Lady Velvetine 15,771 17 2 5
1885 Kupertina 10,409 17 1^ 5
1884 Lactine 10,680 17 li 4
1879 Cyrene4th480 17 1 8
1885 Mousy 2d 14,962 ,. 17 1 6
1884 Countess Micawber 1759 17 1 12
1884 LuciUa 3d 9786 17 1 4
1884 Maggie Eex 28,623 17 Of 4
1882 Yalhalla 5300 17 0 6
Jenny 287 17 0
1884 Julia Anna 16,463 1-7 0 2
1853 Eose240 17 0
1882 Matilda 3238 17 0
1885 Katie Bashford 15,982 17 0
Fairy 10 17 0
1881 Jersey Cream 3151 17 0 7
1880 Young Fanny 9032 17 0 3
1883 Abbie Z. 3d 14,742 17 0 4
1885 Lily Dariing 11,713 17 0 7
Butter Prize 17 0
1885 Plum 13,228 17 0 4
1885 Bertha Black 26,275 17 0 5
662 JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA.
Bntter Yield In
GROUP EIGHTEENTH : SIXTEEN-POUND COWS. Seven Days. Age.
Ibe. oz. Yre.
1885 Herbem 8811 16 15 6
1884 Lizzie D. 10,408 Ifi 15 4
Polly Clover 7052 10 15
1883 Maiidine of Elmwood 8718 16 15 4
1882 Effie of HiUside 1521 16 15 11
Creole Maid 11,017 16 15
1885 Maid of the Elms 18,932 16 14^ 5
1883 Pyrrha 6100 16 14^ 6
1885 Grace's Nightingale 19,855 16 14^ 4
1885 Nightingale K. 2d 19,841 16 14^
1885 Trust 23,642 16 14 5
1884 Chrissy 2d 7720 16 14 6
1885 Baronetti 8425 16 14 7
Silver Kose 4753 16 14
1885 Lulu 2d 16 14 7
1883 Almah of Oakland 11,102 16 14 3
1882 Lucky Belle 2d 6037 16 14 5
Joan d'Arc 2162 16 13^
1883 Armon 10,863 16 13^ 3
1884 Ceccola 13,608 16 13 4
Miss Browny 7288 16 13
1885 Lady Fawn of St. Anne's 10,920 16 12i 15
1884 Pauline's Vivienne 11,305 16 13 5
1884 Katie Kohlman 7270 16 12 7
1884 Princess of Ashantee 13,467 16 12 5
Lady Josephine 11,560 16 11
1884 Typha 5870 ir. 11 7
Kitty 5th 3849 16 11
1875 Dimple 3248 16 11 3
1878 Coomassie 11,874 (Jersey Test) 16 11 7
1885 Lass Rex Alphea 16,965 16 lOf 4
1884 Pierrot's Lady Bacon 12,482 16 10 6
1882 Grinnell Lass 11,859 16 10 2
1885 Countess Coomassie 19,339 16 10 4
1876 Dusky 2525 16 10 5
Mabel of St. Mary's 8627 16 10 6
1882 Duenna's Duchess 5508 16 10 5
1883 Chamomilla 7552 16 10 4
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA. 663
GEOXn" EIGHTEENTH. Butter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
(Continued.) 'be. oz. Tre.
1884 Lady Cloud 19,358 16 10 2
1884 Ada S. 18,366 16 9 3
1883 Dandelion 2521 16 9 15
1881 Silveretta 6852 16 9 5
1881 Gold Thread 4945 16 9 4
1883 Pride of Bovina 8050 16 9 6
1883 Arawana Queen 5368 16 9 6
1874 Coiieh's Lily 3237 16 9 5
1886 La Petite Mere 3d 12,814 16 9
1885 Sister Eex 13,194 16 8 4
Linda 3d 3219 16 8
1885 Golden Skin 10,861 16 8 6
1882 Diana of St. Lambert 6636 16 8 5
1885 Emma Hudson 12,469 16 8 5
1882 Daisy of Belhurst 3114 16 8 9
Josephine 2d 3296 16 8
1882 Lida MulUn 9198 16 8 2
Patty Mc 3d 4754 16 8
1880 Leonice 2d 8342 16 8 2
Princess 1154 16 8
Palestine 3d 1104 16 8
1878 Chrissy 1448 16 8 8
1884 Lady Love 2d 2212 16 8 12
1877 Lady Bowen 354 16 8 15
Carrie 3894 16 8
1885 Pet Clover 14,624 16 8 5
1879 Sultane 2d 11,373 16 8 4
1885 Empress of Ely 2d 6771 16 8 9
Lucy 4877 16 8
1884 Dudu of Linwood 8336 16 7^ 5
1884 Milkmaid Felch 12,339 16 7^ 4
1885 Kosi 3431 16 7 15
1882 Zithey9184 16 7 3
1885 Kosona 12,956 16 7 4
1880 Gala 1375 16 7 11
1885 Lotchen 19,823 16 7 4
1883 May Fair 5184 16 7 7
1885 La Petite Mere 2d 12,810 16 7 6
664 JERf<EY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
GEOrP EIGHTEENTH. Bu^JieMin ^
{.Continued.) lbs. oz. Yre.
1884 Poljnia 10,753 16 7 4
1885 Rioter Alphea 10,091 16 7 4
1884 Branettc Lass 1780 16 7 15
Lady Warren 12,168 16 7
1885 Gladys of BeUevue 9569 16 7 6
1886 Nancy Rex 11,743 16 7 6
Ochra 2d 11,516 16 C^
1884 Belle of Patterson 5664 16 6 5
1884 Moggie Briglit 25,891 16 6 3
1884 CiU of Glen Rouge 13,818 16 6 2
1885 Granny's Gem 30,406 16 5^ 3
18S5 Carrie Lena 3cl 20,077 16 5 2
1881 Troth 6139 16 5 4
1885 Jersey Cream 3d 8521 '. 16 5 6
1884 Lady Superior 22,865 16 5 6
1883 Olie's Lady Teazle 12,307 16 5 3
1883 Corinna 2d 6594 16 5 6
1883 Vieva 3d 7642 16 5 4
1879 Miss Vermont 7698 16 5 5
1879 Flora of St. Peter's 8622 16 5 3
1885 Flora Lee of Tennessee 7694 16 5 6
1884 Hattie Douglass 24,960 16 5 5
1883 Princess Sheila 7297 16 4^ 5
1885 Brambaletta 10,451 16 4 6
1885 Matilda 5th 18,068 16 4 2
1883 Alfleda 6744 16 4 5
1885 Topaz of Woodlawn 11,661 16 4 5
1883 Miss Willie Jones 6918 16 4 7
1882 Busy Bee 6336 16 4 4
Silvia Baker 8793 16 4
1883 Daisy Queen 9619 16 4 5
1884 Patty of Deerfoot 15,321 16 4 10
Tamy 2d 7125 16 4
1883 Desire 24,360 16 4 4
1884 Rose of Rose Lawn 9365 16 3 6
1883 Blossie RejTiolds 6082 16 3^ 6
1885 Maritana 12,039 16 3i 5
1884 Lady Alice of Ilillerest 7450 16 3 6
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
GROUP EIGHTEENTH.
Butter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
(ConSn ««(?.■) lbs. oz. Trs.
L885 Golden Zoe 3975 16 3 10
Lily of Maple Grove 5079 16 3 5
1885 Young Garenne 3d 13,648 16 3 3
L880 WiUis 2d 4461 16 3 5
1885 Lesbie9179 16 3 8
1883 Maggie of St. Lambert 9776 16 3 4
1884 Alhena 15,995 16 3 6
Gazella 3d 9355 16 3 5
1885 Sunset 15,130 16 2| 3
1885 Cetewayo's Dorcas 20,287 16 2J 4
1884 Moth of St. Lambert 9775 16 2 5
1885 Eudora 1863 ;16 2 18
La Vivienne 2d 1324 16 2 12
1885 White Frost 17,431 16 2 5
FearNot 2d 6061 16 2 6
Susie Marshall 5782 16 2
Corn 10,504 16 2 3
Tamy Lowndes 25,316 16 2
CalKe Nan 7959 16 2 4
L885 Lady Cecilia 24,821 16 1 6
"Warren's Duchess 4622 16 1 8
May Lankton 15,872 16 1^ 7
Maid of Aniboy 2929 16 1 7
Les Cateaux 2d 15,538 16 1
Ariene 1071 16 0
Victoria 3175 16 1
1884 Alcmena 6193 16 1 6
1885 Euphonia 6783 16 0| 7
1882 Marjoram 3239 16 0 9
1884 Pierrot's Picture 12,481 16 0 6
1883 Urbana 5597 16 0 6
Tamy 3d 7127 16 0
1883 Bessie R. 13,503 16 0 2
Rose 3d 913 16 0
Blanche 594 16 0
1883 Wakena 19,721 16 0 3
Molly Brown 7861 16 0
Tilda 3720 16 0
CG6 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
GKOUP EIGHTEENTH. Batter Yield In
Seven Days. Age.
(CmHnued.) lbs. oz. Yre.
1S84 Cream of Java 23,507 16 0 5
1SS3 Dairy Pride 4th 21,681 16 0 4
1885 Thaley 14,299 16 0 2
1885 RubyWray 16 0 2
Pride of Corisande 5323 16 0
Countess 114 16 0
Bessie S. 5002 16 0
1881 Ida of Bear Lake 6169 16 0 5
Nellie Maitland 4450 16 0
Ibex 2724 16 0
1881 Dom Pedro's Julian 8631 16 0 4
Lady Penn 5314 16 0
Rose 2d 239 16 0
Victorine La Chaise 2740 16 0
1883 Fayette Lady 14,473 16 0 3
1877 Maple Dale 2907 16 0 4
1884 Merlette 4988 16 0 6
Margery Lee 5425 16 0
1882 Enfield Rose 3355 16 0 12
Haddie 921 16 0
Molly 3554 16 0
Minnie of Oxford 12,806 16 0
1885 Princess of Trinity 23,641 16 0 6
1883 Troth Plight 10,258 16 0 4
Gray Therese 5322 16 0
Arawana Belle 3277 16 0
1885 Fleurette of Linwood 12,918 16 0 4
1884 Dahlia 16 0
1885 Lydia Darrach 2d 8056 16 0 7
1885 Lydia Darrach 3d 10,662 16 0 6
GEODT nineteenth: fifteen-poitnd cows.
1883 Julia Evel^^l 6007 15 15^ 6
1884 Pansy Patterson 18,612 15 15 2
Minneola of Elmarch 8229 15 15
1883 Brunette Le Gros 9755 15 15 7
1883 Kate Gordon 8387 15 15 4
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA. 66?
GEOUP NINETEENTH. Butter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
(Contirmed.) lbs. oz. Tre.
884 Thomdale BeUe 3d 10,459 15 15 6
884 Oitz8649 15 15 6
884 Zoe Henry 6693 15 14f 9
884 Eose of Oxford 13,469 15 14^ 5
884 Idaletta 11,843 15 14^ 5
883 Lass of Scitxiate 9555 15 14 5
885 Mary of Bear Lake 6171 15 14 9
Nelly 2402. 15 14
884 Romp Ogden 3d 5458 15 14 7
884 Belle of Vermilion 8798 15 14 6
Avis E. 9714 15 14
885 Lady Alice of the Wilderness 12,207 15 14 7
884 Mollie Garfield 2d 18,662 15 14 4
884 Golden Princess 4557 15 14 8
885 Glory of Elmarch 21,521 15 13^ 3
883 Jolie of St. Lambert 5126 15 13^ 8
874 Lucy Gray 2746 15 13 3
885 Dia 13,658 15 13 6
882 Tobira 8400 15 13 3
884 Duchess of St. Lambert 5111 15 13 9
Magna 5th 3541 15 13
883 Lily of Burr Oaks 11,001 15 13 3
881 Edwina 6713 15 13 4
884 Petite Mere 8516 15 13 6
882 Valerie 6044 15 13 5
885 Nutley Silverette 22,410 15 12f 3
883 Lady Bidwell 10,303 15 12 4
885 Ultima 14,456 15 12 5
885 Eclipse 14,427 15 12 6
885 Lucy Dale 5129 15 12 12
880 Lerna 3634 15 12 6
Cornucopia 3414 15 12
883 St. Clementaise 18,163 15 12 3
884 Eosabel Hudson 5704 15 12 8
Thisbe 607 15 12
884 Pien-ot's Lady Hayes 11,672 15 12 7
883 Fanny Taylor 6714 15 12 5
884 Lady Hayes 10,136 15 12 7
668 JERSEY CATTLE IJ^ AMERICA.
OKOUP NINETEENTH. Butter Yield In
Seven Days. Age.
{Continued.) lbs. oz. Yre.
1884 Minnie 2386 15 12 8
1884 Julia Walker 10,133 15 12 5
Caficadilla 3103 15 12
1875 Myrtle 2d 211 15 12 6
Countess of Croton 5307 15 12
1885 Mary Hinman 17,019 15 Hi 3
1883 Lady of Bellevue 7705 15 11 5
1883 Countess Gasela 9571 15 H ^
1884 Geneva 13,220 15 11 4
1884 Mitten 13,368 15 11 4
1884 Fillpail 16,530 15 11 2
1885 Farmer's Floss 17,773 • 15 11 3
1883 Princess Bellwortli 6801 15 lOJ 5
1884 Malope 2d 11,923 15 10 4
1884 Calington 22,021 15 10 7
1885 Lisetta Johnson 5321 15 10 9
1885 KocheUe 15,574 15 10 4
1883 Fancy Juno 6086 15 10 6
1883 LuciUa Kent 8892 15 10 7
1883 Silenta 17,685 15 10 6
1884 Lady Kingseote 26,085 15 10 6
1882 Chenda4599 15 9^ 6
1883 Vaniah 6597 15 9^ S
1883 Kitty Colt 2213 15 9^ 11
1884 Kioter's Nora 21,778 15 9 3
1884 Denise8281 15 9 5
1885 Carrie Pogis 22,568 15 9 5
Helen 3556 . . 15 9
1885 CaUsta of Newark 13,296 15 9 5
1884 Moss Rose of St. Lambert 5114 15 8^ 9
1883 Idalene 11,841 15 8^ 5
1876 Lustre 2062 15 8^ 4
1885 Referette 15,209 15 8 4
1884 Black Diamond's Queen 11,865 15 8 5
1885 Les Marais Dell 20,314 15 8 4
1881 La Belle Petite 5472 = .... 15 8 5
1885 Marie C. Magnet 22,903 15 8 2
Lady Oxford 4860 15 8
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA.
GROUP NINETEENTH.
Batter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
(Conlinued.) lbs. oz. Trs.
1885 Mrs. Knickerbocker 19,367 15 8 6
Sylvia 687 15 8
1885 Pinafore 2d 15,072 15 8 3
1884 Happy Blossom 18,218 15 8 3
1883 Duchess Caroline 3(1 6039 15 S 6
1880 Mva 7523 15 8 4
1883 Daisy 2d 15,761 15 8 7
1883 Palestina 4644 15 8 8
Young Duchess 497 15 8
Etiquette 4300 15 8
1882 Violet 3d 3240 15 8 10
Jeanne Le Bas 2476 15 8
1882 My Queen 12,614 15 8
Forget-Me-Not 5809 15 8
1883 Grandiflora 9953 15 8
1886 Safety 13,463 15 8 7
1885 Beauty 2076 15 7 16
1883 Orphean 4636 15 7 8
Topsy Koxbury 7796 15 7
1878 Copper 1979 15 7 8
1883 Crust 4775 15 7 G
1884 Eoselaine 7167 15 7 6
1884 Marie S. 12,043 15 6 3
1882 Jersey 3260 15 6 18
1885 Moonah's Pet 7484 15 6 9
1882 Anna Smith 10,324 15 6 9
1885 Mendota 3d 26,326 15 6 10
1884 Fantinel271 15 6 14
1880 Enigma 5360 15 6 6
1886 La Financiere 11,970. 15 5i 8
1884 Leah Darlington 13,836 15 5^ 3
1882 Witch Hazel 4th 6131 15 5^ 5
1884 Champion's Chloe 12,255 15 ^ 6
Belle of MiddlefielJ 1516 15 5
1884 Dairy 2d 3891 15 5 9
1882 AJmeda 3842 15 5 11
1884 Letitia3977 15 5 10
1882 Eomp Ogden 2d 4764 15 5 6
670 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
GROUP NINETEENTH. Bntter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
(Continued.) lbs. oz. Yre.
1883 Zalma 8778 1» » 4
1881 Ai-awaiia Buttercup 6052 15 5 4
1884 Calypris 5943 15 4^ 7
1884 Mary's Silver Drop 14,235 15 4^ 3
1883 Victory 16,379 15 4^ 5
1882 Cenie Wallace 2d 6557 15 4^ 4
1883 Dorothy of Bovina 9373 15 4 5
1883 Forget-Me-Not-0 10,564 15 4 3
1883 Maid of Five Oaks 7178 15 4 7
1884 Cora 15 4
1883 Merry Burlington 7600 15 4 5
1883 Purest 13,730 15 4 2
1884 Jewel 3d 15 4
Cowslip 5th 849 15 4
1885 Elsie Lane 13,302 15 4 4
1885 Evri 5282 15 4 9
1884 Baron's Rosette 25,988 15 4 2
1884 Signalana 7719 15 4 6
1884 Sultana 2d 11,798 15 4 5
1885 La Fantine 24,489 15 4 2
] 885 Calpurnia 13,267 15 3^ 4
1884 ReaUty 16,537 15 3^ 3
1883 Nazli 10,327 15 3^ 4
1884 Clytemnestra 2455 15 3^ 12
1883 Dark Cloud 9364 15 3^ 6
1884 Maggie Sheldon 23,583 15 3^ 2
1884 Dove Dee 18,059 15 3 2
1885 Phoebe N. 25,401 15 3 5
1883 Royal Princess 22,013 (Jersey) 15 3 9
1884 Alfritha 13,673 15 3 3
1883 Lydia Libby 11,698 15 3 4
1885 Darling of Neatham 20,086 15 3 2
1884 May Day Stoke Pogis 28,353 15 8 4
1883 Lady Adams 2d 6529 15 3 5
1882 Atricia 6029 15 3 5
1884 Fragrance 4059 15 3 11
1883 Nellie Darlington 5956 15 3 11
1882 Belle Dame 2d 22,043 15 3 3
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA. 671
GROUP NINETEENTH.
Butter Yield i
Seven Days. Age.
(Continued.) lbs. oz. Trs.
885 Maculae 24,277 16 3 2
886 Belle Gamer 23,862 15 3
882 Nelida 2d 8227 15 2^ 3
885 Eugenie Tourneur 24,532 (rated) 15 2^ 6
882 Iola4627 15 2i 7
885 Eoyal Beauty 18,908 15 2^ 6
884 Usilda2d6157 15 2|- 7
885 Fannie Bugler 19,962 15 2 4
882 Saragossa 22,019 (Jersey) 15 2 5
885 Cicero's Mabel 18,238 15 2 3
883 Arawana Poppy 6053 15 2 5
883 Fan of Grouville 7458 15 2 8
883 Pet of .Maplewood Farm 4854 15 2 9
883 Bessie Bradford 2d 7271 15 2 6
881 Lady Oaks 2d 5246 15 2 6
883 Queen of Ashautee 14,554 15 2 4
883 Naomi's Pride 16,745 15 2 3
Daisy's Daughter 15 2
Azelda 2d 7022 15 2 4
883 Princess of Mansfield 8070 15 2 8
885 Sunset of Pleasant View 13,071 15 2 6
883 Aleph Judea 11,389 15 If 3
884 Lassie 1134 15 1^ 15
884 Verora 10,766 15 1^ 4
884 Coquette of Glen Eouge 17,559 15 1^ 3
882 Aldarine 5301 15 1^ 6
884 Bellini's Maid 15,170 15 li 3
884 Kate Pansy 15,177 15 1 4
885 Nerissa of Nyack 9692 15 1 5
884 Bronze Leaf 14,902 15 1 4
884 Prize Eose 16,309 15 1 2
884 Marvel 13,734 15 1 2
884 Daisy Dixie 9469 15 1 6
885 Duchess of Bloomfield 3d 15,580 15 1 3
883 Dairy C. 12,227 15 OJ 2
885 Arnold's Lulu 7328 15 0 8
884 Clara of Lakeside 10,827 15 0 7
Olie 4133 15 0
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
GROUP NINETEENTH.
Butter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
Ibe. oz. Yrs.
1885 Ampelis 5th 17,548 15 0 3
1884 Koinping Lass 11,021 15 0 3
1885 Signal Maid 19,361 15 0 2
1882 Forsaken 7520 15 0 4
1885 Favorite Rajah Rex 16,153 15 0 3
1883 Maid of Avranches 6559 15 0 7
Picture 1533 15 0
1883 Beauty 17,414 15 0 5
1885 Mintha 12,812 15 0 5
Arietta 5115 15 0
1885 Jennie WiUiams 29,058 15 0 2
1885 Dora Doon 12,909 15 0 3
1876 Mischief Le Brocq 7080 15 0 5
1885 Winsome of Ipswich 9213 15 0 6
1884 Annie Grey 11,712 15 0 7
1883 Lady Louise 4339 15 0 8
1885 Ethelka 2d 14,128 15 0 4
Hennie 3335 15 0
1877 Oxalis 2d 15,631 15 0 5
1884 Ma Belle 4942 15 0 8
1882 Bettie Dixon 4527 15 0 6
1883 Verbena of Fernwood 9088 15 0 4
Belle Hartford 2718 15 0
1882 Arthur s Frolic 4438 15 0 13
1882 Grace Felch 8291 15 0 7
1882 Trudie2d4084 15 0 4
1881 Sister Dorothy 2607 15 0 lO
Rene Ogden 1568 15 0
1885 Lady Jane of St. Peter's 7475 15 0 7
Duchess of Dudley 8670 15 0
Gledelia 10,524 15 0
1878 Archie 1112 15 0 10
1878 Daisy Grant 1445 15 0 9
1884 Polly of Decrfoot 15,328 15 0 7
1880 Deerfoot Girl 15,329 15 0 2
1883 Marjoram 2d 12,805 15 0 3
Heartsease 5()3 15 0
Hebe 3d 3613 15 0
JERSEY CATTLE UST AMERICA.
GROUP NINETEENTH.
Butter Yield i
Seven Days.
(Coiitimiea.) Ibe. oz.
1SS5 Ida of Coal Hill 12,542 15 0 5
1885 Lydia Darrach 5th 1G,577 15 0 4
Earl Cow 15 0
GEOUP TWENTIETH : FOUKTEEN-PpUND COWS.
1883 Satin Bird 16,-380 14 15^ 6
1885 Lady Bountiful 1T,946 14 15| 7
1884 Miss Alexandre 26,041 14 15 5
1882 Miss Bell 5083 14 15 7
1883 Mary Clover 9998 14 15 6
1885 Molly May 17,202 14 15 4
1883 Sweet Sixteen 10,682 14 15 3
1884 Bellini La Biche 15,091 14 14^ 3
1883 Miss Baden Baden 14,760 14 14^ 3
1883 Faiistiiie 10,354 ]4 14^ 5
1885 Alice Herrick 8787 14 14 6
1881 Jenny Le Brocq 9757 14 14 4
1882 Gold Mark 10,727 14 14 2
1883 Florry Keep 6556 14 14 6
1883 Honeysuckle of St. Anne's 18,674 14 14 3
1884 Island Chrissie 12,007 14 14 5
1884 Fancy Fan 12,675 14 14 9
1885 Countess of Lome 20,822 14 14
1885 Frances C. Magnet 22,904 14 13^ 2
1885 Arietta 3d 14,274 14 131 5
1882 Velveteen 7703 14 13^ 4
1885 Jefferson Albina 12,196 14 13 4
1882 Queen of De Soto 12,318 14 13 2
1883 Duchess of Argyle 3758 14 13 10
1883 Louvie3d6159 14 13 5
1884 Florence Billot 7849 14 13 8
1884 Oakland Girl 11,103 14 12^ 4
1881 Lady Bloorafield 4704 14 12^ 6
1883 Ideal 11,842 14 12^ 3
1885 Euby Love 16,915 14 12 4
1884 Alice of the Meadows 20,748 14 12 3
1885 Bright Lady 5938 14 12 8
eu JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
GROUP TWENTIETH. Batter Yield In
Seven Daj-e. Age.
{Continued.) Ibe. oz. Yre.
Pet Lee 7993 14 12
1884 Kegina s Guide 16,862 \^ li 4
1878 Katy Didn't 2734 14 12 7
1885 Goldstraw 3d 14,724 14 12 4
1877 Estrella 2831 14 12 5
1885 Pawtucket Belle 12,400 .' 14 12 4
1878 Lady Brown 4tli 6911 14 12 5
Princess 836 .'. . 14 12
Maple Leaf 4768 14 12
1883 Cowles' Nonsuch 6199 14 12 7
1883 Lady Gray of Hilltop 2.1 14,641 14 12 4
1883 Content of Linwood 6950 14 12 7
1883 Princess Bowen 9699 14 12 (5
1883 Magnibel 7976 14 12 4
1882 Bloomfield Lady 6912 14 12 f,
1882 Gold Princess 8809 14 12 3
1883 Phyllis of Ilillcrest 9067 14 12 3
1883 Charmer 4771 14 12 7
1883 Roll of Honor 13,610 14 12 4
1882 Jersey Cream 2d 8519 14 12 5
1884) ^^ ^ ( 14 12 8
^33^ Cocotte 11,908 ]^^ ^ ^^^
1883 Lady Fair 22.103 14 12 2
1886 Good Friday 20,081 14 12 4
1886 Inez of Ingleside 28,976 14 12 2
Stanstead Belle 4709 14 11+
1S83 Sweetrock 2d 18,256 14 Hi 4
1883 Bonnie 2d 5742 14 114 6
Bessie Ridgely 8293 14 114
Bohemian Gipsy 17,452 14 11
1876 Abbie Z. 14,002 14 11 6
1886 Clara C. Magnet 31.563 14 11 2
1885 Lizzettc's Mary 12,723 14 11 5
1878 Maiden of Jersey 2736 14 11 8
1883 Royal Sister 12,457 14 11 3
1884 Belle Thome 13,369 14 11 4
1885 Cosetta 15,991 14 11 7
1881 Renini 9181 14 104 4
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMEBICA. 675
GEOUP TWENTIETH. Butter Yield iu
Seven Days. Age.
iContinved.) lbs. oz. Yrs.
Cosette 3874 14 lOJ
1883 Yellow Locust 10,679 14 10^ 3
1884 Eosebud of Belleviie 7702 14 lo^ 6
1883 Opaline 7590 14 K » 5
1885 Mmble 22,335 14 10 2
1884 Uinta 5743 , 14 10 7
1885 Sister Cash 33,987 14 10 2
1884 Trenie 17,^0 14 K) 2
1885 Bell Rex 11,700 14 10 4
1883 Lady Vertumuus 13,217 14 10 4
1884 Peggy Ford 21,713 14 10 2
1884 Eeception 3d 11,025 14 10 4
1884 Euphorbia 11,229 14 U 4
1884 Coronilla 8367 14 94 5
1872 Jennie 766 14 9 6
1884 Guinevere Sinclair 11,167 14 9 4
1885 Clover Mel 16,159 14 9 3
1884 Auntybel 12,582 14 9 3
1882 Como Lass 24,369 (Jersey) 14 9 4
1884 Mountain Lass 12,921 14 9 5
1884 Pansy K. 23,889 14 9 2
1885 Maud Lee 2d 8839 14 9 7
1883 Mink 3d 4868 14 9 7
1883 Island Dots 17,003 14 9 If
1884 Miss Huelin 22,296 14 9 5
1885 L'Etoile du ISTord 16,419 14 9 5
1884 Smoky 13,733 14 9 3
1885 Gem of St. Cloud 7342 14 8^ 8
Hattie 739 14 8
1883 Eegina 2d 2475 14 8 6
1853 Flora 113 (2^ months before 3d calf) 14 8 3
1882 PavoD 12,485 14 8 2
Yenus 112 14 8
1885 Florie May Baker 10,728 14 8 5
Princess Eose 6249 14 8
1884 Dena of Deerfoot 15,325 14 8 7
Deborana 4718 14 8
1874 Alice of Salem 5053 14 S 4
676 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
GKOUP TWENTIETH.
Butter Yield i
Seven Days. Ago,
(Continued.) lbs. oz. Yre,
1883 Goddess of Staatsburgli 5252 1-t 8 7
1883 Dolly of Lakeside 10,824 US 6
1883 Lady Ives 3d 67-10 1-i 8 0
1883 Snowdrop F. W. 16,948 14 8 8
1881 Bryant 4193 14 8 6
1883 Hartwick Belle 7722 14 8 4
1873 Plenty 950 14 S 6
1882 New London Gipsey 11,667 '. 14 8 6
1882 Caroline 12,019 14 S 6
1882 Fall Leaf 8587 US 3
1884 Del of Willow Farm 22,464 14 8 3
1874 Lorraine 1435 14 8 3
1880 Thomdale Belle 5265 14 S 6
1882 Pride of the Hill 4877 14 S 7
Chloe Beach 3931 14 8
1885 Tale Bearer 24,535 14 8 8
1883 La Pera 2d 13,404 14 8 3
1882 Enid 2d 10,783 14 74 2
1885 Shiloh Daughter 20,378 14 7^ 3
1882 Kosi3431 14 7 12
1883 Florry of the Oaks 8141 14 7 6
1884 Milkweed 16,402 14 7 8
1884 Medrie Le Broeq 8888 14 7 5
1881 Aspirante 9272 14 7 4
1885 Lorella 12,913 14 7 4
Corinne 707 14 7
1884 Lena Lowndes 23,202 14 7 7
Monmouth Duchess 3d 4620 14 7
1882 Sunny Lass 6033 14 7 4
1884 Scipio's Lively 19,869 14 7 2
1883 Daisy of Chenango 18,582 14 7 5
Audrey 1447 14 7
1883 Nibbette 11,625 14 7 4
Sal Soda 3721 14 7
1876 Monmouth Duchess 3895 14 7 6
1882 Jessie Lee of Labyrinth 5290 14 7 4
1883 Epigjea 4631 14 7 3
1884 Belle of Uwchland 8468 14 7
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMEBICA. 677
GROUP TWENTIETH. Butter Yield in
Seven Days. Age,
(Continued.) lbs. oz. Yrs,
1885 Czaretta 17,358 14 7 3
Meines 3559 1-1 7
Elsie Brown 4026 14 6^
1884 Susie La Biche 3cl 15,171 14 U 3
1880 Beulah of Baltimore 3270 14 GJ 7
1882 Allie Minka 2982 14 6^ 8
1882 Irene of Short Hills 5137 14 6^ 8
1885 Liberty 2cl 16,717 14 6^ 3
Miss Blanclie 2515 (rated) 14 6| 3
1885 Mary of Pleasant View 13,448 14 6 4
Fides 2d 1576 14 6
1883 Lobelia 2d 6650 14 6 8
1885 Ideal Alpliea 18,755 14 6 2
1884 Maggie May 2d 12,926 14 6 4
1885 Pendule 2d 16,709 14 6 3
1883 Jazel's Maid 11,011 14 6 3
1884 Maggie C. 12,216 14 6 4
1883 Eose of Eose Lawn 9365 14 6 5
1884 Lady Greville 12,930 14 6 3
1883 Marpetra 10,284 ;...., 14 6 2
1882 Gilda 2779 14 6 3
1881 Myth 2837 14 6 7
1881 Palestine's Last Daughter 12,602 14 6 4
1885 Palestine Pierrot 2d 24,099 14 6 6
1885 Mellie Argyle 20,609 14 6 3
Palestine 26 14 6
1885 Countess of Scarsdale 18,633 14 6 2
1884 Lady Fanning 11,169 14 6 6
1883 Effie of Verna 8928 14 6 6
1884 Nameless Girl 11,623 14 6 5
1883 Augerez Girll7,015 14 6 3
1884 Jacquenetta 10,958 14 6 4
1883 Lady Clarendon 3d 17,578 14 5A 3
1883 Memento 1913 li 5 11
1883 Energy 22,016 14 5 7
1873 Lady Palestine 2769 14 5 5
1885 Lillie Pope 8589 14 5 7
1883 Milkmaid of Burr Oaks 9035 14 5 5
678 JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
GROUP TWENTIETH.
Butter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
(CoiUinued.) lbs. oz. Yr».
1883 Xancy of St. Lambert 12,9r)-4 14 5 3
1885 Moberly Creamer 23,051 14 5 3
1884 Lady Mary Hampton 4861 14 5 10
1883 Minnie of Scituate 17,829 14 44 5
1884 Alphea Star 16,532 14 4^ 2
1884 Kenown 13,729 14 4^ 3
1885 Lottie Rex 18,757 14 4 2
1884 Mary of Gilderoy 11,219 14 4 4
1885 Princess Mary of Woodlawn 11,663 14 4 4
1883 Violet of Glencaim 10,221 14 4 3
1885 Bertie Briggs 5213 14 4 10
1884 Leoliue 2d 18,315 14 4 3
1885 Metah's Baby 9710 14 4 7
Cigarette 2849 14 4
Corolla 4392 14 4
1883 Blonde 2d 9268 14 4 5
Nannie Fitch 9143 14 4
1882 Buckeye Lass 10,355 14 4 5
1881 Adina 1942 14 4 9
1882 Jeanuie Piatt 6005 14 4 5
1883 Vespncia 17,455 14 4 3
1883 Kate Daisy 8264 14 4 6
1881 Lebanon Daughter 6106 14 4 5
Susette 4068 14 4
1883 Rose of Hillside 3866 14 3^ 9
1880 Bintana9837 14 3^ 3
1882 Gem of Sassafras 8434 14 3^ 4
1885 Halsie MeCnrdy 12,379 14 3i 6
1884 Gilt Edge C. 12,223 14 3^ 2
1884 Signetilia 16,333 14 3 2
1880 Deoine6343 14 3 3
1885 Betsona 16,776 14 3 3
1884 Fandango 12,908 14 3 3
Pride of Winslow 2613 14 3
1885 Embla Brick 15,690 14 3 3
1884 Minnie Lee 2d 12,941 14 3 3
1881 La Rouge 12,405 14 3 3
Rene Noble 6191 14 3 3
JERS:EY cattle IJST AIIEKICA. 679
GEOUP TWENTIETH. Butter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
iCmtinned.) lbs. oz. Yrs.
1883 Adora 18,569 14 3 3
1883 Lilian Mostar 10,364 14 3 4
1883 Litza 6338 14 3 5
Prudence of Bovina 3d 10,749 14 3
1882 Clematis of St. Lambert 5478 14 3 6
1SS3 Celia Belle 5865 14 3 6
Lucetta 6856 14 3
1885 Monocacy Dimple 9680 14 3 6
1883 Lilly Cross 13,796 : 14 3 7
Telka8037 14 3
Silversides 3857 14 3
Prince's Bloom 9729 14 3
1884 Lady Brown 2d 2348 14 3 14
Chloe B. 8935 14 3
Turquoise 1129 14 3
Ida 8th 5409 14 3
1885 Pet Kex 20,166 14 2^ 2
1884 Alphetta 16,531 14 2^ 2
1882 Maggie May 3255 14 2i 8
Safrano 4568 14 2^
1884 Bergerelia 15,546 14 2^ 5
1883 Lily of Staatsburg 5427 .■ 14 2^ 8
1885 Eugenie 2d 12,733 14 2 4
1884 Rosetta of Sidney 4520 14 2 IJ-t
1885 Grace's Nightingale 19,855 14 2 4
1880 Queen Fannie 10,275 14 2 4
1884 Susan 14 2
1884 Eosaha of Sidney 4521 14 2 li
1884 Tidy of St. Lambert 31,114 14 2 12
1884 Melita of Hillcrest 7054 14 2 6
1884 Vestina 2458 14 2 12
1882 Pearl of St. Lambert 5527 14 2 6
1882 Flamant 11,270 14 2 2
1881 Webster Pet 4103 14 2 6
Fairy Queen of Verna 6817 14 2
1883 Queen of Prospect 11,997 U 2 3
1883 Bella Delaine 10,356 14 2 4
1881 Parity 2d 7724 14 2 4
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
GROUP TWENTIETH.
Batter Yield i
Seven Days. Agt
(OwWntKd.) lbs. oz. Yre.
1876 Nellie 150T 11 2 9
1881 Nightingale of Elmarcli 8312 U 2 7
1881 There.-se M. 8364 U 2 2
1881 Lebanon Lass 6108 14 2 5
1883 Bessie Bradford 7269 14 2 7
1883 Lady Gray of Hill Top 3d 14,642 14 2 3
BeUe Grinnell 3d 16.503 14 2
Angela 1682 14 2
1885 Lernella 22,322 14 U 2
1885 Nervine 25,932 14 1^ H
1884 Hurrah Pansy 12,153 14 1^ 4
1883 Peggy of Staatshnrgh 2342 14 \\ 10
Bathsheba 2556 14 1
Clematis 3d 6653 14 1
1SS2 Creamer 2467 14 1 9
1884 Ballet Girl 18,750 14 1 2
Taglioni 9182 14 1
1885 Madame Argyle 19,476 14 1 4
Flora Lee 13,294 14 1
1885 Duchess of Argyle 4th 7571 14 1 7
1883 Eobinette 7114 14 1 5
1883 Nellie Gray of Clermont 10,905 14 1 5
1885 Eva of Snipsic 17,650 14 1 3
1882 Myrtle of Eidgewood 7858 14 1 4
1880 Beauty Bismarck 4967 14 1 5
1882 Buttery 3502 14 1 7
1883 Variella of Linwood 10,954 14 1 3
1883 Walkyrie 5708 14 1 6
1884 Melody 2689 14 1 12
1883 Honeydrop 10,033 14 i 6
1884 Comtesse d'Espagna 10,308 14 ^
Bronx 306 14 0
1881 Bessie Bradford 3d 11,544 14 0 2
1885 Alphea Jewell 22,331 14 0 2
Le Rosa 10,078 14 0
Muezzin 3670 14 0
Ella of Sidney 4522 14 0 1
Littv 807 14 0
JERSEY CATTLE JiV AMERICA. 681
GEOUP TWENTIETH. Bxsiisi Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
(Contlmial.) lbs. oz. Yrs.
ISSi Elinor Wells 12,068 14 0 3
1885 Putnam Belle 12,116 14 0 5
1884 Cressy of Deerfoot 15,324 14 0 T
1884 Baby Buttercup 10,888 , 14 0 4
1884 Birdie Le Brocq 17,263 14 0 3
1885 Nutley's Alma 13,581 14 0 6
Fille de I'Air 2474 14 0
1885 Carlo's Fanny 14,951 14 0 6
1882 Lady Yoimg 16,668 14 0 4
Lizzie C. 7713 14 0
Geranium 3963 14 0
1882 Actress 2311 14 0 10
1885 Eioter's Beauty 14,894 14 0 2
Clover Top 9910 14 0
Ada Minka 15,502 14 0
1882 Nell Gwjnm 9654 14 0 3
1874 Erith 4564 14 0 2
Lily of St. Lambert 5120 14 0
1885 Alice Donald 14 0
Starkville Beauty 4897 14 0
1884 Pierrot's Countess 12,480 14 0 3
1877 Bounty 1606 14 0 9
1877 PetAnnal608 14 0 6
1882 Home Matron 6707 14 0 5
Topsey K. 22,769 14 0
St. Nick's Flora 16,195 14 0
Lily of the Valley 7439 14 0
Miami Prize 8100 14 0
Naomi Cramer 8628 14 0
1881 Pixie 4115 14 0 6
Negress 7651 14 0
1883 El Mora Mostar 15,955 14 0 2
Abbie 14 0
1884 Elite 4299 14 0
Darling 4th 14 0
1867 Eureka McHenry 8341 14 0 7
Edith 4th 817 14 0
1885 Bonnie Fawn 6190 14 0
JERSEY CA TTLE IX AMERICA.
GEOUP TWENTIETH.
Bntter Yield in
Seven Days. Age.
{Continued.) Ibe. 02. Yre.
Lucilla2735 14 0
Gentle of Glastonbury 4651 14 0
Belle of Ogden Fann 1570 14 0
1881 Daisy of Clermont 3492 14 0 7
1881 Fidelia 5817 14 0 12
1881 Lucy Gaines' Buttercup 5058 14 0 8
1879 Witch Hazel 1360 14 0 9
1884 Vivalia 12,760 14 (» 6
1878 Kitty Clover 1113 14 0 11
1881 St. Perpetua 2d 5557 14 0 4
Kioter 2d's Venus 3658 14 0
Birdie 2611 14 0
Pansy 602 14 0
1876 Countess of Warren 3896 14 0 5
1884 Sadie's Choice 7979 14 0
1884 Gazelle 15,961 14 0 8
1885 Kerni Rex 13,671 14 0
Morlacchi 2725 14 0
Queen of tlie Xorth 17,973 14 0
Village ilaid 7069 14 0
1876 Lady Brown 433 14 0 8
1885 Duchess of Manchester 20,838 14 0 3
1882 Hazalena's Butterfly 10,123 14 0 8
1878 Jessie Leavenworth 8248 14 0 4
Gazelle of Mobile 1735 14 0
Jule 3640 14 0
1881 Nordheini Creamer 9758 14 0 4
Silver Bell 4313 14 0
Little Han 8004 14 0
Belle Atwood 5907 14 0
1884 Belle Steuben 20,115 14 0 2
Jennie Johnson 3d 6782 14 0
Gilt Edge 2d 4420 14 0
Bonfanti 388 14 0
Lady Caroline of St. Auljins 11,372 14 0
Spirea 3915 14 0
Sasco Bell 13,601 14 0
Mattituck 1450 14 0
JEESEY CATTLE IJSr AMEBIC A.
GKOUP TWENTIETH. Butter Yield in
Seven Days.
{Continued.) lbs. oz.
Benuie Hinman 7166 14 0
Gilt Uh. 4208 14 0
Vesper 1395 14 0
Undine of South East 4548 14 0
1885 Lady of Otsego 26,671 14 0
Niobe 99 14 0
TABLE
SHOWING RATIO OF illLK TO BUTTEK OF TESTED COWS.
GROUP ONE.
Three to Four Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter.
LANDSEER'S FANCY 3876 3^
GEOUP TWO.
Four to Five Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter.
Toltec's Fancy 27,173 4i | Fannie Landseer 1969 5
GEOUP THEEE.
Five to Six Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter.
Ethleel 2d 33,391 b^\ \ Hypatbia 2d 14,774 .
Mother Carey 11,746 5 A
GEOUP FOUE.
Six to Seven Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter.
Oxford Kate 13,646 . . . . . 6i I Oakland's Nora 14,880 6J
Princess 2d 8046 6| I Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770 . . . 6|
Sunset 15,130 ^ \ Atlanta's Beauty 13,949 64f
C84
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
GEOUP FIVE.
Seven to Eight Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter.
Rosy Dream 7i | Pride of JIashamoquct Farm 6469
GROUP SIX.
Eight to Nine Pounda of Milk to One Pound of Butter.
Niobe's Alpheanette 23,336 8J
Sweet Sixteen 10,682 8i
Jeannie Piatt 6005 8^
Alice Jones 8225 8|
Matilda 5tU 18,068 8|
Oakland's Cora 18,85
Dia 13,658 . . .
Rioter's Maggie 22,55
Royal Princess 2370
8i
GROUP SEVEN.
Nine to Ten Pounds of Mill- to One Pound of Butter.
Pavon 12,485 9J
Mary Norton 13,052 9J
Oouan 1485 9i
Geranium 2d 7838 9^
Bomba 10,330 9A
Dclilta 21,305 9j
Little Torment 1588 9f
Ida of St. Lambert 24,990 . . .
Eurotas2454
Maculae 24,277
Moss Rose of Willow Farm 5194
Lucy Lanier 13,053
Optima 6715
GROUP EIGHT.
Ten to Eleven Pounds of Milk to One Powid of Butter.
Granny's Gem 30,406 lO,^,
Niobe of St. Lambert 12,969 lOi
Daisy Morrison 14,035 10^
Gabriclle Champion 14,102 lOJ
Nan Day 17,192 lOJ
Masena 25,732 lOJ
Lorella 12,913 lOi
Rose of St. Lambert 20,426 lOi^
May Fair 5184 10|
Inez of Ingleside 28,976 10*
Regina 4th 12,732 lOJ
Alberta Signal 18,611 lOi
Dot Buttercup 16,358 lOJ
Rose of Hillside 3866 lOf
Pandothro 22,383 10}
Rosaline of Glenmore 3179 lOj^^
Eugenie Chouteau 6186 .
Belle of Prospect 2d 14,326
Maggie McM. 14,073 .
Lady of Bellevue 7705
Fannie Bugler 19,962
Abbie Clay 15,702 .
Quaehette 17,091 .
Grace Davy 8292 .
Bclmcda 6229 . .
Chrome Skin 7881 .
Flora 113 ....
Dot of Bear Lake 6170
Ri.ssa 16,014 ....
Content of Linwood 69
Flower of Glen Rouge 17,560
Home Matron 6707 . . .
10|
10^
10^
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
GROUP NINE.
Eleven to Twelve Pounds of Jfilk to One Pound of Butter.
Mitten 13,368 II3V
Tette 20,803 llxV
Vixen 7591 ll^Sj
Miss Porter 30,300 ll^V
Rosa of Bellevue 6954 11 J
Rose of Eden 13,437 \\\
Yellow Locust 10,679 Hi
Lady Cloud 19,358 \\\
Countess Potoka 7496 ....... llx^u
Roland's Bonnie 2d 18,054 Hi
Thorndale Belle 3d 10,973 IH
Viva Le Brocq 13,703 Hi
Fairy of Verna 3d 10,973 Hi
Fairy Queen of St. Brelades 7464 . . .Ill-
Attractive Maid 16,935 H|
Naiad of St. Lambert 12,965 . . . . '. lU
Marea 10,167 lU
Maid of Avranches 6959 lU
Mollie Garfield 12,172 lU
HuUa 7898 Hi
Belle Garner 33,682 lU
Jenny Pogis 23,984 11|
Snowdrop F. W. 16,948 . . .
Le Gallais Fancy
Lesbie9179
Pilot's Veronica 18,917 . . .
Kosi 3431
Croton Maid 5305
Celeste Cox 12,948
(Enone 8614
Mamelle 30,804
Beauty Romeril 36,090 . . .
Baron's Rosette 35,988 . . .
Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771
Fair Lady 6733
Golden Princess 4557 ....
Lactine 10,680
Gem of Hope 17,103 . . . .
Countess Lowndes 36,874 . .
Denise 8381
Creamer 3467
Carrie Lena 3d 30,077 . . .
Belle Mardi 18,363
Scituate of Woronoco 18,040 .
GEOUP TEN.
Twelve to Tliirteen Pounds of Milk to One Pound of Butter.
Walkyrie5708 \^
Kate Gordon 8387 13i
May Blossom 5657 13|
Les Marais Dell 30,314 13i
Lizzie D. 10,408 13,\
Sister Rex 3194 12y\
Nightingale K. 2d 19,841 13i
Mary M. Allison 6308 13-^
Lass of Scituate 9555 13i
Judith Coleman 13,191 .
Lily Darling 11,713 . .
Jersey Belle of Scituate 78
12i
l'2i
Belle of Linwood 18,364 13i
Hilda 3d 5447 13i
Reception 8557 13+
Petite M6re 8516 13+
Countess Coomassie 19,339 13+
Glory of Elmarch 31,521 13+
Bonnie Tost 7943
Eupidee's Perfection 30,175. .
Percie 14,937
Nancy Lovelock 15,511 . . .
Lily of Maple Grove 5079 . .
La Vivienne 1334
Cetewayo's Silver Bell 18,593 .
Naomi's Pride 16,745 . . . .
Calistc of Newark 13,396 . .
Maggie May 2d 12,936 . . .
Zoe Henry 6693
Nellie Darlington 5956 . . .
Nancy of St. Lambert 13,964 .
Countess of Lakeside 12,135 .
Grace Felch 8291
Bintana 9837
Fan's Grouville Beauty 10,079 .
Saf rauo 4568
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA.
AlphealTl 12^^17
Thorntliile Belle 5365 12^j
Pride of Bovina ^'i\\
Value 2d 0844 13
Beauty 17,4U 13
Ilartwick Belle 13
Euid 2d 10,783 13
Myrtle of Ridgewood 7858 13
Darling of Neatham 20,086 13
Farmer's Floss 17,773 13
GROUP ELEVKX.
Thirteen to Fourteen Poiinih of Milk to One Pound of Butter.
Princess Sheila 7293 13i»j
Clover Mel 16,159 l^^s
Verbena of Fernwood 9088 13^
Milkweed 16,403 13i
Alcmena6193 13i
Nora of St. Lambert 13,963 13i
Pixie 4115
m
Oxalis 2d 15,631 \^
Harmony 2d 17,118 13|
Beauty 2070 13i
Gracic's Nightingale 19,855 ...... 13i
Marie C. Magnet 23,903 13i
StarkviUe Beauty 4897 13i
Lydia Darrach 4903 13J
Phicdra 2561 ISJ
Frances C. Magnet 22,904 13J
Lille Bonne 8108 13J
Sunny Lass 6033 13f
Gold Lace 10,720 13i
■Well Done 25,987 13i
Purest 13,730 13i
Lucilla 3d 9786 13*
Bergerelia 15,546 13J
Evri 5282 13i
SuLu4705 m
Grace Davy 8293 13i
Viva Le Brocq 13,702 13i
Evelina of Vema 10,971 13i
Kate Pansy 15,177 13|
Lady of the Isles 2d 16,052 Vi\
Miss Huelin 23,296 13 /j
Gardiner's Ripple 11,693 13?
I Belle Steuben 20,115 13^
:Meines 3d 7741 13|
Bonnie 2d 5742 13^
i Melia Ann 5444 13|
, Friz Cam 14,655 ISj
Nancy Lee 7618 13j
Renini9181 13f
Herberta 8811 13|
Rosebud of Bellevue 7702 13i
Ada S. 18,360 13f
Lady Jane of St. Peter's 7475 13J
Gem of St. Cloud 7342 13^
Cupid of Lee Farm 9365 13|
Ideal 11,842 13^
Webster Pet 4103 13^
Bell Rex 11,700 13^
Good Friday 20,081 13^V
Cassia 2d 21,370 13i
Rioter Pink of BerUn 33,665 13|
Island Dots 17,203 ....
Cctewayo's Dorcas 20,827 .
Princess Bowen 9699 . . .
Nightingale of Elmarch 8312
Ilazen's Bess 7329 ....
Hilda A. 2d 11,120 . . .
JIaid of the Elms 18,932 .
Nordheim Creamer 9758 . .
Beulah de Gruchy 13,480 .
Lisetta Johnson 5321 . . .
Bella of Glencairn 10,322 .
Rozel Lass 20,268 ....
13i
13f
13|
13ft
Vi\%
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
TESTED COWS, AND THE SIEES AND DAMS OF TESTED COWS
THAT AEE THE PEODUCT OF THE VAEIOUS DEGEEES OF
INBEEEDING.
FOE M IT LA ONE
Son into Dam.
Model Pedigree for Bulls.
MARIUS 760.
Lady Mary 1148.
Lady Mary 1148.
Duke of Edineston 6919, Lord Aylmer 1067, Dick 1410.
Tested Cows.
MOSS ROSE OF WILLOW FARM 519i, Hilda ad 5447, Gem of
Hope 17,102, Wybie 595. Duchess of Bloomfield 3d 15,580.
Dajis of Tested Cows.
MOSS ROSE OF WILLOW FARM 5194, Hattie 2d 2901, Minnie 2d
17,828, Elsie Burnside 5598.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
FOKMULA TWO.
Gkandsox into Grandam.
BULLS.
Model Pedigree.
\ Romulus P. 181 .
CETE"WA YO, P. 224 J.H.B.
Musique, F. 1096.
NIPHETA 9180.
Welcome, F. 172.
Musique, F. 1006.
FOEMULA THEEE.
Sire into Daughter
BULLS.
Model Pedigree.
Toung Rioter 751 B. H. B...
Stoke Pogia 1250.
Young Rioter 751 E. H. B.
Oxoli 1922, Ragliom 175, Bluetooth 1821, Optimus 1607, Marcot 726, New
Years 4352, Jason Jr. 3270, Commodore Eoxbury 1586, Thalma 4288.
KING RIOTER 6075.
AT 3 YEARS OLD.
Bioier — Stoke Pogis — Marjoram Type.
GREEN MOUNTAIN HEED.
MouLTON Brotheks, West RANDOLPir, Vermont.
JEESET CATTLE IJ^ A3IERICA.
TESTED COWS.
Model Pedigree for Coios.
VICTOK 3550.
Dick SwiveUer Jr. 37G.
I Dick Swiveller Jr. 276.
VTCTOB 3550.
Dick Swiveller Jr. 276.
Czar 373.
Dick Swiveller Jr. 270.
Blood per c
Victor 75.
Fannie 85.
Dick Smveller Jr 37)4.
Czar 33/5.
Nelly 185i.
Dadiese 14iV.
JSTymphsea 5141, Eugenie Choiiteau 6186, Chroma 4572, Pyrola 4566, Nan
Day 17,192, Lady Conover 2d 17,589, Beauty , Countess of Lakeside 12,135,
Eosebud of Allerton 6352, Fair Lady 6723, Queen of Delaware 17,029, Eosy Kate
690 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
10,276, Volie 19,405, Nancy Lovelock 15,511, Gipsv May 6259, May Fair 5184,
Miss Vermont 7698, Tamy 2(1 7125, Taniy Lowndes 25,316, Maid of Aiuboy 2929,
Dollie Dale 16,140, Silenta 17,685, Le Petite Mere 2d 12,810, Purest 13,730, Jeffer-
son Albina 12,196, Lady Bloomfield 4704, Renini 9181, Moberly Creamer 23,051,
Lillie PoiM 8589, Yespucia 17,455, Princess Mary of "WoodlawTi 11,663, Lilly Cross
13,976, Lydia Darracli 2d 8056,Lydia Darracli 3d 10,662, Lydia Darracli 5tli 16,577,
Alphea Jewell 22,331, Safrano 4568, Lernella 22,322, Lady Ives 1708, Countess of
Lome, 20,822, Clematis 3174.
DAJIS OF TESTED COWS.
Leda 799, Motto 80, Belle of Prospect 6627, Aureola 8617, Sukey 2d 1224,
Nellie 7825, L-ma 1298, Lady Ives 1708, Fanny 1185, Lily 857, Bell Flower 59,
Martinet 6418, Rose of Salem 6476, Chess 6848, Plisedra 2561.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
FORMULA FOUR.
Grandsiee into Geand-daughter : Pedigree of Cow.
Model Pedigree.
Saturn 94,
"^"P"'"'^^
Ehea 166.
MEKCITBY432
AIphealTl
Mercury 432..
Satui-n 94.
Rhea 166.
AlphealTl
Saturn 94.
Rhea 166.
SaUrn 94.
Rhea 166.
Saturn 94.
Nymptea 5141
Phaedra 2.561
19 lbs. 13 oz.
Mercury 432..
Jupiter 93
Alphea 171
Jnpiter 93
Rhea 160.
Saturn 94.
Rhea 166.
Saturn W.
Rhea 166.
Saturn 94.
.
^
Rhea 166.
Enropal76
Alphea 171....
Saturn 94.
RUa 166.
New Tears 4352, OxoU 1922.
TESTED COWS.
Purest 13,730, Reality 16,.537, Lilly Cross 13,796, Lady Mel 429, Countess of
Lome 20,822.
DAMS OF TESTED COWS.
Lady Mel 429, Chess 6848.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA
FORMULA FIVE.
Brother into Sister.
BULLS.
Model Pedigree.
Jupiter 93.
MERCURY 432.
Alphea 171
Ehea 166.
Victor 3550, Sidney 3262, Arnold's Bronx 3309, Alpheus 1168.
TESTED cows.
Hilda D. 6683, Phaedra 2561, Volie 19,465, Mintha 12,812, Lady Tlinrlow
12,410, Clytemnestra 2455, Taglioni 9182, Arietta 3d 14,274, Renini 9181, Mollie
Garfield 2d 18,662, Forget-Me-Not O 10,564, Purest 13,730, Lesbie 9179, Mellie
Argylc 20,609.
DAJIS OF TESTED COWS.
Clytemnestra 2455, Julia of Deerfoot, Young Patricia, F. 35 II. C, grandani
of Le Brocq's Prize.
FORMULA SIX.
Half-Brother into Half-Sister.
Hurrah 2814, sire of Value 2d 6844 ; Duke of Darlington 2460, sire of
Bomba 10,330 ; Magnetic 1428, sire of Gilderoy 2107 ; Remarkable (F. 229
II. C— J. H. B.) ; Chief Justice 3d 1543, Sir Samuel Cunard 2231, Paddy Wilsc.n
3030, Ontario 865, Date 2624, Kaliela 2859, Fast Boy 2606, Czar 251, King Pin
1878, Duke of "Wellington 608, Guy Warwick 1450, Hector 3814, Tamerlane 4287,
Abe Lincoln 268, Clive Duke 1901, Sultan of St. Saviour's 5328, Niobe Duke 2364,
Brown Prince (F. 85 H. C— J. H. B.), Diana's Rioter 10,481, Miramon 1551.
JJERSJEY CATTLE IJ^ AMEBIC A.
Model Pedigree.
HURRAH 2814.
Colonel Crockett 1694.,
ViUage Girl 67-M.
Tom Dasher 420.
Tom Dasher 420.
Mary Goodenovgh S068.
Model Pedigree and Chart of Hurrah.
TESTED COWS.
Ida of St. Lambert 24,990, Oakland's Nora 14,880, Jersey Queen of
Barnet , Pet of Eose Lawn 11,326, Island Star 11,876, Conover's Beauty 12,650,
Butter Star 7799, Ideal Alpliea 18,755, Lady Cloud 19,358, Herberta 8811, Lady
Bidwell 10,303, Idaletta 11,843, Lerna 3634, Le Brocq's Curfew 30,697, Lady Hayes
10,136, Carrie Lena 3tl 2077, Idalene 11,841, Sunset 15,130, Pierrot's Lady Hayes
11,672, Dia 13,658, La Belle Petite 5472, Deoine 6343, Naomi's Pride 16,745, Dolly
of Lakeside 10,824, Pride of the Hill 4877, Gem of Sassafras 8434, Litza 6338,
Eobinette 7114, Lucy Gaines' Buttercup 5058, Nellie Darlington 5956, Buttery
3502, Aleph Judea 11,389, Estrella 2831, lola 4627, Yerbena of Fernwood 9088,
Farmer's Floss 17,773, Jennie Pogis 22,984, Marie C. Magnet 22,903, Maple Leaf
4768, Phyllis of Hillcrest 9067, Amra 9590, Mink 2548, Eioter's Nora 21,778, Tidy
of St. Lambert 31,114, Aspirante 9272, Honeydrop 10,033, Bounty 1606, Topsy K.
22,769, Matilda 2408, Bonnie Fawn 6190, La Petite Mere 3d 12,814, Madame
Argyle 19,476.
DAMS OF TESTED COWS.
YOUNG FANCY 97, dam of LANDSEER'S FANCY 2876; Kathleen of
St. Lambert 2122, dam of Ida of St. Lambert 24,990 ; Coreopsis 4188, dam of
Arnold's Lulu 7328 ; Pi-incess Eoyal 2d 1005, Arietta 14,264, Monmouth Duchess 2d
4619, Miss Seelock G614, Pussy Baker 6994, Fannie Booth 12,505, Juliet of St.
Lambert 5483, Mink 2548, Pet of St. Lambert 5123, Camelia of St. Lambert 5106,
May Day of St. Lambert 5109, Bessy of St. Lambert 5248, Lima 2d 3082, Minka
951, Warren's Duchess 4622, Flora Hinman 272, Earity 5923, Edith 4th 817,
Marietta 1813, Cora K. 22,768, Hecuba 3155 ; Yioletta, dam of Yiolet 3d 3240 ;
Monmouth Duchess 2d 1005 ; Matilda 2405, dam of Maud Lee 2416 ; Zina 3d, dam
of Hazen's Bess 7329 ; Beauty of Darlington 5736, dam of Bomba 10,330 ; Nelly
6456 ; Witch of St. Lambert 5479, dam of Cowslip of St. Lambert ; Magnet, dam of
Marjoram 3239 ; Lilly 2578, dam of bull Beeswax 1931.
JURSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA.
FORMULA SEYEK
Uncle into Niece.
Alpha of Clifton 1S2J-, sire of Niobe's Alplicanette 23,336; Aveiiturier 4254,
sire of Pet of Rose Lawn 11,320 ; Dash of Glastonbury 1959.
TESTED COWS.
Model Pedigree.
Duchess of Bloom
field 3053
30 lbs. 0% oz.
Ladij Mary 1148.
I Lady Mary 1148.
Leo,F.98J.H.B.— H. C.
Coomas^e 11,874.
Bthleel 18,-
724
lU lbs. 14.0Z.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERIQA.
TESTED COWS.
Ethleel 3d 32,291, Monmouth Duchess 4th Y129, Belle of Prospect 2d 14,326,
Lady Gray of Hill Top 6850, Phtedra 2561, CoUe 8309, Nida 2d 8227, Eenalba
4117, Zitella 2d 11,922, Warren's Duchess 4622, Ceccola 13,608, Lady Louise 4339,
Purest 13,730, Malope 2d 11,923, Eoyal Sister 12,457, Monmouth Duchess 3d
4620, Eenown 13,729, Moonah's Pet 7484, Lerna 3634, Niobe of Linwood 11,134,
Lady Louise 4339, Alphea Star 16,532, Maculae 24,277, Belle Garner 23,682.
DAMS OF TESTED COWS.
Value 5433, dam of Value 3cl 6844 ; Magnet, dam of Marjoram 3239 ; La
Petite Belle 12,807, Monmouth Duchess 2d 4619, Monmouth Duchess 3d 4620 ;
Lady Mel 429, dam of Lady Mel 2d.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
FORMULA EIGHT.
Nephew into Aunt.
GILDEROY 2107 ; Pedlar 631, E. II. B., sire of Rioter 7iC, E. H. B., and
grandsire of Rioter 2d 4G9, and Dolphin 2d iOS, double g. grandsire of Stoke Pogis
1259.
Model Pedigree.
GILDEROY 2107.
John Le Bas 398. .
«
John Le Saf 398.
Ida 1441.
Magnetic 14i!8
John Le Bas m.
Azalea 1«3
I Conqueror, F. 35 J. H. B
I Patricia, F. 189 J. II. B.
Prince of Wales.
Dairy Pride, F. 348 J.
Prince of "Wales bred to liis dam Duchess, F. 24 J. H. B., produced Patricia,
F. 189 J. H. B., dam of John Le Bas.
Jeanne Le Bas 2476 is also the product of the same formula as her son
Gilderoy.
Champion of America 1567 ; Pacha (64 J. II. B.), sire of Regina 4th
12,732 ; Carlo 5559.
TESTED cows.
Melia Ann 5444, Jeanne Le Bas 2476, Rosa Miller 4333, Maud Melinda 12,126,
Pride of Bovina 8050, Jersey Cream 3d 8521, Trudie 277, Young Garenue 3d
13,648, Saragossa 22,019, Violet 3d 3240, Queen of De Soto 12,318, Dolly of
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
697
Lakeside 10,284, Mintlia 12,812, Lobelia 2d 6650, Miunie of Scituate 17,829, Pride
of the HiU, 4ST7.
DAMS OF TESTED COWS.
Trudie 277, Bessie Allen 3719, Helvetia , Melia Ann 54:44.
FOEMULA NINE.
GeAND-NepHEW into GEAND-AtJNT.
BULLS.
Model Pedigree.
Sweepstakes Duke
1905
Duke P. 76 J. H. B.-
H. C. 1st prize.
Merry Boy, P.61.— H.C,
Eva, F. 628.— C.
Noble, F. 104.— n. C.
Soucique, F. C8. — C.
Duchess, F. !M.— H. C.
ROYALIST 2906, Stockwell 2d (P. 24 H. C- J. H. B.), Carlo 5559, Ida's
Bioter of St. Lambert.
TESTED COWS.
SULTANE 3d 11,373, Chrome Skin 7881, Eegina 4th 12,732, Honeysuckle of
St. Anne's 18,674, Bessie Kidgely 8293, Eegina 2d 2475, Queen of Ashantee 14,554,
Maggie Eex 28,^23, Duchess of Argyle 4th 7571.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
FOEMULA TEN.
Cousin into Cousin.
BULLS.
Model Pedigree.
Jlob lioy 17.
Couch's Lily 3237 .
Rhodes' Bull SM.
Bradley Cow a05-3.
Tainlor's Butt.
Bradley Cow iOS.
REX 1330, Aucliciitorolly 3-i94, Tormentor 3533.
TESTED COWS.
FLOWER OF GLEN ROUGE 17,560, Nelly 6456, Yiva Lc Brocq 13,702,
Countess Potoka 7496, Obella B. 10,575, Oak Leaf 4769, Dia 13,658, Cordelia Baker
8814, Silver Kose 4753, Signal Maid 19,361, Princess Sheila 7297, Fear Not 2d 6061,
Louvie 3d 6159, Lady Gray of Hill Top 2d 14,641, Lady Gray of Hill Top 3d
14,642, Chloe Beach 3931, Moss Eose of St. Lambert 5114, Jessie Lee of Labyrinth
5290, El Mora Mostar 15,955, Lucy Gaines' Buttercup 5058, Olie's May Belle 6567,
St. Jeannaise 15,989, Miss Willie Jones 6918, Como Lass 24,369, Ada S. 18,366.
DAMS OF TESTED COWS.
Lolly of St. Lambert 5480, dam of Mary Anne of St. Lambert
9770, Naiad of St. Lambert 12,965, and Crocus of St. Lambert 8351.
ADDITIONAL TESTS TO JEESEY FOUNTAINS.
Tlie following totals have been added since the forms were cast:
Comus 54, 50 cows; Alphea 171, 92 cows; Eioter 746 E. H. B., 56 cows;
Eioter 2d 469, 21 cows ; Eioter 670, 15 cows ; Victor Hugo 197, 49 cows ; Pauline
JERSEY CATTLE IJV A3IERICA. 699
494, 40 cows; Angela 1682, 11 cows; Albei-t 44, a dangliter, 132 cows; Pausy 8,
165 cows; Clement 115, 120 cows ; McClellan 25, 72 cows.
LADY MAEY 1148.
Bdtteu '
Name. Per CEt
; of Ely 3d 6771 . 35
Gladys of Bellevue 9569 . 35
La Fantine 14,489 . . . 18|
Day
16 lbs. 8
16 ■' 7
15 " 4
Lizzette's Mary 13,723 . . 17x\ 14 "
Blood, Bhttek Yield i
Name. Per Cent. Seven Days.
Roclielle 15,574 . . . . 9f 15 lbs. 10 c
Duchess of Bloomfleld 3d
15,580 9| 15 " 1 '
Total, 102 coios.
MAEIUS 760.
Name. Per Cent. Seven Days.
La Fantine 34,489 . . . 35 15 lbs. 4 oz.
Duchess of Bloomfleld 3d
15,580 13i 15 " 1 "
Name. Per Cent, Seven Days.
Rochelle 15,574 . . . . 12i 15 lbs. 10 oz.
Lizzette's Mary 13,733 . . 6i 14 " 11 "
Total, 90 cows.
Lawrence 61, 24 cows ; Lord Liegar 1066, 43 cows ; Top Sawyer 1414,
21 cows ; Eex 1330, 26 cows ; Couch's Lily 3237, 30 cows.
LOED LAWEENCE 1414.
BcTTER Yield i
Name. Pee Cent. Seven
Gladys of Bellevue 9569 . 50 16 lbs.
Empress of Ely 2d 6771 .35 16 "
Name.
Lizzette's Mary 13,'
Total, 11 cowa.
Per Cent. Seven Days.
. 35 14 lbs. 11 oz.
IVIEASUEEMENTS OF LANDSEEE'S FANCY 2876.
The following points relating to the cow Landseer's Fancy 2876 were received
too late for insertion in their proper place :
She has a deep yellow skin and the deepest yellow ear. Her length is
87 inches ; girth at heart, 70 inches ; at navel (in calf si.\ months), 85 inches ; girth
in front of ndder, 75 inches.
Breadth across hips, 20J inches.
Length of quarter from point of hip to first joint of tail, 21^ inches.
Her weight is estimated at 950 pounds.
rOO JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
STUDY OF THE TABLES.
Not all of tlie products of inbreeding are sliowii under the preceding ten
fonuulas.
There are many great animals produced by the union of two or more closely
inbred lines, as Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770. Her sire, Stoke Pogis 3d .2238,
■was the product of Stoke Pogis 1259, the fruit of forty years of inbreeding,
culminating in the formula of sire into daughter, and Marjoram 3239, bringing back
two lines of the same Dauncey Herd blood as that of Stoke Pogis. They were both
fine animals, the one the best descendant of the original Dauncey herd, and Marjoram
the best heifer bred by Mr. Duncan, from a long line of inlireeding.
Loll}' of St. Lambert 5480, dam of Marj' Anne of St. Lambert, was the product
of three lines of Victor Hugo 197, a union of half-brothers and half-sisters.
St. Helier 4-5 and Albert 44 are claimed to be the result of forty years of close
inbreeding on the Island of Jersey.
It will be observed that the best models, bulls and cows, are the product of
inbreeding. Some who have strong prejudices against inbreeding, and have made
but a very superficial study of the subject, have assumed to show the contrary, that
inbreeding does not produce the finest or best specimens. One writer in Mr.
Campbell Brown's " Butter Tests" declares inbreeding to be wrong, and has made
a table by which he endeavors to show that the great cows are necessarily " outbred,"
and makes apparently a very good showing by counting all the cows of which he
does not happen to know the pedigree as " outbred," yet all but two of his table of
so-called outbred animals have pedigrees so short or incomplete that it cannot be said
of any of them that they are not inbred, while several of them have the names of
strongly inbred animals in their pedigrees within one, two, or three generations.
The breeding of Ethleel 2tl 32,291 is credited to the writer of that article! I
have arranged the ten formulas in the order, as I believe, of their importance. "When
we have but two or three examples of formiila number one, son into dam, it is hardly
fair to challenge this formula Avith its meagre opportunities for exhibition, to rival
the world in opposition. The single instance of Marius 7t;0 is a good showing, as
also that of Chief Justice 3d lfi43, the former having ninety descendants
among the tested cows, and the latter ])roducing f rona his dam the great cow Hilda
2d, yielding twenty -three jiounds five ounces in seven days. When a few of the
strong model cows shall have been bred to their sons aiid grandsons, and some not
very remote generations of butter tests accumulated, it will be a better time than the
present to compare the results of inbreeding with those of outbreeding.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AJ/EIilCA. 701
Outbred animals, however, must eventually becoiue imi^roved as the M-hole
breed feels the influence of selection and careful inbreeding.
I would still say, put a good inbred bull at the head of your herd. My idea of a
good bull is that he should be the grandson of his dam, and she a twenty-tive-jwund
standard or grass-test cow, and perfect in every point. To inbreed mediocrity and
inferiority is as reprehensible as the inbreeding of consunnnate excellence is
commendable.
INBREED TO THE WINNER.
The table of Standard Tests and the whole of the groups of cows showing
richness of milk will greatly aid breeders in the selection of choice pedigree stock for
the foundation of herds or the perfection of lines already established.
THE FUTURE OF AMERICAN JERSEYS.
The breeder who will first show a herd in which every animal shall have been
bred by himself, each of the cows having an ofiicial test of twenty pounds a week or
upward, will effectually demonstrate that breeding is a science, and not the result
of chance and hazard.
The stability of the dairy industry and the breeding of choice dairy stock is
fixed upon the basis of the progressive civilization of the age. Wherever this
industry is cherished it is attended by all the outward evidences of prosperity :
improvement in dwellings, better schools, sanitary farm buildings, labor-saving farm
apparatus ; while the very best strains of Jersey cattle take the place of all inferior
breeds.
Articles produced by the best dairies that are now considered table luxuries
must soon become staple articles of food, and the home demand for dairy products
must increase, so that all, or nearly all, of our products will be consumed at home.
The income from the dairy must always be sure, and the amount of that income
will be increased according to the excellence of quality in the products. The increase
of popidation is so great and rapid that the breeding of choice Jerseys can never
supply the demand, consequently there will always be room, for all those who have
the requisite education and skill, to embark in the enterprise of Jersey breeding,
with an absolute assurance of success. Judging by the past, we take our measure
of what the future will be.
Straight onward will be the development of the Jersey interest. The popularity
of the Jersey can never be less, but ever an increasing tide. Dotting every hillside
and sprinkling every valley, the herds will grace the landscape with beauty, over
this vast continent, from Labrador to Mexico, and ^vill yet play an important part
in the higher civilization of the latter as well as our own countrv. With better
702 JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
metliods in agriculture and in dairying, with better practice in the breeding and
management of cattle, with improved medical and sanitary treatment, and a higher
standard of excellence in the quality of herds, the Jersey breeders of America have
an auspicious prospect of grand achievements before them, which we await with
hopeful anticipation.
I close this volume with the admonition to American farmei-s to clierit;]i the
Jersey cow as the best foster-mother of the liuniaii i-ace. a ])Ooii Ijestowed by our
Father to show His beneficent cure for the comfort of our earthly pilgrimage.
GENERAL INDEX.
Abbreviations, 491.
Aberdeen-Angus Milk, 393, 394.
Abortion, 294.
Abortion, Embryonic, 294.
Abortion, Foetal, 294.
Abortion, Medical treatment of, 300.
Abortion, Ovular, 394.
Abortion, Prevention of, 299.
Abortion, Symptoms of, 295.
Absorbing quality of soils, 106, 141.
Absorption of flavors in butter, 409.
Absorptive quality of milk, 411.
Acetic acid in ensilage, 288, 280, 281, 429.
Accidents to cattle, 287.
Acclimation fever, 293.
Acclimation of Jerseys, 298.
Acute red water, 305.
Acute red-water. Symptoms of, 306.
Acute red-water, Treatment of, 806.
Adoption of Jersey cattle, 485.
Advantages of drainage, 128.
Advantages of Centrifuge Creamer, 369.
Advantages of sweet-corn hay over ensilage, 428.
429.
Advice to American farmers, 701.
Advice to Holstein-Friesian breeders of Dutch
cattle, 853.
^dhumla, 18.
Aeration of cream in ripening, 409.
After-birth, 286, 302, 807.
Agamemnon, 16.
Agents in cheese-curing, 379.
Agriculture, 11.
Agricultural implements, 119.
Agricultural implements of special merit, 121.
Air in stables, 112, 114.
Air, indispensable allowance in coldest weather,
823.
Airing cream, 409.
Airing hay, 425.
Albert 44, 96, 511, 584, 699.
Alcohol in ensilage, 238, 280, 281, 429.
Alderney, 46, 488.
Aldine 1186, 554.
Allowance of air for cattle (minimum), 323.
Allowance of soiling crops, 193.
Alphea 171, 507, 699.
Amalgam 15, 360, 359.
American cultivation of soil, 188.
American feeding stuffs, 240.
American Jersey Cattle Club, 46, 488, 489.
American Savoy cabbage, 355.
Ammonia, Saving of, 178.
Amount of butter fat in milk, 339-354
Amount of casein in milk, 339-354.
Amount of dung from feed, 168.
Amount of solids in milk, 339-354.
Amount of sugar in milk, 339-354.
Amount of water in milk, 389-354.
Ampere, Theory of thermal magnetism, 471
Analysis of American feeding stuffs, 340.
Analysis of butter, 413, 603, 617, 633, 635, 647.
Analysis of buttermilk, 633-635.
Analysis of butter of Edessa 21844, 684.
Analysis of butter of Evelina of Verna 10971, 633.
Analysis of butter of Hilda D. 6683, 638.
Analysis of butter of Ida of St. Lambert 34990,
617.
Analysis of butter of JIary Anne of St. Lambert
9770, 617.
Analysis of butter of Matilda 4th 13816, /.
Analysis of butter of Value 2d 6844, 602.
Analysis of butter-,salt, 405.
Analysis of by-products, 235.
Analysis of cheese, 366.
Analysis of colostrum, 297.
Analysis of cream, 366.
Analysis of cow's milk, 340-354, 394-897.
Analysis of chaflE and hulls, 234.
704
JERSEY CATTLE I.V AMERICA.
Analysis of dairy products, 230.
Analysis of dairy products of Ilougliton Farm
Herd, 342, 412.
Analysis of dairy products of Verna Herd, 633-635.
Analysis of English cheese, 398.
Analysis of ensilage, 23«, 280, 281, 429.
Analysis of feeding stuffs, 229-240.
Anali'sis of grain, 230.
Analysis of grains and fruits, 235.
Analysis of green plants, 229.
Analysis of hay, 231.
Analysis of many cheeses, 397, 398.
Analysis of milk, 340-354, 632-635.
Analysis of mineral constituents 'of plants, 228.
Analysis of miscellaneous products, 237.
Analysis of roots, 234.
..\jialysi3 of skimmed milk, 633-635.
Analysis of straw, 230, 233.
Analysis of tubers, 234.
Analysis of woman's milk, 354.
Apoplexy in colostrum stage, 295, 296.
Apparatus for barrenness, 303, 304.
Apparatus for butter dairy, 120.
Apparatus for cheese dairy, 121.
Apparatus for dairy farming, 119.
Apparatus of special merit, 121.
Apparatus used in study of the weather, 474.
Approach of a storm, 466.
April ration for cows, 273.
Arsenites, 288.
Art of butter-making, 400.
Art of churning, 403.
Art of hay -making, 425.
Art of milking, 360.
Articles of questionable utility in feeding, 237.
Articles suitable for feeding Jerseys, 231.
Arts of peace, 13.
Asaph the Seer, 13.
Ash-heap, 166.
Atavism, 73, 75, 496.
Atlantic coast drouths, 455.
Atlantic system of conditions, 445.
Atmosphere, Stories of, 435.
Atmospheric conditions, 435.
Atmospheric day, 475.
Atmospheric system, 434.
August ration for cows, 271
Aurora, 472.
Average analysis of American feeding stuffs, 240.
Average analysis, tables of Collier and Wolff , 231.
Average annual rainfall iu parts of United States,
477.
Average annual temperature in United States, 476.
Average butter yields of different breeds, 422.
Average milk yield of Deerfoot Herd, 355.
Average milk yield of Oaklands Herd, 394.
A verification of the Guenon theory, 583.
Ayrshire cheese curd, 393, 394.
Ayrshire milk, 346, 347, 348, 393, 394.
Azelda 3872, 571.
Babine feather, 58.
Backward seasons, 434.
Backward spring and larger area of planting, 434.
Bad flavors in butter, 409-414.
Barley, Analysis of, 231, 241.
Barley as a soiling crop, 251-255.
Barns, Concrete, 109.
Barns, How to build, 107-109.
Barometer, 460.
Baronet 2240, 572.
Barrenness in cows, 302.
Barrenness, Medical treatment of, 304.
Barrenness, Surgical treatment of, 303.
Batard feather, 60.
Beach, Charles M., 46.
Bear in mind, 899.
Bcattie, 23.
Bedding, 117.
Beef breed, 73.
Beeswax 1931, 487.
Beets, Analysis of, 229, 234, 240.
Beets for soiling, 255.
Belt of showers, 438, 440.
Best formula for breeding prepotent bull, 96, 687.
Best separator, 375.
Beware of pitchforks, 328.
Bicorn escutcheon, 62.
Bismarck 292, 519.
Black-water, 305.
Black-water, Treatment of, 306.
Blood of first importation in the cliarapion cow,
487.
Blood percentages of descendants of noted ani-
mals, 492.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Bloomfield, Robert, 33.
Bluclier48, 511.
Body of the central condition, 452.
Bone materials in food, 243.
Bonfoy on cheesemaking, 380.
Bougie for opening womb, 303.
Bovine digestion, 343.
Bovine stomach, 343.
Bovine temperature, 393.
Breeders' Calendar, 301.
Breeding, brother into sister, 692.
Breeding, cousin into cousin, 698.
Breeding, Facts about, 93.
Breeding formulas, 687.
Breeding, grand-nephew into grand-aunt, 697.
Breeding, grandsire into grand-daughter, 691.
Breeding, grandson into grandam, 688.
Breeding, half-brother into half-sister, 693.
Breeding, nephew into aunt, 696.
Breeding, Principles of, 39-73.
Breeding, sire into daughter, 688.
son into dam, 687.
True art of, 94.
Breeding, uncle into niece, 694.
Breeds, Comparison of, 73, 340-354.
Bridal Procession, 34.
Brie cheese, 388.
Brig Splendid, 485, 486.
Bristol Chief 1496, 487.
Brittany cattle, 40.
Broken horn, 309.
Bronchitis, 321.
Brother into sister, 693.
Brother Jonathan, 483.
Brown Prince, F. 85, 516.
Browny, P. 158, 576.
Bryant, W. C, 13, 33.
Buck Jr., Daniel, 44, 485, 493.
Buffer 3055, 553.
Bull, Care of, 383.
Bull exercise, 283.
Bull helmet, 384.
Bull, Rations for, 377.
Bull, Ringing the, 283.
Butler, Thomas B., 434, 484.
Butter, 398.
Butter, Analysis of, 412, 603, 617, 633, 64*.
Butter color, 424.
Butter flavor, 409.
Butter granules, 404.
Butter in breeds, 421, 422.
Butterine, 414.
Butter in milk, 339-354.
Butter, Jersey, 398.
Butter-making after cheese, 385.
Butter-making, Methods of, 400.
Butter per 100 pounds of milk, 393.
Butter salt, 404.
Butter testing, 46, 487, 489.
Butter tests for four weeks, 653.
Butter tests for less than one year, 650-653.
Butter tests for one year, 650.
Butter tests, First, 487.
Butter tests for thirty days, 651.
Butter tests for thirty-one days, 651.
Butter tests for three weeks, 653.
Butter tests for two weeks, 653.
Butter tests. History of, 487, 489.
Butter tests. Official A. J. C. C, 590.
Butter tests of seven days, 653.
Butter tests. Standard, 587.
Butter yields of noted Jerseys, 493-701.
Butter yields of herds, 415.
By-products, Analysis of, 835
Cabbage, American Savoy, 355.
Cabbage, Analysis of, 233.
Cabbage for soiling, 255.
Cabbage, Quintal variety, 255.
Cadmium orange tint, 48.
Calcareous soils, 103, 104.
Calendar for breeders, 201.
Calendar for farm-work, 193.
California irrigation, 335.
Calves, Diarrhoea in, 317.
Calves, Indigestion in, 316.
Calves, Prevention of indigestion in, 316.
Calves, Rations for, 277, 379.
Camembert cheese, 388.
Canada Jerseys, 353, 395, 488.
Canadian scale of points for dairy shows.
Capacity of cisterns, 115.
Care of bull, 382.
Care of calf, 386.
706
JERtiEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Care of calving cows, 285.
Care of cows and beifers, 284.
Care in testing cows, 565.
Carresine escutcheon, 64.
Carrots, Analysis of, 234, 340.
Carrots, Culture of, 256.
Casein ferment in butter, 411.
Casein in milk, 339, 354.
Cash Boy 2248, 575.
Casualties, 287.
Catchmcadows, 217.
Catono 3761, 582.
Cattle Club, American Jersey, 46, 488.
Cattle, Digestion in, 343.
Cattle, Inbreeding of, 81.
Causes of abortion, 394.
Causes of accidents and diseases, 297.
Causes of bad cheese, 379-381.
Causes of colostrum apoplexy, 295.
Cecco 1673, 566.
Central belt of electric currents, 471.
Central belt of rains, 449.
Central condition, 449.
Central system of conditions, 446.
Centrifuge, 368.
Centrifuge butter, 400.
CentrifuLTal Ijutter-washer, 404.
Chair and hulls aualj-sis, 234.
Champion cow of the world, 487, 496, 557.
Champion Drill, 131.
Champion of America 1567, 486, 555.
Champion JIagnet 6480, 584.
Characteristics of modern Jersey. 47.
Charieston 1, 503.
Chart of milk yield according to Guenou, 65.
Chart of milking period, 66.
Cheap ice-hou.se, 433.
Cheap stabling, 117.
Cheap winter ration, 273.
Cheese, 376.
Cheese, Analysis of, 366, 397.
Cheese, Elements of nutrition in, 398.
Cheese-curd, per 100 pounds of milk, 393, 397.
Chemical analysis cannot always detect elements
in milk causing disease, 411.
Chemical analysis of butler, 412, 603, 617, 633,
647.
Chemical analysis of cheese, 366, 397.
Chemical analysis of butter of "Value 2d 6844,
Chemical analysis of cow's milk, 346, 354,
Chemical analysis of woman's milk, 354.
Chemical changes in soils, 101.
Chief Justice 2d 1643, 543.
Chlorine gas disinfectant, 330.
Chlorophyl, 434.
Chroma 4572, 487.
Chronic red-water, 305.
Chronic red-water, Treatment of, 306.
Churn, 127.
Churning, 403.
Churning whole milk, 400.
Cirrus clouds, 437.
Cirro-stratus clouds, 437.
Cisterns, Capacity of, 115.
Claimant, P. 84, 566.
Clark's Root-Cutter, 122.
Classes of drouth, 455.
Classes of escutcheon, 60.
Classes of soils, 103.
Clay, Henry, 12.
Clay soils, 104.
Cleaning butter by centrifuge machine, 404.
Cleanliness in Gloucestershire dairies, 386.
Cleanliness in stables, 116, 860, 439.
Clean milking, 360, 863.
Clement 115, 513.
Cliff 176, 516.
Clive Duke 1901, 571.
Closure of womb, 303.
Clothing, Disinfection of, 333.
Clouds, 436-439.
Clouds as indicators, 466.
Clouds produced by electric induction, 473.
Clover, Analysis of, 381, 241.
Clover and grass hay, 426.
Clover, Curing, 426.
Clover for soiling, 351.
Cceur de Lion, 318, 517.
Coffee deodorizer, 332.
Cold, late spring diminishes yield of crops, 434.
Colic, 289.
Colic in calves, 318, 319.
Colonel 76, 487, 493.
Color in butter, 424.
Coloring cheese, 377, 383, 384.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
707
Color in plants, 434.
Color of Camembert cheese, 391.
Color of Gilderoy 2107, 577.
Colors, 41. 48.
Color tints, 48.
Colostrum analysis, 397.
Colostrum apoplexy, 395.
Colt, S. C.,486.
Columbiad 534, 531.
Columbiad 3d 1515, 566.
Commercial value of manures, 174.
Comparative studies of milk, 389, 354.
Comparative chemical tests of milk in breeds,
350-353.
Comparative tables of breeds of dairy cattle,
423.
Competitive tests of dairy cows, 852, 395,
397.
Component elements of butter, 409.
Comus, 54. 501, 699.
Conclusions regarding butter tests, 565.
Concrete, 109.
Condensation, Electric, 474.
Connecticut, 483.
Connecticut bulls, 486, 487.
Connecticut cows, 486, 487.
Connecticut first to breed Jerseys pure, 485.
Connecticut inventions, 484.
Connecticut longevity, 485.
Connecticut men, 483, 486.
Connecticut patriotism, 488.
Constipation, 310.
Constituents of manures, 168.
Construction of dairy, 337.
Construction of ice-houses, 423.
Consumption, 333.
Contrast of breeds, 421, 423.
Controlling sex, 90, 556.
Cooling milk, 365.
Cooling milk for cheese, 383.
Coomassie 11,874, 486, 544.
Corn analysis, 333-235, 238-241.
Corn culture, 254.
Corn for soiling, 254.
Corn hay, 428.
Corn measurement, 204.
Cost of sewage irrigation, 183.
Cotentin cattle, 40.
Cotter's Saturday Night, 33.
Couch's Lily 3237, 487, 534, 586.
Coughs, 321.
Coulommiers cheese, 388.
Counterfeit escutcheons, 57-65.
Countess 114, 487, 492.
Cousin into cou.sin, 698.
Covered drains, 136.
Covered drains. Depth of, 144.
Covering grass seeds, 258.
Cow at calving-time, 285.
" Cow-pea " hay, 437.
Cowper, William, 33.
Cream, 366.
Cream cheese, 888.
Cream not rising, 403, 403.
Cream per 100 lbs. milk, 393.
Cream-separator, 368.
Cream-separators at London Fair, 37
Creamery (Stoddard), 135.
Crops, American system, 191.
Crops decreased by late season, 434.
Crops, English system, 191.
Crops for soOing, 193.
Crops, Planning for, 193.
Crops, practical list of, 249.
Crossbred, 74.
Cud-chewing, 244.
Cultivation, American, 188.
Cultivation of soiling crops, 351.
Cultivation, Theory of, 186.
Cultivators, 189.
Cumulo-cirruS clouds, 437.
Cumulo-.stratus clouds, 437.
Curd-breaker, 387.
Curd-machine, 130.
Curd per 100 lbs. of milk, 393.
Cures, Law for selection of, 398.
Curing Camembert cheese, 890.
Curing cheese, 381.
Curing clover, 436.
Curing corn-fodder, 438.
Curing millet, 427.
Curing-room for cheese, 382, 384, 38:
Cutting corn, 428.
Czar 373, 486, 498.
708
JER.SEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Daily variations (fair wciither) in barometer, wind,
electric tension, needle and thermometer,
475.
Dairy, 335.
Dairy breeds, 73, 340-354.
Dairj- building. Plan of, 336.
Dairy drainage, 337.
Dairy farming, 97.
Dairy farming and weather, 433.
Dairy farm-work, 193.
Dairy implements, 130.
Dairy products. Analysis of, as feed, 23G.
Dairy tests at Ontario Experiment Farm, 393.
Dairy tints, 48.
Dairy utensils, 120, 385.
Daisy Pogis 23015, 358.
Dandelion 2521, 56, 486, 528.
Daniel Buck, Jr., 485.
Dart feather, 60.
Dauncey, Philip, 78, 89, 509.
Dazzle 379, 487, 518.
Deadlj' poisons, 289.
Decades of sun-spots and weather, 458-460.
Declivity of drains, 149.
Decomposition of rocks, 101.
Deep-can system for butter, 402.
Deep-can system for cream, 375.
Deerfoot Boy 1926, 565.
Deer, Inbreeding of, 86.
Definitions of the weather, 435.
De Laval and other separators, 368, 375.
Demi-canal, 243.
Demijohn escutcheon, 63.
Dent corn, 254.
Deodorizers, 332.
Descendants of noted animals, 492-586.
Devon, 393.
Dew point, 468.
Diarrhoea, 317.
Dick Swiveller Jr. 276, 487, 501.
Digestion in cattle, 243.
Digestive juices, 245.
Direction of drains, 149.
Diseased milk may not be detected by chemical
analysis, 411.
Diseases from tilth, 429.
Diseases, Medical treatment of, 298.
Disinfectants, 330.
Displacement of womb, 304
DobeU, Sidney, 27.
Doctor n. 2132, 551.
Dogs for manure, 195.
Dog-traps, 195.
Dolphin 2d 468, 525.
Doremus's method of disinfection, 830.
Dorking fowls, 87.
Double-selvedge escutcheon, 63.
Downy fowls, 87.
Drainage in America, 155.
Drainage of ice-house, 423.
Drainage of land, 128.
Drainage of springs, 138.
Drains, 134.
Drains, Covered, 136.
Drains, Depth of, 144, 145.
Drains, Frequency of, 147.
Drains, Laying out of, 150.
Drains, Open, 134.
Drains, Outfall, 150.
Drains, Tile, 137.
Dr. Collier's analyses, 231.
Dr. Grant's Jersey cheese, 392.
Drill, Champion, 121.
Drills, 189.
Drouth, 206, 454, 473.
Dr. Sturtevant on feed and breed, 420.
Dr. Wolff's tables of chemical analysis of feeding-
stuffs, 231.
Drying cheese, 382, 384, 388.
Drying off cows, 276.
Duclaux's experiments with rennet, 316.
Duke of Brandywine 2213, 576.
Duke of Darlington 2460, 571.
Duke of Grayholdt 1035, 535.
Dung from feed, 163.
Durability of drains, 137.
Duration of storms, 464, 470, 471.
Diiring's theory of sex, 90.
Dutch or Holstein-Friesian milk, 343, 345, 347,
350, 351, 353, 353.
Earth a thermal magnet, 471.
Earth's great central condition, 449.
Earthy elements in food, 243.
JERSEY CATTLE IIST A3IERICA.
Echo Farm milk yields, 355.
Edda, Icelandic, 18.
Effects of high lands upon rainfall, 456.
Bfiects of sewage grass upon milk, 411.
Effects of sewer gas upon milk, 411.
Effects of worry upon milk, 349.
Egypt, Out of, 14.
Egyptians, 16.
Eighth class escutcheon, 63.
Electric action upon plants and animals, 469-
473.
Electric currents of the earth, 471.
Electric force in condensation, 474.
Electric force in evaporation, 473.
Electric force in production of cloud forms, 473.
Electric force in tornado, 473.
Electric force in winds, 473.
Electric force produces trade-winds, 473.
Electric signs of rain, 468.
Electric state, 468.
Electro-magnetic storm, 473.
Electro-magnetism the organizing force of the
weather, 471.
Elements of butter, 409.
Elements of milk, 339-341.
Elements of nutrition, 237.
Emblem 90, 528, 586.
Ensilage, Analysis of, 238, 280, 281, 429.
Ensilage experiments at N. T. Ex. Station, 344-
346.
Ensilage, History of, 279.
Ensilage, Quality of, 380.
Epijonctif, 60.
Escutcheon, 57.
Escutcheon of buU, 69.
Essential points of a good centrifuge, 369.
Ethleel 2d 32291, 360.
European methods in cheese-making, 379.
Eurotas 2454, 356, 543.
Evaporation, 207, 473-476.
Evaporation from soil checked by fine tillage,
189, 476.
Evelina of Verna 10971, 487, 631-635.
Evening in Acadia, 34.
Excavations for drains, 151.
Excretions, Disinfection of, 332.
Experiments in feeding at N. Y. Ex. Station,
344.
Expensive method of water-supply, 422.
Extrusion of womb, 304.
Fair-day variations, 475.
Fair-weather standard of barometer, 462.
Palling of womb, 304.
Falling of womb. Treatment of, 305.
Famous Connecticut cattle, 484-487.
Famous Connecticut men, 484r-486.
Famous men, 13, 483.
Famous Massachusetts cattle, 487.
Famous pedigrees, 687.
Farmer's Glory 5196, 581.
Farm implements, 189.
Farm-work, Order of, 193.
Farm-yard manure, 163.
Farm-yard Song, 37.
Fastenings, 117.
Fat from carbo-hydrates in part, 270.
Fatty degeneration, 84, 93, 289, 304.
Feather, 58.
February ration for cows, 273.
Fecundity, 89.
Feed and breed of dairy cows, 420.
Feeding calves, 45, 278, 279.
Feeding cattle, 327.
Feeding children, 353.
Feeding experiments at N. Y. Ex. Station, 417.
Feeding experiments of Henry Stewart, 418.
Feeding for butter, 417, 565, 616.
Feeding for butter flavor, 410.
Feeding for cheese, 379-381.
Feeding standard tables, 369.
Feeding-stuffs, American analysis of, 240.
Feeding-stuffs, Average composition, 231.
Ferguson, 26.
Fibro-cirrus clouds, 437.
Fifteen-pound cows, 666.
Fifth-class escutcheon, 62.
FUth, 429.
Filth diseases, 439.
Filthy farming, 439.
First annual butter test, 489, 493.
First butter tests, 487, 492.
First-class escutcheon, 60.
First importation of Jersey cattle, 485.
710
JERSEY CATTLE IX AJfEBICA.
First Jersey bull imported, 485.
First order flandrine escutcheon, 60.
Flandrine escutcheon, 60.
Flavor of butter, 409.
Flavor of butter affected by feed. 410.
Flavor of cheese, 379.
Flesh-forming substances, 342.
Flint corn, 255.
Flora 113. first cow tested, 487, 493.
Florida rainfall, 477.
Focal paths of conditions, 446-448.
Fodder values, Tanner's table of, 268.
Fog, 436.
Food elements, Prof. Voelcker's summarj' of,
242.
Food for butter, 417, 565.
^ood for cheese, 379.
Food required to produce a pound of meat, 268.
Forfc escutcheon, 66.
Formation of cloud the result of electric force, 473.
Formula for concrete, 109.
Formula for lacto-rennetine, 317.
Formula for treating abortion, 301.
Formulas for breeding Jerseys, 687.
Formulas for inbreeding, 687.
Forty -six-pound cows, 653.
Fountains of Jersey blood, 491.
Fourteen-pound cows, 673.
Fourth-class escutcheon, 62.
Fowls, Inbreeding of, 87.
Frequency of drains, 147.
Frequency of milking, 364, 389.
Frequency of milking increases cream, 364.
Freshets predicted, 471.
Frost, 465.
Fruits, Analysis of, 235.
Full-bred, 74.
Fuller, Valanccy E., 351, 393, 488.
Future of American Jerseys, 701.
G.
Garfield, James A., 12.
Garget, 290.
Garget, Treatment of, 315.
Gastric juices, 345.
General soiling crops, 251.
Genius of Connecticut people, 483.
Germicides, 331.
Gestation tables, 201-204.
Gilderoy 2107, 88, 96, 577, 696.
Glands, Parotid, Submaxillary, Salivary,
Gloucestershire cheese, 383.
God the Giver of Prosperity, 14.
God's Beneficence, 15.
God's Care, 15.
Goldsmith, Oliver, 21.
Good cheese, 376.
Grade, 74, 93.
Grains, Analysis of, 235.
Grand Duke Alexis 1040, 540.
Grand-nephew into grand-aunt, 697.
Gnmdsire into grand-daughter, 691.
Grandson into grand-dam, 688.
Granular butter, 404.
Grass produced by sewage, 184.
Grass-seed, covering and germination, 251
Grass-seeds, Harrows for, 259.
Grass tests for butter, 587.
Gray colors, 48.
Gray's Elegy, 21.
Great centr.al storm condition, 449.
Great secret of good cheese, 380.
Green hay, 425.
Green maize hay, 428.
Green millet hay, 427.
Green oat hay, 427.
Greenth, 424.
Greeley, Horace, 13.
Grey King, P. 169, 575.
Grey Prince, F. 168, 548.
Gruyere cheese, 386.
Gueuon, Francis, 57.
Guenon system, 57.
Guenon verified, 583.
Guernsey, 39.
Guernsey cattle, 43.
Guernsey milk, 347, 350, 393, 394.
Gulf States rainfall, 477.
Guy Fawkes, F. 251, 573.
Guy Slannering, 698, 541.
H.
Half-brother into half-sister, 692.
Halley theory absurd, 453.
Hamilton 1074, 553.
Hand, Thomas J., 46.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
711
Harris on cheese-making, 377.
Harrowing corn, 254.
Harrows, 188.
Hartford, Conn., first importation of Jerseys, 48.5.
Harvesting thin ice, 423.
Hay, 425.
Hay analysis, 231, 240.
Hay caps, 424, 427.
Hayloader, 120, 425.
Hay-making, 425.
Hay -measurement, 204.
Hay -mowing, 425.
Hay-tea ration for calves, 279.
Hay-tedder, 425.
Hazen's Bess 7339, 487.
Hazen's Nora 4791, 487.
Health, Conditions of, 293.
Heart-sac, Inflammation of, 314.
Heat for colostrum fever, 308.
Heating milk for cheese, 377, 378, 379, 380, 887, 889.
Heat of sun generates electro-magnetism, 471.
Heavy milk, 402, 403.
Height of clouds, 438.
Help, Helpers, Hirelings, 430.
Hemans, Felicia, 25.
Hematuria, 305.
Hemorrhage in wounds, Treatment of, 329.
Herd Register, 46.
Herd yields of butter, 415, 416, 417.
Herd yields of milk, 855-358.
Hero, P. 90, 566.
Herrick, Robert, 20.
Hesiod, 18.
High fog, 436, 438.
Highlands affect rainfall, 456.
High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, 29.
Hints on cheese-making, 380.
History of butter tests, 489.
History of Jersey cattle, 39, 483, 701.
History of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7838, 545, 689.
Hoe, Col. R. M., 73, 508.
Hogg, James, 25.
Hollingsworth, Theory of sex, 91.
Holstein-Friesian cheese-curd, 393.
Holstein-Friesian milk, 347, 350, 351, 353, 353,
393, 394.
Holstein-Friesian breeders, Advice to, 353.
ns retire from dairy contest at Toronto, 397.
Homer, 16.
Hoove, 289.
Hoove, Treatment of, 307.
Horns, Broken, 329.
Horns, Cotentin, 41.
Horns, Jersey, 41.
Horns, Training of, 381.
Horses, Inbreeding of, 85.
Horse-power for centrifuge, 375.
Hot water for colic and hoove, 314.
Hot water for colostrum apoplexy, 307.
Hot water for garget, 815.
Hot water for inflamed wounds and lockjaw, 339.
Hot water for sunstroke, 315.
Hot water injections, 309.
Hot water treatment, 307.
Houghton Farm Reports, 343, 343, 359.
Housing ice, 433.
Howe, Dr. H. M., 88.
Hubback, 93.
Hubbell, O. S. 73, 89, 486, 490, 532.
Human milk, 353.
Hume, Alexander, 31.
Humidity of atmosphere, 467, 474.
Hungarian grass analysis, 235.
Hungarian grass for soiling, 258.
Hurrah 2814, 487, 567, 698.
Hurricane, 448.
Huth, Dr. Alfred Heniy, 77-87.
Hybrid clover, 253.
Hygrometer, 467.
Hypochlorite of soda, 331.
Hyposulphite of mercurj' germicide, 831.
Hypothetical pedigree, 96.
I.
Ice cooling, raising cream by, 375.
Ice-houses, 423.
Ice-machine, 424, 484.
Ice-measurement, 205.
Ice-storm, 464.
Ike Felch 1393, 555.
Iliad, 16.
Implements, 119.
Implements for dairy, 130.
Implements for dairy farm, 119, 121, 189.
Implements of special merit, 121.
Importance of ventilation, 112, 114, 328.
712
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
lm|X)rtation of Jersey cattle, 485.
Improvement of Jersey cattle, 42, 73, 485, 490,
687, 701.
In-and-in breeding, 75.
Inand-in breeding of cattle, 73, 81, 88, 485, 687,
701.
In-!ind-in breeding of deer, 86.
Inand-in breeding of fowls, 87.
In-and-in breeding of horses, 85.
In-and-in breeding of Jersey cattle, 73, 88, 485,
522, 539, 687, 701.
In-and-in breeding of man, 75.
In-and-in breeding of sheep, 77.
In-and-in breeding of swine, 84.
In-and-in breeding of wild animals, 77, 82, 87.
Inbreeding and fecundity, 89.
Inbreeding formulas, 96, 687.
Inbreed to the winner, 701.
Incorporation of salt in butter, 407.
Increased area of planting needful in cold spring,
434.
Indigestion in calves, 316.
Individual milk yields, 355.
Inductive electric force producing storms, 473.
Influence of cattle upon literature, 13.
Influence of sex upon offspring, 92.
Influences controlling sex, 90.
Ingelow, Jean, 28.
Instruments for barrenness in cows, 303, 304.
Instruments for study of weather, 474.
Intestinal digestive juices, 245.
Inventive genius of Connecticut people, 488.
Iron Bank 1120, 542.
Irregular weather conditions, 443.
Irrigation, 205.
Irrigation by liquid manures, 178, 223.
Irrigation by water-mendows, 211.
Irrigation catch-meadows, 217.
Irrigation, Crops produced by, 214.
Irrigation in California, 225.
Irrigation in Kngland and Scotland, 211, 216.
Irrigation in Lombardy, 221.
Irrigation, Monthly directions for, 218.
Irrigation, Plants for, 213.
Irrigation, Ridge and furrow, 215.
Irrigation, Quality of, 212.
Irrigation, Quality of grass, 184, 214.
Irrigation, Sewage, 178, 216.
Irrigjition, underground systems, 178, 216, 226.
Italian millet for soiling, 254.
Ives Cow, 486, 487.
Jacob, 12, 72.
Jacob's cattle, 72.
Jacquot, P. 63, 548.
Januar)' ration for cows, 273.
January thaw, 464.
JeflFerson, Thomas, 12.
Jenner's Signs of Rain, 468.
Jenny Pogis 22984, 358.
Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 48, 89, 95, 90, 356,
487, 493, 545, 689.
Jersey Boy, P. 92, 567.
Jersey breeders. Number of, 489.
Jersey butter, 398.
Jersey cattle, 39, 73, 88, 95, 96, 342, 393, 483.
Jersey cattle as butter cows, 342, 394, 483, 557.
Jersey cattle as cheese cows, 350-353, 393, 394.
Jersey Cattle Club, American, 46, 488.
Jersey cattle fifty years ago, 43, 483.
Jersey cattle, First importations of 485.
Jersey cattle shows, 43.
Jersey cattle. Inbreeding of, 88, 485, 533, 533,
539, 687, 701.
Jersey cheese, 391.
Jersey colors, 41, 48.
Jersey cream, 366.
Jersey Fountains, 491, 584, 699.
Jersey, Island of, 39.
Jersey milk, 343-353, 393, 483, 557, 683.
Jerseys as milkers, 354.
Jerseys at Houghton Farm, 343.
Jews, 18, 77.
Jews, Viability of, 77.
Jolin Alden's Bull, 34.
Judging cattle, 72.
Juices, Digestive, 245.
June and July rations for cows, 271.
Keats, 26.
Keeping of Island cattle, 45.
Keeping quality of Jersey butter, 411.
Kliedive, P. 103, 572,
Kicking cows, 363.
King, P. 338, 582.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA,
Labor, 430.
Lacto-reiinetiue for indigestion, 317.
Lady Ives 1708, 487.
Lady Mary 1148, 521, 585, 699.
Lady of the Isles, F. 992, 538.
Landseer 331, 96, 523, 585.
Landseer's Fancy 2876, 487, 496, 557, 603.
La Petite M^re 3d 12810, 358.
Large clover, 252.
Largest butter yield of Jersey covr, 557-564.
Largest butter yield of Jersey heifer, 860.
Largest milk yield of Jersey cow, 358.
Largest milk yield of Jersey heifer, 358.
Late spring requires larger area of crops, 434.
Lateral electric currents, 473, 478.
Lawrence 61, 519, 699.
Laying out drains, 150.
Lead colic, 289.
Leaking cows, 364.
Least quantity of air required in stables in coldest
weather, 328.
Leathery cream, 375, 402.
Leclair, Peter, 488.
Le Cornu, J., 45.
Le Couteur, 43, 44.
Left flandrine escutcheon, 61.
Legend of types, 491.
Lemon, F. 170, 542.
Lice upon cattle, 291.
Lightning, 290.
Lightning and barbed wire, 391.
Lightning-rods, Rules for setting, 390.
Limousine escutcheon, 64.
Linear-cirrus clouds, 437.
Liquid manure, 177, 316.
Listerine, deodorizer, 332.
Living Storm 173, 486, 510.
Loamy soils, 104.
Loamy soils analysis, 105.
Local drouths, 455.
Lockjaw, 338.
Lombardese irrigation, 323.
Longevity of Connecticut people, 484, 485.
LongfeUow, H. W.,34.
Lopez 313, 531.
Lord Bronx 2d 1730, 487, 568.
Lord Lawrence 1414, 568, 699.
Lord Lisgar 1066, 550, 699.
Lord's Day, 430.
Loss of ammonia, 177.
Lotions for wounds and sores, 329.
Lower Lakes rainfall, 488.
Lower story of atmosphere, 435, 436.
Low fog, 486, 438.
Lucky Belle 3214, 487, 553.
Lysimeter, 474, 476.
Machines for cream separation, 368.
Magnetic storm, 472.
Maiden with a Milking-Pail, 28.
Maine Jersey cheese, 393.
Making whole-milk cheese, 882.
Management of manures, 164.
Mangers, 117.
Mangolds, Analysis of, 234
Mangolds for soiling, 355.
Man, Inbreeding of, 75.
Manure, Constituents of, 168.
Manure heaps, 165.
Manure, liquid, 177, 316.
Manure, Saving of, 233.
Manure sewage, 178, 316.
Manure value tables, 157, 161, 216, 223.
Manures, Natural, 176.
March ration for cows, 373.
Marius 760, 539, 585, 687, 699.
Marjoram 3389, 552.
Marks of Gloucestershire cheese, 384.
Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, 48, 66, 67,
588.
Mary Lowndes 378, 503.
Masena 35782, 578.
Matilda 4th 12816, 858.
May ration for cows, 370.
McClellan 25, 486, 504, 585.
Meadows, 356.
Meadows, Cultivation of, 257.
Meadows, Early, 357.
Meadows, English methods, 259.
Meadows, Irrigated, 211-331.
Meadows, Late, 357.
Meadows, Permanent, 360.
Meadows, Preservation of, 361.
Meadows, Seeding for, 357.
ri4
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
MeosurcmenU of corn, hay, ice and roots, 204.
Measurements of Jcrse.v Belle of Scituatc 7828, 547.
Measurements of Landseer's Fancy 2876, 699.
Mechanical advantages of drainage, 129.
Mechanical analysis of butter salt, 405.
Mechanical changes in soils, 102.
Medical treatment of diseases of cattle, 300.
Medicines for abortion, 300.
Medicines for acclimation fever, 315.
Medicines for apoplexy, 308.
Medicines for barrrenness, 305.
Medicines for bloody urine, 305.
Medicines for broken horn, 309.
Medicines for bronchitis, 321.
Medicines for colic, 314, 318.
Medicines for colostrum dise.isc called "milk I
fever," 308. I
Medicines for constipation, 811. \
Medicines for consumption, 334. !
Medicines for co\ighs, 321.
Medicines for diarrhoea, 317.
Medicines for difficult calving, 306.
Medicines for extrusion or falling womb, 304.
Medicines for garget, 315.
Medicines for hoove, 314.
Medicines for lockjaw, 328.
Medicines for meteorism, 289, 314.
Medicines for milk diseases, 310.
Medicines for pleuro-pneumonia, 327.
Medicines for pneumonia, 323.
Medicines for red- water, 306.
Medicines for rheumatism, 313.
Medicines for sore teats, 315.
Medicines for spermatorrhcea, 320.
Medicines for sterility, 320.
Medicines for sunstroke, 315.
Medicines for warts, 315.
Members of A. J. C. C, 489.
Mercury 432, 96, 532.
Meridional drouths, 455.
Merrimac River, 36.
Metallic tints of coat, 48.
Meteorism, 289.
Methods in butter-making, 400.
Methods in chee.sc-making, 376-388.
Methods of cream separation, 368.
Methods of saving manures, 161.
Middle Atlantic States rainfall, 477.
Middle Plateau rainfall, 479.
Middle Slope rainfall, 479.
Middle story of the atmosphere, 435, 436.
Milanese irrigation, 220.
Milk, 338-354.
Milk analysis, 340-354, 394-397.
Milk, Cooling of, 365.
Milk, Digestion of, 245, 246.
Milk, diseases of udder secretion, 310.
"Milk fever," 295, 307-309.
Milk from different breeds of cattle, 346,
Slilk, How to feed cows' milk to children
Milk in pleuro-pneumonia. Quality of, 4i
Milking, Art of, 360.
Milking-machines, 362.
Milking-Pail, Maiden with, 28.
Milk of different teats in same cow, 347, i
Milk of women, 353, 354.
Milk-pail, 124.
Milk, Pounds of, to a pound of butter.
Milk ration for calf, 269, 270.
Milking Song, 31, 33, 36.
Milk yields of Deerfoot Herd, 355.
Milk yields of Echo Farm Herd, 355.
Milk yields of famous cows, 356.
Milk yields of Houghton Farm Herd, i
Milk yields of Loeser Farm Herd, 358.
Milk yields of Maplehurst Herd, 357.
Milk yields of Oaklands Herd, 394.
Milk yields of Prospect Hill Herd, 358,
Jlilton, John, 19.
Millo-maize, 250.
Millet, 253.
Millet, Analysis of, 233.
Millet, culture for hay, 427.
Millet hay, 427.
Milo 590, 539.
Mineral constituents of plants, 228.
Mineral elements of grain, 230.
Mineral elements of hay, 228.
Mineral elements of milk, 339-354.
Mineral elements of root crops, 229.
Mineral elements of straw, 230.
Mineral nutrients, 228.
^lincral nutrients in food, 342.
Jlink 2548, 553.
Mist, 436, 438.
Misty-cirrus clovids, 437.
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA.
Valley rainfall, 478.
Missouri Valley rainfall, 478.
Mixing salt in butter, 406.
Mogul 532, 536.
Moisture in atmosphere, 467.
Mollie Garfield 13172, 579.
Monarch of Roxbury 499, 530.
Mongrel, 74, 93.
Monitor 878, 486, 538.
Montafu breed of cattle, 40.
Mora's Strainer, 124.
Moses, 13, 75.
Moss Rose of Willow Farm 5174, 493.
Mostar 6971, 574.
Motive force in tornado, 473.
Motive force of the weather, 471-474.
Motive force of wind, 472.
Motley, Thomas, 44, 487, 493.
Mould for butter, 130, 406.
Mouldiness in Stilton cheese, 388.
Mountain Pictures, 35.
Mowing hay, 435.
Mowing-machine, 120, 425, 426.
Mr. Le Feuvre's Jersey cheese, 393.
Mr. Micawber 554, 556.
Mrs. Langtry 14994, 359.
Mythology, Norse, 18.
N.
Nancy Lee 7618, 486, 579.
Natural manures, 176.
Nebulo-cirrus cloud, 438.
Neglected opportunities in breeding, 95.
Nelly 55, 517.
Nelusko 479, 537.
Nephew into aunt, 696.
New England rainfall, 456, 477.
NieoUe, 45.
Ninth-class escutcheon, 64.
Nineteen-pound cows, 656.
Nlobe Duke 2364, 574.
Noble 901, 549.
Norajah 812, 548.
Norman cattle, 41.
Norse mythology, 18.
Northeaster, 442.
Northeast scud, 436.
Northern Plateau rainfall, 479.
Northern Slope rainfall, 478.
Northwest scud, 436.
Northwest Slope rainfall, 478.
Norton, John T., 44, 485, 486, 489, 494, 496.
November ration for cows, 373.
Number of cows to a milker, 364.
Number of plants upon an acre, 205.
Nutrition, Elements of, 337.
Nutrition in cheese, 398.
O.
Oats, Analysis of, 231-341.
Oats, Culture of, 353.
Oats, Climate for, 353.
Oats, Enormous yield of, 353.
Oats for soiling crop, 353.
Oats with peas, 353.
October ration for cows, 273.
Ode to Grecian Urn, 36.
Official butter tests, A. J. C. C, Rules for, 610,
Official butter tests, 590.
Offspring influenced by sex, 93.
Ohio Valley rainfall, 478.
Oh, Mary, go and Call the Cattle Home, 37.
Oil in food, how supplied, 270.
Oils of plants, 338.
Ointments, 339.
Old Noble, 88, 697.
Oleomargarine flavor, 414.
Oleomargarine tests, 414, 415.
Omaha 482, 537.
Omasum, 243.
Ona 7840. 486.
Ontario Ex. Farm Dairy Tests, 393.
Oonan 1485, 543, 586.
Open-drain water-courses, 135.
Operation for barrenness in cows, 303, 804.
Operation for hoove or tympanitis, 314.
Operation of cream-separators, 371-376.
Orange Peel 503, 539.
Orange Peel 864, 537.
Orchard grass, Analysis of, 331, 241.
Orchard grass as a soiling crop, 353.
Orchard grass hay, 425.
Order of farm-work, 193.
Orders of escutcheon, 60.
Organization of A. J. C. C, 488, 489.
Organization of the atmosphere, 434, 471.
716
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA.
Origin of Jersey Cattle, 40.
Osmazome, 73.
Os tincoc and Os internum, Obstructions of.
Our Domain, 11.
Outfall of drains, 152.
Out of Egj-pt, 14.
Oval feather, 58.
Overfeeding, 289.
Oxen, 15, 16.
Oxford Kate 13646, 583.
Oxoli 1923, 487, 568.
Pacific Coast rainfall, 479.
Pacific system of conditions, 446.
Paddy 899, 542.
Paint colic, 288, 289.
Painting cheese, 384.
Pancreatic juice, 245, 246.
Pandora of Staatsburg 3d 6497. 581.
Pansy 8, 486, 494, 495, 496, 584, 699.
Pan.sy 6th 38, 487, 506, 585.
Pansy 1019, 486, 487, 489, 517.
Pan system for butter, 401.
Pan system for cream, 375.
Paradise Lost, 19, 20.
Parallel electric currents, 472.
Parsnips, Analysis of, 235.
Parsnips, Culture of, 256.
Part First, 39.
Part Second, 97.
Part Third, 335.
Part Fourth, 433.
Part Fifth, 483.
Parturition, 285.
Pastoral Anthology, 16.
Pasturage, 262.
Pasturage, Essentials for, 262.
Pasturage, Rules for, 266.
Pasture fences, 265.
Pasture, water supply, 265.
Pastures, Renovation of, 266.
Pastures, Seeding for, 263.
Pastures, Southern, 264.
Paterson 11, 499.
Paths of conditions, 446.
Patriotism of Connecticut people, 483.
Pauline 494, 527.
Pea manure, 196.
Peace, 35.
Pedigree, hypothetical, 96.
Pedigree of Cctewayo, P. 224 J. H. B., 688.
Pedigree of Ethleel 3d 32291, 694.
Pedigree of Gilderoy 2107, 696.
Pedigree of Hurrah 2814, 693.
Pedigi'ce of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 689,
Pedigree of Marius 760, 687.
Pedigree of Mercury 432, 693.
Pedigree of Moses, 76.
Pedigree of Purest 13730, 691.
Pedigree of Rex 1330, 698.
Pedigree of Royalist 2906, 697.
Pedigree of Stoke Pogis 1359, 688.
Pennington, Studies with germicides, 331.
Perfect Milk-Pail, 124.
Perpetual milkers, 60, 61, 63.
Persistency of Jerseys in milk, 358.
Persistency of milk in HoughtonFarm heifers,
Persistency in milk. Escutcheon index of, Se-i
Person, Disinfection of, 333.
Pertinatti 713, 543.
Phenomenal butter yields, 356.
Phenomenal milk yields, 355, 358.
Physical qualities of cream, 366.
Pierrot 636, 486, 533, 585.
Pierrot 2d 1669, 486, 549, 586.
Pierrot 7th 1667, 486, 567.
Pilot 3, 498.
Pinholes in cheese, 381.
Placenta, Retention of, 301, 303.
Plan of dairy for fifty cows, 336.
Plants, number upon an acre, 305.
Pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa, 324.
Plow, 13, 119.
Plow, Sackett, 188.
Plowing, 187, 188.
Plus bull, 94-96.
Plus cow, 94.
Plus into plus, 94.
Pneumonia, 332.
Points of a good cream-separator, 369-371.
Points of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 545.
Points of Landseer's Fancy 2876, 557, 699.
Points, Scale of, for Jerseys, 44-56.
Points, Scale for cows at dairy fairs, 54.
Pope, Alexander, 12, 20.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
717
Position and size of main drains, 151.
Position of drains, 150.
Power for centrifuge cream-separator, 369-375.
Prayer for Peace, 15.
Prepotency, 74, 496, 532, 539, 687, 700.
Prepotent bull, 687, 700.
Preserving green color in hay, 425.
Pretty Girl of Loch Dan, 36.
Prevention of bronchitis, 321.
Prevention of indigestion in calves, 316.
Prevention of tuberculosis, 323.
Preventive treatment for abortion, 299.
Prices of Camembert cheese, 391.
Pride of Windsor 483, 536.
Prince 55, 498.
Prince of Warren 1512, 569.
Princess 836, 503.
Princess 3d 8046, 486, 581.
Principles of breeding, 39, 72, 94.
Prints for butter, 120, 406.
Prizes, 45.
Professor Fjord's experiments in raising cream,
376.
Professor Thury's theory of sex, 91.
Prognostication of freshets, 471.
Prognostication of weather, 459.
Progress of storms, 470.
Prolapsus uteri, 804.
Propositions defining the weather, 435.
Propositions upon the force in weather, 471.
Prosperity, 35.
Proverbs, 16,
Psalms of Asaph, 11.
Psalms of David, 14.
Pulse, Bovine, 292.
Pulse, Character of, 393.
Punctual performance of work, 193.
Pure Jer.sey breeding, 485, 488.
Purity of air in stables, 112, 114, 333.
Purity of Jersey cattle, 43.
Purity of Jersey breed. Island Law.s, 43.
Purposes of salting butter, 404.
Putrid milk from too much manure, 411.
Q-
Quality of air in stables, 113, 114, 333.
Quality of Alphea 171, 507.
Quality of American Jerseys, 490.
Quality of Camembert cheese, 388.
Quality of cheese, 376.
Quality of cream, 366.
Quality of dairy breeds, 350, 395, 423,487, 650-701.
Quality of Ethleel 2d 32291, 360.
Quality of farmyard manure, 176.
Quality of first importation of Jerseys, 485.
Quality of Jersey cheese, 392.
Quality of Jersey butter, 398, 407, 411.
Quality of Landseer's Fancy 2876, 487, 496, 557,
603, 699.
Quality of medicines, 298.
Quality of milk for cheese, 378.
Quality of Pansy blood, 496.
Quality of salt for cheese, 380.
Quality of Splendid blood, 496, 557.
Quantity of air needed for coldest weather in sta-
bles, 333.
Quantity of butter in milk, 339-354, 683.
Quantity of butter, casein, fat and sugar in milk,
Quantity of cream in Crystal Spring Herd, 433.
Quantity of dung from feed, 163.
Quantity of water in milk, 339-354.
Quantity and quality of excrements voided, 177
Quick milking, 360.
R.
Rain, 133, 464, 468, 471.
Rainband spectroscope, 474.
Rainfall in United States, 477.
Rain in Summer, 34.
Rajah 340, 533.
Ralph 957, 486, 549.
Rambler of St. Lambert 5285, 582.
Rancid butter, 414.
Rankin theory of controlling sex, 91.
Ration 267.
Ration at Echo Farm, 275.
Ration at dairy of Messrs. Darlington, 276.
Ration, Cheap, for winter, 373.
Ration for buU, 277.
Ration for butter cows, 370.
Ration for calves, 377.
Ration for cows before calving, 375.
Ration for life and production, 270.
Ration for winter milk, 274.
Ration for yellow butter, 274.
JERSEY CATTLE IN^ AMERICA.
Ration, Hay-tea, 379.
Ration, Lacto-reunetine or rennet, 278.
Ration, Whey. 378.
Ration of Bomba 10330, 590, 591.
Ration of Carrie Lena 3d 20077, 621.
Ration of Cocotte 11958, 649.
Ration of Cottage Lass 5332, 594.
Ration of Edessa 21844, 631, 638.
Ration of Burotus 2454, 543.
Ration of Euphonia 6783, 620.
Ration of Ethleel 2d 32291, 644.
Ration of Evelina of Verna 10971, 631, 637.
Ration of Fair Lady 6723, 595.
Ration of Gilt Edge C. 12223, 609.
Ration of Hilda D. 6683, 681, 636.
Ration of Ida of St. Lambert 34990, 612.
Ration of Jersey Belle of Scituatc 7838, 587.
Ration of Khelula 17970, 649.
Ration of Landseer's Fancy 2876, 558, 559, 565,
603.
Riition of Lydia Darrach 4903, 592.
Ration of Mamelle 20804, 627.
Ration of Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, 615.
Ration of Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956, 626.
Ration of Matilda 4th 12816, 644, 645, 646, 648.
Ration of Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771, 607.
Ration of Naiad of St. Lambert 12965, 604, 005.
Ration of Niobe of St. Lambert 12969, 608.
Ration of O.xford Kate 13646, 622.
Ration of Pansy 1019, 489.
Ration of Percie 14937, 606.
Ration of Pet of Rose Lawn 11326, 641.
Ration of Princess 2d 8046, 618.
Ration of Prof. Horsfall in experiments, 269.
Ration of Rioter Pink of Berlin 23665, 609.
Ration of Su Lu 4705, 596.
Ration, Standard, 374.
Ration of Telle 20802, 630.
Ration of Value 3d 6844, 601, 603.
Ratio of milk to butler, 683.
Rats and flies in buildings, 429.
Records of drouths, 456.
Rector 1458, 567.
Red-water, 305.
Regina, P. 33, 507.
Relative merits of dairy breeds, 351.
Relative value of feeding-stuffs, 242.
Remarkable, P. 2295, 555.
Rennet, 196.
Rennet for Camembert cheese, 389.
Rennet for Gloucestershire cheese, 388.
Rennet for Gruyere cheese, 387.
Rennet for indigestion, 316.
Rennet, Harris's method with cheese, 378, 380.
Rennet, Pure, 392.
Rennet for Stilton cheese, 387.
Rennet stomach, 348.
Requisites to sustain life and liealth, 239.
Respiration, Bovine, 293.
Respiratory food, 239.
Rest and recreation, 430.
Rest in the Furrow, 34.
Restoration of soils, 167.
Results of methods in cream separation, 875.
Results required in drains, 145.
Resume of weather prognostications, 466.
Retention of after-birth, 301.
Retention of water in soils, 141.
Reticulum, or reticule stomach, 243.
Rex 1330, 487, 569.
Rheumatism, 312.
Richest cow in the world, 557, 559, 565, 603.
Richest heifer in the world, 360.
Richness of Jerseys unrivalled 342-354, 360, 557,
559, 565, 603, 650, 683.
Riglit animals, plants, and seeds, 106.
Riley, J. W., 480.
Rinsing butter granules, 404.
Rio Grande Valley rainfall, 477.
Rioter 746, E. H. B., 509.
Rioter 3d 469, 529.
Rioter 670, 530.
Ripening cheese, 382, 384, 388, 390.
Ripening cream, 400, 401, 403, 409,
Ripening milk for cheese, 377.
Roberts, Sarah, 35.
Rob Roy 17, 486, 520, 586.
Rogers, J. S., 87.
Rollers, 189.
Rose of Eden 13437, 352, 396.
Rotation of crops, 190.
Rotation of crops. Planning for, 192.
Rotation for soiling crops, 192.
Roots and tubers. Analysis of, 234.
Royal Jersey Agricultural Society, 42.
Roxbury 247, 505.
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA.
719
Rules for official tests of cows A. J. C. C, i
639.
Rules for pasturing, 286.
Rules for setting lightning-rods, 290.
Rumen, 243.
Rumination, 244.
Rutabagas, Analysis of, 234, 240.
Rutabagas, Cultivation of, 256.
Rye, Analysis of, 231, 233, 236, 238, 240, 241.
Rye, cultivation of, for soiling, 251.
Sacred psalms, 13-16.
Saline substances in food, 242.
Salt dissolved in butter, 407.
Salt for butter, 404.
Salt for cheese, 380.
Salting butter, 404-408.
Salting cheese, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385.
Salt undissolved in butter, 408.
Sam 980, 486.
Sam Weller 271, 507, 547.
Samson Jr. 2723, 580.
Sandy soils, 103.
Sanitary apparatus, 299.
Sanitary treatment of colic, 319.
Sanitary treatment of colostrum disease, 395, 296,
307, 308.
Sanitary uses of hot water, 307, 309, 315, 319, 339.
Sans Peur, F. 201, 565.
Saugatuck 1144, 557.
Saving of fences by soiling, 247.
Saving of food by soiling, 247.
Saving of health by soiling, 248.
Saving of labor by soiling, 248.
Saving of land by soiling, 246.
Saving of manure by soiling, 247.
Saving of manures, 156, 176, 223.
Saving of productiveness by soiling, 248.
Saving waste manures, 223.
Scale of points, 44.
Scrub animal, 74.
Scud, 436.
Scud clouds, 436-438.
Second-class escutcheon, 61.
Secondary electric currents, 472.
Second secondary electric currents, 473.
Seeds, 106.
Seeds per acre, 106.
Self-abuse, 319.
Self-sucking, 363.
Selvedge escutcheon, 61.
Separation of cream, 368.
Separator contest, 371.
September ration for cows, 271.
Seven points of soiling, 246.
Seven states of the weather, 460.
Seventeen-pound cows, 659.
Seven to eight pounds of milk to one pound of
butter, 684.
Seventh-class escutcheon, 63.
Sewage manure, 178.
Sewage manure, Cost of, 185.
Sex, 90.
Sex, Influence of, upon offspring, 93.
Sexton, whole-milk prize cheese, 382.
Shakespeare, 18, 19.
Sharpless, Samuel J., 46.
Sheep, Inbreeding of, 77.
Shield of Achilles, 17.
Ship Splendid, 485.
Shorthorn, 93.
Shorthorn milk, 393, 394.
Shower-belt peculiarities, 440.
Signal 1170, 96, 556.
Significance of points, 69.
Signs of rain, 468-471.
Silver Mine 1658, 573.
Simpson, William, 73, 89.
Sir Charles 131, 503.
Sixteen-pound cows, 663.
Sixth-class escutcheon, 63.
Six to seven pounds of milk to one pound of
butter.
Size of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7838, 547.
Size of Landseer's Fancy 3876, 699.
Skill in breeding, 490.
Skill in milking, 360.
Skill in treating milk, 365.
Slaughterhouse fetor of oleomargarine, 414.
Slinking, 394-300.
Slope of drains, 149.
Slovenly farming, 439.
Smokers, 360, 431.
Smut 362, 294.
Smut, Prevention of, 264.
720
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Snow, 463, 468.
Soft cream cheese, 388.
Soiling, 250.
Soiling cattle, 346.
Soiling crops, 349.
Soiling, Southern, 350.
Soils, 98.
Soils, Characteristics of, 103.
Soils, Restoration of, 167.
Solids in milk, 339-354, 393, 394.
Solomon, 16.
Son of Alphea 1683, 538.
Song of Praise, 16.
Sore teats, 315.
Sources of manures, 161.
South Atlantic States rainfall, 477.
Southeast scud, 436.
Southeaster and Showerbelt, 438-441.
Southern Plateau rainfall, 479.
Southern Slope rainfall, 479.
Special rules relating to abortion, 301.
Specific gravity of cream, 366.
Specific gravity of milk, 340, 354.
Spectroscope, 475, 476.
Spermatorrhoea in bull, 319.
Splendens 16, 485, 486, 487, 492.
Splendid 2, 486, 487, 496, 584.
Sponge tent for dilating womb, 303, 304.
Spring drouths, 455.
Spring-house for butter, 401.
Springs, 133.
Springs, Drainage of. !:«, 135.
Square escutcheon, 63.
Stable, 111.
Stable, Calf, 118.
Stable, Cheap, 117.
Stable, Disinfection of, 333.
Stake for corn-stalks, 428.
Stalls, 116.
Stanchions, 117.
Standard butter tests, 587.
Standards for feeding, 268.
States of the weather, 434, 460.
Sterility in bulls, 319.
St. Helicr 45, 48, 89, 96, 486, 490, 522.
Stilton cheese, 387.
Stoddard Churn, 137, 599.
Stoddard Creamery, 125.
Stoke Pogis 1259, 550.
Stoke Pogis 3d 3238, 96, 573.
Stories of the atmosphere, 435.
Storm conditions, 438.
Storm-stratus clouds, 437, 438.
Storms, Duration of, 464, 470, 471.
Storms generated and controlled by electric force,
473, 474.
Story of the model cow, 545.
Strange accidents to animals, 287.
Stratus clouds, 437.
Straw, Analysis of, 233.
Study of the tables, 700.
Stuyvesant theory of sex, 91.
Stylet for dilating womb, 303, 304.
Styptic, 329.
Sucking feeder for calves, 278.
Sudden changes in weather, 464.
Sugar beets, 255.
Sugar beets. Analysis of, 234.
Sugar in butter for flavoring, 407.
Sugar in milk, 339-354.
Sugar in woman's milk, 3.54.
Sultau, F. 58, 515.
Summary on breeding, 93.
Summary of causes of disease, 297.
Summarj' of food elements, 242.
Summary of uses of disinfectants, 332.
Summary of weather prognostication, 466.
Summer drouths, 455.
Summer feeding, 376.
Summer Ramble, 33.
Summer rations, 272.
Sunlight in stables, 112.
Sunspots and weather, 457-460.
Sunstroke, 315.
Superb 1956, 487, 574.
Surface story clouds, 436.
Surface story of the atmosphere. 435.
Swain, James P., 41.
Swearers, 431.
Swedish hybrid clover, 252.
Sweepstakes Duke 1905, 570.
Sweet corn. Analysis of, 235.
Sweet corn for soiling, 254.
Sweet cream as a luxury, 366.
Swine, Inbreeding of, 84.
System in dairy, 335.
JERSEY CATTLE IN A3IERICA.
721
Table of American feeding-stuffs, 240.
Table of breeding formulas, 687.
Table of average annual rainfall in United States,
478.
Table of average composition of feeding-stuffs,
331.
Table of butter breeds, 422.
Table of clouds, 438.
Table of comparative chemical tests of milk, 350-
351.
Table of competitive tests in breeds, 352, 396.
Table of crops. United States, 1881, 483.
Table of density of cream, 367.
Table of digestive juices and ferments, 245.
Table of dung from feed, 163.
Table of ensilage analysis, 238.
Table of feeding for butter, 417, 430.
Table of fodder values, 268.
Table of germination of grass-seed, 258.
Table of inbred Jersey cattle, 687.
Table of Jersey Fountains, 491.
Table of manure values, 157, 161, 216, 323.
Table of measurements, 303.
Table of mineral constituents of plants, 338.
Table of official butter tests, A. J. C. C, 590.
Table of plants upon an acre, 205.
Table of ratio of milk to pound of butter, 683.
Table of seven-day butter tests, 653.
Table of sewage irrigation cost, 185.
Table of soiling crops, 349.
Table of standard butter tests, 587.
Table of seed for meadows, 357.
Table of seed for pastures, 363.
Table of temperature in United States, 476.
Table of tests for less than a year, 650.
Table of yearly butter tests, 650.
Tables, Study of, 699.
Taintor, John A., 44, 485, 493, 494, 496.
Telegraph in storms, 470, 471, 473, 474.
Temperature in United States, 476.
Temperature of blood in cattle, 393.
Temperature of separator cream, 373.
Temperature of the weather, 463.
Temperature of undrained soils, 153.
Tennessee rainfall, 478.
Ten to eleven pounds of milk to yield a potmd of
butter, 684.
Tennyson, 36, 37.
Tenth-class escutcheon, 84.
Terms relating to purity of blood, 74.
Test of density of cream, 367.
Test of breeds, 341-360, 393-397.
Test of Landseer's Fancy 3876, 558.
Test of quality of milk, 339, S
Test of separators, 371.
Tests for butter, 46, 47, 489, 587, 590.
Tested descendants of noted Jersey cattle, 491,
584.
Tetanus, 328.
Tethermg, 45, 46, 265.
Thaxter, Celia, 35.
The Art of Milking, 360.
The Atlantic System, 445.
The Atmospheric System, 434.
The Barefoot Boy, 35.
The barn, 107.
The Bridal Procession, 34.
The Cattle Belong to God, 14.
The Central System, 446.
The Champion Drill, 121.
The Dairy, 335.
The Parmer of Tilsbury Vale, 25.
The Farmer's Boy, 23.
The future of American Jerseys, 700.
The Gardener's Daughter, 26.
The hajonow, 425.
The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, 29.
The Hub 1009, 554.
The Jersey in America, 483-701.
The King would be a Farmer, 19.
The Maiden with the Milking-Pail, 38.
The Merrimac River, 36.
The Milkmaid's Song, 27.
The Model Cow, 545.
Theory of cultivation, 186.
Theory of drainage, 152.
Theory of sex, Thury and others, 90, 91.
The Pacific System, 446.
The Palace of Art. 27.
The Perfect Jlilk-Pail, 124.
The plan of dairy, 336.
Thermometer 462.
Thermometer in the dairy, 417.
The seven states of the weather, 460.
The soil, 98.
722
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA.
The udder, 338.
The Voice of the Grass, 36.
The weather, 433.
Thigh feather, 60.
Thigh ovals, 68.
Thirteen to fourteen jiounds of milk yield a pound
of butter, 686.
Third-class escutcheon, 61.
Thirty-nine-pound cows, 653.
Thirty-one-pound cows, 653.
Thirty-pound cows, 653.
Thomas Quayle, 41.
Thompson, James, 20.
Thorndale 2.582, 570.
Thi-ee to four pounds of milk to a pound of
butter, 558, 683.
Three systems of conditions, 445.
Thurber on cheese, 386.
Tickell, Thomas, 20.
Tile drains, 137.
Tillage, 188-190.
Tillage checking evaporation, 189, 476.
Time in making cheese, 377, 381, 388, 390.
Time in operating centrifuge, 374.
Timothy, Analysis of, 231, 241.
Timothy as a soiling crop, 252.
Timothy with alsike, 252.
Timothy with clover, 252.
To bear in mind, 399.
Tom Dasher 420, 486, 531, 586.
Top SaxN-yer 1404, 96, 570, 699.
Tormentor 3533, 579.
Tornado, 443, 445.
Trade story, 435.
Trade story clouds, 437.
Trade winds, 449.
Training horns, 281.
Transit of electric currents, 472.
Treatment for abortion, 300.
Treatment for acclimation fever, 315.
Treatment for apoplexy, 308.
Treatment for barrenness, 304.
Treatment for bloody urine, 305.
Treatment for broken horn, 309.
Treatment for bronchitis, 321.
Treatment for colic, 314, 318.
Treatment for colostrum disease, 808.
Treatment for constipation, 311.
Treatment for consumption, 324.
Treatment for coughs, 321.
Treatment for diarrhcBa, 317.
Treatment for difficult calving, 306.
Treatment for extrusion of the womb, 304.
Treatment for garget, 315.
Treatment for hoove, 314.
Treatment for lockjaw, 328.
Treatment for raeteorism, 289, 314
Treatment for milk diseases, 310.
Treatment for pleuro-pneumonia, 327.
Treatment for pneumonia, 323.
Treatment for red milk, 310.
Treatment for red-water, 306.
Treatment for rheumatism, 313.
Treatment for spermatorrhoea, 320.
Treatment for sterility, 320.
Treatment for sunstroke, 315.
Treatment for warts, 315.
Treatment of milk in cooling, 365.
Treatment with drj' heat, 308.
Treatment with hot water, 307, 309, 314, 315.
Trocar and canula, 283, 314.
Tropical currents, 435.
Trowbridge, John Townsend, 37.
True art of breeding, 94.
Tubers, Analysis of, 234.
Twelve to thirteen pounds of milk jield a pound
of butter, 685.
Twenty-flve-pound cows, 653.
Twenty-four-pound cows, 653.
Twenty-nine-pound cows, 653.
Twenty-onc-pound cows, 654.
Twenty-pound cows, 655.
Twenty-seven-pound cows, 6.53.
Twenty-six-pound cows, 653.
Twenty-three-pound cows, 654.
Twenty-two-pound cows, 654.
Twins, 89, 90. »
Tympanitis, 289.
Tympanitis, Treatment of, 314.
U.
Udder, 338.
Udder, Diseases of, 309, 315.
Udder, outline of types, 54, 55, 56.
Udder, structure and physiology, 3J
Unguents, 329.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Unrivalled richness of Jerseys, 343-354, 360, 487,
496, 557, 603.
Upper Lakes region rainfall, 488.
Upper story of atmosphere, 435.
Uses of Disinfectants, 333.
Utensils for dairy, 120, 131, 385.
Utensils for farm, 189, 121.
Utensils of special merit, 131.
Uterus, Displacement of, 304.
Uterus, Treatment of, 805.
Value of breeds for dairy, 346-354, 393-397, 485,
650-701.
Value of feed tables, 239.
Value of manures, 156-161, 216, 223.
Value 2d 6884, 487, 598.
Vaporimeter, 467.
Variability of electric currents, 472.
Variation, in a fair day, of barometer, cumula-
stratus clouds, electric tension, fog, force of
wind, magnetic needle, motion of wind and
thermometer, 475.
Variation in milk of breeds of cattle, 341, 346-
354, 393-396, 557.
Variations in milk of different teats of one cow,
348.
Vegetable tints in Jersey colors, 48.
Vegetable moulds. Humus, 103.
Velocity in drains, 135.
Ventilation, 112, 114, 323.
Ventilation of butter dairy, 402.
Vertumnus, P. 161, 575.
Vetch, Analysis of, 331, 233, 334.
Vetch for soiling, 354.
Victor 3550, 96, 487, 530.
Victor Hugo 197, 535.
Victor, P. 148, 576.
Vinegar in ensilage, 238, 280, 381, 429.
Voelcker, Prof. A., 98.
Voice of the Grass, 36.
Volcanoes affect weather, 458.
Vulvous feather on escutcheon, 60.
"Walls, Disinfection of, 333.
Wanderer 3014, 580.
Waring, Jr., Col. George j;., 46.
Warts, Treatment of, 315.
Washington, George, 13.
Waste manures. Saving of, 223.
Water, 306.
Water, Essay by Prof. Voelcker, 206.
Water as manure, 208.
Water in milk, 339-354, 363.
Water, irrigation, 210.
Water, Lead pipes for, 209.
Watermeadows, 211.
Watermeadows, England, 313.
Watermeadows, Lombardy, 230.
Water, Purity of, 309.
Water, Quality of, 306, 208, 209, 213, 220.
Water, Rain, 207.
Water, River, 208.
Water, Spring, 208.
Water-supply, 155.
Water-tanks, Capacity of, 115.
Water, Well, 208.
Weather, 433, 482.
Weather apparatus, 474.
Weather Bureau, 474.
Weather prognostications, 459, 470, 471.
Weather propositions, 433, 471.
Webster, Daniel, 12.
Webster, Noah, 484.
Webster, W. J., 557, 602.
Weight of atmosphere, 460.
Weight of milk, 205, 341.
Weight of milk in scale of points, 54, 352, 395.
Welcome, F. 166, 534.
Welcome Oat, 252.
Wethersfield 966, 486, 541.
Wet- Weather Talk, 480.
When the Kye come Hame, 25.
Whey butter, 385, 392.
Whey in cheese-making, 377-394.
Whey ration for calves, 278.
Whiskey-drinker, 431.
Whittier, John G., 35.
Whole-milk butter, 400.
Whole-milk cheese, 383, 388, 392.
Width of storm and shower conditions, 441, 443,
471.
Winds, 465, 471, 475.
Winter bariey, 351-355.
724
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Winter rj-e, 251-255.
Winter wheat, 253.
Wolfl and Collier's tables of feeding stuffs, 231-
238.
Woman's milk, 353.
Woman's milk. Analysis of, 8.'>4.
Womb, Falling of, 304, 305.
Womb, stricture of sphincters, 308.
Wordsworth, William, 24.
Working butter, 404-408.
Worry, Effect of, on cow's milk, 349.
Y.
Yankee 1003, 536.
Yelk, 424.
Yellow butter, 26, 434, 546.
Yellow skin, 44, 487, 496, 545.
Yield of Alphea 171, 508.
Yield of butter in herds, 415.
Yield of crops diminished by late spring, 434.
Yield of descendants of noted Jerseys, 492, 584.
Yield of Ethleel 2d 32291, 360.
Yield of Eurotas 2454, 356.
Yield of famous cows, 3.56.
Yield of Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 545, 587.
Yield of Liindseer's Fancy 2876, 557, 602.
Yield of milk at Deerfoot Farm, 355.
Yield of milk at Echo Farm, 355.
Yield of milk at Houghton Farm, 357.
Yield of milk at Loeser Farm, 358.
Yield of milk at Maplehurst Farm, 357.
Yield of milk at Oaklands Herd, 394.
Yield of milk at Prospect Hill Farm, 358.
Yield of milk at Saltonstall Farm, 358.
Young Baron 702, 533.
Zebu and Jersey, 40.
INDEX TO JERSEY FOUNTAINS.
Albert 44, 511, 584,
Aldine 1136, 554.
Baronet 2340, 572.
Bismarck 293, 519.
Blucher48, 511.
Brown Prince, F. 85, J. H. B., 516.
Browny, P. 158, 576.
Buffer 2055, 553.
Casli Boy 3348, 575
Catono 3761, 583.
Cecco 1673, 566.
Champion of America 1567, 555
Champion Magnet 6480, 584.
Charleston 1, 503.
Chief Justice 3d 1643, 543.
Claimant, P. 84, 566.
Clement 115, 513, 699.
Cliff 176, 516.
Clive Duke 1901, 571.
Coeur de Lion 318, 517.
Colonel 76, 492.
Columbiad 534, 531.
Columbiad 3d 1515, 566.
Comus 54, 501, 699.
Czar 373, 493.
Deerfoot Boy 1936, 565.
Dick Swiveller Jr. 376, 501.
Doctor H. 3133, 551.
Dolphin 3d 468, 525.
Duke of Brandywine 3313, 576.
Duke of Darlington 2460, 571.
Duke of Grayholdt 1035, 535.
Farmer's Glory 5196, 581.
G.
Gilderoy 3107, 577.
Grand Duke Alexis 1040, 540.
Grey King, P. 169, 575.
Grey Prince, F. 168, 548.
Guy Fawkes, F. 251, 573.
Guy Mannering 698, 541.
H.
Hamilton 1074, 553.
Hero, P. 90, 566.
Homer H. 3683, 743.
Hurrah 2814, 567.
Ike Felch 1392, 555.
Iron Bank 1120, 543.
Jacquot, P. 63, 548.
Jersey Boy, P. 92, 567.
Khedive, P. 103, 573.
King, P. 338, 582.
Landseer 331, 523, 585.
Lawrence 61, 519, 699.
Le Brocq's Prize 3350,
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Lemon, F. 170, 542.
Living Stonn 173, 510.
Lopez 313, 531.
Lord Bronx 2d 1730, 568.
Lord Lawrence 1414, 568, ft
Lord Lisgar 1066, 550, 699.
Mariu8 760, 539, 585, 699.
McClellan 25, 504, 585.
Mercury 432, 532.
MUo 590, 539.
Mogul 532, 536.
Monarch of Roxbury 499, 530.
Monitor 878, 538.
Mr. Micawber 556, 524.
Nelu8ko479, 537.
Niobe Duke 2364, 574.
Noble 901, 549.
Norajah 812, 548.
Omaha 482. 537.
Orange Peel 502, 529.
Orange Peel 864, 537.
Oxoli 1922, 568.
Paddy 899, 542.
Paterson 11, 499.
Pertinatti 713, 543.
Pierrot 636, 533. .585.
Pierrot 2d 1669, 549, 586.
Pierrot 7th 1667, 567.
Pilot 3, 498.
Prince 55, 498.
Prince of Warren 1512, 569.
Rajah 340, 523.
Ralph 957, .549.
Rambler of St. Lambert 52
Rector 14.58, 567.
Remarkable, F. 229, 655.
Rex 1330, 569, 699.
Rioter 746 E. H. B., 509, 699.
Rioter 670, 530, 699.
Rioter 2d 469, 529, 699.
Rob Roy 17, 520, 586.
Roxbury 247, 505.
Jr. 2723. 580.
Sam Weller, 271, 507.
Sans Peur, F. 201, 565.
Saugatuck 1144, 557.
Signal 1170, 556.
Silver Mine 1658, 572.
Sir Charles 131, 502.
Son of Alphea 562, 538.
Splendens 16, 492.
Splendid 2, 496, .584.
St. Helier 45, 522.
Stoke Pogis 1259, 550.
Stoke Pogis 3d 2238, 573.
Sultan, F. 58, J. H. B., 515.
Superb 1956, 574.
Sweepstakes Duke 1905, 570.
T.
The Hub 1009, 5.54.
Tborndale 2582, 576.
Tom Dasher 420, 531, 5
Top Sawyer 1404, 570,
Tormentor 3533, 579.
Vertumnus, P. 161, 575.
Victor 3550, 520.
Victor Hugo 197, 525, 69
Victor, P., 148,576.
Wanderer 3014, 580.
Welcome, F. 166, 534.
Wethersfield 966, 541.
Yankee 1003, 536.
Young Baron 702,
Total, 124 bvlU.
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA.
Alphea 171, 507, (
Angela 1682, 538
Azelda 3873, 571.
Coomassie 11874, 544.
Couch's Lily 3337, 534
Countess 114, 493.
Dandelion 3531, 538.
Dazzle 379, 518.
Emblem 90, 528, 5i
Eurotas2454, 543.
Jersey Belle of Scituate 7838, 545.
Lady Mary 1148, 531, 585, 699.
Lady of the Isles, F. 993, 538.
Landseer's Fancy 3876, 557.
Lucky BeUe 3314, 552.
M.
Marjoram 3239, 552.
Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770,
Mary Lowndes 373, 503.
Masena 25732, 578.
Mink 2548, 553.
MoUie Garfield 12172, 589.
Mostar 6971, 574.
N.
Nancy Lee 7618, 579.
Nelly 55, 517.
Oonan 1485, 543, 58(
Oxford Kate 13646.
Pandora of Staatsburg 3d 6497,
Pansy 8, 494, 584.
Pansy 6lh 38, 506, 585.
Pansy 1019, 517.
Pauline 494, 527, 699.
Pride of Windsor 483, 626.
Princess 2d 8046, 581.
Regina, P. 33, J. H. B., 507.
Total, 36 C0W8.
INDEX TO TABLE OF STANDARD TESTS.
Aldarine 5301, 588.
Alluring 5541, 587.
Angela 1682, 589.
Attractive Maid 16925, 587.
Belle of Ingleside , 587.
Belle of Patterson 5664, 588.
Bounty 1606, 589.
Brighteyes 2d 2290, 587.
Brown Princess 30941, 589.
Brunette of Scarsdale 13276, 587.
Christmas Nannie 4075, 587.
Corinna 2d 6594, 588.
Corn 10504, 588.
Couch's Lily 3237, 588.
Countess 114, 588.
Cream of Java 23507, 588.
Daisy of Clermont 3492, 589.
Del of Willow Farm 22461, 589.
Deletta 21305, 589.
Dora Bell of Shelly's Island 9394, I
Dorothy of Bovina 9373, 588.
Dove Dee 18059, 588.
Di'sky 2525, 588.
Elinor Wells 12608, 590.
Energy 22016, 589.
Erith 4564, 589.
Estrella 2831, 589.
Eupidee's Perfection 20175, 588.
Fidelia 5817, 589.
Fides 2d 1576, 589.
Flora of St. Peter's 8622, 588.
Florie May Baker 10728, 589.
Gala 1375, 588.
Gilda 2779, 589.
Gold Ear 2d 3592, 587.
Gold Lace 10726, 588.
Golden Skin 10861, 588.
Grace's Nightingale 19855, 589.
Hennie 3335, 589.
Jeannie Piatt 6005, 589.
Jennie Dodo H. 14448, 587.
Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 587.
Kalmia 4.561, 588.
Kosi 3431, .589.
Lady Adams 2d 6529, 588.
Lady Alice of the Wilderness 12207,
Lady Caroline of St. Aubins 11372, 5
Lady Palestine 2769, 589.
Lady Young 16668, 589.
Lassie 1134, 588.
Leonice 2d 8342, 588.
Le Rosa 10078, 589.
Lillie Pope 8589, 589.
Lobelia 2d 6650, 589.
Lucy Gray 2746, 588.
Lustre 2062, 588.
Lydia Darrach 2d 8056, 588.
Lydia Darrach 3d 10662, 588.
Lydia Darrach 5th 16577, 589.
Ma Belle 4942, 588.
Maid of the Elms 6960, 588.
Mamie Coburn 3798, 587.
Matilda 5th 18068, 588.
Maud Lee 2416, 587.
Melia Ann 5444, 587.
Miss Baden Baden 14760, 589.
Moth of St. Lambert 9775, 588.
Niobe 99, 589.
Olie's Lady Teazle 12307, 588.
Olymph 17957, 589.
0.xalis 2d 15631, 589.
Palestine 3d 1104, 588.
Patterson's Beauty 4760, 587.
Peggy Ford 21713, 588.
Pet Anna 1608, 589.
Phyllis of Hillcrcst 9067, 589.
Pinafore 2d 1.5072, 588.
Putnam Belle 12116. 589.
Pyrola 4566, 587.
Queen of Delaware 17029, 587.
JERSEY CATTLE IJV AMERICA.
Queen of Prospect 11997, 589.
Reception 8557, 587.
Eeferette 15209, 588.
Renalba 4117, 587.
St. Perpetua 2d 5557, 590.
Sultan's Lily 18099, 589.
Sylvia 687, 587.
Taglioni 9182, 589.
Tlialey 14399, 588.
Tidy of Si. Lambert 31114,
Tilda 3720, 588.
Velveteen 7703, 589.
Volie 19465, 587.
Webster Pet 4103, 589.
Winsome of Ipswich 9313, I
Wybie 595, 587.
Zithey 9184, 588.
INDEX TO OFFICIAL TESTS OF A. J. C. C.
Carrie Lena 3d 20077, 623.
Cocotte 11958, 649.
Cottage Lass 5332, 594.
Edessa 31844, 634-638.
Ethleel 2d 32291, 643.
Euphonia 6783, 620.
Evelina of Verna 10971, 633-637.
Fair Lady 6723, 594.
Gilt Edge C. 12323, 609.
Hilda D. 6683, 631, 636.
Ida of St. Lambert 24990, 613.
Khelula 17970, 649.
Landseer's Fancy 2876, 603.
Lydia Darrach 4903, 592.
Mamelle 30804, 627.
Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, 614.
Mary Jane of Bellevue 6956, 625.
Matilda 4th 12816, 644.
Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771, 607.
Naiad of St. Lambert 12965, 603.
Niobe of St. Lambert 12969, 608.
Oxford Kate 13646, 633.
Percie 14937, 606.
Pet of Rose Lawn 11326, 640.
Princess 3d 8046, 617.
Rioter Pink of Berlin 33665, 609.
Su Lu 4705, 596.
Tette 30803, 639.
Value 3d 6844, 598.
INDEX TO SEVEN-DAY TESTS.
Abbie ,681.
Abbie Clay 15703, 658.
Abbie Z. 14003, 674.
Abbie Z. 3d 14743, 661.
Actress 3311, 681.
Ada Minka 15563, 681.
Ada S. 18366, 668.
Adina 1942, 678.
Adora 18569, 679.
Alberta Signal 18611, 655.
Alcmena 6193, 665.
Aldarine 5301, 671.
AlephJudea 11889, 671.
Alfleda 6744, 664.
Alfritha 13673, 670.
Alhena 15995, 665.
Alice Donald , 681.
Alice Herrick 8787, 673.
Alice Jones 8235, 653.
Alice of Salem 5053, 675.
Alice of the Meadows 20748, 673.
Allie Minka 2982, 677.
Alluring 5541, 657.
Almah of Oakland 11103, 663.
Almeda 3842, 669.
Alphea Jewell 22831, 680.
Alpbea Star 16533, 678.
Alphetta 16531, 679.
Amethyst 3699, 659.
Ampelis 5th 17.548, 672.
Amy 395, 6.58.
Angela 1682. 680, 699.
Anna Smith 10324, 669
Annie Gray 14713, 672.
.iVrawana Belle 3277, 666.
Arawana Buttercup 6053, 670.
iVrawana Poppy 6058. 671.
Arawana Queen 5868, 663.
Archie 1112. 673.
Ariene 1071, 665.
Arietta 5115, 673.
Arietta 3d 14374, 673.
Armon 10868, 662.
Arnold's Lulu 7338, 671.
Arthur's Frolic 4488, 673.
Arthur's Mistletoe 11968, 65S
Aspirante 9373, 676.
Atlanta's Beauty 12949, 655.
Attractive Maid 16925, 654
Attricia 6029, 670.
Audrey 1447, 676.
Augcrez Girl 17015, 677.
Auntybel 12582, 675.
Avis E. 9714, 667.
Azclda 2d 7023, 671.
Baby Buttercup 10888, 681.
Ballet Girl 18750, 680.
Baronetti 8425, 662.
Baron's Rosette 25988, 670.
Bathsheba 2556, 680.
Beauty 2076, 669.
Beauty , 655.
Beauty 17414, 672.
Beauty Bismarck 4967, 680.
Beauty of Jersey 7850, 657.
Beauty of the Grange 7502, 654.
Beauty Romeril 26090, 658.
Beeswax 9807, 661.
Bella Delaine 10356, 679.
Belle Atwood 5907, 682.
Belle Dame 2d 22048, 670.
Belle Dawson 8370, 658.
Belle Garner 23682, 671.
Belle Grinnell 4073, 568.
Belle Grinnell 8d 16508, 680.
Belle Hartford 2718, 672.
Belle Mardi 18363, 658.
JERSEY CATTLE IJST AMERICA.
BeUe of Ingleside , 657.
Belle of Middlefield 1516, 669.
Belle of Ogden Farm 1570, 682.
Belle of Patterson 5664, 664.
Belle of Prospect 2d 14326, 657.
Belle of Scituate 7977, 659.
Belle of Uwchland 8468, 676.
Belle of Vermilion 8798, 667.
Belle Steuben 30115, 683.
Belle Thorne 13369, 674.
Bellini La Biche 15091, 673.
Bellini's Maid 15170, 671.
Bellita 4553, 661.
Bell of Lynwood 18364, 659.
Bell Rex 11700, 675.
Belmeda 6339, 657.
Bennie Hinman 7166, 683.
Bergerelia 15546, 679.
Bertha Black ,26275, 661.
Bertha Morgan 4770, 657.
Bertie Briggs 5213, 678.
Bessie Bradford 7369, 680.
Bessie Bradford 2d 7271, 671.
Bessie Bradford 3d 11544, 680.
Bessie R. 13503, 665.
Bessie Ridgeley 8293, 674.
Bessie S. 5003, 666.
Bet Arlington 8970, 657.
Betsona 16776, 678.
Bettie Dixon 4527, 672.
Beulah de Gruchy 13480, 654.
Beulah of Baltimore 3270, 677.
Bintana 9837, 678.
Birdie 3611, 682.
Birdie Le Brocq 17363, 681.
Black Diamond's Queen 11865, 668.
Blanche 594, 665.
Bloomfleld Lady 6913, 674.
Blonde 2d 9268, 678.
Blossie Reynolds 6083, 664.
Blue Belle of Maple Grove 10687, 658.
Bohemian Gipsy 17453, 674.
Bomba 10330, 654.
Bonfanti 388, 683.
Bonnie Fawn 6190, 681.
Bonnie Tost 7943, 658.
Bonnie 3d 5742, 674.
Bounty 1606, 681.
10451, 664.
Brenda of Elmhurst 10763, 61
Brighteyes 3d 2290, 656.
Bright Lady 5938, 673.
Bronx 306, 680.
Bronze Leaf 14903, 671.
Brunette Lass 1780, 664.
Brunette Le Gros 9755, 666.
Brunette of Scarsdale 13276,
Bryant 4193, 676.
Buckeye Lass 10355, 678.
Busy Bee 6336, 664.
Butter Prize , 661.
Butter Star 7799, 568.
Buttery 3503, 680.
Calendine 9415, 655.
Calington 22021. 668.
Calista of Newark 13296, 668.
Callie Nan 7959, 665.
Calpurnia 13267, 670.
Calypris 5943, 670.
Camelia 3d 11188, 655.
Carlo's Fanny 14951, 681.
Caroline 12019. 676-
Carrie 3894, 663.
Carrie Lena 3d 20077, 664
Carrie Pogis 23568, 668.
CascadUla 3103, 668.
Cassia 2d 31370, 655.
Ceccola 13608, 663.
Celeste Cox 13948, 655.
Celia Belle 5865, 679.
Cenie Wallace 3d 6557, 670.
Cerita of Meadowbrook 5056,
Cetewayo's Dorcas 30387, 665.
Cetewayo's Silver Bell 18953,
Chamomilla 7553, 662.
Champion's Chloe 12255, 669.
Charmer 4771, 674.
Chenda 4599, 668.
Cherokee Rose 30921, 654.
Cherry 3d , 657.
Chloe B. 8935, 679.
Chloe Beach 3931, 676.
Chloe 4th 4613, 661.
Chrissy 1448, 663.
732
JERSEY CATTLE LY AMERICA.
Cbrissy 2d 7730, 662.
Christmas Nannie 4075, 656.
Chroma 4572, 655.
Chrome Sldn 7881, 655.
Cicero's Mabel 18238, 671.
Cigarette 2849, 678.
Cill of Glen Rouge 13818, 664.
Clara C. Magnet 31563, 674.
Clara of Lakeside 10837, 671.
Clematis of St. Lambert 5478, 679.
Clematis 3d 6653, 680.
Clover Mel 16159, 675.
Clover Top 9910, 681.
Clytemnestra 3455, 670.
Cocotte 11958, 674.
Colie 8309, 658.
Colt's La Biche 6399, 661.
Como Lass 24369, 675.
Comtesse D'Espagna 10308, 680.
Conover's Beauty 12650, 659.
Content of Linwood 6950, 674.
Coomassic 11874, 662.
Copper 1979, 669.
Coquette of Glen Rouge 17559, 671.
Cora , 670.
Cora of Linwood 12915, 6.54.
Cordelia Baker 8814, 659.
Corinna 2d 6594, 664.
Corinne 707, 676.
Corn 10504, 665.
Corolla 4392, 678.
Coronilla 8367, 675.
Cornucopia 3414, 667.
Cosetta 15991, 674.
Cosette 3874, 675.
Cottage Lass 5332, 660.
Couch's Lily 3237, 663.
Countess 114, 666.
Countess Coomassie 19339, 662.
Countess Gasela 9571, 668.
Countess Lowndes 26874, 660.
Countess Micawber 1759, 661.
Countess of Croton 5307, 668.
Countess of Lakeside 12135, 656.
Countess of Lome 20832, 673.
Countess of Scarsdale 18633, 677.
Countess of "Warren 3896, 682.
Countess Potoka 7496, 657.
Countess Queen 13519, 658.
Cowles' Nonsuch 6199, 674.
Cowslip of St. Lambert 8349, 65
Cowslip 5th 849, 670.
Cream of Java 23507, 666.
Cream of Sidney 17028, 661.
Creamer 2467, 680.
Creole Maid 11017, 662.
Cressy of Deerfoot 15324, 681.
Crocus of St. Lambert 8351, 658
Croton Maid 5305, 654.
Crust 4775, 669.
Cyrene 4th 480, 661.
Czaretta 17358, 677.
D.
Dahlia , 666.
Dairy C. 12227, 671.
Dairy Pride 4th 21681, 666.
Dairy 2d 3891, 669.
Daisy Brown 12213, 660.
Daisy Dixie 9469, 671.
Daisy Grant 1445, 672.
Daisy Morrison 14305, 653.
Daisy of Belhurst 3114, 663.
Daisy of Chenango 18583, 676.
Daisy of Clermont 3493, 682.
Daisy of St. Peter's 18175, 655.
Daisy Queen 9619, 664.
Daisy 2d 15761, 669.
Daisy's Daughter , 671.
Dandelion 3531, 663.
Dark Cloud 9364, 670.
Darling of Neatham 20086, 670.
Darling 4th , 681.
Deborana 4718, 675.
Deerfoot Girl 15329, 672.
Del of Willow Farm 22461, 676.
Dena of Deerfoot 15335, 675.
Denise8381, 668.
Dcoine 6343, 678.
Desire 24360, 664.
Dia 13658, 667.
Diana of St. Lambert 6636, 663.
Dimple 3248, 662.
Dolly , 657.
Dolly of Lakeside 10824, 676.
Dom Pedro's Julian 8631. 666.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Dora Bell of Shelly's Island 9394, 651
Dora Doon 13909, 673.
Dora Neptune 30318, 656.
Dorothy of Bovina 9373, 670.
Dot of Bear Lake 6170, 657.
Dove Dee 18059, 670.
Duchess Caroline 3d 6039, 669.
Duchess of Argyle 3758, 673.
Duchess of Argyle 4th 7571, 680.
Duchess of Bloomfield 3653, 656.
Duchess of Bloomfield 3d 15580, 671.
Duchess of Dudley 8670, 673.
Duchess of Manchester 30838, 682.
Duchess of St. Lambert 5111, 667.
Dudu of Lin wood 8336, 663.
Duenna's Duchess 5508, 662.
Dusky 2525, 662.
Earl Cow , 678.
Eclipse 14437, 666.
Edith 4th 817, 681.
Edwina 6713, 667.
Effie , 564.
Effie of Hillside 1521, 662.
Effie of Verna 8938, 677.
Elinor Wells 13068, 681.
Elite 4399, 681.
Ella of Sidney 4532, 680.
El Mora Mostar 15955, 681.
Elsie Brown 4026, 677.
Elsie Lane 13302, 670.
Embla 4799, 660.
Embla Brick 15690, 678.
Emma Hudson 12469, 663.
Empress of Ely 2d 6771, 66
Empress 6th 3203, 659.
Energy 32016, 677.
Enfield Rose 3355, 666.
Enid 2d 10783, 676.
Enigma 5360, 669.
Epigsea 4631, 676.
Erith 4564, 681.
Estrella 2831, 674.
Ethelka 3d 14138, 672.
Ethleel 18731, 656.
Ethleel 3d 33291, 653.
Etiquette 4300, 669.
Eudora 1863, 665. ;
Eugenie 2d 12733, 679.
Eugenie Chouteau 6186, 653.
Eugenie Tourneur 24533, 671.
Euphonia 6783, 665.
Euphorbia 11229, 675.
Eureka McHenry 8341, 681.
Eurotas 2454, 564.
Eva of Snipsic 17650, 680.
Evelina of Verna 10971, 656.
Eveline of Jersey 6781, 658.
Evri 5383, 670.
Fadette of Verna 3d 11132, 654.
Fair Lady 6723, 657.
Fair Starlight 7745, 660.
Fairy 10, 661.
Fairy of Verna 2d 10973, 655.
Fairy Queen of St. Brelades 7464, 656.
Fairy Queen of Verna 6817, 679.
Faith of Oaklands 19696, 661.
Fall Leaf 8587, 676.
Fame 17434, 654.
Fancy Fan 13675, 673.
Fancy Juno 6086, 668.
Fandango 12908, 678.
Fannie Bugkr 19963, 671.
Fanny Taylor 6714, 667.
Fan of Grouville 7458, 671.
Fan's Grouville Beauty 10079, 657.
Fantine 1371, 669.
Farmer's Floss 17773, 668.
Faultless 13018, 660.
Faustine 10354, 673.
Favorite Rajah Rex 16153, 672.
Fayette Lady 14473, 666.
Fear Not 6059, 659.
Fear Not 2d 6061, 665.
Fidelia 5817, 683.
Fides 2d 1576, 677.
Fille de I'Air 2474, 681.
Fillpail 16530, 668.
Fillpail 2d 24388, 653.
Flamant 11370, 679.
Fleurette of Linwood 13918, 666.
Flora 113, 675.
Flora Lee 13394, 680.
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Flora Lee of Tennessee 7694, 664.
Flora of St. Peter's 8622, 664.
Florence Billot 7849, 673.
Floret 9959, 660.
Floribundus 2d 14949, 658.
Florie Uay Baker 10728, 675.
Florinanna 24354, 660.
Florry Keep 6556, 673.
Florry of the Oaks 8141, 676.
Flower of Glen Rouge 17560, 564.
Forget-Me-Not 5809, 669.
Forgct-Me-Not-O 10564, 670.
Forsaken 7520, 672.
Fragrance 4059, 671.
Frances C. Magnet 22904, 673.
Frugal 14925, 661.
G.
Gabrlelle Champion 14102, 660.
Gala 1375, 663.
Gardiner's Ripple 11693, 656.
Gazella 3d 9355, 665.
Gazelle 15961, 682.
Gazelle of Mobile 1735, 682.
Gem of Hope 17012, 655.
Gem of Sassafras 8434, 678.
Gem of St. Cloud 7342, 675.
Geneva 13220, 668.
Gentle of Glastonbury 4651, 682.
Geranium 3963, 681.
Geranium 2d 7838, 653.
Gilda 3779, 677.
Gilt Edge C. 12233, 678.
Gilt Edge 3d 4420, 682.
Gilt 4th 4208, 683.
Gipsy May 6259, 660.
Gipsy 5lh 2252, 661.
Gladys of Bcllevue 9569, 664.
Gledelia 10524, 672.
Glory of Elmarch 21521, 667.
Goddess of Staatsburg 5252, 676.
Gold Ear 3d 3592, 658.
Gold Mark 10727, 673.
Gold Lace 10726, 655.
Gold Princess 8809, 674.
Gold Thread 4945, 663.
Gold Trinket 9518, 661.
Golden Princess 4557, 667.
Golden Skin 10861, 663.
Golden Zoe 3975, 665.
Goldstraw 3d 14724, 674.
Good Friday 30081, 674.
Grace Davy 8293, 654.
Grace Felch 8291, 672.
Grace's Nightingale 19855, 662.
Grandiflora 9953, 669.
Granny's Gem 30406, 664.
Gray Therese 5322, 666.
Grinnell Lass 11859, 662.
Guinevere Sinclair 11167, 675.
H.
Haddie 921, 666.
Handsome Myra 14244, 655.
Happy Blossom 18218, 669.
Harmony 3d 7118, 658.
Hartwick Belle 7723, 676.
Hattie 739, 675.
Hattie Douglass 14960, 664.
Hazalena's Butterfly 10133, 683.
Hazen's Bess 7329, 653.
Hazen's Nora 4791, 655.
Heartsease 503, 672.
Hebe 3d 3613, 672.
Helen 3556, 608.
Hennie 3335, 673.
Hepsy 3d 12008, 660.
Herberta 8811, 663.
Hilda A. 2d 11120, 656.
HUda D. 6683, 655.
Hilda 2d 5447, 654.
Hillside Gem 16640, 656.
Home Matron 6707, 681.
Honeydrop 10033, 080
Honeymoon of St. Lambert 11231, 655.
Honeysuckle of St. Anne's 18674, 673.
Hulla 7898, 656.
Hurrah Pansy 12153, 680.
Hypathia 2d 14774, 656.
lanthc 4562, 65(i,
Ibe.\ 3724, 606.
Ida Bashan 4735,
Ida 8th 5409, 679.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Idalene 11841, 668.
Idaletta 11843, 667.
Ida of Bear Lake 6169, 666.
Ida of Coal Hill 13543, 673.
Ida of St. Lambert 34990, 65S
Ideal 11843, 673.
Ideal Alphea 18755, 677.
Inez of Ingleside 28976, 674.
lo 5th 380, 660.
lola 4637, 671.
Irene of Short Hills 5137, 677
Island Chrissie 12007, 673.
Island Dots 17003, 675.
Island Star 11876, 655.
Jacquenetta 10958, 677.
Jazel's Maid 11011, 677.
Jeanne Les Bas 3476, 669.
Jeannie Piatt 6005, 678.
Jefferson Albma 13196, 673.
Jennette Montgomery 5177, 656.
Jennie Johnson 3d 6783, 683.
Jennie , 658.
Jennie 766, 675.
Jennie of the Vale 9553, 660.
Jennie WiUiams 39058, 672.
Jenny 287, 661.
Jenny Dodo H. 14448, 655.
Jenny Le Brocq 9757, 673.
Jersey 3260, 669.
Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828, 653.
Jersey Cream 8151, 661.
Jersey Cream 3d 8519, 674.
Jersey Cream 3d 8521, 664.
Jersey Queen of Barnet , 657
Jersey Rosalie , 659.
Jessie Leavenworth 8248, 682.
Jessie Lee of LabjTinth 5390, 676.
Jewel 8d , 670.
Joan d'Arc 2163, 663.
Jolie of St. Lambert 5136, 666.
Josephine 2d 3296, 663.
Judith Coleman 13191, 660.
Jule 3640, 682.
Julia Anna 16463, 661.
Julia Evelyn 6007, 666.
Julia Walker 10133, 668.
Kaoli 18980, 660.
Kate Daisy 8264, 678.
Kate Gordon 8387, 666.
Kate Pansy 15177, 671.
Katie Bashford 15983, 661.
Katie Kohlman 7270, 663.
Katy Didn't 2734, 674.
Kerni Rex 13671, 682.
Khelula 17970, 656.
King's Trust 18946, 658.
Kitty Clover 1113, 682.
Kitty Colt 3313, 668.
Kitty Potter 9893, 658.
Kitty 5th 3849, 663.
Kosi 3431, 663.
La Belle Petite 5472, 668.
Lactine 10680, 661.
Lady Adams 2d 6529, 670.
Lady Alice of Hillcrest 7450, 664.
Lady Alice of the Wilderness 13307, 666.
Lady Appel 8613, 658.
LadyBidwell 10303, 667.
Lady Bloomfield 4704, 673.
Lady Bountiful 17946, 673.
Lady Bowen 354, 663.
Lady Brown 433, 683.
Lady Brown 2d 3348, 679.
Lady Brown 4th 6911, 674.
Lady Caroline of St. Aubins 11372, 683.
Lady Cecilia 34831, 665.
Lady Clarendon 3d 17578, 677.
Lady Cloud 19358, 663.
Lady Conovcr 2d 17589, 656.
Lady Essex 4749, 658.
Lady Fair, 22103, 674.
Lady Fanning 11169, 677.
Lady Fawn of St. Anne's 10930, 663.
Lady Gray of Hilltop 6850, 657.
Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d 14641, 674.
Lady Gray of Hilltop 3d 14642, 680.
Lady Greville 12930, 677.
Lady Hayes 10136, 667.
Lady Ives 1708, 659.
Lady Ives 3d 6740, 676.
Lady Jane of St. Peter's 7475, 672.
736
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Lady Josephine 11560, 6«2.
Lady Kingscote 26085, 668.
Lady Louise 4339, 673.
Lady Love 2d 2212, 668.
Lady Mary Hampton 4861, 678
Lady Mel 2d 1795. 655.
Lady Oaks 2d 5246, 671.
Lady of Bellevue 7705, 668.
Lady of the Isles 2d 16653, 656.
Lady of Otsego 26671, 683.
Lady O.xford 4860, 668.
Lady Palestine 2769, 677.
Lady Panalphrex 17400, 654.
Lady Penn 5314, 666.
Lady Superior 22865, 664.
Lady Thurlow 12410, 659.
Lady Velvetiue 15771, 661.
Lady Vertumnus 13217, 675.
Lady Warren 12168, 664.
Lady Young 16668, 681.
La Fantine 34489, 670.
La Finaneiere 11970, 669.
Lalla Rookh of Sugar Grove 15882, 656.
Landseer's Fancy 2876, 653.
La Pcra 2d 13404, 676.
La Petite M6re 2d 12810, 663.
La Petite Mire 3d 12814, 663.
Lara 4306, 660.
La Rouge 12405, 678.
Lass of Scituate 9555, 667.
Lass Rex Alphea 16965, 662.
Lassie 1134, 671.
La Vivienne 2d 1324, 665.
Leah Darlington 13836, 669.
Lebanon Daughter 6106, 678.
Lebanon Lass 6108, 680.
Le Brocq's Curfew 30697, 659.
Lena Lowndes 23202, 676.
Leoline 2<1 18315, 678.
Leoni 11868, 658.
Leonice 2d 8342, 688.
Lerna 3634, 667.
Lcrnella 22822, 680.
Le Rosa 1078, 680.
Lesbie 9179, 665.
Les Cateaux 3d 15538, 665.
Les Marais Dell 20814, 668.
Letitia 3977, 669.
L'Etoilc Du Nord 16419, 675.
Liberty 2d 16717, 677.
Lida Mullin 9198, 663.
LUian Mostar 10364, 679.
Lille Bonne 8108, 656.
Lillie Pope 8589, 677.
Lilly Cross 13796, 679.
Lily Darling 11713, 661.
Lily of Burr Oaks 11001, 667.
Lily of Maple Grove 5079, 665.
Lily of Staatsburg 5427, 679.
Lily of St. Lambert 5120, 681.
Lily of the Valley 7489, 681.
Lily Scituate 12665, 658.
Linda 3d 3219, 663.
Lissetta Johnson 5321, 668.
Little Han 8004, 682.
Little Torment 15581, 6.54.
Litty 807, 680.
Litza 6838.
Lizzette's Mary 12723, 674.
Lizzie C. 7713, 681.
Lizzie D. 10408, 662.
Lobelia 2d 6650, 677.
Lorella 13918, 676.
Lorraine 1435, 676.
Lotchen 19823, 663.
Lottie Rex 18757, 678.
Louvie 3d 6159, 673.
Lucetta 6856, 679.
Lucilla 2735, 682.
Lucilla Kent 8892, 668.
Lucilla 3d 9786, 661.
Lucky Belle 2d 6037, 662.
Lucy 4877, 663.
Lucy Dale 5129. GG7.
Lucy Gaines' Buttercup 5058, 6
Lucy Gray 2746, 667.
Lucy Lanier 13053, 658.
Lulu 2d , 662.
Lustre 2062, 668.
Lydia Darrach 4903, 659.
Lydia Darrach 2d 8056, 666.
Lydia Darrach 3d 10662, 666.
Lydia Darrach 5th 16577, 678.
Lydia Libby 11698. 670.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Ma Belle 4942, 672.
Mabel of St. Mary's 8627, 662.
Maculae 24277, 671.
Madame Argyle 19476, 680.
Maggie C. 12216, 677.
Maggie May 3255, 679.
Maggie May 2d 12926, 677.
Maggie McM. 14073, 656.
Maggie Mitchell , 657.
Maggie of St. Lambert 9776, 665.
Maggie Rex 28623, 661.
Maggie Sheldon 23583, 670.
Maggie 3d 3221, 660.
Magna 2238, 657.
Magna 5th 3541, 667.
Magnibel 7976, 674.
Maid of Amboy 2929, 665.
Maid of Avranches 6559, 672.
Maid of Five Oaks 7178, 670.
Maid of the Elms 18932, 662.
Maiden of Jersey 2736, 674.
Malope 2d 11923, 668.
Mamelle 20804, 655.
Mamie Coburn 3798, 660.
Maple Dale 2907, 666.
Maple Leaf 4768, 674.
Maquilla 24043, 656.
Marea 10167, 659.
Margery Lee 5425, 666.
Marie C. Magnet 22903, 668.
Marie S. 12043, 669.
Maritana 12039, 664.
Marjoram 3239, 665.
Marjoram 2d 12805, 672.
Marpetra 10284, 677.
Marvel 13734, 671.
Mary Anne of St. Lambert 9770, 6'
Mary Clover 9998, 673.
Mary Hinman 17619, 668.
Mary M. Allison 6308, 655.
Mary Norton 13052, 659.
Mary of Bear Lake 6171, 667.
Mary of Gilderoy 11219, 678.
Mary of Pleasant View 13448, 677
Mary's Silver Drop 14235, 670.
Masena 25732, 655.
Matilda 3238,661.
Matilda 4th 12816, 655.
Matilda 5th 18068, 664.
Matin 7768, 659.
Mattituck 1450, 682.
Maudine of Elmwood 8718,
Maud Lee 2416, 654.
Maud Lee 2d 8839, 675.
Maud Melinda 12126, 660.
May Blossom 5657, 657.
May Day Stoke Pogis 28353
May Fair 5184, 663.
May Lankton 15872, 665.
Medrena 3939, 658.
Medrie Le Brocq 8888, 676.
Meines3d7741, 656.
Mei:a Ann 5444, 658.
Melita of Hillcrest 7054, 679.
Mellie Argyle 20609, 677.
Melody 2689, 680.
Memento 1913, 677.
Mendota 3d 26326, 669.
Merlette 4988, 666.
Mermaid of St. Lambert 9771, 653.
Merry Burlington 7600, 670.
Metah's Baby 9710, 678.
Metah's Queen 4886, 659.
Mhoon Lady 6560, 661.
Miami Prize 8100, 681.
Milkmaid Felch 12339, 663.
Milkmaid of Burr Oaks 9035, 677.
Milkweed 16402, 676.
Milky Way 18865, 659.
Mink 2d 3890, 656.
Mink 3d 4868, 675.
Minneola of Elmarch 8229, 666.
Minnette of St. Lambert 9774, 661.
Minnie 2386, 668.
Minnie Lee 3d 12941, 678.
Minnie of Oxford 12806, 666.
Minnie of Scituate 17829, 678.
Mintha 12812, 672.
Mirtha 3437, 659.
Mirth's Blanche 19572, 659.
Mischief Le Brocq 7680, 673.
Miss Alexandre 26041, 673.
Miss Baden Baden 14760, 673.
Jliss Bell 5083, 673.
JERSEY CATTLE IN AMERICA.
Miss Blanche 3515, 677.
Miss IJrowny 7288, 662.
Miss Uuelin 22296, 675.
Miss Vermont 7698, 664.
Miss WiUie Jones 6918, 664.
Mitten 13368, 668.
Mobcrly Creamer 23051, 678.
]yi()ggie Bright 25891, 664.
3IoIlie Garfield 12172, 654.
Mollic Garfield 2d 18663, 667.
Mollie Jlay 17202, 673.
Molly 3554, 666.
JloUy Brown 7861, 665.
Monmouth Duchess 3895, 676.
Monmouth Duchess 3d 4620, 676.
Monmouth Duchess 4th 7129, 659.
Monocacy Dimple 9680, 679.
Moonah's Pet 7484, 669.
Morlacchi 2725, 682.
Moss Rose of St. Lambert 5114, 668.
Moss Rose of Willow Farm 5194, 654
Mother Cary 11746, 653.
Mother Hubbard 10331, 653.
Moth of St. Lambert 9775, 665.
Mountain Lass 12921, 675.
Mousy 2d 14962, 601.
Mrs. Knickerbocker 19367, 669.
Muezzin 3670, 680.
My Queen 12615, 669.
Myrtle of Ridgewood 7858, 680.
MjTtle 2d 211, 608.
Myth 2837, 677.
N.
Naiad of St. Lambert 12965, 654.
Nameless Girl 11623. 677.
Nancy Lee 7618, 653.
Nancy Lovelock 15511, 659.
Nancy of St. Lambert 12964, 678.
Nancy Rex 11743, 664.
Nan Day 17192, 655.
Nannie Fitch 9143, 678.
Naomi Cramer 8628, 681.
Naomie , 564.
Naomi's Pride 16745, 671.
Nazli 10327, 670.
Negress 7651, 681.
Nelida 3d 8227, 671.
Nell Gwynn 9654, 681.
Nellie Darlington 5956, 671.
Nellie 1507, 680.
Nellie Gray of Clermont 10905, &i
Nellie Maitland 4450, 666.
Nelly 2402, 667.
Nelly 6546, 655.
Nerissa of Nyack 9692, 671.
Nervine 25322, 680.
New London Gipsey 11667, 676.
Nibbette 11625, 676.
Nightingale K. 2d 19841, 663.
Nightingale of Elmarch 8313, 680.
Nimble 22335, 675.
Niobe 99, 683.
Niobe of St. Lambert 12969, 655.
Niobe's Alpheanette 33336, 654.
Niva 7523, 669.
Nora of St. Lambert 12962, 654.
Nordheim Creamer 9758, 682.
Nutley's Alma 13581, 681.
Nutley Silverette 22410, 667.
Nympha;a 5141, 658.
().
Oakland Girl 11103, 673.
Oakland's Cora 18853, 656.
Oakland's Nora 14880, 654.
Oakleaf 4769, 659.
Obella B. 10575, 661.
Ochra 2d 11516, 664
CEnone 8614, 657.
Oitz 8649, 667.
Oktibbeha Duchess 4422, 661.
Olio 4133, 671.
die's Lady Teazle 12307, 664.
Olymph 17957, 660.
Oua 7840, 654.
Oouan 1485, 654.
Opaline 7590, 675.
Optima 6715, 055.
Orphean 4036, 669.
Oxalis 2d 15631, 672.
Oxford Kate 13646, 053.
Palestina 4644, 669.
Palestine 26, 677.
JERSEY CATTLE IIST AMERICA.
Palestine Pierrot 2d 24099, 677.
Palestine 3cl 1104, 663.
Palestine's Last Daughter 12602, 677.
Panatilla 4778, 658.
Pandothro 22383, 660.
Pansy 602, 682.
Pansy 1019, 656.
Pansy K. 23889, 675.
Pansy of Bellewood 2d 8904, 659.
Pansy Patterson 18621, 666.
Patterson's Beauty 4760, 659.
Patty Mc 33 4754, 663.
Patty of Deerfoot 15821, 664.
Pauline's Vivienne 11305, 663
Pavon 12485, 675.
Pawtucket Belle 12406, 664.
Pearl Armstrong 2670, 654.
Pearl of St. Lambert 5527, 679.
Peggy Ford 31713, 675.
Peggy Leah 8097, 657.
Peggy of Staatsburg 3342, 680.
Pendule 2d 16709, 677.
Percie 14937, 657.
Pet Anna 1608, 681.
Pet Clover 14624, 663.
Petite M6re 8516, 667.
Pet Lee 7993, 674.
Pet of Maplewood Farm 4854, 671.
Pet of Rose Lawn 11326, 658.
Pet Rex 20166, 679.
PhaBdra 3561, 656.
Phlox 16399, 654.
Phcebe N. 35401, 670.
Phyllis of HiUcrest 9067, 674.
Picture 1533, 673.
Pierrot's Countess 12480, 681.
Pierrot's Lady Bacon 12483. 663.
Pierrot's Lady Hayes 11672, 667.
Pierrot's Picture 13481, 665.
Pilot's "Veronica 18917, 655.
Pinafore 2d 15072, 669.
Pixie 4115, 681.
Plenty 950, 676.
Plum 13328, 661.
Polly Clover 7053, 662.
Polly of Deerfoot 15338, 672.
'Polynia 10753, 664.
Pride of Bovina 8050, 663.
Pride of Corisande 5333, 666.
Pride of Eastwood , 655.
Pride of the Hill 4877, 676.
Pride of Winslow 3613, 678.
Primrose 11956, 654.
Prince's Bloom 9729, 679.
Princess 836, 674.
Princess 1154, 663.
Princess 2d 8046, 653.
Princess Bellworth 6801, 668.
Princess Bowen 9699, 674,
Princess Imperial 11620, 657.
Princess Mary of Woodlawn 11663, 678.
Princess Mostar 9700, 661.
Princess of Ashantee 13467, 662.
Princess of Mansfield 8070, 671.
Princess of Trinity 23641, 666.
Princess Rose 6349, 675.
Princess Sheila 7397, 664.
Prize Rose 16309, 671.
Prudence of Bovina 3d 10749, 679.
Purest 13730, 670.
Pussie 3035, 657.
Putnam Belle 13116, 681.
Pyrola 4566, 658.
Pyrrha 6100, 663.
Quachette 17091, 656.
Queen Fannie 10375, 679.
Queen Mary of "Woodlawn 11639, 654.
Queen Neptune 15501, 657.
Queen of Ashantee 14554, 671.
Queen of Delaware 17029, 657.
Queen of De Soto 13318, 673.
Queen of Nubbin Ridge 14528, 660.
Queen of Prospect 11997, 679,
Queen of the North 17973, 682.
Queen Victoria , 657.
Queensborough 24345, 660.
R.
Rarity 3d 7734, 679.
Reality 16537, 670.
Reception 8557, 655.
Reception 3d 11035, 675.
Reckless 3569, 660.
Referette 15309, 668.
740
JERSEY CATTLE IX AMERICA.
Regina 2d 2475, 675.
Rcgina's Guide 16862, 674.
Rcnalba 4117. 660.
Rine Noble 61&1, 678.
Rene Ogden 1568, 672.
Rinini 9181, 674.
Renown 13729, 678.
Richness 16536, 600.
Rioter 2d'.s Venus 3658, 682.
Rioter Alphea 10091, 664.
Rioter's Beauty 14894, 681.
Rioter's Maggie 22530, 658.
Rioter's Nora 21778, 668.
Ris-sa 16014, 657.
Robinettc 7114, 680.
Rochelle 15574, 668.
Roland's Bonnie 2d 18054, 657.
Roll of Honor 13010, 674.
Romping Lass 11021, 672.
Romp Ogden 2d 4764, 669.
Romp Ogden 3d 5458, 667.
Roonan 5133, 655.
Rosabel Hudson 5704, 667.
Rosalia of Sidney 4521, 679.
Rosaline of Glenmore 3179, 659.
Rosa Miller 4333, 660.
Rosa of Bcllevue 6954, 658.
Rose 240, 661.
Rose 2d 239, 666.
Rose 3d 913, 665.
Rose of Eden 13437, 656.
Rose of Hillside 3866, 678.
Rose of Oxford 13469, 667.
Rose of St. Lambert 20426, 655.
Rosebud of AUerton 6352, 656.
Roselaine 3167, 669.
Ro.setta of Sidney 4520, 679.
Rosona 12956, 663.
Rosy Dream 9818, 657.
Rosy Kate 10726, 657.
Ro.sy Kate's Rex 13192, 658.
Royal Beauty 18908, 671.
Royal Princess 2370, 659.
Royal Princess 22013, 670.
Royal Princess 2d 12346, 659.
Royal Sister 12457, 674.
Rozel La.ss 20268. 656.
Ruby Love 16915, 673
Ruby Wray , 666.
Rupertina 10409, 661.
Sadie's Choice 7979, 682.
Safety 13463, 669.
Safrano 4568, 679.
Sal Soda 3721, 676.
Saragossji 22019, 671.
Sasco Bell 13601, 682.
Satin Bird 16380, 673.
Scipio's Lively 19868, 676.
Scituate of Woronoco 18040, 653.
Shiloh Daughter 20378, 676.
Signalana 7719, 670.
Signaldella 24,107, 658..
Signal Maid 19361, 672.
Signetilia 16333, 658.
Silenta 17685, 668.
Siloam 17623, 658.
Silver Bell 4313, 682.
Silveretta 6852, 663.
Silver Rose 4753, 662.
Silversides 3857, 679.
Sih-ia Baker 8793, 664.
Sister Cash 33987, 675.
Sister Dorothy 2607, 672.
Sister Re.\ 13194, 663.
Smoky 13733, 675.
Snowdrop F. W. 16948, 676.
Spirea 3915, 682.
Stanstcad Belle 4709, 674.
Starkville Beauty 4897, 681.
St. Clementaisc 18163. 667.
St. Nick's Flora 16195, 681.
St. Jeannaise 15789, 660.
Sue Gallagher 15945, 654.
Sultana 2d 11798, 670.
Sultane2d 11373, 663.
Su Lu 4705, 659.
Summerline 8001, 656.
Sunny Lass 6033, 676.
Sunset 15130, 665.
Sunset of Pleasant View 13071, 67
Susan , 679.
Susette 4068, 678.
Susie Marshall 5782, 665.
Sweet Brier of St. Lambert 5481, (
JERSEY CATTLE IJST A3IERIVA.
741
Sweetrock 3d 18256, 674.
Sweet Sixteen 10683, 673.
Taglioni 9183, 680.
Tale-Bearer 34535, 676.
Tamy Lownde.s 25316, 665.
Tamy 3d 7135, 664.
Tamy 3d 7127, 665.
Telka 8037, 679
Tenella 6713, 654.
Tenella 2d 19531, 657.
Tette 20803, 660.
Thaley 14399, 666.
Therese M. 8364, 680.
The "Widow's Daughter 11507, 6J
Thisbe 607, 667.
Thisbe2d2301, 657.
Thorudale Belle 5265, 676.
Thorndale Belle 3d 10459, 667.
Tidy of St. Lambert 31114, 679.
Tilda 3720, 665.
Tobira 8400, 667.
Toltec's Fancy 37173, 660.
Topaz of "Woodlawn 11661, 664.
Topsey K. 23769, 681.
Topsy Roxbury 7796, 669.
Torf rida 3596, 660.
Trenie 17770, 675.
Troth 6139, 664.
Troth Plight 10358, 666.
Turquoise 1139, 679.
Typha 5870, 663.
Uinta 5743, 675.
Ultima 14456, 667.
Undine of South East 4548, i
Urbana 5597, 665.
Usilda 2d 6157, 671.
Valentine of Trinity 7460, 657.
"Valerie 6044, 667.
Valhalla 5300, 661.
Valma Hoffman 4500, 655.
Value 3d 6844, 653.
Vaniah 6597, 668.
Variella of Linwood 10954, 680.
Velveteen 7703, 673.
Venus 113, 675.
Verbena of Fernwood 9088, 673.
Verora 10766, 671.
Vesper 1395, 683.
Vestina 3458, 679.
Victoria 3175, 665.
Victorine La Chaise 3740, 666.
Victory 16379, 670.
Vieva 3d 7642, 664.
Village Maid 7069, 683.
Violet 372, 660.
Violet of Glencairn 10231, 678.
Violet 3d 3340, 669.
Viva Le Brocq 13703, 658.
Vixen 7591, 660.
Volie 19465, 658.
"Wakena 19731, 665.
"Walkyrie 5708, 680.
"Warren's Duchess 4633, 665.
"Webster Pet 4103, 679.
"Well Done 35987, 657.
"Welma 5943, 660.
AVestphalia 34384, 653.
White Clover Leaf 4513, 659.
"White Frost 17431, 665.
"Willis 2d 4461, 665.
"Winsome of Ipswich 9313, 673.
Witch Hazel 4th 6131, 669.
"VVybie 595, 661.
T.
Yellow Locust 10679, 675.
Young Duchess 497, 669.
Young Fanny 9033, 661.
Young Garenne 3d 13648, 665,
Zalma 8788, 670.
Zitella 3d 11922, 660.
Zithey 9184, 6631.
Zoe Henry 6693, 667.
1874.
HOMER H. 3683.*
Color, fawn and white ; star ; white on hind legs and fore feet ; scrotnm tipped
black. Dropped May 10th, 1874. Bred by G. "W. Homer, Framingham, Mass.
Sire, The Squire 1298. Dam, Gilda 2779.
TESTKn I)?:SCENDA1ITS
Jenny Dodo H. 14,448
Blood.
PiR CE.tl
. 50
BbTTE« y«LD IS
Sevim Datd.
21 lbs. 8 oz.
Nai«.
Mercedes H. 12,326
Blood. Butteh Yuld
Feb Cist. Sevex Dam
. 50 17 lbs. 12 0
Zoplmr H. 12,329 .
. 50
21 •' 8 '•
Anita H. 12,324 . .
. 50 17 " 4
Willimenm 11. 12,325 .
. 50
20 "14 "
Theresa H. 14,447 .
. 50 15 " 3
Madolina H. 12,327 .
. 50
19 •• 4 "
Total, 7 com.
'Addenda to Jersey Fountains, page f
Last six names not in Index.
OMISSION. PAGE 664.
Favorite of the Elms 1658 Yield of B\ifter in Seven Dnvs, 16 lbs. 4 ^
Business Established in 1835.
^Che illlbest Homceopathic 3¥le6icine House in the "Uniteb States.^-
BOERICKE&TAFEL,
OMffiOPATHIC' PHARMACY,
NEW YORK, 145 Grand St. and 7 West 42d St
PHILADELPHIA, 1011 Arch St. and 1035 Walnut St.
WASHINGTON, 938 F St.
BALTIMORE, 135 West Fayette St.
PITTSBURGH, 51 Sixth Ave.
CHICAGO, 234 Wabash Ave.
K^eep constantly 'on hand a full assortment of UomceopatMo
WorTcs in English, German and French, including Works on
Qomestic (Practice and on VETERINARY MEDICINE. Also a
complete stocTc of all Somceopathic (Remedies, "cy the single vial or
in complete stocks or outfits.
(Price Current and Catalogue furnished free on application.
Address as above.
PHILADELPHIA MEDALS.
KEW ORLEANS MEDALS.
Boericke & Tafel received THE ONLY Prize Medals awarded for Homoeopathic
Medicinal Preparations at the World's Expositions in Philadelphia in 1876, and in New
Orleans in 1884-5.
R. H. ALLEN COMPANY,
Agricultural and Horticultural Implements
and Machines,
HARDWARE, * FERTILIZERS t AND * SEEDS,
189 and 191 Water Street, New York.
Dairy Farmers, who desire — as all do — to realize the highest price for
their products, must use the BEST tools, and such as are proved to be the
BEST after practical use. To these we offer the most extensive, as well as
the best selected assortment of
MILKING TUBES, PAILS, CREAMERS, CHURNS, BUTTER
WORKERS, PRESSES AND BOXES.
These same Farmers need
Galtle T-ies, Chains, Leading Staffs, Calf cBeaners and Feeders, Ball Rings,
and all Stable Fixtares,
and for the proper seeding of their crops the BEST FERTILIZERS and
the BEST GRASS, GRAIN and ROOT SEEDS, as well as the best
^::- CULTIVATING AND HARVESTING TOOLS. -^C-^
All these we manufacture and l<eep in stocl<, and of many of these we
publish descriptions and illustrations in our LARGE CATALOGUE just issued
— a book of 320 pages. This bool<, of interest and value to all, but especially
so to Dairy Farmers, we will be happy to send to any one wishing to select
from it articles for his use. We shall also be glad to show to all interested
our assortment of AGRICULTURAL GOODS in our EXTENSIVE WARE-
HOUSES, at 189 & 191 WATER ST., NEW YORK, and to correspond
with any desiring information in our line.
R. H. ALLEN COMPANY,
<P. O. Bos: S76. JVEW YORl^ CITY.
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