ALK- ABOVT-5ION -AND • GO
ROVND-ABOVT -THE •
• TOWERS THEREOF •
a
M^RK-WEIIHER- BVEWARKS-
•SET-VP-HER- HOVSES-
•THATYE-M?^TEIL
THEM THAT COME-
AFTER-
']
I
f^.
%(
JERUSALEM
1918— 1920
I
I.
C KASt'E-f ^■
Plan of Citadel Gardens.
No. I.
I
I
JERUSALEM
1918-1920
Being the Records of the Pro-Jerusalem
Council during the period of the British
Military Administration
EDITED BY C. R. ASHBEE
LONDON :
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
Published for
THE COUNCIL OF THE PRO-JERUSALEM SOCIETY
1921
PREFACE
THE Pro-Jerusalem Society was founded in fact, though not
on paper, in the spring following Lord Allenby's liberation of
Jerusalem. There were, and will always remain, many aspects
of civic life, more especially in this unique city, in which no Military
Administration, no Civil Government even, could, without thwarting civic
and individual effort, occupy itself, however sympathetically inclined.
And in the hard and continuous pressure of the first weeks of the
occupation it was clearly impossible for the Military Authorities to
execute themselves or guarantee execution of even such primal necessities
as are indicated by the following Public Notice : —
"No person shall demolish, erect, alter, or repair the structure of
any building in the city of Jerusalem or its environs within a
radius of 2,500 metres from the Damascus Gate (Bab al Amud)
until he has obtained a written permit from the Military
Governor.
"Any person contravening the orders contained in this procla-
mation, or any term or terms contained in a licence issued to
him under this proclamation, will be liable upon conviction to a
fine not exceeding £E.200.
"(Sgd.) R. Storrs, Colonel,
"Jerusalem. Military Governor.
"April 8th, 1918."
or another, issued about the same time, forbidding the use of stucco
and corrugated iron within the ancient city walls, and thus respecting
the tradition of stone vaulting, the heritage in Jerusalem of an
immemorial and a hallowed past.
The issue of these two orders ensured the temporary and pro-
visional Military Administration against the charge of encouraging or
permitting vandalism. It is, however, no less impossible than it
would be improper to attempt the preservation and extension of the
amenities of the Holy City without due consultation with the Heads
of the Religious and Lay Communities which inhabit it. The Pro-
Jerusalem Society was then the Military Governor civically and sestheti-
cally in Council, and the political effect of such a reunion round one table
I73xlf^1 H
of differing, and very often actively discordant, elements bound together
here by their common love for the Holy City is not to be under-estimated.
From the first the venture enjoyed the active patronage and support of
the Commander-in-Chief, who never failed to encourage and stimulate
our endeavours.
Later in the year 191 8, hearing of the presence in Egypt of the
architect Mr. C. R. Ashbee, a friend and disciple of William Morris, a
member of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, and of
the National Trust, and well known for his skill and enthusiasm
for civic development with its kindred Arts and Crafts, I wrote
to him requesting him to visit Jerusalem and write a report on its
possibilities in this respect. That report is the germ of many of
the undertakings which have since been carried out. Mr. Ashbee
was appointed Civic Advisor and Secretary to the Pro-Jerusalem
Council. Some ££.5000 were collected by direct appeal to those
likely to be interested in Jerusalem, and the various projects and
activities, a list of which is set forth by Mr. Ashbee, or may be referred
to in Appendix III, were set in motion. A great impulse was given to the
scope and status of the Society by the arrival of Sir Herbert Samuel as
High Commissioner. His Excellency had, during his visit in the spring
of 1920, attended a meeting of the Council, of which he had been
unanimously elected a member, and signified his approval of our aims by
a most encouraging speech as well as a generous subscription. Amongst
many other causes of gratitude the Society owes to him its Charter and
an arrangement whereby the Government affords it a very considerable
annual subvention.
It only remains for me to convey my personal thanks once again to
all those benefactors and supporters whose names appear in the list
given on pages 72-74 of this publication, to call attention to the generosity
of the gifts, and to invite all whom these pages may reach to forge in
their lives a link with Jerusalem the living.
A reference, indeed, to the list of subscribers, and that is to say
members of the Society, will show how wide the net is spread. Rever-
ence for Jerusalem and what it stands for in the life of man has been
the motive that has inspired these gifts, and I make bold to hope that
this record of two years' work in the safeguarding of the Holy City may
gather in many hundreds of subscribers among the three great religions
for which it stands as a beacon on a hill.
Under the new Charter anyone who subscribes not less than £5 a
year to the Society, or makes a donation of not less than £25 towards its
great work of preserving what is old and ennobling what is new in the
VI
(< ,
<( ,
((
Holy City, becomes a member of the Pro- Jerusalem Society; and the
objects of the Society, as defined in the Charter, are "the preservation
and advancement of the interests of Jerusalem, its district and inhabi-
tants ; more especially : —
" I. The protection of and the addition to the amenities of Jerusalem
and its district.
'2. The provision and maintenance of parks, gardens, and open
spaces in Jerusalem and its district.
'3. The establishment in the district of Jerusalem of Museums,
Libraries, Art Galleries, Exhibitions, Musical and Dramatic
Centres, or other institutions of a similar nature for the
benefit of the Public.
'4. The protection and preservation, with the consent of the Govern-
ment, of the Antiquities in the district of Jerusalem.
The encouragement in the district of Jerusalem of arts, handi-
crafts, and industries in consonance with the general objects
of the Society.
The administration of any immovable property in the district
of Jerusalem which is acquired by the Society or entrusted to
it by any person or corporation with a view to securing the
improvement of the property and the welfare of its tenants
or occupants.
'7. To co-operate with the Department of Education, Agriculture,
Public Health, Public Works, so far as may be in harmony
with the general objects of the Society."
This, then, is the aim of the Pro-Jerusalem Society. The Palestine
Administration gives to the Society pound for pound of what it collects
from private membership contributions. I make here an appeal for two
thousand additional members.
Ronald Storrs,
IS March 192 1. Governor of Jerusalem.
"<
vu
Appendices ••
zi
CONTENTS
Page
Preface. By Ronald Storks, C.B.E., C.M.G., Governor of Jerusalem ... v
List OF iLtUSTRATIONS
Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society
Official Review of the Various Works undertaken by the Society. By
C. R. AsHBEE, F.R.I. B.A., Civic Advisor to the City of Jerusalem
1. The Old City
2. The New Town Plan
3. The Archaeological Needs of the Holy City
4. The Park System
5. The Markets
6. New Industries ...
7. Technical Education
8. Civic Regulations
9. Social Work
10. Finance
I
II
IS
19
26
30
35
37
39
41
"Les Restes de la Civilisation Israelite Proteges par la Society."
Par Dr. Nahum Slousch, L.D. Sorbonne 43
"Les Monuments de l'Epoque Romaine ProtjSg^s par la Society." Par
L. H. Vincent, Prof, a I'Ecole biblique et archeologique de Saint-£tienne,
Jerusalem ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 56
"Monuments des Croisades Proteges par la Soci^Tf." Par T. M. Abel,
Prof, a r£cole biblique et archeologique de Saint-£tienne, Jerusalem ... 61
"Muslim Work Touched by the Society." By K. A. C. Creswell,
M.B.E., Late Inspector of Monuments, G.S., O.E.T 67
71
Index 81
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Plan of the Citadel Gardens {Frontif piece).
2. The Citadel of Jerusalem, seen from outside the Jaffa Gate.
3. „ „ „ seen from the top of the Minaret.
4. The Rampart Walk, with guard-house near St. Stephen's Gate, showing
GANGS of labourers AT WORK.
5. Rampart Walk, clearings in progress.
6. Modern encroachments on the walls.
7. The Damascus Gate.
8. St. Stephen's Gate.
9. The Abu Liya Playground : Plan.
10. The Abu Liya Playground, as at present and as suggested.
11. Old wooden window.
12. Roof system of the S6q el 'AttarIn, showing louvres in danger of falling.
13. Another view of the same, showing fallen louvres.
14. The Suq el 'AttarIn roof : looking to the Dome of the Rock and the Mount
OF Olives.
15. The S6q el 'Attarin seen from below where the vaults have been shored up.
16. The Suq el 'Attarin from within, looking north.
17. Plan of the SOq el Qattanin.
18. The SOq el Qattan!n : Main Arcade.
19. The Dome of the Rock.
20. The same, showing the tile surface.
21. The McLean Plan.
22. The Geddes Plan.
23. The Hammam el Batrak : Central Vaulted Hall.
24. „ „ „ Plan and Elevation.
25. The Jerusalem Park system.
26. Key Plan of the Jerusalem Rampart Walk.
27. The Citadel Gardens : South Terrace (converted fosse).
28. „ „ „ AT the entrance TO THE CiTADEL.
29. „ „ „ showing the base of THE ToWER OF DaVID.
30. „ „ „ NEAR THE DrAWBRIDGE.
31. „ „ „ converted fosse.
32. The Rampart Walk : showing how a roof has been built over the walk
33. „ „ „ near the Bab Nebi Da-ud.
zi
ILLUSTRATIONS
34. The Rampart Walk : showing a woman clearing away an encroachment.
35. „ „ „ COVERED BY 12 FT. OF "tIP," AND A NEW WALL BUILT ON
THE TOP OF IT.
36. „ „ „ SHOWING HOW THE ENCROACHMENT HAS BEEN TUNNELLED.
37. „ „ „ THE SAME POINT SEEN NEARER AND SHOWING THE GIRLS AT
WORK.
38. „ ;, „ SHOWING THE GRADUAL DESTRUCTION OF THE CITY WALL.
39. „ ,, ,, AT THE El Aqsa Mosque.
40. The Jaffa Gate as it was when the "Kaiser's Breach" was being made, and
before the building of the Turkish Clock Tower.
41. „ „ „ showing the suggested reconstruction of the fosse and
the wall.
42. View from the Jaffa Gate, showing the present unsightly obstructions.
43. „ „ „ „ „ showing THE proposed new placing OF THE Mar-
ket after the clearing OF THE OBSTRUCTIONS.
44. View Looking towards the Jaffa Gate : showing how the unsightly build-
ings obliterate the line of the
WALL.
45. „ „ „ „ „ „ AFTER the removal OF THESE BUILD-
ings and the making of the park.
46. The Post Office Square : Plan and elevation of the work now in progress.
47. „ „ „ „ Photograph showing the derelict state before
the work was begun.
48. „ „ „ „ Diagram showing the work when completed.
49. The Jaffa Road (Haim Valero or Mahanna Yudah) Market.
50. „ „ „ showing the market enclosure proposed.
51. „ „ „ Plan and sections of the proposed market.
52. The David Street IVIarket : to the north, as at present, blocked up
with debris.
53. „ „ „ „ AS IT WILL be when THE DEBRIS IS REMOVED AND
the arches opened out.
54- >, „ „ „ as at present and as proposed.
55. Fallen arcade in the Mauristan.
56. The Sdo el Qattanin : the entrance from the street.
57. „ „ ,, ,, THE great chamber.
58. A SyRLAN POTTER AT WORK.
59. Group of Hebron glass-blowers.
60. A Hebron glass-worker in his shop in Jerusalem.
61. A Hebron glass.
62. The Society's Weaving Apprentices in their uniform.
zii
ILLUSTRATIONS
63. The Weaving Apprenticeship Ceremony : Opening of the Jerusalem Looms
IN 1919.
64. Dome construction in Jerusalem.
65. A Jerusalem carpenter's window.
66. Its modern substitute.
67. Relief labour at work on the Citadel clearings.
68. Prisoners shifting large stones at the Citadel.
69. The Wailing Wall : showing the lower, or Herodian, blocks of stone.
70. „ „ „ showing the upper, post-Titus, courses that have
been recently repaired.
71. The Tombs of "The Kings."
72. Photograph showing the present derelict state of one of the rock-tombs.
73. Diagram showing the ancient doorway.
74. Plan of the projected park which is to incorporate and guard the ancient
Jewish rock tombs.
75. Carving of an ancient tomb with a modern fracture and a modern Hebrew
inscription on the cornice.
76. The ancient Roman Staircase at Siloam.
77. Dome of the Rock : Plan.
78. East entrance to the S6q el QattanIn.
79. Inscription uncovered at the Citadel.
Xlll
COUNCIL OF THE PRO-JERUSALEM SOCIETY
Founded September 1918.
Incorporated October 1920 (under the Palestine Administration).
HON. PRESIDENT.
The Right Hon. SIR HERBERT SAMUEL, High Commissioner of Palestine.
PRESIDENT.
RONALD STORRS, C.M.G., C.B.E., Governor of Jerusalem.
COUNCIL.
Hon. Member: The Right Hon. Viscount Milner, K.C.B.
Members.
The Mayor of Jerusalem.
The Director of Antiquities.
His Eminence the Grand Mufti.
His Reverence the President of the Franciscan Community, the Custodian of
the Holy Land.
His Reverence the President of the Dominican Community.
His Beatitude the Greek Patriarch.
His Beatitude the Armenian Patriarch.
The President of the Jewish Community.
The Chairman of the Zionist Commission.
Le Rev. P^re Abel (Ecole Biblique de Saint-Etienne).
Le Cafitaine Barluzzi.
M. Ben Yahuda.
Capt. K. a. C. Creswell, M.B.E. (Inspector of Monuments, G.S., O.E.T.).
Dr. M. D. Eder.
Prof. Patrick Geddes
R. A. Harari.
Musa Kazem Pasha el Husseini (Ex-Mayor of Jerusalem).
Commander H. C. Luke.
Capt. Mackay (Inspector of Monuments, G.S., O.E.T.).
Mr. Meyuhas.
* Le Capitaine Paribeni.
Mr. Lazarus Paul (Acting Representative of the Armenian Patriarch).
* Lt.-Col. E. L. Popham.
Mr. E. T. Richmond.
Mr. D. G. Salameh (Ex Vice-Mayor of Jerusalem).
Dr. Nahum Slousch.
Mr. Jacob Spafford.
* Lt.-Col. Waters Taylor, C.B.E.
Le Rev. PIre Vincent (Dominican Convent).
Mr. John Whiting, Hon. Treasurer.
Mr. David Yellin (Vice-Mayor of Jerusalem),
C. R. Ashbee, Hon. Sec, Civic Advisor to the City of Jerusalem.
• Those marked with on asterisk are no longer active numbers.
XV
NOTE
While there has been careful collaboration
between the various writers of the essays here
following, the Council, as well as the in-
dividual writers, wish it understood that the
latter alone take responsibility for any state-
ments made.
The Council also desire to thank the
American Colony for the use of many valuable
photographs .
Ed.
JERUSALEM
191 8-1920
The Old City
1. In the old city the Pro-Jerusalem Society has, since the British
occupation, undertaken several large and a number of minor pieces of
work. To several of the former, such as the cleaning of the Citadel, the
clearing out of the city fosse, the Rampart Walk, the Citadel Gardens, the
repair of the Dome of the Rock, and the restoration of the Suq el
Qattanin, special sections will be devoted below.
The Society's objective has been to regard the old city as a unity
in itself, contained within its wall circuit, dominated by its great castle
with the five towers, and intersected with its vaulted streets and arcades,
the houses often locked one over the other, and in separate ownerships —
" Zion is a city compact together." It is this compactness or unity, so
characteristic of Jerusalem, that the Society has set itself to preserve.
2. Perhaps the most difficult of all these works was the cleaning of
the Citadel (see Illustrations 2 and 3). This cleaning is by no means
finished, for great masses of stone debris, the remains of a late Turkish
fortress, guard-rooms and offices, some of which had fallen down before
the war, and which Jemal Pasha had started to remove, have still to be
cleared away. Soon after the British occupation of Jerusalem the city
was filled with thousands of refugees, mainly from Es Salt, and to these
people the Citadel had been handed over. There was much sickness,
the misery and squalor were pitiful, and it took a long time before the
relief officers were able to cope with the difficulty, a still longer time to
clean up after the withdrawal of the refugees.
The Society then worked out a method by which the clearing and
cleaning should be done by refugee labour, and such of the refugees as
were able-bodied were utilized in, so to speak, tidying up their own house.
Many hundreds of men, women, and children, organized in different
working gangs, were used thus, as will be seen by reference to Section 39
and Section 21, where also are shown pictures of the gangs at work.
To the Citadel itself much has still to be done. The roofs of some of
the great vaulted chambers are in a serious condition, and should be
THE OLD CITY
protected from the rains ; there are dangerous cracks at several points In
the ancient masonry, coping and battlements In many places need repair.
But as no money was or Is yet at Its disposal, the Society has been
unable to do anything beyond cleaning and the clearing of debris. It Is
estimated that about £i,ooo was spent In this work, but the bulk of It
was paid, not out of Pro-Jerusalem funds, but out of the various relief
funds — Muslim, Christian, Armenian, and Jewish — that were from time
to time put at the disposal of the Military Governor by the various
religious communities.
3. The cleaning of the Citadel implied the cleaning of the fosse.
The Turks had used the fosse as a tlpplng-pit for refuse. On the south
and east were great cess-pits; on the west their plan had been to fill it
up entirely, thus gradually covering the glacis, and turning the fosse into
road and building sites. They had even at one time proposed to sell the
ramparts and level them with the fosse ; but this, fortunately, pre-
sented Insurmountable difficulties. As it was decided to reverse Turkish
methods, a new plan had to be adopted, and this may be seen by refer-
ence to the Frontispiece. The dotted line at A A indicates where the
fosse had been obliterated and thrown into the road. The plan shows
the new gardens and terraces which the Society has laid out. How is
the point of junction at A A to be treated ? This Involves one
of the most important civic improvements, which will be considered in
its place (see Section 22).
4. The cleaning of the fosse, which led to that method of garden -
planning just referred to, and which will be more fully described in
Section 20, the Jerusalem Park system, led next to the cleaning of the
ramparts, the uncovering of the old sentinels' walk round the walls, and
the opening of some of the ancient guard-houses, some of which were
covered with many feet of debris. Of these guard-houses four have been
uncovered in whole or part (see Illustration 4), and of the Rampart
Walk about one-half has been opened out, and inconspicuous iron hand-
rails have been fixed at the dangerous points. From the walk itself
some thirty encroachments were removed. The type of encroachment
most common is best seen in Illustration 6. It consists usually in an
attempt to convert the ancient wall into private property. In the sketch
shown, a is the Damascus Gate, J is a block of dwellings in private
ownership, and the wall has been blocked at X and Y. In this work of
clearing the Rampart Walk the Society has had gangs of labourer?
,^.
«^
'»4 E-.
^^
Fti
in-
*i;^^.
"i-J
i*i
VuUti
%
T ^ ^-^J
4
W:f
'i)^
k^ A ■*
Modern encroachments that the
Society is clearing.
No. 6.
THE OLD CITY
employed for many months, and has spent altogether about £500, in addi-
tion to the sums earmarked for relief work from the Governor's special
funds (see Illustrations 4 and 5).
5. A word may be said about the gates which are so characteristic
a feature of the Holy City. The Society has been instrumental in clean-
ing up or doing work to the Damascus Gate (Illustration 7), St. Stephen's
Gate (Illustration 8), Herod's Gate, and the Jaffa Gate (see Illustrations
2 and 3).
At the Jaffa Gate it stopped the soldiers on one occasion from
turning the gate into a camp kitchen. At St. Stephen's Gate a bath
contractor had appropriated the whole of the top of the gate for baking
dung cakes. The Society had him cleared out, likewise the breeding-
place for flies which he had assisted in establishing. The guard-house
adjoining the gate had been used as a public latrine. The Society
cleaned and repaired this at a cost of some £50 ; it was subsequently
used by the city police. At Herod's Gate the Society also did protective
work, and repaired the gate-house at a cost of about £20, turning it
into a home for one of its gardeners, to whom a piece of land adjoining
was given. The Damascus Gate is about to be handled in the same way,
and the approach from it to Herod's Gate is now being cleared.
6. While work was in progress at the Zion or David's Gate quarter,
where, adjoining the Jewish Ghetto, is one of the worst slums in the city,
a proposal was made for laying out a children's recreation ground. The
Society entered into a contract with Mrs. Norman Bentwich on the one
hand, and the Abu Liya Wakf on the other, to take over a piece of
derelict and very filthy land, on a ten years' lease, at a rent of £10 a
year, to make a playground of it. Mrs. Bentwich undertook the planting
and upkeep with the aid of a band of Jewish girl gardeners. The Society,
with the assistance of the Zionist Commission, who supplied a special
gang of labourers, did the laying-out and rebuilt the walls. The Society
appropriated the sum of £25 for this work, in addition to the annual
rent, and exclusive of the sums disbursed by the Zionist Commission,
whose labour it superintended.
Unfortunately, after the first work of planting had been done a
series of nightly raids was made upon the garden, and it was stripped
of every tree, shrub, or flower. The police were unable to give the neces-
sary protection, and the work had, for the time being, to be suspended.
The present population of the Holy City has much to learn yet in the
o
^
THE OLD CITY
elementary duties of citizenship. When the little playground is finished
it will come somewhat as shown in Illustrations 9 and 10.
Abu Liya Playground. No. p.
In the course of making the playground certain discoveries of ancient
work were made which are referred to by Pere Vincent in the chapter on
Graeco-Roman remains touched by the Society (see Section 57).
7. On another occasion a question of principle had to be decided
which involved the destruction of an old, if not very important, land-
mark. Among the most characteristic features of Jerusalem are the
overhanging wooden windows. The owners of a certain Wakf had
applied to me for a building permit which involved the destruction of
the window shown in Illustration li. It is of no great age, but it has,
together with the small domed room of which it is a part, a character
of its own. The owners pleaded that, wood being so difficult to get, it
would cost them much more to retain and repair the window, which was
falling into the street, than to rebuild the wall flush and insert a new
window. They were willing to pay an extra £10 in order to save the
THE OLD CITY
window, and it was finally agreed that the Society would contribute the
value of the material, estimated at £4, provided the work of repair was
done to the Society's satisfaction.
8. Perhaps one of the most important pieces of work the Society
has had to do in the old city has been the preservation of the ancient
Suqs and covered ways. Unfortunately, the necessary money has not as
yet been forthcoming to do this work as it should be done. Mere patching
of ancient roofs and vaults is not enough. Under the unique conditions
of Jerusalem property ownership and tenure a special system of procedure
had to be worked out as a preliminary to repair. This is now being
done, and a grant or loan has been promised by the Administration for
the gradual repair, coupled with the condition of a pro-rata le\'y to be
imposed by the municipality on all tenants and property owners.
The blizzard of February 1920 brought matters to a head. As the
result of it some 150 houses collapsed, and a large part of the Suq
el 'Attarin was in danger of falling (see Illustrations 12 to 16).
The record of this is significant. In January and February 1919
Pere Vincent, Mr. Ernest Richmond, then Secretary of the Pro-Jerusalem
Society, Mr. Guini, the municipal engineer, and I as Civic Advisor, had
already reported to the Society on the dangerous condition of the Suq.
Our reports advised the immediate expenditure of some £2,000. But
the Administration had no money, and nothing could be done. As a
result of the blizzard the repair will now, it is estimated, cost more like
£3,000. All turns on the complexity of the roof system which covers the
streets. Illustrations 12 and 14 show the great area to be dealt with,
and some of the difficulties. The properties are all interlocked, and the
streets are lit and ventilated through stone louvres so designed as to
screen the sun from the streets below. The surface water drains off in
accordance with fall, and if the roof or louvre is neglected at one point it
may lead to irreparable damage to neighbouring property. Illustration 13
shows where one of these louvres has collapsed after having been tem-
porarily and badly patched. Illustration 12 shows how the vaulting
stones are disintegrating, and Illustration 14 shows, at the point where
the men are standing, how some twenty metres of wall has collapsed to
the danger of the thoroughfare below. Illustrations 15 and 16 show the
condition of the vaults below. At the moment when orders were given
to shore, the whole street at this point was in danger of giving way.
9. The Society's most important undertaking was the repair in 1919
of the Sijq el Qattanin (see Illustrations 17 and 18). This, as will be
6
Abu Liya Playground, seen from the Bah Nebi Da-ud
{as a I present)
•Yo. in.
r
^
:^^^k^.\\
■/
Abu Liya Playground, seen from the Bab Nebi Da-ud
{as suggested)
No. 10.
Si:
Old wooden zvindoiv.
A'o. IT.
No. 12.
On the roof of Stiq el. Attann.
On tlw top of Sfiq rl Attarin.
No. 7,\
Showing range' of the Suq roofs
looking west to the Mount of Olives
{Note falU'ii uiall)
No. 14.
f*-*"
The Silq el Qattanin.
C.R ASHBE-E,
No. 17.
a. The Central Arcade.
b. Booths which have rooms over.
c. Central Hall.
d. Hammam-es-Shaffei.
e. Classroom.
f. Dyeing and Spinning.
g. Reserved jor Glass-work.
h. Haram-es-Sherif.
THE OLD CITY
seen by reference to Captain Creswell's description in Section 70, is one
of the noblest streets in Jerusalem. The Society has spent on this about
£1,000. Had the work not been done, or had the work been postponed,
as in the case of the Suq el Qattanin just referred to, large portions of
the Suq would have collapsed in the snowstorm.
Further references are made to the Suq el Qattanin in connexion with
the weaving industry, of which it is now the centre (see Section 27).
Therefore I will refer here only to the general plan, which shows what
has been done structurally, and what is still intended. This plan (see
Illustration 17) is based upon that of the Palestine Survey, which, how-
ever, was found to be inaccurate. It has not been possible to correct it.
Many of the shops are still walled up, and since the date of the Survey
portions of the old buildings to which Captain Creswell alludes, those
on the north side of the plan, appear to have been destroyed to make
way for a modern house.
10. Of the repairs to the Dome of the Rock (Illustrations 19 and
20), which the Society's assistance enabled the Wakf authorities at a
critical period to undertake, a few words must now be said. Captain
Creswell's notes in Section 68 should be consulted for the latest his-
torical data. For the initial repair work the Society advanced the sum
of £232, and it has since, at the instance of the Administration, guaran-
teed an agreement between the Wakf and their contractor, Mr. David
Ohanessian, who has been appointed to make, in the old furnaces, such
tiles as are needed for the repair and upkeep of the building. The super-
vision of this important work has been since the outset in the hands of
Air. Ernest Richmond, the advisory architect of the Wakf, from whose
report of March 1919 the following extract is given : —
"To ensure complete immunity from decay, especially in the case
of the more modern tiles, is impossible. The surface of this kind of tile
(of which there are very large numbers) is bound to disappear much
sooner than that of the earlier tiles, thereby seriously increasing the
denuded areas ; and the time is not far distant, if indeed it has not
already arrived, when the following question will have to be answered:
'Is the method adopted in the sixteenth century of decorating the outer
walls of this building with glazed tiles to be continued in the future, or
is that system to be abandoned .?'
"Efforts have for the last 400 years been made to maintain that
system. Repair after repair has been carried out. Whatever we may
think of the methods followed we must at least acknowledge the effort
8
No. rS.
SHq el Oattanin — Main Arcade.
Dome of the Rock.
Dome oj the Rock.
THE OLD CITY
and admire the perseverance with which it has been made through
many generations, and in spite of the obvious difficulties caused by
unsatisfactory methods of administration.
"Tiles have decayed in the past, and tiles will decay in the future;
some rapidly, some less so ; some by natural and unavoidable causes,
others by reason of neglect or lack of skill. In the past they have always
been replaced in some form or other, though with varying success and
uneven skill.
"If, in the future, the general policy followed throughout 400 years
up till the present century of keeping the building endowed with a tiled
surface is to be continued, those responsible will have at least in one
particular to follow the example of the past ; that is to say, they will
have to provide new tiles. This, of course, does not exempt them from
doing all that can be done to preserve those that still exist, and in this
matter the future guardians of the building may well do better than
some of their predecessors.
" If we admit, as I think we are bound to admit, that the Dome of
the Rock is not merely a building of archaeological interest, but also a
symbol of something very much alive, we must also allow that there is
something to be said for maintaining the outward and visible sign of
that vitality. All skin decays, but so long as there is life in the body
which it covers its tissues are continually renewed.
"So long then as the Dome of the Rock remains a live building — a
building, that is to say, which is an integral part in the life that surrounds
it — so long as it fulfils the functions it has fulfilled for 1,200 years, so
long must its skin be continually renewed in some manner or other, by
marble or by mosaic, by tiles or by cement; for the walls have been too
much hacked about, in order to provide a key by which to fix surface
decoration, to make it tolerable that they should become entirely denuded;
nor does cement seem a satisfactory or adequate covering to this building.
Within an appreciable number of years the choice will lie between cement
as a covering to a considerable proportion of the building, or new tiles."
This extract may not inaptly be followed by the Grand Mufti's
eloquent appeal to Islam. It is translated from the Arabic, and appeared
in the Arabic papers on 4 and 5 December 1918.
"Peace be upon you, and the grace of God and His blessings. This
sacred Mosque, to which God translated His Prophet one night from the
Mosque in Mecca, and in which one prostration before God is counted
by him as five hundred — is it not the Aqsa Mosque which God has
blessed ? Yet it is neglected, and for several decades was overlooked,
THE OLD CITY
until decay has set in in its frame, and its ornamentation has faded, and
the whole edifice stands in peril of disruption, which may God avert.
Who desires the loss of this precious gem, unique in its grandeur,
its form, its architecture, the soundness of its foundation, and the per-
fection of its structure — this wonderful building, the site of which may
not be seen on the face of the earth, which causes the greatest architects
to shake their heads in wonder and to confess their incapacity to produce
its like even were they all to put their heads together?
"Now, when the men of the Occupying Power, and, in particular,
H. E. Colonel Storrs, Governor of the Holy Citj^, saw the ruined state in
which stood the Mosque, and learnt that the revenues derived from its
private wakfs (i.e. without even taking into account the difficulty of
obtaining rents at all in those days) do not exceed what is required by
way of expenditure for the maintenance of religious rites — when Colonel
Storrs saw that, it was an eyesore to him, and he expressed his deep
regret, and set about at once — may God watch over him — and applied
for an able engineer of those who have specialized in the repairs of ancient
places of worship.
"His appeal met with prompt response, for very soon the British
Government sent out from its capital, London, the most celebrated
engineer and the most competent for this great work. This is Major
Richmond, known to the greater part of our Egyptian brethren for the
good work done by him in their own places of worship. No sooner
arrived than he set to work at once, tucking up his shirt-sleeves of activity,
and displaying the utmost interest in minutely examining and investi-
gating, and then reporting on what ought to be done. Having examined
everything bit by bit, and with the utmost care, he drew up a report
fully explaining what was required for the restoration and preservation
of this noble edifice, and dwelt specially on the necessity of speedily
setting to work. He also showed in an estimate that to get materials,
apparatus, and the skilled labour which is required for such delicate
work, would necessitate about £80,000, which is not much if the object
be to preserve such sacred precincts to which humanity flocks from all
parts of the world ; not much — God willing — for those charitable, good
people who wish to lend God a pious loan which He will repay to them
times over, to extend their generous hands towards Him from all parts
of the globe, east and west, and answer His call, which is His, by saying :
'Lo ! Our riches we entail unto Thee.' For verily he erects the Mosques
of God who believes in God. Verily, also, God will not suffer good works
to go unrewarded."
10
The New Town Plan
II. Passing from the Society's activities in the care and upkeep of
the old city, we now come to the New Jerusalem. Its first thought here
has been the new Town Plan. All modern civic regulation points to the
need of town-planning. The plan is the index or method on which the
orderliness of a city is based. But a Town Plan, especially in an Eastern
city, implies much more than the mere laying out of streets and
alignments. The Arabs have a word " tartib," formed from the verb
"rattab," to make tidy, and meaning the method or scheme on which
work is to be undertaken ; this " tartib," or method of how to make
tidy, is what we have to consider. The confusion into which industrialism
has thrown all the conditions of life, whether in east or west, has made
the Town Plan essential for every city that is in any way alive. It is
doubly necessary for a city which has been threatened, as has Jerusalem,
with violent changes in the last twenty-five years, and has at the same
time a unique record, an immense wealth of historic building, and a
curious and romantic beauty of its own.
But a Town Plan for such a city depends for its excellence on —
(a) Its grasp of certain principles, social as well as architectural ;
(b) Its power of adaptability ;
(c) The administrative machinery that is set up to give intelli-
gent eff"ect to the plan.
If the principles are ignored — e.g., the religious divisions of a com-
munity, or the industrial needs, or the question of water supply, or the
observation of contours — or if the sanitary needs are over or under esti-
mated, or the prevalent winds ignored, or the planting of the trees, or
the education of the city's children, or if any of these things are insuffi-
ciently considered, the whole plan may be impaired. Or, again, if a plan
be so rigid in its conception that it checks the normal development of
any of these things, it is like a panel that cracks. We get a different
result from that of our anticipation. A good plan must have power of
variability, as a good bit of wainscoting must move with the wind and
the sun and yet not give. To make this variability possible there must
be an administrative machinery having power to modify the plan in
accordance with the principles on which it is being worked out, for the
principles themselves may change, and they certainly need constant
study. This study is the concern of the politician and the sociologist
quite as much as of the draughtsman, the architect, or the engineer.
II
THE NEW TOWN PLAN
12. It follows from these considerations that a good plan cannot
be the work of one man only. It must be the study of many minds,
imply a co-ordinated knowledge focused upon the city which it is
sought to ennoble, or to which the "tartib," or system of tidiness,
is to be applied.
There have been many plans prepared for the Holy City during
recent years in whole or part, and by many different people. There
have been the various plans projected and in part carried out by Jemal
Pasha and the German architects, who were called in to reconstruct
portions of the city or make new roads before the British occupation.
There were the plans and the new streets of Ephthemius, the Greek
priest ; there was the plan of Mr. Victor Hamberg ; there is the official
plan of Mr. Guini, the municipal engineer, upon which he and his staff
have been working for over a year now — the plan of the city as it
actually is ; there are the plans of Mr. McLean (see Illustration 21)
and Professor Geddes (see Illustration 22) ; and there are the various
plans of portions of the city emanating now from the Public Works
Department, now from the Municipality, or from my own office as
the need arises.
13. It is necessary here to make special reference to the plans
of Mr. McLean and Professor Geddes, because they provide, after the
official plan of Mr. Guini, the main lines upon which the final Town
Plan is likely to be carried out.
The distinctive quality of the McLean plan, as will be seen by
reference to the reproduction (No. 21), is that it isolates the Holy City;
sets it, so to speak, in the centre of a park, thus recognizing the appeal it
makes to the world — the city of an idea — that needs as such to be pro-
tected. The Geddes plan, which should be studied with the McLean
plan (see No. 22), accepts this guiding principle, but pays more attention
to contours, saves a large sum on roads, and being based on more precise
data, and with the experience of many more months of study than it was
possible to give during the earlier periods of the military occupation,
carries us farther. The Geddes plan revealed the fact that the maps
and measurements upon which both the McLean and the Geddes plans
were based proved to be faulty. I have myself noted variations of
150 feet. In a sharply undulated district such as Jerusalem, where
there are steep ascents and deep valleys in close proximity, this brings
us immediately to the principle involved in contours. It is not as on the
level plain, where you can, so to speak, drag your net and yet achieve
12
G
3c
oi
in
of
y^.H.M
JERUSALEM TOWN PLANNING SCHEME No. I
General Plan of the Scheme for the Re^to
^Preservation of the Ancient City''"*^^^
of the Modern City : & show-
ing' the Lines of Developme
of the Future City. ^
Df^§.CRIPT10N OF THE SCHEME
\^01d City within the Walls.
't^edixual aspect Co be preserve^. New
bu%iciin^s fTiay be permitted under
sped>n^ conditions.
i2.Arei^betwcen City Walls ^BrownLine.
No /7cV buildings to be permitted and
the are\ to be euentually a clear bele
\in its ntatt/ra/ state.
3. Aren between Brown Line &.
JDotted Brown Line.
auildinijs may be erected onlu
vith special approval &. under
Ipecial conditions rendering
ut^ide dotted BrownLine.
■/i| area planned for future
■rf. The plan shows thealign-
ments cf' future streets and open
paces 'and the improuenients of
existing streets.
,0/
This scheme was prepared at the
retfuest of the Military Authorities
for the Municipality of Jerusalem.
W. H. Me Lean, M. Inst C.E., I9IS
£fTiee^W<itket LimUtd,tc
No. J I
Prof Patrick Geddes. 1919.
£„,,ruWalktr L:c/..i
THE NEW TOWN PLAN
the same effect of checkers or diagrams. Were we to do this across the
undulations of Jerusalem we might find ourselves planning up in the sky,
or our level road falling down a steep incline.
The Guini survey, which is correcting the inaccuracies of the Turkish
and German mapping, will make it possible to carry out more scientifi-
cally that co-ordination of the two plans upon which we are now engaged.
Here again the direct assistance of the Society has been given. Realizing
that the success of the plan depended upon the survey, the Society has
given active support to Mr. Guini's office; it has paid for the printing
of the plans, and set aside some £70 for what is even more Important, a
contour model, towards which the American Colony have kindly offered
to contribute in labour and supervision. Further, the Society has under-
taken to pay for a series of aerial photographs which the Royal Air
Force is preparing.
14. But neither the McLean plan, the Geddes plan, nor the Guini
survey provides one thing which is essential to the future of the city.
This is the " zoning " system, by which the city will be divided into
areas of occupation, residence, amenities, social service, etc. Such
a system can only result from the reasoned need of the citizens them-
selves. To effect it some sort of civic commission is required. You
can only compel up to a certain point, and you must have the logic
of the general need behind you before deciding how far compulsion
may be carried.
Then political and industrial considerations enter. The two plaas
before us illustrate this very nicely. The McLean plan assumes the rail-
way station as the point round which the main growth of the city is to
be. The Geddes plan starts from the hypothesis of a University develop-
ment mainly towards Mount Scopus. Who can yet say that the city will
spread to the north-east, as Professor Geddes suggests, or to the south-
west, as postulated by Mr. McLean ? Is there likely to be sufficient indus-
trial development to warrant both assumptions .'' Other equally impor-
tant considerations enter : Will the University be a Zionist University
merely, or will it be frankly non-sectarian, a University in which all
the world shares .? Professor Geddes, in his report, has thrown down
the glove to Jewry. Will the challenge be taken up .'' It is a question
for the Jews alone, but the result of their decision will profoundly affect
the city's future — may shift the axis of its development and revolutionize
the Town Plan. Until we can see ahead more clearly we cannot zone,
and until we zone we cannot make our Town Plan effective.
13
THE NEW TOWN PLAN
15. I said above (Section ll) that the Town Plan depended for its
third requisite upon the administrative machinery set up. That so far
has been met, rather inadequately, by the office which it is my privilege
to hold as Civic Advisor. The various decisions which the Military
Governor of Jerusalem has had to give on questions of civic development
have been referred to me, and no one under the Public Notice No. 34 of
8 April 191 8 could "demolish, erect, alter, or repair" without first obtain-
ing a permit from the Military Governor. These are municipal functions.
I had nearly 500 applications through my hands between October
1918 and June 1920. When the permit is granted it becomes the Munici-
pality's work to see that it is effectively carried out, and to collect the
revenue under the conditions of Turkish law.
It is on the side of the amenities, of the finer civic development,
and of archzeology, that the office of the Civic Advisor touches the Pro-
Jerusalem Society. All important cases, such as those referred to in
Sections 17 and 25, I submitted for the consideration of the Council before
taking action upon them. How immensely helpful this has been these
records will, I trust, show.
The Arch^ological Needs of
THE Holy City
i6. Of the 500 requests for building permits referred to in the pre-
ceding section perhaps 25 per cent, have involved questions of archaeology.
Many of the requests have been quite trifling, but sometimes the most
trifling have had far-reaching civic and archaeological consequences.
The David Street Market, to which special reference is made in Section 25
(see Illustration 54), is a case in point. So also is the Park system (Sec-
tions 19 to 23), on a portion of which, in the area surrounding the Jaffa
Gate, I have already refused some thirty applications to build. Other
cases again are those dealt with in Sections 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 of these records,
and those with which I deal in the ensuing section.
17. The system on which we work at present is that all cases of
archaeological importance are presented at the monthly Pro-Jerusalem
meetings, and the opinion of the various experts is secured before action
is taken. Thus the matter of the saving of the Roman staircase at
Siloam (see Illustration 76), dealt with by Pere Vincent in Section 58,
was reported on before it was sent up to the Chief Administrator as an
infringement of his proclamation (see Appendix VI). In this case the
Society conducted the prosecution against a building contractor who had
stolen some twenty tons of Roman stonework, which he carried off by
night on the backs of donkeys. The man was fined £50, and had to
return the stones; but, of course, they could never be put back again
into the positions from which they had been taken, and in which the
Bliss and Dickie excavations revealed them.
The case of the falling Suqs has been already dealt with in Section 8.
This case led to a special report, which I was asked to make for the
Chief Administrator, with the object of arranging a loan or grant in aid
to the Municipality for the permanent upkeep of the Suqs, together with
a property levy.
A good illustration of how the system works is the Hammam el
Batrak, the "Bath of the Patriarch," an eighteenth-century Muslim
building. A permit had been asked for to repair certain shops in Chris-
tian Street (see Illustration 24), and at one of them {b), the old entrance
to the Hammam, the stone mastabahs were already being removed and
broken up. It appeared, on investigation, that it was proposed to
15
THE ARCH^OLOGICAL NEEDS OF THE HOLY CITY
abandon the bath and construct modern shops upon it. It seemed a
pity to do this, at least without reservation, in respect of those portions
of the eighteenth-century structure that were most worth saving. A
special meeting of the Council was therefore held on the site, and the
various schemes considered. It was finally decided that permission
should not be given to the owners to remove the bath, and that they
should be advised to repair the building for continued use as a bath
with shops adjoining. If that were found to be no longer practicable it
was intimated that the modified scheme shown in Illustration 24 e and g
might be approved for conversion into a cafe of that part of the building
most worth preserving, i.e. the large vaulted room (see Illustration 23).
This scheme postulated the new shops shown at a a ain the part hatched
in the illustration, and a small public garden g. The ruksahs were there-
upon issued in the Governor's name.
18. How then shall we determine in the future the archaeological needs
of the Holy City .'' On the hypothesis that we shall continue to administer
Turkish law, with possible British modification, what ought to be done ?
The Pro-Jerusalem Council has been gradually shaping for itself the
following programme. It will be seen that some of the objects aimed
at are beyond its powers, and need administrative support ; others, of
necessity, have awaited the coming of a permanent civil government : —
(i) Detailed and S3^stematic survey and registration of all historic
monuments in the Kaza of Jerusalem.
(2) The establishment on and through the Council of a body
of opinion guided by men who have not only the technical and
archaeological knowledge, but the authority to carry through
administratively any policy that has been agreed upon.
(3) The co-ordination, with the aid of the Municipality and such
services as are still in military hands, of the various civic
functions that touch archjeology— e.g., the granting of
ruksahs, the laying on of water, or the placing of drains in
the old city ; the opening out of ancient streets, especially
where destroyed by the blizzard of 1920; the repair of the
Suqs by means of administrative order, and the levy on
property owners ; the making of new roads in the suburbs
of Jerusalem, especially where these are on the lines of old
Roman roads.
(4) The making of regulations as to movable antiquities, their
finding, safeguarding, or sale, and the unauthorized or
illicit digging that may bring them to light.
16
Hammhm el Batrak — The Large Hall.
No. 23.
8 S-lt:
«*- > ^S ■«
4
<Q^ W^
THE ARCH^OLOGICAL NEEDS OF THE HOLY CITY
In regard to (i), the survey, much has already been done. It is
stored in the Governorate files, of which there are several thousand, or
at the Municipality. Large numbers of photographic records have been
taken, and plans and drawings made. All this should later on be sys-
tematized, and when the actual register of Jerusalem historic monuments
is made, it should, if necessary, be incorporated. Such an official survey
of "Monuments historiques" is the first thing to be done, and an admini-
strative grant should be made for it.
In regard to (2), the composition of the Council is in itself a guarantee
for the careful consideration of questions as they arise. All the local
archaeologists, and those appointed by the Military Administration, have
from time to time served on the Council, and, further, the Council has on
it men, such as the Grand Mufti, the Mayor, and the heads of the religious
communities, who can give the necessary sanction to its decisions.
That brings us to (3) co-ordination. The weakness of any military
regime in civil matters is its inadaptability to civil needs. It can
guarantee no continuity ; its judgment in the appointment of officials is
often determined by considerations not germane to the appointment, and
the personal responsibility of those appointed rests of necessity with the
military superior, and not with the man who has to do the job. A military
regime, in other words, is concerned, and rightly, with other things.
Through the Pro-Jerusalem Council, however, it was often possible to
effect co-ordination, and draw together interests that could not in any
other ways have been focused upon the amenities of the Holy City.
Lastly, the Council has had, perforce, while awaiting the arrival of
a permanent Administration, to consider and solve problems of an
archaeological character which would properly be within the province of
a Department of Antiquities. The Council may reasonably claim to have
earned the gratitude of archaeologists for the action it has taken in the
best interests of the historical monuments of Jerusalem. It is now to be
anticipated that a permanent department of Palestine antiquities will be
instituted, and definite co-ordination established between the activities
of the Society and those of the department. The Council will doubtless
view this prospect with the greatest satisfaction, especially in view of the
additional strength and efficiency which such a combination would give
them in their special field.
18
a.b
c.d
e.f
J-
k.
1.
m.
n.
o.
P-
^■
r.
s.
t.
u.
V.
w:
y-
z.
o o o;
C.R.Ashbee, ly2i
£mcr^ Walker Ltd.SC.
No. 2 J
The Park System
19. Perhaps the greatest need of Jerusalem, after the preservation
of its history and the cleaning of its streets, is gardens, shade, and
afforestation.
It is said that the city has never recovered the destruction of the
timber cut down by Titus in the siege of a.d. 70. The siege of Godfrey de
Bouillon nearly failed for want of timber ; and the Turks, though
creditable gardeners, never made good the wastage of the end of classic
civilization. Professor Geddes, in his report to the Zionist Commission, has
some valuable comments, with diagrams, on the question of rainfall and
plantation in Palestine. Water and plantation in Jerusalem go hand in
hand. They react on one another. Plant trees and you get more rain;
store your rainfall in a thirsty land and you can plant your trees. Indeed,
the difficulties are enormous; and, so far, they have been too great for us
to do much. They are labour, transport, water storage and its applica-
tion through the long nine months of drought, and protection from the
goat. There are really only two months in each year when planting can
be safely done. In the planting season of 191 8-19 the Pro-Jerusalem
Society planted about 200 trees. In the season of 1919-20 about 2,000.
With proper resources we hope to plant in the city or about it 4,000
annually. It is not the planting that is the difficulty, but the tending
(see Section 6).
20. As the Citadel Gardens and the Rampart Walk will be the core
of the Jerusalem Park system, this is the proper place to speak of them.
The plans shown in Illustrations 25, 26, 21, and 22 explain this. They
should be studied in relation to one another. The key plan (Illustra-
tion 26) shows the Rampart Walk as the centre of the Park system, the
spinal cord on which is to be built the whole series of parks, gardens,
and open spaces of which the new city will be composed. To the south-
west of this plan is the Citadel. The large plan (Illustration 25) shows the
Park system as a whole. It is an attempt to co-ordinate the different areas
it is proposed to reserve, and in the centre of which the Holy City is to be set.
In this plan the modern building area which lies to the north-east and south
is left blank, and only a few salient points are shown. Turning back now
to Illustration I {Frontispiece), we see the Citadel enlarged. The Citadel
Gardens (Illustrations 27 to 3 1) are to be the entrance to the whole system.
The eight areas now being handled are marked around the wall enceinte,
beginning at the Citadel area I, and ending at the point where area VIII
19
No. 26.
Key Plan of the Rampart Walk.
I Citadel area.
II Armenian Concent area.
III Zi'on GaU {Bab en Nebi Da-ud) area.
IV Tyropaum.
V Bezetha.
VI Damascus Gate (Bab el Amud) area.
VII New GaU (Bab el Jedid) area.
VIII Jafa GaU (Bab el Khalil) area.
a. home of the Rock.
b. Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
c. Herod's Gate.
d. Pool of Hezekiah.
e. Birket Israel.
i. Birket SiU Miriam.
g. El Aqsa Mosque.
h. David Street.
30
Liiiiu.et Gate — South Terrace.
xVo. 2y.
THE PARK SYSTEM
touches area I after the wall circuit has been made. We approach at the
main or eastern entrance of the Citadel over what was once the drawbridge,
and near where Lord Allenby made his proclamation on the surrender of the
city. The Society proposes to commemorate the spot with an inscription.
We then pass southwards by a series of steps, walks, terraces, and plan-
tations, laid out in the ancient fosse, about the glacis, and round the
various towers, to the Rampart Walk. This walk will ultimately take us
right round the city, and bring us out at the Jaffa Gate immediately to
the north-west of the Citadel.
The fosse, before the Pro-Jerusalem Society took it in hand, was a
public latrine, and, worse, it was a refuse heap for dead carcasses and
decomposing matter. The Illustrations 27 to 31 will show into what
this has been converted. In the designing of this garden I have
followed the architectural lines of the Citadel which it embraces, and
every successive point as we reach it is dominated by the solemn
masses of the ancient stonework. The trees planted have been olive,
fig, eucalyptus, almond, cypress, mimosa, pepper, trumpet-tree, and
sumac. All trees will be kept low so as not to interfere with the
scale of the buildings. Jackaranda were tried, but the wind and cold
destroyed them. The illustrations show a number of other shrubs,
plants, etc.
In making this garden I had the assistance of Captain T. B. Mathieson
and Sir John Burnet. The latter happened to be in Jerusalem working
on the graves memorial when a portion of the south terrace was being
laid out. To the former, who was in charge of the Jerusalem police, I
am particularly indebted, not only for the unique horticultural know-
ledge he placed unreservedly at the Society's disposal, but for his constant
and unfailing personal help.
21. The Rampart Walk will be the spinal cord of the Jerusalem
Park system. It will, when completed, be the largest, and perhaps
the most perfect, mediaeval enceinte in existence. Carcasonne, Chester,
Nuremberg, are parallel cases, but none of them comes up to Jerusalem
in romantic beauty and grandeur. Some of the main points in the
Jerusalem Rampart Walk may be studied in the illustrations here given,
and its relation to the Park system as a whole will be best seen in
Illustration 25. I will now take the illustrations in order, beginning
at the entrance by the Jaffa Gate. Here at the junction of the wall with
the fosse a stone stairway has been built to make access possible. The
point is just behind the minaret in Illustration I {Frontispiece), and the
21
THE PARK SYSTEM
line of the ramparts may be traced to the right, towards the Armenian
quarter of the city.
Illustrations 32 and 33 show the walk by David's Gate and the
encroachments made on it by a modern Turkish meat market. This the
Society had scheduled for removal, when the act of God, in the form of
the blizzard, fortunately came to our aid and broke the roof in.
Illustrations 4 and 5 show gangs of the Society's labourers at work
clearing debris from the walk. Some idea of the mass of stuff to be
removed may be seen by the height to which it was piled in relation to
the figures. In Illustration 5 it comes up nearly to the woman's head.
In Illustration 34 a woman is seen at work picking off the great stones of
an encroachment that had been built on the walk. She is herself standing
on the old city wall.
Illustrations 35 and 36 show another of these encroachments ; it is
outside the Spanish Jews' Hospital. Here, again, as the photograph
shows (No. 35), a new wall had been built on the top of the ramparts.
The pen diagram below (No. 36) shows how this was handled. A is the
new wall, B the immense mass of tip on which the new wall was built,
and which in places was beginning to burst the rampart wall. C shows
the unburied sentinels' walk. In this case the encroachment was not
hacked away, but tunnelled, and an arch made over the steps which
the excavation revealed. Illustration 37 shows what the work looked
like when in progress. The girls are in the pit with their baskets
clearing debris. The ink line shows where the arch was subse-
quently built and the parapet made good. At E, on the inner side
of the wall, where the walk adjoins the public street, it is proposed
to plant as shown.
Illustration 38 is interesting as showing the sort of destruction that
is in progress. The old walls of the city have been used as quarries, and
the massive stones, when loosened from neglect, are carried off. A few
thousand pounds to make good these parapet repairs around the city
walls are greatly needed.
Illustration 39 shows the end of the walk at the El Aqsa Mosque.
We have not for the moment got beyond this point, and it is possible
that a way over the wall or on the outside may be better till the walk
begins again at the point where it first touches the Temple area on the
south side.
22. At this point, as it will when completed become one of the most
important features in the Jerusalem Park system, a few words may be
22
THE PARK SYSTEM
said about the Jaffa Gate improvement scheme which the Society is
anxious to carry through. It involves —
(a) the removal of the unsightly clock tower and the replacement
of the low parapet wall removed shortly before the Kaiser's
theatrical entry into Jerusalem ;
{b) the clearing of the fosse, with a possible modification of the
levels at this point, and the completing of the garden circuit
round the Citadel (see Frontispiece). The suggested com-
promise would be a line drawn between the old circuit
obliterated by the Turks and the modern road boundary AA.
(f) The opening out of a roadway with a great meidan in front
of the Jaffa Gate, and the removal of the market to the
other side of the road.
(d) The completion of the Rampart Walk circuit.
Illustrations 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 show the projected improvement.
No. 40 is from a photograph taken in 1898 when the breach was being
made. Illustration 41 shows what the fosse may look like when the
garden circuit is completed and the glacis again cleared. It is suggested
that as much of the road as is needed for traffic be retained, and that to
do this the parapet wall when rebuilt be pierced by an arch. The garden
circuit would then be completed by a narrow entrance arch at a lower level
at the base of the Hippicus Tower. The more archseologically complete
way would be to build up the wall again exactly as it was. All the
lower portions of the wall are still under the roadway; but the people,
having been accustomed for so many years to the double way into the
city, might be unwilling to surrender it.
23. It is as yet impossible to give plans of the projected Park system
in any detail, and Illustration 25 does not profess to be complete. This,
it will be seen, agrees roughly with the part enclosed in the larger blue
circuit of the McLean plan (Illustration 21). But if it be compared with
the Geddes and the McLean plans, it will be seen that it is an attempt to
co-ordinate the two. Most of the contour roads on the Geddes plan are
adopted, and the blue zoning or enceinte lines on the McLean plan are
shown dotted. All three plans, it will be seen, accept these as dominating
factors. Where the Park system (Illustration 25) departs from Nos. 21
and 22 is in the matter of method. The controlling feature here has been
the tombs, burial-places, and existing memorials which have been incor-
porated into the park. Thus all the Jewish burial-places are shown in
circles, the Christian in crosses, and the Muslim in crescents.
23
THE PARK SYSTEM
The laying out or reservation into park land does not necessarily
mean special or ornamental plantation. The bulk of the land will, it is
hoped, always remain under fellahin tillage or even in its present
wildness. It does, however, mean a certain amount of terracing, and
the removal of "sebekh" or tip from the valleys to the rock plateaux.
Nor does the plan (Illustration 25) show all the parts it is hoped to plant
in the city building areas. Most of the streets will be fringed with trees.
Some of the portions of the Park system, besides those already
mentioned, to which the Society has turned its attention may be
given : —
(a) Avenues along the Jaffa road, and the making good of trees
destroyed in the war (h on Illustration 25).
{b) The Post Office Square (see Illustration 25 t and Illustra-
tions 46-48).
(c) Plantation around the roads that border the twenty-three
acres near the station, known as the McRae estate
(Illustration 25 j).
{d) Plantation round the Muslim Cemetery by Herod's Gate
(Illustration 25 k).
(e) The garden and district immediately round the Rashidia
School (Illustration 25 /).
(/) The Park projected with the assistance of Dr. Ettinger and
Mr. Yellin to the north of the city (see Illustration 2^ dab
and Illustration 74). The Park system will incorporate and
so preserve from needless desecration the ancient Jewish or
Grseco-Roman rock-tombs of which it is proposed to make
a feature in the Park (see Illustrations 72, 73, 75).
(g) Various small gardens in the old city, some of them in
private ownership. In the latter case the trees are given
on the understanding that they are planted according to
the wishes of the Society and protected by the owners.
24
*.i* '^ > 1^^*'
d
Co
Citadel Gardens.
No. JO.
Citadel Gardens,
No. SI.
The Rampart JValk, showing how a rooj
has been built over the walk which
follows the arrows.
Ao.
V
A'o. .,^,
7"/?^ Rampart Walk.
No. 34.
The Rampart JFalk, showi^ig
a woman clearing azvay an
encroachment.
A'o. 35-
The Rampart Walk covered with 12 ft. of "tip,''
and shozving a new wall built on top of the "tip.
iT^^
No. 36.
The Rampart Walk, showing how the encroachment
(No. 3S) has been tunnelled.
I i D,
The Rampart Walk, the same as No. 56, showing
fellahin girls at work.
A. New wall built on the tip.
B. Tip.
C. Rampart Walk newly cleared.
D. Old city wall.
E. Nezv garden being, tnadr.
> VV«
m
No. 38.
The Rampart Walk, showing tlie gradual destruction
of the wall of Sulrinian the Magnificent.
.\0. 3Q.
The Rampart Il'alk at the
El Aqsa Mosque.
1^1'
!-S^ W— -,--- vS^-'H-'^ ^y^
K
Pi
/[I
iii.i::nii,i,..:.;;ijyiii
t
o
v-1
^
* T-i
\>
Sj
^
■^
.
•J
-i.^
•ij
^^
Ei
"S
E^
->.
!-<
?^
^
-i^
■^Isl
^
J^
•"^
ri
«?^
"-"I
* •>*
b<i
i-
S
^
■3
E^
'^
*ii
■*--
^
O
^
^
tj-,
^-i
^
► —
to
>^
^^
•^
^
C-N
■^
-^
^Ttr
oq
'^
"^
5
^
■T3
o
o
&>3
o
o
Mi
„tr
-^
K-
■1- <
-;^l( ^'wI
.^
>
5
--0
\ i:
^ 1-
\>i'-
; ^V^,
'
'-w-v^^s; r
^e_\...-
•- '
£- .
i' A
' 'i
"^^ ■ ~'^
fe^--^ .
t-
y-
f
t.
1^
d
9'
> ' ■
<0
^;^5
• 4.
.^.•^^^j!
« •*
Vn
•fi.
«
o
.bo
^""Metres.
C HASH BEE.
No. 46.
The Markets
24. The question of the Jerusalem markets is one sui generis. It
involves considerations of religious custom and law, of hygiene, and of
archaeology. In some cases these are curiously interwoven.
The Society working in collaboration with the Municipality and the
Department of Public Health prepared a report on the market needs
of the city, in which certain principles were drawn up which it was
decided to apply to six markets to begin with. It is unnecessary here to
go into the details, and the plan, if consistently carried out, will involve
the expenditure of a large sum of money and the enforcement of sanitary
and municipal orders of great consequence to the city.
Of these six markets illustrations are given of two, one in the old
city. No. 52 and 54, and one in the new. No. 49 and 50. We will deal
with the latter first, because it illustrates the horrible conditions of dis-
order, slovenliness, and squalor with which the Administration has to deal.
It is the market in the Jaffa road to the north-east of the city, sometimes
known as Haim Valero, or Mahanna Yudah. The row of corrugated
iron shacks and petrol tins, of which it is mostly constructed, is one of
the first landmarks as we enter the Holy City from the Jaffa side. It
expresses for the visitor the New Jerusalem as left us by the Turk.
The drawing which accompanies the photograph shows what we hope to
make of the market, screened from the road by trees. Here, as in other
cases, the desire of the sanitary authority is to control the market in the
interest of public health. To achieve this control it must have definite
boundaries, and be so constructed as to make the enforcement of certain
regulations possible.
25. The David Street Market, shown in Illustrations 52, 53, 54, is
the picturesque Vegetable Market in the ancient city, so much admired
by all lovers of local colour, because of the richness of costume of the
peasant women who gather together here from the neighbouring villages,
bringing fruit in their colour-plaited straw baskets. It is held under the
arches of the mediaeval buildings that once formed part of or adjoined
the foundation of the Knights Hospitallers in the Mauristan (see Sections
65, 66, 67). An application was made to me on one occasion for closing
the arcades with a view to converting them into storerooms. To grant
this ruksah would have meant not only interfering with the structure of
the buildings, but with the market rights of the community. The whole
26
Post Office Square, before treatmejit.
No. 47.
M
^r-Mt.
\^^
.■ ^
i 1
■•':/.. r;*-^%>ilS '&^^%^ V
^;i..4^.
z;:^'' '^.^..:
/^o.vz O^ft" Square, when completed.
No. 48.
ITTTpTTTTT^
Uo^U*' Oi»X^^s^f!ja> is
The Jaffa Road Market
{Haim Valero or Mahanna Yudah)
as proposed.
a. Shops.
b. Central Sibil or Fountain.
c. Entrances.
C RASHBEE
No. 51.
d. Stalls under cover.
e. Jaffa Road.
27
THE MARKETS
matter was gone into, with the result that a larger scheme for the develop-
ment of the market is now under consideration. This is best studied in
Illustration 54. a is David Street ; c shows the Vegetable Market, to the
left as it is at present, to the right as we hope to make it. At present
it has only two arches to the street, and at the back all the arches are
blocked up with debris. Five arches will be opened out at the back, and
the mass of debris {d) will be cleared away, while two arches will be
opened out into David Street {a). Thus abundance of light and shade
will be given to the market, which is at present dark and ill-ventilated.
Under the newly opened arches between d and d will be seen the little
garden at g, the planting of which has already been commenced. The
remaining bases of the old arcades, which are no longer standing, but for
the most part covered in debris, were located by the Palestine Survey,
as shown in g and h. Some of the arches in h are still visible, though a
portion of one of the northern arches collapsed in the blizzard of 1920
(see Illustration 55).
a8
^:
^
^
•^
/y<^
'I
\>
o
UwOA'^ u.tf.-i4
o
•^ IP
The David Street Market.
On the left as it is : on the right as it is
to be.
a. David Street.
b. Suq el Lehan.
c. Vegetable Market.
d. Strip of land at back of market covered
with debris.
e. Shops.
{. Khan.
g. Excavated portion now again covered with
debris upon which a garden is being
made.
h. Modern German building in which the ex-
cavated work has been incorporated.
\. Restored Church of St. John.
}. New German street.
29
New Industries
26. The Pro-Jerusalem Society has established two new industries in
the city, and is trying to start a third — weaving, tile-making, and, if the
present negotiations come to fulfilment, glass-work. These industries
are in the nature of revivals rather than of new undertakings. They
have each to do with local life, and are implicit in the ancient traditions
of the city, its structure, and its crafts. To these three industries
encouraged by the Society must, of course, be added building and
planting ; for though the two latter ceased entirely during the war,
except for military purposes, the traditions of local craftsmanship had
not to be laboriously reconstructed as in the case of weaving, tile-
making, and glass-work.
27. I deal with the weaving industry first. During the war the
American Red Cross instituted some admirable relief works among the
refugees, mainly Armenian, of whom there were many hundreds in
Jerusalem. Instead of giving doles it set up looms; it started the refugees
at doing useful work with which they were familiar — weaving, spinning,
etc. It seemed a pity to break the organization up when the Red Cross
was demobilized, so the Society worked out a scheme for taking this
over and running it as a permanent industry for the city. But a place
had to be found. It was decided, therefore, to take over and restore
the ancient Suq el Qattanin (the old Cotton Market), to which reference
has already been made in Section 9.
When the Pro-Jerusalem Society started upon this noble monument
it was, like many another in the city, a public latrine, the shops were
filled with ordure, and the debris in some cases was lying five foot high.
The picturesque doors shown in Illustration 18, the photograph for
which was taken in 1913, had been broken up and used for firewood by
the Turks. The Society remade them, and is at present engaged in
repairing the great chamber, shown in Illustration 57, in which is a
fourteenth-century inscription (see also Section 70). In and adjoining
this portion of the building, as will be seen in No. 57, was a flour-mill,
whose 20 h.p. engine was gradually shaking the ancient masonry out of
place. This the Society had removed.
When the building was put in order looms were set up, and the weavers
and spinners still at work for the American Red Cross were engaged
and put under the charge of the present manager of the industry, which
is now known as the "Jerusalem Looms." In this industry, at the close
30
NEW INDUSTRIES
of the first year's working, about seventy people were employed directly
or indirectly. The industry is self-supporting, and not financed by the
Society ; £200 was, however, advanced at five per cent, by the Society,
and the looms are its property. Further, the Society has given assis-
tance, with the financial aid of the Administration, in the teaching of
their craft to the boys, who are almost entirely Muslim. It has started
a system of indentured apprenticeship (see Appendix IV), helps the lads
with apprentice scholarships, and pays the wages of their technical
instructor (see Illustration 62).
28. The revived industry of tile-making stands on a different footing
from that of weaving. It is interesting to note that whereas in the
industry of weaving it was originally Armenian relief money that has
resulted in employing Muslim workers to the general public benefit, so
to the same end it is in the industry of tile-making and painting that
Muslim Wakf funds have been the cause of employing Armenian
workers. We hope that Muslim workers will follow, but we must take
conditions as we find them, and use skill, knowledge, and sympathy
wherever we meet with them. Weaving is more frequently a Muslim,
tile-making almost entirely an Armenian, craft. There is no reason why
either should be limited by race, religion, or tradition. The Armenian
weavers have now for the most part returned to Armenia, but owing to
the great works on the Dome of the Rock, further tile-painters have
asked leave to come from Armenia to Jerusalem.
Reference to Mr. Ernest Richmond's report already quoted (Sec-
tion 10) will show that the damage in the mere falling off of tiles, and the
disintegration of the wall surface from soakage of water through the
building, could be estimated at hundreds of pounds a year, and that in
increasing ratio. But there was no money. The Wakf funds in 19 18
were not available. What was to be done ? The Pro-Jerusalem Society
here again stepped into the breach, and did what the Administration for
the moment was unable to do. It advanced out of funds which the
personal energy and enthusiasm of the Military Governor had collected
the necessary money for the preliminary needs of Mr. Richmond's report.
Money for scaffolding, labour payments, photographic and other records
were placed at Mr. Richmond's disposal, thus enabling him to create a
system of repair that might become permanent.
In the course of Mr. Richmond's investigations the original furnaces
were rediscovered in the area of the Haram-es-Sherif, so it was decided
to reopen them and make trial firings. The first firings were a dismal
31
NEW INDUSTRIES
failure, and the two expert potters, one from Kutahia and one from
Damascus, differed as to the reasons for this. The Society had by this
time advanced some £230, so the drastic course was taken of discharging
them both. One of the potters, Mr. David Ohanessian, then came
forward with the offer of partly capitalizing the industry, provided he
were allowed the use of the old furnaces and given facilities to go to his
home in Kutahia and bring back at his own charges his workpeople,
plant, and materials. This has been done ; the Administration found
means for getting him through to Constantinople, and, later, of con-
veying a body of his workpeople — men, women, and children — from
Kutahia to Jerusalem, and after some four months of fresh experiment
and hard work, tiles were produced which compared very favourably
with some of the early tile-work on the Dome, and certainly exceeded in
beauty and skill the later European factory production with which for
the last fifty years the Dome has been repaired.
It was recommended, therefore, that a contract should be entered
into between the Wakf Administration and Mr. Ohanessian for the
permanent establishment of the industry. An agreement was drawn up
by the Wakf with Mr. Ohanessian, wherein, subject to certain conditions,
the Pro-Jerusalem Society guaranteed the latter's financial stability,
and the Wakf found £700 to enable him to continue and develop his
work. At the same time the Wakf repaid to the Society the original
£230 it had advanced, thus enabling the money to be used again in other
new and creative work.
It is the hope of the Council that even as we have established out
of the weaving industry a little textile school for the city of Jerusalem,
so out of the tile-work we shall in like manner establish a school of
ceramics. All the necessary elements are now there. The Syrian potter,
with his fine skill and his immemorial tradition (see Illustration 58), is
one of the central facts of Eastern life. He needs encouragement, and
will repay it.
29. We will pass to the industry of glass-blowing. There are, in the
Jerusalem district, especially at Hebron, the remains of one of the most
beautiful and characteristic of Muslim crafts. Illustrations 59, 60, 61,
show these glass-blowers and their work. According to tradition this
craft of lamp-making for mosques, etc., was practised in ancient times,
not only by Muslims, but also by Jewish workmen under protection of
the Khalifs. Certain it is that there are many technical records and
remains. The old man shown in Illustration 60 is himself a Hebron
32
A'o. 55-
Fallen arcade in the Maiinstan.
So. ji3.
SCiq el Qatlanin, from the
street, JVest Entrance.
Sitq el Oattanin — in the great
chamber of Muhammad
an-Ndsir, J.D. IS36.
Syrian poUer.
No. 5tV.
Ili'hriin ;^/ays-i)iakers at zi'ork.
No. 59.
A'o. 60.
Hebrov glass-:vorker in his shop
in Jrrusalrm.
No. 61.
4 Hebron bine glass.
so
j-1
o
NEW INDUSTRIES
glass-blower, but prefers to spend the evening of his days in reading
the Koran at his shop door, in the Mauristan, and selling occasional
glass beads and bangles. On the other hand, the Hebron workshops
exist. Their record during and for a few years before the war is rather
pathetic ; it is typical of the influence of Western industrialism upon
Eastern craftsmanship. Modern industrial conditions reduced thirty-two
shops to seven, and the war closed these remaining seven. One was
reopened in 1919, and again closed owing to the difficulty of getting
wood for firing. On looking into matters I found masses of debris from
cheap machine-made lamps littering the Hebron shops, and on inquiry
learned that the glass-blowers had given up using their own good quartzy
Hebron sand because it was cheaper to use the v/aste product of English
factories. It had come over as ballast of ships. As a consequence the
glass now made is soft and brittle, and often pitted with holes. The
effort of the Society here, as with the textiles and the ceramics, will be
to raise the standard, to lift the old craft out of the industrial mire, to
make things of real service, not merely knick-knacks for tourists, or the
last degraded relics in coloured bangles and beads for poverty-stricken
peasants. Arrangements for a contract with some of the old glass-
blowers are now in progress. We are planning to set certain of the
shops in the Suq el Qattanin (see Illustration 17) at their disposal. At
the same time it is proposed to open one at least of the old Hebron work-
shops. The method will probably be some sort of guarantee by the
Society for the sale of, say, a year's produce from the shops, certain
conditions as to standard and the forms to be adopted being laid down
at the outset. But there are difficulties. These old Hebron craftsmen
are dour and farouche. It is part of their charm. They are as tough in
their old-fashioned Islamism as in their retention to themselves alone of
the secrets of their craft. In some cases they will not even teach it to
their own sons for fear it might be too widely known !
30. It is unnecessary here to allude to the industries of building,
masonry, the planting of trees and laying out of gardens, all of which
are helped by the Society, as special reference is made to these crafts in
Sections 6, 8, 9, 15, 20, 21, 23.
Other industries that the Society hopes either to revive or to estab-
lish on a basis of good standard are carpet-weaving, metal-work, cabinet-
making. No work worth mentioning is done in any of these, unless we
except the quasi-sectarian efforts of Bezaleel and the Syrian orphanage.
Yet good serviceable furniture, ordinary table-service in metal-work,
E 33
NEW INDUSTRIES
rugs and carpets, and the various appliances for the house, are just as
necessary as textiles, glass, and pottery. There is no reason why they
should not also be made in Palestine and have on them the character of
the locality. In the list of desiderata the Society has drawn up, and
which I give in Appendix III, will be found references to these new
industries. We want help for them. The decay of good craftsmanship
and what it means to the city is aptly illustrated in No. 65 and No. 66.
The former is a good bit of Jerusalem eighteenth-century carpenter's
work, the latter its modern substitute.
This re-establishment of the crafts, even if looked at merely from the
political point of view, is of vital importance in Palestine. As a great
Syrian once put it, with the craftsmen of Jerusalem in mind, "Without
them shall no city be inhabited, and men shall not sojourn nor walk up
and down therein. They shall not be sought for in the council of the
people, and in the assembly they shall not mount on high . . . neither
shall they declare instruction and judgment, and where parables are
shall they not be found. But they shall maintain the fabric of the world ;
and in the handiwork of their craft is their prayer."
Work with the hands, the creative work, the work of the imagina-
tion applied to a man's personal labour, keeps men from empty political
speculation. For every craftsman we create, we create also a potential
citizen; for every craftsman we waste, we fashion a discontented effendi.
34
Technical Education
31. The industry or craft brings us to Technical Education in the
craft. The Administration as regards the city has turned the technical
education grant over to the Society ; £200 was granted for the year
1918-19, and £300 for the year 1919-20. The Society has supplemented
these grants, and laid down the policy that shall guide their adminis-
tration. The smallness of the grants has limited our activities, but this
policy may be here defined : It is (a) to help for the present, and until
more money is available, only such technical teaching as is implicit with
the agricultural development of the Jerusalem area, e.g., planting and
gardening, and the crafts that go with a life on the land ; (b) to teach
from the point of view of the industry or craft, rather than that of the
classroom; in other words, to bring the school into the workshop, and not,
as is usually done, the workshop into the school.
The Society's work of technical education has, therefore, been to
appoint a skilled gardening instructor and place in his charge the planting
of the trees and gardens of the city, more especially those from which
the boys of a certain number of schools may most benefit. Further, it
has appointed a skilled weaving instructor in whose charge are the looms
in the Suq el Qattanin already referred to (Section 9), weaving being an
integral part of the agricultural life of Palestine.
32. In regard to the tree-planting and gardening, the idea is to make
the boys responsible, and teach them to take a pride in the city's upkeep.
Each lad is given the care of a tree that he has helped to plant. A garden
and a small nursery have been put at the disposal of the instructor at
the Rashidia School by Herod's Gate, and some 200 Muslini boys are
benefiting by this arrangement.
33. In regard to the weaving craft, a method has been adopted
even more conducive to standard and quality. To begin with, a dozen —
at the time of writing, eighteen — boys have been bound as indentured
apprentices to the Society's weaving industry. The indenture itself is
given in Appendix IV, and should be studied as a useful working model
for new enterprise in technical education. It is of interest to note that
it follows the Samuel Montagu (Lord Swaythling's) East London Ap-
prenticeship Fund, under which many excellent craftsmen of the Guild
of Handicraft were bound in the late 'nineties. The Pro-Jerusalem
Society and the Military Governor as its president take the place of
35
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Lord Swaythling as third signatorJ^ Of the two Illustrations, No. 62 and
No. 63, the former shows the apprentices in their uniforms, the latter the
ceremony of apprenticeship in the central arcade of the Suq el Qattanin.
The Military Governor is making a speech in Arabic and English, the
Grand Mufti is to his right, and the boys are about to be called up and
given each, for his parent or guardian, who is also present, a copy of the
indenture. The text of the speech is in the main the first clause of the
indenture ; as our forefathers in Western indentures would have had it :
" Thou shalt not put the craft to shame."
36
No. 64.
Dome construction in Jerusalem.
No. 65.
A Jerusalem carpenter's window.
No. 66.
Its modern substitute.
Relief labour at work in the Citadel clearings.
Prisoners shiftitig large stones in the Citadel.
No. 68.
<
o
o
<5
Civic Regulations
34. The Pro-Jerusalem Council has done valuable work in the
direction of civic regulations. In this it has had the aid of the Munici-
pality and the Jerusalem Chamber of Commerce. Thus it has effectively
checked the unrestrained use of corrugated iron. This is now forbidden
in the old city, and can only be used in the new city if screened from
view. The same applies, though less rigidly, in regard to red tiles. The
use of these in the old city, except in the case of repairs, is no longer
permitted, while the old method of dome construction has been en-
couraged, and in many places revived (see Illustration 64). Illustra-
tions 13, 32, 49, show cases in which the Society has either prevented the
use of corrugated iron and red tiles, or is in process of removing them.
35. The limitation of advertisement is an urgent need. The pro-
miscuous placarding and profanation of every conspicuous wall-surface
must at all hazards be stopped. The Society, therefore, drew up for and
in conjunction with the municipal authorities the series of regulations
which are given in Appendix VII, an appropriation was made for them
in the municipal budget of 1920, and they have since been incorporated
in the legislation of the country.
36. To the Society's work in the regeneration of the markets refer-
ence has already been made in Sections 24 and 25. Not In the markets
only, but in many other instances it has acted, usually through the
office of the Civic Advisor, as the link between the Municipalitj^, or the
Service of Antiquities in embryo, and the Department of Public Health.
One of the tragedies of the city is that where an ancient building has
been neglected, or a site, especially after excavation, becomes derelict, it
becomes unsanitary. The Societ)^ has been the means for bringing before
the Department of Public Health a number of beautiful or historically
Interesting sites, public monuments, and houses which, with a little timely
supervision from the sanitary point of view, it has been possible to save
or protect.
37. This raises an important civic issue, and one that the Society
has on several occasions had before it, and Is gradually solving by prac-
tical experiment. What Is to be done with a site after the archaeologist
has dug it over and left it .'' The archaeologist is not interested in the
city as a live thing. For him the more dead and buried the better.
He digs, makes his records, and goes away, leaving usually an untidy
37
CIVIC REGULATIONS
mess for others to clear up. There are a number of such sites in Jeru-
salem. There are likely, with the increasing desire for historical dis-
covery, to be many more. Nature's solution is simple. The derelict
site is first well dunged by children and animals; it then breeds flies and
mosquitoes, after which, if it has the sun upon it, follow crops of Ficus
indica and thistles. Some more rational and civilized method of recla-
mation seems desirable; for, after all, the city is alive, not dead.
38. In Mr. Storrs' preface it has already been pointed out how the
Pro-Jerusalem Society in its initiation was " the Military Governor
civically and aesthetically in Council"; the original name under which
the records of the Society were filed in the Governorate archives was
"The City Council." This quality of an Upper Chamber to the Muni-
cipality, a kind of Senate whose duty it has been to safeguard the finer
life of the Holy City, it has tried consistently to maintain. Many
types of city regulations have had, and are likely to continue to have,
their origin in the monthly discussions of the Pro-Jerusalem Council.
It is a place where ideas are made. The Council does not necessarily
put them into force. It serves the often more useful purpose of
inspiring them.
38
Social Work
39. It is inevitable that the Society in its many undertakings should
have touched the social life of the city, its labour problems, and what
in Jerusalem is so intimately bound up with this, its religious and
sectarian structure. A word as to these may not be out of place here.
The Society has had for its public works the use of three types of
labour — relief or refugee labour, paid on a minimum-wage basis ; prison
labour, working under guard; and skilled or partially skilled labour,
working on contract or at market rates.
Illustrations 67, 4, 5, show the first, the relief or refugee labour.
Most of the Citadel clearings and the work on the Rampart Walk were
done by refugees. It will be seen that they are almost entirely women,
for in the East it is the women rather than the men who do work of this
kind. The women are mostly of great strength, they are accustomed to
carrying weights upon their heads, and they are very skilful with the
"fass " or pick. Where, as has often been the case, they are mothers
with small children, a sort of impromptu creche has been formed in
some adjoining field or yard under one of their number. This relief
labour has been found to be very variable, and, of course, it is liable
to stop suddenly when the desired moment comes for return to the
"beled," or when the husband, who has often been impressed by the
Turk, returns from war or from captivity.
40. Prison labour, of which an illustration is given in No, 68, is still
less satisfactory. This has always to be conducted under guard, and in
addition a sympathetic foreman is needed. Prisoners have been used
for cleaning out unsavoury sites, carrying and breaking stone, and water-
ing trees. It is very extravagant, for it takes up so much of the highly
paid foreman's time, and the guard requires almost as much watching
as the prisoners, for it increases his difficulties if he is a task-master.
For him it is better and easier if the prisoners sleep. At present no pay-
ment to convicts is allowed, and the theory is that their work shall be
made as unpleasant as possible. But this raises an interesting point in
prison psychology, and one that deserves greater attention than it
receives. I have observed in watching these gangs under one or other of
my foremen that the men often really enjoy the work. It is a change
from the boredom of prison. If some system could be devised by which
some payment could be made to each gang, not as wages for labour, but
as a recognition for services rendered if the work is good, I believe that
39
SOCIAL WORK
four times the amount of labour would be given; for, with some excep-
tions, the convict really wants to work: it is the enforcement he resents.
I think such a recognition of service would be good, not only for the
city, but for the man himself.
41. The Society's skilled labour, paid from its own funds, has been
that of masons, blacksmiths, gardeners, fellahin women labourers, and
its regular foremen. This has conformed to market rates, and has been
divided fairly evenly over the three religious groups, Muslim, Christian,
and Jew. It is hoped that as the works of the Society and, ultimately,
the city develop, some form of guild organization may be adopted. By
this is meant responsibility for standard among the workers, and non-
competitive organization in the interests of the craft. The sectarian
divisions of the city would help rather than hinder this. Of the Municipal
Labour Bureau use has often been made. This should, wherever possible,
be developed, and the various religious relief funds utilized wherever this
can be done in getting people to work. Any form of civic reconstruction
is worth trying, and even the humblest skill should be made use of;
for the curses of Jerusalem are idleness and parasitism. The city has
been accustomed to live on the unreasoning charity of the world. Chris-
tian, Muslim, and Jew, all alike have taken the doles of the faithful; and
instead of these doles being devoted to the upkeep and ennoblement of
the Holy City, they resulted in a rather sordid life among the citizens.
Modern Jerusalem is a mixture of squalor and pretentiousness. This
fund of charity is likely to continue. There is no reason, however, why
it should any longer be used to corrupt, to vulgarize, or to degrade.
The Pro-Jerusalem Society would wish to see it employed, unless for the
definite relief of sickness, in the betterment of the city, for that also
implies the ennoblement of the citizen.
42. The Society was asked if it would aid the organization of the
"Girl Guides" — perhaps the title "Girl Scouts" sometimes used is more
explanatory of the objects — and a sum of £10 was set apart for the
purpose, subject to the provision that a uniform be worn, and that
certain general principles of conduct and order should be conformed to.
The idea was to help instil in the children what is so wanting at present,
a civic consciousness — or shall we say conscience? — a sense of trust in the
beauty of the city.
40
Finance
43. Whence have come the resources for these many undertakings ?
And how are they to be provided in the future ? It is not unfair to say
that they have been found almost entirely by the personal enthusiasm
of Colonel Storrs, the Military Governor of Jerusalem. The Administra-
tion and the Municipality have aided with subsidies, but the original
moneys have been gifts from individuals who were led by the personal
magnetism of the Military Governor to help the realization of a great
cause. The Holy City is for the world at large, not for any sect, creed,
or race. That is the motive of Pro-Jerusalem, and whomever that
motive touches, to him the direct appeal is made.
44. The list of subscribers, who are also members of the Society,
during the three years 1918-19-20, given below (Appendix II), is evidence
of how wide the net is spread, and also of the generosity of the donors.
In all nearly £5,000 has been subscribed, and it may be said to have been
allocated on the Society's various undertakings, roughly, as follows : —
Repairs of the Suq el Qattanin £1,000
Weaving enterprise 250
Dome of the Rock repairs 250
Citadel cleaning 200
Citadel Gardens 500
Rampart Walk 500
Children's Playground 100
Park and Garden system 200
Town Plan and City Survey expenses 250
Registration of monuments, archaeological work
and records 200
Museum 100
Technical Education 300
General expenses, not allocable over the above. . . 350
The balance of £800 may be regarded as available cash. The items
are given roughly only, as salaries and wages have been allocated in
proportion to the time spent on each item.
45. A monthly financial statement is presented to each Council
meeting by Mr. John Whiting, the Hon. Treasurer, who took office after
the resignation of Captain Harari, the late Financial Adviser of the
F 41
FINANCE
Alilitary Governor. Much of the Society's early achievement is due to
liis care and forethought, and this is perhaps a fitting place for some
slight recognition of what he did for the Society in its most difficult and
uncertain days.
46. The finding of money for the future must depend on what form
the Society itself takes in the new civil administration. The question is
largely political, and does not concern us here. This record is one of
actual fact of what has been done under British Military Administration.
Two things, however, may be postulated : —
(i) Future revenue is likely to be drawn from the tourist and
the pilgrim as of old. The fund of charity, to which
reference was made in Section 41, will continue. The test
of wise administration will be to show how far it can be
better employed to general rather than sectarian benefits.
Also those who love the Holy City enough to give something
towards its ennoblement have yet to learn that the Society,
being of all creeds and races, stands for a wider because a
non-sectarian charity.
(2) Some of the Society's revenue is already recurrent. That is
to say, some of the Society's money has been invested in
the amenities and bears return. For example, the Society
already draws rents from repaired buildings and shops,
receives interest from the capital invested in the weaving
industry, and takes payment for the education services it
renders to the Administration; also its trees will have
timber value in the future. All such forms of income
could be increased. Further, there are manj'^ other of the
Society's undertakings, e.g., the gardens, the walk round
the city walls, the historic monuments it preserves, which
could be made to yield revenue. What is needed is a stable
government, firmness, sympathy, and imagination.
C. R. AsHBEE, M.A. Cantab., F.R.I.B.A.,
Member of the Town Planning Institute,
Civic Advisor to the City of Jerusalem.
42
No. 70.
The JVailing JJ all, slwzvmg the Ilerodian courses {with modern
Hebrew inscriptions on the bottom), upon them post-Titus work,
with the Muslim courses of smaller masonry above the scaffolding.
(Note the trees in the u'lill. Jlebnw inscription.! are only on the bottom three courses ; above
these to the scaffold are Roman, post-Titus.)
Tombs of " The Kings.''''
Xo. 7/.
Desecrated Jewish rock-tomh, Dabbet er Risclit
{The entrance is below the arrow.)
No. 72.
Skelch oj its condition made in igio by Pere Finceni
No. 75.
Les Restes de la Civilisation Israelite
proteges par la societe
47. Le Mur des Pleurs {Wailing Wall). — L'enceinte ouest de Tes-
planade du Temple donne sur I'ancienne vallee du Tyropoeon qui d'ici
se continue du sud jusqu'au Siloe par la porte des Moghrebins. Les Juifs
qui vont pleurer centre ces restes de I'antique mur le designe sous Ic
nom du Kotel ha-Ma'arabi (mur de I'ouest). Sa partie visible a 28 metres
de longueur et environ 3 m. 60 de largeur sans compter les parties qui
sont dissimulees par des constructions arabes, ce qui ferait une longueur
totale de 48 metres. Sa hauteur totale est de 18 metres, mais il emerge
du sol a 7 m. 70 au dessous du niveau de I'esplanadc du Temple et, en
outre, on constate dans le sous-sol 19 assises de pierres qui continuent
le mur jusqu'a ses fondements inferieurs.
D'une fa^on generate on pent diviser l'enceinte dans sa partie visible
en trois sections distinctes qui sont superposces Tune sur I'autre.
A. Partie Israelite certaine {v. Illustration 70). — II s'agit des
neuf assises inferieures qui sont caracterisees par I'emploi
de gros blocs non tallies, a peine decoupes dans les extre-
mites et qui sont ranges les uns sur les autres d'une fa^on
inegale, sans avoir jamais ete enduit avec du ciment ou a
la chaux.(i) Plusieurs de ces blocs ont jusqu'a 5 metres
de long. On attribue generalement cette partie du mur
a I'epoque de Herode. Seulement, dans le fond de ce
genre de construction on retrouve une architecture Israelite
antique qui a ete observe sur de nombreux points et qui
consiste a imiter la grotte naturelle, qui formait la base des
habitations primitives. Entre autres, on devait s'abstenir
de I'usage du fer pour toute mises en construction des
pierres destinees a un sanctuaire.(2)
B. Une deuxieme couche de pierres qui est superposee sur la
premiere est composee de quatre assises de blocs plus
(i) Je me reserve de traiter plus tard des restes de I'ancien mur qu'on reconnail
sur plusieurs points de l'enceinte actuelle de Jerusalem, grace aux immenses blocs nou
tallies qu'on y rencontre. On en voit au nord, aux angles sud-ouest, comme a I'arche
dite de Wilson et surtout dans le pont dit de Robinson qui contient des parties plus
anciennes que I'epoque de Herode. II en est de meme pour les substructions de
I'esplanade du Temple.
(2) Ch. Exode XX, 25 etc.
43
LES RESTES DE LA CIVILISATION ISRAELITE
ordinaires d'environ yi m. de long ; elle atteste une
origine romaine ou byzantine {v. Illustration 70).
C. Quant a la partie superieure qui compte en tout 11 assises
elle est construite de petites pierres et est posterieure
au XIP slecle. Les rangees superieures datent meme du
XIX^ siecle.
Le Mur des Pleurs est le centre prefere du pelerinage
juif de tous les pays et de tous les siecles jusqu'au moyen-
age le plus recule. L'usage de venir pleurer sur les ruines
du Temple est mentionne par les Peres de rEglise.(i) Le
Talmud confirme la croyance que la "Gloire de Jehova
bannie des Saints des Saints" se serait refugie sur le mur de
I'ouest, ce qui lui confere un caractere sacre tout special (2)
en signe de deuil on ne devrait y rien changer jusqu'au
jour de la Restoration du Temple.
C'est le Vendredi, le Samedi et les jours des grandes
fetes legales et surtout le 9"^ jour du mois d'Ab (date de la
destruction du Temple) qu'ont lieu pres du mur des ser-
vices reguliers. La coutume, ainsi que le rituel des prieres
speciales, n'ont pas varie, du molns depuis le XIP siecle. (3)
Sous le regime Turc la communaute juive avait par-
ticipe aux frais du nettoyage des environs du mur. Aux
debuts de 1920 la Societe a demande de lui presenter un
rapport sur les reparations relatives au Aiur des Pleurs.
48. La Tour dite de David {v. Illustrations 3 et 29). — Le nettoyage
et le deblaiement faits par la Societe comprennent egalement la Tour
dite de David. Cette Tour avec I'ensemble des constructions qui I'en-
vironnent se trouve sur I'emplacement du Palais de Herode.
On considere toutefois, etant donnees les dimensions que Josephe
attribue a la Tour Phazael (90 coudees sur 40) (4), que c'est cette derniere
qui se trouve dans la base de la Tour actuelle. La derniere reconstruc-
tion de la Tour comme du fort tout entier date de Souleiman II.
(i) Saint Jerome, Discours, II, Saint Nazlanze et d'autres.
(2) La Mishna interdit de modifier I'aspect des sanctuaires en ruines et meme
d'en arracher les herbes afin de conserver leur etat de ruines a relever.
(3) Benjamin de Tudele, Itineraire (ecrit vers 11 70).
(4) Guerres des Juifs, V, 4.
44
LES RESTES DE LA CIVILISATION ISRAELITE
On constate d'un cote de la Tour de David des assises de blocs non
tallies qui s'elevent du sol sur une hauteur de 12 metres, et qui attestent
une origine herodienne peu modifiee depuis. C'est dans le sous-sol
forme de debris qu'on devrait chercher des fondements de I'antique
batiment comme aussi I'entree principale qui se trouve sans doute
ensevelie profondement sous le niveau actuel du sol. Des travaux de
deblaiement en cet endroit seraient riches en resultats. II faut feli-
citer la Societe des nettoyages auxquels elle avait deja procede et qui
augmentent I'attrait de cet endroit si pittoresque de la Ville Sainte.
49. Le Mont de Sion (v. Illustration 25 m). — En entreprenant des
travaux de nettoyage et de deblaiement pres de la Porte de Nebi-Daoud
la Societe touchait de pres le Mont de Sion. En outre, dans le rapport
qui a ete presente par M. le Conseiller Civique sur les dommages occa-
sionnes par la Tempete de 1920 on a tenu compte du fait de la demolition
des murs qui entourent ce mont.
Loin de nous de chercher a engager une nouvelle discussion au sujet
de I'authenticite de la tradition qui consiste a placer le mont de Sion de la
Bible sur la colline sud-ouest de la ville, bien que Josephe semble s'y
preter en quelque sorte.(i) Cette tradition les Chretiens I'ont connue
depuis le IV" siecle; quant aux Juifs, un voyageur le signale vers Fan
1002.(2)
Le voyageur Benjamin de Tudele (vers 1160) donne comme auteur
de la decouverte de la pretendue Tombe de David un certain
Abraham el Constantini qui I'aurait retrouve vers 1145. Les Juifs se
rendent en pelerinage sur la Tombe dite de David le lendemain de la fete
de Shabouoth (des Semaines).
50. Tombeau de Simeon le Juste {v. Illustration 25). — Je considere
que le moyen le plus elhcace de preserver les hypogees qui sont venerees
par les Juifs serait de les englober dans le systeme des pares proposes par
M. le Conseiller Civique, tout en respectant les traditions et les coutumes
juives relatives au pelerinage. Voici, d'ailleurs, la description de ces
tombeaux.
(i) Antiquites Juives, XVI, 7. (2) V. A. Harkavy.
45
TOMBEAUX JUIFS DU NORD
C'est en suivant la route qui mene de la Porte de Herode vers le
nord-ouest qu'on rencontre un groupe de grottes taillees dans les rives
pierreuses et escarpees de I'ouady el Djoz. Parmi ces grottes, deux sont
decrites par le R. P. Vincent (i) dans son rapport de 4 Decembre 1919
au Conseiller Civique (v. "g" sur le plan (Illustration 25) et Illustra-
tions 72, 73, et 75).
La photographie Illustration 72 presente I'etat actuel de la fagade.
Le schema Illustration 73, pris sur un croquis sommaire, donne I'etat
en 1910.
Voici le texte du rapport du savant Pere :
" Le second hypogee est situe environ 250 metres plus au nord et s'ouvre
au niveau actuel du sol environnant, juste au bord du chemin moderne.
L'entree, beaucoup plus monumentale que dans le tombeau precedent, est
decoree dans un style composite caracteristique de I'epoque judeo-
romaine. II est regrettable qu'un amateur de " souvenirs " ait pratique
une entaille dans la frise qui couronne I'entablement, pour detacher un
fragment de la rangee d'oves, perles et olives sculptee dans ce corps
de moulures. II n'est pas invraisemblable que I'auteur de cette petite
(i) Dans la region septentrionale de la ville, au lieu dit Dabbet er Rish, a la nais-
sance de I'ouady el Djoz, se trouvent deux remarquables hypogees juifs de I'epoque
herodienne situes a proximite du chemin moderne passant un peu a I'orient de la colonic
juive. Le premier de ces monuments, creuse dans une grande parol de roc, environ
20 metres a I'ouest du chemin, comprenait naguere deux salles spacieuses. Son entree
etait ornee d'un encadrement aux lignes tres sobres, surmonte d'un tympan moulure,
maladroitement brise de vieille date deja. L'interet particulier de cette facade fune-
raire etait d'offrir une courte inscription en lettres hebraiques anciennes donnant le nom
du titulaire de I'hypogee et par ailleurs d'une reelle valeur paleographique ; etant donne
la rarete des inscriptions hebraiques d'epoque herodienne. Nous avons eu le regret de
constater que cette tombe, encore accessible en 1914, avait ete transformee en cloaque
et totalement obstruee par les plus malsaines immondices apportees journellement de
la colonic juive voisine. — P. V.
47
TOMBEAUX JUIFS DU NORD
mais cependent facheuse mutilation soit ce meme SnIK" Israel, qui
a grave son nom sur le listel juste au-dessous de la regrettable et
recente cassure, dans la situation que montre le sommaire diagramme
Illustration 75.
T3i" i-jiii' Hill' Lljiiii' ur iJiir~aF
LM' Lll!' Ui" ' LJIH nw
jmmmsm:
^ FbRTE
No. 7S.
"M. le Conseiller Civique estime que le moyen le plus efficace de
proteger ces hypogees, apres les avoir nettoyees, serait de les englober
dans le systeme des pares et jardins projetes pour la ville. Le plan qu'il
a bien voulu elaborer sera certainement accueilli et sa realisation appuyee
par le Comite."
L. H. Vincent.
Une plaine plantee d'oliviers et au bord de laquelle se trouve une
colonic juive sert de centre a ces hypogees (Illustration 25 b). Une grande
grotte beante porte le nom de la synagogue, et des traditions juives datant
du moins du XIIP siecle s'y rattachent comme, d'ailleurs, a une autre
48
TOMBEAUX JUIFS DU NORD
caverne dite " Les Caves des Rois ". (i) Parmi ces grottes, c'est
I'hypogee dit de Simeon le Juste qui jouit d'une celebrite toute parti-
culiere. Situee au nord de la plaine, dans le flanc des rochers qui sur-
montent le Dar el Mufti, cette caverne n'a rien de caracteristique si ce
n'est que la tradition juive y place, depuis le XV' siecle surtout,(2) le
lieu de sepulture de Simeon le Juste, le grand pretre et le docteur du III*
siecle av. J.-C. L'hypogee contient deux salles et c'est dans I'interieur
qu'on montre le sepulcre de cette illustre personnage, a qui on devait
egalement I'agrandissement et I'embellissement de Jerusalem. (3)
Pres de I'entree de la grotte sont inhumes les restes des ossements de
la famille royale qui ont ete decouverts par M. de Saulcy dans les sar-
cophages des Tombeaux des Rois.
Le Tombeau de Simeon le Juste jouit d'une faveur toute speciale
aupres les Juifs de la Ville. lis s'y rendent en masse le 28 Tishre (en
Octobre), date de I'anniversaire de Simeon selon le Talmud. (4) 11 en est
de meme pour le lendemain de la fete des Semaines. Mais c'est le jour
dit Lag-Ba'omer (5) que presque toute la population juive de Jerusalem
se donne rendez-vous sur la place qui porte le nom du Saint.
La grotte et la place environnante sont la propriete de la Com-
munaute Juive.
51. Tombeaux dits des membres du petit SynMrion {v. Illustration 25). —
Quelque minutes de marche vers I'ouest du Tombeau du Simeon on ren-
contre une grande grotte avec plusieurs compartiments qui contiennent
23 locules ou bancs-tombes. Etant donne que le chiffre de 23 represente
exactement celui des membres du petit Synedrion qui exer^ait la justice
a Jerusalem, une tradition de date tres recente y place les tombeaux des
membres d'un petit Synedrion qui y seraient inhumes en bloc. Au point de
vue archeologique, cette grotte n'offre aucun interet special.
52. Tombeaux des Rois {v. Illustration 25 r). — La Societe ayant
ete emue de I'etat neglige pendant la guerre dans lequel se trouve
actuellement le monument connu sous le nom de Tombeaux des Rois
{v. Illustration 71) s'est fait adresser un rapport special sur ce sujet.
(i) V. Zacharie, XIV, 10.
(2) EUe est mentionnee pour la premiere fois dans un carnet de voyage d'un pelerin
de Florence datant de I'an 148 1.
(3) V. I'Ecclesiastique de Ben-Sirach.
(4) Talm. Babyl. Traite Yoma, f. 39^.
(5) Le 33* jour des sept semaines qui separent la Paque de la fete des Semaines.
G 49
TOMBEAUX JUIFS DtJ NORD
La grotte appelee les Tombeaux des Rois (Kobour el Molouk) qui se
trouve a moins de 800 metres de la Porte de Damas est un des plus
beaux monuments de I'art judai'que. Ce dernier a ete connu et venere
longtemps avant que M. de Saulcy (i) n'ait precede a des travaux de
deblaiement qui ont abouti a la decouverte des sarcophages et d'autres
objets d'art qui aujourd'hui decorent la Salle des antiquites judai'ques au
Musee de Louvre.
M. de Chateaubriand en a donne la premiere description detaillee.
Voici, d'ailleurs, un releve sommaire de I'ensemble tel que ce monument
nous a ete revele par les fouilles de M. de Saulcy:
Un grand escalier taille dans le roc large de 8 metres forme de 25
marches conduit dans une cour interieure. II est flanque de petits canaux
qui conduisent I'eau vers une espece de bassin. On entre par une arcade
dans une vaste cour de 28 metres de longueur et de 25 m. 30 de largeur.
C'est sur le cote ouest de la cour que s'ouvre I'hypogee meme. Un large
vestibule soutenu autrefois par deux colonnes doriques aujourd'hui dis-
parus est surmonte par une frise de style judai'que finement sculpte. On
y voit un triglyphe, une metopee ornee d'un anneau, puis une grappe
de raisins entre deux couronnes et deux palmiers, ailleurs on aper^oit
des feuillages mal conserves. La porte d'entree cylindrique qui est
basse et etroite se trouve a gauche aujourd'hui ouverte, mais on voit
encore la grosse pierre ronde dite le Goleil (la roulante) qu'on faisait
rouler a volonte. On entre dans la salle centrale qui est carree et
assez elevee et sur laquelle s'ouvrent quatre chambres ou on apergoit
des fours a tombeaux et des Kochim. (2) C'est dans la plus profonde
de ces chambres que M. de Saulcy avait decouvert les sarcophages
royaux et des objets d'art.
Sur le cote anterieur de I'un de ces sarcophages on lit en caracteres
dits estranghelo (syriens) et repetes en hebreu-arameen le nom d'une reine
I. Kn^S:^ px 2. nn^So rm
Traduction : La reine Sidonia (3) ou la reine Sadda (en arameen).
On a voulu chercher a reconnaitre dans ces tombeaux les restes des
rois de Juda (4) puis ceux d'Helene d'Adiabene et de ses fils. (5) Plus
tard la decouverte d'une empreinte, tres suspecte d'ailleurs qui porte le
(i) Cf. M. de Saulcy, Histoire de I'art Judaique.
(2) Dite Arcosolia.
(3) Le nom de Sidonia est frequent en dialecte phenicien.
(4) M. de Saulcy.
(5) Robinson, Palestine, p. 183.
50
TOMBEAUX JUIFS DU NORD
nom d'Helene etait venue renforcer cette derniere opinion. Pour moi
I'hypogee demeure la necropole des derniers Hasmoneens. La reine
Sidonia ou Sadda serait une reine juive de la fin du IP ou du commence-
ment du I" siecle.
La tradition juive venere cet hypogee qu'elle connait depuis des siecles
sous le nom de la grotte de Kalba Shaboua, un philanthrope du I" siecle. (l)
Dans une etude de date recent on a essaye d'identifier ce nom avec celui
de Monebozes fils d'Helene et grand bienfaiteur de Jerusalem. (2)
Un folklore special se rattache a cette grotte. On lui attribue des
phenomenes miraculeux. Entre autres, ses portes s'ouvraient d'elles-memes
le jour d'anniversaire du deces des personnages qui y sont enterres. (3)
L'Hypogee du Rois est la propriete de la famille juive de Pereire a
Paris qui en a fait don au Gouvernement Franfais.
53. Tombeaux des Juges (v. Illustration 25 (i). — Un quart d'heure
de marche des Tombeaux des Rois par la route de Nebi Samuel conduit
vers les Tombeaux des Juges, ou les Kobour el Koudat, en arabe. Les
Juifs les appellent du nom des Tombeaux du Grand Synedrion, le nombre
des tombes qu'on y trouve etant de 71. Bien que le chiffre correspond
reellement au nombre des membres de Synedrion, il ne faudrait pas
prendre cette tradition en serieuse consideration.
II s'agit d'un grand hypogee qui est creuse dans le rocher. On y
penetre par un vestibule qui mene a une grande chambre sepulcrale.
Un fronton orne de sculptures et encadre de moulages offre un magnifique
specimen d'art judai'que. D'elegants rinceaux de feuillages et de fruits
se deroulent a droite et a gauche d'une triple palme centrale.
Sur un autre fronton on voit un rosace epanui d'ou se deroulent deux
grands palmiers. Le couvercle d'un tombeau dont les fragments se
trouvent au musee du Louvre portent une inscription oil Ton lit le nom
de pnx* (Isaac), en hebreu carre archai'que.
Comme I'ornementation permet de le fixer, le tout daterait de
I'epoque des Herodiades. Les voyageurs juifs du moyen age signalent
cet hypogee comme etant le lieu de repos de nombreux docteurs de la
Loi, ce qui serait assez plausible. A partir du XV° siecle on avait pris
I'habitude de la considerer comme I'hypogee des membres du Grand
Synedrion. Les pelerins juifs combinent leurs visites avec celles des jours
qui sont reserves a la Tombe de Simeon le Juste.
(i) Un voyageur carai'te de I'an 1055 '^ signale sous ce nom.
(2) V. le recueil Jerusalem de A. M. Luncz, t. I, p. 93.
(3) Cf. P.E.F., q.s., 1897, p. 182 et s.
51
TOMBEAUX JUIFS DE L'EST
54. La Vallee de Josaphat (v. Illustration 25 ^). — Inclu dans le sys-
teme des pares propose par M. le Conseiller Civique d'apres le nouveau
plan de la Ville.
La Vallee de Cedron a ete de tout temps le centre prefere des sepul-
tures juives. Deja a sa naissance, au nord-ouest, ou elle porte un autre
nom, on remarque sur ses rives le groupe des Tombeaux des Rois et des
Juges. Plus loin on rencontre le pittoresque cimetiere des Caraites d'un
interet tout particulier. En tournant vers Test, on rencontre, entre la
gare et la Ville, au milieu d'un vaste groupe des sepulcres juifs, un hypogee
qui est considere comme celui de la famille de Herode et qui se distingue
par la solidite de sa construction, comme par le travail soigne de deux
sarcophages ornes de sculptures judaiques qu'on trouve dans I'interieur
de ce souterrain. (i) Mais c'est du cote sud-est que cette vallee est
consideree sur toute son etendue qui separe la ville du Mont des
Oliviers comme la Vallee de Josaphat, ou celle du jugement dernier.
Cette allegorie empruntee aux prophetes provient surtout de ce que
cette vallee sert depuis I'antiquite de vaste necropole aux Juifs de toutes
les epoques. Les Musulmans ayant repris cette tradition, inhument leurs
morts sur la pente orientale de la coUine du Temple, alors que tout le
versant ouest — entre la pente du Mont du Scandale et jusqu'aux jardins
de Gethsemani et aux " Viri Galilei" (en passant par les villages de Siloe
au sud et de la Tour au nord) on rencontre des tombeaux juifs antiques
et recents, ces derniers etant caracterises par des pierres tumulaires
disseminees sur les pentes en desordre.
Nombreux sont les tombeaux des prophetes et des docteurs que la
tradition croit pouvoir identifier dans ces endroits. La survivance de
plusieurs monuments datant de I'antiquite et la decouverte d'inscriptions
ecrites de sarcophages et d'ossuaires peints donnent beaucoup de consis-
tance a ces traditions. Ainsi on avait decouvert sur la pente du Moftt
du Scandale des nombreux hypogees dont plusieurs contiennent des
epitaphes d'origine juive ecrites en hebreu ou en grec et datant des pre-
miers siecles du christianisme.
Du cote sud, au pied du village de Siloe on montre le tombeau dit
du prophete Isaie. (2)
(1) C'est pres d'ici que la vallee commence a porter le nom de Rephaim, c.-a.-d. dcg
morts, des races disparues. Ch. Joel, IV, 2 etc.
(2) Une inscription grecque confirme I'anciennete de cette tradition.
5a
TOMBEAUX JUIFS DE L'EST
Dans une grotte situee en face de la source de Siloe on montre la sepul-
ture de Rabbi Obadia de Bartanora, le docteur (l) italien du XV^ siecle
et le restaurateur de la Communaute Juive moderne de la Ville Sainte.
Au nord du Siloe, sur la pente occidentale de la coUine, on rencontre
un monolithe detache du roc et dont une porte donne acces a une grotte
double taillee dans le roc.
M. Clermont-Ganneau a reconnu sur un cartouche au dessus de la
porte des lettres hebraiques pheniciennes qui datent de I'epoque du pre-
mier Temple. D'autre part, le mausolee porte un caractere egyptien
distinct, ce qui prouve qu'il s'agit d'un hypogee anterieure a la Captivite.
Plus au nord, du cote est du versant se detachent trois monuments
celebres du fond de ce champ eternel de la mort. Du cote nord c'est le
roc taille dit la main d'Absalon (I'obelisque) que je crois constituer un
monument commemoratif ayant ete eleve par le peuple de Jerusalem sur
une place qui avait ete consacree par la tradition anterieure.
Quant a la pyramide dite de Zacharie, cette derniere pourrait bien
etre un monument d'expiation, en commemoration du meurtre du pretre
et prophete Zacharie. Pareil acte serait conforme a I'esprit pietiste des
Pharisiens comme a un passage qu'on rencontre dans les Evangiles.
Derriere le monument dit d'Absalon on aper^oit a peine les vestiges
du tombeau dit de Josaphat, aujourd'hui invisible. Heureusement que
nous possedons une reproduction fort bien faite de ce monument ainsi
que d'une frise qui represente un specimen du plus bel art judai'que des
derniers siecles de la Judee.
C'est entre ces deux monuments si originaux que se detache la grotte
dite de la retraite de St. Jacques, mais qui en realite ouvre la serie d'hypo-
gees juifs dates et identifies. On aper^oit de loin les deux colonnes doriques
qui soutiennent I'architrave de cette caverne qui est creusee dans les
flancs des rochers bordant la vallee. L'inscription qu'on lit au dessus de
I'architrave ne laisse plus subsister des doutes concernant le caractere
de cet hypogee, quoique en dise la tradition chretienne ou juive, cette
derniere y ayant placee la retraite de Roi Uzie atteint par la lepre.
Le texte est grave en caracteres hebraiques archaiques et I'ortho-
graphe date des derniers deux siecles de I'existence de la Judee.
nnn 'jao . . . non ^n nTySxi cjavSn • . . p eiDV ':2
Traduction : Ceci est le tombeau et lieu (de repos) pour El'azar,
(l) R. P. Abel et Vincent, Jerusalem, II, p. 68.
53
TOMBEAUX JUIFS DE L'EST
Honiah, Yo'azar, Yehoudah, Shimeon, Yohanan, les fils de . . . le
(et pour Jo)seph et El'azar les fils de Honiah . . . des Bene Hezir.
II s'agit de I'hypogee de la famille sacerdotale des Bene Hezir men-
tionne par i Chroniques Ch. XXIV, 15. On distingue encore a Tinterieur
les loctdi ou les fours destines a recevoir les morts, mais tout le reste
avait disparu.
Malgre toutes les vicissitudes de I'histoire, le versant ouest du Mont
des Oliviers n'a guere cesse de demeurer le centre des inhumations juives.
La plupart de monuments ou des pierres tombales ayant disparu ou ayant
ete ensevelies ou detruites par la pluie on ne voit plus sur la surface que
les pierres de ces derniers siecles qui couvrent tout I'espace. Chateau-
briand en a laisse un tableau tres fidele:
"Les pierres du cimetiere des Juifs se montrent comme un amas de
debris au pied de la montagne du Scandale, sous le village de Siloan. . . .
On a peine a distinguer les mesures de ce village des sepulcres dont elles
sont environnees. Trois monuments antiques, les tombeaux de Zacharie,
de Josaphat et d'Absalon, se font remarquer dans ce champ de destruc-
tion. A la tristesse de Jerusalem, dont il ne s'eleve aucune fumee, dont
il ne sort aucun bruit, a la solitude des montagnes, ou Ton n'aperg:oit pas
un etre vivant, au desordre de toutes ces tombes fracassees, brisees,
demi-ouvertes, on dirait que le trompette du Jugement s'est deja fait
entendre et que les morts vont se lever dans la vallee de Josaphat."
Cette vision du grand romantique m'avait paru exacte lors de ma
premiere visite a Jerusalem, il y a un quart de siecle. Elle a fort peu
change meme aujourd'hui — si bien qu'il faudrait porter un remede
quelconque a cette tristesse ecrasante, je dirais meme blessante. Aussi
ne saurais-je saluer qu'avec joie I'idee du Conseiller Civique qui consiste
a faire planter sur les deux versants un pare bien ordonne. Ce dernier
aurait ainsi englobe les monuments de I'antiquite et dissimule la nudite
des pierres tombales parmi les arbres verdoyants.
II faudrait seulement faire attention a la presence sur le sol comme dans
le sein de la terre de nombreux souvenirs qui se rattachent a I'antiquite.
II en est de meme pour ce qui concerne les tombes des rabbins et
des saints de ces derniers siecles, telle le sepulcre convert d'un tas de
pierres du penitent Kalonymos qui se trouve tout pres du Monument de
Zacharie. Tres veneree est egalement la tombe du cabbaliste Jehouda
ha-hassid qui se trouve en bas du cimetiere des Ashkenazim (i), ce dernier
etant situe au dessus de celui des Sephardim (2).
(i) Juif de Rite Europeen. (2) Juif de Rite Oriental.
54
TOMBEAUX JUIFS DE L'EST
55. Tombeaux des Prophetes {v. Illustration 25/). — Plus au nord on
rencontre sur le versant est de la vallee et jusqu'aux hauteurs du Mont
des Oliviers des groupes d'hypogees fort anciens. La forme primitive
de plusieurs d'entre eux qu'on appelle souvent "egyptiens" attestent
de leur originalite et antiquite. Les plus connus sont les tombeaux dits des
Prophetes qui se trouvent sur la pente sud du village de la Tour. II
s'agit des cavernes creusees dans le roc pres du sommet et ayant au milieu
une salle a trois ouvertures entrecoupees qui donne I'impression d'etre
appuyee sur des colonnes grossieres d'environ 30 m. de diametre chacune.
On compte dans ces parois 24 Kokhim ou arcosolia servant de tombes.
L'absence de toute ornementation et le style primitif de I'ensemble sont
temoins de I'anciennete de I'hypogee.
Des textes du XV^ siecle placent dans ces cavernes les sepulcres du
prophete Hagai et de ses disciples, alors qu'un auteur caraite de I'an
1522 y ajoute les noms des tombes des prophetes Zacharie et Malachie.
Les Juifs considerent cette grotte comme un lieu saint. II y a une
trentaine d'annees I'Eglise Russe s'etant rendue proprietaire de cet
hypogee, cette acquisition avait suscite les protestations unanimes de la
population juive. Si bien que le Gouvernement Turc ait fini par interdire
aux Russes d'eriger toute construction sur la grotte.
Une tradition juive qui manque d'ailleurs de toute base, place, en
outre, I'hypogee de la prophetesse Hulda tout pres de la grotte des
Prophetes.
Par contre on avait decouvert et identifie de nombreux hypogees
juifs de I'epoque greco-romaine dans les jardins russes de Gethsemani et
au nord dans I'emplacement dit Viri Galilei, pres de la Chapelle Grecque
de I'Ascension. Ces monuments qui ont fourni des inscriptions fort
interessantes meritent qu'on les preserve d'une destruction certaine.
Nahum Slousch,
Docteur es Lettres (Sorbonne),
Director-delegue de la
" Jewish Palestine Exploration Society."
55
Les Monuments de l'Epoque Romaine
proteges par la societe
56. Jerusalem n'avait pas encore cesse d'etre la capitale juive, et
deja, vers le debut de notre ere, sa physionomie esthetique, depouillant
graduellement toute originallte, se mettait a I'unisson de la culture
hellenistlque predominante a travers I'orient, surtout depuis I'extension
de la puissance romaine. A peine le Temple auguste du Dieu d'Israel
marquait-il une certaine autonomic artistique dans la vieille cite ;
I'empreinte hellenistique venait d'etre imprimee jusque sur le glorieux
sanctuaire par la restauration fastueuse d'Herode le Grand.
Presque aneantie par la conquete des legions de Titus, en I'an
70 apres J.-C, la ville essaya vainement de se reconstituer, dans le
premier quart du second siecle, comme centre du mouvement nationaliste
autonome que dirigeait Bar-Kokebas. Cette tentative avortee consomma
I'aneantissement de la cite juive. L'empereur Hadrien en decreta la
suppression et le remplacement par une ville coloniale romaine, dont le
vocable nouveau effacerait jusqu'au souvenir de Jerusalem. Sur le plan
rituel d'une colonic, en I'an 136 de notre ere, des architectes romains
creerent la jeune cite d'Aelia Capitolina, avec son Forum, son Capitole
et Ic vaste cycle des temples, basiliques, theatres, thermes, portiques,
rues a colonnades, arcs commemoratifs et autres edifices municipaux qui
faisaient a toute colonic une image plus ou moins attenuee de la loin-
taine metropolc.
Topographiquement la ville etait desormais figee pour de longs
sieclcs par la delimitation dc la colonic imperiale. EUe ne devait guerc se
modifier jusqu'au mouvement dc subite expansion contemporaine, en
attendant que les plans aujourd'hui en elaboration lui donnent une
repartition et un developpement mieux adaptes a son role nouveau,
comme a nos modernes concepts esthetiques ct sociaux.
La ville chretiennc est derivee sans transition archeologique de la cite
romaine d'Aelia Capitolina, dont clle a seulement nuance I'aspect par la
substitution d'eglises aux anciens edifices religieux du paganisme, mais en
conservant dans toute leur integrite les monuments civils adaptes au
regime nouveau. La conquete arabe, la fondation du royaume latin, les
invasions ulterieures, la longuc domination turque, ne furent que des
modalites dans I'evolution perseverante de la meme tranie archeologique.
Aussi n'est-on point surpris de rencontrer en maint endroit de la ville
moderne, ou de voir reparaitre frequemment, des qu'on en remue quelque
56
LES MONUMENTS DE L'EPOQUE ROMAINE
peu le sol, des vestiges romains bien caracterises : pauvres epaves le plus
souvent, 9a et la toutefois elements gracieux de constructions imposantes.
57. Bien que I'heure ait ete trop longtemps retardee ou des re-
cherches systematiques pourront etre entreprises pour operer le deblaie-
ment total et assurer la conservation de ces vestiges, I'attention du
Comite n'a cesse d'etre en eveil pour enregistrer et sauvegarder tous les
debris de Jerusalem romaine.
A peine la ville etait-elle liberie, par la brillante victoire du General
Allenby, de I'engourdissement sordide ou la plongeait depuis tant de
siecles une domination deprimante et oppressive, que I'administration
militaire anglaise etait a I'oeuvre pour ameliorer des conditions hygie-
niques nefastes. Parallelement aux admirables travaux qui allaient
bientot approvisionner Jerusalem en eaux vives, la plus notable entre-
prise fut le nettoyage methodique de la Citadelle pres de la porte occiden-
tale ou Porte de Jaffa. Chacun sait que le vaste edifice designe sous ce
nom quelque peu emphatique groupe des masures plus ou moins modernes
avec de splendides constructions medievales et des elements romains et
juifs de I'epoque herodienne. Les preoccupations urgentes du moment,
non moins que les conditions imposees par le statut politique temporaire,
nelaissaient pas la faculte des fouilles laborieuses qu'eut exige I'exploration
archeologique fondamentale de cet ensemble tres enchevetre. II fallait
se borner aux mesures preliminaires d'assainissement par I'evacuation
de detritus de toute nature, et des plus encombrantes masses de de-
combres. Cette tache realisee avec autant d'energie que de prudente
circonspection a pourtant revelc maint detail deja fort suggestif des
transformations que les architectes romains firent subir a I'antique palais
fortifie d'Herode pour I'adapter a I'ordonnance du camp ou la legion
dixieme demeura cantonnee apres le siege de I'an 70, et pour I'harmoniser
par la suite a la structure gcnerale de la colonic d'Aelia Capitolina.
Les constatations archeologiques rendues possibles par ces fructueux
travaux seront fecondes pour guider I'exploration future. Sur le site du
Temple ancien, devenu le Haram de la cite musulmane, la mosquee de la
Roche — dite communement mosquee d'Omar — exigeait imperieusement
quelques restaurations {v. Illustrations 19, 20). Tandis qu'il les dirigeait
avec une science technique et un art consommes, M. le major architecte
Richmond accomplit, autour du merveilleux edifice, des recherches
archeologiques discretes et habiles dont il lui appartient naturellement de
divulguer en temps voulu les precieux resultats. Disons seulement que
parmi les faits archeologiques enregistres dans cette investigation si
H 57
LES MONUMENTS DE L'EPOQUE ROMAINE
sagace, il en est quelques-uns de nature a eclairer d'une lumiere opportune
et inesperee revolution architecturale du monument, et en particulier
I'etat du site a I'epoque romaine.
Diverses informations concernant le meme periode ont resulte d'une
double entreprise methodiquement poursuivie depuis deux ans par la
remarquable competence et patiente activite de M. I'architecte-ingenieur
Ashbee, depuis longtemps specialise en ce domaine esthetique : creation
d'un systeme de jardins et de pares dans la ville et aux alentours ; installa-
tion d'une promenade sur le chemin de ronde a la crete des vieux remparts
et sur le perimetre de I'enceinte. Et si, la comme partout ailleurs, les
conditions du present n'autorisaient pas une exploration archeologique
integrale, du moins les vestiges romains constates ont pu etre, suivant
I'occurrence, degages, remis en valeur, consolides, ou au contraire, apres
consolidation provisoire et reperage precis, mis a I'abri pour I'exploration
methodique de demain. C'est ainsi qu'en amenageant naguere un jardin
et une terrasse de jeux pour les enfants, dans un quartier tres desherite
de la ville haute, en bordure d'une des arteres aboutissant vers la porte
de Nebi Daoud et presque au voisinage de cette porte, fut constatee
I'existence de substructions monumentales sous le mole de detritus et
gourbis ruineux constituant ce qu'on nomme aujourd'hui le ouaqf Abou
Liya {v. Illustrations 9, 10). Pour autant qu'il etait possible de s'en
rendre compte, une fois realise le nettoyage prealable du site, le sous-sol
consiste en un reseau d'arcades en plein-cintre assujetties sur de puis-
santes piles quadrangulaires et supportant un dallage massif. L'obtura-
tion de quelques-unes de ces arcades par des ma^onnerie de blocage et
I'application d'un revetement etanche a transforme ulterleurement ces
substructions en citernes. II est toutefois assez clair que telle ne fut point
leur destination primitive. II suffit d'observer les formes structurales, la
nature et la situation de ces vestiges pour en soupgonner I'origine romaine.
Feut-etre d'aucuns evoqueront-ils a ce propos la creation du pavement
luxueux en grandes dalles que la munificence herodienne fit realiser dans
la ville entiere, apres I'achevement du Temple. Plus volontlers neanmoins,
jusqu'a plus ample informe, on serait enclin a rattacher ces beaux debris
a I'installation du camp romain sur le site qui nous occupe, a partir de la
conquete de 70. En cette zone meridionale du camp, I'erection de
quelque edifice de speciale importance, a moins que ce ne soit, plus
vraisemblablement encore, le simple etablissement d'une artere de com-
munications interieures, rendrait le meilleur compte de la plate-forme
artificiellement developpe au moyen de ces substructions inebranlees
apres de si longs siecles fertiles en bouleversements de toute nature.
58
LES MONUMENTS DE L'EPOQUE ROMAINE
58. Et tandis que I'activite du Comite Pro-Jerusalem enrichissait
notablement ainsi notre connaissance archeologique de la cite romaine,
sa vigilance ne se revelait pas moins feconde pour la sauvegarde des
monuments deja connus. Un exemple caracterlstique en fera suffisam-
ment la preuve.
Tout le monde a en memoire les belles decouvertes realisees, voici
deja un quart de siecle, aux abords de la piscine de Siloe, par les vastes
fouilles que dirigerent M. le Dr. F. J. Bliss et M. I'architecte A. C. Dickie
pour le compte du " Palestine Exploration Fund ". Outre les imposants
vestiges d'une basilique chretienne en relation immediate avec les por-
tiques de la piscine, ces fructueux et difficiles travaux revelerent notam-
ment I'existence d'un systeme complique de vieux murs appartenant a
divers periodes du rempart de Jerusalem antique, et surtout une voie
monumentale a escaliers qui, par le fond primitif de la vallee du Tyropoeon,
mettait la piscine de Siloe en communication directe avec la ville d'epoque
romaine {v. Illustration 76). Vers la fin de I'ete de 1919 un entrepreneur
de constructions bien au fait de ces decouvertes qui avaient fait bruit en
leur temps, eut I'idee astucieuse de les exploiter clandestinement pour
approvisionner a peu de frais ses chantiers. Non content d'avoir utilise
d'abord comme une tres lucrative carriere un enorme massif de magon-
nerie antique situe a I'angle nord-ouest de la piscine, il commen^iait
I'extraction des superbes dalles de la rue a escaliers quand sa funeste
besogne fut observee par M. le conseiller civique Ashbee dans une de ses
frequentes rondes de surveillance. La dilapidation fut aussitot inter-
rompue, le fouilleur indiscret contraint de remettre, autant que faire se
pouvait, toutes choses en etat, et condamne par surcroit a une amende
de cinquante livres egyptiennes : sages et energiques mesures qui de-
courageront vraisemblablement a I'avenir les tentatives analogues.
59. Dans la limite si restreinte encore de ses ressources et de sa
liberte d'action, etant donne le statut provisoire qui a regi la contree
jusqu'a ce jour, le Comite Pro-Jerusalem a done bien merlte deja des
antiquites romaines de la Ville Sainte. Si le resume succinct et neces-
sairement superficiel qu'on vient de lire a reussi a donner quelque idee
de sa feconde activite dans ce domaine special, qui represente seulement
une faible partie de la tache qu'il poursuit, chacun voudra pratiquement
seconder un labeur si utile au developpement scientifique, esthetique,
economique et social de Jerusalem.
L. H. Vincent,
Prof, a I'Ecole biblique et archeologique
Jerusalem, mai 1920. de Saint-Etienne, Jerusalem.
59
\\
'•;-\
A
Roman Stairway at Siloam.
Plan based on the Bliss and Dickie excavations, showing where the
Stairway from Jerusalem to Siloam has been disturbed.
No. 76.
Pool of Siloam. f.
Rock-hewn conduit.
Ancitnt Pool and hfth-century Church. g.
Old Pool. ^^ ^ ^
The great Roman Stairway and street (with i.
drain below) running from Jerusalem XXX.
down to Siloam.
The south wall of the city, of the period
of the Empress Eudocia.
Inferred line of wall.
Gate.
Existing paths.
The portions within the circle are those
destroyed by the contractor.
Monuments des Croisades proteges
PAR LA SOCIETE PRO-JERUSALEM
60. II n'est pas encore entre dans les attributions de la Societe de
s'occuper directement des edifices eleves au moyen age a Jerusalem, tels
que les diverses eglises aujourd'hui en exercice (le Saint-Sepulcre, Sainte-
Anne, Saint-Jacques des Armeniens, le Tombeau de la Vierge), ou trans-
formees en mosquees ou en ouelys (Nebi-Daoud, el Yaqoubiyeh, Cheikh
Derbas, Djamia Mawlana, etc.). Tandis que les unes sont entretenues
soigneusement par leurs proprietaires, les autres sont soumises a une
reglementation qui echappe a la competence de notre Comite. Celle-ci
ou celle-la pourtant, abandonnee a un delabrement pitoyable, pourra
etre I'objet d'un examen attentif de la part des archeologues qui auront
a coeur de signaler les degradations et les moyens a employer pour la
conservation de ces venerables temoins de I'histoire de la Ville Sainte.
L'activite des constructeurs du XIP siecle a ete telle, meme en dehors
du domaine religieux, qu'il est difficile de ne pas rencontrer en n'importe
quel point de la ville des vestiges de leur travail. Si les reparations
apportees aux maisons, aux khans, aux bains, aux bazars, aux portes, aux
remparts, aux rues, par les Arabes et les Turcs dans les siecles qui ont
suivi les Croisades ont masque ou defigure la batisse medievale en divers
endroits, elles n'ont pas reussi a en dissimuler partout le caractere original.
61. Le nettoyage opere a la Citadelle (el Qalaah: v. Illustrations 3, 6j)
par les soins du Comite, en attendant de proceder a un deblaiement
plus complet, a certainement mis en valeur quelques locaux remontant a
I'occupation franque. La destruction systematique dont ce monument
fut victime en 1239 de la part de Adalek-en-Naser et de Daoud, prince de
Kerak, dans le but d'aft'aiblir la ville convoitee par les Occidentaux, ne
s'est pas etendue aux salles bases, ni aux souterrains. Apres avoir abattu
les constructions superieures que les Croises avaient consolidees et
developpees, les demolisseurs renoncerent a desceller les blocs de la
batisse inferieure dont une partie subsistait depuis les temps herodiens.
Vulgairement appelee " Tour de David " de I'une de ses plus notables
constructions decoree de ce nom depuis I'epoque byzantine, la Citadelle
joua un role considerable dans I'histoire de la Jerusalem du XII' siecle.
Reduit a capituler apres que la ville fut tombee aux mains des Occiden-
taux, I'Emir Efftikhar Ed-Dauleh I'avait remise au comte Raymond de
Toulouse, a condition d'avoir la faculte de se retirer a Ascalon avec sa
61
MONUMENTS DES CROISADES
garde composee d'Arabes, de Turcs et de negres. Les nouveaux maitres
se garderent de negliger un ouvrage militaire de cette importance.
Immediatement le comte Gamier de Gray en accrut la force defensive,
en iioo. La forteresse comprenait, outre la tour dont on voit encore le
soubassement massif, toute une serie d'appartements et d'abris proteges
par des remparts, des fosses, des barbacanes, des machicoulis. On y
gardait d'abondantes reser\-es d'eau et de ble, en prexnsion d'une alerte
qui obligerait les habitants de la yWIq a s'y refugier. C'etait veritable-
ment le donjon de la cite, le praisidium civitatis, aux termes memes des
contemporains. La tour atteignait une hauteur imposante puisqu'il
fallait gra\'ir deux cents degres pour en atteindre le sommet. Une partie
de cet escalier portant tres \-isiblement les caracteristiques de la taille
medievale se retrouve en montant a la terrasse de la tour actuelle.
L'higoumene russe Daniel obtint, comme une faveur exceptionelle, la
permission de la \'isiter en 1106. " Elle est tres difficile a prendre, ecrit-il,
et forme la principale defense de la \*ille; on la garde soigneusement et on
ne permet a personne d'y penetrer sans surveillance. Tout infirme que
je suis, Dieu m'a accorde I'acces de cette tour sacree avec Isdeslav, qui
a ete le seul que j'ai pu faire entrer avec moi. "
Cette citadelle, dont certains chateaux-forts de Syrie nous donnent
une idee, etait confiee a un officier qui porta d'abord le titre de Gardien
de la Tour de Da\-id, puis celui de Chatelain de la Tour, ou Chatelain
de Jerusalem. Elle etait en somme la residence du gouvemeur. En
depit de certaines revendications qui s'agiterent entre les chefs de I'armee
conquerante, elle fit partit des domaines royaux et figura sur les sceaux
d'Amaur}- I"^ (1162-1173) et sur les monnaies de son successeur
Baudouin IV, sjinbole de I'independance et de la pleine souverainete des
rois latins de Jerusalem. Ceux-ci y avaient annexe un palais faisant
face a la tour principale vers le midi ; ce "manoir du Roy", comme on
I'appelait, etait situe sur la rue des Armeniens dans le voisinage de la
petite eglise, encore tres reconnaissable, de Saint-Thomas des Allemands.
Un detail qui, quoique remontant a I'an 1 15 1, ne manque pas
d'actualite est a relever ici, puisqu'en ce moment Ton pense au nom de
I'esthetique et de la protection du monument, a soulager la Porte de
Jaffa du fardeau encombrant de I'horloge turque.
II s'agit d'un acte de la reine de Jerusalem, Melissende, suppri-
mant un moulin qui genait la Tour de DaN-id et la porte de la \'ille qui y
touche. En compensation, les freres de Saint-Lazare, qui en etaient les
proprietaires, resolvent un champ pres de Bethleem. Quand on con-
sidere que la partie lesee etait la societe chargee des leproseries, on
62
MOMMFMS ni-S cROlSAOF.S
con.-;t.uo qu'on i.-o tonips-l.\ r.uuoiitc no iwul.iit vio\ .nit .uu-uac OvMisidrrA-
tion ni mesuro r.uiio.ilo pour .issuici A l.i \ illc Jo TaisAnco ot Ac I'har-
monio.
(V. l.o (.\Muito .1 oc.iloinoni ou ."i s\\\-upov dos H.»ins liu r.uri.u\i\c
ct do 1.1 pisoino Jo niomo lunn. qui so ti\ni\ont do part cl d'autiv de la
ruo dos Chrotious {iDut i-.'H-.V.;,v.;r<l- r. Illustrations 2<;, 14"). Rappolons a
CO sujoi qu'.nant dc dovonir un C>uaqf ^\c la Ktuinihih S.iJ.^hUvh, ootte
install.ition balnoairo ot l.i pi.<oino qui ralimontait. ctaicnt dcja en usage
au Xll' sioolo sous los appoIl.it ions dc Bttlma patriarchm et de Jmcu^
baJnrorum. Los rovonus 011 ot.iionT reserves au palais du r.itriarchc
qui dovait dovouir onsuito l.idito A.' /j<jh </.!/). 1 ..1 nio dos (.'iuotiei\s
s'appolait alors oourauiiuout soit luo i.lu Patri.noho. sv>it luo ilos Haius
du Patriarche.
(■)}. .\ ccXtc opoquo. I'ospnoc oompris entro lo lUrkrt ILimtti/Itu /■/
Batriik (,qui oousorvo, on lo voit. son nom niodio\ .iH ot la Porte de jalla,
nommec alors Porto >.\c n.i\ id. n'ot.iit jms. oiMiuno Ac nos jours, eneombr6
des const ruot ions hetoroolites. l,o noni niodornc de MfiJiin qui designe
la ruo au nord Ac la Citadollo n'osl qu'uno roniinisoonoo de Fautique
place <.ni. au piod ilo l.i Tour ilo n.nid. on t. lis. lit lo coniiiioio<' ilos 001c. lies.
La possibilito d'un do;:.i;:oniont .111 nioins p.uliol Ac l.i I'mto Ac J.illa a
etc cnvisagoo par lo Coinite Pro-Jcrusaleni. un rolonr .1 rd. it piiiuiiif
nc devant pas raisonnabloniont olio pris cw oonsidoi.ition ^r-. Ulusii.i-
tions 4045).
64. Mais ou i! a ete possible d'elToi tuoi icit.iinos inulioi.itions, c'est
a I'ensonible des bazars voutos qui oooupont le ou-iir ilo l.i \illo h ini-
cheiniii entio la C'itadcUe el la Torto du il.ir.uu ililo lull' r^ Silsilrh.
Nous avons la irois rues parallelos aiiuolloniont donominoos, il'ouosi on
est : —
1. Sodq d La/iIiAnifn (Bazar dos Ivuuhers).
2. So^q t-l ''Jttann (Bazardos parlinncurs: f. illin.Ir.ilions i ,'. \U).
3. Sodq el Kluiivdjat ou cs-^ouyyaK'i (l^azar Ac lUKoiianls uii
des orfcvros).
Aux temps byzantins rcmplacenient de ccs trois Souqs n'el.iii qu'iine
section de la grande rue a cok)nnes qui traversait la ville du nurd au siui,
de la Porte de Danias a la Porto dcSion. La proxiinilo Aw S.iint SopuK le
03
MONUMENTS DES CROISADES
y avait sans doute attire un grand nombre de commer^ants, et Fun des
marches signales par les recits de la prise de Jerusalem par les Perses en
614, devait assurement se trouver la. L'agora qu'ils mentionnent est a
localiser d'autre part au Meid&n de la porte occidentale de la ville que
I 'on appelait aussi B&b er-Rahbeh (Porte de la place) au temps de Moudjir
ed-Din. Pour en revenir au triple bazar, les Arabes, a leur arrivee,
auraient laisse aux Chretiens les deux rangees de boutiques qui longeaient
la rue a I'occident et a I'orient, mais se seraient approprie I'espace inter-
mediaire qui constituait le marche du milieu.
65. Pour faciliter les transactions, des changeurs s'etaient etablis a
chaque extremite de ces halles. Au XIP siecle, on trouvait les changeurs
latins au sud, et les changeurs syriens, c'est a dire indigenes, au nord,
occupant les premieres echoppes en tete des Souqs, jusqu'a ce que la
restauration de Melissende les cut groupes en deux corps de logis dis-
tincts. Digne emule des Helene et des Eudocie, cette reine, ainsi que
nous I'apprend une piece officielle de 1152, avait obtenu la cession de
divers locaux appartenant aux deux "Changes" afin de parfaire une
nouvelle rue a Jerusalem, ad perficiendam novum rugam in Jherusalem.
Une rue tenant aux deux groupes d'echoppes des changeurs latins d'un
cote, et syriens de I'autre, ne peut etre qu'un des trois bazars paralleles
en question. Les "Changes" furent des lors recules, I'un au midi jusqu'a
la Bachourah, aujourd'hui la cafe a colonnes ; I'autre celui des Syriens
dans le corps de batiment en tete de Htret ed-Dabbcighin qui conduit au
Saint-Sepulcre.
Que la nouvelle rue creee par Melissende soit identique au Souq el
^Attarin actuel, la preuve en est fournie non seulement par le style de cette
construction, mais aussi par les inscriptions recouvertes de badigeon, mais
que M. Clermont-Ganneau a pu relever autrefois et publier dans Archeo-
logical Researches, I, p. 117. C'est le titre Sa^icta Anna grave plusieurs
fois a la naissance des arcs doubleaux, et marquant les boutiques appar-
tenant a I'abbaye de Sainte-Anne et dont cette abbaye percevait la
location. Un diplome de 1 170 donne pour une maison de la rue des
Drapiers contigue a celle-ci une boutique de Sainte-Anne comme point de
repere, Juxta stationem S. Annae. Si Ton songe qu'au milieu du XIP
siecle, Sainte-Anne avait pour abbesse la propre sceur de Melissende,
Judith, on trouvera tout naturel que cette reine ait assigne une grosse
partie des revenus de sa nouvelle rue a I'entretien du dit monastere.
A prendre la description de la "Citez de Jerusalem" au pied de la
lettre, cette rue centrale s'appelait "Rue de la cuisine" que le populaire
64
MONUMENTS DES CROISADES
avait baptisee Malcuisinat. La, dit on, s'accommodaient les viandes pour
les pelerins ; c'est la egalement qu'ils se faisaient laver la tete. Ce dernier
detail implique Tinstallation des coiffeurs ou parfumeurs, d'oii le nom
actuel dJ''AttaAn. Lorsque Saladin eut transforme en madraseh I'etablisse-
ment de Sainte-Anne, il lui attribua les revenus du Souq el 'Attann, per-
petuant par la la decision de la princesse latine. II faudrait dans ce cas
modifier la position de ce baxar telle que la fixe Aioudjir ed-Din en lui
donnant la situation qu'il occupe aujourd'hui. Quoi qu'il en soit, I'ordre
de ces rues paralleles etait au moyen age le suivant, en partant de I'ouest: —
1. Rue des herbes : marche aux legumes et aux epices.
2. Rue Malcuisinat {vicus coquinatorum) : cuisines populaires
et salons de coiffure, (i)
3. Rue Couverte {ruga cooperta — parmentariorum) : des mar-
chands tailleurs.
66. Le groupement des metiers auquel travaille le Comite dans un
but de commodite et d'hygiene etait, comme on le voit, chose faite au
XII" siecle. Chaque corporation avait sa rue ou sa section de rue. Au
centre de la ville nous rencontrons les corps de metiers : drapiers, tail-
leurs, restaurateurs, coiffeurs, marchands de cierges, changeurs, chacun
dans son bazar. Dans la partie meridionale du Mauristan, oii notre
Societe a plante quelques arbres sur le terre-plein des mines, se trouvaient
localises le marche aux oeufs et aux volailles, le marche aux poissons
(f. Illustration 54). De part et d'autre de la place travaillaient les
orfevres syriens et les orfevres latins. Sur la rue du Temple (Tariq Bab
es-Silsileh) on avait a gauche en descendant, la Boucherie (macellum,
bocharia) avec I'escorcherie du Roy ; a droite, les cordonniers ; en allant
vers la porte des Moghrebins (Poterne de la Tannerie) la rue des
Pelletiers.
67. Le Khhn ez Zeit qui n'a pas ete non plus sans attirer Tattention
vigilante du Comite etait fort connu au XIP siecle sous le nom de Rue
Saint-Etienne a cause de sa direction vers la porte septentrionale de la
(i) Cette rue etait mitoyenne a la rue Couverte: "Tenant a celle rue Malcuisinat,
a une rue qu'on appelle la rue Couverte, la ou Von vend la draperie." Ce textc de la
Citez, X, est confirme par cette charte de 1167 : domos quasdam accipit, vicos Coguinati
et Parmeniariorum inUrjacentes scilicet in angulo illo quo itur ad Sepulchrum Domini.
II est a croire que le Souq oriental se prolongeait aussi loin que k§ putres au nord et
n'ctait point diminue de moitic commc aujourd'hui.
I 65
MONUMENTS DES CROISADES
ville qui, depuis I'epoque byzantine, s'appelait dans les milieux chretiens
Porte Saint-Etienne. Les documents medievaux signalent dans cette
rue un moulin a huile assez important pour avoir donne plus tard son
nom au bazar sur lequel il se trouve, des voutes appartenant a I'hopital
Saint-Jean et de nouvelles boutiques construites par le chapitre du Saint-
Sepulcre. Le So'ilq el Qattanin {v. Illustrations 17, 1 8) relevait de I'abbaye
de Temple comme les bains avoisinants, ainsi que plusieurs magasins de
la ville marques du signs T S, c'est a dire Templi Statio. Mais sur ce
Quartier dV/ Ouady nous n'aurons d'amples details que le jour ou I'on
retrouvera et que Ton publiera les archives de I'abbaye du Temple, comme
il a ete fait jusqu'ici pour le Saint-Sepulcre, les Hospitallers, la Sainte-
Sion et Notre Dame de Josaphat.
F. M. Abel,
Prof, a I'Ecole biblique et archeologique
de Saint-Etienne, Jerusalem.
66
Muslim Work Touched by the
Pro- Jerusalem Society
68. The Dome of the Rock has already been referred to in Sec-
tions lo and 57 of these records. A ground plan is here given (Illustra-
tion 77). The building is, as its name "Kubbet es Sakhrah" implies,
the covering or dome over the sacred rock, the rock with which tradition
10
20
=3 Metres.
DOME OF THE ROCK.
No. 77.
connects the sacrifice of Isaac and Mohammed's heavenly journey. The
inscription on the inside of the drum records its building in the year
72 H. (a.d. 691) by the Khalif Abd el Malek. One hundred and twenty
years later the name of Abd el Malek was cut out and that of El Mamun,
67
MUSLIM WORK TOUCHED BY THE SOCIETY
who repaired the building, inserted. The plates of gilded copper with
which the Dome was originally covered were removed to pay for the
damage of the earthquake of 130 h. (a.d. 747-8). Much of the material
of the Dome is that of earlier buildings, Byzantine or Roman, on or
around the city, and doubtless destroyed at the time of the invasion of
Chosroes II, a.d. 614, and shortly before the capture of the city by the
Khalif Omar, a.d. 639. The story of how Omar found the site derelict
is well attested; but what the base of the existing building may be, and
whether it is that of Hadrian's Temple of Aelia Capitolina, can only be
verified when the foundations below the floor of the existing buildings
are examined. Portions of the earlier mosaic skin of the building, before
the sixteenth-century ceramic skin with which Major Richmond's report
deals (see Section 10), have been recently discovered in the Haram area.
69. The first Aqsa mosque was built by Omar in 14 h. (a.d. 635),
and rebuilt by Abd el Malek in 72 H. (a.d. 691). This building, which
is said to have been wrecked by an earthquake in 130 h. (a.d. 747-8),
was restored by Al Mansur, probably in 154 h. (a.d. 771), as he is known
to have visited Jerusalem in that year. A few years later it was again
restored by Al Mahdi, say about 163 H. (a.d. 780).
The earliest descriptions of the Aqsa which we possess are those of
Muqaddasi (a.d. 985) and Nasiri Khosrau (a.d. 1047), but the building
described by them in no way corresponds with the present building, its
size, the number of its doors, and the number of columns supporting the
roof being much greater. From their descriptions, which are in fair
agreement, and which in some respects supplement each other, it is clear
that the Aqsa mosque of their day had fifteen doors in the north side
and eleven in the east, and consisted internally of a forest of 280 columns
arranged in twenty rows of eleven each. In this respect it must have
resembled the great mosque of Cordova (eighth to tenth century) ; in
fact, these two buildings are actually mentioned together for purposes
of comparison by Idrisi (a.d. 1154). The central aisle was wider than
the rest, and there was a big dome over the space in front of the mihrab.
The Crusaders under Godfrey de Bouillon took Jerusalem a.d. 1099,
and the Haram ash Sherif was handed over to the Knights Templars.
They do not appear to have made any alterations to the Dome of
the Rock (which they imagined to be the Temple of the time of
Christ) beyond the addition of the beautiful grille which they placed
between the columns of the inner aisle ; but they must have made
considerable changes in the Aqsa, which was known to them as the
68
A-
'niwTjp,«"*ifc'^
- •-"-«..-
: *;»3?e^-*vi,^^jj^ j^^ ^^
■^-^
Entrance to the Sitg el Oattanin.
No. yS.
i
^ '^M
■^.- "ms^^
> " '.
I^-^. ^
^m^^^^^^^^Sr^' '^
tc
%
\
f
i-
i:
■^
< 1 ■
1-1 \'
,^*'
-- -.-
■■"■''^'' ^!
i
•
' 'r'
«
^
■
r//!-' cartouche of Sultan Suleiman tincovered in the Citadel.
No. 7p.
MUSLIM WORK. TOUCHED BV THE SOCIETY
"Palatium" or "Templum Salomonis." They used it as their residence,
and added the double row of vaulted bays which extend the present
building to the west along the southern wall of the Haram and formed
their armoury. They are probably responsible for the greater part of
the vaulted portico in front of the northern entrances to the mosque.
On Saladin's reconquest of the city in 1187 further changes were
effected, and the work of the Crusaders was obliterated to a great extent,
and it is to him and to the Crusaders that the mosque owes its present
form, the first description which we possess after the time of Saladin—
that of Mujir ad Din — agreeing substantially with the present building.
Saladin is known to have restored the gold mosaics, and a fine Kufic
inscription in gold mosaic on the left of the mihrab is almost certainly
due to him. He also brought from Aleppo the beautiful pulpit which
had been made for Nur ad Din in 564 h. (a.d. 1168) for the small mosque
in the Citadel of that city, and on which is carved one of the earliest known
inscriptions in Naskh, which henceforth began rapidly to replace Kufic.
70. The Stiq el Qattamn. — This bazaar, the finest in Syria, is entered
by two portals, of which the eastern (see Illustration 78), leading into
the Haram ash Sherif, is one of the noblest and largest monumental
gateways to be seen in Syria. This great portal is provided with lateral
openings giving direct access to the arcades on the west side of the
Haram, which are of the same date; and above these openings is some
stalactite work of great beauty, which reminds one irresistibly of Tudor
vaulting a century and a half later. Across the lintel of the doorway is
an inscription, according to which it was rebuilt by order of Muhammad
an-Nasir, Sultan of Egypt, and son of Qalaun, and under the super-
vision of the Emir Tenkiz in 737 h. (a.d. 1336). The date is somewhat
defaced, but is confirmed by Mujir ad Din. The lintel is composed of
three blocks with vertical joints, which causes the observer to wonder
why it does not fall; but there is no doubt that the hinder portions of
these blocks, although concealed, are wedge-shaped and, perhaps, joggled
so as to form a flat arch ; a similar trick may be clearly seen in the Adeliya
Madrasa at Damascus, where the back of the lintel is not hidden.
The booths at the west end of the bazaar have been reopened and
turned into workshops, as has already been described in Section 27, but
more than half still remain walled up (see Illustrations 17, 18). Let us
hope they, too, will soon be opened.
69
MUSLIM WORK TOUCHED BY THE SOCIETY
A few words are now needed as to the Muslim work on the Citadel,
the Roman and Crusading work having already been referred to by
Pere Vincent and Pere Abel in Sections 57 and 61.
The first known instance of Mohammedan work after the time of
the Crusaders is the restoration of Malik Muazzam Isa, which is
recorded by an inscription at present embedded in the inner wall of
the Citadel mosque. It states that a tower was restored in 610 h.
(1213/4). The mosque itself is dated 710 H. (13 10), but the minaret
must be much later. The inner entrance of the Citadel, with the two
right-angled turns, was dated 710 H. also, but the inscription slab has
long since disappeared. The outer entrance is dated 938 h. (1532) in
the name of Sultan Suleiman, to whom the beautiful cartouche shown in
Illustration 79 belongs. It was uncovered by the Society during the
making of the garden.
K. A. C. Creswell, M.B.E.,
Late Inspector of Monuments, G.S., O.E.T.
70
Appendix I
CONSTITUTION OF THE PRO-JERUSALEM SOCIETY.
(Now embodied in the Charter.)
Object,
The object of the Pro-Jerusalem Society shall be the preservation
and safeguarding of the amenities of the Holy City without favour or
prejudice to race or creed.
Further the Society shall be empowered to hold property real or
personal in Trust and to administer it, and such administration shall be
in the interest of all to whom the Holy City is sacred.
As a part of this trusteeship the Society may from time to time act
in an advisory capacity to any public authority whose action may affect it.
It shall be one of the objects of the Society, in view of the above, to
give publicity, whether by bulletin, writings, or newspapers, to any
question aifecting the public welfare of Jerusalem.
Membership.
The Pro-Jerusalem Society shall consist of a Patron, an Honorary
President, a President, an Honorary Treasurer, an Honorary Secretary,
and a Council whose membership shall be of such only as have special
standing or qualifications.
The following shall be ex-officio members of the Council : The
Military Governor of Jerusalem ; the Grand Mufti ; the Mayor of Jeru-
salem; the Orthodox Patriarch; the Latin Patriarch; the Head of the
Armenian Convent in Jerusalem ; the Custode di Terra Santa ; the Head
of the Jewish Community.
Method of Appointment.
The appointment of members of the Council shall, in the first in-
stance, be by the President. Membership to the Society shall be of all
those who subscribe to its funds.
In the event of either a new Government for Palestine being created
or of the departure of the President the constitution of the Society shall
be modified to suit the altered circumstances and modelled on the lines
of the British "National Trust for Places of Historic Interest and Natural
Beauty," or any similar quasi-public body in France, Italy, or America.
71
CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIETY
Ownership of Property.
Property, real or personal, shall be held "in Trust" with the Presi-
dent of the Society.
Finance.
The Committee shall have an account with the Anglo-Egyptian
Bank in Jerusalem, cheques shall be made payable to the Pro-Jerusalem
Society, and payments shall be made only on the authority of the
President.
Rules of Procedure.
Meetings shall be convened monthly by the Honorary Secretary, or
extraordinary meetings, at the special request given to him in writing
by any three members of the Council.
Five members, in addition to the President, shall form a quorum.
Notice of the meeting, with minutes of the previous meeting, shall
be distributed beforehand.
First Membership.
The first membership of the Council shall be as under, and the
members shall serve for one year certain from the date of this constitu-
tion, subject, however, to such modification as by common consent may
be deemed advisable in the event of any change of Government.
Appendix II
MEMBERS OF THE PRO-JERUSALEM SOCIETY AND
CONTRIBUTORS SINCE ITS INAUGURATION
1918
Messrs. Smouha & Co.
Messrs. Btesh Bros. . .
Morums Oriental Store
Mr. Solomon Angel . .
Cairo Syrian Community
Mr. Denham (for Morton &
Haj Yusuf Wafa Al Dajani
Messrs. Marash Bros.
American Colony
Co.)
£E. 585
SCO
100
19. SCO
400
10
10
H' 375
2S
72
I9I9
1920
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY
Dr. Faris Nlmr
£E. so
Mr. Siman Sidnawy . .
50
Jerusalem Municipality
ISO
His Eminence the Grand Mufti
10
Anglo-Egyptian Bank
100
Mr. F. Levaux
5
Messrs. Buckler
19. 200
Mr. Guini
21
Mr. Hazan
10
Messrs. Bentovia and Forer
25
Miss Palmer . . . .
100
Mr. Haim Valero
200
Mr. Isaac Cohen
SO
Mr. Benjamin Kokia
10
Council of Jerusalem Jews . .
10
Imperial Ottoman Bank
200
Credit Lyonnais Bank
SO
American Anonymous donor (per Jacob Spafford)
9. 870
Sir Basil Zaharoff, G.C.B., G.B.E.
48s. 62s
Mr. Chs. Hamilton
194. 250
Prof. Patrick Geddes
3
Messrs. Blum and Levy
25 .
Anglo-Palestine Bank
100
Banco di Roma
ISO
Capt. Hamborough (for a drinking fountain)
9. 650
Council of Jerusalem Jews . .
10
Council of Sephardic Jews . .
10
Central Committee Knesseth Israel
10
Zionist Commission . .
250
Administration grant for Technical Education .
200
Administration grant for Tree-planting . .
25
Municipality of Jerusalem . .
200
Mrs. MacQueen and Mr. Macrackan (Sub
scription Dance)
61. 95
Mr. Bruce
100
Mr. Hoffstat
25
Mr. Peterson
25
Miss Carey Thomas
10
K
73
MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY
Logan Pearsall Smith
Btesh Bros.
51st Sikhs Regiment
(For Repairs to the Mosque of Omar)
The Rt. Hon. Sir Herbert Samuel . .
Viscount Milner
M. de Picciotto
Dr. Eder
H. M. Kalvaresky
Prof. P. Geddes
Mrs. Elizabeth McQueen
Mr. John H. Finley . .
Mrs. Elizabeth McQueen (for seats in the Citadel)
Mr. Harris Cohen (per Sir Herbert Samuel)
Anglo-American Society (for seats in the Citadel)
British School of Archaeology (per Prof. Garstang)
Miss Laudau (for repairs to the Citadel) . .
Ronald Storrs (for repairs to the Citadel)
Norman Bentwich
Administration grant for Technical Education
Municipality of Jerusalem . .
„ grant for City Tree-planting
Rabbi Horowitz
Ronald Storrs
Canon Stacey Waddy
Dr. Harte
Administration grant for Citadel repairs
„ „ per Antiquities Dept,
Sir Abbas Eflf. Abd-el-Baha, K.B.E
Sir Alfred Mond, Bart.
Mrs. Holman Hunt . .
L. A. Van Vriesland . .
Administration grant for 1920
D. Salameh
By Special Concert . .
Miss Blandy
Anglo-Egyptian Bank
Miss Lapin
Mr. Hennay J. Paten
74
£E. 4.
550
100
40
10
10.
2CX3
25
2.
100
25
3
15
4-
840
49
9-
750
15
30
10
20
5
300
200
250
5
20
S
5
SO
250
100
25
97-
125
5
295
S
296.
Soo
20
25
S
4-
250
Appendix III
LIST OF THE SOCIETY'S NEEDS
Scholarships for the Society's weaving apprentices to enable them
to go to the Mehalla Kebir weaving school in Egypt for one
year. For one scholarship . . . . . . . . . . £50
Seats, in Palestine marble or other good stone, for the Society's
Parks and Gardens. The donor's name will be carved upon
the seat. Some twenty are needed at a cost per seat of £20 to £50
Seats in wood or iron, at convenient points in the Rampart Walk
or in the gardens. The donor's name will be cut or painted
on the seat. Some twenty-five are wanted ; to cost from £5 to £10
Sections of the Rampart Walk to be repaired and cleaned together
with the parapet adjoining. The Society provides the stone.
In other words, "to repair the walls of Jerusalem." The work
is apportioned in sections . . . . . .at from £10 to £100
Sections of the Fosse clearing ; calculated for each gang of women
working for a month . . . . £25
. £500
. £500
£1,000
.£1,000
. £500
■ £500
For the establishment of the Glass Industry
For the establishment of the Carpet-weaving Industry
For the establishment of Furniture-making Workshops
For the establishment of Metal Workshops . .
For the establishment of a School of Ceramics
For the completion of the Suq el Qattanin repairs
For repairs to the Citadel, in sections on its different towers, the
Tower of David, the Hippicus, etc. In sections at from £50 to £1,000
For the starting of the Museum to house the Society's collections £500
For the Jaffa Gate improvement scheme and the removal of the
Turkish clock tower .. .. .. .. .. ..£1,000
Gifts of historical subjects (Palestine history) for the Society's
Museum.
Gifts of examples of Arts and Crafts, especially examples of
Oriental weaving and embroidery for the School of Textiles.
Gifts of trees for the Parks and Gardens.
Gifts of flowers and seedlings for the Society's nursery.
The gift of a membership stamp, to be specially designed, and sent
upon letters dispatched from Jerusalem,
75
Appendix IV
WEAVER'S APPRENTICESHIP INDENTURE
This Indenture witnesses that M is this day bound
apprentice to Shukri Batato of " the Jerusalem Looms " upon the
following terms parties to the agreement being N ,
Father or Guardian of the said Shukri Batato of "the
Jerusalem Looms " Major Tadman the Education Officer as repre-
senting O.E.T.A. and the President of the Pro-Jerusalem Society.
1. M undertakes to serve the said Shukri Batato for
a period of one year to obey his order and diligently apply himself to
learning the craft of weaving. He agrees to honour and obey the crafts-
men with whom he shall be placed during his apprenticeship and at all
times, in speech and action, to bear himself towards them with respect.
2. N the Father or Guardian of the said M
undertakes to see that his son devotes attention to his work and attends
such instruction as is arranged for by the Education Officer and generally
conform to the terms of this agreement, also in the event of the cancella-
tion of this agreement due to the negligence or misconduct of the said
M to pay to the Pro-Jerusalem Society half of any sum that
the Society shall have disbursed for him,
3. Shukri Batato undertakes to teach the said M the
craft of weaving to arrange for him to receive at the hours agreed to with
the Education Officer such teaching other than weaving as may be deter-
mined, further to pay him —
For the first three months a wage of i pt. a day.
second ,, „ ,, 2 pt.
J»
>5
J>
J>
>J
third
)J
>>
M
5J
fourth
»?
J>
>>
5>
2J/2 pt. „
■y.
3 pt. „
this wage to be regarded as a minimum and to be increased according to
the skill and the diligence of the said A'l but in case of the
non-observance of the agreement by the said M or of his
proven incapacity the said Shukri Batato shall be free to discharge him
after due notice given to the Pro-Jerusalem Society.
76
WEAVER'S INDENTURE
4. The Education Officer agrees to superintend the teaching other
than weaving and to report from time to time to the Pro-Jerusalem
Society.
5. The Pro-Jerusalem Society agrees to act as referee in case of any
difference arising as to the above and to watch the interests of the appren-
tice and of the weaving industry.
As witness to which the above parties have
set their hands this
1919.
M
N
The Education Officer.
President of the Pro- Jerusalem Society.
"The Jerusalem Looms."
Appendix V
PUBLIC NOTICE. No. 34.
No person shall demolish, erect, alter, or repair the structure of any
building in the City of Jerusalem or its environs within a radius of
2,500 metres from the Damascus Gate (Bab-el-Amud) until he has ob-
tained a written permit from the Military Governor.
Any person contravening the orders contained in this proclamation,
or any term or terms contained in a licence issued to him under this
proclamation, will be liable upon conviction to a fine not exceeding
£E.20o.
R. Storrs, Colonel,
Military Governor.
Jerusalem, 8th April igi8.
n
Appendix VI
ANTIQUITIES PROCLAMATION
Whereas it is convenient to make provision for the conservation
of ancient monuments and for the preservation of ancient objects of
virtu and relics movable and immovable (hereinafter styled "Antiqui-
ties") in the Occupied Enemy Territory (South):
Now THEREFORE I, MaJOR-GeNERAL SiR ArTHUR WiGRAM MoNEY,
in exercise of the powers conferred upon me as Chief Administrator of
Occupied Enemy Territory (South) by warrants dated 24th April and
29th October 191 8, under the hand of the General Officer Commanding-
in-Chief the Egyptian Expeditionary Force,
HEREBY ORDER AS FOLLOWS : —
1. Throughout the Occupied Enemy Territory (South) the property
in all antiquities which were the property of the Ottoman Government or
which have been discovered since the Occupation or shall hereafter be
discovered shall be deemed to be vested in the Occupied Enemy Territory
Administration (South).
2. The term "ancient" for the purpose of this Proclamation shall be
deemed to signify antecedent to the year 1600 c.e.
3. No alteration, restoration, movement, or disposal of any anti-
quity or of any site of religious interest whether in public, private, or
ecclesiastical custody may be made without the previous consent of the
Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (South).
4. Any person who discovers an antiquity or who is aware of the
discovery of an antiquity shall inform the Military Governor of the
district within a period of 30 days.
5. No person who discovers an antiquity either on his own land or on
the land of another may appropriate it to his own use or to the use of any
public, private, or ecclesiastical body without the consent of the Occupied
Enemy Territory Administration (South).
6. No person may negligently or maliciously destroy, deface, or in
any way damage any ancient monument or any site which he has reason
to believe to contain an antiquity or which is reputed to be of religious
interest.
78
ANTIQUITIES PROCLAMATION
7. No person shall traffic or abet the traffic in antiquities except
under licence issued by the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
(South).
8. Any person who knowingly disobeys any direction of this Pro-
clamation shall be punishable on conviction by either a Civil or Military
Court with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or
with a fine which may extend to £E.5oo or with both. Any antiquities
found with the person convicted or disposed of in contravention of the
terms of this Proclamation and any property implicated may be con-
fiscated.
9. Any person who reports the discovery of an antiquity over which
the Administration decides to exercise its right of property shall be duly
compensated, and when any such antiquity is relinquished by the Adminis-
tration the Administration shall deliver the said antiquity to the person
or corporation appearing to have the most proper claim thereto, together
with a certificate authorizing the said antiquity to be transferred in
accordance with the terms of this Proclamation.
10. The powers vested in the Administration under this Proclama-
tion together with power to perform all necessary acts subsidiary thereto
are hereby delegated to the Chief Administrator or such person or persons
as he may appoint to act on his behalf.
11. The provisions of this Proclamation shall be substituted, so far
as they apply, for the provisions of the Ottoman Law of Antiquities of
loth April 1322 H. throughout the whole of the Occupied Enemy Territory
(South) but all the provisions of the law shall be deemed to have been in
force up to the date of this Proclamation.
(Sgd.) A. W. Money, Major-General,
Chief Administrator.
Headquarters,
O.E.T.A. (South)
Jerusalem, i December 1918.
79
Appendix VII
ADVERTISEMENTS ORDINANCE
1. Save as hereinafter provided, no advertisement shall be exhibited
upon any hoarding or similar structure, or on any wall, tree, fence, gate,
or elsewhere in Palestine.
2. In a town area the Municipality with the consent of the District
Governor, and elsewhere the District Governor, may authorize the
erection in specified places of one or more boards or hoardings for the
exhibition of notices and advertisements.
3. Any person may exhibit upon his own premises advertisements
relating to the business or occupation carried on in those premises.
4. — (i) In a town area the Municipality with the consent of the
District Governor, and elsewhere the District Governor, may make by-
laws under this Ordinance {a) for levying a charge upon the exhibition
of notices and advertisements exhibited in accordance with Section 2 of
this Ordinance ; {b) for regulating the size and form of notices and adver-
tisements exhibited in accordance with Section 2 or Section 3 of this
Ordinance. (2) Such by-laws shall be submitted for the consent of
the High Commissioner, and shall not be valid without his consent.
5. Nothing in this Ordinance shall apply to notices or advertise-
ments exhibited by any Department of the Government of Palestine, or
by any Military or Naval or Air Force Authority, or by any Judicial
Authority, or by any Local Authority.
6. Any person committing a contravention of the provisions of this
Ordinance or of any by-laws issued thereunder by a Alunicipality or
District Governor shall be liable to the penalties prescribed by the
3rd Addendum of Art. 99 of the Ottoman Penal Code, and further to a
continuing penalty of £E.i for every day during which the offence is
continued after his conviction.
If any person after conviction fails to remove any structure erected
or any advertisement exhibited in contravention of this Ordinance, the
Police shall be entitled to remove it at his expense. The Court may
award an amount not exceeding one-half of the fine imposed to any
person giving information which leads to a conviction.
7. This law shall come into force on the ist day of November 1920.
(Sgd.) Herbert Samuel,
High Commissioner for Palestine.
Government House, Jerusalem.
20-7-20.
80
INDEX
PAGE
PAGE
Ab (month of)
44
Ashkenazim
54
AbdelMalek
67,68
'Attarin (Suq el), ///. 13-16 .
■ 6,63,64,65
Abel (Pere)
S3, 66, 70
Avenues
24
Absalom (Tomb of)
53,54
Abu Liya Wakf, ///. lo
4, 5, 58
Adeliya Madrasa
.. 69
Adiabene (Helen of) . .
50,51
B
Advertisement (regulation of)
37,80
Aelia Capitolina
56, 57, 68
Bachourah
.. 64
Air Force (Royal)
13,80
Baldwin IV
.. 62
Aleppo . .
.. 69
Bangles
33
Allenby (Lord)
V, 21,57
Bar-Kokeba
. .. 56
Almond . .
21
Batato (Shukri)
. .. 76
Amaury I
.. 62
Bath of the Patriarch . .
IS, 16, 17
American Colony
13,46
Baths. See Hammam.
„ Red Cross
.. 30
Batrak (Hammam el) . .
15, 16, 17
Amud (Bab el). See Damascus Gate.
Bazaars . . . . 61,
63, 64, 65, 69
Anglo-Egyptian Bank
•• 72
Beads
33
Anne (St.)
61, 64, 6s
Ben Sirach. See Sirach.
Antiquities . .v,
16, 18, 78
Beni Hezir
•• 54
„ (Department of) . .
18
Bentwich (Mrs. Norman)
4
Apprentices, ///. 62, 63
35, 36, 76
Bethlehem, ///. 42
62
Aqsa Mosque, ///. 39 . . . . 9
20, 22, 68
Bezaleel
■• 33
Arab Conquest
.. 56
Bezetha
20
Arcades, ///. j8, 55 . . 7,
17, 58, 69
Birket Israel
20
Archaeology 14, 15, 16, 18, 37,
56, 57, 58
„ Sitt Miriam
20
61, 64
„ Hammam el Batrak .
. .. 63
Arcosolia
50,55
Bliss (Dr. F. J.)
IS, 59, 60
Armenian Convent
20, 22
Blizzard of 1920 . . 6,
16, 22, 28, 45
Armenians Ij 20, 22, 30,
31, 62, 71
Booths
7
Asali(Eff.)
5
British occupation
.. I, 10
Ascalon . .
61
„ administration 26,
31,32,35,42
Ascension (Chapel of the)
55
Burial-places
23
Ashbee, C. R., ///. /, 10, 25
Burnet (Sir John)
21
vi, 3, 5, 7. 25, 42,
46, 58, 59
Butchers
. .. 63
81
INDEX
y^ PAGE
Cafes 17
Candle-makers . . . . . . ■ • 65
Captivity (the) S3
Carcasonne . . . . • ■ 21
Carpenter's work, ///. 6j 34
Cedron. See Kedron.
Cement . . . . . . . . . . 9
Cemeteries . . 24
Ceramics (School of) . . . . . . 75
Chamber of Commerce (Jerusalem) . . 37
Charter of the Pro-Jerusalem Society vi, vii
Chateaubriand . . . . . . SO, 54
Chester . .
Chief Administrator
Chosroes II
Christian Street
Chronicles (Book of)
Church Fathers
Churches
Citadel, ///. 2, j, 67, 68
21
V, IS, 79
68
IS, 17,63
54
44
20
I, 2, 21, 39, 41,
57, 61, 63, 69, 70, 7S
„ Gardens, ///. i (Frontispiece),
28,29,30,31 19,21,22,41
City Council 38
„ Survey 41
See also Town Plan.
Civic Advisor vi, 6, 14, 37, 4s, 48, S2,
54, 59
,, Regulations 37
Civil government . . . . v, 16
Clermont-Ganneau . . 53, 64
Clock tower (Turkish), ///. 40, 44 62
Commander-in-Chief . . vi
Conduits . . . . . . 60
Constantini (Abraham el) . . . . 45
Constantinople . . , . . . 32
Constitution of tlu-. Pro-Jerusalem Society 71
Cook-shops 64, 65
68
6S
37
Cordova
Cordwainers
Corrugated iron
Cotton Market. See Qattaniii.
Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society
^ . , 'fv, 14, 16, 37, 38, 65
Creche . . . . _ ^n
82
PAGE
Creswell (K. A. C) . .
Crusades
Custode di Terra Santa
Cypress . .
D
Dabbaghin (Haret ed-)
Dabbet er Rische Park
Damascus
Damascus Gate, ///. 7. . 2, 4, 20,
Daniel, Abbot . .
Daoud Prince de Kerak
David Street IS, 20,
„ (Tower of), Frontispiece
44, 45,
,, (Tomb of)
David's Gate . .
Derbas (Sheikh)
Dickie (A. C.) . .
Djamia Mawlana
Dome of the Rock i. 8, 9,
Dome Construction, ///. 64
Drapers . .
Dung
Dyeing . .
E
Earthquake
East London Apprenticeship Fund
Ecclesiasticus . .
Education . . . . vii, 3s, 36.
Effendism
Efftikhar Ed-Dauleh . .
El'azar
Encroachments, ///. 34, 36, 37
Estranghelo
Etienne (Ecole biblique de Saint-)
Ettinger, Dr. . .
Eucalyptus
Eudocia (Empress)
Excavation
Exodus . .
8, 30, 70
61, 68, 70
71
21
.. 64
24, 46, 47
32,69
SO, 63, 77
62
61
26, 28, 29
61, 62, 7S
45
4, 22, 63
61
IS, 59, 60
6i
20,31,32,
41, 57,67
64,65
4,38
7
68
35
49
41, 76
34
61
53
3
50
59,66
24
21
60, 64
i6
43
INDEX
Ficus indica
Fig
Finance . .
Florence (Pilgrim of)
Flour-mill, ///. 57
Fosse, ///. /, 5, 27, 31,
Fountains
Furniture-making
Furriers . .
40,41
PAGE
38
21
41,72
49
30
21, 75
27
75
65
G
Galleries (Art) . . . . . . . . vii
Gardens, ///. / (Frontispiece), 28-31, 37
vii, I, 2, 17, 19, 24, 29, 35, 41, 48, 70, 7S
Garnier de Gray . . . . . . 62
Gates, ///. 7, 8, 27, 40-45 2, 3, 4, 20, 22,
23, 43. SO, S7> 58, 61, 62, 63, 64
Geddes (Prof. Patrick), ///. 22
12, 13, 19, 23
German Architects
„ Mapping
Gethsemane
Ghetto . .
Girl Guides
Glacis
Glass-work, ///. 5p, 60, 61
Godfrey de Bouillon
Goldsmiths
Goleil
Governor of Jerusalem
12, 29
13
52, 55
•■ 4,5
.. 40
2
7, 30, 32, 75
19,68
.. 65
SO
V, vi, vii, 2, 4, 10,
14, 31, 35, 36,41,42,71, 77
Governorate . . 18, 38
Graeco-Roman remains, ///. 70
5, 15, 24,44, 56, 57, 58, 68,70
Grand Mufti of Jerusalem . . 9, 18, 36, 71
Guard-houses . . . . . . . . 2, 3
Guild of Handicraft . . 35
Guini . . . . . . . . . . 6, 12
H
Hadrian
Haggai
56,68
• 55
Hairdressers
Hamberg (Victor)
Hammam el Batrak
Hammam-es-Shaffei
Hammam, Hammamat
Haram . .
Harari (R. A.)
Harkavy (V. A.)
Hasmoneans (The)
Hebron, ///. 59, 60, 61
Helena (Empress)
Herodian work, ///. 70
7,31
IS,
PAGE
65
12
17,63
7
7, 15, 17,63
57, 63, 68, 69
41
45
51
32, 33
64
43,45, 51, 52,
56, 57, 58, 61
• 4, 20, 24, 35
• 44
Herod's Gate . .
„ Palace . .
Hezekiah (Pool of) . . . . . . 20
High Commissioner . . . . vi, 80
Hippicus Tower, ///. / {Frontispiece) 23, 75
Historic monuments (Register of) . . 18
Holy City v, vi, vii, 4, 10, 12, 16, 18,
19, 26, 38, 41,42, 45, 59, 61, 71
Holy Sepulchre (Church of)
Honiah . .
Hospitals
Hospitallers
Huldah the prophetess
20, 61, 63,
64, 65, 66
54
22
26,66
■• 55
I
Idrisi . . . . 68
Indentures of apprenticeship, ///. 63 35, 76
Industries (new) . . . . 30, 33
Isaac . . . . • ■ 67
Isaiah 52
Islam 9, 33
Jackaranda . , . . 21
Jaffa Gate, ///. 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45
4, IS, 20, 21, 23, 57,62,63,75
Jaffa Road 24, 27
83
INDEX
James (St.)
Jedid (Bab el) . .
Jehoshaphat
Jehouda ha-hassid
Jemal Pasha
Jerome (St.)
Jerusalem
„ looms
(New)
Jewellers
Jewry . .
Jews .. 13,22.
John (St.)
Josephus
Judah (Kings of)
Judith (the Abbess)
40,43
PAGE
S3, 61
20
SI, 53, 54, 66
54
.. I, 12
44
II. 19,21,35
30
8, II, 23, 26
.. 63
13
44, 49, 54, 71
29, 66
44,45
.. so
.. 64
K
Kaiser Wilhelm II
" Kaiser's Breach," ///. 40
Kalba Shaboua (grotto of)
Kalonymos
Karaites
Katanin. See Qattanln.
Kaza of Jerusalem
Kedron . .
Kerak
Khalifs
Khalil (Bab el)
Khan ez Zeit
Khanqah Salahiyeh
Khans
Kings, Tombs of the. See Tombs.
Kitchens
Knights Hospitallers . .
Knights Templars
Kobour el Koudat
Kobour el Molouk
Kochim . .
Kokhim . .
Koran
Kotel ha-Ma'arabi
84
29,
• 23
• SI
54
51
16
52
61
32
20
• 6s
• 63
61,65
64,65
26
. 68
• SI
• 50
• SO
• SS
33
• 43
Kubbet es Sakhrah.
Kutahia
PACE
See Dome of the Rock.
32
Labour difficulties
19
„ (methods of) . .
22
„ (bureau)
.. 40
Lag-Ba'omer
• 49
Latin Kingdom
.. s6
Latrines
17, 21
Lazare (St.)
62
Leprosy
62
Libraries
vii
London . .
10
Looms, ///. 62, 63
30, 7(>
Louvre (Musee du)
SO
Luncz (A. M.)
SI
M
McLean, ///. 27 12,23
Macrae (Lady Margaret) . . 24
Mahanna Yudah Market . . 26, 27
Mahdl (Al) 68
Malachi . . . . . . . . 55
Malcuisinat . . . . 65
Malek-en-Naser . . 61
Malik Muazzam Isa . . . . 70
Mamoun (El) 67
Mansur (Al) 68
Markets, ///. 43 15, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 37, 65
Masonry, ///. 69,70 .. .. 45, 58, 59
Mathieson (T. B.) 21
Mauristan, ///. 55 . . . . 26, 33, 65
Mayor of Jerusalem . . 18, 71
Mecca . . 9
Mehalla Kebir 75
Melissende (Queen) . . 62, 64
Metalwork 33
Military Administration . . . . 18
Mimosa . . . . 21
Minarets, Frontispiece . . 21, 46
Mishna (The) 44
INDEX
Moghrebins (porte des)
43,6s
Mohammed
• 9.67
Monebozes
SI
Money (Sir A. W.)
79
Money-changers
64,65
Montagu (Samuel)
35
" Monuments historiques " i8
37,
41,42
Morris (William)
vi
Mosaic . .
9
Mosques, Frontispiece, III. 3Q
9,
10, 20,
22,61
68
69,70
Mufti (Dar el)
49
Muhammad an-Nasir, ///. 57 . .
■ 69
Mujir ad Din
64,69
Municipality of Jerusalem 16,
18,
26, 37,
38
40,80
Muqaddasi
68
Museums
vii
41,75
N
Nasir (Muhammad an-),
///.
S7 ..69
Nasiri Khosrau
. . 68
Naskh
• . ■.• ^
National Trust for places oi
Historic
Interest
71
Nebi Da-ud (Bab en)
• • 20, 45, 58
„ (Waly)
61
Nebi Samuel
46, SI
New Gate
20
Nur ad Din
. . 69
Nuremberg
21
O.E.T.A.
70, 76, 78, 79
Ohanessian (David)
8,32
Olive
21, 48
Olives (Mount of)
• 52, 54, 55
Omar (Khalif) . .
68
Orphanage
33
Ottoman Penal Code .
80
Palatium
Palestine
Palestine Exploration Fund
Palestine Survey
Park system of Jerusalem
PAGE
. .. 69
34. 71, 80
59
. . 8, 28
vii, 2, 15, 19,
21, 22, 24,41, 46, 48, 75
15,63
21
51
63, 6s
. .. 64
•• 53
•• 44
19, 24, 30, 35
5,41,58
. . 4, 80
20
20, 63
24,25
32
39
V, 15, 78
Patriarch (Bath of)
Pepper-tree
Pereira . .
Perfumers
Persian Conquest
Pharisees
Phazael (Tower of)
Plantations
Playgrounds, ///. 10 . .
Police
Pool of Hezekiah
Pools
Post Office Square, ///. 47, 48
Potters, ///. 5<y
Prison Labour, ///. 68 . .
Proclamations . .
Pro-Jerusalem Society v, vi, vii, i, 2, 5,
6, 14, 16, 18, 21, 30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38,
40, 41, 42, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67, 70,
71, 72, 76
Prophet (the) 9
Prophets (the) 55
Public Health (Department of) vii, 26, 37
Public Notices v, 14, 77
Qalaah. See Citadel;
Qalaun . . 69
Qattanin (Suq el), ///. 12, 18, 56, 57, 78
I, 6, 7, 8, 30, 33, 35, 36,
41,69,75
Quarries . . ■ • 22
R
R.A.F. See Air Force.
Rabbi Obadia de Bartanora
Rahbeh (Bab er-)
Ramparts
S3
64
22, 58, 61
85
INDEX
PAGE
Rampart Walk, Frontispiece, III. 52, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 3S, 39 I. 2, 3, i9, 20, 21,
23,39,41,42,58
Rashidia School 24, 35
Raymond of Toulouse . . 61
Red Cross (American) . . . . 30
Refugees . . . . 39
Registration of monuments . . 41
{See also " Monuments historiques ")
Relief labour, ///. 6y
Rephaim
Richmond (Ernest)
Robinson's Arch
"Palestine"
Rock. See Dome of the
,, Tombs . .
Roman staircase
,, roads . .
,, camp
Russian Church
39
52
6,8, 10,31, 57, 68
43
. . 50
24, 46, 47
■• 15,59,60
.. 16
. . 58
•• 55
Sadda (Queen) . .
St. Stephen's Gate, 111.8
„ Street . .
Saladin . .
Salt (Es)
Samuel (Sir Herbert) . .
Sanhedrin (Great)
Sanitation . . . . . . 37,
Saulcy (M. de)
Scandal (Mount of)
Seats
Sebekh . .
Sephardim
Sepulchre (St.). See Holy Sepulchre
Shabouoth (fete de)
Shimeon
Shops
Sibil
Sidonia (Queen)
Siloam .. 15,43.52,53.54.
Silsileh (Bab es-)
86
50.51
4.66
65
65,69
I
vi, 80
51
46,57
49,50
52,54
25
24
54
45
54
17, 29
27
50,51
59,60
61,65
Simon the Just
Sion Gate. See Zion.
Sirach (Jesus son of)
Slaughterhouse
Slousch (Dr. Nahum)
Social work
Sorbonne
Spanish Jews
Spinning
Stairways
Stonework
Storrs (Ronald)
Subscribers to Pro-Jerusalem
Suleiman the Magnificent, ///. 3S, 79
Sumac
Suq el Qattanin. See Qattanln.
„ 'Attarin. See 'Attarin.
,, Lehan . . . . 29
,, Lahhamin . . . . . . 63
„ Khawajat 63
Suqs, ///. 56, 37, 78 I, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 29,
30, 33, 35, 36, 41, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 75
Swaythling (Lord) . . . . 35, 36
Syria . . . . . . 62, 69
Syrian Orphanage . . . . 33
PAGE
45,49, 51
.. 49
.. 6s
■■ 55
39,40
•• 55
22
■ ■ 7, 30
IS, 21,59,60
IS
V, vii, 10, 38, 41, 77
72
70
21
Table-service
Tadman (Major)
Tailors . .
Talmud . .
Talmud Thorah
Technical Education
35,
33
76
65
44,49
5
36,41
66,68
Temple (Abbey or Church of the)
Temple and Temple area 22, 43, 44, 52,
53, 56, 57, 58, 68, 69
Tenkiz (Emir) . . . . . . 69
Terraces
Textiles (School of)
Thomas (St.)
Tiles,Tilework . .
Tillage . .
. . 2, 21
75
.. 62
9, 30, 37
24
INDEX
Tishre
Titus, ///. 21
Tombs, ///. 25, 7/ 23, 24,
Tower (Village of)
Town Plan, ///. 2/, 22, 25 1 1
Transport
Trees . . . . 19
Trumpet-tree
Tudela (Benjamin of) . .
Turkish administration i
22, 23> 30.
TyropsEum
PAGE
49
19, 56
45, 46, 47, 49,
SI, 52, 54, 55
55
13, 14,41, 52
.. 19
21, 24, 30, 35
21
44, 45
, 2, 13, 16, 19,
39, 44, 55, 56
• 20, 43, 59
u
Uzziah (King) . . . . . . . . 53
Valero (Haim) . . . . . . 26, 27
Vaults, Vaulting, ///. J2, /j, 14, /j, 16, 18
6,7
Vegetable market . . . . 28, 29
Vincent (Pere), ///. 73
5, 6, IS, 47, 48, 53, 59, 70
Virgin (Tomb of the) . . . . 61
" Viri Galilei " 52
W PAGE
Wady Joz, ///. 73 .. .. 46, 47
„ (Quartier d'el) 66
Wailing Wall, ///. 6q, 70 . . 43, 44
Wakf(Ouaqf) .. 4,5,8,31,32,58,63
Walls of Jerusalem, ///. ^5, 6g, 70 42, 43, 60
Walys
Water (laying on of)
Weaving, ///. 6a
Whiting (John)
Wilson's Arch . .
Window, ///. II.
Yaqoubiyeh (el)
Yehoudah
Yellin (David)
Yo'azar . .
Yohanan
Yoma
Yudah. See Mahanna.
Zechariah
Zion
„ Gate
„St. .. ..
Zionist Commission
„ University
Zones and Zoning
61
19, 57, 60, 62
31, 35, 36, 41, 75
41
■ • 43
61
54
24
54
54
49
49, 53, 54
• 1,45
4, 20, 63
66
• 4, '9
13
13
87
6
JERUSALEM
1920— 1922
All Rights Reserved
Masom at u-ork on the Kast Tou-er oj the Citadel.
No. 22.
JERUSALEM
1920— 1922
Being the Records of the Pro-Jerusalem
Council during the First Two Years of
the Civil Administration
EDITED FOR THE COUNCIL OF THE PRO-JERUSALEM SOCIETY
BY C. R. ASHBEE, M.A.
FELLOW OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS
SOMETIME CIVIC ADVISER TO THE CITY OF JERUSALEM
WITH A PREFACE
BY SIR RONALD STORRS
GOVERNOR OF JERUSALEM
PRESIDENT OF THE PRO-JERUSALEM SOCIETY
LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
Published for
THE COUNCIL OF THE PRO-JERUSALEM SOCIETY
1924
Printed in Great Britain by
HazM, IValson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury.
PREFACE
ALTHOUGH the Second Volume of the Records of the Pro-
Jerusalem Society does not strictly include more than the
years 1920-22, 1 propose in this Preface to offer for the informa-
tion of members and of the public a very brief review of its activities
up to the date of writing.
As stated in the Preface to the First Volume, " there were, and
always will remain, many aspects of civic life, more especially in this
unique city, in which no Military Administration, no Civil Govern-
ment even, could, without thwarting civic and individual effort,
occupy itself, however sympathetically inclined."
" The objects of the Society, as defined in the Charter, are the
preservation and advancement of the interests of Jerusalem, its district
and inhabitants, more especially :
" I. The protection of and the addition to the amenities of
Jerusalem and its District.
" 2. The provision and maintenance of parks, gardens, and open
spaces in Jerusalem and its District.
" 3. The establishment in the District of Jerusalem of Museums,
Libraries, Art Galleries, Exhibitions, Musical and Dramatic
Centres, or other institutions of a similar nature for the
benefit of the public.
'* 4. The protection and preservation, with the consent of the
Government, of the Antiquities in the District of Jerusalem.
" 5. The encouragement in the District of Jerusalem of arts,
handicrafts, and industries in consonance with the general
objects of the Society.
" 6. The administration of any immovable property in the District
of Jerusalem which is acquired by the Society or entrusted
to it by any person or corporation with a view to securing
the improvement of the property and the welfare of its
tenants or occupants.
" 7. To co-operate with the Departments of Education, Agricul-
ture, Public Health, Public Works, so far as may be in
harmony with the general objects of the Society."
V
PREFACE
It being clearly impossible for a Governor, military or civil, to
superintend, still less to carry out in detail the execution of this highly
technical programme, I requested Mr, C. R. Ashbee, then in Cairo,
to visit Jerusalem and to report upon its possibilities in this respect.
After perusal of his interesting and highly suggestive report, I offered
to him, and he accepted, the post of Civic Adviser, which included
that of Secretary to the Society. Mr. Ashbee began work at once,
and for nearly four years rendered loyal and excellent service to Pro-
Jerusalem. The weaving and tile-making industries were established,
and the Rampart Walk round the walls was cleared and restored.
Mr. Ashbee retired in 1922, and was succeeded by Mr. A. C.
Holliday, the present Civic Adviser. Since that date several works
and projects of works have to be reported. Special efforts have been
made to improve the condition of the Citadel. Many minor repairs
have been executed on the crenellated and parapet walls, and repairs
to the South Tower are actually in progress. Designs have been
prepared for a stone bridge at the entrance of the Citadel. The
Turkish barrack buildings within the courtyard are in process of
removal, and over 6,000 cubic metres of buildings and stone have
already been dug up and carted away.
The clock tower erected by the loyal burgesses of Jerusalem, in
a style midway between that of the Eddystone lighthouse and a jubilee
memorial to commemorate the thirty-third year of the auspicious
reign of the late Sultan Abdul Hamid, has been bodily removed from
the north side of the Jaffa Gate, which it too long disfigured, and is
being set up again in fulfilment of a promise (less aggressively and
shorn of its more offensive trimmings) in the central and suitable
neighbourhood of the Post Office Square.
Stricter measures are being enforced for the preservation of the
traditional building style of Jerusalem, offensive and unsuitable
materials are being prohibited or removed, and an effective control
of new buildings and town planning sections has been instituted.
The size of shop signs, which had become of recent years a serious
disfigurement to the city, has been regulated by Municipal By-laws,
under which also the posting of bills, placards, and advertisements is
restricted to moderate-sized notice-boards displayed in specially chosen
localities. The majority of the streets have been named by a special
committee representative of the three great religions, and the names
vi
PREFACE
blazoned in the three official languages in coloured and glazed Dome
of the Rock tiles. For the first time in the history of the city the
houses of Jerusalem are being numbered. A map is being published
to a scale of i : 5,000 in English, Arabic, and Hebrew, giving contours
and street names. A civic survey and a comprehensive town plan
are in course of preparation.
The Society is taking a prominent part in the Palestine Pavilion
of the British Empire Exhibition. The celebrated models of the
Temples will be exhibited, and the Dome of the Rock and other
pottery, with the Hebron glass products, will be sold in the Pavilion.
All profits, after reimbursement of the heavy initial expenditure, will
be devoted to the work of the Society in Jerusalem.
Early last year I travelled to the United States with the object
of enlisting the interest, sympathy, and assistance of that generous
nation. I have to record with gratitude the chivalrous reception
accorded to my remote and unusual quest, in so much that a sojourn
forcibly limited to twenty days resulted in subscriptions and donations
amounting to several thousand pounds.
The monthly expenditure of the Society is about jTE.aoo (exclusive
of the exceptional British Empire Exhibition expenses). As the
Government grant of jTE. 1,000 will probably have to be withdrawn,
new members and donations are urgently needed.
The following special projects are in contemplation, and are
detailed in the hope of striking the imagination of friends, as yet
unknown, who may perhaps desire to associate their names with some
specific achievement of permanent benefit to the Holy City :
Seats in Palestine marble or other good stone for the
Society's parks and gardens. The donor's name
will be carved upon the seat ... ... from >C^*2°
Seats in wood or iron at convenient points in the
Rampart Walk or in the gardens. The donor's
name will be cut or painted on the seat ... from jrE.2-5
Repairs to the walls of Jerusalem, to be done in
sections ... ... ... ... ... ... ;^E. 1000
Upkeep of the School of Ceramics ... ... ... ^E.500
Repairs to Citadel (site of Palace of Herod the Great)
in sections in its different towers, and excavations... ^E.2000
vii
PREFACE
For the establishment of a Museum to house the
Society's collection ... ... ... ... ... j^E.500
For repairs to the seven gates of Jerusalem, each about jC^«5o
Minor repairs to the historic bazaars ... ... from >C^-^°
Gifts of historical subjects (Palestine history) for the
Society's Museum.
Gifts of examples of arts and crafts, especially examples
of Oriental weaving and embroidery for the School
of Textiles.
I would like to take this opportunity of thanking the High Com-
missioner for his never-failing interest and support, and the departing
Assistant Governor, Mr. H. C. Luke, whose activities and vigilance
recently evoked from the Council a unanimous resolution appointing
him to life -long membership ; further, the past and present Civic
Advisers for their loyal collaboration. I would also place on record
the debt of gratitude which Jerusalem owes to the members of the
Council, the Mayor, the Director of Antiquities, the Mufti, the
Orthodox, the Latin and the Armenian Patriarchs, the Anglican
Bishop, the President of the Jewish Community, and the other dis-
tinguished Moslems, Christians, and Jews, all of them busy men with
urgent and important duties of their own, who, nevertheless, have not
spared themselves nor their time in keeping this constructive and
unifying fellowship so far as possible abreast with the needs of the
time, and in holding it above and out of the dust and clamour of
political and other controversy.
Of our benefactors many, who live in remote continents, may
never witness the results of their generosity ; of whom we can but say
that, while some little of their achievement will be presented to their
vision by picture and by plan, their true satisfaction will rest rather
in the sure and certain knowledge that, through their loving carefulness,
Jerusalem will have been preserved nearer to the city of their faith and
of their dreams.
Ronald Storrs,
President of the Pro-Jerusalem Society.
April, 1924.
via
CONTENTS
Preface. By Sir Ronald Storrs, C.M.G., C.B.E., Governor of Jerusalem
List of Illustrations
Council of the Pro- Jerusalem Society
Review of the Various Works undertaken by the Society during 1920-22.
By C. R. Ashbee, M.A., F.R.I.B.A., sometime Civic Adviser to the City of
Jerusalem
1. Introductory
2. The Work of Conservation
3. The New Town Plan
4. The Park and Garden System
5. Markets and Khans
6. The Naming of the Streets
7. New Industries and Educational Work
8. Finance
L'Etat de la Cite de Jerusalem au XII® Siecle. Par F. M. Abel, O.P., Pro-
fesseur a I'Ecole Biblique et Arch^ologique de Saint-Etienne, Jerusalem
Extracts from the Diary of a Franciscan Pilgrim of the Sixteenth
Century. Contributed by H. C. Luke, B.Litt., M.A., Assistant Governor
of Jerusalem
The Christian Communities in the Holy Sepulchre. By H. C. Luke
A Brief Account of the Painted Tile Work in the Armenian Cathedral
of St. James. By George Antonius, M.A., and Ch. A. Nomico . .
A Brief Description of the Work done by the Local Craftsmen at Govern-
ment House, Jerusalem. By C. R. Ashbee ..
An Account of the New Jewish Garden Cities, etc., and the Modifications
they entail in the Town Plan. By C. R. Ashbee
A Bibliography of Moslem Architecture in Palestine. By K. A. C.
Creswell, M.B.E., late Inspector of Monuments, G.S., O.E.T.A
Appendices . .
Index
B
PAGE
V
xi
XV
I
4
15
20
21
26
29
31
33
41
46
57
60
64
69
95
105
ix
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Key Plan of the Citadel.
2. Citadel Drawbridge before repair.
3. Drawbridge Tower.
4. Cupola during reconstruction.
5. Cupola seen from below.
6. The Hippicus Tower. Block Plan.
7. „ „ „ The Window, after Enlargement.
8. 5, „ „ The same seen Sectionally.
9. „ „ „ Section A.B.
10. „ „ „ Section CD.
11. „ „ „ Lower, or Street Level Plan.
12. ,, ,, „ Upper Floor Plan.
13. „ „ „ North Elevation.
14. „ „ „ West Elevation.
15- j> » >5 South Elevation.
16. Tower by the Minaret.
17. Tower by the Minaret, showing the Crack.
18. Citadel South Tower. South Facade.
19. „ „ „ West Facade.
20. Citadel Glacis during repairs.
21. Present ending of the Rampart Walk by St. Stephen's Gate.
XI
ILLUSTRATIONS
22. {Frontispiece) Masons at Work on the East Tower of the Citadel.
23. Rampart Walk, clearance in progress.
24. Rampart Walk, showing the lowering of the roof of the Franciscan
Convent, to reopen the public way at that point.
25. Rampart Walk, showing the building line of the Latin Patriarchate,
NOW safeguarded by the town planning legislation.
26. Al Aqsa Mosque, showing the break in the Rampart Walk on the
south side of the City.
27. Al Aqsa Mosque, showing how it is proposed to complete the Walk.
28. Rampart Walk as now completed around Bezetha.
29. Damascus Gate pinnacles before repair.
30. Damascus Gate pinnacles after repair.
31. The Suq al Kabir, showing the Society's repairs.
32. The Tariq Bab al Selseleh.
33. Details of a window in the Tariq Bab al Selseleh.
34. The Jerusalem town planning area.
35. Jerusalem Zoning System.
36. Seat in the Citadel Garden. The Gift of Mrs. Elizabeth McQueen.
37' >j >j >5 The Gift of the Anglo-American
Society.
38. „ „ „ The Gift of Mr. Arthur Franklin.
39. „ „ „ The Gift of Miss Virginia Blandy.
40. Jaffa Gate Maidan Improvement Scheme, with Market.
41. Jaffa Gate Improvement Scheme as a whole.
42. Jaffa Gate, the present condition, showing the Market sprawling
over the road area and upon the Fosse (now covered).
xii
ILLUSTRATIONS
43. Jaffa Gate, showing the proposed alterations from the same point,
WITH the reconstructed caf^ and a low-built containing wall
for a properly regulated market.
44. The proposed Valero Khan at the Damascus Gate.
45. Plan of the Holy City in the Thirteenth Century.
46. Plan of the Holy Sepulchre and surroundings.
47. St. George and the Dragon. (Tile in the Church of St. James.)
48. Execution of John the Baptist.
49. Our Lord's entry into Jerusalem.
50. The Virgin and Child.
51. David playing on the Harp.
52. The Miracle of Lazarus.
53. The Descent from the Cross.
54. The Resurrection.
55. Government House, Jerusalem. The Drawing-room.
56. Government House, Jerusalem. The Dining-room.
57. Government House, Jerusalem. The sideboard in the Dining-room,
designed by C. R. Ashbee.
58. Block plan of Antiochus.
59. Model of block plan of Antiochus, with British Government's plot
shown in outline.
60. Elevation of block plan. Antiochus.
61. Talpioth Garden City. Block plan.
62. Talpioth Garden City. Contour plan.
63. Talpioth Garden City. Model.
64. Talpioth Garden City. Model.
xiii
ILLUSTRATIONS
65. Block plan. Janjirieh Garden City.
66. The proposed Synagogue. Janjirieh Garden City.
6"]. BoNEH Bayit Garden City. Key plan.
68. Antimus Porah in the Jaffa Road. Block plan.
69. BoNEH Bayit Garden City. Model.
XIV
COUNCIL OF THE PRO-JERUSALEM SOCIETY
Founded September 1918.
Incorporated October 1920 (under the Palestine Administration).
HON. PRESIDENT,
The Right Hon. SIR HERBERT SAMUEL, C.B.E., High Commissioner of Palestine.
PRESIDENT.
SIR RONALD STORRS, C.M.G., C.B.E., Governor of Jerusalem.
COUNCIL.
Hon. Member : The Right Hon. Viscount Milner, K.G., G.C.B.
Members.
The Mayor of Jerusalem.
The Director of Antiquities.
His Eminence the Rais al-'Ulema.
His Beatitude the Orthodox Patriarch.
His Beatitude the Latin Patriarch.
His Beatitude the Armenian Patriarch.
The Right Rev. the Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem.
The Very Reverend the Custodian of Terra Santa.
His Reverence the Superior of the Dominican Convent.
The Very Reverend Chief Rabbi Kuk.
The Representative of the Palestine Zionist Executive.
Le Rev. Pere Abel (Ecole Biblique de Saint-Etienne).
Mr. C. R. Ashbee, M.A., F.R.I. B.A. (late Civic Adviser).
Le Capitaine Barluzzi.
Captain K. A. C. Creswell, M.B.E. (late Inspector of Monuments, G.S., O.E.T.A.).
Dr. M. Eliash, B.Litt.
Professor Patrick Geddes.
Mr. R. a. Harari.
Muza Kazem Pasha al-Husseini, C.B.E.
Mr. H. C. Luke, B.Litt., M.A. (Assistant Governor of Jerusalem).
Mr. J. Meyuhas, M.B.E.
Mr. E. T. Richmond.
Mr. D. G. Salameh.
Dr. Nahum Slousch.
Mr. Jacob Spafford.
Le Rev. Pere Vincent (Ecole Biblique de Saint-Etienne).
Mr. John Whiting.
Mr. David Yellin, M.B.E. (Vice-Mayor of Jerusalem).
Mr. a. C. Holliday, B.A., Civic Adviser (Hon. Secretary).
XV
NOTE.
While there has been carejul collaboration
between the various writers oj the essays here
Jollowing, the Council, as well as the in-
dividual writers, wish it to be understood
that the writers alone take responsibility Jar
the statements made.
The Council desire to thank the Ameri-
can Colony Jor the use oj many valuable
photographs.
Ed.
XVI
JERUSALEM
1920 1922
By C. R. Ashbee
Introductory
1. The present volume carries on the work conceived, planned,
and started during the period of the British Military Occupation of
Palestine. The occupation lasted roughly for two years, the Civil
Administration beginning on July i, 1920. The present record,
therefore, may be taken to cover the two years from that date, and
the volume containing it might be fitly named "Jerusalem, 1921-1922,"
in effect the two years of Civil Administration that preceded the formal
granting of the Mandate.
2. The principal interest, from a practical point of view, in the
present volume will, I think, be found to lie in a comparison between
what was planned and what may have been accomplished — the dream
and its realization. This involves other than the purely technical
considerations dealt with in the following pages. The status of the
Society in the new Administration had to be considered and its rela-
tions to such of the newly created Government Departments whose
work impinged upon that of the Society. Thus the conservation ot
public monuments in the Jerusalem area became also a matter for the
newly established Department of Antiquities. The town planning
of the modern city and the making of roads became a matter that
also concerned the newly established Department of Public Works
and the Town Planning Commission. Further, there was during
the years 1921 and 1922 a much more precise definition of the functions
of the Jerusalem Municipality and those of the Pro-Jerusalem Council
and the Civic Adviser.
3. Two things became evident during the two years with which
we are dealing : first, powers and functions which were formerly
exercised by the Pro-Jerusalem Council through the Governor's
Administrative order were exercised more and more by the new
INTRODUCTORY
departments of State ; and, in the second place, many of the ideas,
plans, and proposals outlined in Vol. I have been, at least as far as
Jerusalem is concerned, incorporated into the structure of the new
State. The Pro-Jerusalem Society did its four years' work during a
very plastic period in the social history of Palestine. Such laws as
the Antiquities Ordinance, the Town Planning Ordinance, the regula-
tions regarding corrugated iron and advertisement, the Town Plan
with its green belt or " reserved area " round the Holy City, the new
municipal by-laws — all these were largely stimulated by, or were the
direct outcome of, discussions on the Pro-Jerusalem Council, or of
action taken by it. As the new social order becomes less plastic and
more rigid it will be interesting to watch how far the Society is able
to go on inspiring and moulding the new social life. So far much
of this legislation may be regarded as typical of the post-war State.
Will it all survive .'' No community can live for long above its own
level. Will the new order that is shaping in Palestine be able to
grow within, and carry out, the new laws which its Administrators in
the years 1921 and 1922 made for it? The thought contains a
challenge.
Following the method of the previous volume, the grouping is
under the heading of (i) Work of Conservation, (2) the New Town
Plan. This broadly is first the protection of the old city, then the
laying out of the new.
4. The various contributions by members of the Council are of
special interest in that they all touch on the Society's work. Pere
Abel contributes a monograph on the condition of the city in the
Crusading period. This monograph is largely epigraphical. The
Reverend Father was a member of the street-naming committee, to the
work of which I give a special section below, and without his great
knowledge of the nomenclature and the written records of Jerusalem
in its various languages the sub-committee would have been unable
to carry on their work. Mr. H. C. Luke, the Assistant Governor of
Jerusalem, contributes an extract from the Diary of a sixteenth-century
Franciscan Pilgrim to the Holy City, translated from the unpublished
Latin manuscript in his possession. We also have from his hand an
account of the Christian Communities in the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre. This chapter, in view of the recent changes within the
body of the Orthodox Church, has particular interest and significance.
2
INTRODUCTORY
Mr. Geo. Antonius contributes a monograph upon the historical side
of the craft of Ceramics. This dovetails into the Society's practical
work on behalf of the tilework and repair of the Dome of the Rock,
and the School of Ceramics, which it initiated in 1920. Mr. Creswell's
bibliography of Moslem Architecture in Palestine will be found to be
an invaluable addition to the study, and more especially to the dating
of Arabic building — matters about which English architects and writers
have been very ignorant.
The remaining contributions, the account of the new Jewish
town planning projects, and the work of the local craftsmen at Govern-
ment House, explain themselves. They deal almost entirely with
modern work and modern creative endeavour, I treat the subject-
matter in its place, but would like to say here that without the assist-
ance, the constant and kindly encouragement, of Dr. Ruppin, or the
scholarly labours of Mr. KaufFmann, the work could not have taken
the shape it has in the actual town plan of the city, nor could I have
set down the record of what has been done or projected in the two
years and which is here shown.
The Work of Conservation
5. The disaster of the Great War has forced upon all men and
women the necessity of preserving all that is possible of the beauty
and the purpose, in actual form, of the civilizations that have passed
before. We have come to see, moreover, that this is not a mere matter
of archeology or the protection of ancient buildings. In the blind
mechanical order with which we are threatened everything that we
associate with our sense of beauty is alike in danger. Landscape, the
unities of streets and sites, the embodied vision of the men that set the
great whole together, the sense of colour which in any oriental city is
still a living sense — all these things have to be considered practically ;
they must, to put it plainly, be protected against the incursions of
the grasping trader, the ignorant workman, the self-interested property
owner, and the well-intentioned Government Department.
In Jerusalem, perhaps more than in any other city, these facts are
brought home to us. It is a city unique, and before all things a city
of idealists, a city moreover in which the idealists through succeeding
generations have torn each other and their city to pieces. Over forty
times has it changed hands in history. And perhaps partly because
of all this and partly because of the grandeur of its site and surrounding
landscape it is a city of singular romance and beauty.
These facts are emphasized by other considerations. When the
British Military Administration began work there were practically
no roads. The Turks only improvised roads and most of them the
Great War had destroyed. ' Next, in the turning of every sod or scrap
of stone some historic association is affected. There are then the
interminable questions of prescriptive right in venerated sites, the
joint ownerships by divers and conflicting religious bodies. The city
maintains a large parasitic population — priests, caretakers, monks,
missionaries, pious women, clerks, lawyers, the motley order that has
a vested interest in maintaining the status quo. Here is a force that
often makes for what is picturesque and conservative, but as often
checks the administrator in genuine and rational improvement, because
the sanction for what he wants to do rests not in the city itself, but in
the great world outside somewhere, hidden away. The actual bit of
stone or the rubbish-heap we want to clean up may, it is true, belong
4
THE WORK OF CONSERVATION
to some Greek, or Moslem, or Jew, but the Armenian, the English
Protestant, the Abyssinian, the American missionary, the Italian,
the Wakf in India, the Copt, the other fellow somewhere — they all
have a word to say on the matter, and before we do anything we must
wait to hear it.
And, last, there has been the fact that has necessarily modified
alike the enterprise of the Pro-Jerusalem Society and the Administra-
tion— there has been very little money to do anything with. This,
though it may cripple historical research, may also be a protection
against vandalism or ill-considered enterprise, for one great power
at least the Administrator of to-day possesses, the power of sitting
tight and doing nothing, of stopping unintelligent or destructive
action, of waiting till a better day. If he have taste, though he himself
be precluded from all creation, he can at least prevent foolish or wanton
things from being done. That has, in the Holy City during the last
five years, been a very great help.
And one thing we whose concern is civics must always remember.
In the conservation of a city, whether it be like London, Paris, Rome,
or New York, well within the great stream of the world, or whether
like Jerusalem set upon a hill-top and remote, what we are conserving
is not only the things themselves, the streets, the houses, spires, towers,
and domes, but the way of living, the idealism, the feeling for
righteousness and fitness which these things connote, and with which
every city with any claim to dignity and beauty is instinct.
6. I will now take the Society's work of conservation in detail
and begin with the Citadel of Jerusalem. This has been the centre
of its activities. There are, including the little tower at the entrance
gate and the old drawbridge, seven main towers in the Citadel, and
to all but one of these the Society during the last two years did some
important structural work. I give twenty-one illustrations, eight of
them photographs and thirteen diagrams or plans, and I take them
in the order of the towers on the plan (Illustration No. i). Beginning
with the entrance or drawbridge tower (b on the plan), I show in
No. 2 a photograph of the tower as it was before the ugly, dilapidated
Turkish woodwork was cleared away. Illustration No. 3 shows the
little tower, carefully pointed and repaired, and once again free. The
picture also shows the fosse garden as finally constructed. Passing
through the entrance tower, we come to a beautiful little octagon,
5
Tower of David.
Entrance, or Drawbridge Tower.
The Second Tower.
The South-East Tower.
The dismantled and ruined Keef.
The Minaret and South-West Tower.
The Terrace above the glacis.
The Mosque.
The Hifficus Tower.
Fosse, new Citadel Garden.
The Jaffa Gate.
The Rampart Walk.
. The Barracks.
Key Plan of the Citadel.
\
1
"No. I.
Cupola during reconstruction.
F*.-i».-r. -,.-.Jt.v .li
'■ifxr ■ K-.-i)'"Xi-^ ■-'^^_i
Cupola seen jrom below.
No. 5.
THE WORK OF CONSERVATION
a.
b.
c.
d.
h.
The Hi-ppicus Tower.
The Jaffa Gate.
Cistern.
Halj-excavated fit
debris.
Modern Turkish stables.
partial ruins.
Modern annex.
The walls.
The Terrace on the glacis.
The Fosse.
{Scale, 1.200 m.)
The Hipptcus Tower. Block Plan.
No. 6.
so called, of Suleiman the Magnificent. Over this octagon is a dome
or cupola. This was falling ; the parts were reassembled and reset.
No. 4 shows one of the Society's masons at work on this cupola, and
No. 5 the masonry itself as seen from below.
One of the most important pieces of structural repair has been
that on the East or Second Tower (see c on Plan No. i), which was
taken in hand with the financial help of the Department of Antiquities.
Some of the Roman stone work, reset in Moslem times, was dis-
7
No. 7.
Limits of window
before enlargement
No. 8.
The Hjppicus Tower — shoiving how the little prison-like window [hatched
in the diagrams) was replaced by a large light fitted into, but without
disturbing, the original masonry.
THE WORK OF CONSERVATION
integrating. The beautiful illustration [See Frontispiece) shows the
Society's masons at work. The lower portion of the tower was
made good and the bulk of the tower repointed.
The same picture shows in the distance the Tower of David.
To the outside of this nothing was done, but the Society repaired
and opened out the interior, making of the great central chamber a
rather beautiful exhibition room.
A like work was carried out in the Hippicus Tower (see i on Plan
No. i). This, which before and during war was a hospital for spotted
fever, was carefully put in order and the interior converted into two
large exhibition rooms (Nos. g to 15). Illustrations Nos. 7 and 8
o I a &
The Hippicus Tower.
No. 9.
No. 10.
show how the little prison-like window beneath the arch was enlarged
to light the great room. The Hippicus Tower flanking the Jaffa
Road, and opposite the Jaffa Gate, is necessarily one of the main
features of any improvement scheme in this part of the city, as will
be seen later when the Jaffa Gate improvement is considered (see
pp. 2 1, 22, 23). The Society, therefore, arranged with the Depart-
ment of Antiquities to have this tower specially measured, and some
of the drawings here given are from the measurements of Mr. Salante.
The last of the towers, upon which the Society was at work in
1922, is the south-west tower (see Nos. 16 and 17) in which a serious
crack showed itself in the summer of 1922. This tower, the fall
of which would endanger the minaret, is one of the most distinguished
of all the Citadel towers. Though the Society at the time had no
D 9
D-
No. 1 1 .
LcK'er, or street level flan.
The Hippicus Tower.
No. I 2.
upper floor plan.
r-
1
n
J
J¥l
We
St
Elevalic
n
N. Elevation
No. 13.
T/ie Hippicus Tower.
No. 1 4.
11 [T^.
D D
nJ
South Elevation
No. 15.
Tower by the Minaret.
No. 1 6.
No. 17.
Tower by the Mi/iaret, showing the crack.
10]
0<
1-. Co
^
5=0
THE WORK OF CONSERVATION
money it was felt that special sacrifices must be made and the _(/^E.3oo
needed for its protection somehow or other found. The diagrams here
given (Nos. i8 and 19) show the cracks in detail and the method of
tying to be adopted.
Minaret
Corbel missing
I
Plan
Vertical heights
approximate
S
X
South Facade
No. 18.
Citadel South Tower.
The thick black lines show the cracks in the masonry.
West Fa9ade
o I 2^4^678 Metre*
No. 19.
The last of the Citadel works to which I shall allude is the repair
of the angle of the glacis. In No. 20 we see the work in progress.
Illustration No. 16 shows the glacis in its relation to the whole
Citadel.
It will, I think, be agreed that these various works undertaken
at a total cost of about ^E. 1,000 (the exact figure during the financial
year 1921 was ^^49 5' *^^^ balance having been spent later), show no
mean record of conservation taken over a period of two years. And,
indeed, the work was needed. There had been no repair for over
ten years, and much of the Citadel was in danger of falling. Much
II
THE WORK OF CONSERVATION
yet remains to do, and much of the most interesting work historically
is below the ground level or in the blocked-up passages beneath or
skirting the glacis, or even under the moat. But the Citadel of
Jerusalem is one of those buildings upon which the architect and
the archsologist join issue. The latter would wish to dig it up and
search its origins. To do this he has to kill the building. The
former insists that as the building is still alive and serving a purpose,
noble and beautiful, it must be so kept. The later periods cannot be
disturbed to reveal the earlier. Architecture here is more important
than archeology.
7. The work on the Citadel leads inevitably to that of the ramparts.
The preserving and opening out of the Rampart, or Sentinel's Walk,
which was discussed at length in the first volume of the Jerusalem
Records, is now to all intents and purposes complete. All encroach-
ments except one have been cleared away ; that one, the most difficult
of all, is at the two ends of the Haram al Sherif. One of these is
shown in Illustration No. 21, the other was shown in the first volume
Illustration No. 39. The difficulty is not technical, it is political,
and it is greater than it was at the close of the Military Administration.
In technical matters that affect the general welfare or the amenities
of the whole community alike it was often easier to get things done
then than now. Mr. Benton Fletcher's drawing (No. 26), which
with the other in this volume the Council commissioned him to do,
gives an interesting view of this side of the Rampart Walk from
without the walls. The precise way in which it is proposed to solve
the problem of linking up the last section of the walk that will pass
across the Al Aqsa Mosque is not yet determined. An inconspicuous
iron way, skirting the Al Aqsa outside, is suggested (see Inset No. 27).
Illustrations Nos. 23 and 24 show two clearances near the New Gate,
the former a gang at work opposite the Convent of the ScEurs
Reparatrices ; the latter the lowering of the roof of the Franciscan
Convent, where a gabled roof had been built over, and butting upon
the Rampart Walk parapet. This, by arrangement with His Reverence
the President of the Franciscan Community, was brought down to
the level of the walk, thus preserving the public right-of-way.
Illustration No. 25 is of the utmost interest. It shows how the
activities of the Pro-Jerusalem Society have automatically come to
be incorporated in the working legislation of the city. The building
12
Rampart Walk, clearance in progress.
No. 23.
Rampart Walk, showing the lowering
of the rooj oj the Franciscan Convent
to reopen the public way at that point.
No. 24.
No. 25.
Rampart Walk, showing the building
line oj the Latin Patriarchate, now
safeguarded by the town planning
legislation.
o
•', ^ <-5
iiu.
ve
>
^
'-I
<1
•^
-Si
'U -^i^
K.^ ^
Is.* -; ^1
bN Ei
DO
t-4
IS
^
^
^
- =<
Damascus Gate pinnacles hejore repair.
No. 29.
Damascus Gate pinnacles ajter repair.
No. 30.
r«j
THE WORK OF CONSERVATION
is the Latin Patriarchate with its garden skirting the walk. Beyond
is the Citadel with the Hippicus Tower and David's Tower. A
permit to build had been asked for at the point shown below the arrow,
thus blocking out the view of the towers from the walk. The Society
had nothing to do with the case except through its representative
officer, myself, with whom lay the decision as to whether it should
be brought up at the Town Planning Commission. With this body,
under the new law, rests the final decision as to whether or not permits
shall be allowed that affect the town plan. The case was heard, the
Commission disallowed the permit, and ruled that the building line
of the Latin Patriarchate must be followed. A precedent of the
utmost importance under the new law was thus established which may
have the effect of saving large portions of the city from destruction.
The last illustration I give of the now completed Rampart Walk
(No. 28) is that of the corner by the Stork Tower. It shows the
great stretch of the walls across Bezetha and looking out to Scopus
and the Mount of Olives.
8. I now come to the Gates, During the two years effective
work has been done upon three, the Jaffa Gate, the Damascus Gate,
and Herod's Gate. Over the last of these the Rampart Walk was
cleared. At Damascus Gate an important piece of repair work was
undertaken on the pinnacles, again with the financial assistance of the
Department of Antiquities. I give two illustrations (Nos. 29 and 30)
of their condition before and after repair. Beneath these pinnacles,
in the eastern wing of the gate, one of the old guard-rooms was
cleaned up and let as a studio. It is now in the occupation of Mr.
Melnikoff the sculptor. The more important scheme of the Khan
outside the Damascus Gate, which has also been considered by the
Society, I shall deal with below (section 20), as it affects town
planning rather than conservation, though, indeed, the partial opening
up of the Roman arch and levels is involved (see plan 44).
For the Jaffa Gate the Council worked out a definite scheme
entailing the removal of the clock tower. It is now proposed, in
deference to wishes of the donors, to re-erect it elsewhere. The
Rampart Walk was opened out through the Jaffa Gate, an attempt
having been made to convert that entrance into private property.
9. In the old suqs and covered ways of the city the Society was
unfortunately not able, owing to lack of funds, to do what should be
13
THE WORK OF CONSERVATION
done. I would refer here again to what was set forth on this matter
in p. 8 of the Records, Vol. I. Almost everything there stated still
holds good. One piece of work, however, was well carried through,
and this largely owing to the enterprise of the Mayor of Jerusalem,
Ragib Bey Nashashibi. This work is best shown in the drawing
made for the Council by Mr. Benton Fletcher (Illustration No. 31).
The matter is one of finance. It is much to be hoped that the plan
of the pro rata levy on property owners will shortly be worked out.
To this could be added, where needed, the sums budgeted for the
upkeep of historic buildings in the municipal budget.
These ancient suqs of Jerusalem are unique. Their present state
and the photographic records scattered up and down the Society's
two volumes of Records should be studied side by side with Pere Abel's
plan of the medieval city (Illustration No. 45).
10. A matter upon which the Society would have liked to take
action, but which unfortunately went no further than report and con-
servative advice, was the state of the houses in the Tariq Bab al
Selseleh, the most beautiful street in Jerusalem. I give two illustrations
(Nos. 3 2 and 33). Most of these houses are private, and Wakf property ;
moreover, they are almost entirely Moslem. An occasional bit of
pointing, the saving of a stone or an inscription here and there, would
be of immense, because of timely, help. It is a matter upon which
the Pro-Jerusalem Society and the Wakf might co-operate. Here,
again, technical matters are often affected adversely by political con-
siderations.
14
The Suq al Kabir, shoiving the Society's repairs.
No. 3 I ,
The Tar'iq Bab al Selseleh.
No. 32.
Details of a window in the Tariq Bab al Selseleh.
Note the crack through the inscriftion.
No. 3 3 .
ri5
The New Town Plan
11. A study in the Council's work upon the new city during
the years 1921-22 becomes inevitably a study in town planning, and
town planning of a very practical and direct kind. Not only had a
new city to be planned ; the law had to be drafted that should make
this planning possible, and the machinery set up that should give
effect to the law. Moreover, all the remains of the old Turkish order
had to be taken over as part of the O.E.T.A. heritage, and this often
made direct action or a " clean slate " impossible.
It was after many informal conferences between members of the
Council, Professor Geddes, Dr. Ruppin, the Legal Adviser, the
Governor of Jerusalem, and myself that the law was finally got into
shape for drafting, and it was the two years' experience of the Pro-
Jerusalem Society that provided the necessary data, or indicated how
much of the modern western town planning legislation it might be
possible to use in Palestine.
12. The Palestine Town Planning Ordinance then may be said
to have come into existence largely as the result of the spade work
done in the city by the Council of the Pro-Jerusalem Society. Much
of the legislation it embodies is dealt with in the Council's early
minutes, and the ideas set forth in Vol. I of the Records have for the
most part been incorporated.
It has been complained that the Ordinance is complicated and
difficult to understand, that it is impossible to render in the three
official languages, that it is in parts, as a mere matter of machinery,
unworkable. Some of these criticisms were found to be just, and in
1922 an amending Ordinance was passed to give effect to them.
And there is much of real truth in them. Laws and Ordinances that
are suitable to western cities, and partly because of the way in which
their citizens observe and administer them, may not be suitable to
eastern cities, or it may be a very long time before they are.
13. The question whether the work initiated by the Pro-Jerusalem
Society in the new town plan succeeds or not will depend very largely
upon whether the members of the Town Planning Commission ap-
pointed under the Ordinance to carry out the town plan understand
and can administer the great trust committed to them. It is that
15
THE NEW TOWN PLAN
Commission which has now taken over all the duties of the Pro-Jerusalem
Society in respect of the town plan, and their success or failure will
largely affect all the other cities of Palestine.
There stand to the credit of the Jerusalem Town Planning Com-
mission, which may then be justly claimed as the child of the Pro-
Jerusalem Society, four important pieces of work during the years
1921 and 1922.
1. The establishment of the new town boundaries.
2. The zoning of the city in general outline.
3. The first draft of the new body of by-laws and regulations
that shall give effect to the law.
4. The lay-out and aligning of eight sections of the new city.
14. The plan I show (No. 34) illustrates the first and fourth of
these achievements. The now established boundaries lie along the
nearest convenient geographical points within the dotted containing
line, but including the villages of Saafat, El-Isawiye, El-Azarie^
Mar Elias, Der Jasin, and Lifta. The eight numbered areas upon
the plan represent those portions of the city whose new road align-
ments and lay-out have been passed by the Jerusalem Town Planning
Commission. Of these Nos. VI, VII, and VIII are new Jewish
garden cities, with which I shall deal later (see pages 65, 66, 67).
A word is needed here on the vitally important question of survey.
The Pro-Jerusalem Society fought bravely, and for long unsuccess-
fully, for a proper survey of the city. Every town planner knows
that without the preliminary datum of a correct survey the making of
a town plan is an impossibility. The Military Administration took
a different view. They held that the town plan might be made, but
refused to sanction any budget for the survey ; the municipal surveyor's
office was thus broken up, and the staff discharged. This threw the
work back for two years, and it was not until the Civil Administration
was well established that this was remedied. On the key plan the
central portions of the new city are based upon the municipal survey
of Mr. Guini, the outlying portions upon the official survey of Palestine
which his Excellency the High Commissioner put at the service of
the city. Thus whereas the McLean and Geddes plans are based on
incorrect data, the eight sections of the new town plan are fixed upon
data that claim to be accurate.
It is considered wiser not to reproduce here the eight aligned
16
The yerusalem Town Planning Area.
No. 34.
The area is within the dotted lines, the numbered sections are those in which the
flan has been officially passed.
E
THE NEW TOWN PLAN
sections, first on the ground of expense, then on that of scale, and
lastly because all are still liable to modification during the process of
development in the next few years. It may therefore be better to
issue them in some later volume that shall give the complete town
plan. There will probably be some twenty sections in all, and these
have to be linked together with the eight sections already officially
published and open for inspection in the Municipality of Jerusalem.
15. I give, however, the zoning plan in general outline coloured
(No. 35) because it affects the order and arrangement of the new
city. Also a zoning plan necessarily precedes the making of new
alignments, or the planning of new roads and quarters. This plan
must, however, be regarded only as a first draft. No complete plan is
possible until the survey itself has been completed. But the plan here
shown is the working plan upon which permits to build were granted
up to the end of the period covered by this volume.
Zoning, indeed, as understood in European cities, is hardly yet
possible in the East. There is too much medievalism, too much
muddle and litter of western industrialism to be first cleared out of
the way, and, above all, the people themselves are not as yet ready
to act in accordance with the laws when these are made. They are
still too dependent upon orders imposed from above. In some respects
this makes our task as town planners easier, but in so far as we try
as administrators to encourage the citizens to think, act, and legislate
for themselves, we are handicapped because an ideal order is postulated.
To make the town plan itself ideal predicates a good deal more
than town planning. Thus we have after long and careful study to
set the roads where they should go, we have to consider all the beauty
spots, we have to save and link up all the historic buildings, we have
to tear down and clear away all the ugly things and make the private
give way to the public interests. That is the ideal way. The City of
Jerusalem is worthy such a treatment. As a matter of practical experi-
ence and where there is no money what happens is very different.
It is impossible to get out of the hard rut of existing roads ; all we can
do is to widen a little. It is difficult, often impossible, to touch buildings
that are in the hands of religious bodies. There is as yet neither money
nor administrative machinery to keep in repair historic buildings, and
many of the finest of these are in private hands. The real work is,
after all, not the drawing of the city plan on paper, nor the description
18
O 0 O o /
o o o o tj€\
CCCC Ml
a.b. -■ ■Jewiifi tombs many ofthem ancient roclL\
C.d I tcmbs which are incorporated with the Park
e.f I System
No.^S-
THE NEW TOWN PLAN
of it in a book, nor the comments on it in an office file, nor even the
making of a picture of it for the walls of the Royal Academy. The
real work is to administer it intelligently and towards the shaping of
a more or less ideal end. The only test of this is the beauty and the
comeliness of the city itself.
»9
Park System and Gardens
1 6. I deal now with certain minor aspects of the town plan which
have been under the special charge of the Pro-Jerusalem Society, and
I take first the parks and gardens.
The Citadel Garden, of which illustrations have already been
given, has made considerable progress, and some gracious and valuable
gifts (see Nos. 36 to 39) have been made to it. The pictures speak for
themselves. Of the ceramic work, I shall speak later (see pages 29
and 62). A beautiful example of the Dome of the Rock tiles is shown,
No. 39. Mr. Antonius, in his article on the Kutahia craft, pp. 58
and 59, also refers to its revival in Jerusalem.
1 7. A careful record has been kept of all the trees planted in the
city during the two years with which this monograph deals. The
record for the second of these years will be found in Appendix I.
It shows thirty-eight failures in a total of 1,903 trees planted in
1921-2, as against 332 failures in a total of 1,283 planted during
the year 1920-21. The reason of this success is, from the civic
point of view, highly gratifying. The staff learned to understand
jheir work better, the public to give it greater value. The Society
established two nurseries, one in the Citadel Garden, one on the
open land claimed by the municipality and known as Jamal Pasha's
Park, near the Muscovia.
18. The work in the Post Office Square still needs completion.
The stone work has to be finished, the terraces to be paved, and the
circular seat and steps, as shown in Vol. I, p. 25, to be built. But the
trees at the close of 1922 were doing well, and this centre of the town,
instead of being an ugly refuse heap of broken stone and litter, was
taking form and colour. Meantime the land itself, under the new
Town Planning Ordinance, has to be expropriated or the owner com-
pensated. The return upon the capital outlay, it is estimated, will be
from improved values to the municipal buildings in the square and from
the " Sharafia," or betterment tax.
20
Seat in the Citadel Garden.
The gift of Mrs. Elizaheth
McQueen.
Seat in the Citadel Garden. No. -^J.
The gift oj the Anglo-American
Society.
Seat in the Citadel Garden.
The gijt of Mr. Arthur
Franklin.
No. 38.
I <i^■l^^<l
Seat in the Citadel Garden.
The gift oj Miss Virginia
Blandy.
Xo. 39.
20]
y^iffa Gate, the prcsciit LUiidUion, s/wu-ing the market spraiclirig
over the road area and upon the Fosse [noiv covered).
No. 42.
m
1 'II'M-
yaffa Gu:.\ J,, ,i<ing the proposed alterations from the same point,
with the reconstructed caje and a low-built containing wall Jor a
properly regulated market.
rf^-f^^^
\^
n
.\,. 43.
Markets and Khans
19. The work on the markets has progressed but slowly. There
has been no money. And private enterprise does not move readily
in a mould meant for public benefit ; but Mr. Valero, one of the
owners of the Mahanna Yuda property, for which the designs were
shown in Vol. I, p. 27, expressed his willingness to carry out the
scheme, and the tenants of the miserable booths which still disgrace
the entrance to the modern city from the Jaffa side have been given
notice.
More important is the scheme I show of t;he Jaffa Gate Market,
Illustration No. 40. Here the efforts of the Town Planning Commis-
sion, of the municipality, and the Pro-Jerusalem Society, are combined.
The inception was with the latter. The Commission approved the
scheme in principle ; the working out of the finance, in other words
the collection and adjustment of the market dues that will cover the
payment of interest on loan, is with the municipality.
When once the market is moved from the Citadel Fosse and the
latter opened out the whole Jaffa Gate improvement scheme as shown
in plans 40 and 41 will be within measurable distance of accomplish-
ment. This market improvement project should, from the civic point
of view, be studied in conjunction with the new ridge road that lies to
the north, the Jewish scheme for the new business quarter of Antiochus
that lies to the north-east of it, and the new hotel, the site of which will
be seen to the north-west (B on No. 41). All around, from the present
site of the banks and cafes (No. 42), which later might be rebuilt some-
what as shown in my illustration No. 43, should be reserved as open
space or park land as already laid down in the general park plan in
Vol. I, p. 19. Much of this has already, through financial necessity,
being whittled away. If the great idea of the green belt, or what
is left of it round the Holy City, is to be preserved, all ruksahs must
in this area be jealously watched or refused altogether.
21
Jajffa Gate Maidan Improvement Scheme, nvith Market.
No. 40.
MARKETS AND KHANS
A. The New Ridge Road.
B. The Four nezu Building Reservations.
Antiochus.
The Government s Plot.
The French Government's Plot.
The New Hotel.
The Market in front of Jaffa Gate.
C. To be E.vpropriated.
No. 41.
The object of this plan is to show that the land
marked
and at present vacant should be kept clear of all
building in order to preserve uninterrupted the view
to and from the Jaffa Gate.
Key to
The object of the whole scheme is :
1. To give market accommodation.
2. To preserve the unique view from the
Jaffa Gate.
3. To complete the Citadel garden.
4. To widen the Jaffa road at the dangerous
points.
5. To clear away the present unsightly
shanties.
The shaded part on plan No. 40 is the Baruckoff
land it was agreed to expropriate for
market purposes.
A represents later market-extension, to the N.
B represents possible extension to the S., or
plantation.
C areas to be expropriated for road widening and
for opening out the City wall.
D causeway (for foot traffic) with embankment
No. 40.
wall, overlooking the valley of Ales, which
is to remain open, or " park area."
E the old Turkish " sebil " to be replaced.
K suggested new permissible building line
for Banks {but not to exceed existing
heights).
The Market is on two levels, and the accom-
modation given is :
Lower Level — 4 domed store-houses ; 28 stone-
shops ; 54 booths.
Upper Level — 4 domed store-houses ,• 28 stone
shops ; 40 booths ; a sebil and " mastaba '*
at the N. end.
Interior mean width of stone-built shops, 3 m.
Interior mean width of stone-built stores, 5 m.
Interior span of domes, 5 m.
Mean width of zvooden stalls {under tiled awning
2 m. X li m.
MARKETS AND KHANS
20. Closely akin to the schemes put up for market improvements
in the city is that of the proposed Khan at Damascus Gate, immediately
opposite the Governorate. The object here is not only to clear away
the unsightly shops and corrugated iron buildings that obliterate the
Damascus Gate, but also to accommodate the Bedouins and their
camels that enter the city here in great numbers. The sketch plan
(No. 44) shows what is proposed. Here, again, the Valero family, who,
it is suggested, shall build and hold the Khan as a private undertaking,
have evinced a sympathetic interest in the work. As the area of the
proposed Khan is reserved and may not be further built on, and as
the corrugated iron when it falls will not, under the ordinance, be
renewed, it is to be hoped that in default of other more profitable
ventures the building of the Khan will materialize.
24
10 5 0
Scale of Metres
20
"^ Section
A
TiiA//^-^/\.t~Damascu3 Gate
level
The space marked • X 1
shows the Roman ~~__,-'
work underground .
Palestine exploration
clearing. 1867.
The proposed Valero Khan at the Damascus Gate.
F
No. 44.
The Naming of the Streets
21. The record of the civic work of the Pro-Jerusalem Council
during the year 1922 would not be complete without an account of
the street naming. A special sub-committee was, at the instance of
his Excellency the High Commissioner, formed to undertake this
most interesting and by no means easy task. The names had to be in
the three official languages, and the three traditions, Christian, Moslem,
and Jewish, had, so far as possible, to be preserved. Not only that,
their connotations in the language in which they had no precise
meaning had often to be sought out. Here was scope not only for
scholarship but acute political division, and the sub-committee had on
several occasions to be steered over very dangerous rocks. That was
the work of the Assistant Governor, who was chairman of the sub-
committee. I give here the first set of names that have been chosen
and sanctioned up to the close of 1922. Forty-six in the old city and
eighty in the new city were either named or numbered for naming,
and the names in some cases were painted in ceramics, and set in the
streets. The list is so full of history, poetry, and folk-lore that it is
well worth careful study. Since 1922 the list as given below has been
added to and amended in several respects.
THE OLD CITY (WITHIN THE WALLS)
1. New Gate
2. David Street
3. Street of the Chain
4. The Citadel
5. Cloth Merchants' Market
6. Spice Market
7. Meat Market
8. Armenian Street
9. The Muristan
10. Street of the Hospital
11. Citadel Lane
12. Way of Zion Gate
13. Honour Lane
14. Moorish Quarter
15. Moorgate Street
16. Tyropasum
17. Latin Convent Lane
18. Khanqah Street
19. Damascus Gate Street
20. Our Lady's Street
21. Orthodox Convent Street
26
1. Al Bab al Jadid
2. Tariq Mehrab Daud
3. Tariq Bab al Selseleh
4. Maidan al Qal'ah
5. Suq al Tujjar
6. Suq al 'Attarin
7. Suq al Lahhamin
8. Haret al Arman
9. Al Marestan
10. Tariq al Marestan
11. Haret al Qal'ah
12. Tariq al Nabi Daud
13. Haret el Sharaf
14. Haret al Magharbeh
15. Tariq Bab al Magharbeh
16. Al Wad
17. Haret Dair al Ifranj
18. Hosh al Khaneqah
19. Tariq Bab al 'Amud
20. Tariq Bab Sitti Mariam
21. Haret Dair al Rum
THE NAMING OF THE STREETS
22. Herod's Gate Street
22. Tariq Bab al Zahera
23. Sheikh Rihan's Way
23. Tariq al Shaikh Rihan
24. Christian Street
24. Haret al Nasara
25. Feather Lane
25. Haret al Risheh
26. Casa Nova Lane
26. Tariq al Casa Nuova
27. Street of the Latins
27. Tariq al Latin
28. Jews' Street
28. Haret al Yahud
29. El Medan
29. Haret al Maidan
30. Qaraite Street
30. Haret al Qaraim
31. Saadieh Stairs
31. Haret al Sa'diyeh
32. El Asali Street
32. Haret al 'Asali
33-
33-
34. Blacksmith's Lane
34. Haret al Haddadin
35. Bab Hetta Street
35. Haret Bab Hetta
36.
36.
37. Khan al Zeit
37. Khan al Zait
38. Water Melon Alley
38. 'Akabat al Battikha
39. Lentil Convent Lane
39. Sekket Dair al 'Adas
40. Al-Buraq Court
40. Hosh al Buraq
41. Cotton Gate
41. Suq al Qattanin
42. Via Dolorosa
42. Tariq al Alam
43. Bezetha Street
43. Tariq Bait Zaita
44. Dancing Dervish Street
44. Tariq al Maulawiyeh
45. Jacobite Street
45. Tariq Dair al Surian
46. Stork Lane
46. Tariq Laqlaq.
THE NEW CITY (WITHOUT THE
WALLS)
I. Jaffa Road
21. Street of Ezra
2. Nablus Road
22. Gaza Road
3. Jericho Road
23. Constantine's Way
4. Hebron Road
24. Moses Maimonides Street
5. Mamilla Road
25. Street of the Maccabees
6. St. Paul's Road
26.
7. Godfrey de Bouillon Street
27. Isaiah Street
8. Street of the Prophets
28. King George V Avenue
9. Tancred Lane
29. St. John the Baptist Street
ID. Suleiman Road
30. Jeremiah Street
II. Allenby Square
31-
12. Herod's Way
32. Amos Road
13. Nehemiah Road
33. Ben Yehuda Street
14. Agrippa's Way '
34. King Solomon Street
15. Street of Josephus
35-
16. St. Louis's Way
36. Hezekiah Street
17. Julian's Way
37.
18. Q. Melisande's Way
38.
19. Street of Baldwin I
39-
20. Ibn Batuta Street
40. St. George's Road
27
THE NAMING OF THE STREETS
THE NEW CITY (WITHOUT THE WALLS)— Continued
41. St. Stephen's Road 46.
42. Coeur de Lion Street 47-
43. 48-
44- 49-
45. 50-
TOWN PLAN, PART II
51. Saladin's Road
52-
Al Mamun's
Way
53-
AI Mahdi's Way
54-
Al Walid Road
55-
Al Malik Road
56.
Omar's Way
TOWN PLAN, PART
III
66.
Unnamed for the present
67.
jj ))
68.
69.
>)
JJ
70.
))
71-
jy
72.
jj
73-
)>
57. Way of Al Mansur
58. Selim I Road
59-
60. Qalaun's Way
61-65 (numbers reserved for unplanned
streets)
74. Unnamed for the present
75' )» )> j»
76. Ein Kerim Road
77. Reserved numbers for unplanned
streets
7°' »» »? «
79- .. » ..
80. ,, „ ,,
28
New Industries,
Educational Work and
Exhibitions
22. The Society, during the two years under review, concentrated
its effort on the three industries of weaving, ceramics, and glass. The
inability of the Administration to carry out the Society's plan for the
proposed Palestine School of Weaving, whose centre was to be in the
Suq al Qattanin, determined the Council to wind up its weaving
apprentice contracts. The enterprise of the "Jerusalem looms" had
either to develop by union with Mejdel and Gaza, become a Palestine
industry, or contract into a purely Jerusalem undertaking. The latter
as an endowed school seemed inadvisable, so it was decided to cancel
the contract with Mr. Batato, arrange for a certain number of shops
to be leased direct to the master weaver, and some of his boys, to retain
the looms and plant for the future school of weaving, and to place out
all the remaining apprentices.
23. In the craft of ceramics the Society, with the aid of the
Department of Education, did a good deal to help the work of Mr.
Ohanessian and the Armenian and Moslem industry of painted tile
work for the Dome of the Rock.
The pergola in the Citadel Garden (Illustration No. 39) has been
already referred to. This was in part the gift of an American lady.
Miss Blandy. The names of the streets are also being painted in
ceramics, and the Society was in great part responsible for the wedding
present of a table centre, a miniature Dome of the Rock in blue
faience, for Princess Mary, for which I made the designs.
The method adopted in regard to apprenticeship and training
in the school of ceramics is much the same as it was in the "Jerusalem
looms." The young men and women are indentured to learn the
craft as far as possible right through. The supervision rests with the
Department of Education, and the Department and the Society con-
jointly put up the money.
24. The craft of the Hebron glassblowers still hangs on by a
thread. The Society in 1921 had a furnace erected in the Via Dolorosa,
at the Dome of the Rock pottery, and got some of the Hebron crafts-
men to work. An example of these experiments is shown below,
in the work they did under my direction at Government House (see
29
NEW INDUSTRIES AND EDUCATIONAL WORK
Nos. 56 and 57). Some ^E.50 or ;^E.6o was spent in this experiment,
and it was one well worth making. It proved certain things essential
to our knowledge before the revival of the craft of glass work could
be seriously undertaken. First, that this craft was an integral part
of the structure of Moslem agricultural society. The men work
in short but intense spells for many hours at a stretch to retain the
furnace at the necessary heat, and then alternate these periods with
long stretches of work in the fields, adjusting their work at the craft
to the Palestine season and the crops. It proved next, that the furnace,
for economy and annealing capacity, had to be constructed of a certain
size, the unitary workshop group being five or six men or boys in
each ; and that below this group it could not be made to work econo-
mically. And it proved, last, that the problem of fuel and its transport
to Hebron and Jerusalem was not yet mastered. A knowledge of
these preliminary conditions is needed to determine the capital or the
basic organization required for the re-establishment of the craft. The
necessary resources were not at the Society's disposal, but I am con-
vinced it can be done. It is, first, a matter of intelligent administration,
with a little financial backing by the Education Department. But
it must be done soon. Since these lines were written the craftsmen
who conducted the Society's experiment and did for me the work at
Government House have left the country in search of work. There
is now, they say, more " Baraka," that is the blessing of the Lord, in
Constantinople than in Palestine.
25. The last enterprises of the Society to be reviewed in these
pages are its exhibitions in the Citadel. These have, it is hoped,
been a help in the education of the community. There were three
during the two years, and all of considerable interest. The exhibition
of the year 1921 was in part town planning and the crafts encouraged
by the Society, in part ancient Moslem art, in part modern Palestinian
effort. In 1922 the Society had a special show of Mr. Benton Fletcher's
Jerusalem drawings. Some of these were prepared specially for the
Society, and have been already referred to, and two (Nos. 26 and 31)
are shown in these pages. This exhibition was followed by another
dealing with the crafts and industries of Palestine, initiated by the
Society, but conducted and financed under a special Commission
appointed by the High Commissioner to investigate the crafts in
relation to agriculture. The data provided by this exhibition and the
30
NEW INDUSTRIES AND EDUCATIONAL WORK
findings of the Commission are of profound interest and importance
to the future of Palestine. Is the life to be agricultural or industrial ?
Can it be both ? If not, to what extent is the former to be dependent
upon western industrialism ? The whole Zionist problem is involved
in this, for it means the life of the Jewish colonies. Are they going
to continue to be dependent on outside support ? Will they develop
mechanical power intelligently ? will they practise by-crafts, as the
Palestinian peasant has done for thousands of years ? Here are not
only vital problems in the theory of civics, the Zionist question itself
is involved, and the Mandate for Palestine.
Finance
26. A word in conclusion as to the Society's finance. The
Administration gives to the Society pound for pound of what it
receives in subscriptions and donations. These during the year
ending January 1922 amounted to ^E. 1,218, so that the income,
exclusive of special grants for education or fresh subscriptions and
donations, will for the current year be double that sum. As this
record is taken up to the end of the second year of the Civil Adminis-
tration, i.e. July I, 1922, it is only possible to give complete accounts
to the end of the year 1921. This I do below, showing how the money
'received by the Society was accounted for. An analysis of the monthly
outlays is shown in the Appendix, No. 3.
CASH ACCOUNT
Payments
Receipts
Balance in hand from January
I, 1921 •• ••
By grants, subscriptions, and
receipts from all sources . .
i:E.857
5,268
6,125
By total expenditure for the
year
Balance in hand on Decem-
ber 31, 1921
££.5,276
„ 849
6,125
The Society had liabilities in respect of payments still due before
next 30 June, contracts with its apprentices, etc., amounting to about
jTE.joo. It had assets in the capitalized value of its rent-bearing
properties, its stocks of iron, wood, books, trees, nursery, glass, and
museum objects, but of these none except the books and the glass are
to be considered as marketable.
C. R. ASHBEE.
31
Porte S^Estienm
Josaphat
Fbrte David
Fbsteme de laTannene
^Porte du Mont Syon
Plan oj the Holy City in the Thirteenth Century.
Fbrte de
Belcayre
No. 45.
L'Etat de la Cite de
Jerusalem au XIP Siecle
Par le Rev. Pere F. M. Abel, O.P.
Pour se rendre compte de la physionomie de la Jerusalem m^dievale
il faut joindre a la lecture des itineraires celle des descriptions, des
chartes et des plans de I'epoque des Croisades. Les itineraires ou
recits de voyage ne s'interessant guere qu'aux choses du p^lerinage
ne touchent qu'en passant i I'etat de la ville. Leur t^moignage n'est
pas a d^daigner, mais ils demandent h etre completes par les esquisses
techniques comme celle de " la Citez de Jherusalem " et les nombreuses
allusions des actes publics que confirment dans les grandes lignes
les releves graphiques executes aux XIP et XIIP siecles. La presente
description a pour objet de dresser le cadre de la ville sainte d'apres
les conclusions tirees de I'etude et de la comparaison des documents
entre eux. Si pour I'une ou I'autre des identifications proposdes et
qu'on trouvera dans le plan ci-joint il est difficile d'arriver h. une solution
certaine, on s'est arrete a I'approximation la plus stricte dans les cas
douteux, qui sont d'ailleurs en infime minorite. C'est ainsi que nous
pouvons presenter comme un resultat acquis I'ordre des portes et le
reseau des rues principales a I'interieur des remparts, car il n'entre pas
dans notre dessein de franchir les limites de I'enceinte pour battre les
chemins de la banlieue. Cet apergu suffira pourtant a jeter quelque
lumiere sur la vie civile de cette periode lointaine et fournira peut-etre
quelque inspiration en vue de la restauration de la Jerusalem moderne
qui n'est autre que la cite medievale, degradee, dechue et ruinee.
II ne sera pas sans interet de constater que les denominations passees
dans I'usage d'alors se trouvaient logiquement fondees soit sur d'ancien-
nes traditions, soit sur la presence d'un edifice connu, soit sur la proxi-
mite d'une corporation ou d'une colonic, constatation qui nous fait
regretter davantage les modifications imposees a I'Onomastique de
Jerusalem par la topographic arbitraire mise en vigueur au cours du
XV^ siecle. Afin d'obtenir plus de clarte dans I'exposition nous
traiterons successivement des portes de la ville, des quartiers, des rues,
G 33
L'ETAT DE LA CITE DE JERUSALEM AU XIP SIECLE
des marches, des hospices, des bains, des moulins et des fours, sans
aborder la question des sanctuaires autrement qu'en relation avec les
voies auxquelles ils communiquent leur vocable.
Partes. — En appelant Porie David I'entr^e occidentale les mddi^-
vaux ne faisaient que conserver une appellation byzantine provenant
de la proximite de la Citadelle qui etait connue sous le nom populaire
de Tour de David. La Poterne Saint-Ladre, ou Saint Lazare, que
Ton rencontrait au nord tirait son nom du voisinage de la Maladrerie,
ou leproserie situee non loin de Tangle nord-ouest de la ville. Cette
issue secondaire qui a ete retrouvde muree dans le jardin des Peres
Franciscains etait encore en usage aux environs de 1 500 avec le nom
de " Porte du Couvent des Serbes." Les Serbes possedaient alors le
monastere de Saint-Michel contigu a Saint-Sauveur, C'est aussi en
conformity avec I'usage byzantin que le Moyen-age donnait a la porte du
nord (bab el-'Amoud) le nom de Porte Saint-^tienne, parce qu'elle
s'ouvrait dans la direction du lieu oii la tradition primitive avait plac6
le martyre du premier diacre et sur lequel Eudocie avait acheve la
basilique fondee par le patriarche Juvenal. Au XIP siecle, une chapelle
perpetuait ce meme souvenir. Ce n'est que bien plus tard que ce
vocable fut transf^re a la porte de Test par quelques Occidentaux, sans
que toutefois fut abolie la mdmoire de I'ancienne localisation. Au
XVIP siecle, le topographe Quaresmius sera contraint de deployer
toute sa casuistique pour resoudre ce probleme : Porta sancti Stephani
quomodo cum orientalis sit aquilonaris did possit ? Comment expliquer
qu'une porte que les t^moins antiques placent au nord puisse se trouver
^ I'orient ? La solution donnee est pitoyable, mais la confusion ne
s'en est pas moins poursuivie jusqu'a nos jours en vertu de la tendance
moutonniere des drogmans, des imprimeurs de cartes postales et des
dresseurs de plans ignorant I'histoire et enclins au moindre effort.
Les Juifs, si Ton en croit Benjamin de Tudele, nommaient Porte
d' Abraham la porte septentrionale, reservant le vocable de David ^
notre moderne Porte de Jaffa suivant la coutume generale. II est i
remarquer, en effet, qu'un plan du Moyen-age place dans les environs
une eglise Saint-Abraham.
Dans la muraille qui constituait un renforcement de Tangle nord-est
du rempart, vis-a-vis de la breche par laquelle Godefroy de Bouillon
avait penetre dans la ville, les documents signalent la presence de la
Poterne Sainte-Madeleine qui ne donnait pas immediatement dans
34
L'ETAT DE LA CITE DE JERUSALEM AU XIP SIECLE
la campagne mais dans un espace resserre entre deux murs — " dont on
ne povoit mie issir au chans, mais entre II murs aloit on." Elle avoisi-
nait I'eglise jacobite de Sainte-Madeleine. Quant a I'entree orientale,
on I'appelait communement Porte de Josaphat tant chez les chrdtiens
que chez les juifs, en raison de sa position sur le bord de la valine de
Josaphat. Les itineraires grecs lui donneront jusqu'a nos jours le
vocable de Porte de Gethsemani, manifestant ainsi que toute autre
appellation leur est etrangere.
La denomination de Poterne de la Tannerie attribute ^ la moderne
bab el-Mogharbeh venait de ce qu'elle s'ouvrait vers la piscine de
Siloe dont I'eau etait reconnue excellente pour tanner les cuirs. A la
preparation des peaux qui se pratiquait encore au XV* siecle en cet
endroit, il faut ajouter la buanderie et I'irrigation des jardins, car I'eau
de Siloe, peu recherchee comme boisson, ne servait guere qu'a I'industrie
et a I'arrosage — " De celle aigue, tanoit Ton les cuirs de la cite, et si
en lavoit Ton les dras, et en abevreit Ton les jardins, qui estoient desoz
en la valee." La Porte de Mont-Syon se trouvait directement a I'extrd-
mite des deux rues paralleles qui viennent du centre de la ville, de
sorte que pour plus de commodite I'abbaye du Mont-Syon s'dtait
fait accorder le droit de percer une porte suppl^mentaire ^ I'aboutisse-
ment de la rue des Armeniens. Cette derniere etait dite Porte de
Belcayre, soit a cause du grand square de Tangle sud-ouest du rempart
(Bellum Quadrum), soit a cause de I'installation des gens de Baucaire
aux abords de cet angle. On sait en efFet que les gens de Raymond de
Saint-Gilles, apres avoir assiege la ville de ce cote, avaient du occuper
cette region,
Quartiers. — S'il est difficile de tracer une ligne de demarcation
bien definie entre les differents groupes ethniques qui peuplaient
alors I'interieur de la ville, il n'est pas impossible d'aboutir a une
repartition generale tout en admettant sur certains points une com-
penetration inevitable due aux hasards de I'installation qui suivit la
conquete, a des necessites commerciales et aux exigences de I'association
corporative ou de souvenirs religieux.
Deux quartiers considerables se partageaient le nord de la ciii :
celui du Patriarche limite par la rue David et la rue Saint-Etienne, et
celui des Syriens ou Chretiens indigenes sur la colline du Bezetha.
Le Quartier du Patriarche repondait au quartier chrdtien organist
sous Constantin Monomaque. II contenait une quantitd de petits
35
L'ETAT DE LA CITE DE JERUSALEM AU XIP SIECLE .
monasteres grecs, et autres dont les vocables ont persist^ jusqu'^ nos I
jours. Autour du Saint-Sepulcre se pressaient le palais du Patriarche "
ct les batiments du chapitre des Chanoines et, non loin de la, au midi,
rimposante maison des Hospitallers, ou Chevaliers de Saint-Jean
et les deux abbayes benedictines : Sainte-Marie Latine et Sainte-
Marie la Grande. Ce quartier ^tait done en grande partie
eccl^siastique.
Les Chretiens de langue arabe occupaient la portion de la ville
comprise entre le Haram et le rempart septentrional, quartier d^signd
sous le nom de yuiverie, sans doute parce que precedemment il abritait
la petite colonie juive de Jerusalem. Mais on ne la trouve plus 1^
au XIF siecle. Les deux cents juifs qui exercent le metier de teinturiers
dont ils ont le monopole sont alors confines dans un coin de la ville sous
la Tour de David.
Les Templiers et les moines de I'Abbaye du Temple se partageaient
I'esplanade du Haram oil s'elevaient leurs residences, leur arsenal avec
les ^curies dans les substructions oil Ton parvenait par des portes pra-
tiquees dans le mur meridional. Des jardins occupaient les parties non
dallies.
Au sud de la ville les Hermins ou Armdniens sont group^s ^
I'ombre de Teglise de Saint-Jacques. Les Europeens ou Francs habitent
le quartier juif actuel, le centre de la ville et les abords du Haram.
Dans la rue du Mont-Syon les chartes signalent les habitations de
Guillaume Angevin, de Marie Lachevere, de Jean de Lisbonne, des
sieurs Turoz, Mahafe, Litart, Jean Raimont ; dans la rue Saint-
Martin : Richard Capons, Pierre Baron, Guillaume Tortuz, Etienne
de Cahors, et dans les memes parages le Syrien Seyr et le medecin
Bulfarage. On retrouve aussi des noms fran^ais dans la rue du Temple
et sur la ligne nord du Haram. Les Allemands ont une rue et un
hospice au plus haut point du quartier des synagogues actuel. Des
Lombards et des Espagnols habitent aux environs du serail turc.
Benjamin de Tudele est frappe de la multiplicite des langues qui se
parlent, et Jean de Wiirzbourg se plaint qu'on ait fait la part trop petite
aux Allemands dans une ville qu'occupent " Francs, Lorrains, Nor-
mands, Proven^aux, Auvergnats, Italiens, Espagnols et Bourguignons."
Parmi les privileges accordes par le roi aux cit^s maritimes on compte
la concession d'une rue aux Genois, aux Venitiens, aux Pisans et aux
Marseillais. Les chartes mentionnent en passant une rue d'Espagne ;
36
L'ETAT DE LA CITE DE JERUSALEM AU XIP SIECLE
dans la foule des signatures de contrats nous remarquons celles de
plusieurs Anglais.
Rues. — De la Porte David au Haram on suivait la rue David et
la rue du Temple desquelles se detachaient perpendiculairement vers
le sud la rue des Hermins (Armeniens), la rue du Mont-Syon, la rue de
PArc Judas et la rue aux Allemands, ces deux dernieres unies par la
rue Saint-Martin. Du cote septentrional de I'artere David-Temple
partaient la rue du Patriarche, et le triple bazar : rues aux Herbes,
rue Malcuisinat et rue Couverte dont nous avons trait^ au volume
precedent (No. 65), puis la rue Saint-Julien et la rue des Pelletiers
qui passant sous la rue du Temple conduisait vers la Poterne de la
Tannerie. Ce passage couvert nomme le Pont a ^t^ condamn^ sous
les Mamelouks.
Au centre de la ville la rue des Paumiers, oil des Syriens vendaient
des cierges et des palmes que les pelerins rapportaient comme souvenir
de voyage, aboutissait au parvis du Saint-Sepulcre, tandis que la rue
du Sepulcre passait au nord de la basilique desservant le prieure et le
patriarcat. Ces deux rues avaient leur point de depart sur la grande
artere dite rue Saint-Etienne, aujourd'hui Khan ez-Zeit. Au cot^
oppose, c'est-a-dire a Test, s'amor9aient la rue du Marechal (i) qui se
confondait avec la rue Sainte-Anastasie, la rue Saint-Jean PEvan-
geliste et la rue Saint-Cosme appel^e ^ faire partie, plus tard, de la voie
Douloureuse.
La rue de Josaphat aboutissait a la porte du meme nom. La rue
du Repos tirait son nom de la proximite du moustier erige sous ce
vocable a I'Antonia.
II y a plus de difficulte a identifier les rues concedees aux cites
maritimes ou a d'autres nationalites comme la rue d'Espagne que
Ton trouve en relation avec Saint-Jean I'Evangeliste. Ainsi en va-t-il
pour celles qui ne sont designees que par le nom d'un notable qui y
possedait sa demeure telles que la rue de Girard Lissehonette, la rue de
Romain du Puy, la rue de Lauremer, etc.
Marches. — A I'interieur de la Porte David s'etendait la Place
au 6le, vaste espace reserve a la vente des cereales et dont la Fonde,
ou khan servant de Chambre de commerce, n'etait pas ^loignee. Les
villes de la cote n'etaient pas les seules a jouir de cette institution
composee de jures Syriens et Francs. Un acte d'Amaury I, en 1173,
(i) La rue Marzban de Moudjir ed-Din.
37
L'ETAT DE LA CITE DE JERUSALEM AU XIP SIECLE
mentionne la Fonde de Naplouse " Funda Neapolitana," une charte
de 1 1 14, celle de Jerusalem (i).
A I'ombre des abbayes du Mauristan se trouvait le Marche principal
" ou on vendoit les oes (oeufs), les fromages, les poules et les oisiaux " ;
les vendeurs de poissons avaient egalement leur place. Tout autour
s'alignaient les echoppes des orfevres latins et des orfevres syriens.
Le triple bazar parallele, a peu de distance de la, abritait les marchands
de legumes, les cuisiniers-traitants, les coiffeurs et les drapiers. Deux
banques, I'une a chaque extremite, facilitaient les transactions : le
Change Latin et le Change Syrien.
Bouchers, ecorcheurs, cordonniers bordaient la rue du Temple
au sud de laquelle, dans les terrains vagues, on trouvait la Biijierle ou
marche aux bestiaux. Dans la rue voisine les pelletiers preparaient
peaux et fourrures. Plus proche du Saint-Sepulcre les Syriens vendaient
leurs draps et fabriquaient des cierges sous une roue voutee. Les
boutiques des bazars etaient designees sous le nom de stationes. Le
Saint-Sepulcre en fit construire de nouvelles au Khan ez-Zeit ; Sainte
Anne et le Temple en possedaient au centre de la ville.
Moulins et Fours. — Un recensement des revenus de I'Hopital
(i 170) fait allusion a un moulin k huile de la rue Saint-Etienne (KhSn
ez-Zeit, ou khan de I'huile) — molendinum olivarum in ruga S. Stephani.
Des moulins a ble se trouvaient en ville concedes a I'abbaye de Josaphat.
Les Hospitallers avaient aussi le leur. Celui de Saint-Lazare pres
la Tour de David fut enleve par la reine Melissende en i 151 comme
nuisible a la Porte et a la Tour. Sur le cote droit de la rue du Temple
on voyait la maison du minotier Leger.
Les fours sont dissemines par toute la ville. Sauf deux qui sont
la propriete des Hospitallers et un appartenant a la Latine, ils relevent
tous du Saint-Sepulcre. On les signale dans la rue David, devant la
porte de Saint-Jacques, devant la residence de Rohard le chatelain de
la Tour, en face de I'eglise Saint-Martin, dans la rue du Mont-Syon,
vis-a-vis de I'eglise Saint-Thomas des Allemands, devant Saint-Gilles
vers le Pont, devant la Boucherie, vers la Tannerie, dans les rues
Malcuisinat, d'Anastasie et du Repos, trois au quartier syrien (Juiverie) :
^ Saint-Helie, a Sainte-Agnes, et celui de Martin Karaon ; d'autres
dans les rues de Girard de Lisbonne, de Tremailes et de Saint-Etienne,
(i) Le patriarche percevait les dimes de la Fonde, qui appartenait a son quartier. Un
plan medieval situe une eglise Saint-Georges in Funda pres de la Place au ble.
38
L'ETAT DE LA CITE DE JERUSALEM AU XIP SIECLE
pres de Saint-Chariton, devant la porte du Saint-S^pulcre, pres de
Saint-Pastor.
Hospices, Bains, etc. — Les pelerins latins trouvaient aisement i
loger dans les vastes salles de I'Hopital Saint-Jean qui recevait aussi
les pauvres et les malades. Les abbayes avaient egalement leurs hotel-
leries ou les voyageurs etaient heberges. Un plan de 1180 marque
deux tavernes sur la rue du Mont-Syon. Les Hongrois avaient un
pied-a-terre a quelque distance au nord du Saint-Sepulcre, les Alle-
mands a Sainte-Marie sur la rue qui portait leur nom. Les Orientaux
devaient se loger dans leurs quartiers, autour de leurs eglises, les
Armeniens a Saint-Jacques, les Jacobites a Sainte-Madeleine, les
Grecs a la metochie de Saint-Sabas pres la Tour de David ou encore a
I'hospice dependant du monastere du Sinai.
Une bulle de 11 79 fait mention des bains [balnea) que possede
I'abbaye du Mont-Syon a I'interieur des murs. Les restes d'une
installation balneaire retrouves en 1870 du cote de bab es-Silsileh
nous reportent au bain signale en 1229 a proximite de la Boucherie.
Les bains du Patriarche alimentes par I'eau du birket Hammam el-
Batralc (lac des bains du Patriarche) sont encore bien connus quoique
abandonnes. Aux abords de I'eglise Saint-Martin il existait aussi
un bain. Les autres n'ont aucune mention speciale.
La porcherie du Patriarche confinait des terrains vagues situds
vers Tangle nord-ouest du cote de la Tour de Tancrede.
Pres de la Porte Saint-fitienne on marque xin palatium appartenant
^ Sainte-Marie Latine. Quant au palais royal et a la citadelle nous
n'avons rien a ajouter ^ ce qui a ete dit au volume precedent, No. 61.
Les voutes de certaines rues apparaissent a maintes reprises dans
les chartes, en particulier celles du Change de I'Hopital, de Robert,
de Roger I'Anglais sur la rue du Temple, de Sainte-Marie la Petite
dans la rue des Drapiers, et sous les maisons de Robert le Hongrois.
" Presque toutes les rues, ecrit Theodoric en 1172, sont construites^
dans le has avec de grandes dalles, au-dessus la plupart ont des voutes
de pierre, percees de jours de distance en distance. Les maisons
elevees en appareil soigne se terminent non pas avec des toits inclines
comme chez nous, mais avec des terrasses planes, propres a recevoir Teau
des pluies que Ton recueille dans des citernes pour I'usage des habitants
qui n'usent pas d'autre eau. Les bois propres ^ I'industrie ou au chaufFage
sont chers, car le Liban, qui seul abonde en cedres, en cypres et en pins,
39'
L'ETAT DE LA CITE DE JERUSALEM AU XIP SIECLE
est trop doigne et les embuscades des ennemis en rendent I'acces
impossible." Les observations de Rey (Les Colonies Franques de
Syrie, p. 238) sur I'etat forestier de la Syrie et de la Palestine corrigent
ce que cette derniere reflexion d'un voyageur de passage presente de
trop absolu.
F. M. Abel,
Prof, a I'Ecole Biblique et Archeologique de
Saint-Etienne, Jerusalem.
40
Extracts from the Diary of a
Franciscan Pilgrim OF THE i6th Century
Contributed by H. C. Luke
Note. — The hitherto unpublished Latin manuscript, from which I translate the
following extracts concerning Jerusalem, came into my possession some twelve years
ago. The manuscript, which is entitled " A Pilgrimage from Rome to Jerusalem," is
unsigned and undated, but, from internal evidence, must have been written somewhere
about 1560. All that the manuscript reveals of its author is that he was a member of
the Franciscan Order and a native of Italy. — H. C. L.
" Having arrived in the Holy City of Jerusalem we were lodged
with the friars of St. Francis, on Mount Zion, although not in the
convent, from which our friars have been expelled. The Turks
and the Moors occupy that place as a mosque, together with the Holy
Czenaculum and the Chapel of the Holy Ghost, which descended
upon the Apostles on the day of Pentecost. The sites of other miracles,
which took place on Mount Zion, are also in the hands of the Turks ;
and then they took the C^enaculum and the Chapel of the Holy Ghost,
and, eight years later, the cloister. In the year 1552 they seized, a
little at a time, the whole of the monastery and large church which
was situated at the side of the Csnaculum, on the very spot where
Christ said to Thomas, Infer manum tuam. Behind the convent there
is a stone, set in a wall so that it may not be lost, which is said to have
been transported by an angel from Mount Sinai. Close by the place
where stood this church are many other holy sites, such as the place
where the Virgin Mary passed from this life to the other ; where she
was anointed ; where the Apostle John the Evangelist celebrated mass.
Some say that the Virgin Mary lived in these buildings for fourteen
years after Christ's Ascension. Here, too, is the place where St. James
the Less was elected Bishop of Jerusalem ; the place where the lot for
the Apostolate fell upon Matthias ; where Christ sent the Apostles
out to preach ; where St. Stephen the Protomartyr was buried by his
followers after he had been stoned, although his body, with that of St.
Lawrence, lies in Rome, without the walls. Many other wonders
took place in this church, of which vestiges still remain. The Casna-
H 41
DIARY OF A FRANCISCAN PILGRIM
culum and the Chapel of the Holy Ghost were at the side of the said
church, somewhat higher up. We there observed a stone commemo-
rating the spasm of the Blessed Virgin, who was as though dead when
she saw her Son despised upon the cross. This stone was preserved
and carried into the said monastery ; and, so that it should not be
lost, the friars took care to place it in the lintel of one of the doors of
the monastery.
" Beyond Mount Zion, by the city wall, is to be seen the place
where the Jews wished to stop the coffin containing the body of the
Blessed Virgin when the Apostles were carrying her to burial in the
Valley of Jehoshaphat ; but, as they did so, their arms and hands
became rigid. At that time this place and the Mount were within
the city. Ascending in this direction we found the cave where Peter
wept bitterly after having denied Jesus Christ. From this place is
seen the brook. Kidron, which is now spanned by a small stone bridge.
From this bridge, towards the upper part of the valley, begins the
Valley of Jehoshaphat, which is not very long nor very wide : it is
perhaps a mile in length and a stone's throw, or perhaps a little more,
in width. Below the bridge is the Valley of Siloam. In this brook
the poor friars have been living, since their expulsion in 1552, in the
place where stood their bakery. Here they celebrate, eat, and sleep,
and bake the bread for themselves and for the religious of the Holy
Sepulchre and of Bethlehem. These are things that would provoke
tears if they were taken more deeply into consideration by our superiors
and by the Pope. If the Almighty had not provided, everything
would have been taken away from them. The monastery of Mount
Zion stands outside the city ; we were accommodated in a place close
to it, also outside the city, because the Turk, in the year 1548, caused
the city to be enclosed within a new wall, changing the line of the
old one. Thus the city has been contracted on the south, where is
Mount Zion, and enlarged towards the north ; and so the convent of
Mount Zion, which was formerly within the city, is now outside it.
The converse is the case of the Holy Sepulchre, which once was without,
but is now within, the city, together with Mount Calvary.
" Having obtained permission from the Saracen monks who,
against money, give permission to enter by night the convent of Mount
Zion, and having received the keys, we were able, together with the
monks, to visit the Holy Csnaculum, where Jesus Christ supped with
42
DIARY OF A FRANCISCAN PILGRIM
His disciples, where He instituted the Sacrament of the Eucharist,
and where He washed the feet of the Apostles, There is still to be seen
the stone marking the place where Jesus pronounced that divine dis-
course after the supper (John xiii., sqq.) ; now the Casnaculum is a
Saracen mosque. Above the Casnaculum is the Chapel of the Holy-
Ghost. In the middle is a wall which the Saracens have discovered.
The Csenaculum is eleven paces long and seven paces wide. Below
the Casnaculum we saw the cell where the Virgin Mary lived for several
years after the ascension of Christ into heaven, and another, which
housed St. John the Evangelist. David and Solomon are said to lie
buried in an underground place ; we know from Holy Writ that their
sepulchre is on Mount Zion (3 Kings ii. and xi. : Sepuitus est in ctuitate
David pair is sui). For this reason the Saracens consider us unworthy
of [owning] these places, where lie buried their Patriarchs David and
Solomon ; for they hold the Patriarchs in great esteem, making them
to be descended from the race of Mohammed. On this account they
took away the holy monastery, having obtained it from the Grand
Turk. In the year of the capture of the island of Rhodes [1521]
there was only water in the brook when it rained. At the brook is a
tomb, which some say is that of Absalom, others that of King Jehosha-
phat, whence the valley is called the Valley of Jehoshaphat. Close to
it is the valley and the garden of Gethsemane, and, near by in the
Valley of Jehoshaphat, the tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary, within
a church. Twenty paces from this church, on Olivet, is a cave where
Christ prayed many times and sweated drops of blood for us. It is
a holy underground place, down which one descends eight steps ;
almost in the middle is an open hole and within are pillars carved of
the very rock of the cave. Here mass is said at times, especially in
Holy Week. In these places there are many indulgences. By the
entrance to Gethsemane is the place where Christ left the eight apostles
and took with Him the other three, namely Peter, James, and John,
and after a little while enjoined them to stop and watch while He went
to the aforesaid cave and prayed to the Father.
" Before the entrance to the Holy Sepulchre each pilgrim pays nine
castellani ; then come four or five Turkish officials to open the gate,
together with their scribe, and when they have taken the names of
43
DIARY OF A FRANCISCAN PILGRIM
the pilgrims and of their countries and have increased the amount of
the fee, they open the gate with much to-do with their keys, taking
away the seal. Having entered, we saluted the religious who live
therein, and, all together, preceded by the cross, went in procession
to visit the holy places in this great church, the friars at every holy
place saying the appropriate prayers, followed by an antiphon. The
Turks then closed and sealed the gate and went away, not returning until
the next day or two days after. In the meantime the pilgrims consoled
themselves with many visits to the holy places, above all to the Holy
Sepulchre of Christ, a spot worthy of all veneration. . . . This
sepulchre is built from east to west, for, when the sun rises, it enters
by the larger chapel through the aforesaid door of the Holy Sepulchre.
In the edicule, which, as I have said, is square (although the inside
chapels are almost round), is a small chapel belonging to the Coptic
Christians. ... In perambulating the church, which is very
large, we visited the green (i) stone on which Christ was anointed
after His death. Close to this is the place where the Virgin Mary,
with the other women, watched from afar when they placed Jesus
Christ upon the cross ; it is distant a good stone's throw from Calvary.
Afterwards we visited Mount Calvary, ascending to it by nineteen steps.
There is the chapel where Jesus was crucified upon the cross. This
chapel belongs to the friars of St. Francis. There are many lamps in
the place, and beside it is the place where the cross was erected and
placed in the hole, which is now to be seen surrounded with silver.
The hole in the rock is a cubit in depth and a hand's breadth in width ;
it is round. This chapel belongs to the Greeks. At the sides of the
holes are two columns, showing where were set up the crosses of the
thieves. To the right of the chapel is the rock which was rent when
Christ died : quia petrce scissce sunt. Underneath this same chapel,
almost below the hole of the cross, is the place where was found the
head of Adam, and the rent in the rock comes down as far as here.
Having descended from Mount Calvary we saw six or seven tombs of
Kings of this city, among them that of Godfrey of Bouillon, and of
King Baldwin. . . . Around the church live the representatives of
all the Christian nations, who have their special places and their lamps
here ; those who live here are either priests or members of religious
orders. First come the friars of St. Francis ; secondly, the Greeks ;
(i) The present Stone of Unction is a slab of pink marble. — H. C. L.
44
DIARY OF A FRANCISCAN PILGRIM
thirdly, the Syrians ; fourth, the Jacobites ; fifth, the Georgians ;
sixth, the Abyssinians ; seventh, the Copts ; eighth, the Nestorians ;
ninth, the Armenians. Our friars of the Holy Sepulchre own twelve
lamps in the chapel [of the Holy Sepulchre], and the other nations
have also some."
H. C. Luke.
45
Till- CURlSriAN COMMIXITIHS IX
Till- Hoi Y Si-ri i.cuRi-
Bv H. ^\ I i-jcE
Among the feuturci; which Sv, . .:.- the Church ot the Holy
Sepulchre fn>in the other sanctiuirlcj; oc Chrijtcudoni i<; the tact that it
is not ser\-evi by ;i single cvMuniunity, but is shared by many Christian
denominations, Ihis circumstance has been the controlling element
in its history since the end of the Crus;\ding Kingdom ot Jerusalem.
Its .."" .'s tnarily concerned with the claims to its shrines and
ch.ipiis . : : . < •unrhes of East and West, and with the tiuctuations of
their l\ . . . . s within its walls. In the following pages I have
attemptevi to gi\'e a very rapid yet cv>ntinuous sur\'ey of this aspect
of the Jloly Sepulchre's history ; .-. oo..-.prehensi\-e one \\x)uld casUy
fiU se%c: ' \.' • nes. It wUl in\vl\e, when it comes to be under-
take;!. •■. : o;'..y a study of the vvimtless wAsrks, both manuscript and
pri: u\-, of the pilgrims ... r tra\-ellers, who in the course of
>cvc;. v-enturies ha\-e WTitten ac. . :;s of the Holy Sepulchre ; it will
also nccvS.<'M:c a critical examination of many Firmans in Arabic, in
Turkis':-. •' :^:- T: -. - A-^.-.b".- '-.r.^n employed by some of the
C.u-.c-.s ^ . / N, ^ \:\ • :. u , .c Moslem rulers of Palestine
: -^ the seA v v ..mumities in the Holy Sepulchre, The circum-
stance tha: :' Sv Kirmans are not infrequently in contradiction with
o -A ' . •'■'■ ■ ' . the difficulties of the Holy Haces Commis-
> . :-.v;-. ;;•...: . stUMte^! and h:?s begun to address itself to
•: . . .^SCCUticr. :- : ^x
In looo,. whev, T . v within the dominions of the Fatimite
Khadifs ' 3 tyrannical Khalif Hakim bi-amr-
lUakc - c~^upof buildings, whose successors
wcr«s. ■ Churdi of the Holy Sepulchre,
The b. ^ ^ .,-. by the Patriarch Modestus
aftv > .s :\ : . i. : c razed to the ground, or
.*• the foundations *" witose
. . ^ v..: ...u. .% '* oduld not be torn out
:le**(i) were - -, remain. Ele-ven years
. XiceplKv...v. \\ho had previously been a carpenter
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN HOLY SEPULCHRE
In Hakim's employ, made use of his acquaintance with the Khalif to
secure permission tor the Christians to resume their services " suivant
n'importe quel rite ou n'importe quelle croyance . . . dans I'enceinte
dite de I'eglise de la QiSmeh et sur ses ruines " (i). Finally, twenty-
nine years after its destruction, the Church of the Anastasis — that is,
the Church surmounting the Tomb of the Saviour — was restored at
the expense of the Emperor Constantino Monomachus. The restora-
tion of Monomachus did not extend to the Martyrium, that is to say,
to the buildings which had been erected over the sites of our Lord's
Passion ; it was left to the Crusaders, after the establishment of the
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, to unite Anastasis and Martyrium,
together witli their dependent chapels and shrines, into one compre-
hensive cathedral. Partly by utilizing and adapting the existing
buildings, mostly by new constructions, they left a church which to
some extent in fabric, wholly in outline, is the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre as we know it to-day.
While we read that, in the new cathedral, the Orthodox retained
their former altar under the Triumphal Arch (2) together with the
chapel in which was preserved their reliquary of the True Cross (3),
and that the Armenians owned a chapel just within St. Mary's Gate (4),
that mediirval porch, now walled up, which is situated in Christian
Street immediately to the north of the present police post, the Latins
were paramount in the church during the existence of the Latin
Kingdom. Nevertheless, even at this time, most of the Eastern Churches
celebrated their services under the roof of the Holy Sepulchre. In
his hibellus de Locis Sanctis (5) the monk Theodoric, writing about
1 172, gives the following account of the arrangements then in force:
" Before the door of the choir is an altar of no small size, which, how-
ever, is only used by the Syrians (6) in their services. When the daily
Latin services are over the Syrians are wont to sing their hymns either
there outside the choir, or in one of the apses of the church ; indeed,
they have several small altars in the church, arranged and devoted to
their own peculiar use. These are the religious sects which celebrate
divine service in the church at Jerusalem: the Latins, Syrians,
(i) Vincent and Abel, vol. cit., p. 250. (2) IhiJ., p. 266.
(3) Ibui., pp. 269-70. (4) Ibid., p. 269.
(5) English version published by the P.ilestine Pilgrims' Text Society, London, 1891.
(6) Theodoric distinguishes between the Orthodox Arabs and the Orthodox Greeks.
47
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN HOLY SEPULCHRE
Armenians, Greeks (i), Jacobites, and Nubians. All these differ from
one another in language and in their manner of conducting divine
service. The Jacobites use trumpets on their feast days, after the
fashion of the Jews."
The Crusaders lost Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187, regained it
under the Emperor Frederick II for the decade 1 229-1239, and after
that held it no more, although the Latin Kingdom maintained its
foothold in the Holy Land until Acre, its last outpost, fell to the Mame-
luke Melek al-Ashraf in 1291. After 1239 the Saracens took control
of the Holy Sepulchre, and gave the custody of its keys to the two
Moslem families whose descendants still retain it. The end of
undisputed Latin supremacy in the Holy Sepulchre synchronized with
the end of Latin rule in Jerusalem ; by the consent of the Moslem
rulers, given in accordance with the ability to pay the heavy fees which
they exacted, the Eastern Churches now secured their shares in the
fabric (2). The Latin clergy were not expelled from the church, but
by 1333 the Augustinian Canons of the Latin Kingdom are replaced
by the Franciscans, who are henceforth the representatives of Latin
Christianity in the Holy Sepulchre. By 1335 three Orthodox monks
are established within it (3), and are soon followed by representatives
of the other Eastern Churches, who, as we have seen from the extract
from Theodoric's Libellus quoted above, were celebrating their services
in it two centuries previously. The small chapel then known as
St. Mary of Golgotha (now St. Mary of Egypt), which is the lower of
the two chapels that occupy the projecting building in the north-east
corner of the parvis, belonged to the Abyssinians (and is now Orthodox);
the chapel of St. Michael (now in the hands of the Copts), which
adjoins it on the south, then belonged to the Georgians, or, according
to some authorities, to the Jacobites ; that of St. John the Baptist, now
St. James (the southern neighbour of St. Michael), belonged then, as
it does now, to the Armenians. Ludolf of Sudheim, in 1348, finds
" Latins, Greeks, Armenians, Nubians, Syrians and Georgians " in
occupation, and also mentions the Nestorians — zs pessimi heretlci.
Notwithstanding the fact that the Holy Sepulchre was now
(i) Theodoric distinguishes between the Orthodox Arabs and the Orthodox Greeks.
(2) C/. Jeffery, A Brie] Description of the Holy Sepulchre, etc., Cambridge, 1919,
PP- 30-31-
(3) Vincent and Abel, vol. cit., p. 291.
48
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN HOLY SEPULCHRE
accessible to all Churches, the Latins were still able, in the fifteenth
century, to maintain a predominant position, largely thanks to the
protection afforded to them by the Dukes of Burgundy. The man
who obtained for them this assistance was the Burgundian knight
Bertrandon de la Brocquiere, perhaps the most interesting of the
travellers and pilgrims of the fifteenth century. This nobleman, who
visited Jerusalem in 1432, was esquire carver to the Duke of Burgundy,
and it was his account of the condition of the Christians in the Holy
Land that led his master to exert himself to fortify the position of the
Latins in the Holy Sepulchre. De la Brocquiere's description of his
travels ( I ), while full of life and picturesque detail, is marked by
accuracy and good sense, and betrays none of the credulity of so many
of his predecessors. This is his account of the various branches of
Christianity which he found in the Holy Sepulchre : " Among the
free Christians there are but two Cordeliers who inhabit the Holy
Sepulchre, and even they are oppressed by the Saracens ; I can speak
of it from my own knowledge, having been witness of it for two
months. In the Church of the Holy Sepulchre reside also many other
sorts of Christians, Jacobites, Armenians, Abyssinians from the country
of Prester John, and Christians of the girdle ; but of these the Franks
suffer the greatest hardships."
Largely in consequence, no doubt, of the efforts of the Duke of
Burgundy, the Latins improved their position to such an extent that
before the end of the century they held the keys of the chapel surmount-
ing the Tomb itself (2), and, among other shrines, the chapel of St.
Mary and an altar on Calvary. The Chorus Dominorum and the
Prison of Christ belonged as now to the Orthodox. In the Chapel of
Calvary the Georgians took the place of the Armenians, who acquired
instead a portion (which they still hold) of the galleries in the Rotunda.
The Dominican Felix Faber of Ulm, in his discursive Evagatorium (3),
whose epistle dedicatory is dated 1484, assigns to the Georgians
Calvary and the chapel beneath it, together with the chapel of the
(i) Included, in an English version, in Wright, Early Travels in Palestine, London,
1848.
(2) Having dispossessed the Georgians, who held them at the time of the pilgrimage
of Ludolf of Sudheim.
(3) Translated and published by the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, 2 vols., London,
1892.
I 49
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN HOLY SEPULCHRE
Invention of the Cross ; to the Jacobites the Stone of Unction and
" a small chapel adjoining the Lord's monument " ; to the Abyssinians
the Chapel of Derision, which is now in the hands of the Orthodox (i).
Two other fifteenth-century pilgrims deserve special notice in
this connexion. The Franciscan Francesco Suriano, who was subse-
quently to become, for two periods, " Guardian of Mount Zion," that
is to say, the head of the Franciscan Missions in the Holy Land, com-
pleted the first text of his Trattato (2) in 1485. In the twenty-third
chapter of Golubovich's edition, which reproduces the second of the
three texts of the Trattato^ Suriano enumerates ten partners in the
Holy Sepulchre, namely, Latins, Maronites, Greeks, Georgians, Abys-
sinians, Copts, Jacobites, Syrians or Christians of the Girdle, Armenians,
and Nestorians ; and in the ten subsequent chapters he gives a mass
of interesting (also outspoken and, it is to be feared, at times uncharit-
able) particulars of each. He does not, as a rule, define the portions
of the Holy Sepulchre occupied by the several Churches, being more
concerned with the " putrid heresies " of those not in communion
with Rome ; but of the Nestorians, concerning whom the notices of
mediaeval writers in this connexion are scantier than are those dealing
with the other Eastern Churches (3), he says that they own an altar
by what is now the sacristy of the Franciscans.
In the interesting description (4) of his pilgrimage to Jerusalem
in 1494 Pietro Casola, Canon of Milan Cathedral, enumerates nine
communities as sharing the ownership of the Holy Sepulchre, namely,
Latins, Greeks, Georgians, Armenians, Abyssinians, Syrians, Maronites,
Jacobites, and people whom he calls Golbites. He describes the
Orthodox occupancy of the Chorus Dominorum, and states that the
chapel of the Jacobites is behind the Tomb itself ; while Calvary belongs
to the Georgians and the Chapel of Derision to the Abyssinians. He
finds the Armenians in possession of a " chapel which goes down by
many steps under Mount Calvary " — perhaps meaning thereby the
(i) C/. vol. i., pp. 431-439-
(2) // Trattato di Terra Santa e deW Oriente, edited by Father G. Golubovich, O.F.M.,
Milan, 1900.
(3) For the Nestorians in the Holy Sepulchre, cf. also Amico, Trattato delle Piante . . .
di Terra Santa, p. 32.
(4) Margaret Newett, Canon Pietro Casola's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the year 14^4,
Manchester University Press, 1907.
50
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN HOLY SEPULCHRE
Chapel of St. Helena, By " Golbites " the Canon presumably means
the Copts.
Although Casola does not, as do some of the pilgrims, assign a
part of the Holy Sepulchre to the " Christians of the Girdle," he refers
to them on several occasions in the course of his narrative as having
communities in Jerusalem, Ramleh, and elsewhere in Palestine. It
may not be out of place, therefore, to ask ourselves who exactly were
these people, these Chrhtiani della cintura. Most of the mediaeval
authors refer to them as if they were a sect apart. Thus Sir John
Maundeville, no very reliable guide, it is true, in enumerating the
sects of Syria and Palestine, says : " There are others who are called
Christians of the girdle, because they are all girt above." Roberto da
Sanseverino, writing of Jerusalem in 1458, states that " the Christians
of the Girdle are so called because their ancestors were converted by
the miracles performed by Saint Thomas the Apostle with the girdle of
the glorious Virgin Mary, which he received from her when she ascended
into heaven. In remembrance of this, and in sign of devotion, when
they enter the churches for worship, they put on a girdle made like
those sold for the measure of the Holy Sepulchre. According to what
people say the girdle they wear is exactly like that of the glorious
Virgin." Similar accounts are given by Santo Brasca and other pil-
grims (i) ; while Faber goes yet farther astray in blending Georgians,
Nubians, and " Christians of the Cincture " into one impossible
identity. Suriano is nearer the truth when he describes the eighth
in his list of sects in the Holy Sepulchre as Syriani, zioe christiafjt de
la Centura. And Bertrandon de la Brocquiere, who, as we have seen,
includes them among the tenants of the Sepulchre, also refers to them,
as does Casola, as inhabiting villages in Palestine. No foreign eastern
sect would then be mingled with the local population in Palestinian
villages ; and it may be assumed with safety that the " Christians of
the Girdle " were none other than the local native Orthodox Christians,
the people who would now be described as the Arabophone flock
of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The mediaeval writers
almost invariably distinguish between the Orthodox Arabs on the
one hand, and their hierarchy and monks in the Holy Sepulchre,
who were mainly Greeks by race, on the other. The appellation " of
the Girdle " may have originated from the edict ^issued by the
(i) Casola, p. 386, note 77.
51
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN HOLY SEPULCHRE
persecuting Khalif Mutawakil in a.d. 856, whereby Christians and
Jews in his dominions were ordered to wear broad girdles of leather.
The sixteenth century witnesses the beginning of a change in
the balance of power in the Holy Places. The conquest of Palestine
by Sultan Selim I in 1517 from the Mameluke rulers of Egypt
and the incorporation of the country within the Ottoman Empire
inaugurates a renaissance of Orthodox influence at the expense of
the Latins ; and the Franciscans in Jerusalem are beset in the course
of the century with many difficulties, such as the loss of the
Czenaculum in 1 547.
In the Holy Sepulchre the position is not materially altered, but
in 1537 (or 1 571) (i) the Copts erected a small chapel back to back with
that covering the Tomb (2). This chapel shared the fate of the Rotunda
in the fire of 1808, but, with it, was afterwards rebuilt in its present
form. The anonymous sixteenth-century Franciscan, from whose
manuscript description of the Holy Places I have translated extracts
in the previous chapter, enumerates, as we have seen, the Latins,
Greeks, Syrians, Jacobites, Georgians, Abyssinians, Copts, Nestorians,
and Armenians as the occupants of the church.
An informative description of the Holy Sepulchre and its com-
munities in the latter half of the sixteenth century is given by the
Dutch traveller Dr. Leonhart Rauwolff (3), who visited Jerusalem in
1575. As permanent denizens of the Holy Sepulchre Rauwolff
mentions the Latins, Abyssinians, Greeks, Armenians, Georgians,
Nestorians, Syrians, and "Jacobites or Golti." It is to be noted that
by " Syrians " he means Jacobites (he states that they own, as they do
to this day, the House of St. Mark in the south-east quarter of Jerusa-
lem), and that his " Jacobites or Golti " are the Copts. Of the Maronites
he says that " these live not continually in the Temple of Mount
Calvaria, but go often thither on Pilgrimages." In his careful account
of the Holy Sepulchre Rauwolff places the Latins where they are at
present, and the Orthodox in the Chorus Dominorum, also in Calvary,
(i) Vincent and Abel, vol. cit., p. 294.
(2) Zuallardo, in 1587, speaks of an altar in the Holy Sepulchre used by " Goffiti
Indiani." Can he be referring to the Church of Malabar, originally an offshoot of the
Nestorian Church, but now in greater part in communion with the Jacobites ?
(3) An English version of Rauwolff's work is included in John Ray, A Collection of
Curious Travels and Voyages, London, 1693.
52
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN HOLY SEPULCHRE
" which they forced from the Georgians, as they [sc. the Georgians]
did before from the Armenians, by giving money to the Turks."
The Copts have " the chapel behind the Sepulchre of Christ " ; the
Abyssinians " live in the Temple of Mount Calvaria, just by the
church door towards the left, and have through their Lodging a peculiar
way, so that without hindrance, according to their pleasure, they may
go in and out." The Georgians " are also possessed of their peculiar
places, wherein they sing and exercise the Offices, and chiefly of one
in the Church of Mount Calvaria, in the place near the Sepulchre of
our Lord Christ, where He did first appear unto Mary Magdalen in
the similitude of a Gardener, after His Resurrection." Of the
Nestorians Rauwolff only says that " some of their Priests live upon the
Mount Calvaria in the Temple," without specifying the precise locality.
The first half of the seventeenth century is mainly occupied by
the struggle, which had now come to a head, between the Orthodox
and the Latins for supremacy within the Holy Sepulchre. The
former had as their spokesman in the capital the CEcumenical Patriarch,
the latter were powerfully supported by successive French Ambassadors
to the Porte. The battle raged most fiercely, with varying fortunes,
during the years 1 630-1 637, Sultan Murad IV being then on the throne.
In this brief period the right of pre-eminence [prcedominium) in the
Holy Places principally concerned, namely, the Holy Sepulchre, the
Church of the Tomb of the Virgin near Gethsemane and the Basilica
of the Nativity at Bethlehem, alternated no fewer than six times
between the two protagonists (i). Finally, in October, 1637, Theo-
phanes III, Patriarch of Jerusalem, obtained of the Sultan a Firman in
favour of the Orthodox, and thereupon the dispute remained quiescent
until it broke out with renewed violence at Easter, 1674. The English
Ambassador to the Porte was then Sir John Finch, his French colleague
the Marquis de Nointel ; but the lengthy negotiations now inaugurated
with Sultan Mehmed IV, in which these diplomatists took a large share,
left the matter, on the whole, in statu quo ante (2).
(1) These events are related, from somewhat different points of view, in Papado-
poulos, ' JcTTopta TJ}? "EKK\rjaLa<; ' lepoaoXvficov, Jerusalem, 1910, ch. 7, and Golubovich,
/ Frati Minori nel Possesso de'' Liwghi Santi di Gerusalemme e i jalsi Firmani posscduti
dai Greco-Elleni, Florence, 1921. The Latin position is also summarized in the same
writer's La Ouestione de'' Luoghi Santi (extracted from the Archivum Franciscanum
Historicum, vol. xiv), pp. 6-9.
(2) Cj. Abbott, Under the Turk in Constantinople, London, 1920, pp. 116 sqq.
53
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN HOLY SEPULCHRE
This century also saw the decline of some of the Eastern Churches
in the Holy Sepulchre, the complete withdrawal of others. The
Georgians, unable, owing to the exactions imposed by Persia on the
Georgian Kingdom, to afford any longer the heavy dues demanded
by the Turkish Government, retired from the church about 1644 ;
a quarter of a century later the Abyssinians were forced to retreat to
the roof of St. Helena's chapel, where they remain to the present day ;
we now hear no more of Nestorian participation in the fabric. Of
the Maronite holdings we also hear no more : henceforth the Uniate
Churches are represented in the Holy Sepulchre by the Latins.
In view of the outstanding position so long occupied by the
Georgians in the Holy City, I may perhaps be permitted the following
quotation from what I have Vv^ritten elsewhere (i) : " An Armenian
historian says of the Georgian Queen Tamara (reigned 11 84-1 2 12) :
' Tamara made a treaty of peace with the Sultan of Damascus. . . .
From that time the Sultan has treated the Christians more humanely . . .
taxes on the monasteries are reduced . . . the pillage of pilgrims
travelling to Jerusalem is forbidden, especially if they are Georgians. . . .
They (sc. the Georgians) are free from taxation in the Empire of the
Sultans and in Jerusalem, where Tamara was held in great esteem.'
According to another Armenian chronicler ' only the Georgians had
the right to enter Jerusalem with flying colours and without paying
tribute. The Saracens dare not insult them.' Indeed, from the early
days of Christianity the Georgians occupied a very special position in
Jerusalem and the Holy Land. They ranked fourth in the Church of
the Holy Sepulchre, where they owned the Chapel of the Invention of
the Cross, and at one time they possessed eleven religious establishments
in and around the Holy City. Dositheus I, Patriarch of Jerusalem, a
contemporary of Queen Tamara, wrote that ' the pious Kings of
Iberia have always been the protectors of the Holy Sepulchre and other
sacred sites.' In so late a period as the sixteenth century the Georgians
enjoyed immunities conceded to no other Christians in Jerusalem ;
(i) Luke, Aftatolica, London, 1924, ch. 10. For the Georgians in Jerusalem, cf. also
Tsagareli, Pamyatniki Grusinskoi Starinui v Svyatoi Zemlje i na Sinaje, in No. lo of the
Review of the Russian Orthodox Palestine Society {Pravoslavnuii Palestinskii Sbornik),
Petrograd, l888; extracts from Georgian codices in the Athonite monastery of I veron,
given by Themeles in ' ExaTovTaeTtjpU rov Uaviepov Naov tj)? ' AvacTTCKrea)';, Jerusalem,
1910, pp. 152-3 ; Williams, The Holy City, 2nd ed., vol. ii. ; Dowling, Sketches of Georgian
Church History, London, 1912.
54
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN HOLY SEPULCHRE
and, had not their ancient autocephalous Church been absorbed by the
Church of Russia when Russia absorbed Georgia, they would be
there to this day. Their last possession, the Convent of the Holy
Cross, the death-place of Rustaveli, lying in a shallow valley one and a
half miles west of the city walls, is now the theological college of the
Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem ; but Georgian inscriptions are still
visible in fresco on the walls of the church."
Another Dutchman, the painter Cornelius van Bruyn (i), visiting
Jerusalem in 1681, found that " in this Church of the holy Sepulcher
there are always Nine Latin Priests, whose constant business it is to
pray to God, and to take care of the holy Places. These are the Chief,
and invested with the greatest Authority. Of the Greeks there are
commonly seven ; of the Armenians five, and of the Coptes one.
There is not a Person that resides there besides them. Formerly the
Abyssines and Syrians were Resident (2). The Maronites come
thither and join with the Latins in their publick Offices. The Latins
are in possession of the greatest part of this Church : the Greeks have
the Quire and the holy Sepulcher : the Armenians have in the Front
of the Church a large Court, where they reside ; but the other Christians
that are there are crouded into a small Apartment."
The situation at the close of the seventeenth century is described
by the Reverend Henry Maundrell, who, as Chaplain to the Factory
of the English Levant Company at Aleppo, visited Jerusalem in 1697,
in the following words (3) : " In galleries round about the church,
and also in little buildings annext to it on the outside, are certain
apartments for the reception of friars and pilgrims ; and in these places
almost every Christian nation anciently maintained a small society of
monks, each society having its proper quarter assigned to it by the
appointment of the Turks, such as the Latins, Greeks, Syrians, Arme-
nians, Abyssinians, Georgians, Nestorians, Cophtites, Maronites, etc.,
all which had anciently their several apartments in the church ; but
(i) The English version was published as A Voyage to the Levant, London, 1702.
(2) Although the Abyssinians then resided on the roof of St. Helena's Chapel, van
Bruyn evidently regards that locality as outside the Holy Sepulchre proper. The
Jacobites, while maintaining their chapel at the western end of the Rotunda, which they
have never ceased to hold, did not actually reside within the precincts, and are for this
reason, presumably, omitted.
(3) A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter, i6p'/, Oxford, 1703.
55
CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN HOLY SEPULCHRE
these have all, except four, forsaken their quarters, not being able to
sustain the severe rents and extortions which their Turkish landlords
impose upon them The Latins, Greeks, Armenians, and Cophtites
keep their footing still ; but of these four the Cophtites have now
only one poor representative of their nation left ; and the Armenians
are run so much in debt that it is supposed they are hastening apace
to follow the examples of their brethren, who have deserted before
them."
Maundrell seems to have overlooked the Jacobites, and he says
nothing of the Abyssinians on the roof of the Chapel of St. Helena ;
otherwise his account may be regarded as reliable. The eighteenth
century saw some improvement in the financial position of those whom
he found tottering on the verge of bankruptcy, an^ since his day
there have been no more withdrawals. Gradually, during the eigh-
teenth century, the respective shares of the surviving communities
became consolidated, and were not materially affected by the fire of
1808 and the subsequent reconstruction of the Rotunda.
The accompanying plan. No. 46, adapted by permission from that
made by Dr. Schick in 1885 and amended by Dr. Mommert in 1898 for
the German Palestine Society, shows the position of the several com-
munities as now established under the status quo. It will not, of course,
have been forgotten that it was an aspect of the question concerning
the Holy Places which, by exacerbating the general Eastern Question,
brought about the Crimean War, A settlement was reached in 1878
at the Congress of Berlin ; and Article LXII of the Treaty of Berlin
reads as follows : " It is well understood that no alterations can be
made in the status quo of the Holy Places." Thus it will readily be
realized how the words status quo have assumed so tremendous a
significance in matters affecting the Holy Sepulchre, for it is to them
that appeal is made in all questions which still arise within those sacred
and much contested walls.
In conclusion, it may be added that in 1885 the Orthodox Patriarch
Nicodemus assigned to the Church of England, for the celebration of
Anglican services, the Chapel of Abraham in the Convent of the same
name, adjoining Golgotha on the south. This act of courtesy con-
stitutes a privilege, not a right, and does not imply that the ownership
of the chapel is vested in the Church of England.
H. C. Luke.
56
The ground-floor
Orthodox
. 766
. J5-
i Jacobites
•mm
M , 1 I
-a
;:^<::r-
'■:: ?'~
S.'/i
0 p
56]
9
Ine ground- floor is shoii/n
PLAN OF THE
HOLY SEPULCHRE AND SURROUNDINGS
Adapted, by peimission of the German Palestine Society, from the plan made by Baurath C Schick,
and brought up to date by Dr. C. Mommert
Heights about Sea-level in metres
Orthodox Convent
Xo. 46.
r
The Tiles of the Church of
St. James of Jerusalem
By George Antonius
The Armenian Church of St. James prides itself on the possession
of a set, unfortunately incomplete, of ceramic tiles of unusual interest.
They are to be found, for the most part, in the Echmiadzin Chapel on
the south side of the church, in two vertical rows facing each other,
of which one adorns the northern and the other the southern walls of
the chapel, A few more may be seen in a remote part of the convent,
on the wall of a priest's cell, where they form a quaint dado beneath
the window-sill. These tiles, of which there are thirty-seven altogether,
are all that is left of a larger set of three hundred, originally brought to
Jerusalem in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, by pious
Armenians. They were votive offerings, as the inscriptions on some
of them testify, which had been specially ordered and made in Kutahia
for the decoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. But, for
various reasons, this intention was never fulfilled ; the tiles were set
up elsewhere. In course of time they were destroyed or scattered,
and only thirty-seven remain.
Eight of these tiles are reproduced here (Nos. 47 to 54), by the
courtesy of M. Christophe A. Nomico, whose learned monograph (i)
throws fresh and interesting light on their origin and manufacture.
They are of uniform size, namely, 7 by 7 inches, or rather they were,
for some have had their edges worn away or have been truncated in the
process of setting up. The pictures are in bright colours (green, yellow,
and blue, and sometimes purple and red) on a background which is
invariably white ; while the subjects are either scenes from the Old
and New Testaments, or images of saints. They were manufactured in
Kutahia, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, that is to say, at
a time when the artistic traditions, if not the processes, of the great
Anatolian and Syrian ceramists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
had become virtually extinct and the art of the faience decorator was
(l) " Ta ■ypiaTiavi.Kci Kepa/xoupyij/xaTa toO 'ApfieviKOV Ilarpiap^eLOu tS)v 'lepoao-
Xv/xtov," ed. Kasimatis, Alexandria, 1922.
K ' 57
THE ARMENIAN CATHEDRAL OF ST. JAMES
in decadence. Hence the primitive designs, the crude ornamentation.
Yet the pictures are not devoid of beauty. Though their perspective
is rudimentary and the composition of their groups hardly more
cunning than that of a conscif^ntious child, the effect is one of peculiar
charm and freshness. The tile representing our Lord's entry into
Jerusalem (No. 49) is perhaps the most characteristic, both of the naive
conception of the artist and the fidelity with which he sought to repro-
duce every detail of the holy episode : the waving of palms and spreading
of raiments, with an onlooker perched on a tree. Another, which
represents the beheading of John the Baptist (No. 48), is interesting
as showing, in the figure of Salome, distinct traces of Persian influence,
with a distant echo of Chinese mannerisms.
For it must be remembered that when these tiles were manu-
factured, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the art of the
Anatolian ceramist was well-nigh at its lowest ebb and was readily
influenced by the more individual methods of his Persian neighbour.
The decline began about the end of the sixteenth century at a time
when a marked, though somewhat short-lived, revival of this and
other arts was taking place in Persia. As time went on, the great
traditions of the earlier centuries were forgotten and lost, and a new
and inferior art arose, confined almost exclusively to Kutahia and to
the fabrication of small objects, such as plates, cups, tiles, and egg-
shaped ornaments. The artisans were Armenian Christians who could
copy, albeit clumsily, the processes of their predecessors, but lacked
their decorative genius. Moreover, they were gradually turning their
art to new uses. Hitherto, they had worked exclusively for their
Turkish masters whose houses and mosques they had adorned. But
now the great age of building had passed, and they turned their attention
to their own needs, to their houses and their churches. Christian
decoration, however, involved saints with human figures, of which
there were in Asia Minor no traditions to observe or models to copy.
Hence the primitive designs, and the immature drawing, in these
tiles which are a fair sample of the production of the period. Their
manufacture shows that the ceramists of Kutahia could still imitate the
processes of the sixteenth century, with a fair measure of success ; but
the pictorial talent in them is rude and primitive, as of an art in its
infancy.
It may not be out of place to say a word here about the possibilities
58
I ^ . . ^ ; <-♦ —^'-^ "^ ■ Sf^
Av. 47.
&. George and the Dragon.
i\o. 48
Execution of "John the Baptist.
-.~-=q
'h-'tr"""'" 4*- hf^ii^^-
A^l*-^ ^ ^ -^—^ 3
> j^n-uj^^'^'^ ^•"P1"-{Jt -fj-¥uii"'^
No. 4g.
Our Lord's entry info 'Jerusalem.
53]
The Virgin and Child.
A«. 50.
ll*i^//***/*.*^»^^y*rrAi^
David playing on the Harp.
A'o. 51,
r/zt' Miracle of Lazarus.
No. 52.
A'o. 54.
T/ie Descent from the Cross.
The Resurrection.
THE ARMENIAN CATHEDRAL OF ST. JAMES
of a revival of the Anatolian ceramic art. Of late years there has been
displayed a new activity in Kutahia and other centres in Asia Minor,
which is taking the form of a striving after the forms and the designs
of the sixteenth century. The Pro-Jerusalem Society have seen in
this the seeds of a possible revival, and have established a workshop
in Jerusalem, with an Armenian Christian artisan from Kutahia at its
head, where experiments have been actively conducted during the last
five years. The immediate object of these experiments is to produce
the coloured tiles required for the repairs to the Dome of the Rock.
But they have another end in view, which is to collaborate in the
endeavour to revive the craft. The possibilities are immense, and it
must be owned that whatever success may be achieved will be due,
in the first place, to the humble artisans of Kutahia who have preserved
and handed down all that was left of the processes of the " belle epoque"
G. Antonius.
59
A Brief Description of the Work
done by the local craftsmen at
Government House
By C. R. Ashbee
One of the most interesting pieces of constructive work that was
done during the first year of the Civil Administration, a direct outcome
of the Pro-Jerusalem Society's activities and experiments, was the
work of furnishing and decorating at Government House. It is
interesting as showing what can be done in Palestine by Palestinians,
and still more as showing the method and traditions of labour that
have perforce to be followed, and the difficulties which have to be
faced in the work of practical administration.
There were four rooms to decorate and furnish, some jrE.3,000
to spend, and the question was, should this be done from England,
by Maple or Waring, or some other firm, or could it be done in Jerusalem
by local craftsmen ? His Excellency the High Commissioner decided
on the local venture, and put the work in my hands. The experiment
was not purely aesthetic ; it was also human. I think that all con-
structive ventures in the crafts have their human side, and may be
submitted to a human as well as a merely aesthetic test ; for it is a fact
daily growing clearer to us that in these days of the industrial helot
state, with its infinite subdivisions of mechanical labour, we often get
better value for our money from work produced among groups of
men working happily and humanly together, and conscious of their
own personal creation, than from work produced in the impersonal
factory.
In the Government House work we employed six main groups
of craftsmen :
masons
ceramic painters and tile-makers
blacksmiths
cabinet-makers, carvers and upholsterers
weavers
glass-blowers
60
WORK DONE AT GOVERNMENT HOUSE, JERUSALEM
Including the subordinate crafts in each case, the machine-minders,
the seamstresses, the journeymen and labourers, there were from
forty to fifty craftsmen employed over a great many months. They
were practically all Palestinian, and all the work was local with the
exception of the silks, which I had woven in Cairo, and the carpets
which I selected for the colour schemes I needed. The stone was
local marble (Missi Yahudi) and sandstone, the clay was local clay,
the cotton and wool, though imported, were made up at the Jerusalem
looms, and the glass was from Hebron. Wood there was none in the
country, so my selection was limited to such slight and carefully hidden
stocks, Indian woods mainly, as had been left over from the wastage
of the war.
The chief difficulty, and it is the difficulty familiar to every
administrator in Palestine, was labour co-ordination. How were all
these different races and religions, with their various traditions and
customs, to be got to work together .-' In Jerusalem we had not only
every variety of race and language as a natural condition, but on the
top of it all the disorganization of the war, and the chronic confusion
which industrialism has introduced into the crafts, a condition that is
now rapidly disintegrating the traditional methods of the East, as it
has long ago destroyed those of our western workshops.
But craftsmanship and the love of craftsmanship — the cunning
of a man's own right hand — was found here to be, as so often before in
human story, a great amalgam ; and it was interesting to observe how
all these different work-people, Moslems, Christians, Jews ; English,
French, German ; Greeks, Armenians, Syrians, Poles, and Russians,
with no common language, and who when the machine-guns of the
mandatory Power patrol the streets are ready to be at each others'
throats, were working, jesting, and in the end banqueting harmoniously
together. Of my four foremen, one talked Greek, Arabic, and French ;
the second Arabic, French, and Armenian ; the third German and
Arabic ; and the fourth Arabic and Turkish. Among the Jewish
carvers, upholsterers, and seamstresses the languages were Yiddish,
Polish, Russian, and there may have been a dash of classic Hebrew
and American Bowery English. Whatever the aesthetic merits of the
work may be which this polyglot community produced, it was an object-
lesson in the futility of political methods as set beside the cohesive
power of the arts and crafts when practised rather than talked about.
6i
WORK DONE AT GOVERNMENT HOUSE, JERUSALEM
I give here three illustrations, one of the drawing-room (No. 55)
and two of the dining-room (Nos. 56, 57). In the first will be seen
some of the wood-work and the treatment of the walls, the hangings,
and the inlaid and other furniture. The scheme was a greenish blue
with purple and gold. In the latter the effect was got by following
the blue turquoise and green pattern work designs of certain traditional
sixteenth-century colour schemes in the Dome of the Rock. In the
rendering of these schemes the Kutahia workmen are masters.
My plan for the completion of the dining-room some day is to
carry the rich blue panelling and tile work up to the curve of the
dome, on the wall opposite the large window. This will give their full
value to the golden " atlas " hangings, and to the sideboard with its
peachblossom marble and its carved and gilded Indian woods (No. 57).
Two other rooms were worked out, the Library in a scheme of
grey and raisin-coloured silks, and Lady Samuel's boudoir in white
with dark indigo and red striped Bethlehem hangings. In the details
of the design I worked to no style, but tried to make things that should
first serve their needs and then have about them something of the
character of the country. There are many essentially Syrian forms,
such as the twisted cord, the corded hoop, and similar simple patterns
and mouldings that are Byzantine or Arabic in character and go well in
local stone and wood.
The electroliers were made of Hebron glass in great pendant
clusters of blue and white mosque lamps and hanging bead work.
One hopes that this method of light, which will always need some
sort of shell or screen around the glass bulb, may help revive a beautiful
if unhappy craft that has fallen on such evil days. The Pro-Jerusalem
Society was just engaged in its Hebron glass experiments, so a special
furnace was constructed below the Via Dolorosa at the new tile works
of the Dome of Rock pottery. And during the making of this glass
a curious and significant thing happened. It was of the utmost
importance that the work should be done by a certain date, but nothing
could move the old Moslem craftsmen. They would conform to no
time conditions I desired to impose. And why ? Because their craft
of glass-blowing was implicit with the seasons of Palestinian agriculture.
" If," said they, " the High Commissioner desired their glass he must
first wait till the tomato crop was harvested." And wait we had to.
" Why should these things be hurried ? " said the old Moslem crafts-
62
m^/:^/,)^///:-:
\ /■;;?^'^-;^;.?wsfci;;
*
^
k, ,
•m
■I
II
Government Hoi/se, 'Jerusalem. The Draicing-
room.
^0. 55.
Government House, Jerusalem. The Dining-room.
No. 56.
'■^ S i' •>
Gover/ime/u House, Jerusalem. The sideboard 'in the
Dining-room^ designed by C. R. Ashbee.
No. ij.
[63
WORK DONE AT GOVERNMENT HOUSE, JERUSALEM
men. " You cannot hurry the seasons. God's blessing rests on those
who observe His ways and do not hustle. Hustling is a western
disease and connotes factories, and mechanical transportand faithlessness,
with other evils that are coming upon this land. But Allah is merci-
ful ! " There is a slender hope He yet may grant His blessing. Every
evening after the last form was drawn from the fire the old glass-worker
spread his prayer-mat out beside his furnace, and he and his two assistants
would ask that blessing on their work.
C. R. ASHBEE.
Jerusalem, July 1922.
63
An Account of the New Jewish
Garden Cities, etc., and the
Modifications they entail in the
Town Plan
By C. R. Ashbee
Among the most interesting developments in the modern con-
structive work of Jerusalem are the various plans and proposals for
building upon which different Jewish groups are engaged under the
auspices, for the most part, of the Palestine Land Development Company.
I am indebted for the information here following partly to Dr.
Ruppin, the chairman of the company, with whom it was my privilege
to serve for many months upon the Central Town Planning Commis-
sion, and partly to the architect of the company, Mr. Kauffmann, many
of whose plans I am showing here, and all of which had to come
before me in my capacity as Civic Adviser and Secretary of the Jerusa-
lem Town Planning Commission. In several instances it has been
my business to modify and to co-ordinate.
If reference be made again to the key plan No. 34 on page 17 it
will be seen how these specifically Jewish schemes are being linked on to
the general town planning of the city. There are five so far, and I
would say a word or two as to each : Antiochus, Talpioth, Janjirieh,,
Boneh Bayit, and Antimus Porah. With the exception of Antiochus^
which is in Part I of the Plan, they occupy the parts to the south and
west of the city.
ANTIOCHUS
The decision to sell some of the lands of the Orthodox Patriarchate
of Jerusalem brought into the market the land at the corner of the
Mamilla Cemetery (see No. 41 on page 23).
An important road improvement was carried out at this pointy
on a very uneasy corner in between two rather steep slopes, and the
higher portion of the land to the south-west of the new road had
64
Block plan of Antiochus
Model oj block plan oj Antiochus,
with British Government's plot
shown in outline.
No.
59-
Elevation of block plan. Antiochus.
64]
j\o. 60.
VITOATIOH PLJsN
T/\L.P10TtL
Talptoth Garden City. Block plan.
No. 6i. .
5^
■^
o
^
.6
o
^i
1
^
^.4
e?
i^}
m
-:5^
Wk
f^
THE NEW JEWISH GARDEN CITIES
already been given by the Greek Patriarch, to the Turkish Administra-
tion, for a public building. This plot is shown at the top of plan
No. 41, as " B. Government's plot," and the suggested building upon
it is indicated in outline in No. 59. The new plans for Antiochus
had therefore to take these two facts into consideration. It will be
seen in the architect's block plan No. 58 and the photograph of his
model No. 59 that this proposed public building must in the future
determine the axis of the new Ridge Road ; also the new corner of
the road from the Post Office to the railway station has been a dominating
feature. But even more important has been the linking up of the
Antiochus group with the Ridge Road, and the plans shown here should
be compared with that on p. 23. When the new town plan for this
area was under consideration a co-ordination was envisaged of the
following : the Jaffa Gate improvement scheme (see No. 40), the opening
out in front of the Jaffa Gate, including the new market, the park
reservation in the valley of Mes, and the proposed new hotel in the
Ard es Sillam (see No. 41).
The accommodation which the present Antiochus scheme provides,
and some of which is shown on the plan, is as follows : on a total new
area of 19,270 square pics, approximately 200 shops. About 50 of
these are small bazaars. There are further four buildings for banks,
each building site being 1,000 square metres, and there are offices and
ware houses. The elevation No. 60 is shown through the proposed
Suq and shop buildings.
THE TALPIOTH GARDEN CITY
The proposed suburb lies to the south of Jerusalem beyond the
station, and the key plan on p. 17 already referred to shows it as
No. VI. The plan No. 6 1 explains the relation of the site to the Holy
City, to the Bethlehem road, the railway station, and the monastery of
Mar Elias. The proposed garden city is to be on high ground ; a
part of it at one time was the landing station for aeroplanes. The
photographs of the architect's contour plan and models Nos; 62, 63,
64, give an idea of the disposition.
The total area is given as 1,859,544 square pics, or 1,068,650
square metres, from which have to be deducted the area for roads.
L 65
THE NEW JEWISH GARDEN CITIES
The accommodation proposed is as follows, and this should be studied
on the plan No. 62, upon which also the contours are shown.
Private plots with houses : ca. 800.
Town Hall.
Hotel.
Baths.
Post Office.
Co-operative distributive store for food-stufFs.
Theatre.
Academy.
Synagogue.
Hospital.
The area allowed for parks and plantations is given as 160,892
square pics (92,450 square metres), and for the sporting ground 21,936
square pics (12,600 square metres), making a total area for public open
space reservation of 28,873 square pics (16,550 square metres), and a
net area for plots of 1,294,658 square pics (801,488 square metres).
An extract from Mr. Kauffmann's explanatory Report is worth
quoting, and in the language of the Report. It should be read in
conjunction with the drawings. " Die naturliche form Talpioth's
bedingt seine stadtbauliche Gestaltung. Die Kuppe des ovalen Berges
wird bekront von weiten und grossartig gedachten Monumentalbauten.
Hier in diesem kulminationspunkt des Ganzen sei praktisch und ideell
alles zusammengefasst, was eine grosse Menschensiedelung gemeinsam
haben und Kronen soil."
The planning and the dream are symbolic of Zionist activities, and
it is interesting to note how these are already modifying the town plan
of Jerusalem. That it will all materialize as set forth in Mr. Kauffmann's
Report and drawings is improbable, but one must admire the enthusiasm
and the hope.
THE JANJIRIEH GARDEN CITY
This is a less ambitious undertaking (see No. 65), and one that
will more readily come together with the English, Greek, and Moslem
building projects in this, the south-western area of the city, in which
one of the principal building developments is to be anticipated.
The total area is 212,000 square pics (about 120,000 square
66
Jcuijir'ich Garden City. Block plan .
No. 65.
The Proposed Synagogue. No. 66.
Janjirieh Garden City,
66]
Boneh Bay it Garden City. Key plan.
No. 67.
No. 68.
Antimus Porah in the Jajfa
Road. Block plan.
Boneh Bayit Garden City. Model.
No. 69.
THE NEW JEWISH GARDEN CITIES
metres), net 163,000 pics (about 94,000 square metres) ; there are 1 14
plots reserved for private building, besides plots for business premises,
a Hebrew high school, a synagogue, etc. The plan should be carefully
studied, it explains itself, and the contours are shown. The architect
contributes with the above figures a sketch of the synagogue which it is
proposed to erect upon the high land to the north of the site (No. 66).
THE BONEH BAYIT (GARDEN CITY) (NOW
" BETH-HAKEREM ")
The last of the proposed Jewish enterprises which has so far been
incorporated into the Jerusalem town plan is the garden city planned
on the road to Ain Karem ; it is No. VIII on the key plan on page 17.
It covers approximately 280 dunems of land. The contours on the
plan are characteristic of Jud^ean landscape and well worth noting
(No. 67), as also the manner in which the architect has handled them.
See in this connection the photograph of the model (No. 69). The
accommodation provided is as follows
School.
Public hall.
Synagogue.
Sports ground.
Play-ground.
Co-operative distributive stores.
Twenty-four per cent, of the total area is devoted to roads, open
spaces, green belt area, and public building, and there are 148 separate
lots, of which 29 are i dunem in area and 119 two dunem.
ANTIMUS PORAH IN THE JAFFA ROAD
One other minor Jewish enterprise is worth noting in so far as
it affects the modification of the town plan ; it is the treatment of the
piece of land skirting the Jaffa road from the point where at present
the cinema stands, northwards through the old sports ground and
westwards towards Tabitha Cumi. The architect's block plan is
given (No. 68).
C. R. ASHBEE.
Jerusalem, August 1922.
67
A Provisional Bibliography of the
Moslem Architecture of Syria and
Palestine
By K. a. C. Creswell, M.R.A.S., Hon. A.R.I.B.A.
A Provisional Bibliography of the
Moslem Architecture of Syria and
Palestine
By K. a. C. Creswell, M.R.A.S., Hon. A.R.I.B.A.
FOREWORD
The following bibliography forms one section of a
Bibliography of the Architecture, Arts, and Crafts of
Islam, the completion of which was stopped by the
war. In its present state it consists of about 4,700
different entries under "Authors," and about 6,700
under " Subjects." It is not possible to publish it
now in the form of a book, and I am accordingly
endeavouring to puMish sections of it as opportunity
offers. The section on the Moslem Architecture of
India has already appeared in the Indian A ntiquary.
May and September 1922. I may add that I have
personally seen and examined every item in the
following list (except those marked •), either in
the libraries of the British Museum, the India Office,
the Royal Asiatic Society, the Royal Institute of
British Architects, the Art Library at South Ken-
sington or elsewhere. I shall be extremely grateful
to those readers who are kind enough to notify me
of omissions.
Arrangement :
I. Guide-books.
II. General Works,
in. For Jerusalem only.
IV. For Qusair 'Amra only.
V. For the Palace of MshattS only.
I. GUIDE-BOOKS
A Guide-book to Central Palestine,
Samaria and Southern Galilee, including
Nablus, Arsuf, Haifa, Acre, Nazareth,
Tiberias and their Districts, with His-
torical Appendix and four Maps. Based
upon the well-known enemy publication
Baedeker's Palestine & Syria, and
augmented by numerous additions. Sm.
8vo, pp. III.
" The Palestine News," Jerusalem,
1918.
Palestine Pocket Guide-books (vol. II).
Baedeker, Karl. Palestine and Syria,
with routes through Mesopotamia and
Babylonia and the Island of Cyprus.
Handbook for travellers. With 21 maps,
70
56 plans, and a panorama of Jerusalem.
Fifth edition, remodelled and augmented.
8vo, pp. civ and 462.
Baedeker, Leipzig : Unwin, London,
1912.
Review [of French edition], S. R[einach],
Review archiologique, ive serie, tome xiv, p. 445.
Brodrick, Mary. Handbook for Tra-
vellers in Syria and Palestine, including
a short account of the geography, history,
and religious and political divisions of
these countries, together with detailed
description of Jerusalem, Damascus,
Palmyra, Baalbek, and the interesting
ruined cities of Moab, Gilead, and Ba-
shan. A revised edition. With new
maps and plans. 8vo, pp. lii, 3 and 426.
Stanford, London, 1903.
One of Murray's Handbooks.
Chauvet, Ad. and E. Isambert. Itine-
raire descriptif, historique, et archeolo-
gique de I'Orient. Tome troisieme : Syrie,
Palestine, comprenant le Sinai, I'Arabie
petree et la Cilicie. 4 cartes, 62 plans et
coupes, et 5 vues. Sm. 8vo, pp. Iviii and
848, maps in separate case.
Hachette, Paris, 1882.
One of the Collection des Guides-Joanne.
Lievin de Hamme, Le irere. Guide-
Indicateur des sanctuaires et lieux his-
toriques de la Terre-Sainte. Seconde
edition, revue, augmentee, et accompagnee
de cartes et de plans. 8vo, 3 parts,
pp. xxviii and 391 ; xx and 200 ; xxvii
and 254, with folding map.
Lefever, Louvain, 1876.
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Macmillan's Guide to Palestine and
Syria. With thirteen maps and six plans.
Fifth edition. 8vo, pp. xxxi and 164.
MacmUlan, London, 1910.
Meisterman, Pere Bamab6, O.F.M.
Nouveau guide de Terre Sainte. Avec 23
cartes en couleurs et no plans de vUles
et de monuments dans le texte et hors
texte. izmo, pp. xliii and 610.
Picard, Paris, 1907.
Reynolds-Ball, Eustace. Jerusalem. A
practical guide to Jerusakm and its
environs, with excursions to Bethlehem,
Hebron, Jericho, the Dead Sea, and the
Jordan, Nablous, Nazareth, Beirut, Baal-
bek, Damascus, etc. (Second edition. Re-
vised and enlarged.) With eight full-page
illustrations in colour by John Fulleylove,
R.I., and five maps and plans. Sm. 8vo,
pp. viii and 238.
A. & C. Black, London, 1912.
First edition : 1901.
IL GENERAL
Ahmed Djemal Pascha. Alte Denk-
maler aus Syrien, Palastina, und West-
arabien. 100 Tafeln mit beschreibendem
Text. Veroffentlicht auf Befehl von
Ahmed Djemal Pascha. 4to, pp. [vii]
and I page of text, in Turkish and German,
to each plate.
Reimer, Berlin, 1918.
Alouf, Michel M. History of Baalbek.
1 2th edition, revised and completed.
i2mo, pp. vii and 155, with 5 plates and
2 plans.
Catholic Printing Press, Beyrut, 1914.
Qubbat Satha, Qubbat as-Sa'adin, Qubbat
Duris, Qubbat al-Amjad, pp. 5-6 ; Mosque at
Ras al-'Ain, p. 3.
Anon. A Room from " the Street
called Straight." The Connoisseur, Vol.
xxxvi, pp. 132-134, with I coloured plate.
Plate: " i6tb-i7th [i8th?] century old
panelled room from Damascus, about 16 x 14
X 12 ft. high." Exhibited in London at the
Vincent Robinson Galleries, Wigmore Street.
Apostolidhis, D. L' Architecture en
Palestine. La Construction Moderne^ tome
XXV, pp. 391-393, with 2 illustrations.
Includes a fine large illustration of the Dome
of the Rock (exterior).
Banse, Ewald. Die Gubab-Hiitten Nord-
Syriens und Nordwest-Mesopotamiens.
Orientalisches Archiv, Jahrg. ii, pp. 173-
179, with 4 illustrations on i plate, a map,
and 6 figures. 1912.
Modem representatives of the domed huts
shown on Layard's slab. These huts are first
met with as the valley opens out into the plain
to the south of Homs, and are a constant feature
from Homs to the north of Aleppo and thence
to Mesopotamia.
Bell, Grertrude Lowthian. Amurath to
Amurath. 8vo, pp. xvii and 370, with
234 illustrations and a folding map.
Heinemann, London, 191 1.
Aleppo, pp. 1-16, with 13 illustrations.
Bell, H. J. Greek Papyri in the British
Museum. Catalogue with Texts. Vol. iv,
The Aphrodito Papyri. With an Appen-
dix of Coptic Papyri, edited by W. E.
Crum. 4to, pp. xlviii and 648.
British Museum, London, 1910.
See pp. 12-13, 42-43 and 80 for papyri relating
to the Great Umayyad Mosque at Damascus,
and pp. 74, 75, for one relating to a mosque at
Jerusalem.
. Translations of the Greek
Aphrodito Papyri in the British Museum.
Der Islam, ii, pp. 269-283, 372-384 ;
iii, pp. 132-140, 369-373; and iv, pp.
87-96. 1911-1913.
See ii, p. 374, and iii, pp. 133, 371 and 373
for papyri relating to the Great Mosque at
Damascus ; and ii, p. 383 and iii, pp. 137 and 370
for papyri relating to a mosque and palace
being built for the Amir al-Mu'minin at
Jerusalem.
Berchem, Max van. Le Chateau de
Banias et ses inscriptions. Journal
Asiatique, viii° serie, tome xii, pp. 440-470,
with I plate (plan). 1888.
. Notes d'archeologie arabe.
Monuments et inscriptions fatimites.
Journal Asiaiique, viii* serie, tome xvii,
71
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
pp. 411-495, uith I folding plate and
I plan ; tome xviii, pp. 46-86. 1 891.
Inscriptions on the Great Mosque at Damascus,
etc., pp. 420-423.
Berchem, Max van. Notes d'archeobgie
arabe. Deuxieme article. Toulounides et
fatimites. Journal Asiatique, viii° serie,
tome xix, pp. 377-407. 1892.
Inscriptions on the Great Mosque at Damascus,
etc., pp. 394-397-
. Eine arabische Inschrift aus
dem Ostjordanlande mit historischen
Erlauterungen. Zeitschr. d. Deutschen
Palaestina-V ereins. Band xvi, pp. 84-105,
with I plate. 1892.
Inscription from the wall of the Khan al-
'Akabe, dated a.h. 5io (1213).
Recherches archeo logiques
en Syrie. Lettre a M. Barbier de Meynard.
Journal Asiatique, ix' serie, tome vi, pp.
485-515. 1895.
. Arabische Inschriften aus
Syrien. Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Palaes-
tina-Vereins, Band xix, pp. 105-113, with
I plate. 1896.
Inscriptions from buildings at alMu'arriba,
Bosra, Der'at, the Haram in Hebron, etc.
Epigraphie des Assassins de
Syrie. Journal Asiatique, 9™* serie, tome
ix, pp. 453-501, with I plate. 1897.
For resume see the Comptes Rendus de I'Acad.
des Inscr. et Belles -Lettres, 4"" serie, tome xxv,
pp. 201-208. 1897.
For the inscriptions on the castles of Masyad,
Kahf and Qadmus.
. Inscriptions arabes de Syrie.
Memoires de I'lnstitut Egyptien, tome iii,
pp. 417-520, with 8 plates. 1897.
. Les chateaux des croises en
Syrie. Union syndicate des architectes
francais ; bull, et comptes rendus des
travaux, iv, pp. 260-276, with 10 illustra-
tions. 1897.
See vol. V, p. 283.
72
Berchem, Max van. Arabische Inschriften
aus Syrien II. Mitth. und Nuchr. des
Deutschen Palaestina-V ereins, Jahrg. ix,
pp. 3 3-70, with 15 illustrations (facsimiles).
1903.
Includes several dating inscriptions of
buildings.
. Monuments et inscriptions de
I'atabek Lu'lu' de Mossoul. Orientalische
Stiidien (Jheodor Noldeke Festschrift), Band
i, pp. 197-210, with I figure (inscription).
Topelmann, Gieszen, 1906.
. Muhammadan Architecture in
Syria and Egypt. Article in the Ency-
clopcedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. i,
pp. 757-760. 1908.
Epigraphie des Atabeks de
Damas. Florilegium Melchior de VogUe,
pp. 29-43, with 2 plates. 1909-
Dating inscriptions on mosques, etc.
Inschriften aus Syrien, Meso-
potamien und Kleinasien gesammelt
im Jahre 1899 von Max Freiherrn von
Oppenheim, mit Beitragen von Max van
Berchem, Julius Euting, Nicolaus Finck,
Alfred Jeremias, Leopold Messerschmidt,
Bernhard Moritz. I. — Arabische Inschrif-
ten, bearbeitet von Max van Berchem, mit
26 Abbildungen und 7 Lichtdrucktafeln.
8vo, pp. 156.
Hinrichs, Leipzig, 1909.
Beitrdge zur Assyriologie und semitischen
Sprachwissenscha/t, vii, i.
The Principal Forms of
Islamic Religious Buildings (Syro-Egyp-
tian School). Article in the Encyclopcedia
of Islam, vol. i, pp. 422-425. 1910.
Berchem, Max van, and Joseph Strzy-
gowski. Amida. 410.
Winter, Heidelberg, 1910.
See p. 312 and Abb. 258 (Mosque at Baalbek) ;
pp. 316, 320-32, and Abb. 263 and 268 (Great
Mosque at Damascus), pp. 324-325 and Abb. 271-
272 (Baalbek).
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Berchem, Max van, and Edmond Fatio.
Voyage en Syrie. Impl. 410, 2 vols., pp.
xvi and 344, with 2 folding maps and 179
figures ; 78 plates.
Le Caire, 1913-14.
Tripoli, Homs, Qal'at al-Mudiq, Aleppo,
HSrim, Baalbek, etc.
Bischof, Dr. Tuhaf al-anba' fi ta'rikh
Halab. Sm. 8vo, pp. 163.
Beyrut, 1880.
Contains transliterations of dating inscriptions
on many monuments of Aleppo.
Blochet, E. L'Histoire d'Alep de
Kamal-ad-Din. Version frangaise d'apres
le texte arabe. Revue de VOrient Latin,
tomes iii, pp. 509-565 ; iv, 145-225 ;
V, 37-107; and vi, 1-49. 1895-1898.
. Do. Tirage a part, with title-
page : " Kamal-ad-Din. Histoire d'Alep
traduite avec des notes historiques et
geographiques. 8vo, pp. 256.
Leroux, Paris, 1900.
Appendice I : " Sur la topographie de la ville
d'Alep, quelques details empruntes A la Descrip-
tion d'Alep, MS. ar. 1683 de la Bibliotheque
nationale," vi, pp. 20-39, and /. d. p., pp. 226-
242.
Appendice II : " Inscriptions arabes de Noilr
ad-Din et des souverains Ayyoubites dans la
ville d'Alep," vi, pp. 39-49, and t. d. p., pp.
245-255-
Borghese, Scipione. In Asia. Siria-
Eufrate-Babilonia. Con 235 illustrazioni
da fotografie di A. M. Borghese ed una
carta. (2a edizione riveduta dall' autore.)
Large 8vo, pp. 224.
Institute Italiano d'Arti Grafiche,
Bergamo, 1904.
Collezione di Monografie illustrate. Serie
Viaggi, No. 2.
See chap, ii, Damascus.
Borrmann, Richard. Die Baukunst des
Altertums und des Islam im Mittelalter.
4to.
Seemann, Leipzig, 1904.
See pp. 323-327, with 5 illustrations.
Bourgoin, J. Claire-voie (xvi° siecle)
dans la grande mosquee de Damas.
Revue generale de f Architecture et des
M
Travaux publics, tome xxxvii, col. 247,
and plate 54. 1880.
Plate signed J. Bourgoin.
Bourgoin, A. Precis de Part arabe,
et materiaux pour servir a la theorie et
a la technique des arts de I'orient musul-
man. 4to, in 4 parts, pp. ii, 16, 22, 25 and
9, with 300 plates (many coloured).
Leroux, Paris, 1892.
Memoires de la Mission archeologique franfaise
au Caire, tome vii.
See Part I, pis. 11-15, 17-20, 34-42 ; II, pis.
12-15, 28-35, 56-60 ; III, pis. 14, 25-29, 74-75,
and 85-86, for beautifully drawn details of
stalactite doorways, inlaid panels, minarets, etc.,
etc., all at Jerusalem or Damascus.
Bridel, Rev. Ph. La Palestine illustree.
Collection de vues recueillies en Orient
par F. et E. Thevoz. Texte explicatif
par Ph. Bridel. Oblong 4to.
Lausanne, 1889.
. Palestine of To-day. Illus-
trated by F. Thevoz & Co., Geneva. With
text translated from Rev. Ph. Bridel,
Lausanne. Revised by A. H. Marshall.
Part I. [All published.] Oblong 4to, 10
plates, with explanatory text interleaved.
Marshall, London. (Printed in Lau-
sanne.) [1889.]
. Palestine Illustrated. A Col-
lection of Views obtained in the Holy
Land. By Messrs. F. Thevoz & Co., of
Geneva. Reproduced by Photogravure.
With descriptive Letterpress by P. Bridel.
Series I, Part I, — From Jaffa to Jerusalem.
[All published.] Oblong 4to, pp. [4], with
the same 10 plates and nearly identical
text interleaved.
Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge, London, 1892.
See pi. 9, Tower of the Forty Martyrs, Ramleh,
and pi. 10, Ramleh, within the walls.
Briggs, Martin S. Through Egypt in
War Time. 8vo, pp. 280, with 67 illus-
trations on 32 plates (i coloured) and 2
maps.
Unwin, London, [191 8].
For Khan Yunus, see pp. 240-241, and plate
facing p. 242.
73
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Briggs, Martin S. The Architecture of
Saladin and the Influence of the
Crusades (a.d. II71-1250). Burlington
Magazine, vol. xxxviii, pp. 10-20, with
2 plates and 2 figures. 1921.
. The Saracenic House. Bur-
lington Magazine, vol. xxxviii, pp. 228-
238, with 2 plates ; pp. 289-301, with
2 plates and 2 figures. 192 1.
See p. 301 and Plates iii and iv for houses at
Damascus.
Briinnow, Rudolf Ernst, and Alfred v.
Domaszewski, Die Provincia Arabia auf
Grund zweier in den Jahren 1897 und
1898 unternommenen Reisen und der
Berichte friiherer Reisender beschrieben.
Impl. 4to, 3 vols., pp. xxiv and 532 ; xii
and 359 ; xiv and 403 ; with very many
plates, illustrations, plans, maps, etc.
Triibner, Strassburg, 1904-1909.
Bd. i, ash-Shaubak, pp. 113-119, and figs. 97-
104 ; Bd. ii, section vi : El-Mesetta [Mashita],
pp. 105-176, with 4 double plate and 69 illustra-
tions (many full-page). Mosque at al-Mana(jir,
ii, pp. 192-195, and figs. 180-784 ; Qal'at ad-
Daba'a, ii, pp. 74-76, and figs. 655-656 ; Mosque
at Bosra, Bd. iii, pp. 39-40, with section and
plan, stc, etc.
Briinnow, R. Uber Musils Forschungs-
reisen. Vienna Oriental Journal, vol. xxi,
PP- 353-374; xxii, pp. 399-414; xxiii,
pp. 18-32. 1907-1909.
An article on Musil's, Arabia Peircea, Bd.
i and ii [q.v.].
Burford, Robert. Description of a
View of the City of Damascus, and the
surrounding country, now exhibiting at
the Panorama, Leicester Square. Painted
by the Proprietor, Robert Burford. 8vo,
pp. 12, with folding plate.
Brettell, London, 1841.
Butler, Howard Crosby. Ancient
Architecture in Syria. Section A. —
Southern Syria. 4to, pp. xii and 363,
with many plates and illustrations.
Brill, Leyden, 1907-1915.
Only two Muhammadan buildings are de-
scribed ; both, however, are important on
account of their early date: (i) Mosque at
Qusair al-Hallabat, probably 8th century, pp.
74-77, with 2 illustrations and 6 figures, aJso
74
Appendix, pp. xvi-xix, with i illustration and
5 figures ; (2) Hammam as-Sarakh, a bath
building almost identical with Qusair 'Amra, pp.
77-80, with 5 figures, also Appendix, pp. xix-xxv,
with 4 illustrations and 5 figures.
Buyser, Bray de. Interieur d'une
maison arabe a Damas. Revue de I'Oriefit,
de VAlgerie et des Colonies, nouvelle serie,
tome i, pp. 367-372. 1855.
Chamonard, J. A propos du Service
des antiquites de Syrie. Syria, tome i,
pp. 81-98. 1920.
Choisy, Auguste. L'Art de batir chez
les Byzantins. Sm. folio, pp. 187 and
[iv], with 25 plates and 178 figures.
Soc. anon, de publications periodi-
ques, Paris, 1883.
See p. 85 and planche xxi, for the squinches
of the Great Mosque at Damascus.
. Histoire de I'architecture.
8vo, 2 vols., pp. 642 and 800, with 1,700
figures.
Rouveyre, Paris, n.d.
See " Architectures musulmanes," tome ii, pp.
83-138. Scattered information on Syrian archi-
tecture.
Clermont-Ganneau, Ch. Inscription du
calife el-Mahdi relatant la construction de
la mosquee d'Ascalon en I'an 155 de
I'hegire. Journal jisiatique, 8""* serie,
tome ix, pp. 485-491, and i plate (to left).
1887.
Reprinted in his Recueil d'arckiologie orientate,
i, pp. 214-218, and planche xi (to left). 1887.
. L'Inscription de Banias. Jour-
nal jisiatique, 8°* serie, tome x, pp. 496-
509. 1887.
Reprinted in his Recueil d' archiologie orientale,
tome i, pp. 241-252. 1888.
See also Gildemeister : A rabische Inschrift vom
Nahr Banijas.
. Le Port de Lydda construit
par le sultan Beibars. Journal A siatique,
8"°* serie, tome x, pp. 509-527, with I
double plate; xi, pp. 305-310 with 2
plates. 1887-1888.
The first part of the above (pp. 509-527) was
reprinted in his Recueil d' archiologie orientale,
tome i, pp. 262-279, with the three plates (1888).
An English translation subsequently appeared
in his Archa-ological Researches in Palestine [q.v.],
vol. ii, pp. 102-118 and 470 (1896).
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Clermont-Ganneau, Ch. Archsological
Researches in Palestine during the years
1873-4. With numerous illustrations
from drawings made on the spot by
A. Lecomte de Noiiy, Architect. Trans-
lated by Aubray Stewart, M.A. [Vol. ii,
by John Macfarlane.] 2 vols., 4to, pp.
xvii and 528 ; x and 504.
Palestine Exploration Fund, London,
1899, 1896.
See vol. i, pp. 127-178 for the Haram ash-
Sharlf ; 179-227 for the author's most important
researches on the Dome of the Rock ; p. 234,
Khan as-Sultan.
See vol. ii, pp. 47-48 for the shrine of Nebi
Musa ; pp. 102-118, for mosque (converted
church) with minaret, and bridge (Jisr Jindas)
at Ludd ; 119-122, mosque (converted church)
at Ramla ; 167-182, for mosque (converted
church), shrine of Abi Hureira and bridge at
Yebna ; p. 314, Nablus ; 383 ff. for great mosque
(partly a converted church) at Gaza, and 470,
for further reference to bridge at Ludd.
. Le tombeau de Dja'far,
cousin-germain de Mahomet. Rfcueil
d' Archeologie orientale, tome iii, pp.
278-283, with 2 figures (of inscriptions).
1899.
References to a mosque, restored A.H. 752
{1351), and to a mausoleum, the latter dated
A.H. 727 (1327) erroneously attributed by the
Arabs to Ja'far.
— . El-Kahf et la Caverne des
Sept-Dormants. Recueil d" Archeologie
orientale, tome iii, pp. 293-303, and
plates ix and x. 1899.
With notes on the ruined mosque (J mile S.E.
of 'Amman) and plan of same.
. Une inscription du calife
Hicham (an no de I'hegire). Recueil
d" Archeologie orientale, tome iii, pp. 285-
293, with I figure and plates vii, A (facsi-
mile) and viii. 1900.
Kufic dating inscription of a monument,
apparently a fortified khan, built by the in-
habitants of Homs, A.H. no (728).
. The Moslem Mukams. Pales-
tine Exploration Fund, Q. St., pp. 89-103.
J877.
Reprinted in the Survey of Western Palestine,
Special Papers, pp. 258-273. 1881.
Conder, Lt. Claude R., R.E. Notes on
Architecture in Palestine. Palestine Ex-
ploration Fund, 0. St., pp. 29-40. 1878.
At all periods.
Conder, C. R. Report on the Visit of
their Royal Highnesses Princes Albert,
Victor and George of Wales to the Hebron
Haram, on 5th April, 1882. Palestine
Exploration Ftind, Q. St., pp. 197-213,
with 3 figures. 1882.
Conder, Major C. R. The Survey of
Eastern Palestine. Memoirs of the Topo-
graphy, Orography, Hydrography, Ar-
chaeology, etc. Vol. i. The 'Adwan
Country. [All published.] 4to, pp. xii
and 305, with 15 plates and many illus-
trations.
Palestine Exploration Fund, London,
1889.
See pp. 57-59 for mosque at 'Amman, and pp.
216-217, for fort with Arabic inscription dated
1191 (1777).
Conder, Lieut. C. R., and Lieut. H. H.
Kitchener. The Survey of Western
Palestine, Memoirs of the Topography,
Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeo-
logy. Edited with additions by E. H.
Palmer and Walter Besant. 4to, 3 vols.,
pp. X and 420, with 30 plates and many
illustrations ; pp. vii and 445, with 21
plates and many illustrations ; pp. vii
and 450, with 21 plates and many illus-
trations.
Palestine Exploration Fund, London,
1881-1883.
For Moslem work, see vol. i, Galilee, pp. 72-81,
iio-iii, 116, 123, 123-125, 125, 125-128, 128-
133, 133-135, 160-167, 185-186, 186-190, 191,
206-207, 207-208, 226, 234, 248-250, 256, 272,
335-338. 394-396, 409-411, and 418-420.
Vol. ii : Samaria, pp. 105, 116, 119-121, 185,
195, 203-210, 264, 264-265, 266-267 (?), 269-275,
332, 368-369, 421, 422 and 441-443.
Vol. iii : Judaea, pp. 8, 16, 25, 54-55, 91, 129-
130, 149-152, 157-158, 163, 207, 220, 234-235,
236, 248-250, 252-253, 270, 303-304, 305-307,
320, 327-328, 333-346, 374 and 449-450.
Contenau, Dr. G. Mission archeolo-
gique a Sidon (1914). Syria, tome i, pp.
16-55; 108-154; 198-229; 287-317. 1920.
See pp. 1 08-11 8, planche x, and figs. 20-26,
for researches at the Castle of Sidon.
75
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Cowper, H. Swainson. Through
Turkish Arabia. A journey from the
Mediterranean to Bombay by the Eu-
phrates and Tigris Valleys and the
Persian Gulf. 8vo, pp. xx and 490.
Allen, London, 1894.
See chap, iv, pp. 68-114 for a good account
of Aleppo ; also illustrations on pp. 229 and 243.
Grace, John D. On the Ornamental
Features of Arabic Architecture in Egypt
and Syria. Sessional Papers of the Roy.
Inst, of Brit. Architects, vol. xx, pp. 71-90,
with 3 plates. 1870.
Creswell, K. A. C. The Origin of the
Cruciform Plan of Cairene Madrasas.
Bull, de rinst. francais d'archeologie
orientale, tome xxi, pp. 1-54, with 12
plates and 10 plans. 1922.
Contains plans, photographs and descriptions
of eight early madrasas in Aleppo, Ma'anat an-
Nu'man and Damascus.
. Two Khans at Khan Tuman.
Syria, tome iv, pp. 1 34-139, and PI.
xxxvi-xxxviii. 1923.
Daly, C^sar. Incrustations de marbre
et faience (XV* s.) a Damas. Revue
generale de l^ Architecture et des Travaux
•publics, tome xliii, col. 5, with i coloured
plate. 1886.
A fine piece of marble inlay from the Mosque
Qal'at al-UUah, at Damascus.
Dickie, Archibald Campbell. The
Great Mosque of the Omeiyades, Damas-
cus. Report. Palestine Exploration Fund,
Q. St., pp. 268-282, with 5 folding plates
and I figure. 1897.
Diez, Dr. Ernst. Die Kunst der is-
lamischen Volker. Sm. 4to.
Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft
Athenaion, Berlin-Neubabels-
berg, [1915].
See pp. 12-33, Tafel I, and Abb. 6-36 ; pp.
37-38, 65, and Abb. 81, 84-86 and 88.
76
Drake, C. F. Tyrwhitt. [Homs and
Hama.] Palestine Exploration Fund, Q.
St., pp. 7-1 1. 1872.
Reprinted in the Survey 0/ Western Palestine,
Special Papers, pp. 119-122 (1881).
Reports — XVI. Palestine
Exploration Fufid, Q. St., pp. 64-76.
1874.
See pp. 64-67 for notes on the Citadel and
Qubbat as-Sakhra at Jerusalem, and the White
Mosque at Ramleh.
Dussaud, Ben^, and Fr^^ric Macler.
Rapport sur une mission scientifique dans
les regions desertiques de la Syrie moyenne.
Nouvelles Archives des Missions Scienti-
fiques, tome x, pp. 411-744, with many
plates and figures. 1902.
Dating inscriptions on buildings at el-'Ayin,
Salkhad, and Qal'at Azraq.
. Le Temple de Jupiter Damas-
cenien et ses transformations aux epoques
chretienne et musulmane. Syria, tome
iii, pp. 219-250, planches li-liv and figs.
1-6. 1922.
Fago, Vincenzo. Arte araba. I —
L'Arte araba nella Siria e in Egitto.
4to, pp. 198 and Ixxv, with 50 plates (fine
photogravures).
Roma, 1909.
Chiefly devoted to Egypt. See, however,
plates i-iii.
Fergusson, James. A History of
Architecture. 8vo, 2 vols.
Murray, London, 1893.
See pp. 516-525, with 7 illustrations. Also
p. 407 and figs. 270-271 for Mshatta.
Fulleylove, John, B.I., and John Eel-
man. The Holy Land. Painted by John
Fulleylove. Described by John Kelman.
4to, pp. XV and 301, with 92 coloured
plates.
Adam and Charles Black, London,
1902.
See chap, iv, Moslem, pp. 157-179 and plates
49- 54 and 56-64.
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Germer-Durand. Rapport sur I'ex-
ploration archeologique en 1903 de la voie
romaine entre Amman et Bostra (Arabic).
Bulletin archeologique, pp. 1-43, with 6
plates. 1904-
Plate vi: " Dera'a (Syrie), interieur de la
mosquee."
Gildemeister, Prof. J. Arabische In-
schrift vom Nahr Banijas. Zeitschr. d.
Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins, Band x,
pp. 188-189. 1887.
On an inscription copied by Dr. Fritz Noetling
recording the construction of a military work.
See Clermont-Ganneau : Inscription arabe de
Banias.
Girault de Prangey. Monuments
arabes d'Egypte, de Syrie et d'Asie
Mineure, dessines et mesures de 1842 a
1845. Ouvrage faisant suite aux Monu-
ments arabes de Cordoue, Seville et
Grenade, publics de 1836 a 1839. Livr.
1-6. Folio, with 24 tinted plates, and
16 pages of description.
Publics par I'auteur, Paris, 1846.
See plates i, 8, 12, 14, 15 and 24.
Gliick, Heiniich. Ein islamisches Hei-
ligtum auf den Olberg. Ein Beitrag zur
Geschichte des islamischen Raumbaues.
Der Islam, Band vi, pp. 328-349, with 15
illustrations. 1916.
Goldziher, Dr, Ign. Das Patriarchen-
grab in Hebron nach Al-'Abdarl. Zeitschr.
d. Deutschen Palaestina-V ereins. Band
xvii, pp. 1 15-122, with I double plate
(interior). 1894.
See also Guthe (H.), Stumme (H.), Vincent
(H.) and Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems,
pp. 309-327.
Grimaldi, Rev. A. B. Cenotaphs of the
Hebrew Patriarchs at the Cave of Mach-
pelah. Palestine Exploration Fund, Q. St.,
pp. 145-150, with 6 plates. 1912.
Includes views of the interior of the Haram
at Hebron, from the North British-Israel Review,
January. 191 1.
Gurlitt, Cornelius. Geschichte der
Kunst. Large 8vo, 2 vols.
Bergstrasser, Stuttgart, 1902.
Syrien und Africa unter arabischer Herrschaft,
Band i, pp. 381-386 ; Das Heilige Land, pp. 477-
479-
Guthe, Prof. H. Die Untersuchung
des Patriarchengrabes in Habron im
Jahre 11 19. Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Palae-
stina-Vereins, Band xvii, pp. 238-248,
with I double plate (interior). 1894.
(See also Goldziher (I.), Stumme (H.) and
Vincent (H.)
Hammer-Purgstall. tJber Hrn. v.
Kremer's Topographic von Damaskus.
Situngsber. der philos.-hist. classe der K.
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band xiii,
483-494-
Wien, 1854.
Hanauer, J. E. Right of Sanctuary at
Damascus. Palestine Exploration Fund,
Q. St., p. 207. 1913.
Instance of the ancient right of Sanctuary
connected with the Great Umayyad Mosque,
October 1912. See also ibid., 1912, pp. 206-209.
Hartmann, Martin. Die arabischen In-
schriftcn in Salamja. Zeitschr. d. Deut-
schen Palaestina-Vereins, Band xxiv, pp.
49-68, with 7 illustrations (facsimiles).
1901.
Hartmann, R, Damascus. Article in
the Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. i, pp. 902-
910. 1912.
With notes on the great Umayyad Mosque
and other buildings.
Harvey, William. — Saracenic Vaulting.
Architectural Review, vol. xxx, pp. 241-245,
with 6 illustrations. 191 1.
Three Syrian examples illustrated.
. Some Saracenic Doorways.
Architectural Review, vol. xxxii, pp. 255-260,
with 5 illustrations. 1912.
Two Syrian examples illustrated.
Herzfeld, Ernst. Mshatta, Hira und
Badiya, die Mittellander des Islam und
ihre Baukunst. Jahrbuch der Preuszischen
Kunstsammlungen, 192 1, pp. 104-146,
with 10 plates and 17 illustrations. 1921.
Hornstein, Charles Alexander. A Visit
to Kerak and Petra. Palestine Explora-
77
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Hon Fund, Q. St., pp. 94-103, with 17
plates and 3 figures. 1898.
Jalabert, L. Damas. Article in Cabrol
and Le Qercq's Dictionnaire d'arche'ologie
chretienne, iv, cds. 1 19-145. 1920.
See cols. 135-145 for the Great Mosque at
Damascus.
Janssen, J.-A. Trois inscriptions arabes
inedites, du Haram d'Hebron. Revue
biblique, tome xxxii, " Melanges," pp. 80-
92, with 2 plates (facsimiles). 1923.
On three inscriptions, relating to the endow-
ments, not published in the work of Vincent and
Mackay [q.v.].
Inscription arabe du Khan
al-Ahmar a Beisan (Palestine). Bulletin
de I'Institut francais d'Archeologie ori-
entale, tome xxii, pp. 99-103, with I
figure (facsimile of inscription). 1923.
Built by the Emir Salar in Gumada 708 (in
November 1308).
Kahle, Paul. Die moslemischen Heilig-
tiimer in Palastina. Paldstinajahrbuch,
Jahrg. vi, pp. 63-101, with 6 illustrations.
1910.
. Das Wesen der moslemischen
Heiligtiimer in Palastina. Paldstinajahr-
buch, Jahrg. vii, pp. 85-119, with 8 illus-
trations. 191 1.
Kay, Henry Cassels. A Seljukite In-
scription at Damascus. Journ. Roy.
Asiatic Society, pp. 335-345- ^^97-
On an inscription in the Great Mosque at
Damascus, which records a restoration of the
maqsiira, etc., in a.h. 475 (1082).
" Squeeze " from the mosque
of Scheikh Murad, near Jaffa. Palestine
Exploration Fund, Quarterly Statement,
p. 247. 1898.
Recording its restoration by Amir Jamal ad-
Din.
Kiemer, A. von. Ausziige aus Ibn-osch-
Schihne's Geschichte von Haleb. Sit-
zungsher. der philos.-hist. Classe der k.
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band iv,
pp. 215-250. 1850.
Contains considerable architectural and topo-
graphical information.
78
Elremer, A. von. Die Medreseen von
Haleb. Sitzungsber. der philos.-hist. Classe
der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band
iv, pp. 304-309- 1850.
A list with notes.
Topographie von Damascus.
Denkschriften der k. Akadeinie der Wissen-
schaften, philos.-hist. Classe, Band v, Abt.
2, pp. 1-5, with 3 plates and 3 figures ;
Band vi, Abt. 2, pp. 1-37, with i plate
and I figure. 1854-1855.
See Hammer-Purgstall.
Laborde, Leon de. Voyage en Orient.
Pres de 400 vues de sites historiques de
I'Asie Mineure et de la Syrie, dessinees
d'apres nature par I'auteur, accompagnees
d'un Texte explicatif. Vol. ii. Voyage de
la Syrie. Folio.
Firmin Didot, Paris, 1838.
See plate xv, Tripoli ; xxvii, Beyrut, old
fortifications ; xxxvii, Bteddin, Palace of the
Emir Beshir ; xliv, Damascus ; Ivii and Iviii,
Bosra, Citadel and walls ; Ixii and Ixiii, Tiberias,
before and after the earthquake of 1837 (in the
first completely walled), and Ixxxvii, Sidon, fine
doonvay.
Lallemand, Ch. D'Algei a Constan-
tinople. Jerusalem-Damas. 4.to, pp. 134,
with 22 plates (i coloured) and 74 Ulustra-
tions.
Quantin, Paris : Gervais-CourteUe-
mont, Alger, [1894].
Collection Courlellemoni ariisiique etpittoresquc.
Illustrations directes d'apres nature.
Lammens, H. La Syrie : Precis his-
torique. Sm. 8vo, 2 vols., pp. ix and 279,
277-
Imprimerie Catholique, Beyrouth,
1921.
See pp. 87-88 for the Great Mosque at
Damascus, and pp. 96-98 for a discussion of the
problem of Mshatt4, which the author attributes
to VValid II (743-744).
Le Strange, Guy. Palestine under the
Moslems. A Description of Syria and the
Holy Land from a.d. 650 to 1500. Trans-
lated from the works of the mediaeval
Arab geographers. 8vo, pp. xxiii and
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
604, with 17 plans and illustrations and 2
maps.
Alexander Watt, for The Palestine
Exploration Fund, London, 1890.
Le Strange, Guy. Description of Syria,
including Palestine, by Mukaddasi (circ.
985 A.D.). Translated from the Arabic
and annotated. 8vo, pp. xvi and 116,
with 2 maps and 4 plans (including one
of the Haram-esh-Sherif).
London, 1892.
Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, vol. iii.
Littman. Aibeg (Arab. pron. Aibak),
properly called 'Izz al-Din Abu'l-Mansur
Aibeg al-Mu'azzami. Article in the En-
cyclopedia of Islam, vol. i, pp. 208-209.
1909.
Governor of Damascus. Gives a list of his
buildings at Salkhad (Hauran) and elsewhere.
Died A.H. 646 (1248/9).
de Lorey, Eustache, and Gaston Wiet.
Cenotaphes de deux dames musulmanes
a Damas. Syria, ii, pp. 221-225 and
Planche xxvii. 192 1.
Lukach, Harry Charles. The Fringe of
the East. A journey through past and
present provinces of Turkey. 8vo, pp.
xiii and 273, with map and 76 illustrations.
MacmLllan, London, 191 3.
Contains several new architectural photo-
graphs, e.g. Great Mosque of Hama ; Great
Mosque at Damascus, as restored since the
fire, etc.
Luke, Harry Charles, and Edward
Keith-Roach. The Handbook of Pales-
tine. With an Introduction by the Right
Hon. Sir Herbert Samuel, P.C, G.B.E.
Issued under the authority of the Govern-
ment of Palestine. Sm. 8vo, pp. xii and
295, with frontispiece and folding map.
MacmLllan, London, 1922.
See Moslem Architecture in Palestine (by
E. T. Richmond), pp. 67-74 ; also the Pro-
Jerusalem Society, pp. 131-132.
Luynes, Due de. Voyage d'exploration
a la Mer Morte, a Petra et sur la rive
gauche du Jourdain. CEuvre posthume
publiee par ses petits-fils sous la direction
de M. le comte de Vogiie. Impl. 4to,
text : 3 vols., pp. iii and 388 ; 227 ; vi
and 326 ; plates : 97, with 2 folding maps.
Bertrand, Paris, [1871-1876].
Mosquee dite d'Omar — Qoubbet-es-Sakhrah,
tome i, Appendice, pp. 335-34°-
Also dating inscriptions on mosques, etc., at Et-
Borak, Hebron, Karak, Mo'teh, Qal'at al-Hesa,
Shaubak and Ramleh, tome ii, pp. 183-222.
Mar9ais, Georges. La Mosquee d'EI-
Walid a Damas et son influence sur
I'Architecture musulmane d'Occident.
Revue Ajricaine, L° annee, pp. 37-56,
with 2 figures. 1906.
Margoliouth, Rev. D. S., D.Litt. Cairo,
Jerusalem & Damascus : three chief
cities of the Egyptian Sultans. With
illustrations in colour by W. S. S.Tyrwhitt,
R.B.A., and additional plates by Reginald
Barratt, A.R.W.S. 4to, pp. xvi and 301,
with 5 7 coloured plates and 3 line drawings.
Chatto & Windus, London, 1907.
Moslem architecture at Jerusalem, pp. 203-
225 ; at Damascus, pp. 228-248.
Masterman, Ernest W. Gurney. A
Greek Inscription from the Grand Mosque,
Damascus. Palestine Exploration Fund,
Q. St., pp. 224-5, with facsimile. 1896.
Note by Dr. Murray, ibid., pp. 225-226.
Mayer, L. A. Arabic Inscriptions of
Gaza. Journal of the Palestine Oriental
Society, vol. iii, pp. 69-78, with 3 plates
and I figure. 1923.
du Mesnil du Buisson. Les anciennes
defenses de Beyrouth. Syria, tome ii,
pp. 235-257, planches xxxv-xl and figs.
1-8; pp. 317-327, planches xlvi-liii and
figs. 9-1 1. 1921.
Migeon, Gaston. Hama, de Syrie.
Syria, tome ii, pp. 1-5, and planches i-ii.
1921.
Much, Hans. Islamik. Westlicher
Teil bis zur persischen Grenze. 8vo, pp.
16, with 98 illustrations.
Friederichsen, Hamburg, 192 1.
See Abb. 10, ii>, 14, 21 (Aleppo), 27'>, 50, 51'',
54, 55, 58-61, 63, 66>>, 670 and 79.
79
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Mxiir, Sir Wm. Destruction of the
Great Mosque of Damascus. The Archi-
tect, vo\.\\, -p. SS- 1^94-
Reprint of a letter to the Scotsman.
Miilinen, Dr. E. Graf von. Das Grab
Abu'l-Fida's in Hama. Zeitschr. d. Deut-
schen morgenldndischen Gesellschajt, Band
Ixii, pp. 657-660, with 4 illustrations on
2 plates. 1908.
See Seybold.
Musil, Alois. Arabia Petraea. 8vo,
3 parts : I — Moab, topographischer Reise-
bericht, mit i Tafel und 190 Abbildungen
im Texte, pp. xxiii and 443 ; II — Edom,
topographischer Reisebericht. I. Teil, mit
1 Umgebungskarte von vvadi Musa (Petra)
und 170 Abbildungen im Texte, pp. xii
and 343 ; 2. TeU, mit i Ubersichtskarte
des Dreiecknetzes und 152 Abbildungen im
Texte, pp. X and 300 ; III — Ethnologischer
Reisebericht, mit 62 Abbildungen im
Texte, pp. xvi and 550.
Holder, Wien, 1907-1908.
Kusejr '.^mra, Band i, pp. 219-233, illus.
96-105 ; pp. 276-289, illus. 1 18-124 ; Kasr al-
Harani, pp. 290-293, illus. 129-135 ; Mashita,
pp. 196-203, illus. 83-92.
Nasir-i-Ehusrau. Sefer Nameh. Rela-
tion du voyage de Nassiri Khosrau en
Syrie, en Palestine, en Egypte, en Arabic
et en Perse, pendant les annees de I'hegire
437-444 (1035-1042). Public, traduite et
annote par Charles Schefcr. Large 8vo,
pp. Iviii, 348 and 97 (Persian text), with 4
coloured plates.
Leroux, Paris, 1881.
Publications de I'Scole des langues orientates
tiivantes, ii« serie, vol. i.
See pp. 31-105, for Aleppo, Ma'arrat an-
Nu'man, Tripoli, Jebeil, Sidon, Akka, Tiberias,
CcBsarea, Ramleh, Jerusalem (most important
account of the Haram .\rea) and Hebron.
Oppenheim, Dr. Max von. Vom Mittel-
mecr zum Persischcn Golf durch den
Hauran, die syrische Wiiste und Mesopo-
tamien. Mit vier Originalkarten von
Dr. Richard Kiepert, einer Uebersichts-
80
karte und zahlreichcn Abbildungen. 8vo,
2 vols., pp. XV and 334 ; xv and 434.
Reimer, Berlin, 1 899-1 900.
Bteddin, Band i, pp. 27-30, with 1 plate and
2 illustrations ; Damascus, pp. 48-77, well illus-
trated ; Bosra, two mosques, pp. 19S-199, with
plate ; Salkhad, castle and minaret dated a.h.
603 (1206/7), PP' 203-207, with 2 illustrations.
Pierotti, Dr. Ermete. On Jewish and
Roman Architecture in Palestine from the
earliest period to the time of the Crusades.
Papers read at the Roy. Inst, of Brit.
Architects, vol. xii, pp. 149-164. 1862.
" Epoch of the .•Vrabs," pp. 161-162.
Porter, Rev. J. L. Five Years in
Damascus : including an account of the
history, topography, and antiquities of
that city ; with travels and researches in
Palmyra, Lebanon, and the Hauran. Sm.
8vo, 2 vols., pp. xi and 395, with 8 plates
and 8 illustrations ; pp. vii and 372, with
2 plates, a map and 12 illustrations.
Murray, London, 1855.
. Second edition, revised. Sm.
8vo, pp. xvi and 339, with i plate, map
and 18 illustrations.
Murray, London, 1870.
Portfolio of Saracenic Art. 4to, 4
parts, 8 coloured plates, no text.
London, [1887-1890].
Part 2, plate t : " Panel of tiles. From the
Senariyeh f? Sinaniyya] Mosque at Damascus,
about 1580."
Puchstein, Dr. 0. Guide de Ba'albck.
Traduit de I'allemand. Sm. 8vo, pp. 42,
with 12 figures. Reimer, Berlin, 1906.
Reinach, A. J. Les mosaiques de la
mosquee des Omayades a Damas. Revue
Archeologique, iv' serie, tome xvii, pp.
453-454. 191 1.
Reitemeyer, Dr. Else. Die Stadte-
griindungen dcr Araber im Islam, nach den
arabischen Historikern und Geographcn.
8vo, pp. iv and 170.
Harrassowitz, Leipzig, 191 2.
See pp. 69-75, for Ramla, Rusafa, etc.
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Rey, E. Guillaume. Voyage dans le
Haouran et aux bords de la Mer Morte,
execute pendant les annees 1857 et 1858.
Text : 8vo, pp. XX and 306; plates : atlas
folio, pp. [i] with 25 plates (i double).
Bertrand, Paris, [i860?].
Bosra : Mosque Dar-al-Moslim, Mosque of al-
Mebrak, and Mosque of Omar-al-Kitab, pp. 179-
183. View and plan of latter, plate xvi, frieze,
plate xvii.
. Rapport sur une mission
scientifique accomplie en 1 864-1 865 dans
le nord de la Syrie. Archives des missions,
2°" serie, tome iii, pp. 329-373, with 9
plates. 1866.
Salamiyya, p. 245 (mosque with Kufic in-
scriptions) ; Shouraaimis, pp. 345-346 ; and
Mambij, p. 352 (square minaret built, according
to an inscription, by Saladin insji-FsSi^ a.d.
1183).
Riant, Comte. Note explicative d'un
plan de la mosquee d'Hebron. Comptes
rendus de I'Academie des Inscriptions et
Belles-Lettres, pp. 54-63, with i double
plate (plan). 1886.
Rivoira, G. T. Architettura Musul-
mana, sue origini e sue sviluppo. 4to, pp.
ix and 391, with 341 illustrations.
Hoepli, Milan, 19 14.
. Moslem Architecture, its
origins and development. Translated
from the Italian by G. McN. Rushforth.
4to, pp. xvii and 383, with 341 illustra-
tions.
Milford, Oxford, 1918.
See Dome of the Rock, and Mosque of al-
Aqsa, pp. 45-72 and 11-23, and Great Mosque
at i)amascus, pp. 72-137.
Russell, Alex. The Natural History of
Aleppo, and parts adjacent. Containing
a description of the city, and the principal
natural productions in its neighbourhood ;
. . . 4to, pp. viii and 276, with 15 plates.
Millar, London, 1756.
■ ■ — . The second edition. Revised,
enlarged, and illustrated with notes.
By Pat. Russell, M.D., F.R.S. 4to,
N
2 vols., pp. xxiv, 446 and xxv, with 5
plates ; pp. vii, 430, xxxiv and 26, with
15 plates.
Robinson, London, 1794.
Sachau, Dr. Eduard. Reise in Syrien
und Mesopotamien. Mit 2 Karten von
Professor Heinrich Kiepert, 18 Abbildun-
gen und 22 Llchtdruckbildern. 8vo, pp.
X and 479. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1883.
Homs, pp. 62-64 and plate viii ; Qal'at Sejar,
pp. 68-69 and plate x ; Mambij, pp. 146-152 ;
Qal'at an-Negm, pp. 153-155 ; and Aleppo,
pp. 458-459 and plates xx-xxii.
Sachsen, Jobann Georg, Heizog zu.
Tagebuchblatter aus Nordsyrien. Mit 85
Abbildungen. 8vo, pp. viii and 71.
Teubner, Leipzig, 1921.
Review : Hugo Grothe, Orientalisches Archiv,
Jahrg. iii, pp. 146-147.
For Homs, HamS and Al«ppo.
Saladin, H. Manuel d'art musulman.
I — L' Architecture. 8vo.
Picard, Paris, 1907.
Chap, ii : " Ecole syro-egyptienne (Egypte,
Syria, Arabic)," pp. 45-i'84,with 108 illustrations.
Salhab, Dr. T. La fabrication des
briques en Orient. Al-Machriq, pp. 747-
749. [In Arabic.]. 1910.
Sarre, Friedrich, and Ernst Herzfeld.
Archaologische Reise im Euphrat und
Tigris - Gebiet. Mit einem Beitrage :
Arabische Inschriften von Max van
Berchem. Sm. folio, 4 vols., pp. x
and 252, with 2 maps and 132 illustra-
tions ; pp. xii and 395, with 2 maps and
245 illustrations ; pp. xi, with 120 plates ;
pp. vii and 59, with 28 plates.
Reimer, Berlin, 1911-1920.
ForsckuHgen der Islamischen Kunst, i.
See i, pp. 1-3, for dating inscriptions at
Balis, by M. van Berchem, pp. 1 10-172, for
itinerary from Aleppo to Deir az-Z6r, by E.
Herifeld ; and iii, Tafeln i and xxiv.
Sauvaire, Henry. Histoire de Jerusalem
et d'Hebron, depuis Abraham jusqu'a la
fin du xv' siecle de J.-C. Fragments de
81
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
la Chroniqtie de Moudjir-ed-dyn traduits
sur le texte arabe. 8vo, pp. [iv] and 346.
Leroux, Paris, 1876.
Architecture and topography of Jerusalem
and Hebron in the fifteenth century, with the
dates of many monuments.
Sauvaire,Henry. Description de Damas.
Traductions de I'arabe. Journal Asiatiqtie,
ix" serie, tome iii, pp. 251-318, 385-501 ;
iv, pp. 242-331, 460-503; V, pp. 269-
3iS> 377-411; vi, pp. 221-303, 409-
484; vii, pp. 185-285, 369-453-
1 894-1 896.
. Do. Extrait du Journal
Asiatique. 8vo, 2 parts, pp. 318 and 441.
Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1895-6.
Schick, Dr. Conrad. Letters, II —
Arabic Building Terms. Palestine Ex-
ploration Fund, 0. St., pp. 194-201, with
9 small figures. 1893.
Includes stone-cutters' and masons' tools,
which the figures illustrate.
Schumacher, Dr. G. Unsere Arbeiten
im Ostjordanlande. VII. Zeitschr. des
Deutschen Paldstina-Vereins, Band xxxviii,
pp. 136-149, and plates vi-xviii. 191S-
See p. 140 and plates viii-x for Mosque of al-
Khidr and Great Mosque, and pp. 146-147 and
plates xvi-xvii for Great Mosque at Ezra.
Sepp, Dr. Jerusalem und das heilige
Land. Pilgerbuch nach Palastina, Syrien
und Aegypten. 8vo, 2 vols., pp. xxxviii
and 781, with I plate and 232 woodcuts ;
pp. xxviii and 866, with i plate and 174
woodcuts.
Hurler, Schaffhausen,i863.
. Do. Zweite, durch architek-
tonische und diplomatische Studien ver-
mehrte Auflage, mit 550 Illustratione und
einer selbstaendigen Karte von Palaestina.
8vo, 2 vols., XXXV and 923 ; xii and 916.
Hurter, Schaffhauser (Bd. ii-Manz,
Regensburg), 1 873-1 876.
Seybold, C. F. Zum Grab Abu'lfida's in
Hama. Zeitschr. d. Deutschen morgen-
82
Idndischen Gesellschaft, Band Ixiii, pp. 329-
333, 853-854. 1909.
Notes, chiefly epigraphical.
See MUlinen.
Sobernheim, Moritz. Materiaux pour
un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum.
Deuxieme partie. Syrie du Nord.
Fasc. i, impl. 4to, pp. vii and 139, with
15 plates.
Le Caire, 1909.
Memoires de I'Instilut Francais d'Archeologie
Orientate du Caire, tome xxv.
Das Heiligtum Shaik Mu-
hassin in Aleppo. Melanges Hartwig
Derenbourg, pp. 379-390.
Leroux, Paris, 1909.
A history of the shrine with transliterations
and translations of the five inscriptions.
Sobernheim, M. Halab. Article in the
Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. ii, pp. 227-237,
with folding map. 1915-
See iii, Notes on the Architectural History
(based on the joint researches of Dr. Herzfeld
and the writer), pp. 233-236.
. Hama. Article in the En-
cyclopadia of Islam, vol. ii, pp. 240-241,
with folding map. 191 S-
. Hims. Article in the En-
cyclopedia of Islam, vol. ii, pp. 309-310,
with folding map. 1916.
. Baalbek in islamischer Zeit.
Large 4to, pp. 40, with 6 figures (facsimiles
of inscriptions).
De Gruyter, Berlin, 1922.
Vorabdruck aws dem Werke : Baalbek, Ergeb-
nisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in
den Jahren 1S99 bis 1905, Band iii.
Spiers, R. Phen6, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.A.
The Great Mosque of the Omeiyades,
Damascus. Journ. of the Roy. Inst, of
Brit. Architects, vol. iv, third series, pp.
25-40, with 14 illustrations ; pp. 57-65,
with 2 illustrations. 1897.
Also note under " Chronicle," ibid., p. 41.
This account is fuller and the illustrations on
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
a larger scale than the same articles in Architec-
ture ■■ East and West.
Additional Notes, as a result of further in-
vestigations made on the spot by Mr. A. C.
Dickie, A.R.I.B.A., for the Palestine Exploration
Fund, appeared ibid., vol. v, pp. 1 66-1 71, with
6 illustrations.
Spiers, R. Phen6, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.A.
The Great Mosque of Damascus. Pales-
tine Exploration Fund, 0. St., pp. 282-
299, with 8 illustrations. 1897.
In substance the same as that published in the
J.R.I.B.A., but revised, in view of additional
information, received subsequently from Dr.
Masterman of Damascus, and from Mr. Dickie,
who was specially sent by the Palestine Fund
Committee to make fresh researches.
. The Great Mosque of the
Omeiyades, Damascus. Architectural Re-
view, vol. viii, pp. 80-88, with 9 illustra-
tions ; pp. 103-114, with 10 illustrations ;
pp. 158-169, with 10 illustrations. 1900.
The illustrations are on a large scale.
Spoer, Hans H. Das Nebi-Musa-Fest.
Zeitschr. d. Detitschen Palaestina-V ereins,
Band xxxii, pp. 207-221, with 6 illustra-
tions. 1909-
See abb. 5, 7, and 9.
Stadler, Ferd. Damascus und der Khan
Assad-Pascha daselbst. Zeitschrijt fiir
Bairuiesen, Jahrg. xix, col. 567-572, and
plate 70 in folio volume. 1869.
Street, A. E. On Fountains and Water
Treatment. Architectural Review, vol. iv,
pp. 44-50, with 8 illustrations ; pp. 93-98,
with 6 illustrations. 1898.
Includes : Mosque of Omar, Jerusalem ;
Courtyard Reservoir, Holy Land ; a Pool in the
Holy Lcmd.
Stumme, Dr. Hans. Inschriften im
Haram in Hebron. Zeitschr. d. Deutschen
Palaestina-V ereins, Band xvii, pp. 249-
250. 1894.
Suras from the Kuran over Milira, etc.
See also Goldziher (I.), Guthe (H.) and
Vincent (H).
Tarchi, Ugo. L'Architettura e I'arte
musulmana in Egitto e nella Palestina.
Folio, 18 pp. of text (Italian and French
in parallel columns), with 166 plates and
47 figures.
Crudo, Torino, [1923].
See Tavoli 5-11, for Jerusalem, 12-13 for
Damascus, 13 for Baalbek and 60 for Ramla.
Thiersch, Hermann. Pharos. Antike
Islam und Occident. Ein Beitrag zur
Architekturgeschichte. Mit 9 Tafeln, 2
Beilagen und 455 Abbildungen im Text.
Impl. 4to, pp. viii and 260.
Teubner, Leipzig and Berlin, 1909.
See " Kapitel V. — Die Nachwirkungen dcs
Pharos im Mittelalter. i. — In der islamischen
Baukunst," pp. 97-174. The author, in
developing his well-known theory as to the origin
of the Egyptian type of minaret, passes a large
number of Syrian minarets in review.
The second part of the Appendix (pp. 212-245)
is devoted to the evolution of the mosque plan,
and an entirely new theory is offered as to the
origin of the plan and elevation of the Great
Mosque at Damascus. See pp. 214-217.
Vincent, L. H., E. J, H. Mackay
and F. M. Abel. Hebron : le Haram
el-Khalil, sepulture des Patriarches.
Ouvrage honore d'une souscription de
I'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-
Lettres. Large 4to, pp. vi, 257 and vi,
with 28 plates and 86 figures.
Leroux, Paris, 1923.
Vincent, L. P. Nebi Samouil. Revue
biblique, tome xxxi, " Melanges," pp. 360—
402, planches xi-xiii and figs. I and 2.
1922.
Vogu6, Marquis de. La citerne de
Ramleh et le trace des arcs brises.
Memoires de I'Academie des Inscr. et Belles-
Lettres, tome xxxix, pp. 163-180, with 3
plates, I figure and 9 diagrams. 1912.
With Kufic inscription dated a.h. 172 (789):
" Le principal interet de ce monument r&ide
dans ce fait qu'il offre le plus ancien exemple
date de I'emploi systematique et exclusif, en
Palestine et en Egyptc, de I'arc brise, vulgaire-
ment appelc ogive." Includes also an important
study on the setting-out of two-centred arches.
Wetzstein, Dr. Johann Gottfried.
Reisebericht iiber Hauran und die
Trachonen, nebst einem Anhange iiber
die sabaischen Denkmaler in Ostsyrien.
83
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Mit Karte, Inschriftentafel und Holz-
schnitten. 8vo, pp. vi and 150.
Reimer, Berlin, i860.
For Sala and Bosra. Notes on the Citadel,
mosque, etc., with dating inscriptions, pp. 70-72-
Wiet, Gaston. Les Inscriptions arabes
de Damas. Syria, tome iii, pp. 153-163.
1922.
On a collection of copies of several hundred
inscriptions at Damascus, made for Waddington
by a Syrian, and recently found by M. Courant
of Lyons.
Williams, Robert, F.R.I.B.A. An
Architectural Quest. The Architect, vol.
Ixxxix, pp. 32-40, with 17 illustrations ;
pp. 67-69, with 8 illustrations ; pp. 97-99,
with 7 illustrations. 1913-
See illustration on p. 26 : " Baalbek. — Ruins
of Mosque built in the Thirteenth Century from
the ruins of Roman Temples " ; also on p. 29 :
" Aleppo. — Interior of the Mosque of Halawia."
Wilson, Colonel. Picturesque Palestine,
Sinai and Egypt. Edited by Colonel
Wilson, assisted by the most eminent
Palestine explorers. 4to, 4 vols., pp. xx
and 240 ; vi and 240 ; vi and 240 ; vi
and 236. With 44 steel engravings and
several hundred woodcuts.
Virtue, London, [1880-83].
Wilson. Extracts from the Diary of
Captain (now Major-General Sir Charles)
Wilson, in 1865. Palestine Exploration
Fund, Q. St., pp. 299-301. 1897.
III. FOR JERUS.\LEM ONLY
Abel, F. M. Pour la conservation
de Jerusalem. Revue Bihliqiie, nouvelle
serie, tome xv, " Chronique," pp. 550-552.
1918.
Foreshadowing the formation of the Pro-
Jerusalem Society by Colonel (now Sir Ronald)
Storrs, the Military Governor.
Adler, F. Der Felsendom und die
heilige Grabeskirche zu Jerusalem. Vor-
trag, gehalten fiir den wissenschaftlichen
Verein in der Sing-Akademie am 18.
84
Januar 1873. Mit zwei Lithografien.
8vo, pp. 27.
Habel, Berlin, 1873.
Virchom und Holtzendorff. Sammlung Ge-
meinverstdndlicher wissenschajtlicher I'ortrdge,
Serie viii, No. 188.
Arren, J. La mosquee d'Omar violee.
Revue Archeologique, iv® serie, tome xvii,
PP- 452-453- 19"-
On the excavations of Captain Parker.
Ashbee, C. R. Jerusalem 1918-1920.
Being the Records of the Pro- Jerusalem
Council during the period of the British
Military Administration. Edited by C. R.
Ashbee. 410, pp. xvi and 87, with 79
illustrations.
Murray, London, 192 1.
See " Muslim Work Touched by the Pro-
Jerusalem Society," by K. A. C. Creswell, pp.
67-70 and illus. 77-79.
Barclay, J. T. The City of the Great
King ; or Jerusalem as it was, as it is,
and as it is to be. Large 8vo, pp. xxiii
and 627, with 17 plates (5 coloured) and
45 illustrations.
Challen, Philadelphia, 1858.
Bartlett, W. H. Walks about the City
and Environs of Jerusalem. 8vo, pp. viii
and 224, with 16 steel engravings, 26
illustrations and a map.
Virtue, London, [1844].
See pp. 161-178 for Catherwood's account of
the Dome of the Rock, etc., written in 1833.
Bartolini. Le temple de Salomon a
Jerusalem. Revue de VArt chretien, xiv°
annee, pp. 217-227, with i plate ; pp. 265-
271, with I plate ; pp. 321-325, with i
plate; pp. 377-381, with I plate; pp.
433-444. 1870.
The Dome of the Rock, pp. 377 ff., with i plate
(plan).
Becker, Heinricb. Die Tempel zu Jeru-
salem. Allegemeine Bauzeitung, Jahrg.lviii,
PP- 5-7, i4-i8> 30-31- 1893-
The Qubbet as-Sakhra (which the author
believes to be the church built by Coustantiae),
pp. 16-18.
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Berchem, Max van. Arabische In-
schrift aus Jerusalem. Mitth. undNachr.
des Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins, Jahrg.
iii, pp. 70-78, with I facsimile and i
plan. [Note by Vollers, p. 86.] 1897.
English translation : Palestine Exploration
Fund, Q. St., pp. 86-93, with 1 plan and a photo-
graph of the inscription. 1898.
An undated Kuijc inscription, which the author
suggests may be of Muktadir about a.d. 930,
referring to a mosque.
See Clermont-Ganueau : La basilique de
Constantm, etc.
. Materiaux pour un Corpus
Inscriptionum Arabicarum. Deuxieme
partie : Syria du Sud. Tome premier. —
Jerusalem " Ville." Imp]. 410, pp. xxxii
and 464, with 72 figures. Tome troisieme.
Impl. 4to, 120 plates.
Institut franfais d'archeologie
orientale, Le Caire, 1920-1923.
Memoires de I'Institut franfais d'archeologie
orientale, tomes xliii and xlv.
Tome ii is in the press. It will contain the
inscriptions of the Haram Area.
A fundamental work for the study of the
Moslem architecture of Jerusalem. It contains
a great amount of architectural and archaiological
information, and the plans of a great number of
buildings are given. The plates also are full of
architectural subjects.
Besant, Walter, and E. H. Palmer.
Jerusalem, the City of Herod & Saladin.
with a frontispiece. 8vo, pp. xii and 532.
Chatto & Windus, London, 1899.
Building of the Dome of the Rock, mosque
of ElAksa, etc., pp. 86-98 ; see also pp. 433-435-
Previous editions: 1871, 1888. A thin paper
edition in 1908.
Bourgoin,
Folio.
Jules. Les Arts arabes.
Morel, Paris, 1873.
See plate 2 (Turbeh of Jalikiyyat Khatun)
and 14 (Madrasa Rasasiya). See also plates 51
and 91.
Castelnau, L. de. Ein Besuch in der
Omarmoschee in Jerusalem. Aus dem
Berichte des Hrn. L. de Castelnau an
den franzosischen Kultusminister. Allge-
meine Bauzeitung, Jahrg. xxi, " Notiz-
blatt," pp. 47-49. 1856.
Catherwood, F. Description of a View
of the City of Jerusalem, and the sur-
rounding country, now exhibiting at the
Panorama, Leicester Square. Painted by
the Proprietor, Robert Burford. From
Drawings taken in 1834, ^Y ■^^^- ^- Cather-
wood, Architect. 8vo, pp. 12, with fold-
ing plate.
Brettell, London, 1835.
Clermont-Ganneau, Ch. The Jerusalem
Researches. Letters vii and viii. Pales-
tine Exploration Fund, 0. St., pp. 135-158,
with 7 figures. i874-
Notes on, and discoveries regarding the
Qubbat as-Sakhra during the repairs in 1873/4.
See also: Lt. Conder's Report, ibid., 1873,
p. 154, and Tyrwhitt Drake's Report, ibid., 1874,
pp. 63-6.
. La basilique de Constantin et
la mosquee d'Omar a Jerusalem. Recueil
d'Archeologie orientale, tome ii, pp. 302-
362, with 3 illustrations. 1898.
The mosque of Omar referred to here is not
the Qubbat as-Sakhra, but one of the many
mosques named after Omar which were built at
various points in Jerusalem. The inscription,
which had just been discovered, on which this
paper is written, refers to a mosque named after
Omar, which was built at the latest in the loth
century (the author suggests a.d. 936/7), in
the vestibule of the Basilica of Constantine, at
the top of the staircase giving access to it.
See also ibid., tome iv, pp. 2S3-287. On
fresh evidence he attributes the inscription to
el-Hakim.
See Berchem (M. van) : Arabische Inschrift aus
Jerusalem.
. Une inscription inconnue du
calife 'Abd el-Melik a la Sakhra. Recueil
d'Archeologie orientale, tome ii, p. 400.
1898.
On an inscription existing in the 17th century
in the Qubbat as-Sakhra, relating its construc-
tion by the Khalif 'Abd al-Malik.
. L'hemisphere, abside ou cibo-
rium du Martyrion de Constantin et de la
Mosquee d'Omar. Recueil d'Archeologie
orientale, tome iii, pp. 88-90. lS99'
Quotation from Eutychius (d. a.d. 940) to
the eBect that the Khalif al-WaUd carried oS a
dome of brass gilt (in which description the
author recognizes the hemispherical cover of a
ciborium) from a church at Baalbek, in order to
85
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
cover the Sakhra (rock) at Jerusalem — where it
was no doubt placed like a baldachino over the
sacred spot, in emulation of the Christian
practice.
Conder, Claude, Lieut. R.E. The High
Sanctuary at Jerusalem. Transactions
of the Roy. Inst, of Brit. Architects, vol.
xxix, pp. 25-60, with 3 plates. 1879.
Communication on the above from E. C.
Robins, F.S..A., ibid., pp. 231-232.
Conder, Lieut.-Col. Claude Reignier.
Syrian Stone Lore ; or, the Monumental
History of Palestine. New [3rd] edition.
Sm. 8vo, pp. xvi and 484, with 28 figures
and 3 folding maps.
Palestine Exploration Fund, London,
1896.
See pp. 355-362 for the Dome of the Rock and
the Aqsa Mosque.
Dalman, Prof. Gustaf. Die Grabungen
nach dem Tempelschatz von Jerusalem.
Mitth. und Nachr. ies Deutschen Palaestina-
Vereins, pp. 56-61. 191 1.
. Neue Petra-Forschungen und
der heilige Felsen von Jerusalem. Mit 64
Ansichten und 19 Planen. 4to, pp. viii
and 172.
Hinrich, Leipzig, 191 2.
" Der heilige Felsen von Jerusalem," pp. iii-
151 ; contains many photographs of the interior
of the Qubbat as-Sakkra.
Debio, G. Ein Proportionsgesetz der
antiken Baukunst und sein Nachleben
im Mittelalter und in der Renaissance.
Large 8vo, pp. 36, with 60 plates.
Triibner, Strassburg, 1895.
See plate ix, which shows the author's ideas
applied to a section of the Dome of the Rock. A
system of triangulation is superimposed on it
which gives most of the hxed points.
Du Camp, Maxime. Egypte, Nubie,
Palestine et Syrie. Dessins photogra-
phiques recueillis pendant Ies annees
1849, 1850 et 1851. Folio, pp. 61, with
125 plates (photographs mounted).
Gide et Baudry, Paris, 1852.
See Planche 113 for the wall from the Citadel
to the S.W. comer of Jerusalem, and Planche
117 for the Dome of the Rock.
86
Fergusson, James. An Essay on the
Ancient Topography of Jerusalem, with
restored plans of the Temple, &c., and
plans, sections and details of the church
built by Constantine the Great over the
Holy Sepulchre, now known as the Mosque
of Omar, and other illustrations. 410, pp.
xvi and 188, with 7 plates and lowoodcuts,
Weale, London, 1847.
The Holy Sepulchre and the
Temple at Jerusalem. Being the sub-
stance of two lectures delivered in the
Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, on
the 2 1 St February, 1862, and 3rd March,
1865. 8vo, pp. xvi and 151, with i plate
and 30 figures.
Murray, London, 1865.
"El Aksah," pp. 36-45, with i figure and
2 plans.
The Temples of the Jews and
the other buildings in the Haram area at
Jerusalem. 4to, pp. xviii and 304, with
9 plates and 79 figures.
Murray, London, 1878.
Part III, "Christian and Saracenic buildings
in the Haram area," pp. 193-260.
Frith, Francis. Sinai and Palestine.
Folio, with 36 plates (mounted photo-
graphs), I leaf of text to each.
Mackenzie, London, n.d.
Includes photographs of the Dome of the
Rock and the mosque of al-.Aqsa.
Fuller, Major A. R. An Account of
Jerusalem, translated for the late Sir
H. M. Elliot, from the Persian text of
Nisir ibn Khusrii's Safarnamah. Journ.
Roy. Asiatic Society, new series, vol. vi,
pp. 142-164. 1873.
Contains a detailed description of the Qubbat
as-Sakhra, etc., in a.h. 438 [1047].
Gildemeister, Dr. J. Beitrage zur
Paliistinakunde aus arabischen Quellen.
Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Palaestina-V ereins,
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Band iv, pp. 85-92 ; vi, pp. 1-12 ; vii, pp.
143-172, 215-230; viii, pp. 117-145.
1881-1884.
Includes " Ibn Abd rabbih : Beschreibung
der Moschee von Jerusalem," iv, pp. 89-91, etc.
Gildemeister, Dr. J. Die arabischen
Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Haram-
bauten. Zcitschr. d. Deutschen Palaestina-
Vereins, Band xiii, pp. 1-24. 1890.
Gressmann, Hugo. Der Felsendom in
Jerusalem. Paldstinajahrbuch. Jahrg. iv,
pp. 54-66, with 2 illustrations on i plate.
1908.
Gu6rin, Victor. La Terre Sainte. Jeru-
salem et le nord de la Judee. Ouvrage
illustre de 147 gravures dans le texte et
hors texte. 410, pp. 338.
Plon, Paris, 1897.
" Jerusalem apres I'invasion arabe. Sanctu-
aires musulmans du Haram ech-cherif," pp.
165-177, with 6 illustrations.
Hanauer, Rev. J, E. Walks about
Jerusalem. 8vo, pp. xvii and 260, with
193 illustrations.
London Society for Promoting Chris-
tianity amongst the Jews. Lon-
don, 1910.
Harper, Henry A. Walks in Palestine.
Illustrated by 24 photogravures from
photographs taken by Cecil V. Shadbolt.
4to, pp. 128.
Religious Tract Society, London,
1888.
See pp. 23-27, 70-77, and plates 4, 13-14.
Hartmann, Richard. Studien aus dem
Deutschen evang. archaolog. Insti-
tut zu Jerusalem. 17. Geschichte der
Aksa-Moschee zu Jerusalem. Zeitschr. d.
Deutschen Palaestina-V ereins, Band xxxii,
pp. 185-207. 1909.
Hartman, Richard. Der Felsendom in
Jerusalem und seine Geschichte. Mit 5
Lichtdrucktafeln. 4to, pp. 73.
Heitz, Strassburg, 1909.
Harvey, William. Jerusalem Door-
ways. Architectural Review, vol. xxxi, pp.
201-206, with 12 illustrations. 1912.
Chiefly devoted to the Tenkiziyya Madrasa
and the Old Serai.
-. Colour in Architecture. Joiirn.
of the Roy. Inst, of British Architects,
vol. xxix, Third Series, pp. 485-501, with
5 illustrations. 1922.
See p. 495 and figs. 3-5 for the Dome of the
Rock. The three illustrations are much reduced
from the beautiful drawings made by William
Harvey ; they are in the possession of the
Byzantine Research Fund, who have not yet
published the book for which they were made.
Hasak, D. Die Konigliche Halle des
Herodes, die Marienkirche Justinians und
die Moschee el-Aksa auf dem Tempelplatz
in Jerusalem. Zeitschr. d. Deutschen
Palaestina-V ereins, Band xxxvi, pp. 300-
309, with I plan. 1913-
Herzfeld, Ernst. Die Qubbat al-
Sakhra, ein Denkmal friihislamischer
Baukunst. Der Islam, Band ii, pp. 235-
244, with I figure (plan). 1911.
. Zu Strzygowski's Aufsatzen
in Band ii, 79 ff. u. OLZ 191 1 Nr. 4. Der
/j-/<2/w. Band ii, pp. 411-413. 1911.
See Strzygowski's Felsendom und .i ksamoschee-
Holscher, G. Englische Schatzgraber
im Felsendom zu Jerusalem. Mitth. und
Nachr. des Deutschen Palaestina-V ereins,
Jahrg. xvii, pp. 44-46. 191 1.
Jeffery, Geo. The Secondary Churches
of Jerusalem and its Suburbs. Journ. of
the Roy. Inst, of Brit. Architects, vol. xviii,
Third Series, pp. 737-766, with 10 plans
and illustrations. 1911.
Includes notes on the Harim, the Dome of
the Rock, the Mosque of al-Aqsa, etc.
Lagrange, M. J. La pretendue viola-
tion de la mosquee d'Omar. Revue
87
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Biblique, nouvelle serie, tome viii, pp.
440-442. 191 1.
Lees, G. Robinson. Jerusalem Illus-
trated. With a preface by the Rt. Rev.
Bishop Blyth ; and an appendix illus-
trating the models [of the Temple area at
all periods] of Herr Baurath von Schick,
with descriptive letterpress, translated
by the Rev. J. E. Hanauer. 8vo, pp. [x]
and 163, with 74 illustrations and 5 plans.
Mawson, Swan, & Morgan, New-
castle-on-Tyne : Gay & Bird,
London, 1893.
Le Strange, Guy. Notices of the Dome
of the Rock and of the Church of the
Sepulchre by Arab Historians prior to
the First Crusade. Palestine Exploration
Fund, Q. St., pp. 90-103, with plan of
the Haram area. 1887.
To show that the Dome of the Rock does not
represent the Basilica erected by Constantine,
as maintained by Fergusson.
Description of the Noble
Sanctuary at Jerusalem in a.d. 1470,
by Kamal (or Shams) ad Din as Suyuti.
Extracts re-translated by Guy Le Strange.
Journ. Roy. Asiatic Society, New Series,
vol. xix, pp. 247-305, with I plate. 1887.
Idrisi's description of Jerusa-
lem in 1 1 54. Palestine Exploration Fund,
0. St., pp. 31-35. 1888.
An Inscription in the Aksa
Mosque. Palestine Exploration Fund, Q.
St., pp. 278-280. 1888.
Lewin, Thomas. The Mosque of Omar.
Archceologia, vol. xli, pp. 135-150, with
I plate. 1867.
The %vriter compares it with the Temple of
Jupiter at Spalato, and comes to the conclusion
that the present building is in fact the Temple
of Jupiter Capitolinus restored or rebuilt by
Maximin Daza, the successor of Diocletian ! ! !
Lewis, Prof. T. Hayter, F.S.A. The
Mosque El Aksa, Jerusalem. Palestine
88
Exploration Fund, Q. St., pp. 47-49, with
2 plans. 1887.
One plan shows mosque as it was according
to Muqaddasi.
Lewis, Prof. T. Hayter, F.S.A.. The
Holy Places of Jerusalem. 8vo, pp. xii
and 130, with many illustrations.
Murray, London, 1888.
Chapters on the Dome of the Rock, the Mosque
of al-Aq5a, etc.
Lloyd, W. Watkins. Mr. Fergusson on
the Temple of Jerusalem. The Architect,
vol. xix, pp. 262-264 ; 320-322. 1878.
An article on Fergusson's work [q.v.].
Mauss, C. Note sur la methode em-
ployee pour tracer le plan de la mosquee
d'Omar et de la rotonde du Saint-Sepulcre
a Jerusalem. Revue Archeologique, iii''
serie, tome xii, pp. 1-3 1, with 3 plates
and II figures in the text. 1888.
Showing that the proportions were obtained
by a system of triangulation. In the first case
right-angled, in the second case, equilateral
triangles were used.
. Note pour faire suite au trace
du plan de la mosquee d'Omar, public
en juin-juillet, 1888. Revue Archeolo-
gique, iii* serie, tome xiv, pp. 194-200.
1889.
On the unit of measurement used by the
designers.
MitcheU, Hinckley G. The Modern Wall
of Jerusalem. Annual of the American
School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem,
vol. i, pp. 28-50, with 71 figures. 1920.
Offord, Joseph. Documents concerning
Jerusalem in the Aphrodito Papyri of the
Mohammedan Era. Palestine Exploration
Fund, Q. St., pp. 20^-206. 1912.
Relating to workmen for the " mosque at
Jerusalem " and " the Palace of the Amir al-
Mu'minin." Date c. 708-714 a.d.
Palmer, E. H. History of the Haram
es Sherif. Compiled from the Arabic
Historians. Palestine Exploration Fund,
0. St., pp. 122-132, 164-170. 1871.
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
PSris, Le contre-amiral. Souvenirs
de Jerusalem. Album dessine par M. le
contre-amiral Paris. Lithographic par
Hubert Clerget, Bachelier, Jules Gaildrau
et Fichot. Ouvrage public par I'escadre
dc la Meditcrranee. Impl. folio, pp. 4,
with 14 plates (13 coloured).
Bertrand, Paris, [1862].
Includes 2 fine lithographs of the interior of
the Dome of the Rock, and i of the interior of
the Mosque of al-Aqsa.
Paris, Vice-Admiral. Beschrcibung der
Omarmoschee und der Moschee El-Aksa
zu Jerusalem. Allgemeine Bauzeitung,
Jahrg. xxix, Lit.-blatt, pp. 355-358.
1864.
Payer, Alois. Album von Jerusalem
in 25 Ansichten aus den heiligen Landern,
nach photografischen Original-Aufnahmen
von Alois Payer . . . unter der Leitung
des Dr. Ignaz Knoblecher. P*^ Heft.
Sm. oblong folio.
Dittmarsch, Wien, [1866].
Plate iiis : "Die Eck-Moschee " (Minaret).
Also shown in ive. No more published. Heft i
contains plates 3-6, 16 and 17 only.
Pierotti, Ermete. Jerusalem Explored :
being a description of the ancient and
modern city. Translated by Thomas
George Bonney. 4to, 2 vols., pp. xii and
339 j [''^]> with 63 plates (many tinted),
and explanatory notes interleaved.
Bell, London : Deighton, Cambridge,
1864.
See plates xi, xiv, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, ixvi-xxix,
xliii-xlvi, and liii.
Reynolds, Rev. James. The History
of the Temple of Jerusalem : translated
from the Arabic MS. of the Imam Jalal-
addin al Siiiti. With notes and disserta-
tions. Large 8vo, pp. xxxvi, xx and 551.
Valpy, London, 1836.
Oriental Translation Fund.
This translation has been very severely
criticised by G. Le Strange [q-v.], who has re-
translated portions of the work.
Riess, Dr. von. Zur Baugeschichte
des Felsendomes in Jerusalem. Zeitschr.
O
d. Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins, Band
xi, pp. 197-211. 1888.
An article on Conrad Schick's Beit el Makdas
[q-v.].
Rosen, Dr. G. Topographisches aus
Jerusalem. Zeitschr. d. Deutschen vior-
genldndischen Gesellschajt, Band xiv, pp.
605-621, with double-page map. i86o.
Includes notes on the Qubbat as-Sakhra.
Salzmann, Auguste. Jerusalem. Etude
de reproduction photographique des monu-
ments de la Ville Sainte, depuis I'epoque
judaique jusqu'a nos jours. Text : folio,
pp. 92, with 3 plates (i coloured) and
many figures ; plates : atlas folio, 2 vols.,
with 81 and 93.
Gide et Baudry, Paris, 1856.
There was a " Grande Edition " and a " Petite
edition " of the plates. In the former the
photographs number 180 (on 174 plates) and
measure 24 x 34 cm., in the latter there are
40 only, measuring 16 X 22 cm.
See Monuments arabes, pp. 76-90, with 18
figures, and 47 plates in atlas-folio.
Schick, C. Die Baugeschichte der
Stadt Jerusalem in kurzen Umrissen von
den altesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegen-
wart dargestellt. Zeitschr. d. Deutschen
Palaestina-Vereins, Band xvi, pp. 237-246,
with 2 figures ; xvii, pp. 1-24, with a
folding plan and 2 figures, pp. 75-88,
165-179, 251-276. 1893-1894.
. Letters, HL — Notes of changes
in Jerusalem Buildings, &c. Palestine
Exploration Fund, Q. St., pp. 19-21.
1894.
Minaret of the Haram Esh Sherif ; spire
" removed and a dome-shaped stone top put on."
. Reports, No. 3 : Mosque in
the Street " Suweikat Allun " [Jerusalem],
Palestine Exploration Fund, 0. St., p. 217.
1896.
Die Stiftshiitte, der Temper
in Jerusalem und der Tempelplatz del
Jetztzeit. Dargestellt. Mit 47 in den
Text gedruckten Abbildungen und 11
89
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
lithographierten Tafeln. 8vo, pp. viii
and 363.
Weidmann, Berlin, 1896.
For Moslem buildings see pp. 226-283.
Schick, C. Reports and Papers. No. i :
The Kubbet " Shekfee Sakhra." Also
called the " Little Sakhra," in the Haram
es Sherif, Jerusalem. Palestine Explora-
tion Fund, Q. St., pp. 103-105, with plan,
section and elevation. 1807.
. Reports, VII. — The Book:
" Palestine under the Moslems." Pales-
tine Exploration Fund, Q. St., pp. 84-85.
1898.
Note re p. 122, confirming the correctness, at
the present day, of Ibn al Fakih's statement re
30 pillars supporting the Dome of the Rock.
Schick, Dr. Conrad. Birket as-Sultan,
Jerusalem. Palestine Exploration Fund,
Q. St., pp. 224-229, with I folding plate.
1898.
Sepp, Dr. Bernh. Die Felsenkuppel in
Jerusalem. Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Palaes-
tina-Vereins, Band xii, pp. 167-192, with
I illustration (section). 1889.
Sepp, Prof. [J. N.] Neue architek-
tonische Studien und historisch-topo-
graphische Forschungen in Palastina. Mit
siebzig lUustrationen. 8vo, pp. xliv and
256.
Stahel, Wiirzburg, 1867.
Chap, ii. Die Hagia Sophia order Felsenkuppel,
ein werk Justinianus ; iii, Erbauung der Aksa
durch den Chalifer Abd el Melik.
Sepp, Prof. J. N. and Dr. Bernh. Sepp.
Die Felsenkuppel eine Justinianische
Sophienkirche und die iibrigen Tempel
Jerusalems. 8vo, pp. xxiv and 176, with
I plate and 41 illustrations.
Kellerer, Miinchen, 1882.
Simpson, William. Transference of
Sites. Palestine Exploration Fund, Q. St.,
pp. 18-32, with 4 figures. 1879.
On the Holy Sepulchre and the Dome of the
Rock.
90
Simpson, William. The Sakhrah.
Palestine Exploration Fund, 0. St., pp.
74-75, with view and plan. 1887.
. The Holy Sepulchre and the
Dome of the Rock. Palestine Explora-
tion Fund, 0. St., pp. 14-17. 1889.
On the connection between the design of the
two buildings, and a quotation from Muqaddasi
in support of this opinion.
Spence, T. R. Jerusalem from an
Architectural Point of View. Architec-
tural Review, vol. vi, pp. 253-262, with 8
illustrations. iS99-
Strzygowski, Josef. Felsendom und
Aksamoschee. Eine Abwehr. Der Islam,
Band ii, pp. 79-97, with 5 plates. 191 1.
See Herzfeld, Zu Slrzygowski's Aufsdizen.
Tobler, Dr. Titus. Zwei Biicher Topo-
graphic von Jerusalem und seinen Um-
gebungen. Erster Buch : Die heilige
Stadt. Zweites Buch : Die Umgebungen.
8vo, 2 vols., pp. cvi and 677, with 4
plates ; pp. iv and 1033, with i plate and
several figures in the text.
Reimer, Berlin, 185 3-1 854.
"Die Moscheen," i, pp. 456-614. With
numerous references to the descriptions of
mediaeval travellers, both Christian and Muham-
madan.
Vaux, Baron Ludovic de. La Pales-
tine. Ouvrage illustre par P. Chardin et
C. Mauss. 4to, pp. ii and 527, with 154
illustrations and a map.
Leroux, Paris, 1883.
For the Haram ash-Sharif and the buildings
within it see pp. 188-215, with i plate and 3
illustrations. See also p. 297, for plan and view
of a mausoleum in the Mamillah cemetery at
Jerusalem.
Vincent, F. H. Nouvelles de Jerusalem.
Revue Bibltque, nouvelle serie, tome xvi,
" Chronique," pp. 252-254. 1919
Notes on the clearing away of hovels, debris
etc., from the interior of the citadel.
Vogii^, Le comte Melchior de. Les
Eglises de la Terre Sainte. Sm. 4to, pp.
464, with 28 plates, 23 figures and 2 maps.
Didron, Paris, i860.
See chap, vi, pp. 266-291, and Planches xix
and XX, for tlie Dome of the Rock and the
Mosque of al-Aqsa.
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Vogu6, Le comte Melchior de. Le
Temple de Jerusalem. Monographie du
Haram-Ech-Cherif, suivie d'un essai sur
la topographie de la Ville-Sainte. Folio,
pp. vii and 148, with 37 plates (ii
coloured) and 56 figures.
Noblet & Baudry, Paris, 1864.
La mosquee d'Omar a Jeru-
salem. Revue illustree de La Terre Sainte,
tome xxii, 1905.
Illustration, p. 129 (chaire d'Omar), illustra-
tion p. 137 (mosquee d'Omar), p. 142 s.
Warren, Col. Sir Charles, K.C.M.G., and
Capt. C. R. Conder. The Survey of
Western Palestine : Jerusalem. 4to, pp.
vii and 542, with 10 plates and many
illustrations.
Palestine Exploration Fund, London,
1884.
See pp. 38-40, 42, 66-69, and 80-84.
Watson, Sir C. M. The Story of Jeru-
salem. Illustrated by Genevieve Watson.
i2mo, pp. XX and 339, with 44 illustra-
tions and a folding plan of the city.
Dent, London ; Button, New York,
1912.
One of the Mtdiaval Towns Series-
Muhammadan period, pp. 1313.
Wild. Die Omar-Moschee in Jerusalem.
Allgemeine Bauzettung, Jahrg. xix, pp.
1-2, with I plate (in folio volume). 1854.
Williams, Robert. Crosses on the
Mosque of the Dome of the Rock, Jerusa-
lem. Palestine Exploration Fund, Q. St.,
pp. 178-183, with ID illustrations. 1913.
Wilson, Capt. Charles W. Ordnance
Survey of Jerusalem. Made with the
sanction of the Rt. Hon. Earl de Grey
and Ripon, Secretary of State for War, by
Capt. Charles W. Wilson, under the direc-
tion of Colonel Sir Henry James. Folio,
3 vols.: text pp. iii, 90, and [26], with
30 plates ; " Portfolio of Plans," with 14
* I have not seen this memoir.
plates ; " Volume of Photographs," pp.
ii, with 76 photographs on 43 plates.
Published by Authority of the Lords
Commissioners of Her Majesty's
Treasury, 1865.
IV. FOR QUSAIR 'AMR A ONLY
Becker, C. H. Das Wiener Qusair
'Amra-Werk. Zeitschrijt jiir Assyriologie,
Band XX, pp. 355-379. 1907.
An article on Musil's Work [q.v.].
Berchem, Max van. Au pays de Moab
et d'Edom. Journal des Savants, pp.
293-309; 363-372; 401-41 1. 1909.
Chiefly on Qusair 'Amra and its date. Also
on the date of Mshatta. Written as an article
on MusiVs^Arabia Pelraa [q.v.], and Kuseir
'Antra [q.v.].
Herzfeld, E. 'Amra (Kusair 'Amra, the
little castle of 'Amra). Article in the
Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. i, pp. 336-339.
1910.
Hurgronje, C. Snouck. Kusejr 'Am-
ra und das Bilderverbot. Zeitschr. d.
Deutschen niorgenldndischen Gesellschaft,
Band Ixi, pp. 186-191. 1907.
Janssen and Savignac. Les Chateaux
arabes de Qeseir 'Amra, Haraneh et
Tuba. Large 8vo, pp. [i] and 135, with
21 illustrations in the text, and 58 plates
in separate cover.
Geuthner, Paris, 1922.
Mission archiologique en Arabie, iii.
*Karabacek, Josef, von. tJber die
Affindung eines Khalifenschlosses in der
nord-arabischen Wiiste. Neue Freie
Presse, No. 13,563.
Wien, 1902.
* . Uber die Affindung eines
Chalifenschlosses in der nordarabischen
Wiiste. Almanack der Kaiserl. Akad. d.
Wissenschajt, Iii, pp. 341 ff.
Vienna, 1903.
* Not seen.
91
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Migeon, Gaston. Qesejir Amra. Revue
Biblique, nouvelle serie, tome xl, pp. 392-
401, with I double plate and 7 illustra-
tions. 1914-
A short survey of research on this subject,
accompanied by photographs of the frescoes,
taken by MM. Janssen and Savignac for a work
not yet published.
Moritz, Dr. B. Ausfliige in der Arabia
Petrxa. Melanges de la Faculte Orientale,
Beyrouth, tome iii, pp. 387-436, with 7
plates. 1908.
Kusejr 'Amra, pp. 416-433. Also Qasr
Kharaneh.
Musil, Alois. Kusejr 'amra und andere
Schlosser ostlich von Moab. Topogra-
phischer Reisebericht. I. Theil. Sit-
xungsber. der philos.-hist. Classe der k.
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band cxliv,
Abh. vii, pp. 51, with 18 plates.
Wien, 1 90 1.
. Do. Separat abdruck. Svo,
pp. 51, with 18 plates.
Gerold's Sohn, Wien, 1902.
Reviews : Clermont-Ganneau, Journal dcs
Savants, 1902, pp. 281-284 ; R- Briinnow,
Vienna Oriental Journal, vol. xxiv, pp. 268-296.
. Kusejr 'Amra. Folio, 2 vols.,
pp. X and 238, with 145 illustrations and
large folding map ; p. [i] and 41 coloured
or tinted plates (18 double).
K. K. Hof-und Staatsdruckerei, Wien,
1907.
Kaiserliche Akademie der W issenschaften,
Wien.
Contents : Kusejr 'Amra. Von Alois Musil.
Architektonische Beschaffenheit des Baues.
Von Max Kropf. Die Aufnahme der Malereien.
Von .\. L. Mielich. Die chemische Analyse der
Farben. Von J. Pollak und F. Wenzel. Der
Stil der Malereien. Von Franz Wiekhoff.
Erklarung der Tafeln. Von Franz Wiekhoff.
Datierung und Bestimmung des Baues. Von
Josef von Karabacek.
See Noldeke, Zeitsch. der deutschen morgen-
landischen Gesellschalt, Ixi, pp. 222-233, for a
most important review of this work, in which he
disputes Karabacek's dating and gives the now
universally accepted interpretation of the
inscriptions.
. Neues aus Arabia Petraea.
Vienna Oriental Journal, vol. xxiv, pp.
51-61, with I illustration. 1910.
An article on Moritz's Ausfliige in der Arabia
Petraa [q.v.].
92
Strzygowski, Jose!. Amraals Bauwerk.
Zeitsckr. /. Geschichte der Architectur,
Jahrg. i, pp. 57-64, with 3 illustrations.
1907.
. Amra und seine Malereien.
Zeitschr. jiir bildende Kunst, neue Folge,
Band xviii, pp. 213-218, with 6 illustra-
tions. 1907-
-. Der grosse hellenistische Kunst-
kreis im Innern Asiens. Zeitschrijt jiir
Assyriologie, Band xxvii, pp. 139-146,
with I plate. 191 2.
Discusses also the wall paintings of Qusair
'Amra.
V. FOR THE PALACE OF MSHATTA
ONLY
Bell, Miss G. L. Palace and Mosque at
Ukhaidir. 410.
Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1914.
See pp. 1 17-118, 120, and plate 81 for Mshatti,
which the authoress is inclined to attribute to
Yazid II (d. a.d. 724).
Berchem, Max van. Mechatta. Journal
des Savants, pp. 472-477. 1905.
An article on Schulz and Strzygowski's
Mschatta [q.v.].
Bliss, Frederick Jones, PI1.D. Narra-
tive of an Expedition to Moab and Gilead
in March, 1895. Palestine Exploration
Fund, 0. St., pp. 203-235, with 16 illus-
trations and a map. 1895.
Mshatta, pp. 229-234, with 2 plans and 3
illustrations.
Briinnow, Prof. R. Reisebericht : I,
Von Jerusalem bis Madeba; II, Meschetta ;
III, 'Amman — Jerusalem — Dscholan ; IV,
Dscholan und Hauran. Mitth. und Nachr.
des Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins, Jahrg. i,
pp. 65-73, with 7 illustrations, pp. 81-88,
with 6 illustrations ; ii, pp. 1-5, with 5
illustrations, pp. 17-24, with 5 illustra-
tions. 1 895-1 896.
Mshatta, i, pp. 8i-83, with 6 illustrations.
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
Briinnow, Prof. R. Zur neuesten Ent-
wickelung der Meschetta-Frage. Zeit-
schrijt fiir Assyriologie, Band xxvii, pp.
129-138. 1912.
Assigns it to the sixth century.
Diehl, Charles. Manuel d'art byzantin.
8vo, pp. xi and 837, with 420 illustrations.
Picard, Paris, 1910.
See pp. 45-49 and fig. 17, for the Palace of
Mshatta, which the author believes to be fourth
or fifth century.
Dieulafoy, Marcel. L'Art antique de
la Perse : Achemenides, Parthes, Sassa-
nides. Sm. folio, in 5 parts.
Morel, Paris, 1884, etc.
See Vnie partie, pp. 88-95 and figs. 63-68.
Suggests that it was commenced c. a.d. 612.
Dussaud, Bene. Les Arabes en Syrie
avant I'lslam. Avec 32 figures. 8vo, pp.
i and 178.
Leroux, Paris, 1907.
See pp. 40-56 and fig. 12 for the date of
Mshatta, which the author considers to be pre-
Islamic.
Harvey, W., W. R. Lethaby, 0. M.
Dalton, H. A. A. Cruso, and A. C. Head-
lam. The Church of the Nativity at
Bethlehem. Sm. folio, pp. xi and 76,
with 13 plates (2 coloured), and 30 illus-
trations.
Batsford, London, 1910.
See pp. 29-30 for remarks on Mshatta by
Prof. W. R. Lethaby, who places it in the sixth
century.
Herzfeld, Ernst. Die Genesis der
islamschen Kunst und das Mshatta-Pro-
blem. Der Islam, Band i, pp. I'j-G'^,
with 4 plates and 19 figures ; pp. 105-144,
with I folding plate and 4 figures. 1910.
See pp. 105-144. He comes to the conclusion
that it was built either by Yazid II (720-724), or
Walid II (743-744), probably the former.
Hill, Gray. Mashita. Palestine Ex-
ploration Fund, Q. St., pp. 173-174. 1890.
Short note on visit.
Lammens, H. Les ruines d'al-Mochatta
[Mshatta]. Al-Machriq. P'® annee, pp.
481-487, with 2 illustrations ; pp. 630-
637, with 2 illustrations. [In Arabic]
1898.
Lammens, H. La hadia et la hira sous
les Omaiyades. Al-Machriq. xi" annee,
PP- 7^5-773- [In Arabic] 1908.
La Badia et la Hira sous les
Omaiyades. Un mot a propos de Msatta.
Melanges de la Faculte Orieniale, Beyrouth,
tome iv, pp. 91-112, with 2 plates. 1910.
Plate ii shows entrance and interior of Qasr
Kharaneh.
Resume in al-Machriq, 1908.
Merrill, Selah. East of the Jordan :
a record of travel and observation in the
countries of Moab, Gilead, and Bashan.
70 illustrations and a map. 8vo, pp. xv
and 549.
Bentley, London, 1881.
For Mshatta see pp. 256-263, with 4 illus-
trations.
Rawlinson, George. The Seventh Great
Oriental Monarchy, or the geography,
history, and antiquities of the Sassanian,
or New Persian Empire. 8vo, pp. xxi
and 691, with 20 plates (i coloured) and
56 illustrations.
Longmans, Green and Co., London,
1876.
See pp. 594-599, plate 10, and figs. 62-64, for
an account of Mshatta, based on Tristram and
Fergusson. The author places it between a.d.
614 and 627.
R[einach], S. La date de la fagade de
M'schatta. Revue archeologique, iv* serie,
tome vii, p. 485. 1906.
Saladin, H. Le palais de Machitta
(Palestine). Rapport de M. Saladin. Bulle-
tin archeologique, pp. 409-414, with
3 plates. 1904.
Schulz and Strzygowski. Mschatta.
Bericht iiber die Aufnahme der Ruine
von Bruno Schulz und kunstwissenschaft-
liche Untersuchung von Josef Strzygowski.
Jahrbuch der Kgl. Preuss. Kunstsamm-
93
MOSLEM ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE
lungen, Bd. xxv, pp. 205-373, with 12
plates (some double) and 1 19 illustrations.
1904.
S^journ^, Paul M. [Plan et monuments
de Mechatta.] Revue Biblique, \f annee,
" Chronique," pp. 131-134, with 4 figures.
1893.
Tristram, H. B. The Land of Moab.
Travels and discoveries on the east side
of the Dead Sea and the Jordan. With
a chapter on the Persian palace of Mashita
by Jas. Fergusson, F.R.S. With map :
and illustrations by C. L. Buxton and
R. C. Johnson. 8vo, pp. xvi and 408,
with I plate and 41 illustrations.
Murray, London, 1873.
See pp. 195-216 for Tristram's account, and
pp. 367-385 for Fergusson's essay. He comes to
the conclusion that it was built by Chosroes II
in A.D. 614.
See also above : Fergusson, History (3rd ed.),
i, p. 407, and figs. 470-471 ; Musil, A rabia Petraa,
i, pp. 196-203 and ."^bb. 83-92 ; and his Kuitjr
^ Amra, pp. 14-15 and figs. 6-10 ; Brijnnow and
Domasrewski, Die Provincia Arabia, ii, pp. 105-
176, figs. 686-754, and Tafeln xlv-xlviii ; also pp.
30S-311 (for a review of the work of Schulz and
Strzygowski) ; van Berchem, in the /. des
Savants, 1909, pp. 293-309 ; Baedeker, Syria,
p. 149 ; Diez, Kunsi der islamischen Vblker, pp.
29-33 ; Taf. i, and Abb. 31-33 (assigns it to
Yazid II, A.D. 720-724) ; Herzfeld, Mshattd,
Hira und Bddiya, pp. 84-105 and 133-146, and
Taf. i (assigns it to Walidll, 126 H.= 743-744) ;
and Lammens, La Syrie, i, pp. 96-98 (assigns it
also to Walid II, a.d. 743-744).
94
en W
<
O
Q
<:
en
H
W
CO
W
en
o
O
oi,
W
Q
O
W
H
CD
o
1-1
o
w
CQ
<
s <^
I
Q N
W o
H "
« CO
W <
CO CO pq
HE- 2;
•3;«0 snosEmBQ
" M 1 1 5- 1 1 1 1 1 ^ I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1
'^
•iCj3»3niso o) qaipsjaa
M 1 1 1 M 1 ?? M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M M I 1 1 1 1 ^
f<>
■pjEptrejs j3;bm Xq pire
1 1 M ^1 M M I 1 1 I 1 1 1 M 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t^
•(iPlstiS) I'nnreg iqsfj
M 1 1 :? 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 11 11 11 1
trt
•Xuo|03 treoustov
^ M 1 " 1 ■£ 1 " 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
O
M
•(saqqsv
•H 0) zof-A-'tBAV
t^[MmN||M|||«j||||||i|||^„|||
O
•nap^o oado n^sy rV
1 M 1 ^1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II M 1 1 1 i 1 1 1
•<h
■napjBQ BXqn nqy
too rl-00•^^m|«10■«■I l l InhmI l l l iNrOln
"N" |iOl« llll lllll 1
■*
•^
SBIOEM punOJ SpEOy
1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
■(qaipiqosEH)
si> 1 ^ 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 :r M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M I 1 1 1 1
00
CO
•tre^suncM
1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
m
"
Mooqos
qaippjossa spisjno
M 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 J: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1
■uspjEO
lOoqDS q3>P!M3SSH
^ 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 2 1 1 ?, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CO
■3?E0 s.POJ^H -ta
1 n 1 ?j 1 1 '^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
•lEjidsoH oEiiEii Xg
u,p^|c.||^.i2-"lill|llllll|||"|
N
■^
•B;A03snj^ apis^no
^1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1
a
■jJEd j3A\oi {q)
PUEI 5U3AUCO UEIUSUUV
1 1 1 1 :?- 1 1 ^"I'^M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
00
•jJEd jsddn (tj)
puE[ iuaAuo3 uBiuaouy
" 1 1 1 g IT 1 1 ?! 11? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
•p^oa
EJIEf JO pus O; S^Pl03ui3jI
^ m s^ 1 1 1 ?! 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 n
o
■s,p|o3ui3j
01 napjEQ ledpiunj^
1 1 1 1 ?," 1*1 5-"Jrl 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -
00
■USpjEO
lEdptunw o) Mgo Jsod
" 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -^ 1 1 1 1 -
lO
N
•sjEnbs S3S0 isod
""-*ri 1 1 r r 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^
•qsipsiag oj [apEjlQ
" 1 1 1 " 1 1 1 -^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 "
a
1
■suopjEO ispej.o
M Hi M N
CO
o
SPECIES.
g .5 • • : : -s^ -2:3
■ ■; i ■ ■ "-s -s :§s^i §
■a
a
O
o
m
■u
■In
a
3
»— >vO 00 U^CO
^ W N 00 -*
00 fn
13 • • • •
TT
3
bo
Ma
a
a
v
M S "*
rt c a
m a
a 3
;s o
60 >,
•T3
n
c a c a p,
O)
95
Appendix ii.
LIST OF SUBSCRIPTIONS AND DONATIONS RECEIVED
BETWEEN DECEMBER 30, 1921, AND JULY i, 1922
Vaughan Morgan, Esq.
Miss Mabel C. Hopkins
F. A, White, Esq
Sir Alfred Mond
Anglo-Egyptian Bank
Mr. Garabed Melkonian
National Bank of Egypt
John H. Finley
Max Mouchly
Credit Lyonnais
Mrs. Tod Osbourne
Princess Edmond de Polignac
Sir Hugh Bell
The Khangi Karbari of Baroda
Mrs. Clowes
Wolf Papenheim
Herbert Krustal
Banco di Roma
Anonymous (per H. E.)
Herbert Bentwich
J. A. de Rothschild
H. C. Luke, Esq.
Anglo-Palestine Bank
Arthur Franklin, Esq
Hon. Stanley Fisher
V. Harari Pasha
Baron Felix de Menasce
Carried forward
96
1.94a
480
5.09a
24.25a
1 00.00a
100. oca
97.50a
5.00a
lo.ooa
1.94a
29.09a
9-540
25.00a
9-540
5.00a
5.00a
25.00a
50.00a
2.046
48.75a
1. 00a
25.00a
29.10a
1. 000
25.00a
25.00a
674.696
Brought forward ...
Mr. Justice Isaac A. Isaac
Frederic Wenham Morton &
Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Abdy
Sir Stuart Samuel, Bart.
Imperial Ottoman Bank
Prof. Michael E. Sadler
Miss Sampter ...
Prof. Garstang, British School
N. Nahoum
N. Nahoum
S. Goldstein
S. Goldstein
J, Eisenberg
J. B. Barron, Esq.
H.E. Sir Herbert Samuel
Sir Thos. Hay craft
Lionel Cust, Esq.
G. Antonius
Mr. Henry Friend
H.E. the Latin Patriarch
Mrs. Clowes
E. T. Richmond, Esq
Dr. Reynolds ...
Arthur E. Franklin, Esq.
Nevill Forbes, Esq.
Total
Co
of Archsolo
gy
APPENDIX II
674.696
24.250
5.000
4.805
30.000
50.000
1. 000
5.000
30.000
200.000
15.000
50.000
5.000
3.000
5.500
20.000
5.000
4.850
2.050
5.000
5.000
14.550
2.047
5.000
50.000
2.000
1,218.748
97
X
I— (
Q
w
w
P
H
Q
w
cu
X!
w
OO
t— (
Q
(X)
t— (
CO
>^
<
H
O
W
w
H
O
o<
o ■>r
0 o
o
o
o
o
o
S o
t^
vO fn
Ov
Ov
o
t^
m
<o
■9-m
•-;
t^
t^
t^
fn
•-S
CT)
M C^
CO
■<i-
vO
ci
in
M
CO
It
"
O
vO
VO
vO
0
N C
0 VO
VO
>o
CO
>o
vD
s »-
vO
VO
0
en o
O 1-1
vO
vO
00
VO
VO
o^
'E'sa
CO
VO
VO
o
en q
O -fl-
vq
vO
00
VO
Ht
"S
vo'
M
CO
envO
d ■«•
»-i
CJv
CO
d-
pi
c^
C^
t^
«^
VO
en w
in t^
CO
t^
O
t^
■^
»-«
HI
M
w
*-■
■» S
o
O
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o
O
o
00
5.S
re
'T,
o
0
o in
o
o
••J-
00
O
U-J
Is
N
oo
cvi
m
00
in r^
fi en
q
in
q
in
q
d
PI
CO
d
R
m
f
M
\o en
t^
in
M
o
•^
IH
»-<
N
PI
M
*^
o
o
0
O
O
Q
m
O
o
o
in
IS
o
o
>^
O
r^
O
o
o
o
gjj
'?
VO
»o
vq
en
00
q
o
m
r^
^
N
N
oo'
in
in
d
d
d
dv
oo"
N
t~
VO
VO
-1-
Ov
o
vO
m
Ov
r^
M
c^
Ov
.
0
0 O
O
o o
0
o
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
•s s
•^
O T
O
o in
w
r4
t^
en
en
(^
■«-
M
p*
1^"
CO
O C-)
o m
q
vq
en
(^
Ov
00
qv
Ov
d>
6 4
■«■
in in
00
«'
en
CO
t^
dv
M
in
in
"o
« "
*"
in
M
IM
c^
|c
iri
o
»o
o
o
o
o
o
o
in
o
O
in
CI
m
Ov
Ov
en
en
VO
o
VO
CO
in
t^
CO
H~
00
VO
N
CT>
CO
en
en
IT
o
<y.
'?
PI
i'l
oo'
■-i-
in
•n
en
M
vd
vd
(^
00*
dv
S.
•n
to
Ov
vO
C)
CO
CO
M
»H
N
M
uS
■*
P
><
o
o
o
o
o
o
O
in
VO
o
c<
o
o
CO
w
"0
Ov
^
■^
in
q
ci
M
en
pi
ni
pi
N
<:
o
o
o
O
vD
0
en
vq
«s
CO
pj
uS
M
t^
t^
o
o o
o o o
O O
o
o
o
O
o
■3 2
VO
O O "O
O O
■-1-
o
o
in
"%«
t^
0 0
q q t-.
in m
m
q
o
o
VO
5 o.
00
in w
liS in in
t^ en
en
en
00
d
in
U(g
00
N •<»•
N mvo
tH in
CO
m
a
o
o
0
o
■<*-
^
£J
q
in
•n
£^
in
-v*-
dv
^
en
1^
*» w S
O
o
0
0
0
S.S rt
r^
en
^1-
rj
vO
^oi
in
t-"
Ov
O
vO
pi
vd
a ^
o
o
o
o
in
O
in
■— ^
o
M
m
o
o
o
•«-
'£ S
o
N
en
en
•f
o
N
2S.
N
uS
vO
r^
4
vd
M
M ><
o>
00
t^
m
o
hh
CO
« ^
u S
« S
o
o
o
o
o
o
vO
vd
tn »
o
o
0
111
en
m
0
o
vo"
•vj-
CO
in
en
CO
o
t
a
c
nl
<—>
3
^
S
S
<
>>
a
3
»— >
V!
3
00
3
<
E
V
CO
u
o
O
o
E
>
o
2
u
E
O
98
Appendix IV.
THE PRO-JERUSALEM SOCIETY
List of Subscribers
Mr. and Mrs. B. Abdy
The Reverend Pere Abel, O.P.
The American Colony Stores
Mr. Solomon Angel
The Right Reverend the Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem
The Anglo-American Society
The Anglo-Egyptian Bank
The Anglo-Palestine Bank.
Department of Antiquities, Palestine
Mr. G. Antonius
His Beatitude the Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem
Mr. C. R. Ashbee
Mr. Adam Atkinson
The late Sir Abbas EfF. Abd-el-Baha
Mr. Barluzzi
Mr. J. B. Barron
Miss Edith Beach
Sir Hugh Bell
Messrs. Bentovia and Forer
Mr. Herbert Bentwich
Mr. Norman Bentwich
The late Mr. Eleazer Ben Yahuda
Miss A. Berger
Miss S. Berger
Miss Virginia Blandy
Messrs. Blum and Levy
His Excellency Boghos Pasha Nubar
His Eminence Cardinal Bourne
Lord Brownlow
Mr. John Bruce
Messrs. Btesh Brothers
Messrs. Buckler
Mr. Alfred Buxton
99
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS
Mr. Richard Cadbury
The Cairo Syrian Committee
Miss Carey-Thomas
Mrs, Andrew Carnegie
The Reverend Harris Cohen
Mr. Isaac Cohen
Sir H. Cohen
The Council of Jerusalem Jews
The Council of Sephardic Jews
The Credit Lyonnais
Mr. A. Creswell
Mr. L. G. A. Cust
The Very Reverend Custodian of the Holy Land
Mr. Denham (for Messrs. Norton and Co.)
The Dominican Convent of St. Etienne
Dr. Drinker
Dr. Eder
National Bank of Egypt
Mr. Joseph Eisenberg
Mr. Solomon Feingold
Mrs. Joseph Pels
Mr, Marshall Field
Mr. John H. Finley
The Hon. Stanley Fisher
Mr. Bernard Flexner
Mr. Nevill Forbes
Mr. Arthur Franklin
Mr. Henry Friend
Mrs. J. S. Gardiner
Professor John Garstang
Judge Gary
Mrs. W. Gatling
Professor Patrick Geddes
Mr. S. Goldstein
lOO
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS
Mrs. Gordon
Mr. Morris Gray
Mrs. C. A. Grinnell
Mr. B. Guini
Capt. Hamborough
Mr. Charles Hamilton
V. Harari Pasha, C.M.G.
Dr. A. C. Harte
Sir Thomas Haycraft
Mr. David Hazan
Mr. F. N. Hoffstat
Miss Mabel C. Hopkins
Rabbi Horowitz
Mrs. Holman Hunt
Musa Kazem Pasha al-Husseini, C.B.E.
Jerusalem Municipality
Justice Isaac A. Isaac
The Khangi Karbari of Baroda
Mr. H. M. Kalvaresky
Mr. Kenny Leveck
Lieut. -Commander Kenworthy, M.P.
The Kneseth Israel Central Committee
Mr. Benjamin Kokia
Mr. Herbert Krustal
Rabbi I. Hacohen Kuk
Miss Landau
Miss Lapin
Mr. Nathan Laski
Mr. L. A. Lawrence
His Beatitude the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
The late Right Hon. Andrew Bonar Law
Lord Lee of Fareham
Mr. F. Levaux
Mr. Little
The Right Hon. David Lloyd George
lor
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS
Mr. Joseph Lorenzo
Lady Ludlow
Mr. H. C. Luke
Capt. Mackay
Mr. Macjames Remie
Messrs. Marash Brothers
His Worship the Mayor of Jerusalem
Mrs. Elizabeth McQueen
Mr. Mellon, U.S.A.
Mr. Garabed Melkonian
Baron Felix de Menasce
Mr. Joseph Meyuhas
Viscount Milner, K.G., G.C.B.
Sir Alfred Mond, Bart.
Mr. John Pierpont Morgan
Mr. Vaughan Morgan
Messrs. Frederick Wendham Morton and Co.
Messrs. Morum's Oriental Stores
Mr. Max Mouchly
His Eminence the late Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
Mr. N. Nahum
Dr. Faris Nimr
The late Viscount Northcliffe
His Beatitude the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
Mrs. Todd Osborne
The Imperial Ottoman Bank
Mr. Harold Pailet
Miss Palmer
Mr. Wolf Papenheim
Mr. Hennay J. Paten
Mr. Lazarus Paul
The Hon. A. and Mrs. Pelham
Mr. B. W. Peterson
Mr. de Picciotto
102
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS
Princess Edmond de Polignac
Lieut. -Colonel Popham
Mr. Reynolds
Mr. E. T. Richmond
The Banco di Roma
Mr. J. A. de Rothschild
Mr. P. Rutenberg
Sir Michael Sadler
Mr. D. Salameh
His Excellency Sir Herbert Samuel, P.C., G.C.B.
Sir Stuart Samuel, Bart.
Mr. Simon Sidnawy
Mr. Mortimer Schiff
51st Sikhs Regiment
Mr. Logan Pearsall Smith
Messrs. Smouha and Company
Mr. Jacob SpafFord
Mr. F. C. O. Speyer
Lady Storrs
Sir Ronald Storrs, C.M.G., C.B.E.
Lieut.-Colonel Waters Taylor, C.B.E.
Mrs. I. Tucker Burr
Mr. Haim Valero
The Reverend Pere Vincent, O.P.
Mr. L. A. Van Vriesland
Canon Stacey Waddy
Mr. Felix Warburg
Mr. Waterman
Mr. F. A. White
Mr. John Whiting
Mr. David Yellin
Haj Yusef Wafa al-Dajani
Sir Basil Zaharoff, G.C.B.
The Zionist Executive in Palestine
103
Index
Unless otherwise specified in the text, the mediaeval names on Pere Abel's plan, p. 32,
the names in Mr. Creswell's Bibliography, pp. 69-94, and the names of the Members
and Subscribers to the Pro-Jerusalem Society shown at the close of this volume are not
given in this Index.
Abbott
Abdul Hamid
Abel (Pere), 2, 14, 32, 33
Abraham (Chapel of)
Absalom . .
Acre
Agrippa's Way
Ain Karem
Aleppo
Allenby
Amaury I . .
Amos
Anastasia (Street of)
Anastasis (Chapel of the)
Anatolia . .
Antimus Porah
Antiochus . .
Antiquities (Department
Antonia
Antonius (G).
Aqsa Mosque
Ard es SUlam
Arman (Haret al)
Asali
Ashbee (C. R.)
Augustinian Canons
Azarie
4o> 46, 47i
of)
VI
3,
26,
60,
B
Bab Hetta (Haret)
Baldwin I . .
Baron (Pierre)
Barracks . .
Baruchoff . .
Batato (Shukri)
Battikha ('Akabat al)
Baucayre . .
Q
PAGE
•• 53
vi
48, 52
.. 56
.. 43
.. 48
•• 27
•• 55
.. 27
•• 37
•• 27
.. 38
•• 47
.. 58
64,67
.. 64
I. 7>9
•• 17
20, 37
.. 12
.. 65
36, 37
.. 27
63,67
.. 48
16, 17
• 27
27.44
36
6
23
29
27
35
Bellum Quadrum . .
Ben Yehuda
Benton Fletcher . .
Bertrandon de la Brocquiere
Beth Hakerem. See Boneh Bayit.
Bethlehem.. .. .. 42,53,
Bezetha
Bibliography of Moslem Architecture.
Blandy (Miss)
Boneh Bayit
Bufierie
Bulfarage . .
Buraq (Hosh al) . .
By-laws (Municipal)
PAGE
•• 35
.. 27
12, 30
49> 51
62, 65
13,35
69
.. 29
64,67
.. 38
,. 36
• ^l
vi
Caenaculum
Cahors (Etienne de)
Calvary
Capons (Richard)
Casa Nova Lane
Casola (Pietro)
Ceramics . .
" Change Latin "
" Change Syrien "
Chapel of Derision
Chorus Dominorum
Christ
Christian Street . .
Citadel (Gardens) . .
„ of Jerusalem
Cceur de Lion
Constantine Monomachus
Constantine's Way
Corn Market
Creswell (K. A. C.)
Crusades . .
41, 42, 52
.. 36
42, 44, 49, 50, 52, 53
.. 36
.. 27
.. 50
vii, 3, 29, 57, 62
.. 38
.. 38
.. 50
49,52
41, 42, 44
27,47
,6, 7,9, II, 12, 26
6, 20, 95, 98
.. 28
35,47
•• 27
•• 37
3,69
33, 47, 48
INDEX
Dair al 'Adas (Sekket)
„ al Ifranj (Haret)
„ Jasin . .
„ al Rum (Haret)
„ al Surian (Tariq)
Damascus Gate . .
David
„ (Street) . .
,, (Tower of)..
Dome of the Rock
„ . (Til.
Dositheus I (Patriarch)
Dowling
PAGE
.. 27
.. 26
16, 17
.. 26
•• 27
13, 24, 25, 26, 34
6, 34. 43
26, 35, 36
6,9. 13.34, 36, 38
3, 29. 59. 62
vii, 3, 20, 29, 62
••54
• • 54
Echmiadzin Chapel
Education (Department of)
•• 57
29, 30
Felix Faber
.
•• 49
Finch (Sir John) . .
.
•• 53
Fosse
7,21
Francesco Suriano
.. 50
Franciscans
34,
41.
50, S3
Frederick II
.. 48
Funda Neapolitana
.
.. 38
Garden Cities
Gaza
Geddes (Prof.) . .
George V Avenue. .
Germans (Street of)
Gethsemane
Godfrey de Bouillon
Golbites
Golgotha . .
Golti
Golubovich
Government House
Governor of Jerusalem
106
.. 64
27, 29
15, i6
.. 27
•• 37
35.43
27. 34. 44
.. 50
.. 56
•• 52
50.53
30, 60
.. IS
PAGE
Governorate (Jerusalem) . . 24, 25
Guillaume Angevin . . . . . . 36
Guini . . . . . . . . . . 16
H
Haddadin (Haret al) 27
Hakim (bi-amr Illah) . . . . . . 46
Hamborough . . . . . . ■ • 25
Haram (al Sarif) . . . . . . • • 36
Hebron . . . . . . vii, 27, 29, 61, 62
Herbs (Street of) 37
Herod . . . . . . . . vii, 27
„ (Gate of) 13,27
Hezekiah . . . . . . . . . . 27
High Commissioner of Palestine 16, 26, 30,
60, 62
Hippicus Tower . . . . 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13
Holliday (A. C.) vi
Holy Cross (Convent of) . . . . . . 55
Holy Ghost (Chapel of) . . • • 41, 42, 43
Holy Sepulchre (Church of) 2, 36, 37, 38,
39, 42. 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52. 53,
54. 55, 56, 57
Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem . . 39
Hospitallers . . . . . . 3^, 38
Ibn Batuta 27
Invention of the Cross (Chapel of the) . . 54
Isaiah . . . . . . . . • • 27
Isawiye . . . . . . . . 16, 17
J
Jaffa 27, 67
„ Gate. . 6, 7, 9, 13, 21, 22, 27, 34, 65
Jamal Pasha . . . . . . . . 20
Janjirieh . . . . . . . . 64, 66
Jeffery . . . . . . . . . . 48
Jehoshaphat . . . . 35, 37, 38, 42, 43
Jeremiah . . . . . . . . • • 27
Jericho . . . . . . . . • • 27
INDEX
Jerusalem looms . .
Jewry
Josephus . .
Judas (Street of the Arch of)
Julian
K
Kauffmann
Khan ez-Zeit
Khaneqah . .
Kidron
Kutahia
PAGE
29, 61
36,38
.. 27
•• 37
•• 27
3, 64, 66
■■ 37
.. 26
.. 42
57, 59> 62
Lachevere (Marie)
. .. 36
Lahamin (Suq al) . .
.. 26
Laqlaq (Tariq)
.. 27
Latin Patriarchate
.. 13
„ (Tariq al) . .
.. 27
Lauremer . .
•• 37
Lebanon . .
•• 39
Levant Company . .
•■ 55
Lifta
16, 17
Lisbonne (Girard de)
. .. 38
(Jean du)
. .. 36
Lissbonette (Girard de) .
•• 37
Litart
. .. 36
Ludolf of Sudheim
48, 49
Luke (H. C.)
viii, 2, 46, 54
M
Maccabees . .
.. 27
McLean
.. 16
Mahafe
. .. 36
Mahanna Yuda . .
. . 21
Mahdi(Al)
.. 28
Maidan (Haret al)
.. 27
Maimonides
.. 27
Malabar (Church of)
.. 52
Malcuisinat
37, 38
Malik (Al)
.. 28
Mamilla
Mamun (Al)
Mansur (Al)
Mar Elias . .
Marechal (rue du)
Martin Karaon
Martyrium..
Mary (Princess) . .
Marzban . .
Maulawiyeh (Tariq al)
Maundeville (Sir John)
Maundrell (H.) . .
Mayor of Jerusalem
Mehmed IV
Mejdel
Melek al-Ashraf . .
Melisande . .
Melnikoff . .
Mes (Valley of) . .
Missi Yahudi
Modestus (Patriarch)
Mogharbeh (Bab) . .
„ (Haret al)
Mommert (Dr.) . .
Moudjir ed-Din . .
Mount of Olives . .
Mount Sinai
Mount Sion 35, 36, 37,
Mufti (Grand)
Municipality of Jerusalem
Murad IV . .
Muristan . .
Muscovia . .
Mutawakil
N
Nablus
Nasara (Haret al)
Nashashibi (Ragib Bey)
Nativity (Basilica of)
Nehemia . .
New Gate . .
Newett (Margaret)
Nicephorus (Patriarch)
Nicodemus (Patriarch)
PAGE
27, 64
..28
..28
• • 16, 17, 65
••37
.•38
••47
. . 29
••37
. . 27
.. 51
• • 55
. . viii
••53
..29
.. ..48
27,38
• • 13
22, 65
..61
.. .. 46
••35
..26
.. ..56
••37
• • 13
..41
39, 41, 42, 43, 50
. . viii
I, 18
••53
26, 38
. . 20
..52
25,27
•• 27
.. 14
•• 53
•• 27
12, 26
.. so
.. 46
.. s6
107
INDEX
Nikephoria
Nointel (Marquis de)
Nomico (C. A.)
PAGE
22
• 53
• 57
O.E.T.A
• 4> 15, i6
Ohanessian (D.)
.. 29
- 0
Omar
25
Ordinance (Antiquities) . .
2
„ (Town Planning)
. 2, IS, 20
Palestine Exploration
Land Development Co.
Pilgrim's Text Society
Papadopoulos
Patriarch . . • • • • 3",
„ (Bath of)
Porte de Belcayre
Porte de Josaphat
Porte de Mont-Syon
Porte d' Abraham
Porte du Couvent des Serbes . .
Post Office Square
Poterne de la Tannerie . .
Poterne St. Ladre
Poterne St. Madeleine . .
Prester John
Prison of Christ . .
Pro- Jerusalem Society
Prophets (Street of the)
I, 2, 5,
21, 26,
.. 25
.. 64
47,49
•• 53
37, 51, 54
•• 39
•• 35
■ ■ 35
• ■ 35
•• 34
•• 34
. . 20
35, 37
■• 34
•• 34
•• 49
•■ 49
12, 14, 15,
59, 60, 62
.. 27
Raimont (Jean) . .
Ramleh
Rampart Walk . .
Rauwolflf (Dr. L.) . .
Ray (John)
Repos (rue du)
Rhodes
Ridge Road (Jerusalem)
Rihan (Sheikh) . .
Risheh (Haret al)..
Robert the Hungarian
Roger the Englishman
Remain du Puy . .
Ruppin (Dr.)
Rustaveli . .
vii, 6, 12, 13,
.. 36
.. SI
25,33
52,53
.. 52
• • 37
•• 43
23,65
.. 27
• • 27
•• 39
• • 39
• • 37
, 15, 64
55
Qalaun
.. 28
Qaraim (Haret al)
. . 27
Qattanin (Suq al)
27, 29
Qiameh
• • 47
Quaresmius
• • 34
Quartier du Patriarche . .
••35
108
Saadieh
Saafat
St. Abraham
St. Agnes . .
St. Anastasia
St. Anne . .
St. Chariton
St. Cosimus
St. Elias . .
St. Francis . .
St. George
St. Gilles . .
St. Helena
St. James . .
St. John . .
St. John the Baptist
St. Julian . .
St. Lawrence
St. Lazare . .
St. Louis . .
St. Madeleine
St. Mark . .
St. Martin . .
St. Mary 36, 39, 41,
St. Michael
St. Pastor . .
St. Paul . .
27
16,17
34, 56
38
37
38
39
37
38
41,44
27
38
• • 51,54,55
36, 39, 41, 43, 48, 57
. • 36, 37, 39, 41, 43
• • 27,48,58
37
41
.. .. 34,38
27
34,35,39,53
52
36, 37
42,43,44,47,48,49,51
48
39
27
INDEX
St. Peter
St. Sabas . .
St. Stephen ..28, 31, 35, 37,
St. Thomas
Saladin
Salante
Salome
Samuel (Lady)
„ (Sir Herbert). 5^^ High
missioner.
Sanseverino (Roberto da)
Santo Brasca
Schick (Dr.)
Selenfreund (YudA)
Selim I
Selseleh
Sepulchre. 5^^ Holy Sepulchre
Seraglio (the old) . .
Seyr (Syrien)
Sharaf (Haret al) . .
Shop signs
Siloam
Sitti Mariam (Bab)
Soeurs Reparatrices (Convent of)
Solomon
Spain (Street of) . .
Stone of Unction . .
Storrs (Sir Ronald)
Suleiman the Magnificent
Suriano
PAGE
•• 43
•• 39
38, 39> 41
38,41. SI
28,48
•• 9
.. 58
.. 62
Com-
.. 51
.. SI
.. 56
•• 95
27.52
26, 39
36
36
26
vi
42
26,47
. 12
27,43
36, 37
44,50
. viii
7, 27
• SI
Tabitha Cumi . . . . . . . . 67
Talpioth 64
Tamara (Queen) . . . . . . . . 54
Tancred 27, 39
Tanners (Street of the) . . . . • • 37
Tariq al Alam. See Via Dolorosa.
Temple 37,38,53
„ (Abbey of) 36
Textiles viii, 29
Theodoric 39, 47, 48
Theophanes IH (Patriarch) . . . . 53
Tortuz (Guillaume) . . . . . . 36
Town Plan (Jerusalem) .. 2, 15, 17, 64, 6j
Town Planning Commission i, 13, 15, 16,21,
64
Tsagareli . . . . . . . . . . 54
Tudela (Benjamin of)
Tujjar (Suq al)
Turoz
Tyropaeum
Valero (Haim)
Van Bruyn (Cornelius)
Via Dolorosa
Vincent (Pere)
34, 36
.. 26
.. 36
.. 26
.. 21,24,25
••55
27, 29, 37, 62
46, 47, 48, 52
W
Wad (Al)
Walid (Al)
Weaving (School of). 5,?^ Textiles.
Williams . .
Wright
Wurzburg (John of)
Yahia Ibn Sa'id
Yahud (Haret al)
Zahera (Bab al) . .
Zait (Khan al) . .
Zionism
Zoning
„ (Plan of Jerusalem)
Zuallardo . .
26
28
54
49
36
46
27
. . 27
27.38
.. 30
.. 18
.. 18
.. 52
109
University of California
SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388
Return this material to ttie library
from which it was borrowed.
OL JAN 2x
ool
'Hi
DUB 2 Vl'KS
ftST,
%BLE
AUG 14 2000
fk-
^Tt'
f^OMDATf RECEIVED
UCLA URL/ILL
SfP08?000
(y)'
^
^
Of" S-iLThERN regional LlBRARV FA[
D 000 012 070
\