John H. Walker - labor leader of Illinois, 1905-1933

wines)
set

bik derby

Riera bre eiacea

UNM OTET iPLT eet

Fede heap atte

winante tty preci ty

pet ienee
sagt ese

4

Bcreere sce aes

n ceaw at
See

Mietentese
waa Hate
reelected

a ‘
Veet ce ah Wen creiaa

feat Wataer

wa Caer
Soa Sad wassseAe Asin €teae Rage sasaes nied naeens baie oooh

Afar th dads ead
ih pid ase
Feet Fak aha oi Od.

se asian ance woe as Aca Lat
“ALN a wtssonek nas bulicd teed shar

eesti cee
otSealagesesesiaee
pinscadhee saa eae
reciacecoyt cern

ae ie
CUvESIN

Ova

rc
tie) Wistingeg ios asec

Aa Rc =
e show thomas amae e
ebaqud nasa ad Aes moa ed he a)ioaok
CaN ea ona ea

lacasb.n 6 c0c 1 Sag
Prech reer re

ty abt paypir bce

; Sale kes Rorasuse
rei nctndsastch atorheasrase

cite stoma. se
preseepties

Preps
of

seantadstasdatrta lated igacalge ne caneroesiatsiae toen ante

Si eerre eer
Py s

iain TAaka casas
Rasta ntoat atscare sib onek

ewvareplpeate

Ry
esau awe

epee ig bets
HET)

Tea 5 a8 Fen,

isa mee

Segre alerts 90 eae

ee

ton
ee

v
uy te igters in iatee gta a siupta se sede
sayerie te ae

ay
Coie
ade ay utences
Tame pL et

yates

tes Fs Te heke hha hea i
is

Pineda aes
Le ao agtie deli

Ze s3 48 hes

a

getty gtatute
Ace ach teat ic kd

easiest:
ey,

(eae maces
Metehs ny tgia sisi

ates enter ena

a fou avererutater tae

ceterceit waa
ielettte Beem ict abate epee!

EASTERN ILL. UNIV. LIBRARY

2211 998878772

oa
4
Lo |
=|
foal
ik :
=
wm

DEMCO 38-297

eon

PAPER CERTIFICATE #3

LO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal
theses.

Subject: Permission to reproduce theses.

The University Library is receiving a number of requests from
other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations
for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright
laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands
that permission be obtained from the author before we allow
theses to be copied.

Please sign one of the following statements.

Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission
to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the

purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or
research holdings.

Date

I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University
not allow my thesis be reproduced because

Date Author

/LB18b1-CS5S?XB2?74>C2/

JOHN H. WALKER

LABOR LEADER OF ILLINOIS 1905 - 1933

(TITLE)

ANTHONY BARGER BARRETTE

THESIS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF

po EE
IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS

1967

YEAR

| HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS THESIS BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING
THIS PART OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE CITED ABOVE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

CHAPTER

I.

Vi.

vit.

TNPRODUCTION: ORGANIZED LABOR'S CHALLERGE IN AN
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY sis csc ds dess cv dav rdendeveesdncdasesbence i

JOHN H. WALKER’S LIFE:
A COAL MINER BECOMES A LABOR SHAM a iiss cake caheaaenésens Wy

REFORMER IN THE RANKS OF THE UNITED
MING WORKERS OF AMERICA: 1905-1933 .cccccsvccscncccsccseses 34

SERVING THE ILLINGIS STATE FEDERATION
OF LABOR 3 191319350 - wacccvcscccvctasevessnerecenseessesce 7o

JOHN H. WALKER'S LEGISLATIVE GOALS
FOR ORGANIZED LABOR: 1905 -LO30 se ssccanscncerececesesevecs 98

JOHN H. WALKER IN ILLINOIS POLITICS:
AGG <IGAS a ake cadet ncsec ee her eeancandeeniinenaasenuens 132

COS TBO as kc cece nc che rece ase Ra eKeeeedeeensernevenees 150

Appendices

Bibliography

|

AObs ts a oak aid
,

A advo raaeonans
Ct ee a ee
is BSA es 4a Rie Fc
i? “an eaaeas o 4 foe

Se ee ee

Oe wate eae avns

.

: . ¢
fh, Wa eGR

aary

eere

eoga

wens

oe ne

619s sR. 5
yoy tom,
Paes ones

PCL wena
Se euw a a oie F eae

OTE

47 HO mete, y

TT he pt 1 on
Benue “the 4 is

ALA

Prat:
a ab

TCs AT a

ARATE RESELL SUT PREVA
Wa Sioa aua's 4A hon saa. 2 ee We ALAN HOSAL S

LCR IRIS BIGIAW 22

‘”
YA DAN OER eras SAH

E20RRW US BER 7 AEG

ae! moe
Oe oR
ce ee ee aah =

ae ya
A in,3 alens Ries tp Shae 4 9 0.4 alu ate alta 3.0 e Cie ERE Stig

Y ANSE BARE SOE LOGO
eg a ee ee ERI TERA LE

ne ge
Ey eh %! gus yo Eh, bID
é

AMOR FELT 00 a.

SDENTAL OR TIAA ve ig a.

PREFACE

A study of John H. Walker's life is of significant
historical value for two reasons. Walker lived in a period
of vast economic growth and tremendous social change stretching
from the 1670's to the 1930's, and his activities, influenced
by these changes, reflect the attitudes, the hopes, and the
dreams of many men responding to the age. His life, therefore,
gives the student of labor history some insight inte the
nature of the men in organized labor, and what they tried to
accomplish. At the same time, Walker's life is interesting
because it gives the student of Illinois history som feeling
for the great changes which vere taking place in this state
both economically and socially.

Walker was involved in the labor movement in Tilinois
in two officiel capecities. His first position vas as Pres-
ident of District 12, United Mine Workers of America, (UMWA),
which was all of Illinois, from 1905 to 1913 and from 1931 to
1933. His duties in this office consisted of bargaining with
the mine operators, dealing with miners’ problems, and partici-
peting in the affairs of the national organization. As a
vigorous end outspoken critic of the national officers after
1908, Walker was one of the group of reformers within the

miners' orgenizetion who led the fight against John L. lewis

iii

Pied MBS
Uosoredeg.e To ak e2at s! serial HE al To ybate A”
betneg.s si bewtl be ey Be OHO OVE “EOE cae:
Stine SEES. saute aia Nagi cesiceuena eee sad erriar iti! Fao 2

ODN BAR Bie OOEREAY IS Bich bee, a ORs Be as ‘ih a OVS Mah -¢5

gc

sed fea .aoqs b pur. (a3 oar. b. doettat , aewady : seca ye

PLOTS IR ; sib ate - one ace Boe yatbrognes 3OW yore a Buse
fe RSE mPa ayer Boe yuowe sd weit bo Jnghues sods gourds,
ot Sabed wate slate here’ j reel, fiewiastio in jaar dtd ks. aeedes
cate at atk L ghagsitet! or CRNA otha ae ath geaas
igi Lee hs re racists alon.ti Lt 20 Gpebada eri aovay 32) cenneed
REG BETS mL. i RMS? Skat nae AT Bits sims CEN eat WT
ne | weiss wep Das Heatumneye giad

cate what ni Gotcakaweds seca ods at aavowne age ed Ho
eacnt 28 pay modding Sees 3. BOLMS seen Aakena aud el
AM _eonizesinh DO aehiyeW arid odd St’ dete: dey. be ct ebd
SEQL mouh tae EhGhad OL ces sSlociedd 6 Lis aes dobddw
v gchideggaad “ho! Recreate oo lta. lade wh aeisup akh .ff2!
of 9 .iStag fe Cage comes ‘eriey kn tid iw 1gaihieas soda gs waiter ‘aris
& ak HOivis thot; Oiiital dae sda" we etisits ext f kiss:
“spurts eipoite feretoan of ce sia 239. aurlogtsup ‘bas aOKOR.y

i aesmiet oO quiet add te ono aaw “edi! .OOgL

@iWAL wb ail. dando ddget oly Ral ode cc iver ieenwe | easdnda

between 1920 and 1930. The attempt of this group to drive Lewis
out of the organization failed in 19351, and sooa after that
Walker, an 014 man, became business manager for The Men Teachers
Union of Chicago. Hs was never egain active on the state level
in organized labor.

Between the years of 1913 and 1930, however, Walker was
one of the major officials of the labor movement in Illinois.
He served 83 President of the Illinois State Federation of
Laver, (IFL), during these years, with the exception of 1919.

As President of the IFL, he was involved in building @ strong
state federation and in administering to the needs and interests
of the various independent lebor organizations around the state.
He fought for the passage of laws which were beneficial to
lsbor, and took an interest in national, state, and locel
polities.

Walker's activities place him with a group of labor leaders
known as the progressives. He was interested in reforming
American society and making it a better place for those whom
he felt would otherwise remain exploited. His idealistic
nature made him blind to seme of the economic and political
realities of the day, but added to his determination to
achieve his goals. While he was not always succes#ful in
reaching these goals, it is to hie credit that he attempted
to do so mech for so many.

Throughout the period under discussion, much more so than

teday, labor union people were often ungramatical. With

iv

ve

agg 4 ” r x b)
a ten mclt cra
ORVUCHEY ST An

ee eT bug ah Ea daried haw - os SVE ots “Le RCE -
7
atnerete! fae Rhsent-otd of galretadwiehy al eo sot caebet sate

_
ede ect Nagin aealteetoomno eadtd feapleamhed ancien we : : 7
Sd iaietisand ons doddy aval to oyctaue: eit toh oat a
iewol Gon etude (Sens ine KE Reewhe. ao dong dee beaale 7
fi: 1G 98d, |
eteheal “caiad 10 Shem, a atte whl Bie: seid ev ta 4 a esi a
; gaionties oi Seregsedah sew otf - es Zerg Hien ie
: edhe ie aE ay nee 2 gediian tes Gres

yy eae iit «ih ssetbetgxs: showers wade sane noe ss
tsa | Sow sravviegp geht te aoe ae Awe ane
+ te hare of ehohext babies hed sapalae
a) Lu LaneMeoe ayela chor tow och BERG
: | pasha sta att audit tthete mick o et ft res alse
7 | aga on
. ‘pwett Qe wtuwy aca “AB TRIG RLS ie obi ext Seat:

oO SH hen eames spd: rine
a

little education and a deep mistrust of intellectusls » these
people preferred to speak the language of their constituents.
For the sake of convenience, authenticity, and historical
accuracy, therefore, the customary sic has been omitted
throughout.

I wish to thank my thesis director, Dr. John Keiser,
for his constructive criticisms and timely suggestions regarding
the research and preparation of this manuscript. I also want
to extend my gratitude to my wife, who did all of the typing
of this manuscript.

eaetd .electye fetus te sade end 6 Lae op reseebe wate
retin tteds io quagust wit Baye as avwustoss algae
resiuetatd tan vdkatioatians qeveslsesmnn So sae ati mel
Kettles ated ug vik YeawEwS oe Quechee? yet
TERT

-gogtsk ope oat ahs Hhomid yr aueds we take F
gptiaayet Evo komm pin. yond bes erelhoiains Melatinks eens Bhd “serk.
samt gale 2 .sybsounaum aici vo modtensyug bo@ Covaemes orld
patent ‘ co age PE itis eae jeder ge ae sig ahbones EIS ETS > gS

ohpheegumen atelt ay

CHAPTER I

ORGANIZED LABOR'S CHALLENGE IN AN INDUSTRIAL AGE

The period before the Civil War in the United States saw
very little activity on the part of organized labor. The major
reason for this was that relatively little manufacturing or
industrial growth was taking place during this time. The
United States was largely agricultural in orientation, and
only a few states vere noted for their industrial pursuits.

The Civil War changed this aspect of economic life in America,
and at the same time brought about a new breed of man, the
labor leader. He was the man who directly met the challenge
of the new industriel age, with all ite vexing social and
economle probiens.

The period between 1070 and 1930 has probably aever been
equaled in United States history for the magnitude and far reaching
importence of the economic changes that eccurred within its span.
Throughout the United States es a whole, this period was one of
extraordinary economic expansion. Sew forms of trensportation
were devised, new industries were developed, and new economic
processes replaced older ones. The United States became a
world pover from the economic end diplomatic standpoint, then
turned its back on the world even as the wheels of industry in
the United States, so intricately meshed with industry in the

rest of the world, were slowly beginning to grind to a halt.

' ran ve

HOTU RIOR BET
ews ALERT ee, BO oy. Se RR Be MIEAS Fy ea me

vee getovt dooce ox ob ai Lvad aed ea bees cose at

taLar at? saeiel hex Sesgpuy he deg wuts ou ys! cdi sisi coo

aS Seyneseatt oa sey eddttl glevideties Suds RaW aid “et a _

\

‘Od? .wmid stile aucuet —— Spektod ew sivierey, fokcba

tues .poieadawine al, Liancssthd op k Piw ylapral saw ‘gomade &

; By. : a
ene Saburartlek sand? ao% beden axse 240808 WHE 8 gine

-_ soho, ‘Gh SLLE siowaone Go de oagee wigs Pacgisde “ah tien on

- edd sui Se bemte wus ® iuvode daa emis ame afd dd he. _ ;
* eciyeooh have ile pelt fab gioves eh va mm eid amr oh tebe wii _
oo “vss Lakenna alii asl ile dot cage Latieauak ve - 7

* err . >= vent deny
“Reod qaver b yfdodes aay! ace fase ONBE nein beor09 —
. a VW oe 83 Bros olan Rama edd et ‘etn sotads petal 4 ;
= ad sees bereso ot dats vena Ss Lee eae pen
- : : Se an: esx Spivey able Lolo are nedede vedio ot
- : “ paddagveyeccn’ © ay assent weit sb at

4
; : Saimuimoe cou fa {Sepateveb oon wer

7s ee puded® bedial) aa? vcio 0 nolo bane’
| awe PEAAGEROTR coh Gsh bre
on cous hd sleet edd a ea |
eat Ht y bidet ii sis — en. bce

tise ue atry Fr aawnaged 3
= : on ie

he : oe

Many factors stimulated industriel grovth in the United
States during the latter half of the nineteenth-century.
Industry was cble to expimd because the Europsan immigrants
provided a large and cheap labor supply. Domestic capital
provided funds necessary for the nation's internal development,
while Buropean capital supplemented domestic savings particu-
larly in mining, railroads, and banks. The United States
coustitution prohibited states from imposing restrictions
on interstate commerce, thereby allowing industrialists to
search far and wide for new markets and raw waterials after
the means to transport products became available.

The enlargement and transformation of the transportation
system was a key factor in the industrial development. The
period from 1830 to 1860 in the United States saw the beginning
and increased expansion of the railroads ond a corresponding
decline in water transportation. This growth continued
between 1068 and 1893, and, "(b)y 1915, when the railroads
beasted some 250,000 miles of track, not an important con-
munity in the country lay outside this extensive systes."+

In bringing 211 sections of the nation into closer contact
with one another, the railroads stimulated economic growth
by reducing the cost of production and by creating a national
market fox goods and services. Wo longer were manufacturers
TSamel P. Hays » The Response to eS 7s

2 PBe J70-

Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 195
Hereafter cited as Hays, The Response to Industrislian. )

bea end ah wet Loatrtaviek: ‘povatucta aynitow 4
a scam ual anton: sale 2g ~~ ce aa gine 4

ko
2 gS
ie i
eee taza ay

oidiugtaisve® Tanedal a? nee ect tah pneaenes anaes ‘ie
oh Mag. ancakvem ademas oadinar ab ORR ARG BS alii nial kee _

aot Heckel all .kuuvad fas Bhawlied .yutade oh

tavae aicivcsan wen bee ayooiedey west wat shiw Sse ice

, RSE tee onpteead wrashosg PROS GT hediaensil oe
_pokacingeec: nti Hen, ee STATE saeet i ee ont a _

ee? dunaqotersb Lwivtembat satoxt “osou) geet B Rew

gehaaiged a's ag andngR Det ket ett Bt OBES exh ORE: wots mx

| gaibeuqusrses Bhs elaeshies oul Re achanayme aes _ _ 7

: : Penttaes Lene ale -epkinbsoquast sowew mb ens
- : ny aboow! irs odd gene. RAG! § ie, have eet fore BAL «
_ . tH GeV TMS sf wen «Hesse * wees dat ae cen
a oo fs STAYS Trane Ride 20.8600 wi, ‘eden ae
: Jeeta Tears Gout antoar GAs be seoidoos fie yates
: . dgeveng HaUOLOOR GRRL mL e atbeeorad ta wi soci
7 a Leite ier: S gedeseata yt tas we) ;
: | : erewusiiaaries ue weg OF

| 2 Be ee _ ase |
a | cart Lape
_ : y “eas: ead

a,

eacluded from distent warkets or from the raw moteriais they
needed for their products. This stimlated mass consumption
and greatly encouraged the growth of mass production. The
specialization of @ laborer *s job duties and the separation
of labor and management fusactions were the ultimate cutcrowth
of this expansion of the esonomy.@ It was these changes vhich
led some men to cali. for the formation of lebor unions,

The railroaés served another function in the economic growth
pattern of the United States; they helped to create certain
basic industries. The major one of these was the iron and
steel industry, *hich soon became the foundation of industrial
America. The demand for iron and steel came from the railroads,
which used over half of the total iron produced in the United
States in the building, rebuilding, and maintaining of their
systems.> A less spectacular growth was experienced in the
coal mining industry because of the technological shift from
charcoal to coke which resulted from the increased demand for
Leone

Bo less importent in accelerating the tempo of economic
life in the United States was the development of rapid nation-
wide commmication systems. The telegraph, the telephone, and
the modern newspaper press helped to co-ordinate the many
business transections of a growing economy and to bring the
consumer and the producer together in a mick shorter Length

Pays, The | @ to Industrialism, pp. 9-10; Philip Taft,
ized meet in Anerican History (New York: Harper and
RCE yy pp. 52-53. (Hereafter cited as Taft, Orgend zed

Fewrwcenoh mi

3 Hays, The Response to Industrialism, p. &.

- a oe
é 7 5

- ~~ a aie :
ath addi yduas yee ait mogtlio aihaniemes hog db MOE HS

: 5 _ - _
aol igiano aple Amheb ade ait awondiorey subd ete 4
e® GATOR tact “he he wake ERTLATO SED itera
ys egos SP Bis oe ke gh pict 38 a oe

Fi abs ar ohne sacle laaw Fh 0? * aoe dal Fee. J Rp RS wees,

+ eadinss seal be padvonrol Bit ae ota ef ced. oom bor
«

reo Ry SOR BUS WE, Soeee. wep bering ab eorel awe mat, - ie 7
-

Gisdwig whens od bogker cede cade Rodi athe aw
| / Une eork arte aay ogame to gar: sogae anT .eetakagbnt < 7
:
DOON@ 8s ood Lo nokeohuay. ale omepew oad ey yyidanhel. sows :
steel hasoad aver): acco Deedee dum oxk sal. Dacaeisd ei. seta
teers 9 | anit nt Mevahors mont. dated eit ko ad. were. Geer. _

qth Sag as taindtntien See lartistover Sadia seid ak SOOO IL

: . mek dye ‘on bap Pontoiber ‘wal? te waged yas

- ss buona foasornal 80g deotck pads | okie SkGo ed ou
_ . a oe “ke a " ‘ nD i ee mid Sa ; Cm a
_ 7

: a oknOnups Chee sag ah yaltrenlaoos Bh Soetangad ea: a
7 tint Shaw ke Tommgoteveb oft agw eodusS bodied. o

tee pan adigated edd ugwagediad ont auadee 56 2a EURO
as yl: ak wlankingana tid Bor a aeons sans
. mid gare ae ae ypeinuna pay ate capiisowaed be

: wel wadbstna os A is, tombs a soul onuy oat ings

cPiuE Galette sage.
ae ise ar MIR UR oe) 4
a ep hgumy fal ae keitta

7 : : JB af qwatcni or ours a

of time. The new coumunalestion systems suppleagated the uew
Wwensportation systems, “. « » in creating the highly integrated
and complex lumen relationships iakerent in modern industrial-
tees

Social athitudes were alse affected by the vast econasic
Changes taking place in the late ninetecsth-ceatury. The
immersion porple, “2 they adepted themselves to the anew indust-
rielion, becem incresaingly reckless regarding econeulc matters,
ia en atiaosphexe of specuietion, vaste ead disarder, Matural
regmurees appeared to be unlimited and peaple wers not con+
corned about conserving thea. bany property boldera became
speculators because they vere convinced that the value of
property Would tise ia the course of rapid osonuuie growth,
and the deslre to amass wealth seqwed to poasesa all Americans.
ia time, these attioudes led to a breakdown in the moral
fiver of the camtry. Very fev businessmen felt compelled to
wetein the coutidence of their esgociates and the public, ‘The
nugh to secure ag large @ profit as poesible gave rise to
shay competitive practices, often iliegal in nature.’ The
ieborer and the farmer seemai to suffer the mast fro these
new concepts regarding eoonaalc practices, Again, 4¢ was the
twade uuilen movement which took up their cause.

; Rays, The 6 Intustrislion, p. 9.
Tbide, Bp. 4

wes eH ve ay foleye Cees en a. eal Fe
Daivouiaicd yloiaca e2y gulzwime c4 . > » yao aebdecseent
Ca EE att 5. trad abel atation, amit igang
chemise Joey wh os. Seale wile mew selenndie : deltas
emt uwaseoitaeorte el Oe ot woeke muiaied wagmeaio
nated sanes Sno Ot plage aye yons we ne apesen ected.
Orn, (ei IL QEe: ORE {le eRAtoLa. ates! yrs
pen neni iad Lavkitemy. alt ko ivory Dawanae ehh bee
ERE Moe Pa OAR SRR Oh, BONERS a aE
nao SH 5 Anite Shwe (oo ike el or honawaas aoncaeege
See etait pgeoeaponny . gest Ue gametes Susy. Goa
5, ae wiloe and et Deonkvese erat qual sawed gueaadenege
MOC, Menoned Rig to GO BOF ai sacs Dae Qnangamg
curosrh Lie woeeeng et bedee Gkleew aor. of eakeeh odd ena
AMUSE 8d BL. praia! 8 ot deb geielieis awed «ues Ad
“a Yaleerashe C682 cad wt, ney. ioeaNa aot Tip satel
Oat? mde ie Resp aeRO “LA So eemed tiene Mit dean
ee calm eva, atdinang pa Log & ages ae waaten ay doe
ek “hath o4 digabh Sd oats. ptm ie aeittegeee quade
ORR TE TMS ow Sete, cet umes chet ood i REY,
Wiad au oS i Reg oR ye req SabRRON ae
| STs shale ay ideo dbo take Sepp SA CRAY, Resets

ix ane anda a eam

oo ot ix eS: sigcuncanet as | as “4 eg? pone § ”
; : - ave we 4 1 Babes), 7

vemtAIR 2

In industriel Auerica material success becans the pre-
daninest measure of mman echievement, and the texm success
implied owning material property and maassing great fortunes.
Businessmen now coomanded the woet prestige in society, and
the new wealthy argued that wen of talent or ability should
enter business and industry rather then other occtipations.
Politics, onee an avocation of the gentleman, becane an ignobic
profession, "fit only for those who failed at economic enter-
prise.” ‘The Haratio Alger stories, with their mundane, moral
precepts, enterteined thousands who had dreams which never cane
trae.

The adjustment to new industrial processes came slowly
and painfully for many Americans. Sow people wore dlegusted
by the crudenesa of the nev age, the graft, the corruption,
the destruction of noatun.1 resources, and the praise of
uatexsial values waich accampanied it. The people wao becene
wealthy found it difficult to velleve that social unrest could
abound in a nation rich with natural wealth and opportunities.
Yet the farmer end the laborer, convinced that the new organi-
gation of economic life was simply e selfish capitalistic
twiek which could be undons, sought to destroy the new econamic
order in vhich they had become entangled. “The last thind of
the nineteenth century was an era of popular echemes for re-
making seciety, of simple solutiens to couplex problems, of
endeavors to escape from the industrial innovation rether

S ao. oa |
Haye, The Reapouse to Industrialism, p. 22.

ewty ot aod asec Lobrada aphwak Loxaocke! ol

Weneei ose addy Sue . outer eiion uae Ba pow “oteernbe)
acura, Jag, Revo bus qouegetg Sele gelaeh. tekiges
ie Ye te Oh agiverep cour end otters wor eget
makati EAs wa deal Be eer Cale Nea pollem en edie
SWS REe wh BAS LES yout bra nesakeu@ meta
Shea l oo yoosd gmetad wit ‘hor pakrugn sb Es) wee ott
oROVL AAR es Te ee Orbe ? nag ghey OND" yah otetbonmy
Ketun paenebege cheale ritiw alete mek onteeet, et “amine
CW Gea daw Rettowh bad cia wisscamerects Det SOR. a Rey
2 OE

Wen emse Auden: Sader wie 2? sna tive ott
wtange.b prey Ahi oe arto cimin sol! Lah e Baer syaee
COLE ae ee oh? yay Weer ae’ mm) eenet ie col ad
1G MWh. SHO Lee Betas c.cr Po cae ogemeae ont

araned ett algting aff .oh Deltpigwacea dtide verisy Jatveten

five Setar Joie tos omption of aaarhis’ ot feet gulp

SOLS lage daa bkeew Kaatotan AWE met aeddent a sub dee
nA MEF WY, oak? aes Beenivetes eet ie Aan taeere’: ae et
Aig ibiniqa, dailies a pigsty few elil clsmatrr eo sodas
CEMIEe bh Bis portwaeh a Apes gaaay of laps dade goth
Go bahay lewd ONE" Da ganadine aati) ha ey ial ah aceeti
wR PO a) REE RS “OS Be AA Re Yoni taieertegehs: eid
Oe .didter Raye Of woninudoe adyats ty . gtezeed Dealers
‘SSle LN a oe st Lape? adh ots ope et Beinn

<— et wel

#) R i. meee i
SB oy Metab agae 20 ae ypeg oit bs

than to come to grips with it."! The Greager and Populist move-
ments, the formation of the Knights of Labor and the American
Federation of Labor, and the industrial conflicts such as the
Haymarket Riot and the Pullman Strike are excellent examples

of this attitude in American society.

fhe dawn of the twentieth-century in America did not bring
with 2% any radical changes in the economic or social problems
which faced those living in the nineteenth-century. The younger
generation, whose fathers had protested through the Granger and
the Populist movements or become involved in the conflicts between
lebor and management, did not find American life any better because
of their parent's protests. What they did discover, however, was
an even more complex and involved industrial society. A society
in which group action had at last become important; a society
in whieh the economic processes vere now vapidly maturing and
becoming solidified in form. As the industriel revolution
advanced, the netion inevitably became a world power.

The dominent theme in the realm of economics in the
twentieth-century was the continued expansion of industry. Added
to this, however, was the development of a world market for
American products in addition to the national market. For ex-
anple, just after the Civil War ammal exporte hardly reached
$400,000,000, yet by World War I they came to $2,500,000,000

a yeor.° Imports rose as rapidly as did exports. In response

,» The Response to Industrielism, p. 2h.

——

8 mia., ps 164.

;
osu datlvgod bes RamO.wHD ade 3" oe GW ER OF cao ct ¢ : :
usodrems ats Bea sonal “bo edey, be ane ‘no eat chanriag wD
oid 2p see stotiiven Letedashak ae eed sent “Lo soto: 7 |
enlquad wellness wie exiete smell gt st bas do ithombaamegas a 7
vSolaod sanbtowh ot ebunttss alee i a a
wind wom bah att sk yativeo~ ~svokaeet ei? to meh of |) _
aeetocig Laksoe 28 2 dagitres nels ak: aionits faobaay oa : 7 os
pgm wt? optsdodtuedteats odd sh pekw il oasis Sasa rake -
aes tegre salt daeenad pedeawenn aud etetcas vgedy. coo chomaag 7
nmeauded pakt tone eels oh Gewkeve? — SH Suhre oa cmaaiihiedl - 7
Sapnowd sodted yoe GIL secdveaA Bait Seu Bh .doowsgioae Bas woth Oo

eee cei .wovesei> BES yey dadW. .adustorq e' deounsg ated to
“ydohooa-A weetves Jalntawie! Deankanret Sek wees wie sore _
yieioea & tébatuwwat anioed sont te bes coltes quony folate a
Dao ited wlbliges wou susY aeBecoruy ooness etd ooltde |
ebeutorer Laketuben edd ah seo nh DEEDMilon gntwoned
. J yb “oS econo Baltege 2 aentogssl cern wo seigen oly . beta rely
wy “i anisentce to mlane- edi he sorely aeaene
—OeROA . adearbo.t i sOLsmEyee fen Cones ad gee. ynueees
: wt deiaet Maw oto duemgetorsh edt sce mavovot . al

te OL tease Tanehton welt oF apisatis xk —
> ; Seadnarers Pa teed ataoqus Lamesa sna ate ments 8
COG OG ONE 28 ew aaa gee IT ba awh dain
easegeey ol snoTOKaRD yaa ae i = cori:
"325 S00 Cr: iy - -
ay 68 AS a tydsT ow ¢

to the increasing needs of an industrial society, foodstuffs
end raw materials replaced wamafecthued gools as the major
iteme purchased fran abroad.

fhese new economic contacts helped to broaden the Americag
spheres of interest. The businesaman's attention was turned to
the untapped markete of eastern Asia, South Anerica, and Canada,
and Zereign investments, though less important thas comercial
contacts, increaged ag well. As a result, a larger concept of
netional security was geuerated and & special emphasis was
placed on @ anew nmvy and the necessary naval bases. The first
President of the tweatieth-ceatury, Theodore Roosevelt, dramatized
thie need with his ections regarding the Panmaa Canal. America’s
eatvenee inte World War I in 1917 was another evest illustrating
this need for national security.

fhe continued expensien of industry during the tweatieth-
cectamy wag algo evidenced by the changing methods of trens~
portetion and sources of power during thia period. The increased
production of goods demanded that more ailes of railroad be
jaid, that more ehipe be built, and that the use of transportation
py motor vehicle be etarted. As a sources of power, electricity
became important. Between 1902 and 1930, the total mumber or
electric utilities in the United States increased from 2,507

to 92,232." Whenever these changes took place in the ecouciy,

BL BLOrY 2 aa, os aitee) ats naga

S, 105); p+ 506. leas cited as The Statistical

ARTO. CELE ERLE a lpia ere reieseaune ue AMEE « n

vied ovgitenes vate apicenoobera FT ORR LCC OA MRI. Ay as
wha ie BANU, NR At sano He SPO” emgeMttaE one 7
aacecrainccaaien emma ustosiomanggenh Teper! eae «gt Snenlbedre mind =

te diane agra, A komo & ah. «Adlon ass ‘oop ht
ee ee ee sae
SS: we eovasd Dyna quaemeog aah Tee yee Ce ee is
ae ieee ooo? .yaemediindi okt ty >
iy soe, wena en a whe gedlevagey tethdem wie ahlar begay ate
sotbteraaa ES Geer. -seivowm wear DEAL mb wall Swab weiter. narrate
a “ise taaebioes ‘ae Soe sie
wilde teued gers jynivemt Cd “kate ARETE Ss Tosh TD ae af
n - eae ‘See ables. satiognisler ast hal framerate, ade wo pada
Teme. 32 gall ied ege ated gustan. ane, Se Ree Ep 4 ee
08 tanker “bo maklee aenues Gomih Uahuuammt shears Ae oe
Se LRRIMOCREEE 20 ngs GN, Ca Dae eNe ca wn i aa
Wied mbes, ROY, ee MEOW A A boast te wafer ast a
se Jat sth ek Bats me Eee ae
FORA wordt tmssenwecd aetna “" apenas

laborers were faced with making changes to adjust to them. The
coal mining interests, for example, were faced with hiring fewer
men or being ruined by the cheaper cost of electricity and natu-
yal gas. Organized labor, particularly the United Mine Workers
of America union, was faced with this problem in industrial
America.

Within the realm of social change in the twentieth-century,
the outstending feature waa the new reliance on the power of the
group. Until the end of World War I this was most dramatically
characterized by the actions of the Progressives, the socialists,
and the newly formed labor organizations. Each of these groups
attempted to cope with the problems of industrialigm. The Pro-
gressives turned to exposing the problems of society to the pub-
lic as a means of correcting problems. It was hoped that in this
way the federal and state governments would take some action.
The trade union movement also turned to govermment on the federal
and state level hoping to obtain relief, while the socialists
advocated economic reforms of their own for the correction of
problems. With the exception of the socialists, these groups
were partially successful in achieving their goals before World
War I. When the war ended, however, the federal government, and
the state governments in some instances, reverted to a lassez-
faire attitude toward business and industry, and these groups

were no longer regarded as beneficial to society. When this

rare are

10 Richard Hofstadter, The age of Reform, From to F.D.R.
(New York: Vintage Books, 1955), pp. 215-271. (Hereatter
cited as Hofstadter, The Age of Refora.)

ee igi =

an) 7 - a)
se : ; ra

8 a

: oe "8

’ a

ont ett of Japtits oo neganfo noiter ddiiw banat ares ey

gecl Rabeid détw fear sxew os Nt decent seen a 3
,

sition Byers “tho bas: wale Be dono vege soht yd Hoeearr | sated ter ——— :
1 @

sqavrW oN Bee wale ubonnatbaeae Pes eailenge® ay ba ‘
Soiagasbat xt melvesg wldd fistw bepst aa ching Be side ia

. a we . won } aa
, Heese <I S32 Toner subs ab eanerta false To smiled sag séohew . =
Be So ‘see orl 20 soreZles wer ood RaW onudast wa tes ‘adanty at.
yilion Sacesh ‘doce sow acy 2 aaw acid ke hoe only Ledae a, a

alaklatsdsd oid eer lutetyort ote Do anbetton ee hile Ras nad newt i 1
"snc gaels to abe ep okaaae gode f Fossett elven! geht oe
sist Sof ak iolosehnd 36 maantearng et adiy ages oe eae :
~det et ed yihsivca 16 ambiogia of! pakecous od boawer aw ken ti
aity ah gould begod ae 2h .avehiewg gativewsss to emsea o 26 oat.
AGES ome oled bina oe oe ns eda Bae Larebe' eal il
Loseset sft ao deenauerun at toartast ide aeroven ad het? 6
atelelooa ai¥ aftdy tutte ade oF yttaant Lovet weese 8
“iG cebgobreon afd wot mo beds 0 aowettars aimonoes $

~ seeben eusile pavebiakooe ent is eetvgsonm td ORT

sca Srotted aE ‘thes yx threértos “ Litaweunira nag

_ Dies’ « heieecen “oy Eaiehe® oil? ciovewo Betws “ar salt oct
- emagaet @ oo hedtores: doonndant eas Bh wahoo 4
atnor) seed Lon .yeenbak dee easatane trae oni

aid’ neste ee ad Lutos iene ae sige wear :

3 “ ge . ad iy i
ar i n mr
' : 7 =

% a Un

7 rea hosed Tie a ety ACRE

Oo -aeuede Be end rote eet
| a \ ay ft 7 road

. ae a : va ‘ 7 a]

oceurred, the Progressive movement came to aa end; the Socielist
Perty was eplit inte factions and never regained ite former
importance; and the labor organizations were seriously hindered
and were barely eble to survive.”

From 1920 to the middle of the 1930's, the dominent social
end political trend was to favor the business cowmmity at the
expense of those gxcups who protested againgt its power ami pre-
valence in American life. Only when the business eoummunity
failed to control its ow destiay and allowed the new economic
processes of industrialism to run amuck, resulting ia one of the
severest depressions this country has ever know:, did the federal
government step back into the picture and begia to give labor
organizations their dewands. The challenge of the 1920's for
lebor leaders such as John H. Walker was to keep the limited
gains they had achieved before the war.

In Illinois many of the major economic and social trends
just mentioned were taking place between 1570 and 1930. One
reason for this was the excellent geographical position of the
state, which placed it directly in the path of westward expansion
and the building of the railroads. A second reason was the tremendous
growth of the population of the state between 1859 and 1910, and
the rapid development of several urban areas, particularly Chicago.
A third reason was the abundance of natural resources and the
TT Hofstadter, The Age of Reform, pp. 282-287; H. Wayne Morgan,

ed., American Socialism, 1900-1 Englewood Cliffs, Ne
Jersey: Grant ice Hall, inc. , ala 95-96; Taft, i?

Organized labor, pp. 3hi~ki0.

g : ’ 7 i ie a 7 a 7 : 7 7
Ae | Uy
: ae 6 ri
URL DLO SPF {Dive Ids Ga sey dete vO sre eaBB ageR8, set, arenes : 7 7"
SOHNE GY. OUONgE ver bas BgOliors aiak Stati eee 7
AeTeinia wlguolues Sway sonddselesae sodal ee Bae {: Siceekel ae : -_
oS nm od shide shorted ase! te at a

lassen dyealees elt .a': eRe ek 20 spin ad oe ORL as | : -
a] ,

sat Je yohouman amnikiad odd serve ¢ eeu anes faoks thor bag . _
a 7

~a Bow TeNeg HoT Geniegs Soveabog ote DUAN, paoiid “to pnvisaste 7 .

yoiaamanD aosater! pds not yinO Eb gpsivemss at oonaiee

ohmenme Ue oF Goupita Bop «ateaes mo Gl Loman OF baltst t A 7
S25 TO BNO Ly MLS ME ABMS LEE od abi ebateubss 59 avenues . :

Aerials S ay THER! 9 wrtanial Save Re, SR ARS aia erat Sa augar eee ; 7
‘edad avig of algo’ Sea ountolg etd ond doce gota eacreyres -
OE, BT OSEL eat So. (pne tar es) dD uae wae Lee aopbtos ‘nage :
«Heo Ree = geen ov ay TeRlaw a Bae Be close erabaes, eee .

a ait unoted bovaiioe Sad scan ~ -
'

ahaa Latoon: Beas alougmes olan as to ‘ane atouiLat ae

Dehua! es

pa .DERS baw GVO avewtog goal. aahies eve Lucotvaas og
i ny Bs i yo . tas ENS eg | yey bets
ald te moktiecg Levingexgoon tewifeoxe ocd neu nttd aol seats
abinanpe uawgeey 2¢ Séng edly st idounid $k beswlg dobdw
avobopmeny ait sow aQRaes booowe A, awostion edé to gmbil tue eat
IES ans Hoek bs Ae tad of” ire)
MRL baa COL neavded adsve odd to petdalugeg eit
| a He. ' : x ' oe “a poze
ovagkay yinatuoliseg, .egexs nachy Lomeven 20 drommlered Bbgr
S83 os agonmmess Legaden 1 wonmbaide edd aie worse
LSS gUEd sengall M a] Se

weil Setar bag SOE st,
| viet aot 10004 (SiQE cont «

10

presence of rich farm land, which attracted the entrepreneur
and the businessmen, and the capital they had to spend, to the
state.

The development of the railroad syetem in Iilinois dates
back to 1856, when the Illinois. Central railroed begen operations
with 705 miles of track between Chicago and Cairo, Illinois.

In the years following this opening date, the Illinois Central
inereased its mileage by construction, purchase, and eae
until it covered 2,388 miles within the state in 1693. With
this extensive system, the railroad dominated industry in
Illinois, and caused other lines to consolidate in order to
eompete with it. This development made Illinois the leading
railroad state in the union, in respect to the number of miles
of line, and it held this title until 1907, when Texas surpassed
it 7?

The Illinois Central, and the other lines, served the
agricultural interests of the state in the immediate post-
Civil War period, and the mining and manufacturing concerns
in the late nineteenth and sarly tventieth-centuries. ‘the
grein trade between the dental and southern pexts of the
state and Chicago wes particularly importast, and made the city
one of the two primary grain markets in the camiry, Livestock
wes another important commodity which was shipped to Chicago,
and the city became well known for its slaughter houses and
meatpacking industries. Coal mining interests used the
2 nest lL. Bogart and John M. Mathews, The Modern Coummon-

(Springfield; Illinois Centennial Comission,

wealth, 1693-1918
1920), pp. 120-132. (Hereafter cited as Bogart and Mathews,
The Modern Commanuealth. )

! a
,

veenononiin edd bebsacoda setter” oles wert: Role Fo He
mel Ca orem oe Bua" outs Lev hue xf ede | BONS, aoe Ea “tema! att by es

ls ae

i]
wecio MARLEY oh aboeys been net per “G aang nlen ane ate p
: : : \ ae : —_ - od
guicayert weed deauther Leonie. aontigty ad curr OOBE neon ' n*
Se ieekh! Eo govehat Isa Geto kas | “ Saded awd he sede ere iw - ~ t
Leer sion’) wate ok (Oieb Guano ebiy sateelisd seeay ols at
a)
eRe Bat, wer uty ssa eeisuoteos Ye aye Lag net seats

siid MOBE At Staty edd aludty anebe G88.% kederoy 32 titew :

wit qadenbad: fa undo pecs lung wld auc oo raed one if ‘
at Bae ae siti Ltomss08 a gaint styles ‘Giana ey winter : - a
qitiead wie ett obwes cascginley ab ake eid “alata ademede a _
acters ves gale ob doegeos af eli att of abete neerdiet |
Fsaaeapsaa ‘aac ote POOL Likes wht Bho toed SE aes ‘sant ~ .
wed. ene! atc OS aos eae ‘ore ona: a) ahoukhlt sa ; in)
‘scutes to cheuist edd a tesa Of Yo admaeuet Loaentue i
nawanane tumectoetunwad Lew padeae dd fam baltowy bil _

ous. hae EAM chi Lithia bate ed eae ime timed adel aol

aad x a adtiny grraiicen en fog Pi oy

entn ante al fae. Saniruonmt viata ang as egenkey
aos ey wet as asec, pies estan owe «

“agnehtD ta boar ‘soni okehe “wthornes Suara

Pus wreenmd ted pias Bit wh es | ihe se 8
git bees acaptinist ember
aa

sia 1). seca § aft.
ted he ame Fetuat Ste as
ARR bats Sta a

railreads for shipping also, particularly from the 1870's
onvard. It can be seen, therefore, that the presence of such
an extensive system of transportation in Tilinois was a con-
¢inual impetus for further economic development, and led to
the state being one of the early industriel centers in the
period of the industrial revolution.

A second factor in the industrial development of Illinois
was the continual growth of population. In 1850, Illinois
ranked eleventh in the nation with a population of 951,470.
Sixty years later, in 1910, it ranked third in the United
States with a population of 5,696,598. > This tremendous
growth stimulated the industrial development of the state
by providing an adequate labor supply to meet the needs of
industry. It alse ereated a number of urban markets for the
wamfactured goods. Without the presence of this large
population, therefore, 14 would have been impossible for any
ef the industrial and manufacturing interests to develop in
the giate.

5 Bogart and Mathews, The Modern Commonwealth, p. 3.

Ls Ibid., p. 9. Bogart ‘Beates,”...one of the remarkable
features ebout the development of Illinois is the fact
that while it holds first place in the union as an agri-
cultural state, 1t ranks seecoud in the value of the products

of the mines, and third in those of manufactures. If Tllinols

be compared with other states in the union as regards the
urbanization of the population, that is the proportion
living in cities of 25,000 or over, it is found to rank
sixteenth in this respect in 1880, eleventh in 1090, and
seventh in both 1900 and 1910. In the iast year, it was
outranked by Massachusetts, Rhede Island, Connecticut, New
York, and Hew Jersey, and equalled by California. It is
evident from this grouping that from 1900 on, Illinois must
be classed auong the industrial states with a iarge urban
population engaged in industrial pursuits.”

it 7 f 7 Si :
7 , 6, "f 7

j 7 ; :

a CYL att sant ylaakwordaeg yoake gokqg ida “uot ebaertl 7 ‘4

| ' a

Sosag, ay womeunreyl air ede: wag smb cet ae dhe fence
ie ib at Chem ilsy, ak WO RAC RSE Oo aaa ntthewiaasen:
ot bal faa. dommgphenel wlamcoor seekrat. “aL antegah Samick a e 7

as at weetnes Lekedgatny Giss.eit te Que qeced nists erie ay ;

anno Cecatagbhat sald hee tote af

unqwes le 22a dsegeuleareb eae ad OHR S, Mud tests: ieugen A - ris

akOahidd Oe aE amaddaiogey bo othem Leup iee ee Ope -
O78 L8G te wmddelegey @ idtie ag@hger ele gl Atieals a ’

Beda) aed ne Bedale bev Sh: Obes Gs wahel pigiey, coke :
ngobneue st phht . AR OE Re wpLtalong 3 div agate
ofaie. seek 9a domueyeloved ialudmume oc betaiaehta deans,

- te whees ado cae. o ylqere wel cleapes aa gathivesg 4

fale nO aN sas eee To Be ww Oademto Sale UT wanaaom { 7
teen eld be ooseeewy edt dumehit #8 opeon esss tage a

eau sett ale beeaciggnd ied ovan ifamy 32 {euteends wetoelegeg: :

tik ML ak OF aduowedeh Ran Bos Lskeoeiied Oe te a

4G 98 shanna sgh q oft eieida t ;
| ef aadcek Bs" S oT eats Hraged Oe

26 oH) wad Be BEOe Pre % Seas sae sirals Patsy FEOSe & Baw
~Poye os ga noha see af sente galt a oh ya
AMoaDRG Got Te CLO DME AL beiOR Rak i

wLonhELS RE «er wean he ameriy roe
ant? ROREReS ga ade Bee re NE
Catundaota ie Wit ad cade :
a seg et Brak gh gt . de
Oete ac ckhaedie ei i
we a han ‘tein: ae pond ee

YE aborts mae ‘is hat Longe ate yep
Pei ab Bt ows ARAL meet Haute , c + atest =
adie au oo a wade Leta . .
haa weeny previ Keak Pst Cate ants f,

(; 7

~ - a 6

A third factor leading to economic changes in Illinois vas
the presence of a varicty of rav materials which could be trans-
formed into useful commodities. Illinois ranked third in manu-
facturing im the United States by 1693. ‘This high rank vas due
primarly "to the preeminence of the state es a producer of food-
stuffs and to its locetion in the corm belt, for three out of the
first five manufacturing industries were closely Miaked with
agriculture, and in the not far remote past hed been carried
On upon the farm... , nto These three major manufacturing conceras
were the sleaghtering and meat-packing industry, the distilled
Liquor industry, and the flour end grist mil. products industry.”

But agricultural resources were not the only raw materials.
Tllineis also had forests, natural gas, and mineral products
which could be turned into useful protuets. The presenae of
coal, especially, was useful in developing the iro and steel
industries in the state as well as for providing an inexpensive
source of fuel. Illinois was ranked setcond in the nation in mining
products ag early ae 1890, largely as a result of the development
of the coal mining industry in the central and northern parts
of the etate. Between 1900 and 1907 this industry was further
developed in sourthern Illinois. It continued to be important
until other forms of fuel began to replace 14 in the 1920's. It
is evident, therefore, as one historian of the period pointed out,
TS Bogart and Mathews, The Comonveaith, p. 91.

6 gee ix A for 8 LL major manifacturers in Illinois
in vag .

& | + he ae

any cteeehtt ab veynedo okmpeoos oF geiioet retogt tates ia
-arn? wt ofups dette afeahwedan wor Bo quekeey 4 ko shaonneg ith :

Ouh aby duct Mgid eke SBE yh wedeod pedtoU add oat geubutast

;
“ina at fend? fewiner ehagklil .eathiidyoor Latee? see 7 -
” de

LcoA, TO AIOE & an UMN ate RO Gamble, ato-ce ee |:

and ™ tun eed me wed pmo 96d ab aotdwsedicadh of Bae OTe

ike: boanit losnle grew sebureuind | peltudeetioam erat south ,

bebvray goee Gant tenga, wel: don. ecto best eunioc igs a

uimaowo pebeasioman sole seul: seed Ae sas ate et OG MD a

Ss debs gth es vibes -aithoie as ~chgmeet bie pelxettieate end site a 7
ae

salaivedan dine: yom ad dau mse coptepeos LasidLasteg Ou v7

atoubowg Sevecia vue (mm Jeeta ecwewet set cade aconnett 7
.
36 sonmerd ae agenbery fottear “teat Pome od Diy casas is

Seater Re mon ate ‘aniyoierah uk Egteus sew nlleiiewan ay
RMR ad BS gakbarcag: wot mt Cher Be ete ealeoas @
auiiode. Ok race: hs Ww ae Reoeee Sass: age ateuetes -
Samigaierel tid Ye abet: % aay Legal OME ao “hose. bie athe arian
Bee arcacthiean fan widows ed na putas. yebuter dep. s
sesidusst pee odaetiok ide yor ‘swale feu ce )
suavieuas ad ed Piano, I nese anakingaoe ah é

#ebagSLey ad, ete si Oe) ;
‘ Mage!

Ce eg creba st: adowbony Lae vpitg boa seed at! few. gidubed tephe -
¥ > 5
7

3

that,". . . the growth of manufactures in Illinois rested upon
& substantial foundetion of natural resources. . .."*7

Because of the rapid industrial development in Illinois the
state was faced with a mumber of social problems in the late
nineteenth and early twentleth-eenturies. This was true espe-
clally for urban areas, such ag Chicago, where certain pro-
blems such as poor honadea, unemployment, low wages, long hours
of work, and the use of child labor developed. Yet these pro~
blews could and éid develo; enyvhere eround the state, and since
the majority of Tllineis manufacturers were not particularly
eoncemed about this, it seemed to some that Illinois paid a
heavy price in human suffering for ite high rank as an in-
dustrial state.!”

Under the leatership of John H. Walker and others like
him it became organized labor's self-imposed responsibility
and gopl to correct the social and economic problems in the
state. Through the [llinois Legislature, through public educa-
tion, through bargaining with the employers, organized labor in
Tilinois endeavored to change what it felt was wrong with the new

industrial society. They did not always suceeed for it waa not

an easy task, but it was ea challenging one.

Bogart and Mathews, The Modera Commonwealth, p. 97.

Ibid., p. 97. Bogaxt states, “the dominant note of Illinois
manufactures in the pest has been a vigorous, at times
almost & ruthless, purpose to succeed.”

ima beer OLE ok amped ha

ete sent oe ete Dade Lo a BO gear Poeyek aan pen :
~OYRO ware rom waeey - ocaminis x essay bos sacred - _
“Sty aleteeon ejay ogee ge cote » BiG suite. “na ah fio a

“9
aed aah eer GRD |, Gai meee abet ie OH Ber EL QaRe wand 7
- -

i

“neq emai? #6¥ Jiankeveb wodal Alkda Le ee ale hes soue We

au

vila Gas qn Mc) TaEPR grRect ne abe: 2h GE? Sot Sees cone
want. LORY Aa Bee ceed stoussie: Bre LIhE Yo ¥ airs e a

a hioe RicwISLS Said weve at iene ae Bist? davods

Hd 20% a ase ah Mee tae gatievine sieecaint oe oie wa

a | 2 eat oe a

wut reich fas lal a swilTs eo aplaiessotonad waht See

rah al Aninasoqeee banogad-Mse il ia fem aucy ¥, 0 amos fh;

oad a2 simisteny edeenos foes Lac ged Seeger + Jateg, tre
ota atime cyuinacish siurtaiakent eneusstz aot ansarmett ~
idl suarcent ea emp past niet 4 gehen Spamesctit

wm ed nova td

wen aod seas sere na “ae ak saath |

a

woe mae 2 Ee peakiees REIS wate

7 be "ye oy ag
tga: ot Vay ete Ly Page
: ROT om Sata se 6 0008s
;

“tin

CHAPTER II

JOIN H. WALKER'S LIFE:
A COAL MINER BECOMES A LABOR LEADER

John H. Walker's heritage is rooted in nineteeath-century
Scotland, His father, William Walker Sr., the aon of a weaver
employed in the textile mills of Scotland, was born May 30,
1851 in Cumbernauli, Scotland, approximately ten miles from
Glasgow and thirty miles fron Edinburgh.” This area was
traditionally the economic center of Scotland, and in the
nineteenth-century the country 's major natural resources of
coal, iron ore, aud salt were taken from this region. After
receiving a brief formal education, William Walker, a quiet
man with laughing eyes and curly hair, entered the coal mines
in this area. In the 1860's he married Sarah Hunter and they
settled in Binnie Hill, Scotland, where John, the oldest of
eight children to reach adulthood, was born on April 27, 1872.3

John Walker was exposed to the ideas of organized labor
even as @ child. The coal miner suffered from economic exploi-
tation and terrible working conditions at thig time, and
Willian Walker worked hard to improve these conditions by

attempting to start a co-operative movement and by helping

J .
TD yartia Hempel (Walker's deughter), interview with the author,
April 17, 1966.
2 John Welker to Hugh Williamson, January 18, 1918. Papers of
John H. Walker. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
(Hereafter cited: as Walker Papers.)

> Martie Hempel, interview with the euthor, April 17, 1966,

1

Lt REA

: : iarng BPSD PS a ie - ; “4
ARR Rube ee: aE, eaten: i an 4

$epV Ley TINOMonG ok Bowen 3h epee a somata oll satel
See B tO nes ats . oh seo web ey seed eth , bmelscnd

;

eck Ye ctiod Bow “imei d Bo ailie, ofl deed ont af Sewelgme
pot sells oot vlotemteawen ,boeldos® .iteasvedmayl of oor
nat wen: ahi? “.slgtodabty dt wont aol kin heel Sus wor aeky

vad hi bux ,Soaigook to sadrmg obtuse ait wf Cees te fart

$04 Bee TyOROy Lyre = a siamo ont wirdsaaert senbon FR

Note ,Gitwarr whit seth ootiad euey diea tue . eta wort ,taos

teton 8 wedi am kei iv . ee hiseabe Esoved, SOL ae 8 oe eee
BAA Li kl ady fevsdes opto higaie ie ong naked thier gery
yads San aaanukt Maal habeas cal ato Ok wis ait oes ahect BL

roe

fo deehfc odd .avol exon baeksent SLSE abruieG ok bet ies

4

f spas | ve LizgA co mod. ner Spoeehiteee Hoare ot on neratiS bid triage
yore. Det ines Ta aah. ost oy hoangice ELST seal Lal ‘cane

toeore Bw mbes ancnet Sennen “nsdn Fen 2 oi! ,~DLie & at won

bie canes acne te BPEL aS spe katsrste hivkeonat Brew pot Sent

we BOAT LLMOo Seeds oy cume md bebe Dewhacw ton) al meh 0 L9

aokat Gti feet ame thsnevow SE PMS Be dried Ju oF 4¢ aquatic o

cow aaa

spite aaah chbes Wedvxednt atiodiiganb 6 a” “sgekaW ) Taxol a
7 | cr aaaras cots
‘yo aeqent QLGL Of gale, rosea diegt oo reo ait setet, "
HOG CLIL ast ,ates ttle vo rept ied etoile! ,H asheb
f.aci co ‘illeW as ibedio vedtnewR}

sQ0be PL Piven . setae add ok webrantal Dexa ate “

5

to orgenize the Scottish Miners’ Union. The men in Sarah Hunter's
fanily were also coal miners and her grendfather supposedly
organised :the\minera' first)locel union dn Binnie Hill.” me
femily was traditionally oriented toward the goals and ideals of
urevabens labor; aud passed these ideals along to their oldest son.

In 1881, Willian Walker emtigraved te the United States in
order to escape what he felt to be the "tyranny of Englana".?

He left his femily in Seotland; but within ¢ year arranged. for
them to join him, They settled in the vicinity of Braceville,
ILlinois; located in the Wilmington coal giela,® and it was here
thet young John, who only finished the third grade; went to work
in the coal mines. He was ten years old, four years under the
legal. minimum age. when e@ boy could enter the mines.

Between 1982 and 1890, John Walker became a practical miner
like his fathers He learned the skills, hazards, and hardships
connected with coal. mining; and came to appreciate the value of
organized labor in the industrys Walker joined the open braach
of the Knights of Labor in 1893 and also belonged to the American
Miners! Federation and the Mine Laborers during the 1860's,!

Walker saw a great deal of bis ndopted country during these
years; When Williem Walker was black-listed in Illinois for
attempting to organize a miners'.unioa, the family moved to the
Oklahoma territory where John worked in the mines with his fathen..

ne ¥ “4 7 m "

G Jom Welker to John Steele, January 5, 1926, Welker Papers.

> Martia Hempel to the author, March 15, 1966,

S Martia Hempel, interview with the author, April 17, 1966.

b Eugene Staley, History of the Illinois State Federation of Labor
Chieago: UWiversity of Chicago Press, 1930), pp. 307-300-
Hereafter cited as Staley, IFL.)

—_ — 7
us " i _ =|
a) ep deccel past Se a Hoge ‘ ambit nieces 9

LS 2 sedderbaay, oi Ene ganter Leos als erg é ig

ora bie LEU “a kandh olene bag cote arsed eft:

a atsanh Ree atanyy ead betahid che divelsto | hina Labia sd ago tut * 7 2
~~
uc teebLo nies a a efeobl enatd Hote bru todial ce i 7 ta) "i
*o ’ ‘
'

ae Bedstead i i gold og Dakor gine “peal ssi MEH, eAOBE he ; -

oe © peal bot. ‘to Yopaird ode ad. oF, nae ALE: Sante ogee Gi. a [ ;
402 Fegeotin- tae, ® piddtiw gad Baatvone Ah: ‘eftest aie. sree a : nt
psilivaveit.~o vlatety edd at setitos eae hoc gkol, oF mont
wid eye Of baw o ay axe S09 sudan BH orig) ish: bavwopl ator thet
duow od drew (ebrgy Suadd asd botaltes’ 2 yh at _ oie ane Lil
eat tole ausex ines .. blo ewer wt aay ol POR ER Sens oF, aa
eee hop galt code baamio. vod 8 sone. si aamiad Layee
rege dry Landdonyy DH ensosd waslisit Ailgh 008 as SOE: gna dat i te
ay telairaae bra ,abuasan ,ollida ait: ‘bemtaat SH 45, rates, alm ons
“o onlay er eta bot reyes: Lod. ares ae watts “BOD adie batons af 7 :
domed ' nota aes Herbey versal wosdenb ad git L togel aici ;

299 hyo. orid. ad: sbowne! ad obls bas. ese nt gual ia. signee oad “eo
y a2 ORE ont aioe ararod tal. ot att. Bons nobdsroted
piace calinbdopsdeues “kodyake add ‘16/0905 deny S waa Te
wih elomillt ai tededl-sowld ame qetLal om ht Oe. ceel
a od bovext + gh bard. as fe (noday lusein bos Limmo 08,
:

* : < " a : ;
a madtae ait cok oele ed ct Healtes? aol exer nod hated
. & i 1 ot ’ -

aaah xa, Sak Smee er ore
4 ht vies AeA 5 Satis ;

en. yy tu 7 OSE ERS: enter

pce! 3G aoasheress a

DML, aid

OLE i ae Wak x a

' 7 i - af, if. ae ee.
- : by - ae | ae 7 pa ’

> : eid . | - y hl 4 i 4

’ - 7 :

Walker made numerous trips back to Scotland during these years
also, "riding the rails” to points of debarkation and working his
way aboard ship. In Seotland, Walker would work in the mines,
visit with relatives, and then return to the United states.°
From 1890 to 1905, Walker was active at the local level in
the newly formed United Mine Workers of America (UMA). In 1694,
during the first major strike called by the miners, he attempted
to organize a local union in Braceville, Illinois, This attempt,
like the strike failed and Walker was driven out of the area.”
fwo years later he succeeded in organizing local union 505, UMWA,
at Central City, Illinois. In 1696, he represented this local
at the convention of District 12, UMWA, in Springfield, Illinois,
where the first agreement between the Illinois Coal Operator's
Association and the miners was ratified.?°
Although Walker was well known in the Braceville ares as
a result of such activities, his reputation as a trade union
leader was not widely recognized wotil the WiWA strike of
1897. This strike gave Welker a chance to demonstrate his
leadership abilities at the state level. During the strike,
ealled July 4, 1807, Walker and John Mitchell, President of
the UMWA from 1997 to 1903, served together ac special organ-
izers in Tllinois, and were successful in keeping the spirit

of the strike alive during the nine months it lasted. ty: Zhe

Woe wee
Mextia Hempel to the author, March 15, 1966.

? Twenty-fourth Annual Convention Proceedings, District 12, UMWA,
February 13-26, 1913, penne ts Illinois, p. 343. (Hereafter cited
as District 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1913. 5

10 Staley, IFL, p. 308.

11 gisie Gluck, John Mitchell, Miner: Labor's Bargain with the

Gilded Age (New—Yore:Ghe-Jokn-Bay Compary,, “292977 pos 27-34.
(Hereaftes—cited as Gluck, Mitchell.)

Seo gods sonia based dros ot eit! Balad: suowamat Shien 4

ain watidios Sum copkenteniabs ie re Se “ant batty wie neo” .omks a
augue a! ae now Dow ore “VL GeeddoaR ak. oiled Sasitoetie ow ee
© guia bodied add od writer nedd bees ae eed ee astw dbaty . : i
Li caval Lagad wt? Se erica saw welled 20 og OORL mow - in
WAGE at. L208} os inthe exseteeW aM forked Downey’ phwred edit r= 4
Ledymerse el ,gasrkw ond yo holies eltute aorwn doth cds yokes
gates ahet ,alentthh .wiilvese® ah nec: doseh a edge at 1, 5!
‘osne wid io duo nevi4d aov veal Ons RELIYy Shlete ad emt -
-
HS! 202 woken Losod jeladoente al ietessaye od -yedek wees owe a
ieoel etd bevewasrens of ,OG2L AE «ahochilR yee Loeteet te - -
,
patesiLit UMioiiehegh mf yANe SR biota “to rokuwerees ond tn 7
: 1
vaodazes Law atonkiiio as peated toucead Jew wal emote : 7

Oh perhsdeon gow cei te ey Sam setdstnoasé

no aome aifivoowa odd ef aot Liew aay mind tenertgA | °
goliy when & ae imate etd .endddvigar desento dude * -
a6 -

4° SO Bite AMM ood Edstes Dehegnoss youbda Pon paw neti,

ald otmidanae ob amnade o aeleN oven wftade afl? PRE
(wlsee eit yodusl .fovek-etoda gee daone! eMeaie gicterotest

%o veohiaes? lioied a abet Bete qeallel Te ah een
ero aloes an qorteend fore shot wi TO ear & si
Faye salt pathgeeral ad Deteaaonse wre fon “ehom Ley,

pee

emt ootaal ee aioom mate ont pita 2 LAO gate

bel 28 dew woos gat of Ragin’

AT A yoked ap tbegoeds notdnsnol), nie. Cig rg

wedin ve oer) on 2 aa - = fein ane eit

Tee foal ‘ tte

aad ddiw almanh af aodel 3 scent! tsa. tie» fie ski
ATT TAC oragso8 yp nenie Pe siso Tama) ©

: { ikeweriat AY;

| San eneeatie mari °

17

friendship formed between the two men during this time of
trial was to last until Mitchell's death.

In 1900, President Mitchell appointed Walker as an inter-
national organizer for West Virginia./= Walker worked with
Mrs. Mary (Mother) Jones, one of the few women organizers in
the UMWA, for a year in West Virginia in en effort to bring
about a strong union in that state. His attempts, Like those
of many others, failed and the state remmined one of the
weakest districts in the union. This failure was due primarily
to the operators, who were notorious for their anti-union
feelings and sometimes used force as @ means of preventing
union organizing. to Walker, this was just another example
of why orgenization of miners was warrented. He went back to
Tliineis more determined then ever'to build a strong organization
in that state.

By 1901, Walker wes high in the comcils of District 12.
Ia that year he was elected President of the Danville sub-district.
He became a delegate to the UMWA national convention from local
union 272, UMWA, in igoe, and attended these conventions as
& delegate for twenty-one consecutive years. From 1902 to 1903,
he served asvan executive board member of District 12. In 1904,
he became Vice-president of the district and in 1905 he was
elected President.*? It is little wonder, with this type of

rr Staley, IFL, p. 308.

8 District 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1913, pp. 16-18.
Thirteenth Annus] Convention Proc » UMWA, January 20-29,
1902, Indianapolis, Indiana, p. 24. fter cited as UMWA,
Proceedings, 1902.)

25 Sumary of John H. Walker's work experience, Walker Papers.

ve :

tO wuld adel gafuse sew owt ome agued hacce’ qadtetinedat
ie a tietadin fideu saul. od aaw Laged
epogak om as usdllail hegcieggs dledeti. tnentercG, Ou. mt

‘aio. amie? es Ee. £4 3 Hiial Cae), net aeeheaayre. Jaco She

al wetioger reao walt alt “heoaro. anh (Reo) ved . oat
Wks OO RAO dame et oak Cee al aeey a aa AU edie
ennild. oti ,poewarde see ainda sant nedeut gowads A Res
se “luge Do ieet thes Mh Boo Vedio .asenivo goa fe
(ikianbeg. eal eeu. opylisl aid? sake 98) of ataisiid Jaeeoy
Girweioe ois wok. cuolweren sey cv. .seetetage sad ‘ot
galtnedt ote: TO gnosis ae ocuwlh bear yeattenoe fae epctlest
apes teddons Maul asw sidd .*eelhay of A. apie dump Site Rat
od Stud Soaw 2S, Setuewiw aew erande Se aotstos kenge ogi 20
cotdesheanso: gudiin @. Bibud-ottsers sexth bontetatel eset alah
i te. yg tihes tia Bb 4 -n.c0 Sy Bea 77 selaes. Sods ok
Bi vores ke wal hearse act 23 -aiyael Bow. cele gh sh).

~ygedbadue of iiymml sdb to Seetceor-pedeeis. wer ad ceay Sadtdot

C2.

te

ieond woth saptduevees. daselsun AVA end of etenaled a: easoee. we
ae upndteercos weld potnedee sae aces ak. ,ARRY ALPS. nokia
2008 et ROGL mawd - .onEeey oeivyonanoD Boo yinsed wot staypduh #
HOQhi oe GRC debuted co. todas, Saeed tne Oona, beaten 9
EY $0 GOCL ah ban volwwebh off Ro cnebinag-roie onBoee! n

to ays abn dw ,uednow ald Ws aa. te wikewee bevonke ‘

“ital 5 he beg Es “eostnatt

background, that Walker was a kaowledgeable, forceful and con-
structive leader in Illinois trade wiion circles.

Walker brought numsrous assets to the executive positions
he held in Illinois labor organizations. Standing five feet,
eleven inches, and weighing over two-hundred pounds, he
possessed great physical and mental endurance and was capable
of withstanding the physical and mental punishment of working
and traveling long hours. His sense of humor, sharp wit, and
mercurial temperment made him popular with the rank and fils.
He was the type of speaker who, although untrained, left little
doubt in anyone's mind shout his convictions regarding. the
Labor movenent .2©

Walker’s personel habits were beyond reproach also. He
wes always an ideal gentleman in public, and photographs of
him indicate he was e cereful dresser. He rarely touched
alcohol or used obscen@ language and was shocked by his unton
essociates who had either habit. His favorite sports, hunting
and fishing, made him popular with union associates and with
people outside the union movement +?

Always conscious of being a representative of the trade
union movement, Walker went out of his way to buy union-made
goods and to promote the umion label, Once, he even refused
to own @ home in Springfield, Illinois when he found thet it was

18

buid&® by 2 non-union contractor. Because of this attitude,

pa eee
Martia Mempel to the author, March 15, 1966.

17 Semel Insull once invited Walker to kunt on his private
estate any time he wished. Samiel Insull to Walker,
Hovember 21, 1927, Welker Papers.

is Walker to Gifford Ernest, October 7, 1920, Walker Papers.

a
7
: - - -

: 7
7 oF 7
” ” n ‘ ae wh " fe he bth 4 “ P 7 aa
aos Age Litieeet pubdenghedvert @ now Reo das a

walerRi. iokee sitet wateie LOGY nJ) eehed: smears a ; 1

anokthacy: aes tunes ot oe yioeasd apehodiet: Muted soil ' |
path ott oat aee » acan io. Haig soda shombtll wk Rhee

° od yetewem boriuxtend tre abidyhew bie oesdoed ‘newete ;
obuingso net iow eomebiwe fades bes Tesla: teat @eeeeameg
qokiwow- to tusiieheny Ladose tow Deodeny ald go tibpeei ier te
ine oie awl. wma Yo oneed wR. ecunti qahl pee od to
wOheY fue ao me ke etegeo mit aw, deseresgeed Labetorse

afvslt wel featoucae duamdiiac,ote tolaegd locogmeds ese om :
ees gach rung ont eegkdetyacg nud wende Auto spin mk heed

an aha lesenecacet Anoged ovr adivad Seotesdy @ aglaw

7
So atimentose fone. bldg at geueliwet Laeis aa wosi@oaaw
* Doeomad i ein of otemacth Lgtewn o gw of. oteosted oh
_

vedo Bet oe bedooda ee Best ceaphtteiae Zionpeo boas wo testeate

petooid ainoge ebltove? ah duted wuddae bul one sadatonaah

intien estulonaas one caw eadeee ate ofan subsist Bae |

wont rb ako bald ahik ‘ennai

olor ele tos biQalhtiowdanegaes R sain Ro aaphpaned: ent bs
es iain wow abd to sie tam nomi ee csmon:

auashien cave oi Son Dedel woes et stoaeey oF

Sor 8 aps Bose on ee —S* “pblebluaiige at

: : : : : RE
burda sitd To eaamoae. “vaodaarstne9

at .'s toes Ne ‘ Wc me ad :

pee Log galkeh wi dha sit Bd aUNTL Se hartinen: ena Shae
veetday oo And fomuets” steetata otf ps gett
Ogee: OM, Pe eaeA Std PRE ad ae

eR4O es. Ke Ley oe, Pa cst) Pe) eran! SAVED od

19

there was little im his private iife that union men could criticize.
Walker realized that organized labor gained respectability

if 4% provided leadership in areas outside its om field. He
became active in mmicipal affairs in later years, therefore,
belonging to the Springfield (Ilanois) Plawing Comission”?
and mummerous other civie erganizations. He always accepted
honorary appoiutments, and considered it his civie duty to serve
erwin: eemeaevate TD Rie gieguntete wematve: keen te
join numerous fratemel organizations,“* thus broadening his
contacts with people outside the union movemsnt.

| En 2896, Walker ‘married Phosbe Fox, of Mason, 12sno1s.2
The young bride's background was similar to her husband's and
she shared his interest in organized labor. Phosbe's father
was Welsh and worked in the Illinois cosl mines. Her mother
vas Duteh-English sad cane from Penasylvania.~ The marriage
was long and successful, marred oniy by the loss of several
children in infaney or childhood, Those losses must have been
terrible blows for Walker because he was always an extrowely

19 Mayor of Springfield, Illinois to Walker, January 24, 1922,
20 two examples; Walker was appointed to serve on the Coumittee
on Suggestions for the Lincoln Centennial Association in
1923. Walker to Governor Len Small, January 7, 1923, Walker
Papers. He was on the Reception Comittee for Charles A.
Lindbergh in Springfield, Illinois, August 15, 1927. "Charles
A. Lindbergh's Visit to Springfield, Illinois, August 15, 1927,"
Journél of the Illinois State Historical Society, XX (April, 1927-
22 . » 1928), ps vol.
There are cumercuis letters from the Mooss, the Elks, aud other
organizations in the Walker Papers.
22 Walker to E. J. Fax, October 7, 1918, Walker Papers.

&3 Martia Hempel to the author, March 15, 1966.

oa | yy

wack to Lies ig cea heel 6F Shi. ede abd at WLS aa om

Wiicidsveqast begiay “oneal bealneurso dade poekiaos aeifew
ree Pe * ‘7 Tat ae atte, ¢ ey ny 5 Tt P me Ny 7 =)

aH .AioLS tuo abi wiledw aovge ai yidevobael bebiveug th 4%) ;

: ’ .

wisi . aes worel os aiiekye, Leceoteus oh watee oumosd -

7 : a

“ooleasumiy pole tS dant) bhelipaiunt wd 68 pubpooied —

AGI 2090 WYONG OR -GLOLISRL ONO u.70D Tonos guartonun bas

wipe ov “hu oivie aid 2 beumblenoe Iw ,airoamiuougs geval 7

Of

od ited bel eked auolum,ongy elk IRN ISBS ALR BO

Bin prissisorts walt £8 ,eaQideiiongo Jewmedan aueveuy oot °;
sou pokes one -whzaduo eluouy div uJjosdaop -_
&

aH

““ gtonisit ,soeal so ,we% sdeeit belciem athe ceil ob a

bet e*Sasdand vol oo tiliake sew boucrgisnd 9’ sbitd savay aet ‘
godcas a euanlt, .aodel beatae ge sa. Sapraguiad ain begeta offa
SR Ot ert Lao Bhonilid ote oh beaioy 256 dated wee
agai ned edt tM sean Lyauca’ igh shoo ise nebkg niece. ae
iovaeag to auol adi qi yiusx. bomen (udicowes Sse goal aae
seed ovad taumn gueant eaodt boo dbl keto we. youstt gt sow

Yor TRe 1 RYEIMES BAW ot! oRUApu tele ved Saud ald

pee? ie eae, seals or eileen olegrnasnes

i ee $6)

dob stinigti ead go eye of bedalomys tM ‘reac taal th

ok sotieropask Leotoowhed ufo ot ml necioess

nielien ESR .T yas Clank ral wor mht oll egroged

fh sedyet® ut asdtieaed cotiaquned

Refaet” JPSGE a0 cera , abooels

a Weel a 36 aggre, odes Bi otter =

° ee ghbogiy 3 O83 a ig Bee tb Seo srod ee orare Sa
_ Pie 4

twit bes Aate sly ,eaccd ad 2 ach wegbdat aaeY Se
Tegel sadhor ode ot

sereget ccnitew POL of oat co
sOQL (AE store = outs et ot Lexgnet :

A >
’ 7

adel 2.0 im ‘

sensitive, emotional, and intense person.

The people whom Walker admiread reflect this sensitivity
and emotionalism in his personality. The Scotch poet, Robert
Burns, was one of these men. Once in the early years of his
marriages, Walker's wife bought him e Christmas gift with some
grocery money they had been saving. Walker became outraged
when he found that the money had been spent and demanded to
gee the gift. Phoebe brought him the gift and his anger turned
to tears at the sight of a portrait of Robert Burns." such
emotional outbursts were not unusual for Walker.

Another one of Walker's heros was Abraham Lincoln. Walker
collected books and clippings regarding his fellow Illinoisan
end often quoted Lincoln in his speeches. He felt that Lincoln
wes @ great humanitarian, and once said of hin,

Were Lincoln living today, he would be standing

for and supporting the labor movement, joint

bargaining, the farmers’ and other co-operative

societies, cleaniness and honesty in public life.

He would be doing this in the interest of humanity... .32
This was the type of reverence which Walker held for those whon
he admired.

Walker could dispise a man with just as mich intensity.
After John L. lewis became President of the miners' union and
forced some of Walker's friends out of the organization, Walker

wrote @ pamphiet which he entitled, "John L. Lewis, liar Coward,

:. eeeegetes
24 yartia Hempel, interview with the author, April 17, 1966.

25 Speech given before the lincoln Centennial Association
(n.d.), Walker Papers.

OR | | 7 7 '
i PONE sani ta phar onto cnt

geividtawes addy guplion bor suhe HEU welt akgosy: wc

Sueoh deez dodee@ ony ecebamnneaeN ait mt machen stems 7 ae _
_ '

tuna SOK STi wardwZ end a tid ated Bike st sesilew SRBeE

sigh iO atawr ac wit BS soe). Pr among § coneue BR 5 ia

Dyitae Ome "eeLeW «ye bya. Cid bed yey yeep qeecns 5 —# 7
od Bebetaoh nes tees oad badd ‘gene and: watt Demko ca a
_ _
head gegen wid tom tale, oder ose Pearl aol .Fkg gale son
tieye BS seventy soe “Ae facet & oe Sipieudd da: aueed 7 rh
ton iad ah Laoag dae rete wees SO 7 -
“edie .niiouakl mectudl, sew suewotl st eetigh x0! bi ke _ 7
acalonifld wallet sid estisagen apaiugely tee adood botsetias
(ahead wade Giet wi .andsewya ah mh croak? Bedeue sate bem
Ps fi ee avs * vad to aang enne Bee qnaonapteraene
i Es ethihs ayy Bs pore wit ented yale et Bee store 6 ge a an
ssiet, ,iiuawer coded ost guidwiyge bee yuh ;
e Poa oe kalastens Seine Wea Gass Metcorataugs os .y eee
ine oiteim ab woneuod oe aporigaelo ,seisdeiong
S@e ca oyeinspen! Go ie aseuek oath AEGIS 5 pikeS eet Blew os 18h

sony. vaodt ok bled ynllaw dotcw. iacsenoetet io Gye and ase

ae
; v 2 7 :
: Yakea GL leds We Gast le sem 6 Saige. Sleep any
ae

sasoee quittal di att wed

$28 moloy ‘exoghs add 4q daaies

seo Laid seabter. tregng bad =a duit : i e! rett ait? te »

iene oid yntsud at a" mate Od. Byte seta
-) |

a 7

ae

fukeiws HSL | bates ace rior

_ | in
- _ -
a :

21

Traitor". In the pamphlet Walker called levis “an indefensible
Liar, os, & yellow cowaxd. . ., a infamous traitor. » «, indis«
eriminate, common, ordinary, cheap lier. . ,pa6 Similar prounee«
nents are scattered throughout Walker’s letters to his union
ASSOCIATES»

One historian has observed that, "Walser is 2 man of strong
enotionss feeling, not logic, is the key to his spirit.©! mnie
was undoubtedly true, for Walker saw issues as right or wrong, .
good oy bad. Like thensocialists with whom he essocieated in
the early years of the twentieth-century, Walker wag bound to an
idealism which was unswerving in principle and unbending in nature.
AS a result, be Nani near 0k: Gepinn i dugmanetyy Moen. hg
attempted to assess political or economic issues.in the United
Mine Workers organization. Yet, his idealism was also a source
of his aggressiveaess while he was President of the Illinois
State Federation of Labor, (IFL). Is inspired hin to develop
an aggressive state federation in Illinois, notivated him to
promote labor legislation in the state legislature, and caused
him to involve Illinols labor in national, state, and local
politics,

A major factor contributing to Walker’s emergence in
Illinois Labor was his position within the structure of organized
labor. This position was local rather than national. As a
result, Walker had greater freedom to do ag he pleased, and
unlike national labor leaders, he did not need to worry about

% Pamphlet by Jom H. Walker (n.d.), Walker Papers.
ST staley, IFL, p. 308.

Poot

3

a
-

abdkertiobe 2 os! sived bellas wees dedegeay sed ef. oP rhe? .
“BLE pea CRO aopnebak Oo ge ree Whllog Bey otek,
oey4 1 Fs ¥, i Ve BBe bees BAS tga ove ‘ i ; aici ,
~soigerg patina O'S. edd qeode yigetietiiore. sepemeg deat .
wtou aid or aveived et eritel Jumkeonid borpdiaas ana etinen 2

Boone Te am 2 ek calla” . deh bavgwery aac nacwoded wah ~ \
ei VEN pee here ahi ov yoo att et yotged dua ge ideet: Lacnk tow
4BoOty O dic. d we aaueel oan aoe wok .oont yi bet Bey
wd beteiogaan of pow ake aiidstebavels abt whad to boo,
ie OF Dead aay emia pwusteessdtolhtwerd will ho enemy yltee ost
+ geaardabes’ as getioediag fre hig Sadan ah peivemnns oar Oster oR Lieebs
od noi Isensohuy ch asowie to gases & aha sd ydeveot a RA . :
badcul pit wbtawatet.coveose thilesadiflog acades as Sodqwegie 7
aoweGe #8 ads. oy salfook $ adel (OM: mode Dao epee arid
astoaks Li ren ‘oo toeblawry. ane et saci mean arsatet! Ea ss Saeki
goisred o¢ ott torched oe a) ei 2. sicher ober ae 7
een a bel benriae Soon : -gebontiet at soksirtobe® Keka wikkawiags me
a
doen Bist ~eudaLenyel edete ot eh soMilekyed towel poowoty 7
“Eeecl bne potewe fesoidan at aodal, wlonhtit avira oF ute

Hah i a aa oF

Deskaaze co anon age ghdddey’ sate Rist edt taping
43 a ASR WS MOREY Lapod vp ON: sata afat
rs) cbr @ aif aa ae oat nehapert wubouss wet hs

shel cero ad shew thea Di off aoe socal

seegel whats if. bo) alae HE
OT 2% B08 oO

22

being in the spotlight or trying to guage the mood of the nation.

Within the ranks of the United Mine Workers of America ,{UMWA) ,
Walker was identified with the reform elements. He felt 6 close
sttachment to the organization, and to the ainers' struggle with
centralization of power. His coneern with technological changes,
ané with a hostile management motivated hin to try and correct
these problems, He was involved in UMWA politics end. union
intrigues at different times during his entire career, aad this
involvement ultimately led to his expulsion from lesferahip in
Tliineis lebor circles,

Welker wes President of the Illinois district of the United
Mine Workers (District 12) from 1905 to 1913 and 2932 to 1933.
During this time, he directed the economic policies of the
Tllinois miners, often coming in conflict with the national
officers of the union over these policies, His eriticiam of
UMWA President Tom I, Lewis, who was in Office fram 1908 to 1912,
and other netional leaders caused one student of the union's
history to remark, "With the exception of Jobn Mitchell, there
was probably no man in the union whom Walker did not attack at
one time or another. « 82

Walker ren for President of the UMWA three different times
éuring his career. Each time he was unsuccessful. In 1908,
fom Li Lewis, John Mitchell's Vice-president, defeated him: In
1916, Walker lost to John P. White, and in 1918 he was defeated
25 Davia Thoreau Wieck, The United Mine Workers of America: A

3 in Centralization (impublished manuscript: Wayne State

i ty, 1953), p- 59. (Hereafter cited ag Wieck, A
Study in Centralizetion.)

7 - .
. 9h 7 a if
; ; - . ; ' a

dans RO cmos ald ako oF 5 anes 0 Tegal tege anit hs
ARE) .aolvoms oi arab! ent Pes scat ald 0 Alea eed aS Si.
geelo ep Ate oh .atpremale wets wie ie Dat Di snow aunt sed So L
-
vito elgouida |) wissiker act at hae fia Cages ais in dceseiallie.
astmady 9 Spokornses fay aesoro9 oat. sag “Ha no ana elersabetie |
Jearos baeewed of aot Bede atu Sahee oe ee cil ged: 9 cer om :
wok tne aobtiloy an ak GewLena aay off seatiesieong rn ;
thi how toon solide aad yoke es Sewn te com ewend:
aE mlrasmed eor'k nilaluene ain et ted wihedaaliie ee
Ao sito in een akew BELLE.
bagiel afd “to. deindedh ehownies add to Jeahyes’ geeneta 7

I 7
s8EOL ot BEBE Row CAL ob BIEL ars (RL deta) ayertcat ae:

ad en pe to nba dome exlth:Bodowt* wi) Sad th ogee

| Laseitan ot ai dobiioes ob pation veda 4g atnanhar atounkee

To wetedibis ahi eisai gest “tire wore! ait te aroassto :

+ SEPE Od ORL gory SORES ak ner onfer abot: woh Me tnebhese Su a4

@' nobus God lo toehwle ao homeo orohasl Lergkden seddo- ion
apes feted iM ateh to sobigeane ‘site Cae? ai — OF “Ysate sa

an facie don BES rhe nde node oe ak ganas: ehalneiong Raw

Re, +o SNFOnS YO Sits

4CRL oX claferooarws ow or: aad foe .wheTES |
ot tht aeds: OAD awl) aa LT ‘ws Sipe (AM call ys 4
padawien anined Qk mk hae wheal 8 meen oF gu we

: ‘ .
te $ - a

AY oc todaih, aka) asaew paid func t

Bie wegen SAGAN Doree
ia aan ae omg. a na Lary
5

by Frank J. Hayes. According to Walker and the group of UMWA
Jeeders that supported him, each election was won fraudulently,
providing a further impetus for radical action. During the early
1920's, Walker was part of the group which opposed the national
officers, including John L. Lewis. The turbulence within the UMWA
resulting from this opposition finally led to an attempt to re-
move Lewis from office by creating a new miners’ organization, the
United Mine Workers of America Reorganized. Walker was elected

an officer of this organization after helping to found it. When
the Reorganized was abolished, he ran for President of District 12
and won. It was the last time that he was active in the miners’
union.

Walker's activities in the Illinois State Federation of Labor
were totally at odds with his activities in the United Mine Workers.
He was not interested in engaging in radical reform of the state
organization or its parent, the American Federation of Labor, (AIL).
While he did not agree with all the policies of Samel Gompers
or William Green when they led the AFL, he accepted their leader-
ship and their policies for the most part and did their bidding.
This does not mean that Walker was out of character as Presi-
dent of the IFL, however, for he still pursued a mmber of ideal-
istic goals.

Walker recognized that the IFL had a much broader base in
fllinois labor circles than the UMWA and District 12. The former
organization consisted of independent unions which banded together
in order to better co-ordinate individual union activities. The

miners* union, on the other hand, was narrow in interest and only

a)

Leedo# oad bedinl asd ah asddividss ae Msg abi we ylisvod oxo
(0A) eemedesd, 8a nogdaveiel xanizect, ot sqons6, ni oR: nee |

—sabael chase betysoas of TVA oad sath yedd amie meow) eon

gh th - ae
a ve

vitwe ond selva .wotiga Doel ies Wh aitenmk soit «@ eukbiv ORE
ignnotes, add Opacuge dobsta aeow ot te sung er calhali SE
ava only aiitiw activi off .aceal al cob eathaloak ane. ; = _
su Oo Ghaadén aa oo Bel wierd? pase haoguo aide oa a9 gente :
ais quake iamgso * Tae Pe A Qaewse Yl Serzic move ahwal sate: oh
hevasia anv agillet .osatoua tess, sottemd, Lo semis 9c: be
rahe. oe SrwiGl as poked wile setdeahengec aig io copstio. a
Si dat san 29 demiLeos sok ant on , bole tlods Rast Du tusm. x0 08 oe

Yous
1 axe kiy | Leis al aviveas way ad goukt omdd deal sid aaw 2%. . snow fps

wouUnh tO soLderebes olod8 akon wl oh aaksividow s* ela
atata oho So aul ler Ago thers ak : pa beages et Ladapseguk doa. aou =
StoqNOD Lemos to ealekiog aid Lhe aber eos deo Lid. gi stis

Meehoed . Thode Shh faa, tet daoe odd wot motobloc. stout bna q
aheesd ais nadoetesiio to doo aoe waka dedd aeen Son | wee
nlawh? 20 cedeu. a: bewarsiay $:Lite, ad Be ae: hh

Le a ' eis alt + : oy ee

i .

2 ead webu co tay a aeeel ae satis tals, silted —

: - ~ : a
years) eth if “fokrdant: Leu BaSU sald gio eal tis &

nek vaekstavd due Baa te sie Eaoaghs leg eed ae cote of
Yine bas wpe k as S woehreut te beset ae oe 0 sate

2k

served one group of laboring people. For this reason alone, Walker
may have decided that he would rather serve as President of the
IFL, when he was clected to the position in 1912. Whatever his
reasons for becoming President of the state federation, he found
this position more rewarding and remained in it, with the exception
of one year, from 1913 to 1930.

The broad base of the IFL made Walker's duties as President
mumerous and diverse. Essentially, he was responsible for
streagthening the trade union movement through iiiebesomnd. work.
He was in charge of promoting better relations between the unions
and the general public and of educating the individual trade
unionist in the principles of organized labor and his responsi-
bilities in American society. Lastly, he was responsible for
economic, legislative, and political policies of organized labor
in Illinois.

Walker's organizational work began before he entered the
Presidency of the IfL. In 1908, while still President of District
12, he arranged for the miners to enter the IFL. In this way
Walker’s own position in the IFL was strengthened, District 12
was given the additional support of the IFL, and the IFL gained
some 300 local unions and additional income from union dues.”?
After Walker became President of the IFL he continued trying to
persuade affiliated unions to join the IFl and the AFL. Of course,
organizational work went on outside the union structure too.
Walker arranged for unions to enter many phases of industry in

2 Staley, IFL, p. 308.

ee :

sre snob apasey etd sok. akyour Bdluodal: ‘0 att
|

b Pad -
ahi oe tuehiaeed Bay we ae netics Eta wt ead.

als coveded > ALM ad gobbles: add of pevoule aan oc mudw. hat

CRE GS Ol taoh wk atedas won. Fe lit _ sqtinoe ad: 4x awe 7
-

pidge osc Adie ik sh beueckamey Boe piste SMe sot khong ae 7 7

- i

0 OF LAOS samt aie, at HO . -

1 7
as bide wh at Gelb a yellow ober. ML gal co ape ieee! poe

aa

new Psgekeasiiayzo saraads dooce oe Bees ST Belek ane, ' ,

aos aidiaccyaos aig on. yilehm@eed .ctusvin Qu ser

. a. B ¢
groin aad seewdet sunidatos swaryge gattoueng toy Sy teesin se ee
; | . in
omarud Lather that 2. oat b cmsatadatal col i vice Lemacey odd brs 7 ’
i

ow hegageay Bho “Rae yadak. bos iaaqwro ae Mebceiin ry eid ah 8,

aM
Bu nidanee: ae onl aydtuad ygecaoe Taba AR aouthis . n
“LL ance to tualoiliay Seodtelog: bie - ay wehded ALBEE 4 QL ROSHID

veto

| seit buwadas of envied mayed évom Lanaiien iuigie @'aakati +e
Yalulaw, to, daebsawes £hbbe elise HORE ch ae. 20. konobsen
wae hae a 1 <The elt catia a aula ond wot aimed ue i
GE tobatdad ialecadnates dase sat ca sad enog! awe, wv yo
Hawndey hE all ee ATS ehh tuo angie ARLE: Une R

98 ogi: onkon REGS aan lacousitea ein asa Lasod |

od quits ounbiadn af TEE ant to spebinons outed eOdLEe 4
wet EO, ssi. pesudt we eho “ urO.kas ogantans be
” 80d cau ca md Ree: foow sao

ak Yueevlad to Set iad "ae eee Sica sil age aru

i’ : s ' ae
7 A el me
7 , ‘ 7 . 7 .
7 + fe _ ) | 4
: ‘ + 7. ‘
; t £
] ’ ; i i; 7 |
i )

Illinois, and helped to gain recognition for these unions after
they were organized.

The problem of promoting better relations between unions and
the general public was met by establishing camumication between
the two groups. Walker believed there was a need for organized
Labor to have its 9’ newspapers and other forms of public media.
He worked to secure a wider audience for labor newspapers in
Illinois, and established the IFL News Letter as the official
organ of the federation in 1915.29 ‘This weekly nevapaper was
gent to every local union effiliated with the IfL. Other ways
of placing labor's message before the general public were public
speaking engagements, conventions, and the use of radio, after it
became popular.

The work of educating trade wnionists in the principles of
organized labor and in the responsibilities of laboring people in
society went on in several ways, According to Welker, the basic
principles of organized labor was a belief in democratic pro-
cedures. Walker rarely attempted to rule arbitrerily, belleving
thet all members of organized labor could and should participate
in the governing of the organization through the delegates they
sent to epnventions. He emphasized this principle in IFL con-
ventions and in his daily activities as President of the IPL.

Walker warned vorkers to avoid violence during strikes,
pointing out thet euch actions harmed labor's image.°+ the
Herrin, Illinois killings in 1922 appalled him, and while
30 Eventy-eixt Annual Convention Proceedings, District 12, UMWA,

March 23-April 10, 1916, Peoria, ois 2 oh a (Hereafter

eited as District 12, UMWA, Proceedings,
31 District 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1913, pp. cea

ae

‘iy A Coulk é "ORC ERRTEO SOOM Ee

Coke RROGRL fuse din Sania os “zac hod deacbiecceraey a TO nok Sese: et

uaeeend ao Loeedaiman quiet idnvae ee dene ALahaet Ler sia a
Rag biwiewo woo hea @ ea Bmor'd uneediisd teal Suwon « aches ‘te
seiiee allay Te syrtork sonido ban apaenlian 8Q atl eet os sodat,
a wremnetris SOS ek sora lhe we bl Phase oo beastcee pat
LHLaLETS GF aa sop, isis aye BIS ead Soret hisenet has - carouuat

. eee Mekreron “ikeay ane Oe arti Oi sxtocnley wid ey a

mre eae SEL ae siete sig italian Sd sieve: ae ai a
a Ad

odtiny wis olideer Lorene exe grein: Bet ca aue’ at gee — ’

oe padtta: in fami er Beast? Bie « Atobsteeevn 0 theragawe ¢

‘ho balgdonmtey ee oh adadea kay sata sod ih relate io

fb elapeey gubeodat Bas peers Ladbonugaws eet ah hie points .

HLaad wht eRe of: wodbainnan 9 SNARE een 0 og deer ytekse :

mane a bdertgowed al “Bekied 8 ane ‘aod Seutaaaine “ky —— if

agink ted yal Aaceedteta adi oe Dadeiotitt Ye a ie

| a ndegiottang iiuade Qoe Siang swelel Boleyate “id: anes
ares Bodagelss it nosis gotta wt te grtameog

“tiny TE ois aah cial BRAS Lom Desi “ ACCA

a “ee 0. abs bd els air dea vata abet et Bt
Fe ia tenbion wing ‘ended wh Boom ee Bs aut caine
nae ; Ego a ati bon ast agteos: Goin ea Oi ?

eal Svs eke falsk ee BRE oo =<
oe he

F = + gto

Tom 5; t Mdcie 4 : ries ey, : i
MAH oh Tae yk sada ns wa Labs at a ao er sf
“tom Landes) ; taek @ Bis EET as Puta sy
a . (amet yathuwooss, mes 3 va
: 7 : : : 7 ae fit . nyt cE Re aan, 3 4

he sympathized with the miners regarding aceb lebor, he felt
co-operation, nob bloodshed, was the oaly solution to the problen.>”

Walker heartily endorsed adult education and urged members
of the IFL to participate in such programs, He felt that every
Maboring person should strive to improve bis huwiedge of worli,
aational, aad local affairs, and told the delegates at IFL
conventions that this was nocessary.-°

Trne to his idedlistic nature, he also believed that
petriotien wes a noble trait in people. He worked elesely with
the IlMnois State Cameil of Defense during World Var I,
co-ordinehing IfL activities with the war-time efforts of
industry in Illdnoie.®’ Agter the var, Walker endorsed the
American Legion end urged veterans who belonged to unions to
join this organizatioa.>?

Velker's background ag Presideat of District 12 gave hia
a fire foundation in union economics’ particularly ia the areas
of negotiations sad the handling of strikes, and when he became
President of the IL he was well equipped to handle the economic
responsibilitiea be assumed.

As President of District 12, Walker participated in most

= Walker to John Steele, Rime 26, 1922, Walker Papers.

33 Forty-second Aumal Convention Eroseet ; IFL, Septeuber
S13, 1924, Pearls, Diiinois,, Ps ereafter cited as
FL, Proceedings, 192/.)

3% "7323neds State Comet. of Datence Pamece. inte Biatery;"
ces ae % State Historical Society, xIl

Siok be

35 spec by Valier made before the Sleventh Anaal Convention,
of tie American Legioa, lepartmest of TilMnois, September 14,
1929, Walker Papers.

=

ae

Den ies: aay ad eam “pe he oe ane qbovtboet dow Pps:

G
%

"
wioh od sreoiiat aie aucklirxer aes sont ose sn en See

is cana hoya iow odd pean kasi poemeres i smed |
e8ave did gig oi +e peat a dagtahing. oo ath»
,hivooit Qo epied wane. tad BVERIIA Gh HABA Boece MRM wees
OH Oh tedaake ore hed Sam aonb Dated inset whi
LE vemeaspen eee Bi staiit ane Ps
Sued Leytiial gale oe , oaedom wigalidens aad. oe onndt |
unite yisac Lp aottow vi .. agen AS aes Shoe male pa
gh row Bi, gehnwd epoied eo tim), oped abomst :
So) Bwte ante ww ont adkw doin radon. Tal. gel 8 BEM
* Regene “pelle maw cag bao ae ote, Lae out 8
Oy Bruin id Payredos welte Daeeiey Siew Be stayin me hy
oe Ee cnsane tempi 2880 5
waist eee, Sh: sakycedl xs vootsaen ay seers. Sede, x
BOWES OLE WT Got iea tig aoinmeane SUAS a
ceumaae of cece OR eae be aakinaod, ale Boe noida
aoe hcl elnced <a silesiiiadl saen aay BE. gar wile Oe
ooeqea sonia

| PIG ne bees ape, Vole 4S, Parton cc Reeser 9 hiv

eee sweat aig
bape tak par v MRM aero ‘4
ELD ‘Setnasel = aoe

seaneuly otiak, Shacks Rak

"os yte deine Bee ye aoe
emmktmenweyy Lapis waeeele a ES =
whi somnatouy’ iol - essap

27

of the negoticdtions of contracts with the Illinois Coal Operator's
Association. Contracts involving wages and other benefits for

the miner were signed in 1906, 1908, 1910, and 1912. In 1908 and
1910, Walker was able to gain wage increases for the miners; in
1906 and 1912 he maintained the wage standard established by

the prior contracts. Walker also obtained a number of fringe
benefits for the miners during this period. In thse 1908, 1910,

end 1912 contracts, the Illinois Coal Operators provided shorter
working hours, better tonnage rates, and payment for shot futers.°°
These benefits helped the miners economically.

Another of Walker's economic duties while President of the
miners was erbitrating disputes and enforcing the contracts which
the union signed. In this function, Walker proved himself to be
capable and fair to miners and operators, thus strengthening the
organization and helping to bring greater recognition from
Illinois operators. Arbitration was Walker's major economic
consideration in the IPL also. He handled tundreds of disputes
between unions and management from 1913 to 1930, and in this
way, induced management to turn to labor when problems arose.37

The handling of strikes, an important economic weapon of
organized labor, was another one of Walker’s duties as President

36 ,

Twenty-second Annual Convention Proceedings, District 12, UMIA,
February 2l-March 1, 1911, Springfield, Illinois, p. 16.
(Hereafter cited as District 12, WMWA, Proceedings, 1911.)
District 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1913, pp. 10-24

37 The Walker Papers deal with this economic consideration to
some extent. See also, P. Millet, “Prial in a Cosl Mine,”
Qutlook, LXXkIx {June 6, 1908), pp. 296-301.

tS
6

oe

a wdstent Loot erROAket eae idee atostifews Si aria tibisor

“ot ad Stocad Henley Sim peep var: Sydiqna addiondobs ~, AOR ste
it a ef -¥ MY feet & CIEE Gatata Roe Sayin : Pk - _ fy te 2
© BOUL wl (SGC feu 4O8QE Cont BORE a7 boihte ekow cette &
gS pemento wid ae) wsucdtent egae ake. od edidn ake tesla 4 ns

“dt bitleaMeedas Gseonese egg ond bectedsuiten: ot BOE bas
meen ‘ta “stdlkigin ih Sottlagulo rakes ope ais aSORS yee nie ‘weit

we Le WORE ome Oi fodieg edtald guibtetm secon Li anid “ent ad Shenae } _

;
sodiate tablvesg evodenagd Lect elethll sit ,otsaedieno ada

t

KO warere tt Jobard Srempay bos , cede eee be tedvad pisos ene
Hedin | vehiesbeocese wider ate ie ies ated 7

iy!
tas att ubrooys, atte aatoyh ohiwonode aval Yo ‘erthoua ba

Sold adeaxeace Sut Gutomottee how sahugads Lolseustone apw ass i .
el ov 7 ~Lomatst sovong ‘pol D ase nottenah aids ak .oegdie cokes —
elt yeitaonitacwnita amid pwsodareqy ban atecin od ket fea” ofds
eve KG LobRQIOo? ~Ledinerty gebacs ot gedeled bas roliaxdoagre .
“pisonoos sole a°-aeellall ame ipkitarcdtde Lecodemago ai om: ce ;
sotaqath 10 abeuBngt Sefbrin! 2 vote IH och at notteinobiaccs a
-phiit ae baw ,ORRE od EFOL niet ramesenae: Lew anetist # "

TE, saoas) anbidoky new mada! oF ol oF deo Beas
To GOgReW GemOtES Crgdtoame cae vi «eat ‘he gnttbani » ff

fuebiney? a8 aeidub a‘ seo he ore sor ase toe 8 aie

‘s
s

AM A ice a ae 9 ais
2Oe iA a «sioslitty Sra

: sl eee 2%)

aed anlteyeniaune obs icoe. stad dort sO) moana

“eat Fino BL Ea (orl em gh (OBE OMT ak
Lote st ciel ” ‘68)

*
'

¢

of District 12 and the IFL. Walker used the strike in 1910 to
gain beaefits for the miners from the coal opecutows.3° Be
also was in eherge of strike funds and the payment of strike
benefite to miners out of work, As President of the IfL,
Welker hendled strike benefits for individual unions and pro-
vided moral support to strikers by helping to gsin recoguitioa
of the strike fron other unions. He hed no authority to call’
@ strike himself, however.

Welker hed a elncere desize to begin a co-operative systen
in Thinods while be was President of District 12.99 mis be-
cams @ reality in 1915, when the Illinois Stete Co-operative
League wes formed. Walker, a9 President of the IFL, was in an
eucellent position to lead the co-operatives, and did so for
@ mumber of yoars. At first, he concentrated on iullding the
league in mining towns, vut it spresd to obher scgments of
organized lever in tine.”

A post of other econowic provlens vere confronted by
Walker during his Fsesidency of the IFL. He because active in
vesomsing convict labor policies in Illinois, He varked to
wuild a stete esplaywoat service. He promoted the building
of hard roads in the latter part of the 1920's, and even supported
@ fieod contrel progran for the Mississippi River. Welker con-

SS pistrict 12, WEA, Proceedings, 1911, p. 16.
39 Yead., pe Zo
NO ie Waliser Paperé contin a good deal of

regarding
1g25, the eae, Sereoee = Sree Sany-oe
inuforastion

. ty . 7 a 7 -

tore OMIA Si Rk ott ene, nse 5 la ek Sate Sly a

ee “SRO Lak) Bubs ewe? eter ‘adlis Ae Ca Saag

kee: Ses Tihcngyane: alee Nera ligation Sa Rta tk : * s

SRE aie Ye BoM! Rees Oh lM Le eo eoamlee cad bE

La waepdcar Sopidor tines wih aniithaarnd on lets bent specie

ROLE BOOM lly GY yyakylent ws sraenl iwi at Daeg sree yobin ; 7
eee ee ee ee ee ~ _

_ ets stay Aaibaeed 2h geal _ 7

wo a ikiowapbe & auger oy dase cameo oe Reet weele

wens aie? “S28 gourmet te Sohail wai ext a bee ell

ier Serenity aE WEEE walk cape ON seb yaar: 2 ase

i ate gh pc tee Ae towed am yma. holtesth amar memgeund

7 et, sat Salle Tate 9 Wie beeraeageesn fd faving ey salsa oh e
Wh QRS a Gadeeyeano sel yterkh GR anaeeg ae oe s i

nae 2 Re Barman SAO Gt Deoweh JF Gan pommd gaunt ab 2
7 —_ : | bard nt ee ee eH acd Be meek % ‘ea

+ alt esha aan ease i wat — yoo,
eh Beemer OM. cadmebhaX a, naling i

Seed wat RRR EE a MRNRINGEN GERI RR, te ny a

Redmpagia cee Gan, 8 UR, wal “be aan a asd ok avg 2

ssaiy panic HAL Seabeaspnls id Oe 80% ‘he “

sidered these numerous projects within the scope of the IFL's
economic policies.

The passage of labor legislation was Walker's second
important responsibility as President of District 12 and the
IfL. Most labor leaders considered legisietion a primary
means of improving the economic situation of the individual
laborer. John Mitchell worked hard to achieve the passage of
such laws, end Samuel Gompers made Labor legislation one of the
AFL's principle interests, Walker followed the example these
men established.

At the 1912 District convention, John L. lewis, then
Secretary of the legislation committee for the Tilinois miners,
told the delegates, "in securing the enactment of . .
various laws, too muck credit cannot be given to our efficient
president, John i, Walker. wi2 Walker deserved this tribute.

He served on the Mining Investigation Commission, established

by Governor Deneen, after the Cherry Mine disaster in 190,

and played a leading part in the passage of legislation establisie
ing Mine Rescue Stations, enacting a Miner's Qualification

Law and a Shot Firers Law, and revising the Illinois Mining
coae.*3

Se eta tean ik

Walker made a speech February 7, 1927, regarding labor's in-
terest in hard roads, Walker Papers. There is @ resolution
regarding flood control of the Mississippi in the May 16-31,
1927 file, Walker Papers.

42 Twenty-third Annual Convention Proceedings, District lz,

UMWA, February 205 March 1, 1912, Spri eld, Illinois,
pe i {Hereafter cited as District 12, UMWA, Proceedings
1912.

"3 Berl R. Beckner, A History of Labor legislation in Illinois,
(Chicago: The University of Chicago Prese, S)y Dp: 203-374.
(Hereafter cited as Beckner, Labor weeialation |

iv 11%) ae) 7 an
7 7
7 | 7 ' oo 7 7 ie)
adi wilt Yo emnve edt ahdtiv odoekeng aie ost Rie a :
— _
-. : - _ - ee
+) .xoLotceg okeomeme . , : ;
buopoa a seal caw ob kibagg@ vote So spent Pr oe oo
F ; = . ae 7 ; ; :
oid bre GL sensu Lo Jcehieewh go pwhlidsungees. taoraogel i .

Wenig & nedelalgel coweltetoy ateheed wodel dao WaT

ABMEEV EROS Vhs: TH Ot dna ke cleo soe. rote Be acim:

“Oo syaney edd avation od ined petaor tered it cel seenociad . - :
3 te 800 nolvaleiges. vodal obta eyaqunt) IcinsS fas . ama Som a
a
veaiy aigmeie ond best Lol tele .avemedes aiqzeaing 2'2eh . :
- — ia. shecanidavee ose
Ree ,Ahwa oo at, ,zuoidnernay José LEG ONE SLR ale nes /

arate wioetiLi,eds m4 eethinme amWeleiyel eid ie yaderes

oss 36 daestoans aid paiamgoe 25" vocagedeb ‘odd bhee

imioLeie si od soviy. ad Goemnag dbeyo mau cod. ewel” eebuer

studied elit howe vedios oF sonal 0A ae duebioony
Dedaiidaves ,todesiwo) soddoytdemndl poral oth no berpe aus

ax Oe ab apdesath exit yew add tite ,feenctl comeved 7

siaidendes soLtelessel io aymateog. ate ak! diag atbwed % beets Boo

soisnadhchach nteaaiMa mirkdoaeien ano esont eybea sot ya

De RM ALO LO eed gotetves fine RAL exeNSL seme a bas vt

a
7

a q : wi '

wee 2 teed gishs ages, sath WY cr evans Sy i pa f
Ag LosLenone # Be poke sr agat sels BT suhag rae

ER: yeh ttt ah Lge BGE ox 49 CeuriRae | Heokt an

_. ee Crs Wild “ee ah

aati Jatubalt poste De SE Oe sae ene makati
soho LLT ater Teeee 1, so: : bt ef h

BY qehioanest nee Any, a ig ridasd @ no

ie oe et al. aed saci te a pede
Lak Thess ad 4G PEST WABW OgBoLe ey

ig dda Le boil gccitik second si

When Walker became President of the IFL, his legislative
activities covered @ wider field, and he was responsible for
thes pane: Ot tremmmeesi Nahin, denetiered: tnpettelle ie tenet
He worked for twelve years to have an injunction-limitation
bill enacted in Illinois and finally achieved this aim in 1925.
legislation regulating wages, safety end heaith in industry,
oceupations end apprenticeships, beslth ingurance, old age
pensions, the hours of work for women, child labor, an@ the
administration of labor lav were also his concern.** ue aia
aot alwaye achieve his gomls regarding legislative matters,
but he did make sous improvements.

In eddition to supporting legislation favorable to labor,
Walker opposed bills which hindered organized lmbor’s function
in seciety. The most usfevorable legislation was considered
the Constabulary lew, which vas defeated for e number of years
by isbor, before it finally became law and established the
State Highway Patrol. Welker's fear, perhaps exaggerated, was
that such a state-wide police force vould be used to control and
coerce workers who participated in strikes."

Walker's close involvement with labor legislation led to
action in national, state, and local politics. He was active
in politics during his entire career, usually campaigning for
& political candidate, but sometimes becoming the candidate
himself. Walker's political philosophy consisted of one basic

a.
See Eeckner, Labor » tor a complete history of
wee: cee greengey ogg apt

45 IPL Weekly April 2 “Agha tes tanith $4 1923
Cites & aoe EF sppnaition to the Constabulary bill.
Beekmer, Labor Legislatioa, pp. 70-71.

of ee ee a:

okt ehaeh nie AME welt bo denies nunend: ‘ae sieesht hi #80
ts witdwegeva ate ed bee hho tabiw & hexenas amid
total at gocwunmas: bwsobtaaem ah aamreen or eam eal
MAA ela hiae ok me. co te ee, edo cea frais Ea -
2085 oh whe glut Awwelina piled? tow oteokiil et fedomme Like
tdawiok oa cada fess usehae hops yeéutages aoltedeggal
. SOS Bao . eee smd sigh rest hgealwees anise bee pea diegaae
oad tee pind Mate anew wl dees Go ome ae eodeceg
Day at | ty oo RNR el ae GR WE. pol “Tio aeatuaie takes

Pe ime wlteloteed guage Giaiy ou.) oretrige. oyemele: dae

= Oo), ROE dae ook RD wed San
wad oF alieriurs. opidelacess gaitwogye os otc m4. i.
norddeats yoGal Gewkuan boxabatd wakde eh Lid Repoqee world ; 7

howthisive: oan aoteeiebood aledstereiow dene ee . oineeere at
ee Soo am oe aS echesieb eaar cigdeie. etd i aitiencatenteiahteal
aca) Diele Rheisroee owt ened 08 aeikewcee iy. srsoted eroded ee
o SRE tee: os eB niiae . «denaiest -ernetyalt tea
Sea Lerwiseh 03 + bie od axe mech anlioy ebiv-sdnes. & Comm ae
# sacalbensn nt. baepicntooy ot eontuow worn

ast fal GORD REmbaINS ete thy dmemeekar: aeake a! wad Lae oY

ariee Baw a eG ESE og Uses fasts ina ,feeeden at enon
ee BS Angina tna ee wade mae sane ae

"ey gia: didn osalenie pet: saute ales!
anak al pa ebankiey aa Sek 2 :
ee eee sally sasendo8 "enh co wv
pew eee: Suan: “ar hi re RUA air ; e

ryt BAS ais ai he argare , wig oe Fock ree owe

at antl) aes Re ghd

Sd
sh

vule: always aupport the politician or party most Likely to be
pro-labor. His political activities, therefore, appear to be
very chagtic and inccasistent, but this was not the case at all.
From the turn of the century until 1916, Jon Walker vas an
ardent socialist." He was prominent in the Socialist Party in
Illinois, and aligned the miners vith this party during his
Presidency of District 12. By 1912, the socialists vere in the
majority on the Executive Board of the Ristrict.”? Aathoug: the
Socialist Party in Tliinois never achieved spectacular success at
election time, it did serve to dramatize the uiners’ demands for
reform, thereby making the public and the Illinois legislature
more aware that cution needed to be taken. This is probably
one Beason Welker belonged to the party. Another reason vas
the idealism of the party's econoale doctrine. Walker told the
1912 miners' coavention thet he believed, “thet everyone who
desires to be classed as one of the workers should be a member
of both the econenie and pulitieal unions of the vorxers,
In 1916, Walser abandoned the socialists for major party
candidates. He endorsed Woodrow wWilaon for President and
Baverd F. Dunne for Governor of IMinois.”? Tne socialist

igid, pe ao. Wadkxer te
y SAE 16, Walker Papers.
7
Twentieth Anouel Convention Risteict 12
WEA, February 16-25, 1909, precoding ype 18-222
(Hereafter cited as District 12, WiA, Procesdiags, 1909.)

46 Sanit TAMA, Eh Aes aba ple, pe es
» November 5, 1916, p. 11. The ad states,
ees “and Wiverd F. Donne are representatives of

the comson people and the spirit of their times. They stand
for new and enlarged apportunities for labor, for a square
deal for laboring men, for social justice and for economic
and social progress Gil along the line.”

SS ROGER ote Sioewam waite aivey etaelee ib yet assonv0t,

aa Cat geek aii phen, tae mon ke aehiotay wad deg vw. avai 5 ia

7 >

tl Oe wore . keer? pa aiw ie sethaicaaiia wT ty
vod Cd CaS RR Se ene ake) dat pores te: otcont. yeaa
ae ae ee CR Re cme ae ae

antec vehi ety eal ait oon ape eh ae REL Soeire
uke GWA, GE aah a eed add Sen ebpy. ear 7
#63 Gh on miekieteon one CRUE eb Ak eet pe alana : 7 7
wns RMAs ap, Raaheiss athe a BM ee) oo Oa Sah Som. venwinle

wo adi Mipihe Be pueda Gi tei b30 YR yea conan
SUMS Stok REELS mle Gand aM easg met? peek teeh —- measert
eldadarny $2 Se!. heed oo Gt. Aaeme econ. sown. AL oon
Ee OBE cagA. vo BR oie ot henpale tose “saleseers: eco
wit Kod 208 bRK sadnce ninco. ws yor arid eg wokisobs ate
Site QEOALR MAS sos Se a eee coe. ovens 6G :
“aan 2 tol: Sede -ateadeae na - Se Re. ae Seale aa aoa ooo
Se > seen Gd Ba Gamitee LeOlthihky kun odebewse ox dod Be
Yl ahie eae ek Eels ale onperasssiins rane , sat eons
ieee. dbbsamett teas atc Bacco AN notmuiise oR. WoO haA
sottovem ott agentes Yo memes ast mmm. 8 oe

ive aft ole qin Ge
0 Rig, “wea ew

gS ombaealt, ‘
ae ete PACA 2 pe RE? ahd, :
& eieiet 4, a aestis mney, hes ae. . jab
7 a ; we wh ist HEB aE eae
«, ob mae Sas Fath ane ash, ay git Sh 4% S eae,

Say ena ahead bias le wes Seay Ah “wane 2 Me
becca “Sekt ames? deat Se akwtgna ate Theat
4 MOSSE ab wy SRT aT pierce ies sis

Sc me Md ar?
"RA WP Bek Lat a

att MCR,

32

Party revoked Walker's membership because of these activities,
at the same time chastizing him for his views on the World War.
The letters exchanged between Walker and Adolph Germer, then
Secretary of the Socialist Party, indicate the bitterness that
developed between lsbor and the socislists sbout this time.°°

Walker did not remain an orthodox party supporter for very
long. In 1919 and 1920, he became active in the Farner-Labor
Party which developed in Chicago. In the 1920 election, he
supported e full slete of Farmer-Labor Party candidates for
office, and ran for Governor of Illinois on the same perty
ticket.9+ He lost the election, but this never dampened his
enthusiaism. Walker only left the Farmer~-Labor Party after
the communists became ective in the movement in 1922.

In 1924, Walker again became active in state and national
politics. On the state level, he decided to support the
Republican incumbant, Governor Len Small, because of the close
working relationship between the two men. Small, who won re-
election, was openly sympathetic to labor and helped Walker
achieve the passage of several significant pleces of labor
legislation.°* In national politics, Walker endorsed the

°° letters between Walker and Adolph Germer, October, 1917
to January, 1918, Walker Papers.

P

J+ ort waa Hews letter, Jetier, dine 12, 1920, p. 1. (Hereafter

32 sailed labor Legislation, p. 57. Welter Me Lacyk,
Il.inois Labor Uhions in the Election of 192 (unpublished
master's thesis: University of fits » B50 «), Be Le
(Hereafter cited as Lacyk, Illinois Labor cece.

,wontividor, aves! do seme. tied tps he
eae bt 20), oo CS RWS LEE Bt sah antnetins
mes J uarEeO steboit. fags: echt pian veh Pagano §
deat! Quamanred eth otmpetenk opteint dak haber we, ho seu
OR veut d) adit Ganda: weet Le toor’ edd buss eIGHL stew oed: man
ure Ob names tdwer meboddun emt oteece. iE HES soda. sien
ccothuagoeteenaanese, wah ok eu bee emusted ge FR: Dau iA wk ae

aft gtk Lie OO Bd a ORM RES sssatewe alodie goa

aQkrascaiehads: Ie vous weet: Ree eT ae patie OKO

‘gir Cmte et Ro elontilt, be woemvotewo? nome. 1g 4

akibonagwh wean var fy (tintdote: wes Saat ae oS

.-%

24

Roe yaa’ xode.Dauserast otis ‘dest, gh dty- ea ila -
Byes ae ‘BR ih. dug add) ah anion Br ed annheenpien aie

FAD h Guat al Fake UM. ou stew. stunodts ta aad nc ld: BERL rs ~

spit Smet: oo Babineh od adomal saaitin pth ule. “amen y fi
wads Set So eduwtaad ghia. weak’ SAE <Stoaiclionpoaes watt San -_ .
me BOW Mion Mine * Seem cree eu: sph nd-aiatn moieties 3
seal RT Seeks DR TORS, eo onvaitegute 2} ana aw pies :
‘adil. UG wapsige’ Bel ee LS Ruan Ge ON sible gat 1

pe Preteen bah “ea2k Lay ai hint ae ‘Bs Sus

pws pobiae yen 7
Wii. ptoaowod seared fy eNGA bate ie oT ee ry ‘peeoted Wor
4 : : “Stay wate eral we. — :

Liter hey ghey tly ad ad Akt AERC

ME wobak Sl aa gor ve
Eoppeig re nas). SEL ae Se ood ieeli 3 Eta
4s Li sn a PAS! ae m3 nepes VaR ¥ 4

(gutta, sae ” besiLe eset

33

Progressive Party and Robert M, LaFollette of Wisconsin. The
AFL supported LaFoliette because of his pro-labor views, and
& significant portion of labor seemed to be behind the inde-
pendent party movenent 2° LaFollette's defeat, however,
ended labor's hope of gaining the sympathy of 4 national
political leader.

In the 1928 national elections, Walker supported Herbert
Hoover for President and Len Small for Governor of Illinois.”
Walker campaigned for Hoover because of the latter's adminis-
trative role in World Wear I. He considered Hoover idealistic
and pro-labor:54 en Small, ruming for a third term, was
Walker's choice for Governor isin of his help to evenatoba
labor between 1921 and 1927. When Small failed to receive the
nomination in the April, 1928 primaries, Walker refused to
endorse any candidate.”

After 1928 the problems within the UMWA overwhelmed
Walker, and he was not directly active in Tllinois and national
politics. But long after he lost his leadership role in
Illinois labor, he maintained an interest in politics and

g@upported the men he considered labor's friends.

Be Lacyk, Tilinois Labor Unions, p. 1.
93 Walker to W. MN. Doak, October 9, 1928, Welker Papers.

54 Welker to Miss Anna Weinstock » Women's Comaittee for Hoover,
October 13, 1928, Walker Papers.

2? Walker to Harry Jensen, October 9, 19253, Walker Papers.

PY ke Oo

aE naa Se Gd Lotad ow a ot he msgstr
Sea warty eeovclind #9 Re tet 4 vena By tation &
it odd Risied ae od Dewaoe rota ie! Sakon
2oyewad . cotta oe sasaisemnt * .
Sanusine x Lo yetdmeonce ntiion, er yd ot toca §

; stehant eee

Prades beds ge, fe raed ,ereLegere Lato bona eae ad Pia

7 e
“S aiemat: ee) Aplbavet aol tn fae © senbants gts ws te a a
ot taiubo sod gel ei a een pei Lnibders on ong Largs " at fase
oavabiombe tayo hopenlanco ee ree 2 Bigs wt alot 3 avi
ee

ame atest Selsid 4 emt patente bie’ 0 a, a

bea taayste od spiel ais oe seatioas pores ccd) te". BDLORS he ean alg

a

ad dennis! tetiat aobreniun baie dat ye ae 2 neuen
. a, sco bac ene ayy

: - . rainy ae sobah ht wratdetg om? ate a 7

Sescljed hes abwidil ax ov siep otubersy oe Bee al ne 44

: ia ars a lalarsiiad “eh if deol a Teh Qa: ot 3

; | TMs gold hing ak Pascaime fe si i oot a

. a, wisbasip ots cane sak Seatac salt cop oie be

| ka ~s ek *
cna’ yeni ene OSRE EowRe mote
b ng Ful

ee : ae Be Sua $4" een (zaeten

CHAPTER Ili

REFORMER IN THE RANKS OF TH UNITED
MINS WORKERS OF AMERICA; 1905-1933

John H. Walker's activities in the United Mine Workers of
America, (UMWA), were influenced by three factors: the organization
and changes that occurred within the political structure of the
unioa; the economic conditions of the coal industry from 1590
to 1930; and the lesdership of John Mitchell, Walker's close
friend end mentor. The combination of these clements, aiong
with Walker's own abilities, ideals, and asperations, were the
major motivating forces causing Walker to participate in reform
activities.

The UMWA was established when the Wational Progressive
Uaion of Miners and Mine Laborers and the Nationsi District
Assembly of 135 of the Knights of Labor consolidated their
forces at a convention held in Colusbus, Ohio on Janusry 25,
1990.2 The creation.of the UMWA was a proud but empty boast
of the miners at the Columbus convention. They were aeither
united nor did their union extend across the United States.
in the first eighteen years of the organizatioa’s existence
it was faced with the task of formilating union policies and
gaining recognition from the coal operators in order to live

up to the nase it chose.

I David J. McDonald end Sdward A. Lynch, Coal snd Uniouisa; A
History of the Anerican Coal Miner's Unica (Indianapolis:
Cornelius Printing company, 1939), pp. ae-23. (Hereafter
eited as MeDonald and Lynch, Cosi and Unioniss. )

34

iy j i 7 7 _
a
ne 2 L ESE teh
Crs wR WO cova Wa a Ka yd) 1
ERE oRORL 5A A ‘© GRRL UIE :

te ntody wa ee sat ond wt soldi: wae Sasi , EH eis a

de udesinay ‘te eda was wort’ ws helaeadt eae (waa) a en

one 29 eairvourte resutog mis bette CORT a Sst sgn hare.

Os sori wudeube t 800 add Ao enogssinos osenva —

| porte +) Rea Let sEba 3 Bi teh 90 sinha aes ease ote

gan atepeeyse poets Pr woetansiaees wn “egy ta

- BAS Gees “net tere bes ctl sabe AL eee ry nse rs

waa: nik sooo tw a ad ends a satan 3 peru iit: rm =

retieare Kaneises etd ames batasionine now we “ in
a abated ago saat MIF igh bsornowal oath seid cron eo

. “thats igen) * cove swung LG _aanigless xi 36 "abn to toy 4

oS eset We 9 wes qaKcouod Ft dae soos 9

Binet a ASG tei eRe a ro eh soRtneEs & ay

gn 1a bipey sre ya stbbinéeaso andi: te2 a Be axe i Sa

7. _ seadiest Deehay BAS ERO beau Sr ‘abs | int

7 | . “nye Rao, wotsian area. on ats pram: Sinitite e
bee eats! bo eli yeitaisenstt io aaa wir de 9
7 eet ol gEbce wit atid se wt sre nt

7 veptaaed Ae fae lt feud adh eon te
as Li; j re sts SweU Ba
. : GEER Gabe Sh Scapa: St ees oe
- | serteesey ie wae rb
i {ne ke batl Os: tees
7 7 com —_

35

Almost immediately after the union was organized its first
President, John B. Ras, began to set up a structure which would
handle the affairs of the miners in different areas of the
country. Jurisdiction over the immediate activities of the mine
workers in the various coal fields was delegated to district
unions." "Each Gistrict was required to supervise the affairs
of the local unions in its geographic area and to render service
necessary for their guidance. "3 This policy established the pre-
ecedent of district autonomy. Annual conventions were also
established in order that the miners might express their views
and take action on matters affecting the objectives of the UMWA.
The national convention possessed absolute power and was the
highest law-making body in the miners' union .4 during the
period from 1890 to 1908. It dictated the goals and purposes
of the organization.

After 1908, when John Mitchell left office, the power
structure within the UMWA slowly became more centralized. The

union was established in most of the coal fields and its

© The following districts were organized: District 1, Anthracite,
Pennsylvania; District 2, Central Pennsylvania; District 3, Low
Grade, Pennsylvania; District 4, Coke regions, Pennsylvania;
District 5, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; Districts 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
Qhio; District 11, Indiana; District 12, Illinois; District 13,
Iowa; District 14, Missouri and Kansas; District 15, Colorado,
Washington and the territories; District 16, Marylend; District
17, West Virginia; District 16, Virginia; District 19, Tennessee
and Kentucky; District 20, Alabama and Georgia; District 21,
Texas, Arkansas and the Indian Territory.

3 McDonald and Lynch, Coal and Unionism, p. 25.

+ Prank J. Warne » The Coal-Mine Workers: A Study in Labor
Or, zation (New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1905),
PP» - (Hereafter cited as Warne, The Coal-Mine Workers.)

PF

~
bao duisw oucomuhh 1 gue tee ot naged (Sth 1 eaCu- qua - ' :
ord fo eROT TANTEI os otemka wid oo erkatie sid alt ’ 7
anim edd le uticlvidenk odethewnt wht wer catdodbelugy pew : " -
Seisteth ad Lede fol Baw ablaks fave ayoiiay old ot a aan rt
aqiesiea edd easuwngaa od bere Lupe, aa toziteih test” >, i ‘ -
tues monn cf bas aete Singetgowys of nk emxton Laval ct _
org ord Deca didadtes wothow ala tr nanab ion thes? hata wer i a
mt : vn

amis ote agokt opraue Leunna “gaunidoe Jubntetb %

aoweiv ~latd sestaRe shetty ken exenta ang dads welto of caucaee

, =p .

ASE edt “uo amvidseide ede anteveite BIavcen 20 sGndae aad bos >

- yt
/

a)

.
rvs

so ,
aa
aneog ant ou aineg sat hodtetoha a RAL OO SBE Gers ens 7 -

1 te! a Bayan ont Xe ve, _ * i

eed eae se Seawog . ae eaada bosavaeny oedy robin fancian

> eax yaks a #6 so£asu en odd ws “bod gtlokia wal é ;
4
,

i‘
new wit .o9stio Sat Lona save ro CORL wad f x +) ae
eek:
OP .Rerifesdnes een auaoad vio patie wes. fictive oan ] .
7 s ' a 7 f : .
Bit as abiek acm exit to Mele ni ide via
i bd . = : 7 : ioe -
aetionwdtoA .f- © dunudesti shee snags s0W awolutegh gnkvo
Wal ,E dp bide a joiner igagced es ae Q. tarda aataawty
ubinevLyeauet eo kgex exot ; # dadeere Ai oe eer iysese
Of 2 GY iO peg iedasd Lakoavigaeco .yxieeodse .2 sober
.€f soiaveld (alonbitd 8h Jotateht jase. det att dofitek ¢
eherlon .af delageds pesnnel Sine Exoge Sh eal Soissaid pa
Sore Ghost yn (Sk Sylavewt paebtatioves odd Ane sod
BIBBRY Pr tes waive is ats: oy met bad HOS. SG LE oluigniy
4th polite ky peerork cer 4] bas mspcedh OF soksce 31.
TTL raRbal oct es
78 4g vdgjuotay bee Leet keg. reese “
coded oF yeas a uaa | sysdloLeo AT. <o8 4
¥ Sed a Pe eee ae sy oe z aac

gers

formative period was completed. The rank and file in the 1902
national convention decided to hold elections for the national

3 This

officers rather than choose these men during conventions.
policy gave the national officers more freedom and, with treasury
funds at their disposal and a staff of national organizers to do
their bidding, they could control elections and more effectively
determine policies. But in the process of establishing this
centralization of power, Presidents Ton L. Lewis, John P. White,
and Jobo L. lewis met with opposition from certain district
leaders who remembered the carly period and policies of the
organization, and longed to re-establish these guidelines.

The major reason for the increased centralizetion of power
is found in the economic conditions of the coel industry between
1890 end 1930. The UMMA was formed just as the industrial
revolution was beginning to stimulate an econcmie growth in the
coal industry, The organization grew as the coal industry
became more important economically end centralization of power
within the UMWA occurred to balance the sew power of the coal
operator. When the coal mining industry began to have economic
problems in the 1920's, the UMWA experienced its most difficult
internal problems because of increased opposition from the coal
operators who could not afford to recognize aggressive UMWA
leaders.

John EH, Walker understood the realities of the economic
changes taking place in the coal industry. In June, 1926, he
wrote to B, M. Flaherty, an ol@ friend, stating, "(t)he

? UMA, Prgceedings, 1902, pp. 134138.

—

SMO wed at af bem wears oct! sbedelqcas ean borweg ¢

Jamaktan eit oe ake iweeis Led aca BD ‘einen
aay 8 sculdee SOG RET REG ean acer pada sexddere, E: - i

vEsneat Coie fom solkeath stom eooktn iasetvas end. aves. uP a

ub OF Ses l eng so Dated Do Pave. 8 bos Laeger vhedc be weal *

Ylechionile gun bat eroldoole Lowsee iioos yorit ,gptobid 4 ads

aind pebwMiicavda Jo uaesemy ott al god .uecetlog en

Vopaseadh gers west ooddlegae aia des eke oh slob laws -
@iy lu guigtiioe tw Solweg elie, acts beidwement ode steboal ; - -
Si itoweia wad dadliutsoog@y.od esate! dr aidan kongye 7 -
ROR SO. coder kledays baapetond ed el cope, vodaan OE uss

unewseu qidasink Lope ait “LO ane lhibaen CLRID Bee ee Bout, ab
+ he Dara. ea eb Punt, beast @ew AME at okt ope ORAL
ec} tie tila Bfuens iP wfahee ot ALHADSG BE COLeM. ' we
eda tt Jeo atid ae sore en abs: baci" acy . yeataubed
vores TO Moonen aoe WL ookeeBOns CEA tLe PEO PUNO
saon’ aay Je uescy Wen ely sonshad ad Secerioe SOQ ea
nlwLepe owad of ssgel wens, aah fsen sohy bent oe ‘i
Sich Jour adh bswatwaece aM add a’ “obi eid ok
E800 odd wort sp btgoygo Soassconk Yo saumouil araldorg. i
AMG ove +h RB oY Logon og : oh Bass Plea atte i

7 7
7

: ca _ y a :
Haars) ond Ya geke lane ox
vanoiabe hs LO Biekihbaee e¢ db 1 ponte ies
t ORs ie oT sO RERA Se Lowe wa at wnat ga
atta} uebabe awe abo oa ak “f

37

mining industry is in bed shape. A great many men who have
put in their whole lifetime at it, are being compelled to
seek work elsewhere . . ., and when @ man has to do that late
in life it is a pretty sad experience.“ But Welker did not
understand the increased centralization of power within the
structure of the UMWA. He believed this power belonged to the
districts and the national conventions as it had before 1908,
and when national leaders did not follow these precedents
Walker was certain it weakened the UMWA.

Walker's views regarding the organization and policies
of the UMWA were directly *» “luenced by John Mitchell, Pres-
ident of the organization from 1697 to 1908. Mitchell, who
was born in Braidwood, Illinois, a mining town near Walker's
home, in the winter of 1870,! understood the dangers and economic
hardships connected with the mining of coal, and wanted to create
@ union powerful enough to convince the operators that they must
eliminate these problems from the industry. His goal was the
establishment of better working conditions in the coal industry
and interstate contracts between the coal operators and the
UMWA, Because he was partially successful in these undertakings,
Walker felt that Mitchell was a great leader.

In directing the organization and policies of the UMWA,
Mitchell adhered to the principles of district autonomy and

control of the union by the national conventions. If disputes

So :
Walker to B. M. Flaherty, June 3, 1926, Walker Papers.
T Gluck, Mitchell, p. 5.

Svan cir gor eat davgg AD . dente” Sad ad &t ‘tutonbak y
ed ietiouees gated ove (Tf dd amisdhth aioe ated ah

aiat gad oi od peel iw 8 hedw bee ae in aaasiatinlcidl tee f
ee eee caveouee Bsa yieny a Wb FE ote a a
wi? olddiw peog “ha aokounhhese: Domennosl oot haetevabiar 7 Is
1? od bopaeied tewilg wdiiy teretied-hw haat ony to sean : _
08: “ented bert Th de mao tinernde Diviordes cath fs sdobeieth ; n a
adroRestig sevdd wellot dor BEE weeiiel Deodhean gedw Mis hi
Fe 14 : ARG aie thivaaianis FE 1iGP aes wind soko ' ”
aulbific bes colo hase ‘eda Brill. donot beg ot veitiaw’* ust 7 ae
ert \Lievooit ad, yd Secreto? yLoowwt cose LUM edd RT 7 7
; 7
cow iferiedin 8000 of POEL mere notte inayzo Ode “to dass a :

Adel vass awed gat oe hieMEl beorbisid at aod aw
simerors bye ugsgerh edd tootarebar' T gtr re white dy at? i :
adugio 6) tegaew bax .lisno to gaidia edd ditiw bedvennd eq al

daum yedd decd amvteiec ‘ote genbenee 92 dguose Laredo: a and tvs
eit aster’ Leo SSE Vextanbat ‘ord weet cute forte peed? ete! i
ote dacs ert nt aad ebnoo seibiinow togdent to’ foomlel ‘

‘edd fom saotedecs Lame ot sioewdad ¢ eyaereriog savarodat
eunwiacoeehed aoodt mt isteasgous xilnetog saa eit coeee wee

eebhed toowy ‘abe Lieder sate sat 4
AKU es bo usdatloy ome roan ey es 7

‘godwgh sp perry 808 Saasoxdit ett ‘ed oe Lis his

‘

36

arose between coal operators and the miners’ organization,
Mitchell allowed district officials to handle the matter and
only acted when called upon to do so. This same policy applied
to matters of discipline within the UMWA. Men who opposed
Mitchell were not dealt with by the miners' President but by
the national convention or the district organization. After
the trend toward centralization began, Walker repeatedly cited
these policies when he criticized national officers of the UMWA.
Walker's activities in UMWA politics began soon after he
became President of District 12 in 1905. At the 1905 national
convention of the UMWA, Mitchell was attacked by delegate
Robert Randell of Pennsylvania. Randell charged Mitchell with
failing to exercise his leadership responsibilities, compromising
with the coal operators and deserting his duties. After Randell's
speech, Walker arose to defend Mitchell and then made a motion to
expel Randell from the convention for his views. This motion
was seconded and carried when Randell refused to retract the
charges he made against Mitehell.°
In the 1906 convention Mitchell faced opposition similar
to that of Robert Randell when Patrick Dolan attacked the UMWA
President. The attack upset Walker so much that he told the
convention that he thought Dolan should be hanged, if it was aot
a violation of the UMWA constitution. The convention did not
go to this extent, but the matter was referred back to the

district and Dolan was forced out of UMWA affairs.”

Sgixteenth Annual Convention Proceedings, UMWA, January 16-
23, 1905, Indianapolis, indiana, pp. $36-231. (Hereafter
cited as UMWA, Proceedings, 1905.)

9 Gluck, Mitchell, pp. 179-190.

Oe

oy feitaaigayto Latenia ot) bap guotaxege Leos omit
bse waa 3 aléuid oF sloles¥ho: soitmeis bevollie Iie
ieiduge yotioy 20m aiw’e - 08 oh. as moc be Lag gecke, hedon yhno
Resco oow ae ASH! od gdetiw. oo tiatoetb to prea! ot a : :
“o dyd daobice:. 'agenia ont ye aiiu Alaed Jort open Livdoen : 7 of
,
Seuth .nolsteninapie. Social) ede mo aoivmerces Lasoties one

Heike YLboreqer Tale .siegad sodden tl, ae amen) Soot as We
;

sR Hid So Signo fae fea lds Dene dol itca eon ee sivalee apeat svtstonge anes

USKts MOOe nape Holdilog AND go bol Toeidoe wi sudle ny
/
_aceken SOL edd $A ROR ek BA SQlevan So srsbraert eran fa
)

tageted Wi fevcadze saw Lede Jit SE ackp to noniaovace

ddviw ifeisshit beratioiy LLehescdi sloavareutias So . Deis. aoeioh

ghtelsorguoe .ROkIiitaievoyses gluirebwnl Vb oi coueNe OF get baat \y
3 tienen | wSbivee eid ysioreneb gus eaocerege Laoe sit dal

oF moidon @.9nxi aeid See iloietdd Sagleb od suoss “youll tooo

‘

| goksam whet .eekw Bid. och. sation eds mogk Ltebrad Le
7

IWS and beclosdIe, nell agdite neiw ddebaeh oredod te a
oie Biot ef gawd doin on asaLed seeqy doaren se. death

fon any tf Re ,begemd, es insole mato vdyswest al detd mb
gor Bib aoldrevade wd? ccoddadeangpo AWA anit Ge a.
Bt OF Bose hamster saw. cotta edd dud -
Laiatts BU Lo die beysot enw anata

oe .

wet sauitial ARIY etl abbas ees agers iow
ye Leena} « IES y yes oy Loe

Ae LURL.. voles
CREATE ae a
= | ae

39

In 1908, when Mitchell retired from office, Walker decided
to run for President of the UMWA. He was certain that "(wearing
the Mitchell mantle, he was destined to become another Mitehe11, "2°
Hie dream never came true. Tom L. Lewis, Mitchell’s Vice-pres-
ident, was elected to the position in a very close race which
Walker claimed was fraudulently manupuletea,? |

From 1908 to 1912, Walker continually opposed Lewis in an
attempt to curtail his influence in the UMWA. After the 1903
election, Lewis sent two men to see Walker regarding the possibility
of some kind of working agreement. Walker refused to deal with
the miners' Presideat, informing the contacts that Lewis would
have to prove he was honest before he would support him. The
relationship between the two men was strained as a result of this
action. 1

The issue over centralization of power within the UMWA
during Lewis' term of office centered around the problem of
interstate contracts between the coal operators and the UMWA,
The national organization believed that interstate contracts
were the best form of dealing with the coal operators across
the country, and Lewis realized that such agreements would re-
flect credit upon his office. Walker felt that the districts
should deal with the coal operators, and that contracts on the
state level were better than interstate agreements. Since the

2 ee a ss

w Agnes B. Wieck to the author, May 14, 1966.

11 Gluck, Mitchell, p. 230.

in Typewritten copy of the Thirty-first Annual Convention
Proceedings, UMWA, September, 1921, Indianapolis, Indiana,
Walker Papers. (Hereafter cited as Typewritten copy, UMWA,
Proceedings, 1921, Walker Papers.)

, ’ ; me Pe A _
ip biogh tila’ colo wot betiten Vpeior ge trate ORL slid at
chas(e)" sear. otadves cov of AMN wait TO Srablsowy 20% age.

:
7
ay
Chef owe @ tht cenithens smoueN! od: gL new el 4 Octet AS one 85, ait ‘
Neggeeory at ileded i .atweal oJ mR eset cute aover mmegd §
ugidy oat @aulo yaw Bal sokdbeag-erie ov beins\e. Bou yok
Fh Feluguscs yldvetitnma: oer deslate vapatod
% gt eived gegogeo wliwnnidces Yellen OQ) oF GORL mov,
GORL Wad ETL ARAL ech ox OomoMKS els Lista ot venice
qlalidieneg ey yaliceney welieW coe om) gam ove doce elyad .necds
itkw daod o¢ Seuvion wedlev oomesne aoltoow Go hear sae
‘ hiady. wlwed dade avonenon ods gatiewtit tesokeest Speedie eda
ot” 9. 4o oroords laow on ovohed acuainaes gh ‘aod aveny oe. iad
gidd to Riweor ao om Dendeaee eew mom ons: sais. nawyoe aitsvalsaber
Se ie eo ay ee Te Rariu 2 oa 0b ae :
S35) aad gigi yevna te aalteediendiies zero. suaak ent -
heh pelea welt Sauews braedeee. MELB SD aneead "eherd:

Bee ail hie wrokitioge Laon. aad Gute atgeniDe acura

ohh Bilivow adneseoigs dove dead bertiaer aiwal fat. .; nena ; P
7S

Weluials ot told Chet calLaw. . vente. wai! cape sae ‘oe ‘

mut fo atonntios dent aaa , areduaego fooo ady mpiy foe

ay ne
wid 206% Wheadowye wevresodmd: ese yeddod ema pi as

eer ul eisgenatien® ae a -atis9008
AE oppo rece biveg yy? oe Sethe

Illinois Coal Operators’ Association agreed to this policy,
Walker never paid a great deal of attention to Lewis’ wishes
for an interstate agreement. This caused a number of contro-
versies to occur between 1908 and 1912.

In 1909 a dispute between Lewis and Walker developed over
Walker's refusal to vote for an interstate joint conference
between the coal operators and the UMWA at a meeting called
to set up the conference. Lewis claimed that Walker's vote
was a further impetus for the Illinois coal operators not to
attend the interstate joint conference. Walker alleged he was
justified in refusing to vote for such a conference because the
Illinois operators were not present et the meeting setting up
the conference. Also, since the 1908 agreement between the
Illinois operators and District 12 was already in effect, Walker
saw no reason to agree to an interstate contract."

In 1910 the contract between the Illinois coal operators
and District 12 expired and Walker began to negotiate for a
new contract. The demands of the illinois miners were not
agreeable to the Illinois operators, however, and negotiations
proke down until a strike forced the mine owners to concede
almost ell of the points in the new statis This victory

for Walker was a direct threat to Lewis’ power since it won

3 District 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1909, p. Li.

14 pistrict 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1911, pp. 17-18.

i,

_ _

Pes
t

BEVEL, owe: eo Hee hie Shesery OF k
SIO WACO TAD Seu eed Gp 2 2eree son of ata kd 2 OQ ok
HUtUNeLAGD. Jako edewiah sete eau co! Locate wtted Lae
: aldao peivcom @ dm AY gel3 tase Perret y Laos. ade te
otow a ued dade fanéeto abwet. eaustereh eho, arid a doe :
ed tox soto Leave elowilid oad ace socogek eedvawh a om ~
ants oH begadte. ello smo oea too dokel, edgire nent ak att 3 .
Sud aaNBoey od avatpoo 8 dows wot eros ux ochasvew af beth
Als
YS goctsos abd oar one pe Samacrny Soe Fa ‘oa
mid cee. Pome COL ee eaata Ooi.
ele .tustie ac qhawale waar st ssabrusted iin ere arom it

BS openings aces nets a Os SUG OA PVRS Of WAR
,

BROPIIORE. LOGS meosLid seis avearted duausaes wir MeL at Ce
6 ROS Rts tad Rigged el Lyte ba bert ket: Sk a
fon cucw eumein GhumthlS eed te ebrenteb ott ose
deaidateos gee hae. sere JewsaveRy nioukler ets ot aide
waOITED al — oe wey ici addtde o Ligeas swob

yaodtobe ake anutnas wweasy ak —— wits Lo i

po «
oo ee, Beet,

7 EL sce (RORY
BLNE a9 ALOE 4

prestige for the President of District 12 and placed pressure
on Lewis to better miners' conditions in other parts of the
country. Lewis reacted by attacking the agreement between
District 12 and the Illinois operators.

On December 5, 1910, Lewis issued a circular which implied
that the District l2 officers were not fully informing the
miners of all that was teking place at the bargaining table.

He inferred that Walker and other District l2 officials may
have had shady dealings with the Illinois operators, and that
such dealings were not entirely for the pest.” Walker answered
these charges at the District 12 convention held in February
and March, 1911. He claimed that the contract and the joint
conference between the district officials and the Tliinois

coal operators were given full publicity, and closed by

telling the convention, "I may add that this act on the part

of President Lewis is similar in character to that which he

has been doing to the Illinois officers ever since he held

the position of International President. “16

Walker also claimed in the 1911 District i2 convention

5 ‘

*) District 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1911, p. 23.

16
Tbid., Pp» 23. The Chi Daily Socialist printed everything
necessary to support it $ miners during the strike
and then printed the complete proceedings on the negotiations
for the 1910 contract.

AL

wumesry Loenig jaa SL doiete dt soma one a
ait to etiag sei AY geeldibess * sean ia ciobaic al
nee cod FiomDi eye weit Ct rd ak nite we nettevs aaval pent )
avonecege ROLL a ss iclsiaclical Pree Fa
Sotkgek dob aaleosks . Bongad hued. Ore ce seomows |
ou are Savorsk Wiss dae ener srN LTO bE Jotswens out Peeks
Becht os gaistipswt oF de osead a. ; aeeintd aon ¢
wea or GS sto terdea He “nthe bow telat, bi :
dwit sie ,avodeteqo exoaktly wl rae ayatiaok beste bad =
ooueams se cot “apes end cot teutene tn wisv stand A
geared uk Stutl enkswerres af en salt ‘[ pine Prey. ve

Sait, Neil Rae wri, — aid sed bonitats eis

td? acaets tals etytioiicnay os rant tN “emg bi

Hise is ao hes alow Smale bie aa ” ee =e ool snub
or soda / Sale od sradoa ora mk ‘eet Bec et sivenl obec

bled al BORER re EES wsooksty aie of Beko wed mae

ify eob Lewes aque ng one + af a

wolerergos BL foisans

ar
Pee hig 4

nodideyseve, bode! AL LS Oe
wiiade acl Bese Syn as ped “ae
Bross sieee)( wht fon By pabbaooog etsgues 4 a b
>: 7 nnwheen ss

42

Shats

(c)ertain statements have been circulated from

high sources to the effect that the miners of

Illinois should not retain what they have won

which the miners elsewherevhave not secured,

which means we should give up to the operators

of Illinois every concession we have gotten

from them which their competitors are not

giving the men working for them. i17
In Walker's opinion giving up the benefits gained by contracts
would place the Illinois miners on a basis with non-union
miners and create additional economic burdens for the District.
Levis, on the other hand, felt that differences in the con-
tracts between the several districts and the varicus coal
operators produced rivalaries within the UMWA and thus weak-
ened the organization, Although he took no action regerding
the 1910 contract, the issue over the scope and duties of the
District organizations was certainly questioned.

In 1912, John P. White defeated Lewis for President of
the UMWA, becoming President of the union when Illinois was
one of the strongest districts within the organization./9
Walker's economic success with contracts between District 12
and the Illinois coal operators prompted White to remark at
the 1913 District 12 convention that "(t)he movement in Illinois
grew with such rapidity it practically revolutionized the
industrys"*9 wnite's leadership of the UMWA was hardly based

District 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1911, p. 23.

le McDonald and Lynch, Coal and Unionism, pp. 86-87.
7 District 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1913, p. 285.

amet

wre. berelyvotto used wed sporiaeapiti Skavep tay 1
io otonte ait devs toggo sdt of seonwoe agid
oY wet yous Jere odetam cog Givorte asomkeny >
Sataeae doe oo wepWeeie esanta od? dy iste
eke 0 lao and OF qo: omy Biocde ow ena oie
evo Wi sy abiggegdas yweeve oforsill to
Jie Cie suecideyueo giocs dndtdw peaked mot
Lye atiatts set sees SES cad anteky

siepidacs yi beziog wblaaned el? gear sore ROBIE B* soaiLeld cA §
sOseuenta Mile alee 4 oo auankea elourtts eae por ae a

TSLlmwam ads aot ekcoheat B Usworny te Saeed. SERBS srs ira pale

t

~sno edo £2 awonesatath Jay fiat , Dae “eee gue 909 dames
fen gcukysy ant Bas Aone eee —- evi yt neswitsd escwed

stoi: melt fo avha ahh cLugie amihaea by ie Deowi i es TRIAS

eiibtunes Aoives on woud ad eyo sles tesso sat fecp

BT SO aide Ie age bso “ave eet ede i veiatas at i

1

» bg 2 Soa — SOD Ri" EC tahoe pegs sonal

ts teablest aot siwal be stash evn at sos SES ef ae

*

Bay SiGattiT sow mobs sid 2a jaabtov rat geteored AW eld

Os pediesinanws ald non bie adorwiers goes eres ocd ke eae

Sf voters secacted! ag gevid noc date aRGooLe Sarees eraculem
te depres e¢ etic! beaguuarig ata ims Siosi Reey ott Bet

Siontter GE tesuewa adivp" Iscs nokanersos Si vs bated eles one
ect swatootdefover uclesctousd os eee inpa aviw voce

begun! aienea! oar RMF adit So Gesketeboes ah sdpi7 he yataaia lt

4h A eenther et aT egcoeNS

£8 s¢ AlCl .Byotbepsoed .AMMU .SE doladena *~

a
be <9

Soem .oG puileols bom Lee) .: IDayt its Lanes oh
ee, SRC ae
+o ad CHEE agrkbe@oort Anh. codasadd Re

43

on this type of militancy or agressiveness. He did very little
to stwengthen the union in West Virginia, Alabeus or other eress
of weakness, and in one instance he violated the precedent of
district autonomy by investigating Alex Howat's activities in
District 14.°° His apparent conservatism bothered the nore
radical district leaders, while his interference in district
affairs engered them. They did not approve of the trend toward
centralization of power.

At the same time that White became President of the UMWA
Walker moved from his narrow base of power within District
12 to the broader base of power as President of the IFL. He
was nominated to head the IFL in 1912 but was defeated. At
the IFL convention in 1913, the 212 delegates representing
District 12 swang the vote for Walker and he was elected
President by a vote of 285 against 268 for Rawin R. Wright.“+
From 1913 to 1916, Walker concentrated on his duties as Pres-
ident of the IFL, establishing at the same time, a more aggressive
reputation within the UWA. He was the logical candidate against
White in the 1916 election, therefore, after en interstate con-
tract between the coal operators and the UMWA was signed which
apperentiy displeased the rank and file.

Walker announced his candidacy for President of the UMWA
in late dune, 1916, when he wired EB. L. Doyle of District 15,

Fgh SE
McAlister Coleman, Men and Coal (New York: Farrar and

Rinehart, Inc., 1943), p. 88. (Hereafter cited az Coleman,
Men and Coal.)

2) Staley, IFL, pp. 191, 2uh.

m

te.

7
-

Le . a i -

: } a ¢ : 7 .
ofiwhl wer ib oh « reboordunonee! age nso a.
mearen ‘xealde cot tinea Asia ome oe cepisug at een

gawuos base? ort he svosmie aon aap von amas: eg at
2s sound ~*~ vekipedentane

ALY gait a seks ant, smenod seated deeskit hacaial ont wre vA

sobstant aka Tomo te asd worms abt sata boven 4
: + - i oa il
od bik @ oad 30 te shown HS wove ox) oma sshoosd exe at

i Lbstaeind sate Sure ater ak wt as agen os | eels ae
" aarkdnanee we 00h ine ab ate wrt PU na sok co nee
batdonlo aay ott “ “ued “a xi sv oni unre mye BL tots vis
wi@giu 5B mbwh to BBE ‘Seebags ws to edor a ue duetie
ox am eodde all oo detent sper wexiait BRE ot

ov Lasagne wan © 1 me) sae we oe yatoeitdnins tk ane o vas aad
Saslage sdb Dae fsotyot axl uy a “sia me eutelaw an ae 1
wD hadoieadce: na Kea 8 ceowtesedt veotvaats ERS “aes nb co 7

,
nists Regia ane ANON ot bes “wsoeaene aoa ait seoatot yee

HM wed Stes iebbawes: so ‘sts eit! Deccan»

ciate
wad absent to atiysit! we ok bent ed ea ERE is Bs
if hy
"9 _ i

bo we ‘poo vee) J
KE EOO Be hedko” eraul “3

aad

(Colorado), UMWA,°* and other supporters in various parts of the
country, His announcement prompted unfavorable as well, as
favoreble replies. Martin J. Plysik, President of the Washing-
ton UMWA District, wrote te Walker in August, 1916 stating:

No Goubt you will be considered the strongest
opponent that could be brought out in the field
against John P. White but his record in the
miners’ movement is unassailable and the
achievements accomplished by the organization
under his guidence stand out with such
prominence which practically insures
re-election, 23 y how

Flyzik went on to remark thet he would call upon his district
to support White, Another observer of the political situation
within the UMWA, however, had a different reaction to Walker's
candidacy and expressed these thoughts ia the following poem:

As I sat alone last evening
I was filled with pure delight
When I noticed in the paper
About co-operative Jack.

Says he’s going to run for president
of the U. Me. Ws. of As

He has seid enough already
For he will win. on election day.

He is powerful as a mountain
Yet peaceful as 6 lamb
. Before he serves his terw out
Look out old Alaban.

He ‘l1 finish up Kentucky
Then knab on Tennessee

Then line up Colorado
How easy that will be,

22 valker to BE. Lb. Doyle, (tis@,) June file, Walker Papers.
&3 Martin Flyzik to Walker, August 6, 1916, Walker Papers.

ast ‘tG BPLeG uh swab th Age ORCA , > fw ase Codie
at Lives aa ofdamavarieone acayat waco AME igtets
iat orit Ms dowbtewsl .teaett Mats ihe. SR Co ee wt?

vida BLSE 1 Pan ya ant ia dll <Seteashaet SUS wnt

deere we, eel ferinieraao te aie wey tae) of
‘Afes: off at Seo scguid mf Pies onde daooegap
mia pk Det ata toe efit of tot asain
varie paw el ole SCOT at oueaecces * atrkatdes ‘
ee. die Lanai welch ‘gt Wedabd gan see aduamare his
dows, déiw iyo Baege cosehing abd cabo —t
prs eg Ss 7 Hokdw seaacseeore
oy SO LAVSLO-st >

Jobudets esi sngo Lfey bioow. ed deed dames of so dao Xin
; uf

neisemie Ieaseiley sds 3 correado amdona adit? Seog: oe
gtugifal’ of oalsomas aegeath 18 a ba eovewon ARMY cud stein ~
eR gatwakio® aid ot agegiodd sued homme bee a

gulaiere gaat writes oe ft 6A
disciel euvg coi BRALLES vaw
tay ede Be beokten Lae 7
.ooul, ay jae o> ey ae

PRABLII ME sel awe od anton at oxi agak
ig A Ta .Wo4t LU arte “Pep yo
| ghtewe devon hlen tar ef
ar ys Rotomke se BL mae ad mF

oun aod “ahst phair on wie
iene EA, - Oa

; ae MOM 4 + ds tea
sengennet go dari pod
obras ad a a
vad Liiw dad yam wot

: >

samegel & Tih! eit aah
kill a iid OlkE \P

45

He is not afraid to fight then
And knows just how its done
Of course it takes some courage
But for him its only fu.
We know he is ever faithful
And know he'll serve us well
But two more years and he'll
Be forced to head the A, Ff. of L.
He has built co-operation
So it never can go back
So let us all show honor
To co-operative Jack. 24
As the poem indicated, Walker had the support of many aggressive
UMWA leaders in the 1916 election.

Alex Howat was Walker's ardent supporter in Kansas and
Missouri. John Lawson of Colorado, John Moore of Ohio and
William Mitch of Indiana were three other militant district
officers who believed that Welker should be elected. Social-
ists within the ranks of the UMWA also assisted the President
of the IFL until White charged that these elements were trying
to eapture the union through this eupport.”?

of all these men was to prevent centralization of power in the

The common goal

WWA and to do this they had to defeat John P. White.
In September, 1916, nominations for candidates were filed
by local unions within the UMWA. White received 376 nominations

from locals while Walker was nominated for the Presidency by

329 locals. The small number of nominations, some 700 out

of a possible 3000, did not seem to bother Walker, and he

Weare sae
F, M. McAlister to Walker, September 11, 1916, Walker Papers.

25 File folder of correspondence on the 1916 election, Walker
Papers.

2 Clipping from the Cleveland Press, September 13, 1916,
Walker Papers.

oo

a : 7 ; E
4 oo
weed dg oo Oko des eh eH “a4
merge etd vod Sem, drone! Dak .
CRI soe ue a HE ieee i ey OPT R
ire PAeG ye Dot Mig ee ope * :
Esteasl wove Be wus wen cal 7
ale by eeson Leow bok .
Lied O38 spay Oe od dad -
‘ek a 4 +f tle Dae git ferent ae rat lille? i —-
i] : ‘ a
a ic caogospe dk esd eS
: Hwee Of SA Tawa die Oe : -
snnodt wodle Die se dat ot e° Soy. oa
- sont birt allici oF ? 7
aviaeeiygns wy to ¢ cieam exis had awsck ane Borooktat.» mg mnie +
sstktoalb Sige weld ak andl aay
Bares tose al sodoagem Ssiokere. a sik aN sewed noth 7 |
che OE Se set hoes oMMAROS Le eel rai vee a
eedadaid : and abou nen wiedt ere saathal 40 ih mas. ice .

ntakook stipgen'e et aban’ baseeed a sidhiaeiaial oct mseolKto
IAS LEOES seal bosuzee Ree sie oa % are eat aie aed ;

ibys? gras panies h cease Sari 3 bapruato beatae Sadun ast ove a “
fae soanes cant 8 -Paogem nas beantued enti itiat oustgeo o ’
eit ak Sete mE BS ren Sse oo Ser Ges sweats ita
eeu! 4S qioh deveet oy bail yal aan “a ot ou

1

bali? wre aoe eden ath aso iteutene ae casestee al

ane L: Seine re ae rbeserk aac 38 eld ns be asoksr
; ea
45 youl tea ot ged wot Seven et Pew toile sibehe lees coer't

ey COP sie aii aaameal a ao se cians ott aad 2

sii brs relia AoHOE OF ea tos £85 «PSOE, abe a

we meee
,

+a eget eaten eee ait: yote deel mest ad aaa is ary
‘ue ,oatvonie ALEL aie co my ebROgea Tas te tees

bulla, ait sede’ 4s Sik aan wiki ng

| re

oe 7
: .

claimed that the large muber of locals which did support hin
indicated that there was dissatisfaction regarding White's
leadership.

Although Walker recognized thet there was dissatisfaction,
he did nothing to stimilate it by presenting election issues in
a coneise and serious manner. Since the reform eleaents supporting
Walker did not develop ea constructive platform either, Walker
had no formulated goais to offer the rank and file as an
alternative to White's past performance. As the election drew
near he stressed White's lack of leadership ability, honesty,
and sense of fair play, but this type of opposition to White
was not enough and Walker lost the election by approximately
9,000 votes.”!

Inmediately after the election Walker filed a formal
protest with the international tellers regarding certain voting
procedures. He contended that many locals filed their votes
in violation of the UMWA constitution and that a thorough
investigation should be made.” He was supported by many of
the men who sympathized with him before the election, but the
tellers did not uphold the protest.

In private correspondence, Walker went even further in his

2 The official tally sheet of the national election for 1916
may be found in the file folder of correspondence on the
1916 election, Walker Papers.

28 Copy of a petition sent to the tellers in Indianapolis
protesting the 1916 UMWA election and proposing that a
study of the voting procedures by made, Walker Papers.

oH : 7 | - _
att sosgie BLS Apis 4 o ctoammed: cis dea bens ;
gi aciow ae Lupa. Lenka” ehoenaas ca ened sack botac hak
Ce ae a
at ness 0.8 Pats patauoaony: yal ed site onatsy oy yrkeron Ls - ;
aaldroggae neem ps potter gtd 2ocke wones Sitka Sow enioree &
reat a (Meese geseiatis St ‘esrtaawe 2 qokoreb dou bse selene :
88 eo BLED bee deen odd ashe es alms ‘seem ot tee
werk sotianto oft aA “sea8e sotueng Sea eat ain of evs | : :
7

cypeerod gudtiide ‘qidens obacil 6 foal a’ onlay boneerse et a
otal ae outhaoane 9 eee? aida Co eoy ght ‘6 b ona |

by! ms te roy
Ni giemioeruas rey mbtvete eit te ‘sation = cgwmace Jor

Tasos wan . 7

a
fares a: SekE3 seeialt sobtond @ amas eres tocassemet -_ :
— 7

rs

geitev nisiwos we Eeopws onsis ad neo ttactrasact ‘anit eo sooo

i¥ 40

adie ‘qiend ele aksoel esa nis bobnasnos op

nm pt

+ fai De
| tygs0 968 ¢ geit bow soisutisaciey awe sui ‘wo vaotiaiesy
; ap Ole oF
Se quan gd Betoygse aa? wi “si oe bfssoste Pee a
gtr:

aie gad woliowin ¢ + eo 2 ats ey pecans ad nah
; | 4

a eet peendiels gv pele
buogat mary —_ al eta

47

charges. He stated that White deliberately manipulated enough
votes to secure re-election, and he believed that White was so
intoxicated with his own power that he was destroying the UMWA.
He told Ben F. Morris of West Virginia that;

I think an active campaign should be started to

see that organizers are made to keep their places

and do the work for which they were hired and paid

for by the miners of this country; that ow journal

should be made a medium of education and information,

and should not be prostituted to secure the political

ends of any self-seeker in our movement; that —

autonomy be given to the local unions and the

district organizations in the largest measure

that it can be given to them,, ... 2
This campaign to end increased centralization of power never
beceme @ reality, since White resigned from office in October,
1917.

Before White left office, however, the issue of district
autonomy in Colorado became the center of attention in UMWA
affairs. In January, 1917, following a long controversy, the
international Executive Board of the UMWA ordered that districts
which were not financially self-sufficient should be placed
under the control of the international office. The leaders
of District 15, the state of Colorado, protested this action

but their protests failea.2°

29 Walker to Ben F. Morris, December 27, 1916, Walker Papers.
On June 4, 1917, Walker wrote to John R. Dodds, stating;
"I have sworn evidence to enough dishonesty now to make
@ rather startling piece of information for our member-
ship and if I can get but a few more pieces of positive
and reliable evidence {of) dishonesty in the past election,
I shall be able to upset it, and put our organization on
an honest basis once more." Walker Papers.

30 John R. Lawson to Walker, February 16, 1917, Walker Papers.

w _

7

Conese bodaluitheny Ylacdoredi io shad dade bededa al area aaa

c0 sa of LM gedd foroniod ex nat gO iokOww: ssaose Ob wade |
- st

- vii eft gubyorsaeb aaw wi garkt voweg comp eit dior hodieod exciat

tons atntst i? Bee to abwwedd .Y se Mov x

os — oe Rist make grhioe oe verde e i
a sendy gna ov Shey O88 Bet inggua dgact oe
brow hye pet wee calt dakdw wt Aeow-edt ob’ Bsn ane
igeciak, ., “tam dads aysdisee SLUG be syorba ecld ya sok

' abiveuaetet bee notimorde te silt ones & Shaw ad buco
Lestt ikon cA? stupes oF osdntkseoug wi Jean Biyorln bes .
Pogo Aeomerea te Be sedesdRoe gus Ye atop 9
aii nas gopds faonl gat oF sewage ad yrocedua end

suueeey daeytel sid ae epokivilaagis gebudets -
* oa 3 Riad at meeky Fhe sated we tit

seven “eemnag She icmd tiene nineteen aaa oF yeaa: oat |
crstode Bh soto mowk Pace teed ast aon ewhines 3 senoed

= at | | Hee | ;
aarernat 4 Sasa oie . tore 7 yeeetto ea. abba ereetboti

ROU ae ane is se ae: nee oa onsood oszatet at <3 -

asks creme: dete geet g | yur Lio? «a0 ona et «® ssinleens

ejokeeek Sas borsk yam SRY ante ‘a rape ee hin Lest tact

| ’ n

SeoGay ot eta duokss ure Akea ives out son orew saise
cxebelog sit + sors the Exo beset eal tS tasiaee it Situs

oe eeeess, senate Bier Pay sedenseben ad 06 od
seahdode WOO) eH McG aah odin ra
we OF Woo nteagote lS ceumae oe.
wininom yee OL sOldeane Ins rondo
ayhte weimy 0 neogly ator veh a.
eivonls gasq aie at Weeonuceny ;
BO. eaigartiny 60 dug 209, i
a sates i e “iy

erage wcollel TEAL .2E coh i ot one

, : '

Walker's reaction to the situation in Colorado was one
of dismay and anger. He told his friend, Ben Morris, that
White had always approved of the concept of district autonomy,
and his action in this matter wes not only wrong, but contrary
to everything thet he believed in prior to 1916.°* Further-
more, Walker believed that White went “farther than any man
who ever held the presidency in our organization, in inter-
fering in the intemal affairs of the district organizations ,"34
He was certain thet action opposing these decisions should be
taken at the UMWA national convention of 1917, in order to end
this type of interference,

When White left office, Frank J, Hayes, Vice-president of
the organization, became President. He appointed John 1. Lewis,
international statistician for the UMWA, as his Vice-president.
The appointment of the unknown Lewis angered Weiker ,33 who was
certain that this action was an attempt to keep the national
offices under the control of a small clique of men. As a result,
when Walker was approached by Lewis in November, 1917, he stated
that he definitely would not form an G@lliance with the new Vice-

3%

president. Walker was determined to become President of the

‘Sa a car,
3 Walker to Ben F. Morris, December 27, 1916, Walker Papers.

3? Tia.

33 Joha Brop ,4 cael 2 as (Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 13 5 VF Be Late | (Hereafter cited as Brophy, A Miner's

aoe Tom en to Walker, November 28, 1917, Walker Papers. This
letter opened with the statement: "It has been suggested t<
me by persons supposed to represent John Lewis, International
Vice Pres. U.M.W. of A., that it might be weli for yoursely
and Lewis to for: a sort of an alliance in connection with
your probable candidacy for International President of the
U.M.W. of A."

fo: gay ObRTRACK OA Lobia ae mis ov nokiocee a Teale me
dads areal wal yoke atl adie ei tes die “ames 2
Smo ios tobndalh Ye dgrouco ade to hovrongya aati, heath
autoos did .amew pine don aor niche okt i noida mist Rew -
ee Tt Ne ea 4h Arar og “aima af develo: se Hee mz Leargenwre ot
ity oun reds yoda” Set ofa teads bur atLod caietipla ort

rego ab ,sideadesgea tee ok Gamba ong ade \ Bbssd csenes css

Fad

ae saonideatnmy eo ; docwele, anlst te. aebatiie, Eosetat ads a& gait
a bined: eaocedonb amotd subeceen. Hotton fast abaeneo neat OH
iow ot safe si .SEGL te ‘no boeatn® Ase uioan AME ase 38 maria
. sone Rterat to eayst ren
‘tg daebinawysolV .wayail ,% Aoeet pastiio Ftel adidw. wei
; ates of sisted Sovetogm of .deebioerS anungca ae htas isegno arid
Snsdiowrywokl hid me /AMME anit 16% aalosiutiste Lado iseaednl
aor cate BE msnbc bevagis sive oe avd to daombahoggs en :
fegobtes old gael od Squatia ol aow polton wid sisi ateen 7
Jivmes & tl .com to empito Lia s %e Rorcheae aad. % — seortie | ~ =
vedage of , TIRE .rediev ol of aiwil we carina enw ohio

é

and Ye tombivow’s omucsed af ondeeveli aew asl fae

ahi ef aealisit ny Pes) S eexnosat ne 't com oF %

we
ad

¢* i AN 6 =
alesoogar Bex vei becca bet 1 eo. ay ott
3: Ratha & rn gey ry BMS toate h ip *apd bia

nahn ade aa

ue! des agat seaiLLe yen His snag ‘yeti tint Oe aC
ov bedesgete ased sad Ok" yp tuemetedg Oia TiRkW betege
oes panied ead esol ode way cgay ts? Deere. SRS
DA STARE aS ilew od Pry bon Gi THES pol BO ote wid. 38
SIiW cokitsenos at eerekiie os to Paw 5 s act of

odd yo dee. $sor% Isonldeavolal tot porhioses 4 Hig ‘
i

a

kg

UMWA by the elective process.

In early February, 1916, Walker notified a friend in
Colorade that he was again going to be a candidate for President
of the UMMA in the 1918 election.3? About the same time, he
began looking for a possible rumning-mate who could defeat
lewis, since he was now certain that it would not do any good
to defeat Hayes and leave lewis in power. His first choice for
the Vice-presidency was John Moore of Ohio, but Moore decided: in
July, 1918, to remain in office as President of the Ohio district .2°
Welker then called upon Thowas Kennedy, President of District 7,
UMWA, to become a candidate, and Kennedy agreed.>!

Walker received the same type of backing in 1910 as he had
in the 1916 national election, except for the socialist vote in
illinois which remained in the background. Alex Howat was his
ardent supporter in Kansas and Missouri. William Mitch, in
Indiana, openly supported Walker's election also. John Brophy
gave Walker some support in Pennsylvania, while James Lord, Pres-
ident of the AFL Mining Department and an old friend of Walker,
campaigned for him around the country.2°

Dusen,
3 Welker to Ben Farrimond, February 7, 1915, Walker Papers.

3© Walker to John Moore, July 18, 1918, Walker Papers.
3t Clipping from the Standard-Sentinel, Hazelton, Pennsylvania,

November 4, 1918. “Walker to Andrew Mattey, August 4, 1918,
Walker Papers,

38 gee file folders on the 1918 UMWA national election, Walker
Papers.

“ OS >

ike a BEBc OLR ne an on 7

ek beeen, «9 bates trill. cree COsURI ylaae, aie | :

Josh leet 20% em ivasa 8 of wv garb gts A Ber ef cade when lee _ |
oe eke Bens add Juoda SS ap catenin BEQh of@ nk Sas 268 to _
Josts® Divas ow sweputoane eldieeoy 6 wok peclooL amped

boo, yt ab ton hsae #2 dene siaowey on aor od soate ya wad
20% vols tout abl yoeug oh adeed oven: fos. aeyah asoted oe 7 -

paibebioes enowk Jed, .aikt So exontait, eax jacebsaumssoly ate

Of dglvieaad gist ade 2o smebhowel ot sabia of wbtawn ov ,AI ¢
\ gotutell Yo gaehiesst ,vybeods eaement vege. cebiaw wast -
deerge phoned bow pxiadlioeee & oueoed- ot . ae :

Rect et as SAUL af podvfood ‘to, eqye aime ede Sov beeen momteh
ak eter daifalowa oft 2% dqvexs. ,nodgesia, Janoleme aL odt ok a
eh ater 2wOR aed .acvoupdtond mb? os beudtacay deka ak 7

eb cael PRESEN ieacenddd Bas aaiianaines BE a a )

. PAR teas 3 wstei OBL soheoedes w oaths dessoqeT, ghansge: inet
ere) . baad aaral wel bate . - Sean rie ot: atk oeoameA nea auneth aves
OSU. bal za pede. ila re) Sees: ina ante Feb ade 30. gaebk

. Stysgume mid kestoe abi ath Senytaquen

organs patfisy (Ohl {Yo ceardet baomtvset nal od tg
ounge? tania aad .bt Gaile . ¥a70lt sete od yadda

ROVE GO SOLE LPP ce nOR abs aide avis ares Haky
eer es Fanaa, iy patel Wer a ay hal big ms

Bey
£

30

Most of these men sincerely believed that Hayes and Lewis were
unfit for the positions they held.

In the 1915 national elections, Walker again chose to base
his campaign on personal issues, In August, 1918, he received
information from Panama, Illinois steting that William McDonald,
a confidential associate of John L, lewis, had abscounded with
funds from the Panama UMMA local union treasury.°” since Lewis
came from Panama, Illinois, Walker was certein that this close
association with corruption would harm Lewis' chances of being
elected Vice-president.

This optimisn was re-enforced in September, 1918, when
Walker learned that the Panama, Illinois local union had
nominated him and Kennedy to oppose Hayes and Lewis. Walker
wrote to Kennedy stating:

Local union #1475, Panama, Illinois nominated you

for International Vice-President and me for Pres-

ident. This is John L. lewis' home town and the

Local Union in which he holds his meubership. It

would not do any harm for you to give this some

publicity. o
Kennedy gave the item publicity, but Walker's hope that it
would defeat lewis' standing with the renk and file was completely
unrealistic. When the final vote was recorded by the tellers,

Hayes and Lewis were elected by a huge majority.’

eo.
John R. Schaeffer and Henry Meyer to Frank Farrington, September
12, 1918, Walker Papers. This commmication lists in detail the
funds missing according to the auditor's examination. The grand
total was $3960.56.
Walker to Thomas Kennedy, September 5, 1915, Walker Papers.

1 qnonas Paskell to Walker, February 7, 1918, and the officiel
election tally sent to Walker by the 1915 election tellers,
Walker Papers.

ee patgubares beu alt ew con get sate acteurs ‘alval seascel

oi Lisdes nf asa. netdandeinie Che ees at Pee ae

Pe Bhs

emer ati fava noyos: aoe bwolled ylevooua: aa ened
ten Gott auokt sce ode wk ¢

RH OF. emote 2 lige Yee ae .aepit sake Jootaiéen S£Q0 ‘oe et
eovieseg oc CLEL ydmapak ik seemed Lunoarroy 86 ee eae be
Laem oe Lo! Jend qideds ohoekige jawed mist wo ttmeciat
ih aeons 1000 Set plesk 2 subly WO ona hee manatee a

adived ones . & wemnwta reico Leutt ABO someat ald woe Rie ; , 7

Peoio aide dard chwtos ae Sota abo Mt jana aunts *, "

pitted Sa kuna ‘aed wad Aiew eotdcurrece daw aotds
a Oues 2 ee ssfonte

cedw G65 cyaniogrgeh at Decree lena aaw ye raiepey ee? ‘a
bee! coho teabl ainsi amen ott dads Bammer wot
newiet .alvel fun mec! snogge oF ybewasl! fem ate beveninit
rgnagome ‘CaN ov e80me

weg. Borkied jer soley ine OP: coke feoad

aaese wok om Bae 2 Seb LOOTDeLY lasciscsednt 10% a dx
;

get bow avod. ee ‘ated off aalel ah heen ool
4% agiilewscwow mel epic at deity ef sok ©
« eum ob wey at gag SOR fretset ‘gap ob Bor By 2

; OF . eto af ;

ot aad sont g? sesilay dye vedanta ct exis 3 “
- fe PE: ry sp

healed edt yal febwees an es ow Seah’ dkih soit votigenia
es sgt oe Behe eto “se

medal yoodsnicw’t sieeart o¢ seta oa Ag0% eohnababee x
in at: ,worvaningae a sodibse add ed yahorte vere
= us ie ae
5 B2.088 Rail we

EMBO, ea ER aca yee 9 PRmaNOly seedy or we
Leconte wale Sew aad ARE LY prmacscat a. oF sores

+

O1eLony vodtoaio aa aed oy LH oO 3 amen

52

Walkex immediately claimed that Hayes and lewls were
fraudulsatly elected. He was certain this wes so because in
the middle of December, 1918, he was unofficially declared
President and received several congratulatory notes. Fuarther-
more, the general concensus of opinion among his friends and
supporters was that Walker had been elected because the rank
end file understood he should have been elected President in
1916." ne official decision of the tellers, therefore, vas
a serious set-back for Walker and made him more certain that
the national leaders were winning office by corrupt and un-
scrupulous methods.

As in 1916, Walser petitioned the tellers in early Jamary,
1919, protesting the counting of the votes from certain local
unions. He based this petition on the UMWA constitutional law
vhich stated that officiel vote sutealatiena were due in the
nations: office bye epecified date,"3 but the teliers refused
to acknowledge his petition, stating that it was not received
within the alloted ten day period after the election as the
UMWA constitution provided. After this Walker had no choice
but te accept the official decision,

In March, 1919, Walker made one final protest over the 1918
election. He wrote a bitter letter to the UMVA election officials
objecting to the fact that the special journal on the election

recorded him as receiving 68,507$ votes instead of 88,5075 and

We Walker to John R. Schaffer, December 24, 1918, Walker Papers.
This letter states: “Information late yesterday satisfies me
I have carried Illinois by at least ten thousand majority.
Understand the other side are getting petition signed to
contest national election.”

43 Walker to Thomas Haggerty, January 23, 1919, Walker Papers.

wsow plata Gy aoyell dit vomied 2oeied aie anette
ak prupoad on mow BI rletway gow eH aiwdoeto ~inuotenanet,
7 : _

neikboeh yLielolikenr wo od Gabel .wedneest to ebbiike on

<vadieat, aia, WA a, coe Leese cembawb bee Seumbinowe’ ;
dor gan0byt sid wee seoloies be aieuwsmie Sayeneg add: vee a
nina <td pene cel badoate some Rant meal Lev Saul ave aaa 7
ai doativent devs com avgdbelata od eco aie ae ear an ; - ;

aise ponoTonads walled ec? Bo oeleiead Lode tthe ed? ae age

Joe atbites osha then baw ‘well! “20% iowduton sa ues &
nial Sei utes Ye Sato pishandle ecow orvstinnd Lannion edd 7
abortion auadainiok :

: :

ne
Hel. ia
7

orem, ylawe ne eualled eas aes omiies ,RQivat ai
tai ROT osstoy oie Tey amb FutI09 ast guisawomp «eter

peer dins 7
_

Speed -:
wand. amie hai tdenne ied eet 0 sai ele need sal
ah et ous anpbaal acat sober sazsitie sate serese toidy

heuntex evaives nits sunt © Es a) bout tose a i oun sanntae

_

gard asitsds nobesag, aed sqbatwansion of
eels shah we iad pedolis oud “estty : _
oe ‘ 4 roe! oe ;

den Leer toe. ay
eaters oa , ba oR LS wale “tA. sbabiv Oy sotadenesaoe im _
7
7

sift me AOL apes ey
Reese

| -sokusce ‘inks ste ‘ost igeons ot ‘td
a “hey a

si og

a oe neve » sans ‘aay eal obinas sedis Rt eforat ot
=a et
road

Ste

Orage
acl wobivate wig oat 8 aia: noted * ssiory co eye

oleae at rao ou
ek
Sabres.

ssgoget vetlel eet eS tewared

pos Bod be biaet yahaciierg stv, cx dtasereatiad pices tent
Eieaot ea husswares ash ned Fosad ia. 2 ska :
pare wand ters rea athe “sand f

“a SOL TORED - Ot

ot Gengka cntdis
7 : % se i.
serege’d coalehe ire a fe yas ae

a a’

5e

attributed this error to an attempt to further weaken bis image
before the renk and file, **
Thomas Paskell, a friend of Lewis, who attributed the error to
@ misunderstanding on the part of the publisher.” it will never
be known which man wes correct, but the events which occurred

Walker's letter wes answered by

in early 1920 indicate that Lewis, who became acting President
when Hayes took an extended leave of absence, did not want
Walker involved in UMWA activities while he was President.

Jobn lL, Lewis forced Walker out of UNMWA affeire by invoking
& number of technicalities in the organization's constitution.
In 1919, Welker was elected as a UMWA delegate to the 1920 AFL
national convention, On March,26, 1920, Lewis wrote to Walker
stating:

In giving consideration to the quelificetions

of delegates to represent the United Mine Workers

of America in the approaching convention of the

American Federabion of Labor, I find that you are

not eligible to act es such. Constitutional pro-

visions affecting this matter are such ss to dis-

qualify you from serving in the aforementioned

capacity,
Walker angrily replied to Lewis" March 26, 1920 commmication
on Merch 30, 1920, asking for a complete statement of facts
regarding the cosntitutional provisions allowing Lewis to make
such a decision, and pointing out that he had been a delegate
te the AFL convention from District 12 for a number of years."
lewis replied in early April, 1920. He cited three articles
regarding qualifications of delegates as his basia for dis-

Walker to the International Tellers, UMWA, 1916 national
election, February 27, 1919, Walker Papers.

4S qnomagiPaskell to Walker, March 15, 1919, Walker Pepers.
John L. Lewis to Walker, March 26, 1920, Walker Papers.
“7 Walker to John L. Lewis, March 30, 1920, Walker Papers.

oS

7
owe Qo ainda AWAD fonda, acliens heorol ath Gm sty 3! ; a4

erm bel penteew adieu’? ob dayne’ tio at nwa emit:
wd Baro: cur medi Bae. BF ac any tte, ahaa. ox od ea
ot ane oot padoc igesa, atin, wlweds he Goonbal caseas Lemna [oe

npg emo LE bay OTs | i " Noraclemy act ie Seay alo, 2. petieatersobat ta a 7

Dawe Aptos wdmenen ealgt atid, eucaisons 3% oct sig datir somo wee ;
iuebleow! doddan rbsoIe. Otis, cow mL Saris shut igan ARE YatOe we
gua Jon bi comeade to ovead. Brot pct, a, AR, gaye aviv
-Jushtuect aav od alley aes kde aM wt seven asta ,

a ie kinKs ied a petdas bend. ea BE ad. Sisinne Liabaes ke ataconee' th
Mh, ODE , aig ow otegaleb A 2 Bs Sivoalo ar KeriLew _QQlee at
: sewull i Od ethan, atwat REL: UE aomad 2 ko ereumes Lamoldae -

-

Pm Fey 3 sata dae DLE URAS es get ssoboatob aezou Rec a a: <r 7

7 eee ool medio’! opt dognempon o¢ aadegeieh to : 7 —

ett ce subivevses guldaaongge. oh oh agtramh RO. :

wid ney godt Gass 2 .xedlad toe moivevehet gael :
ony dasotiedivenb?. dove be dis oF altigite gem: 0

-wibood a Copa aun rotdes wide paldostie aitekady 7 Lo

Boren tngamerstie eet hab Bedvawe. wos woy igieleey Hee +7

‘ atone x - :

Spbhnctcaeuer ose! 8. ax ae! ab ied 3s eos,
Vo Fie ish | I at : “Oh } (ed

Rd. “ke oncsnade sacha ee a g 0% paiies "oe OE oral a -

elas oF alwal gay eal vanes eying asus who at si by

wingeded come Eoseiel, a ott tas Tis ‘wuts en, sorsiseb
yh dp ety a
4

4
Sasaey it ee: wx a 0 sr soiteadth — oboe aMA ‘

“ete us — redial 2
ae set aay a CORE ite — Sarah

_ a

23

quelifying Walxer."3 one of these articles, according to Walker,
applied directly to him except in the narrowest sense of their
meaning, Therefore, Walker petitioned ta have a hearing before
the UMWA Executive Board"? and Lewis graated this vequest, stating,
“I desire to say that you appeal from my decision will be made

a matter for consideration by the Internstional Executive Board
at Lt nexb’méeeting, the date of which will be fixed lster."7°
Lewis kept his word, and in late July, 1920, the Executive Board
upheld his decision after the AFL national convention had already
peen held.?+ Brom the time of this decision in July, 1920 until
March, 1930, when Walker became involved in the UMWA Reorganized,
Lewis was eble to legally prevent Walker from having any official
recognition in UMWA affairs.

The move by iewis to disqualify Walker as a delegate from
the UMWA to the AFL convention received the attention of several
district leaders. In June, 1920, Walker received letters fron
Henry Drennen, President of District 27, and G. W. Savage,
Secretary-treasurer of District 6, expressing regret and dismay
regarding Lewis’ action. Both men stated that they felt

er
lewis to Walker, April 5, 1920, Walker Papers.

19 velker to Lewis, April 9, 1920, Walker Papers.
9 tewis to Walker, April 12, 1920, Walker Papers.

>1 walker to Alexender Howat, August 4, 1920, Walker Papers.

The District 12 leaders attempted to influence the Executive
Board of the IMGJA in Walker's favor. Frank Farrington cabled
John Zimmerman, Executive Board member fron Illinois stating:
“The men in this district are watching the Walker case with
deep soncern and I am coavinced that a decision sustaining
lewis' ruling will be decidedly displeasing to them."
Yarrington to Zimuerman, July 21, 1920, Walker Papers.

. :
fee OF eerste (nets? beag avert’ % eee Bi, i
shed to sages down de “Dae holes mest aed bat iege

pottove .oeesgel oh betes stud to Dresses Reseed ve r _

4
i ee ss shale
Ltedal goat of iw olde to gE suid tian nd oe: ‘7
brsetl se Room oly die odes it bine cane be oger Re
ghastia Bet! gritos Bro kote “TM eh mone scr Boe “es 7 -
Lode: O8GL gylvi 2h meetesd nakig % eet wx Beet Schou yA _
_ btoee Reems tee” AMY whe sk Boelinich omeeea toudale ae ERE otal 7
LstetLae yaa aio! scr mailed toseeny yfingal wet fete wen aed > o
owe bestes AWAD ak ee 7
vert edaseiely ee mL Bia gers “ ahiod ye arent oatP 7 al
Seasvan * oko HEA ele Fey Laois bowen GA ‘sont anu ©
exert espdiva Dev basing: retell 1 OSOr : ots oh souabost voted
tahiek Woo Bee WK void 8 to trokiaoee eacatiy meee
“gameitty Bag gerscez poke Scena i) dolnvahe ta wetueeset~
jis oe seus bashewhe wert ste. aeeed he

- : sBREQ ee mehatd (VERE Ve ELncp eeslla « ge aw
sates contest mes aut 8 x8 Sigh paw al) “Rea
Ded i ‘hte ti ORE ae Pit: eee bist i

wees exis Sees $3 ais roe Se, toin
aston’ eotgicrie’t doev ocovat 3! sek Ley put AMAR
i leedy BROT coke polar: pip r
gather sees nmol said) YAlicosan ie $93
autos adam EO Ca toed B sods abt E fara
atid oot gotesalga te looky add Efe ,

a esigha'S SOLOW cael we oe ee veri es

54

Walker was dealt with unfair we Walker exnressed the same
sentiments to John Zimmerman, International Executive Board
member from District 12, in late August, 1920, when he stated:

How President Lewis could permit Board member Ely to

be elected an International officer while he was serving
as president of the Montena Federation of Labor, ...
and at the same time make a ruling of this kind in my
own case, and at the same time claim to be honest and
consistent or be governed by the laws of our organization
or his obligations aa an officer, I cannot understand.
How he could permit Ex-President John P. White to act
as a delegate when he had resigned his official
position in our union and took a job with a non-

union powder manufacturing corporation and not let

it impair his standing or rights to serve as a

delegate to the American Federation of Labor

convention, and at the same time make such a

ruling in my case, is also beyond my comprehension. 53

The meaning of Lewis’ action became clear to Walker in the
following years.

On three different occasions during the 1920's, Lewis pre-
vented Walker from becoming officially involved in UMWA activities.
In January, 1921, Lewis ruled that, Walker was not eligible to be
a delegate from the UMWA to the AFL national convention.’ since
the precedent was set by the UMWA Executive Board, Walker had no
choice but to abide by the decision. In November, 1926, a similar
situation occurred. On this occasion, Walker received notification

that he was nomineted as a delegate from the UMWA to the 1927

Be Henry Drennan to Walker, June 1, 1920; G. W. Savage to
Walker, May 25, 1920, Walker Papers.

33 Walker to John Zimmerman, August 25, 1920, Walker Papers.
Walker blamed Zimmerman for the action of the Executive
Board. He told Robert Harlin that, "I am satisfied if our
own Board Member in this state would have stood right,

I would have beaten Lewis by almost unanimous vote." Walker
to Robert Harlin, August 4, 1920, Walker Papers.

54 Walker to Prank Farrington, January 19, 1921, Walker Papers.

_—
Fil
_

_s
emma edt dopuerga taney AS ea bata iki hme wei mani:
ULE SVLTIOR Lose aeniscol, , eartesa siete GS: sieoue ty

GeraS eo wet OM dewgsA ote gl 0h gota meth oti

si “Gla tdi aed, Sherseg blige alwal Javoiaest wo...
ailvave sew od slidw s90ktio Lssoldprsetcl sa bedoelea od
+ ole 4a tO. saktegohe! santa edd to toeelewsg Bai
“ym ak Bale aidd to eaiios o olan entd omer odd de bas
hoe, dwenod ad, oa ntato sahd mie avid Jy bak 4 eeeD me) ;
voltes Laegye uo ‘TO aus. ad} yd senxeveg ad so Iserelancs
. Sites ated pare: 2 CU Ke eooleoylide, Sat me 9
jos of edd 64 aciel SnsblaewSead thous Efuos od wok
_fatoitte ‘eld. horny Laer Raids <n ociw hie quai BRB 29
ats 4 tobe dot, a doot bas gokaw iG at soieieog
jel din Soa seldeowieo yabesnhoueeuce xeiwoq, wotie 2, |
7 & an svien of atte ls “o yabkiomie old tient ts .
wotied te sapdb gre SIS, WS OF sbeigolae .
9 coee oun eal? amae att fo Sas .noldaernes
ée rhibiasigss. MOD. ER Ssvesd oa, Bh .seen an as gaklvs
:
:
7
:

aig st goliey of tals emered nolies 'stwal te gate oot
Phas, asluaLlok
HER, elwel oh 'OSRs ont gatuuh BO LESOU IRONS epee sd - 7

ehaldivitos aw fd. fisvicws: “Linlolite gaaegced movl tedied petoow

od oF eldtgble doa sav naliaW dedd telus abval Ses .yreual, of 7
. oe | 7
ooaie * S wabtogvaes JAROLIBE (A ss of BVM od sorta sdage.ob.@ :

on Bed tadfal’ . wise svidugoud AVM ot yo Jee gew dushonauq ode : _
saline & ORL Leaeovek GL .kocesoen oad yo piida od tud updo _ .

bolvsotiisen, bev iano: tsioY .cokases ahd on .beriaaso ooldantie :

YORE sie Of Aap age yoxt sdageled a a bodeniown acy of “ines 7

od <8 LD -,otes with eit heat oe saint yall ve
“ose get “oon Bo (28 yes ee

seneos oak Lee RE. , am: eee | (PanTOUND EE waiet wi sonttsa 2S 7
Serna gabe “ce nobdoa eet tot aS. Seated rent ;
mre th beligeson ae I": ,tedd cifvek peawd bled of mom :

,8RgiM baate aved Alnew etese alne at cedmeW Bxaotl
welled “amhow quomiigion. dauiste yd atwal goteoc cated, Ala i]
|. «B¥egat redial .Of2S. of Prag echoed unde: an

LOTTO teaka SEL (06 yume untecleel vsawd oe “e

93

convention, and accepted the nomination by letter. When the
official ballots were handed out, however, Walker's name was
not listed. He vrote to Secretary~treasurer Thomas Kennedy
inquiring about this, and found that the 1920 ruling wes still
in forces?” lewis did not forget his enemies. In 1926, Walker
was again informed that he could not participate in UMWA affairs.
When @ grass-roots movement in Illinois nominated him to run
against Lewis, the miners’ President declared that Walker was
inelagible,?© ana ended his chances of making 2 fourth campaign
for the Presidency.

The curtailment of Walker's influence within the UMWA
did not prevent him from becoming involved in controversies
which developed during the 1920's. In the 1920 UMWA national
election, Walker was in the thick of the fighting, opposing
Lewis at every opportunity. lewis’ opponent in this election
was Robert Harlin, President of the Washington District, while
Alex Howat ran against Lewia' Vice-president, Phillip Murray.
Walker campaigned for Harlin and Howat throughout Illinois in
the fall of 1920. To aid Lewis' opponents, he published the
complete correspondence between Lewis and himself, regarding

Lewis’ decision to prevent him from being a delegate to the AFL

5D Walker to Thomas Kennedy, November 27, 1926; Thomas Kennedy
5 to Walker, November 30, 1926, Walker Papers.
5

Walker received nominations or inquiries regarding the
possibility of his candidacy from Pana, Terre Heute,
Harrisburg, Collinsville, Sawyerville, Centralia,

Benton, Wilsonville, and Galesburg. He then wrote to
lewis inquiring about his status, end wes told he was
ineligible to run for office, Walker to lewis, August
10, 1928; Lewis to Walker, August 16, 1928, Walker Papers.

aa i
~~ a

ite mah? sepa s AC yet mediate: ct to besgooge fps _ cicahst 7
ger goon eB’ steal. “oerawed . cue Debwad eterdeéiad some
baie seit wigs aetna od BON Ot beop Le ted
Loum ee recilare OBL eid aly — hata SRT HCN. pabesagall:
‘sanieW GS00 32 selmane ws d: sepeinh: one Canela sativa 5S rags nt
sREteE ie AMR gb oda tokduag Ton elaos: basil Seal henrsobeast EGS | Cow
nut oo ribet Doesbases nr Brome th wi dxsteerscu: eiuraanneey & sodd
sey tedled worst brsafloes - teh eget, mister ould ,aras dasiage
naheqgune dai. so gles to sic woe Sobuis Sass te obsthy bleak
| J yp ahebbedet att oot
AWG Och? sdd3 ie odmeualial at tedliae ta deowl pedog ach
naterarediars si beviever eulnmeced wax? ord Seovern sou bib
Lanoiden AWMO WSOL edd oT .2'OSOL ant salah hegeleved dodde
yateogae .galienl et? io deidv edd oi ate xeelfaw .sotsoale
gOidosie eind ot duenoggy tatwad: wedinatuaggn peeve te etval
aii goliedl sotyatdasy eft to dusbtasct ,ciilveR duedoii oaw ao
sYeTI GhLLids Seeblastq.an2V "elwadl ventone me Souk ata
ne ehOooklih duatavesds Sowa tine alive Lot hemghaqune Tele
‘odd bedelievg of |. atemoogo ‘abwad bie oF oat 30 Lie® eds

quliviages ,Teaaisg hon 2fwal apes sussbepesertes SUELO
JHA edt cd. seagerep f aiked sovk ahd Jeeveng ot wotaiosk |) adwal

& ; i) 7
Neer |

ebecu bitiniaed L2OE gM <odemok ,ybonEat wewaitl OF ORL ae
: » Srenjott new Gow SRL QE atadares 7 ok cela! ot :

iy urboesee: apie hepe wo axomaslniad Sevtenen mall
RS) oe {Ano mOvk yosbibes, gar ‘0 ut td
gailevtce® siibvse wad paiiiivamhised prides
hd ehorw wecd eR .atedanmlap wee at Crveoat iw #0
caw ot ied aa7 bao gudada abel duane piel
aad, — od sagas HOLM WIL aners om elely
9 Reseed, seule ee ae RaQ ROAM! Ov Bie Oa

56

ecoavention, in the Belleville Labor Review.’! By November, 1920,
Walker was certain that Lewis and Murray were finished. The
strength of the national officers was greater than Walker
anticipated, however, and Harlin and Howat were defeated.
Walker was certain that the election returns were tampered
with, but he could not produce any evidence.

Almost at once Lewis began to wield his power within the
union in order to centralize the influence of the national
officers. In July, 1921, Lewis informed Howat and the other
district officers in Kansas that they should comply with the
1920 Kansas Industrial Court Law which prohibited strikes, even
though they did not agree with it.°° He also warned the Kansas
district leaders that coal miners on strike at the Dean and
Reliance strip mines mist be sent back to work. When Howat
refused to follow these orders, cleiming Lewis had no right
to interfere in the internal matters of 4 district, lewis
referred the matter to the Executive Board which made a study
of the problem and then recommended that District 14 affairs
be turned over to the international office.?? Lewis decided,
however, to bring the matter up in the UMWA national convention,
meeting in September 1921, in order to justify his position.

At the national convention Howat's supporters, including

Walker, argued for a reversal of the board's recommendation.

WP sai,

9T copy of the Belleville Labor Review, November 23, 1920, p. 4,
Walker Papers.

58

Alex Howat to Walker, July 19, 1921, Walker Papers.

99 sypewritten copy, UMWA, Proceedings, 1921, p. 151, Walker
Papers.

OSEL sodaovoll va TS yonvall nom gitiveites ett at wobtmeramn
ov? .Ooiinvs eser coral oo atwed fot siadees sew sonia
‘liad g0dd -exier: ae crpolithe. iecuides Guy ko Sipnesde
edmaled ewer Jowell in obkeeh bos .sorewtsl , fedagtodtne
“beogmet caer aciudes sidvedea add Jade ohetueo tan cralley
+ BoHeDIyS gues: emo woo biws ad gud, ddiw

ede” aidske canoqg aid Aisiw od saged atust eon te coopmla
iaooisen edt io sonentiat ade euiiestoes oF wabeo ad. soli
tee dé oce snreR Sewsetat akweal ,iSGh wie a. steslS tp
ais déiv ofeume Bfoode yedd dad? anauali ct nee Yio sosaselb

nove ,sedingea oochdidoy dolde wad dag Lodawesbel aeemak 0SGL
&

is

222Dna ed Seer o3le of "OE maha ceryn don bhi wens thyuumde
‘She oval att as etkeda co erenis: Laos code amehaek dobudald

' Sesewsy sec: .tuow of sicad dasa ed tagw acnte cial cork Len
Siake oe tu U eived pritetoly ,exeieg aan) wolle? ex beanies
eka .obetath a eo axedtes Lmossdut oh mt eteiendnt od
venge © aise seta Sune ov bevowwit wit ot “armods Serseter

usbehia OL ookeeeht gexdd boboaeeges ces’ fre seddoug ede Boe

cbebived alwed SS euttte fasotdeuotnd ‘oxy oP revo Berard oh 7
~holvierpon Isookien AY sit af qe sodden edd aoied ot .sevewed: a
Oi tlecey aiet Wises, of wehco nt 80% sadeedeeR as gubioen

gd bard pik ieiahii i ge 3 Sook coltnevcaos Jemoivan oa 3A. ve

_
HOSTS PsN eN ‘a Paaosd! eda Ge Eoeemenrat & ‘he’ bouts ee

.# og ,ONRL .ko seduered .walyet worded ghibrel £ ot gay Te eo oy *
a Ree te a Ste ms di
sSinget coviluit .£8el Qk yilib .seellet od wewedl woca © 8 ;

ape

amie lel sy LBL aed oeanOnS ABE . ugee. potsavend Re

5T

Walker claimed that such action would be an admission that the
leaders of the union could not agree among themselves regarding
the action to be taken toward the Kansas Industrial Law. He

also claimed that Lewis' charge that Howat vas continually
ealling strikes in violation of the contracts with the Kansas
operators was inaccurate, and pointed out that many of the to-
called strikes were actually mines closing down because of
financial failure.°° Frank Farrington, President of District

12, argued along the seme lines, stating it was not Howat who
first broke the contracts but the Kansas operators. These
operators, according to Farrington, violated the contracts by
siding with Governor Allen of Kansas in his passage of the law,
thus causing conditions to change in spite of contract agreements,
that neither party would instigate changes while the contract was
ia teneos”? A third Howat supporter pointed out that Howat was

a great leader and the UMWA could not afford to dismiss him. Ue
stated, “Howat was one of the men who helped to organize the
Southwest. He went to the front and fought, not only with all
the mental skill he had but also with his fists . . .."°? me
appeals of these men and others were brushed aside by the nationsl

officers and the Executive Board's decision was uphe1a.93

Te ox ee ,
Typewritten copy, UMWA, Proceedings, 1921, p. 33, Walker
Papers.

61 mia., p. 17.
Ibid., p. 9.

©3 ia., p. 92.

.*

aid dade eoteninias aa ad Bison soltes doom tact hentelo mekiaw
anuibyegesr teyvlcaued? soc gems Jeo bisms aoiay seo Yo ceabast
oh ead Leloveubal asean odd Demees aged. veb'od HOG oe es
yAlaoekg noo tis Cewek tod aye iofvad ted? Demin outa

sxonat: ode tigie udowsdaos ett to nekweioky ii gadiute. gaiiies

“oe end ‘to yan Gods: da betuiog bap yedauscomil sew gaborege

pe te eeiumved aeok ytitento seni yitomon s2ew upalixte dallas
ToL Zo Such iaurd: wselgolasei. doers 8 eyiieys Laboregt?

ode dawall Sow egw 2 gekdate paeadl emea alt geods poupes “(Sl
oad! .gnetarngn asamed ot ted eieectauos edt waloed gant

yd agemudieo odd Sedelody (aodgeiamelt od quaiamans: pesatucmege

«wal odd Goeapenaeg aldol sees te eeiia sosieved déiw geile
~utsenetiges Jjeerisos ko ahige oi eguuuie pd acolvlance aatewm pole
esw dosndaeo edd ols epyinds eegitend: aieow ohueq seltion dedlt
eee JewoH fads view cedaieg aeewoqque een fury f., +? aol ae
ey tt gedesib et ixcta FOL piso AND aly bas cobhoot deez 3
ony eieeoro ad Segied adv com edd Bo. ao acu devel” . bodade

Lig atis yloo ten olga baw daaeh ee ov Sos oR .daewdduok
ett: 8,. , j ageit alt decy cake dud bid od Lo le Letoom evi
lavokgan end vil sbies. todeunsd oraw avedite bie som apa to alangue
. 89 prerigis aw seimiog) @'hiesd oriisuani ad? Suu exaolino

: Read Pa a) osditawoggt

exegay
TE sq qohagy

raat ge lo ge), SR 9a ga
. AO ag we eagh *

lt yt

rasa gee of SRE, % 4 ok pe

Less than a month after the convention, on October 1, 1921,
the officers of District 15, convicted of violating the Kansas

Industrial Court Law, were imprigenea.°*

On the same day the
miners in District 14 went on strike as a means of protesting
this action.°> ‘This was the chance for which Lewis had been
waiting, On October 21, 1921 he suspended the district's
anarten,°° and from October to January, 1922, the four months’
that the strike lested, he sent international organizers to
establish his own control. Howat and the other district
officers watched helplessly as their power was taken away.

The men who supported Howat at the 1921 UMWA convention
expetiensed the same sense of helplessness during these months.
In November, 1921, Walker went to Washington D. C. to see
Samel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor,
regarding Howat's situation. When he returned from the inter-
view he informed Howat by letter that Gompers was sympathetic
toward the district President, but he would not interfere
publicly because Levis might bolt the AFL.°’ ilo strength could
be counted on from this area, therefore, and Walker was certain
that the fight would have to be waged from within. the UMWA.
Throughout the winter and spring of 1922, he went on campaigning
for @ fair settlement of the problem, arousing enthusiasm for

Howat among other dissident groups, debating Lewis’ organizers

oh IFL News letter, December 24, 1921, p. 5.
65 thid., p. 5.
Ibid., p. 5.
T Walker to Alex Howat, November 3, 1921, Walker Papers.

58

mm

Pay

pica _f vedeted a .molenornce otf seeks aica 2 mess geal
alana wit goidefoty Io bekotreeen .iki du chad te erostihe of
ois “an She BAT BO i 2 pasion remh, eee ah PaweG Sacaseubet
Wits Io stom o He ollass padi. ol vokwteih ak wtonks
need Dek Rived dodsbn gat epcado sot gow als SP .anedine etd
aicvedugark ant pebaewesnn af BQEf .ch usdpvoO..w8, -saqcidhew
' ecigeea “pel eit .S8Ol .rterash of sedodoD woyk hes 20 wedcnde
/ evesigapre fonolteassiel deese.of coved exkase oid vay
Jolidelh awite ot tos Jee, .loates cm otd datidaas
Yin oede? Baw somiy siolt es. plenedgicd bededey exonstto

sods pasoe Are) [GGL aviv ta tava fadveqes ode mem ATP:

,sedoou spedt sotovh easeecatgied Je ensen eces at fegnalregnn
osu o¢ .9 .¢ sovpeidesW of tnew tsifee ,£90L yeadsevol at
ded in gsolsuustel reaivomA ait Lo duebieoc] <ereqeed Loud
wiethe: ats most bootwtex-of oodd .20i¢ersia ul dawoll gatine ged
oidedisomys Gow Regs sect sedgad vet save Sownhbail oa waoly
eusitatad dou Disow ad dad .dwebloora Caladace and, uawoo
bianco. dégeerde off, )O.05A ont ted geyke stual oswened qdotideny
ipeitoy nar cease bus .geohowsd .aeue Ost mott mo bedawes ad
EU U2) siddievactt Dagev o¢ oF ovad lume aig tt odd dead
geionlagnes, so teow al .S80L te patage Bes votaiw ode ooodgerce?
wo. Leulegivns gisawois .walderg oft lo dgemeistea sist 2 ss

ror Losg ts ‘aswel Rarttvhets |, ACRE awh thet storia Bae, niet

a Lh “ser 38 Tae otha =a

a€ +Q «Bt ae © a
oe raed a bigs ni
eo

»savege’ asvfaW ,£80f i> LPEROVEN aed wela. oe eaten!

59

who attempted to gain control of District 14, and raising money
for the striking coal ainere.©9 In the end, these efforts were
of no avail. By May, 1922, the Kansas district was governed by
Lewis' men, and the opposition was coupletely defeated.

After the expulsion of Howat from District 14, Lewis’
major opponents were the more radical elements within the UMWA.
Radicals of various shades began to exercise some influence
because the recurrent disputes between the districts and national
leaders over the desparate state of the coal industry made it
possible to inject larger political issues into the econonie
struggles of the UMWA. Thus, the Commnist Party led by
William Foster, the Progressive International Comaittee (PIC)
led by Mike Halapy and Thomas Myerscough, and the "Save the
Union Committee" of John Brophy all fought Lewis and each other
for control of the umwA.!° mone of these groups found any way
of coping with Lewis’ counter-strategy, which was simply to
expel his opponents.

Walker's reaction to this new trend of opposition was, at
first, to encourage such a development. He was active within
the group which formed the nucleus for the PIC as early as
October, 1920. In Hovember, 1920 he attended a convention of

the Progressive miners and in Mareh, 192) he distributed some

OB At one point Walker was attacked in a circular addressed to
the Kansas miners, and pictured as a radical who had to fight
for every cause, & person who simply had political ambitions
end wanted to live off the trade union movement. Circular,
Hovember 23, 1921, Walker Papers.

©9 gonn steele to Walker, April’5, 1922, Welker Papers.

TO Irving Howe and lewis Coser, The American Communist Part
(Hew York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962), pp. 203-000. (Here-
after cited as Howe and Coser, The American Commmist Party.)

yorte: gulalee tae i etude Oo Leeds ly ud hedquadde- we
ata Betta ededd phan pada mid Saag’ madatuin od wot
co hanisvoq bes dowel ahem wit Ot! yt yh there om Be
ee brinaked ylotaiamce sew mattigicuge add. ims — k atvad
‘eiwat di todadalkt mowk tawel to oc tatagite ats sta o>
aH) wil akdtiw avcemefe-lacibar oem add ovaw atiseunage sapem
“wpereant tank fitea caluyvtme oo aoe Bobede avetuey ‘to elaothad
lescsdee Sad adebicets add neevied metiuueth sueraseon ald ensued
$k whew wutaghat Dow aid Say ede alackyaok wit save spew

ckmardne oft gink seymak Loott hig ween Sosist od efdiesog —
“ye bed youl tetmamed odd jeu? ss mae 86 sedge
(oxy y aeiiinnod Lasotisarain aieesmes ald yeetaot mite
pile anne? ent bas gaping! tamer Be ‘eqaulen aM aed bel
genge dose bos-cived tdeuet Lis ydigeniil: pte fo “serdbaead) nobel
aw qe Daal ogee, cand To goo OF Asad ott Go. odes: 20%
Od “ignite. acy dou .quedwoeonetriaw * cial aihow ankgao xo
Aochaatiogere alee: Sepa

oe pea ‘iv heugqa te beets wer eld a? wo ines siyoklal

7
-

; a 3)
a beige or ions peer oii. _ deeogelovel: toe Seae + er fou

a8 Ylawe BA Or £ als Te? sweloun ade iene vata wey ot
ta suisesvie & pense oie. OReL. eseadiowro bal oy qt ; aa :
906 bomen Lh 08 2a. at asaranie vas 7 root erhacongont a

rey ee bat onl ‘asia & 8S cones 2 owe wriai, ag
gach iin Laatste toy Bad Yale od ayoectaRE, a ees
wendooTD steerer apse cland ade Tho evil of, bod. 3

» swreget vena! SAGE ES. twclies ‘OR

a egQes “peak WW SBE Qe Liaga SER wt sont ety | @

yiset gahosmned solid ath mano!) atyat hee avon privet ‘
enol a hia oe cet ge eae a etcnes aatsek 9 wok)

literature on nationalization of the coal mines sent to him by
Brophy. > He continued these activities for wore than a year.
In early 1923, however, Walker realized that the Pic was being
infiltrated by the conmmmists, and withdrew his support from the
group. He did not truet the commnists and did not want to be
identifieé with this wing of the opposition to Lewis. In the
1924 UMWA election, the PIC ran George Voyzey, a commmist miner
from Illinois.!@ valker did not campaign for Voyzey at all. In
the 1926 UMWA election, John Brophy ran against Lewis and organized
a "Save the Union Committee” with branches in many mining towns.
Welker would not participate in this campaign either, 3

‘Because of this inactivity on Walker's part one observer
believed that Walker vekinguished his role an the WaAvcntirely, '*
put this was not the case at all. He merely refused to become
involved with the radicals, and waited for a better opportunity
to oppose Lewis. The opportunity cane in 1929 whea the UMWA

President threatened to usurp the autonomy of District 12.

(1 Mike Halapy to Walker, October 20, 1920; Walker to Halapy,
October 20, 1920; John Brophy to Walker, March 7, 1921,
Walker Papers.

12 yowe and Coser, The American Commnist Party, pps 263-266.

13 tid., pp. 263-266. The best indication of the lack of
ieipation on Walker's part comes fron his correspondence;
he told a friend in Novewber, 1926 that he was not active
in the Brophy campaign. Walker to Charles Krallman,
Hovember 8, 1926, Walker Papers.

La David Thoreau Wieck, A Study in Centralization, p. 468.
Wieck states: "Walker had bueied himseit with the Illinois
State Federation of Labor, and concerned himself with the
United Mine Workers only to emit periodical protests ageinst
being ruled off the international ballot as candidate for
delegate to:the American Federation of Labor."

td cit c¢ Saem sorte deopient lo woddestiosehien ao omdesebhd
£7 :
|
gobo! gan, 01% st ded besdisot vedic .iswenod ,FaQL viiae Ak

ede merck Juogges ald wesbidiv toa yadhigumno edd yd peed tied

Ay, @ ote owom tot aeitlrives owed? owitriincs off

ot OF Una Som Boh ben aveioummpo ote deasé doe Bho oh jared

oie Ch vehwek of aedvi.agge off Tecgoly oidt dehw bertivandée
toni dala o- gorgot og7oed oats ULL edt qaeldeate AMM Sen
ok sife d@ yorvoY coh nyleqman dus $0 aeiiee Oetont Le mont
hes koagio bas tived dackoge aex yigew? aiiel ieisvede A COel ext
anwod gukiie yew ad eecenerd dike “eeddinens moka ede evea" ©
oY alvie agleques wtdd ot edectoddeeg gos Glsow wnilew

naveende aud Unsy e Geilod oo qskrigvenlvelds he. somtowt ee

*y yisttsne AW dé nb-oloe abl bedadupelioe xaiiail sadt bovetiel
enooed of beanies vlowsa 8 ia dm ease ene tow maw aide dad
ysioudteggs yediec a 10% fevhew boa ,tleotoes add dtiw SerLovek
AVA cay aor QSL ch emeo yelowdogys ach alwai saoqqe et

Sl gelated to yaunedes ed guuas oF bescdeoudds Jeabieosl

ovals od xealaW ,O8Rl oe sects 0 Jimiiak oF pal ie
-» £805. davai wretinw of veel ptict 7O8EL OB vetosalt —
<asegal SoG £ _ 7
sGOGaPOS 4 coy Y yyoss® Setsgemod se LRG BE cK _naaod) bo evo ay . 7
to dost ‘oti Se cottnobone ; = aes Some $80 ga ay
{sone noqje mes sin mowl samo duaq a! vealfa co soso
wyiden dor sew ed setd Gel CROTNOE o) faecek & Aloe atl 7.
,AemiLeGN neliadd a? woakaW 4 ey.taquas tiger! andy Te) >
eiogHl sediew Bet 6. eal’ Z
. dt sy .cokdea Men ned bt y bags A Bidely meee? | Biv, (e
akomiikt of Siw Weak beled bed wealle seedate dove
fa sdtSoo “LL owunta bemssio Sab .wodad 46 aniwemde o a
Jacions avsndous Lestiegaoy ¢ime of yLoo etteatzol enh het key
sh & eanit bases ae tolled Lecoltacktednk ot Yho Bates ac!
oil ‘lo apSterebst pxabuvemh call od eompaley

61

in early 1929, a controversy regarding financial matters
developed in sub-district 9 of District 12,9 whieh Lewis
recognized as a perfect excuse for eliminating the autonony
of the one district which he was not able to effectively con-
trol. In March, 1929, therefore, he ordered the sub«district
officials to report to the UMWA headquarters in Indianapolis,
and discuss the matter.’ ne officials refused, stating that
the district could take care of ite ow affairs. In May, 1929,
levis again ordered the sub-district leaders to appear and
explain the situation; again they refused. On October 155
1929, therefore, Lewis revoked the charter of District 12
and set up a provisional government, removing Harry Fishwick,
President of the district from office because he Supported the
sub-district officiels.’’ this action caused the local UMWA
leaders and Walker to begin to consider ways of establishing
@ new group of national officers, /

in early December, 1929, Walker told a friend that he was
certain Lewis could not be defeated for President of the UMWA
in an election.’? qhe only possible way to unseat the miners'

7S ous wane.
? The Illinois Miner, August 17, 1929, pp. 1-2.

Ibid., October 26, 1929, p. 1.
7 Ibid., October 26, 1929, p. l.

Walker to V. R. Tompkins, October 26, 1929, Walker Papers.
This letter states that there was a movement underway in
Illinois to oppose Lewis and save the wion,

9 Walker to Alfred Broad, Deceuber 16, 1929, Walker Papers.

SB:

matte: Lalonaah) gr iireyan qerowrotiwes 2 . Gaul aia hi
atval deicw “Voge aocwdns Qo @ doladwbieadue ah touakeoh
wots edd polinhoike sok weamke Sovkpeq 2 a), paar
s8o6 “loaritnatia ow 26a don atw ad gydsie teosdach 00. ebd
golitech-die odd bexwieve oN .susthewetd .@o0i ,Jdowh at «joss
paiLogancdbel oi sxedvemphaet AVM ade oo tanger od edaboltto
dad? puiteta (Duar abstediine af. OF cea dau MS AOHHBLI oes.
ORE ye ob cube emo sdk bo cua cis? oiste tobadeks odd

‘bos. apg oS atebial Soinielbedys add beupiue obege 62
4th tecosc0. a .beastex yale wlegs iolvenig ma ohaigze

Si woteald. to swedtwatoa odd besiovet aieed ,emehwneds .gogt |

eta bwin e's QTiak gobvinex .onememeveg iscoleivew a ge dee bos

aud beduoggus of chswusd. sniTte work dubs oft to coebseeud

ARS Loond os Soauen sostoe ait Vaistvexyo dniubeab-dus
gukdelidecne So zyew “oabnm oF aiged co wadiow Sane aasbial,
OT ep etto, Leunidan to queky wen 2

aay ad dade Suotd) » Blew celle .G8O0 eredueosd yiuae. ak
AMT ould aon dnehisexsy 26% Setasteh ad gor Blswe Bho aLagt9o

‘ evoke eds gaseay sat yaw vidleang yiao ast oF cmattoate. sa ee

Bel eo RCS ait ravens a Se & takes ex

ab 1% Wes a dost a8 bi

o£ otf ORY. a8 tedeted , Oa

( ainget tedlay .O8el .Co vedaio .ealigae 14 .¥ of sedan
fh yavisiny daauewom 8 maw aio sods padiso getdek e
F : ak re. a ys a Bene SE phos es S46 oA.
sarogat caiiav QPEL Ch sesdtawoest 4 feta. aie at wektatt av

a ts

President was to create = new set of netional officers through
convention action. Walker, and other dissident members of the
UMWA, felt this might work legally since the UMWA constitution
hed expired on March 30, 1929, and the union was not governed
by any official laws. On February 15, 1930, therefore, a group
of Lewis' bitter enemies held a “state of the union” meeting

in Chicago, Illinois and called for a convention to reconstitute

the organization.

The convention call, in the form of a
resolution, alleged that it was the right of the rank and file
to hold such @ convention since the constitution had expired.
It designated Springfield, Illinois as the meeting place, and
set the date for March 10, 1930. The election of new officers,
according to the resolution, was to be one of the major itens
of business.°2

lewis, realizing that the Springfield convention threatened
his position, also called a convention for March 10, 1930, in
Indianapolis and the race for the name began. Each faction was
convinced that the first to hold its convention would thereby
gain the legal right to call itself the United Mine Workers of
America. The reformers won the race. At Springfield, on March

10, 450 delegates adopted the parts of their proposed constitution

o Irving Bernstein, The Lean Years; A History of the American
rEg att

Worker 1920-1933 Boston: Houghton > 1960), Pe
(Hereaiter cited as Bernstein, The Lean Years.) :

6. see Appendix B for the complete text of the resolution

calling this convention.

7 7
ikyeraghs duet? be Gaon Ye dees enemy ot aad Scobleort
aid te onedwen wtoblgnth vadde bes .pidiew .mcigom Bott nev ze |
cokddidanon AWMD ast opnde “ienws doce ddgiim ekete Mist ANE
honest fon. ae cola Lat ROL ,O tarot ao Bbewigito hag + |
quing # .euvigsnd? ,DERE ail yee oO .dwal Sotelo cos |
gectines “meluct wit fo efade" » oie weltnene teseld ‘g@iwal to
Svan LonoNe Qt sitio oo & ik bel date Bets otoneeae LOyenkso at
s “Vo armea ak ut. .ff@o sink dere rie Eat or anokdna Lea 2 sunt
L253 bee dees ede io Sigive owt sew J¢ nerd fogedia ,soidufouet
bexigus bad soldi ivrios eld-eonta saitneveny a deve Slad oF

Dries pounl opatdewta wait te ahomkiit bloliped ucd bedeng teed a

_
.Wisud8iG wee ho noidsels off OF yok cer wok odeh afd goo uA
-

aiodt. yotas eff Po Gee ed st ace yaobtelong: ent ott pathro0o3 |
al os ;
4 jaacmbaad bo

DEMeTaeANe aostneraes bieligacige ale sare naivhiowt ,eiveak -

—

at ,Of21 .Gf douse iol wohinernes & kediso seis: ,weleheoq Bid -

any colioet deed ..aed esc edd ye snes oft bus ehlogansibal :
Ystaedd. hives sepicuernes eth Rdod od geul ert dad? Beenbyvacs -
_

16 ore! sal bev io) ot Weark ies od seyls faged eds they

tome ao .dfolignivgs $A .ovsx of? poe wtenkoies off . emo knomah, - :
7
imiditisanos besogoig uteds to cdveq ont bedi ‘gadegeted ORF . 7
5 : - 7
av 7
bea © :
2% 7

Jaga aig’ yet 26 ws, PLN & & an oud sit siedermed <gea
i +e a bes a
3.20 :

ae ie ef
Toe 9G 4 kaneed CURES Tesi |
( eneaeel: gue ole wtetaiod eo bestn |

rektaloeey oy ‘%o duet adetomoo add “ort a nabeta aie
; spertgovaes sade gobs.

63

deeling with name and jurisdiction exactly forty minutes before
the Indianapolis convention extended the expired UMWA constitution.
"Each faction now had e paper basis for claiming to be the UMWA. u82
This basis was not enough to insure success for the Reorganized,
however, for the problems it faced were overwhelming,

The first problem of the Reorganized was to establish a
positive weeeven of leadership. This the convention failed to
accomplish. "The economic program . . . would have done nothing
to improve the conditions of the coal miner."93 As it finally
stood, it merely consisted of charges that Lewis was personally
responsible for the ills of the industry and "vacuously called
for seales negotiated ‘on the sound competitive basis so ably
announced . . » by John Mitche11'!94

The second problem facing the Reorganized was the lack of
a@ broad base of support. The largest number of delegates to the
Springficld convention came from Illinois, while other districts

85

were either barely represented or not present at all. The

Reorganized faced an economic crisis from the beginning, therefore,
because it had no funds to organize miners.
A third problem of the Reorganized at the Springfield

convention was a lack of control. In the opening session, the

Bernstein, The Lean Years, p. 368.
83 Ibid., p. 369.
Ibid., p. 369.

3 Proceedings of the National Convention, UMWA Reorganized,
March Tot » 1930, pp. 11-21. (Hereafter cited as UMWA
Reorganized, Proceedings, 1930.)

Ose oe 1. j
2% nto ahi. Yaak (oom ola if, Tye sans LA pale
’)

7 7
ulsedier > PAM doutgas ele bebieotne a wraon Ghiogenaches
1
20 wat) od ed Od ilmialys zh. alee seggey $2 OME ANTAL. roLipat a mail a.
OSL Ane ot Wot Begs omest Oo dgamne doc av elaed all 7
insdeyy omer bom Mh mmoddeey nad Kok), = -F
& iatidstas oF wee bor Enon ade ke nekoony sett or _
ee b aLewn solduevnoe tae eLelt aeerroban. ke 1 augeng, Owed, " ; ne
ywalheat sack swat bicov . 4 1 Baim ofmasces oe | iad |
yifani? oat "tanta Leos oni te nnotouines, oth geongnd:
ylhsnoeteg aay elval acals seguads. to bactencr) Ylarm oc . boc . -
. faLdon eS aubaewe” Lea yueenbeah of De eifli wile gee aidinae oan 7 7
vide an afasd wridtee<proo Buna gtd vo! faxte longed aeieoe OR _ P
| hed Ma tr etomuys amie YS ew. a
| ; So dos. of f adv healesmioes oft gaload nel CeTy hooome RED ‘ m

98? oP settegele!: to weduwa geagsal ath, .iogpqie do ema ferotrd .
atoguveth vedo ol few neon Ne eee L eae 2 npdanresks i EOE beget
oe - Ee 8B eg io Un Seasmetg- eos 12 Sateonraios ulead. ae
oO : Meena cpattunined sed mong pimin: siuonone eit aie Se Laat a
Oo | 3h is eRe a ae boosie oF aloud on ek yh seaued

7 o bfebtgelags als J%, Rea iong wok ead 30 osidemg Bs a
_ ‘eule eho kage i ahh pT, kocdaoo. to sont. o ae CodWGu

5) hw . BRE ag ee peak ote a sie
: 4 ® i @ eres

: — g hbrtnrg7erat! AUT juw.dmornzOG Le
: Oo _ SHAT as dotke citer = .

is 7 :
7 -

64

convention degenerated into democratic license, and Harry
Fishwick, who began as temporary chairman, was hooted from
the platform. Alex Howat, always popular with the miners,
was installed in his place. The delegates then insisted that
comaittees should be elected rather than appointed, causing
further controversies when personalities clashed. Two days
were spent in debate over the seating of Frank Parrington,

&& This

past President of District 12 and enemy of Lewis.
cost the Reorganized money and gave lewis an additional issue
to dwell upon when he eriticized the Reorganized. The lack
of control carried over into a struggle over the slate of
officers for the Reorganized. The signers of the convention
eall had agreed that Walker should be President and that Howat
should be Vice-president. This plan was upset by Oscar Arminger
who threw his weight behind Howat because Walker would not agree
to allow the Illinois Miner, which Arminger edited, to remain
veing printed outside the state.’ Howat won and later did not
effectively carry out his duties. Walker was elected Secretary-~
treasurer of the Reorgenized, but this position was not as
powerful as the Presidency, and Walker was unable to determine
policies. From the beginning, therefore, the organization
suffered from a lack of leadership.

Finally, the Reorganized was faced with the problem of John

L. lewis, who had no interest in peace. Controlling the

86 UWA Reorganized, Proceedings, 1930, pp. 22-29.
87 Bernstein, The lean Years, p. 369.

rial bac eaotanads pd deebosas odes ae sa
cS Bedad aay y ner oad susan ol ah yyw Orie
.enoiy oid: abe nal sog wy gt Et ¢SeHtR Aas FA, acetone: es

dsdy Sabeletl sedd eodngedas os .aseig ake mi i bekletent saw
goieuse ,Phetrzouge see uedden Bedspio os Al ser eewd idegs
As i ow? .hedealy weticisccetay sede acheive aaah
tpibrmes 2yett te gelwoes, ead reve srs h “a ‘peatsegt ere
en O araad to viteae fae $i gotudus te toehl one Tat
evant Laqotsibhe aa: aéwal wey: Bak yoawed bes tbe ol ed date
‘atond aie set luageenei ode boalabtie ef cow nese Ears

*

ee

‘to sdelaait tavo eivpatys 6 cian sey Serates Leste TW

SS ; Sc tsnerass e118 26 aueaste fR< vba oo Symes fad es etsortte ,

Sed dads Ses dachiwse< ad Biewde wediled Jace seem Ben
“

vegaiesth “aoa od Jewer aa gals vIWE .dnodinviqetoty . ot Bene ti

2
- oie von- Binoy vredise eavsosd davol helied gtieiow eid — -
a bhenes oo) Dedhbe sogeniarch do kets oioeae™, eh 20E% end woe od
ae ger BES toaal, baa acer Sowok we. said ed. elec kedhleg pal
- : -purivaoe’. dasouls ad wales .achteb aaa SHO PRRs Dias

a Re Dos say fo! SU ABOY Biad. dad bre tana ome ade a ‘Ge so

i
st

" Saeieiaas od eldais eam Tate Lan yyomebiewt wie Ge Lefty,
- a
aedee sewn’ ots uoteiedd gatent oe oat worl este
: : 2
i i ' - : “qieasobee ‘So gum 2 week B
tie 4 deldou: ack? Mw beowt saw nes ba aguont walet itt
- : D 4 7
: | ante Lot eoreg mb TAL cas bos Ov
As ny aactlortead | ebrkg vor | é Ss
a ’ abe ¢ . oe
- 7 . : in ;
,
ee | : rQSab3 io ee < dgaLbbee
7 ! 7 ; - :
‘ Y “ys * . « wae 4

65

Indianapolis assemblage, Lewis had the delegates authorize hin
to revoke the charter of District 14, thereby unseating Howat

and his Kansas followers. Twenty leaders of the Reorganized,
including Walker, were ordered to appear before the Executive
Board of the UMWA to show cause why they should not be expelled
from membership. “Most important in the long run, the convention
adopted a coustitutional amendment empowering the president at
his discretion and without limit as to time to revoke the charters
of and establish provisional governments for districts, sub-
districts, and local unions ."9 In this way, the UMWA becane

& constitutional dictatorship with Lewis the dictator.

The numérous problems facing the UMWA Reorganized resulted
in its collapse inside of a year. The lack of any guidelines
for economic policies resulted in mine owners ignoring the
Reorganized or opposing it as a mere radical organization. The’
failure of the Reorganized to obtain @ broad base of support
resulted in a financial crisis whea Lewis invaded Illinois,
"sopping up its limited resources of manpower and moneys
Howat's inability to provide effective leadership for the
organization resulted in = loss of initiative, and by the
sumser of 1930, it was clear that Lewis had the upper hand.7?

The final blow to the UMWA Reorganized came in late

February, 1931, and was struck by Judge Harry Edwerds of the Lee

8S pernstein, The lean Years, p. 370.
89 tia., p. 372.
9 toid., ps 372.

a mF ait leciabs i GRO eh Eytyy aaa Rae gee Bho a :
Sawa gat sera ee y ehh oud sessed co aEairio geld | acre ot
;

alana cals to omebeal yunew? sped Jol wens ak bee -

: —- -

ort tne waht suited ceeana hy bepeime sinv , oedie qaiuslows | ae
aerkerne. of teorbinadey gad vee ome we od: ARN. old se bad

caw non BHI govt yond ait nd deaduogn det. .qallemedesn neck

as drebiaewe wild moderns deen Saperey. sarekothieucs e-aecqnee | ‘5

wietasdo. wid aloror od ett oF as Momhi ayediiw bas woisomaaiir ial
voila gebewel! Yo Ganemnergg Lasolelv enya ivadee bea. te
ouagat AWAY acl . ue adot of Fb, aun svcs Leek, Boe error
atebershS eid aiwal tid tw. alstersertests bie: Lemetsta tance
ana ted esiney wool AR oid gubowt wes dere, anugenees aif

weHifebsom ye to daeh oP sadey eke chtens gegelkes: ate a

saiy gee “eed Beeiwe endn at Lotivwer aedsicog akesamee at a

,

‘ode > cade lye Laat kisare ‘Cw Bae a useage nor Dea duel
ereestpentnes, Uy saad er & keto od ber tasgroak Res we aoe
"gebpa BELT bebawns aleal sodw ahedite Lecammatt a ab

7s Or vee: hme wewespesar: 20 aernuoset Ded hatl. se ee —

(ado voR qQivexeinal amidveTie ebkveny at vith Rea et $8
ond vi. boa .@ritelehiet ‘hy eaol @ ot bedlinget polde
estat ‘gegtt ote Rad ahead cant ame eaw Dh .OGRL 60%

OTE 09 : ays a
one
ee
7 :

County Cireuit Court at Dixon, Illinois. His decree restored
the UMWA to the status that existed before October 15, 1929.
The Lewis order of that date, revoking the charter of District
12 was rescinded and the officers of District 12 were restored
to office until April 1, 1931.. But the decree also declared
lewis the official President of the union, and the UMWA consti-
tution the official document. The constitution adapted by the
Springfield convention vas not the legal document of the UMWA,
therefore, and the Reorganized was legelly deaa.7*

The person to suffer most from the events taking place in
1931 was not Lewis, but Walker, Even before the Springfield
eonvention, Lewis had asked Green to memove Walker as Pres-
ident of the IFL. Since the two old miners were friends, this
was a painful task. On March 6, 1930, however, Green demanded an
emplanation of Walker's participation in the Springfield con-
vention call. Walker replied that he had acted as a mine union
member rather than as an official of the IFL, in an effort ts
save the UMNA. Green refused to accept this explanation and
on March 20, 1930, insisted that Walker resign. The Executive
Council of the AFL confirmed this decision, so on April 9, 1930,
Walker submitted his soniguahlen in @ bitter nine page ietter.
fo be doubly sure, however, that Walker remained out of the IFL,
Green instructed Victor Olander, secretary of the Federation,
that no one from the Reorganized —_ to be seated at the 1930

IFL convention, and he notified Walker in October that he would

91 The Illinois Miner, February 21, 1931, p. 1.

uit

= | ‘ . j
peed 25 pene ek sAbodal yee co oo heed grand
LOHR 2h xedotol watlod detalee. dads cadede od OF AVAED onht

wee

So eo, te usdeede ode aati yeded Codd he. webee oiwed oat
beaodeen siew 2 dehsceas Ge srmstRie eds Bo. homistsans new OE
horekvob cals aereoed edt geal « LER gl Lin Ctvear enkte ed
aha eaiee HOW. eno ho .wehas oe lo cobb eet Led iebe: ey
eas: vel fatenie octdualcmepe cal 4 dueamumeedy fatattte ode swcobanayet
RE ec Re gancrooe Tugel gale and aor wecinoynes ielrtneiag®
AS inna ighSewyed ese han innscmnadl oft hate gomctonett

th aoady. qaiad aduoee oad myuh Show “ees wet aera Ot |
Distisssw od suoted aovd veka Jo’ .atwal ver enw £8eE
Vell es. gedleh. evcumes of ooeah leviag dec ated yaodibevooe
sid ,abowix ened wumnin Blo cvy ead pach TR aie So gach
ag Sebgared geeud .weversul .O€Ql .o lywio clued Iwtadeg 2 aew

-oue, biokigaing ot ob apidegioiveeg a! smile! 2 seidenalegty :
nokey onl: © aa.fuden Sal ef fadd bakkgen valet .Lfae eadsaer Pa

pd Pookie ne ah leh mig Yo Letaiito os as ome nudes vedo
hoe nodcauilgpes Bitiy ages 8: @2. Beentigt aga — Ete ates _
Gy Se eeu sei énmigiewt: agolt ati oust hotatec: .Daef “08 eat 0 a -
ER! 4h Liswa. tm 08 ,Solateah ulded hertttee, cA sid To Kiam) ; | : 7
Cehao. syey, tis wad wa oh methegteor ascl lead dada teow

whi ots xe daw bandas celle Siig a sown gous yiduab ed os ae

ay

,AOLPSEVODS TY ait bo wederoen "eo Lo. Witoky Gathonniene om 7

-

Of aly on beseme ed av shw box Largynom tly vary no 0 wr,

67

not be allowed to attend the AFL convention.” yalker’s influence
in Illinois labor was virtually at a standstill.

The loss of the Presidency of the IFL and the meertainty
of the new post as Secretary of the UMWA Reorganized prompted
Walker to run for President of District 12 in the fall of 1930
after Harry Fishwick announced that he would not be a candidate.
He won election and when Judge Edwards restored the District 12
charter Walker automatically moved to the Presidency on April i,
1931.7 For @ year there was an uneasy truce in Illinois.
Walker and lewis eyed each other suspiciously, waiting for an
excuse to oppose each other. The chance came with the expiration
of the contract between District 12 and the Illinois Cosl
Operators’ Association, (ICOA), on April 1, 1932.

The ICOA, determined to lower the wage scale, dewanded a
30 per cent cut in the $6.00 daily base rate. Walker refused,
and in the absence of a contract a walk-out of 50,000 miners
commenced. For three months the strike wore on without success,
then Lewis stepped in and demanded that Walker make concessions.
The President of District 12 reluctantly ooneeded and on July 8,
1932, initiated an agreement providing for a $5.00 day under-
ground and a reduction in the rate of those working above ground
fron $8.0h to $5.70.9% But Walker had seriously underestimated
the militancy of his membership. On July 16, 1932, the Illinois
miners, particularly in southern Illinois, rejected the contract

52 Bernstein, The Lean Years, pp. 370-371.
93 me Illinois Miner, March 7, 1931, p. 4.
Bernstein, The Lean Years, p- 373-

wD :
- yee " 4 : ‘Ty

sorade ia! settey re rteew ns 2h ah Anette of bamubke 9d apa
ciivetenie eo: vhiegdey eee godad eloakhts tle
gecceabewony ait fase HUE Ae VO yonebkees! wht Te eat ast :
boveuwy feos kuaysae ARWAD oc) do overtones 25 btog wr od ™
Ofef UW [ipt a) sh RL gokedRd to cmebiaeh sot cee oo: eal
» Bare ead dow Aiaerad deh bourne sotedal youll sy '
St Suteraued aid fomstae eiauh egtul outs nite netenele so a8 :
wi diewgh sh userebineri gfe oF boven ylisotvanctue conta “<teae .
,eloukesS wh wegad yeio se ge peely “as & aE SS .cgor
i att ootdtiew .ylasoledqeusn tech dese Gene ahve bes soca
a loomage wal coal eae Oormly off ,eelio se RIED OF: ome _7
LanQiaton ttt eid Sam SE: iciataalanied seaiae ot oesrdnes eit 3
EER of deyA u. (a3) eee, Lowen _
& behagces. aioe saw afd savek of Pacinewatade. AOD. exit mi] ;
Qouvigk walle sana esas Yiteb scaaech edt sk duo seom xoq OE 7
onendat i ee uy vac & Seaxgaon © he apes ant ei Sa 7
yeeeeais asset ov NG ares feet att giidaan ood tof oneal ;
a REDE BRATEALD extn SELON Sepals habaeeeeh oll ai Seevat aiiel 2

ee
2 gin® So Bos teguonce piteevouled At BL dade nail x9 doubseon’ @

rein gab. Oh BE a Natt peo Leg dmssoe mie Ru) sotnaatne a . 7 : | :
bextry evode grther wont we i sf ft sso toads & hea § . a .
Sep as steveneaibens eiauakeon dal essai £8 tat HRs aut oF Ha, oe ae >
atomeSEE esd SHOE BK ya at seteerotaee ata te vmment - yy -
a

toemtoes af? bevoaijec gator Mer stoddane et eae 3 ah
”

CTY OVE 90 AoE ox oct ar

og ghbRL 7 racaihi coenN B. SO Pe

Ne © (SEY Guat 2 vate

r.

7 1; is

38

ia yeferendun by @ margin of four to one.7? The strike continued
and Lewis took over the Tilinois negotiations.

Late in July, 1932, with the friendly intervention of
Governor Gansrson, Lewis renegotiated an agreement. while there
were a few minor improvements, the wage vabes were the same.
Again the miners indleated they would not accept auch a contracts,
The referendum took place on August 6, 1932, and the first
returns from about 100 locals the next dey showed a heavy
majority in favor of repudiation. On August 10, 1932, the
ballots vere stolen.”

lewis, conveniently ignoring the fact that duplicate

tellies were av@ilable at the locals, immediately

proclaimed a state of emergeacy within District i2.

Because of the alleged stealing of the balicte he

would have to act in the best interests of the

union. That seme day, August 10, he pronounced

the agreement retified and signed with the pro-

aucers. 97

The effect of this action was immediate and violest
Tareughout many parts of Lilinois men fought one another over
the wages and the right to retumm to work. The militant faction
vithin District 12 wanted to remain om strike in spite of the
agreement; less ascreesive ainers wanted money to fead their
femilies. Welker was caught between these two groups.

Throughout 1932 Walker attempted to steer a niddle course.
He condemned the actions of Lewis ang his gang, but he adaconished
the militents when they forwad @ dual union «= the Progressive

% The Illinois Miner, July 23, 1932, p. 1.
98 Ramnstein, The Lean Years, Be 374.
9F rpid., ps 37%

7

we

Mea a

oe Gig adie ao Wei 2 coo Ge ge og aelverreies ai
SRG Hoyos CORRE ech seed Aeod saa Bee

Ae SORES eboowa” od. hie se 2G et see
avead «La! ieeketage um bade Ldogeon coe a
1003, we wae eaden ee cle ,Ainemereugeal Cae Wo @ ee
teeter: a urs ageeok Jae Bivow -yotle tyeheot ok gyter eid obeys
gash add bom SESE 0 Saugoh ey soni y dood auibawueion eal
ee & bade yo} umes mt Bebo COE Tede etl eersse2
Odd RES! gil dhaxeaa 2f — ae ee owe, ok oteog ae
” sg.cagn tute gare Land

Dede Satie doak ori BAL Re a ehberal

‘“lotutieass ,MGon wis on Aicailaves ora teed

J. alae wmletiv qomeynwet Bu ooaits Be

au eofieads git te ankinewe bagelia adh “io eneonk

oud to avaegatas veal wi ms ioe oS ease Dabs

Woon eg ef 2.05 imaged .yno come Ga addin

sup wi ade Geode one ASS ides Guememipe aie

yk 2 BM pereys

Seeteky Bos aGetianom: sew mekdus. thiy te teeta age
Sis Gedeoes aso Tels ase awleekele be edwae woe Suoepeaeee
IDOSFHAE sauna’ ur Gt sates oF counos OF tees ach! Pra sour cele
ee at hgh 2 GaiNoe BO Glew OF ate GS. Sobel okdele
heey Beer of vec betray grain trigneieue: Reet ¢ Cae

UAL? Oot amend mooted Tee ser weeiey .eeli nat

Je of hedwuerte weche! GEG Geode?
<oncreuantte PAY oof soa ey > tea € “ Pose, nine (aS f a7 3 *.
5 ed a, Sod (eB Ws Yon elwiel Be Bae Pie Bia oat

av. ot ttmest owl! os aoe Cat & Semtaeh ead ace wtcote bin ads

MPF oe ‘eae kar if? presree) 3
a Re RRR coal
VE a a dea ay

Miners of Anexiea «= and broke with the UMJA. Hs refusal to
support; elither faction fiually cost him the Presidency, Although
he vas re-elected in the winter of 1932, in February, 1933, the
District 12 Kxseutive Board asked Lewis to establigh « provisional
government in Tllinede because of the chaos and financial wealmess
of the district. "The International wion assuned the District's
financial obligation of $225,000 and levis nawed Willian J. Sneed
provisional President to succeed Walker."% te thereby smffed
out autonomy in the most important bituminous district in the
nation aad eliminated Jom B. Walker's in‘‘luence in the WHA.

Bernstein, The igan Years, PP. 376-377.

ee Lamwties AR AMET orld ee aiid aot ee soboeet We apd
toedith w“yeseldawi wit ail teas ple one cee ods OTR
ait J EBR . ree wt SEE “Do wamiadw ocd” Ae Degen lpeae mane ox)
lacey & onl. dadae of Sheet, Galak ers ovlaecm Tf gotadaeh
Bee ALAS Bo ete ele apainoed ehh 2 ceeanunag
3 sina Oks MA LN bess Pi sess whe” «= gp WORE Ot hm
Ins ob made oomee Groot “bos GOO.ERRA 24 sso AERA,
ies aunts -gslercses ae. Ss oynt bese EABORRS at fh Sout Be om seme cord
alt 2 aheke ema ieetd rode Jace att wl yanctos aye

aS att oo. eet at cet ial JW sted: Pedendtie Bet mates

i
i
' eo
af
4 i j 4
— #
i abt By ;
, }
4 i
;
‘
'
‘
:

A STE-OTE ced Ree iat gt cohadeerent *

CHAPTER IV

SERVING THE ILLINOIS STATE FEDERATION
OF LABOR: 1913-1930

John H. Walker viewed his reform activities es only
one of his functions in organized labor. He also had a
sincere desire to better the status of all working men,
and to cerry out the programs and objectives of organized
labor. From 1913 to 1930, with the exception of 1919,
he was able to partially fulfill this desire through his
position as President of the Illinois State Federation of
Labor, (IFL).

Walker's major responsibilities as President of the
IFL incompassed 2 broader spectrum of activities than his
role in District 12 of the United Mine Workers of America,
(UMWA). He was charged with co-ordinating and leading the
organizational work of the various independent state unions.
He felt it was his duty to bring the message of labor to society-~
at-large, and to increase the ways and means of comniceting
with non-union people. He also believed it was his task
to educate laboring people regarding union principles and to
inform them of their rights and duties es American citizens.+
Finally, he was to serve the economic interests of trade wnion-

ists whenever possible. Since the IFL was as strong and vital

1 staley, IFL, pp. 1-2.

79

UK gaia

PAVE ABSES BONNY BTOKT TT wer oeryage | =H
eee any ciRe $k Maa: w ,

2 ¢ ito ees absiviiee erate: ald bowozv gerlaw sl net ab
BS tae scale of eae Sex inonte as san! sooutt gis By- sue
afen setae Lips tas aHeere ons tedyvot oy seibieats pete

fanimegrc Jo veritongds buss seas nre si od ras cat bas

wwies "bo coliqeoss add door ERE of ELel mot
eid tgs igs aise LER igenerees Oe Okts aa -
to noicsrebet otadh alontlis sid to soehiner! ae ab the

. 7 ety) a

ort to Grebsaest we asin idgenogao “Oren Brod Lah

ubd swt nabtivites to suatwous webuowd 3 & baamageoogt aor

“ee itoA To etmHECH sO Bette eld to ct dordan n2 ator

arid pettus fast guntshonabirto wou aia snaaaed aioe OE {e300}

sOnO lee BIRO saubasgebvit AITO 7 BO first i
apdeicoe od ieelet % aygsme et na pated of ee wes Bow tt ohs% all
wai ven temmes Bes) eRe: be agent v2 wasezsat iar ‘fem 8

dard aid sow #4 bowels ale aa 4 BAe om omits ae
as

“8 an pn Ss
7 . 7 fe
. ge, a
erat wane)

| a _

ne Oo wane

7

link in the Illinois labor movement when Walker assumed the
Pres&dency in 1913, his four major tasks were not as difficult
as one might suspect.

The IFL, however, had not always been the powerful
orgenization that Walker took control of in 1913. Its
history followed the ups and downs of organized labor at
all levels, end on more than one oceasion it suffered from
internal weaknesses and external pressures.

Originally known ag the Illinois State Labor Association,
the IFL was formed in 1885, one year after sixty-one delegates
from various trade unions met in Chicago, Illinois to promote
such an organization. In 1888, the organization affiliated
with the infant American Federation of Labor, (AFL), revised
its constitution, and changed its name.3 These actions were
insignificant at the time, because the growth of the IFL was
very slow.

The major problems facing the IFL in the 1800's were
internal politics end a lack of leadership. Although the
federation played a part in electing Governor John T. Altgeld,
it was dominated mostly by self-seeking men who cared little
about the strength or image of the cigeun mens.” Willian
C. Pomeroy's name was most widely associated with these
activities, and he was finelly expelled from the IFL by the
American Federation of Labor. The socialists, single-taxers,

Re Te re
“ Staley, 2 pe 47.
3 Ioid., Pe .

Ibid., pp. 86-87,

- " r .
‘Sod bonus ‘ealhen secu eevee tod: alon Sit wit ob.

Jie. if BB dor. ete adaed toi teh gun: 6 20S gd: yommb igor 4 i,
Lo a ANG eg ata OOO" we

7 7 ? - : ! ‘

ettconte fd weed aperhe dom bad cvowsiad FTL act? = . io

add: 84h ah Be detigas Mowe seoulary Sedin ——— '

$8 tedol. Saacaegeo- Te cava Ba ay eds gswollet wovent
revi Lerevive $f qoiysoud angcat? @zos x0 bee , whorl Ao
awndie wig Lessedns. bas cca we Semrtast
a soidatooaaa ROCAT Khe: asOnLiit: Qt Bap eral ylledinw® ey
gudageleh exuevdvba aadis. bey ago BE ak bool. wow Da alll
a a: oug OF abowhilt ogaokog’ ish “feu — #5 Bal aan Drea sort
bass pelisstcayw acs. BRD, ‘a: S.pobdas tongue or ue 7
bemivert: 2 (0H) edad De a0 kites nena, teste aly. ite 7
oAOW “chottad earl Lema es bapa ys ae. ai
pa MT act ko en aly sesniogd - ms acd dex fueotngbans rn :

wit ial ' ~gisiexetasl to oak & hes Ss Pe
“(atogstA Pit xorraved Siidakie At we a beyale : wee
aaa bose cal cet ee 3a ulegas ALee. Me ‘giana Safran aaa eH
“waRliae ere Enepye one sind ) syns “so digoorte, ond Jud 7
gents cad batatooe ae viohiw tor any OMeLt asa
oui we LET aa Nifean baltogxe 4 eee oa baa ’
be ee et nee:

moe ne |
rivat-otgete qedatietoos eit dai

: apts ie “tore | 7 a
; ;
Pie ’ : 4 >
1
$

sna other groups also caused interns). problew.? It was not
witil the turn of the century that the IML vegan to make any
significant gains within the state,

Daring the first twelve years of the tuentieth-centary
tse IL became a power in the labor movement in Illinois,
The organization's membership was incressed bringing about
& pronounced improvewent in the financial condition of the
federation, During this tise, officiale of the orgonivaticn
began to act os fulletime representatives of organized labor
in ILiineis, Factiouslign snd corruption vere ales eliminated
fvon the IPL, avi it began to achieve some of ite goals.4

In 1913, when Walker entered office, he declared that one
of his firet goals vould be to increase the membership of the
IFL through orgariving activities, During his first year in
office, be sent out circulars and spoke to local unioas
urging them to join the IfL. In Witt, Illinois, he helped
to bring warring factions of the teaasters local together,
and in Rersieburg, Zillsboro, and Chicago, Illinois he
ausieted local unions in obtaining agreements with ewployers.!

During the same period, Walker urged the formation of
city centrel bodies exd trades and labor coumeils throughout
Tllinois., At Centon, Royalton, Hillsboro, and Harrisburg,

7 Bogart and gigs Modern Casouvealth BY)
¢ Pp. 163-165.
@ Sealey, TEL, pp. 2
Convention 4 —

7 whirty-decoad Agaual
October 20624, 1914, Peoria, 8,
(ereatter cited as IFL, Proceedings, Oth. >

yo ins od aye RE a ld aon RE Ne aise ele a
Bsa ARID eS mesa, he

st :

Cuma imidso Me lb og we RENE Ole gales a =

— RIOOLEEY. 9o ootetrare weak alr ak “aero sess IE ot ;
Fo aaidylred beeen eo eimai 6 ake le cya SE _ |
‘2 ae alah ieee Sedaoe ) tale ne daweorcwyey manana

sii ance herpes and ae ehahakYiey jad wade oa rok
mocsd Renken “ist ice heriataile ai gelinhiok ex mea ot amgot oe :
candace atkins erbees ateobaageccimort bee. weLencitost, ae ;
9 eine adh te ARO SaeB RNS AMP RES! tie LARS at Cd

one Teil Seatlock at undies heeeee melita AGE A

eit to girder suid sanenen! of we Bowe Alnomy obAtS BLE Be 7
ak Sew Y Gye Bin pabeel ROARS Eber cegie aarti a | o* 7
“echo Leen <P lon ene make Sake deh ait GOES oo
heghet ot tdanlsh gavev af WAR AR hol Oo made cae - _
(HME Se, Eca enh yanets hoe Taubes anitiod @

oa BHONLLES yophndule fun poem A - SE 88 fo

y DRACO LPNS PROT R ATRERR GO alt siovasonan damt |B ’
ee ee aay sab
Sohwewrwid aire smal ues coche Go centet. Laban iui

, Meise rees des? 4 omediah he Hoey ascot ate Pe ;

| .

oASLAEBE wey de somnwmecents ge

_
:
=

racy ieee %1 ai
oe es
wh, ; { yee
{ as es ra

Illinois, he helped to organize elty central belles and locals
of independent labor watons.° At Weatville, where he lived,
WalWer helped to fort the Westville Trades and Labor Council
in eerly 1915. After the Camell was formed it perforasd
such duties as creating a retail clerk's: union, oppowing the
selling of non-union bread in the town, and organizing the
tou bekery. One of the Council's officials stated, “we
inten? te have every man and woman in Vertville who vorks
for a Living, cexvylng & union card, "9

“In mmny areas around the state Walker offered a helping
hand in order to gain the confidence and friendship of
laboring people, In the fall of 1935, he took an sctive hand
in, the Chicago Teachers’ union problem, and helped to prevent
its destruction, The Chicago School Board, by a vote of elaven
to nine, had adaphed » resolution denying teachers the right
to waintedn an American Federation of Teachers’ local. on
‘Geptesber 8, 1915, mase meeting was held to protest the
veaobution, Walker, John Fitepatrick, President of the
Chivago Federation of Labor, ada Seis) Gonpete wailé’ aneng
those vio made epseches.42 Later in the yoar, when the mayor
of Chicago, Wiliicn EH. Thaspgon, became involved in the
dispute, the IFL requested all ateilisted ustons to write
the mayor protesting the axti-union resolution. Mearly 300

ae eee Latter, Getober 2, 1915, po 1.
1G nsd., Seytenber 3, 2925, p» 2.
Seid., Gepteuber 11, 1925, pe 4.

~<
geunies %o ator & ed ome Level wage ths fount sethantes wa. -

t
nota |

nied tee exthon ulewlee ghke —_ ost ewe bal
ybevid ad gerade yalicodewtl 5, * ae patel: ey 2 4,

formant) coco Koma wexlviet® caldlir sateghe atts atgnk oa beset “wall ;

esregineoy oc here’ wat Landaa nes sae seit ‘bid ae i
veld paeO gtittaar of GRseco (ato Rouen Be neste - om

wid graces hes yams wit ab fost casement %& am :

ee oe eee _

adlsed? ae MEL ovo at mewn hom sme: core ore oF ok

|B yee: seat & geile soca quake & ot

wehetet 2 Pedale svelte otee eu) Pees stg ‘qt al | : —
2 @iaeheNE Dim eoneReD OA ce OP SOND A | :
once auton oa toot od: REG "Re ‘tbat efit <0. «algun jaa . +

does 1 bogies hae walsery bane iis anil exo ak - ao

De) wmeoat gadget sok dutooen a aie aieiainanel ueenlst: a
at OF const Agusta! “te ams asics sm ahetabam of
ie Gideon oo Bled wae gokoweRn en are oat & ani ’
wai Se deenh uae ekaieanagn dt sutee, sel! ceeba we
Been haar ereonmaty Sanacad fem (wOdat To ca
anggn! one sucht ean ool me medek A bhooogt) ome onto
“ak ie Bevdewnk weanbed erga Ns nathan
achione act aye hdur fenBALCAe ba, ie fons, UL aed woth

3k yore .antdedees nodear tte galt Gitesduny %

7

letters arrived on Thompson's desk." Eventually, the Board
rescinded its resolution.

In December, 1915, Walker attended an organizational
meeting for a teachers’ union in Peru, Illinois, speaking
on the benefits of = teachers’ union and illustrating his
talk with examples from the 1897 coal strikes?

The result of such activities was a tremendous growth
in the membership of the Illinois Federation of Labor
by 1916. Between December, 1915 and February, 1916 alone,
seventy-one local unions joined the organization making it
the largest of its kind in the United Gunnneet” Still, Walker
was not satisfied, and the IFL Weekly News Letter told the
working people of Illinois thet the federation's “full strength
will not have been reached until every eligible local union in
Illinois has become affiliatea.") The. fact that the LIFL
a@oubled its entire membership pleased valker, 1° but it did not
deter him from continuing to press for greater strength through
organizing activities.

In the Merch 18, 1916 issue of the IFL Weekly News Letter,
Walker pointed out that the opportunity for the working people
to become strongly eaten was excellent. He told trade

unionists that they should demand shorter hours, an increase

22 we ee |
TEL Hews letter, December . 1915, p. l.

13 Teid., December 24, 1915, p. 3.
Ls Ibid., February 5, 1916, p. 1.
Y -TBia., p. 2.
District 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1916, p. hod.

Seo etd yylLoate wid Seat a aaa, ae bovtma al
ctor -
; _sn0sdslonsr avs bop ; oe

Phas

favcideaioeese of bekuedsn TAY 5 2ERE i faci at z3 At.
getieegs .efopllil uae ot motley ‘ ‘ erecoaent # 40% soto
Bick guts vee RLS bia woloy ' ayedoset 2 kG sitieied aaa Ps
OF oxbeae: favs JRL ane wort aalgnaxe ddiy xles
‘rhwewy eanmoboement « eaw aektivises dove iG tama adit -
nodded 20 coLémieha™ atomkt{T oy Lo qhoewedmew otis bed “4
eaoake Ghyt - qeeptde% Dew eres _Aeeewoud semiteg .afel yd
dh geidas solduntoon 1c std beatet, Bese Leis Legos BOI avOR
medivk £008 *“,sotadh Retin edd ni Sotd ait te dacwush edt :
oid Bet yeddal awok gles UU edd fon ,SoQeider don aad
tigecsta Lfyt" a’ cottesetin? edd godt @taatill co wlquey yattsow * 7
at neki feood eldtpiie yarws Lida hedene: seed vad ton iliw

HO otis Seid Fost vat Sho petabe rye omcaed Bad elooklsy

jou bth a& dud “ xeatay tewsolg gidertedmun vabsae abt bakdie —

figuouit Mgqeute ustssg TON coos OF gubsmidoom cewd mid aston ;
| | nek ey Looe atnbanac

csedded welt Yeo GUL add lo evagl OFQt 8s ioset ssid ak a ;

BgoRy - galisoe eis ao yitbe SISHGO edd Sans dao beenton “t

i

vf

ebat? Mot af .scallosxe saw ‘aaa aan 7 oe
exe nd

Lag GGL ,.L0 vodmeoet? oe
+f “a eee 6S Ze

art © ‘ei

in pay, Saturdays as half-day working days, and the establishment
of the safest and most healthful conditions in industry. He
went on to say that, "The organized workers should insist on
these things. Getting them will mean giving the strongest kind
of incentive to the unorganized to come into our ranks, .,.."1!
Whea the United States entered World War I in 1917,
Walker recognized that some enemies of organized labor might
attempt to use the war as an exeuse for curtailing the growth
of the 7 Because of Walker's war efforts, however, the
I¥L coatinued to grow until the depression era after the war,
when the labor movement throughout the country received a set-
back. For a brief period in the early 1920's the federation
suffered a decline in membership, but quickly made up this loss
and by 1927 topped its previous record high of 193,000 members. 1?
Walker approached the problem of organizational work, with
all of its ramifications, from another aspect. He understood
that labor needed to educate the general public regarding its
economic policies, ites legislative goals, and its political
beliefs, and he felt an increased dissemination of this type
of information would make the organizational tasks of the trade
unions less difficult, possibly bringing about a better under-
standing between labor and the general public. He began to work

on this problem almost as soon as he took office.

IT TPL Neve letter, March 18, 1916, p. 1.
Lo Ibid., April 6, 1918, Pe 3.
19 staley, IFL, p. 315.

75

|
srsmlatiduies uit le pyes gadives wpa he GAB 1

af yitRutod uh aneLetinwe Loidasaes doom han sootae edd Yo

no dadart Sino e oumbenwe ex Lingno “one” pare “ea of 60 dns

boil vararouts wi guviviy seu file meds coed) sagaldy

ane +o g@apie use boot mmo ese Deo Raciossecs ar ne ot evideeont 7

ePlGE of T oak Gime oonpdier aii Batlle wee ary

Jigs: npg Sorina, a Ro selaage —_ reas aelabis ’

diver sft siitacwe a0 GaueKe oe Bf cow a sae aces

Sue ade vO —

iat odd teste ome mlenengeb ed Ligeu vox; od bommitaos 7

aud) ,tovowod ,oouniie tew 3’ xedLaW te. aamost,

“#80 8 Devioos: yavawoo ode Jucigwesss inomiveor Gs ade cect 7
hohe. ee at Ot “inve au? at fetyeg tacad © eT whos

. supe elas gy shen ysdohup dud .gidewedame 1. osliseh s cama

4, erocininn OOO, G0 te cigéd feecosy BROAW ats mda Dee yee ud bas

tie hsow Jae ties byes FO eet doris ole Os em age wenidon if ;

hoodatsiesy oh . ssogha “pidens swre’t eo iveostined att 0 bho =

as gucbvages vlideg Aasenyy eat adage tie Gy babeaa weoml susta

dagiditog att has ,aleog witalgiges aol ,secpcapg aime

| egy Bice te soldaekoomasd bermevent oo tie% af fan a

eheud odd kr adeed Estos cage ale $2 dKs Bi ad fy Shaeree 0 a

ceasaT Re) aatted & guads gaitaaled widened adfare FS be —

240 Od aagod ah, .ahlcay Laxvoneg, ast bas ‘woidok npsuied

_ s088to alood of es 7 as tina

wh ale” a
sua 8

7
, : : :
- _
all - .
ts . i ae 7
a q en y i mT
its i : 7.
jie ny em

76

fhe first task was to establish an official publication for
the IFL which would keep the entire membership informed of labor
activities around the state. When Victor A. Olander, Secretary
of the IFL, suggested a weekly newspaper Walker agreed, aad the
I¥L began mailing such a letter to every iocal ia the state,
whether it was affiliated with the IFL or not.“° This news-sheet
rapidly grew from a one page printed circular to a four page
paper, and a subscription rate had to be set up. There were
2,500 subscribers around the state by 1921, when the IFL
dyvopped the subscription basis and took the cost of the paper
out of the general fund in order to reach all of the affiliated
locals. As late as 1925, the Illinois State Federation of
Labor was the only organization of its kind which furnished
@ weekly information service of this type."

Walker was not content with the success of the IFL Weekly
Hews letter, however, and wanted to help establish an adequave
number of independent labor newspapers which could print
labor's view on issues. He continually called for support of
this type of newspaper fron laboring people around the state,

therefore, and always asked the delegates at the IfL conventious

20 Staley, IFL, p. 329. In referriag to the IPL News letter at
the District 12, UMWA, Convention in 1916, Walker told the
delegates; “It is true that it is not a very large paper,
but it reaches, to the extent of one or two or three copies,
every local union in the state of Illinois, not imiy those
thet are in the State Federation but the organizations that
are unaffiliated as well, And while it may scem from a
financial point of view to be hardly fair to send the news-
paper to the local unions that do not subseribe for it, I
attribute mich of the sentiment thet has resulted in
orgenizetions coming into the Stete Federation to the
information that has been disseminated through that
Newsletter, ee aa District 2, UMWA, Proceedings,

1916 >» De 405.
Gl gtaley, IL, ps 329.

oF

wit gO0s8eo Lf day intoMte ap ditidaves od to¥ wes? SHEET od

“our to Saeietat qhdeveins: ealdae edd qeol Stvow dokde
ctacew- of ,vobal) «4, xodolY mbt waite afd fuses sevinetoda
add om ,fewny vedlaW sogagavan poets bessopgve . TED wld 2
wade sdt of Iecel yreve od sedsat a dove guilism seged JI
tootle-ewen eit “Sy yon to PUL aid dtiv Bedvil Tia sew ot ‘teddesv
aRay Wet 2 oJ waluotio bedetty omaq eno a soul very ylbsqen
orey grail .qes doe od oF Bed etes colichivtese & bas .cegag
At, sus osdta .i8Qt qd edave ese dow: erodtoedva 003.8
“eqag ed te gaco edd doo! ins wteed waldgivesdsa eat Seqqoth
pmoticsys add to Lie domex of teBao at bowl Loxvesey oft Lo asx
so pGidevobet etat@ eatcatiiy ode ,6985 as etal af .ainool
betiglovat doidw babi edi to coliestemyao yico one aaw xoded
al syed eit to eolvyse soldat ylateow a
gistestt 22 Lit sag TO BaSOUE viet tiiw Jastues ton eaw usdiew

atugpeike ab cadideiue gled od hevuar haw ,«ovevud .meddel aysil

deiig tiwoo feide guegeraven wodal umebemyehat to xedousc -

to dsvyouo 102 belies gilauaiivos OE .seuaai oo Wety a! etalon
~xtede edd Graves alqooy geksodsl moth socaynven te egyt aids

ammivcevace DY ay oo potagateh oft betas ayewia bas \ridleredd

aa sgitel swell GEN welt ot gatmetes oh «OR. 1d ad akase.

eid Bios SSuteW AIRS ek cottaeviced aul. ok gobmtew edt 7
sogay ogiah YKeV 2 dea Bf GL Jagd creat ak of" jaodagated — 7
,BVigeo wotes vo od 4O ano to dostae edd oF ,gotenet Sk dunt

oRodsy yluw a RbonhhtT Lo ovade odd at rarns Looe yrove:

oh ok Fst phere gid tye cotioseAst ode oot ak out ded
FS macs yaw tt all bet ew ao baveti st tear om

=own sid beg od sisi yibted od ot wely bo cntog Astomenkh

iL ai ol sddvoedes dos of daly amelie opine L cit ot sci
cl tactime: asd Jedd jreciines wit io Aas edad!
edd oF poltsxebel siat® odd oJud acimry cooddas lac
jadd dawned betesinoaash seed a! ond wold
tC ynthessort AMG Bf vocadedd ere

7
a =

to urge the members of their locals to support local lebor
papers.

In 1923 the concern over the establisiment of labor
newspapers developed into a debate among the IVL Executive
Board Members. Some of these members were in favor of
establishing a state dally newspaper, while others, including
Walker, were still convinced that the IFL should simply en-
courage the creation of local labor papers. The opinion of
the President carried, and the Soard endorsed the latter policy.
This was unfortunate, for there were many problems plaguing
these small labor newspapers.

Por one thing, most of these newspapers printed “old”
news which wes neither interesting nor informative except to
a@ narrow audience. This was because the papers were weeklies
rather than dailies. In addition, the subscription rate for
these papers was relatively high beeause the circulation was
email and the cost of printing expensive. Advertizing did not
help to pay these costs, since labor papers would not accept
eévertisments for non-union goods or businesses. There was 8
shortege of advertizers also because the papers did not reach
a wide sudience “3

As late as 1927, it was admitted that the problem of
establishing an independent labor press wes not solved, and
attempts were mate to study the situation."' welker wrote to

ae IFL, Proceedings, 1924, pp. 399-406.

23 staley, iFL, yp. 338.

a4 Forty-fifth Annual Convention Proceedings, IFL,
September 12-18, 1927, East St. Louis, Illinois, p. 119.
(Hereafter cited as IFL, Proceedings, 1927.)

& iin
socal to Snamieti¢deves adit mee evconoe afd FRQE AT 7

wisunod LST oo canes sdedeb a ode. Seqaheven moc Pa
“OVE ot ew wieder egy Io ened ,amectse’ pra
ot Gilont ,evadty alide .coangewed Vitel odade 9 auidehiéagrae
«oo wltwls hisdla Wat eht dedd Seoetraco Cons whet tellay ;
‘to sotekge eS sacks todal fomet io cutvawrs aa saan
ee yoitey taddel eit hessebus Brent 969 bios sporti toobloott exit . 7
“ porugelg weal cong wots oper oumely “SU .“ansohay sae wie : 5
sevecsyswer ~“soal Dike execs _
“Bio” Bade susqmpves seeds bo gear ynouid ome eee -
od dqbsus wy hiatal moe pebtemedht waddten sew domdw seal
gehiblesy evcev exaqcir ond sagseed ge ah .soneiine vera 2
20% eter molighivedyl oft .nokdibbe ai. oRtaiNb edd redder

sew nokdnfeotto edd samaoed’ Point es & ueridaten aa meogey eco

Jom bLY guksidcvOS orieaegae yaltikig ic daoe edd fee Liao
igsonm tee Aisow sreqey coda volta .adeon seed yaq oF eer

& ey Sued? abanentad te abcon fohhe-ron cot dines tan he

iat

tak

“G wabdarg ov - a Sete die, imei wes en ee

od wiwew watisoti iS, cusichoud bs Ren at athe be

ih,

20k-eet a0 A8@E «Speke
i - OEE aQ
FUE apakhepocst nodgowrey Cus g

weed, peed estoutitt 4 Gh ak SSE aw erbes LBS
(TOL , apnsiooon 34 pth. ax ada sot

78

the editors of labor newspapers throughout Illinois, approximately
twenty-two in mumber,°? asking them to suggest how the IFL might
help them. The replies of these editors Indicated that the
greatest concern was still the matter of meeting financial
obligations, and most editors asked the IFL to urge trade
unionists to patronize the advertizers in labor papers and to
subseribe to these papers. These requests were passed along
to the 1927 IFL convention delegates by Walker in his Pres-
idential Report ,-° but from a realistic point-of-view, the
attempt to create a strong and active labor press had failed.

Although Walker failed to establish as vigorous an
independent labor press as he wanted, there was still another
means of reaching the general public and the laboring people
of the state. This was through the medium of public appearances
and speeches by the officials of the IFL. Walker was a strong
proponent of debate and public discussion of labor matters. He
was continually urging locals to hold public ueetings discussing
labor's goals and policies, particularly oa Labor Day.”*

Walker set @ good example for other IFL leaders and the
menbers of affiliated locals regarding this policy. In 191%
‘alone, he addressed over 200 meetings in the interest of the

29 Forty-courth Anmial Convention Erocesdings, IFL, Septeuber
13-18, 1926, Streator, Illinois, p. o%. (Hereafter cited as

IPL, Proceedings, 1926.)
IFL, Proceedings, 1927, p. 208.
TfL News letter, September 8, 1917, p. 1.

26

a : _
“ ; a _ “

. | Gotan <SHOELILE Sura axomeqno” rosin 0 12085
stot, ro ce 8 and Gti if toeyges oe wee nia ae ik SP

7 : :
isiousali yittous to vedtauw uly dios sew gupogoy du

SSE aggre Co LT walt pa las aie hbo TAOS! HOG we

od Dit etoweg todgel al utetiovedle ask! ativerwag of &

: pmb JME Dy Ce EvaouPeZ SET .cerne, weeis Gr adl

“aeroN elas ab veolial yt eapepeled soc ison aX TSE wad
Ss .Werveto-vaioy Sidecar 8 mow ter! 8 qe adh fake

ela ai Gaeig Yodak evilgs fge nwoude = edagdo GF tqu ,

a2 Rnigiv ae Kedocatun ot bebbos cet ia summa _

caries fica aay oied! .bodaw of an anos sedat sansa tend =

_ alesey gntvedak wit ban olidug Lexmney odd putuasex te. i

| BOON QIS oifds,; > wvthben add cigemeld asc cle? Lia, oihe 3

Beda 6 ase crebliais Pst ats Re afateivio ols Cres tae
a 7 ie .wietdax uodal io cotaaucal oy Bass. seb We, SHanI0g

oe gifegire) agetvecn gildeg Mad e¢ alaual satya <ineterain

: - - YS ge eidut Bb: yiataiavituag (getoileg Sas, coan at ova

ids es estobael SU xeddg 20% alqnane imag & see dot hi. gene

| EIGL ck uehlog «hid gaihungen eoese. sare LIM oo to ae ses a
ent to dsoustak sie ne ayatdeer O08 cove baneerbbe. gat abe

: 7 f 7 Hs
aedmedyes (TTL neni bpersy! ootdne
ses pare aioe ule

ta Sorts * veatannat }

ae , i aTSet dyer

a | _ 0d, =" vee ve oe

7
_

oe a

19

trade wnion and the co-operative movemsnts. Among these meetings
were three legislative conventions of the railway brotherhood,
a meeting of the locomotive engineers et Chicago, a farmer's
state convention, a state convention of the bricklayers’ union,
end a. mecting of the gteam and operating engineers’ woion.”°
He was such a strong advocate of communication between the
representatives of organized labor and non-union people that
he once even accepted an invitation to speak at Harvard University,
at Felix Frankfurter's request, ia spite of the long distance
he had to travel and the nwnerous duties he had to perform
as President of the IFL.°?

When Walker ran for President of the International UMWA
in the fall of 1916, he resigned from his position as President
of the IFL, in accordance with the laws of the IPL constitution.
James F, Morris, of Springfield, Illinois, who had been Secre-
tary of the IFL from 1901 to 1913, was nominated and elected
without opposition to the vacant post, when Walker failed to
win the office he was seeking, Morris asked leave to withdraw
and the Executive Board of the IFL requested Walker to continue
in office. This arrengement was approved by the IFL convention
an 1917,2° It resulted in Walker being in office when World War
I began.

Walker's activities during World War I, and efterwards,

serve as an excellent example of how he felt about educating

Steley, IFL, pe 325.
ne Walker to Felix Frankfurter, Mareh 13, i920, Walsor Papers.
ie)
3° staley, IFL, pp. 311-322.

. —
apniveon saotkt gaund - asic wise ee) suit fine soe aban
beoctodtons yawLion att te weoudnownes ov Seda lye ouils eT.
4 ae et we tyke ds weentgne tyiduwonl sat neon é
,volmy ‘aseyaliaise wit To SEIN SOD BCs & emadoreneas
Of sc hey * Oia Loe mbes hay mers oad Yo peridoom a
aid neerrog sietioumes 2 Teh slip it: Bouse S Spee alien!

dest aiscey BOLAN-nos Tes wodae bea tarot Be seaetomte ;
,iouwsriel free 4s deage of rolte@iviil. sa Sonqeope mews sen | a
oomAtekh gaol eid Yo sthen of (deemper a sceeuivdinendt niet ca a
- eNotieg ad Gai ad eeldyh. guosecuim te Dew tis bag od 7

RP vei gate 0 see cee ra

AMY Losohusnetal add to duebseevi mot sae ‘edthent cos ae -

avi Lees’ Ga, MekdLary abst cont imag? ears ae (ALL: to. Lhe td pow
ieligtidase: TR occ 2s ewa..cdt asi soushsosws 26 ol ete te :
«gtoeG geet Bod oie akomLeld chieiigannge tg <ttetald x cnet
heteats fino Hodeckaod eer i@l at nas EE: wt aod DO eth
od dolink welluy sti idea denaar ay o@ mae bwonge: dan
artic Se <a srool Blas ehtsek ~gidtook ase or a seid ate
nuiidaoo od syed bovseupen TEE afd Go beet Sy Kiso _ ris.
am he oew sou ra Sit ed bevowggs ses duane: Mai EE
oO filwes net tole ok peied ended Bi hoei seen Jt ei jet: &
—- : 15 om: 3a
sours bea ,T sak ania pentten sateevnson een _
auhtenuho. doch tie acl “wot 26 absense Seas eu ms ea ote

ee

80

trade unionists in their rights and duties as members of society.
The labor union movement, in Walker’s opinion, was an instrument
of sdécialization as well as a means of improving the worker's
status, and a constant theme in Walker's speeches and activities
wes what the individual leborer should end should not do as a
citizen of the United States.

America's entrance into the First World presented Walker
with @ major dilemma. As 8 socialist, he was opposed to war,
and felt that he should give his own life rather then submit
to @ compromise of this principle.?+ But in 1917, he realized
that the trade union movement would be called upon to aid in
the war effort, and if it did not help it could well injure
itself and the people it represented. Walker broke with the
Socialist Party's policy of opposing the war, therefore, and
followed instead the lead of the AFL in supporting the var."

When Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois appointed Walker as
a member of the Illinois State Council of Defense (ISCD), he
immediately accepted the position, which came without any
reimburseuent for the time or work involved.93 The ISCD was
formed at the request of Newton Baker, Secretary of War and
Chairman of the Council of Netional Defense, the parent body
of the state Councils of Defense. It was organized to

3 district 12, UMA, Proceedings, 1913, pp. 103-105.

32 gtaley, IFL, pp. 346-347.

33 Wiliam T, Hutchinson, Lowden of Illinois: The Life of
Frank 0. Lowden, vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1957), p. 345. (Hereafter cited as Hutchinson,
Lowden of Illinois.)

8 a ne

vie (oo In atcadwan ae: aeldw Bees adaty ie shot ne ecabesarar 5 ey
7 : _ :
Jmiant ne aay ikedee a seal 1 Socatvor sotig cadet eae
: 7 ,
e shove suit viivewgedt Dé eoseiy a we Thew ge Peete x
agidly Léon bio’ sevomeus a sscthett at oeuarty Seared: & bes cess ‘
g ap ob for Bipods Som btiada wereodel Labbe cond ene tede om

| BROMO Gatest? ake kor nein:

“peel ae heteunees hice Sane saad dad Ng vertices eae ee

“ont oF borjoyo uv of ,owhiabooe # wa sonal iO wohem-e ce

ie nots xerdtas. ot wo etd ewhg Miote.ed gery alot B .
genttows od pics aa ait 9€ ecgteaing atts to fateeagen Bo ra?
Std bts Gd mogy bella: od Oflwow doumeron neko aban ete vets .
serial fier Sinvos of git dom inth- _ Gs Base ~ Sarat Pd a
ms Sie adored rentals betaononyet #E abigowg sekr ase “ian ——

| Had petawhettld xe add qabeogdy to Yoke; otydune debatoo® |

BE vei ent paisrogg.a ac THA a Bo. ‘the: seg Seeonianl |

7 re. oe 7
ace a
ve J

93 YIWla bodaboque niondtet ¢ to — seit Bena AD soc
28 CGT) seceiat “ups Fkemod seme aiuabis: 2 saad Ie ote

,
an)

3 aaiods ir — eto ale “naidinei ond besaonns %
eae AK ania € poxtovat: tov 0 eadd old 20%”

batch Sasuage ld, ence Lanes 8 ‘toes00 a ta 7
ws pon thao ied at , senate ae Sinead aad

cot
¢ rn 7 5 Ae oa : - ae ne = a 7 f ye ee
P de

eokméok 9 te guntbesbost Alene. cht ie

\ paca an GH

“ia ) iat 9 ht. Y Telos sus 6) Avie

omeoleo * tig a Daee SOU Sayin Lone OY cel
wocaksosul as basin: ould = we

ae
yy a, Sra ace

81

oversee every conceivable war activity, to collect and dissen-
inate inforustion regarding the war, and tio help to wake up
Tilinoisans to the meaning of the vinnestt Samel Insuli of
Chicage was eppointed Chairman, while fourteen others vere
appointed to subsidiary positions.°°

Walker was also a meuber of the group of trade unionists who
called the convention forming the American Alliance for Labor aad
Democracy, held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in September, 1917.
The Alliance urged that organized lebor follow a policy of
unity of action and loyalty to the federel and state governnents.2°

Finelly, Walker served as a mamber of President Wilson's
Labor Mediation Commission and was instrumental in settling a
aunber of strikes across the country.°! He worked to settle a
copper stxike in Arizona and a dispute between workers and the
Pacific Telephone Company on the west coast. In the state of

_—..
Hutchinson, Lowden of Illinois, p, 345.

39 M. E. Jenison, War Documents and Addresses, vol. 1 (Springfield,
Illinois: Illinois Stete Historical Society, 1923), p. 122.
(Hereafter cited as Jenison, Wer Docuscats.) Yulker served with
the following figures: Samuel Insull » president of the Common«
wealth-Edison Company; J. Ogdon Armour, president of Armour and
Company; Dr. Frank Billings, representing the medical pro«
fession; Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen, representing women's committees;
B. F. Harris, benker and farmer; John H. Harrison, newspaper
editor, Danville; john P. Hopkins, former mayor of Chicago;
levy Mayer, representative of the legal profession; John G.
Oglesby, lieutenant Governor; Victor A, Oleander, Secretary-
treasurer of the IFL; David E. Shanshen, Speaker of the House
of Representatives, fifieth General Assembly; John A. Spoor,
Chairman, Union Stock Yerd snd Transit: Company; John P. Hopkins,
who died Octeber 13, 1915, was replaced by Roger C. Sullivan;
ang Charles H. Wacker, Chairman, Chicago Plaaniag Commission;
Pred W. Upham, president, Consumer's Coupany.

36 Staley, IFL, p. 347.
37 Ht News letter, April 13, 1918, p. 1.

Ae . oe

>

weenetp Ooxs dost les exit yl byl ahWt atin xeon ITs. £aEoYD
q way od gin ey Dat . wow et srznge Liddagretas sauaait
aS Jha oeem®, ne eis IO gona ae OF tae
yom BXUETo Lee oLiiw . co hed Saitones ant sonnel
e anobekeog waalbiacve of fadn los ae
ot sdnkve ins sderd Lo gat y wud Fo tenet © ols aoe OA
ais caste wok emnadiis, goss need, cate, yaliernoll ooLosweinga Make ities
-7iGl .wodaetgeg ac .inaouodl .eifogronnty al Efex eaeroceet
ie yoheq = eniiel uedsl fosimague decd bogay eopetile oD
ot, -BORAUEVOL shads fase, Lanett ant ay eo Largnu. has Saetoe to ytooae
Powelin gesslsesk kG wecmes a ab davon alo wyilee
& guhtaton uk Letueasstend saw bas ceieatiecd noivahiet yodal
% aiddee oy Ouizau .ef TO wetaeaag ele. HROrSS wdlinds so ns
ant bam avetaw posted etugaih 6 boa soogiul m. adtcde ee
iy ehede eat et eee, Jaew: oo EN cece OP ead

ned

hae a sRSCAEA 2S toes, oeabiee

oecwtes oy a ar BeBe: . bas etn cate <7 a
SEL ag ea. wwoloes a a PPielice. emeoe Ut,
Elk « PELE Wea! ie bio “208 2fOUSse ae botlo inde Gory
Sasaiuainhda arid <2 ons Serene. ead Gan’ Lexmed) : iii ced ariveligd: we

‘fae ter.’ “ao unbteeng rena webst 6G pymiygme ibe sancti ¥
wong Jealbes sue gaddconesger eres incr wal ke
Richa al seme gett ewes “sig 708 vk AgeneL . ae {HOLaRE a
“eee ,ccnlvead 2 ait peesed Bus vealed poanak 48 8
; 4 Meigs eet Cae a 6 KYA Fbeagencial 4 aitdgnlt @ : ie i! freely
of uth amokeadlingg Segud ont to owed hod ROBE IEE Lye
wuiosas3 puheet .A todolV cnenwyed vaaastoell oa.
SRLOR sai’ “3 Ket Nee 4 aeeingenh 1a ®. aay SMS AO VOR TEE
ssOugs, wA cel. 5 pfdtanweh fone) 2erheh: .aevihedacm bs
cangspor 24 music’ -eENpOD eiesest bra bx sed wai 3
etter ca Oo teno oS Beaalges ecw 8 efi tocedom
SREPELTOD y gesbain ogeetad .aennrted eapatoa: i aes
_ tess +.) ee seabuens, satge

7. | aang, ee
ae oe = Rei iat L evs

_

ee

Washington, he was involved in negotiations in the lumber
ladustry, while in Illinois a strike between the packers and
the food manufacturers was averted with his heap.2°

Walker's acceptance of these responsibilities during war«
Gime did not silence the crities of organized labor in Illinois,
but it did leave them standing @ weak ground. in an April,

1913 speech before the United States Senate favoring the Sedition
Law, Senator Lawrence Y. Sherman of Illinois, stated that Walker
was, among other things, the “arch disturber of law and order

in five states . . .” while he was in Iliinois, but in Washingtoa
D. C. “he wreps himself about with santimonious patriotism.” 59
It was the wrong thing to say. Qutraged protests came from

all over Illinois, and Governor Lowden, seemingly as a rebuke,
appointed Walker as the Illinois delegate to a convention en-
titled “Win the War for Permanent Peace" held in Philadelphia,
May 16-17, 1918,"

Walker also hed problems with the socialists because of his
position regarding labor's role in the war effort. At the IPL
convention in 1917, he was severely criticized by Edward A. Wieck
for his part in helping to organize the American Alliance for

Labor and Democracy." Later in the year, Adolph Germer, Secr>-

38 Staley, IPL, p. 349.

39 TFL News letter, April 13, 1918, p. 1.
Toid., May 4, 1918, pp. 1-2. Qne trade unionist wrote of Sherman,
62 he cliubs the dunghill for the purpose of spattering md
on Jack Walker, he seeks to harm & man who has more friends ia
Iliinois in a day than Liarry Sherman could gain were he to live
until the end of time and live the live of a saint.”

“1 Staley, IFL, p. 347.

-
eh wus tomo sagen Th few oved aay sit exit |
hat neeioey act ASR eR adinde “8 bone? 2X eed Lele “veesteat,
her aid dite serve ten ousis coho Meeh <
“iow qodauh abil levees scold De oomahgsonn gp ' ntnliwe s ~
ALLEL ih sotel fertorgte ke enktiep, ode sogedier Domesday -
: ;
eng 8 EE. ear aloe at it borate pass iad DE Fi en —
HCI as widest auned eocese bevent on 2 ince de doseage & fer. -
roa how Sede uss 2, wlOGeASE: Lo: wanes 4Y sonuswed sovane® yaad

Ueaino Bas vad to tecwemsh dove ei (eyoted nedde oom paw

. oe :
moo galiOsy ak dud, eloghiet al oe sretawa". . 2 -eoteve ebe ae :
oF a a ae Xs
~ £ BOLL ROM LouRe ator duodn lees agen oH 4 AT
_

north Bien adantony bogerdwO .yeacme gains sony ead pew SL

a — a

SauaR: 9 a Ypilinees, naiwad womtevEs bee otmebGGl wereukia a,

1S Soliant -a, ot pdageled eloaLlie els, es qublay beontoqge 7
poeany sab “eames dmeuaarebl tact <call eels sogeit
yal | ms oe TEU BE sya

mat hes smgeae! StehLeRouR. ety ag te anergy od opta < ventdathl 7 _

HSE, wide SR: sate spurts ¢ efona' ideal gckoweges bbe:
HOGER («A Sapa oh tessteoans aka new a cit * oe

m2 =e i F Lad a PeRiont

fot oe tH woes cnt tid ge act a ar
PS BR Re: PE Sgt Say cts eid ve Lf rahe

Fo porineet ORS My “ Pes: on wy ‘A

ay gg wl Obed baeny oe ‘gees “eam Ned er: & ‘ ‘

. oo" pa HRs & ho ern mie wuyg Ln ie Chel el $5, a

83

tary of the Socialist Party and long-time friend of Walker,
exchanged a series of emotional letters with the IVL Pres~
ident regarding the war. Germer criricized Walker for joining
hends with the capitalists in the war effort, while Walker con-
demed him for aiding the enemy in thought, if not in deed, by
refusing to support the United States’ efforts in time of vers"
Walker's many activities Curing the First World War may have
helped to save organized labor in Illinois from receiving a
serious setback, It is conceivable that the war hysteria which
was directed toward the socialists and Germen imuigrants in
Illinois might just as easily have been used against eer if
Walker hed aligned himself with the socialists and attempted to
ebstruct the war effort through his office. Governor Lowden was
not readily sympathetic to those who opposed the war. "In his
vieuypuehtiem-aietores 1tele trem awyaity’.°s):°"9 semer
Gompers took the same attitude. He told the convention of the
American Alliance for Labor and Democracy that “slackers and
pacifists merited nothing but denuneiation. If Walker's

feelings about the war hed differed with these men's feelings

ue letters exchanged between Walker and Adolph Germer, October,

1917 to January; 1918, Walker Papers. See Appendix C for a
more detailed description of the controversy and exercerpts
from the detters.

43 Hutchinson, Lowden of Illinois, p. 379. See also Bogart and
Mathews , The y Modern © Comnonvealth, pp. 478-461. =

a Hutchi®son, Lowden of Illinois, pp. 362-363.

ee i ;
. ‘ _

salle So Sandee eye t ate) on Tah akoet a

a

Hoi’, ' Tn aid 2Ghie wtedsel £ Lmnoeiome ae aukwos a eas

ageulal, wot & ented ied bo cabs See gan wot ee romagars 2

7
opon Toll ak: afte preotioorww, thy nib hitn dtegee on? chiw eae a
os
vo ,deeb gh goa ls cogent wk yous lati gethie seh ala berg 7 ;

"ye ep a ;
. ne fo entd oh sadvdkho ‘setaed Soothe add dvegque of gakeston : —_

each vee veh! Siero WEED edt gained eebdteiies quem al wediew :
# guaviewet mort alomilit ab sedad isiapintaaea 2
“fy i auiedengt sew ond tat > caWReeee 2 eT toweten DRO a
at adasriionsnl seueeoDe tem sta hiboos. dele SSE bewtoorth. ee
Lt Wider Panlome” balay aise! oud yiises ex doul, Oipie stones 7
ot Bédenndts: Aes Bom Le Lee. ais dhtw Diwan! Aemy ihe dont eile
ak? Seb teen saedtBe abe dquo teio sw eat mercado
ee’ a? Gaui Sue Besogqne cule sends oF otvodtieemeogiioaer cl

t t ~_ a
Dayana chy + YUyeleth worl sh bee TL Sina. 3

oe ye
i

aii “vs Sokduavgon eid Sled ak Lopaaihan ate ett doot 2
Stites? tle yoewwins) lseowad dos cope lta mendes
og? eel Un #8 oases: oes ‘apd nysbrtttog dase
apolar 9" ames @e@Ns datcit eee Rant os i stié Sanat: Baga pene

State Saunt igtoba Btus aoe —— bageniioxe we
gs sO 1) Beak Coe perro ope Lead 4 Oler whee ae
ehyprooiane ne keene ad "hy ated Giapaen Sei leted

a fl ~ iene onl

bis eaogee vats 968 VE. yay ae os P .

eer io

there most certainly would have been conflicts in the Illinois
rabiaati mannan"?

Again in 1916, Walker's attempt to win the Presidency of
the UMWA caused him to resign as President of the IFL. George
Le Mereer and Dancen McDonald, two prominent ieaders in District
12, ven for the office. McDonald was elected by a vote of
39,767 to 35,502. Walker was asked to continue to represent
the I¥L in Springfield for the remainder of the 1919 legislative
session, and he agreed to do PO In the 1919 IPL election,
he ran agaiast MeDonald and defeated hin.

During the year that he was out of office, Walker embarked
upon a campaign to help establish a permanent peace. He believed
strongly in President Wilson's forme, and througs the help
of Senmel Gompers he became a speaker for the League te Enforce
Peace, This group vent on an extensive tour of the United
States in the summer of 1919, advocating that the Versaille
Treaty be signed by the United States. Walker rather bluntly
told an audience in Queha, Nebraska, “'This peace treaty must
‘be eigned at once and things mst settle dava.'"#7

1S Bogert and Mathews, The Modern Commonwealth, p. 462. The
authors state: "Organized labor was regarded by many as a
potential anti-war factor; yet labor made one of the
significant contributions to the winning of the war. With
labor leaders egreed that the working classes throvrhout the
world were apposed to war, it was no small task which Jon
H. Walker, Victor Olander, and their followers essayec. waca
they undertook to demonstrate that the cause of the workers
ean not best succeed under en autocratic government and
‘for that reason the Kaiser must be defeated'.”

46 Staley, IFL, p. 3il-312.

“1 IL Hews Letter, June 7, 1919, p. 1.

aeracSed af .onaeq dasseueey 2 dadidades glad ad mpiegmns w nog

_
- a
aa eh AT old ok aio LiSanoe Besa. naa ie eaueeD Ios
i ee ie: & enn OK
IQ Gore aes cls oN Ct tQuer he 9" honk La RRS cade, sg
Cy ate WR ols be diebiaes®, an cian oy acl Socume, AMES: eal -
vassal OS aOR. tape Gat glean oh anos bee ce a 7 ! "

ce avav 9 a Regeetea ace haepelel | ARR em aware eh 7

rey snares oF sLimlisoe ae BGG ae. Soe Boy ik BOR BE wih: FOV RE

arhieatant: Hie edd to sebe sewn, pdt Gh Rights I EE

-

§ oh tte van Ss ai _ 7
wide RL UM oe a ek eb oe suena wd hae eeodanoa -
Lats eawleb doo, Rawal demkaye wn ted

daverpeuns yar bas! eat “om RO ues ome ark emt ese, mene qb.

glut sce Mmaow? bao galas gl qoaliv Jisbhaoye at ylyaowte
OVOME Oo. dual eh wok vec sage & musped oo sEMEOD Lad Bo
dewinl old Jo wot evieasixe ca go dear quem Ska .osnet
MLL EMOV WIS elt Qubsienovie: IRE Awd ena Dee aE inetd
‘Gidea! welders exedday »gei nee beta wiv yd bead ed qaacti i:
dome YWeers aueny gaa?” einerdsll cdewD of spsethos ae Bhat
(We sgh atone jaan aysidd Soa sono da.

Seki 7s eae ond i wee aa 4
ead dorecoumnts avauale: weer on 0 os) var —
set, Seliar dey Lage ge mee Bu ee ad
Rreate Senyeenie m tw Go eat Saws gi re ;
wupeow walt bey: iB 8 ene haps
bate os us ik 0 MarR
mat asad od Sabi ‘ne

hee aha ‘aa .

Nd :

ee

Walker's interest in the League of Nations did not end when
the Versailie Treaty failed to be ratified by the United States
Senate. He was active throughout the 1920's in organizations
which supported the League, and believed strongly in the peace-
fal goals of the organization, In particular, he was interested
in the International labor Organization (ILO) and felt that it
was one of the primary agencies serving the League's purposes.
Toward the middle of April, 1928, he decided to combine a
vacation from his work with a visit to the ILO International
Convention in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to discover more
about the 110.9 he League of Nations Hon-Partisan Coumittee
of IlMnois pald part of Walker's expenses to the convention
in return for a full report of the proceedings. Governor
Len Smell and AFL President William Green wrote letters of
introduction for him. Upon his return from the convention in
duly, 1928, Walker published a pro-League of Nations pamphiet
entitled, “The I, L. 0. as viewed by an American Trade Unionist. "9

As a eltizen interested in social problems connected with
labor, Walker was active in pardon end parole work in Illinois.°°
Industriel conflicts occasionally resulted in trade union men
being convicted and sentenced to prison unfairly. Walker's

idealistic nature was opposed to the "rail-roading"™: these .men

7... é
Walker to Frank Farrington, April 30, 1928, Walker Papers.
49 william Green To Walker, July 20, 1928, Walker Papers.
John H. Walker, The I, L. 0, as viewed by an American
frade Unionist (Chicago: Mid-West Office, Teague of
2° Walker to Will Colvin, Superintendent, Division of Pardons
and Paroles, State of Illinois, August 19, 1925, Walker Papers.

cents tyse tog WES SECT to sigue! si9 2 saeremder’ ee ae
gotest Sevhe add ys betkbter ec oi boty) yaees® eohebe
aeses Oa Eagan Bh eB OSOL odd auodwuerid ov icon oar at «®

y
-oaeg ode nd pads bevelled had append ote hubwabseay

Peanwesnt ged on. welamkiwny ef cee ue Yee ahaang’ S.

7 : . 16 7
ah duce Biet Gre (Ell) eoitee tues ode: odsten tated ot iat 4 av ri
; ¥ >. a
avoir df supaad of gaits: aclomge quae cay aity weet 7

ma)
So whois OO het oe eel age Miley tar eb tevle “Siro .

. Samkheeretet OSE sae ee aaa ae ddiw -cbyow goa acy sa ms
i

wor seyueehh oF -eate Sh braleendiet eve) ib rs 7

A
saveinn: O.vae oto aaokered he dggral oi OH oer soit jueas ..
: .
aohinevnie ofd.cd souneqee aie Sie dy funy ahoR ARERR. a :

Opus ag - OE She Se ee Sia = eth santo ae

So unde ote aseH) ARBRE dawasecnt OMA Bae Lisat me

ok seidseunee edd sev augdary abe Hog wit! 20d dedPoubor
sai Rankies to eomendvong s bedebide vettay .BRL ,

Go | sa yposet? shawl aestyakh aR el adaiaienl Me. 60 of Kone -y
: nae Srtorcese elcid “ladooe sub Sateen sa sai aah > i

ee quite ote «
pits oe i Revtir ae
aie RL ais ee ae

goobrst Ye gokelvat 4: Trwebatetenese 5
sAngRy uivlint .SR Qo gaugan Nee eee

| _ 7s ‘a i

received, and he used his position as President of the IFL to
bring pressure on state officials when he felt this was the case.

On one oceasion, Walker appeared before the Board of Pardons
end Paroles regarding the pardon of twelve international officers
of the flat janitors union. These men were convicted of conspir-
acy against unknown persous. Walker’s testimony was given to
counter+balance the testimony of @ man who supposedly represented
& respectable group of interested citizens in Chicago. Walker
declared that the man was nothing more than a paid agent of an
anti-labor group in Chicago. John Fitzpatrick testified to the
seme affect. The men were pardoned by Governor Len Smali.?+

In 1927, Walker secured labor's direct participation in
pardon and parole work when he interceded with Governor Len Small
and managed to have Harry Jensen, President of the District
Council of Carpenters, appointed as a board mewber of the Pardon
and Parole Couuission.”~

The many and varied civic activities which Walker par-
ticipated in during the time he was President of the IFL set an
example for labor union peopie in Illinois. But Walker was not
content to merely set examples; he felt it was his duty to
continually exhort trade unionists to better inform and edueate
themselves.

In the 1920's, taking his cue from the AFL which had long
supported improvement of the educational system in the United

91 TFL Proceedings, 1926, p. 73.
32 walker to Harry Jensen, September 30, 1927, Walker Papers.

List tak sogqvod, dviw Rekpoverni ad wed syou -elileeg has

oa
at LE as We Seabed es. ant Sagan ake el ad sa hes Rear
oa Ss Ben BLS ea GE BO Ds ORBID Bo ae sa) vepanans 56
sonia te Sun ais eed Gegeeqs salle .onneeaok ao sd *

age %0 Jondiden vedas, soviet te usted edd gabon ae i f

oY nevi att Yupmb deed genital sabe et) SER
Lkcetnaiaek Wome Gid me bho userid ole S
soelai? eguenddt. oh anaaktie: bavammatins, BO gets atapronaee 29
Bh Wh seeys Diag se wade won golem. as sea act dade 6 saci al )
add ad teiiives! soisdagedat oie, yayaency al ARR, todd ake
AK, so wate Red worteiob. wi pesoigeaq waiew sea oe)! dna gn we

ah ubshage vdirnsy yoethh eo wwodel bemooe raat aVBel ob

soiveat, edd To duabioews .seaush goal ova oF

sonwal eld 40 wore Suaed © as bakaiogy avedunguad Re, deme
"sci! endimnd bona’ be

TS HEALS dade sebhorceae abete, Fin fa ay cy Ep oe : |

se gon dtl ais 2e seein Bow ay wat wis galod gt faagee

tas ecw rentOW dyE 4. RaNcLLLE. a; sigooe sxohawe stata ui

ot yonre aust a OE whee xi cantagnexe 7 =e heneie ae i

BTBORLE OM ws wae seed OF er seems Sey is

tim Ny \ ; hae Ae Saad 8

det: ar: stetw THK. oui ore en. art pitta: ge O8RE ond

“Soak ade ne nate sano tsaoni al %0 0 doseeoraa

ice

: sara es ee es ave fore sad

in cae

states,”> Walker embarked on a crusade to convince working people

in Illinois thet education was one of their greatest advantages.

He told the delegates at the 192% IFL convention that;
Turing this era the idea has been quite

generally accepted that farmers and other

laborers need not be educated. In fact it

has been believed by many that it is not

enly useless but even dangerous to teach

& man to read and think if he is to work

with his hands end make his living largely by

physical labor. A correlative idea is that

& small, highly-educated class is sufficient

to do the thinking, planning, inventing,

organizing, directing, and administrating

of industrial, comercial and political

affairs. 54
Qo Walker this swall highly~educated class of leaders was not
enough because man’s basic nature was evil, and only e broad
middle class could off-set this evil nature and maintain the
ideals and goals of a democracy. It was every working man's
responsibility, therefore, to be aware of the problems that
existed in society and to try and cope with them.??

At the 1926 IFL convention Walker pointed out that the
American Federation of Labor hed gone on record as favoring
the establishment of adult education. He stated that this
should be the policy of the IFL also, and urged the convention
delegates to take some action on the matter. He stressed the
need for a better understanding of contemporary problems also,

[ARR
Workers Education Bureau of America, Labor and Education; A

Brief Outline of the Resolutions and Proncuncements of the

APL ist Support © of the Gen Gal Frinclules and Troctices of of
Education Tosti: ; » Co pAmerx Fed-
e@rabion of Labor, 1930), pp. TT.

** uy, Proceedings, 1924, p. M8.
33 Toid., Pe “8,

oT

6 :

i

alps gihaiew asalvnos of ehetits ¢ 00 beiradice ead - ahE3
Bugnioavhe svedners gteid ke ano naw eoiveosbe doifh Bon
rtole sokdewweos PEL MSGL ot ds eadmpetoh edt Kiet of

_— nest ami nebh af? oi sit gobest -
Toho Bao tout beayeroen yliateson
TL FO aT voatecuae' ad 02 bese warebdal oe
don al $3 dad! you yd hevollod need aad
doses of evbiegash ware tu auekees ytao er
#9 OF BL ot 32 ahd tae bow oF man a :
“G lope aeuly te , altel eid ot alstad aisi ooiw
wets oi wwhi ovidnlesway A .sodal Teologig
#eoin item ai aaalo ‘fedex Pos yotigtt ffmnes
steers! .2ctnpate: spnties: ast ai Ob of
ae lisawetotuhe Bic epthvowsis .gnsebneevo 1}
LeottLing . ose Sp hesom) _Lo.cnasias he :
a 2S heT bs _

tes we wanna. 28 axece ed. aipirteengheia Ravi J Bia “ehisd all
hawtsg we onfoo bee yiive gaye ow arial i 2eats arama’ al
and oihitec: bse omtten Live atelier $ea<tcio 0 Oleoo aaks this
a gaa grlate Chere Bow FT .peRrgomah 2 to alee ois

els abides sit he sia ed oF perottwrend CPRLIAL IR OEE

=

ca

was griw ages ina giv me Bad ysettes al beg ox
ars wert sac betaieg tlie no sineveo aol Sper eel A
pibteral ae axcest ap soy nat tcl Io mo toebet
ends gets Sedade eh soleaoubs thgis Sq deter pena

fe

Belgnsveee Gt bap sey bam gorda SUE eh? ty yostog wis od &
| a a
Hs founrede Ri sh eid so Bolton wos edad ot os tagel 6

f . P — oy
(Ose giao TugaoUS Lo qithasrieben meted 6 sot heal
fh. igeaapsin sit oy *

“ould Se ete ye

“Sr ae HS tas ‘

in order thet working peuple could “properly discharge the
@uties of citizenship in a democratic government. . . 96

At Herrin, Illinois in 1928, Walker told the IVL convention
delegates:

Iam. . »« recommending to this convention that every

local union and every active trade unionist in the

state, try to arrange whenever possible, that lectures

are provided for, and thet our membership generally aad

their families try to inform themselves on these sub-

jects that are so vitally important to them end theirs,

and that we continue owr efforts to make our school

cyetem what it was originally intended to be, and what

the necessities of owr time now requires that 1t should

be, the most thoroughly equipped on a wodem basis . . .. 57
This appeal was prompted by the program which the Illinois State
Teacher’s Association had proposed for the upgrading of education
in Illinois. Walker asked the delegates at the convention to pass
& resolution endorsing this program, He also pointed out that the
standards of education should be raised to a point where 2 high
school certificate was the minimum educetioaal requirement for
@ young person, He told the convention that such a law would
"take out of the mines, mille and work shops, the young immature
minds end bodies that are there now. . .."°° im tum, this
would improve the economic conditions in certain industries
by exesting more jobs for older people who needed then.

Walker’s conception of labor’s economic struggle was clear~

eut and bordered on a belief in a clase struggle. Such an attitude

oe ar, Proceedings, 1926, p. 23.

ot Forty-sixth Anmual Convention Proceedings, Noveuber 3-14,
1928, Herrin, = p. 164. % 2 cited as IFL,
3 192. a

38 thaa., p. 164.

a

ais oy teioare yiveyom” Idoou adgesg palcrsen dat vabeo at
Bem, Feaewy otaveewl o 62 gileseo atte to seahked

Patsaevcos ll wale: ale gelled ONO mb atoninth «steel BA
_ trevagaled:

Cive JSF gulogernoe alae oF gatieteeoenay . . 2 te 2

JN TE COLD WOW ov ssas. yuevo fun sal Jspee

aegandiunt tacks = Hivady sorsinit upseieis us yt, eke

aod % Sy tesiesy Caley Gee ast agg Garr aes war Laseg Su8

mite weeulb iy. anscegque alae, ge ws antiions ‘skesit
ePlend con wend oo teers Slee cs eu eds ucts,
Als al isa dt ateahe Gay sar eSusauts on tae Dan

game Gag of oe veedd wlapigheo gat 7f tote metas
insian o Weszly teas wae: Ha May “i sieabeainamanaaen enue
Yous 4 0 @oame comtcce 2 my hearippe slogumtiod? depen ade , oc

mag ee wo bulge ete Lasgys etc?

nace hohe “a po iletaga eno ton beaayoug bad mocomkaessA a! vacaget
ack ot peivusy ers eid J» updayafiat say feria veaniov’ ,alankiil ag
or! dais ds Sedrbat; wale of ego atdt yebacohes sotialosay
Le aecdich Perea fa DEAE wd inf casio melinvgbs lo ehucbriere
oy). saeeptigdies Leekianihe simtty odd anv atenttzdues Leodos
vs teat & Sage wet apiewevaes off Boo ol sauesed Sapoy 2

iemams pesery iid .weota dao Ure aftbs .aecie afd ho Ga aot
ao :

ake

ait gum it WS. . w UO otedd ons dads asides foo abnta
yuigoaweak tibet ak tober tu oho sat emnougqms Buea
wed? Debeod ocr ademee asia wt exiul, eter: Sarda ‘Al

7

ae ee Ce Bu Pie ee mp =? ifs
“UE ay abuso slowee seid Io iorcdyourss ¢ uhtat

4. ern 4 5 eee opti? oe teh eros 2 ie * Ale ee Py
#4 os Monk ,eiiaarde Seely 3 4 Behted & oo teed bee gu

PS 4d aid a3 yt &

+t ie Baths bees
snes 9A so httraan) ono tiithegdeayl ve
sae \ eierers sdeuod €IRe
Led vad Ps

Ae anne *

Mind ea

og

may have been formed in part by Walker's early experiences, or 1s
nay have resukted from his association with the socialists before
1916. Whatever the origin of this attitude, 1t was enougu to make
him en outspoken eritic of industrialists, and an aggressive trade
uaionist when it came to dealing with business leaders and manage~
ment. To combat the system of low wages and high prices, Walker
alao started the co-operative movement in Illinois.

In 1909, Walkex observed that the industrial system which had
éaveloped in the United States had dram people inte ome of two
groups? the "haves" or the “have nots”. In regard to this, he
stated:

+ + «, this is o battle in which every huwan being is

involved. Qa one side we have @ few men fighting to

maintain @ condition by which they are Sble to control

» » » everything material . ... On the other is the

majority of man kind struggling to establish

@ condition which will mean the using of the earth

» » « for the benefit of the entire human race. 59
Walker maintained this economic viewpoint during the eatire tine
he was active in the Illinois labor movement. It was the heart
of his economic beliefs, and gave rise to all obher observations.

A basic part of Walker's econamic beliefs was concerned with
the profit motive of the “few men" attempting co control ali
material goods. In 1916, when Walker spoke before the Usited
States Commission on Industrial Relations in Chicago, he elabor~
ated on this, sceusing management and the owners of industrial
enterprises of a double standard. This, according to Walker,
wag the chief cause of industriel unrest. He told the commission;

99 District 12, WA, Proceedings, 1909, p. 2h

Loo awe yas atemliol ad gaag i Pace! seed giued ‘yet
Pwine waclaises ola mthv eoheleesas eh can letlnaey ovat gee
ie) “KF ER srey 1 eoee-s] ee See ows eh Somers 4 Re wit ‘tO LEQ ELS aagicy eal amacQe

EROS LO OR y Galt bgt chen wares te sitio mugadie sm mia

magia oye aed see tabn oat ot aad Gai way OE cael so hanhyir

a’

PLR? Re oie La oe wol io may Gc duties ft: sehen.
Pa thy Pe aS i MEO prvddhosiegct wed Redes ota

Din Sats + BNR, % Labavectns nid Sealy Pewtaacd wesiiee] Oe $e
ove "bs Gee otud 3 slg ere Beit ase a cd ate benetovel:
me , Bde os woes Z ex ea avast? ery xo." aavan’ ait a
| tis sage

md. _ ke Py. sat yeas tuigy oe alone & Of B20 po s+
ij Sulates) gee Beh at cea aot whe ong Oo. celowgt
Letdens our tab HES (reo Pokal pol GR soos 2 mao see
nie ak setdo ame 28 1. 4 o. Meyer pO pRETe sf
iedidesvey at getiiaerscin. doge ayenl Bo velop Shera
sine ald Do nek wit amet Ty cele sedis @

foes

GE. BE peut weisne ott to dikvoned adt wok.» .

mais city Gos goK in dndlecerets sioeneee eaty ‘barkiteive: redial
frpeatt afd wow OT. Sueur "ansey, mihoge tit eit ab wets use of
wnodleavs eS wenisco Lim oF gaa oxeay bes .@iotied simonces ald to
‘gh taumoeros sew Siviled yiwascoe ataadlial To oxag ied &
iia dovtnas ed yatignewse “sun wer alt Yo erkdew Utteng eft
Dan Poi sie vated sous geile ney ,akeL al .abacs Laineher
rodeo. al .u@ROlS0, ti aeditalesl Datsateniad oc on a ear ashes
[siciwak Te arora eo Dae Sine piieueon Bhd? 90 foes
CIoelad wet gilirgaums ata »hraeas ee 4 siainea PS Me 9) poalay shai
Lwoghewe eit tot of. Paget ‘nde Sc wauad Reni , ee saw

Laer ina MSP

‘ ele ¥ mr as * by " ; Jia
ata oft hones REPRO, ARE! qk toe Fae g ‘

According to the double-stendard the vorkingman,
no matter whet his trade or calling, may not ask frou
his euployer a wage or return for his labor that exceeds
the employer's conception of the value of labor.
« » « Lf the worker, by any chance, .. »« presumed to
ask for a wage in excees of the value of the service
rendered, and the euployer ean show that to be true,
then everybody universally condems that worker for
being nothing shext af a thief. That is one side of the
present double-stendax? -- the other side used to judge
the worker.

. he other side of the present standard, the method

wage

profit, ig. under eonsideration, the value of bia labor

or the actual service he.renders is not giver much

thought. In fact, ali the employer concerns himself

about is; "How can 1, by hook or crock, perform my

function in a manner that will enable me to get the

largest possible roturn for myself, regardlass of the

services I readert’ 60
Again in 1926, he told the delegates et the IPL convention that
the double-atendard stiii exited, and thet "the motive of
making profits... 4g the dominating influence ia our business
todayy « » . M62 Walker's attitudes regarding the economic con-
ditions in American society were the impetue for aggressive
action.

Walker believed that the state government should take an
active interest in the econonic welfare of ‘the worker, and
worked to obtain this objective. Ina 1915, he asked for and
received an sppointment to the Gemeral Advisory Board of the Free

iaployment Rarriene, oars taned, by the state. He spent a good deal

60 John H. Welker, “The Double Standard", The Survey, XXXV,

(February 26, 1936), p. 639.

61
IL, Proceedings, 1926, p. Ws

ae tarde! ‘anid Bri tel efor ald ae past ened
wees gas dau yen jerk ien ao shety aid domy sede
aheoone pei » pote, cee ase combo Poca 2 olpm 2
smeiel ‘Ye anh 27 at So and wes alt rou get as |
od demure « 6 + yeonulo yas YO qateiwou eas ‘KL Ley
oolynge wht ‘Lo Y SS Ree kA cc Hei 6 20 cry .
nid ad oy Jadd wode ope veynligne oct bee .bemebaes aa
“ol vse ded@é aemeiooe oflarerions ybudysere avi®
¢ ie abla ean ab Yad? sbokde o te dudda politen ented
epbist at Som ehla vette eit -. Satiadaval deeb Jooeeuy vw ,
orate e- eit cA 7
. bodies ult Swebseds. gassesg aff lo sbte veddo onff- piy
ethene + ost Yiioiie ob beni, ab tayolque add saben sgt iF
“eC ofa acd puvgedqms edt te moddeceet add cet .
wowed. atl de nile ehh tte taxebiupos unbear ah. dl bea i ,
foun savio con af axcOnegued golracn Sataamld go La
Sireneed Ac mORaTee enged. G.S att Joe yhewe a. sigan? :
vga aust paoote wo doal yd .t ago wo’ pak seeds :
ade dao Of sat aldliiee Lire ded? qerraren & at pedgvorufi 7
oge Fo. aaulhgsgen iow: me mate. aldlaaoy deegtal ~
oe ‘Seta Pia ary Yes

dns ‘iain SS aphh ke cotayaket aad Ries sunt (eet ke obegh 7
. ks) — ore” douse Bas qbeteing aficn trataatanokdunt odd :
gaontaps “na nd annette: yetranteck wit ab . «4 aytiony gobieen 7

“(9S ad sme ane gadbeagers aphant bide wpe aii se * ne | >

or bance we aabauga ete orrew ‘ath aarainanh a wnbae

. ori

ink ssctant ‘oorts seers atndr eds Belt beveled welll
Sins gions echt enekiaw pderargge ey wk vedpated eves

fave OE Deni gel AMEE of .aubdeold atc temabaty ot be 3
weet eat Ho hnx08 yruade PA Lerrened aadod Jremluca. ot R
mee 2 o tneqe oH . studs ents ant Salado Ried

| WRN ayevand aft , “feu ved out seek
«R€9 ay «(nue 8

wth og BRE pqyntdes

92

of time invastigating the extent and causes of uneaployment in
Tilincis es & result of this appointment, and his maneroun years
of service on this board aided many trade unionists and gave him
some insight into the problews of umemploynsnt.°* py 1988, he
felt that certain definite steps should be taken to end wmemploy-
ment, and recommended thet:

we (should) strive to bring about a complete system of

honestly aad coupletely conducted national governnent

free employment offices; ea National loynent Insur~

enee lew; ex Old Age Pension lav; ... (a) shortening

of the work weekj . .. (and &) raising of the standards

or imeem by providing for a high school certificate. . .. 63

Walser worked hard to have special legisiation passed by the
atahe wadeh would help to improve the econumic status of working
pocpins For example , be helped te secime & pension ead tenure law
Loe Chicago teachers in 1917,5% and in 1926 he wes successful in
having @ law passed eeventing inate labor goods from being sold
in nomiwkiAden «5h wnhonunde goods. he broom-makers uation vas
particularly pleased with this latter law. There were many other
legislative proposals which Welker wented enacted involving the
economic welfare of the people: He was not completely successful,

but did achieve gone of his goals.

62 iL Neva lighter, September 11, 1915, p. 1.

53 TFL, Proceedings, 1928, p. 15.
O% preeland G. Stecker, “History of the Men Teachers’ reer "
The Men Roecners Usion of Sf Ghipege (November, 1934), p. 8

Im, Proseetings, 1925, p. M2.”

fe
a)

ai non eyeing “Eat aesuey Bre ———* ates cabivkieall ont
eae purr aesex eel wants datbabeye sia“ sismer * ball

ite sraaay too eautanteiy chard yon GOMED Dt sMld do aatereon te ;
ot LORE 4 © emargstarve 20 eating a oone Seige ome x
~rodgeiesny Sure at nedet 8d fCnele miede RiboL a aioe 7
seat Bobcempo is tint a
Se achieee ovatguns 9 teods patud oh aviaie (Biewte) ay - . -

vraiuseved, Taco! tad heveuheso Ghigo Nae oldman
Wet tronwtemod) Lakota © gadel ie Sisengtggae a
pedmeonole (5). . « pw? node any O56 98 geal cose — :
ebiahwes alt $0 gatekos ie Baby ad 6 He ini wee sat to .
fri #2 i3 + BU, bes es a, 9) Dine sthhece) Pacem 54 & yy Bahay Xe) cnatianied % ; :
mit
2

ane ws prea, “mobo eapes Saksoqe wre 7 Sapa babeoe sate
pat to —. emaan! oat ca “oragese ot gion axe otis acata 7 es

om ; rie:
wet wae ewe soiaies 8 oypon ot box! ri ot signs soi vat

Ned -

ad LeAmnoooue * vor ad aner eh See a Sie at second oxpotit ot
Sis gated ake Bioceg wal doles sts p08 Baisurrons ‘panies wea @ yetved
are sadess erin eal? ®abeas aianevvisas dite soniesegnee:
qnile's yous wuss yost «wel sevel alae atiw fwasalg plats nbs

a, pooh
ph Eas

eed eat riayes bacoone hen Saal fe shonoguag wr ddA

Ls eee

Sheawee ye efetotqnoo 00 vail eit ease ads is oumifow 2 my

se “a er) ES : : yer ee

. 5 Res NT ei teg? ead a
" nOl@) ‘xtions® oat one “

a od een ERY 2 ee

st
;

Walker believed thet the strike and the boycott should be
used by lebor if it was necessary, In 1924, when the coal alaing
industry was in economic trouble, he sent ous a letter to all trade
potoniste affiliated with the TFL urging them to buy Illinois coal
in preference to coal shipped in from other states.°° He also
secured an acreement with the State of Illinois, through Governor
len Smell, to the effect that only Iliinols coal. would be bought
by the state government .°!

Strikes were necessary, according to Walker, when industries
and businesses did not recognize trade union demands. He syuppoxted
local strikes whenever he felt the strikers bad legitimate demands
and were acting within the lew eccording to their contracts. One
such occurred in Rosiclaire, Ilidneis, loeated in Hardin County,
in the fall and winter of 1916.

The origin of the strike at Rosiclaire was an attempt by
sixty-eight Plurspur miners to organize a local union aifiliated
with the Westezn Federation of Miners. This stteapt failed and
the utine manager dismissed the men on May 12, 1916. less than
® motth later, an Jue 3, 1916, the other miners walked out, de
manding that the dismissed wen be re~hired and that the miners be
given the right to take up their grievances with the mine managewsnt
though & walled organi zxtton.? Both of these demands were disregerded

Bian
© DAL News letter, October 11, 1924, p. 5.
67 letters between Governor Len Small, Walker and the heed of the
Departuent, State of Illtncis, May, 1926, Walker Papers.
68 oFL News Letter, July 8, 1916, p. 1.
69 Tpaa., June 2h, 1915, p. 3.

4 digpda sdooged ait Jon abbas enft Hooks Reevetlont waietd
gakain Lave, afd nant QiOGl uh ognabaseus ex Oh Ms aad 8
shew Lie oc gotdol o duo jase sc. lcWUy Sinancoe ak naw Wau
fupg elonhlil yt ot wed? gakgws JUL wie @iv bois teneletas
cats oh metesa smite amet ot beggiee Sano. ae eacermareg oh
ee eaved dguegds ,alowLlil Io ssedd ov) ditto coesgemye on bemueeo —
Srinaund ad bse KOS een YLGO Waa Feds 22) oe Liane pet

asiywanbhes serie. taal wa gacniggas geetnaieoe eae noha an
badwoggne wt .steinseh meta riiead ex beriwnt for Sih aseace.lumd be
absnmal aca te hat vkedoxte add deh ad veveredw anatase seca
ore) sedeandtowe “lect od gakbwose wel a chigiv aukton ewe =
owned adhe sk pedsoul akenhlt prbalolauk of bemweoo dows

OYE PO wets Soe Link wid ak |

al domeden. aa ake -aaldoseok de wikia add 20 nike ont? -

i Seieiicite moss Leook.& oo Laegxo od wie us “gael Saigiewgdocks
bon bab igs ae wits an? .aueth to nobisvabatt oer ‘ont tts Sy
sat awed sa 2 aes Ri Ged oe ae eat hese cmiyanas aah 3

er
wa .duo Boikew euenke dedte att es é obi, G0 a a

oJ

(camegeaan aim. ait dow ow inne her ae sake Oe says oat ans

Sebuccwtiaad cosw abpamed eesdd te tog -

% r
Sy + pre ey (ire s eet

AB ag res. Li seoieo «apt

of 20 ergs poate ob a f

os of ater ce ate sotto
care “= aa

a
!
‘ %
a
' 7

by the mine management.

The major grievances of the Flurspur miners centered eround
the company houses provided for them, the long hours with relatively
poor wages, and the physical dangers in the mines, The company
houses, in particular, were in poor shape physically, over-
crowded, and without running water in many cases. /

Walker was the first. to come to the aid of the Rosiclaire
miners. In June, 1916, he assigned William J, Sneed, then a prou-
inent miner and union organizer from Herrin, Illinois, to look into
the Rosicleire strike.!+ gneea spent a great deal of time in the
Hardin county area trying to convince the mine managers to bargain
with the strikers and keeping the hopes of the strikers alive. He
was constantly in touch with Walker during the summer months regarding

the strixe,

and Walker used some of Sneed's information in the
IFL Hews Letter when he issued an appeal for strike funds to the
affiliated unions in the IFL.'? mese funds were readily supplied
and successful efforts were made from July to November, 1916, to
aid the strikers.

The mining company countered this strike support by hiring
thugs and strike-breakers in an attempt to drive the striking
miners from the area, A number of times the situation was in
danger of resulting in violence Abd but on each occasion this was

averted. After the strike had lasted four months, Walker was

1 TPL News Letter, July 15, 1916, p. 1.
Tl ypad., dune 2h, 1916, p. 3.

Walker's Papers are filled with this correspondence.

ies WeWs letter, July &, 1916, p. 1.

* Ihid., August 5, 1916, p. 1.

: ih, ou 4 Sa deiogmmneT pint
Deion bomednes sree: cages ONS RO Aosavereyy, wa ene
7

arttates debe Miued goot alt gmodd wit Gebivox: AsaNa yExgMOD | ;
veers em yeti edd nk dro ah inp kavrig paid Sh, ogee
wore oi iolngig omada Moog mk gue Taisokdoey ob), consed ;

_ pane yao ok sadew gurtunie ee betwen | 7
wrisloleok oat ho the ew! ac bmew OF faut? ec gow mei 7

: : : 7

“LON 38 geht ,oeea? .G uel bengleas ae. Qt Btls Oh eo : :
aunt deol od .hornthid. .nawwet sex’ seudaagwo sole ben weaka we, |

otf cd sco Se tosh dweyg & Seaoge boonk oa! sedlvge es bad SOR :

Linyind oF exegoma Onky ot eantenoe oF galytd oote ysnes: ay

iW availa suetiwde. edd te eeqod edd aehqeoe bar eusaiahe ede

_
got yaaat addeon Tamu oh gels gay Lae elder suas oh cima ‘ome

’
a - ‘RY
ody af gabtesucion | eon to anor Enos *Tealiek Hews awe

wit oo si:av? oiiaty ant feoags on RSME 8 akin waited

petlegus Eli oaed oacw aaa Cra a a at ae A “atte ok aguataes
oy ,~OeL .iodeew oe ov ylul, at obser ane cee him iat Sie

tence al De
subline aus gw bet sya heponst es 68 HS Nena en se
“pt sew ‘nod Poanbace: ond mee La to seoiuses & ae ode oes ©

Taw ali ndlmevon tpn oo oi cane MOS EY wh pabkuvaer %
gow seule pariduind qpoy bevaal Set gal beats Sy Te EA, = ;
‘ : ms ' > sere Z

“at me ees ee asset

7, - foe : pee

gh

able to convince Governor Dunne that state intervention was aeeded,
and the strike was brought to a close when the company conceded to
go along with the striker's demands. /’

Walker handled the funds to support strikes at other tines
while he was President of the IFL, but the Rosiclaire strike of
1916 is probably the best example of how the IfL was involved in
strikes while Walker was prenmiiiae

In addition to his other economic activities, Walker was
involved in the co-operative movement in Iliinois. He was a
strong advocate of the Rochdale system of co-operation, which
was founded on the following principles:

1. The democratic organization of the association.

2. The limitation of individual share holdings aad the
payment of market interest on shares.

3. The sale of goods at market prices accuring surpluses
being returned to the members in proportion to their pur-
Chasesse « as

4, The sale of all goods on a cash basis.

5» The esteblishuent of an educational fund to place
before the people the advantages of co-operation. 77

ee an
Walker met with Governor Dunne September 19, 1916. Telegram,
Walker to Victor Olander, September 16, 1916, Walker Papers.

One strike end its aftermath which Walker apparently did not
become involved in was the Herrin cool strike of 1922, There

is only one letter in the Walker Papers regarding the strike
and the massatre connected with it (see footnote 32, Chapter

Two). Paul M. Angle's book, Williamson, does not make
mention of the IPL or of Te Wes coverage of the

trials in the IPL Wevs letter, but this wes the extent of it,
ag far as this author ‘ows.
TY Colston E. Warne, The Consumer's Co-operative Movement in

ashe (Chicago: The University or Chicage Press, 1920),
le

reafter cited as Warne, Consumer's Co-operatives.)

«a

et

Jpoeen ees colieertstnt eteda Joie som ywoered, soukvuage, 08: abe
av bsbwoneo yaaynes odd cede osole © ot diygecad aay eibate anit. bee
") uorumed af mliewe add getw poole eg

Rony advo ju asibute cuoqque oF shai edd oeliasd “ante Spay

to eiigda gisafolsod edd aud wTi aft Io tuaiteant saw ext efter

ak bevloval sav 21L alt wed to eolquame deed odd pldederg ef G£eL
oF snabhaget aa umilay sindw eodiate

aay yedieW ,aeldividas oimosous xeddp efi oc eotdkbhs ako

& osw oN .adonLlil ms Siereves svidousygo-py sav al bevLovst

doidey .sohtecege-<s Lo meveye aLabdeol ait lo evsourhs sacar
reetatonive gawetlot eit 29 Sefeot —

Aoliviveaan ed) do wetdanisagie sitetorsh off o£ 0

oot bua egaiiied sunda deubivisa: Ye notdetiudl of <2 .
BBLS we —_ Pos Tm saenyeg

Pes ¥ 5 ehumoe ‘Beebe yet ra abvog To aire on? a
Pine othe cid ot imivaogowy ok atedmen ee of Soutes gated:
ws * ae

rn

vataod ees 5 xO cone iis Sa ale ae

seal o¢ Rowt Lasotgoonubs ca to dnemteiidedee ect? 2
T) .soldeyveqgo-o5 be sexsvoevis ott alquoy aff exeted: oc.

Fae .
ce ey

aerate? . aes “es tee dqee ONG ‘snemoved dfiw gem cedleW ¥ .
eesqn% she .O18f .3f sackesqs8 .yeiselO BOSE GF basiirane 4

_
oon Pid Wdouasees veils dotdw ddeucsihe evi hale, OER _
roa? ,SSOl Ro volltyda Leoo abriel edd asw nm Several amos 7
miigda odd gaibsager svegey, sedis’ ed ab | incited eno Glee ab ok 7

gata .Sf edandvot vaa) 3k ddiy devosnnes stensese odd bee _
orig Foes aceh SSS wood at olgsh si inst ae Ly .
wid lo egaae do Saw aaiiav ie wo TEX edt to aakinem oo
Sf Se dnedxe oct anv add sud ~xovtoal awet IL ant ot alater a
“yemeaa WeAltan “ake’ an wie i= -

i

fa af ee Dy LUO “OD a’ senuren0® es ae & soval
vy ebare 80.89 je velacurkny one Prinanktey ator.
van at ERRRECD owe eh beILG GovRemen) +f

ier na

%

His belief in tixis method of co-operation made it the most popular
form, end pewetleslly all of the co-operative societies in ILlineis
were baged on “lews cepled almost verbatam fron the local branch
society lews governing the Rochdale aysten in Great Britain, . » Pld

Walker's desire to see & co-operative uovenent started ini
Tilinols was closely linked with his basic econoni« views, He was
Simaly sonvineed that trade unions sequired the aaployer to give
the employee the wages to which he vas entitled, while the co-
operative gupplied the working man with the goods to whieh he wa
entitled at a faix price. ’? He alee believed that the co-operative
societies vere 4 greet help to the trade union movement because they
provideé goods for striking workers end because they helped to re-
crudt more people inte the ranka ofvergmined labor. yor tuese
neeseas he vag aivoesting tuat 8 co-epereiive movecent be forued
long before he became President of the Ui.°!

However, Walker's plans for starting @ etabe wide systen of
co-gperative societies was act initiated until acter he becam
Peocident of the state federation. In the spring of 1915 the
first co-operative: stare vas egtabliahed in dawyervilie, Illinois,

buy) vhieh they must have for thomeelves and their feniiies.”
jp He BB dune 2h, 1916, pe
92 Tit Hows latter, de 2h, 1926, p.

agtrict 12, Wiis, Proceedings, 1913, p. 353.

a4

cubes Laee: 24 OR eGo meebo y Seulue: aise re
RORISS ch ALA Le Raa OO Te Non eaticeamy bess
voted leek aor ont .stedeer Seams Bafvos werl” ie Seed one 7
on . Ri fever 20. ade Lethe ees olhetuweg awl, ape! a

‘gi Shee gee GAR th o- woh Ct wake atenoital oe
are all .aeale steenese alwed eit ubtiw feel yoko sew
a Ris 7 cmegaenen galt les lapse atakee ahead 1085 oe "
ot <tt AL oe tet Mier gee oct Sake et eine ohh eget so .
cite uri dent ea whee seks tka coat grkdvent wy Getioneee eke” i

Sy cto se) UmEe busecied walla af. ET aestreg Nahe Bp dhe Tomas. ; -

wethahet taeda CaM Ae eRe Be ee leet Giberey 2 pane 7 we

Ew a aR oneal age, merase gett! ies a bower a
cay eS cit Sree Gakuen: wt Paihia! SAAR: SPI tia
heen ext oudeaneren wk amtagenes & ones betsaiete ‘ae ath RRR

A te aks ® be deste mes a rad ea _

. 2 ae Gs pole waned ee mite eee. ae gyi

arcane NOTE Li Cecke BREN Mee aoe want: Og ous

f
- —
:

ane GARE Se aig aah ae aOR aoe cle aa
JORARAL gahivwyes cl alae wew waite Od

"

; a4

eure mien 05 7 TR wEIERE 4g a
ait nh at seth Se od} adwdeos qelawas
wach mp Ee i wage - eeetes oo b
YO ge FR BORE Sol Loge ‘Segue
"peel, wtold hoe SaeeAiasa3 wh

96

Stores at Gillespie and West Frankfort, Tllinois were formed later
in the yeer. In 1914, six more co-operatives were begun, a7 in
1915 nine were startea.
membership between 1913 and the beginning of the war. At Gillespie,
for example, the number of meubers climbed from sixty-seven in

1913 to 283 in 1916.53

Most of these societies increased their

In 1915, the Illinois State Co-operative Society, later known
as the Central States Co-operative Society, was forned to unite
the various stores around the state, At its first convention,
held in March, 1915, the delegates elected Walker president of
caesnonbitys He inmediately set sbout to improve the movenent.
A state lew was peased protecting the co-operatives from financial
hemo in 1915.99 Walmer set up an information service which passed
aut pamphlets regarding co-operatives in which he described the
results of co-operation as giving "workers a better commercial,
Aineneiel, political and industriel standing: . . .."© mm i9i7,
a wholesale department was formed to reduce the cost of goods
to the various sceieties.°’ All these improvements resulted
in a continued growth and by 1919 there were approximately seventy
stores in operation in Tilinois.“ Walser, however, was reepon-
sible for many other stores being in operation across the country
because of his efforts and leadership in the co-operative movement.

IFL, Hews letter, April 5, 1916, p. 3.

Sl ootinmnamed

&3 hig., R- h,
Sh staley, IFL, p. 341.

SS Se News Latter, tay 15, 1915, p. 2.
56 Ttd., April 29, 1916, p. 4.
BY July 21, 1917, p. 3.

Spid., Jequary 2a 1919, RP. 2.

® oe 4 :
' - 7
qetnt Gomsct suow choakilt ydisialue Jaen bane a sono
nk Ba ,nuped stow seridwargosns tras aia GUE al meg othe le
qisdd bosewweal anltarsos sped? ‘io tam a hedste one ata uot
Sigeallis th suv odd to pakorkeon’ oid Soe ELC! mented aides.
AL soreeaeds mevt hedatfa ereduor toe cmu etd (slg 10%
O Aes ab GA oo g00k
arenes sodud .YeseooR avideseyzo.oG aihedT). aren det aed (QERE az
ediay o8 berudl oer .ywhedaok ovidenee~o aakece Lowhwed ah as
,sobinevies guts afi UA sotata eivhasow ssvode oupdeny oft
So gaskbaciy well Sedoalea nadagaie® ond .06RI: loweh of ied
nS

soeworen add cyowpsl et guods dea viedelboows: ai || [OyvelSs om

Laie: sexi earicgusogo-o9 afd gabteadowg cvoceay aay wat etata A

betes dolew sedrvw.e sotteestak as ay dea ueclial ee aie ant eset
ed bediwrank of duicdw ef aeviheroiens yokiuecet aveidquey due

Jghotmmos qatted s siteiuew” ariel ab noidetece-ov Bo ailewes

,VtRE 2k Bee syekhants Lotsvaobad Bees Lasedaiiog (Sabgme te
aseog ‘to dsos esd oruhew tx) bemwnd ear ores aise lout bai
Teh Laeots aicoeovirigs aed DLA: 59 anisotone ayormn wR oF
ytaeren ylodoatxoigua soow onerls CLL yi hie chroyy pour 2dao 8 ik
/ ettk~aey Row. "eevewad techs 38 phonkher Ch sothepeqe ta. nent
witums wi nevus sotdowoge at gated eeyos Se wall vant wie
ueteren syiveteagqe-os aid mk ge: scartebagl hae nome ahif io cin ; :

48 cg aut cat ye “i ,
Na MEL AS sat a

a re Raat EO gah «

ot +f Whee <2 wl,

wT

The post-war depression was the first major set-back for the
cowoperative movewent in Illinois. Although there was still a great
deal of enthusiasm for the movement in 1921 and 1922, the co
operatives, like regular business, suffered fron financial losses
causing some stores to fail completely.°? A co-operative benking
plan, proposed by delegates at the 1922 IFL cmvention, had te be
ehentoned: because ofthe depression, ond in Keak Ot. Louis the
Local co-operative wholesale society falled, making some people
suspicious of the movenent.”” In spite of these setqbacks,
Walker remained a strong advocate of the system, and even convinced
other Illinois labor leaders, such as Frank Farrington, President
of District 12, that the movement was beneficial to organized
labor and trade unionists.?*

After the depression ended for mogt areas of the economy, the
comoperetive movement regained the losses it had suffered and
continued to expand. Waiker took the lead in the American
Federation of Labor, (AFL), for promoting co-operative activities
and was selected Secretary of the Burean of Co-operative
Societies for the AFL.7° At the 1923 IFL cenvention a similar
bureau was established for the purpose of strengthening the Rochdale
system of co-operation. > As & result, co-operation has rewained
@ vitel link in the economic system of organized lebor in Tilinois
until the present day.”

°F varae, Consumer's Co-operatives, pp. 66-69.

* steley, IFL, ps 3.

9 tL Mews letter, April 9, 1921, p. 3.
fbid., March 255 ig22, pe 1.

73 IHL, Proceedings, 1924, ps 195.
ad Rusben Soderstrom, interview with the author, March 8, 1966.

We an a
RS GOL Bessie ee Parks ang pervs peroesnp ontqee
Jat & Lode ale aeds puncte wacom ated sat hen a awh er nnggconty
$9 std ORR re 2IAL ab drsasenm ad ack nsptantou 30 ia

onged Lakoupaks att Gamsttiag acenpond “wdiger alat eens 7

aD2amsy Sy ogeebe A e,, Lantad qesae eae ext BOneea se pete

ad ed hawt peviiwersco JS S805 ad? oe andenpati oi ys tepaent Soe
alt eipod Mh dak od Sen coocamemyed etd ko aduonat! Swebe . |
, . -

piace O50 chines balien ysednor wimamloi vobesnmngp not. foot
a 7

Ti & paar Lo adhye ut ao sree ota to

or te aay? ooo aoa aay Be agunov he ReOte # ben han sealant
dehieeeZh yepdguaces’s ae ag ieee aameeeal toca! ‘phone eS ito
Laudnapre Qe Esiediongad az deamaron Bid dace he 2 sete te
7 ie. . “2 aaa ced otkanat pas a
ewes eid te pre ae: Gee bebe. metoon ego ods: care ial a
bra Sung lis site ay wowed ee? a JsTave we ke say WOM
Bey Pi 3. EL wide " Siete okt soa necktani Seager qe SEIN
agitivigns. a EASA ‘easton cri wat am) menial XO. aS.
. ele ee s ssoeas ani ta qearea8, arenies om &
KEL IER abana Bs oe BRAC exer ” m, ac, el kei
atohGees wid gn sccantanysvrasbo te SREKPSURY wai bs ped antsigtet eT
patios act HOLEREaKgD to qt hcSEe al cranes Deo

ROD «guy idarepgy nah) aan say
| so Ate Aiwa aI

.edgn 8 shad resume ede iw re ,

CHAPTER V

QS Ke WALKER'S LAGIGLATIVE GOALS FOR
ORGANIZED LABOR: 1905 + 1930

Jom H. Walker considered lebor legieletion iaportant
because it provided working people with a better life. Que
historien of orga:iged lebor in Illinois has noted that, “In
the legislative battles of labor John H, Walker feels and
talke of ‘decency end nunenity,’ leaving the subtleties of

1 ania type of attitude ic

constitutionel law to others.”
clearly reflected in the lave which Walker, as Provident of
District 12 end the Illinois State Federation of Labor, (IFL),
helped to obtain for the labor movement. |

During the period he was President of Digtrict 12, United
Mine Workers of Aserica, (WMA), almost ali of the legislative
acte Walker attempted to pass into lav were desigued to improve
the working conditions and the safety factors in coal mines.
Gince Illinois was one of the earliest states to enact leg-
islation of thie type, Welber's task vas not too difficult.

Ag Presigent of the IF, Walser found his legislative
duties broader in nature, but he still concentrated on lave
which would be of gervice to vorking people. He fought to
iaprove the Convict Lebor law and the Workuen‘’s Compensation

Staley, TPL, pe HOD»

¥ MAS

PR BOL CPA BA oR eo
pete o (4MGY SAMA CON AG

-euegieaes poltidadgyal wees beuwebaens onal DW zt ust
ond ahi sodden « 4éiv wlyeeg gebixow abies of eemood
sa* «Shak Bodo: ail Mier oh StWes les Leaggis To maeatecs:
hoa efeis waite .a ov’, “ota te aatianed ou ldelakye, aid
“un Reloads at: petvent ? ed Demet hee “e gorenet" 30 attest
sk Ghiiidiae so oggd abst fe sametde Gi? wel Leanlidur iy aoe
1 Sewblewts 2a tuo vohie amek ot as dotvattor fume
,4aE? esenled bo goede ageeh abouklis cme Dave BE, dobusedt
viene: eee wale at eka. ot Paghiat
Liat am ut Dees SO Pogo eames OM GH bora, wid soles ;
uvinadatya! if jo iis seents ,CAUMMT .euxcew to angutsol oui
- evcrage! SF OME aad gow sel cae! pe of fotguadtda vedlat eine
eek ‘heey ck wetusl yiekms ate hes Anois Bhrass) gusbiot wie
“tik. Yaad Gi wetete Ieethyse odd "we aim vey glomeLtT ssnts
Siesi¥tio cee due mer Aged seems . * mde te apbsatts
ettabeitol abd hive? mein yl alt to tuehacet ah
brat oy bextaras reno Liige of ved yore ah naieene corse
ae Srggers’ a vtitigoey qalanuw we yodvaes Bo ed iw We kiw
noire pacers) wit Doe wad c mages —— “ ering

vQOE ag what 2eakaes

law. He counted among his greatest victories the passage of the
1925 Injunction-linitation lew. He also worked to defeat several
bills he felt would injure the labor movement.

Theres were nuserous reasons for the development of the idea
that organized labor in Illinois should actively participate in
legislative matters. The underlying cause, of course, was the
rapid industrial growth of the state which caused numerous
social and economic problems, but several other reasons existed
also. The American Federation of Labor, (AFL), worked to secure
labor legislation on the federal level, and the IFL followed this
poliey.? The development of labor legislation in other industrial
stetes and in some Buropeen camtries stimilated similer efforts
in Illinois. Finally, the growth of trade wiion organizations
aromd the state was a factor in the enactment of labor legis-
detion.>

It cannot be seid, however, that the IFL and other labor
unions in Illinois made great progress in securing laws favorable
to their interests in the late nineteenth and early tventieth-

centuries, There were at least three groups which opposed or

re
oa Leader, October 26, 1916, p. 1. Walker once described

the following manner. "The Illinois State Federation
of Leber means to the State of Illinois what the American Feder-
ation of Labor meane to the United States and Canada. It is a
voluntary association of the workers for the purpose of .. .
assisting in increasing their wages and shortening their hours,
méking their conditions of labor more safe, healthful.and
pleasant eo © *y through the enactment of iegislation, ¥ eae”

3 Beelmer, Jabor legislation, p. 505.

fonovoe duster at bustier cele oh . ert ie CQOr
demmeron “oded ost oreet ALsvaw ate oc id eos [
aohs alt Lo gusavotevel ale ee sco tue BOO LSEIE SiH weet

bh ghechoiieg ylori¢ae Moods plete MB ot xodah hes leagto dant ?
i]

BM seh Soptusos Toate edate ort +0 Mwy, iabadtesbes bigex
$eteina eroerat congo Jeierea dud Laicabdore cionone Bae intooe
enunes od bextox (aA) yxoded to aac amples orth | on,
aay havoLLor ee mid Soa Levees Léoho’ ss Lo onitedcekga! to
faci Seated wero KL podinvabset Tome te daamvetevob est —
aesotie asliosa beiolumiske etdudoses GOES. SOR ak bn — my
anghhenleayguo ogiay ehavd So diwerrg, ond prifantt schOrL LS oe 7
~algak todel ic deoniosws ett mz vodes? o uaw etude aly biieed, ’
| | | € scotia
‘yoda vedio aes LET odd sess err ouL jbiae od danuen $l
aidererat aval gohunose ab agernyetny sour salen BROREEES mk eavedut
~coeheren yiuwne dsr Cengodsate stat — somone shad « a

“> Bercy sedate syne aecods eset dp aye eel * sotrunese

hediusaed ams yelled .f sg , cht! (28 vee
smidershel saedt aged. CAI"... Ca
Erbe oockyem wid some alemaAlly Lo smekh edd ct
sei 30 haa Soa aod dad tel) He ee a
ses 2O SeOgTNY Bat WI atodscer wi ‘to POLIS L008

y Sod Rions papa y ce aagww ioe gaat MILI.

Das. divtriiewe P4aR HIE wodal “ko ens
ae ye “ sokdekemyok 38, Smo at sheguate if

i 7 “
i ; :

re | 7

‘ _ ‘ : / : 7

. _ i _
¢ 7: > Se : :

- . i ; ;

, 4 78 ri

hindered the developnent of lebor legislation, and these groups
kept organized labor's gains at a minimm.

The Illinois Manufacturer's Association, (IMA), represented
the first of these groups, the ewployers. This association foughi
labor legislation for many years. Under the leadership of John KM.
Glenn, Secretary of the IMA, it effectively ended labor's chances
of passing 4 minimum wage for women bill, a one day rest in seven
bill, and several other bills govenen by the IFL in the 1920's.

To Walkex, dobn Glenn represented one of the worst enemies organized
labor bad in Iilinois."

The second group waich hindered the development of a compre-
hensive body of labor laws in Illinois was the state courts. "The
courts, especially prior to 1910, formed the greveyard for many

an act designed to protect or to advance the interests of the worker.

This was due primerily to the individualistic outlook of the
judges, who felt thet precedents regarding the freedom of contract
established prior to the growth of industrialism should be
followed. Since labor legislation often tines placed a great deal
ef responsibility on the employer at the benefit of the employee,
labor laws were also considered class legislation and declared
wneonstitutional.©

The hdd croup which obstructed the passage of labor laws,
perhaps to a lesser degree than the employers and the courts, was

DL News Lotter, September 2, 19ee, Pp. 3.

; Beckner, Labor Legislation, p. 506.
Elizabeth Brandeis, “Labor Legislation,” History of Labor in

the United States, 1696-1932 (New York: The MacMiTien Company,
1935), p- 309. (ueveafter cited as Brandeis, History of Labor.)

3

i. :
AN _
Lem SRE neo ghOs deMalys, a Urges pO) RCo sist

cetoonewgox , CART) .vehducogaas ; ee ace
dipues no fapougas ait | aueyo. gus aid agiaeny sume 38, dori
OE Vo otietebeed wit yela onieey tye, ak ne ldetateed
eeoBung ain hebrew ylevijoutio df AMT one ue parse Ol

wwe gi dugi wb wwe tid smear woh. aeny ase Boda te ene: 7
a _

sVUM oid wh THE acd qo Benovet willd us We tw ves. ia aac

ey

Aawhengys ariname Jems eds ko a itiahcdliadial eld seb , seats Sia _
me i ? abe WitLL we bes

_ AQUOS &, 3h, Sosgolarab. ext. Deeebeld tatty quot; oncoee, of
att". .aduoo swate O88 kd eit oh awl acel Ze ygod orieaod
> Yukon. ao Eaeyereny a besos ..OLRL od tabsg yitakoeges aos

Or yeaixoy gid to atenveint add gouesis of we doscnse Gt dergdead =.

MAE GO aenloue eivetlaghtvibed wil oF Yl cueuioy a ew

‘a

Soetsaas Sy maleepRe iid gekbesget adcehooeig Jp vests Wak ow <b i.
BE BLwoile wadhal Geis Lo dwmemy wit oF toby ioriaiida 7
isst. dacn @ uesealg acnid agdio cobdplalael udal soadk —
sev aloe ots “o ekzenc. aff se senalqase ere 1% ghatids a
barciveh bee aotvclatyn, aatlo sousbleton oufa trun rae 4

Uae ihe 8 aaseneaen

2 7 ‘

nad vod a “ie i oO oy FORGED sate Pate: bsbi « ye
AW ete oH i beet _ eremotiers ain et oe tousol & of

ee een Tg feats
a Le Pied fs

' : a “a eo 3 eoenied@e bs © 8s
; — a a “ynobtocal
| | wmobgocainal

7 ae

Sk Sprint 29 yood a od sive dacs ehobaey <f
Pa Sy peak eee, ra ey sa: wee} af ran ah

te BOISE 30 WERT SIE .wtetmous ao beds - ae

we tiacs’ t @ >!
so _ : a .) ieee

101

the vast majority of the general public in Illinois. Since
industrial development oceurred in a relatively short period cf
time in the state, and was concentrated to a large extent in
Ghicago, most of the state had an inadequate coaception of industrial
life. This lack of awareness made it easier for unscrupulous
euployers to continue inhumane practices without the general public
becoming aroused and demanding that the state legislature take
some action.

Regarding the state legislature and the matter of labor
legislation, it should be noted that, for the most part, this
body remained neutral in attitude and simply uirrored the rela-
tive strength of organized lebor and the groups opposed to labor
legislation. "At times when the demand for a given law wes very
great, real, honest, straightforward legislation was enacted;... ma
For the most part, however, legislative sessions were a "succession
of attacks and couwiterattacks in which those desiring a con-
cncseanieiaentatideenatieateatetanecaptanichiaaeaauactdt fhe fact that
so many victories were won by the opponents of organized labor

9
was @ heavy burden for Walker to bear.

3 Becikner, Labor legislation, Be 507.
Ibid., pe 507.

? In a letter to trade unionists around the state, Walker said,
“fhe Illinois State Federation of Labor is mainly responsible
for what labor legislation there is on the statutes at this
time; it has assisted in the passage of every law having for
its purpose the general welfare of the people. That it has
not been able to accomplish more is mainly due to opposition
from the enemies of labor and the common people;. . .."”

IPL News letter, December 27, 2924, p. 1.

¥ — . .
* , a.stthoars sar a ltdtesgal Geaveettiphcass .deoned phere . 3

fos

apie ,elowhhly - wh. DRG two ant 36 <i Gems Pi
Dok ma Rioce ylew dalek we os owe ite ntpho antes ,

mi Tepe Seenl us od hele rene i HA: BBS one @ =

wad nebieteat odata oo vail peleesce.aa Pele ee ee
‘eReltos BOR

“otal Qe edie ott hes cuoleleigel adore aid gizhemye | -
ety ging Gaon alh soo vane Seas ad bhsote ~2 ,sctetete
«BLE De herwoste ht phate has stbrohbati nk Eeirsiesi fio Rees
“a OE > beaters agony ott bow noted bevdnegee To deeerowre

yusy au wal sreyig 4 say Demir oath sat eaacka on" ss@kcal

Lacasgobet” 2 oe weniseen walesa ad caret: data Smont ois atl
coo 8 peibeneel wots fete wit niseasoseave Save Blade _

seid Goat oil My yghaita by ait bares Gap autne cid Bo 2
‘eechal Bet Ls, Oo 10 awd aid yl Geer exer weitote yi oo
Siitad oo radia Ae mabe med # aoe

08 9 anise

sane vorlel . ade arth Srewors Sdabnodees thou oe sety
pidLanoguers eink: ai med 3o ak sient egnde adams
edd #5 wesiteda ott co a otadd cok a a
‘ah yabved onl quve 20 sgegacg ort mt botaiaas par i
pelo. aut edgoey att Lo eistiow Cumausg os? pao
WwabseRoGga GH eet wietiomy ak wteunt im ie ot ais 8
“aes etRugpery Bomeoy oie Dia eQKa! Se enaeee,

rs 2Q ors , ana 4,

2 bo

Walker's attitude toward labor legislation, which was
mentioned in the beginning of this chapter, was probably in-
fluenced as meh by his early association with John Mitchell
and District 12, as it was by Samuel Gompers and the AFL. This
was because the first major labor legislation passed by the
General Assembly in Illinois was directed at ending some of the
wafavoreble and dangerous conditions in the coaj mining industry.

The first mining law for Illinois was passed in March,
1872. It covered 2 number of problems inelading ventilation,
escape shafts, hoisting of coal, and the reporting and in-
vestigating of mine necidente. A year later several sections
of the law were amended, and in 1877 other amsndments were
added. The first general revision of the law was made in 1879.
These revisions strengthened parts of the law and were move
detediled concerning safety in mining operations.29

Between 1879 and 1899, when the second general set of
revisions was made, more amendments were added to the mining
law, These dealt with the weighing of coal, the paynent of
wages, the duties of mine inspectors, the examination of super-
visory help in the mines, end several other matters. sti,
the laws were not satisfactory and in 1899, when the General
Assembly met, Governor Tamer urged them to enact e new mining
code. A bill was prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
and submitted to the legislature, where it was passed without

16 Beckner, Labor legislation, p. 292.

12 tid., p. 293.

ent clodete soksucatgel tmdok Hot OUP LI ae a@* taal,
nak ybdesote sew wacko. eit We gacadiaed acd ak Lvasapichnes
Lion adi ik, dite sostatvoues cous wbsd sod viowe a3 boon

aist At off Ons aaserod (ogee tom Sige £2 jotwatt pas
‘ago wi bownay aoidalatgel soak a. tegl't oid sspeved aur
ans Ww once aulhes ae bevnetkh aay atealliy ch ylitessh Levemep
spent gikawy Bn0o att os atenone daoreaeb tag oh cemeriea
omni wt basesg saw akon iiTe tat ent gabsha teee® okt 4
oldalivew, geehuton® emaldorg tho rented & hevovrao af _ oye

te bos qatdwwes ate jos _inee %o pretend! cadets oes

atolwsa iovewos cad sce & ~ throbboo toby to gaidegteney

vie wiomnes wots JYOL ai one bebe etow mod at 0

»CTOL at ohen amy wal ort “to ae ce brent Lassen tanh otf abe
sou wiew bom ged at To 3% tesste feniigeueiia asoleleex . .
Ol, caclamia-e veulite o2 ySoltse gutermodtze Belt
Ya dee. Lope, Lacwog aie neve CEE Shttat as DOES RE

a
idee 263 ot Jebhe stew Glnaahiom fom 4 Shee Bee anotanve a
pod FREE wit ,dio ca gelilytow ois ediw TS eesay
“tix LO mtasieaxs ond ,auotongas: om: to oiatshirs at: ae
Pen) Lo arpa dens ee Sorivee bea Ron cu seh ak cos
isonet ot veda (OCC ok fees yamdualadten gee sete | mers ”
tuntodn ime 2 toxgae od moult fone spate COC iT xtd .
sekdutias® goded ke seserese anid ys crows RE emits A.

‘dworvce Demag ger th viens. ouudala, not creamy Nw i ave

7
: ty nit tector F ds hin ie
SER Gg paket 2

. ond i a
a "yy * &

103

ony difficulty. The new law made Illinois one of the most adq
vanced states in the nation in regard to mining regulations.?*

When Walker assumed the Presidency of District 12 in 1905,
there was an agreement between the coal mine operators’ associ-
ation and the miners’ uaion that neither group would introduce
bills into tha General Asseably which affected the Illinois.
mining code withaxt first consulting the other party. In 1906.
and 1908, when contracts with the operators were renewed, Walker
worked to. obtain an agreement on certain legislation he wanted
passed, but the operators would not agree. In 1909, therefore,
Walker decided 1% would be necessary to introduce three bills
into the legislature without prior agreement: with the operators,
and the District 12 officials prepared these biils for submission
to the General Asseubly.S

The first of these bills was a miners’ quelification bill
which set up stendards and technical requirements for ali men
working in the mines of Illinois. The second bill required
that ventilating fans be provided with an instrument recording
their speed, and the third bill required the use of mechanical
Us The operators were strongly
opposed to the first and third bills because the former

Gevices when dynamiting wag done.

strengthened the uoion's position in the state and the latter

involved extra costs since the mechanical devices were nob

perfectea.”

» Labor legislation, p. 295.
13 thia., pp. 296-298,
District 12, iA, Proceedings , 1909; PP. 59-604
15 Secimer, Labor legislation, p. 297.

$O£ . 4

supe! cages aunty. Lay ede ‘bess, wi bl “mie cbts edd oh opted be
ORL the SL sUd oa Bw woe atdaoes weld Catemae “coat sab.
“aoRnk 7 awosrmayo palsy Seon acid Leen ewe Segoe a Ea:

soehotsas hiaew quatty secon Und? geese “eettar est ie
aLontilT wd hogowiiea Codie qidguane Sposa add @ink

.

OL el wytusie veadde acd qekiivases: PON 4 Sands tew Shoo. pete
Tan veo gN STeeeye ver avin ajoumines wade .ooeL bus ‘
gatos wel seoLiwenet elasves oo dienesms oo abst st hasnt
rn pets i of .ustya dom fue wrosnwoqe odd dant sr —

aLid ons) suimbonink ot ymeasene af Bivow AL Bobpeab medial :
ee es wus <daiw dnopeeue sabia duectiv qestabeggad sett otek,
pataciqdsn 4 aiid gape. Sassgeng aledoci fe SL dadedatt adh hee
Beaters t 3 GF renoweh SeseneD adtoe
Jekd muideniigiowy tala &@ eer afite enads ‘to denis. ont iz
non. le wl adceociumey Lac tmiped fas abuasesta qr dea ded i
bentabes ALie beam ooh OETA Lo Runes eh akg
gillesanr dusnarw ard ss 9 sabe: Lathe ‘eh ad anes gated icuev 4
iesheadsen i¢ sus ond Denivgom Olid Yes 0 lam gheegs swine
clgeeste BioW BUOTAEQY BES! *L eva’ aor poidinagye siete a ei ;
gouwat add sarmoad eiliia endihy Sites, dass. aid ah
espead alt ne mies a Se at montbeos & yeataus ‘outt ieived

| doar ewe nonteds Leolagedver: e wopite: a9 assIS

SOR ag siete ie

| GRE voaet (ems ieare

104.

After a great deal of bargaining, the operators finally agreed
to the lavs requested by the union, provided the District 12
officers agreed to a bill creating a commission to study al) mining
bills in the future. The officials agreed to this, and all bisis
vere gubmitted to the General Assembly, which passed ems The
new legislative body wes designated the Mining Investigation
Countssion,(MIC), and played en important pert in legislative
soitiachbiiicieiaiataii wilntintes saud:aihnimanciiedbags.

The MIC was made up of nine men, three from the operator's
association, three from the miners’ union, and three non-partisen
menbexs< Governox' Deneen appointed Walkers one of the members
representing District 12," In thie capecity, Walker vas one of
the prineipals involved in improving the mining lave in 1910,
after the Cherry Mine disaster, at Cherry, Iliinois, indicated
that revision wes again necessary.

The Cherry Mine disaster was one of the worst mine accidents
in the history of the state. ‘The tregedy, which resulted from
& failure to provide an adequate means of preventing and combating
mine fires, resulted in the death of more than two Immdred miners
“i Beckner, Labor Legislation, pp. 297-298.

Ibid.s, p. 299. Beckner states that, "In the work of the Mining
Thve on Commission gemaine collective bargaining of the
highest type hes prevailed. All the good thet comes from joint

agreements made with the full sense of responsibility on each
aside hes cxowmed its efforts."

Ibid., Pe 300. Other members of the commission included:
Richard Newsem, G. W. Treer, and J. W. Miller representing the
operators; Charles Burch and Bernard Murphy representing the
miners; Professor HK. H. Stoek, af the University of a
De. J. A. Holmes, of the United States Geological Survey, and
Professor Graham Taylor, associate editor of the Survey to
serve a3 non-partisan member's.

Wo. ov

poy’ aoa gots qo add. univer So Lapy- saggy @:x9
SE obudatd ald abana Te ital ous ‘YO Ludaeupe? aval ogi
gelite Sie ybuse of sotuatenoo 8 gcimam tiid 3 ot beotye sh 52%
wiikd Lie Baw yakike of beomye alata lete. of? .otashes apie ait
a aan er rt Barus goatdw gidnenak Copeman mid oF bedsindua wi
reliuglgasvet aatrGN wie Solem sage O57 VbOs wvisataneal ares

wisalalgel ak dwaq ve Pens: as Degeie ora «(x08 oes :

yetaueds gatcia dag w.d coiv cotgammeo ecatded :
ae

a’ goderew OAS Woel end ,pow entm To cy chen aa OG) oa om, -
azalvusg~eou esd bre .ohas ? tient eds novt wants woitetoooan
ayes ade Go ana weiive bedobowys. or ome eared freee 7

: F sor (I 7

UG wo ata Keel Usk kesh Bis ALAS oe 8 ay. gy sytem chien

» HCL af a gadede aad qocvrowges ab bole at aciticeieeae - uy «4
:

heteekiet .bicalill , yest de .% cedaene. aukM yemediy acts on
heaaepes, ney sion ombatron alD 7 |
_
g

_ateubionts cit: davew wlio fe soo ar YovagekS aati pera. angi 7
ove Bovleas: dekh .geencw ail. .agedR odF-Fo yeesadid or0.
2. Baws Ges acuapola By AG SHUEY ‘Od. gad

TSO OS « ‘bas. Mitts way Srey

9 Ra FES wv os iia 4

geen an pee ‘dae ext al” thud? seneda 9 een .U8 ag at
ay bo pelotanuad wv bdnalhed | onda wolesdencd cokdhagedy
datet, aoxt agueo gerd hong ads 108 J Radtavesng aad wg aM
inte £0 YseLetLanonters ho BaNeR Reeth aad Ae olde acta
"iwele wht Loawoes andl

serena gedin ca 4
Food +0 ala
ee poke

oebulesi ax Lantus Pid
aud eee sg Migros perk

bg %
ne

z
2 oe
: Ps es

‘nich “Ene 19." by Akavin gear posts £6) ee
bane yea hese tanned aowAst ba: si
ogg gear ge Ro Te Odio aia:

;

105

and moved the pocpin-or Wis Wtiite’ to demediate ection.”

Governor
‘Deneen called the General Assembly into special session, and asked
thet the MIC draft suitable bills for better protection of the miners.
The commission subultited three bills which 1t considered necessary
1 leg pAb sen ani il ie aha

fhe first of these bille made detailed provisions for fire
fighting equipment, in coal mines, and provided for additional
mine inspectors in order to giarantes enforcement of the act. The
second bill called for the establishment and mainteinence of mine
fire fighting and rescue stations in important coal mining centers
of IlMnoie. The last bill established miners’ and mechanics'
jastitutes for the purpose of giving technical training to coal
winers. The first and second bills were approved by the General
Assembly and signed inte law. The third bill was not passed,
however, because it vas not within the scope of the General
Admins ‘pian ditakion,.

Walker had a major pet in the enactment of the two laws
passed, and wes given credit in particular for helping to
egtabliigh the mine reseue stations, At the convention of District
12 in 31911, Governor Deneen pointed out thet mine rescue stations
wexe established because the District 12 officers demanded then.
He also reminded the delegates thet such stations were the first
Se se his A Go hee by tay etd agueanone™

19 TEL Hews letter, November 18, 1916, pp. 2-/:.
20 Beclmer, Labor legislation, p. 300.

2. ibid., pe 301.

22 District 12, WIA, Proceedings, 1911, p. 4.

eA © a ae cif Baie Ss ie fe tr vdate Beis +0. ae i ati |

: fms Saat pooh F eer bh cpu rises anny segs
voi AE Kes nokkossosn sipurmdt te

yt mm cero ae OE take ah te.

og f

* ade efse2 aduabkpas wold tereug pian a

ays wits anwthitvaag Raf odee whew aAlder wayid hy Peenite seo

_ ance
F280! 2. 0R Gi Gai oy Do aR oO SS Cea Babes

0% .tne mo Se Souesnole >) See oo dete uh Age

Sop goweniicdwubac hee Eoewlekidatad orth rot baitiee kbd |
: Wieser viiuhe: Savy Beecwaal Ah cae Stee hand gasritoeke:
a : BOLL al hos. “ope betellantas L£id dal peer ing AOR LEE Bee :
_ fate of “obuiiat Lastmtoat qeivig, te seoguin oe soe teat
a FORD ee ye Roseman Le imoeae Ale Sa eee ae mtg: ee
_ haeang aS “ane AGG Naka oi 4 wed ahah cog ke: fates =
ae Lererel odd lo agcoa ord chit ton sar of aasiiad casero
i 7 - ; . are ; : ; ie hb ae seieeal ia 7
| _ awel ews air So teordange ait. = as HOt Lit a ang, seo -
| a : oh tt Set eee ed wobdrwney sg janie. TEN we ok i
Sg kerb ho neakdwavton aad os antaiirs paras soon st |

a 7 on

* peated ans Fades oa AS wan saiosas ae of eee
ane 1

| 28s, oe Sah see eta

_ ae er

- 7
, : 7 :
- - i] : a
ee

In 1911, the time appeared right to revise the entire
mining code egain. Walker and other meubers of the MIC drafted
and submitted five more bills to the General Asseubly. These
bills, which vers passed without trouble, completely revamped
the mining laws, and added several. additional safety features.”
The yevised law also provided for extensive additions to the

powers and duties of the State Mining Board, which previously
ay

had been given authority to enforce the mining laws, These
new Jews once more gave Iliinols one of the finest mining codes
in the country.

The practical training Walker received in legislative
matters, from hia experiences as & member of the Mining Investi-
gstion Commission, was @ continual help to him when he became
President of the IFL in 1913. It gave him the necessary back~
ground for dealing with vavlous other laws in Tiliacis which
were beneficial to labor. These lave included the Convict
Labor Lav, passed in 1903, and the Workmen's Compensation Law,
pessed in 1911. While he did not participate directly in the
passage of either of these laws, Walker wes responsible, as
President of the TfL, for strengthening each of then.

The proper use of convict lebor wes a serious problem for
the people of Illinois during most of the nineteenth-century. Trade
unionists in particular were concerned about the matter because
competition between convict labor and free labor was sometimes

SP necknar, labor legislation, p. 302.
24 gad. pe 310,

=!
we 9 id hivers od, Sgt Ramee ahd ale, ALES a
Watt WM ote Yo axodwoq werice bea teuiLaw chagn @bos yak

:
wai? .vidmeaad losenay ot od abt was wit fatddowinm & rsa
fagearox yYisded gag a theese wy awithe beni. anor apdiw ait

* swantiak yovtan tawitists Lagever pedi 43 DRG 2 RG, saints tah

pit od anukddeba ¢ i atid sok Bebivow, onie wok Aoabroe -

vlawoingmg nelly bxsotl Wei eaeoR att lo aetieh Bow wens
“eo ar HL shea OW OOEGING AT YelLOian nerdg asad oon

avigo gutcky gesot. suv ie emp atenkilT weg axon ase aed. 2

-_
seorg sil ae
avidelatees mk bewleuwy veliow oniucent fagkingng aif
-

chbnovt Bebe my 4O yeditew 2 ga Avaualcesn.s o2m aoe] ,erehina
“Ied wl nev whi of gion Lavatiess 6 asd .otaaienc) atin i

oat yxeseocon cit aki weg 4. il of SEE ott, 2p sash aa
tiotde ahoullix ak awel sede mpehusy dost goifsed apt oe ’

Joivno0 elt obufond omnl avaol : wieead, 04 1G ADEE IEG,

tal ieee a taewheN oft Ong HORE ol hedesy re

Wi af ptouslh ehepigdenag | don ibe mak oh LG vedhn BES

as ,Mdiacwgwor wow pedlal..,gval seule to sede Ye oye

aid 2 dea ikoodduuosda wi pi we to de

ra, aol way Sonica & av todal PoLetios $0 Bits OOTY 4 cs
shag? .Qaustupetevetnic adv Go 300m pata ahowkllt Se ade
eaueoad tedlee wilt dyads beresoane, eyo fulnoisesg of ada

asigonos avy cual sel an soda Sobrawa coved s

107

<Yimeug to certain occupational groups, aad coxtrary te thei con-
ceyt of justice.

Pron the 1630's to the 1600's, convict labar in Tilinois was
paged on the contract systen, whereby the state remained in eus-
toly of prisoners, but contracted out the labor of convicts at
a given rate per day. In 1686, a constitutional enendeeot ves
passed whieh vas supposed to end this practice, but the new law
Qid not solve the problem.’ conviets were still used to wan
fagtawe cortain besic commodities uader the contract system,
although they no louger worked outside the priwons.

Tn 1903, therefees, a lev was passed viich exected a
Board of Prison Industwles. This board was composed of various
grison officials who were given the task of seeing that all
produete maufactured by prisonex’s vere sold to other state
institutions and not on the open market. ‘he law prohibited the
contrast system, aad all. prison labor contracters vere required
to remove their property fron the penitentiaries. This lav
s0lved ‘the chief problems but organized labor was "constantly
om the @lert .. . to prevent the eaploymest of convicts in
vays that aight prove detrimental to free labor.“

In 1915, this alertiess aided the International Broom and
Whtskmekers’ union in securing the end of broon mumfacturing
st Joliet penitentiary, Walker, aloag with the officers of the
Chieago Federaticn i abhor, vas able to help ia this matter.“!

vd Beckner, Labor lagigiation, pp. 133-134, 139-140.
Ebla., De 333.
Tbid., yp. UWS-149. Eyl, Hows Levier, Govasber 6, 1915, p. 1.

. YOL

ao tiaad oF URS Be 4 RR, Lompiipine: bia oF
i. 4s oodahaey, oe
Ww OSnititt af wodal tebuoe .aOOOk ae oF a ORME ae eon
oun ot doameot ode et queue Mie domes eo oo Bid ia
$0 etokvace: OY el eit Sup. aetosghioe dad .veaoearng he wrote _
Sow. Sranieues Taped lage. 2 a oR. "Ra egy pe meek &
at ees ahi gon. rite nlube dee oe iemncanae act Sod —
wis OF DOR KA PT aeGdweGD SS wee gat cies gan Dey
woe toemtnes wie cebots palwtleeres Nheckd minder wanteah a
Lecomkug add ebhedsa bekioo regia on caus’ dgsecttla ;
& Bade dadew tegen neat wal . oreTersald yeni AZ - 7
anaters to hemos gen ie! eet shoretantee: scat Ye feed
fie oats yalook bo 2and i revkg wae ore wake? sombey
siete selfs cd bick qe atewoeler yd Doe toenm stoudeney
eid becacidang wal RS ..eulei eego ait ee do fein Suceahe deat

boulapert wos eacscboweateaes ‘ae ‘paste Lats Bat Oa ae dresinoe
wel aig? eobvaitendt tomy eat MEER Rey EMEP wena |
(hdaatesoe” see tated Demtesgee dat smedclivety Dace abt sovtos
a2 EONRReS: DORE OF Meet ag a. MRAM os
Ee agcin® eat ed amnesia cea We sh age
it me, Leah ce aie bobbe apenionle unde Ot ek -P
BhowWe IT JSG Te bop ad gaan eh oitiow tere )
ci? i RIOEN say Siw goake walled bioontneg OUR to
Laceuthinwn gies ot glad et ately eer a te 28

OAL EEE HEL ER ie ae <auiecreust stk
inp ty

oh ong (QL .O corked AREA, ae

In 1920, Walker appointed a special committee to investi-
gate the entixe matter of convict labor goods in Illinois. The
comittes submitted its report to the 1921 IFL conventio, and
drafted a special bill, which was introduced into the General
Assembly, concerning the use of labels on 211 convict labor
gooasi™™ This bill failed to pass, but it indicated the ex»
tent to whieh the IfL wanted to contrel these products.

Walker was more successful with legislation concerning
Workmen's Camupension than he was with the Convict Labor lew.
The Workmen's Compension law of 1911 helped to establish the
idea that employers were responsible for helping injured employees,
but there was still a great deal of improvement needed in the
lew, Prom 1913 to 1930, therefore, Walker made certain that
additional amendments were added to this law.

At the beginning of the twentisth-century many European
countries had laws providing compensation for injured vorkmen.
In the United States, however, there was no recourse for a
Working person injured in the course of employment, except
thet furnished by damage suits against the employer throuch
the courts. Since the courts permitted the employer several
methods of defense sgainst this type of legal action, the
injured party vas often left physieally and financially ruined.”

In Illinois, interest in the subject of compensation
received a tremendous impetus from the mine disaster at Cherry,
Illinois in 1910. The special session of the General Assembly,

Bi la
TFL News letter, March 26, 1921, p. 2.
&? Reckner, Labor Legislation, pp. 430-431.

. Ca

ao “.alonkhil th wlieiy soa Yolveos toe setian eile waa aang,
bat .sotdrwtnte J SOE end ext ouegon adh betetadss 20
Seiwss ect och fProcbemn: ae dekde Lid Latege a. sera
soak sobruoe Tie 2d. ahedet.te wey eid yiniemeoran Pee
«KO wth Boteobhed hi ave ,aeag oF ballet Lo lel keke “Sater
vatoeiiog woods Lomites oF peta ITE eaanies:
Dehetpanes anotad phil didae SP Rce ons Se. eat “eA |
Wak ahded dotreod. afd atiw amu sods rozenogume wt art

eld peiidedew of Betled Lt 9 al ueLansgnoS sh atestetl eet

ehevroliyn wy hervtiot goigliad wot aldhangyen ooge erocodeme get aebh
‘Bhd gi betwee duecerou. to tee moony, & Liiva pew anor atu —_

ded abuse chon tolled pewohetedtd FEL of ELQL mowh, wal by
amt ghig oF De: VEST BREA aeseeaati

maaotns work ypustseo.wnitner? ot ‘to gauksakged edt a aie a

. . 5
- coiluee Lonetarh wh coidcemeqsoa. gediiveny owal hen as :
; in. wal

“8 ok Soiroeen oh tev ote exe OOOO Med Lal aby Da

Pay

ae geottes Lanal: to rr aie gankage annvist apsen

oS seaiture * iiakoswme? bas Leo tagig dead ceva, Baw aay,
EP AGeG Oy ho Spal sae pdteat daswatik a b.
Sot ca coruwath enti atv megt anton mee A
viewed Loyaied at to mola neg coneena at Or, st

o y6 eae ee

5g 1900 28 nea aerier
r 7 oe

called by Goversor Deneen, was asked to consider 4 change in the
existing system of employer's liability, in addition to improving
the mining code. The Genersl Assembly auzthorized an investigation
counission to make an extensive study of industrial accidents. Tts
report formed the besis for the Worimen's Compension Law of 1921.°°

This lav provided that, in case of injury to an employee, the
employer was to furnish first aid, and medical, surgical, and hospi-
tal expenses for @ period not longer then eight weeks, 1f the costs
of these benefits did not exceed $200. If an injury resulted in
death, and the deceased left heirs whem he supported, the employer
paid a sum equal to four times the average ammal earnings of the
employee, provided the amount was not less than $1,500 nor more
than $3,500. If there were collateral heirs, a certain percentage
of the death payment went to them. If tha employee left no heirs,
the employer provided $150 toward burial expenses,>>

In addition to the hospital and medical care, the employer
was expected to pay compensation if the period of disability
lasted longer than six working days, This amount of money was
equal to one-half of the employee's weekly sarnings, but not less
then five dollars nor more than twelve dollars. This was paid on
& weekly basis and lasted as long as the employee was disabled,
provided that the amount did not exceed the maximm death benefit
of $3,500 or @ period of eight years. After the period of eight
years or the macimam death benefit was reached, aamuel compeusa-

x Beclmer, Labor Legislation, pp. 440-450.
31 Ibid. , PP. 455-862.

. Ot
ads of apeads © tehhanoo od Bolan ages, coal coekorey wees =7
yatvosget of aokdkbhe of ywhkscals, aosoigee ko aedage satiate .

soltegiiawsL oe bec laoddun ylieeesh Epeswevet) oi? ahooe pe hula + att |
avi vthehiovs Jatvdenbes ‘lo ghede ohare as cle wil: onkaatewad -
WO ECOL Qu wal molaneqmel a? cagtioW. wid WE adend a aang ‘ ~
enciit 1 oun ame mo th weet to oped wh boas Sativa wal. abr 7 7
ateaedt bas eee rior iaodhen bee a bheceaks vacent a) waa eyo . 7
AvuOG O89 BE ,uidaw Tualo padi sponge fous Lolsog a set aomutaepee ‘nd ;
ak beklowsn press tide we tt .0On OgaD on be ask pment 20 i
xercek gee mis sat sean: gel ey wakort PRAl Suaceod old one lasts 7
ait BO Byer fms Jayeo auarens eed aaah want ot Laue sem # Shug :
eran ON CUR LE ned? aed ser ei coupes cule Gediwws peut -
ootigisg aheiine 2 ,eiiet Levodalies ome walk SE NOOR ES mach _

ied on Sel sepals edd BP qaeule ed ooow euonageiy, bes -ectt ‘te
* eacogan Lakaed Bread ORE hehiveny-wemiigus 2h

CLE odd 1 ora Feedioae ane dadtgeot cad ed mohdtter at o>
erkizdeash, Su Racwes wh Dh ethene yay A ae ane iA

‘Raw rye 20 dostas aGl aah godt aie mate reed. oven
anal don sud: 4 apnkeee: waaay e*eoyosis Sid Sea: Medanaco: ci
20 bboy ear alee sanellob welew? node ime wot RAO. wret —_

OB cag quince fund godat
aC SHEL oe

Wt eb ae
Toe ey eee a cody it

120

tion, equal to elakt per cent of the death benefit, was to be paid
for lite.-*

The provisions of the 1911 Workuen’s Compensation lew vere
nominally elective for some employers, but compulsory for a few
occupations and industries. Unless nobice was given te the con
trary, however, a1. employers and employees were assumed to con
under the act. Muployers refusing to abide by the law were denied
the usual defenses they used in court when lay sulia.were brought
agalust them, but employees were denied the right to recover
damages by suit, except when injury resulted from the intentional
omission of safety equipment which should have been provided by
the employer .35

in order to guerantee payment of compensation under the act,
employers could inswre themselves. This insurence was not com-
pulsory, according to the law, but the injured employee had first
claim agalast an employer's property end other assets if insurance
wes not carried.3*

There was uo board or other administrative body created to
enforce this Jaw, so in the beginning the Bureau of Labor Statistics
was in charge of the administrative functions, while disputes were
handied through arbitration or recourse to the courts. In 1913,
however, the General Assembly passed an ameudment to the law which
established a three man non-political body calied the Industrial.
Board. This board, appointed by the governor for six years, was

Becker, Labor Leg isistion ; YP» 455.462,
33 Thid., pp. 4554k62.
3* Thid., pps 455=N62.

GEL |

;
biog ef ah aor (ironed diab ots to dea 20g dys oF deape 4s

Fi ni HOS" st eth? Pe Pe Be pte abe
. ere wel ae licweand 3? cepphood £1@6: see 3D anp.iunosg ee or,

~

wal 8 t62 yuouligses dvd ,aaeurlides eee woe, okies ' RUA eT A:

eno os OF us, ae soaking eaola amelsdasiet pow ano giemusp?

Mio GF Demis Otew poop ge bas eyergoigna Lia , teveved we
pokes eiey Wal odt ou abides oF gulastex aumculgedd ote wilt t
Sid OES0 AW wal Dede Justo ok tone gad apawates Lageg
TeonMN OF Sagi od Dokoeb xm oh xol ys Jud yale Penkamae
| fasckdyetet odd wast botinaes yukel cow dyoone .tine qd neni
Ohno Mead aa lapse olee ges hue viulee do (Gotmadins

igs

ise op aahey colvsaesqnes Yo caomgag aalussiwy oo tabwy oe
“be YOR BR SuoyEes Ete ,tewleggeds ougeat Ll peg. arena line
SeTkL pad seyotgae hoynist eb ed wal end ov gakbampoa yyooaleng
eoveiuens 2h adoran aadito hye eisxagong? a! woyel quae ae SHS QG isto
*S oe demume POs aa i

od tae Yhod evivawekstogs gedde wo cmuod og aN eu~rlt, aie.
(bo lwatiscd wedal To usenet ad? gekecged oad oi .oa yea eile ensuite
oor amiugats of bu. aaotosnut avbitemin cies oh Zo ayesso oe
ARE BL. eee gio Gd omyooet xo mohgemiidls myroue |
Sow Wal gid Shewiaaes nea daar yt cieaaniass LALOR, Wiad te
RS Tae suit ioiilos ySos! Lapbaibon: SLR aves is, Be & hh
ao ee whe dO oertevug. echt seek tries Pt aU shrragt

responsible for sdwinistering the law.>?

Beginning in 1915, the Industrial Board asked that representa-
tives of the employers and the employecs come to a joint agreement
concerning amendments to the 1911 lav. This was agreeable to
organized labor, end between 1915 and 1923, 211 amendments sub-
mitted to the General Assembly were decided upon in advance.

In 1915, the agreed euondments increased the amounts payable
@$ compensation in some areas of the lav, and changed some of the
procedures for settling claims. Walker told the IPL convention
delegates that, while these amendments fell short of what organized
lsbor wanted, the wisest course was to accept the improvements
made possible by the joint agreement. He wes “thoroughly con-
vineed there would have been no progress made if such an arrange-
ment had not been schteved. "36

In 1917, when the United States Supreme Court upheld the
econstitutionality of a New York compulsory compensation law, the
joint committee of employers and employees, called together by the
Industrial Board, agreed upon e similar measure ané introduced it
into the General Assembly. The scope of the 1911 law was not
chenged by this amendment, but the law's provisions were made to
apply automatically to all employers and employees. Governor
Lowden supported the bill, and it was passed into lew. Walker
Claimed, "This 1s the second step towards providing edequate

3° Becker, Labor Legislation, p. 463.

Thirty-third Anmweal Convention Proceed » IFL, October 18-22,
oe ila Illinois, p. 68. cited as IFL, Proceedings,

ALE

“umd oth peProtakekene woh eldtanoyart
vaproeswges duds tales riopd Lekedanherl edt ates a githerhgatt “tw
joomserys date, 2 ot sop seeyeigae odd Das eveyoigie ond to asvéd
og efdsseres ao eat? ywel L20f eae ad adult” perk episbatio
~fee edradhnews Lid .€80L boa AOL aeewtsd ine otodsf bes tnag is
seomavhs al ang Pohieeh syow yidweaeA Lavesad ons 03 boddthe
eldavag atckomn of: fosseres: addenhoww beevss etd BEOL al *
elt So come Legasty Gne ywal ode do euaee eon oP qditiemwagmds ad
soktmevans GUL wit tied valle ssedalo ooitidiwa ah eesubesost
botinesse derke to d4aocia Gfot atreshnems saecy oftiv gad sedated
atnivorenye: odd dypoom ad eow eiaios deonly aft ,beduew nodal
“oo ‘shtiguouont" asyw a foemeging telot sit yd atdbeaod etsat
-Ox00RB 28 @ops Ih obwr seers y Oe ceed eral hieor seit boonty
GY pesvediion emod. don fad tote

add flecgy dunod orguget esd Betas odd sat (PECL of
sit .wal goidraseans yooalugune SY wok & Ye yFelaroihstiasce
uly yl xadvaged beiison .eeegalgres tus anegnigos to seed anoe diatot,
$i Senunhende Ace owes welliote 2 Book ieorss: Byecd Lebaacial
fou asv wal LIGL eos Uo sneve o8? syldneanl Lovsnet ectt oont
cst obs arom aautedvesy aval std dit too hume abit yd begnndy
JOUTVOSD ..auRKOLeKe bas oreavolawe fis oF yitnobterodus wee
sale. .wal oduk Poeaag aew th hea (Lid ott femiogaua wie!
ayaupoba neibivety 2otwod gave tamowa odd ak ebene" nent

til ag soksatnnyes ode a x

ES-4i vededoO CEL s Sue teenre et aaivweraed Lensek Pobitgiete
_Bpactdesoowd ytUr ne hav kd may 20 otf ML OOEEET or AS of

protection for men aad their families in the event of injury or
death, «.+0."9!

In 1919 and 1921, enendments were made to the 1911 law which
sutended the coupeasstion “alerts end insured wore success in ad-
uinistering it.>° There were no major changes wade, however, auc
the employers’ representatives ot the joint conferences became
nore and more reluctant to concede to organized labor's demands.
To 1921, Walker reported to the delegates st the LVL convention
thet, "year by year our experiences in attempting to make reason~
able progress under the coupensation law by joint conferences:
have been getting more end more difficult, disagresable snd une
certain. » .."99 For this reason, Walker and other labor leaders
began questioning the usefulness of such a method, and finally
dscided to introduce bills which bad the support of labor elone.

In 1923, @ bill was introduced by Representative Reuben

Soderstrom of Streator, Illinois, “>

which extended the compensa~
%ion daw by adding, to the list of hazardous industries, by ex-
tending the act to include employees injured outside of Illinois
42 the employer resided in the state, and by providing for in-

creases in compensation payments. This bill was passed by the

ai Thirty-fifth Annual Convention ae » IFfL, October 15-

yo Joliet, aa pp. 5 ‘Hereafter cited es
38 Beckner, Taber lagiaiation, pp. 464-167.
3° qnirtyeninth Annual Convention , IL, October 17-
@2, 1921, Aurore, Illinois, p. reafter cited as

became President of the IFL in 1930, when Walker
resigned to become secrstery of the UMWA Reorganized.

Sif

xo yaugel Io veeve old Bt seilhens aed Say say set sotdogtoag
dog FAR IY db ee on +, Satie
soidw wal Si@l ott o¢ ahwa oned adunnpeow: Sel dew Qiel Hf,
“iG D2 aBRewe OLN ER Dis aad coLocenmQme tad nebnstrse :
“1S BOTCON OGL: AOR LO “Epi ou) Om Sew eval Of ae yyabante Lola
mniacsd ueonwuelaup Priel, odd du agyiuenees ages _ ssogoique ais
wore of alot jorlangeao od steapon, ot deetosabent wae foes ea
soituevuoe AGL ond Je aatepaieh ond od optuoges seiay .IGQL af
~—Catet aie of soliqueide a. sepsekengs coo cay yt way” tad
aganeccinon dala, Yawk oohicm amo alt LAO AOR aide
“hil Dow Gigeeengea Blue T1Ld arom Sos ote Qakdiey seed deed
evobael xodal salto boa agllal .ooaaes, abe 0% CO" ow eae
ilar bet, Seut Pe, Hous Vo eRenlgineg wi jee ase caged
Of wots souAt Ta Teague add hac detdw eiliq oostaradas ad pebLogo
Rede oyiinvosweuged yd beowbowvel ear Like 2 gat at
_ sokasgens sod bebe ng Coe £0 mouth es (Ree ‘20 BOLTS TOOOE
vie Ye aabihunet gaybuscos te jakt add tat gatboe yl wal 4oid
i yeoyoigne chylant o Jap edt gakived
ai 3
(Pe ys Sete vow Lid ak .ernemyeg colheedegnes ab BpRaeEs

a

BGK UO whee Daw

wih wit yuiblvwsg yo Bae ,uteie ead ut Deltas

wd cadeais 2 vguibaeoee aes soituerag cout oe bia : ka -
a Dotle 4ogheeKeZ) VO gy ,Ghomnlae yeortot Fret | ght

(TARE eur iogoors tt

© goal yoy ws salaiyes socal pee 7

“yi sododod TT «gpetbose ret pep te danas ard oe ion

em Redte so Aa a se EOE

saree ;
reulie no © OROL atk ma add %o drobine st haan ‘onde a
heairsgerooh, AW edd ta yasderoes aduved ot hoggsees

13

House of Representatives, but the Senate comuibtee to which it

wag referred never convened and the amendment was mens When

the 1925 session of the General Assembly convened, a bill contain.
a
ers and organized lsbor, oml passed with practically no opposition.
Again in 1927 an@ 1929, amendments were aided to the law making it
nore effective.

Although the Workmen's Compensation law of 1929 was more
substantial and comprehensive than the original law, it is doubtful
that Walker was entirely satisfied with it. In 1927, for example,
when he spoke before the convention of the American Association
for Labor Legislation, Walker claimed that a better system of
compensation should be developed by state legislatures in order
to reduce to a minimm the economic suffering of those injured
while working. He was certain that stricter compensation laws
with higher benefits for the injured employes would help to make
the employer more avare that safety should be his major eeneebas”

One of Walker's major responsibiliticss as President of the
TFL was to promote legislation insuring the legal stetus of trade
unions, He considered it very important, therefore, that some
kind of lew was passed to insure that injunctions by courts would
be Limited to a ddl In many cases, one of the most

powerful weapons thet employers had against labor unions was the

aaa rabid
Beckner, Labor

"3 Mid, p. 469.
4b TFL News letter, January 29, 1927, pp. 1-2.
45 Becker, labor Legislation, p. 54.

legislation, pp. 463-469.

ve

4

Sigh dened Rhy <2 8

, Sims 20h

el

28 mate ‘w ia ihenee sil eit sai * Reet rf
dno! BO Jumsaon et bom berrnos Tepe beter
animagens LL id. sy be airy lta? Laon wae See’ daiaih ete
muchas old ciod yd pasuborndttt aot! adeieoa es Be, #13 De “eae th

=
fue aR
reed

if :
jookhienben st Fe wah tJ toad iy & BRIE bas a: pk hal tommy ‘Beet 2: -
( wl? we Debte ease <:ssabiiae? SCL fats Seat serial,

fo, SLE ARR RR

SPUN SG

VOR “to wal fo Faeaeeged a cose catiT aid Myessh

is

i * contbsettte: 90

*

Wes. ei naeto els neds weber “penis Teak Salih

OE 8i ak PER? peltatene: fence new “eolied -#

Gitekooawk meaiaenA 98d ‘id solJsevsos oft wrote! eologe ant mache

to mideze vedtad 6 cade Bontslo welisw .olvafaiaer woded te
kucde of gemawelehed adede vd beyaleved ad’ Aiuede neatente

heraatct gait to antes viva plsioteios ott rockin s od opabart

wel coldmadeqos aotohide aele siedwon ecw of .ahltiw siide —

wh: ay Pi

a he idee el as soh¢iiidkeatcam Volar sia’ cs) ae
oboe To’ gitar

ance dad onetion nea . dred iomnt wee oe os

iaduoe |

‘

ond ast a
“4

,
7
7
mn
,
7
,
°
,
4 >
' 7
-j

glot Mut smpolame beutuk off wet eciesed ded ld oe

sittepebo ‘ete eid ad Sfyotea voetee date vba oven la

lial ‘ge pues nk, ak dant hilt od eet

Laas eda achavast soliereigal sical 4

me

nav ROR BEY agar poe RS 8
| ° oe
- :
Sol, vi a

1M

injunction, and too frequently, it seemed to labor leaders,
employers used this method of ending strikes or boycotts. For
twelve years, from 1913 to 1925, Walker sought passage of an
injunection+limitation bill favored by organized labor in Illinois.
When it was finally enacted into law, he considered this his
greatest legislative achievement.

An injunction is a restraining order issued by courts pro-
hibiting certain persons from doing or requiring them to do
specified acts. In the case of labor unions, injumctions were
issued to prevent irreparable injury to property rights, silace
some judges felt that strikes or boycotts could result in such
damage to an employer. Puaishment for violation of aa injunction
was brought about by contempt proceedings by the court issuing
the injunction, and could be such fine and inprisonment as the
eourt wished to impose. In the case of such proceedings, de-.
fendents were not allowed to have a jury trial.

The use of the injunction in industriel disputes apparently
originated in England. One of the earliest known cases where an
injunction ves used against workers oecurred in this country in
the early 1600's. In this case, the plaiatiff asked that the
" Pefendents., . . be restrained from printing or publishing eny
placards. . . whereby the property of the plaintiffs, or their
business, might be damnified.' nt The request to the court was
made because the workmen had printed signs while they vere out
on strike. : .

46 Felix Frankfurter, The Labor Injunction (Gloucester, Massachusetts;
P. Smith, 1963), p. 20.

~Wiebeal wadnl of fompse ¢2 ogliweupers gos) baw gniobbosyt, aid

uot .atoo ged wp aaliwea paibee ko Huviden oistd) pairs 7
gp to syseastea diiespy wail foBy od Ciel ih .aneey ovloned 7 .
ehonRiLt. sk wedel beetargee <d pexovek LL wokies dnt Somorsonst at ie
ee abde hovwhlesco od eloth betoawe Wier mr dhe | 7
. jimeevetdos ovidelezgel vaehion . |
were avaaon yd boynal utieeo gotatenutaes & a nobsowegek’ wh ae 7
Ob od ais yatitypet o yehel mewh-auewsg utaduon yotthiked cal

7

ste enoltomiies .aachey ede. ‘to was et of .ates hodhiaege

oaks ,adigh= vssogeag tt craimd. sidescyeras drever, ad depend
dana of dhesot: Sfgco addopyed aocasdinda oarid tied aga amoe
reer es Se anktaiokys sol daomdatoi- .xeyotque as od emo
yithueel guoce ote cd ageibeosong dquedeca yd gage deere eae
ond as tasmapaiuest Dis onl Gone ad hla Lan .robsoemibl ody
woh ,ageiiessony dove ho esac atv ab. .emeget wh badaty dusos
5 ahead cout 8 ovad od hemiie Jow anew atyehas?
plisotegas eadogalh tebicaubat 2b noktomies ofc %o oaw e@P os) :
On Sede neaeo awona veollies ey RO GaN) se5igwe of. sian adi
ei yrtnuge aket af beurwece ayeduow danse teow as setsoruit
ets vadd Bedaa Pitiataig ost. seam aided af - sp OO yleae.. at
yu nokdaiiduy wo porcoiag worth heukevgags ed. . sikaanaseeaaial
Bier wo ek calely awit de yt «oqo onftt NO BTRER 6.4. ——

i

ow
ans gums eft at Jooshor ec? Why a Bos’ pbams. of. dey aes 4 BROW,

7
te omew yecd ether ial on en weak = emenes ~

ca

iavtdeauinssaat ,vedeonunlD) soldonnts

215

Injunctions were issued in. Lliinois in coaneection with labor
disputes as eerly as ides The injunetion problem was not
serious in the state, however, until after the famous Debs in-
junction was issued by a federal court in 1694, during the Pullman
strike. The issuance of this injunction was the cue to employers
to start appealing to the courts-for restraining orders whenever
they became involved in a strike or et

In 1908, two injunctions were issued against Walker and other
District 12, WWA, officials as a result of strikes being called,
Walker indicated why he was opposed to injmetions when he pointed
out to the delegates at the 1909 convention of District 12 that,
"In both injunctions cited. . . the right to free speech and free
presse is absolutely prohibited, notwithstanding the fact that
the fundamental lews of aw country guarantee them to every citizen
ia our re fhere was very little Walker could do about the
use of the injunction, however, until he became President of the
IFL,

Officials of the IFL began introducing injunction-limitation
bills into the General Assembly as early as 1901, and the “fight
for bills of this nature became a regular feature of legislative
sessions in Tiinois.””” When Welker entered office, he assumed this
responsibility, end expanded the publicity campaign for the bill.
In 1915, the IFL called a special conference in Springfield, Illinois
to arouse support for an iajuaction-linitation bill patterned after
the Clayton Act of 1914. The conference was attended by 1046

a7 Beckner, Labor legislation, p. 43.
46 Tbid., p. 46,

District 12, UMWA, Proceedings, 1909, p. 22.
20 Beckner, Labor legislation, p. 53.

ra 2

:

ant i¢or rodtomuiee of eho itt at beveed eww semdteaat alo
:

Jor wear ae oy cin toma sibs BSR its aa yisperay: wnt

«gk aa arnseth gay sation Laces _ AN iNET, BOE yeeie: SARC HOSS

iewii owt old aba ue ab abosog Lanabet. 1 gt Deena eae “9

PIEVOLOMS OF wiry Ba gO kanum at — we Sommcael oc xa, 200

seen otc atebus pustebondaes tok egdue@ne ant on coulis ina:

ie
wowed co ait e mb’

iano ead mete seo, 2a ae pened:
Pan Si end ale to cobhoisenge YOR ait oe edagmiot ale 7 met a
ooTt bow tesegd mney t te Wane wilt y «sy hetio eamaidonuies 0s _—
heii soa eet oye iule dus pron . battdtdoey Geers corks at @
NSA dao yar wT Ges netiowios Ces Nee Te sual Secteemebeasstt
wold ea Oly TO TRAN OSE pene es area he + nee sH9
aid Lo Muebtewe’ ane od Lhe vamowod yooldannied adh 8a. :
WHOLIS MOE ORE Be. oOo tues DEL ols ee sib ce 5

wel Pe “exis beige. ,SOR EL as AiR Bie eidewmana - Tesi eb. an east
eve ta keal 1G sums Ste a manometer ake to BSE
ete Rewores ad geo Lice Runge neces oi nent Pee, atouks sy ae we
os fet ond re andaento qtle hedied us Seba iS 4 coal tate

a

MIL Alebiguieegt of eonenatinas Sareea: oa bation REL odd fh.
pcm trond Jy Leawonanuate a ‘POU, sn

: ; : y a ;
HOE Qt Iain ce. aw eaneron a be “vet Sa ts
: : : Foe a & - a ; : >

a
oh wg sem

-
: . ae + if yi ee v 8. a tbavegit
fe a ae apes

delegates from all parts of Illinois, but this show of strength
failed to convinee the General Assembly that it should act on
the measure.’
In April, 1916, @ similar conference was called to meet in’
Chicago in May." According to a report in the IFL Weekly News
Letter, "The conference was decided upon after a consultation
vetween President Walker of the State Federation and President
Gompers of the American Federation of Labor."73 A aumber. of
officers of international unions having headquarters in Illinois,
as well as many local officials, attended the conference. President
Gompers was the keynote speaker for the one day session. Walker
was hopeful that thisikind of conference would secure the passage
of the injunction-limitation bill by the next General Assembly,
but this hope was in vain.?*
In the fall of 1916, with the state elections close at hand,
the IFL attempted to obtain the views of candidates for the Gen-
eral Assembly regarding the injunction-limitation bill. Victor
Olander sent out a letter to all candidates asking them for their

opinion of the bili, and later publicized the answers in the

91 Beckner, Labor legislation, p. 54.

52 Thirty-fourth Annual Convention Proceedings, IFL, October 16-
20, 1916, Quincy, Illinois, pp. 95, (Hereafter cited as IFL,
Proceedings, 1916.)

53 IFL News letter, April 29, 1916, p. 1.

54 th4d., ps ls This article stated, "It is the opinion of the
Federation officials,. . «, that by a conserted and systematic
effort on the part of the labor movement in this state, be-
ginning imuediately with a publicity campaign ... ., it will
be possible to secure the enactment of an effective anti-in-
junction bill at the next session of the Illinois Legislature."

59 I¥L News letter, September 2, 1916, p. 3.

dd juede Io wotguactd dud SberiREEe, ee adieu: Lig sors 8

a cess xb srocte Lt arse vedhoine aaah tineeno ote ee oe "

‘p) 038i OF hableg aw somereibeos ‘wali .a ®. isial aren at

Se mat

€ o
coitwLiases 3 xsi noc ey Boe soreiGigos wes ) ay
m+ -, :

. Jgobieott bas coltenobet os9e ad CT Tae Tey ol .

. | 5
me agement A aie’ die 2o cihewsiny sa aes, atid Ro. a so
'

,aterahl] a2 aradweophead a2 twa WEN GAETE iaeokhearcmiet pee) area.
trehiget!, usconersicdo and bubasdin. valine’ to Tgeol yumm es ivew rh 7
FORLBE us woe ah eno ahh wok. wehemgn shasrpael ath owe sone 2d - a

aggeacg cat WEED Digow oogeswinoo eo beans Rice saat o

~uidaonsh: Lave: web duad ef wd Litd mie ache Agrodome ot atte

AR ener wh ea ogo nbd *

bund de eeela aveitoefe ohute old date. 016i Yo Lat elt of a.

: on
site: 7

«ne odd quot sade bose to ewete edt iin’ do ov Rodkgmeodn va ey
TOGOEY »LLEC noe. jeter kim groksl osu oak oS gril bass vicreae Lvs

‘mm

they yok muds aetag aesebibacy: fia os masdos o due Peo
ad? mi aucermes ott bok br edo roankal, hop oh yltad ete ven vd

eae pak eee

| 32 og ceptanlatnes
oat semdiod 20 go gitvessont cokinavce? Spuaciatis f
ALE gs bode a es “ERS Ge pBAOSALLS

’ ; ako OL 488 Liege seta &

aie Xe ‘ginlarte ae eo al ST" havtade aionéut ett Rissa
Siukamodage hos Bodroameo 6 yu FO yao q

wal ,Ove0n Sint of dganwor vodel.

fide #h Gy ats fg Legato Liana ARMY BES

whith bia wre 2kte wa co Taentoane odd SeUOoA O

* saeieladaoes ahoutlit snd ko sok ABGR ‘Beas odd om .

. “f oh] MERE. & wodkedqoR. «98 “

= ' - |
i

7

TFL Weekly News letter. It was hoped that this type of pressure
would lead to enactment of the bil1, but again the 1917 General
Assembly failed to pass it.

In part, the expanded publicity campaign for the injunction-
limitation bill wes started by the IFL officials because an une).
usually — number of injmetions were being issued between 1915

and 1927, The var in Burope vas stimilating industry in Minis,
end unions were taking sdvaxtage of the period of prosperty to
demand higher wages and more benefits. Injunctions against strikes
were impeding this progress, however, ang Walker was upset that
this showla happen.9© since the General Assenbly would not enact
& law to help the unions, the IL, in conjunction with the Chicago
Federation of Lebor, (CFL), became determined to provide another
kind of aid.

In early 1916, the two federations created a special legal
department to deal with the injunction problen. Four outstanding
members of the legal profession, W. B. Rubins, Angus W. Kerr,
Frank P, Walsh, and Claranee Darrow, were contacted ana went to
work for orgenized labor on injunction cases. It was agreed by
all concerned that the IFL and the CFL would pay only what they
goala foe the Regal Nelp.OT mnie Adah) Qépartnent served’ the ‘IPL
end other unions in the state from 1916 to 1921, when it hed to ve

96 IFL News » September &, 1917, p. 1. Walker was so upset
that he theve was an “eruy of Hessians under the guise
of judges . " wuling the courts. These judges "murdered the

rights of the working people, and made them @ specie of slave
through the issusnce of ‘despotic edicts’ named injunction writs."

a7 IfL, Proceedings, 1916, p. 60.

ie ne hae

creme ig So oye able toe baged amw Mt a ee x

Seren) Ql sud tte dud LEkd ott "ro susmtwane of Doak
avd wang ot boca vest

atoigorveb as gid wel wabsemen ~yhiobl iiay: Tonbsogte aie <areng wh a i>
hat ns saueied dolhiMio KT ae ad saadilatibe now Site onion bang
ALU Powder! Depesk water sm woo te steele eaitt ited

SLUntiks wh eadeuhat etialsetie seh, pet! opt caer ett eS i

fwd drt sist weellsW bee prenoed a, wid syn Seqrt: e% ang
Joeue fos Bika gh serad, Lorem et nuts. teats, HS ssmsigetet Bigs wbidd
ogsin kes add aicy poivorineo wk «PO aff arnotay 2d hed of wala 7
asivous shivewy od Mxunevoh tmcond 1 (2R9) oda. 26 nolh | “i

’ . a5 ’

ais hs “ 2°
fsouel latoaya a bateaw onc hherebe? il ot , ARBRE phone oe |
Batineasie eel | pre sail el odd ote Lest ob neal :
a UH manged cab aH Ho beaetos Seed aff 0 2
of teew besa Gedostoun ster .wormd pgsuseeencty Lakes le to x
qd dorm dow ST «pewes eto’ tc iets todas bah
yard gad ying yg Bsc IMD ont baw TRE anit: daa beaesono
JRL oot Boyes sees waNgeb Lmgat cE 8 cceat’ hpat ent wet by “ya ,
aif og bast 2E gopsav ao os ates ssyee basa - wd, arvban an Pag -

a a qorkiew hoa v5 $420 8 yede shied ‘

fae ond “Abra aaoinwuedl Xo yaa’ . et Ne

sat Gegubios ag, aac? usTome add. i
aaa lo eleses 8 jolt mie Boo algae
* aoiaw aoddnaink dace, avethe atdogaah!

-_ . 7 oe

,

dissolved) teosabe:- there eit nal eidagn inte to wadntein 1t.°°

Between 1916 and 1920, Walker and other officials of the IFL
attempted to secure the passage of the injunction-limitation bill
without success. In March, 1919, just before he left office, Walker
testified for the bill before a hearing in Springfield.” He also
made certain that complete reports on the progress of the bilis
reached all laboring people in the state during each legislative
session, by publishing news about the bills in the IFL Weekly Hews
Letter.°? In this way the issue over injunctions was kept before
the public.

When the Illinois General Assembly commenced in January, 1921,
Walker was prepared to see that the injunction-limitation bill
which had been used in previous sessions was again introduced. A
problem arose, however, when the United States Supreme Court handed
down a decision which destroyed the effectiveness of the Clayton
Act of 1914. ‘The injunction bill proposed by the IFL was based on
thie ect, and it was necessary to redraft the bill to avoid having
it meet a similar fate. The work of redrafting was taken over by
Angus Kerr, Victor Olander, and velker .o2

The new bill explained specifically what Walker and other
officials of the labor movement in Illinois wanted as an injunction-

limitation law.

50 Trt, Broeeedings, 1921, pp. 58-59.

2? IE Hews Letter, March 22, 1919, p. 1.
See IFL Hews letter, March 3, 10, 31, 19173 April 7, 14, 21,
1917; May 19, 260, 1917; June 2, 9, 16, 1917; February 8, 22,
19193; April 19, 1919.

62 Beckner, Labor legislation, pp. 5-55.

Oss

oa!

coals of ee * biebige: gat, wk aeicer ott: ze) lated | ae odd: m0 tense

acaded a3 Da neetpoug add no pre Ope ecedyoms2 ae ssa ea

wisakaigas Oasys his ih ete pile oh at09% saiwodst ita ved eed

y -_

avek Yewowy ASE gue 2 abgid eas tvoue ave guditectdug yl cols
ee 7 ar

supied. gyal suv agat tdumuR nt seve acu als var gait of +82
® an ; i i ve

Sk! weno, 2b baaoeeos yldeowea ‘anecok ase BREE eds fad

" 3

{Ltd sobtadinit-cottomdcs ot todd esa oo some eis ae

fh. 3B: sasitiadictid SLRS wae BNOLEROS auotveng fi peer weed Snel

2 ¢

hedoast Piv0d sansa % aed Sadia ous warlii Sa ad Samm

Bed yat) gay “G Beevovidastie od Aeoaieen no liw sobakeub a oe
7 oo
i beard aan 2 iE 8 get ysl benogony Like sobs. ont ERE ho > toa

“

:

Pa oak Erveth niova oF hid ead tes sates ot RMN Ba hata ten vine s fd
a ead sored Rew palsies! Sex Bo liad ent sent api.iute 2 soem PEO
. | i... ® aenthe fas tobailo sorolt bien, a _
ieee bas wialtat uals % cilem teow. Feb sdaa a te ves ies 7

meat pent, ok op as bes abesiisk std gantv0e nee! eat ‘0 ala.

us ¢ a = 7

BP ecw JS ; a ABE ee at tht

ORB. a0) gSRGE csutorsoon GE
ot REL 4 88 tea see ans 4

i Qe at dowel Cancel

ES He .T Lozga 3 Nees at
te 5 sank ner
“y

oS. 8 yIe vtoel whe

af
Pie
ae

chats at

their econonic gocial conditions, to assert
their yight to quit work either singly or ia
concert and to persuade others 60 to do, aad to

assist each other during industrial disputes by
the payment of strike benefits and in other ways. 62.

Of course, the bil forbade any court or judge frou issuing in-
junetdons which would take avay the above rights. The hope that
all these rights could be obtained for organized labor was wie
voaligtie, havever, and the bill was never reported out of _
Comittee.©3 he same bili ves introduced in 1923, bub again 4%
failed to be enacted,

In January, 1925, a new bill was drafted as a result of an
Avinzona Supreme Court decision declaring unconstitutional ag anti-
injunction bill. It was believed that the 1921 bill needed to be
modified in some respects in order. to survive. When it wea intro-
duced into the General Asceubly, 4%. met strong opposition from
the Associated Euployers of Illinois and the Illincls Menufacturers
Association, ,Walker, Olander, and others testified in favor of the
bill before the House Coumittes on the Judiciary. This bill was
favorably reported out of Comittee, before it vas Jefented.°"

Imediately atter the defeat of the first bill, a new end
mors modified bill vas prepared by the officers of the. IPL, ead
submitted to the General Assembly, This bill dealt with the pro-
blon of injunetions ogainst picketing and steted that:

Beckner, Labor legislation, ps 556

8S Thid., p. 95- TFL, Frocwedings, 1922, p. 2.
6 IPL News letter, February 14, 1925, pp. 1-2, March 14, 1925, p. 1.

i eT wes Sunksale et wo stud inadta es ?

od sigoam galway So date, amit terials dorian
{ as wok woohey soda ine yen doh 86 250 7

qalamorie. oe Qube taigek bbe Ania i eee 6. -
meses oF 5 AD Le fee | Swus Odtebewdd. ahodd ie ent 7
ak a Yoga he an a wegty hep OF Uses when a ‘
ad bee ,ob ot Ga axed aheneveg of bee Paeomos J : iu
. 4. A Baxter ty Rasecdinaiec aaird caivo dope dokean x

Sayer wedde ou. ons By ates seliniste to Sveryag: wit | a

. :
; - i S
hin &y hess GALE wyphetant 5 ark ers ow, teary ht ea = VM

wl. -ahoaa see: apbet, 0 ru ss Wasco “Lene ite sem 7 oe
7 7
= are 6,
would sour! oath a wrlyles svete ag sg3aou ss Bina abi. soot >

anit “seta Se baa 70 an’: Santodo ed bien satate ames us

Ke dup Pras tr) ae ig 34 ae guy fie ote hase cereal ‘ oksabiiedes ‘ :
7
ve clogs vou! .2SOL ab heowboutes ame EL seme ont ty ee) *
| : a bogs od of Deiket as
tina ap Sano hdest eer y goteatosd tbdakoot SG ; ceraregse onion
yi

ad oF beheen iste EGOS ole fsild hereniod (por HE nihad okeorask
waittensk eo SE coi 46 rhea o& sebee at de arsegees se oem Os pai 7 7
mot sokthecos: geouta fees Bi wd nasa Lease aid, dak toms .? 7
wnwntne! wsdl Skoiki RE ode bow ai brackets Re wreyoiint teiaheoneh a :
wus Ye. sowed ak Sokttaad arvasive baat ‘sonal inet, Baers 7 7
eae Lic abe “eosaadoat ‘oad oe ‘eotttas0 cave a cot are is *) t ;
" pedebats bow a moan soot * fo 9 olor Ee

a |

a

Wo restraining order or injunction shail be granted by
any court of this state, or by a judge or the judges
thereof, in any case involving or growing out of a dis-

concerning terms or conditions of employment, en-
joining or restraining any person or persons, either
Singly or in concert, from terminating any relation of
enpleyment, or from ceasing to perform any work or labor,
or from perceably and without threats or intimidation re-
commending, advising, or persuading others so to dos or
from peaceably and without threats or intimidation being
upon any public strest, or theroughfcre or highway for
the purpose of obtaining or commmicating information,
or to peaceably and without threets of intimidation per-
guade any person or persons to work or bo abstain fron
working, or to employ or to cease to employ any party to
@ labor dispute, or to peaceably and without threats of
—* recomend, advise, or persuade others so to
do. 65

The bili wes favorably reported out of the House Judiciary Comittes,
passed both houses of the General Assembly and was signed into lew
by Governor Len Small,

At the IPL Conventio in 1925, Walker told the delegetes
that the Injunction~limitation Law hed "already modified the
attitude of not only the few injunetion judges of this state,
out that type of judges everywhere else in our country. "OT
The following year he reported the same thing.

There has been quite a marked reduction in the number

of injunctions thet have been issued in Dliinois, for the
purpose of breaking strikes, since the enactment of our
injunetion limitation law, as compared with the numiber
of those orders that heve been issued for that ee in.
years previous to the enactment of that lav.

He seemed satisfied that the IfL had achieved its purpose, and

SF Beckner, Labor Legislation, pp. 51-58.

$6 te b1th Ge paaeed in te Houde by 0 vos af Fe to 63, and
in the Senate by a vote of 28 to 17. Becker, labor Legis-
istion, pp. 5657.

6T Forte Forty-third Annual Convention Proceedings IPL, Septeaber
V19, 1925, Cedmpaign-Urbana, Illinois, p. 134. (Here-
after cited as IFL, Proceedings, 1925.)

68 IFL, Proceedings, 1926, p. 93.

. Et

yt Dedmeny af’ Lisa ae bitona dal Na “eth
nag gid “ub selon, & TE wf
“Oily 6 Se did tadsceuy 8 wat. BOM
Bea hve ON var at & eae
dia anne ae “oe Mabiag “gina! be i “Jott hes Mere oa
gle “ool igaten yor gokduaterred PW eahoe AE at. arse
Sie el ao Alar XS th gore any auireney rons ao dotiegoe
om Goktok kan. <a edowedd dtupdhhe have gisoonned were te
SO eh oF Sharto gol Riese a aaceaRitas aeerhireacn
pated 2 oliaiinignk oo edsemad dyesaite bos kK -nmapesie weet
iS MwoAhs me Si uoMony a teed osu yuk cece
atte raieolaerte to gikel di bo weieguay Sey
whey cobnebisises ke eterait mGiaw bas ef dette aay OF 90
mec? glad if oe aw of ayoitier to oeey een shibars
ah ngoeag ie Le OF ammo CT WO pt oF 4%
SO edecah! sy ¥ don gldsenmeg et wD etek. ods: a
ot oa Bratro Mesmier uo eR by he 5 diel ee ee:

ite s

coetetee eho iia sieoki tet %: an no Rosanyes pleasures ae ie :
_

ASL eT beagle am = hee Acasones oresste ad Te aston citer beta :

halt a8 wea Searae oD

nadegabal ody hated wilt eat et S gihensore as ons sa

pet fash Le eo adic teee! wal oes sats cobain it a
setege abet f % neghat, “cond ane eats cd ghd an 8 eins
i orate nub pk wale or enngtive angi Ge eye omit
euhisd aha site emmy: amet “hoes: patetin
made cai 63 cosdopbole fatahan ks niki fied eed eon
mis Ok. Shines ii bapaet oped evil ded azcdt owl mt al 7

age IO uniedioaan 4b eerie Sei ® poised ‘to peor tg
taki ada sete Leagues ae eokoesescl eakduesi as
aah. eaicang RAY TOL Bouma ued vad tent anobe0 ab0R! rr)
. wad s al +e, aahataal we oF. Bata d pet

$05 .aesyg abe ‘pare sa fst om alt D srl Settabion

RR se cae a aa
baw 2 oe, ou he aos ot ed! om sn Svenaeni
wife ies agciset seen wee Th et SE Ye arey a ys gr

: a fo Re el

ik tes

payers ual gh qaqa Demers
wena} ARE vo wae
Ca

121

he probably would have disagreed with one historian of the period
who reported that, "It appears . . . that organized labor has
gained practically nothing of immediate importance through its
injunction limitetion law,"©9 |

Walker's success with the injunction-limitation bill was off-
set to some extent by the defeat of a number of bills which he
considered important. Pive of these, a women’s minimum wage bili,
a women’s eight hour bill, a one day rest in seven bill, an old
age pension bill, and en anti-yellow dog contract bill reflect
Walker's trend of thinking regarding legislative matters. These
bills were designed to improve the economic and social position of
the working person in society, and it was very easy to speak of
decency and humanity when referring to then.

Minimm wage bills for women were introduced into the General
Assembly each year from 1913 to 1921, with the exception of 1919,
but none of these bills were ever passed. The Women's Trade Union
movement considered a bill limiting the number of hours a women
worked as more important, and the IFL officials followed their
lead in this matter./° when bills were introduced, however,
Welker spoke out for them. In 1915, for example, he wrote a
letter to the members of the legislature which pointed out the
"serious consequences of the condition that requires women to work
for less than a living wage... .."'* Accoraing to Welker, such
conditions caused physical suffering, starvation, dependency on

69 Beckner, Labor Legislation, pp. 58-59.
1 mhaa., pp. 130-232.
™ TPL News letter, May 8, 1915, p. i.

| ae
ESE a5 b.

Dorsey Gi 18 stwOdah! one seer bebageRh suet sow dat
Se

2ad sodel boakuans tele. . + eam me avai’ bor cum _
862 cyworid eoueteng: odv.tboent “ pe inten isoidouny booay ae
| Cnt: mob sadbmte potsoaite =
“re ane LLed HOLBILALL «co bFo esi, aa ex adie. aaeo2um Btcmtielt ‘ a .
ed doliw aiiid io tadmin & % vovten erty wit noite UO ‘ed vou 1.
web hd : seen ausstaia' a serow & paeedt %e os .dessome bensbtesco -

ble oe dtd eevee ask veer yeb oro. a. «Shh se sige et qembw ol

goalton Lhd doexhwwo gob sak Levenhtis ne baa Aba nokenog a :
ened? ee av itelaiges natinoeget geile to Saree etsostan | 7
os etait Latoce 5a aiavonioo9 ont evouunt ag f Longen hic ithe 7 -
te dase of yeaa qrey aaw + ets Leiees BE noeed gabtson wig | -
sents ae QOL TOLER nest oe, Ba eoneoeb -

as

Lexunod edt en a Snows ONES, SEaW EGOW ‘10% aliid ou wuataaM _ :

s@20L Bo sobtgeon aad ag if - goRE oo exer anak “3, dose a ator
Boiled hart a nec oat -heeaeg Ise ers acct seed te come >)
Lao eaucs ao a ecid wudnt Eke a pereuizaces _— reat

i" ‘whedt peered: afataiite ast bad hed tes: Jaa eno aa atuo

2Se8 OF TaMON L aateenanel: duit nos tubo ody had remspsponno
Seae ,reafel wt gatbanonA Rais as + gsi: patent a wade
Zin

ne ‘xonehsogsh woldaersla soso totooiy

t

charity, @ loss of self respect, and, in many instances, "a life
of shame", for these women.’ He could not understaad why such a
bill was not passed,

Siace the main emphasis of the Women's Trade Unien League was
on the Bight How bill for women rether than tie winimm wage bill,
Walker campaigned mowe for this bill, A muber of such bills were
introduced into the General Assembly, aud he elways made note of
their progress in his reports to the Ifil conventions. In 1917,
after the Wosen's Eight Hour bill was defeated, Walker told the
IPL gonvention deldgates that,

Every little two by four cress roads grocery wan,

every little one-horse restaurant keeper, ~ every

petty business man of the peanut caliber of 211.

deseriptions woxked night and day, by fair means

and foal, to preveat the eusctment of this legis-

lstion. T3
In 1927, Welker defended the Women's Eight Hour bill in a joint
session of the House and Senate camittee on Industrial Affairs.
Hie elted a long let of reasons why the bill should become law
including the fact that the United States Supreme Court had ruled
in favor of a tea how lew for health reasons. He pointed out that
five states had already passed Wonen*s Eight Hour bills, end that
the trend was toward a forty-eight hour week.!* In closing be
stated:

hardly be noticible, but it will not our
tamnan labor supply, and it will iaprove the health and
well-being of the mothers of our future AONB oa 0s

generat
It will mean a vital influence in the right @irection.

72 ifL ews latter, May &, 1935, pe “he

7 TFL, Poogeadings, 1917, vp. 38-39.

1 TL wows Letter, March 19, 1927, pp. Ise.
Thid., p. 2.

Cel

a?

‘age

Wik a ew yo a dae , dena: Slee to aad oe gbheodp
2 jie you laa gon lage lt 2 eres eA: OR metal Be
emg Saas ava Li dKl

tet aged otha soe a ee a ho. Ramee oti eek aa
Aaad Oye samkickes ole ged? sek wee pal Cie ae aefg iil only 2p
Spe Bob sega te wedca A 1d @bhlO wet even dele oles
ise aa Chee Seas an aw 4 i ceomel. Ranma abr. spibsadt SiR PUS IES
shh HR ott deeirems COR I OF admages eld ch @metigreg Sheil
ait Res aeeliow .ouiowiok eave Add pe foe eg cee on pois
als emegnion aptduaveney El

Geet ROO aba ane wah rd co Bhp gave .,

ERD om EO senamedties ENatinny RAATAL yeep

2¢ SO wailgu GUSREG G7 De Set Aine yay

fs os iu eh Bos tin Gere Meo eee

23 daaedosge oly Fas oey oe Ad fas
SF, wos

SEC, Hh BK fina iy wae F028 2 awd ode Paweled spat eel oi
eebeetA kabesasheh, ex get Lemme adic 8 mor 4a Me cohen
ee ian Lee? sat haa gasomenie “eg GH Beek 2 Sothys aR
sedds bat dae) nowzget soreth & wld sade ade sont wait subs oak
aaah dye pai bog ak .ancasen iddead yl wel “gusta eat e ° yaa ats
oan? tad ,afiid mek dy il as ae emesing e Fuca Say duet Pree an

Py

wi aetonie aE TO esw saul pele Lee erst & wed gov few ace

4 Pachetse

ere susan oni dwow caumty gad emeod add te gous taahs weit
at meer don Lily .Rienhik 2o ehiga mi ahs ae i) hi at
ite 32 owatdpyg dell ou emda wr as
eco “em epeged Yoo Lil Pe
bar dylacd oft wepugek finw & | ei
wre pe etiner lag rine Sr REND De widen wee eh Pema
«teen tks ed) a gocmmlias fadty & ae Te eS
LONI ; 5 - Y Sn, g

. sk Pang PE Rtas lew yak , .
aOR OEE ait eke a ei eit whe a
a aed ee PA en eed ALGTRET, eee Fak Bids oot 2p
2 ©

123

Walker's testimony did not move the Committee and subsequently the
bill was defeated,

The passage of legislation providing for one day off a week
was unsuccessful during Walker's time in office. Several efforts
were made to secure such legislation, however, Ina 1913, four bilis
pertaining te this were introduced into the General Assembly. In
1925, one bill passed the House, but the Senate amended it in such
a way that the House refused to accept it.!° Walker went before
the House Committee on Industrial Affairs and Labor in 1921 to
testify for s similar bili!’ wate was leter defeated. In 1923,
another bili received support from many sources, but still failed
to peas. Ag late as 1929, One Day’s Rest in Seven bills were stili
being introduced without dincuneat”

The arguments advanced by Walker and others in organized
iabor, regarding the GQne Day’s Rest in Seven bill, centered around
the idea thet practically every investigation made indicated that
the seven day week broke dow the worker’s home life, his health,
efficieney and ambition, and tended to lower his standard of Living. !7
The arguments were unsuccessful.

Walker considered the 014d Age Pension bill just es important
as tha, One Day's Rest in Seven. This bill became an issue in the
General Assembly during the 1920's, and organized labor fought to

nave the bill passed several times, In 1927, for example, two

of labor's foremost legislators, Senator Willian J, Sneed and

Beclmer, Labor legislation, p» 106.

77 ZeL News letter, April 9, 1921, p. 3.

® qoia., Septenber 7, 1929, p. 4.
Beckner, Labor Legislation, p. 156.

a 7
ese : 7 — a

a

i + eee

acute Lonpyot sretite of mate pe ihe ieteievacha Be
aLiid soet .Etef of stowed ooneaiakges tend BTaNee Ot Shas CLO’
at sfldmessd LuryseeD aft atah pes mee eee elit of ge

ot {9G at s¢ded fou orielts Larsvewied sm) sefSLameO aor -
ESE al sbedasted -sesat sev doxdy Veune emtante anor gute

bette? Liisa de ,es0RMOR “nce Ont dubggia berkober Ue 4
Jiida ete alte neveg af dash a yah ent .Cheol am onmel- RA one
ae sameatsre Sconbomti

igh eggs) s aaunits bee mesiae we beocev ies owe vary =
tose bepetwes .ific seve sk das ane oni Sa" peaineges yee
_dedd Beiaatins una oo Supesawint rere apthantyeong “ee ‘seb
vised afd .gist aeant of teeteow aud ie ator Sosy syn mren © “tl
RY paves ed abate ah ia) eek By ‘bobo Sees gia icises fre nee “:
SF HARELBO YS? =r) ous pan
Taaducgmt @& Soui, 10 he mane aph BkO agi oonabtaae :
ne ni geval o6 served Like ube! .aevelt os Pani uit 4 ek ‘
ad Jeigae't dal fea komsgacy Rene araser asist eter 5 eon

iy qnhqgueine oes sTERt me aes ‘Gvioreg may Bree feng
bes ior me ent owes Hab sh hoa sana ay

sh, 4 eh ra EN ae ssa
_ - , od a ‘
_ ORL .g oot
: _ - - oe -

124

Representative Reuben Soderstrom, introduced Old Age Pension bills

80

into their respective chambers.” Walker was on hand to testify

in favor of the bills. In 1929, a siwilar bill was introduced,
but never got beyond committee stage.°+

The last piece of major legislation which Walker wanted
passed was an anti-yellow dog contract bill. This bill wes drawa
up because employers were attempting to stifle the growth of labor
unions by having workers sign contrects forbidding them to join
unions. The bili was first introduced into the General Assembly
in early 1927, and immediately was "regarded as of primary in-
portance to the working people of the state.”°*

Before the bill was yeported out of the committee on Industrial
Affairs, Walker spoke to the group stating:

This is a bill, as we understand it, that only protects
the worker in the exercise of a right that everyons agrees
thet not only the workers have, but that every other citi-
zen of the nation has ~ that is, to belong to an organi-
zation composed of those who are associated with hin in
the same business or endeavor, 83

85 ret, News letter, May 14, 1927, p. 1.

Sl Thid., September 7, 1929, p. h.
IPL News letter, March 26, 1927, p. 1. The text of the bill was
as follows:

"Be in enacted by the People of the State of Tllinois repre-
sented in the General Assembly:

Section 1. Every undertaking or promise hereafter made,
whether written or oral, express or implied, constituting, or
contained in, any contract or agreement of hiring or employ-
nent between any individual, firm, company, association, or
corporation, and any employee or prospective employee of the
same, whereby (2) either party to such contract or agreement
undertakes or promises not to join, become, or remain, a member
of eny labor organization or of any organization of employers
or (b) either party to such contract or agreement undertakes
or promises that he will withdraw from the employment relation
in the event that he joins, becomes or remains, a member of any
labor organization or of any organization of employers, is
hereby declared to be contrary to public policy and wholly void.”

83 irl News Letter, April 16, 1927, p. \.

alia godess! agh BO. boorh ondan ia poise ovdsete : ‘

— jan .

virdved oF Zoot ou gow todLa

pmin wtot ev Lied unidece @ ,O8@L ec |. allid. edt to rel ak

Lo sows sete ne Scoyed voy teren
Sedosw walle’ detde ooidedetged oie Te. eakg seal ont

nae aew Llid af.0l slid Jostenns gow wolicy-itae oe pew box

Pea “he abet, ald wide of galigmeca sues wiogigem senmeed “*
: vt
840%, oF mat poigoliugh etestdane apie erect gem = and, 7
wiinewad, Lavanuy ooy oat veornowdas seat: aew Giid oi. - ; :
wih yoRiig “he of Sefneger” sew ylaeinucuds bor TO, yiane oe
: | OO lotate ett to algoag gaddinuw ot ot senior,
,
farsrauiud, wy sot hons oh add le do pahioges qm lid suis octet re \
iguidade qumy ede od ealoga seulLet S ahial : l
‘ae * ie”
ategdong Gro Jsmr . $e feadawains a as .it bd er alge ad _
aoee eoeyueve dust dab 2% waloiews edd pi sadhtow ont my -
nagas seh wove dat dud ,cved evmigow edd yleo don-dedd 7
Lagie gp od pooled o¢ .al dadt ~ aad aolden edt lo ane )

"pt ake dvb hetetooass oye ode eaotd Lo nesognoo solver,
PS .xeyvaelee co asechaued omea ale
ae a

oe
334
i
a 8

it a oh oh ae vi TOCMOVGBR 442
usw LLhG sade to ox oni wi +4 TSer es ous .

(of ag AVSQL AL get audi es

mepteerer abowkL ey | “to hed afk to ofsoe% sid te P ektnare uk os”

: ryt sbiewah pears pad sh, ko)
afew sted taal ey ‘port 19 goddleduetiar quer at obs
: “at peoaaspeoer Rr priab os8 LO. BB PIS NY RO saith lay guts Ie

“Te NO geld “To eer so doetdgoo yen ot beets
te ,unddes ere ARQIUR BALE seabirds yet ppb ole

edly co vevolqme ov Eageust to. eetlige vive Bie oO

Jomeryec Yo iootdige cove wd “Gh tea smthie (2) ioraee

wong. § .ikewey “oO ,mmeed cot oF tow See tnin;, 1O Aouad
goayclqne Sg unidsatoayro yt Ie to cee batine Ling ah wooly
ee tnatstaabcee thaws wa Soawtoos mova of yoy pal
sidelun Suemyolqecs cate more waibedtiw Dias oi iid - derma

_ LO toduo & .wykaaot 20 ammoood Babe ai ise deve
ch ,ereyalqia te soldetineo yus 2o ue fo Wee
“skier hier one Pena te sd abiding Od eee none as ae

: ' ; af aS a Bek OL adil cont

_ 7 ‘a . ir - ys a

Wolkex's hope that the bill would be passed was ended when it
failed to receive a second reading in the House and was stricken
from the ealendar by its author, Representative McCaskarin.&*

In 1929, the Anti-~Yellow Dog contract bill was again intro-
duced into the General Asseubly, It vas ianediately opposed by
the employer's groups, the Associeted Raployers of Tliinois and
the Employer's Association of Chicago, and was eventually defeated
in committee hemrings.°> Walker was determined that the bill would
ve passed someday, however, and the IFL Weekly Neve Letter reported
that, |

The campaign of the Tllinols State Federation of Labor

and its associated local wiions, councils, city central

bodies and state organizations to secure the passage of

the bill . 4 4 will be continued with the same vigor

end persistency thet characterized the long struggle

which restl%ed in the passage of the Illinois Injunction

limitation law, 96

Walker feit that his legislative duties incinded opposing
bills which were harmful to organized lebor as well aa promoting
bills favorable to lebors In the 1920's, particularly, this
beceme one of the major legislative purposes of the IFL,°7 ena
its officers actively sought the defeat of a muamber of bilis,
ineluding the Turnbaugh Anti-Labor bills of 1921, the 1922 re-
vised State Constitution, the Constabulary bill, and a bill giving
certain powers to the state Supreme Court.

oe
TEL Hews letter, July 23, 1927, ps 1.
85 idid,, July 20, 1929, De Ls
Ibid., ps 1. 5
IFL News Letter, July 2, 1921, p. 1. ‘The article stated,
gmised labar in Yllinois, e 8 @y must eo. 6 be con
stantily on guard to prevent the enemies of labor from not

only wisleading the state legislature, but also from
j tutti sag the constitution of the state.”

Ji pale beorye gos hosasg ed catia - ot oie eye eet j

noiokate ase Bee sam ore mt piatawes. fraud 3 ae teen of b f.
VG wpoleatol eyddudnemeicoh tole adi yc) webpetee cided
arset alsse way Lid fos tiene aod Wwellov-cink od? yOROL al .
yi beara Wieurloemi eer 30 - ydidivencé Demos) it otes & sexs ?
bares atoaxd tT See ousted gel bedetoosad off . peeing ie emai da ay

fodugted wilesiaers aay hut aghoath te volesloomnd eMeyedeml ogo
+ a -

7 Ser : a a ras a " seed 4

Livew Of add darcy Lonteente® Saw seit “weeded ek $Leos > 7

cooyer regal mre foes TEE edt, bew vtovewod pyokemde boaaaq ae 7
tly

sodal ‘to colarmiel etese afoehilT exh Yo Aypenqmae om
| Seah yiio ,ailesmns <ouodag feos rapier sane ag bes
“de Syeeare OEY oayove ot anchtesinnen® adede bi tiga 7
OMe BCS ay ahs Serelsese ; ied fiw. . eo ik Sad :
olsrese Bue are be shaatonwarty doald yuoite dengan. rool
eo bbonut of Broshirk sit Seo eennent adi 2s LulRee dokdw -
y EO RBs 9% ws i a+ ie: racardiainare i

apiwmoqgo Ssuniws? «ie avidatadgead-atd seat St at a

Shetomenae: aa. Liew ah secal hes home oe SavZarnere stow. ona, actse im
f a" 5
, add... gimadscsouag atone! oat ait sTeGRL os ed Saaoveg =a 7 7

ne YY a eid: vis BeABepE ow fitubadye sole 965 20. ana
.
abbtes EA RRR o 4G es cist digger” eovaton ‘pveshtte al

~2, BRL our .tegr do al tke 3 sodden sesh itysads 2 ate rita
SEL AR Laks g 8 Pasa) igh Ais sataaiaai atl wot ened asst

w FORE B iit ae,
. Me oat oe Rent 08 ee: 7

nates ate ae Ts | Qt +) give igatte -
POD Oe Oe . , Sainte 43; . ” ASO ELL ay wot n :
Jon Meee. re NO GEOR Orit AOE Oo psc a tha
- maoth a: Sony wuntalelged ehedea exid sath
sence aks 4 aad enhanbp

The Turnbaugh Anti-Labor bills, es orgunized labor ealled
them, were iutroduced into the Senate in March, 1921 by Senator
John Ds Purnbeughs" me bilis, described by the IFL Weekly News
letter as “vicious”, were designed to linit strike activities
enti: Windnn taedp wnddinn) inenedn dys One of the bills carefully
set down a number of legel prerequisites which unions had to
abide by before they could omer strikes, A second bill made it
unilavful for any person to interveng between on employer and 4
worlmen in order to indace the worker to leave his job. A third
bill provided that all unincorporated and volmtary essoclations
could be sued in the name of the organizatiion.°? The IFL Weekly
Hews letter carried a full summary of each of the bills so that
trade unionists would understand why each should be defeated.
When the measures failed to pass, credit for their defeat was
given to Walker.?°

In 1922, when the new state constitution was proposed, the
I¥L made a careful study of the document and decided that sous of
the changes gave impressive powers to labor's enemies. Walker
tummed the task of making this study over to Victor Olander aad
Angus Kerr. In October, 1922, at the Annual Convention of the
IfL, Olander reported to the delegates,

It wili be quite clear to ali who read the proposed new

constitution, . . ., thet the Constitutional Convention

has, in effect, recommended a return to the ancient
practice of government by persons as opposed to government
by law. Judicial mandate will, in a very large measure,

supercede legislative enactment as a law making force in
Tilineis ifthe new Comstitution is retified. Gi

= iFL News News Let Faovnc ddan April 2, 1921, DP. Are
Heit, & PP» omg:
Pes. 3 duly By 1921, Pe de
eth Annual Convention Proceedings, IFL, October 16-22,
ty Rockford, Iliinois, p. 169. (Hereafter cited as IPL,

Zroqeedings, 1922.)

Som, fe =. “i , =
By ' the
; A = 5 tf
; : > 7 ,

.
Deion xedel besdoeow we ,ellid yh Ba Heamnaatier et > :
i
wedaek ye ESS _fierisite we dana atin Degen sheoetnt anor: aa
i | i

aise pee Boi

cnet, wines TRE sad ye hackinapnsh 1 BSbaigl ae a stysriaese? a ty 7 i
becdicigos aliiie shh ot bespbweb scew “aupdnty” aa ‘Patek yo

: .
Yidiionse aifiu ele te sa .yLietewet. acokeur show wate hae
-
Gh Oo anelou. Colds gecladwoeneug Deget Lo tener Ss neas don /v
Jd abaw Lid Brenoes A waeiivds celine Bfaws yesh. wrote 6 bite
B ish oe iva geno aeewenbd aa? Dearie tlk Pod horeeatiom
gine A .0O8, cid cee. oF geeleow end sonnel oF ween at amcow
; 7
amoideioorsa winadouloy Sue Lonotog@eoning i6 cade bebiveray DO

eis

yiiees Our en. WS? jm dttear tase ged Sy emt al ok Beane eg Bane

ne

eee tee ey

+ UOTUS BE et blgods Kose wey atleast Bilao adebiedige whens

SBS OR acta ial, 2 ese ee re es & Stee ote wet

“

ea JeOGh set oma bere _ sews ed jelcc® geen ele urea
. a ae
VSS ot pag Se He bp ett 2 SS aa ae ee 7
gid: feaniom? aw colgudhdasos odeale inact add mote 280i. ei 6
To gmon Osie betieso bas gameob ors Te yenia OF eERo B® ebm co
‘gerd st NORA & Te del oy Atay go keen sag memgminde
in. er ouOLY oF Save-viads elty andaiea Wo ausd ons ®

aid to sobtasvend Lercok alt vs ,S6QL., saderoO at ath a,

wor pono Reg cuit Baws orhy Lae of: er ty) wwe « ee CRIN FT
gobdrerney ook BIE SESE add ga8S ys. a gti! eae is

“puke aa wit oo sane: @ Pobamenonues. gio te ak geil.

Wnomirevon oF heanggo eb asceuag tet Sepang Sa BOL DALE

ema at ‘(vey 2 of Saari “odssbinnisa: fatto ia wah

uk ponak gation wel oan deantacks aviintadgel efse
ie “BETdes al aoMnivbangd was edt afoatd

Sit a se — es a.
a hind
a : iy. Pees
aA wacaded! TAT Sat atbcet sokosaraog .
et am hatin ue Muvesog) ccs a alow’ Li

7 “7

127

Because of their findings, the officers of the federation began a
systematic campaiga to help defeat the constitubioa, which vas
scheduled to be voted on December 12, 1922.7

In the Hovenber 4, 1922 issue of the IFL Weekly News Letter,
an article wes published stating thet the proposed Constitution
wold wade enactment of the initiative and veferendun forever
impossible. On November 11, 1922, Olander axgued in the News
letter thet the proposed Constitution violated the United States
Bill of Rights, The following week, in the News Letter, he laid
the blame for giving the Tllinois Supreus Couxt exeessive povers
in the proposed Constitution atvthe feet of Wall Street, partic-
vlarly the Ji P. Morgen interests. Oa Deceuber 2, 1922, Walker
contributed an article to the IFL News Letter entitled, “Tricking
the Parmer". In this plece, he blamed the covporation lawyers

Low many of the articles in the proposed Constitution relating
to the agricultural interests and claimed that the farmers would
cutter rather than benefit if the proposed constitution wes passed.”9
Other labor papers also voiced criticism about the proposed
constitution, The Illinois Miner stated thet the 1922 Constitution
did not give hone rule to cities, and that it curteiled the privi-
lege of habeus covpus by vithdreving the rigut of pai?” It
listed seventeen other reasons why the proposed Constitution should
be cefented.
In a special general election on December 12, 1922, the people
of Tllinois voted not to accept the proposed Constitution. IPL

92 iw Bows latter, November 11, 1922, p. 1.
9 yoid., November 4, 21, 17, 1922; Decewber 2, 1922.
9 Phe Illinois Miner, Deceuber 9, 1922, p. 1.

VRE ao nua 8
| rs ae

oo
aon sotdw .sokembkivesos odd gagtab glad of ey tagum ofdemetany
Chel i todmesdh oc Lever ated. bekut
Sal ody Yo samod: Ses 8 “other anise oh iy ‘

aa ket Me
mwceevigacos eax add sett gukeade Socehldaey aw at ohio ” .
“arane) mebusesiiey Rew sv tobet hi ert to dieoaseare whoa: BLO -
await etd oi boaer tee) SREP gts aedowok: ad sak baw 4
avtsd® hetich) add sedadory woltitadaod Sacuyous eh beds sete.
Hial sd tanto! pei ec AL gta gabvotio: el «aia ei parka
arms arkeRgko mo secret atoekhih ovd calvin wok smd ent if
;

oie rood? LAT he sheet culdWtn anddaatttemod: seacgenge: of?

guile SOGF yodmmeett wl satpemetok way ot gh ade *
genie se! aaldides quikked awell Da ous id afoishes ath Between
atoywel suisegason odd Baseid of -Abelg akid al see es
guivaler mesdacadeood Beeageny old ab asloldas aie Bo YA Es
wiwew atrial att dead bembets bon woenerk Lomdiseiage edt of .
boaung at sotdsttdancs benogous elt Li dtkased shed vaio soa
Lomoreng act dad atalottice Seolor gale araqeg moet yuatdd — 7

osdntatews SSO ai on hotada watt asorsilt ik? imotiud
-iving wld Selpsdues 32 Oegd bas pasta we alae emaxt wey Ba bth
ex *S seg te dete ade quiwertddnw pf ances gumdaatl egy
noel moddantidaunvod ‘Dagogaeny odd yy Reonses couitin soehrvine a

yoo ani PRL 8! ‘sdldieeus SO BOD we a uum 8 =
ET sobs tend bua.gewg ontd ed ot ga “baton 4 et

ae

sbi (BSQb ght eed keys
sShiL 2 navheeee SGC {TE LC ih ans
oh at SL git soi 6 cag

t
>. i. vee:

128

officials claimed the defeat was made possible by their continued
efforts to see that laboriag people and the general public under-
stood exactly why the new Constitution would aot serve them well.
Aceording to an article by Olander, the action of the IPL convention
and the respouse of local unions to the call. of this convention
was the major factor in the constitution's defeat.2? Walker
claimed the same thing. He told the 1923 IPL convention delegates
that, "We led the way and we furnished the information to practi-
cally every other influence that was fighting the proposed con
stitution to enable them to make their vark effective."

While most bills that organized labor opposed vere intro-
duced into the General Assembly only once, the Constabulary bill,
which proposed creating a state police force, was & measure which
Welker coutinually fought while he was President of the TfL. His
opposition to this bill was fostered by a deep suspicion that such
® bill would inevitably result in such a police forse being used
to coerce strikers and break up strike demonstrations. Whenever
he testified against the bill, Walker cited examples from other
stebes where a state police force was used for juss this purpose.7!
For this reason, Walker was certain the bill was unamerican and
undemocratic in spirit, and often referred to the Pennsylvania
State Police force ad the "Cossacks”.99

A bill to crestea state police force was introduced into

95 IfL News Letter, December 16, 1922, p. 1.

The iitinols Miner, September 6, 1923 » pe Be
97 Pennsylvenia snd West Virginia were two states Walker referred
_ to when he argued against this bill. IFL News letter, March 6,
93 29392 PP. 123 March 12, 1921, p. 3. —_
IPL News letter, March 5, 1919, pp. 1-2.

|

mSe ; , -
; :
tasetinms thats yd afdhaog suan, abw dpetas ait banbede BLEDEL
~suhos oiiduy Denerag ott bee -sloosq gaswccsl Sert gom oF aduoitke, ral
Liev medd ovea dos Mow hekiueidane) vox edt gee yddomee Bopde, ;
malweertoo lil oft 80 coddeaa ado lebaaiOuys ofolies 29. oF geikiino soa, 2 |
solduewauo efol-co. Lice off ot apolug faeel Io omen one Sua 7
yecliav SS dagtal at pe kiwdddbar Co wi ac wodnat wei edt ane nn.
s sty abeks. sigkdosy sos Oi F800 ait afoot oh .naits amse ody bombole ; :
aidemer o¢ noltawolal ald Sodakwsih ew ban yaw seit bel ol”. honlt
uw &
anog Pesagone ott antdieth acr sets sovenliak wae yeovo yh 7
Oe gwados 9 wow “thens miad e¢ na aldane ag mek out tie . i
~chist esuw Bounygo vodal bosiameyxe sais efLid.decnt ofk- :

Liid ywielmisgeco® oft ,aowe ¢gioo yicemaad Louse) ale odmd a 7

doldu geser & aay ,soul estlog ovada « saldacu: iach toby . AN

ale cE. acit be. a ok bey -dsh0% hau rex!
dove sods poloiiae gouh ‘ A Sougiaes wa Siad atdk ot BOLT LIC
ee unted oot oadleg: & doug ak use ‘eres ase Lit @ 1

te

einen cant _spanuibawarotob wise al sawad astro) pores eysocs oF
Sag eevee. paper beke -aollabi ise ert gastnge beitatseast el

TS, opogany: Pane Leics 20%, Deep aa so'pot sabiog ovate 2 — SERN
a Pa

aie No CHemE eau LL ig weit ata ase aseatt ‘3 onan: pa 20

Jiaswilgeae Saf eg Geoweatten: ee Se Ssus cinta. ake

ors boowborsini naw capris pentee save esac ‘ee hid “

¥

ers 6 on se per -

comneten : wallet aupada oe 64% sbathot . seed 3 perce sian lynx
,U tong geal swat peed ALi add Pealeps fsearmwe ay
s& og 4801 Me sae ee.

Sei 7 QUCE <d loratt

every session of the General Assembly during the 1920's. Each
time such e bill appeared, Walker personally advocated its defeat.
He weote numerous articles for the IFl, Weekly News letter, and
made certain that other labor papers received copies for print.
His arguments against the bill became sophisticated after a time,
as when he pointed out thet jealousies would develop between local
authorities end the State Police if such e force was created.”

Welker also testified againet the bills at hearings. In
April, 1927, he appeared before the Senate Comittee on Comunity
Welfexe and the House Comalttee on Military Affairs to oppose the
bill, In his argument, he indicated his deep faith in the demo-
cratic process by stating,

We are in favor of maintaining the fundamental

American form of government laid dawn by the fore-

fathers. We believe in the honesty, integrity and

intelligence of the American men and women who make

up the citizenship of our state. We are opposed to

the importation of a foreign military police into our

state. We believe we should continue to police our

wncommmities during peace times from amongst our-

selves by people we know. In that way we can maintain

our democracy and protect ourselves. 100

In 1929, organized jebor in Illinois indicated it was in-
terested in preserving democratic procedures in another way. In
the legislative sessioa of thet year, companion bills appeared in
the House and Senate which would have transferred powers to the
Supreme Court of Illinois which were normally exercised by the
legislature. These powers included making rules of pleading,
practice, and procedure in courts of record in IdMnois. Walker
felt these bills were dangerous because they gave the Supreme Court

99 ths New Majority, February 10, 1923, pp. 1-2.
1OU Trt, News letter, April 30, 1927, pp. 1-2.

ee i a i a
Li!
dash 4 OE abt worse siceanah none ald wo ankes

‘
dae heh ett Pedwwey.M. pb. emery am ,bessagyy eet 2 dose, :
Dk «yecshas Bee phew Tae aeid Ga aolocds wo semant pcb

Peete herd ae

eng dol aeh ws Ser ceee. jag Moms tonto dons atsumes sos

ald 4 yore baredoeioe wooed gd odd Secu Gdeueaies al

Lint attted Goaorat aaa ura Las a deuce Ta Oe leg el man aa

i bodewan as acolo dave Sb onklnl odovk anth bea ane
ug, smal os Se abs del sali Pang Holy lone. calm weiton

Chintnmey wor oabtienel giaweS wide srsctepe! «S SEs. ca gfe - pm
ee ee eee ee ee eee oe
ae ad gt AEE qooh alt beheedued of . too abd al «Ltd

os | epitove 3h BRBORNR aikstcy

si ah Sitienges Lo, cower shows a
rab Ried documeresg lo oeet seek peawh
nw , Ydeonod eat md grakiod ait amount |
parr bet oer ‘tet om) ubelmsad, ante w: sawwgitloda’
ao hasan ee oF ote cue We qider andthe sa ge.
um ov snilor wradilie agioult a To amidueucngel ont :
Yat aMmihor og ayeitdege Bivtta.we weehied oe ema

wih dame swt aed oeter gakuwd BAe eID sp ES '
giaioles she av yu Aa of «wand oe algoog heerts |
OL .aerleeae “toetasg, RS LORE SAD: a a

wit ea “$i bedeoihek stow tLty ak “wont Pena howegac RARE nt Pan
ef .wew celioun of geen pivowndues prebrasaaugy of posers :
is Betesqde oli mogmaysoe ies dadé te naaana si paeelicactal
oly? ad ayy ber icwenit een hel sia SAE pawn Baws onl 9
oad ye bake PEN ‘gfatew eal siecs ator StL Ww Jee er
y wee ge So ales ails batiisten i tewsg Pat et | soi
axial oa, 53, he SOO Th RAO, nt WRB AIONG Ana 42
So) aaerg etd aeg yard oped! << wast =

fal " pe pee o ion Be,

authority to prevent defendents from carrying law suits to the
United States Supreme Court by charging excessive court expenses. ~°*
He worked to see that these bilis were defeated, therefore, and
was reworded when the bills failed to pasa.

Walker's wide range of interests in lebor legislation made
it mandatory thet some kind of orgasizetion be formed to co-ordin-~
ate tho many legislative activities. It was impossible for oe
man to assum the sole responsibility for making all the decisions.
In order to serve the interests of the various unions in the state,
therefore, the IFL crested the Joint Labor legislative Board. The
aim end purpose of this board, according to Welker, was to develop
a strong influence in Illinois politics for the different unions.
With the advice of this board, the federation could function as
@ lever in obtaining 2 political and legislative program favorable
0 organized labor in Illinois. |

IFL News letter, Pebruary 23, 1929, p. 1.

101

We TPL, Proceedings, 1924, pp. 118-119.

bea oad? betowve® ata ates oneee agit 898 Gd ye nade $1
aaa ot beth aL e8 soontr ‘rservere : ”

otew sokiadget weded # cieomasit te ogi ebby amelie
AIEEE BO oO? faswok oc op hterzaayio 0 Bites autre dad wgsodiabeees 7 7 ;
en “AO aiibesoges Pig % senate ev kaala tat aR ‘way om
~simiakoet ead ile pccidee wb peidtensguet adog sale acs oF
waters ag ef anntog apolvev said to atesteges aly Sea ot koieto i
war sintcest witdatatgal code Sate, ath becayrs PEE ads _Puatantt
gaieves of ars valle of geltnamad Basodd wiatt ia wederkey bee as

7 | stantl Peers oid ont aoitilog sioner is sragrmer haat wen
BS Golden Burs notderabet rid she belt a shes weld old

al dercara't mBityoy ore pmtacoel Dame s fooasisen co palatal wi ovat 7 |

ve | ' *M atoutate ate had nae o

‘La ’ : i a 7 ;
ts . ty *
: . , i
e 7 : fe se 7 a
— ; Fi =o hy rGr-aa) aay,

=

CHAPTER VI

JOHN H. WALKER IN TLLDIOIS POLITICS
1905: + 1928

Joha H. Walker's attiide toward organized labor partici
puting in politics was influenced > in part, by Samuel Gonpars '
poliedes tovand politics. Goupers believed that the American
Federation of Labor, (APL), and its effilisted state and local
orgeatastions should remain non-partisan toward political candi~
aetes. In this way, it could support those who were friendly to
labor and oppose those vho were unfriendly. Gompers was against
any type of party being formed by labor, since he felt this
weakened labor's power ané often helped to elect its enemies. He
wes algo against any alliance with a thixd party, and against
blanket cadoveumate for members of any party. For Gompers, the
oly policy was cndersement for those whe supported lebor, and
opposition against those who did not.~

Walker felt that Gompers' approach to politics was one means
of political action for trade unionists in Tliinois, but his ideal
istic and progressive nature allowed him to explore other avenues
of approach to the problem. Walker firmly believed in the Social~
ist Party's doctrines, and was a member between 1900 and 1916. In

1 gtaley, IFL, pp. 371-372.

LV FBIM.

EQTMRIO® BOWLS WL MERAY 4 EER,
BS - RCL

tabs es "HOM S y bana POLLEN w ier obird ti we é° seal be ae ed rich
Legbecge SUE YS 4s sung su <beonentt.ss gy ants. 30H at BSE
tsite brent. wid and? beveabied mee ot AOR Peasneod aelatiog
tenet baa alata isdotlit ne att aay ‘Racal to onkbevetel
obawso idoktitog Reread 2208, trusts gies BF sssly wet sda Lone

a baat ist peat glu emis suomgue sha cL .uow ede | ed Pe teha 9)

dantens ‘aay joa ioe -bawitias prey nok backs saoggo Ea) nodes
ata 0% a BOLE todtal cd Harrap goikec spshunag Se ayyy yaa
eat caknes av soate of penton ang # 25 renee ‘a Mwogal Resear
Loentinges Sunes curag 3 Sakai s dshiw sogabite Wee dentegs cuba Bsr
wT ehoqned so sus aig ee TO aeacimay ‘yok sidplanmntentheel Soul
bos , weGal Sakon mut ood? 10% teameawbo wae yodiog ‘oo
| | san Bib ost sno Sankage eobtbacqyo

awe Bn enw Boitiiog of decorage ‘uregend dons Wiel weihew
vant ehonbiLe: edt sheinokess absent wet aplton Laos iicg To
Sees NG : give sat = eat ath bere Lips Sy stBrase ohn easy awe be as

elahowk sae ah Aarekled eiorn » spenthew woehdowr ait at daaergge Zo

a4 Gh Ea OORE saekood ‘eclise BBE * Shaws aentrood alyriad vat

Be

1918, he helped to form the Labor Party of Illinois. In 1920, he
yaa for Governor of Illinois on the Farmer-Labor ticket. These
activities were the natural result of the ides that organized
labor could reach ite legislative goals only if it elected men
synipathetice to such goals.

Walker's association with the Socialist Party, while he was
President of District 12, was based on his belief that menubers of
this paxty were the best spokesmen for organized labor and the
working people. At the turn of the century, socialist leaders
recognized that theix party appealed mainly to the vorking people
of the country. They elso mew that the most effective means of
action by the working people was expressed through the trade union
movement. One of their chief efforts, therefore, was to influence
labor unions to beeone a part of the Socialist Party.* while
they were not very successful in achieving this aim, their espousal
of political power for labor unions and working people influenced
Walker to support the Socialist Party in Illinois.

The democratic organization of the Socialist Party aizo
appealed to Walker. The party recognized the states as che key
units in the structure of its organization. Walker was active
at the state level in organized labor, and found it convenient to
work with the Socialist Party of Illinois. National activities

2
Thomas H. Greer, Amevican Social Reform Movements; Their Patterns
Since 186 (New York? Pre fork: Prentice Hall, 19040), p. — (Hereafter
Cited ag Bong Refora Movements. )

Sa
eoodl «Savoie widay~euiah,: aut? ie. s pagetes LO Samia nO

tesknayye Jade mebt sit to- diuaot Lemon old one sabi itos:
om hevoeale Sh Tf whee abeoy ort hates art Sorex ilgos. coded
Lo gn dloogy sone od 4
wy GH Olkirte J yous vaksscooG edd sabe fetduioesas e'telisy
zo arses dacs lwkied alk ao hetend ease as Seles te dusbiaes’,
got O00 wooed men kenya, wok ranmestoxs shan” wit sate ieee, ; \
siabeel taliislooe .wushmes act 20. Speed eiy hh oo anpag antaracw,
alooy gubvwew ocd od haber hakesona wilting chew date fenkegeout -
TO soda heihaeiekins deans ey darks ‘worl oats “gai? “9 ERR ME sil 9 ; -
moto sient ahh aida DOAAVAMO BLT algooy yoieow sad yd sola ;
sonal tak oF Hee ore? vit errors ‘eadig xhadt ko Be - tease Y}
ah bel : cheek PORLAL SOR wid To halen, & seoeed od eoroioar soit
Jyset ret todd ghedts ibs a gplvetdse na Latkowox “se ‘uae Se wey xed
oan reas elgoss; aa al ber acoten nodes “sok taetay Lsokssfoq, 20

valoubliT ab usd tettatoot avi Pegg ot naked 7

yet ere so asdade ace bortey pone yruag est .
avidos gow cecil" sospches Lenepta at to waar wit uk adhe
ov dastasisgo of leuk fe ctocal heshasnee ab £ eros eae baa
Baithy ites Raga ddsti ane) 3. each ee addw iow

uoraises * “a kaye: ae tags nf He - 8 Be aoe area a8
are yee ae MEN . near ORE TT: a Teach + “oa
(dns ary Toh taeda ¥

‘

433

of the Socialist Party were co-ordinated and planned at ennual
national conventions of delegates from the various states. These
conventions were organized in the most democratic manner, pere
mitting the delegates themselves to elect a chairman and all regue-
las committees. Between conventions, adainistrative authority was
vested in a national comnittes, composed of one member from each
state, but all acts of this body were subject to a referepdum vote
vy the entire membership.” These safeguards against centralization
of authority appealed to Walker.

Walker was active in forming a close bond between the Social-
ist Party in Illinois and District 12, United Mine Workers of
Awerica, (UMWA), in a number of ways. He rau for political office
on the Socialist ticket at least twice while he held office in the
miners’ organization. He worked to gain recognition for the Social-
ist Party's political activities at conventions, and he continually
spoke of socialist political principles to other trade unionists.

In 1904, while he was Vice-president of District 12, Walker
opposed Charles A. Alien for a seat as a representative in the
General Assembly. Allen defeated Walker, who ran on the Socialist
ticket, 20,675 to 2,534. In 1906, Walker was again # candidate
Sor the Socialist Party and ran for Congress against Joseph G.
Cannon. Cannon won this election, 20,004 to 1,550?

In 1906, Walker appointed a committee for political action
whieh was asked to make recommendations regarding the political

activities of the Ristrict. The following year, this comaittee

3 Greer, Reform Movements, p» 49.

' Blue Book of the State of Illinois (Springfield, Illinois: James A.

. Rose, Secretary of State, 1905), p. 646.

? Blue Book of the State of Illinois (Springfield, Illinois: James A.
‘Rose, secretary of Stave, TOOT), p. 631.

ERI , ia ee

fesse da 2eneaty hae badactineos ene —rUst Jebistooe ae a
pyenT’ .awinge ayoluce sett aga: uotugele’ G2 anoditeamnos Laneutan
ake, “Maia oltexveneb toom edt ab teulusgie exes auobtnevatn
~gae Ile bow atsziais » Joanie oF savieuncus vedayeleb anit pokitte a

aw Udo ine evicestediotalw .semidaevane ooavtel .eettimmee wal

ote MVE “cat ere “Lu: setiaab ania Oot lentes oF ni hedeev 7
auton iubgordhot a oF ‘one aw ain) aidd 2 atom Ole dud aaa -
voltaaiLowinas vo) lage siveugeles ope e, aeuedacm ouldae seit “ .

stork at Sakeogue ytrsodiue
Li GOk wh? om owded batt oanls 2 guikese: 2 wiides vay xeliel
Ty eared anil) bovkad ,o4 dated ios akenLE oh giuet fal
ooltte Lanksiicy 16% set 9! .eyew to soos o of \( ARMY) .oniroma —
oid oh potaie Bfed ail i betw woke fase oe potent duhlalend ode oo -
-Laloot oid aol oss loyepen oteg of badtvow al mh idan lade wes * Agenoo | 7
vilemuidot ob fea ool oney ces 38 sebbiridas laottifeg s'ysael dut _
“ aualenton shes cosde 08 amigtentay Japisileq sakhetoue te eloga

modeht Sb woludele Yo deebieougeear¥ aww wd ofgdw .ORi ak 7 1 nN 7
eid ah suivodemwsugen @ ac Jeee @ U2 ella A Bede) beacqge
Gukteceo® oid oo ci ole KeLeW Godwebeb netlA .ylakennA LomanaD 7
CuPbARRBD ae SMG BAW ‘Piaget! oe rk + tGG,8 ye BOTH OS anal -

+O MEHL TRAIN BOM OU NOX Loe hom {oUt SeLlasoos ot |

\.£22,f of 465,08 uoiteeds sled sow sospsd .
agiton Seeliiioy no's aevdinwes o bude: wellew Oe at
Liat ag: OH BILE Rays. enobdaburewsas 08%, oka OF Seale ow Tie

potion aids .sasy nuleciiot at? ,debehadi ait to aeidiv

i) oy Pe ehsich a

(Steel celui 4 bhakti ag) ) atonitrt 30 “adage eat to ;
Gd otf nei ohare, 3 Sie Wu are)

A aor satechiit bisits sab } BlomkL iT ‘ho acheth ‘aad to.
skEO TG eh fe od aee sO” es vem ;

134

submitted a resolution to the District 12 annual convention which
clearly indicated that they wanted the District aligned with the
Socilelist Party. The resolution stated:

Be it resolved, that no campaign expenses be paid out
of the District Treasury unless the candidate is «
menber of the United Mine Workers of America and stands
for all working class principles. Same to be subject '
to the approval of the District Executive Board, and
no political candidate shall receive any assistance,
financial, or moral, until he shell have signed a
resignation with the date blank, which resigaation
shall be filed with the District Secretary and in the
event of disloyalty to the interests of the
cless the Secretary-treasurer shall date the vesig-
nation on file and file it with the proper authorities
and have him rewoved from office.

and presented to this convention by the
Comittee on Political Action.

W. T. Haywood
Chairman

James Lord

fon Snith

fT, R. Devis

June Crendali.
Secretary

A great deal of debate occurred when this resolution was introduced. !
The term “all, working class wilneiuten” wows some leaders in the
district, who argued that 1¢ favored candidates on the Socialist
ticket, Walker declared,"I cannot imagine how any unpre judiced
member could find any reagon to bias him one wey o the other be-
cause of the phrase used in thet resolution." The debate con-
timed, however, until the new resolution was defeated.

Walker wes active in promoting docialaes political princi-
plies within the district organization. Since the Socialist Party

G District 12, WA, Proceedings, 1909, p. 11.
T Moia., pp. 181-222,

Toid., p 161,

; ,
atte vettinerao. Doms 30 dodeoas od-p? ao btuloaet a batdE : :
; : ova _
poe date Dea tiae Sodetakl cst ibaa nts deel: Rewihewn he LOD -
‘ tn ee
soekede aongloney 20P . , gia: sobtekook :
- -
foo ia: ues ratownivs gy ged? beahities ah’ of hs, a
- Bh ave lou Bho daaluy emai? Cooirek: eit bo Ss _
abenbe few nee er erepoteecr dy: eonaktd bodbaat aie ‘he: eottvea ae
‘touting oc oF aan .aahtodteg @esta gaditec Sia amt -
hog yer Rerapdtie Sok cra: we “be cated site or 7 :

~* ga Sel 2a Ltt avioweg Liat ee. cinks amahiiiog on
‘: * 9 Dae te seua diate onl ge Lee cr Lakavmek® _ :

Sea lQuika BE Sadatet eoeka gael: scl pie nosdpem leet, : "
"ee ae Dae geese vasbiaitarart wit coke Dank eal cite :

yabhvow ond te aigetatel ad oe qidlasaleld tp deeve —
wiser gut soe Lfacia roms oe rat oat weds ; |

ae thie ties cE aa sukt stew Sh af ie DEE Eas 3 wot dus | _
ROR Ce gale Towne “omnes mask caveat Saas -

sat gd-portowedte etd: ae eepenets Sas FemegeE = :
ARTI SRT 85 ee oo

+
‘noone yt ‘yy
Smechedd 2 24 an ie _
; Hyena wa > -
: agi eeyP 6 ety sO Oe
: * ; weed Gh iP. ‘ oo
“aisha mem os pa Oo
sy taba ap a » & :
a Ams : 2 “ a -
+ Sipomhoura® ger cotalosey A anda aout bersmsne odio fo: Kee sncndl

iho ak erebaot: ie Senge “cali tenon ana wpebeiocae ESn" sexetr

.

— dedhads oe seit ae satisatienanis Sra a tate Bayes = eo

hea tbedt {omy bees ro : n2geaea al RR bossa vee ve d

cated weG xed ~ ‘gn a09 ahd. aE on sco feriit yh eet htwoo “
“99 oitearaey sof oe sahicoahiahlal dont 2 Sty waar 86 ae
. basen sas Quy sotonttuast “asd cts Listes vex b
Ged, tone SeLial HR / anther ak wien Prd cali
bands sat leson as be: 82, “i cea stage dots amd sae anu

” - ‘ *

Be CE spon AO (SE
alt ‘

7

135

was active at the comity level in politics, Walker advocated
this policy. In 1912, he told delegates at the District con-
vention that,

I believe . . . that the political organizations of the

workers should begin with the government of the commmity

in which they live, If control of even the village or
mumicipality is in the hands of the workers, then in the
event of trable, or the desire to have legislation en-
acted in their interests, they will find things altogether
different to what it is when the employers or business

interests ere in control, 9
Walker attempted to follow this policy by @Rdorsing socialists
running for state and local offices. There was little chance
that any of these candidates would win, however, and Walker grew
less and less optimistic about the eheaces of the party's success.
By 1915, he felt that the Socialist Party wae not helping the
trade union movement to achieve its eims.*° when the national
elections were held in 1916, therefore, Walker abendoued his
alliance with the socialists in Illinois in order to support
Woodrow Wilson and ‘the Denooratic party.

There were a number of reasons why Walker supported Wilson
in 1916, Early in his first administretion ; Wilson indieated taat
he was sympathetic to organized labor by appointing Willian Bi
Wilson, eater hag. tani pete of the United Mine Workers > a8 the
fizet Secretary of labor and gave him a cabinet post. "ie alee
managed to see that organized labor ves given sue legitimacy
by supporting the passage of the Clayton Actof 1914. This lew,

although it contained nothing of practical impdbteive for trade

Spistrict 12, WHA, Proceedings, 1909, p. 29.
10ypy, Jews letter, July 17, 1915, pp. 1-2.

PORATED LOR itig hd Log 508) ‘civ Agiteumcae odd ewan
gee abotnal aid ge mathapalel Bfedwd QML oh. sgadtuqueees
Ye eeg et (aes SNES AP qihaeelt nodes <

ped mani LORS Back 4 dapktelon aah dedd eh es '
ihe cot ke SRNR Cy coke atta gdp’ Abid eed ie
ee ies BEL ‘od gee Te Pomme BR. navdh cath dodebe vb we
id od aacs .soteleew oft te abeed edd at wi yetlaqdeknsem -
er LS PEE SOE, WORDS Adar snes athe ots eBid - “pu. Sere 7. a
wedoocmiia egeide ott Lior yous qadgenodad wield eh Badas :
- -pagabignd sso 2 sma te ehh: nba BE tS gotood doeeeei
—, ak oa ee i :

side ‘nail teat We voutog ony wedite ag Datepasse aetiet
seania af rn inks vn “oxsat | v2 nihite, ‘Gea ba odeite 2 asta
= hentia Sit a cathe e

eum esl | Nene, wrsereet ae ator assbibaas events ‘ Lo oa

“hee og

HenDeE 60% Siahens ; P40 ssouewta ‘ald Simde 9 sto gant ben aaa

“add gail al dees ae ya haicanso8 sit ‘taut ‘Het wf fat :

seu at se ae oath wrebias oe Sener babons shone
“3 ane?

iG : Sichneds vente oe Swat <AtQE oe aed ssi we eb ate
eae oS sete 0k ‘aust ak ssancsiovs are este spent:
| y okteneacett vs we won. 107

okt bet eS? mie Bei a . : uy ov

ic zoe, at 8 pe Dadoauim “ata sal seth onoeeet has sete et a vent oval

PD)

desic Setaokoat anes ioltmernialabe Sant ‘ee a “ a6 '
: a Lat hint

mous 5 ¥ vsti ici we ode t Pedra oF sseeowns

m PR Re te A oth Co Re RN Hise
wit Be exesite i oe By eta eld be ‘merece «
ry A as : ees “ 3 ah a ae no #
ows ox ie venison 3 ns co fi ‘yok 40 gandenned #
. ; ¥ th i eis a Wer Ge
ios ged wine corr kyy Ban os hockagier staal one oF 5
2 V nate Ue gi yagi Sapa 095 oe

, sal uke vd rer ssocuhod a aston, galt to. ageing wit anton

his $ sagt sdsatonek Lavlvoang 2 sain sat 3 :,
aes Sy rh.
ae eh at, Sac «fpeibevoge’ we

Bee ae aes ca bat f.

136

unions, announced that labor was not a commodity and declared that
unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade. The national
recognition of organized labor and their apparent deliverance frou
the courts was a sign to Walker that trade unions were at last
gaining @ place in society. What the Socialist Party was attempting
to achieve, the Democratic party was achieving.

Qa the eve of the 1916 elections, Walker called for trade
unionists in DLlinois to put their political preferences benind
them, and unite in working to re-elect Wilson. He pointed out
that the Executive Board of the IfL, as a body, was endorsing
Wilson, regardless of the “political leanings” of the individual

members.”

He also stated that Wilson's opponent, Cherles Evans
Hughes, was one of organized labor's enemies, and that bis election
would wean a sete-back for orgeuized lebor, Walker hoped that every
trade unionist in Tilinois would investigate the facts and then
vote according to his conscience.

In the 1916 rece for Governor of Illinois, Walker favored the
re-election of Governor Edward Dunne. He gave his support to Dunne
because he had helped to secure a mumber of laws favorable to
organized labor, ** and beceuse Danne's opponent, Frank 0. Lowden,
was apparently unsympathetic te lebor. Lowden had allegedly
supported George M. Pullmen during the Pullman strike of 1894, and
was the “tool” of the Chicago business interests. 1 The assurances

11 TFL News letter, October 23, 1916, pp. 1-3.
42 Thidsy pe 1.

13 Ihid., pp. 23.

Ls me Labor Leader, Novenber 2, 1916, pp. 1-3.
15 Hutchinson, Lowden of Illinois, p. 269.

led -
+ he Sie :

sake Bomatoad dans sabucee stow nse mae ek Ss rae:
fasotdes ad?. .ohest be telennhees os So sooo oe

saad ilicieaid seein iach Sault ee oo ngte 3 onion
na rdquretde ane aes Fatelnat: we een: wgistuca nh oolg a wate ‘
: agaiveadtsion exer ag phaser ech onptie <>
aberch woe: bat ime walle seatsoets, dice ant ahd ko pe: ot nO
hie sesnaeteny Lianndiior abentd ou od ake wT nt Bie reas han
ous Eocene ok Mt MORLEY doadw~wt ont a elesy ag od ange fhsses ~~
gehewa cis HRW’ YL Pak: ad “ey Fey cae a seaheaniae wt sar

Laie koa Bie oo vba Savi Sei og add %. einai

is

| ees
souk aelied® dune en a amet in pads beiare OHe Ge =e serpcnots

7
pomeaels ath ved brs eet a) wdat peekacge Lo 80 aAW sede.

‘Yee ants pegos! “seuiieit, 4 xodal sone hs hawage “ot PAM SBR 49 MB egal Oo
nett hag ademt ofy odvmtioweat, bkwow akon iF at. dedsokus east

Per tees oh © soratoaues vi of pine stn

aeRy aera sank ee atonbsny Pd nocmero8 ek ewe OLE oe, ab.

gunna 3° Pagan 8h 2vay. an » SRL brow #6: neYwDD 16 coldanio
oF iat sehaenany ed “ge sf 2a can 8 cums 9 bagied & Pr

4 aabre! VO daael hoapogye a ancl came Peat oda as

vi hemeal fe fast gobwmd neds oo abvedsagenass:
Bap. OSS te atacty snd Lar oats gebm: pneteo + 9 3

=e!

aoe

oe ga fia 4
eeunmwanas ant. Y. ademnedtoc iach sae ost ao

eh
7

tea

oy ' 4 7 % @ Pl
ath stay Ree 488 sweeties ‘

Okey

an

wfoi sgt. ARES Qe
; Peery a1 ee ;
45 eine oan Mike

Peer)

137

of Lowden's supporters that these charges were untrue were not
enough for Walker.

When the Republican primaries occurred in September, 1916,
Walker supported Prank lL. Smith as the Republican candidate for
governor 8 The reason for this was obvious. It was hoped that
Smith, who seemed favorable to organized labor, would gain the
Republican nomination, while Duane reesived the Democratic nomi~
nation. In this way, either candidate would be favorable to
orgenized labor.

As the Wovenber elections approached, the IFL stepped up its
support for Dunne and increased its opposition to Lowden. Campaign
funds were ased to place full page advertisenents in city news-
papers. Lowden and Hughes were abtecked because they vere "candi-
dates of the predatory interests that live by exploitation of the
people,™“7 manne and Wilson were praised as representing "the
spirit of the times."18 men election dey arrived, hovever, organ
ized labor found that its efforts to defeat Lowden were not enough.
While Wilson won re-election, Governor Dine was defeated by nearly
150,000 votes."? 3

Walker's fear thet Lowden would be against organized labor in
TlMineis was unfounded. Lowden worked hard to keep peace between
organized labor end the employers. He campaigned in the General
Asaeubly for some of the bills which the IPL ond Walker favored,
and made certain the union leaders were given their share of re-

16 :
Hutchinson, Lowden of Illinois, p. 283.

17 Illinois State Register, November 4, 1916, p. 1.
18 ibid. , Pe be
19 Hutchinson, Lowden of Illinois, p. 291.

eV dee

pied
Cee ray SER RS Ee or oat ‘hans ABO sucagiar AE scat ad
ate BE wee 5) ages ‘teats nite agave
jase bist ih Doe: Goi oe elt cenit,
Wk RIM ELESRES MU ial el om He yo Seed beteoreda cena
Pr bao ew ON .aaedrds aren ath mph unmaage ott) os eS Sa

and mie Sica oxedel Sec komene. eg: al carown hRESBR Oe sg LB ea

lene occu) ofS bevece ean albashe se itmadeos Bean dogatt

‘oo elites? at Adiacw sdctitems eet he eae eit et aruda

soil Geo Lasagne

ati ay ieee Ji act joel genltonte madigawoR ser ak oo

iiss asinel oe vaitisogie wii ieateued bmd opin cat Sreoeregins
e@ien “bb of eJaamee liyeves apy LOK ashi pees beae aberet
aLipeo” Que vor) -snested basugtde wre giigd Bee nobel onmegeee
ptr The condchstotends ct Sell ded? adawteadnt veodaben att te wet
wht” ge noRbngee a Lh ome feat RP haere seal ot ean
WiksTC. Tara below gob aokesis tea: DS maui ant Ro SSR
eigaate den owe melons desteb of atunttie Bd felt feet wecial fesk
eine sed Sitges taur see ero aohe SHAS 2eOW Abel 2 LeeN

RM .eehy O00 08E-

Howie awe sail Gd dete I ioeastn nonwte: JRA Rt
Gamened) id “ph feurpdoaren wit aa ii ae pein wart Gaxehew
eure pele bass we eae Soni sil td oat to sabe ksi

“He TO Gihle Coan rust tng SAR BORO mir Beet

Me)

{88 og ,ghowttEr to = cot .

ee sent played bs

Aeieee

138

sponsibilities during World Wer I. It was still apparent to Welker
and others in the lebor movement, hovever, that many politicians
male promises that they did not keep regarding labor legislation,
beeause of its failure to be passed. The need for an independent
labor movement, based on a political party dedicated to labor's
interests, was thought to be the answer to this problen.@9

On October 6, 1918, the Chicago Federation of Labor, (CFL),
in conjmetion with the Cook County Labor Party took the first step
toward forming such a party when it requested Walker to call a con-
vention to consider the matter.*+ at the annual convention of the
state federation, this request was agreed upon, provided that a
referendum vote by the rank and file indicated that a majority
of the trade unionists in the state were in fevor of forming a
labor perty, This referendum was held end a majority accepted
the proposal. The IFL issued a call for a state convention, there.
fore, which was scheduled to meet on April 10, 1919. On that
date 611 delegates assembled to organize the Labor Party of Illinois.
A coustitution was adopted and a platform was drawn up to emphasive
the party's demands.*3 In game, 1919, the Cook County Lebor Party
and the Labor Party of Illinois met to consider the formation of
@ national Laber Party, and a conference was called to consider
this in August, 1919. fhe conference was so small, however, that

26 Thirty-eighth Annual Convention : » IFL, October 18-
23, 1920, Galesburg, Illinois, pp. 13-15. (Hereafter cited as
IL, x 1920.)

@1 gteley; IFL, p. 362.

Ibid., Ds 363.

Tbid., pe 365) IFL News Letter, April 26, 1919, pp. 2-3. see
Appendix D for the Full text of the platforn.

-
Pgres 7
UA 7 -

teaio? &) dnote LR cet Mt Sel be ow neat 108K ™
BoM iLoOd “qean tat evremol coremeeor otaiat aah ck wot eo
wabtatatged coc peolteonen gem! gor he vadit dads sein eT
ivehnecsiuk ap Wet bon ott sbeaasg ee ow cmeitak wrk ro en
Gel we teteathol wimg cokes imu i ceaepe! iioowmen votes
ere “ee atts oF -pavene wld -e& oY stout aay padoes Get
asp) (yModes “cr anbeosehel opentet) et £060 <i nadodad BO -
gana testi wit cone goes aaxdad wih? dou ac? Sis gokiror ohn ek
~iie » tise ot calla Sadacnges IL neha Sphacy tone ganteree’s Baie
wi 2> cogteeriee Sauces ad tA. AS sedden odd sokkaaeo o conse
i Medd beivern xg hegigs cow Seempes atid .sekdaestok ede

‘guia? at ao Sind Sede? alee bot zee cul). we: Krier dala, RTL

‘ . : - -
6 Rates Yo met ab exer etade ald atatemtew sheet epi che
botgeons choigan a awe bhewl jaw cobeeneiet Glee. ape we as

woe cadgrewes woes awh Aheo 6 bummed RE oil! .Lamegouy oot Oo

7
Pan

Gass a OPP ASL OL Larosa mm sheen oN? betighades cen’ shokeli 5

+o RiMRARE eo yeas sao sad, sale: sorhaagine od | Sigma catpelet ie a
saieoties ob sw ites ate oomonteas Sd Seaijohd Bent ontnntttweats & *
Pre wo gt aot #090 at Roce anak ag ao cones ates : a 7
to. teecamrec’s seh! woraren ae som abontsty te wisi wast a it i
aati Ov Sadly ase sonmistoe a bps eget, ead

Pe a Tavenied yihew os oe iT een cao ar ee Sac

oti 19099903 . ree peed eer Savini ita?
par fy vik # wad tev vitae ar, aaa a rape weil

pti sea vag epee 8 Liagh . sega Biv as
sorneseaal, a wit So eae

139

another meeting vas scheduled for December, 1919,"

On December 22, 1919, more than twelve hundred delegates fron
thirtyeseven stetes and the District of Colhwbia met and formed
the. Jahon Party..of. the, Uaited, States, Walker, who hed been absent
Curing the sumer of 1919, was appointed permanent Vice-cheirman.
The party platform was patterned after the platform of the Labor
Party of Illinois, except that it was broader in the number of
subjects if covered.

The creation of the national Labor Party was a sign for
Gompers and other couservative members of the AFL to begin to teke
steps counteracting the growing influence of the party. A national '
Non-Partisan Campaign Committee was formed and vequested that local
and state organizations form nonepartisan committees on political
action. Labor newspapers were requested to help aad information
regarding the success of non-partisan campaigns vas sent to many
locais.*° In answer to this campaign, the IFL News Letter announced:

in Dllinois the organized labor movement has declared
itself as of the opinion that the proposed ends mey be best
attained through the medium of the Lebor Party. Other states
have teken similar action. The development of a spirit of
antagonism between those whe favor action through the Labor
Party and those who believe that the A. F. of L. declaration
is not favereble to the growth of such a party, ean only re-
sult in making a successful political campaign very difficult,
if not nearly impossible, ia some parts of the country. The
enti-labor forces know this and are now endeavoring to mis-
construe the position of both the American Federation of
labor and the Labor Party. The trade unionists of Illinois
will not permit themselves to be misled, however, end will
remain steadfast in their adherence to both the A. F. of Le
and the Labor Party. 27

al Staley, IFL, ps 370.

25 Ibid., p. 370»
Ibid., pp. 371-372.
TEL News letter, February 21, 1920, p. 3.

. ea

2h | . - _ i

x S WiOh .. wocheugell, ok Bedatbedse ain pak dean
HOT god osolh bethagal welsed spre: atom gelta . 2S acini a, ee:

baw O99 Jao iMskanlod do dpehavakd pele. daa eau it agvevegt th
jena coed bad oly. redtob. ite behiet) od Be ydust rode wt ae
wuaprdedo-esiY gosuuemey Lokatoggs daw 4ff0l Lo tome oe geht :
woud. ad ‘ko uuntdawlg odd uadhe Demsdony one cay hadg yar adil
by -equltanet atid ok <okaned aaw ob. dat coro ebor kid, 20 wast _ - :
aa en Meee Re, avast
god § gow qlwed wocad Luntades okt So avktnemp wo
aad o¢ atce oo. TRA al to ocbeos sy lsars cae meata ae Lage
‘Lomokdog & .u0ie¢ ob ko gnescttak Belwngy Us DUE aIES aia
Sse dsait ‘be? aie UE bel BO BSH CaO. ay laEAWe) ae ksceaul i

ai
+e
vs
ee
se

‘

AOL PEE 80 Wiel EOS SEAT Mies AMOl anti hoy, 6FH8 ban 7

noliweiieiel faa awl co bat aatpes rer syEmaeic wedeg - 2 QAI

:

Aan, ov sen aey aapinquas unaihsegen@ 1o esau oat geile
oie Teeral Se wey wae asategned aid ood -mevana of of +bLey

. ubegaloed. ce Ceciwawer ded Lottaeg ab ot Sees. ees
Suse! wi ivan woe Sooo att dadt aelakis, att “i aes Lieatt
BETAGS BIEL. <a weed. ad? Ln abbas ade. siguvait diodte
wo @caiee 9 2G heaadevel eP! .oeites wellete aut aved
‘wosted usit Uguorsat aakees: vere pei nese wooed agimonedae :
SLRS HB tn : of Pk: oth recs gah? ay oS Lg aus saent Haw grist - _ 7

met Lo ED ia! 2 Hoge ko dowoxg eet o¢ citeaowel dan a
,pineiiih- yao wate Looltiloy Dybsacoure & wadding ne 7 a

ag? .qudenos er ‘he abeaey RSPR HE ~Weleconed owe, icin

sco ov gnisovesiaca vou eat fas gins eat peer at
og he anbderehet ctaleeat cst GPO oo Sea eaO os. BIS
Rtg el at Be eags gs Mat cits ii a ie eek a cote dae? best NOCRS
Rlav Sou ,covewel ~halake od of aoviecunadd dfeceagy dos Eilw
a ES at jé alist dod od yorpredhe stere si teu Smaite s aes
ys “oe set — als §

7 a

HVE 0g wt
4 ; ae = =\,
SPEeTe sae

(Ey {OBE 08 Gumus aoe tyt 4
>

140

Tals promise was kept although Gompers managed to “draw away in-
fluentiel. local labor men from the Labor party.”@°

Qa dime 4 and 5, 1920, the Labor Party of Illinois held its
second annual convention in Springfield, Illinois. This convention
nominated a state ticket for the Movember elections. Walker was
chesen to be a candidate for governor, and a number of other local
leaders were placed on the ballot for other offices. A new plat-
form wae adopted which placed "labor above property;. . «', declared
that working people had the right to “orgenize in trade and lebor
wunionus;. . »", and proposed "guarantees to safeguard the Liberties
of the working people .. 009 This convention did not have as
larg: & mumber of delegates attending it, and seemed to have lost
some of ite support due to Gompers' attitude toward the Labor Party.2°

At the national convention of the Labor Party, later in the
year, the influence of Goupers’ conservative policies was especially
felt. "The Illinois delegation, instead of representing 241 Local
uadens end 16 cantral bodies as it had the year before, now repre-
sented 171 local unions and 2 central vodies."3+ fo offeset this
influence, delegates to the convention agreed to join with several
farmer's groups, the Non-~Partisan League, and the Comaittee of
Forty-eight, when these groups requested that they be allowed to
attend the convention.”- The delegates agreed to change the party's

Staley, SFL, p- 372.
29 TFL News letter, June 2, 1920, p. 1.
3° Staley, IFL, p. 373.
3 thid., pp. 3734374.
TEL Hows letter, July 24, 1920, pp. 1-2.

Oe

mee taree gua steny Hei
AHS WR WO

eae aD RE a Bw
sie eacles! enn tisele teeevON acd Gok doriald odimta ¢ anor
(asad saadte te odie @ fee repent etehlhen sod ot manoto
oY feu 8 aeotirs vse wt dalled ett tun fewer one ersiat
fovaloah .T. + ..ydvegen wvode sodal” benaly doit batgnbe wow 7
cede Swe ecg wh oon lawugen” oak sige, odie het ediocim, yoabuow. J
Yet Pee eel Semenyelumn' qa: eondnonean” Saray fay) « yan
_ ee pied gon Bb westrevcde eke. Be, o 4 Biegheny partstnow cut a
gaol ovad of boceed bas 6h aakbootte aoe alas Ta erage a aytal
—— ais, brand ohishitie MemMMON Oo och domed to ono
a wetat ql taster ent ‘ied. poly Robo ng es Sistas Se we Roo -
_ilekpeyan aber neteliog ev ihexeancy Japegren is ‘roca iat. eh ee
fenok i4& gobtonnegaer: on oeuden —Mokbgelol akeatily. off" .

“whet Won: ,auatad “a waist “baal oh te weed Satan BE Ba

‘ede Reaetio: of Ae anti peal Leta sf fas usb a La, bow .
Lesser stb ne os iennga pantheon: alt ost ab tegotied
ey ottoman eit fee cya fiabwiA 20 awa ees a

eh Rewndles ad iid te ‘besa aon any ent wots at
3 ree ot ey ophetes gst Buenas % wotimpaten ett a ahora ot

4
*

any ae a ae a

af 29 SRL CS south coset awell Ty
ya EVE oq th

va * APRESS ad

Sek a, aa v8 a =e

oo ot ce "5

”

4a

name to FarmereLabor Party, and attempts were made to gain Senator
Robert M. laFollette’s consent to run for President on their tieket.->
When LaFollette refused the nomination, Parley Christensen and Max
Hayes were chosen as the Presidential and Vice-presidential candi-
dates." to oppose James M. Cox, former progressive governor of

Ohio, and Warren G. Harding, the candidate who advocated a return

to “normalcy”.

Oa the state level, Wolker was running ageinst Len Suall,
the Republican candidate, and James H. lewis, former United States
Senator and Democratic candidate.®? Walker began his officiel
campaign oa August 22, 1920 at the first annual Farwer-labor Party
pienie.3© after that, requests that he speak arrived daily at his
Chicago campaign headquarters, and Vietor Olander had to be ape >.
pointed his campaign nameger.3?

In late Septesber, 1922, Walker spoke in Bloomington, Illinois
where he attracted much larger crowds than anticipated. During his
speech, he indicated the major theme of his campaign when he stated:

Yhe progran of elther of the old political parties means

a continuation of the present system of profiteering and

exploitation of all the peoples of the earth. Indeed, ve

could not expect otherwise, when both the Democrat and

Republican parties are owed, controlled and doninated

by the profiteers. 38
In other campaign speeches, Walker attacked the activities of
Attorney-General Palmer aad goveraomental repression of the mine
SSrpL, neve letter, July 24, 1920, p. 1.

id., Dp. i.
3Iliinois State Register, November 2, 1920, p. 1.
New Majority, August 21, 1920, p. 3.
3itpid., October 23, 1920, p. 63 Staley, IPL, p. 375.
ane Rew Majority, October 9, 1920, p. 7.

hes |

Apes stair vo Fasbsades with Pe tar anise aindtailo™Ma was a0
a Gun ugamesolnd) yebewt pueda leon ail bakeiet otdattorat sont
whine: Sabdvablestiy coll age tessa: acd te coal: “onw Sonne

to Taos, oe haeeRyed “RUE (Hod UN gone, aac oo eae,
cries & bogiaivte ctw otab lone it Qeabuelt 4O Bessey Bisa" 20:

Af aad Jeans _eketsr eae yeoman Lian ataite ‘ent ll 7

Leanne ell waged “sola Betas igi aireerpomass func =~,

yiet etek oceans Loge dues ate ee SOs) SS dam ek ob) isi
aid de gicab bev its a oe seis wERana _tisité yee Eotnte
ene O86 oF fee weak tosei¥ bres gueborumdeanl agykeger open —_

FE eppigmeins, ct ait tomntog

etoatilt .codyrieoont at atoga salle GOR iedevee ota Ato

aid Raleel sbedaetetden ott ebnoswe somal fom nedowncde ad exetiy
botate ‘of candy ipteqes eis to esedd- volved edt Sado tan ot . i

attivar apituny Laakdhioy alo mit to xesttte bo enertich vei *
See gui stom thong i? Sate Sepang ae Sa antdagmts
ir ashe .weees ott Lo galqoey oid S28 Fy cotdwdte
Bae Fernand alt cond sew yamimweniio some doa “ete
. petectyad bea SalLovases: Bere ane — soo Ridge

ae a FOS eat seed Laas
ae

“a basdbekde PRES Ag Sextet zatiat aectoviage oe

Theat?

ithe sot ue Pus) a seers Logaserserg tos neni Eaaned ype
“aE og ORE $8 wi are

rare | ge ey ugh ¢ ae
ARE ay Pea yyoladts 38 ot RL EB Eas
. »T oq ,08GL .2 taxladst ae

7

oe On

133

of the Socialist Party were co-ordinated and planned at annual
national conventions of delegates fron the varlous states. These
couventions were organized in the most democratic manner, per~
mitting the delegates themselves to elect a chairmen and all regu-
lar committees. Botween conventions, administrative authority was
vested in | national committee, composed of one mewber from each
state, but all acts of this body were subject to a referendum vote
by the entire menbership.? These sefeguards agoinst centralization
of authority appealed to Walker.

Walker was active in forming a close bond between the Social-
ist Party in Dllinois and District 12, United Mine Workers of
Anerica, (UMWA), in a mumber of ways. He ren for political office
om the Socialist ticket at least twice while he held office in the
miners* orgenizetion. He worked to gain recoguition for the Social-
ist Party's political activities at conventions, and he continually
spoke of socialist political principles to other trade unionists.

In 1904, while he vas Vice-president of District 12, Walzer
opposed Charles A. Allen for @ seat as a representative in the
General Assembly. Allen defeated Walker, who ran an the Socialist
ticket, 20,6754 to 2,534. In 1906, Walker was again @ candidate
for the Secialist Party and ren for Congress against Joseph G.
Cannon. Cannon won this election, 20,804 to 1,551.7

In 1908, Walker appointed a committee for political action
which was asked to make recomendations regarding the political
activities of the District. The following year, this comnittes

: Greer , Reform Movements, p. 49.

<
ig

= 7 | _
7

_
Py

rhe $2 Sesthy dee fegensiomeen meres Oey a ‘
> eae ,ravete acebesy melt pa a sbi et ‘to an bie eee L
Og Kees ustebUNeD. Cate oid isomer ae amuttiowr an
“eon Lie bus namical a tpaleond govdemeed? oadepelell aiid gos
ane whitoniue ovicowadednde .apdleeernGe apap Ted. sae titmny *
foes dao once one Tay Bones .onthiene lactated a ok
ato subaotries « oc Jueitea cea ghed abdd Oo oom one dak ate
_
Soicepaessige Fala emesis some ia shied aati ald :
pee yeaa os Leet acme paeins
aldiOOe oY shared Asad sone & pat ot oridon am seulaw-

. Yo means) aM Aetioll OU dudte@? few al oeRhSP wt rouse ot
neaiie Laowtiiieg vil amg qi. age te sedkwe ue aff RRT) nacre
oti ah motvhe Alavi ed otdv aoke? deael, de waiead Jatakood okt fe

feteo! pd sot «okdentiaer abe oc eye oh nmkd ezaaygeo ‘os
yi Lat sue’ od Ser ytutionwe ae gol Sire bos Pee nnael <p avid oak 7

i a oe Tua dea, ober? “ers os madehorkiy Las tor Gaetan ty 8 -

metos SF geruiesd de Uoebisom-oolt. aah at OLA CRS, a
Sid ae evtdadenaueper a ae dese 8 we HOLA A aaivactd &
SPEAR ols ‘* sate fey AULT fete hap alee agedenenate L LSE
adebthaoe amkaga now vette out et *olbecs os Aeveoe a
12 Sgoarh Jerks asaexeso) wl na bus vied dethaduoe =
R£2a,2 Sot MALE pootdoato nda a ae
setous Sroktifog wir we deaws a hadeiogge: speach Oe” eo

Seni ALOE ade Setoigen ar sabato woes © oti cote 4 BN

7

awhiiono: add oe getlge? wa aia aid to a6

a oe

strike of 1919 under the war-time Lever Act.2?

Walker had the complete support of the IFL during his campaign.
The Executive Board members of the federation formed a Walker for
Governor State Campaign Committee, and the IFL urged everyone eon-
nected with its affiliated organizations to work toward electing
Walker, “regardless of differences that may exist regarding other
candidates or questions." Trade unionists were reminded that
“Bhe election of John H. Walker for governor of Illinois -- or even
the polling of a large vote in his favor ~~ will add strength to
the labor issue . . ." and “improve the chances for favorable
legislation in the coming session of the State legislature. . .."41

The hope that Walker and other FarwersLabor Party candidates
would be elected, or would indicate a ‘huge following by polling a
large vote, was ended when Harding won in 4 lendslide, Christensen
received less than one pex cent of the total vote in the country,
and only polled 49,630 votes out of a 2,090,468 total in Illinois.
In Cook County, particularly, the Farmer-Labor Party failed to
gain a large proportation of the vote. Christensen gathered only
4,966 votes in this county. "2 ,

Walker did not fair any better in hia campaign for governor.
Over the entire state, he received only 56,130 votes, and ran
fourth behind the Republican, Democervabic, and Socialist candidates.

In the largest county of the state, Walker received only 3,666

39 staley, IFL, p. 375.

IFL Hews letter, October 9, 1920, p. 1.
4. Thid., pe le

Stalcy, ifi, Be 377.

; “oe . : : ; 7

eS, gat “eve lca ey atta aoe :0 eto
ehaqnase acd gah Wat Ah te wrogewa wb pole act: vec? —_
es pul Beare? spd — ORE Ro SrneuN eet enews webhoome ean
aon saouees bem ORY sage | has OARS Pa fice waa? cenat00 ;
witenia haus Haga oF. apo einen Beiest thes adh aebv ieee
Ye gakbwyet wages oe dnd generates Oe susie” : cesie
if Bebsines sao aaknolas obec Oe SSROLTROU MOD ae a

UeyS WO «0 ehoatiit ie goumeves wk seckeW .K aiet Go eotdoale et

ok Adyoeute Bee Eline @ venet td aboot yas: Bae Sgr Seay ale

akdmrna: a? ceomede ede enum” fae "4 4 4 apead nodal

Cie . » -Suuvtalolgal eth et be selease aaiwes BER i sheshatibyeal!
astabiisas yas wuaiwsenust odte em eee le dott eget oct . i

& yotiiog yd aniwawtes eged « oaiotha sAistavow ws ,bedvalg. od ave ;

sounetaridd) ,ebifatwed « ai now ES moe ot 4 teen: Seheo adW AO. wake :

tadteweo edd mi. olor alia ld to dee “aay orn oemd weed koviaoos

Oe. ab tacos GOL 0,8 8 ko. Guo: aadey egb yal -baitog wise aa

OF HELLer youd soceleworcet aos yylativedsusg yyudawoy Aend ak

gino berecdep eomurdacsd) sevov-edd ta aoldsdneequg: ep nel 6 shay

| SH qdosoo atid at aatey 8

LenTr0g YOR zyingnes ais ct segded yse what dos Ab seule

ner bos ,ectoy 081,82 ylow Sevieoot ed javede — edt

SAVE 0S ye a aie?

.g weer .f seven? apstal ave

: APTS 6 ast
Ve . oa aes

143

votes, "3 It was obvious that the Farmer-Labor Party vas doomed.

The disasterous results of the election convinced many labor
leaders in Illinois thet the project of forming a political party
based on trade union support should be abandoned. Victor Olander,
who had only half-heartedly given his support to the project, re-
fused to continue such activities. Walker began “inwardly to
waver, though he did not publicly yield to the persuasions of the
American Federation of Labor adherents for some time M4 Others,
such as John Fitzpatrick, remained advocates of this type of
politieal action until 192k,”

The immediate problem facing labor leaders of the IFL in 1921
was what policy to take toward the Labor party now that it was
obvious that organized labor had not strengthened its political
position in the 1920 elections. The Joint Labor legislative Board
made a study of this problem, and issued an appeal thet "more
practical and sensible methods be used by labor in dealing with
political matters .. . 06 It was pointed out by the Board that
the Labor party venture had lessened the IFL's influence in the
General Assembly by causing the defeat of two legislators friendly
to labor, R. G. Soderstrom and K, C. Ronalds. Furthermore, members
of the General Assembly were often noticably less inclined to sup-
port legislation favored by the IFL, since the organization had

nothing to do with the election of the legislators. 4?

"Sstaley, IFL, ps 377-

id., Po 379.
Ibid., ps 379.
If, Proceedings , 1921, pp. 178-180.
WTro44., pp. 178-180.

ede i Oo

5 - - 7 :
sbuncob eas ytunll wodal~ rome art. sincdit sabe: s07 SL

,webraLo 4odole sciasenanoadil od Siuoia daoagss noha obeat co

oy took oug an od oe0aK me oti mevtg: ylbedcealw led: giae fed one _ :
7 oo Oo

ot wasn negel noite yaatdbattes dove eamicnoe of beet

ols} 10 uupheareaiedy oh oF hiedy sgboadainnly song BLE orl chaos a

eareny - «tat amca wh adoorsihe godin De soidormbot siete

to eged widt. ho aeduvovhe honkemes ,nosmtagesl¥ net ae cone

SY aor Kida sokeow L
(OO mk AM ert co arobeel godal gaivel weldeng omethorms ont
Row fb sudo yoteq sodal eft fueveg edad Oo wo Ling inde Bo
Aeokeiion edi Deaeddanenda toa Sarl sot PR BY tp 3] Seas euOtyeo
uae? svidaleimad toda! satel, on! .enodduede OGRE one o£ soltiaeg
eno" tach feagge au hepaag Sas ywuatdersg wicd Yo iube 9 oem
oddex goktoeb of <ocal gd bean of abodgow aldkanea One Seoidcamy

oy is ae Qtattem Leote

dad? funot ede yd gue botaiey acw Si.
ait nb oowenhIak ati odd nensaael bad suuduoy yovad veri, oi
gLinorxs auotalalpal eet to tasteb adt goalasna ad, qidmbaak: £
Riees wooed LablGnO’ a wal howe mersaaebes 42 aA soGek 2.
~qoe ot bealtoud ewal yldsolson aes0 (SIS El okownl: meee
od woddox tmagse ath conte WET aeit ea beret wae ee is

7
? T* anudelagael ant ao sohipate cit dee ob 08 gaddton

, - te eae st

Per: aa ae
OBL aed Gt SRE eae
ETL 04g

Ls

7 : : A> Ss
a
: e OO oe

Lah

In his report to the 1921 IFL convention, Walker also advocated
more practical methods in politics, though he cortinued to support
the idea that the workers could organize their own political party.
He defended the Parmer-Labor Perty agains: critics who argued that
it defeated politicians friendly to labor, by pointing out that
the party had decided to put no candidates in the field in certain
districts where such action would assure the election of labor's
enemies, In such situations, according to Walker, the party favored
the election of the major party candidate most sympethetic to labor,
Walker felt these tactics were working to the advantage of organized
abor and eventually would result in building up an organization
with enough strength to end the political problems of the working

46 This prediction never came true.

people.
In 1922, the Farmer-Labor Party of illinois again entered
elections, supporting several candidates for the General Assembly
and other local offices. The results were just as disappointing.
"Farmer-Labor candidates polled only four to six thousand votes in
Cook County; the Socialist ticket again received more support than
the Faruer-Labor."!? The national Farmer-Labor Party, at its
anqual convention in Chicago on May 27, 1922, also showed a loss
of support. This convention attracted only seventy-two delegates
from eighteen states.?°
When the IFL held its annual convention in October, 1922,
very little mention of labor party affairs was made. One resolution

was introduced endorsing independent political action and the Farmwer-

WS I¥L, Proceedings, 1921, pp. 68-69.
Staley, IFL, p. 393. .
2° Ihid., p. 383.

Bag . :

7 _

:

: :
; 7 i. :

ravages cols yoaituY oopsdauweed i. Lot. said Oa HS Bis &

Srey oY Angie dues og apie vaptth tog. ee Boome gu soukstaer

vbr notgiloy ove ited? cela Paar atten au ord: reald aebs
weds PVA ulw GosGcgo caulege yout todadeyommed gcc debawive a
Jeod die goltasog wt yiodst ob ylbgets? casted Llor bake ab a
oapiweo oh bed ely mb sone ibaa ta dag oc beblves bal yoeag

A wink jo robipata ot ogame bleor noioom dave ered “ee Lh

sHodel Ov gidemvoqinga sates oes Lneg Yatey toLan sd 30 Katrouls

&

bo towgie Lo sgstoevis oat o¢ gukivow exer 4oid¢oud saodd alok ge ene

noldeninagi oe youliligd ab gLieon Sinow yilapdaaya Opa 19 ‘a

ola. er oti “4g aralugsy Laoltitog ana bpe, oF Kigeenie dgrore dobe
; sStrid Es Teron sorts ley kee & scaosg

henine ubsga aloniliz to gust goumhegueel alt gRRQi oft.

yluwegas Laven) ott wok aodedsicag Sapores guddecgque .auoises
spetdaloggsalo ae Jag, oaaw edi uae. of, 480 “Rito Legal bitin ow
nd Sobor ‘Ranauncd “ia wat “ns Law bakioe SE, soceiioys
Cee Dera gase ato), baw. koow: cuiepa dedotd daliidepe sey ee
adi oe udu: modal “rN, Lanosdan 26 8s odalwaunrusl adit

aot % grote ocala ,Ssee a yee go oR@elno ah sods SOD Jtok
some glob Oientevet wie hetomwdte apiinearig. okie 9d" oa
. * estoaa BOLIAOED 6 s

~BSOL .usctsoG gb col dnevegs tiniai adh Bll ang oath oft: fume
: a
athisiogat sO .vdwit amy aytalic phueg movil BS ou 2¢na8 alse

-
eet agit Ges sotvos Lagitting yesbnegebas Bad remote Seoube: pe st

7 pan
RO oe) ERE Per se bs
8, ba@ as x
> Ne

-

a5

Labor Party. This resolution was quickly disposed of, without a
word of discussion, by approving of it unamimously. The Federation
was on record as favoring a labor party, but there wes little
enthusiasm.>4+ A major reason for this was probably because Gompers
and Olander had persueded Walker to leave the leadership ranks of
the party."

fhe end of the association between the IFL and the Farmer-
Labor Party came in 1923. In July of that year, the annual con-
vention of the national Parmer-Labor Party, meeting in Chicago,
Illinois, was captured by members of the Communist Party led by
William Z. Foster. The commmists changed the name of the organ-
ization to Federated Farmer-Labor Party and imposed their own pro-
gran on it. Members of the Chicago Federation of Labor withdrew
from the organization and tried to keep the old perty alive, but
their efforts were in vain.

Henceforth for a few years the middle ground on the

subject of labor's political policy was to be no-man's-

land. There was no room for a "progressive' trade °*

unionist to advocate a Labor party; either he mst

come into the fold of the American Federation of

Labor . . », or he mst beteke himself into the

outer darkness with the fanatical Commnists. 53
Walker, who mistrusted the communists, became a supporter of
Gompers' non-partisan policy.

At the 1923 convention of the IFL, the Chicago Federation of
Labor introduced a resolution which called upon the AFL to form an
independent political party of its own based upon trade unions,
farmer groups, and other liberaloorganizations, The resolution

, Steley, IFL, p. 363.

2 Sooo

9* tid., ps 30%.
23 Thid., p. 384.

_ Ree y a

‘
a heordiur ty Seaogalh vitotup asw sotoatoun eter peta:

noe susbat ed .yiavoeiamet HO sethvomggs 6 caotenunet t's

siden! any ober and {weg soda @ peiuovet ag Swope! no a . a
sine) fayared yheecory ew airihesc: sooanex seotnst 4 + masse :
_
So aloe Goilaretsal end ovwal od sedtal Sofepanog had tehaaft aon —_
_
, ; Ries bt a
é _
wtopyse® afd Sea QUE sod noovded sokdetooana add to bao a ” a _
~foo Lavans eid ,ve; dato to yet nt J FSR ah omas youet —
Loneoive of paldoay . whe todal—-vemses? Laeotian off ae ae naay
yO LoL vtoet Satcumewd ent fo awedizer yc Gemidtean ow , ache aed : -
~fap ny edd io anay ott Rosends atalmmmos- ot .tadaet 24 nethley -
“Eg ‘o5n ‘stestt mats os vast soted tert hudeteber ect notdaed 7 a
veuhitiw todel lo sosexcoicl Ogeolus ely Io atedsoM sds fo mere, ; :

ted ,oviia ye Big old geet oF Bola bes sodsertomguo odd 7 ;

“yt nt sau eieotze alert

(afd oo hauotrg elbbse ext ewer, wet Bou Wwwiesmee
etl apna od OF asw yalfog ieokdifag a saene te teelese a
c* ofeud ‘evteccragage' a wok swoe on eer ae - sem _

duaw od tedébe wate todal-s Rrofeaanty oe dateohos

“to nolvsvebe'l, néesPromé off Yo bio ect eta oOo

amt cdod ‘Llewmtd ededed coum af so .. . o ‘toda

ct padaie ned Laotaaenkt ott doiv Sresnabne s: sretnC + 7
xe Teuogunre 3 omsood , adesonmmecoo oes Dod acrxke her oat at
’ wolfog acatvusgesos Satagned
ko mi cdoreted ogaeind af . 28 anki Spowaasnar sto SHEL acy FA
Be sw od LEE it as sf Raila’ sip tee eibeheuae i boouh. oxdek
raroken eset cour feaad avo eit te died Leokd hog oun see

costiionss ett .aethentreyeateredil sete one none

16

created mach Sonatas?

The committee reporting on resolutions
declared that the inbroducers should take the matter up through
the international unions.°’ It was pointed out thet there was
not any reason for the IFL to send a delegate to the AFL con-
vention to propose such a project because the IFL had only one
vote among 43,000 votes, What good could a delegate do with so
little power or infduences?©

Walker was more direct in his argument againss the resolution.
"'Prom experience men get @ new light and they change their views,’
he wou There were already enough political parties for
organized labor, and there was no need to create a new one. The
only result would be dissension and factionalism. The best policy,
therefore, was to "stick together”, and abide by the decision of
the majority.7°

, Victor Olander argued that experience had showa that feeling.
for a Labor party was not as widespread as had been thought, and
that now the commmists were attempting to control such parties.
It was dangerous for organized labor to become involved with such
@ movement .??

Supporters of the resolution, including Foster, offered a
number of arguments for its adoption, but these were to no avail.
Late in the evening the debate came to an end when Walker called
for a vote on the resolution. It went dom to defeat, 456 to 65,

aad the IFL formally repudiated the policy of independent politi-

OF Staley, IFL, p. 367.

°9 TFL News letter, September 22, 1923, p. 2.
a7 bids, pe 385,
58 Thid., ps 385«

Ibid. , pd. 385-336.

cbt a
4 | : a

- _
anokuicass 60 gahoyoyot gadd somo, mph ae gab Hosa tien — 7
gues ye odor aid onlad Dole, etegouibombit ocd. ait pone a

any grad Gols dim Gahileg sey ah ® arotag LORE SATES ont

“Lou. 01d wit od otagnleb.o buee of AT aid gol ponees roe ae ; a

ano Ylio Bed Lil add guveoid saejomy & Gove saogoud of apeitay

os Udiw.ob adaygeleh ae tfvus boo dadW ,aedeny O60, 8A y CORR SE, -
roe va © ates lee Reanasae'ct so reno abet

vb sae page ols Sarkis Jems ald. nal gorthd oan say tecliehi. ae a?

i)

' wwoly Gheds sgicio vols baa oil web.9 Foy fam somaiueqne Be
‘Ot aphimy Jagitiiog dgrcna yheowls over scodt “Pr stes :
a NG Wi B aioe OU Des Oe ama wok: Sant g aed Dae ERM a
eyeabog dasd ONE ; BEALASOA DS? Dog sodunces.h od, iow BEO OH. a
LG Lodaioat ede yo eblie bum “teckinagt zo, da", a oak 49% sees
ee ee
aphkiogh gold orate bat eomeinoges deh ag 38 ry wOtOLY He
htt Heguay. novd Dei a9. rsanksgeaba st ait om, aon yvig, Koval 8.
cand See dane Jonings od polvquevsn ¢ oe, aaliumme ott WOR

7 -

dova sdtv bev shovsd awicr vat i, COWL Dist inmpsto oY) anata: win Baw, SE om :
; _

ay eS aee ee ae 98, seamen sh a :

: ;, 8: euer so . eeodeo l pu hiiloek COLA SEOEEE OAT en

athens on oF exoy enedd di’ ymidgobs. att 40% BOLRMEQES LO. LU

bellay omlied, secy Bus ox ot auen ethuteh ol! gauleeve ond eis

gant Gg dexl (FNTeR OF dai dai OY abba et bo ous c

-idifoy Jusianygtins Je volsog odd hodoit mic Se sabia

WAT

eal action.°°

Ia 1924, the IL maintained its position of non-partisan en-
dorsement for candidates. At the national level, Sengtor Robert
M. LaFollette was running 63 an independent candidate for Presi-
dent of the United States. Burton Wheeler of Montana wes his
vunning-mate. These candidates received the official endorsement
of the AFL on August 2, 192k, the Jest of the national convention.°+
Later in the moath, the IfL declared it was following the policy
of the national organization, and endorsing Lafollette and
Whee2er io Walker was chosen as one of the Electors from Illinois
for the IaFollette-Wheeler ticket.°?

In the state elections, the IfL declered itself for the re-
@laction of Governor Len gaei.°* This support was based on
Smail's legislative record as Governor, and because the Republican
party in the state included a plank in its platform favoring the
abolition of the use of the injunction in labor disputes.°? This
plank was obtained because Walker wrote to each of the major party
candidates aud asked them to consider the incorporation of such a
declaration into the state pletforms .°°
When the national elections were over, LaFoilette and Wheeler,
although defeated, had polled nearly five wilidoa votes.&? on the
state level, Len Suail won re-election. It was apparent, thers-

eo...
IFL News letter, September 22, 1923, p. 2.

Cl Toid., august 9, 192, pp. 1-2.
Ps Thid., August 16, 1924, p. 3.

’ The Federation News, September 6, 1924, p. 1.
6” GPL Hews letuer, October 11, 1924, p. 6.
65 TFL, Proceedings, 192!, p. 250.

doid., p- 150,
67 Greer, Reform Movements, p. 129.

¢
‘

Hah

athe - _ 7) 49 a y,
+d, a 1 iu 4 .
| | ee ss

er ORAS adit dent a | >

ey bt ve . vpoktes to |

» gre idreges at oo sokdtecg adhe Dou lumacwar BAL old Rel af oon ;
SUSAGR “MKAwsei 22 faval Lele wid. Oy. vEgrbslbaes.. SSH demewnoh
shoot yob adeingives guihaeqehah op ea yecorert mew, ettelioMal M- ; a ;

He Bc ance TU ss oP RT why ¥ 7 ‘ :

éLi aay swtoch So-oleed! onde sanded fodtey edd to dob 7
goomewmius Letektto odd heviopos eahiiiiaso oted? .aheengnkacast : 7
?

ate iit neaeds Leeen sid. Oo cand ond. WOOL Pexguaé: no TA erie to a -

yattow add guoeetiok aa dk aoualgoh DL. ode ,tdwte ede ab sed 7
fam ovvelihhed galeuies bate Mes haagte SOI ede *e

nlomtfsk cows eredeala odd fo ene es menos vor tealleW £0, “olen: af

CO denote! tecvathatwel lee mad sot i ,

wer edd Sot Ltews: somal DE et? cmetcule oteta eit ok * mt

es Bown Base TUOGeR: BRP MO, yecme) aad Ree Te sotdgals | : ve

aa dieagan oad spiel Tae “RO OH) bunoes owideletged ai Ebon z
od guiuevet widely ate af daalg s fob ones phete ast mt ruaq
eine RO. estsera ki notti nt sodstonmiet ont he ‘phd ais ‘Ee — a
vaeag. VOL aah So tuae od edeenn sadktaly. comabedd boatedto sow
tage “LO nokowdor onus ot “ebleics of ma Kelas bas sotebiiada
88 somotitaly eseva oni ods “aokomena yi |
Sheed Das uodelioiel xeve ove amok: jonhe simian etd next |
ett ot To goeer cunt ine wri’ yietsiss Edie daa x agueteb
apa dneuegge gow Th ssoktvelonty mew Lied ced qisvate reads

yi
am

6 68 oy UPRE 488 cory ete na
~~ Gy AEE MEM 4 of
af og gf8QL af Sanh

st ai aise 2 wontnsetgt PEs oe) des $

vd a aloes £E teadioda. eae
sOCL ag BORE! ‘eyaihbane
OE oe

ce «AD Sorry aa

7 abe

i , ‘i

148

fore, that the official policy of the APL was fundementaily correct.
Organized labor did gain a stronger position by supporting the candi-
date rather than the party. This method was not challenged by the
I¥L oy its constituent organizations again.

In 1926, the Joint Labor legislative Board of the IL ani
Welker endorsed Frank L, Smith, Republican candidate for United
States Senator, in the April primaries. Smith received the
nominatien and won the election in the fall of the year. He
was supported, according to the concept of the non-partisan
policy, because he had favored the passage of the Injunction-
Limitetion law in 1925.9

In 1926, the same non-partisan policy was followed by the
IFL. In the Republican primaries, Walzer and the Joint Labor
Legislative Board supports? Lea Small for a third term as Gov-
ernor of Iilinois.©? Louis Emerson ran against Small in the
primaries, and defeated Small for the nomination. Walker bes.
lieved that Ramerson was opposed to organized labor, and after
the primaries refused to endorse either of the major party
candidates for the governorship. ©° Since there wae uo other
candidate in the field that seemed favorable to organized labor,
this was the only alternative left according to the policy of
non-partisanship.

In the national elections of 1923, the field of eendidates

63 IPL mews letter, March 13, 1926, p. &.
The Illinois Miner, April 7, 1928, p. 2.

1 walker to Harry Jensen, October 19, 1928, Walker Papers.

Listy ;
- Part e a a
: 7 :
a

ibis odd maikisengem yet saat rasan “aa s- eek 4
said qa Lemnos Lamlo Geer aaa Batam adit pha iy add a me sf
bry Rola Respro duo beed on eh

‘ae hevieoet tld .asdtiaamtoy dah on ab <teano8 ®%

BE, g WBBE ord to Llet of? sh weittnale eds nos bee ne oe

seaicegenon oid Uy gessnns oxtituicie godingoor ential eas

—iotioumtak wd Ro epebnxp edd Bevawah Dad ei iommsend preheat

BS, 2Q8 ak vad sodiad tab

-* aris yo Sueml ot sau yokiog suatiigston anne exe Bae ie

meh aubut ovo Ewe celtod .sakaebay outed wit at what

wed ne met Bud 2 sok Llaw® wet beMeagua Soeotl eto " oe

wait of Lem dantans oot seem atuot “yntomeit te out

os essed pA cietihawsanarn aig wt Line Seieeta’ bee ees ats

penitta Bus tetas Shee Rani Oat eo earegey ety ssipetbeeas Gale &

ging thier att So uetrte sexahag oF emeboe scanty 9

‘serdo of amy wiht opaks Yeas: neha BES on Reged tue
Monat healomegac od of Senet bewees Sakt honk? ede = enh

to ypilog edt od qutkupvos Piel erlaagreetia bed wel al

sgrienat

noebhinss ko Mali wiv .2OGl to arth i Haat 2 att ak
| aaiay et -

a a ee Be sant ah yer fis sot y

149

was no better than the one on the state level. Walker's humani-
tarlenism led him to personally endorse Herbert Hoover, however,
because of Hoover's position as head of the Food Administration
- Guring World War I. Taking on the task of feeding millions of
starving people in Burppe was evidence enough for Walker that
Hoover would be sympathetic to organized labor. It must have
been something of a shock to him then, when Hoover remained
aloof to the suffering of so many Americans after the depression
began in 1929.

view ve a uediak® ,.2eval akesa oy Go Reo Ste gad? tedder oe ager
reod otevooll dpacdmey tevobas yilumomeg of ani bel winekee?
moivgenialiieit, Soet wit %o bead as pektlacg Bl asvwoli Zo saueoed
Yo anim wrtheel To Maur ode sogntae? 12 wel Btuod amid)
dere welll wt dame corehive aan ocyun nt akquod gatreate
aved taum $2 wnodel besiuepw oF sidadiagaya od fipow voreok
hepiumen xeevock uodv . edd mie ad asote 2 tio guatigemoe weed
eotaseiqeb afy asd e aapodrsa\ yam o8 To gecueliue edd oF hoods

JDO ak seo

CHAPTER Vit
CONCLUSIONS

John H. Walker's activities in the labor movement in
Illinois indicate that he was a member of the trade unionists
who advocated progressive trade union policies. Men confirmed
to these policies had a deep sense of hunanitarianism, a firm
belief in democracy and democratic procedures, a feeling of
urgency in connection with legislative reform measures, a
liberal attitude toward Lebor unions’ participation in politics,
and @ sincere, dedicated commitment to the improvement of the
trade union movement. Each of these elements influenced Walker's
activities as President of the largest district in the United
Mine Workers of America, (UMWA), and the Illinois State Feder~
ation of Labor, ({IFL). ’

Within the UMWA, Walker's commitment to progressive unionism
was formalized in 1908 and continued to express itself for the
entire time that he was active at the state level in organized
labor. Walker's firm belief in democratic procedures was a
major reason for his opposition to the national leaders in the
organization. His deep sense of humaniterianism prodded him to
seek legislation to improve the miners’ working conditions and
to safeguard their health.

150

i _
: s 7
‘ oF ve MB fae
/ - ;
t ca, oe _
i 7 4 ve avi a 7
“| 4
a eee ' . a rire - .
xy HALA \ = ‘ A : ie : : _ .
MOLERIONOD | 7
2: RRODEIO “Te moi" Scenes
| oer ot
si dneperen vodal odd of sogtavides a'tedLeW adh 7
/
: a) :
ataloaivur wheat oto 10 cede o sae od omy edeeddek abomekit oY

baerttaes o9 .antelicn sozey shaw ovleargoug Spieoevts <br 7

msit & ,enksetuadtowant to vansa goed @ bel eololioy eaadt. ca hy
if
‘to qikiveh os ,aeunhésony oltesoomel nas yommqneb mt weiied : ¥

& .suwAcon wales avidslaigal adiw cotsopnnen af vanes > i
/
,podtiLog ob coidautolimeg Tarotsy ROG Duswos shulitss onodas i
,
‘ghey to dinsmevetaat oft o¢ trosthems botaalheb ,oxonata 8 bee '
7 : .

atxaiied Deovectint ehovule sagte 2o saath .tousvom cOsuay obed
potind orld oi goiwiech Jesyyal odd to desdivewd ae eokdivivos
woabel ad elosdLix ocd Ban ,(AUPO) ,@odnonmt tu ameddaow oak

| 'gtTXt) nodal te note

nalcokoe se kaaotgoig Oo Jamed bases art now ied ARMY oud whey &
sid “20% ‘Lived’ secre ot bemnidros bus COQL at oi komo now

In 1930, his coumitment to improving the trade union move-
ment forced him to resign from a secure position in the IFL, in’
order to fight John L. lewis through the UMWA Reorganized. His
decision to run for President of District 12 in 1931 was also
based on his firm conviction that he could best serve the miners
in Illinois in that capacity.

As President of the IFL, Walker's activities lend credence
to:-thevedipanent that tie gurdadh:« pelddy ot quegréesive trade
unionism. His organizational work for the IFL indicates that
he was fulfilling his comaitmentite better the tradé wiles Hove
ment. The means he employed to accomplish this tesk, the labor
press and speaking engagements, also indicate his desire for the
movement's anclioration. Walker's activities during World War
I indicate that he felt the concept of democracy was closely
linked with co-operation, and he earried this concept with hin
when he began his work with the State Council of Defense. His
hunanitarianism was expressed throughout his post-war activities.
When Walker advocated the working people's need to inforn them-
selves and becouse better educated, he was again indicating his
wish for improvement in the labor movement, and, at the same
time, reaffirming his belief in democracy.

Walker's economic program for the IFL was based on three
characteristics of progressive unionism. His humanitarianism
enabled him to work actively to form a co-operative movement
to help end the exploitetion of working people, so prevelent
Guring this period. His outspoken criticism of the "double-

151

-30G: MOLY obo eft yabvotqut ot teoadimeos ald ,OFRL at
ab Wi ocd al moadieog o1yese » moth misery oF oid bagso® soem
at® sheetesyyoul AMA) ect iwondd atwal I odub ddgtt od vebuo .
Cube sane EOL mk BL tvoluteid to teabtarcd tc? ac of ankeiood
aieric atk avaoa Joad Giwoo of dant molvurveos atkt ald so boxed
‘Yeroogen Jaks of akoabsss at :
caaaaees mak apidteitar etucilaW Pal ace ko dimbheonL ah.
ghee uvlesesgory Jo. vollog « bempavy od ied cremupte edz oF
gad eeisokhek LEE edt cot tow Leoddoctoa ww alB - .watemieer
avem noius obired ott eediied of dmendlewno eid giktssiiat aaw od 1 4
sedsi odd lewd siuid unifommoea od bevolges of angen off .cmest
aid “tf ad atl giaothgt efile ,ataemenugie yeblsage bas eaeng
wet Dial aaiwm peatébvicos ataaliew .«uattesotiam a Jaerievros :
ylorods ean yumme¢sceb to tyeores adt ¢ivk od tadd edsokbet 2 7 :
te diw dynocos chit betwen ed be .voidoiegosis vow heatekt ;
aiid: saute’ ha LB ose. egacl ot Skty soo ob sand of meal . _
_

BOL Lvioee tevetacy etd dvoggucust Besa ec cnivelsatiecend ;

els GOL © od heen sg! algood gadsyow od bedssowixe casi. sac
aan ose ibadl fy saw RR gbotaguse sede anngad Sais solos 7
goss oud .¢.. 509 lawmerom todmk ost at aera on rik 6% sabe
Qomranmg at “tated aad shee thsnn yeekt
eet mo fees’? paw aT eld cen anagng: olor areata, ce
PalGeLE Et oat BL arakache ecbagesyouy “Hy dn taceeonnee '
TOO OG SY UOgDa & wok of qlevhees avow od aitd . re i -
Tnalovony oe thee oy yebiteow to. notouetoLeyss ould er

mefinoi” git Lo walotdico codogavuo ati . lores saat

Ve

152

standard" indicated that his belief in democracy was tenacious.
His activities supporting strikes, as in Rosiclaire, display
his dedication to the improvement of working conditions, as weil
as the trade union movement,

His legislative goals for organized labor primarily support
the concept of Walker's stalwart sense of duty to humanity. Yet,
there was also a sense of urgency expressed in Walker's commite
ment to the pessage of the Injunction-limitation lav, a Women's
Eight Hour Bill, and other bills thet were mentioned. This sense
of urgency becomes even more apparent when one realizes that the
IFL and Walker supported numerous bills in the General Assembly
which only indirectly affected the lives of working people.

Walker's liberal attitude toward organized labor's involve-
ment in politics was expressed during the early years of his
eareer in organized labor, when he was a member of the Socialist
Party, and again from 1918 to 1923, when he participated in the
activities of the Farmer-Labor Party. The sincere, dedicated
commitment to organized labor is also expressed, however, through
his decision to follow Gomper's policy of non-partisan political
activity in the 1916 state and national elections, and again in
1923.

Progressive unionism, as expressed by Walker through his
trade union activities, achieved only a limited axummt of success.
From 1905 to 1919, it managed to gain some economic, social, and
legislative gains for working people in Illinois. Walker admitted,

however, that the advancement was slow. It seemed as if a great

Liev 6 aculshiice grhigow he deementusyss oud od acme,
*

geowrug ‘Wececung adel iueaoie aoe aloo witalaigel elt — i) ‘3
,vaf .yddusanal od vaiub Yo caeee duewinde a redial bo nated
acting op a aelied. ot Dsagemee yonegue to ones @ opke so eras
a’seswn @ pvad gubds Ties L NOS TE. os Be: aagotasenpe atic Oy -

garss ald? .carotcsue otew tedt aifid vusito bas .JiG0 «on.
We 3BEG allows aug aady Jazetaqys ston ove agamosd yonsgay
gh Sica ne fesageG ait 2 allid. waza: Lomoggya taliaw hea
Sgeeg golbhvow Te esc ki ag bates ts yetoenkhak vga dobty Z|
ewifoved sandal deaiwesso Duewad atudbite Jausdil al rsdiet ~
ald Se simay yluse sai gooiund Besestan sew onidifog avon ;
jaiiasiesd ed? lo eaivey © meY ai cedy . satan swean Retse ty soon
Sag ai bedegeatiusy eG nosy sEROL oF SEGA sere ahagen Bev v St .
haveslick ,.oieaaia off .qdted wedal-mcme% add te as
iascacs 2 tengo! .PogSougee dala ol cist bontasats _ TRE
iasitiiog seabivac«scc to voite¢ alasqext ealfct of cobetoss

a
fl aisys Sor jsonitonle Lasgttan ine stsde S6Ql ade sk Wide

aka tigyotid elle it bomecaqae £3 ,atankes VERE ZS
295501 3 Jaumis fatiett s pine beveidse sonbibet tue holo of
bes Loines ,imorosn aver mag ot bapasctn a 2188.92 20
dead Baie geledd ree h EE ar £ algood pubic! “aot _ WE ane: .
doy 6 UE ae Lowen JE swede eaw dr masoveyba ?— at ae

7 a aie
| | ie D1 yahs

153

many forees in society were aligned against the development of
the trade union movement as a legitimate economic and social
institution.

The situation became worse between 1920 and 1993. During
these years, the only major suecess of the progressives in the
iabor movement in Illinois was the sustained holding action they
achieved against the reachionary forces opposed to labor. It is
legitimate to argue that organized labor might have lost many of
the small achievements they geined in the first period, from 1905
to 1919, if progressive trade unionists had not been active st
the leadership level.

ory

. ty Fooad

+o dnawolayas old dates Sota lio egov vtokoos al Bade yo
Jehoos bes ulimepoe opmidtgel 6 ga Suamerom adloy aha ae -
obrpds rack

oberg EROS bes Cite negates vstew aniosd mifdenudie set
ad! ak sav idabrgoud aid fo eessega Yet nc' giao ons aus gont
yer noddos ye thtan Societe ont ear ohorhGtt ok ducsewon godal
ah ot ‘ andnd Ot Toca auoset PUPTIOR G59 OF cnt FaNhegs Deve lie
So yin dacd ova dt gocfel Ses Lepr ade sugits od atoms iget
; POEL wow: , bok: J each: wie ait benkag cor ed dnsiredcties Leas odd
da sytios paed dom fat asateaan shoud whkememeng 2 (BLOL os

re i Jiwok gisewwhoned aft

41.3 indus
Slaughtering and meat
MGecsevsosogs00
Foundry and machine-
BLOp PrOduCTSs.-se%0%
Printing and pub-
Lishingessssosseccses
Clothing, men's
including shirts...»
Agricultural impie-
MONEH sc cvsssvvocesvas
Iron and steel, steel
works end rolling
MEELIS dkcccecccceee

Lied.»

BUPPlLEBSessescesssse
and other

bakery products. oes.
and timber
PPOGUCES s coccssvecer
and general shop
construction and re»
peirs by stean-rail-
road companies.ss..os
Guors, MALE. .sess00
ture and
refrigerators sssosss
» Alluminating
and heatings ssssssse

seen

BGue2es000 | 4

283
73

|

3,090

485,230,324
141,325,624
112,833,427
89,144, ub
65,337,663

64,995,121

61,315 ,638
51,596,022

49,493,224

45,667,456
45 9250, 060
42,064,008

41, 496 ,130
39.435 ,995

32,999,567
28,170,560

Bogart and Mathews, The Modern Commonwealth, p. 95.

SAWS BECTON SYS lxeTay: .
Ged 9 pgee ye 9 ele 24395 le

TW 235,742.
80, 722,363
795555 ,012
47,033,982
32,460, 102

25 097 057

20,886 ,871
42,989,514

6,652,317

26,283,292
21,611, 2169
17,939,574

23 177,606
29 G29 5593

17,206,793
20,135 ,O72

ii ‘ pe ea 4
F iy
y a ; : ne
4 _ 4 ra : ; if
0 ae a PR yh RR, :
yore
ie) ; ar, has a. ee to iip | 3
Fiat mai td. er r ave
s
en eben? endian ne east ceed amin tr Sa nai taghesh beeps a abt <ieaesdlbaginns : :
oP ee reins raat eee 7
Saar may KO RUGIAY’ ; 7
Bec! | SOS Ls eh ig om E é .
BION wm ; era ee ean REE TE i
etn, « Qer eee & at mee : _s PE ot on Pexuwae Behe STs
‘ ' : ‘i Simes, Bist SALLE UND ;
£37, BT ERE, Cee ate Foo, dE Bb heer ens none Beslan
| } i ae SY qechtioen: Bat eabaia |
fBE G87 ,08 1 dha tee LAL LOG, e% LFE.S pose Api abi fo
; _ wee geet, eet ;
pel ergs, ee te neh gee! 7¢ H ¢ at ee ee ae j 1.
Tieg LG EY Sas xbb BIL ‘ ay 2 Hg tee, ND Sg i eee ear tt o— genet
: i 3 7 & {aot 4a)
She LEO TH | Oi eee | Wee. RE $03 sea -eatale pibutont
i anim: daxnudisoteghy
be a omy x ‘ + ba gh sy 7
SOL, OM SE | FOO, TEE, 20 2» Gg Bub ay tewesvounaness eMPBGES
i fm 9 £ He ay -
z ARTE & HASTE, bey) gered
| . peiitoy baa adag
TAO. FW, 22 ps8 EBS BRE ME ois BL eS bead earoes rave attLidas ;
; babael tous . ead, 7
| wey gitbudoak doa f
} tlie To amie —
bea 3, 26E 00 oe AL Eb Ps oe ae Re '
| S80 ORE te ae y wo DALLES ereoup hdl
\ deduy Bas ifke ae
TIF, Std,2 : 95, Cee es Boe ‘bare sy Bh sacra Us dae ;
' Wee igean Leg Sudo

Got ES, a

GOL slots |

Regus 9 LNT

wh dave ate ay +n igs
ait how, Dai

a ony aOR RT
wounks dae *

ak

t o2at PP Cee
} Cis eau Bi pie, Ok

1 OOD sees

Key

SA Rm Zoe S RL EY Ea yee ae erg ma NS
tor we es
Pur > & 7
oa Fa = by
=
s
Sie
—_
a
we
=

Ores avanse « 2OVRMS

| 900, i
gout A Shistle- bue

gary, Bet
Te

TOE RRC ME CON eS

“
"OCA ARIA PSB Pt kf Ale TS Baa Se inks te apne le cmeepab aati ony i Saget ingen enon aligns,
a I re eee et ee ee eo a a ce

|
|
|
:
|
|
:
GES |
|
|
|

BRO, E

280 oy aL sisi niceannss SOLON aly _cuociseah Bins

ae a

a >

Tobacco manufactures
Tron and steel,
blast furnaces.....
Copper, tin, and
sheet-iron products
Paints and varnishes
Confeetionery...so0
Corfee and spice,
roasting and
GVindingsscoevesssse
Butter, cheese, and
condensed milk.so«>

BOaPsvcvavecscsesees ‘

Clothing, women's...

7,653
1,450
7,445
2,110
5 009
1,193
1,755

2, ihk

6,113

26 ,036 , 729
25,961,528
24,815 ,389
2h 48S, bg
22,138,559
22,044 588

21,792,220
22,420,035

20,730,550

15,982,887
4,067,301
10,990,536
9,011,951
10,043 ,926
4,950,998
3,556,588

6,167,142
9,531,354

|
|
t
|
]
|
|
|
.
|

eit, watt) cay
Cha RA? Co

vars rat!

hE OEE
£Ge, F760) ¢

AK om FD 4 OL

aye a taras j
sett ONCE

Mr as SS A NR a NT el TR NM wate = mt

test

ae
Beis ig ONE Note

ow US t-~
es
é ot *, merit on

+ bd 7
2° figE aS

3m OA yd &
a, Ox Hh eee:
ORE OOF! es

AR a ate eT el A NN Ea a Pyle
LA AN AEE AS LR a NE tere tm

goer
Sy

re

rae

Ss

aN

ee ee eT Te

em crtcnnany sant

wees wma: oomedel
,ivete fra sot
owe wie ane aS taalia
Ghis .2/5 , teggod '
atnubwug sontedwenda i
tovleiones Boe otal t
Oe re ORS LS LT IOO
,oouge bes setied.
Dens ya Laat
ee ee og dbns LR
bet 4, BB Seay & “ta Tp
irvine Bsgeashneo |
ae mp8 ee 8 tee
ao a! whee eealdaaih

2 ema ne rent ep enim trite ce arate gmemns nis a4 eet, er piel tonnntie eB Op alone cose dence 6 Ae th! inc Sern a sar sont lerysdinpmbre > wen SCaelesty pore

I

APPENDIX B

RESOLUTION

CALL FOR INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE UNITED MINE WORKERS
OF AMERICA to meet in Springfield, Illinois, March 10,
19303

WHEREAS, there is no International constitution of the
United Mine Workers of America and no law by which ite
activities can be governed, and

WHEREAS, the former International officers have no
legal right to exercise the preogatives provided by the
lapsed International constitution and now hold their
respective positions merely by sufferance of the member-
ship, and

WHEREAS, the said usurping officials have no author-
ity to call a convention and that authority lies solely
with the membership of the United Mine Workers of Americe,
and that membership desires that said United Mine Workers
of America be reorganized and revived so that it can again
assume ite former proud place among the labor unions of the
world and can again give its members that protection for
which it was first established, and

WHEREAS, the members of the United Mine Workers of
America, affiliated with the various Districts and
representing the various coal mining regions on the
continent, have formed an Organization Comittee and
have directed that committee to take the necessary
steps for the rehabilitation of the United Mine Workers
of America:

THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that a convention of
delegates representing local unions in good standing
with their respective organizations and representing
groups of coal miners from localities where the orgeni-
zation has been destroyed because of the Lewis policies,
and who are desirous of rebuilding the United Mine Workers
of America, is called to meet in the City of Springfield,

1 taken from the Convention Proceedings, UMWA Reorganized,
Springfield, Illinois, March 10-15, 1930, pp. 8-10.

¥

we 1

a Run,

. “toxreopss

APSO WEL CSPI Ga Bp POL MMETROD nwornammaae ame saan
ack simak OSOURLET rene pe at goon oF AOLIEMA BW
sOfRL a |

¢ to sek witeoie Laooltsaneint oo at sata Rooks Mae
att deli yd wel en bee aobsenl ‘ie eieduel noik beds —
bes , bart Ge Bes BD catotvidos

> raved aracltto Lane kbemesal onto oui? aaa :
edt yo bebiveig aevitegcogg alt eatotexe of Zcyty Lage
tiedd: bind veo bes aoldudivaste Lnsoivanede? peagel
~ueduay ad? Io eonaustivue yd yleuwae aoaidiace mvisooyuet
_ baa soled '
wnositas an, groaned ateteivte Sisauiend Aled eda OARS
ylelos agts. yeiveddue dadd tua soltesvaos a Lian od
eae iO parol wat Bede ait he qeeleredie ssid Addu
aysdwow ant bests bise gas setiesh qidwvsdean tet bee
shege tae ob vod oe bevtven bis boulnaguens.ad solved Xe
eis a aneluy wedel pile great osaly tyory veunel adh moe
bok siete fake. exadiven ath ovig cisge seo doe bivew
Soa hotalisates aa ir th dot ;
7 ae Ja
i 7 ” 7 7
ty wust=oW soll bested aus So eEdees eit Shaw
Pse adocwhel esolvev add ddiv besabiiiie . dots
sid ne eaokees gatalo Leos aoinew eft galdcoeane
fiw goveionk sokicaiasgeG cu Soormet svad Fovinel
YEHROSN ote Miss od wareiimon Ladd hated |
strlen? sath Bavist ont to soddedifidsior edt wot |r

2
we £xas er etc ete | St Saat 2 UE VR =r ae ae SOMACE
than Heng as axoln lasek guiiasswages wohagel
PEGG, fois per heinialed syideeysst tberdd
Masai: ait. ay ie autyilenss exeyst eres Laos te-
seatoifog pees: ocd ‘ne seusged Sapo nlan? asod a
evedtoW onl beaten eit yatitindas lo ewocteed ons
leligais ae 4a yssD auld mi dues od oat Leo as ”

das inawrond AUG! (ngcchgunes? aodinernsd ett a :
Ok coy ORG TS Gone yaleak eb

Illinois, on the tenth day of March, 1930, et 9 o'’clock,~

for the following purposes:

i: To establish an International organization of the
United Mine Workers of America.

23 To adopt an International constitution of the United
Mine Workers that will place the control of the organization
in the hands of the rank and file by restoring home rule to
the districts; secondly, that will prevent the International
officers from meddling in the affairs of self-supporting dis-
tricts, and thirdly, that will place the ownership and control
of the property of the districts, sub-districts and locals in
the hands of those who created it.

3: To elect International officers of the United Mine
Workers of America in accordance with the provisions of
said constitution.

ks To adopt ways and means to accomplish the con-
plete reorganization of the United Mine Workers of Amer-
ice, to unionize the unorganized coal fields and stabilize
business as may properly come before such convention, and
be it further

RESOLVED, that local unions are entitled to one dele-
gate for each one hundred dues-paying members or fraction
thereof, and one additional delegate for each additional
one hundred dues-paying members or major fraction thereof
(but no local union shall have more than five delegates),
who shall vote the entire membership of such local union,
and that groups of coal miners where the organization has
been destroyed because of the Lewis policies but who meet
the conditions of this call be entitled to delegates on the
game basis, and be it further

RESOLVED, that the secretary of this Organization
Committee send this call to the Recording Secretary of all
such Local Unions and coal miners as he can by diligent
inquiry ascertain now to exist.

2 The convention was originally called for 12 o'clock.
Immediately after the Resolution was read to the
convention it was amended to read 9 o'clock,
Convention Proceedings, UMWA Reorganized, March 10-
15, 1930, p. 10.

bedic’ old Yo noldwtisecne Sacmapeercetes me sqoba of a
sokdooctmagua ed tbo Lesdmoa oie wooly Pity ded? sumised
ot aiuy ants! yalsogegt yd @f19 bas saws ord to ebnad @
es sind tates xt Deng ahi f pre taut Earp rte awit

es tia ~— 2 ibesas . tea: Slr gee al eke Lapieineoags

—Soevtads wobitaaic bein "yee gadygeyeoub: boreliarnd

sid oo agdgacloS o¢ helidicae wd fies abdt So niaheep nears

ILB RO FS sedeeaee “gabbraved alt ao Lie wide bases e

Meoteta & de OR ows cay: te yep dderd alt wo aber if
ar GE Retry scene ost xa

ens Ie al SE ed Lenureaumedal 28 dattderee 07 :
ma: sarees ‘to ereiew omil Sex

ea “bade oh prt Sey ge

eal fedkisd wes “ho, ase 250 Pncntsarviaded ieete ov sé
to aretatyrewy in if Saks ee iui sh sulepmi fe even
ALIS RO

-2o ale soiigses Go amees tae aap Sqone oF
oneal “ke adlhnel cud) hese et le spec beagaess

‘i. eden: He

Lely Gan od moka. \ilise arer quo Rew Lend sat caviar
nokieed: -« wiecex yelyep~osed beviowed sao toes aot evap
henaleivas deen weft otayed Kaaoleiobe aoe bea , te.

(aedensie® evit coir evom oved Lede colsy teoel ot
gies Lavend, shea st 443 a titetedwon extome och ovov foots
BaG nak Page hacg 2 oy sredy qhesae Lom io mya oat
foam ot Sant mekotiog tiwal sat te ageesed Seyontes

sretdaats $i 2d hew —
—
soteerdeee7) 2 skd to wiadersee add tect .@ey

Soeyki ih od mas of et axeuhea Seen bee goose cas
ey: or vey ti inte

ey

tgpielo $3 wok Dalles ehinetgiee ner cota
ely ob baoy eaw coldaiogeh art scats yl
outele @ hear oF soba: fae ths a)

ot Sone bestaagre ANAY , chbegwork 2 f

ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE

Alexander Howat Walter Nesbit
John H. Walker Joseph B. Casassa
J. M. Thornton Carl Wright
Oral Daugherty Joseph Loda
August Dorchy Allan 5. Haywood
Peter Markunos F. W. Wenechoff
Fox Hughes Gust Fritz

Johan Brophy Joe Hartley
Adolph Germer Briee Holland
Harry Fishwick Geo. B. Stouffer
George L. Mercer

SEND CREDENTIALS AT ONCE TO WALTER NESBIT,
Illinois Mine Workers Building, Springfield, Illinois.

BE SURE TO SEND DELEGATES
Do not be intimidated by John L. Lewis, by non-union

coal operators or by other enemies of Labor. Your
wembership will be safeguarded and protected.

: : 7
SAU TOAOY NOPATINARAO

Teo wetLAw
aged .f dasa,
3h rR S925

abot Agere ms
Sool 2B eel wa
Sieicaney Ww Af ff
re ee re
elon OG
GanSker aor old
(eFWOPE 808

“np ivy gre %
oteanw ABRAM OF WRO TA LARNER CHE
vassarht ehlektgabegs Rial areagtectt cost akookisE f

aepanegen 6 ot ae ae 7 ae cu

wo tostouon “d peawat oo estes xget Seabimot “3 5 ot
wey .Sodal to aginean celle vd +

Mage ai Hetousore hes ns “Chie atden
‘ oo
: “4 are
ty! PAY tee rh a
“ See 8 Pen ; a oth ca
i =
; ‘ 1 Clee pe end tate h
5 Fi * oe Meo a Thies B° sh bi uf the +
x : if 2% % Aa ree 4 »
me ‘ 7 i ay
22 ee a ; aa
i oo a Fe chs i
: : 1 4 mas if,
: he Lis : ve a ;
; * ; ; ‘e 2. A
is ’ ¢ = “H, Es
: = +
: -
i + & +
7 7 ws
7 om
7 oe
_ 2: :
a ve My
ie sees

APPENDIX C
The exehenge of letters between John Walker and Adolph
concemning Gerser's experiences 4n Gerueny before World Var
ZI. In the letter opening the exchange, dermer stated:

Germer denied that he bad ever told Walker aaything of the kind,
ead went on to defend his previous actions of opposing the
United States’ entrance into the var du 1917, At one point he
stated:

You may ar you may not believe me when I say that I
have 20 inclination to make any defense of the kaiser.
i have ag little use for him as you, and my sumeemechope

the people of Germany will follow the splendid
exemple set by their Ruesias comrades. But neither can

T Adolgh Germer to Walker, October 23, 1927, Walker Papers.

2 thid.

7 - - a
-
Ve ws: |
i
aa) : oh ow
z Ria 7

gab faa elt eile kemmanbed areoias. co) cctnsli one
when entha sin tae usta acs Me? ‘citanitadte et et
apliti hashaes egethea seeencuNth: at beniasirsay 0 2 ree

if a8 wc, ete ob tance ta oft a

yet

wee arceyey folky ee Roan wd vaste Shaee Spee 4 -
haga moor & sett Roe Ba om Bade ya perrefeers
Sta rotten Asloat: nae ae) ‘wae eed han 9

| RS
goaiks sad. To guhdoyre aust tine ‘olive Sabet ‘ath ait ui td
ate gcleeyge te nade auokveuy etal fal Oo ap teie hese

Gd Sakon aa MR ak wor et? gale cee becca

o camebt ye 2 evs om sorebiond Sane wie: ag ue ye ek

viele oe St mute gas ale OF possundiow was Sarat .
See AAI ; i gS we a wes Omer ER at evo FO

Litaalg: act walbse SERN LORI Si SEE WR Heat -

kan paldiod ay@ .cabeanes fabiaisail ‘shuate yy) Bee mihegum
dees) ute ftw cata poets eden yi eee Became sned om 2

sade Siew wel ad agichal Bes peda OM 0s _ 7 an
uy, le ovekiod od Sake ya dey rosa hae 4 ater

Suus mt paneieh bo aioe wan fatter pat

whee aod nada, Wibtadmomartest eenmeliy sdygantree’? oer

ay “tas croeay ne oh qeuwt four at Bet bane! arm oy

wick oe sag hia ROBO eaced pa ved . pits

ys e pes Gaz itt heres tees ‘yar ae Gag is te ; ele

qhetccunm peat nade ten otdat ar ws

: AAR i ote yORseRRE ahd Do dls 2
wlgin oat cue Sadia anh steele Bene eae

agiieyS «lsealmauea awe 2
To avicenoy vot daaeus gueaolaty a
aitiete tot a A

- rn >
_ _

- : ee

_
_ ~ 8

Walker's reply to Germer's letter set the tone for the rest
of the correspondence. He stated;

I am not going to ~et into any argument vith you
about what would happen to you in Germany if you did
the same things there against the government that you
are doing here, against the American Government in
this war, and was helping the American Government that
was fighting Germany, the seme way you are helping the
German Government, which is fighting ouy country, but
without question in my judgment,you would have been
shot long ago, no matter what you say your attitude is
towards the German Government, at this time. You are
doing everything you can to assist 1% to the extreme
limit, without puthing yourself liable under our. laws,
and I know that you are coneious of what you are dolng.
So that so far as I am convinced, there is no doubt in
my mind, bub what you are on the side of the German
Goverament in bed & War, and thet you are doing _—"
thing you can, th Pat Freee Wh, RT eh?
injure the United States in this war. .3

3 Welker to Adolph Gerner, October 29, 1917, Walker Papers.

i _ osm
| 7 oe _ | wei ik

a Oo a
dawt ond ast ocod sit ton soddat veo out veel
7 7 iedere oe seonsbrogavwacs |

Ong Sle Steves gia ya oth dey od partes dees am X
SLB soy 5 “etree oe BOY oF weggai bLivaw aay Secs
og cadd coomeveon ad? Jarkege wii aggics! soxy ont
7 ni treareved saolrent edt dealeye ,over! goiol ozs
jos dreruraveh nacdywsA ott gateled amv bas wow atc
aid actgtonl a org yey amex odd .ynemyeb gnivastt sew
ded cesdewes a, gnideyi af dpatey .crameneved comb
. seed ora Migow voy, caemgbol yo ak amlvecyp cuwdditw
at won MRS may agen Lon, ode ‘pat iss Mii .Oge geal Joc
.kivakdd in cosmyewe) somced edd alrnevod
amaytas of? ag d2 Jaless oc mbo yoy gations poiob |
,awel suc cebu aldaes Theensoy ythas uote othe be ;
BELOR ste sig Sank her Bun Ones gos iy todd work I bus ee
2h géuot on al ovedd ,oestveosims I as set op daddy
. en) ous Ie. ebie cult so ome wey desis ded mk I :
aytgvs yateb eas peg Jars fos say edidd ob 7
od. uvieee a ob smo voy leet, uy dade eo wy ae :
Co oii Bae BE ete bode) ote ia

wo .
See
: *
; ty - “4
: ; ele. oie
7 7 ; 7 : ; :
_ ; i
7. ; ‘a. ae a
: eee
- Cr
) ne 2ee
‘ 7 = nS
: 2 ite oi, 7
- t. Care 4
: ; - * 7
7 7
re -

ogee toil PLOL se se ome

a -
_ _
a

APPERDIX D

PLATFORM OF THE LABOR Parry!

The first convention of the new State (Labor) Party
enunciates the following program of issues to which it
pledges itself, ite members and its candidates.

1. Democratic control of industry and commerce for the
general good of those who work with hand and brain and the
elimination of autocratic domination of the forces of produc-
tion and distribution either by selfish private interests
er bureautic agencies of government.

2. The unqualified right of workers to organize and
to deal collectively with employers through such rep-
resentatives of their organizations as they choose.

3. The freedom from economic hazard which comes
with a minimm wage based upon the cost of living and the
right of the worker to maintain without the labor of
nothers and children, himself and his family in health
and comfort, with ample provision for recreation and good
citizenship.

Sherter Working Hours.

4, Leisure in which to enjoy happiness and improve
the mind and body by the institution of a maximum working
day of eight hours, and a maximum week of forty-four hours,
both for men and women.

5. Abolition of umemployment by reducing the hours
of work still further, as necessary, to permit aii who
are able to work to find occupation; and full pay for those
who, for a time, are unemployed because of illness, accident
or temporary lack of work.

6. Equality of men and women in government and industry,
with complete enfranchisement of women and equal pay for men
end women doing similar work.

J. Reduction of the cost of living to a just level,
immediately and as a permanent policy, by the development
ef co-operation, and the elimination of wasteful methods,
middlemen and all profiteering in the creation and distribution
of the products of industry and agriculture, in order that
the actual producers may enjoy the fruits of their toil.

I IFL Hews Letter, April 26 1919, pp. 2-3.

oer

Cynrag HOUAT RET WO MOTT

yrwat (re dad) sdese wee ett to eolineveop cack od?

$i dotdy of eayear To- watyoug nokvealiot ety aetgioasse
gecauitume scl ins arava eth “iLeatr sepbalg

eit “10% agcewnen Baa gitepdek to Seadoo oligegeemt «fl
edt bon afeud boo heal doiw deew off sands te Boog Leveney
-“owhotge “to segust edd to sottucineh siteqnodgua Yo mttantatie
aur say Lag teliion yd uwitiie oaldad>wteth bas mote
Joomeren to aelsnege clviegurd xe

Suse axkmagio od wratxow to Siyit oeitifeupew edt «8 .
aqor sone Symwkt axoyolge avic yleritrefLos Lass ob
Seteode yaent €8 BuoldeSinwyso weds to eevkdatneaet

seman dott Seared oimoneoe mort mobeas aff .=
«i? 5nd guivil to deog edd sogy besad eyes weminis 2 oth
hey soiek bys wpousiy akeiahes ot war? wit to Prigins
déised al oftuw'l ais bas Binet! ,wockt ree bec eredten
bow bre pepe ONT LOR ees elena datw .Seokees paws
se senlenatineaie bey

‘ — acolo rere

wrorgel bae saenkyged yolus ot dodgy a » pmatat a
gnzinow comtixnes a Le polgnditvesl: add xd “pbod hes bodes. oni
_ Bork THOR YEO to dey upmtaas 8 hes ,etved dilghe Do y
oemuk See come Sot
snexseutl ald yotayber yd dromgedgueenn To mokdbieds ae
oiw Iie timey oF (geseagoen Bi ; wwii? £fite atiow to
euoal' oR yeg Lfot be juoldgeaqumco fall of wow of afds gue
Ieahbious senentls to eagueoed beyvolyacny ova .sett 2 a2 only
-tuow To coal yusrogued 9
(eitachcs bas’ faomeravey at semw bes com to yotlawgd 1G
sae vol seq Compe bow seompw to dpaseaidaseriae esalymos dtiw
(* ,aow sadlmta petoh seaow bas —
weal: Seah 8 od anki at ta don ead te sokgoubeH .f
arene ieveb aft yd .yotiog soontwwg & an bue yl sdelbeumk
,shacdins Intedesw. ie sebdagiuils at bas. goiterego-oo To .

soleil Gos mocdeers edt at guivestMorg Lie bee came lode

dal wabso of .sudiveliea fan gidecbal to atesboug edt %
hat ales tn atkuei a Yokoo yas, sioovhoug deetes act

» Rae

G02 eg URE, oS LiagA wedded soon fart

Revise State Constitution.

8. Complete revision of the State Constitution to re-
claim it for the people 30 that instead of its being, as at
present, the fortress of reactionaries and the backbone of
the big business organization that grips the State, it will
become the bulwark of the workers, built upon the theory of
guaranteeing mman rights instead of exalting property rights.
Now, the workers' measures are unconstitutional. It mist be
rewritten so that the proposals of crooked big business wil).
be unconstitutional. Tt mist be made easy of amendment. It
must give the state a new and just revenue system. It aust
guarantee the initiative, referendum and recall, It mst
release the bonding pover of commmities so that public
owaership and operation are made possible.

9. Taxation of inheritances and incomes at a graduated
vate progressing with their size, and taxation of’ land values,
but not of improvements.

10. Public ownership and operation of all public
utilities, including grain clevators, warehouses, stock
yerds, abattoirs, insurance and banks. Development under
public owmership of the water power sites of Illinois.
Public ownership, preferably Federal, of the mines of
Tilinois, and in the meantime State regulation which will
prevent wasteful, competitive methods of mining.

Homes for Workers.

11. State aid to provide land end homes for Tilinocis
residents in town or country.

12. Abolition of employment of 211 children under the
age of 16 years.

13. A democratic system of public education from
kindergarten to university, with free text books, and with
opportunity for full cultural of vocational education for
every child. Re-education of disabled soldiers, and the
application of same restorative treatment to disabled
industrial workers.

14. O14 age and health insurance, an adequate work-
men's compensation law and @ mothers' pension that will put
an end to child poverty and permit the full development of
every child under its mother's care.

15. Use by the State of only such supplies and materials
as bear the Union label, including school text books.

16. Full political rights for civil service employes.

Abolish Strike-Breaking Agencies.

17. Abolition of private employment, detective and
strike~breaking agencies and the extension of Federal and
State employment services to make them agencies for finding
jobs for workers, instead of merely finding workers for
joes, and to prevent them from placing workers in positions
that do not pay a living wage.

POR Ere edness’ waLvor ee <
“GE ad yo Lath deaad etate at? to soleivent afatgeno .8
¢4 as. .gubud avi to baetant dedd oa elyoce aid Yer 2 whale
io sisidiiagd ald iis geianmmidoees io avesdioF edd so
iéiw ¢k otuth ef? eq beg dad soltaxriccg) srominyd gtd
lo yond? alt soepe at kad [ehiowki od to suowind ett exmsed 7
‘Wis Yrangoug gattfaxe to beedonh odidaly seem enteotactany
tad Sune 3f .tasobedbtimwons ga sree 'exedrow edd woll
(itv aveileud gid Seleate To aleeaqotg ods daly oe nedehuwey
40 dnentuens yy Yao eben od St 20 uLenolcwd idea eS
‘dene PL Jeter aunevet San, Bas wen S avak eft orig Sea
Sane. 02 .ifpest bed kebstesethiet .erieatiter aay) eo tna ans
wel snting att oe g6itLosneyoy So gud qutbagd ay saneloe
7 , Kidiaeny whom see eotdanero awe gidewson
bedeetiey 3 de esegsok Bed ebettinedai te pobtexell @
(80H: Lave Dapiab er masvsacnd Sawa. out “idole hanced naiematgord:
ot pbidvg Lia te to Latetinage feat gidectoueo obbest Of ;
déota ssquadéasw ,aiodovale alot gedtuclond caenits9y
uebie JgongeLeved kigaael bay epmiciee. (ettetteds , abu
ebow litt te sete cuwg eetew did fo qi aendey
36: unde edd By deeb yicerotesy qidewsang ‘oneal
thiw Hotiy weldaiuwse etl Babduetw ats wt he 42
igecentin ta te aboikoom bake niengeae ane srover

sruesao xt wert vat eran pt ae :
age Bi ere SHAS ENN a es
“akon fi “ot emt Ses bast ‘oibeindy oe bite’ panne ‘edie: f
“thts xe awed Bt ednableot
ett weber coehagy ifa bw tasmppinns To ooitiiedA’ .Sf
oxaey OF to eps
mee noideonhe giidiay te neteye Oitotoemeb A gL
ddiw Soe , ease Inet eext dhiw goletertan e¢ asdysgrebokd
20% cottansbe Laveivecoy to desu Ii et wet edtastsopy

an? bas ,eatbfes baldaaté to aubteete-oR «bitdo yoore -
boliwass oy tabeteritevccteeetess, eae tO aokteokh
; wageicow Lahaye
evi Sahanypeaies st a ScharENeLaE CoLecl Bao age BSG0 we |
ea iidy @orlt aban ‘somo 8 bee vel oo ldesdegres aS aes
Ww scangokavel: fiat eof? Jtawer baa \svereg Bide adhe oe :

tas a oigzen mkt vehow Altes prove
wi atvedaes Qk: wnat er: nee ee ane a ore To alert et yd eat oval. a
.CAnod duet Jovles yatbalint ,iedad sotead edd omed ae

7

Eaeneeee apivien fare on OU Me fiyt ca :
: 7 7

Ratna peublatvdtestaeeR dole es _

; 7

‘ :
» Quidveted ,Suagroctges aduwly Ty sohiateua, Tm a 7
baw lovedel to cofanetee eff ene teluneys padbisendeai bade
gokhelh 20) eslouega oid alee o2 asoivron gaeayelgenm evare
ret wumdyow goths vienna he Eaatwud women tot, adet,
nowbdieoy of exmyow galoacy eon moe deeveng at bee edo,
Bye” wot 2 yb CRA Ol gariy

18. Abolition of the State Senate.

19. Abolition of the power of judges to issue and
enforce injunctions to deprive citizens of their rights in
industrial disputes and enactment into law of the right of
citizens to trial by jury for contempt of court committed
elsewhere than in the presence of the court.

20. No law to be declared by the Supreme Court
unconstitutional unless three-fourths of the judges so
decide.

21. Ali State work to be done, not by contract,
but direetly by the State.

Co-cperative Stores and Factories.

22. The developuent of co-operative trade and industry
and enactment of needed legislation favoreble to that purpose.
23. Immediate repeal of the infamous espionage lew and
complete restoration, at the earliest possible woment, of all

fundamental political vighte--free speech, free press and
free assemblage; rewoval of &1] wartime restraint upon inter-
change of ideas and movewent of people among commmities and
nations; end liberation of all persons held in prigon or
indicted under charges due to their championship of rights
of labor or their patriotic insistence upon rights gueranteed
to them by the constitution.

2h. Theat the federal government assume responsibility
for @ reconstruction progran of land improvement, home building
and production of useful commodities, which will provide
useful end well paid employment for the wemployed workers
of the country and that the State of Illinois and the
minieipal government in the stete co-aperate in such a
program.

. saotanes etedk oft to nobtiinds Bf
Set gotek of geghet, to teaver ott to modciiedsA Of
al. atigks abet? oy aman iikko wvringeb oF Rookgonge oh erence
$0 diybs ead te “al odal Jountonas daw emt fadbutasiass,
betiiaws uns to dqavtaco wot gut, yd Lebed oF antaldis
iewoo etd to aegegeng add ot mad? waedtwoulh
PeHOD awesgui elt yd beselogh od ed wel od 108
on meghut, etd Deo ae Pants tens we lcas dagpoks iss eset
aebloh
wadenorn we eo onch ax ad axow ease SLA. £8
.2bedS odd ee ohtomith dai
OORRUE ban aeWde wridoxego-0d ior ae id
ettia® baa abrecd wae Rhian ot 9 stargate ete | se
: esomreasg jade od wharves? awtiages nf hebaan To | bh
hoe wal agavetque apowetak wld “oa 3 Padbheul ;
tka te dtueiom ahs) Lever éasiizwe ot dss nobserm gests Pacees
bee Bae ce’ owoga serflnedg og sneeti Satinsenb cat
<Tentat i TEL OES SLO the Be Laveqrs | Rape cian aa
ANS BAL Reon ects genene algosg tM dnewovon fe Ya epsuay
aa coghie xk bie? asseieg Sia to soldenodil Baa 4 eso lowe
Bddsit So Qhelmadiqgnids thas of eub aogrado gale band
bees amrnsany adiig ie apy soateigak oidpindag shade ab godel
- aidetigeane 203 yd weds ¢
edhe ketamine cusaraana chomereweg Lemebes wie Bett al

zl ened .towrovqat bash ho saaygity noidumiaresex & 10E

ab hvete “phe iokdw ,aaicsiboawes inteay he aacteaborg haw
syaurow Goyodqadus wa 208 doangalgus Bkag Loew ooo Lutes
ety tus shenkiii to etedg exe dadt pl pc aa ode D
8 dost ab siaego-TD OFAC eid ok. dnecurprog ee:

4 eae

BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. PRIMARY SOURCES

1. Manuscripts

The John H. Walker Papers were made available to the author
by the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. They
are currently deposited in the rooms used by the Illinois
Historical Survey, but at the time the author used them
they were contained in thrity-four cardboard cartons.

The bulk of the correspondence covers the years from

1913 to 1933. After this date the letters are mostly

of a personal nature, and deal less and less frequently
with union masters, From 1913 to 1933 there are important
letters regarding the co-operative movement in Illinois,
the national elections of tke United Mine Workers of
Americe in the years 1916, 1918 and 1920, and Walker's
activities in the Illinois State Federation of Labor.

The complete financial record of the United Mine

Workers Reorganized is located in the files. Letters
pertaining to the formation of the Farmer-Labor Party

and the candidacy of Robert M. Lafollette in 1924 are
also located in the: files. There are numerous letters

to John Mitchell, President of the mine workers’
organization from 1897 to 1905, Alex Howat, President

of the Kansas district, William Mitch, Secrotary-treasurer
of the Indians district, James lord, President of the
navional organization's Mining Department, Thomas

Kennedy, President of the Pennsylvania district, and

John L. Lewis, President of the United Mine Workers
during the 1920's and 1930's. There is a series

of letters between Walker and Adolph Germer, Secretary

of the Socialist Party, in 1917 and early 1916 which sheds
some light on the controversy between organized labor

ané the socialists over the United States’ entry into
World War I. There are alsc many letters from Illinois
politicians, including Governor Dunne, Governor Lowden,
Governor Small and Governor Emmerson.

The Illinois State Federation of Labor Weekly News letter,
1915-1930, can be considered a menuseript source. Letters
and communications by Walker and other Illinois labor
officials can be fomd in the ecolums of this papers.
Since it was the custom during these years to print

the minutes of the federation's yearly conventions

end other important conferences, the Weekly News

Letter is an invaluable source of information about

7 : : - —_
7 _
ij Wit ¢ oat OR a! i] :
O * J ia i" a, -
4 | a a ;
ote Ce
ij he Ary
: : T om ee wy
VEAROOLMUE

p oe -
YMG te ’ eo 3

tr TEAMLAR 44,

sotdos od oF ofdudtove abun one. ewagoll sibs i sail ont -
“gouE . selewtit? .snodyD .eteaiil te yptivrsvie edd yi _ =
akoua Ler, els ger Oieur Hee: BNO ER poche: aie A OST ND: ret
cols pour gotten odd cwid wis da dud peorwe Leodvovagl i.
7 sent nanodiwio umole iuld of fouling are yea. oh
BOL. Bua, os weaves eogebaogaor ame ot te afed ot
, yhuaeug. win atiaided ong ewhed. Aer 3 octk » ERE og flat. ;
pldnengort aeel Sua seel favs bee .owet Lerma 6 op
Jnadeogmt ome gisid CPL od (AGL wove ,euelsan oben dahl ye .
blOnELIY cf drmuover evideregospo sila gr diwegey aaetgal, e
“Se exalwoW onl bint de? Qo aeoidosio denedten: edt 4.
ose sedfad fre 080 pea BLOL ~ahek wares: edd ob oahecoeh i : .
és s10Gal Io KekIetolel etade aieaiLll wid od. Couette t
oe enka betkel eld Jo byes: dalozn0d etalges ef?
eusdtel «vasihs odd af bedwoad' at Bex tomsoa ayeadno |
ydwet geridd nee oft to mogsserwt afd of gatesaeg.
oy FORD. ek sdtellotad «MK doce ke Yosh sas oy baa, re
auttel auotwus, esa exp sanbitijort « ci hedtewoh cade
‘eroaProw oshis od ho doehiaett iowohih ateh OF ve
doohiasr’ stewod welk .OOEl ot TeOL pw: sq ides tomy
TsiveRsis-cuatoised foo Rk pene Le we tobates) gnansd att ha
ons do Juebhect ,brel essut _dobtal b orethsl ot To
aul? .caacdyaAgE gokcre at fo Sabess Lica a LAROLTDG
Aue ytadwerd paparebhek patel add To Jasbines? Mbegaed 7 7
etaia oni bedhead ocd vo teehtwest ,atieal’.d adob
autven @ af omad® 22 O€OL Bow a US2t. ote. ake 4
BU BLS EE a EEMe Ges a nhg FOte, Dee: “tesa date Le ston LEN S00 ~ 7
aa tie CLO! yhaes See JIG xt . ote allalooe edt. tO a
Qos Des naw ceed gateronseue edt £0 veh sxe
gdok yaise ‘nadnd® beatin’ edt sevo ageblatnoe ont baw
aiogs! ae HOLE Ut igoL youu onls sin otod 42 aa’ bfsow
uebrod seated) anne coarered gottudont gigas
ere” "ban revod ioe LineR waKev
a
eens Ket guok ylsipel! gosdtal iu Aobternbe ooast sho j
wae ada Teoma Hirose a Sexoblanee od sao obets
qodal aahlld toltockas texlsW yc auoiseod f
aioe alait = aneaces of of rue’ $i inp abet t t
_ daiiy od pram daodds wolwwh oxtang ad aaw we
. SHOES SEY OR Ybwag alacideaobe? odd So sedis ar
yeh gisivell oid, aconeteiacn toadroget rok
duct notsenotuit ko ace ef Caen alk

cg

: :

ss eras

Walker's activities and thoughts regarding the labor

movement in Illinois.

Of wnusual assistance in the securing of particuler pieces
of information were letters and interviews from those
who knew John H. Walker. Those who contributed were:
Reuben Soderstrom, Martia Hempel, Agnes &. Wieck,

Earl Browder, Glenn Walley.

2, Labor Publications
AFL Proceedings, 1913-1930.

Illinois Coal Operator’s Association and the United Mine
Workers of America, District 12, Joint Conference

Proceedings, 1906 and 1908.
IFL Proceedings, 1912-1930.
ifL Weekly News Letter, 1915-1930.
The Federation News, 1924-1930.
The Tilinois Miner, 1922-1933.
The Lebor leader, 1916-1918.
The New Majority, 1919-1930.
UMWA Proceedings, 1905-1930.
UMWA District 12, Proceedings, 1905-1920.
UMWA Reorganized, Proceedings, 1930.

e Other bas)
Chicago Pribune, 1925-1930.
Danville Daily News, 1900-1903.
Decatur Herald, 1922-1932.

Tilinois State Journal, 1905-1930.

Illinois State Register, May 3, 1909 - January 4,

1921.

i. _

a

sodel ous anti sept bait siorteh Sans iene
ShontiiT Sed a
arate wy iwots Bary 25 ee ifs fh rcetheinl Ys vine
sould wot evebrrent bos eneditec onew “aokdansetiat to
Pesre- l iho pate oy Saomt axetlay Ti ns toad ed _ -
. Holly .E aumgh -Loquielt Biko nouseroho*! ¢ En =
Yokted ca bh calc t

OEE

sgl Seiten tad Bee pay agen

Cetents igont bogoos’ 5 ie M
SEM ORL. mia Auosyoes al sensdasd A .

Ee Rye

AE sapet {soano§ t <ben amproot

| oe eee aint «
ie hd URLAIGRE ast, , vida att
LeeLee Meat iit
eb r-ROGE uh ged
esa ie {isene o Be ab ss ee

a

As ee

4, Books ts, and Articles

Allen, Frederick lewis. “The Forty-Bight Defenders: A Study of
the Work of the State Couneils of Defense," Century, XCV
(December, 1917), 261-266.

met Seve Goel Crisis,” Ouélook, LXXxVII (March 17, 1906),

Pe eieig 1 fe? Sesh Pay RAT SEe, PET. Yew 27, 1916),

Beckner,; Earl R. A History of nois Labor Legislation.
Ghidego: Universtty SP CHARS Pesses WIe
Blankenhorn, Herber, “The Miners at Cleveland,” The Nation,

CIX (September 27, 1919), 436-437. a asta

Blue Book of the State of Illinois. Springfield, Illinois:
James A, Rose, Secretary of § » 1905s |

Blue Book of the Stete of Illinois. Springfield, Illinois:
“““"fanes Lh. Rose, Secretary te, 1907. |

Brophy, John. A Miner's Life. Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 1964,

« “A Communication,” The New Republic, IXT
——Tiiscember 25, 1929), 145-146. 4

- “She Miners’ Program,” The Mey Republic, XXXI
“Thigist 9, 1922), 297-298.

Carter, Charles F, "The West Virginia Coal Insurrection,”
North American Review, CXCIIZ (October, 1923), 457-469,

“The Coal Mine War," The Nation, CIX (Noveuber 8, 1919), 5TT-578.

Commousy John R. "Kerl Mexx and Samel Gompers,” Political
Science Quarterly, XIL (Sime, 1926), 281-286.

Durand, Richard fT, The Labor Movement in America. New York:
t. YX. Crowell, i ho a

Gleason, Arthur. “Industrial Democracy and Gunmen," The Hey
Republic, XXV (February 9, 1921), 315-319.

Gompers, Samiel. Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobi-
ogreghy. Revised and edited by John Sessions and Philip
Taft, with a forward by George Meany, President of the
AFL-CIQ. New York: EB. FP. Dutton and Company, 1957.

to Wout tarmuba shen! duyieaghenl oi" * aS ‘Aobtmeboet tae A
VOR sgusigga “coach Se aL kone i xd yp 20h! ta}

4 ete

(ORL a ae) essed solid "yaoi ce “ae

-
SE btn. ceyal ¢ econ L EY to. ° ane Rows = iy rs Re i e —
eae seman Op ogee Bye Y sageey _
ie Sie

: Sy ye a oad ae
oe a * onatovaty te oxgedm att sotto ,
ee! TEM MERE TS axailae Sty aaa :

races tReer a hae Ms VS ee ‘ abou kt. EE ae at. 7 an _—

. GOEL, whede to yesh pe)

putestilt .ileiigadge aahon ete 2) Desire

we pe ene

ateroualld ‘ba yotanwinl :aoe! iwatd ene alm Hi & ae eager _
' bal ‘te
: é at are _

. @

Nat ghia 3 wet nesian Eniment * ;
; sinh hah «A Qhes

ENE ‘eae weld at erparet 4 angel wa :
. ORE QE fees z nay

eee eres fog stotgit! duo alt 2 eateest) oe
GeoeYak (CME eertoded) TETUE ees seas ah,

PETE (ekg of weteovod) ETO sole 5 oe * aH i nalts hited ts -

taneatt oa * wrogind Louse bane pres 2 eri! of ae aa
SAS~LER , (OSES .ocait) DEX, qieotieus at

it wo 2p aes Hi, he ed ae ee oi me 4 4

wok ott " oanend haw yom Lacan fst guste
REP EE {E985 2 A 2 greanee tO) WR 3 sd

widetud ni ;rodad dex abd Yo wxpet were Se
els howe angkuaskd neh yd bec ibe
mid le tops teeett .yaos syed es Paseo
wy Teel i% eeNgeRO fund nar dedl _ am 3. rors i

. eginye fae gion cad »" Harpers Weekly, LVIIIZ

Hardman, J. B. 8S. “How to Break A Union,”

lic
IXVIIE (October 21, 1931), 252-255. ,

"How the Wheels Go Round in the Miners’ Union,” The literary.
Digest, CXIIt (November 29, 1919), 56-59.

“IZ Half a Million Miners Strike,” The Independent, ¢
{Hovember 8, 1919), 55-56.

Illinois State Council of hea ey ss As State
Council of Defense of nigrield:
Yitinois State Comeit a Defense, Paani

"Internal Dissension rong the Mine Workers,” Ouélook, LOXVIT
(February 24, 1906), 378.

levy, Melvin P, “Saving the Miners’ Union," The Nationa; CXXVI
(April 25, 1928), 486-187.

Mitchell, John. zea Lebor, Philedelphie: American Book
and Bible House,

» "The Beonomic Necessity of Trade-Unionisn,“
The” ‘Atlantic Monthly, CKZII (February, 1914), 161-170.

» "Recognition of the Trade Unions," The Independent,

~~EEV (August 15, 1901), 1895-1898.

Millet, P. “Trial in a Coal Mine," Outlook, LXXXIX (dune 6, 1903),
296-301. Ew ee eee

Ryan, John A. “Legalized Despotism in Virginia," The Catholic
Nou, CxVII dapril, 1923), 67-73. Ma

Stanley, louis. “The Miners’ Rebellion,” The Nation, LOX
(March 26, 1930), 396-357.

Steelman, John R. (ed.). Who's Who in Lebor: The Authorized
Bi es of the Men and Women Who tead Taoor in the
Tattet States = and Canada. Hew York: Dryden Press, IO%6.

"Topics of the Time," Century, IXV (March, 1903), 799-800.

Tyson, Francis. “Hew Life in the Miners' edd The New
Republic, LIV (April 25, 1928), 287-288

"Wage Contracts and the Mine Workers," Survey, XXXV (February 26
1916), 578. : ;

Walker, John H. “The Double Standard," Survey, XXXV (February 26,
1916), 639-640, . (

TIIVE wyLlosit a sacen" aOR iet pois weed LTS :
KEWGS PALGE 4 i é - A, 7
Peer vinta, ; ;
sildogea wel vide * ode A the of vo” 68 8 Gh y 7
i : 2 RES BES CBRE 443 tevodob) ’ the ry :
ci eos at out a er) ast arth bes Duo 0} alondd ot che , .
. QNSE AGL 8S geciemvow) LITA faa Al ; :
a Septiagugrt ett * oubkiae accom bar pr ® Liat ar” 7
: ORE (ate f. 4 8 scodearvett) 7 : 7
odes ei “uy dungeon pins seentM to Ltoauod seit eben hh :
Sle mined ORG Ere Tee plgelist te Zong to Lion ;
TELL Senet ie SES et Go odede wbeace i;
: EWE oak, - eirtiel neat ent ants gnouk obscene dt peter
ua ent haves 8, Lastecitee .
Pr ot “ Bm, tue i tries 3 te 7 7
TF (ens ony? ™ (oobad Hetonit ond poten" 4 & sbefent “di aaah ;
Bes Aneee as Lage) a4 .
: _ oe ae en 7
Mook san ier! ieee ones BS a sedint Boat ally” giiedod ti 7

* bat ot ee O78

* nelnoidobact! to yizaaeoek cinksbea teh 4
OVLLar Cees ventures) dy Ra tare ; QheARTe ene

gughsog abel exit * * a eT] sheet atte be aD +.

AANA ed

idtede

rr
eae

olfodiso. aft ee nt se tooett BeeCigat Ay aniees ceased :
. . . F HETVO AoSte Pena EET SON 2 a

HEMI a ast " (WOEEL extort 9 pmunttt act : yada! — Ch
1Peeetee OEE a8 toatl) a asi 4 7

space ai

ee oe oh “goed Loe oct ERO PAR nee gett AO Be tepue ay
“SRE (Saowt felgmt Taiet “WOE “boas Baul Sule cS rae
O87 ‘i (Souk dow) VEY youu *, pout wie tot

welt, oat Lf eae ' demas vere at pial wee” - rene
OSS-788 | ESer it8 LhuyA) Vt igbhde

,08 wrapaeot ) VARE' | ee se - <a send Re bas ‘eat — ay

4

bee ber’ tak ety sdd By oi ont NS be) ff asi

oa
: y -

4a erste) Whe eau "at onde ok eit et" araed

io

The ILO As Viewed by an American Trade Unionist,
Chicago: ‘me Eoaeaes Of Nations Association, 1029.

Warne, Colston E. The Consumer's Co-operative Movement in
Tilinois. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1926.

Warne, Frank Mong The Coal-Mine Workers: A Study in Labor
Organization. New York; Longmans, Green, and Conpany, 1905.

res ized labor in the Anthracite Coal Fields,"
ww Outlook, IXXxI (ay 2h, 1902), 273-276.

Watkins, Gordon 3. Labor Problems and labor Administration in
the United States Dur: the World War. : The
versity Of llilinols Press, 1020.

Workers Bducation Bursau of America. Labor and Education; A
oe ae of the eee = of Leones of the

Husati pn eee a ss les and Practices a

World Peace Foundation. Government's and Labor;
Record of the Interna ZaGion T515-1928.
Boston: World Beacs Fouidetion, 7 pee eres}
B. SECONDARY WORKS
1. Books
Adamic, Louis. te; The 5 y of Class Violence in America.
(revised). r, Mas ts; P. Smith, 1963.
dAngle, Paul M. Bloody Williamson: A Chapter in American
Lawlessness., New York: Alfred A. Knopt, 1952,

Baldwin, Roger Nesh. Civil Liberties sa: Industrial Conflict.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936.

Beard, Mary. A Short of the American Labor Movement.
New York: Harcourt, Brace and House, 10-0.

Beimfohr, Oliver Wendell. The Industrial Potential of Soathern
Illinois. Carbondale, Tllinois: Southern Tilinois Mhiversity,

*

Bernstein, Irking. The Lean Years: A Hist of the oe
Worker 1920-1933. Boston; Houghton wwPeE, 1966
» Ernest ladlow and rege “ene Manfred. The
Industrial State 1570- 4, Springfield, Tilinois:

illinois Centennial C ng P “1920.

; pine & pheat aoizenk a6 Ne Larety af het
- rer £6 Salvoawh ‘aiok ae “eo | ate

pi pee my oi BSNS EOMD, sinepest oat 18 notato. o
wee | gacr et Geshe To BE oewuarke e ahaa — sehorkhee : .

FA arreatzetl ustiatog OFF cir shee om 1
wood , Snempeal tae L wok ae

"Shloid Lao otteamitcs ord af sedek Dos te
+ sAYN-ETE (B00L 2HR qe)

A soda! hoe pol ris toxin 7) cobeon saab
i ae. ees aes tot ue me aoe betel) oid

sire ae are: Seg 28h 30, wat
aca ae ARES)

“ROT aan ina Y ata wees PeTREE to's mes

cae sobbed eucet Bdaow
Lasciy. tak odd Fo. oe
LPabaaey snee" Lltoe tse an

tuedat Gee a’ disoeterod - ip

089: as hOLIAS Liege “s

yy
atu

wird 4A

; - >
. vy ‘roti ‘eilgthcone it Pete Hoon op
-Buiaedl it gomalOkY BEALS Se wt off edits: WASINAL gs 7 j
RE aa . Tadee, oat a8 SGnsuL vibeake ee

Ze Seon aa: radget A 1 gogmabis ey 22 M ‘Page anor a
“eee Be TG Oa of aetEN Se shee e FE SASus pete :

7 Lao o8 & - a -
»SeRiaior fps mavbul f Eats golduodit Et Ebvss “staat 7 ‘a

A mE Ea Ie

TERr (aneet yokuow dag “bapa ey ee it

Thawed todad onotxoak ead to ef alti pate A tal TSH
ar aa PRUE 668 eel RR ale it

Smite 16 ee AT at Gabe: 798
eal aioukin Peat Pyelong Rescipiend

- a

mao lecd, teal YS yuogelh & 5

snes ish ner lene om

: ESE aE Al a
Re .benanit saan «soagucnt ras Ripe 2 ee

es
Lun o

autOwatek Ef akin tegt a hT “ea
wes AOhOE Lae

Ns

and Mathews, John Mabry. The Modern Commonvealth,
eee: vol. 5. Springfield, ilinois: The filinois
ai Commission, 1920.

Rroceay Thomas R. Toil os — * TeSeeeE Ss of American
La Labor. Wew York: Delacorte Press,

Coleman, McAlister. a Coal. New York: Farrar and
Rinehart, Inc., i

Clark, Marjorie Ruth. The Labor Movement in America.
Hew York; W, W. Norton and Company, 1935,

Commons, John Roger. et. al. Hi of isbor: in the
United States. vol. 3. the fourth Study in Contributions
Go American économie history. New York: the MacMillan

Company, 4

° Trade Unionian and Ishor Problems. Hew York:
Ginn and company, 1905,

Taniels, Walter Machray. The American Labor Movenent.
New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1955. °°

ee The His of the Haymarket Affair: A
can Social-Revoluti and Labor Movements.
Gt SE5 Sew } Russell and Russell, 1950.
Dulles, Foster Rhea. labor in America: A History. (second
e@ition}) revised). Wew York: Crowell, 1960,

Fine, Nethan. labor end Farmer Parties in the United States,
Rete igs - revised @dition), Naw York; Russell ana
196

Foner, Philip Sheldon. His of the Labor Movement in the
United States. “ic ee York; International PubYishers,

Frankfurter, Felix. The Labor Injunction (revised edition).
Gloucester; P. Smith, 1963.

Ginger, Rays Debai A {originally entitled
The Bend mene ar . Blog Bugene Victor Debs.
pub aoe a RS Press, ee ey ee Hew Yorks

Collier Books, 1962.

Gluck, Elsie. John Mitchell, Miner: Labor's see the
Guilded Age. New York: The John Day Coupany,

7

GaLocmegriOD gnSbOR att Arad nile areal aes :
Rica lets wll 1azOstles yikeiiganten) ..2 Lov. 5608
shies 4* esas | Bl,

Bee
* - : 7 ee ee -_
way dnoa?. 30 citied® & sokdwemte yes Lie! 68 amos ae

POR BAM BotOORLeL eo wel wages

; i
hep ‘couun® plae¥ ard +k2oD tes a. gee LAM abe

eet , ond _ Paaiorie® 7 : 7 _ '
:
Oo, stoeh #2 Ceouayed! xp wink wie iy S26 ar tohsen | al
% a Rita OD Tes ROO LO, of oO i #00¥ oa

ely ke ge 20 Guodalh whe wie sesho. sai
exe et ian) ce eee Aen ais ae a Low sua § —
rest cial att io wou w Srcbai obneehy? AObLEUL OF

1 - sOBiBE gig saat! i!

peaeY wel swale node ! bag an: ont. Saat ‘os

r 7 7 So ao pa xi ORE feng: Bes er: ae
ee eee ee ov. eee
a “EOL PORES wei Shi oak salto wa "
wise , seheitA doreung: et edt fo yrovats age creel «hho . - ;

QcenuOM Odi. ‘hae Grae SP Ree pattie ote ed
“"ISUR Tinaaul Sys Tlesack Seeey wot. (rene oe ne

* Beogad . waeeee A tiokyems of sodal .celk gedao'll *
= ODE, “Eteceie 7 Tiwey ied” (: (eave qupiciae

ae Sedo F sls wh ankiues ett 901%
‘owas Tanah tuck wom an op 20th ORE L OSE

shel” :

a : cr met
Sale a Zabeso% oh novia ea 26 rn ra moh L ee itt
,osoles ar Sais iene sai - “ odor. re

wt

» odbjay: PicinSopieg) ios ob tness ae Lae HLM
aa rod
bats iyise attest ean)? 1 wieaal cA exis 1,

age bees” snumat dog ad A
oY WHE OGRE eased GOLRKBT Ley ales

: : ES

sya:

8

ait wSby chaps a cided ss sant oe
seh SOE Fat: pent aes

Greer, Thomas H. American Social Reform Movewents: oe
Petieras Sines 1865. Wew York? Prentice-Hall,

Hanilton, ee PRE po jetta do the
on?

aa thiversis oy ; Presa,

Harris, Herbert. American labor. New Haven, Comoecticut:
Yale University Press,

Hays, Sasmel P. The Re to Industrialisa, ~igis
Chicago: The Universi of Chicago Press, 1957.

Hofstedter, Rickard. The Age of of. Refoua. Hew York; Vintage
Books, 19556

Howe, Lyving and Coser, Lewis. ihe Anerican Communist Party.
Hew York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1052.

Hudson, Harriet. The ive Mice Workers of America:
A Study in a : Bureau of Beonomic end
Wistioes tags sin no. 73.). Urbana; University

of Illinois 1 ey » 1952.

Hutchinson, Willian f, Lowden of Illinois: The Lite of Frank
Q. Lowden, 2 vols. Chicago: the University of Chicago
Press, 15957.

Jenison, M. EB, War Documents and Addresses. 7 vols. Springfield,
Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1923.

lesk, John Halvor. Government and Labor in the United States.
few York: Rinehart, i955,”

Meckie, J. D, A Histor; gt Scotland. Baltimore, Maryland;
Pengain Books, ‘

MeDonsld, Devid a. and Lynch, Edward As Coal and Unionisu,
2 Sees of the American Coal Miners! Uhioas.
dienapolis, Indiana: Cornelius Printing Company, 1939.

Merritt, Walter Gordon, Destination Unkaowm: Fi Years of
Labor Relations. Mew York; Preatice-Wail, is Sania

Mills, Charles Wrigat. The New Men of Power: America’s Labor
leaders. Mew York; Harcourt, Brace, 1948,

Morgan, H, Waynes (ed.), American Socialism 1900-1960. Englewood

Pelling, Henry. American Labor. Chicago; University of Chicago
Preas, 1960.

ng Dal B? OF GS ay ORD. DLC ofl, Ssbe ee BBE SEA. ath & Su

! 3 Revs ico tHe eT WOR ek iad acne cat

oad gt Deu welds ition f O yrosain ai 9 Ie A,

tee

noerk voles, ree Veer — MEST. oo fines =<

3 dy? rising naval wei Ls ‘wages meoksact. tah cl of
Teun fe hone geberovte ott

Catt se cadadeubet od eacoc kup, Olt « % foment OBE

ee ee eam parents ome

Stk. (aasah og@egniy to % Foray ea oS ropavbele

ae aes y i "Ss
syednW Avy Weis aaCleRk To spk sae 4h ete UA. tedgasinal
OTT ae en | «Re kone

rehired 2200 bis gaivet ,~ al
Li aks Loieahe oh PP oh ust

ngs Poa “IG 8% sal-nold oie ML, ey teas’y) eo DEE | stele at coabod
nt - REE EA RTS | on Bie + ane ee i ee ay" P
ers. ta eit I6 Masi } rare pr $e wk pari #,
yibtesovhal sarwdul af 42)" aw iifolta banners era

0 AES erred ahomstil

inn "OL mit sat roBLIET to Bed) rok iD eR 2 fue an tek dea

: ognacas fe dhesaw ie) aes t ogeAeS ate © «hee 0
; ‘ ; ie see er Bao

Letina, .alor f - +nooneyph’: one BK SANs OL a8 4G Hi peaks
0OL oesomtay Enelerery aha Shoat wehoekLey |
gnvede bed iol y wat si toded bas “tooeiaersve-9 oper Leth oath iva :
7 >. ane wi: ll inn soe an :

ines gia 4g SEC ES LE | biysiees) Bie 3 wags te 4) al st ‘ef sare |
Lop Gos, a! 4%, Re WS 2 ana Fe Oe ies oe re
a 7 us a ° ai 3 oe os A Bae cee

a ti rH

eee een ews ines’ are \ beawhit * sou, hee ib heer 4 bl

erred

Finn Bonga T Taxoniit 900 seobreah. ort ‘ke way op ll as
tt

: BE Lear wy TEPER

eQERE . wheemen Bates ne Cbetah etcties! a Pans

So ee wat £9. swore sotgentty einen xedtas «
ae lait asais a oe yeh ~geeadel a noch

Ke

‘ged a) ea tae sar gto ‘te nail oat bat wt. wigtegd colt solasld » ae
» STE oom cess OOTY ii “aed ta ate i?

inctelot . eR onl, geklahood Brokat Rr he) Pa iE.
ah ee se eT Tie ero 1 Ean “ ELD
: fn fee gE Ry ag hone heey
geet Iw sdhacovind rogrand saovel 1 phobased : nanee
oO. 4 eo

| - 7
; . ify a 7 ;

Perlman, Mark. Labor Union Theories in America; and
Developnent. Evanston, Tilinols: Row, Fetersoa, a.

Rayback, Joseph G. A History of of American labor. New York:
MacMillen, 1959.”

Staley, mai eee of the Illinois State Federation of

Labor. 8 no. . Chieago: University
cago Press, 1930.

The Statistical Hiss of the United States from Colonial Times

ssents 4 original editions of this publication

Were prepared by the Bureau of the Consus and the United
States Department of Commerce). Stanford, Connecticut:
Fairfield Publishers, Inc., 1965.

Taft, Philip. Or zea Labor in American History. New York;
Harper and Row, 2

Ware , a J. The Labor Movement in the United States, 1560-
8993 A study Ha Denoeragy. ev York: D, ppiaton and
3

Wieck, Baward 4, The American Miners’ Association: A Record

of the tens Coal Miners” Unions in the United States.
Hew Yor ell Sage Foundation, 1956.
2. Articles

Beckner, Earl R. “The Trade Union Educational League and the
American Labor Movement," Journal of Political Economy,
XXXII (August, 1925), 420-4g1.

“Charles A. Lindbergh's Visit to Springfield, Illinois, August
15, 1927," Se ee Tilinois State Hisborical Society,
xE (april, > > 1928), S61.

see mess "The Outlook for oe in Politics,"
New Republic, KLI (December 10, 1924), 60-6.

Hardman, J. B.S. "John L. Lewis, Labor Leader and Man: An
Interpretation,” Labor History, II (Winter, 1961), 3-29.

+ “Labor Parties -- General,” Encyclopedia of
~~ ‘the Social Sciences, VII (1932), 697-6 a" ; a

Hayes, Fred E. "The Significance of the Latest Third Party
Movement," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XII
(September, 1525), ae We.

¥

2G Deporpsysk inokiek ab as ett ORE toda” so

ee Se abd 8 wot eee eft ee 2h g0 leet,
. 7
dco Weal v gah et a iS pinta “or igoagt ston :
apie ms RE ae
20 SOL38% ts gdh IR atoaticr ond fo ‘gine Jekf .enagi ecotgee ?
ytoisvEal TOROS re ae om eBags, powiee Letowey 2 a
a | YORE: cambrrtt 09.3980
BoE txelod ext: godegg Bos ott To ‘xeps.ait Lantderdote =.

7 eine “Vo arord ibe aoe oie wT lpSeoTk OAd OF
‘ Dc esielleeliendl
essere ond few avacsd oft to goes. oct yd bembgeny erDw

rio Lisomiot | Prohwait, «fognemmod % dmeadirnagott- aot:
‘ Sees goed ,sunlahidne bLletiatat

800% well” wetee Sain tym oi ue soca “ Qkknde Peat
7 7a i oe bre coca
~ Doct * padage Soo hadh, any ok peor Bit pa

fad ads on dindiocone! oust!
etka nash, | ee Fpeibia ka Se cher in

bee nealogn A yaaok WOH”. poauntadas Re as —
Kg - aa - . e

on S y n

mis

ge sooaya 2 cg a sso kee: A ett af yk brew seni
ft pie "tic ee 20 Ris heiy paid x

Rit 07
wake a a ae ane. tht A tg dm ade.
: oe” G03 baie aay STB0e 2B isis worl

i -
it
BET Laws ores 2 fee hisouvhS nok obey afl i tesa signi
.yarosw foaisMot Zo Seesuoh °" Stecdiewdl xo at naa fntink .
mere our leek daupahk> CEI ;
aN ato iEe sh . Ofer iaotwp od wea 2" i feopenetiycr ih id nee rich 7 -

WEQtok | Lan beste. oui atop het arlt o Sent A TBRE A) ae et
; : re erst “ ne LC y Lingh) com ee =
i 7

“A ss i ‘ a 2h faye oe “pet hy
cube! i habe canoer eagle sia oie ¢ «Sct: 1¥ide .
4 MO CRE OE 000 ae See ohare ‘ven! ont :

tik phat dee Noheat soe af abel. anh sate Ave a 5 gfaabraet
eee , CEM ceadrkt! ) an eee per y “a gcemeonmiaat :

Hera anne

4 i < ig
' kana: ee = pods itt
POS (SEMEN TEV seporo.ene

cone . seminal pene oeriste

Praerdipibe adie vragen

TL Bach geet
* SO maav@eh
r Y cminetaes)

"Illinois State Council of Defense Passes into History," Journal
of the Illinois State Historical Society, XII (¥al1, 1919), 602.

Smith, John &. “Organized Labor and Government in the Wilson
Era; 1913-1921; Some —— Labor History, lIT
(Fall, 1962), 265-286

Weinstein, James» “Anti-War Sentiment and the Socialist Party,
1917-1918," Political Science Quarterly, LXXIV (June, 1959),
215-239.

Yoamg, Dallas M, “Origin of the Progressive Mine Workers of
America,” Journal. of the Illinois Stete Historical Society,

XL (Septeuber, 1547) , “313-330.

3, Dissertations

Lacyk, Walter M. “Illinois Labor Unions in the Election of 1924."
Unpublished Master's thesis, University of IlLlinoic, Urbana,
1955

Wieck, David T. “fhe United Mine Workers of America: A Study
in Centralization." Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation,
Wayne State University, Pittsburg, 1943.

Young, Dallas M. “A History of the Progressive Miners of
America.” Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University
of Illinois, Urbana, 1941.

Young, Dallas M. “The Progressive Miners of America; A History

of ite Orgenization,” Unpublished Master's thesis,
University of Illinois, Utbane, 1937.

h, Bibliographical References

MeCoy, Ralph B. Hi of labor and Unionis« in the United
States; A seit 23 Bibliography. Biollosrephic Contributions
iio. 2. University 9 inois, Urbana: Institute of Labor

and Industrial Relations, 1953,

Stroud, Gene S. and Gilbert E. Donahue. Labor History in the
United States: A General Bib Bib Tographic
Contribueions Mo. 6. Universi ? Filinois, Urbane:
Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations , 1961,

eG yee ott Ree) NEMO Bool iocie appa aromenea
hi wit) TIX yy seeooe fesoreita! agete ploctth? say te

coarse aot es. desemetanroh bow ote begsirmacs bel a eciely * g ANRe;
LAX yovtaads rset * apodunt ore) omen s LSE L HERS 9 aa
Sean {SOOL Leak)

yyene Febladsot) os Gee tenentdret ape thee" vse yucedunta
e(Be pant) 4 wiopederaG see dae ipeed bet Aceh STL
OR CLS

ho aimaliot! oy BY aviadanger. rth se gigta” sh eailet yateor

yo oat J LENS BAS a? ree etn odd oo Fs a ene Wloons)
~' Sided alk foun sod Ap IE nm me idee NN t yey we
~ OE Li gh ea rea

au Reged — af
Par ree ag «ait Ou

Heer to sotbgett are vk ential) wodial atont! ers Mo aetieW agent
garar gerogeiiy 2 were pad, Seis Bak, HORTA o nee

bin diye
4m bs .*
ad at a

oe ks pas krmed Lo wreoseeo seth bed hs at ogi si Siva alae
gdertonis fb wil 4% bode tinged * rey Pita LESS Tod) ee
Ol spades aha tat) eee Ooyed

So gtagiM By
ud fe nee NT

ote exit “han ee eaTS mA" Med lat ed
“i beunggome ee wid soe ienlacidogn *. pepe
Ol pameiel pbite A Te

yore A pacchrek BO as arene SarkawsnRs ri" ey UB eel at pee
pales a setont bedetiawyd * gf UE SARS 3 acon agh. 2
eTERE pea padentLtt 4 1 useage

_Remaatotel fro tsigaere heii 42

Mb Re RSE if é
q Wh Aine enemy bat
aug be Teiemare chy Satieo kee a Ti

mote Yo ormdant semper Teton >
sEReL ynaakteled Ls i

Ria oe poet A Oual seria Pushy ine «O saa) ban ste
ainae MAO nd.e

is es mbes Le ROTH 4) A Pee 2B ae
np BY hor kiey ober Ts oe enol Taaeo

Lons, idea. Ladretantin, huge txdt OX) dic rear

Be.

7 7 7
_
:
: ;
.
=
a
7
7
“or
: \
a
7
a

eeu) ah
teins ia

Telaktret
Heatasts

Sarge’
Rr ia acer set

ath

Dra
ie

eh a, ne ote
otek

ieee
Hime,

ens

Bebb!
268:

Mophectetam?

fl
(net aot rah
at Batch aia?
Re arems
seers

aoe

Pa hahy
pape

Terra ha
FES Sd «
Tash Sere
ip asadseatehe)

ae.

Tareathe tL 3s,
eden?

a ePe Sid =

i:
at
racers
aes
ae

eae

yas EE te

ert
apste
see SCponcinhnie
ck syst Gartates

Deer

ene rr iy its 7"
oT

Wine

:
Si tytel i
eliteruietees

Serotegs snr ue

ye
1
Pretec acn te
oie

Bee
iiestele oh

Vee sry

Pore
sieves

tuaate
WUE beta rt
ieee ant
i

Ay
HENGY

Hi:

tae:
cerns te ot

open

Phy
ee

VERSE
eittaled
ith
Rien Pier ee
pout taty i AS
at erring estes Wives
* :

reel!

ty
ira

Pad

Fs Ey ye
ees
fee
panes

eye

ates heen

ea
terre