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THE
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS,
▲n> OF TBK
INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
VOLUME XII.
FBOM NOVEMBER 20, 1863, TO NOVEMBER 11, 1864.
LONDON:
PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY BY BELL AND DALDY, 186, FLEET STREET.
1864.
niXTID BT W. TBOCXCl, CCBIITOA-SnEEr,
^mxml id h
THE
mild "^xtB,
ASDOW
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
No. 574.]
FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 1863.
[Vol.. XII.
TABLE OF
vIVCMU _••••-.• •• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••*•••••••••••••••••••••«••••••••••••••• 1
Tint Ordiawy Maetiiif 1
ik^Mts Ibr Pneoianu dariBf iht Senioiu 1863-ft4 and 1664-65 .. 9
S«M* AUtoArt -. ^ ^ ^ 14
Fnw Am .M....M •••>••...••••••••..••••.•.•.••••• • • • 15
i^< ■■■■■■■
COHTEHTS.
CoIoniM ^ Page 15
Publication! Inued m....... 16
Forihcominf Pablioatloiu » 16
Proceedlogt of InitituUoni 16
Notei ^ 17
Meeting! for th6 Entning Week -^ ...... m...» IT
Patent Law Amendment Aet « IT
NOTICE TO MEMBERS.
Oim HuKDKED AND Tbnth Sbssion, 1863-4.
The foBowing are the dates of the meetings
for the present Session. The chair is taken at
Eight o'clock: —
ISfS. No^mber — — 18 25
^ December 2 9 16 — —
MU. Jaatiary — — 20 27
^ Febniary 8 10 17 24
., Mirefa 2 9 16 — 30
n April 6 13 20 27
„ May 4 11 18 25
„ June — — — 29*
For the Meetings previous to Ohristmas the
following arrangements have been made :—
NoTKMBCB 25.^** The Aoftr&lUn Colonies, their Con-
ditioa, Roioareei, and Prospects." By Sir Chablbs
KioBouox, Bsrt. On this evening Samubi. Gbeo-
80S, Emu M.P., wUl prpflide.
Dbosxbsb 2.—" On Magoeto-Electricity, and ita Ap-
plicttioD to Idgfathooae Parposes." By F. H. Holmes,
Esq.
DscEVBD 9.— «* Agricollaral Progress : its Helps and
its Hiodrances.** By J. Chalmebs Mobton . Esq. On
this eretm^ JoB!i Gsby, Esq.,of Dilston, will preside.
DBOEvm 16.«<* On the Economic Value of Foods,
havifUj^fpeoiil refereooe to the Dietary of the Labour-
ing CUml" By Dr. Eowabd Smith, F.R.S.
The ConncU have made arrangements for the
dohVery of Courses of Lectures (under the title
of "the Cantor Lectures") on the following sub-
jects during the ensuing Session : —
Fme Arts Applied to Industry. By W. Buboes, Fsq.
Chemistry Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. Cbaob
Caltebt. F.B.S.
lotflmational Commeroe. By G. W. Hastdtos, Esq.,
Barrider-at-Law.
These Lectures will be open to Members and
thoir Friends on the same conditions as the Or-
<5in*ry MeetingB. The course by Mr. G. W.
^ — - - - — *
• Tke AMDd 0«B«nl XeeUng : the Ohair wlU be taken at Four
<^dKk* la YMtan are admitted to thU Meeting.
Hastings will be " On the Operations of Inter-
national Oommerce on the Existing Laws of
Maritime Warfare," and will consist .of four lec-
tures, two of which, " On the Law of Blockade,"
will be delivered on Monday evenings, uie 7th
and 14th December, at 8 o*clock. The other
two lectures will be delivered after Ohristmas ;
the dates will be duly announced.
The Michaelmas subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Ooutts and Go.
COUNCIL.
The following Institution has been received
inf.o Union since the last announcement : —
Stepney Deanery Board of Education.
FIRST ORDINARY MEETING.
Wednesday, November 18, 1863.
The First Ordinary Meeting of the One-
Hundred-and-Tenth Session was held on Wed-
nesday, the 18th inst. William Hawes, Esq.,
Chairman of the Council, in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Adams, Be^amin Bank of England, E.C.
Aitchison, David 180, PicoadiUyi W.
Bachhoffner Dr. George 1 204. Marylebone-road. N. W.
Henry, i*.o.o j p
Bagahaw, William E. ... 3, Com pton-ter., Islington, K
n.v«. ri-Ar«A |S^» Lucknow-temce, Bays-
Baker, George I water. W.
Ball. Walter F 3, St. John's-pk-villas. N.W.
Bankart, James 10, Trinity-square, S.E.
( 19, Lower Belgrave-st, 8.W. ;
Ba8S,Midhiel Thot., M.P. i and Rangemore, Burton-on-
{ Trent,
Berrall, William 89, Bedford-square, W.C.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, November 20, 1863.
Bewick, Thomas John ... AUenheads,NorthuinberUnd.
BlacUbou™, John - { "'' ^'^^SS* J^*^'
Blockley.John -{''hiKT"' ^^'^^
Blyth, Alfred 38, W^stbourne-terrace, W.
Boehm, J. Erasmus 28, Brooiptoucreficent, S.W.
Bond, Fiancis T., M.D.... | ^^'^^^J^ Institution. South-
Bowkett, Thomas E | *» Folkestone- lerrace, PepUr,
Bowman. BobeiA \ ^^ i.^^.""'\t ""^^^ ^^'
I Islington, N.
Boyd, Dr. ......««, 10, Norfolk-terrace, W.
Br>'8on, John Miller f 57^Roupell-8treet, Lambeth,
Buckland,FranciaT.,M.D. 150* Albany street, N.W-
Burgh, Nicholas 78, Waterloo-iwad, 6.
Bumell. Edward H 82, Bedford row, W.€.
Burt, Major Thomas Sey-f 18, Wiltonplace, RegeotV
mour, F.B.S. i |i«rk. N.W.
Busher, Edward D \^\J^' ^°*'^** " *;™*»
I Chelsea College, S.W.
Bussey, Georgt G I ^^iJ*^ «r ^' Haverstock-
BuUer, Charfes, F.RG.S. 1 13^««8«.EquafQ, Hyd«<pAd£,
Butt, Isaac, 4c^ M.P..„ [^^ ^^^^ f*52*™^' ^«^
B«tt«f; Ohftfks _ 173, PiccudiUy, Vf .
Cardwell, RegwAW I^^V^'P'^;£^*^ *»*^
** (. JKensington, W.
Chorley, Thomas Feam-1 -« « . ^ ^ w r^
combe J48a, Mooi«atMti»el, B.C.
Clark, Edward Rawson ... | ^?y**^-r,^» ^*^ ^^^^P-
I tOOt 19. W.
Olfila^ W /^^ Circns-ix)ad, St John's-
^^' - i wood,N.W.
Coe, Ernest Oswald -m^. F ^» Brook-street, Orowreum--
^ square, W.
6, Thurloe-ciMei, BpoBBton,
S.W.
Cole, Edward S.
5
Collmge, Arthur, C.K ... i ^^' .Marlborough-place, Ken-
I mngton, S.
Cooke, Chrirtopher U. Chatham-place. E.C.
Cooke, Major Anthoi^. { 35, Jilount stitset, Grosvenor-
^•E \ square, W.
Cope. WiUiam f^^» <*l<»cester-ore»cent, Re-
^* I genfs-park, N.W.
Corderoy, George / ^^* King WiUiam street.
** \ StKand, W.C.
Corderoy, John 8, Eennington-green, 8.
Cronmirc. JohnMartiD...P^' Bromehead stwet, Com-
*^'"1 mercial-road-east, E.
Currie, Edmund Hagr .^ Bromley, Middlesex, E.
Darjs, llattl»wBoult«i . / 22,^Buck«gham.#t.. Straiid,
Dunn, Spenoer 10, King-«t., Fmsbury, E.C.
Emly, Samvd Fred«ridc 12, Norfolk-st., Stomd, W.C.
Evans. JohaE r6, AJbion-«>ad, Uan^stead,
\ .N.W.
Evans, John Hilditch ... 60, Bartholomew Close, E.C.
Faulkner, Joim .„ 2.Momington-cresceiii,K.W,
Field, SUney Northcote, Beigate.
' ^"''T- I t,gn, Paddington, W.
Fletcher, Ifaao Tambaak, Workington.
Greig, Akxaader H Banelagh-road. Pimlico, S.W.
Guye, Auguste { ^ ^^''^.^;^^^ "^"*
Hammond. Edwin { '^i^^^^"^'*^'^^"*^-
Harrw, Wm. H., F.C.8. 88. Gold-^t., KortluMiptao.
Uewitr, Jonas B 5. Angcl-conrt, E.C.
Hightoo, T. Charles 82, Norfolk-st., Stmid, W.C.
Hll , >'icholas btantoD ... Liverpool.
N.W.
^8, Arundel squ
ton. N.
Hunter. Christopher 34, Penton-st., Pel
Kayess. William Henry J 23, Mak-street,
Tuoker \ Forest-hill, S.E
Eindenley, Septimus Wi< f 88, Chapel^tred
gram ^.. \ ^qnaire, S.W.
Lorberg. WiUiam. Ph. D. | ^' WyldVrenU,
^ sey. o. Ci.
Maclean, William Grove-hill, Caml
Marsden, Joseph Daniel . Edmonton, N.
Martin, Charles 11, Langham place,
M-'»«^.-"-'' {"Tv^nt;*
^^^l^n,J^e. {^•pf-''^"=«''
Oakley, William High street, Brot
Potter, William ^ ^^' ^^' ''^^"''
Punshon, Bev. Wm.
Morley. M.A ^
Purdue, Thomas ' Witney, Oxfords!
fiandell, Charles »......« 51, Rutland-gate,
Ruoker. Martin Diederich 115, Leadenhall-
Sabine Bobert f 39, Bessborought
*^*^*~» **®^®" 1 grave-road, S.I
/ The Elms, 1
Shaw, James Veitch..... f^- *°^^
\ mons, E.C.
Stnbbs, John Heath Bennett's-hill, Bi
Smith, Edward, M.D.,fl6. QueeD Anne
F.R.S \ vendish-square,
Tatam. William { ^^'^^""^ ^^
Taylor, Walter Ranelagb-rd., Pi
Tupp, John... «... 27, Oxford-street
Tylee, John ............... Bridge-street. Ba
r Caithness, Pavei
Watt, James i ries, and Mou
( Thurso, N.B.
Weir, Edward 142, High Holbo
White, George 70, Ruseell-squar
Winter, James 100. WaTdour'«ti
Wolff, Sir Henry Drum- ( mj^ Albanv W
mood.K.CJ£.G J^ me Albany, w.
The Chauuiam delivered tlie follow
ADDRESS.
Having "been elected, tbrofugli the 1
my colleagues on the Council, to be tbei
this year, it becomes my duty to delivei
ing Address of the session. It is unfc
me that I should follow so able a Cli
my friend Sir Thomas Phillips, who
such marked benefits on the Society
four years he presided over its affairs,
the skill and courtesy with which he
our iHuuness, as by the energy and
brought to bear on every subject sul
our consideration. To follow such a
is a disadvantage to any one ; and all
is. that the efl&ciency of the Society wil
during my period of ofl&ce, and that I a
it over to my successor as popular ai
perouB as it now is.
Before entering upon ihe ordinary be
Address to be delivered this evening, i
congratulate the members on their i
the iirst time in what may almtwt be a
room.
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Notsmbu 20, 186S.
8
l%e Coimcilbelieye that the alterations, which
so af^parent that I need not specially refer to
wUl he approTed hy the members, and
whilat sitting in a more comfortable and
ventilated room, they will be pleased by
the taste displayed by Mr. Grace in its decoration.
The great difificulty experienced was the afford-
ing increased accommodation, and the Council
fbond that the architectural construction of the
koose precluded them from making any very
•comsideraUe addition to the size of the meeting-
room, but they have been able, by re-arranging
the seats, and making the ante-room available, to
accommodate a greater number of members. In
addition ti> the alterations in the meeting room,
steps have been taken for a re-arrangement of
the Society's library, which will be placed in the
large room on the ground floor, where much
MdditkfiULL convenience will be afforded to mem-
ben desiring to consult the books and pe-
riodicals.
Having thus touched upon this subject, I can-
mot avo^ saying a few words on the pictures
which ad<»ii the walls. Without having been
what is technically called cleaned, they have
been partially so, by the removal of much
dust and dirt during the process of relining,
which was found to be absolutely necessary
for their preservation ; and we are assured
chat by carefully removing that which has,
by time, become more permanently fixed on
che pictures, we shall be able to restore them,
during the next vacation, almost to the state in
which they were left by Barry in 1782.
Even now the members can better appreciate
than before the masterly freedom and boldness
of the drawing, and the harmony of the colouring,
both proving the thorough knowledge of his art
which Bmrryhad attained. Most of the members,
I believe, are aware that these pictures were
painted expressly for this room, and presented
to the Society by Barry, the Society paying
only the cost of the canvass, frames, and pig-
ments used, which amounted to £315 28. Upon
their being finished, he asked permission of
the Society to exhibit them to the public for
ins own benefit, which was assented to, the So-
ciety paying all the expenses attending the ex-
kibttioQ, wMch amounted to £224. The sum
received from visitors does not appear to have
been recorded. He died poor and discontented,
hsB genius not being appreciated as he thought it
dieald have been, in 1806, and was buried in
St Panfs, his body having been placed in this
room the day previous to the funeral.
FoDowing the course ordinarily adopted on
these oecasions, I will now call your attention
to the losses the Society has sustained during
tike past year by the death of five members,
distinguished for their position or services,
ukd all of whom had been for years in constant
intercourse and on terms of friendship with a
large number of our members.
Our late President, Mr. William Tooke, F.R.S.,
one of our oldest members, died but a short time
since, having filled every office of the Society. At
one period, when great difficulties arose, and the
contmued existence of the Society depended on
the personal exertions of one or two members, he
stood forward, and by his energy and pecuniary
contributions, succeeded in infusmg new life into
its operations. He was our honorary solicitor for a
long period, and during the last few years of his
life, when no longer able to attend our meetings,
continued to take a lively interest in all our
proceedings.
Mr. William Oubitt, M.P. for Andover, was
bom in 1791, and after leaving school, entered
the navy, but soon withdrew from the service to
join his father as builder and contractor. He
was most successful in business. He served the
office of Sheriff of London, in 1847, and was
twice elected Lord Mayor.
Mr. Joshua Field, F.R.S., bom in 1786,
was educated at a boarding school at Harlow,
in Essex, where, at an early age, he displayed
great mechanical talent. He left school in 1802,
at 16 years of age, and obtained a situation
under Sir Samuel Bentham, in the machinery
department of the dockyard at Portsmouth.
Sir Samuel soon removed him to London, and
employed him in the drawing department of the
Admiralty, which he left, upon the recommenda-
tion of Sir Samuel, for employment under Mr.
Maudslay, who was then constructing the block
machinery for Sir Isambard BruneL This intro-
duction, in 1804, led to a partnership, and to a
friendship which lasted uninterraptedly to Mr.
Maudslay's death. Mr. Field took much inte-
rest in the Great Wescem steam-ship, designed
by Mr. Brunei, which was the pioneer of the
now almost daily steamboat communication with
America ; and the machinery the firm supplied to
that ship was, at the time, the most perfect spe-
cimen of marine engineering then completed.
Mr. Field took a prominent part in everything
calculated to improve the profession of which he
was so distinguished a member. He was one of
the founders of the Institution of Civil Engi-
neers, and filled the office of President in 1848-9.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in
1832.
Mr. Joseph Glynn, F.R.S., also an engineer,
though less known in London, was a valuable
member of the Society, and for many years
member of Council and Vice-President. His
attention was principally directed to hydraulic
engineering, and his works are better known in
Lincolnshire and the Fen districts than here. He
combined great caution with considerable con-
structive ability, and was successful in the pur-
suit of his profession.
\
JOUHNAL OF TOE ^ROOIETK <i¥ ARTS, JfovBUBB 2% 18^
In Mr. Mukaady, EA^ the 6ocie^4uid Jik
'brother artists, liave lost aBrieiuLandan example.
He was bom. at EnniB, In Ireland, in 1.786, and
l)rought to London by his j>a]:ents in 1792. At
n very early age he began to shawa taste for
drawing, and when Jiine years old dre.w with
«pifit He also evinced great love of reading,
and was soon noticed by the Jieeper of a book-
stall in Coven t-garden, who first lent him books,
and then, observing liis ialent for drawing, em-
ployed him to colour prints. He used to amucoe
himself, at fhis early period of his lifq, by chalk
writing on walls, which he did with apirlt and
freedom. His first step as an (artist was his in-
troduction to Banks, the sculptor, who set him io
copy busts, and thus ,put him in a fair way of ac-
quiring a sound knowledge of the beet exampLss
of art. Whilst with Banks he entered himself as
a student at the Hoyal Academy, but failed to
^ain admittance on his first trial. In 1801, how-
ever, he suoceeded, and, still working under Banks,
made rapid advances, receiving from our Society
•the silver palette, in 1802-3, when 17 years of
age. Prom this time he supported himself hy
illustrating boolvs, in which he was eminently suo-
tteasful, and by eoene painting. 'This was. in 1804,
when his career as a truly English |>ainter mi^
l)e said to have commenced. With the careful
drawing and finish of the Dutch school, lie -<u>m-
'buied a richer tone, greater freedom of tre&tment
and execution, and more poetry and imagiimtioai.
His j)rogress was steady and unifoirm,, proving, as
years passed on, the ^eat rvalue jmd importanae
•of that constant attendance 4tt the life school,
which lie continued to the end Af his life, 4Ad
which, if the highest degree of excellence in Axt
is to he attained, is indispensable. His keen nb-
aervation, liis appreciation of Immonr, and his
exquisite, we might fQmost«ayauirivaIled, dxaw-
ing, are visible in all his works. He ivas « most
laborious painter — ^no work was (turned out «f
hand to meet the demand of the moment — every-
thing was Jiot only finished, but .exquisitely
.finished, and all those who recollect the beautiful
collection of his pictures which was exhibited in
ihis room in 1848, wiQ not fail to acknowledge
that Mulready, in his 4)eculiar style, held the
foremost place iimong the artists of JIngland.
HiB kindliness of character, his unassuming
jDianners, and his ardent love of art, made him
the friend of his patrons and brother artists,
whilst his willingness to advise and assist the
students at the Academy endeared him .to the
younger members of the profession.
Having thus paid our tribute of respect to
ihe most distinguished of our members whom
we have lost since our last Annual Meeting, I
yill proceed, in accordance with our Bye-laws, to
Micate the policy which the Council jiropose
■^*i)llow during the coming session.
It appears to me that in a Society like oum,
4=
the piooeediBgs <of oqb tj^MC, eznept Km. vevf
special -oecttsions, sst 40 de$>eiideBtt upon thos^
of pievioas years, *that •to •fiilfil (ike obligatioi
is^posed »by ihe Bye-4awi8 it is nfieesany to trace
what has for some i^ime .past baen iihe policy of
the Saaiely,Aikd<tkdntO'show bywhatmeans that
pohoy, i^pveved -as dt has l^een iby sQcoeftsiTe
annual meetin|*e, is to .be 'Oeiiti&iifid, ffrtemdad,
and invigorated, by iibe ^propeeed arisngemeiitB
for 'the <eoming year.
Looking b«ck then for «ome yeara, -we find
two eubjeote have engrossed nmch df the time of
yoizr'0ouncil,4md have demanded ihe appropcria-
tion of a large .portioxi of your funds.
The fi»t jrelates to the Exhibitians of 1851 and
1862,which, having been so frequency and so folly
dw^ iipen on many previoins occasions, 1 need
only mention "with a view to making one observa-
tion in addition to what has been already stated,
viz., that rthe Ooimcil will continue to coUeot
and to record every fact which comes under
their notice likely to guide their (proceedings
At «ome future time, ^when, no doubt, a tliird
International {Exhibition will require the cxerciao
of that energy and «pentaneaas action by tbe
Society which hove -so much eontiibixted to ihe
success of these which have ipassed away.
The aeoand refers to its Action in "the cause of
^educatioAy'and especially to the eduoi^on of those
XH>nnecled with the manufactnriag industry of
^e country.
Xt is ^^ry important at this tuae, when prin-
ciples of *educatien, which I ^believe ire ma^
cwith truth assert, originated in disonssions hela
in this j*ooia, are so generally approved and
adopted, that the mambecs of the fiooiety shonkl
ajB})reoiate the ^^eertioas vMxii it has ma«ke
in this^eat cause, and that it iikonld be known
Jto whose jperseveraace, indnatpy, aad talent the
.public aie mainly indited ior ihe -fiucaeas wiiich
has been achieved.
I will, therefore,»aliheugh this «al]^ect has been
well nigh ^exhausted by my predeoessors, trouble
you<witha*few observations, to show how con-
sistently, and through a long period of yeara, 'we
laboured to 'introduce, and have at koigth, *we
believe, firmly established, an efficacions system
for testing the self-education of the artist^ the
mechanic, and, lastly, we liope, of the artiat-
workman.
You are no doubt aware that the first Exhi-
bition of Pictures by British artists took platse
in the Society's house in 1760, and that frosn the
assistance the Society a£forded to artists at that
time sprung the annual exhibitions by the Royal
Academy, which commenced in 1768.
I have before Jne three letters from Frank
Hayman, Chairman of the Committee of En^li^
Artists, and subsequently a Royal Academioian,
to the then secretary of the Society, which I ^v^iU
read
JOUBNAL OF THE SO€IIETY OF ARTS, ITovbmbbe 20, 1863.
3BE
F6bnur736tfa,U6a.
Six, — ^The artists of this city, haviag reeolved to raise
•«■! (br piirpoie»of dMuity by th» animal exhibtiion of
llHir workis entreat tiie Society to allair them tho ase of
ikmc room from the 2Ut of April to the 3rd of May.
This favoar they consider as very important. The pnb-
Uck cQDcorrence of the Society will give to a new practice
that ooDOtenaooe which novelty must always need, and
tbaAitfr will gain * dignity from the peoAeotiea of these
vhoB the w«il4 has already learned to respect.
I am« sir, your most humble servant^
F. HAYMAN,
Chairmairof the Cbmmfitee.
Bueoiui|pBiiiflDt of Artf| ^fco.
8t MartinVlaae^lStblfaf, LIMt
Sn* — Yon are requested by the artbts whose works ap-
piare4 in the late exhibition, to return their sincerest
thaobalo ths Sooiety for tb* oie of their room and the
benear oC tiMar patronage;
Whati^ver improvement the arts of el^gaooe shall re-
ceive from the honest emulation which publick notice
may excite, will be justly ascribed to those by whose ex-
■■pis tbm poblick has been infloeneed.
ianiv oiv yoor very hnmbU senmot^
F. HAYMAN^
Chairman of the Committee.
Iv vT; ^^uiplCTin H» Sscfstsf^ te tlte
8t. lfttttlB*b4ue| W DscmbOw, 1Y6Si
9iB, — ^The fkyom oeoleired last yeas on the Artists by
the Sodety has encouraged them to soHcife the use of their
room fur a second ICxhibition.
This nqoest may be now granted* wiHt len ihconve-
iteM^tD ibe SoMetair^afa the KxidbiSion wHlb«defimed
to Uie^ b^gjmnm^ ef June, m aHMHh in wAriah tiM-nMeiiiigs
<4 ike Soeiei| are more Bare than in.th»wioteE,.tlie-ai^
ihu beittg desirooathat the pictures drawn for the prize
slMuId be removed, lest any^ man should a second time
the lii^iaeu of having kai tin*, whiste be nsiver
aoaght.
The]
.be ExiiibitioB of last year was cioseded.and ioeom*
moded by the intrusion of great nnrobers, whose stationa
and edocmtion made them no proper judges of statuary or
]«intlDg, and wHo were made idle and tumultooos by the
Ufiiwmu pity off a shew. U is now, Uierelorav intended ttlatr
the catalogues shall be sold for a shiUiog eaoh, and none
Allowed to eater without a catalogue, whioh may serve as
a ticket of admission.
These ngolatlons, whioh have been very denbenitelv
formed, will be doabtle» theaght expedient and useful,
Mad the artists flatter themselves that the. improvement
of national ta^te which will be promoted by comparing
tile works of the different performers is not unwortny the
cws of the Sodety.
I am« flic, yoiv most hMnUe senrmit,
F. HAYMAKT,
Chairman of the Committee.
To Dr. TMnptoinui, OccictAij to ttn
IT ta« EMoenfffMot «« Afts,
In tile Society's house, also, ww held the first
exhibition of new Inventions, about A^oentaiy
igo, and tbe models exhibited were iUastrated
liy lectmes and by vwa voce ^^lanationsb
Here, from 1780 to the present time, prizes
have been given for profidenoy in mtrioas
fcnndieft of art and soienoe.
Here arose the germ of IntemndoBal Bxhibi-
tioDB ; and it is not too nmch to say that the
disouakiis m this room and at Ofor Gonncil
Board, relating to International as contrasted
vidi fiffldoMal ExhibitioBB, and in which one of
oar oUeBt members of Conncil, Mr. Winkworth,
took a disdnguished part, very nroeh aided in
preparing the public mind to receive and to ap-
preinate the bold but enlightened scheme for an
Imtemattonal Exhibition, which was so admirably
matured and so ably advocated by our late la-
mented President in 1849^0.
Since 1851, the attention of ^e Society has
been specially directed to the encouragement of
ikiB industrial education of a very large chiss of
personsfor whom no adequate provision had pre*
viously been made, and it was only by the conti-
nuous earsrtions and untiring perseverance of Mr.
Chester and other members of our Counoil, that
the diflftoulties surrounding tixe plian they prd*
posed were overcome.
In 181^, when a Committee was first ap-
pointed to inquire into the state of Industrial
Sdncation, tiiere were but three great chan*
n^ of instruction— our universities, our middle-
daes boan&ig^ schools, and our national and
British school^ There were no means by which
the very large number of youths and young
meaf who left school at 13 or 14 years of
age, and beeame at' once engaged' in business,
couM test the knowledge they subsequently ac-
quired by private study, or through which they
could obtani such a pubtic aeknowledgment of
their industry and their acquirements, as would
be pmctioaily useAil to thom in the race for
employment and advancement in after-life. Every
one'who hears me — having his own experience to
i^er to — knows the greet difficulty the young
mea to whom I have referred must alwaysf
hsMse had in obtainrng* knowledge — really^
sound and useful knowledge— either in the hour
or two in the morning before going- to busi-
ness, or in the evening after business^ Every
one kno¥rs the temptadons- to be resisted^
the pleasures to be sacrificed, and often the
ridicule to be borne, to obtain the still greater,
thoiigh not so immediate pleasure, of ac^
quiring knowledge ; and yet, until this Society led
die way, supported in its difficult course by the
aid and counsel of the Prince Consort, no
Society or Institution existed which offered to
young men from 16 years of age and upwards, a
wholesome stinralus to study, or gave them
t^ means by which their industry, tilidr perse-
verance, their self-culture, could be tested and
acknowledged, and brought prominently before
their friends and iha public.
That this or some similiw system fbr encou-
raging private study after leaving school had
become absolutely necessary, ftom the univer-
sality of education, was never so apparent as
now, when the attractions of sensation novels,
worthless as vehicles for conveying wholesome
instruction, if not absolutely injurious, by unduly
exdting^ feelings and sentiments- calculated to
lower rather than to elevate the tastes and prin-
ciples of their readers, and when the temptatio'
8
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Novembbr 20, 1863.
I !bave- now to approach two most important
and interesting topics, one relating to t^ past
and the other to the present and future operations
of the Society. You have all, no doubt, observed
and admired the memorial bust of His Royal
Highness the Prince Consort, executed by Mr.
Theed, which is placed in this roomy in ac-
cordance with the resolution of the general
meeting of the Society, held in Mard^ last,
and we hope you will approve the manner in
which the Council have carried out the views
expressed by the members. Besides the bust,
the pictures the subjects for which have been
approved by Idle members, are in progress, and
will, ere long, fill the yaeant spaces between
Barry's pictures. We shall then have be-
fore us, in sculpture and on canvass, the very
best likenesses which can be obtained of the
Prince Consort, as well as a portrait of Her
Majesty, which, the Council feel assured,
will be most gratifying to the members, and,
willy we trust, keep alive in our memory the
important influence His Royal Highness ex-
erted over the prosperity of the Society, and will
atimulate us to make it, now we hav« lost his in-
valuable counsel, as: worthy of the disdng^shed
support we now enjoy a* it was of thai we re^
ceived during Ms' pnsideney*
Many members present no^ doubt attended
the meeting of th& Society om the 22nd of hnt
month, aod took partm the very gratifying- pso-
ceedinga of t^at daop:, when we elected his E^yal
Highnesft the Pinner of Wales— first a member,
and then the President of this Society.
The circumstances connected with hia elec*
tion are full of interest, and I trust it will be
the pride of the Society, as I am, sure it will be
Its duty, so to conduct its affidrs aa to make it in
years to come wcffthy of the support of His
Boyal Highness.
To accomplish this, we must never forget the
noble and beneficent principles which were
always uppermost in the mind and ever in-
fluencing the acts of the late Prince Consort..
He had no sectarian prejudices. His sympa-
thies were universaL He acknowledged the
claims of every dasff — none were too humble for
his generous solicitude. He looked upon igno-
rance as the depressing influence which restrained
the generous feelings of all classes, and prevented
their uniting to promote each other's improvement
and advancement in life.
Upon the degree of comfort the working
man could secure when at home with his
family, and when tired with his day's woric,
he knew depended the cultivation of hia mind
during his hours of rest, and to improve and
to increase this by builcUng model cottages he
devoted time and money. Upon the acknow-^
' dgment by their employers of the claims and
per position of domestic servants, he knew de-
pended the formation of those provident habits;
which would confer, when they settled in life, in-
estimable benefits upon their families ; and their
interests he advocated personally, and in most elo-
quent language. To the improvement of industrial
education, whereby worsen might be able to
increase the value of their mechanical skill by m
knowledge of the principles of their art, he de*
voted much valuable time and thou^t, correctly
estimating the beneficial effect which must be
produced upon this large and intelligent dass if
they covld compare, at their leisure, Uie results of
their labour with those of the labour of foreign-
ers ; and in their interest he warmly supported
the Exhibitions of 1861 and 1862. To the
painter and sculptor, and all engi^ed in fine art,
he gave the greatest encouragement, as well by
the taste, judgment, and great knowledge he
displayed when presiding over the Fine Arts
Commission, as by the purchases he made for
his private collection.
We have then a great duty to perform. We
must not slacken in our exertions, but we must
consistently and energetically carry out the
objects for which the Society was established-
moving forward and widening our sphere of ae*
tion — decHnittg to promote no good object
becanse it i» new, or in advance of pabKcr
opinion at the momenta— and never halting^ is^
the- pFonmtion of any" meana wbieh may b9
suggested to elevate the mental and phyeieai^
condition of the indiistrbua ckssea, thus show*
ing to Her Majesty and our Ro^ PreaideBi
our determination to carry out the beneficent
viewa of the Prince Consort, and that we ujppr^^
ciate the interest Her Majesty takes in the pro--
gross and prosperity of the Society, so gnunooiljr
expressed in the reply of tdie Prince of Wales to
the address presented to him.
To this end, then, let ua continue to pTomotn-
those great catholic principles of art and in-
dustry which tend to unite nations, as well as the
individuals of each nation, in one common bond
of fellowship. Let us strive to release industry
from the shackles of prejudice and ignorance —
to encourage the greatest freedom for iiie
exercise of talent, come from whence it may, and
thus to maintain this Society in the foremost rank
of those who are striving to extend the openii-
tion of those humanising and peaceful influences-
which invariably follow the cidtivation of the
understanding, and enable all more fully tm
appreciate the wondrous works of God —
whether manifested in the marvellous develop^-
ment of life in the smallest aninudculse, visible
only through the microscope, or in the grandest
and most magnificent worics of Creation — so that
all alike may feel and acknowledge, in the worda
which our late Pt'esident selected for the in6cri|H
tion on the portico of the Royal Exchange, that—
^ Tb* earth i» the Lord*s and the Ailaess thereof."
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Novembbr 20, 1863.
as poBsible, to eelect subjects interesting
to our members. Arts, Manufactures, Com-
B^TK, and Agriculture, will all meet with atten-
»a during the session, but the Council would
fvticalarly urge the co-operation of the mem-
btT« in finding good and interesting papers to be
Tsd at these meetings. There must be many
mcfig those I see before me able to read papers
^ of interesting and instructive matter, the
paUication of which in our Journal would be
cf great utility.
Those announced for the evenings before
tiirifitmas are likely to be more than usually in-
teresting, but, besides these papers, we have
tfranged three courses of lectures, by profes-
'\fHisl gentlemen, eminent in their special de-
{■artments. They wiU be delivered on Monday
or oa Thursday evenings, as may be found most
CQDTwuent The first course, by Mr. G. W. Hast-
^igs, D.C Jj., is on " International Law, and its
Coounercial Relations," and will begin before
Christmas. The others, by Mr. Crace Calvert,
F.R.S., and Mr. Burgess, on " Chemistry Applied
to the Arts," and '* Fine Arts Applied to In-
dustry," will follow in succession. Due notice of
them will be given in the Journal,
The expense of these courses of lectures,
vhich will be called the " Cantor Lectures," will be
defrayed out of the interest of the legacy of
£5,000, bequeathed to the Society by Dr. Cantor,
and the Council feel assured the members of the
Society will approve of this mode of employing
the income entrusted to their care.
The Council have this year, in conjunction with
the OoHege of Physicians, to award the quinquen-
niil " Bwmey Prize," consisting of a silver cup,
value £100, containing a purse of £100 in gold,
for the best published treatise on Jurisprudence.
The Council will also, at the end of the ses-
rion, award for the first time, the Society's Gold
Albert Medal for distinguished merit in Arts,
Manufactures, or Commerce, the new dies for
which are in progress, the likeness of the Prince
Consort having been submitted for the approval
of her Majesty.
The Committees already appointed, in addi-
tion to those which are continued from last year,
win, we hope, do good service. Perhaps one of
the most important of them, when considered in
iQ its bearings, is that to collect the statistics of
Bodeland other dwellings for the working classes,
vbich win endeavour to digest a large mass of
statistics relating to them already collected, and,
if posnble, to point out the causes of failure, the
Bcaas of avoiding fiEolure in future, and the best
ttoie of meeting one of the crying evils of the
^ — the want of proper and decent home accom-
Bodation for warking men.
Education, missionary efforts, increased wages,
viH iffoduce no sensible effect so long as men,
vameDy and children are all huddled together,
day and night, in one room. That vice should be
the result of such a lamentable deficiency in our
social arrangements for the poor, is not surprising,
but it is a remarkable tribute to their character,
that under such very adverse circumstances
they should be so respectable as they are.
Two prizes, of £25 each, are placed in the
hands of the Council by Mr. J. Bailey Denton,
to which are added the Society's medals, to be
offered for the most approved designs for cottages,
to be built singly or in pairs, at a cost not ex-
ceeding £100 each. One prize is to be competed
for by members of the Architectural Association,
and the other is open to general competition.
Fine Art does not generally occupy much space
in our annual addresses, but this season has been
remarkable for the sale of a large number of our
finest English pictures, and at prices which
prove the annually increasing love of art among
the middle classes of this country.
The Art Copyright Act of 1861, in the pre-
paration of which this Society took so promi-
nent a part, has, I believe, very much contributed
to the rapid advance which has taken place in
the value of modem pictures.
No one can doubt, who has seen the pictures
which belonged to Mr. Bicknell, and others,,
recently sold by Messrs. Christie, that fine art in
this country needs only just protection against
fraudulent imitation and against the sale of pirated
works ; and that this should be given in the in-
terest of both artist and purchaser, is quite con-
sistent with the utmost freedom in the production
of works of art by any means within the reach
of the artist.
I cannot pass from this part of my subject
without specially noticing one portion of the
report of the Royal Commission on the
Royal Academy. I refer to the recommen-
dation that there should be a class added to the
Academy for artist-workmen. This, I think,
would, if managed with a due regard to their wants,
characters, and power, be a most valuable ad-
dition to the art education of workmen, but the
admission should be restricted to those who, either
by competition or by the strong recommendation
of their employers, have shown such an aptness
in their respective trades, and so ardent a desire
to improve themselves, as to ensure the useful
employment of the great advantages that would,,
by the establishment of such a school, be offered
to them.
The demand for pictures — the increasing de-
mand for sculpture — whether for architectural
embellishment or for statues in public places
in our cities and country towns, show the greater
appreciation of works of art in all parts of the
country, and may fairly be considered as the re-
sult of the improved, and more matured and
extended, art education of the present generation
as compared with that of the one which preceded it.
10
JOUBNAL OF THE SOOIETT OP ABTS, Novbmbbr 20, 1863.
lities for effecdng this, and the Oooncil earnestly
hope that Uie opportunities thus given may be
taken advantage of.
Patented Inventions are not excluded from
receiving the Society's awards.
The Society is willing to receive communica-
tions on subjects not included in the following
list, but in all cases expressly reserves the power
-of rewarding any communication according to its
merit, or of withholding the Premium altogether.
The degree of originality and extent of sug-
gestions for improvements will have material in-
Suence on the adjudication of the award.
In all cases a full account and description of
the invention for which a premium or medal is
nought must be sent to the Society.
All communications must be written on foolscap
paper, on one side only, with an inch and a
quarter margin. They must be accompanied by
^uch drawings, models, or specimens, as may be
necessary to illustrate the subject The drawings
should be on a sufficiently large scale to be seen
from a distance when suspended on the walls of
<a meeting-roonu
In regard to Colonial Produce of all kinds, it
is absolutely necessary that a certificate from the
Qovemor, or other qualified person, should ac-
•company the samples sent to the Society, certi-
fying that they really are the produce of the par-
ocular district referred to. The samples should be
sufficient in quantity to enable experiments to be
made, and an opinion to be formed of their qua-
lity ; and it is desirable that the cost price in the
district from which they are forwarded should be
given. In every instance the probable extent of
supply, with the average yield, if cultivated, and
whether similar articles have hitherto been ex-
ported from the Colony or not, and in what quan-
tities, should be stated.
All communications and articles intended for
competition must be delivered, addressed to the
Secretary, at the Society's House, free of ex-
pense, either on or before the Slst of March,
1864, or on or before the Slst of March, 1^65,
except where otherwise stated. In the first case
they will be considered during the Session
1863-64, in the second case during the Session
1864-65. This restriction, as to the date of re-
ceipt, does not apply to articles of Colonial pro-
duce, in respect of which this list is valid until
^Ist December, 1865.
Any communication rewarded by the Society,
or any paper read at an ordinary meeting, will be
considered as the property ot the Society. Should
the Council delay its publication beyond twelve
months after the date of its being rewarded or
read, the author will be permitted to take a copy
uf the same, and to publish it in any way he
thinks fit.
rewarded communications and articles must
^ied for at the close of each Session, be-
tween the third Wednesday in June and the last
Wednesday in July, after which the So<uety will
be no longer responsible for their return*
By order,
P. LE NEVE POSTEB, Secretary.
October, 1863.
PREMIUM LIST.
SPECIAL PBIZESL
SwnrcT Pbim.
Bmn WoBK oh Jorwpbudbhci. — ^Uader the will of
Dr. Swiney. a Silver Goblet, of the value of £100 rterUng,
coDtaiDing gold com to the same amoant, is presented on
every fifth anniversanr of Dr. Swiney's death to «*Uie
author of the best pablished treatise on Jurisprudence."
The next awaid of this prize will be niade on the 20th
of January, 1864. Competitors for this priae should send
in copies of their published works to the Secretary.
FOTEBBOILL PBII&
Under the will of Dr. Fothergill, funds are bequeatlied
for the offer of a medal, and *• the following subjects are
proposed to the Sodetv for their consideration :—
** 1. The best method of preventing destructive fires,
and of detecting incendiaries.
<* 2. Of speedily extinguishing fires when water is scarce.
" d. Of speedily securing T^uaUe property from the
flames, and also from thieves.
** 4. Of preventing or diminishing the numerous fatal
disasters from fashionable muslin dresses catchine fire,
whether by rendering such dresses less combustible, or
having constantly in readiness a lai^e doak of incombus-
tible fabric composed of asbestos or amianthus, with which
instantly to enwrap the whole body.
<* Paper of this kind (incombustible) might preserve from
fire valuable deeds and other manuscripts. A Dreminm
for the encouragement of such a manufacture is also earn-
estly recommended.
** The above to be varied at the Society's discretion.**
On the present occasion the Society's medals are
offered: —
Stbam Fibb Engihes.— 1. For the best and most
efficient steam fire-engine for land use.
2. For the best and most efficient steam fire-engino
capable of self-propulsion on land.
The conditions required are : — ^Bapidity in raising and
generating steam ; facility of drawing water ; volume of
water thrown ; distance to which it can be thrown ; light-
ness, strength, and durability.
Stock Pbizb.
Under the will of John Stock, funds are bequeathed for
the offer of a medal for the encouragement of Drawing,
Sculpture, and Architecture.
Sbell Cambo. — On the present occasion the Society's
medal is offered to female artists, for the best cameo de-
signed and executed on any of the shells ordinarily used
for that purpose.
Tbeveltan Pbizb.
Pbbsebved Fbesh Meat. — The sum of £70, placed at
the disposal of the Council by Sir W. C. Ti-evelyan, Bart.,
with the Societ}*'s medal, is offered for the discovery of a
process for preserving fresh meat better than by any method
hitherto employed, applicable to the preservation of meat
in countries where it is now almost valueless, so as to
render it an article of commerce and available for stores on
ship-board.
Specimens, with detailed accounts of the process cm-
ployed, must be sent to the Society.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Novbmbbb 20, 1863.
11
Demtom PBiZBa.
COTTAQBS FOa THS LlBOUBlKO CukSSEB, — ^TwO pHzef,
of £25 each, are placed lo the hands of the Council by J.
BiUley Denton, Eflq., to which are added the Society's
medals, to be offered for the most approved designs for
cottages, to be bailt singly or in pairs, at a cost not exceed-
ing £100 each. One prize is to be competed ibr by
nembers of the Architectural Association, and the other
ii open to general competition.
I>etailed particulais have been iasued and may be had
on application to the Secretary.
The plane, drawings, and specifications, most be sent to
the Society's House, not later than the 1st January, 18C4.
AST WOBKMAMSBIP AlfD WoOD-CaKVIKO ExHIBXTfOV
AND Prizes.
Prizes are offered by the Society in these subjects, and
an Exhibition will take place in 1864.
Special listi relative to this competition will be
isiiifid.
GENERAL LIST.
%* The Society's medals will be awarded for comma-
nkationa or discoveries in relation to the following sub-
jects: —
1. GoLDSiiiTBs* WoBK. — ^FoT the best eaay on Ancient
Goldsmiihs' Work.
2. Bboszbs. — For the best essay oo the manufacture and
casting of Bronzes, and on bronze washes.
8. lloiiuis vcB Metal CAimnQ, — For the production
of a material to be used in the formation of moulds
for casting bronzes and other molten metals, so as to
emible the casts to be produced without seams.
i. PioMB2rTs« — For an account of the yarious pigments
used in the Fine Arts, with suggestions for the in-
troductioa of new and improved subsUnces.
6. Substitute fob Wood Blocks. — For the discovery
of a substitute for the blocks used by wood-en-
gravers, so as to supersede the necessity of uniting
several pieces of wood.
6. Photoobapbs on Enamel. — For the best portrait
obtained photographically and burnt in in enamel.
T. Pbotoobatiis on China. — For the production of a
dessert or other service, in China or earthenware,
ornamented by means of photography, and burnt
in from an impression obtained, cnther directly from
the negative, or from a transfer from a metal plate
obtaio«i directly from the photograph.
8. Pbotogbaphs on Glass. — For a table service in glass
ornamented by means of photography, under similar
conditions to the above.
9. Pbotoobapbs on Windows. — For the production com-
mercially of ornamental glass for windows by means
of vitrified photographs.
10. Fluobio Aoid. — For a substitute for fluoric acid to be
used for engraving on glass, which shall be free from
noxious fumes.
11. Bkproduoino Designs fob Pbimting. — For a rapid
means of reproducing artistic designs cr sketches,
for suHace printing by machinery, such process to
provide for lowering portions of the work to fit it
for steam printing.
12. Bollers for Calico Pbintino. — For any important
improvements in facilitating the production and
economisiog the cost of engraving rollers for print-
ing calicoes and other fabrics.
18. Docix>Bs FOB Cauco Pbintino. — For the best ma-
terial for, and form of *' doctors " for calieo printing
machines, which shall obviate the aeveral objec-
tions to those now in use.
14. Aniumb Colooss. — For a means of fixing upon cotton
and other fabrics all the ordinary anUine colours,
so Uiat the dyed iabiio will effectually resist the
action of soap and water, or cold dilute alkalies.
IC.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
28.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
38.
84.
35.
3$.
37.
Kavhtbaline. — For a practical process for converting
the naphthaline of gas works into alizarine or
madder-red.
TuBiCBT Bed.— For an essay, with the results of ex-
periments, on the manufacture of Adrianople red.
New Scarlet Dye. — For the production of a scarlet
dye for cotton.
Mubfxidb Red. — For rendering rourexide red more
permanent, when exposed to the atmosphere and
sulphurous vapours.
Bleaching Wool. — For an account of any important
improvements in the bleaching of wool.
Lakes fob Cabbiaoes. — ^For the production of cheap
purple and yellow lakes, of good quality, suitable
for caniage builders, &c., and not liable to fiide or
chaise colour.
MoBDANTs. — For a treatise on the mordants employed
in the dyeing of cotton, wool, and silk.
Kew Obeen Dye. — For an account of the " green dye
from Malda," as shown in the Indian department
at the International Exhibition of 1862, iitcluding
original researches, giving methods of fixing the
same upon cotton and other fibres and yarns.
GhiEEN WITHOUT Absbnio.^ — For the manufacture of
B brilliant green colour, not containing arsenic,
copper, or other poisonous materials.
Chlobqphyll. — For the manufacture of chlorophyll
from grasses, suitable for dyeing silk and other
fabrics of a green colour.
Gbeen Dyes.— For the mano&cture of green dyes
irom coal or wood tar.
Ultbauabine. — For an artificial ultramarine, not
liable to alteration when thickened with albumen
and fixed by steam.
CoLouBS FOB Dyeiko, &c, — FoT the discoveiy of
oxy-naphthalic acid, a preparation of chloroxy-
oaphthalic acid, or for a treatise on the application
ef Laurent's colours to dyeing and calico printing.
Tbadb in Fobeion Dye Stuffs. — For an essay on tho
influence of the Aniline series of colours upon the
trade and commerce in foreign dye stufia.
Thiceemino Coloubs. — For Uie introduction of any
substance the use of which will essentially econo-
mise the cost of thickening the colours and sizes
used in dyeing and dvessiog fabrics.
SoBflrrrruTE fob Ego Albumen. — For a thoroughly
decolorised blood albumen, or any economic and
efficient substitute for egg albumen for calico
printing.
Use fob Yolk of Eggs. — For a new, large, and eco-
nomic use for the yolks of effgs, with particular
of the mode of preparation andpreservation.
Uses of Seaweed. — For the extraction from seaweed
of any substance, or preparation, capable of exten-
sive application as a dye, drug, thickening, tanning
agent, or other generaUr useful product.
Clays. — For an accoimt of the aiiode of occurrence^
and of the uses of Cornish, Devonshire, and Dorset*
shire clays, and the quantities annually worked.
Abtificul Stone and Terba Cotta. — For an ac-
count of the various artificial stones and Terra
Cottas introduced and employed for purposes of con-
struction, stating their properties, advantages and
imperfections, and their relative cost.
Lighting and Ventilating Mines. — For an account
of the methods at present in use in the vai ious coal-
mining districts for ventilating^ and lighting the
mines, with suggestions for their improvement.
CopPEB Smelting, Ac. — For an account- of the vari-
ous commercial copper ores, of the smelting pro-
cesses, and the methods by which the precious metals
can be separated from copper.
Tin. — ^For an account of the treatment of Tin, and
its application in the Arts and Manufactures, and of
recent discoip^ries.of new sources of supply.
12
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, November 20, 1868.
38. Wolfram. — For an account of the modes by which
Wolfram can be separated from other ores ; and
of the uses of Tungsten in the Arts.
39. Menaocanite. — For an account of Menaccanite or Ise-
rine, and suggestzons for obtaining Titanium from
these ores.
40. Titanium. — For the best essay upon Titanium, with
suggestions for extracting and utilising the metal.
41. Smelting Zinc. — ^For an account of the pi-ocesses now
in use for smelting Zinc ores, with suggestions
for their improvement.
42. Sulphur and Arsenic. — For the best account of the
production of Sulphur and Arsenic from the metalli-
ferous ores of the United Kingdom, with statistics
of the use and export of these substances.
43. Mining Machinery. — For improvements in the ma-
chineiy for dressing poor ores of tin, lead, Ac.
44. BopES FOR Mines. — For an account of the comparative
value of chains, hemp and wire ropes, for drawing
ores from mines, giving the practical result of expe-
riments.
45. Pumping Engines. — For an account of the relative
merits of the different kinds of engines used for
drawing water from mines.
46. Plumbago. — For the discovery of graphite in Aus-
tralia, of a quality and in quantity calculated to be
commertiially useful.
47. Aluminium. — For any new or improved process for
the manufacture of Aluminium which by cheapening
its cost may render it applicable to many purposes
for which it cannot now be employed.
48. SiLiciuM. — For the best essay upon Silicium, and its
uses.
49. Melting Cast Steel. — ^For an easyand cheap method
of melting cast steel in large masses.
50. Agricultural Steam-Engine. — For the production
of an efficient agrcultural steam engine, capable of
use on the farm, and of being made available as a
traction-engine, either on tramways or common
roads, for carrying farm produce and manure to
ailway stations.
Begenerative Furnaces. — F»r the best account of
the structure and application of regenerative fur-
naces to manufacturing purposes.
Brewery Plant. — For a descriptive account of im-
proved designs for the construction and plant of
breweries especially in the arrangements for boiling,
cooling, hoisting, pumping, washing, attemperat-
ing, cask-washing, &c.
£Z, Hydraulic Engine. — For a small, simple, cheap,
and effective hydraulic engine, which in connection
with the ordinaiy water-service of towns could be
applied to lifts in warehouses, driving lathes, blow-
ing the bellows of organs, and many other pur-
* poses where steam cannot be made available.
B4. Lighting Bailway Carriages. — For a system of
lighting railway carriages with gas, each carriage
to have an independent supply equal to the duration
of the oil- lamps now carried,* and the system to be
adaptable to existing carriages.
B5. Locomotives for Tunnem. — For the best locomotive
engine for working in tunnels and underground
railways, so as to avoid the injurious effects of ordi-
nary engines.
C6. Bailwats.— For a complete and economic system of
constructing railways in iron, with the necessary
plant for working railways in tropical countries
and the Colonies.
57. Protfctisg Iron. — For the invention of an efficient
method of protecting iron from the action of air
and water, applicable to the various fonns in which
iron is used as a building material generally, and
also to iron ships and armour-plated vessels.
68. Unstnkable Ships. — For plans or suggestions for the
construction of an efficient and seaworthy vessel,
of such materials and apecific gravity, that when
^1.
Z2.
perforated either by shot or accident, she shall still
maintain her floating power.
59. Iron Ships. — B^or the best and most convenient method
of welding together the frame-work and covering
of iron vessels, so as to dispense with bolting and
riveting.
60. Diving Apparatus. — For an improved diving appa-
ratus in which divers may work free from the in-
fluence of great pressure, and at greater depths than
by means of the diving bell, helmet, or other exist-
ing appliances.
CI. Shoal Becorder.— For an instrument to indicate the
depth of water under a ship's bottom to prevent
danger when at sea or ncaring land.
62. Smokeless Fuel. — For the discover}*^ or manufacture
of a new smokeless fuel, which shall not occupy
more space, or be of greater weight than the fuel
now in use ; and shall be equal in amount of heat-
ing power, without liability to injure metals in
contact with it.
63. Motive Power. — For the generation of power in
sea-going vessels by any process whereby the ne-
cessity for carrying a large supply of coal may be
avoided.
64. Steam Coal in Ausibalia. — For the discovery, in
any of the Austialian Colonies, and the introduc-
tion into local commerce of a good steam coal.
Particulars of probable quantity available, distance
of mine from shipping port, and comparative heat-
ing power and cost to be furnished.
65. Electricity. — For any new process for producing or
obtaining galvanic electricity, lo that it may be
obtained in large quantities at small cost.
66. Application of Electricitt to Ougans. — ^For the
production of an organ in which, by the use of
electricity or magnetism, tanes of greater length
and variety than those ordinarily produced on
barrel-organs may be performed mechanically.
67. Elbotbio Weaving. — To the manufacturer who
practically applies electricity to the production
commercially of figured fabrics in the loom.
68. Silk Bobbin. — For a bobbin for silk, which shall
possdss exact uniformity of weight, be incapable
of being made heavier without detection, and which
will not absorb moisture. The material employed
must not be liable to chip, or to aflect the colour
of the silk wound on it.
69. Lace Machinery. — For a mechanical substitute for
hand-labour in running in the outline to figui-es in
machine-wrought lace.
70. Woven Garments. — For the production in the loom,
and introduction into commerce, of woven garments
suited for soldiers, sailors, emigrants, operatives,
and others, so as to economise the cost of produc-
tion, and reduce the amount of hand labour.
71. Incombustible Paper. — For the production of an in-
combustible paper, so as to render the ledgers of
commercial men, bankers, &c., indestructible by
fire.
72. Dressing and Dyeing Skins. — ^For an account of the
materials and methods at present employed in pre-
paring and dressing skins, and the colours and
treatments to which they are submitted in dyeing.
78. Dyeing and Dressing Leather. — For impix}vements
in the method of dyeing or dressing morocco or
calf leather, in such manner as to prevent the sur-
face from cracking in working, and to render it
more fit to receive the gilding required in orna-
menting books, furniture, and other articles.
74. Lbathkb Cloth.- — For improvements in the manu-
facture of leather-cloth or artificial leather, espe-
cially in imparting strength and durability, so as
to fit it for the purposes of saddlers, harness-makers,
trunk-makers, shoemakers, book-binders, and
others.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Novkmbbu 20, 1863.
13
75. SoBsnTCTC tor Wool. — ^For any fibrous material
available in large quantity and at a low price,
capable of being used advantageously in textile
fabrics, as a substitute for wool. The fibre should
be firom 1 to 6 or 8 inches in length, and suitable
for being span on the ordinary woollen or worsted
machinery.
76. SuBSTiTUTH FOR CoTTON OR Flaz. — ^For any new
fibrous plant or substance which may be used
wholly or in part as a substitute for cotton, flax,
hemp, d;c., or any new processes whereby useful
fibres may be extracted from plants.
77. Kbw Gums. — For any new substance or compound
which may be employed as a substitute for Indian-
rubber or gutta-percha in the arts and manu&ctures.
78. Kbw Ooms OB Oils.— For any new gum or oils the
produce of Africa, calculated to be useful in the
arts and manufactures, and obtainable in quantity.
Samples of not less than 251b8. of gum, and 501b8.
of oil to be transmitted to the Society.
79. Elastic Tubing. — For an elastic material for tubing
suited to the conveyance of gas, and not liable to
be afi'ected by alterations in tempeiature, or to be
acted upon by the gas itself.
SO. Glass. — For the production of glass by the use of the
constituents of which the French sands are com-
posed, such glass to be of a quality equal to that
produced from those sands.
61. Colour for Japanned Surfaces. — For the prepara-
tion of any colour, applicable to the japanned
Buriaces of papier macb^, that shall be free from
the brightness (or glare) of the varnished colours
DOW used, but possess the same degree of hardness
and durability.
B2, Colour for Slatb. — ^For the preparation of light
colours to be used in enamelling or Japanning slate,
which will stand the action of the heat from the
fire without blistering or discoloration, and be suf-
ciently hard to reidst scratches.
33. Japamkiko Zinc. — For a process whereby the surface
of articles manufactured in zinc may be economi-
cally japanned.
S4. CoATUfo Walla — For the production of a cheap white
enamel-like composition for the interior walls, <&c.,
of houses, applicable to all ordinary surfaces, easily
cleansed, not liable to crumble or chip, and capable
of being tinted.
S5. Substitute for Turpentine. — For a new and effi-
cient substitute for turpentine applicable to the
niannfactiire of varnishes, and to purposes for which
turpentine is now ordinarily applied.
66. Substitute for Pitch. — For a cheap substitute for
pitch, tar, &c., equally impen'ious to air and mois-
ture, but no3 inflammable.
57. Paper Machinerv. — For a portable machine for
planing the bars of a rag-engine roll true when
the roll is in position.
58. Paper Macdinerv. — For a cheap substitute for the
expensive copper rolls now used in paper machines ;
a firm surface, not easily damaged by indentation,
and not liable to oxidation is essential.
39. Paper Material. — For the best essay upon paper-
making materials, with suggestions for reducing
economically the more refractory ligneous sub-
stances suited for papermaking to a fibrous pulp by
mechanical or chemical means.
BO. BoLUERS FORpRiNTiKO Pa PER HANGINGS. — For R Com-
position for feeding rollers for printing paper-hang-
ings by cylinder machinery, similar in consistency
and texture to the gelatine rollers used in letter-
press printing, but adapted for working in water
colours.
91. Paper Hangings Coloured in the Pulp. — For the
manufacture of papers from coloured pulp, bearing
upon them designs, either coloured or white, dis-
charged after the manner of calico printing.
92. Lubricants. — ^For an account of the sources of supply,
processes of manufacture, and relative value of
the various lubricants employed on working machi-
nery and rolling stock.
93. Bed Oil. — ^For the solidification of oil by nitrous
compounds, witliout the formation of red oil, or
for the removal of the red oily body without injury
to, or softening the solidified fat.
94. Improved Chemical Balance. — For the best chemi-
cal and assay baknce, suitable for the use of students
and experimentalists, which will (with 600 grains
in each pan) show a difference of *005 or less.
To be sold at a moderate price.
95. Cheap Spectroscope. — For the best and cheapest
form of spectroscope.
96. DiALYsiNo Apparatus. — For the best and cheapest
form of dialysing apparatus, capable of being packed
in a small compass, but of sufficient size to aid tho
country practitioner in the detection of poisons
and adulterations, and in the preparation and pu-
rification of salts and drugs.
97. Incombustible Wick. — For the production of an
incombustible wick, suitable for oil, spirit, and
other lamps.
98. Cyanogen Compounds. — For the economical produc-
tion of cyanogen compounds for employment in
the arts, or as manures.
99. Naphthaline. — For the discovery of a practical means
of utilising naphthaline.
100. Oxygen Gas, — For a more economical process of
obtaining oxygen gas than any in present use.
101. New Edible Uoots. — For the discovery and intro-
duction into this country of any new edible root
useful as food for man or cattle, and capable of
extensive and improved cultivation.
102. Edible Seaweeds. — For a means of rendering sea-
weeds generally available as a wholesome ve-
getable food on board ship.
103. Australian Sugar. — For the production and manu-
factui-e of not less than one ton of cane sugar, the
produce of any of the Australian colonies. Details
of the extent of land under cultiration, the yield of
sugar per acre, and the cost of production per ton,
to be fui-nished.
104. Australian Coffer. — For the successful introduc-
tion of coffee cultivation into any of the Australian
colonies, and the production of 1 cwt. of merchant-
able coflee. Samples of 10 lbs. to be sent to the
Society.
106. Spice Culture in Australia. — For the introduc-
tion of the nutmeg, clove, pepper, or any other
useful commercial plant into the Australian co-
lonies, and the production of not less tfian one cwt.
of produce therefrom. Samples of at least I lb. of
each to be sent to the Society.
106. AiLANTuus Silkworm. — For the introduction of tho
Ailanthus' silkworm into Australia, and the produc-
tion of not less than one bale of silk. Samples oi
1 lb. at least to be sent to tl\e Society.
107. Flax in Australia. — For the production in any
of the Auftralian Colonies of Flax of a good
marketable quality. A sample of not less than
one bale to be forwarded to the Society.
108. African Shoe Plants. — For an account of the spico
plants and condiments of Africa, wild or cultivated,
with samples and cost.
109. Essential Oils from Australia.— For the intro-
duction into commercial use at a moderate price of
the essential oils shown at the late Intei-national
Exhibition from Australia, or of any other new es-
sential oil likely to be useful in medicine or the arts.
110. Mineral Oil fbom Australia.— For the manufac-
ture in Australia of any very cheap oil from
mineral or other sources, and its application to tho
purposes of illumination, lubricating machineiy,
use in the industrial arts, dec
14 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Novbmbbb 20, 1863.
111. Imfboyed Bcoab Maorineiit. — ^Fora prtetical re-
port on any recent improvements in sugar ma-
chinery inttodoced into and adopted in the British
or French Colonies, or on the Continent.
112. EmoBANTs' DwELUMGs. — For the best eoay (for
the information of emigrants proceeding to new
settlements,} descriptive of the means of treating
existing natural products in any locality, such as
earth, shells, chalks and limestones, vioods, baiks,
grasses, dec, and applying them in the construc-
tion of dwelh'ngs. Diagrams and illustrations of the
methods of applying materials should be given.
lis. Coloured Stabcues. — Fortheproductionof a series
of coloured starches, which can be applied to
articles of dress, such as lace, ^c, without injuring
or staining the fabric, but at the same time give to
them the reouired tints, and thus render them in
harmony with other portions of dress.
114. Tobacco. — For an account of the cultivation, pre-
paration, aad manufacture of the various kinds of
tobacco and the commerce therein.
STATE AID TO ART.
The speech, or rather address, of Mr. Gladstone at
the laying of the foundation stone of the Wedgwood
Institute — for he had taken the unusual pains first to
write, and then to read, his address — having been already
in Journal^ the speech of the minister in the House of
Commons wore pailicularly responsible for the adminis-
tration of the giants for promoting art, b now re-printed
from the local papers. lit has not yet appeared in any
London journal.
The Bight Hon. B. Lowe, M.P., said he begged
to return thanks for the honour they had done the
members of the House of Commons in remembering
them on that oocasion, and he thought it quite light that
they should be remembered on that occacdon, because it
was fiom their munificence that they received some
peculiar assistance towards the institutions of the country,
like that of which the first stone had been laid that day.
The House of Commons might be said to be a liberal
but strict master, because, like Earl Granville, and
hon. gentlemen who were present, they knew that they
had a duty to perform, and that they had to do the best
they could with the money of the people for the support
of the various institutions of the countty. They had
heard, in language which they could not forget, the duty
of throwing upon the state a certain amount lor the pro-
motion of the beautiful in the manufactures of the
nation. That duty was incumbent on the state, because
hihtory and experience taught that a nation which had
attained a high state of civilisation might exist with a de-
plorable taste for art if it had not the power of redeeming
and regenerating itself. That duty, under the direction of
the late Prince Consort, the House of Commons imder-
took some eleven years ago. He might state the measure
that had been undertaken in order to carry out the
views held by public men, though not expressed with
the brilliancy and power with which that measure had
been advocated that day. It appeared to the states-
men and House of Commons of that day that to meet the
taste of the manufacturers of the countiy it was necessar}*
to do three things. First, to establish a number of schools
in the great seats of manufactures in the kingdom ;
secondly, to establish a normal school, or college, lor the
instruction of the masters of those schools; and thirdly,
to collect and bring under the notice of manufacturers and
the woi king clashes of the country the most beautiful speci-
mens of art that could be obtained from any part of the
world. All those three things had been done. Ninety
schools had been estaldished, and were employed in teach-
ing, uith great fruit and profit, the working classes of the
country, tlie beautiful in art manufactures. There was in
London an excellent institution, which was entirely a
national one. its object being to provide masters for the
'v cchools already established, or any number that
might be brought into existence ; and these were colleeCed
together in 8outh Kensington— admirable specimens of
almost every kind of decorative art which the ingentiity
of mankind could design. 60 far the House of Commons
had shown proper attention to the duties imposed upon
them. He thought the Honse of Commons had shown
great munificence in providing for the manufacturers. He
could speak from his own experience, and eay that for five
years the House had in no case refnsed any ef the votes
askod for that purpose. But they could not suppose that
that could have been done without their being exposed to
very conidderable drfliculty. It was necessary, if those in-
stitutions were to be really valuable institutions, that they
should comply with the law which seemed to govern iJl
public movements, namely, that they should be mainly
self-suppoiliiig, that they should not become government
creations, but that they should be supported by local
energy and local liberality. And for that reason govern-
ment had found it necessary not to make grants to such an
extent as to relieve localities entirely from the necessity
of contributing, and had found it right to require that the
state should receive full value for its money. They
had with that view made a recent alteration, by which
they paid for results — for work actually done — and thus
such money as they did pay was as assistance, and as a
stimulus to imprt)vetnent. And there was another diffi-
culty with which government had to contend : that was,
that whilst they wished to help forward a national work,
they were subjected to a suspicion that they were only
helping a metropolitan work, and that they were starving
the provinces, for whose benefit that establishment was
really intended. They had done all tb^ could to guard
against that. It was necessary that the seat of govern-
ment should be in London, otherwise they could not
command the assistance of those eminent men whom they
employed. But it was also necessary that in London their
examples and collections should be open to all provincial
schools. In that refpcct they had done the utmost in
their power. Tiiey had collections which were available
for the use of the whole of t!ie country at the expense of
the Department ; and thoy were willing at any time to
send anything out of the Museum for the use of any school
that might require it, on the easiest possible conditions.
In fact, any object that might be deurable for exhibition
was at the disposal of any provincial sclrool. The
only condition was that the party requiring it would
see that it was safely taken caio of, and the government
would send it, and pay for the carriage of it back again.
The object of government being to spread art as far as
possible, if it were thought desirable to make the central
Dcpar-tment inoie provmcial, the Department would be
open to receive any suggestions that might be made with
that view. There were eleven metropolrtan schools having
piecisely the same advantages as those in the provinces ;
and if the schools in the provinces complained that they
did not recfive sufficient money, he could only say let
them work harder and earn more. He believed that the
S3'8tem was faiily launched, and they were overwhelmed
with testimonials ot the good effects pit>duced on the
manufactures. They had the testimony of every com-
missioner of the International Exhibition last year, of the
improvement of art in England ; and he thought that the
result was due to the care taken by the Gover-nnient in
the matt'ir, and the cstablishnrent of such institutions as
that of which the foundation stone had been laid that
day. He came there tliat day to offer his homage to the
people of the town for having set in motion a .system for
making their contributions in the way of a rate. It was
a great honour to the public spirit of the place ; and if
refiections had bem made as to any little dispute amongst
them, he thought this ought to be taken into considera-
tion — that they had set a noble and brilliant example that
would do credit to any town in England. They had had
their institution ushtred into existence with unusual MeU.
It would always be remembered by that speech of which
it had been the cau^e and the occasion ; and ht hoped
JOUBNAL OF THB SOCIETY OF ARTS, Notkiibsb 20, 1863.
15
who hid the directioo of it would remember that
thej had an obli^tioo thrown upon them, and that in the
iplondoar of their career they would strive to make the
UMditation worth/ of the eloquence with which it was
oommeDoed*
line ^ris.
The working men of L^eds have determined to erect
a memorial ttatue to the late Sir Peter Fairbaim.
Abt Cbitics. — Mr. J. Rubens Powell has written to the
Athenatum that Dr. Waagen,the director of the Royal Picture
Gallery at Berlin, in his well-known work on '* The Gal-
leries and Cabinets of Art in Great Britain," when de-
Bciibing the pictures in Lord Normanton's Gallery at So-
tnerly, points to a Claude **as an admirable work of the
middle and best time of the master ;" another Claude, he
says, ** takes a prominent place for richne&s of composition,
power and transparency of foreground, tenderly graduated
airy distance, and mild and warm tone of sky." Four
pictures by Greuze, he says, *' are all genuine and attrac-
tiTe." Then turning to Reynolds* works, Dr. Waagen sajrs
of " The Fortune Teller," it possesses " great power of
a>looring," and of the " Infant Samuel," ** it is the finest
example he knows of the master." Now, the Claude's, the
Reynolds', and one of the ** genuine " Greaze's, Mr. Powell
flays, are his works—copies he made for Lord Normanton —
four of them from well-known works in our national col-
lection. How does this strange wholesale mistake arise ?
The criticism is too minute to attribute it to off-hand
carelesmess, and it would be hard to assign want of
knowledge. No painter of reputation could have fallen
Into such an error, and the jougment refers to the Ueh-
nieal merits of the paintings, which any other than a pro-
ff'onal man must judge with great difficulty. The
critics do not, however, admit this, and it has just been
announced by another of the class in the Fine Arts Review
that ** science, particularly applied science, is pre-eminently
natter of profeftsional concern and judgment ; but, on the
other band, art is a matter of concern and judgment to all
-cultivated men who have turned their minds to it." So as
all men's minds in our day are cultivated, all are art critics
if they will only ** turn their minds to it," — an opinion
which daily receives larger confirmation. Our old-fashioned
authorities did not however, think so, for Northcote,
B.A., says, ** it is my fixed opinion that if ever there
should appear in the world a memoir of an artist well
given, it will be the production of an artist." He would
Buffer no other commentator on the man or his works ; and
his opinion was, in bis day, looked up to with respect.
Tub Pabis CoBarapoNDBur of the Daily Telegraph, an-
oonnces an interesting sale of original drawings to take
place at Vemilles, from the 7th to the 12th December
Jiext, which will include designs of Mansard, Le Ndtre,
Le Bnin, Mignard, Vandermuelen, and others, illus-
Iratiog the building of Versailles.
tfffinmmt
Shipbuildixo at Nantes. — Shipbuilding continues to
occupy the attention of the Nantes merchants. There
are twelve shipbuilding yards, and in 1862 twenty-three
▼eesels were comtructed, in addition to three iron floating
batteries of ten guns each, for the French Government,
and a large iron frigate for the Italian Government,
of 3,000 tons, on the banks of the Loire, opposite to
the town. There are numerous building yards, in which
are inscribed the names of all the ships by them con-
ttmcted. A very large establishment has been formed
at St, Nasaire, by a well-known firm of Greenock,
for the construction of transatlantic steamers, and a
huge building constructed for the accommodation of
ien or twelve hundred workmen for the works. Many
pieces of machinery, of the newest invention, haye been
mtroduced. Three large iron steamers are already in a
forward state, and will be completed early next year.
The five iron steamers for the transathmtio line, in tha
course of construction, will be among the largest known.
The building yards serve as models, both as regards the
implements and machinery for construction and the depth
of water for launching vessels. An engineer of the marine
department from the Arsenal of L'Orient, is stationed at St.
Nazaire to superintend the works. There was no ship-
building there before these ships were commenced, and
since the immenso works which have been completed and
others in progress, this port, at the mouth of the Loire,
appears likely to become of very great commercial im-
portance and toprove injurious to the port of Nantes.
EzpoBTS OF Tahiti.— The average quantity of oooot^
nut oil exported from Tahiti in the liMt seventeen years waa
about 250 tons per annum — ^but in 1861, 620 tons, of the
value of £15,600, were shipped. Of mother-of-pearl
shells, the average shipment in the ssme period was nearly
300 tons per annum, of the aggregate value of about
£8,000. The average market prices free on board were
£25 to £30 per ton for shells, and £26 to £30 per impe-
rial tun for oil. A fallingoff lias been marked in the
quantity of pearl shells lately obtained at the Paumota
group ; this fallingoff is attributed, by those engaged in
the trade, to a growing and natural dislike on the pari of
the natives to engage in so severe an occupation as that
of diving, when the^ find they are able to supply their
wants by the far easier task of makin^^ cocoa-nut oil. In
the production of this latter commodity a corresponding
increase has consequently taken place. A considerable
trade in oranges is carried on during the season (from
January to July) with San Francisco, California. About
3,000,000, of the value of £4,000. are annually shipped.
The shipping price, packed, is from 248. to 28s. per
thousand. This fruit grows in Tahiti and its depen-
dency, Moori, in great abundance, without culture, and is
of superior quality.
(^olonus.
Nbw Zbalaho Industbial ExRiBmoN.— It 18 stated
that the proposed Industrial Exhibition for New Zealand,
to be held in 1865, is receiving the general support of the
colony, and there is a probability of it being a great
success. It is intended to be held in Dunedio, in January,
1865, and the government of t lie province have oome for-
ward liberally towards the cpst of the building. The
governor has appointed commissioners, under the seal of
the colony, in each of the provinces. Everything that ii
adapted to the development of the resources of the
cdony will find a place, and great inducements will be
held out to English machinists and manufacturers to con-
tribute.
New Zbaland Flax. — Numerous attempts have lately
been made towards the successful and economical pre-
paration of the Phormium tenax, or native flax. A com-
pany has been formed in England for working this fibre.
The great difficulty in the way of the success of any large
undertaking of this nature consists in the want of interior
communication. The largest tracts of land covered with
the Phormium tenax are in parts of the country from
which the carriage to the place of shipment would be a
serious item in the cost of the prepared fibre. Few have
an adequate idea of the large area of ground that it takes
to produce a ton of prepared fibre. Another, and by no
means the least consideration, is this, that the land on
which the native flax grows most luxuriantly is generally
the best land, and could be cultivated to a much more
profitable purpose than the growth of the Phormium
tenax.
Gold Fields. — The gold discoveries in New Zealand,
more particularly in the provinces of Nelson and Otago,
are rapidly extend'mg. In Nelson some very rich deposits
Ifi JOURNAL OF TH'E SOClETy OP ARTS, November 20, 18«3.
)Kve1]«en found in the Hver Mangles, and the dfggingf
on the rivers Bailer and Wangapella are proving rich in
the ))reoioin metal. The great draw-back to the satis-
^ot«i7 *irorking of the Nelson goldfields consists in the
almost 'entire absence of roads. The country is very
broken, extensive thickly wooded gorges and nigged pre-
cipitoos mountains interposing enormous difficnlties in the
way of communication. The Nelson people are now
aerioBSly eontemplaHng the constmction of a railway to
iraverae the distric's known to be rich in gold, copper and
coal. The Coromandel goldfield, in Auckland province,
langnidies under the efliects of the war raging in that
provinoe, and most of the miners have left until quieter
times. Gold mining in Otago has, for the last three
months, been scriounly intermpted by the severity of
the winter. But the worst part of the season is now
over, and warm genisl days have latterly prevailed.
Mining operations are, in consequence, reviving in every
direction, and the goldfields' population is in high spirits.
Hany new discoveries have recently been made, and the
Areas of the goldfields are rapidly extending. A new
goldfield, about seventy miles from Dune din, in a north-
easterly direction, was discovered about three months
ago, and about 5,000 persons are settled there, doing re-
markably well. It is confidently anticipated that the en-
iraing season will prove a very brilliant one. The
quantity of gold produced by tlie Otago goldfields during
the current year is 405,83 loz., and the export of the
Cious metal, 460.595oz. In New South Wales there
been no further development of the goldfields, and
trade is rather dull. The most expansive part of the
trade just now is the development of the coalfields.
Many new mines have been opened, and the competition
has Ud to a reduction in price, as well as to an improvement
in quality.
Maobx Ikgenuitt. — ^The natives are hard -pressed for
powder during the present war, and somehow or other
they either procure it or they manufacture a substitute.
The latest instance of their cleverness was discovered
when a native woman offered « sovereign for a quantity of
little trap eyelet-holes, such as ladies use in lacing, and
on inquiry it turned out that the Maories required them
for percussion -caps, having fV>mid that the top of a common
locifer-match inserted in the centre of ifaaie e^elat^holes
aasfv«red.«(wry purpoae.
f ttWitatwiTs Issttrtr.
Ttn Fort ^txd Tbadb or Lomnnr, historicsl, ato-
iitiieal, loeal, and general, by Charles Capper, in demy
iBctavo, 520 pages, price 15s."^roith «nd Elder.
GoHTs-— Mr. S. Martin, of the Stationery Offiee, and C.
TiUhner, have published the current gold and silver coins
of all countries, with fae-nmUet of the coins printed in gold
«nd silver, prioe £2 28. — Trubner and Co.
iEma^ Tables of Intbbbst, and for calculating com-
missian, in nse at the Bank of England, priee £1 Is. —
i^ll and Daldy.
TasoBT OP TEC FoavTON ExoHAXOBS, by George J.
Geschen, M.P. 2nd edition, revised by the author. 8vo.,
-pp. xv.— 149, price 5s. — E. Wilson.
Marks and Monograms on Pottebt axd PoRoieT^AfN,
in demy octavo, with nearly 1,000 woodcuts, price 128.,
by W. CliafTers, F.S.A. ; also, by the same author, price
St. 6d., Hall Marks om Plate, by which the date of
'the manufacture of English plate may bo asoertained^
J. Davy and Sons.
CHsoMOTOonAPRT, a treatise on oolours and pigments,
juad of their powers in painting, by George Field. New
'Edition, improved. 8vo., pp. xviii.^424, price 8s. 6d.«—
Winsor and Nc^vton.
The Umivebsal Deoobatob, a complete guide to or.
namental design, &c. The illustcationa by William
<2lbbB. 4to., prioe SOs.^ — ^buuision.
Amongst the Parliamentary Papers recently published
may be mentioned the Report on Ordnance, with Evi-
dence and Diagiams, price 16s. ; the Annual 'Report of
the Commissioners of Patents, price 8d. ; and An Ap-
pendix to the Report of the Royal Academy Commission*
price lOd.
A History of tub Trade akd Manufactures of
THE TifNE, Wear, and Tees, comprising the papers pre-
pared under the anspioes of a Committee of Liocal In-
dustry, and other documents of a similar character, read
at the second meeting, in Newcastle-on-Tyne, of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1663.
Revised and corrected by the writers. 8vo., sd., pp. ix.—
194, price 3s. 6d.— Lambert (Newcastle-on-Tyne) ; Spon.
Cotton Tbadb; its bearing upon the prosperity of
Great Britain and commerce of the American Republican
considered in connection with the system of negro slavery
in the Confederate States, by George Mclieury. 8vo.»
pp.lxix. — ^292, price lOs. 6d.-^-Saunders and Otley.
Handbook to the Cotton Cultivation in thb
Madras Pbesidency; exhibiting the principal contents
of the various public records and other works connected
with the sul^ject, in a condensed aud classified form, inao-
cordance with a resolution of the Government of India, by
J. Talboys Wheeler. With illustrations, fimall poat
8vo,pp. xii. — 806, price 78. 6d. — Virtue.
The Oil and Colourman, and Painters' Manual:
a London serial. Conducted by Peter Thompson, 1863»
8vo., pp. 496, price 3s. 6d. — Longman.
Kbbd's Ship-Ownebs' and Ship-Mastebs' Handy-
book, comprising tables of the proportionate rates of freight
on coals, grain, £c. ; the East India tonnage scales ; tables
of the comparative stowage of gooda; com measureaof
the different ports in Europe; proportionate rates of
freights for Leghorn, Genoa, Trieste, and Mai-seiUee.;
Lloyd's instructions for the stowage of grain cargoes at
Montreal ; dimensions and contracts of wine and spirit
oaska; Lloyd's scale of the weights of anchors, sisas of
caUes, &C. ; ^ue of foreign moneys in British ourreac^r,
and other information useful io those engaged in mari*
time commeroe. 6ee<Hid edition, revised and enUuged.
Crown Bvo., sd., pp. 56, price la. Beed (Sunderland) ; C.
Wllwm.
TbEATI8B on the YBNTILATIQir OF CoAL MlNBS; tO>
getoer with a narrative of soenea amd iaoidents from tfao
life of a practical miner, by Boberfe Scott. 8vo., sd., pp.
71 ^priee ls.«-Lambert (Newoai^*on-Tyne) ; Spon.
JW^minj IptAlinttitms.
The Bible Album, illustrated by the Poets, quartv^
numerous engravings, printed in tints by Edmund Evana^
extra cloth, gilt sides and edges, price one guinea — Ward
and Lock.
An Illustbated EDrrioN op the Pbateb-Book, in
one vol., large octavo, pp. 700, printed in red and black
on toned paper, at the Chiswick Press, price 15s. cloth, or
price 31s. 6d. richly bound in morocco, adapted from
Geofroy Tory (1525), is annoimced by Longmans.
^roraMngs fA Institatiimji
Glasgow Meohanics' Institution. — On the 27th nU.
the piizesand certificates of the Society of Arts, awarded
at the Examination in May last to the successful candi-
dates from this Institution, were distributed. The chair
was occupied by Professor Anderson, of the Univerdty^
Chairman of the Local Board. The Cbaiehan said the
number of gentlemen who presented themselves at the
Examination in May amounted to 27, to whom 34 cer-
Ufieatea had been awarded— 12 being of the first olaaa, ^
r
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, November 20, 1863.
17
of ll» leBood olasB, and IS of the third class. Having
SttStaHfd the certificates and prizes, he shortly addressed
tfcirfadcnts. H would be noticed, he said, that the cer-
tiliatoa n^Cerred to a ooneiderable variety of subjects, thus
ttmmg that the students gave their attention to a very
aUmvt field of knowledge. In certain respects the
phbUb of the Examination of the present year were satis
fatey, hot in other aspects, perhaps, the review was not
t» gasifying as night nave been wished. On the whole,
IfDverer, they had been veiy suocessfal, because almost all
flf Um stadaota who offered themselves for examination
had pamd, and the majority had done so in a very satis-
ftebocy mamier. The proportion of first class certificates
irinBh had been taken was far above the average of the
lAeteeooatiy; botheihoaght it right, at the same time,
to tKf that tthe oandidatee had not come up to their own
Aveme. The candidates of the present year had not re-
eeived as high hoDonrs from the Society of Arts as those
of fbrmat yeara. Only one book prize had been awarded,
mkmmm, in envry prerioos Examination of candidates of
be Glv^gDw Ifodianics' Institution, there had been awarded
iff them a eonsidorable number of the money prizes given
by the Society. In fact, during previous years, this Insti-
tottfo, ha might say, had carried off the lion*s share of
these prizm. He wished veiy much indeed that the same
nairitaBaJd b«ve been repeated at this time, but he sup-
Mced tbey coaki not expect to be alwayseqnally successful.
IhoBB who had taken the certificates had unquestionably
gmm thios^ a gfoat amonnt of work in a careful and
gfiie— aaiHMr ; bot he would caution them, and the
tfadenU generally, not to rest contented with the amount
of knowledge whibh they had acquired, but to regard it,
othauuMiaiiF, JWOBlytheataitiflig-ponst forfurther study.
Ifr. HovB, Pretideni of the Institniion, afterwards ad-
dieaaed the meeting, and referred to the arduous nature
of tha dtUlee geoe throogh by the members of tfan Local
Board. He bore testimony to the unwearied exerttoos of
RqfuMUi Anderson the Preoident of the Board, in pro-
■alnig Ihtt interarts oC the stttdeote, and propoeed that •
fvta of thanha shaold be anrarded him for his labours
daring the part year. Thanks having been cordially
jMMkd, Piof eaaor iUidenon acknowledged thecom|^i^
Bailu Conns thea nude a few condudmg
Fine Art^ Exhibition. A guarantee deed, bearing tho
Society- harmless, Is to be prepared.
At Mr. Murbat's Annual Tbade Sals, the trade
subscribed for the following works, in tite following num-
bers : - 900 copies of Dr. Percy's *• Metallurgy of Iron and
Steel," 900 "Handbooks t» CathedraU," 900 "Life of
Sir Joshua Revnolds," 1,000 Smiles* " George Stephen-
son," 4,200 Smiles' "Self-Help," and 10,000 SmUes'
•* Iion-workeTB and Tool makers."
Six Tbadesmgn or Pabts have been fined 50 francs
each, for sending bank-notes in unregistered letters through
the Post-office.
AUALOAMATION OF THE St. fiOTHlBINK AND LoMDOK
Docks. — ^Meetings of the proprietors of the above com-
panies have been held, at which it was resolved to apply
to parliament in the ensuing session for power to carry
into effect certain arrangements for the amalgamation of
the two companies.
DisoovEBT OF Old Roman Coin<?. — A large number of
Roman copper coins of very ancient date and of different
reigns have been discovered in the vicinity of Old Sarum,
on property belonging to Mr. John H. Campbell Wynd»
ham, of the College, Salisbury. One jar contained no
less tlian 218, another 159, and a third 140, the whole,
together with the jars, being in a good state of preser-
vation.
BxBiBmoN OF Dboobation, GBAiNfKo, Masblimo, and
Wbitino. — The fourth annual exhibition of the Painters'
Company will take place in June, 1864. Intention to ex*
hibit should be notiaed forthwith to the Clerk of the
Company. Specimens for exhibiiion will be received
from 1 esidenta in the United Kingdom between the 1st
and 15th of May. The terms of exhibiting may be had
at the Hall, between the hours of eleven and two, daily.
In addition to the prizes of medals, dec, two money
priaeB of £5 ea^ will be awarded for decorations ; one
arabesque, and one of the period of Louis Seize.
MFiTHAiCTCia' iNsnnmoN.— The ninth annual
r^oit Aya« that looking at the gloomy aspect which the
te w u and tt ct^h h w irhaed wore in conseqneneo of the
Dduoral MDd yet prevailing dhttees, the directors were
lad to expect a aimiontioa in their funds. However,
they are happy to state that this has not been the case,
thoo^ i2M luffary exhibita a decrease in the number of
fasofca taken <mt aaeomparod with last year's retnm. The
dir ec i or a are glad to find that the attention of the work-
tng-meo ia gradually being withdrawn from what is mere I
pastime, in the shape of reading, and directed to that
whioh ia both pleariog and instructive. The news-room
baa ahoat the aama number of sobscribera as last year. A
phooographio claas» on PiUnan'aq^stem, haabeen opened
far membera and Don*membere of the Institution; the
latter being chai^ged a full fee, whilit subscribera to the
InstitoiioQ are admitted at half-price. At the public
feadsoga the attendance has been rattier better during
tha ymar, and the pecuniary reeolt very satis&ctoiy. The
nanaiee fond against lota still remains untouched. The
OTBclora have as yet made no charge for the use of the
hall for ihese Saturday evening's entertainments. The
ihaaka of the owotbefa are doe to those ladies and genile-
laen who, by their gratnitoos services, have contributed
itt the aoeeeas of i& entertainments. The income was
£416 ICa^aod there is a small balance in favour of the
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
UOX. .. Jledloia. 8|. Dr. C. H. F. Routh, " Diwaiei of Women and
Children.— ClMtiflcatlon of Plbroiu Tumour*.— Varieties,
Inoladmg pelriaa bodlei.— Intimate Rtrootuw.— Tnuw-
fbrauuioni, by wftenlos, bardeninr, Absorption, Ac
K<9«1 Oeofraphie*!, 8|. 1. Communication teem Mr. Fiane,
ralnttve to ezptorationt in the rlrer dlttriot west of the
White Nile. 2. Joornej of Colonel Pell/ on the shore of
^ PerriM G«lf.
Tow. ...Etlinologieal, 8. 1, Rer. G. Rome HnH, ** On the Aboriglna:
occupation of North Tjnednle and Western Northnmber-
Und. 2. Account of the Weddos, or Widdos," bj a Tamil
NstHe of Ce/lon.
Civil Engineers, 8. 1. Diaeossion on Mr. Morsheadli paper
on ** l>utj of the Comish Pumping Engines.'*
Wan. ...Society of Arts, 8. Sir Charles Nioholsoo, Dart, " New
8outh Wales, and Its Commercial Resources.**
British ArclueologiGal Assooiation, 8|. 1. Mr. E. Lerlea*
** On Unpublished M9S. relaUng to Meaux Abb^.** 2.
Mr. U. Jenkins, *^ On the Rom m Roads mentioned in.
Antonine's Itinerary, as leading to and firom Colchester.**
TauB. .JELopd, 8i.
PATENT LAW AMENDMENT ACT.
idles.
Tn RoTAi. Duuam Sooibtt's EsHxarnoH of Ibisb
S^aravAcrrvBEs in 1864 is to take place coupled with the
ajmjoATioxs roa FATi5Ta axd raoTBonoa allowmd,
IFrom Gamae, N»»«mbtr idUh 1363.]
Dated 30lh June, 1863.
1625. J. O. Jennings, Palace-road, Lam1>eth, and M. L. J. lAvater,
Bath-street, Newgate street— Imp. in stoppers and lids w
coTers for Jars, botUcs, and other rcssels, also ia oloeing ana
fastening other articles.
Dated 3rd Julif, 1863. .
1653. Capt H. Broadhead, R.N.. and O. Murdoch, Porlmioath-*
Imp. in breeoh-loading ordnance, and gon caniagea.
Dated Uth Augtut, 1863.
1993. B. Wappensteln, Manchester— A new method of preTentlnf
tergerr of bankers* cheques and other documents by the oaa-
of a^sUmp, and a new apparatna wheveh^tkaiMaeoraUmped
doeuments is controlled.
18 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, November 20, 1863.
DaUd 2\tt Augwt^ 1863.
2151. A. V. Newton, 66, Cbanoery-lane— Imp. in the mode of, and
appanUof to be naed in, Mwing bj machinery. (Acorn.)
DaUd zrd Stpt ember ^ 1863.
1177. N.Balllj, Vewul, France -Imp. in the application of rolline
friction to the azie-bozet and joomalt of mnninK ihafti and
axletrees of machine* and rehiclea of all deicriptioni for let-
lening the resistance to the motion. (Partlj a com.)
Datid 2Ath September^ 1863.
3359. A. V. Kewton, 66, Chanoerj-lane— Imp. in the manofkctore of
gunpowder and powder for blasting porpoaet. (A com.)
IhtUd 2»th September^ 1863.
2376. T. Lowe, Brighton— An improred break tor railwaj and other
carriages.
Dated I5th October^ 1863.
2524. R. Bewle/jjon., Uttoxeter, Staflbrdshire— Imp. in wrenches.
2628. H. W. Hart, Fleet-street— Imp. in apparatus for suspending T
and other Uke Cutenings, and articles to which thej are ap-
pUed.
DaUd nth October, 1863.
2638. S. Berrisford and W. Ainsworth, Stockport— Certain imp. in
looms for wesTiiiK.
Dated I9th October, 1863.
2665. A. Bodenberg, Manchester— An improrod blasting powder.
(A com.)
Dated 20th October, 1863.
2576. MsO^-General W. N. Hutchinson^ Pljmouth— Imp. in ord*
nauce.
Dated 2lst October, 1863.
2679. T. C. Clarkson, 56, Stamford-street, BlacklHars— Imp. in the
manufkcturt of siiddks and hsmess, and in materials for uai
In ornamenting the same, which improvements are I4>plicable
for parts of carriage*, dress, and oorerings for the head, and
oiher articles.
2586. £. Alcan, King-street — An improTcd method of figuring and
ornamenting cloths and other fkbrics, and apparatus em-
plojed theron. ( A com. )
Dated 22nd October, 1863.
2598. J. W, Friend, Freemantle, Southampton, and B. P. Weather-
don, Kingston-on-Thames— An improred valTO and Talve
gear for regulating the passage or flow of fluids.
2602. J. Weems, Johnstone, Renfrew, N.B. — Imp.t in machinexr,
apparatus, or means for drying, cleaning, and cooling gram
and other Tegetable products.
2603. A. Kinder, 20, Cannon-street, and J. Inglis, EUesmere-road,
Old Ford, Middlesex— Imp. in the manufacture of metallic
foils, uxA in the apparatus to l>e emplojed therein.
2604. B. Noakes and F. J. Wood, Bermondsej— Imp. in the manu-
facture of metallic casks, bottles, and other similar Teisels,
and in machinery emplojed therein.
Dated 23r(i October, 1863.
3621. J. L. Jnrgens, 4, Noel-street, Islington— Imp. inressels of war.
2614. A. J. Martin, 2, Vernon- terrace, Roman-road, North Bow —
An improved burner for burning petroleum, paraffin, or other
hjdro-carbon oils, consuming the smoke without the use <k
a draught chimnej.
2619. F. Tolhauson, 12, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane — ^An
improved mechanism for regulating the working of sprij^s.
(Acorn.)
Dated 24th October, 1863.
2630. W. Locke and J. Warrington, Kippax, near Leeds, and W. E.
Carret, W. E. Marshall, and J. Telford, Leeds— Imp. in the
working and mining of coal, minerals, and earthy matters,
and in Uie machinery, apparatus, and means to he employed
therein.
3634. B. Browne, 49, King Wllllam-street— Imp. In tewing ma-
chines. (A com.)
Dated 2$th October, 1863.
3636. R. Littlclioy, 2, John's-terrace, St. Leonard's-road, Bromley-
Imp, in the manufacture of nosebags.
2638. F. Parker, Cambridge— Imp. in carriages.
3640. 8. J. Healer, Manchester— Imp. in water gauges applicable to
steam boilers and other purposes.
3643. J. Nicholas, Newton, Lancashire— Imp. in treating Canadian
petroleum and other mineral oils of a similar nature.
3646. A. Blake, Newport, Monmouthshire— An improved refrigerator
tor oooling worts for brewing, or other liquids requiring cool-
ing, and for improving brewers* refrigerators now in use.
Dated 21th October, 1863.
3648. J. Marshall, 126, Pentonville-road— Certain imp. in the expres-
•bn of oU from oil -yielding substances, and In the production
of oil cake and other residusry matters.
3164. J. Uotchinson and J. Ilolllniworth, Dobcross, Saddleworth,
Yorkshire— Imp. in means or apparatus employed in
weaving.
SiM. R. Bmlth, 34, Hl|her Chatham*strMt, Manchester— Imp. In
doubling and winding machines.
3616. M. W. Carr, Knoll, Dlaclibeath, Kent— Imp. in the manntoo-
tora of wooden uaepers for railways.
Dated 2Hth October, 1863.
MIO. W. Wsnklya, Albion Mills, Bury, Lancashlr*— Imp. in app*-
rattts for optniag and oondltioning ootton tad other flbrout
2662. A. 8. Coronel, 256, High Holborn— An improved pi
of tobacco for fumigating purposes.
2664. S. Procter, Elsecar. Yorkshire— An improved inrtri
extracting corks irom bottles.
2665. E. Oldfleld. Adolpbi Iron Works. Salford— Imp. in t
mules for spinning and doublirg cotton and otb
materials.
2666. H. A. Bonneville, 24, Rue du MontThabor, P**"**—^
clasps for portemonnaies, pocket books, bags, and
uses. (Aoom.) _
2668. J. Cavanah and J. Cavanah. 21, Pairon- street. Fi
Liverpool— Imp. in machinery or apparatus for mafc
raid tiles, applicable also for washing and drying cl
2670. W. Nail, 1, Wharf-street, Leicester— Imp. in omamc
and diect gelatine.
2671. O. E. DonUthorpe, Leeds— Imp. in apparatus used wl
coal and other minerals.
2672. R. B. Jones. Limerick— Imp. in porUble cookinjr ap
2673. J. Kennedy, Whitehaven— Imp. in ihe construrtion
war and other vessels, and in masting and rig^ng t
2674. R. A. Brooman, 16G, Fleet-street- Imp. in insUi
taking astronomical and other observations. (A o
Dated 29th October, 1863.
2676. O. C. Evans, Manchester— Imp. in digging machiner
2677. J. R. Johnson, SI, Red Lion- square— imp. in the m
of lubricating compounds.
2678. J. Rawliogs, Carlton -hill-east— Improved means of
cords to window sashes.
Dated 20th October, 1863.
2679. A. R. Le Mire Normandy, Odin-lodge, Klng's-road,
park— Imp. In the manufacture of playing cards.
2680. F. li. Gisbome, 3, Adelaide-place, London-bridgf
proved composition for coating ships* Ix^toms.
2681. J. Nash, 37, Princes-street, Leicester-square— An
mattrass for beds.
2683. H. Cochrane, Ormesby Iron Works, Middlesborou|l
Yorkshire— Imp. in surfkoe condensers, alaoappUt
refk-ieeration or cooling of fluids.
2684. W. M. NcUson, Glasgow— Imp. in taps, cocks, or v
C(Mn.)
2685.. W. Gadd. Jun., Nottingham— Imp. in machinery or
for the manufkctureof l>onnet and cap fronts, whic
also applicable to the production of ornamental effe
trimmings for wearing apparel.
2687. M. J. Roberts, Pendarren-hoose, Crickhowell, Bre
in apparatus toe oiling wool.
2688. G. Rosselet, 2, Rue Sainte Appoline, Paria— Imp. in
for sustaining and raising ships, applicable also as
2689. A. Turner, Leicester, and W. E. Newton, Chancery-1
in looms for weaving terry and cut pile fkbrics, par
imp. are also applicable to o^er kinds of looms.
2691. A. Turner, Leicester— Imp. in looms for weaving.
2692. W. Verran, Penryn, Cornwall— Imp. in machinery
Inr motive power by means of steam.
2693. H. Clow, Bland-street, Dover road— Imp. in ovens.
2694. G. F. Busbridge, East Mailing Mills, Kent^Imp. in
tor feeding sheets of fixed or unsized paper U
machine.
2695. J. Brigbam and R. Bickerton, Berwick-on-Tweed
reaping and mowing machines.
2696. J. H. Johnson, 47, Lincoln's-inn-lteldt— Imp. In the
ture of soap. (A com.)
Dated Zlst October^ 1863.
2701. J. Rennle, Birmingham— Imp. in the msnufkctorc
Hers, lamps, and other apparatus employed in d
light.
FATIXTS SBALIO.
IFrom GoMtUe, November I3th,l9»z,'}
I2th November.
1243. A. Heather and J. Redfem.
1245. R. Fenner A W. H. Hight,
1263. R. Bunting.
1264. H. J. Olding.
1273. F. P. Warren.
1281. R. A. Brooman.
1335. F. R. Piltx.
1379. E.J. Jarry.
1447. W. Clark.
1836. C. Beslay.
FATIHT8 OX WmOH TBI STAMP DUTT OP £50 HIS BIX
If^rom Gateite, November 17IA, 1863. J
2855. W. Cope,W.G.
£. Cope.
12th November
9 th November.
2791. W. Robertson and J. M.
Hetherington.
lOf* November.
2765. F. Troure.
lUh Novetnber,
2781. W. Roberts.
2789. R. Fumivsl.
14fA November
2801. P. Unwin, J. U
J. U. Askbsm
2802. A. Henry.
FATxim ox wb:oh nu Stamp Dorr op £100 bas bii
CiVom OaxeUe, November nth, 1863.]
nth November,
2706. J. BUling.
3798. A. V. Newton.
14IA Notendef
2743. J. M. Gilbert.
^mxml d %
THE
AHDOF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
No. 675.]
FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 1863.
[Vol. Xn.
"^^tmtiiiap of Ijre Soskt^.
NOTICE TO M£MBEES.
OsB HmnvBED amd Tskth Session, 1863-64.
Wednesday evening Meetings previona to
Christmas. Chair taken at 8 o'clock.
DBonoKB 2. — ** On Magneto-Electricity, and its Ap-
plicatioQ to Ughthoose Purposes." By F. H. Holmes,
E(Pi.
DtomMMWM 9. — ** Agrieoltoral Progress : its Helps and
its HindraDoea.'* By J. Chalmebs Mortov. Esq.
On this ereiUDg Joaa Gbby, Esq., of DUston, will
preside.
Dbobii»bb 16.^** On the Economic Value of Foods,
havi^ tptaaX reference to the Dietaiy of the Labour-
ing CJaasea." By Dr. Eowabd Smith, F.R.S.
Courses of Lectures (under the title of " the
Ointor Lectures") on the following subjects, will
be delivered during the ensuing Session : —
The Operatioii of the Preeeot Laws of Naval Warfiue
on International Commerce. By Q. W. HisriHas,
ICaq., Baxriiler-at-Law.
Fine Arts Applied to Industry. By W. Buboes, Esq.
Chemistry Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. Cbaoe
CAI.TXBT, F,B.8.
The course by Mr. G. W. Hastings will
commence at 8 o'clock, on
HoKDAT, Deoembeb 7. — ** The Law of Blockade."
Two separate copies of the Lists of Subjects
fur Premiums are forwarded to each member
with this number of the Journal, for distri-
bution.
The works sent in competition for the Prizes
offered to Artist Workmen will be open to the
inspection of members and their friends on and
after Monday next, the 30th inst.
SECOND ORDINARY MEETING.
The Second Ordinary Meeting of the One-
Handred-and-Tenth Session was held on Wed-
nesday, the 25th inst., Samuel Gregson, Esq.,
V.P., Member of Ooundl, in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Aldridge, Major 17, Cadogan-place, S.W.
Austin, Albert Duncan ... Nelson, New Zealand.
Austin, Henry de Bruno .
Burt, John Mowlem
Campbell, James ...
84, Up. Hyde-park-gardens,
. W., and CasUe-hiU, Ealmg.
Ay<5mar T P f 40, Mirk-lane, E.C., and The
Azemar, J. u. ..• | Waldrons, Croydon, S.
Baker, Charles v\ ^^ Peter^urgh- place,
» vyuaricB < Bayswater, W,
Bulwer, William Earl>o^ ^. «.
Lytton j^» Portman-square, W.
Burney, G.. !!."!!.. .."!!!!.'.'! Tank Factory, Millwall, E.
' Groevenor - bouse, MiUbank,
S.W.
6, Founder*8-court, Lothbnnr,
E.C.
Carrington, S. R Stockport.
Cookson, Wm. Strickland 6, Lincoln's-inn, W.C.
Corderoy. John KitUe ... | ^' Chester-place, Kennington-
^ cross, o.
Crowther, Benjamin Queen-street, Wakefield.
r24, Queen's-gate-gardens,W.,
Fort, Richard i and Beed-hall, CUtheroe,
I Lancashire.
i Holme Valo Dye Worksj
Milnsbridge, near Hudders-
field.
Cuptom - house, E.C., and
Church-street, Stoke New-
ington, N.
Hancock. George {''*i„n?wfa ""^' ^^^^'^
Lancaster, George 50, Hanorer-st., Islington, N.
Le Rendu-Hamilton, E. . 8, Alma-ter., Eensin^on, W.
Lister, Thomas Yilliers... 61, Eaton-square, S.W.
Mariet, Dr., F.R.8.,F.C.8. { ^' ^"^"^"o'.''*"' ^''"*"'
Turner, James William . f 80 and 81, Lower Phillimore-
F.R.C.S. \ place, Kensington, W.
Voelcker, Augustus 101, Leadenhall-street, E.C.
ANO AS HONOBABT COBBESPOITDIKO MeMBEB,
The Secretary called attention to some tin
cases of meat, preserved in a raw state, according
to a process just patented in this country by M.
Gorges, who has an establishment in France for
carrying out his system. He thought that those
present, many of whom were connected with the
colonies, would take an interest in this invention,
which, if successful, could not fail to be of vast
importance in countries where meat was abundant
and cheap, and where at present animals were
only valuable for their hides, wool, and tallow,
20
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, November 27, 1863.
the demand for the meat being quite inadequate
to the Bopply.
The Pi^>er read wa*-^
THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES, THEIR CONDI-
TION, RESOURCES, AND PROSPECTS.
By Bib Chableb Nioholsom, Babt.
In responding to the reqaest that I shoald read a paper,
before the members of the Society of Arts, on '* The Ans-
titilian Colonies, their Condition, Resources, and Pros-
pects," I am quite consdoos that I have to deal with a
subject wiiich, from its exclusively practical bearings, is
rathtf oaleukted to awaken useful refleotion than, merely
to interest and amuse for the moment those to whom it is
addressed. If, however, I can succeed for a brief interval
in enlisting yoursjnnpaUiieeon subjeett meriting attontioii
fh>m their intrinsic importance, whilst destitute of all
novelty, I shall achieve all I can hope for on the present
occasion.
The history of modern colonisation is eoNiitially a
prcMaic one. It preseota few of the wild and romantic
incidents that characterise the adventures of those who at
the end of the fifteenth and during the sixteenth century,
first reached America or penetrated to the far East. The
men who in the present day are engaged in the work of
seeking for and oooupying lands hitherto unknown and
untenanted, for the most part secure only a languid and
ephemeral interest on the part of the pubUc in their la-
bours, although their eflbiis may be really prodnctive of
&r more important results, as affecting human happiness
and the actual destinies of mankind, than the aohievA-
ments of men with whose names and exploits ihe Old
World is familiar.
The founding of an empire, however silent and un-
ostentatious the process may be, is, in point of ikct, a much
more heroio work than the mere guidance of a state or
the suooessAil command of an army. The results of the
one last for all time, and may affect the happiness of un-
born millions, — the action of the other is necessarily tem-
poiary and oircumaeribed. The scenes, the life, and the
occupation that await the man who emigrates to a new
and distant land are in the first instance, iad from a par-
tial survey, far (lom exhilimting. He has to fix his lot
in a spot — it may be at the extremity of the globe — where
all the appliances of civilised life have to be created, if
they have not already been called into partial existence by
those who have just preceded him. The first colonist
may find himself nlaoed on the shores of a distant bay
indenting some wild coast, on the banks of a stream draw-
ing its soumea fhun unknown regions ffumishing him with
the first and greatest of all nature's gifts in a new country,
'* water"), or on the veige of a pathless fbrest, tenanted by
sava^ men and animala. People who live in old com-
munities, such as those of Europe, little know how much
they are indebted to the 2000 years of civilisation that
have passed before them — ^in the subjugation of nature, the
clearanee of fhresto, the dninage of land, the construction
of cities, roads, bridges, churches, colleges, all the in.
numerable applianoea of a high and prottroMive oiviliaa
tion, the creation of successive ages, and £e ihiit of unin-
tenrupted Uboar extending thraSgh centuries. All these,
and everything aH)artaining to oTvilisad life, the colonist
has to build up and provide for himself. And yet it is
mar^-ellotts how much man, when influenced by a reso-
lute will, b enabled to achieve in supplying all that can
minister, not only to hiaabsolnte needs, but to his oom-
fort and hia luxuries. Let a stranger disembark at f^ome
one of the larger metropolitan towns of Australia, and lie
will be amaaed at the maturity they exhibit, at the broad
and well-paved street^ the handsome edifiece. imbltc ami
pt^ivate, that everywhere meet his ^o. He wiU be hardl>
«t^ to penoade himself that much— 4n some exau)plt<»
(as that of Melbourne), the whole of this— is the creatioi.
of a period leas than that of a single geneimUon. He will
learn with pride how much has been done in so b
interval by the indomitable energy of his counti
and he will not repine at the reflectioD that his
'been cast in a penod and amongst a r^e by w
much has been attempted and so much acoomi
To an asnriation like that of the Society of Arts
lightened and yet so practical in all its views, the
mena and the fruits of Australian colonisation can
be regarded as wanting in scientific value or econo
terest ; for whilst the great settlements of the &
hemisphere are calculated to afford happy and inde|
homes for ages yet to come to the surplus popul
the British Islands, they in the meantime oonstitt
great source for the supply of the raw material u
manipulation of which so many thousands of the
tive classes here depend. The staple product
colonies, wool, is an article the creation of which
dependent upon a forced and unnatural state of
like that of the slave states of America, which
destroyed or arrested in a single moment, from cau
which this country and the British government I
controL The vast plains of Australia, and th
merable flocks of sheep that are depastured on thei
continue to supply unmterruptedly one of tlie pr
tides of civilised life, in the production of wool,
to come. A race of purely British origin, with
prepossessions, and habits purely British, will lon^
nue to form the chief customers for those article
are the products of English industry. Take, for e:
the youngest of all the colonies, Queensland, — ^the
rate of consumption of British manufactured g<
eveiy man, woman, and child, is over £20 a hea^
throughout America the ratio is, I believe, only so
a head. The raising and the transport of the ra^
rials of commerce from one end of the world to tfa
the Qonversion of these to such forms as adapt
the requirements of man, and their rediBtribution
civilised world, is a process involving the actii
capital, and the skill of persons engaged in almo
variety of industrial occupation — the fiirmer, the
the flJiip-bnilder, the sailor, the weaver, tlie e
When Napoleon said that the great elements of
prosperity were ships, colonies, and oonmieroe, he
with equal emphasis, have said simply, ** ooiooi
the establishment, the growth, the mterooorse
them and the parent state neeeenrily presuppo
ping and trade. These are views the truth of
may safely assume are fully acquiesced in by sue
dience as that which I have now the honour to
and I will therefore, without further preface,
with what I propose as the main subject of this e
paner.
It woiUd be wearisome, and notvery profitable
to enter into a diy narrative of the history of colo
or present you with long arrays of statistics, all <
you can get from books, and very few of wl
would probably reooUeot after leaving this room,
therefore will be rather to tell you what the coloi
to communicate some general idea of their
character and capabilities, their social andeconomi
the prospects they hold out to settlers, and final b
you, as &r as I can, opinions founded upon person
rtence and observation in connection with these
heads.
You are all finniliar with the great outlines of
tralian continent, and the isUnda adjacent indudi
Zealand, as delineated in the maps of the
hemisphere. The existence of these great south*
was first obscurely made known to Europe about
of the sixteenth or beginning of the seventeenth
It was not until Cook, in his second voyage, had
the wlK>le of the eastern coaet^ — to which he ^
name of Now South Wales — that any correct ide
tained of the geograi^iial extent or peculiar pn
itf New HollaiMl. There are perhaps few men <
E^land may be more justly proud than of this il
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, November 27, 1863.
21
EMrigUar. Cook was acoompaoied by two eminent
satoiralists, Baoks and Solander. The partial observatione
and co l la cU on a which they were enabled to make, revealed
to them tha exifiteooe of what might almost be considered
I Ddw world. They discovered animals and plants, dif-
leriiig firom those hitherto known, and presenting few
aAmcies with the Fauna or Flora of the old world or of
America. So isolated, so pecnliar, and characteristic did
tbese appear to be, that the wildest speculations were in-
dulged m to account for the phenomenon. Blumenbach
explaioed the existence of those exceptional forms of
plants and animals by the strange supposition that our
planet moat have been brought, on some occasion or other,
kito collicton with some comet or great sidereal body, and
that the latter had left a portion of its contents impressed
00 the aouthem side of our globe. Without reference to
such a vague hypothesis, the fact appeared to be estab-
lished, that in the great aatipodean region, which it was
ioggeated shoold be called the fifth quarter or division of
the earth, there seemed to exist as it were a special crea-
tion of plants and animals curiously fashioned after a type
that s^ianted them from the rest of the world. The in-
terest excited by these discoveries was chiefly of a sden-
ti6c and ■peenlative kind. No practical effort was made
to torn the discoveries of Cook to account until after
the coodusion of the American war, when the British
government, no longer able to transport its criminals
to North America, was under the necessity of pro-
viding lome other spot, under its own jurisdiction, for
the reception of those convicted of offences against the
law. It is customary amongst American historians to
^;oore the fact that, for probaMy a fuU century before they
aoqniied their political independence, the 13 provinces
had to all intents and purposes been the penal settlements
of the British empire. The criminal records of England
show this; and it is only necessary to refer to a volume of
the Annu^ RegUier, or to the OenUemarCt Magazine of
the middle of the last century, to see that deportation to
the British plantations of America was the ordinary
jxmishment for all such of the graver offences as, under
the sanguioanr code that then prevailed, were not
visited with death. Virginia and the Southern States
were those to whkh convicts were for the most part trans-
ported. The cessation of this outlet led to the establish-
ment of the penal colony of New South Wales. On the
18lh, 19lb, and 20ih of January. 1788, nearly 76 years
ago, the first Europeans, destined to become the permanent
oocapants of the coon^, landed at Botany Bay. They
consisted of 850 prisooera of both sexes ; of a military
guard, a portion of which were accompanied by their
wivet and families; and the necessary civil establishment
of a governor and staff. A more forlorn and desolate
scene can acaroely be imagined than that presented by this
first band of wayworn travellers on their reaching the
shores of that savage and then all but unknown land.
The party may be said to have consisted simply of pri-
sonen and their jailers. Many of the former had, almost
onwiUingly, exchanged death itself for the terrors of ex-
patriation to a distant and inhospitable wilderness, from
which DO hope of return to the land that had cast them
forth could ever be anticipated. Between seven and eight
months had elapsed in the tedious voyage, and disease
had thinned their ranks. Let us pause for a moment, and
coDtempUte the condition of Australia on the 20th of
January, 1788, and on the anniversary of that day in 1862.
A group of men, women, and children are seen scattered
and encamped on the shores of a wide bay, hemmed in by
the margin of a sombre and dense forest. Despair, re-
pentance, hope must alternately have agitated the breasts
of many seated, on that eventful day, on that lonely
strand. In 75 short years, within the lifetime and memory
of many still amonst us, what do we see? The 1,100
people have grown into a community of 1,300,000 souls.
The weaiy voyage, which then occupied seven or eight
months, can now be accomplished in as many weeks.
The mofaas forroonding the shores of Botany Bay, on
the margin of which for a few days they first encamped, is
now within the sound and sight of a splendid city, mus-
tering one hundred thousand inhabitants, and containing
within its precincts many of the attributes of a rich and
luxurious capital. The smoke and the rattle of steam
carriages and locomotives are seen and heard on that spot,
the silence and the solitude of which had been unbroken
since the first dawn of creation, save by the war-cry or
the song of the aboriginal native. It is a singular fact
that the first portion of land cleared from the indigenous
timber, and I lielieve the first spot on which a plough
entered the soil, was identically that selected 60 years
afterwaixls as the site of a magnificent pile of buildings for
the first university ever established in Australia. It seems
a striking and a happy coincidence, that the supply of the
material element for the sustenance of the physical body,
should thus become the antetype of that higher provision
for the intellectual wants and moral requirements of the
race that was so soon to follow.
The first aspect presented by the unknown land on the
coast of which they then found themselves was forbidding.
Sir Joseph Banks, in his report, bad spoken of smiling and
luxuriant meadows as skirting the shores of Botany Bay.
These turned out, on examination, to be a mere swamp,
covered with low and useless but beautifully flowering
shrubs. The adjacent country consisted of stony, sterile
ridges, or dense and sombre forests of the Eucafyptutf
After a few days the first encampment was abandoned,
and on the 26th of January, which is celebrated as the
birthday of the colony, the whole settlement was trans-
ferred to a point about six miles further to the north, to
the shores of Port Jackson, where Sydney now stands.
I will not detain you with a narrative of the trials and
vicissitudes which the young community had to undergo ;
the harsh and occasionally capricious, but, upon the whole,
judidouH policy which was applied to the government of
the prisoner population ; the gradual and progressive ex-
ploration and occupation of the coast and of the interior
country. For a considerable period the knowledge ao-
qaired by the settlers of the latter did not extend far from
their principal encampment, and was confined to a radius
of a few miles from what is now the site of the city of
Sydney. The River Hunter and its tributaries were then
explored, and their rich alluvial banks gradually taken up
and cultivated. For a long period all attempts to explore to
the westward were arrested by a range of mountains extend-
ing along the whole of the eastern side of Australia, from
Cape York to Qipps Land, and it was not till 1 813 that this
greisit barrier was surmounted, and the interior plains be-
yond them discovered. They were named " the Bathurst
plains." The sources of rivers flowing to the west and
south were here, for the first time, fallen in with, and
were designated as the '* Lachlan ** and the ** Macquarie."
They were traced for several hundred miles to the west,
and were found connecting themselves with other streams
flowing from the north. In endeavouring to extend his
exploration, Lieut. Oxley, the Surveyor-General, found
the whole country under water, and he returned with the
impression of there being a great central lake or inland
sea, an opinion which prevailed for many years, until the
rivers were finally traced to their junction with the Mor-
rumbidgee and the Murray, large streams, coming from
eastern and south-eastern portions of the territory. The
great system of rivers prevailing in Eastern Australia was
finally followed out and made known through the re-
searches of Messrs. Hovell and Hume, Captain Sturt, Sir
Ihomas Mitchell, and ethers. A large and magnificent
tract of country, that of Port Phillip, was opened in 1886,
by Governor Sir Richard Bourke, and subsequently, in
1850, erected into a separate dependency of the British
crown, under the name of *• Victoria." About the same
period (1836) South Australia was established, and, after a
short and struggling infancy, soon became a flourishing
settlement. Van Dieman's Land, originally an offshoot
from New South Wales, had been placed under the ad-
ministration of a separate government as early as 1824.
22
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Novbhmr 27, 1868.
Western AosiralU, established in 1829, has been the least
progresBive of all the Australian settlements. It possesses
but one good harbour ; the soil is barren, unproductive,
and badly watered. Its chief advantages will probably be
found to consist in its mineral riches. It is at pi*esent a
penal settlement. The proposal to perpetuate the con-
vict character, and augment the number of convicts trans-
ported from the United Kingdom to this part of the
world, has created feelings of great Indignation on the part
of the inhabitants of the tree settlements, and given rise to
very strong remonstrances on the subject. It is felt, and
the conviction is univei'sal, that on the completion of their
sentences nearly the whole of those who have been trans-
polled to Western Australia w 11 find their way to the
neighbouring colonies ; that it is neither just to the latter
nor to the free settlers who may hereafter resort to them,
that they should receive the refuse criminal population of
Britain. It is demonstrable that there will be a fixed re-
lation between the number of convict ejpirit, who, on
the completion of their sentences, will leave Western
Australia for the eastern settlements, and of those who
may be sent there from Europe. The high wages, the
temptations afforded by a fertile territory over a barren
and unproductive one, the desire to obliterate the recol-
lections of a former career, will all tend irresistibly to
pi'oduce tills migration. There is a positive and universal
determination on the part of all the free Australian
settlements to resist the evil here complained of, and it is
to be hoped that the Imperial Government will so mould
^ts policy as not needlessly to provoke a feeling of hos-
tility and determined resistance on almost the only single
question in which any possible difference can arise be-
tween England and her southern dependencies. ^
New South Wales may justly be considered, if not as
the actual parent of, yet as intimately connected with,
the oiigination of all the Australian settlements. Haifa
century had not elapsed from her foundation when we 6nd
her in possession of a population of somewhere about
80,000 souls* Agriculture, grazing, and pastoral pursuits
had occupied the chief attention of the early settlers. The
labour of the convicts had been usefully applied in public
works, in the clearance and oncloeure of lands, and m the
tending of sheep and cattle. These latter had increased
in a marvellous ratio. In 184S, Just sixty years from the
foundation of the colony the number of sheep had in-
creased to 11,660,819, and of homed cattle to 1,752,8S2.
The export of wool, which in 1807 had only been 2451bs.
in weight, had in 40 years increased to 22,969,711 lbs., of
the declared export value of £1,240,144 sterling. This
may be regarded as the product of a few score pure
merino sheep that had, in anticipation of their suitability
to the Australian climate, been mtroduced into the colony
by an enterprising and far-seeing colonist, the late John
Macarthur, Esq. When, therefore. South Australia and
Poii Phillip were constituted, the one as an independent
colony, the other as a mere extension of New South
Wales, all that the promoters and actual pioneers of these
places had to do was the comparatively easy task of pur-
chasing and driving away from the older settlements the
cattle and sheep wherewith to stock their runs. There
is a disposition to ignore Ma filiation — ^this dependency
of the newer colonies, and their derivation from the more
ancient one. The relationship nevertheless exists. It
was one in its origin mutually benefidal to all parties,
and readily accounts for the rapid growth and early ma-
turity of Victoria and South Australia, the former of
which became politically independent of New South
Wales in 1850. The last subdivision of the great Aus-
ualian territory was made by the severance, from the do-
minion of New South Wales of the vast territory now
designated Queensland, and which comprises an area as
large as that of two or three of the largest European states.
This, the youngest dependency of the British crown, has
taken a start in colonisation that justifies the anticipation
that she will soon rival, if not surpass, in her onward
progress, all the other Australian colonies.
Tou will perhaps, however, be impatient that- 1 should
give you some specific details of the aspeet, the character,
the capabilities, of this great group of settlements formed
by our own Anglo-Saxon brothers in the great south land,
and may desire to learn what the specialities of each
may be with reference to the question of emigration from
these shores. I will endeavour to meet such an inquiry
by presenting to you a few general observations on the
physical geography of the countries we are talking about.
These will serve to suggest some remarks on their econo-
mic capabilities. And, lastly, I shall add a few observations
on the social condition of Uie colonies, their future pros-
pects, and advantages as fields for European settlers.
If you will cast your eye on the map ag^nst the wall
you will recognise the great island (if it may be so called)
of New Holland, occupying a large space on the southern
side of the world. Its greatest diameter fh>m east to
west is about 2,600 miles ; fh>m north to sou^ (including
the island of Tasmania) about 2 ,450 miles. The east coast
reaches from Cape York, in latitude 11*^ S. to about 43®
S. Eiastem Australia may thus be said to possess a range
of climate as great as and not dissimilar from that found in
a zone the northern limit of which would be Central
France, and the southern the Cape Verd Islands. In
absolute length the eastern side of Australia is nearly as
long as the western side of Europe — that is from Cape
Noith to Cape St. Vincent. In mentioning this fact yoo
will at once recognise how varied the climate,
how diversified the productions of this great country
must be, in which you have continuous regions with a
gradual transition from the temperature and climate of
Northern Africa to that of Devonshire or Central
France* All the products of the Old World are, accord-
ingly, capable of oeing produced in the corresponding
parallel of the region we are describing. In intertropical
Australia cotton, sugar, rice, and all the ordinaiy fraits,
and vegetable productions of India, tropical Auica and
America may readily be raised. In the regions immedi-
ately to the south, and with the climate ox Morocco and
Spain — ^the plantain, vine, orange, pomegranate, and a
^eat varietv of fruits indigenous to China, thrive luxu-
riantly, whilst still farther to the south, wheat and all
the cereals of Central Europe find appropriate habitats.
Few portions of the earth may perhaps be said to be more
favourably situated. Balanced, as it were, on the tropic
of Capricorn, the leaser and northern half lies within the
torrid, the southern and larger section within the temper-
ate zone. Although stretching 11 degrees within the
tropic, the climate is tempered by the insular character of
the l^id, and, so fiir as experience hitherto goes. Tropical
Australia is moat healthy. BlalarioQs fevers, and the
diseases peculiar to tropical climates are unknown. The
summer heats along the coast are mitk^ated by the sea
breeze and the trade wind. On the table land of the in-
terior, the solar heat is often great, indeed excessive. It
has the peculiarity, however, of being dry, presenting in
this quality a striking contrast to the oppressive heat of
India, and it is never sufficiently great to prevent exercise
in the open air during the hottest seasons.
Phtsioal Qboobapht. — So far as the configuration of
its surface has been ascertained, Australia may be said to
consbt of a large plain, somewhat depressed in its centre,
and surrounded by ranges of mountains and hills of mode-
rate elevation. The largest and best known of the moun-
tain ranges is that of the eastern cordillera, the Blue
Mountains, which attains its highest altitude (about
8,000 feet) in Gipps Land, and extends finom Cape York,
in the north, to Cape Howe, in the south, a distance of
some 2,000 miles. A few spurs are detached ftom this
great eastern barrier, the ordmary elevation of which does
not in general exceed 5,(XX) feet. For the most part the
great eastern cordillera springs from a base anout 50
miles from the coast line. The great difficulty with all
the early settlers was to surmount this lotiy rampart »
shutting them out as it were from the interior. Vr h«Q
onoe they bad gained its summit^ they found themselvea
J0X7BNAL 09 TBE
OF AETS, KoTEDBE 27, 1863.
2S
«ia InniMDse pUlesa gradually siDking to wards tba
VIA Hie descent is, b<meTer, wo gradnalthat the men
flaiflow aloQg it are sluggish, and their progrMi often
aBcnceptftvla. Frequently they are mere long lagoons,
maj ficHring in oonUnaons streams after heavy floods.
OnAmaTly theae plains are broken by isolated hills, or
■raatain maaaea. Generally the phvsiogaomy of the
iDtcrior is one unbroken, ondnlating plain, someUmea of
(fSD gn«y dowxtt, at others of lightly-timbered forest,
nd ooeasiaoally of dense oopses of thick impenetimble
senA. The a u e ner y is generally tame, and wearisomely
noaotonoos, ahhoQgh patches oooasionally present them-
mItss of great ay Ivan beauty, that carry the memory back
to ikt woodlands and meadows of li^eland. Sabstitote
griai for heather, and the wolds of Yorkshh^, the downs
of Wlhshire and Susnx, would, with a bright sun, give
ym aperfeet idea of nine-tenths of the interior plains and
iheep ran of Australia. On the eastern side of the dividing
nage the seeneiy is much bolder. Waterfalls, dense
fartsts. deep and rocky glens there prevail. The dimate
W Vsi sabbrioos, although proziniity to the sea coast
r«nd«rB the aeqidarltion of land in such positions an object
of ioiportaoee to tliose engaged in agricultural pursuits.
The coofignration of mountain chains, in all parts of the
world, determinea the system and course of rivers. Look-
k^ aft Ksstem Australia, you perceive two great sys-
tflu of waien, tbat on the east and that on the west
tf the great baddiooe of the country. All the streams
ea the western aoelivity find thdr way to the south by ttie
MuT^^and thoaeon the north by a number of streantsfiow-
fagiotothe Qulf of Carpentaria. The Mun«y, with its af-
liMts, drains an enormous area. Its embouchure is at Lake
Alexandrioa, and, unluckily, a bar of sand separates this
Bilt-waler hasin from the sea, so that vessels, except
oecsidoDallv, and such as are of small draft, are unable to
cross over tt. There is, however, an extensive system of
kdnd naviffstioQ now carried on on the Murray, the
Dsrling, and the Morrumbidgee rivers. Steamers traverse
thoe streams, and, at ceitain seasons of the year, reach
points on their banks many hundreds of miles from the
poDcipal estuary. The country through which the great
■mthcfn system of rivers finds its way to the ocean con-
sists of immense, and to tlie eye boundless, alluvial fiats.
These are partially submerged during a portion of the
ytn, when ^le tfver beeomes swolleo by the melting of
the snow on Che Alpine ranges of Oipps Land (from
whence the sonihem aAuents take ^eir course), and
by the lains of the vesnal eqaioox. The sudden rising
oooasionedjhy the laltor is often prodaetive of disastrous
cooseqosoeesL Some of the rivers, as the Morrumbidgee,
an known to have risen as much as 100 feet in a single
iraht, and to have suddenly swept away whole villages
wlch then- inhalitanla. Such catastrophes are generally
the result of want of foresight on the part of the govern-
ment, and may be guarded asainst by a more judicious
•election of the sites reasrved for townships.
^ On tile eastern side of the Blue Mountain ranges the
rivers are shorter in length and more rapid in theb course
tothe sea than those on the opposite or western side.
Uofortmiately, aearoely any of the rivers of Eastern Aus-
tralia are aoesMibla fhiim theoeean by huge veaMb, owing
to Am cii s tei io e of bars at their entrance. One of the
Infest and most important of the riveis of Eastern Aua-
taStk u the FItsltoy, wht^ empties its waters into
Ssppsl Bsy, in lat. 88 deg. 80m. S, Owing to a local
dwvsion in the coast range at this particular point, the
fmBoj drains a larger tract of country (one the area of
wUch linet less than that of all SngUnd and Wales)—
tte ny other of the Eastern waters. It is navigable for
^^wsh dnwfaig from 12 to 14 feet of water, to a point 50
ttflcrfrom ita mootb, and in the gwtsr part of its eouAe
kflDwa thnmgh one of the most fertile wad promising re-
gJBBshitheffto opened up in this part of the worid.
Has lag thns oimorily glaneed at the general oonfigu-
nte, the ilven, and the dimate, I may add a few de-
irihT tspt ctiiig tho geoiogy of Australia and its minesml
f es ou r c e s , these latter haviug acquired an impmrtanee
within the last few jrears beyond those of any other regLoti
of the earth, with the single eaoeptkm of CaUfomia.
Within 10 years the prsduoe o( gold fVom Victoria alone
has probably not been less than 100 millions sterling ; in-
dof&ag that from New South Wales, the aggregate
quantity is probably not very far from 125 mniions stor«
Itng. Copper mines have also been worked yw^ laigely
in South Australia, whilst iron and ooal are found in al-
most unlimited quantities. The great central axis, ex-
tending, as I have pointed out, through a belt of 80 degrees,
eonsists of a series of rocks, most of which would, in the
language of British geologists, be included under the de-
signation of «* primitive,'' **8ilorian," "early metamor-
phio,'* and ** early carboniferous." There are, perhaps,
aearoely any reoognisable deposits of an age intermediate
between tlie latter (the oarbontierons] and the newest ter-
tiary deposits, many of which contam fossil remains ana-
logous to and identical with those still living on the same
spot. The distinctive peculiarity of the greater number of
the Australian mammalia isthatthe female is furnished with
a pouch or bn^, in which she carries her young. This ano-
malous organisation seems to have prevailed almost to the
ex c l u sion of an^ other, and to have been so persistent and
universal, that m all the fossil mammalia discovered in Aus-
tralia the same type is found ; and asin England and other
parts of the world, the remains of extinct species of animalSf
often of gigantic proportions, are found entombed in the
soil on which they once lived, so in Australia we find in
the new er tertiary deposits the bones of extinct animals of
colossal proportions. One of these, named the D^frotodm
by Professor Owen, by whom it has been deecribed, must
have been as large as the Indian elephant. It has, how-
ever, the peculiarity common to other known Australiaa
mammals of being a marsupial. As many of thoae whom 1
am now addressing are aware, the remains of animals of
the same organic type are found in a fossil stete in Eng-
land, where they seem to have preceded and ushered ia
higher forms of the mammalian order. These remains
are chiefly found in the Oxford slate, and there is, I
believe, no question as to their real character, their
phyaologioal affinity with the living forms now fomid
in New Holland. A curious and unavoidable inference
seems to follow. The marsupial animals of England
have long! since perished, having been succeeded by
other and higher forms of mammals. Ko similar pro-
gression has mariced the living organisms of Australia;
and we probably see still perpetuated there animals bear-
ing the closest affinity with those that inhabited the centre
of England countless ages ago, before the great chalk de^
posits and all Uie groat superincumbent ter&aiy strate had
been formed. Another example of a living analogue of
an extinct European form is presented in the Oiiiraeim
PkUippi, or Port Jackson shark; whilst many of the
living species of the vegetable kingdom-^such as the
O^dukm and Anmcaria — appear to be survivors of a flora
tKat prevailed in Europe dui^g the period of the forma-
tion of the coal deposits and the rocks succeeding them.
The central nudeus of the great dividing range is gi%-
nite, resting upon which are gneiss, mica skte, day slate
crystalline limestone, and quartzose rocks. These are
frfquently found broken up and disturbed by the intrusion
of porphyritic and trap rocks. It is in such positions that
gold is generally to be found. The attrition of the rooks
containing the precious metal appears to have gone on
during a countless lapse of ages, the gold always occupy-
ing the lowest level, fh>m its superior gravity, in the
mingled detritus in which it is discovered. It is in this
cmidition that it is most easily found and worked. The
thickness of the alluvium beneath which the auriferous
treasure lies is sometimes enormous, often as much as 800
or 400 feet. In some instanees, layers of what appear to
be volcanic tu(a have to be passed through, showing that
volcanoes have heen in a state of activity at periods snbse
qnent to that in whkh the predoua metal acquired its
present relathre position. The fod from whence thsr
24
JOURNAL OP THE 800IETY OF ARTS, November 27, 1868.
Tdowiio producto h»ye beeo derived, w still traceable in
nnmerous conical hiUs. on the aummitii of which
ancient cratera are diacernible. The rale laid down
by Sir Roderick Murchiaon respecting the "constants
of ffold. are. I believe, thoroughly verified by colonial
txTOrience— that is, the juxtaposition of early crystoUme.
quartzose and metamorphic deposits, with trappean and
porphyritic rocks. The diggings in Australia are un-
questionably exhausting aU the alluvial gold, and science
and capiUl are now being systematically directed to the
extraction of the ore from its original matrix, or native
mte in quartz veins, from the disintegration of which all
alluvial gold must, at some time or other, have originally
been denved. Silver minee have recently been worked to
some extent, and afford a promise of yielding a profitable
return. The ore is found under conditions similar to
those presented by auriferous veins. Copper ore has been
found in some favoured spots, yielding larger profit.
Sjrhaps. than any operations connected with gold. The
urra Burra mine is a striking example of this. The
quantity of ore at first yielded was, I believe, so large,
that for a considerable time all the original shareholders
received back the full amount of their paid-up caoital
every six weeks. Advices have lately reached England
that copper mines promising to rival in richness Burra
Burra have recently •been opened out at Peak Downs, in
Central QueeniOand. , . .. ^
Of all the mineiBl resources of the colonies, the most
valuable perhaps is coal. The auriferous region is skirted
at the east and north-east by a coal basin, the largest dia-
meter of which is probably not lees than 600 miles, oc-
cupying an area as large as that of Great Britain. In the
possession of this great coal-field New South Wales en-
joys a special advantage over all the other colonies.
To complete the hasty outline, I may add a few re-
marks on the aboriginal natives and the indigenous fauna
of Australia. The former present perhaps one of the
lowest types of humanity to be anywhere found. Their
numbere are small, and they are rapidly becoming extinct.
Of the aborigines of Tasmania, four only were known to
be living three years since. In the colony of Victoria,
when the last census was taken, their number was 1760,
and in the older settlements you may travel for hundreds
of miles vrithout meeting with a single native black, and
that in districts where, within a few years, they existed in
great numbers, and were often troublesome to the European
Ukvaders of their soil. At the present moment they are only
found in numerous tribes in Queensland, and in regions yet
imoccupied by the white man. On the first contact of the
two races resistance is shown to the intruder, and oc-
casionally painful outrages are perpetrated by the blacks,
bringing down speedy, and, too often, indiscriminate re-
taliation upon the offending tribes. I regret to add my
conviction that it is an utterly hopeless task to seek to
effect any real amelioration in the material or moral con-
dition of this degraded race. They appear unwisceptible
of all permanent civilising influences, and are, indeed, so
rapidly dying out that little oppoiiunity is afforded of at-
tempting their reclamation to the habits of civilised life.
They are, however, often found to be possessed of kindly
instincts, and manifest strong attachments to particular
individuals amongst the Europeans. In intellect they
are never more than children, and the trae and most
humane policy with respect to them is always to regard
them as such.
The native animals are not numerous. The largest is
the kangaroo, a timid and graceful creature. The lai^ger
species is rapidly disappearing from the neighbourhood of
the settlements, as is also the emu. Of the gay-plumaged
biidsand curious insectsof Australii,illustrativespecimens
are to be teen in nearly all large museums. The only
noxious or troublesome animals are the snakes, the bite
of some one or two of which is dangerous.
The geographical position and mineralogical character
of every country must necessarily determine the nature of
its products. Of the^ineral reeouroes of the great Aus-
tralian continent I have already spoken. The m
interior plains, like the steppes of Asia or pani
America, must for ages continue to be occuja^
razing ground of flocks of sheep and herds ot
whilst the more broken and hiUy or mountamous c
near the sea-board, wUl be the site of towns and ci
aiTCTeeations of people devoted to various handicn
industrial pursuits. The vegetable productions pre
the variety belonging to the great range of cluna
these colonies possess. I have seen growing on the i
the FitzRoy ri ver,with a luxuriance that cannot be bu
various species of cotton, the sugar-cane, the tea an
plants, tobacco, arrowroot, different varieties of the
mdia-rubber-bearing trees ; in short, all the pro(
of tropical or semi-tropical zones. A litUe turtue
south, in the parallel of Sydney, the grape, orange
peach, and various kinds of Chinese and SoutH A
fruits, such as the leechee and the cheramojra, a
whilst in the more elevated table-lands of Hev,
Wales, in Victoria, and in Van Diemans Lsnd,
English cereals, fruits, and cuUnaiy vegetables i
growth and a prolific power never surpassed m bu
Of the indigenous timber and buUding mater
extent is praciicaUy unUmited. Some of tbe var
Eucalyptut attain colossal P'^P?'^^<>°'- /", i;
gorges of Tasmania trees from 280 to 800 feet hi
frequenUy been hewn down. The timber of man
trees is as compact and as durable as that of the
teak. The blue gum and iron bark have alrea
extensively employed in colonial nhipbuUding, an
doubtlessly form a valuable substitote for Englia
the British dockyards. They have, to some exi
come an article of export.
Various kinds of freestone and marble, souk
latter of highly ornamental description, abound lu
quartei-s along the great eastern and southern rang
former has been employed very generally in tli*
buildings and domestic architecture of the cit
towns. Timber and bark are the materi^s out c
the squatter's hut and the dwellings of the agiic
are chiefly constructed. Some of the buildings
in Sydney and Melbourne might vie with thos*
older European capitaU ; and are, I apprehend, su
any that can be shown in America. . , , .
The principal exporto, those upon which the Au
depend, are gold, to a limited extent silver and ai
copper, the latter being chiefly derived from bou
tralia, and coal. Iron ore, which exists in u
quantities, associated with coal, is at the present
valueless from the cost of labour necessanly mci
iu reduction. Wool, hides, teUow. bark used
ning, copper, and coal, constitute with the precioi
the great exports of the Australian colonies. -
products that may be hereafter raised and in re.
which the most sanguine expectations are formed
mentioned cotton. The plant itself grows with
rapidity, and from the absence of frosts in the
parts of Queendand becomes perennial.
Sugar, of which there is an immense consumpi
probably ere long be raised by colonial enterpni
difficulty attending the development of every ne
of industry in these young and thriving com
arises from the insufficiency and high price o
With the command of this, there seems scarcely j
to the extent or variety of objects they are capabl
ducing. With a scanty population and highi
nerated labour, that species of industry w moe
followed in which the product is large, having n
the cost of production. Thus the labour of one
on the average suffice for taking care of 1,000 i
cupying an area of eight or ten square miles, anc
have hitrusted to his charge property worth a
pounds steriing, and yieldmg a large annual e
product. I mention this as illustrating the re
the primaiy and main object of industry in tl
landa is one the aim of which is to evoke the QJ
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Novbmbbr 27, 1863.
25
jitOEUM of the Knl, and render them available in the
floonnkm of the iodigenouB graaseB into wool, mutton,
M; tallow, and hides. The extended application of labour
to the various proce a a e e of agricoltore succeeds the noma-
Ac pvsaits of the first settler, and in the older colonies,
tfpMfsUy in Van Dieraan's Land and South Australia,
kne «|«aiitities of c^eal produce are raised annually.
Id any ske(<^ of the Australian colonies, however rapid
ad imperfect it may be, it is necessary to say something
roiieeting climate and vital statistics. Health and Ion-
pfti^ ars, of coarse, influenced by geographical position ;
Mi ia a ooontry where you have eveiy variety of climate,
fton thai of Africa to that of France, different degrees of
Mfailrity will doobtless be found to characterise different
pvilkls in thai extended area. In the portions of the
otnotiy in which population has established itself it has
bsea aimoit aoiformly found that all the conditions are
fsvevable to health, prolonged life, and increase of births.
Bv the last sUtistiisal return of New South Wales, the
foUowiac reaolts are established : —
Hatii or ILuatAOK, Bibtb, ahd Dbath, nr Nxw South
Wald, £aiei.Airi>, Sootlamd, and Fbakoe.
To 1000 Pkbsoms LPnsQ.
PerfODS manied. fiirthi. Deathi.
Kfw Sooth Wales ... 18-54 42-18 17-26
Eagkod .^ 16-70 84-27 22-11
SooUaad 13-67 34-26 20-87
Rioco 16-17 26-60 27-67
The oocoparisoo is, in all respects, favourable to the
oolaoy, the marriages being more numerous in proportion
to tlie nombo^ of inhabitants, the birth-rate higher and
the detth-rate lower, Uian in England, Scotland, or
FiiBoe. France gives 26, Great Britain 84, births to each
thooand, while New Sooth Wales gives 42. In France
the nwrtality Is neariv 27 per thousand, in England 22,
in New Sooth Wales'l7}. Of 100,000 persons living in
the raipective coontries, there are married in the colony
in a year 184 more than in England, 237 more than in
Fiaoee, 497 more than in Scotland. To the same num-
ber living thers are 792 lirihB in New South Wales more
thsn in Great Britain, and 1668 more than in France ;
while the rate of mortality is below that of Scotland by
362. lower than that of England by 486, lower than that
of France by 1042.
The fert^ty atteo^g marriages is a remarkable fea-
ture in these returns, and I collect, from the same source
Irosn which theCoregoing quotation was made, the follow-
ing jarticolan : —
PMonanoa or BaraB to IOOO Women Lnmia at the
AOB 16-46.
_ Blrthi
WoBta, Birthf to 1000 Women,
1861 72,403 14^1 203
1863 76,061 16,434 206
The proportiooal number of births in England is 149 ;
that ii to Sly, every thousand females living at the mater-
Btl sge in Enghmd ffive birth in a year to 149 children,
whfle the same number in New South Wales give birth
to 904, a difference in favour of the colony of 66 children.
1m Qoeenaland the annual death rate issaid to be as low
»16.7 per thousand of the inhabitants. It must be con-
■teed, however, that in all these calculations the circum-
*iBw under which th^ are found are exceptional- A
■M portioo of the inhabitants of every new colony has
W become rendent in it at adult age, having psssed
tai]p«iod of inlhooy and not arrived at that old age when
«Rm affecting life and health are most powerful and
MIfciaL
I b«fi thos eodeavoored to give you in the broadest and
*>i(^Q«al outlines, the sketch of a country in which
yWffia ll Interested, because It is your property and the
Wyi j ^jww coontrymen, the people of the British
<^pm. With respect to one of these dependencies, the
wyeo n d ft Soo annexed to the enjojrment of a share in the
domain is, that you should, at yotir own
cost, find your way to and become an inhabitant of it. la
the other colonies the acquisition of land is scarcely lees
facile. Now if any one were told, for the first time, that
he could, by crossing the British channel, acquire, either
as an absolute gift, or at little more than a nominal cost,
a landed estate in a country possessing almost every mate-
rial advantsge in the way of climate and natural re-
sources, but where instead of meeting with foreigners, h&
could encounter none but those with whose habits he was
familiar, and where he would still presence the glorious
privilege of being a British subject, he would surely hail
such an opportunity as one greatly to be prized and re-
solutely seized upon by many in these over-peopled and
narrow islands of Britain. The realisation of such a pro-
mise may be virtually accomplished by a short extension
of the journey. A new world awaits those who are willing
to encounter the task of seeking and taking possesrion
of it. I should be very unwilling to induce any one
to adopt a hasty or ill-timed view of his actual po-
sition in the old country, or to tempt him, by anything^
1 may say, to exchange his present lot in life for a distant
and mitiied one in the colonies. All I desire to do is
simply to place befora him and you fa::t0, and the opinions
which I have been enabled to form from an extended
personal experience in the matters to which 1 have refer-
red. 1 am anxious, moreover, not to be misunderstood.
1 have spoken of the great, 1 may say, unliaiited capabi-
lities of Australia, of the facilities it affords for every man
acquiring-^what all men covet~a piece of this solid globe
as a possession for himself and as an inheritance for his
children. Notwithiitanding all this, eventual success*
must be I'egulated, and can only be achieved by certain
classes and by those possessing certain qualificationp..
Reverting to the idea of how great the privilege would
be considered of acquiring an estate as an absolute gift, or
at a merely nominal cost, a moment's reflection would con*
vince us that such a possession would be worthless without
hands to cultivate, people to occupy, and others to con-
sume that which the land was capable of yidding. Now,
the great want of the colonies is labour; land only
acquires value as people gather upon or near it. A
man without capital, therefore, often does much better
by selling his labour to another than by employing^
it on his own account and on his own property. Land is
cheap in consequence of its great abundance. Labour
u dear in consequence of its scarcity. The man therefore
who sells his labour and his skill to another, is enabled to
accumulate his savings to realise a certain capital where-
with to acquire and improve land of his own, and to hire
the services of others in its improvement. The demand
for labour in the colonies is constant, unceasing, and 1 may
say ever augmenting. Every labourer, every artisan, may
in the course of a very brief period become an employer
of the labour of others. It is, however, labour specially-
adapted to the requirements of a new society. For those
who can occupy themselves in agricultural and grazing
pursuits the demand is practically unlimited ; for those
conversant with various handicrafts, such as carpenters,
masons, bricklayers, blacksmiths, wheelrights, the demand
is always grater than the supply. As a general rule, I
would say that the Australian colonies present special at-
tractions to three classes, the agriculturalist, the rough
mechanic, and the capitalist. As a field for those who
have been bred to professional callings, mercantile clerks,,
and small tradesmen, the inducements are questionable.
The reputation of the colonies has been damaged by the
fact that classes unsuited by education and previous cal-
ling liave gone out to them in too great numbenk 1 believe
that eventually a promising field is open to every man-
willing in some degree to mould himself to the require-
ments of the society in which he lives and with which he
oasts his lot. I need hardly tell you how many are at-
tracted by the sold fields. 1 would advise no one to yield
to this temptation. Gold seeking is to a certain, nay, to
a oonsideiaoie extent, gambling. The average earnings
of such as are engaged in the pursuit are not good, n^
26
JOIjBNAL of the SOOIETY of ABT8, NomoxB 27, 1863.
ffood M of those employed io many other braDchee of
uidnstiy. The occupation of gold digging everywhere
is laborious. None but such as are capable of doing
the work of English navvies, are fitted to engage
in it When first the rush to the gold fields
took place at Port Philip in 1853, thousands already
comfortably settled, of all classes, forsook their ordmary
employment, and created a complete botdeoerument
throughout the whole framework of colonial society. The
services of mechanics and household servants eoim only
be obtained at preposterous rates. A carpenter or mason
would receive £2 or £2 10s. a day. A cabman once de-
manded from me £5 for driving a distance under a mile.
The "boots" of an inn was said to be in the receipt of
£1,200 a year for salary and giatuities, whilst nearl^ all
tile most indispensable necessaries of life, lodging and
food, could only be commanded at the most exorbitant
rates. The madness, the confusion, and the misery of
this state of things was augmented by the daily arrival of
hundreds of fresh emigrants from other parts of the world.
The wretchedness and disappointment that many of these
endured were unspeakable, and a state of society was
temporarily exhibited such as, 1 believe, was never before
witnessed in any ptrt of the world in any age. Young
men ilrom the univenities, lawyers, physicians, clergymen,
those engaged in the lighter occupations of commerce,
landed in shoals on the b^h at Melbourne. There were
not sufficient dwelliDgs to afford them shelter, and some
eight or ten thousand persons, many of them women and
^ildren, were at one time encamped in the neighbourhood
of the city. The small stock of money and provisions
with which the adventurera were fum shed became ex-
hausted, and thousands were obliged to accept of temporary
employment, at 10s. a day, on the public roads to escape
starvation. All this has' happily passed away, and the
people who now seek their way to the colonies are
such as are generaUy suited to its requirements. To
the young man who has some capital, who is endowed
with some degree of enterprise, and who is capable of
a certain amount of self-denial, the occupation of slieep
Cu>ming has much to recommend it. The squatter has,
however, many trials. He must be prepared, in the out-
eet of his career, to work hard, to live under a bark hut,
to ride not unfrequently some fifty miles in a single day,
to sleep occasioi^ly under a gum tree, with the covering
of a mere blanket ; to be contented with tea and damper
and mutton<chops as his ordinary fare; to be eo placed
that he may only get hold of a newspaper once a week or
once a month ; — all these, and many other disagreeable
privations and hardsliips, he must be prepared to submit
to. Tet, withal, the life is not without redeeming fea-
tures. The sky and the air are, for the most part, bright,
genial, and exhilirating. If the squatter can keep out of
his merchants' and backers' books — ^if he possess a good
run — he knows that a few years' exertions will give him
independence, if not afiiuence. The occupation in which
he is engaged is healthful and invigorating, and a eatis-
fution springs up in the consciousness of how easy it is,
after all, to give up many of the conventional luxuries
deemed indispensable in old and highly artificial states of
floclety. To many of the younger sons and members of
the middle and upper classes — to whom the overcrowded
professions of England offer but a slender prospect of suc-
cess — who may possess some small patnmony, a mere
temptation to idle mediocrity, insufficient to maintain
them in the social status in which they have been edu-
cated, the colonies of the South offer, I think, special
attractions. A moderate capital, steadiness, patience,
and common prudence, are all that are needed under such
ciitnimstances to secure success. To an intermediate
class — one of agiiculturists — with smaller means, but
able to command the co-operative labour of families,
another kind of industry has recently been opened up.
The growth of cotton is now looked forward to as likelv
to be a profitable investment of both labour and capital.
3o great u the anxiety to encourage ita cultivatioQ, in both
Kew South WiOesaDd QaeenslaDd, that the govemuNOt
of each of these colonies re^eotively engages to give «
large bounty at the rate of lOd. a lb. on Sea Isknd*
and half that amount on the common kinds of ootton, that
may be raised for export within a gives pMiod. The fififc
consignment that roMshed England a few weeks ago netted
2s. 6d. a lb., which, with the bounty of lOd. a lb., will
yield to the producer a rate equal to 8s. 4d. a lb. Other
indneements, in the ahape of free grants of land, are ala^
held out, wHh the view of atimulatiog the Mme entep-
priae. There can be no question that the Australian
colonies are capable of producing this great st^tle to
a^y extent, provided they oan oommaad the requisito
amount of labour. Human intelligeoce, human handa^
are all that are needed Us develop toe boundless resoaraei
— some still latent, others ready to be seised upon and
turned to profitaUe account— in these magnificent terri-
tories. They have already created an export, the
annual value of which, five years ago, waa etUmatad
at £21,297,808, whilst they import and consume artidea,
chiefly of British manufacture, of the estimated annual
value of £25,406,882. All this has been done— this
wondrous development of industry, power, and means
of material happiness to a laige portion of mankind^
effooted within a space of ume so brief that .tiie
whole phenomeoa may have been witnessed by thou-
sands now living. When so much has been effected
in BO short a period, what may we not anticipate for the
future? It is difficult to see any material obrtacle to the
onward progress, the unlimited expansion of the Anglo-
Saxon race in the Southern hemisphere. I will not dwell
upon the political organisation of the colonies beyond say-
ing that they possess, each and all of them, constitutioiicl
franchises such as would, I believe, satisfy the more ad-
vanced school of politicians in England. If there be, in
these vigorous societies, some drawbacks— an abseaoe of
some few of the amenities that belong to certain phases of
life in older countries — the want of these ii more than
compensated for by the heartineas, the rough hiMpitality,
the mutual sympaUiy, that characterise the relatione and
the intercourse of all classes. No oae is exempt from the
stimulus of active, useful exertion of some sort or other,
no one is shut out from the privileges, the hopes, and tbe
rewards of honest industry.
DIS008S10N.
Mr. JoHK Crawfubd, responding to the invitation of the
Chairman, said he had listened to an eloquent and in-
structive paper, very lucid, and Ibll of valuable informa-
tion. Australia had many advantages, and owed a great
deal to the energy of its own people, but it owed a great
deal more to tlus country. It had peculiar advanti^es
over most of our other colonies, and also some disadvan-
tages. For its extent it contidned more desert land, per-
haps, than any of the other colonies, but it also contamed
an abundance of good land, and its climate was excellent.
Another advantage was, that it had a very wretched abori«
ginal population, which had never offered any obstruotioa
to our colonization. Let them look at the diffisrenoe be-
tween it and the neighbouring country — a country, per-
haps, in many respects superior to it — ^New Zealand. We
were now engaged in another war with the people theroy
and he believed nothing short of the complete extenni-
nation of the native population would satisfy the neoesai-
ties of colonization. He was sorry for it, but it could not be
helped. He remembered having a conversation with the
Governor, Sir George Grey, on this subject some yean
ago, and he stated to him his opinion that fifty y«<^ra
hence not one of the Maori race would exist, to whkii the
reply of Sir George was, '* I am sorry to be obliged to
agree with you in that opinion." They had shown them-
selves a race superior to all other aborigines. They had
met us in the open field ; they had adopted our improve-
ments, which was not the case with the savages of
America or the South Seas, and their determined resist-
JOURNAL Oi> THE 800IBTT OP ARTS, Novbmbbb 27, 1863.
27
lid lead to their deslnioflon soonw pnobably than
Mv other of tho aAtno cUm of people. There was an>
ttkm i^vmotago whieli Australia had ; it was the only
tdsoy Englmod bad formed during the last 250 years
vfciDh «•«• paealiarly adapted to tho growth of wool. Wool
kid Aotm « vaaa deal for Australia, but gold had done for ft
ana taore. Ha gathered from ihe reading of the paper that
H^S^OO^OOO of gold had been produced^ and what im-
■nw sood that gold had done ! He remembered that
tonm at a to w m en in thia eoui'tty eBdeavt>ared to conceal
tte fiiai of tho gold discoveriea in Australia altogether,
and th«y did keep it to themselves for several years.
The knowledge of the existence of gold in Australia was
locked up At the Colonial Office for a considerable time.
ii waa thought that it would be detrimental to the colony,
keiit ptrored the revene. It had not only been useful to
theootooiaia ob the spot, but to the whole world, and,
aeeording to his view, gold had suffered no depreciation
wiiafcever, beeaoae it had been the atimulos which
had pfo d aee d goods equal in value to itself. He
believed thai, before the gold discoveries, there were
oDly about 400,000 inhabitants in Australia, Imt
tkaee bad been multiplied threefold, chiefly, he
ilioaght, through the influence of thi^ very gold. He
wonld now eay a few words on the subject of «!otton, which
waa almost the only point on which he ventured to differ
from Sir Charlea Nicholson. He (Mr. Crawfbrd) was of
opimoa that Australia oould never enter into competition
in the growth of eetton with the valley of the Mississippi
aod other parte of America, and would nev^ be the great
souree of the supply of that material to this country. Sir
Charlea Nicholaon had stated that the cotton sent home
from AoatemlSa waa worth 2s. and 20. 6d. per pound. That
waa a4 preaant pricea, 200 per cent, higher than the ordt-
wny mie. When they were obliged to sell it at 8d. or
8d. per Ih., he ventured to say Australia would not send a
pSQod of cotton to this oountry.
Sf CftABLsa NfOHOLsoH said the price he had men-
tkaed wae for Sea Uand cotton.
Mr. CmawFOflo oontittned. — Sea Island cotton, as they
iQ knew, wae a very small affair in proportion to the great
oBBBiwiptioQ ofthia country ; it was only on the sea coast that
tUi qoality cetdd be produced. The moment an attempt
waa made to grow it ten miles in the interior it ceased to
be &ea la&aad, and from being worth Is. 6d. would per-
hapa noi he worth moro than 6d, — the normal piice of
oottoa in thia ooontry. Then again as to sugar, he did
not beHeve that that would be sonoesaful ; and with regard
to a trade both in sugar and cotton, it should be remem-
baed that AottraHa was 15,000 miles distant from this
oonitry — fire times aa far aa the valley of the Mississippi :
bandes which, it had not the same internal communication,
nor the aame fertility of land. Australia was too distant,
aod It had not the necea'ai^ labour. There was another
KNBt en which, if It were mtroduced into the discussion,
aa wooM Hke to say a few worda— viz., the connection of
ttb eoontry with Australia— a question on which Sir
Mieholson and himself differed. It was an im-
matier how long this connection was to last. He
would, bowev er , say nothing upon this point at present.
■r. T. Maokat, having been called upon by the
flhatrman, aaid he most heartily Joined in the encomium
^Alch Hr. Crawfurd had passed upon this admirable
nNsr. Hie own assodationa with the colony were almost
maitfiy of a mercantile character. He was unacquainted
with ha agrfeultural, pastoral, and mineral resources. He
M the opportunity of visithig Australia a few years ago,
ttd be never felt ao oroud of beibg an Englishman as on
tbe day on which he landed on the shores of Melbourne,
^ ftod that magnificent city rairad in the course of seventy
years, and ftimiahing all that the most luxurious taste
could wish. With regard to the mineral resources of
Aoitfalia, more espcciidly of Victoria, with which he was
beat acquainted, great disappointment, he believed,
had been erperieneed. owing to the uncertainty of
hhomr, and the unaettled state of the mining popula-
tion, owing to the influence of the gold dis30veri«53. With
regard to coal a great change was now taking place,
and he looked forward to the coal field of New South
Wales as likely to be one of the most valuable of the re-
sources of the colony, particularly as supplying fuel to the
steamers of the Eastern Atxihipelago, which were now so
rapidly increasing. It must be a groat consola; ion, after
the paper lately read by Sir Wni. Armstning at New-
castle, to fhid out that when the fuel of Old England waa
exhausted, we should have an abundant supply remaiuing
in our own colonies.
Mr. S. Sidney congratulated the Society upon the
opening of the present session with a paper by a gentle-
man so well qualified to address them. All present mi<;ht
not l>e aware that Sir Charles Nicholson had long l^en
resident in Australia, and that he ha<l twice occupied tho
position of Speaker of the Colonial Assembly, first in the
Representative Assembly of New South Wales, aud sub-
sequently he was appointed by her Majesty's Oovernment
to inaugurate the establishment of representative insti-
tutions in Queensland, where ho also provided over the
Assembly. That circumstance gave additional weight to^
a most excellent paper. He confessed, interested as ho
had l»eon by the paper generally, there were some points
on which he could not help concurring with Mr. Crawfutd.
There could not be a question that it was to convicts, to
wool, and to gold that Australia owed its great pros-
perity. The convicts took off the first rough edge of
colonisation, and with respect to wool nothing more need
be said. As to gold, he romembered being in this room
when the first paper was read upon the gold disoovoriea
in Australia, and at that time every one who had any
thought of emigrating made up hit mind to go to thia
colony. He also remembered statinq:, on that occasion^
that intending emigrants to the gold regions would be
able to seo a specimen of the work they would have to
engage in by inspecting the operations tJien going on in
the laying down of gas-pipee in the Strand, and from that
they would see what they would have to do in Australia ;
Imt he could not say that his remarks produced much
effect, for the gambling spirit was largely prevalent among
all classes of toe community. That people should have
gone out to Australia had been greatly to our advantage, for
he remembered the time when it waa almost necessary to
force a man to emigrate, whereas the attraction of the
gold discoveries had quite altered thia state of things. No
doubt what Australia wanted most was labour ; but he
did not think people required much incitement to
emigration in the present day. He remembered the time
when large crowds of working people flocked to hear a
lecture upon emigration ; but at the present time there
waa scarcely a village in England in which there were
not some inhabitants who had relatives doing well in
Australia, aod who, through the post-office, communi-
cated their prosperous condition to their friends at home.
He would not sit down without alluding for a moment to
a movement in emigration which was oue to a lady, who
had not been so successful in her plans as they could have
wished, Mrs. Chisholm. That lady suggested two things
which promoted emigration more than anything else—one
was the land B>*stem, holding out the temptation of an allot-
ment of land when the emigrant arrived ; the other the
system of assisted emigration, by means of which people
paying a certain sum were able to send out their relatives
by receiving a contribution from Oovernment— a plan
which he believed had operated very beneficially. Mr.
Sidney aUo referred to the efforts made by Miss Rye in
promoting female emigration to our colonies, and ex-
pressed his opinion that no organisation for sending out
large bod lea of females would be successful. The only
satisfactory plan, he believed, was that of family colo-
nization. If the colonies had their own way no
doubt they would wish to have only the young and
vigoroua portions of the community sent out, but
if they nad the young they must he content to
receive the middle-i^ed and the old relations of those
2S
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, Novembbb 27, 1868.
who went oat. Emigration was no doubt an excellent thing
for those who liad large capital for the employment of
labour at high rates ; and a good thing also for those who
had labour to dispose of at high wages ; bat with regard to
the middle class, who Iiad only a small capital to invest,
emigration should be undertaken with care and oonsider-
«lion, and not without having some friend who could give
ihem good advice apon their landing. Having been him-
«elf engaged for many years in promoting emigration, he
confessed that the results with regard to persons with
small means had been rather of an unsatisfactory character.
There was one point worthy of notice to which Sir Charles
H^icholson had referred with grett personal modesty, bat
it wa9 one in which this country took great pride. He re-
ferred to the University established in Australia, in the
foundation of which he believed Sir Charles Nicholson
was mainly instrumental. It was most gratifying to
finl that in this distant locality, where ^^reat fortunes had
been made, and where general commercial prosperity pre-
vailed, literature, science, and the arts had not been neg-
lected.
Mr. Jordan (Gk>vemment Emigration Agent for Queens-
land), having been called npon by the Chairman, afler
■peaking of the great merits of the paper, said he fully
concurred in the views of Sir Charles Nicholson on the
flubject of the c^wth of cotton ; indeed, he believed he
went farther in his conBdence as to the capabilities of
Australia, especially Queensland, for the production of
this material, not only the Sea Island but also the more
ordinary qualities. Mr. Cheetham, the chairman
of the Manchester Cotton Supply Association, had
iold him that if the Sea Island cotton coald be produced
at a somewhat leas price —the price having been 2s.
per lb. before the American war — if it could be pro-
duced at Is. 6d. per lb., the consumption of that particular
description' would be doubled in twelve months. Even
fiupposing for a moment they did not grow the Orleans
cotton, and confined themselves to the Sea Island, that
quality could be produced with a large profit at Is. 6d.
per lb., and the probability was that a lai^e quantity of
that cotton would be sent to the British market. Mr. Baz-
ley had stated that, without exception, the Sea Island
cotton from Queensland was the finest that had ever been
received into Great Britain — that however mach they
could produce of that quality, there would always be a
market for it at an average of ls.4d. to Is. 6d. per lb. Mr.
Crawfurd had suggested that if they left the sea coast they
could no longer produce Sea Island cotton. That was true ;
but there was no reason for leaving the sea coast, as they
had 1,800 miles of it, which, along its whole extent, was per-
forated by beautiful bays, the outlets of fine navigable
rivers — short, but wide, and adapted for the purposes of
commerce. The whole extent of land required to pro-
duce the 800 million lbs. of cotton sent to this countiy
from the Southern States of America was only two million
acres, and if the number of people who emigrated in one
year could be sent exclusively to Queensland, and induced
to engage in cotton growing, they would be sufficient to
cultivate the two million acres which would supply all the
cotton that was oonsnmed by the looms in Lancashire.
TThe growing of cotton in Queensland had not been taken
np by the great manufacturers and statesmen of England.
It had a territory twelve times the size of England and
"Wales put together, and yet it had only 62,000 inha-
bitants ; but he was happy to say that, with the assistance
of Mr. Mackay, who bad jtiRt addressed them, about
10,000 persons were now annually sent to that one colony
alone, and the Queensland Government had created such
facilities for the development of the great cotton capa-
bilities of that colony, that he was surprised that the
10,000 was not 100,000, and that, instead of six or seven
cotton companies (who were growing cotton suocessfully,
and realising such profits, that even at ordinary prices, sup-
posing the American war were to terminate to-morrow,
they would still be able to cultivate profitably), there
-^ere not sixty or sevenfy such companies. Let them
look at the inducements held out for this enterprise
The government of Queensland said, " You shall nave
the Und for nothing. We will give you 18 acres for
every man, woman, and child you bring out, and we will
give yon a bonus of 8d. per lb. upon all the cotton you
grow as well." That cotton was now selling at 4s. per
lb. They did not, however, base their calculations upon
such a price as that, but upon ordinary commercial prices.
If emigration went on, as it no doubt would, they would
get lal^ur at reasonable rates, and he believed, in ten or
twenty years at most, they might with the greatest ease
send from Queensland alone all the raw material of cot-
ton that was required in this country. The distance it
had to be brought was no difficulty whatever. Mr.
Mackay had stated that be could bring cotton from
Queensland at the same price as from New Orleans.
There were so many l^urge ships going out to this colony
with merchandise and emigrants, that they had to wait
for return freights, and they sent the ships to India and
China to procure them; consequently cotton could bo
brought from Queensland at the same rates for freight as
it could from New Orleans.
Mr. Edwabd Hamilton, being called opon by the
Chairman, said he believed all the &cts ststed in the re-
markable paper read by Sir Charles Nicholson would be
admitted and were not open to controversy, and the dis-
cussion had arisen for the most part upon some observa-
tions which had fallen from his friend Mr. Crawfurd,
calling in question the possibility of the profitable growth
of cotton in any part of Australia otherwise than under
the present exceptional state of things. He thought
the answer given to Mr. Crawfurd*s criticism by Mr.
Jordan would be accepted as complete and satisfactory,
for he showed not only that there was an almost
unlimited district for the growth of Sea Island cotton,
but that even if the war in America were over, the
mere fact of the greater distance the cotton had to bo
brought would not prevent it from coming into successful
competition with that grown in the Southern States of
America. He would refer to the observations in the way
of caution to emigrants which fell from Mr. Sidney. Ho
thought the advice thus given, unless it were to a certain
extent qualified, was caloulateid to do mischief. No doubt
young men, who in this eountry came under the category
of '* Ne*er-do-weels" were not likely to succeed much bet-
ter in Australia, and he found in his own experience (and
he was constantly being referred to by one friend or
another who wished to send some young relative to
the colony^ that the persons they wished to send
out were those whom their friends could not manage
in this country. That was treating the colony un-
fairly ; if they wanted a colony to do well they should
send out the best members of society and not the worst.
The temptations, no doubt, were great, and often produced
the most serious evils. He lu^ seen people reared aa
gentlemen in this country employed in breaking stonea
and cutting wood ; but they were persons who probably
would not have done well in any part of the world, and
the disorders of the mind and chu'acter could not bo cared
by the mere transplanting into another country. He
thought that explanation was necessary to guard against
the effect of the o^tservations of Mr. Sidney, who seemed
to ground his remarks upon some amount of experience.
Moreover, in choosing a colony for emigration, it waa
important to ascertain its special chai'acteristics. He
reguxied New Zealand as being suited for the middle and
yeoman class, and the other Australian colonies for the
upper and lower classes ; and he thought that, without
exception, there was no finer field for emigrants of all
classes than was to be found in these colonies. With refe-
rence to the occupations in these colonies, they were of the
most varied character. Those who had the thews and
sinews of navvies might go to the gold fields ; those in-
clined to follow a more sedentary life would enga^ in
I pastoral pursuits ; and he knew from his own experience
that a man employed as a shepherd oouli not only live
JOURNAL or THE SOOIETT OF ARTS, Koybhbbb 27, 1869.
29
boi IMS ako aUa lo kj by a eonademblo tciiii
tiwKoey^ and ml the end of a Cbw y^an become poew»or
if a &nn and flocks of sheep. The [able p^>er of Sir
Ckides Nioholsoo, iogeHber with the observatioDs of
Mr, Jordmn, bad so fbUj ezhaasted the subject, that he
Ui he oould not profitably add any further remarks.
Hr. P. L. Simfoaoe, while coiDctding io the opinions
sifaDoed by the previous speakers as to the value of the
psper whioh had been read, thought that there were one
or two broad filets which might be put forward more pro-
minently in the interest of the colonies. Sir Charles
lOcfaolion had had to deal generally and superficially with
the sobiect* in order io bring it within the usual limit of
time Heoce, in treating of six important colonies (even
seMiDg aside New Zealand), it was impossible to do
Dore than speak in the most general terms. Observing
sBToal Australian colonists present, he had hesitated
to rise, under the hope that they would have been dis-
posed to npeak on the subject with a larger amount
of pcicticai knowledge than he necessarily i^ossessed.
Sb Charles had given them some of the salient facts
caVnlated to show the remarkable strides which the
AnstzaliaiL colonies had made, but his figures were rather
Qodentated, and scaroely did fair justice to Australia at
ttia prenot tone. The total amount of the estimated trade
of those ooLooies was given by him at about 46| millions
tat fiv« ^rean ago, bat the trade now was certainly five or
sx milliona above this, looking at the great advance in
wool, and the higher prices obtained. In going somewhat
eloeely into the calculations a year or two ago, he found
that lor the year 1860 the total value of the imports was,
io roood numbers, £28,000,000, and of the exports
£38,000,000, making a total trade of 50 millions, lu
the last five years even the quantity of wool we had
reeeived direct from Australia had risen fh>m 60
nlllkm pounds to nearly 71^ million pounds. In
1861, the value of the diract imports into the United
Kingdom fiom Australia was £7,000,000, besides gold to
neaxfy the same amount ; and last year the merehandise
and BriUsh manufactures we sent there was to
the value of £12,000,000. Now that the great island
contiDent had been traversed firom east to west and from
north to south, snd that the nature of the interior was
better ondsntood. its general progress was becoming more
rapid. The gracing ground was found to be most exten-
■Ive. There was no lack of water. The new system was
better undertiood, and the domestic animals were increas-
ing so rapidly, that already they were reaching fast
towaids the numbers poss e ss e d by the old country. Of
ibeef^ thejr now owned about twenty-five millions; of
cattle, /bnrand a hal/miliions; and ofhorseS|fivemillioos;
while raceatJjr the camel, the alpaca, the Angora goat,
and other dooestio animals had been introduced, and
many oi the song birds and game animals of England.
To mak moch in detafl of the products of Australia
woold be unnecessary, with the recollection fresh in the
minds of those present of the magnificent display made
by the Australian colonies at the IntematioQal Exhibition
—a dlq>lay so varied that it not only surprised foreigners.
Mid the Seeretary of State for the Colonies, but might
well be pointed to with pride by the people of this coun-
tiy. The rich mineral products, the timber and wood
trophies, were uosurfiassed. And last, but not least, Aus-
Mia demonstrated its wonderful agricultural and horti-
enltural capabilities in grain, which carried off the palm
iior weight and beauty against all competitors; and in
Podels of fruito and vegeUbles equal to any produced in
fiirope. Australia, with the steady agricultural progress
making in South Austnilia, Victoria, and Tasmania, bid
&irsoon to be self supporting, instead of having, as formerly,
to import floor and wheat from Chili or America. The
wheat and maize of Australia commanded general admi-
ration among agriculturists. Sugar had been spoken of as
a future food staple of Australia, and there was no reason
why Qupen^od, which was in about the same latitude as
Kaial, should not rival it io producing sugar ; it was only
a few yearn ago that Natal entened into the production^
and now about 5,000 tons were made there annuidly.
With the extension of coal prodooiion in Australia, adU
ditionid pn^gress would be made in external and internal
communication and manufiMitures. Two million tons had
already been produced in the New South Wales oollieriea
in the past ten years, and the ooUieries there were ca{MU>la
of producing and shipping 20,000 tons weekly. Mr. Jordan
had told them what was doing in emijpnatton in Qoeena-
land, and he believed assisted emigration was also being
promoted now to Viotoria and to New Zealand. In the
last quarter of a oentury, 760,000 souls had left our shores
for Australia. About ten years ago the great tide of
emigration used to set across the Atlantic, and about
25,000 persons left British ports annually for America;
now not ooe-fiflh of that number went, and it was satis-
factory to find that at least half the emigrants fi»ra th»
United Kingdom now go to Australia.
The CBaraMAN, in dosing the discussion, said^ with
reference to the remark of the last speaker, that Sir Chaa
Nicholson had understated the advance made by this
odony, it oould not be regarded as a fault in the paper, but
it might have been a grave objeetioo if this had been
overstated. Some very important fiiota had been Isid
before them, but to his mind, there was none nrare inter-
esting than the allusion to the fint produoe of 240 lbs. of
wool from the little fiock of Sir Edward Macarthur, who
was, he was happy to say, now present, and had lived
to see the total exports of that nsatorial from the
oolony amount to no less than sixty million ll)s»
per annum. It was a most gretifyinff drcumstance,
looking at the comn^ercial aspects of the oase, to find
that the imports of British manufibctures into this
colony- amounted to no less thao £20 pec head of th»
population, whilst those into the Ajnerioan Stales
amounted to only 19s. per head. This exhibited an
amount of trade irith the colony which was highly bene-
ficial to our manufactures. Another gratifying fact
was the great abundance of good timba*, and also thai
sugar-growing, to which Mr. Crawfhrd took exception,
was being carried on to a considerable extent. It was
true that both the timber and the sugar woold hanre to bo
brought a distance of 15,000 miles, but with regard
to the latter commodity, a htrge amount of it waa
brought to this country fh>ra Bengal, a distance by
the Cape of 12,000 miles. He appcehended that
the vast extent of sea coast stated by Mr. Jordan
to be available fbr cotton culture, would graatly modify
the views whioh Mr. CnwfVnd entertained as to^
the practicability of the profitable growth of cotton in
these colonies; whilst the bounty of 8d. per lb., offered
by the local government of Qneensland, would in itself
be a great incentive to the increased production of thai
article. The realisation of man's natural desire to possess
land was not diflleult in this colony ; a man with habits-
of industry was almost sure to work himself into inde-
pendenoe in a short spaoe of time. Allusion had veiy
properly been made to the intimate oonneotion of Sir
Charles Nicholson with the foundation of the University
of Sydney, and to the modesty of that gentleman in
speaking of that interesting cireumstaooe. A few
days since he was accidentally reading an account of tho
proceedings which took place at the opening of that Uni-
versity, as given in the '* Reminiscences of thirty yeara
residence in New South Wales," by Judge Therry, and
he was sure he should be pardoned for quoting a very
short extract of what fell fVom Sir Charles Nicholson on
that interesting occasion : — ** Whatever tends (said Sir
Charles) to enlarge the domain . of thought, to mako
us acquainted with the things that have been before us,
and those that are beyond us, seems best to impress us
more deeply with sentiments of humilltv and reverence
for the Great Author of all things." He would further
quote a few emphatic words of encouragement: — •• I would
direct the gaze of the student, be he ever so poor and friend-
less, that here he may acquire a distinction, the reward
30
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, November 27, 1863.
of merit only. Knowledge to him will here unfold
her ample ftoreti — all the spoils of time — all the treasures
of thought, and all the bright domain of a glorious future
may here become his." He would add that Sir Charles
Nicholson showed the most devoted zeal, not only by
giving his time and ability to the service of the university,
but by liberal donations — upwards of £3,000 in value — of
dassical, medissval, and Egyptian antiquities, besides other
gifts. His duty now only remained to propose, what he
was sure would be readily agreed to by the meeting —
that their best thanks be presented to the author of the
admirable paper which they had heard this evening.
The vote of thanks having been passed.
Sir Ghablbs NxoHOLfiOH briefly acknowledged the com-
pliment paid to him. He wished to add one word in re-
ference to what had fallen from his excellent friend Mr.
Orawfurd, who desured to know his (Sir Charles's) opinion
as to the perpetuity of the relations which existed between
this colony and the mother country. He could not but
express an earnest hope that the period when that connec-
tion, which now so happily subsisted, should be bitmght to
a dose, might be remote. He also ventured to say this,
ihat when the separation did take place, the fault of that
fleparation would not be with the colony, but with the
mother country.
The Paper was illustrated by a collection of
products from the colonies referred to, kindly lent
by the Victoria Emigration Assistance Society.
The Secretary announced that on Wednesday
evening next, the 2nd December, a paper by
Mr. P. H. Holmes, " On Magneto-Electricity,
<and its Application to Lighthouse Purposes,"
'would be read.
"itamMp 0f Ittstttntians*
Shbvwsbubt DncussioM Sooibtt. — The following is
/the list of subjects to be discussed during the present
'Session : — " Would the Open Church Movement be pro-
ductive of evils quite as great as those it is intendea to
-obviate ?** ** Has the Literature of the present day, known
by the term * teMcUional,* a tendency to elevate the minds
of the people?" " Was Earl Russell justified in causing
•the neizure of Messrs. Laird's Steam Rams ?" " Was the
fiolicy of William Pitt beneflcial to BngUnd ?" *« Is the
Pulpit or the Press more potent in the present day ?"
** Has the influence of Puritanism been beneficial ?" ** Is
it proltable that the world will ever again possess a Dra-
matic Writer as great as Shakspeare?" ** Would a merely
•8ecular Education of the masses prove beneficial or in-
jurious to our social interests?" *' Has the Bicentenary
Olebratioo been beneficial in its effects ?'* ** Is Poverty
-a permanent element in society, or is it a phase of social
condition which an increased civilization will eventually
•retnove ?" **1b the Volunteer Corps likely to prove a
permanent and efficient means of defence against Inva-
sion ?" " Is the character of Oliver Cromwell worthy of
our admiiation ?" ** Are there good grounds for applying
the term * dark* to the Middle Ages ?" " Which is to be
preferred — a Town or a Country Life ?** " Is a revision
of the Book of Common Prayer desirable ?" " Was the
Conversion of the Emperor Constantino beneficial to
Christianity?" "Was Wellington or Napoleon the
greater man?" <*Has not the Faculty of Humour been
of essential service to Civilization ?" ** Does Civiliza-
tion necessarily lead to Demoralization?" "Ought
Slavery to be gradually or instantly abolished ?" The
regulations of the Society provide that each member
shall select his own subject for debate, and shall announce
the view he intends to advocate on the Wednesday night
iireceding bis difloossioo. The leader of a debate is
allowed twenty minutes for his opening speedi, and fifteen
minutes for reply; or, in case of adjournment, twenty
minutes for reply. Each succeeding speaker is allowed
fifteen minutes. If a proposition be made for adjourning
a debate, and be carried, the proposer of the adjournment
(who must differ in opinion on the question with the
opener of a debate) leads on the occasion.
CHARGES AT HOTELS.
The numerous new hotels now erecting everywhere
afford a favourable opportunity for many reforms. Be
the charges high or low, the policy of which the pnblio
will determine for itself, much comfort to travellers would
be insured if the plan of the Hotel du Louvre, at Paris,
were published, and the tariff affixed in every apartment.
This hotel furnishes to everyone a nicely printed biU,
as follows, which will interest all who have to do with
travelling. There are five kinds of aspects to the rooma
at the Louvre, which exceed seven hundred in number.
TaBIF DBS PbIX DBS ApPABTBMBNTS.
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Tarif des Consomuations.
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id. id. dani les appartemenU
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JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Novkmbkb 27, 1863.
31
iiM ^rts.
Thb latePbofgssob Cooksbell's drawings and sketches
iR now being exhibited at the rooma of the Institate of
Bridih Anshit«ct8 in Conduit-street.
Ckkmioai^ Esiosavinos — Mr. Fox Talbot, one of the
mdisttl experimentalitts in photography, has jost added
CM to the Usl of chemical photographic engravings. It
R^eaeotfl a scene in Java — a ravine and rivalet fringed
vith banana troea. It is said that at least 5,000 copies can
be taken before the plate detoiorates. There have been
wo many attempts and so many failures that any genuine,
■idoabled success in this direction would be welcome.
Thb Bbitish IsmrmrrioH. — On the 18th of November
a private view took place of the copies made by stu-
teits in art, from the pictures left by the proprietors of
tbcm for that purpose, after the usual exhibition of works
\j ancient and deceased masters had been closed. The
eritjecta left for study have been decidedly in favour of
p(fftiait painters. LandsL^ape painting would seem to have
aadted litUe attention among the students, and even the
•Section of porUaitore appears to have been greatly in-
fiomced by historic value. One portrait of Bourgomaster
Six, by R^biandt, has been copied no less Utm twenty
JJk , T i
Thb Sals of Photoorapbs of Bafi(aelle*s Cartoons and
other works, formerly conducted by the Science and Art
Department, has been handed over to the usual trade
pnbUahers. Messrs. Chapman and Hall are the chief
agents. The effect of this step has been very nearly to
doiAle the price. The Department in future will only
imie to the Schools of Art m connexion with it.
Six Off TBB MasTERS of Art Schools have been di-
reotcd to proceed to Paris to report each separately on the
works of the Schools of Art in France, now brought to-
gether for the first time, and exhibited in the PcUait de
riadustrie.
Thh Natiovil Oallkby. — Twen^-nine pictures have
just been added to this collection, which quietly increases
in value and importance under the judicious chaise of Sir
Charles Eastlake, P.B.A., and now contains some of the
finest (;xamples of the greatest masters, the whole coUec-
iion being marked by Sie selectoess of the works it com-
prises, both in regud to their intrinsic art merits and
their exoelleDi slate of preservation— qualities in which
EnglUhmen should learn that their Qallery is unrivalled.
Of the pictures which have now been hung no less than
twenty-two were " presented by Her Majesty in fulfilment
oTlhe wishes of the Prince Consort," and were the pick of
the Wallerateio colleetioo, privately purchased by the
Pfince in 1S50, Her Majesty having, with a gracious
eonsideiation, permitted this selection to be made. These
additions aggravate the previous want of space. The
pictures have been partially re- hung and new screens
added. Two screens now occupy the new room built for
the Italian pictures, another is placed in one of the smaller
rooms, and two in the room filled with Tumer^s works.
By such an arrangement, which is unavoidable, the general
effect of the galleries is sadly spoiled, and the visitors in-
commoded — nor are the screens properly adapted for the
display of the pictures. The light suited to the pictures
on the walls {alls perpendicularly upon those on the
screens, and the glitter is doubly aggravated by their
proximity to each other and to the wall pictures, both of
vkich are reflected in the glass by which the works are
tow lai|i^ly protected. The Turner room is understood
to be altogether temporary and exceptional, but it is no
* less painful to see our great painter's works heaped upon
Che walls, mounted even above the cornice, and filling the
coved ceiling.
Thb HAUPToar-oouBT Gallbbies. — A visit to these
galleries shows that the Royal pictures continue to increase
in interest under the intelligent care of her Majesty's
Sorveyor-Qeneral of Pictures. Many fine works, formerly
hoDg in bnd sitoations, have been brought into more pro-
minent places. The works of the Venetian school are
being gradually grouped together ; and several which,
from being obscured by bad repairs and repeated varnishes,
had been overlooked, have been judiciously restored, and
prove fine examples— among others, a beautiful small
picture by Old Palina (formerly hung in the Queen's
Chapel, and called erroneously Titian), and a work by
Savoldo, of Breschia, a somewhat rare master, which had
heretofore been attributed to Pordenone. The nine com-
partments of Mantegna's " Triumph of Julius Cresar," a
work in tempera, and in a sad state of decay, have been
carefully glazed, to prevent, as far as possible, further
injury. The room known as the publk: dining-room has
been repaired, the catafalque Us^ed at the Duke of Wel-
lington's funeral removed, and the room entirely hung
with portraits of the Biitish School — among others,
the two fine pictures, by Gainsborough, of Colonel
St. Leger and Fisher, the composer. This gradual classi-
fication of the pictures, which must be a work of much
judgment and difficulty, is greatly to the credit of the
Surveyor, and will add largely to the attractions of
the ooUection, and the pleasure the pubUo feel in visit-
ingit.
Pabis. — ^The jEeoU dei Beaux Arts has been re-organised.
It is now styled the Imperial School of the Fine Arts, and
will commence a new session on the 1st January next
under M. Robert Fleurj', who has been appointed the
Director for five years, with a salary of 8,000 francs. For
the general government a council has been nominated,
presided over by the Due de Morny , and comprising three
senators, two ^inters, two sculptors, and two architects,
all men of eminence, with, as hommede lettres, Thdophile
Gautier, who commenced his career as a painter.
The French Academy of the Beaux Arts at its sitting
on Saturday, elected Mr. Donaldson to be a foreign cor-
responding member in the room of the late Mr. CockeroU.
Panufattnrts*
Scoab Boiliko im Clay Pans. — Sra,— Those of your
readers who have witnessed the boiling of sugar in iron
or copper must have come to the idea that these metals
must affect the sugar produced to a considerable extent.
I see a great attempt in coating iron cooking utensila
with enamel, principally, I believe, made of tin, but I
gi'ieve to see few attempts to have a pan of fire-clay.
There might be a great many more experiments tried
with fire-day and admixtures of silica. Fire-clay is found,
strange to say, in no districts devoid of coal, and I think
I may add iron, for I am not aware that it is found where
lignite simply exists. I am in hopes the insertion of
this may arouse some to try what can be done in this
important matter. — I am, &c.. Colin McKenzib Diok,
Formerly of Trinidad, Sugar Planter.
AzuLBNB. — This is a new organic body, discovered by
Mr. Septimus Piesse, existing in and forming a proximate
constituent of several ottos or essential oils. It is remark-
able on account of its beautiful blue colour. There are
but few liquids which give a coloured vapour when boiled,
but azulene is one of them ; like itself, its vapour is blue.
Aaulene is soluble in fatty and volatile oils, in alcohol, and
nearly every other liquid (with the exception of water), to
all of which it imparts its colour. It is a very permanent
body, and bears a temperature of 700 or 800 deg. Fahr.
in a sealed tube without alteration. None but the strongest
chemicals, aided by heat, will break up its constitution.
Two blue oils, Matricaria ehamomiUat and Achillea milU"
fUia^ which owe their colour to the presence of azulene,
have been examined by Sir D. Brewster. He says, •* They
differ from all the various bodies which I have yet ex-
amined. Between the two lines A and B of Frannhofor's
map of the spectrum, there are two groups of lines, and
the two oils absorb the light in these portions more power
S2
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, November 27, 1863.
lolly than in the pertioni m^^^oeoi to them. No other
fluid or Bolid on which I have made experiments acta in a
similar manner ; but, what is very remarkable, the earth's
atmosphere exercises a similar action when the son's light
passes thioogh its greatest thickness at sonrise and sun-
set." In a p*per by Mr. PiesM, read before the Chemical
Society, describing acolene, the author stated that blue
otto of chamomile yields one per cent., otto of wormwood
three per cent., and otto of patchouly six per cent of the
new body. The patchouly plant is already commendally
cultivated at Penang, and any quantity can be grown in
Ceylon. Patdiouly is said to enter into the composition
of Indian or Chinese ink. Mr. PiesM thinks that, on ac-
count of the general presence of azulene in volatile oils (to
whbh, in a measure, it gives their colour), it plays some
special part in connection with these odoriferous bodies,
and he hopes soon to elicit some more facts relative to it.
Beodents in the colonies, who are familiar with coloured
volatile oils not known in England, will assist Mr. Piesse
in his investijpfation if they will send him small samples,
to the care of the Secretaiy of the Sodety of Arts.
Yahaoium. — This rare metal has been found to exist
in pig iron. Vanadium has been found hitherto in very
few substances, chiefly in the scarce mineral known as
vanadiate of lead ; it has also been detected in a kind of
iron ochre, and in the French mineral baoxite, which is
now 60 largely employed in the manuCaoture of aluminium.
Vanadium has alres^dy received an important application
in the manufacture of writing ink. The very finest black
ink, perfectly indelible by chemical re-agents, or by ex-
posure to the combined infloenees of ahr and moisture, is
made by adding a minute portion of vaoadic acid to water
containing some ttnoture of nutgalls. This ink is already
in use for some special purposes, consequently a new
source of vanadium is a matter of great practical im-
portance.
FxMoiMG Maobinxrt. — A case of interest to millowners
was recently decided at Little Bolton. The proprietors
of Prospect Mill, Harwood, were summoned for neglecting
to fence their machinery, in consequence of which a
young woman was killed. It was shown that the fencing
had only been taken away for the purpose of alteration,
but the magistrates nevertheless inflicted a penalty.
They held that the people should not have been allowed
to work in that part of the milL
(Sfftnmtrt^
A Hxw Kncn op Runnu has been patented by Mr
Lumley. It is made in two pieces, which are joined in
the same manner as the rudder itself is fixed to the vessel ;
then there are two chains fitted on the outer edges of the
tail- piece, but on opposite sides, whidi chains cross each
other tlut>ugh diagonal slots in the body of the rodder,
and are then duly affixed to the sternpost. In working
the rudder in the usual way the tail part works at angles
to the body, precisely as the body makes angles to the
vessel ; hence a recessed surface is formed and (according
to the inventor) double the steering power is obtained — an
angle of ten degrees with the new rudder being equal to
twenty with the old one. This new rudder has been applied
to several large vessels in the Royal Navy — the Locutt, the
Buljmch gunboat, and the Colxtmbim steam sloop, a vessel
of 600 tons and 160 horse-power, which has just returned
from a oiiiise off the Scottish coast. Twelve other ships
have also adopted it. It is asserted that for inland
river navigation the power which this rudder places
in tho hands of the steersman will allow of a considerable
addition in length being made to ships of commerce. The
rudder is said to be applicable to every vessel, from the
rowing boat to the fir^t-class man-of-war.
Thk Petroleum Trade. — From the Ist of January
UDtll Die close of October, 1862, there were 5.195,481
gallons shipped from New York alone. For the same
period this year New York has exported 15,508,166 gal-
lons; Philadelphia, 4,268,244 gallons; Boston, l,604,84e
gallons ; Baltimore, 806,361 gallons. In roimd numbers
the total value of the exports from the ports atx>ve
named from January 1st until the dose of October will not
fall short of 10,000,000 dollars, so that hereafter petroleitia
is fairly entitled to rank among the ataples of America.
Book ml is indigenous to very many countries, inoluding
the British West Indies, which Philad^hia has, nevas-
thelesB, supplied with 28,682 gallons thus &r this year.
But it would seem that the Pennsylvania and Canada wella
have at prwent a monopoly of the markets of the world,
whatever be the cause. In the course of a few yeara
other nations may rival America in the prodoction of
protrolenm. Already it is stated thai a district has been
discovered in Russia of similar formation to tha^ of the
oil-producing regions of Pennsylvania and other parts of
America ; Md also that mineral oil has bean found at
Gasp^i, a thriving part of Canada East, where its exist-
ence was indicated fully 20 years ago in the geologioal
reports of that section.
Fbbhch Tbadb.— Although there is generally a falling
off at this season of the year in the manufacture of ma-
ohineiy in the great ironworks about Paris, orders are
being daily received for locomotivea for the Italian and
Spanish railways. The construction of iron bridges like-
wise employs a great number of hands. Orders for hand-
some carriages are every day increasing. Those engSAsd
in Uie building trade were never more prosperous. The
construction of the docks of St. Ouen occupies numerous
workshops ; while stonecutters are preparing the granite
which ia to serve for the foundation, the iron rafters for
the storehouses are being forged in the neighbourhood. A
large wder has been received firom Milan for the appara-
tus required to light that city with gas. The maoufiu-
turers of stained paper cannot find soflfcient hands to
execute the orders on their books. The decorators and
gilders of porcelain are equally well employed, and the
men engaged in the manufacture of pianoa frequently
work extra hours. Skilled cabinet makers, capable of
carving articles of furniture, are in a similar poeitioo.
Woollen spinners are fully employed, and cotton spinners
are l>eginning to find employment. Mannfaoturers of
perfumery find it difficult to supply titeir oustomers. Tho
impulse given to French commerce and industry fay the
abolition of the system of protection is becoming every
day more manifest to the manu&cturers of Paris. The
exports from the 1st of January to the 1st of October
equal in amount the entire exports for the year 1862.
England and Belgium have pakioulariy ooBtributed to
this development of French industry. Bng^d has taken
lace, plain and figured silks, merinos, ai&les of ladiesT
dress, mercery, ribands, linen and cotton cloiha, bleached
and unbleached ; gilt and plated bronaes, jewelry, clocks
and watches, porcelain, wrought steel, stained paper, en-
graved music, a quantity of chemical ingredients, sudi as
potash, chloride of lime, nitrate of soda, and sulphate
of copper ; refined sugar, di^essed skins, and a variety eC
basket work. It is expected that the exports to England
this year will amount to 100,000,000 fi-ancs more than
those of the last.
Iaiforts of Coal into Lonooit. — The total imports
of seaborne coal into the Thames thi83F6ar, up to the end
of October, were 2,692,208 tons, in 7,964 ships, being an
increase of 77,551 tons as compared with the correspond-
ing period latit year. By railway, the imports this year
ha\e been 1,480,018 tons, an increase over last year of
248,562 tons. By canals, 8.101 tons, a decrease of 2.09&
tons. The total imports in the ten months, therefore,
were 4,1 8 1, C 22 tonft, an inciease of 168,913 tons over last
year. The general foreign shipments of coal trom all
the ports thus tar this year show an increase ot 198,809
tons.
Tbaoe wrrn Western Afbioa. — In 1827, the value of
British and Foreign goods exported from the United King-
dom to the West Const of Africa, was £155,759; in 1840,
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, November 27, 1863.
33
£410,796; in 1850, £890,216; in 1860, £1,145.434. The
tcul valae of importa from Africa into the United King-
dom, for the six yeart 1856 to 1861, invasive, amount^
<o £9.804,So6. In 1818, the import of palm oil into
England from AfHca was 1,465 tons; in 1823, 3,328
Com; in 1881, 8,164 tons; in 1841, 19,853 tons; and in
18W, 40.216 tons. The increase in one article, palm oil,
tbocgh large, is trifling when compared with the re-
vmrcei of Western AfHca, while many articles, equally
or more important and abtmdant, have been totally neg-
lected, or have only very recently received attention.
fntrlirations Issnelr.
Thb Cgrbebt Gold and Silver Coins of all
CousTBiKS, their weight and fineness, and their intrinsic
▼aloe in E^gli^ money, with fac-timiUi of the coins, by
Leopold C. Martin and Charles TrUbner. ( TrUbner and
Cb.) Thie work contains representations of upwards of a
UKHiaand coins, the weight and Aueness of which are given
In French grammes amd milli^mes, as well as in English
Troy gnins and English technical terms. The British
gold uid nlver coins represented amount to 108 ; these
ioclodealso those imied for the British colonies. Oar
gold coins repreaented amount to 31, and pieces of silver
to 77. Many, however, of the former, and some of the
latter, have never been practically ciroalated ; thus, for
example, the large five and two-guinea pieces are prac«
ticall y obsolete.
WliiE, THB Von, AVD TUB Cellab, by Thomaa G.
£faaw, with 26 wood engravings, 8vo., 168. — {Longman.)
MrrsoBOOBAPHiOA, or methods of mapping the weather,
by Francis Galton, F.R.S. (MaemOlan cand a>.)~The
Aothor ezplaina a new method jnoposed by him for re-
gistering the chief daily meteorological phenomena, in
fioch a manner as to indicate at once to the eye the com*
paiative meteorology of a considerable extent of country.
He exemplifies his prooees by a series of small charts,
■howtog the greater part of Central £urope and the British
lales^ with the metemlogical phenomena presented in the
morning, afternoon, and evening, at varions stations
aoattered over the sorface, during the month of December,
1861. Each station of observation is indicated by a small
oblong apace, printed by means of type, showing by the
difforences of ita maridng the prevalence of rain, snow, or
dear Mae sky, or the amount of cloudiness at the time
jepneeented by the chart The indications by the baro-
meter and the ihermomeieir are also shown in the figures
upon each area. The dnection of the wind is given by
means of a particalar symbol, which also admits of a
modification by the addition of marks in its interior, to
indicate the force of the aerial currents. In this way the
stfies of ninety-three charts contained in Mr. Galton*s
bookfmnisbes a comparative summsry of the meteorology
oi a great mrt of Europe during the month to which it
lelatee. Another series of corresponding small maps, di-
vided into squares, gjives, by means of symbols, a sum-
mary of the barometric indications at each period of obeer-
valioo, and the whole of the revnlta are again brought
tageth^ in a series of diagrammatic tables at the end of
the book.
®tetnaij.
Jonr AflVTOH Yates died on Sunday, Nov. 1, aged
82, at the Paik, near Manchester. Mr. J. A. Yates was
the second son of the late Rev. John Yates, minister of the
Presbyterian congregation in Paradise-street, Liverpool.
He was educated under the Rev. W. Shepherd, of Gate-
acre* and afterwards at the newly-instituted Manchester
Academy, which in a few yean assumed its present title
of Manchrater New College. To the dose of life Mr.
Yates was one of its supporters and principal officers. For
instruction he was, however, chiefly indebted to the cele-
brated chemist and mathematician, John Dalton, who
treated him not merely as a pupil, but as a friend. Mr.
Ashton Yates was next apprenticed to the great North
American firm of which William Rathbone was founder
and chief. Mr. Yates's active habits as a Liverpool
broker were varied and relieved by the study of literature
and the fine arts, and he formed a very valuable collec-
tion of engravings and paintings by old masters. He
also devoted great attention to political economy, and
published *< A Letter on the Distresses of the Country,"
1817 ; *« Colonial Slaver}*," 1824 ; ** Essays on Currency
and Circulation," 1827 ; *' A Letter on the Present De-
pression of Trade and Manufactures, addressed to the
Landowners and Farmers of the County of Carlow," 1841.
At the time of their first appearance these pamphlets ro-
ceived warm approbation from Mr. Huskinon and many
other politicians. On the passing of the Reform Bill Mr.
Yates stood for Bolton, in his native county, but was not
returoed. At the next general election he was a candi-
date with Mr. Vigors for the county of Carlow, and they
wero returoed together. He was elected a member of the
Society of Arte in 1820.
Jahbs Hauohton Lanostok, M.P., of Sarsden
Bouse, Chipping Norton, Oxon, and 143, Piccadilly,
one of the members for the dty of Oxford, died
at Sarsden on the 19 th Oct. He was the son of John
Langston, Esq., of Sarsden-house, and was bom in
1797. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, at
wluch university he was created Honorary Doctor of Civil
Law in 1819. In 1824 he married Lady Julia Moreton,
daughter of Thomas, first Earl of Ducie. Mr. Langiton's
first appearance in the political world was in connection
with the borough of Woodstock, where he was unseated.
Mr. Langston afterwards was elected for the city of Ox-
ford, heading the poll a^inst Stonor Hughes and We-
therell. In 1835 he retired from political life, but came
forward again in 1841, when he again headed the poll. In
1847 and 1852 he was returned without opposition, in
company with Sir W. P. Wood. In 1857 he again stood
a contest, with the same result as before. Mr. Langston
was.a liberal in politics, and a supporter of the ballot. He
was dected a member of the Society of Arts in 1856.
ICfftts.
The Sunday in London. — A correspondent from
Berlin writes as follows : — *• This is Sunday in Protestant
Berlin, and I have just heard an eloquent sermon in the
Cathedral * On the Anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig,*
listened to by a congregation more attentive than you
would find in St. Paul's. From the church I went to
the Museum, to watch the crowds who, after church-time,
came to see the pictures, the ancient marbles, and ethno-
graphy, and I could not help asking myself why the ooa-
termo'ngera and working people in Protestant London
should not be permitted to go to the British Museum
or National Gallery, instead of boozing or lying in bed in
their small, ill- ventilated rooms V Can you give any sound
reason to your obedient servant, — ^F. S. ? "
Great Value of Ground in tab Metropolu. — ^A
curious instance of this is shown opposite Lord Ellesmere's
house, at St. James's. Apparently in order to economise
about six inches, the side of a new building, which looks
something like a stable and something like a chapel, has
deviated fh)m a straight line, and has a slight angle,
which gives the appearance as though the wall had
bulged.
Meteoroloot.— Mr. Glaisher, at a recent meeting
of the Meteorological Society, entered into a series of
very interesting details respecting the great storm of
October 30, pcnnting out the extreme value of self-
registering instruments. Those in use at Greenwich
u
JOURNAL OP THE SOCTETr OP AETS, November 27, 1868.
•howad that at half-pa»t three id the aftemooa of that
day, when the railway shed at Neiv Cross was blown
down, the height of the barometdr bad suddenly fallen to
28*7 inches. The temperature as suddenly rose to 68^
of Fahrenheit. The wind shifted from south to nearly
due north, and the pressure of the wind was almost in-
stantaneously raised to 29^ pounds on every square foot,
28 pounds being the greatest pressure that has been ob-
served for more than thirty years previous. The self-
registering instruments at Oxford indicated a similar
series of phenomena nearly coincident in point of time.
FuB Tbade. — The St, PauTa Press, a Minnesota paper,
states Uiat the trappers killed last season 5,500 bison and
bui^loes, upwards of 5,000 wolves, 850 bears, 1,131 foxes,
28.000 minks, 2,258 otters, 1,600 martins, and 250,000
musk rats.
Bbitish MosEDM.—ViEirnLATiON.— Itis a common re-
mark that a visit to this great national institution too often
entails a headache and a sense of fatigue. Can this result
be owing to the want of proper ventilation ? Abundant
hot air is poured in through gratings, but where the exit
is to be found is not apparent. Certainly, besides the
general stuflBne^s of the pUce, unpleasant odours assail the
visitor frequently in a passage through the galleries.
TsB Wood Cabvikos jiist sent in competition to the
An^itectural Museum consist only of about a donen ex-
amples of misereres, which are exhibited at the South
Kensington Museum, in the Educational Museum.
LivBBFOOL Fbeb Pdblio Libbabt. — The Eleventh
Annual Report states, that since the commencement
of the library more than 2,400,000 volumes of books have
been inued, and returned, with the exception of 59 ; 21 of
these liave been suooessfiilly traced and recovered, and 9
of the purloiners prosecuted to conviction ; the cost of re-
plaetng the remaining 38 volumes has not exceeded £4,
whiok sum represents the total loss of books from the
opening of the library to the present time. The average
issue is now upwards of 1,000 volumes per day.
HmoMAL TABLBmw— The Board of Works (according
fome ^mtsiiatisum.
AMERICAN FIRE-ARMS.
Sib, — ^lo your Journal of October 28rd, page 760, is a.
short notice on this subject, in which it w stated that
" The Armstrong gun, whfeh obtained for its reputed in-
ventor the honour of knighthood, was invented in thiv
oouotry (America) aDterk>r to its appearance in Great.
Britain." I beg to add that the mode of consttucting;
heavy ordnance, as adopted by Sir W. Armstrong, or
wrought-iron in its strongest form — a spiral coil — was first
described by me, and published in your Journal for No-
vember, 1854. Also that in January of the year 1855 £
had the honour of laying before the Ordnance Select Com-
mittee at Woolwich my plan for the construction or
wrought-iron gnos on the piinciple of the spiral coil, anci
of which plan and specification the Board of Ortlnance i»
still in possession, thfee years before the date of Sir W..
Armstrokig's first patent. And, ibrther, that subsequently
I prooored a petition to be laid before Parliament having
reference to my prior chiim, with a detailed drawing of
my own gtm appended thereto, together with the same
principle as applied to the side-wedge breech-loader, also
my own plao» which Sir W. Armstrong has lately put
forward as an invention of his own. The dimensions of
my gun, five feet six inches across the broeoh, are extra-
oidinary, bnt nething less will be sufficient to resist the-
explosion and recoil of the extravagant range, weight oC
shot, and initial velocity now required by the artillerist*
of all oovntries. Bnt if the ordmary sixty-oigbt pounder
praelioe only be requved, then my mnzsle-loader tea
ineh gnn will have the same form and dimensions a»
those hitherto ooastructed for snoh piaotkw on the old
established pattenu The public prints are loud in their
oompUmts of the failun of the Armstrong guns, at a cost
to the nation, they say, of something like three millions ^
but if Sir W. Armstrong had carried out my invention in
to the Buader), when applied to for permission to place S i ^^^ '*• .P?*^i P^S? ^ **^°^ **^7* "^T* ^'^'^ ^®*^
marble tablet on the front of the hoa« in Maiden-lane, I ^'^ ™*« " "^^ italnres. _„^^ 1 *nj. ^i^;,,^ ^^
Ooveot Garden, in which Turner was bom and lived, re-
fhsed to grant it. The applicants were artists, who had
subseribed money for the purpose. As artists had this
work in hand, it is not likely to hare been open to the
critkism of the Board of Works on sMthetic grounds, nor
is the design likely to have been such as would endanger
the building or interfere with the circulation of air in the
neighbourhood. There must be some mistake, whkh
ought to be corrected.
Strbet Liobtino. — The Parisians are just now giving
much attention to this qnestion, both as regards the
amount of light as well as the form and disposiUon of the
lamps. A considerable number of lamp-poets, of bronzed
copper, deposited by the electrotype process, as carried on
in the extensive factories of Oudry, are already put up in
the principal streets. These lamp-posts are only about
ten feet above the pavement, and above the flame is a
circular reflector, by means of which the light is thrown
horizontally and downwards, and prevented from being
uselessly dissipated upwards. In London, too, experiments
are being made to ascertain how the lighting may be im-
proved and thecost economised by the use of the light petro-
leum oils for catburetting the street gas. A variety of plans
have been devised for passing the gas through vessels con-
taining the petroleum, and effectually charging it with
the vapour. Various contrivances for this purpose have
been attached to the street lamps in the City, and, as &r
as the experiments have at present gone, the results are
fiivourable. This idea is not new, as many years since
the *' naphtha box,*' as it was termed, was suggested, and
used with success by Mr. George Lowe, the well-known
gas engineer, but the large importation of the cheap pe*
troleum oils, offering a prospect of much greater saving,
has caused publks attention to be again attracted to the
mibject*
Bssdiogi Noiwsber 19th. 186S.
HBNBY W. REVELEY.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mox. .. JU Adstle, 3.
B. Iiut of BritUli Architects, 8.
lledloJ, 8|. Dr. O. H. F. Ronth, ** DliSSMi of Women and
Children.** aadLeotore.
Inal. of Aotosriee, 1. Ur. 3. Brown, ** On the Recent Pro-
ceedlnfi of the Internatioiua HtsttstJcsl CongreiB at Lis
meetinc at Berlin.**
Toaa. ...Oeolocbte* Amoo., 1. 1. Mr. Roberts, ** On eome new lo-
oeUOes ft>r FomII Fishes In the North of Sootlsnd.** 2. Mr.
O. H. West, »* On the Qeolofj of Bofligr.'*
Ctril Engineen, 8. Renewed Discnirion npon Mr. Mors.
Keed'k psper, **Datj of the Comlth Pumping Enflnet.'*
And, tiiM pennittiiig, Mr. Peter WilUam Barlow, ** Lam-
heth Bridge.**
Wan. ...Sodetj of Arta, 8. Mr. F. H. Holxnca, " On Magneto-Elee-
tridtT and its Application to Lightboose Porposea.**
Gtoologkal, 8. 1. Herr Adolf Ton Koenen, *' On the Corre-
lation of the OUgooene Depoaita of Belgtam, Qermaaj, and
Soathem England.** Coimntnuoated tur Mr. F. S. Ed-
wards. 2. Mr. Ralph Tate, *' On the Liassic StraU of the
Neighbottrhood of Belfut.** 3. Mr. W. R. Swan, •* On
the PalwMoie 8«raU U the VieinHr of the Boaphoraa.**^
Oommonicated bj Sir R. I. Morchison.
Pharmaceotical, 8^. 1. Profbasor BenUej, '* On a new kind
ofMatioo.** 2. Mr. Heox7 Deane, ** On the AoeticAcidn
of the Three Pharmacopcelas.** 3. Mr. C. R. C. Tich-
bome, " Upon the Administration of Bismath in a Soluble
Form.** 4. Mr. David 8. Kenp, " On Qoa Powder." 5.
Mr. T. B. OroTos, ** Note on the Reoovetrof FsswiHal Oils
tnm their Watery Solution.** 6. Mr. John Eliot Howard,
** Note on the Root- Bark of CSllaimL** 7. Mr. Daniel
Hairtwify, **Note on Ca$aim mmckmlmr
Tava. mJU^sI, 8|.
Tilnnwan, 8.
Chemical, 8. 1. Dr. Gladstone, "Essential Oils.** 2. Drs.
F^ankland and Dnpr*, **New Mode ol Prepaiteg Zinc
Ethyl.-
fmirnal rf %
THE
mk fd §.rts,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
IIOth Session.]
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 4, 1863.
[No. 576. Vol. XII.
Art-Workmanship.
The works submitted in competitioii for tlie
Prizes offered by the Society amount to seventy
in.number, and are now placed for the inspection
of members and their friends, in the Society's
Great ' Room, where they will remain until
Christmas, when, with the view of their being ex-
hibited to the general public, they will be re-
mored to the South Kensington Museum, by
permission of the Science and Art Department.
The ¥rorks are as follow : —
1. ModeUing in Terra Cottar PUuter, or Wax.
(tf.) The Homan Figure in baa relief, after Baiaelle*!
design of the <* Three Qraoe8."^23 works.
(6.) Ornament in baa relief, after arabesques by Lucas
lan Leyden, 1538.-8 warka.
2. Rqpouui Work in any MtUd.
fff.) The Human Figure as a bas-relief, after Bafltelle's
•• Three Uraces,"— 3 works.
(6.) Ornament, after a Flemish salver in the South
Efbosington Mnsenm, date about 1670. — 1 work.
Z. Hammered Work, in Iron, Brass, or Copper,
Ornament, aft*-r an iron Q«rmaD arabesque, about 1520,
in the South Kensington Huseom. — 2 works.
4. Qtrving in Ivory,
The Human Figure in has relief, after a terra ootta
■scribed to Liica della Bobbia, about 1420, in the South
Kensington Museum. — 4 worka.
5. Chasing in Metal.
(a.) The Human Figure, after a reduced copy of Gib-
Boo'a Pajche. — 6 works.
(b.) Ornament, after a bronze plaque in the South Ken-
rington Museum. — 11 works.
6. ^Mmd Painiing on Metal, Copper, or Odd.
la.) The Human Figure, after Rafaelle's design of the
** Three Graces," executed in grisaille. — None.
(d.) Oniament in grisuUe, iSter a German arabesque,
ISth century. — 1 wnik.
7. Painting on Porcelain.
(a.) The Human Figure, after Bafaelle's <' Boy bear-
mg Doveft," in the cartoon of the ** Beautiful Gate." — 5
works.
(b.) Ornament, after arabesques by Lucas Van Leyden,
1628.-3 worka.
8. Inlays in Wood {Marquetry^ or BuM), Ivory or
Metal.
(6.) Ornam< nt, after a majolica plate in the South Ken«
cmgton Museum, 1490.^ works.
9. Engraving on Qlass.
(6.) Ornament, after arabesques by Lucas Van Leyden^
1528.— None.
10. Embroidery.
Ornament, after a G^erman example in the Green Vaulta
at Dresden. — 1 work.
The Council hare requested Mr. Richard
Redgrave, R.A., Mr.Digby Wyatt, M.R.I.B.A.,
and Mr. John Webb to act as judges in award-
ing the prizes.
The Council, considering the shortness of
notice given to competitors, and the difficulties
of malang the subject sufficiently known, view
the present as a satisfactory beginning, and the j
have re -appointed the Committee to consider
the preparation of conditions for the next com-
petition.
Examinations.
•
The Local Board of the Polytechnic InstitutioiL
has offered to give a prize of £3, provided the
subject of Italian be included in the Examination
Programme, and a suggestion has been made that
Geology might also be advantageously added to
tiie list of subjects. As the Programme for 1864
has already been issued, the Council are unable to
make any addition to it, but they would be glad
to know the opinions of Local Boards as to the
advisability of adopting either or both these
suggestions in a future year.
Wednesday evening Meetings previotls to
Christmas. Chair taken at 8 o'clock.
Dbo. 9.—** Agricultural Progreas : its Helpa and
ita Hindrancea." By J. CHAi.MKna Mobton, Eaq.
On this evening Johk Gbit, Eaq., of Dilaton, wiU
preside.
Deo. 16.— "On the Economic Value of Foods, hav-
ing special reference to the Dietary of the Labour-
ing Claves." By Dr. Edwabd Smith, F.R.S.
Courses of Lectures (under the title of "the
Cantor Lectures") on the following subjects, will
be delivered during the Session : —
The Operation of the Present Laws of Naval War&re
on international Commerce. By G. W. Haatimos,
Esq., Barrister-at-Law.
Fine Aita Applied to Industry, By W. Buboes, Eaq.
Ghemiatry Applied to th^ Arta. By Dr. F. Cbaok
Calvbbt, F.R.8,
88
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbobmbbr 4, 1863.
The following is the Byllabas of Mr. Hastings'
Course, which will consist of four lectures : —
SuBjBOTB or TBfl Two Li<7rt7RBB oiT Dsa 7th mxd
14th, it 8 o'clock.
Nature and Objecta of Public Intematioiial Law.
Its Connexion in the Interests of International Com-
merce.
The Law of Naval Blockade, its Origin, History, and
Present Condition.
Its EfTects on International Commerce.
Arguments for and against the oontinnance of Com-
mercial Blockades.
Subjects of this two ookcludino Lsctubeb
DBUVERBD AFTBB CHEIirMAfl.
rro BE
Contraband ; its Nature and Usages.
Capture of Private Property at Sea ; present State of
the Law as modified by the Declaration of Paiis ; Aigu-
msnla for and against its CootiDuaDoe.
The Foreign Enlistment Act ; its OpenutieD ob Coin-
mtrce.
|tatt()nngs if lirt S«tttts«
ThI&D ObDIHABIT MBBTIlffO.
Wednesday, December 2nd, 1868 ; Dr. W. A
Miller, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, King^s
GoDege, London, in the ehair.
The following candidates were proposed ftr
election as members of the Society : —
Atkinson, Oeoige. 2, Highbuiy-park, N.
Baker, Edward, 36, Great Ormond^tiwt, W.C.
BAring, ThomM, M.P., FJl.8., 41, Uppw Qro&fwx^
•twet, W.
BkckbuBM, Bev. Thonwi* Clah-chAmbflf% 1^ JSIeMBft-
street, 8.W.
Buckland, Wm. John, Dmrnmond-chambeoi. JobD<-fltreet.
Adelphi, W.C.
Cook, Heary, CaiiDoii.toad, frightcm^
Engel, Louis, 81, OvosvenDr-atiMi, W.
Enkyn, Roger, 18, Upper GxosveBor-sireet, W.
Hammond, C. D., M.D., 11, Cbarlotte-atreet, Bedfiicd.
square, W.C.
Beaton, Charles, Bradfoid-hoose, BdMeiw
Hill, John, 19, Tavistock-sqiiare,. W.C.
Holtum. William, Church-street, Walmer.
King. William D., 148, Qaeen.«treet» Portita.
Lewal, Gabriel, 6 and 6, PhilpoA^UBe^ £.€.
Martin, Heniy A., 64, Berwick-street, Oxfoid-street, W.
Bobinson, Vincent J., DoaghM-vilk, Oaritonhill, N.W.
Botf€n, £. 8., Victoria Oil Works, Collyhmt^roiid, Man.
Chester.
Schiele, C, 2, Clarenoe-baOdings, Booth-street, Man-
chester.
Sturman, Edward Albert, CamdeD-heoBeL Sydenham-
park, S.W.
Weatherley, Christopher, 89, High-street, Wapping, E.
Yates, W. S., Stamford^siieel, North-stieet, Leeds.
AXU AS W^OSaftY OOBBtSPOMOnNI M^lMB,
Eelaart, WUliam CaspM*, Trinidad.
The following candidates were balloted f<Mr, and
duly ek cted members of the Society : —
Adamg, Benjamin, Bank of England, E.C.
Aitchison, David, 180, Piccadilly, W.
BachlHXriier. Dr. George Henry, B\C.8., 204, Mary Wnme-
-^ad, N.W.
Bagshaw, William E., 8, Com pton- terrace, Islington, K.
Baker, George, 8a, Lucknow-terraoe, Bayswater, W.
Ball, Walter F., 8, St. John's-park-villas, N.W.
Bankart, James, 10, Trinity- square, S.E.
Bass, Michael Thomas, M.P., 19, Lower Belgrave-itFsei
S.W. ; and Rangemore, BurloD>on-Trent.
Berrall, Wm., 89, Bedford-street, Covent-garden, W.O.
Bewick, Thomas John, Allenheads, Northumberland.
Blackboum, John, 6, Trinity-terrace, Trinity-square^
Brixton, S.
Blockley, John, 2, Park-road, Havei-stock-hill, N.W.
Blyth, Alfred, 88, Westbourne-terraoe, W.
Boehm, J. Erasmus, 28. Brompton-creecent, S.W.
Bond, Francis T., M.D., Hartley InatitiUioa, Soatb-
amptoo.
Bowkett, Thomas E., 2, Folkestone-terrace, Poplar, C
Bowman, Robert, 10, Church road West, lalington, N.
Boyd, Dr., 10, Norfolk-terrace, W.
Bryson, John Miller, 57. Roupell-street, Lambeth, S.
Buckland, Francis T., M.D., 160, Albany-street, N.W.
Burgh, Nicholas, 78, Waterloo-road, S.
Bumell, Edward H., 82, Bedford row, W.C.
Bart, Mijor Thoroart Seymour, F.R.S., 18, Wilton-plaoe»
B<^«nt's park, N.W.
Busher, ^ward D , 11, St. Leonard*s-terraoe, Chelsea
College, S.W.
Bossey, Geo. G., 14, Eton-villas, Haventock-hill, N.W.
Butler, Charles, F.K.G.S., 18, Sessex-sq., Hyde-park« W.
Butt, I., Q.C., M.P.. 8, Broad Sanctuary, Westm., S. W.
Buttery, Charles, 178, Piccadilly, W.
Cardwell, Reginald, 11, Cromwell pUoe, Sooth Keoaiiig*
ton, W.
Chorley, Thomas Feamcombe, 48a, Moorgate-stmet, E.C
Clark, Edward Rawson, Drayton-villa, West Bromptoo,
S.W.
Cleland, W., 94, Cirens-road, St. John's-wood, N.W.
Coe. Ernest Oswald, 7a, Brook-st., Grosvenor-sqoare, W.
Cole, Edward S., 6, Thorloe place, Bfompton, S.W.
Collinge, Arthur, C.E., 10, Maiiboroagh-plaoe, Ketmia^-
ton, S.
Cooke, Christopher, 18, Chatham-plaoe, E.C.
Cooke, Major Ambooy, R.E., 96, Mount-street, Grosreiior-
sqnare, W.
Cope, William. 26, Glonoester-eres., Regent's-park, N.W.
Corderoy, George. 17, King William-street, Stiand, W.O.
Corderoy, John, 8, Kennington-green, S.
Cronmire, John Martin, 10, Bromehead'Street, Com-
' mercial-road-east, E.
Currie, Edmund Hay, Bromley, Middlesex, E.
Davis, Matt. Boulton, 22, Buckingham- st. Strand, W.C.
Dunn, Spencer, 10, King-street, Finsbury, E.C.
Emly, Samuel Frederick, 12, Norfolkst., Strand, W.C.
Evans, John E., 6, Albion-road, Hampstead, N.W.
Evans, John Hilditch, 60, Bartholomew Close, E.G.
Faulkner, John, 2, Momini^ton-cresoent, N.W.
Field, Sidney, Northcote, Reigate.
Fisher, Joseph, Great Western Railway Station, Padding-
ton, W.
Fletcher, Isaac, Tambank, Workington.
Greig, Alexander M., Ranelagh-road. Pimlico, S.W.
Guye, Auguste, 8, Guildford street, Russell square, W.C.
Hammond, Edwin, 28, Hamilton- street, Camden-town,
N.W.
Harris, Wm. H., F.C.S., 88, Gold-street, Northampton.
Hewitt, Jonas B., 6, Angel-court, E.C.
Highton, T. Charles, 82, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C
Hill, Nicholas Stanton, Liverpool.
Hunter, Christopher, 84, Penton-street, Pentonvillo, N.
Kayess, William Henry Tucker, 23, Milk-street, E.C. ;
and Forest-hill. S.E.
Kindersley, J^eptinius Wigram, 88, Chapel-street, Bel-
grave-pquare, S.W.
Lorberg, W.. Ph. D., 4, WyldVrent*, Bermondsey, S.E.
Maclean, William, Grove hill, Caniberwell, S.
Marsden, Joseph Daniel, Edmonton, N.
I Martin, Charles, 11, Langham place, W.
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, Dkobmbbb 4, 1863.
39
WAul, Jacob, SoathBeld-lodge, Soatiifields, Wands-
wortOt S»W^»
MiddletoD, James, 2, Brook-street, Oloaoester-plaoe, W.
OfeUef, Waiiam, High-Street, Bromley. E.
I^tlsr, William, 10, St. Joho's-wood-park, N.W.
itehoD, Bev. Wm. Morley, M.A., 8, Arondd-sqaare,
UingtoD, K.
FBidiie, rniomaa, Witney, QzfordBhiro
Jiaddlf Oliarlea, 51, Bntland-gate, 8.W.
Backer, Martin Diederioh, 115, Leadenhall-street, E.C.
SMm, Bobt. 39, Benboroogh-gardem, Belgrave-rd. S.W.
Shav, Jamea Veitoh, The Elms, Twickenham. S. W., and
Knight Bider-atraet, Dootore' Commons, E.C.
Slolibs, John Heath, BenneU'shill, Binniagham.
Soith, Edward, M.D., F.RS., 16, Qoeen Anne-street, Ca-
ynndish^sgiiaie, W^.
TKtara, WiUiaB, Langriville, Boston, Lincolnshire.
Tkflor, Walter, Banelagh-road, Pimlioo, S.W.
Tm^ John, 87, Ozford-stieei, W.
T^plee, John, Bridgenrtreet, Bath.
Watt, Jaflsaa, GaiUmeas, Fayement Qaarries, and Mount
Pleasant, Tfaono, N.B.
Weir, Edward, 142, High Holborn, W.C.
White, George, 70, RosseU-sqaare, W.C.
Wiadsr, Jaoaea, KX), Waidonr-street, W.
Wolff, Kr Heoiy Drommond, E.C.M.O., The Albany.W.
Tbe Paper read was—
OH MAGNETaELEOTRIOlTY, AND ITS APPLl-
CATION TO LIGHTHOUSE PURPOSES.
Br F. H. HoLMis, Esq.
Aa this is a paper on the Application of Magneto-Elec-
tridty to lighthooses, I will begin by saymg a few words
CO UghtfaoQMs themselves, their former and present state,
and tlie i^pateins now geoendly followed in the arrange-
Bsenta for Ughting.
Fonneriy li^i&oiises were Teiy few, and were nearly
sH ooal fires on high diA or towers, and most of Uiem
were the p rope rty of private individoals ; but, as shipping
jaereased, ao th« lighthoose system became more and
more developed, both in the nomber of lighthooses and
in the improvement of those already existing. The ooal
file gradnaUy gave way to the oil lamp and candles ;
nexi we fbid the intro&otion of spherical mirrors or re-
flectors, and these, again, were sopeneded by parabolic re-
fleoiora, sometimes to the nomber of more than thirty in
ooe lantern. After this came the introdnction of the
«• Frenel LeoB," which took the place of the roflectors
and their lamps, however nomerons they might be, and
raaaired instead one central lamp.
This '* Fresoel Lens~ has agdn grown, so to speak, laiger
snd larger, as the want of a more powerfhl light was felt,
ttU it has now a diameter of six feet and a height of tea,
for to inarease the quantity of light the size of the lamp
But be iaereased, and the lens in proportion, or it would
have been so fiir oat of focus that the mtention of the lens
would have been frustrated.
To make these progressive improvements in light-
boQsea vast sums of money had to be expended ; and now
let us see what was the end sought. First to improve the
light ttMlf. This is done by the substitution of a lamp of
nor ooooentric wicks, the largest nearly four inches in
dismeter, for the coal fire. If the improvement had stopped
at that it would have been small ioileed, bat this lamp is
Bwre under command than the coal fire. The value of
the introductiou of oil is not so much, then, on account of
its greater power as for its aptitude for the employment
of ecooomismg apparatus, whether this consists of reflectors
or leasee. All incandescent bodies give out rays as it were
tnm. the centra to the circumference of a rohere ; of such
Ays only those which fall on the sea would be useful to
the mariner, but by means of reflectors those rays which
VQuki paas inland, or upwards, or downwards, are reflected
towajds any required point, and by a proper arrange-
ment of a series of reflectors, the whole or nearly the
whole of the rays are directed where required. The
Fresnel lens consists of a middle refracting belt, and a
double series of reflecting prisms, or zones, as they are
generally termed, and, when properly constructed, it has
the property of collecting all the rays into one horizontal
beam, so that all the Ught from the lamp is utilised.
Thus, then, we see sreat strides have been made, since the
introduction of oil lamps, as r^ards the lenticular appa-
ratus — in fact that may be said to be nearly perfect ; let
us then return to the consideration of the light itself for
a moment.
Whether a large or a small lamp be employed it will
make no difference in misty weather, so long as the thick-
ness of the flame is the same, for a large lamp mav be
equal to ten or twelve smaller ones, and, if replaced by these
ten smaller, it will be evident that when one of these is
obscured by mist the whole of them will be obscured.
Quantity of light, then, will not add to its power of pene-
tratmg mist By making the large lamp with four con-
centric wicks, the bteosity of the light is a little increased,
and such a lamp will penetrate forther through mist in a
slight d^^ree. But it is in misty and hazv weather that
the light is most required ; henoe, now that everything
else is nearly perfect in a lighthouse, the authorities,
both in this country and elsewhere, arodirecthig theh* at-
tention to the only thing wantins to make the whole
system perfect, that is, a light capable of penetrating mist :
and as this power depends on the intensity of the light, and
deotrioity is capable of producing the most intense light
known, it was naturally looked to as the possible means
of perfooting the whole svstbm. But the light produced
by electricity to be applicable for lighthouses must be
certain and constant, not liable to exthictions or anv great
variations, as the first would tend to endaoger vessels seek-
ing and not finding the light ; and if a fixed light had
much variation, it might he mistaken for a rovolving light.
Let us now see whether electricity can produce a con-
stant steady or uniform light. Frictional electricity will
give a succession of flashes intensely ^vid, and might be
used for the purpose, but for the fitct that the slightest
moisture is sufficient to convey the whole chaige to the
earth. The various forms of galvanic battery are sU
capable of producbg a steady and intense light, but still
(besides the great expense) they are not applicable, be-
cause of the necessanly varying current, which becomes
weaker and weaker as the solution becomes saturated.
The magneto-electric machine is then the source from
which one would naturally expect a light which should
be invariable in ita nature, ana capable of being continu-
ous for any given time, as the current produced bv this
machine is constant as long as the helices revolve with
the same speed, and the speed can be easily regulated to
any required velocity.
The electridtv dolved flrom a maffneto-machfne is in-
duced in coils of wire, by the changmg of the ma^etio
poltfity of pieces of soft iron inclosed within the coils or
helices; and the quantity or intensity of the induced cur-
rent depends first, on tiie amount of magnetism induced
in the soft iron ; secondly, on the facility with which the
poles of the magnetised soft iron can be revened ; thirdly,
on the velocity with which the change of polarity takes
place ; fourthly, <m the length and diameter of the wire
forming the helices.
The amount of magnetism induced in the soft iron de-
pends on the size and force of the steel magnets employed,
and on the weight and softness of the iron in the helices ;
but the weight in practice of the soft iron is limited by
the weight of the steel magnets, for, if too heavy, the
steel magnets will be slowly deprived of their magnetism.
To facilitate the change of the poles the soft iron cores
of the helices are not solid pieces of iron, but are tubes,
single, double, or treble, as it is found by experiment that
the same weight of iron, when divided in this manner,
loses or takes magnetism in much leas time than when in
a solid form.
40
JOURNAL OF THB 600IBTY OP ART^ DtctKBift 4, liM8.
Thero is a limit to the yelocity^ to be emfdoyed when
the maximum of electricity is required, for this reason.
It has been already remarked that the amount of electri-
oity depends on the amount of magoeiism taken op, and
that the soft iron takes time to become saturated, as it may
be termed, with magnetism ; hence, if the velocity be too
great with which the cores move from one pc^e of a mag-
net to another, there wQl aot be sufficient time for the
cores to become saturated. But as again the quantity of
electricity increases as the v^ocity increases, it is necessary
to ascertain this maximum point exact^, which is easily
done, either by experiment or calculation, based on certain
data. The length and diameter of the wire require to
be different, according to the current required; for a short
thick wire forming the helices represents a galvanic bat-
tery composed of a dozen, say, of very large paks of
plates, whilst a long thin wire would represent a battery
composed of thousands of small plates. In other words,
supposing the size of the helices to remain the same, if
they are composed of thick short wires, quantity is ob-
tained ; but if composed of long thin wirea^ intoisity will
be tlie result.
From all this it results that there are certain Umtb
known and established, by which a DMgneto-elee^c
machine can be made to give a current of any given
amount of electricity, with any given ratio between its
quantity and intensity.
Having seen on what the production of the current de-
pends, the next point to observe is, the peculiar natare of
this induced current. It differs essentially from a ^-
vanic current in this, that while the helices are revolving,
the direction of the current is revetted, as the core of soft
iron passes each consecutive pole Of the steel magnetSk
It now remains to explain how the current generated in
the wires of the helices is to be withdrawn from the
machine. In the first place all the helices are oonneeted
in two, or four, or more series, and in doing this great
care must be observed that the direction of the eSl of
every alternate helix is in an op|iosite direction, that is,
if one is wound as a right-hand screw, the next should be
as a left-hand screw, or, whataraoonts to the same thing,
sopposhig all wound in the same direction, then the two
inner ends of the wires must be joined of, say, nnmbers one
and two, and the two outer ends of the wires of number
two and three, and so on through the series ; and lastly,
the terminals of the series might be soldered into two
insulated discs, and then led fnxn the maohine by two
pieces of metal kept in contact with the outer snrfiMses of
these discs by a slight spring ; such an arrangement allows
the alternating current to pass from the machine, and such
a cuiTent will produce a light, but this light has cerlain
disadvantages. It is never white, but always more or leas
blue or brownish ; in &ct it is like the eleetno l%ht ob-
scured by placing it behind a flame from spirits of wine.
It is also extremely injurious to the eyes, both fW>m its
colour and its tremulousuess ; 1 therefore do not use this
current, but in its stead I convert thisconsiantly-inve^ing
current into two that flow from the maohine in one direo
iaon only. This is accomplished thus : One half of the
helices are arranged so as to arrive en the p<des of the
magnet at the mstant that the other half are ezaotfy
midway between the poles. Thus there are two distinct
currents ; and what may be called the dead point, that is the
point when the current inverts in one series, oocih* eaaotly
at the time when the other current is at its maximnm, so
that if n )w the inverted currents can be again inverted in
both of these distinct currents, and that the two now flow-
ing in one direction can be united as one compound current,
itisevident that the result will be a current nearly as
uniform as that from a galvanic battery, with the advan-
tage of equable continuity. This is done by the two
commutators, which oonstst each of two insulated rings of
metal, of such a form at the periphery that two rcdlers or
rubbers change sides from one disc to the other at the
same instant that the current is reversed. Then, by com-
bining the two commutators, a compound cniraBi is ob-
tained that wfll prodsce a eoftstant wHi^ lighter perfom
any of the other functions of the gadvanic current, and in
a more perfect manner, as it is more nnfform in its action.
A steady and constant oarrent thus obtained from the
magneto-electric machine is only one part of the pro*
blom of producing a eonstant and steady light, and^
although the most important part, still it would be per-
fectly useless without an eocient lamp or regulator.
In order to undentand thm it is necessary to explskin
that the carbon points used for prodnOing the light or for
converting a portion of the elecirie cnt-rent into lights
are consamed, and that the rate of cetasnmption is irrega-
lar, owing to the irregularities in the structure of the
substance used, which is the kind of iifraphite d^xwdted
in the gas retorts sawed op into pencils about a quarter
of an inch square ; but, as the consumption is irregalar,
no clockwork with oentinvoas motion could be em-
ployed for the puipose of caosing the carbons to ap-
proach as consumed, for ft mast be understood that the
steadiness of the light as w^ as its brilliancy depend on
the two carbon pomti hwag maintained constantly at a
certain distance corresponding to the strength of the
electric current.
Many pieces of apparatus more or less complicated have
been invettted from time to tioM for the purpose of regn«>
lating the movements of the oaiboB dee^^es, and many
of them I have tried, but none of them, as formerly con-
structed, could be used in a lightbeosok bcaiise tfiey were
more or less uncertain in their action, and because the
cl<ickwoik was too delicate and liable to aooident in other *
hands than those of an eleetricianw The question, what
constitutes a good regulator, must be answered by stating
what it must accompish ; and moreover it must perform
its seyeral functions in the mostsimpito manner. It most
in the first place maintain the caibons at a given distance*
whatever be the variation in the state of consmnption. and
must idso be capable of being adyosted to any strength of
current ; secondly, if by any accident the corent should
be iuterrupted> and the light thereby extingniriied, the
regulator should be capable of relighting at once with fbU
briUiaooy , that is, not only must it allow the oaihon poiota
to touch to re-establish the enrrent, but must separate
them again instantly, or there would be no light. Such
a regulator we have here, for ita con s tr uct ion is simple,
and it forms its difierettt functions in a most perfect man-
ner. Its constraotion is this. The upper carbon is at-
tached by a kind of small vioe to a bracket, standing
out from a iidoe, whidi slides ftetHf in a column. The
lower carbon is fixed in the end of another tube, exactly
under the other carbon. Both of these tubes are put hi
motion thus : Two cords, passing ov«r pulleys, properly
arranged, are wound on one spindle, but in opposite dn^ec-
tiensk On taming a stad fiirad on the end of the spindle
thn regulator is wound up ; that is, the top bracket ii
raised, and the lower tube depressed. On removing the
hand from the rtud> the upper t^ would descend^ and,
being loaded, would cause tiw lower tube to rise ; but to
prevent this, while the regulator is out of use a bolt is
pushed in, which prevents any movement in the regulator
till it is again withdrawn. The regulator being wound
up^ the carbons are firmly fixed in their places by tighten-
ing the holders, and are then adjusted so as to bring the
points in the focal plane by turtiing a spindle to which
the fixed end of the cord belonging to the lower ear(x»n is
attached. So far the regulator is only a means by which
the carbons can mutually approach each other wiUi a cer-
tain relative speed, depending on the different diameten
of the two parte of the spindle around which the corda
are wound. But if the carbon points remain in cootact»
there will be no light* Some contrivance, then, was ne-
cessary to separate the pdbts to the distance^ which, by
experience, is found to give most light, and to maintain
that distance between the points constantly till the whole
of the pair of the carbons is consumed. These two opera-
tions are aoeomplished thus. The fixed end of the cerd
whieh works the upper carbon is attaofaad to one end of a
JOtmNAL OF THE BOOIBTT OF ARTS, Dbokmbmi 4, 186S.
41
livcr ; the other end of the lever has a piece of soft iron
rtttched to it, over an electrie magnet, so that wlien the
Wkiiwithdfmwn, and the carbon runs together until thejr
leoefa (thas allowing tlie current to pus)* this eleotro-
Bmnet ioBtantl^, by the action of the same current, lifttt
Dm «ciid, aod with it the upper caitxM), to the required
Bot this is not all, for the carbons would again
together were there not some contiivanoe to prevent
To eoconiplish this, advantage is taken of these
two facts— fir^ that the quanity of electricity is proper-
tiraal ffivmeely to the distance between the carbon points;
nceedly, that the strength of an electro-magnet is pro>
poniooal to the quantity of electricity passing through the
win that nnrxyunds it. Bearing these two facts in mind,
il will be eai^ to understand the use of the second electro-
■lagDei. Over this electro-magnet, at a small distance
abofv it, is i^aoed a lever, one end of which is drawn
down by a spring, the strength of which can be regulated
by atbnnib-aearow. The fiUcrum is between this end and
tihe csntre. The other end of the lever is fumiBhed with
a caidi, and immediately over the electro-magnet a piece
of soft iroo is fixed in the lever. On the carbons being
allowed to touch aa before, not only are they separated by
the mesas described, but this second lever, acted on by
its eleotromagnet at the same instant, is drawn down to-
waidi it, and thus brings the catch between the teeth of a
whsd pUeed under it for the purpose, and efifectually
lockf the regulator. The strength of the spring is now
adjosted till ita tendency to lift the catch out exactly
^alanees the current which draws it down. Should the
dntsaoe now increase bat the ^^ of an inch, the spring
will be stronger than the current, will lift the catch, and
the caihoBs will approach ; but by doing so more current
psaes, the elecuo-magnet is strengthened, and is again
enabled to overcome the spring and draw down the catch,
and thus by their mutoal action the distance between the
caitoD points is all but invariable.
When these regulators are employed in a lighthouse
there are a pair for each lens and two small lenses, so that
ahhough it nuy take ten minutes to replace the consumed
carbons, still the light is never extinguished ; for, suppose
the carbons consumed in the lens No. 1, the regulator is
lesdy in lens No. 2 ; and all the light-keeper has to do is
to bolt the No. 1 regulator and di-aw the bolt of the regu-
lates \n No. % lens ; the current is thus diverted, No. z is
instantly ^ghted, and the lighting of this extinguishes
No. 1.
Thus, then, we have a most intense light, which may be
Bumtained for any length of time, which docs not require
to be trimmed or extininnshed for a second, and which
his all the steadiness and uniformity required for light-
house porposes. Its advantages over the oil lamp are:
fc*, its ^ower can be increased ad libitum without increas-
ing the aze of the lens, for, if required, a machine mav be
made to give light enough to read by say at 10 or 20 miles;
in fact the light is in direct proportion to the power of tiie
nachioe that produces it ; secondly, its great intensity
gives it a power of penetrating haze only equalled by the
y ; thirdly, its wniteness distingmshes it mo»t perfectly
from sU other lights on shore, which is one of its moat
important properties, for many a vessel has been lost for
^aot of this property in lighthouses lighted with oil ;
fc'ntlijy, where ookmied lights are required for the pur-
pn of distingni^ing one lighthouse from another, this
•%kt gW« all the colours in a perfect manner, while the
cu lamp always gives its own tinge to the colour employed ;
jntk^, from the facility with which this light can be ex-
uBpiBhed m an instant, and as instantly lighted to its
ffjpo wer, it offers other means of distinguishing ligbt-
"^M irom lighthouse which cannot be obtained with any
^f^ liftht. The importance of this may be tmderstood
^^ the &ct that there are still many ptoints around our
*^Aes that reqnire lighthouses, but which must remain
^wQt them, till better means of distinguishing them
|>ttb eertainty from others in the immediate neighbour-
<>ood on be employed ; for having no lighthouse is hardly
worse for the navigator than having two in siglit whtoh
cannot be distinguished one from the other.
An objection has been made to this light, that, being so
small, it would be altogether invisible at a considerable
distance ; and when we merely consider that the apparent
size of distant objects depends on the visual angle, there
seeuM to be some ground for the objection, but the law of
visual angles does not apply in the case of self-luminous
bodies, as can be demonstrated with this piece of fine wire,
which 1 suppose is almost invisible even with a strong
light thrown on it, but now, if by passing a current of
electricity through it it is made self-luminous, it appears
gradually to increase in diameter as it becomes brighter ;
and as a curious fact, illustrating the ditferaiice between
the theorist in his study and the practical observer, a
sailor who had seen the magneto light from a great dk-
tanee told me he supposed it must be at least ten feet in
diameter. Another objection to the light is, that it is too
bright ; this may be an inconvenience ia clear weather, but
a light to be useful when most needed must be inconveni-
ently bright in clear weather.
The last point to be considered is the cost of the mag-
neto electric light as compared with oil. The French
director-general of lighthouses has made a report to his
government, both as to first cost and as to co<«t of main-
tenance ; both are greatly in favour of the magneto-
electric light ; of course iu making their calculations of
cost, they take the cost of an equal quantity of light in
each case, that is, by oil and electricity.
I have now only* to remark that this invention, if it
may be called one, is purely English ; Faraday commenoed
it when he discovered the fact that magnetism might be
made to produce or induce an electric current ; and al-
though the magneto-light was first produced iu Paris, it
was by me ; and so far from receiving assistance from any
of the French tavaru in the matter, 1 was ridiculed by aU
of them for attempting what they said they could demon-
strate was impo:»iblo. With regaid to ilie regulator,
which is ahio invented by me, there is another just invented
by a Mons. Foucault, on a very different principle, but
which is quite as effective though overloaded with clock-
wofk. His regulator has this peculiarity, it can be used in
a rolling vessel, and will bear with impunity the vibrations
of a steamer.
DISCUSSION,
Mr. Laweencc suggested that Mr. Holmes should give
a description of the practical arrangements of his appara-
tus at Dungeness lighthouse.
Mr. Holmes stat^ that at Dungeness, where the light
had been in constant use smce the 6th of June, 1862,
there were in the lantern two small lenses, fixed one
over the other, and two regulators to each. Only one
light was shown at a time, but there were two regulators
for each lens, so that an instantaneous change from one to
the other could be made without extmguishiug the light
when fresh carbons were required. In the machine-room
thero were two magneto-machines, eacli capable of giving
a powerful light, though both were in constant use. There
was a distinct direct-acting steam-engine attached to each
machine, and there were two Cornish boilers, each capable
of generating steam enough for the two engines. The
material consumed at Duugf ne!« was about SO to 85 lbs.
of coke per hour, and 5^ inches of graphite in the regu-
lator per horn*, the price of this last b^ing under three
farthings per inch. The princiital item of expense was, at
present, the engineer, who had charge of the whole appa-
ratus, but he expected that when there were several light-
houses on this principle, it would be fotmd that one
engineer would be sufHcient for as many as were at
present tmder the charge of an agent, and that none hut
stokers and lightkeepers would be required on the apot.
The magneto-electric machines which were at Dimgeness
contained 120 horseshoe magnets of about 50 lbs. each,
and 160 helices, but those which he now constructed r^>»>-
42 J0I3BNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP AETS, DaoBuBsft 4, 1863.
Uined only irom 66 to 70 magnets, and from 88 to 120
helices.
The Ceatbmak said he had listened with much plea-
sure to Mr. Holmes's very clear statement. He was glad
to see present Dr. Gladstone, a member of the Lighthouse
CJommiseion, and he hoped that gentleman would favour
the meeting with some remarks tending to illustrate this
fubjeet, which was one of national importance. It was
most interesting to know that the little electric spark, not
higger than a pin's head, obtained by Faraday from the
magnet not very many years ago, should have led to this
development of power in the hands of an able and inge*
nious man like Mr. Holmes.
Mr. SuMMEBLiM referred to an invention of a somewhat
similar character, by M. Berlioz, which, he believed, was
superior to Mr. Holmes's appai^tus. He would have been
glad if Mr. Holmes had given some description of it.
Dr. Qladstone, F.B.S., said, as his name had been
mentioned by the Chairman, he could not but rise to hear
testimony to the able manner in which Mr. Holmes had
brought forward this subject. During the existence of the
Boyal Commission, he had an opportunity of frequently
witnessing the experiments made with this apparatus at
the SouSi Foreland. The Commissioners afterwards
examined everything connected with the lighthouse sys-
tem in France, where, at that time, when this brilliant
l^ht had been burning for half a year at the South Fore-
land, they were still making preliminary experiments,
for they had not then overcome the irregularity of the
current of electricity, and could not get a steady light.
Since then they had advanced very rapidly, and
orders had been given to place a double light of this
description at Cape La H^ve, near Rouen. The
Dutch might perhaps be considered to have been before
the French in the adoption of this system, and the Em-
peror of Brazil was probably before either. He did not
think Mr. Holmes oad exaggerated the power of this
light, or the ease with which it was managed, and he was
glad to be able to say this, because they knew that an
iventor, justly proud of his child, was often unconsciously
disposed to give the best possible account of it. He was
veiy glad to hear what Mr. Holmes had said with refer-
ence to the expense of an engineer being divided
amongst several lighthouses, because that was the main
difficulty. When the complexity of an instrument was
increased, more skill was required in its management, and
this necessarily led to expense. The great desideratum
was to have a light which was capable of penetrating to
great distances in misty or rainy weather, and in that re-
spect this light was far superior to the Fresnel lamp, which
was quite competent to send a light to the extreme
horizon on a clear night. In a dense fog no light
whatever was of any use ; but a mere mist, or a shower
of rain, the electric light could penetrate. There was
abundant testimony that the lights at Dungeness and the
South Forelandhad been seen by the captains of steamers
crossing from Folkestone to Boulogne, at a far greater
distance than an ordinary oil lamp. Moreover, the inten-
sity of this light could be augmented to any extent.
Professor Faraday, in his reports to the Trinity House,
had laid great stress upon this. All that was hecessar>'
was to double the number of magnets, and practically this
was easily done, because there were duplicates of everything
in such lighthouses, and in foggy weather it was possible
to bring the power of both machines to bear upon one in-
strument ; and in that way double the ioteosity of light
could be obtained. Then further, — supposing the fog to be
so dense that no light could penetrate it, the steam engine
on the premises might be employed to blow a horn or
whistle, or to make some other noise which would serve
as a direction to vessels. This had been pointed out by
M. Begiiault, director of lighthouses to the French
Ctovernment, and was of great importance at a time
when the question of fog signals was attracting so much
attention.
Dr. Baohhofpmeb said, having been engaged in most of
the patents taken out for producing the electric light, he
had some little knowledge of the difificulties which had
hitherto been considered almost insurmountable in pro-
ducing the results which had been shown this evening.
The great merit of this plan was the particular mode in
which the electric light was obtained, and in this respeet,
as far as he had seen, Mr. Holmes had displayed a great
amount of ingenuity. He confessed, when he first heard
that Mr. Holmes had taken this matter in hand, he was
very sceptical of his success ; he did not believe that bo
much electric force could be obtained by the magneto-
electric machine. The ingenuity displayed was very
great, particularly in estimating the exact quantity of
iron necessary for the core. Some years ago he (Dr.
Bachhoffner^ was engaged in some experiments on tbia
subject, but ne used iron wire instead of a hollow core.
Mr. Holmes had spoken of the existence of liquid carbon
between the two points, but this he ( Dr. liachhottner) would
be glad to have more evidence of. In using the electric light
there was a deposit on one of the carbons, and with coke
points pure graphite was produced, but he had great
doubts as to the fact of liquid passing between the two
points. A perfect automatic machine for regulating the
position of the points was essential, and Mr. Holmes had
mentioned that a spring formed part of this appaiattis.
He (Dr. Bachhoffher) was sorry there was any spring at all,
or even clockwork. He thought a lamp might be con-
structed without a spring, and that would, in his opinion,
make the machine perfect. The ingenuity displayed by
Mr. Holmes up to this point would, no doubt, enable him
to make an improvement in this respect. With re-
gard to the question of cost, he did not think either the
oxy -hydrogen light or the electric light would ever
be useful for purposes of general illumination, for in
such cases the cost of the light was a most import-
ant consideration, but for lighthou.se purposes this-
ought not to be regarded, because the matter involved
the safety of human life. Nevertheless, it would be in-
teresting to know what was the cost of this system, light
for light, as compared with other methods. He congra-
tulated the public, the seafaring portion of it in particular^
upon this valuable application of electric power, which
at one time he thought hardly possible of accomplishment.
Mr. Holmes said the cost of this light compared with
oil had been gone into by Mr. Begnault, dii-ector-general
of lighthouses in France, and he had calculated very fairly
on the principle of light for light, and, reckoning in thu
way, including the expenses of alteration, taking down
the large lens and puttmg in two smaller ones, putting up
the apparatus, two steam engines complete, and the build-
ings to contain them, the whole of the cost was calcu-
lated at half that of an ordinary fiist-class lighthouse,
light for light. They would quite understand the actual
expense was greater than in an ordinary lighthou»e, but
when the quantity of light was considt^red, it was less by
one half, whilst the working expenses were only one-third.
The light at Dungeness, he calculated, was equal in qnim-
tity to 14 of the large oil lamps with four concentric wicks.
With regard to the intensity of the light, there was no
form of combustion, and no chemical action which could
produce a light — explosion was a different thing — beyond
a certain amoimt of intensity. The greatest was that ob-
tained upon lime, because the hydrogen and oxygen gases^
burnt together, approached as nearly as possible to an ex-
plosion. With regard to the small size of this light, it
might be argued that so small a light would become in-
virible at a great distance, say 80 or 40 miles. If an
object three feet in diameter appeared to be only an inch
at the distance of a mile, what must this little point of
light be at a long distance? He admitted there was
something in this argument when based on the theory of the
visual angle only, but it did not apply to luminous bodies.
[Mr. Holmes iHustrated this by bhowing a thin wire,
which was almost invisible till rendered incandescent by
a current of electricity, when its apparent diameter was
greatly increased.]
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbobmbbr 4, 1863,
43
Tike Chaibman said the next doty which devolved upon
km wn the agreeable one of propoeinga vote of thanks
to Xr. Hobnes for hie valoable paper. He was quite sure
ftiyhad heard with satisfaction what had been 'stated by
Dr. Gladstone, who had had opportunities of examining
CDalargeacale the methods of illumination at present
poetised, and he was sure every remark from that gentle*
ou woidd have great weight with those present. The
power which this light possessed of penetrating to a great
ciitUKe oonstitated its superiority to any system of
%htiog DOW in uee ; and it was to be borne in mind
Ibil that waa dependent upon the extreme inten-
akj of the heat evolved. It had been correctly
itaied by Mr. Holmes that of all the lights produced by
dicmkal means, that of the combustion of hydrogen
aod oxygen gases upon a ball of lime was the most in*
teoBs; but electricity was far more intense than any
fh cm i ca l action. By its means they could fuse the most
nCmciory metals, and convert into vapour substances
whidi could not be volatilised by other means. With
regaid to the precise condition of the carbon as it passed
from point to point, there might be a ditference of opinion.
He thooght it doul>tAil whether it was liquefied. He
cmdd corroborate the statement of Dr. Bachhoffuer as to
the cofuplete conversion of the carbon into graphite
vbeocoke was employed. Mr. Holmes was greatly to be
congratulated on the manner in which he had contrived to
tifflno mi se the power of his currents. Ho had by an in-
gonooa method detected the means of indicating the exact
^ntntity of magnetism residual in the magnet. Another
corioQi result which Mr. Holmes's practical experience had
ttabied him to effect, was the proportioniog the weight of
the annature to the size of the steel magaet, so as to avoid
^iimiiiisbing its power. This was one of the most curious
nnlts in the science of magnetism that had been pro-
dnoed in the ooone of this enquiry. An opportunity
bad been presented to Mr. Holmes of making experiments
OQ a grand scale, which could not be done in the labora-
toiy of the chemist. The practical man followed the
theorist, and hence there arose a harmonious co-opera-
tkn between the two in the advancement of sdenoe. He
eoDgTateilated the Society upon having had so valuable a
paper brought before them.
The vole of thanks was then passed.
Tlic paper was illostrated by a display of Mr.
Holmes's arrangement of the electric light as
used in lighthouses. Some reflectors and oil
lamps were lonJIy lent by Mr. R. 0. Wilkins,
with the view of showing the various systems
employed in lighthouses at dififerent periods.
The Secretary announced that on Wednesday
evening next, the 9th inst, a paper by Mr. John
Chalmers Morton, entitled "Agriculture Pro-
gress : its Helps and its Hindrances," would be
read. On this evening John Grey, Esq., of
Maton, wiD preside.
The following letter has been received : —
8n, — ^In the diacnssion that took place on Mr. Holmes's
taloable paper. Dr. Bachhoflber made a pertinent remark
to the effect that while the magneto-electric arrangement
for producing a continuous current of electricity was
perfect, the lamp or automatic regulator was too
Mcaie an instrument to place in the hands of such a
workman aa one mi^^ht expect to find in a lighthouse,
ud that anything m the shape of a spring was to be
Kvokied if it were possible. Now, although a cheap lamp is
not a coDsideration for such an important object,
1 regulator of simple construction is much to be desired ;
fcr if a break-down were to occur during stormy weather,
the ease with which repair can be effected would be a
natter of the fiisl impcnlanoe. Now, the simplest form
of electiio light with which we are at present acquainted
is that of Professor Way, for it mainly consiste of a fine
stream of fluid mercuty flowing fVom an irou reseivoir in
connectioD with one pole of any arrangement that wQl
give foi*th a current of electricity in one direction, such as
we have in a Qrove's or Bunsen's battery, or in Mr.
Holmes's magneto-electric generator, into an iron re-
servoir in connection with the other pole of the arrange-
ment, and at a certain point in the Csdling continuous
stream of mercur}*, coqabustion of that very volatilizable
metal occurs with the production of a very intense and
peculiar blue light, which, from its characteriatio aspect,
is admirably adapted for signal or lighthouse purposes.
Now, Dr. Gladstone informs me that the drawbacks to this
arrangement are, that a small portion of mercurial vapour
is supposed to escape from under the glass shade with
which the light is protected, and that if a break in tho
fluid or current were to occur, the shade would become
chilled (from the loss of heat on the cessation of the
current) and the mercury be deposited in small globules,
BO as to veil the light for some minutes after the current
and light were again established ; for, when the shade, is
warm, the mercury flows freely down the sides of the
shade, leaving the glass itself quite bright. I think a.
veiy little ingenuity would dispose of these faults in
an arrangement that in other respects strongly recom-
mends it«elf to consideration. If there are oiher faults,
it would be as well that we should hear of them. But,
besides this, there is another simple form of automatio
lamp, furnished with the oidinary carbon points, the in-
vention of my friend Or. Squires, which is at once cheap
and so free from complication, that it would be veiy diffi-
cult to put it out of gear. This was exhibited by me at
the Polytechnic Institution at the trial of electric lamps,
some time ago, and this roughly-made arrangement, cost-
ing scarcely two pounds for material and construction,
hM its own against the costly and complicated arrange*
ments of Duboscq, Serrin, Ladd, Heisch, tSte., inventions,^
by the way, admirably adapted for the niceties of the
lecture-room demonstrating lantern. Thinking it ri^ht
to let Dr. Bachhoffner and others interested in this ina-
portant subject know that such a lamp as he indicates is in
existence, I am, &c., SAMUEL fllGHLEY-
18, Greca-itTMt, L«i etter-iqiur«, Loadon, W.C.
Banbubt MEOHANioa' iHsrrruTB. — The diBtributfott-
of the certificates awarded by the Society of Arts-
took place on the 28rd of October, in the Town HalL
The Rev. H. Back, vicar of Banbury, took the chair.
— The Chaibman said he regretted there did not appear
to be any great increase in the number of the students.
There was no reason why such should fiot be the case, for
though no doubt the examinations were strict, still most
intelligent young men would be glad to continue their
education themselves after they had entered upon the de-
tails of active busine«, and would rejoice in being able to
satisfy both themselves and the examiners that they had
really been able to do so. — Mr. Bbale having read the
list of successful candidates, Mr. Pidoeon addressed the
meeting. He thought the results- ot the examinations
were very satisfactory, and proved that the connection of
the Mechanics' Institute with the Society of Arts had
done considerable good to the education of the young men
of Banbury. He took the opportunity of explaining the
distinction between the Government Department of Sdenoe
and Art and the Society of Arts, which were often con-
founded. — Mr. Samuklson, in proposing a vote of thanks
to the Local Board, said that thanks were due in- the first
place to the Society of Arte itself, and to the founders of
the system of examinations— a system which had since been
followed up by the Oxford Middle Chtss Examinations,
and still more recently by those of the Oovemment De-
u
JOURNAL OF THE SOdETT OF ABT8, Diobvbib i, 1868.
9t
ptrtment of Sdenee and Art at 8oaih KeatingteD. ThU
was seconded by Mr. Bb* oks, and acfcnowledgt^ by Mr.
Bbalk. a muftjcal perfoimADoe was afterwards given.
Babwet IvBTii vtb. — The fourteenth aminal rtport sajs
thai, perhaps, on no former oocaaion, has tbare been greater
cause for congratulation upon the snceess of the ln«titiite.
The Committee are happy to state that more general in-
terest in the weKare of the society is maniiestea through-
cot the whole neighbourhood. The number of members
upon the books is 190, being an increase of 60 added
during the past season. The attendance upon the lectures
last winter was considerably over the UMial average. The
library has received some valuable additions this year, and
will be further improved shortly, as there is money voted
for books which has not yet been expended. The Com-
mittee regret that more use is not made of the privilege
of the Society of Arts Examinations. Three candidates
only presented themselves this year. The Committee have
done much in the formation of classes ; but they have not
been well supported. The funds are sufRoient for present
emergencies. The receipts were £101 4s. 2d., uid there
IP a balance in hand of £19 2s. 4d.
WoBOESTEBSBIRB UmION OF EDUCATIONAL iNSTrnJTSS.
— The annual meeting of this body was held at Stroud on
the 20fh November, in compliance with an arrangement
made last year, Gloucestershire having now joined in the
Union. J. 8. Pakingtoi>, Esq., President, was in the
chair. The Rev. W. Walters, Hon. Sec., read the sixth
annual report, which expressed the satisfaction of the
Committee at the extension of the Onion into Glouoester-
ahire, and alluded to the vacancies in the committee,
occasioned by death and removals. The Committee also
recommended that in future there should be but one Hon.
Sec., with a paid subordinate. The following shows the
j^ognn of the Union : —
1858
1859
18<;0
1861
lb62
1863
lartittttM h»vlBf Glanss
and Might Sdioolf.
8
9
10
14
20
28
pQpUtin
ClaMM.
342
..^ 293
697
861
1,457
1,418
The report of the organizing master for 1863 showed the
number of candidates to be steadily on the inctease. This
yeariti8356.exceedingthatonahtyearbyl43. Butheadds
that, geneially speaking, evening classes are not in a satis-
factory sUte, and are not doing the good they are calcu-
lated to eflVct Penny Kesdinge had been established at
Redditch with success. The book boxes had been steadily
circulating, and the experiment of holding a meeting for the
reading of papers on educational subjects had been success-
ful. The report alluded to the establishment of the Metro-
pohUn A»f ooiation for Promoting the Education of Adults
and coidially wished it success. Under the au>*pices of
the *' Club and Institute Union" twelve new Institutes
and Working Men's Clubs had been established in various
parts of the kingdom duiing the past year. The finances
ol the Union are still too low to allow of anything but the
most gradual progress. The sUteraent of accounts shows
the expenditure of the year to have been £76 9s. 6d., and
ttiat there is a balance against the treasurer of £4 Is. 6d.
On the question of eoterUinments being introduced,
Hev H. &OLLT (Secretary of the Working Men's Club
and Institute Union) spoke in favour of mixed reading
and mufcio, and theatrical entertainments, but said tliat the
«t. named were likely to lead them into legal difficulties
iie urged that the great advanUge of Saturday eveninjr
enlertainmenis lay in the fact that they afforded the meatS
of bringing the working classes, and among them the
OBOst well-to-do and respectable arlixana, under many very
beneficial influences, from whkih they had hitherto been
ahnost entirely debarred. Mr. H. New (Evoaham) read a
I»aper on the eogagemeot of a paki teacher, iMmd of a
■Mitnrer. by the Union. They had not, he said, at pre-
sent, any syitem whieh made their rlsaana of a pennan^it
character. In looking at the report of the Yorkshire and
East LaBcashire Unions, be found that the farmer had an
agent who went lonod visitiBg the Institutes, but in the
Klui Lancashire Union he found something more strictly
edncatiooal— -that two skilled itinerant teacheia w«ot
roond and taaght the local teachers to set tha schools
going. ThcM maaters visited Institutes fivo days a week,
and lectured on the Saturday. Lectures werenot the meat
important part of the scheme of an educational institute.
If they wanted to find real edocatioB they most go into
the class rooms and reading rooms.— The usual dinner waa
held in the Masonic Hall, some 250 peo|de being prosaiit»
8. 8. Dickinson, £sq., Preskient of the Stroud Institute, ia
the ehair. — ^An evening meeting was held at whidi £arl
Ducie presided. Sir John 8. pAKnsaroM, Bart^ deli v ered
an address, in the course of wtiioh he depreoated tiM
making recreation a primary object of an Institution, beingp
of 0|Mnkm that youth would find means of recreation ; he
also spoke against applying the word ** dab" to aa Instita-
tion that had for its object the mental and moral improre-
moot of the people, and in reference to the progreaa of
education said that the other natMDs of Europe were
ahead of os in educational applianees. In many of thoeo
countries the cultivation of the intellect of the working
classes was betfer, more skilfully, and more soceoae
fully attended to than in our own country, and thia was
also the case in our colonies. Mr. J. S. Pii&meTOv, in
proposing a vote of thanks to the Chairman, die., sakl the
meeting that day was the most successful that had taken
place in cooneetion with the Institution.
SCIENCE AND WAE.
The Duke of Cambridge and the Secretary of State
have issued some impoitaot educational regulatk>ns which
are well calculated to augmeut tha connection of science
with warfare, and to give an increased impulse to the im-
provement of our artillery coips, which ought to be
equally as scientific as the Hoyal Engineers,. The early
training of both corps is the same, and it might
perhaps be well if they were amalgamated, so aa to
have the pick of the best men for those servwee io which
they most distingiiish themselves. 1. Provision is made
for the future special instruction of officers who may desire
to qualify themselvea for employment in connection with
the manulacturing departments, the civil establinhnienta
of the Royal Military Academy, and generally for all ap-
pointments usually hi Id by officers, not being military
sUflf appointments, which are special to the Artillery ser-
vice. 2. By this arrangement the Boyal Bcgiment of Anil-
lery will continue to suUain its scientfio reputation imder
any progress whieh may be made in the luechanKal arts
as applied to materiel of war. 8. No officer will be per-
mitted to compete for a place in the proposed class who
has not given satisfaction in the diaohaige of his regimental
duties, and is not, from a military point of view, an active
and efficient artillery officer. 4. No officer will be admis-
sible under six years' service, and he must have uitdeigone
a course of instruction at Shoeburyuess. A medical certi-
ficate of good health will be rei|uired. 5. The tirjjt ex-
amination will take place in March, 1864, under the
Council of Military Education. The books to be spe-
cially taken up, until further notice, are— T^cttdm't Mt'
chaniet and TodhunUr*i Differential Oi^cu^m, but the ex-
amination will be chiefly confined to theeailier por^ns of
the latter. The Ficnch will be qualifying for the pur-
pose of ascertaining that the candidate has such an ac-
quaintance with the language, and especially with the
technical terms in common use, to be able to consult pio-
fe«k)nal works, such as Didion*s TrmU d'ArliUerie, or
the AUk-Mimoin tTArtaUne, with facility. 6. The re-
Utive importance to be attached to the subjects of ex-
amination will be as follon^s :— Difierential and integial
oalcahis,700 marks; chymiatry, physica, 800 marks;
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS» Dmokxbbr ^ 1868.
45
JtoA, qoallfytng. 7. Th« course of instraetSoo will
atmi over i«ro yttn, utd •mfanuw in wce e a w ' oa the
matl dntio* oC each meaoftctiiriiig depertmeoi. Fbr
ofliple, in the Rojai gon fa cto ri es , raetelhugy of copper,
u, sue, sod tbeir eompoimdt ; raeehanicAl and ehirmical
IKp^Ttieeof gun metal; metallarcy ef iron, indiKliag
or -hen and wrtMight iron, steely ana their alloys ; neeha-
Bsil and chymicttl propertiee ; prmeiples ef coueUuolien
tf otf-irrti gtnw ; prineiptee of conslmcHon of bnHt-np
l«M, neUmg. 4be. ; tlie steam hammer ; taming, boring,
r^Bf^ and mghtiag gum; all the raaehin««, lathee,
ipeciil toola, nod firoiieniee ; comparraoa of systeme of
vSUf wd lawLcl i'leading fer cannooB; gaogee and
ainonie tr i e al gMMinnimente ; erganintiott of lahonr
in the Royal gun frdoriee ; eyetem of aooooni-keeping.
pneing, atid paymeDt in the Royal gun fcderies ; relaHom
to Um director of etores, dirwtor of contracts, principal
fBpRiateadeGt of niores and director of ordnance; pat*
Ini, i^«leais re s pec ti ng them ; examination of eloffes. 8.
Ditiii of the Innpoetor of Artillerr : — Piroof of gnns^ ex-
nioa6on ot guns and slorei. 9. The small arms depart-
amto, Enfield and Pimlioo, will follow the Boyal gun
ketones, and be treated in the same eomprehennve
mner, "*^*"4ifTg the ayitom of sopply of small arms to
tks may, their repair, and comparison of systems of rifling
ud troech-londing for small arms. 10. From the Royal
2UD bdorits the class will (ODceed to the Royal carriage
Ofl^TtmeDt, where the sabjects will be, — selection and
pardttM of timber, seasoning of timber, saw- mills, planing
lad other machinery applied to working of timber ; oon-
rtmeticn ; mechanical principles as applied in militsTy
BUiciunet; friction, dtaught, traction, locomotive power ;
^imeM ; organization of labour in the Royal carriage de-
pntxaent; system of ao^onntability and payment ; prices;
relfttioDs to director of stores, director of contracts, prin-
opU nperintendent of stores, and director of ordnance ;
Pattern*, tfstems reelecting them ; examination of stores.
11. Here will coovenioitly come in the cnganisation and
iatia of the department of the Principal Superintendent
of Stores, indoding the detail of equipments for all ser-
ricei; and proportions of stores, packing ammunition,
vnogemeot of magazines. 12. The last term will be
devoted to the manufadore of gunpowder, ammunition,
and, giaiertlly, the duties of the Royal laboratory, includ-
ing the ohymistry of the subjects — selection and purchase
c( pyioiKVunc materiid ; examination and refining of
nltpetie, kc ; gunpowder and powder-mills ; theory of
guopowder, t^ualHies, effect of different sized grains;
®^«*w>-ballislic apparatus, and other modes of proof, gun
cotton, detooating compounds, other laboratory specimens,
■nail imn ammnoftion, cannon ammunition, fuses, rockets,
^; oianofiKtuTB of bullets, casting of every description
of prnjectile for smooth bored and rifled ordnance ; organi-
•tiai oi'the Royal laboratoiv department; supply of raw
Bitaiil ; system of account keeping and payment, prices ;
nlitioni to the director of stores, director of contracts,
Pii^cipd sQperintendent of stores, and director of ordnance ;
P^<cnMi» inspection, and examination of stores. 18. The
?to(tmor of Applied Mathematics and the several lecturers
^ proceed in corresponding order through their subjects,
*» thtt practical instmctiou may be bi^d on thorough
•«lo«intano© with principles. If found necessary to do so,
* w^e part of the firat term will be devoted to theoretical
«stnict]on and mathematics, in order that the students
^7 be in a position to follow the professw in the more
•dnnced sulnects of We subsequent lectures. 14. There
^ be periodical examinations and certificates given at
«« close. 15. No payment will be required. 1 6. After
t wrtain date, to be fixed hereafter by the Bleld-Marshal
^manding-in-Chiof, first appointments to all special
*P>|NO>^ents of a scientific character will be made excln-
*^wy from officen who have passed through the contem-
plated coune of instruction.
THE PAPAW TREE.
At a meeting of the Acclimatisation Society of New
South Wales, held in Sydney in August' last, Dr
Bennett read a P^pcr on the papa or papaw tree
(Qtriea M^>aifa)t from which the following are ex*
tracts:— Visitors to the Sydney Botanic Qamens may
have noticed a handsome tree, full six feet high, wltn
large fig- 1 ike foliage, on long foot«(talkB, and a mdonUke
fruit growing from the stem — this is the female tree of
the papaya or papaw tree^ as to which, for some time»
botanists were divided in opinion into what order of the
vegetable kingdom it ought to be introduced. By
Linneos it was placed among the Atphorbiaceot^ or
spurgeworts ; by the younger Richard, amoug the Ptuai-
flariZt or passionworts ; but it now forms the order
Papayawz, and Lindley regards Jusaeu's opinion to be
correct in considering that the genus upon which this
order was founded held a sort of middle staibn between
the nettieworts and cucurbits.
At another part of the garden^ at some distance
from the female papaw tree, in a soil and situation
the most suitable for its suecessfal growth, may bo
seen a fine healthy male specimen of the same treo
(for the papaw tree is generally dioscious — that is, hav-
ing male and female flowers on separate trees); it
is distiogoishable from the other by having racemes cr
panicles of tubular flowers, which spring from the axils of
the leaves, and are small, bell-shaped, of a jpale yellow
colour, and of an agreeable fragrant smell. I'he flowers
of the female tree have very short foot stalks close to tho
stem ; they are large and bell-shaped, and of a ^jreUow
colour. On these perishing the laige fleshy fruit is gra*
duallv developed. Both these trees havu been recenUy
introduced into New South Wales, where they may
now be considered naturalised. The fruit is smooth,,
rather oval, but varies io form, and ii about the sise of a
small melon, resembling the latter fhiit in colour when
ripe. The central cavity is filled with small, oval, dark-
giay seeds, enveloped in a kind of mucus, and which*
when chewed, have the pungency and flavour of tlie Indian
cress. The ripe fruit is esteemed by some persons ; and
the green fruit well boiled, mashed, and sweetened with
sugar, and flavoured with lemon-juice, is often used as a
substitute for apples in sauoe and tarts.
It has been a matter of difficulty to determioe tho
native country of the papaw — both the West and
East Indies daim it^there is, however, no doubt
of its being indigenous to tropical America, if only
from the circumstance of several distinct speoies in-
habiting that Qontineot, while only the cultivated
kind is found in the East Indies and Africa. It has
been introduced into all tropical countries, and is now
even found growing among many of the Polynesian
islands. It grows to the height of f^-om fifteen to
twenty feet, with a slender, soft, herbaceous stem of small
drcumferenoe, surmounted by large light leaves, which
are snppoited upon hollow foot rtalks, fXill three feet in
length. The bark is rather smooth, pale grey, and has
the mark of the fallen leaves. The stem is usually
straight, but the female tree in the Sydney BoUnio
Gardens has two stems growing from one root. It is a
tree of rapid growth, and is readily propagated by seeds
and cuttings. The tree in the Qardens now bearing fhilt
is about fifteen months old. The peculiarities of this
tiee are so remarkable as to merit some notice. The
whole of it yields a slightly acrid milky Juice, and
all paris of the tree are considered efficacious as an ex-
ternal application for the cure of ringworm. The milky
juice of the unripe fruit has been found to be a powerfhl
and efficient vermifuge, and the powered seeds have also
been recommended for the same purpose, and considered
tqually efficacious — a single dose is generally considered
o cure, however numerous the worms may be.
Fibrine was considered peouUar to the animal kingdom
and the fungus tribe, but it is fbund that the milky
I juice of this tree contains it in such quantities as to
16
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, Dbobmbbb 4, 1863.
Teaemble aDimal matter, and waa found by Sir H. Davy
te aboond in albumen ; indeed, the resemblance between
the juice of the papaw and animal matter was so dose as
to be snspected as an imposition, if the evidence of its
being the juice of a tree had not been quite unquestion-
able. Water impregnated with the milky juice makes
meat washed with it tender, when steeped for only ten or
iwelve minutes ; and the same efTeet is produced when
meat is suspended among the folii^ of the tree. It is
4klso mentioned that old animals, when fed upon the un-
•oooked leaves and fruit, become tender and good if eaten
«eon after they are killed, for the flesh soon becomes
putrid. Aooordiog to the analysiB of Vauquelin of the
milky juice, * It most resembles animal albumen, dis-
-tolving like it in water. Its solution is ooa^lated by
heat, by adds, alkalies, the metallio salts, and mfusion of
nut gaUs ; and by distillation, it yields the same products
«8 animal substanoes.' Vauquelin also says that a sample
of the juice he examined had the smell and taste of
tailed beef. Dr. Holder (in the third volume of the
* Wamerian Transactions,' pp. 2i5-60), who observed
Ihe neouliar properties of the juice of this tree in the
islAna of Barbados, says that the effects of the juice,
whether of the fruit, stem, or leaves, or even the ex-
halation from the tree lessens the cohesion of the
muacnlar fibre, and acts on the fibrin of the blood.
When the fruit is boiled or cooked in any way, or when
ripe, it does not produce the same effect ; therefore heat
•evidiently dissipates the active prindple on which the in-
ieneratinff actum depends. It is also a common practice
In BaiiMOoe to administer an infusion of the raw unit, or
rather a diffusion of the mUky juice in water for horses,
with a view, as it is said, of * breaking down the blood,'
and it IB a fact well established, that if given to a horse
whose blood exhibits the cupped buffy coat, it will, after
flome time, produce a loose ooagulum, and reduce the in-
flanmiatory svmptoms which gave rise to it. All the
facts produced clearly show that the fruit of the papaw
when eaten uncooked evidently acts injuriously on the
muscular fibre of animals, for instances have been men-
tioned of animals that have eaten of the fruit in that
atate whose flesh has become so much intenerated as to be
nnpleasant to those who partook of it. The leaves of
the papaw are used by the negroes in the West Indies
to wash linen instead of soap, and the juice of the pulp as
a cosmetic to remove ArecUes on the skin caused by the
heat of the sun.
LIFE-BOATS FOR THE NAVY.
The Admiralty, anxious to provide all cruisen with
•mall life-boats, has asked the officers of the National
life-boat Institution to give plans and superintend the
hoilding of a life boat suitable for a man-of-war, but not
to exceed one ton in weight. A trial was made lately
with two such boats in the Regent's Canal Docks, in the
presence of the Lords of the Admiralty and others. The
TifMi gives the following account of the experiment. —
One of the two boats tried was 82 ft. long by 8 ft. 10}
in. extreme width, capable of holding, on an emergency, as
many as 70 persons, and of accomm^ating with ease 40 or
60. This boat, however, weighed 37 cwt., or very nearly
double what is considered should be the maximum for a
handy and useful boat for sudden jemergendes. The
second boat was 30 feet long, by 7 ft. 4^ in. mde, and
weighed only 22 cwt. This would stow with ease 30
Sersons, and could take off 60 at a pinch. It seemed evi-
ent, however, that the Admiralty, in fixing the maximum
weight at one ton, have adopted a standani which it will
be found veiy difficult to comply with so as to make a
really efficient craft for all weathers. The boats were
canted over to the water's edge in every way, and the
largest, when emptied, was tiu*Ded over by means of
an nvdmulic crane, and though in the still waters of
the docks it did not actually right itself, it remained on
its side sufficiently buoyant to enable the men to turn it
on its keel easily. In dense sea water, and especially in
sea water with any swell in it, there is very little doubt
it would have righted of itself almost immediatel^r. W hen
it did right, the relief pipes in the bottom, which were
opened, allowed the whole load of water in it to run off
in less than half a minute. The small boat, though not
tested with this severity, was sufficiently proved to show
that even when heavily laden with sailors, and the relief
K'pes and the boat awash to the gunwales, it waa still as
loyant and as seaworthy as ever. The result of the trials
seemed to show that if the Admiralty will only allow a
slight addition to their present standard — say from 20
to 25 cwt.— a perfectly effident life-boat, fit for any duty
in any weather, may easily be obtained. After the triad
with the Admiralty boats, one of the Institution's life-
boats was shown. This tibe hydraulic orane had the
greatest difficulty in turning over, and no sooner was it
Drought keel uppermost thui it righted itself again, and
freed itself of water in the spaoe of 20 seconds. After the
trials, the Duke of Somerset expressed his thanks to Mr .
Ohapman and Captain Ward for the care which they had
bestowed in perfecting the boats which were tried.
LUCIFER MATCHES.
Experimental inquiries involving the chemical ex«
amination of a oonmderable number of matches of dif-
ferent kinds, manufactured in London, the Provinces,
Germany, and Sweden, have been nude by Mr. F. A.
Abel, of the Laboratory at the Arsenal at Woolwich,
and the result has been given in a pAper published in the
PhUotophical Magasine for November. Thirty-five different
kinds of matches were examined ; these included, besides or-
dinary ludfer or Congrevematdies,varietie8of wax or Vesta
matcnes, of cigar lights (fusees, Vesuvians, dto.), a'ad of so-
called '* safety matches." By far the larger portion of
matches are still prepared with ordinaiy phosphorus ; sul-
phide of antimony and powdered ^lass are veiy general
additional constituents of the ignitmg composition. The
matches of several extensive E^lisli manufacturers were
found to be prepared with an igniting composition con-
taining both ordinary and amorphous phosphorus, the latter
being employed in some instances in considerable quantity.
Golden sulphide of antimony and powdered glass were
found in all the igniting compositions of this class, and
a small proportion of f^ sulpnur was contained in seve-
ral of them. The Congreve and Vesta matches of English
manufacture, which are tipped with compoeitions con-
taining no phosphorus whatever, are unquestionably g^^
improvements upon the earlier continental matches. They
are inflamed ^ith ease and certainty when pressed over
the amorphous phosphorus rubber on the box ; and the
latter does not rapidly deteriorate from the effects of at-
mospheric moisture upon it, as was formerly the case.
Differences exist between the temperatures at whidi
the igniting material of different matches will inflame
spontaneously, and in the degree of f&cility with which
they are ignited b^ friction and percussion. The order
of sensitiveness to ignition by friction or percusdon of a
match was found to correspond with its susceptibility to
ignition by heat alone, in the case of thoso which con-
tained ordinary phosphorus and chlorate of potassa,
provided that glass was induded in the composition of the
Igniting material. Where this was not the case, the
matches, though they might be more sensitive to the
effects of heat alone than others, on account of the pre-
dominance of phosphorus in them, were considerably less
80 to the effects of friction or percussion. The results of
experimental observations prove concludvdy that no
degree of beat to which, under all ordinary circumstances^
matches are likely to be exposed in their transport or
otherwise, would suffice to lead to thdr spontaneous igni-
tion. Even a temperature such as can he attained only
under exceptionable conditions by the atmosphere in the
hold of a vessel, would not, unaided, bring about the ig.
JOUBWAL OF THB SOCIETY OF ARTS, Diobicbbb 4, 1863.
47
v&m of the more senstiiTe matches. The eflfeet, how-
efcr, of eren a Tery moderate degree of heat in
^^Utlng the igoition, by friction or peraonion, of
nstores such as those with which the tt[M of the matches
in prepM'ed, is well known. If a box ftiU of lucifer
^kiics. In which the matches, as is very generally
ihi ate, are not suActently long to fill the box en-
iBcIy, be subject to repeated concuBsion, in sach a way
Uttl the heads of the matches strike repeatedly with
■one TioksDce against one end of the box, a propor-*
tioD of the m Atchea will eventually inflame ; but the com-
netioQ upon the head of the match only bams, and the
moe generally does not even Rpread from the head of the
match ignited to those immediately sarronnding it ; so
Ihst ooly isolated mhtches will be inflamed in a box fall
viih aU the heads placed in one direction. If, however,
t box of the oame noatches be exposed to a heated atmos-
jiwe (from 27** to 37« C.) soffidenay long for the
Hutches to become warm throughout, the extent to which
it wiU be necessary to submit them to concussion before
tfldtioa occurs will be comparatively very slight, and in
lU probability the whole of the matches in the box will be-
CBme inflamed almost instantaneously. In common match
boxes, with which this experiment has been tried, and which
did not close at at all tightly, the wood of the matches
impartially burned, and the box itself caught fire at the
edgek It is, theretbre, within the range of possibility that in
ibe tnosport of matches on board ship, and in the absence of
due srecanUonary measures, continuous concussion, com-
Insa vitli a degree of heat not unft^quent in the hold of
a ve»el, m^ bring about the accidental ignition of lucifer
valcbes — an oooorrenoe which is known to have taken
fkoot Aod which, it is believed, is much more frequently
tbs cauie of fires on board ships than manufacturers and
VMCtera of matches may be disposed to admit.
The author recommends the following precautionary
asBsaret with a view to reduce to a minimum the possibility
cf iceidental ignition: — 1. The special appopriation, if
posable, of some part of the vessel in which matches are
taoipofte^l, to the reception of the packages containing
^tk*n^-H>r, at any rate, the stowa^ of such packages to-
ffitber (aa fiu* as practicable), distmctfrom other merchan-
ttis of a combustible nature, and in such positions that
tbey may be readily removed in the event of any aod-
^fioXaX \gmtion occurring. 2. The efficient ventilation of
that paT% of a vessel In which matches are stowed. 3.
The enforcement of rules on board ship to prevent the
possibility of fire being brought by sailors or others into
the jnciDjty of packages of matches. 4. The careful
pyp g of match-boxes into oases, so as to prevent their
^■^f «)(9acted to any Independent motioo by the move*
JJ«t of the vemd. 6. The bestowal of a more uniform
**^<ntioD upon the production of safe and sufficiently stable
^atch-boxes. The metal boxes with hinge lids, in which
^M^matches are most generally packed, rank l^hest as
^V^ ^^ security they afford to the match, and the
^'^^UMtance that no accident, however slight, is on record
M havioff attended the shipment of Vesta matches, may
*^*i^ in dose connexion with the employment of such boxes
l^th these partieular matches. There are several other kinds
Jj^^n used by manu&cturers which are calculated to af
Jwd •ecutitv to the matches, or rather which would do so if
«w length or height were properly proportioned to the
Ittgth of the matches. In the majority of instances, how-
c^«r,they ar^ longer or higher than the matches, and
•ooethnes very considerably so ; hence, if the latter are
^ most firmly wedged into the boxes, the construction
^^««e is positively calculated to afford opportcmity for
J">wiinfon d the match-heads to concussion. The slide-
^^ containing the Swedish matches, which are now
^^ly imported, are all made to correspond in length
^™i the matches they contain. A veiy extensive im-
porter of thetie matches states that he had never known
wa niggle instance of accidental ignition occurring in
™r tctn^wrt. _ Many of the boxes roughly constructed
of thin chip, which contain the commoner dMeripUons of
English oongrevea, not only afford but little proteotioo
to their contents, but may aotuiUly be in many instances
sources of danger. Unless boxes of this kind are packed
with the greatest possible oare, some proportion is almost
certain to sustain injury, resulting in the immediate escape
of matches from the box. In some instances a piece of weU-
made glass or emery-paper is pasted on to the bottom of
the box, or some fine emery or glads-powder is securely
fixed to one of its surfaces by means of glue and coatings
of varnish ; but in many instances either glass or emery-
paper of very inferior quality is used, or the frictional
powder is very loosely and carelessly attached to the box
by being merely dusted over one of its surfaces, upon
which a small quantity of glue has first been applied. In
packing matdi-boxos of this kind, much of the frictional
powder will become detached, and further quantities will
speedily be rubbed off and be loose in the oases if there is the
slightest play for movement of the boxes during transport.
The hard angular particles will speedily insinuate thena-
selves into the boxes and between the matches, and con*
tribute their share towards augmenting the ponibility of
accident.
These rennaikB do not in any way refer to the matches
which are ignited only by being passed over a siu^boe
of their box, which is coated with a preparation of
amorphous phosphorus. The compositions with which the
matches of this class are tipped require very powerful ftio-
tion (V percussion for their ignition, and are, of co«irse, in^
flamed at temperatures far above that required to ignite
the least sensitive of the matdies prepared with phos*
phorus. The possibility of their accidental ignition moat
therefore be, to say the least, extremely remote. As to
the various olgar lights now bM, the author m of opinion
that very great risk must be incurred in their traoipoctt
and that it is impossible to adopt any preoantionary mea-
sures which can warrant their shipment with any oonfi*
drace in the safety of the vessd.
lint ^.
Abt-Workmsk. — A "Quondam R.A. student" writes:—
The Commissioners appointed to report upon the Boyml
Academy proposed that a class of art-workmen should be
connected with the Academy, and that those who showed
great ei^ecllenoe shonld i^eceive honorary distinotioitt, and
become members of the Academy. This recommendatioD
Mr. Hawes, the Chairman of Council, in his addressto our
Society, specially notices as providing a most valualde ad-
dition to the art edncation of workmen. I have too mnoh
respect for the Judgment of Mr. Hawes not to dissent fWnn
this opinion with great reluctance, but his address wiU
give such large circulation to the proposal, and at the tame
time have such weight with our clever artisans, that he
wiU not object, I am sure, to the expression of a diflSsreMl
view of the question : — 1st. The schools of the Boyil
Academy are as unsuited for the proper education of art-
workmen as the members of tlie Academy are to be
teachers of the special branches of decorative art appro-
priate to manufacture, the education of the artist and of
the art- workman proceeding on principles entirely distinel.
2nd. There can be no claim whatever upon the membeiv
of the Academy, who are the gratuitous teachers of the
Fine Arts, to become the teachers of decomtive art, even
if they are qtialified and posseM the means for such teach-
ing; but their schools have nevertheless been always
wide open to every art- workman who chooses to avail
himself of their course of stuHy and has attained the
amount of proficiency In dmwing required of all who
seek to enter them. Srd. While the Ko>'al Academy ia
unsuited to the teaching of art-workmea, and is located
in the metropolis, where the great bmnches of manufac
tare in which skilled artisans are largely einployed are
not carried on, we have a state institution created
specially for their instruction, with a great centml school,
and blanch schools, both in the metropolis and the great
id
JOURNAL OP THE 800IBTT OP ABTS, Diobmbbb 4, 1868.
aeats of manafactare, with masten trained to give the
greatest development to the workman's taste and skill—
collections of the finest and most costly exam pies made for
hi<) use, and enconragement held out to him by prizes and
Bcholarships to sach an extent that for no lees than fifteen of
the latter offered last year, of the value of £1 per week
for one year, with free instruction for that time, there
were only roar competitors, three of whom alone were
selected as barely possessing the mdimental attainments
necessary to fit them for the course of study opened to
^em. Is it not idle, then, to supplement such teaching
and such inducements by the crude proposal made in the
report of the Commissioners? It seems, indeed, that our
own basy Society, by ita well devised scheme of prizes to
art-workmen, judicioudy selecting those works which are
calculated to try their powers and test their ^kill, is doing
more for their real improvement and welfiire than the
jejune scheme of the Commission with its illusory, ill-
suited honours.
BoBSLEM iNffrrTUTK. — The award of Mr. Beresford
Hope and Mr. Digby Wyatt, as judges of the competition
designs ** for the decoration of the fa9ade of the Wedge-
wood Institute in any kind of ceramic ware, coloured
bricks, mosaics, and terra cotta, " has been made. The
first prize of £25, given by Mr. Hope, has been awarded
to Mr. R. Edgar, architect, jointly with Mr. J. Kipling,
modeller, both of whom were students of the Art Schools
in the Potteries. Mr. Edgar is now one of Mr. Gilbert
:0cott*s assistants, and Mr. Kipling is assisting Mr. Godfrey
Sykes in the decorative works executing for the South
Kensington Museum. Mr. Deviile, of London, received
the second prize of £15, given by Mr. Heathcote;
Mr. J. Ladds, of London, the third prize of £10,
given by Mr. Edge, and the fourth, X6, given by the
Bev. Dr. Armstrong, was awarded to Mr. E. Power, of
London. Mr. Beresford Hope has reason to l)o contented
with this experiment, which he was the first to suggest
and promote with his purse and labour.
Gbeat Doob at this Capjtol in Wabhikoton. —
This is stated to be a fine work of art, and stands at the
entrance of the corridor leading from the old hall of the
house to the new. The door is of bronze. The design
was by Mr. Randolph Bogers, an American artist working
at Rome. The founder was Mr. Frederic Von Muller, of
Munich, Bavaria. It is said to be the only work of the
kind in the world. Its weight is 20,0001b., and when
completed the expense will be about 80,000 dollars. The
leading subject of its embellishments is the history f
Columbus. It has two valves, with four panels on each
valve, and one semicircular panel over the transom. The
first panel contains a scene representing Columbus before
the coiuicil of Salamanca ; the second his leaving the
convent of La Bobida ; the third his audience with Fer-
dinand and Isaltella; the fourth his departure from Palos;
the semi-circular panel over the transom represents his
first landing at San Salvador ; the fifth his first encounter
with the Indians at Hispank>la; the sixth his triumphant
•«ntryinto Baroelona; the seventh repi events him a
prisoner in chaios, about to be sent back to Spain ; the
eighth contains a scene representing his death. There
are 16 sihall niches in the border or frame around the
door, in which are statuettes, representing distinguished
eontemporaiies of Columbus, and between the panels are
heads representing historiana who have written on his
voyages from his own time down to the present day,
ending with In'ing and Presooit. Crowning the door is a
bust of Columbus. The omameuta are chiefly emblem-
atic of conquest and navigation. There are alK) about the
edge four statuetteii represon^g tho four great divisiQas
of the WQrW.
by Messrs. Leplay and Cuuinier, is adopted»by which the
properties of the animal charooal are readily restored
without having recourse to emptying it from the filtera
and rebuming it. It is stated that at Francieres the char-
coal has not been taken out of the filters for several
weeks, and has each day undergone tiie process of re-
storation at a most trifling expense, and with perfect
success.
Rifled Gums. — A preliminary trial of Sir William
Armstrong's 600-pounder gun, lately manufactured at
Elswick for the War Department, was made on the 19th
November, at Shoeburyness. The gun weighs over
twenty-two tons, and is mounted on an ordinary gun
carriage of great size and strength. Its length over all
is 16fc., that of the bore being lift. Its iottimal diameter
is 13*3 in., and it is rifled on the *' shunting'' principle.
The grooves are ten in number, and turn once in sixty-
five calibres. In its construction it differs but little from
the other large muzzle-loading guns manufactured under
Sir William Armstrong's direction, consisting of a number
of coiled tubes of enormous strength shrunk one upon the
other. The tliickness of the walls of the gun at t he breech
is 20*8^ inches, the total diameter at tlie trunnions being
55 inches. It carries a conical cast-iron hollow-headed
shot, weighing 5101b., or a shell of ordinaiy construction
weighing 6001b., and capable of containing a burstiog
charge of 40lb. of powder. The charge us^ with shot
was 70 lb. — with shell 60 lb. The gun was served by
a party of twenty men. A 9-inch muzzle- loading gun,
made at the Royal Gun Factories, Woolwich, and rifled
on the plan pronosed by Mr. Lynall Thomas, waa tried
on the 20th November, This gim, which carries
a 8001b. shot, closely resembles an ordinary muzzle-
loading Armstrong in outward appearance, the muzzle,
however, being more prolonged. Mr. Thomas's in-
vention consists in substituting a series of ribs for the
usual grooves. The shot are made with grooves coated
with soft alloy to fit the ribe of the gun, and are similar
in form to those used in the Armstrong, but appear to be
slightly longer. The ** shunt" principle is not employed
by Mr. Thomas. To test the range and accuracy
of the gun, ten rounds of cast-iron shot were fired from
it at 2^' elevation, ten at 6^, and ten at 10^, the charge
being 401b. in every instance. The velocity and rang^
of the shots fired appear to have been very unequaL
€mmxtt
PttimfettarM,
Restoration of Akimal Chabooal. — In a beetroot
Bugar factory at Franciferes (Oise), a new process, invented
Stebl Ships.— Two large ships, built of steel pli<ea.
were recently launched in the Mersey. ThougK tome
smidl vessels have been built of the same material^ thia ia
the first instance in which steel has been used fioc^ ocean
ships. The steel now manufactured for shipbuilding pur-
poses is said to have an advantage over iron in beio^ more
ductile and malleable, as well as stronger 2U)d lighter.
These qualities bring with them, it is also said, greater
economy in building and increased carryipii capacity-*^
both most important considerations. Mc^ Jones, one of
the builders, states that in the Formby, one of the newly-
launched Tessets. of 1,276 tons burden^ the weight of
steel used is 600 tons, whereas, if she bad been consliucted
of iron, 800 tons of that metal wou^U have beea required.
In a vessel like the Warrior ^ hfd di^clared that by usio^
steel greater strength might be ol<itained with a saving of
one-luklf in the weight of metal. Mr. Heed, Construoior o€
the Navy, made a special journey from L4>ndon ta attend
the launch and examine the ships. He reiparked that
merchant ships can be built to test a principle wben war
ships cannot, as the former can be exainined and repsdred
annually, while the latter are son t abroad tor periods of
three or four years. He perfectly agr*-ed witU what had
been said of the importance of steel fpr the con^iroction
of small ships, and stated Ihatthe Qoverrjoeni took great
interest in the questioQ of employing steel at a material
1 fyr ihipboildin^.
I
JOUBIf AL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Dbobmbbb 4, 1868.
49
BunsH TiiAi>B WITH Japan.— The Tahie of the export
fio British yeaaeU baa increMed, daring the half-year
the 30th of Jane last, from £253,337, of the cor-
perioi last year, to £561,120, and yet, during
Line six months, events of an alarmiog character
which were calculated to paralyse any trading
whateyer. The imports in the first six months
tf this year were £111,470, against £68,931 for the same
foood of last year, being an excess of £42,489. In this
vear^ nAiima raw cotton figures for the first time as an
stfele of export, to the extent of 795.207 lbs.
Wooi^ — The Circular of Messrs. A. G. Stewart and Co.
of Rifft Elisabeth, Algoa Bay, dated October lltb, says : —
*■ TIm arrivals of wool from the country districts have been
tomparatively light, consisting of small parcels of odd
]^k We have again to complain of the * seedy' and
* bony' character of much of the wool brought forward.
Prkes, oo this account, have ruled lower than they would
bsve done. The following are the present prices : — Fine
fleeoe-wsAhed wool* superior. Is. 2Jd. to Is. 8^d. per lb. ;
BsdioxD, la. to Is. l)d. ; inferior, seedy, and burry, lid.
to 12)^1. ; coarse, washed, 9d. to lOd. ; fine, unwashed,
joperior, 8)d. to 8}d. ; average, 7^(1. to 8|d. ; coarse, un-
washed, 6d. to 7d. per lb. The exports during the pa^t
mooth have not been so large. The most remarkable
in the freight market is, that nearly all the
on the berth have l)een chartered for America,
two more vessels have been chartered in Cape Town
1o oome round and load here for America. The trade
this jar with our transatlantic cousins will show well
when compared with that of previous years."
8I7PFI.T OF COTTOK AND LaBOUB. — A '* CottOU-
Spinxier," writing to the ManehetUr Ouardiarit says : — " I
would jost point oat a few of the principal causes of this
scarcity of labour, that its extent may be more easily
appredai^. Emigration has taken out to our colonies
and other places a considerable number. Many have ob-
iained other employments, for instance—girls have gone
into service, and, through the instruction sewing-schools
have afforded, others have been enabled to accept situa-
tioiis as seamstTesaee, dec, from which pursuits it is very
donbthil if many of them return. But there is another
and a more serious point still than any of the preceding— 1
alhide to the oenation of the ordinary labour supplv.
VThen mills ace working, children are taken into them and
employed, fkrst as sweepers, bobbin carriers, &c., and thus
they are being gradually trained to fill the plaaes of those
who, fiom a mnltitude of reasons, are constantly leaving
the work. These are now arriving at the age of full
timsn ; Mod, Ch/oogh the stoppage of milb, are every day
giv^wiog up aotrained and unskilled, whilst at the same
time the causes that usually deplete factories have been
goisg oo amongst the old hands. So that, from all these
eoMes together, 1 cannot help concluding that there will
be a very great deficiency of hands when the time comes
for resaming work ; and, after deliberate consideration, I
believe that, could we only have a supply of 35,000 to
40,000 bales of cotton per week for the years 18G4 and
1865, that quantity would prove sufiicient to find a]l the
ftetory operatives wanting work full employment. This
state of things would secure for the operative a high rate
of wages ; but it promises, too, I think, a corrosponding
ftdrantsge to the spinner, inasmuch as the curtailed con-
■mption of raw cotton, and consequently a proportionate
rsduction in the quantity of yam produced, would have
Ibe effect of keeping down the price of the former article,
nd enhancing that of the latter.**
Tn« Vintage of 1863. — M'^ssrs. R. Symonds and Son,
m their trade circular, state that with regard to Champagne
the quantity, although less than in 1858, is much greater
than in 1861 and 18G2. It is difficult at this early period
to form a definite judgment of the quality of the wine«,
bat they show every promise of great delicacy of flavour.
The B*»rdeaux vintage, taken ana whole, Ua^ been nearly
sqaal in quantity to that of 1862. some oP the districts
producing uiore, others cQpsjd^rablv 1?38, tlian las*^ yeaT-
In the Palus and << petites Cotes " and other districts pro-
ducing ordinary wines, the quantity is for the most part
greater than in the year previous; but in M^oc, the
Graves, and the " Cotes sup^rieures," the produce is
generally less. With respect to quality, they will
probably be very inferior to the wines of 1862, and
even to those of 1861. The Burgundy vintage, so (ar as
regards the red wines^ has been excellent The wines
have a good and deep colour, an excellent bouquet, much
aroma, and a perfectly pure taste. They will probablv,
particularly in the lower growths, prove superior to the
wines of 1862. The quantity will be fully equal to that
of the last two years. The white wines have generally
failed, more especially in Chablis, where repeated hail-
storms devastated the larger portion of the vines. The quan-
tities of Hermitage and Khone wines are somewhat below
the average. They will be delicate and of good flavom*, but
with leas body than those of 1862. In the districts more
to the south (Ch&teau-neuf du Pape, &c.), where the
vintage has been somewhat later, it is expected that
the quality will prove superior to that of 1862. The
quantity in the Roussillou district is considerably below
the average, but the quality will undoubtedly be fiue.
In other parts of the South of France, the vintage,
taken as a whole, has been abundant, and the wines
will be above the average in point of quality. The
Rhine and Moselle vintage, especially in the " Rhein-
gau " is very nmch later than in Fiunce, and is only now
in operation. The quantity will scarcely exceed one third
of an average, and the quality will be only mediocre. It
may indeed prove better than the vintage of 1860, but
will be much inferior to those of 1857, 1858, 1859, 1861,
and 1862, all of which are fine wines. It is to be feared,
judging from past experience, that the cycle of good yean
is complete, or near completion, and that we are again
about to enter upon a period of inferior vintages. In
Madeira, there has not yet been time to learn the quantity
produced in the present year, but it is scarcely possible
that it can amount to 1,000 pipes in the whole island.
Before the outbreak of the Oidlum, in 1852, the average
production was 27,000 pipes. As the vines imported fi-om
Portugal have not generally succeeded, they are being for
the most part rooted up and replaced by native vines in
the districts reallv adapted for the plant. From the
nature of the soil, &c., in Madeira, none but old vines
will produce good wines, so that it must be yet a very
long while before any eflfectual result can be perceptible
as regards exports irom the island ; but, from the efforts
making it is hoped that, in the course of years, Madeira
may again produce wines (from the grape) suitable for ex-
portation.
(Eolorats.
Slates of Canaoa.— Mr. R. Bell, of the Geological
Survey, in a paper on this subject read before the Canadian
Natural History Society, says that the annual value of the
slates proiiuced in Wales alone is nearly £1,000,000
sterling, and the net profits of many of the companies
engaged in this branch of industry are upwards of 50 per
cent. The most iinportint slate-producing district in
North America is situated in Vernjont. But little of
the deposit in Eastern Vermont can be profitably
worked ♦* owing to contortions, imperfect cleavage, crosi
joints, and the presence of foreign ingredients." Bands
suitable ier the manufacture of roofing slate were only
found occasionally in this district. The qnanies in tho
western part of Vermont api)ear to be more productive
than those in the eastern part of the state. It seems that
this slate is used for other purposes than roofing. Mantel-
pieces, table and bureau tops, billiard-table beds, and
latnp bottoms are wanufiictured from it. The slates
procured from the Northfield quarries, Vermont, sell at
three m^ ft li^f dylUn ft *' ?<iuarc," d(jliYcr?d m tho c^rs.
52
JOURNAL OP THE BOOIBTY OP ARTS, Decbmbeb 4, 1868.
Probably the Baud staled that they had no autho-
rity. Barely, as the proprietor of a house, I am
at liberty to put my own, or my father's, or grand-
father's, or even the first father's name on my house
if 1 am so minded. Is it possible the law gives Mr.
Thwaites and bis colleagues power to pi-event my writing
up that I am a barber, or any other profefriion or trade,
Cft that my fir»t cousin was Lord Chancellor born in that
house ; or must I ask leave and have ray roman letters
first approved by the Metropolitan Board ? If any mem-
ber can tell what i«i the state of the law, and will do so,
he will oblige A Membsk of Twenty Years* Standiko.
London Cabs. — Sib, — ^Why have Paris and Vienna
pnblic carriages so much better than London ? Is it
not on account of the wrong policy which limitH
the price of the carriage per mile to a fixed sum,
and so prevents the competition of excellence beyond
what sixpence a mile will remunerate? Why not
have carnages at ditfSerent prices as at Faris? Why
should a monotonous price of sixpence per mile be
the fixed sum ? Why not let cab proprietors send out
cabs at 8d. or Is. a mile, and regulate the quality accord-
ingly ? For the protection of the public, it is only neces-
sary to have the price distinctly marked in fignref, and
perhaps, also, in the colour of the carriage. Why prevent
the Londoner from riding in a handsome dark green
public brougham, with a good horse, at any price ? The
Council would do a public service if they would he at the
trouble to collect together the experience of great cities
abroad, and even Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham,
&c,, at home on this subject. I am, &c., F. S.
Pabu. — LouvBE. — Sra, — Being lately in Paris, I no-
ticed that ven^ extensive atterations nave been lately
made in the Louvre. Several rooms have been newly
decorated and arranged with objects from the Campana
collection, and constitute a portion of the *' Mos^ de
Kapoleon 111." The 8auva^eot gift is also shown in
■everal rooms. But whilst noticing these chai^^, I would
like to point out to Count NieuweriLe, that visitors, es-
pedally straugen, would be under great obligations if
directions were given to provide water closets, which al-
though abundantly established in Paris, are not to be Ibund
within ten minutes walk of the Louvre galleries. I
MBf &c., F. S.
TOBS.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mov. ...Medical, 8|. Dr. 0. H. F. Roath, «* Dbeaiet of Wamen uid
Children.**
Rojal Intt. 2. Genend Monthly Meetfar.
.Zoolo|rlc«I,9.
87roEK7Pthui. 7|. Mr. W. H. Black, •* On Roman Map.
raratton In the Eaatem Empire."
Ethnological, 8. 1. **Aoooant of the Weddos, a wild tribe of
Cejlon," bj a Tamil naUve of that Island, a. Mr. John
CrawAird, '* On the Conunixtoit of the Raeet of Man in tha
New World, at afibcting the progreM of OiTilisation."
Ciril Engineers, 8. Continued Discussion upon Mr. Mora-
head's paper on " Duty of the Cornish Pumping Enginee.**
And, ifUmepermit,lfr. J. M. Hepp«l,**On the Olodac
of ReclamaUon Banks." ^^
WlD. ...Socletj of Arts, 8. Mr. John Chalmers Morton, «• Agri-
cultural Progress ; its Helps and its Hindrances."
Arohaological Aaodation, 84. 1. Mr. E. Roberts, "On
Brixworth Church." 2. Mr. Saxe Bannister, »' On Un-
published MS. Lires of Henry V." 3. Mr. Blaslick, •» On
the Dlscorery of a WoU and other Boman Bemalni at
,. St. Dnnstan*s-hiU.**
Thvr. ..Jtojal, 8|.
^afittfi.
/
Grasts or PaovisioHiL PBononoir.
CiVom CommUMon^ri of Patentt Joumai, Novtmbir 2tf A.]
(Agrlcoltore) pulverisinf and cleaning the aoil, and scattarlnr nnno.
*c—2861— J. WalmaleyT^ • " '
wicks, drain-pipes, <«c.— 2708— B. Jones.
<3urooaI, AC, laturatfaif and oleaailag^-3865— L. IbtAMj.
Cigars— 2831— n. F. Hodson.
Cloth, beetling and flnidiing^28as^W. Chamben.
Cool, excarating, Ac.— 2837 — T. Harrison.
Cotton gins, Ac., drlTing and flBeding-^38e3— E. Leigh and F. A.
Jueil^.
Coupling or buckle— 2740— B. BladibBra.
Docks, floating and other— 2889— J. Elder.
DramaUo effect*— 2841— B. Hughes.
Fabrics, looped, naachinery for — 2891 — J. Maokew.
Fabrics, woven, singeing— 2853 — G. Lindemann.
Flour dressing machines— 2843 — J. Ellison.
Pnseee— 2811— H. J. SimUck.
Gas burners - 2823— W. E. Nowton.
Gas-lighUng— 2800— W. R. Bowditoh.
Gun barrels— 2887— J. R. Cooper.
Harrows— 27fi2-R. Scllar.
Hydraulic motor— 2871-1. Pomte.
India rubber tubes, manuCactare of, and oorering telegraph wirea—
2893 — J. G. Jennings and M. L. J. Laratcr.
Iron, cutting and planing— 2736— O. Craven, W. Craren, and J.
Craren.
Jacquard machines— 2(«85—R. W. Siever.
Metal plates, bara, and rods, tapering— 2770— J. Dyaon, J. Dyson, and
G. W. DjBon.
Money, tills for— 2851— G. H. Courtney.
Mules— 2833— E. Spencer and J. Dodd.
Music stools, &C--2M77— P. W. Burton.
Neck ties, o c— 2813— B. Peake.
Ordnance, breech- loading — 2879 — ^V. Baker.
Pifwiofortes— 2821— G. H. Brookbank.
PictitfeB, restoring^2568— M. Petenk<rf)M'.
Pipe joints and waterilosets, tape or valr^ in— ^05 — S. Camozon and
W. Johnston.
Portmanteaus— 2859— J. Southgate.
Railroad cars, springs for— 2817— G. DftTisc.
Railway breaks— 2798— F. Tettux.
Railway wrappers— 2480— D. Lange.
Railway sUtions, moveable platformi ft>f^2881— W. Pratchitt, J.
Blaylock, and J. Pratehitt.
Raising and lowering bodies— 2776— C. D. Abel.
Raising heavy bodies, &c., carriages and apparatus for— 2825— D. M.
FyllB.
Salt, soaoufkctnre of; and boilen to boftdbysalt w«tor— 2876— B. A,
Brooman.
Sewage, liquid, -tc, syphons ibr— 2849— O. Barker.
Sewing machinea— 27ti4— W. B. Newtoa.
Ships lor war— 2t^96— P. St. G. Gnome.
Ships, iron, fouling of the bottoms of— 2647— A. ElUasen.
Chips' logs— 2699— P. BuUock (Rear Admiral).
Steam hammers— 2716— D. Davy, Jnn.1
Steel, casting ingotl of— 2760— W. D. Allan.
Thrashing machlnea— 2733— W. Audinwood.
Twisting cotton, wool, Ac.— 2816— A. lUinffworth.
Wardrobe*— 2702— W. Law.
Watches, dead beat independent centre teoonda— 2827— B. Harriott
and C. Raddiff.
iMVKsnoKs WITH CoMPLicTx SPBCinoATioys Filed.
Engiaas, roUtory— 2884— J. H. Johnson.
Fibre from Zotttra marina, Ac, extraetlng— 2941— J. Steart.
Grain, prenrvlng- 2926— H. A. BonnevlUe.
Hempen thread, ac, produeti<» of, and mixing aaoMwitli oottoo. Ao»
—2960— St. G. Gregg and T. On^.
PArxsTS Sbalho.
1366. F. PatoreM.
1371. H. C. Cottlthard.
1373. A. Dlingworth.
1376. G. H. Cottam.
1377. G.A.Barreti,WJSxall,C.J.
Andrewes, A A. Barrett.
/Irom OommiuioHen qf PaUitU JimanMi, D^etmbtr l«f.
Patxvtb Bbalbd.
1384. J. Travis.
1389. F. 8. Barff.
1393. 8. Blake, T. Lee, and
Dutton.
1394. H. Rigby.
1401. A. Q. de Grmnaid.
1402. R. A. Brooman.
1404. J. Seaman.
1406. J. H. Johnson.
R.
1439.
1449.
149S.
1503.
1667.
1597.
1630.
2173.
223T.
H. Be«emer.
W. Clark.
I. B. Harris.
W. Mainwaring.
J. Ellison and A.
A. Ripley.
A. Silvester.
C. Jackson.
W. Taylor.
Patcmts o> which thh Stamp Ddtt of £60 has Btni Paid.
2907. J. S. Manton and T. Inslip.
3002. W. Clark.
3904. I. Sharp and W. Bnlmer.
2924. H. Ager.
1827. B. T. Hughes.
2962. J. Ronald.
2967. W. P. riggott.
PaTHHTS oh WHfOB TBI B«4I0P DUTT OP AlOO HAS BHSV PAID.
3828. L. 0. Bloart. | 3831. J. U Clark.
fimnial irf %
THE
0detg flf |.rfs,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIOIfS 11^^ UNION.
UOth Ssssion.]
Abt-Workman8hip.
The works submitted in competition for the
Prtres oflered by the Society are now placed for
the inspection of members and their ^ends, in
the Society *B Great Boom, where they will
remain mitil Obiistmas, when, with the view of
their being exhibited to the general public, they
will be removed to the South Kensington Mu-
seum, by permission of the Science and Art De-
partment.
Copies of the photographs and rough castings
ififfued for competitors to work from are also
thown.
The Council hare requested Mr. Richard
Redgrave. R.A., Mr. Digby Wyatt, M.R.I.BA.,
•nd Mr. John Webb to act as judges in award-
ing the prizes, and these gentlemen will shortly
meet to make the awards.
Tbe Art- Workmanship Committee has been
re-appointed, and is now engaged in the pre-
paration of conditions for the next competition.
iNSTmrrioMs.
The foQowmg Institution has been received
into Union :—
Wefi Loodon Tooths' institute, Bayswater.
Wednesday evening Meeting previous to
Christmaa. Chair taken at 8 o'clock.
Dko. 16. — '* On the Eoonomic Value of Foods, hav-
iog tpecial refereDce to the Dietary of the Labour-
ing CUmm," By Dr. Eowabd Smith, F.K.S.
Coaraes of Lectures (under the tiUe of *' the
Gantor Lectures'*) on the following subjects, will
be delivered during the Session : —
The Operatioii of the Present Laws of Naval Warfare
CO iDtemational Commerce. By Q. W. HivriKas,
Kaq., Barritter-at-Law.
Fine Aita Applied to Industry. By W. Buboes, Esq.
Chemistry Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. Cbacb
CAX.Tsrr, F.E.S.
Vr. Hastings* course consists of four lectures,
the firat of which was delivered on Monday, the
Tth inst (See the next column.) The second
wiQ be delivered on
MamDATf THB I4nm Dao., at Eight o*Clook.
flol^iect— The Law of Blockade.
PBIDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1863. [No. 577. Vol. XII.
The subjects of the two concluding lectures,
to be delivered after Christmas, are : —
Contraband ; ita Natore and Usages.
Capture of Private Property at Sea ; present State of
the Law as modified by the Declaration of Paris ;
Aliments for and against its Continuance.
The Foreign Enlistment Act; its Operation on Com-
merce.
The Michaelmas subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Coutts and Co.
CANTOR LECTURE.
Monday, Dec Tth. — Ths Law or Blookidb.
Mr. Hastings, after some preliminary obsenrations,
said that International Law was of two kinds— public and
private ; the latter dealing with the intematiooal rights
of individnals, the former regulating the iutercourae of
States, as political communities. As that intercourse was
chiefly l>ased on trade, it followed that the interests of inter-
national commerce were boond up with the development of
public iotemational law. This law came under two
heads, as relating to peace and war. Passing by ^o
first head, and coming to Uiat which unfortunately
occupied by far the largest space in the text books
of publicists, the international law relating to war was
again divided into that which related to war by land aud
that which related to war by sea. It was this latter which
formed the subject of these lectures, and was much the more
intimately connected with international commerce. It was
possible to imagine war by land carried on without much
mterruption to commerce, but naval war struck directly
and avowedly at trade, and was waged against peaceful |nro-
perty. Mr. Hastings proceeded to point out that inter«
national law lacks, to a considerable degree, the qualities
of certainty and uniformity which distin^ished municipal
law, and that hence arose an ambiguity in writers
on the sub^t against which it was necessary to guard,
—a disposition to mix the ideas of what the law
thovld be with what it U. This was the case with that
part of the law which formed the subject of the evening's
lecture — that of blockade ; the French law of blockade, for
instance, differing from the English, aud English writers
themselves varymg in their opinions. He recommended
for perusal the chapter on blockade in Dr. Traven Twiss*
*' Law of Nations," on the belligerent side of the oaea-
tion ; Mr. Westlake's paper on " Commercial Blockades,**
taldog the neutral view, and at the same time supplying a
most learned and exhaustive history of the sub^t; and
thirdly, those portions of Wheatoo's " Inteiuatioual Law*'
64
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, December 11, 1863.
(recently re-edited by the ^[reat American publioiAt, Wil-
liam Bcaoh Lawrence) which deal with blockade. Tha
purely continental view was of coarse io be sought in the
writings of Fmch intematiMial iMrev.
The origin tDf the law of UocloidiB wasfi«t im to bar-
kaiovfl cuMom, «nce prevalent, of {ndhiUtiBg allArade with
an enemy's country, bat in the Mligerent rights neces-
sarily attaching to a siege of a particular town. These
rights, of course, included the forcible prevention of any
intercourse with the place, whether by neutrals or belli-
gerents. The usage, thoroughly recognised in this
limited application, was Brst extended by the Dutch, who
in 1584, and more explicitly in 1680^ declared the various
ports in Spanish Flanders under blockade. Thus arose
the institution of comoieroial blockade, or ^e sealiag-up
of a line of coast, and of purely miercantile ports, against
all commerce. The natural struggle of neutral and non-
maritime powers to wmaow the application of that law,
led to the demand, now universally conceded, that block-
ades should be eflective. But here came in the uncertainty
of international law — What is an efiective blockade?
Mr. Hastings described the different doctrines held on
this point, by the French and continental nations on the
one hand, and the English and Americans on the other.
He showed that the practice pursued during the great
war with France was, on both sides, by Napoleon in his
Milan and Berlin decrees, and by the British Government
in their Orders in GouncQ, opposed to the real principles
of pubHo law, and was in &ct a rotom to the medieval
fcartMiriam ef pixibibiting tnade with an enemy's ooontry.
The vise aad temperate oaurse punned by France and
England in reference to blockade during the Crimean
War, and the admirable judgments delivered at that time,
were a ^oarantoe that European civilisation had passed the
possibihty of such outrages ; and the Declaration of Paris,
m 1856, iodefiniieas its terms may be, had given an inter-
national embodiment to titat enlightened policy.
Fourth Ordinary Mbetiko.
Wednesday, December dik^ 1863 ; Jobn Grrey
£tq.y of Dyston, in iko diair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election aa nembers of tLe Society : —
Attwood, Matthias Wolveriey, F.R.G.B., Dulwfch-hin, 8
Bowyer, Rev. W. N. Wentworth A., fiectoiy, Olapham
common, S.
Brown, Henry, Ettrick Mills, Selkirk, N.B.
Cotton, Charles P., 11, Lower Pembroke street, Dublin.
Cutler, Joseph, 4, PoUington-villas, HoUoway-road, N.
Ellic, Wynn, 80, Cadogan-place, S.W. ; Ponsboume-park,
Hertford ; and Tankcrton, near Canterbury.
Forbes, H., 6, Aberdeen place, Haida-hill, W.
Hanson, Reginald, 43, Upper Harley-street, W.
Hardwick^ Robert, 192, Piccadilly, W.
Johnson, William, 188, Tottenham-court-road, W.
Kiesf^ler, T., 18, Spencer- street, Goswell-road, B.C.
Lumley, Henry, 4, Ouildford-place, Russell-square, W.C.
MaynarJ, Henry, Oakfield-lodge, HawkhuiBt, Kent.
Mercer, Thomas, 46, Spencer-Btreet, Goffwell-road, B.C.
Needham, John, Albert Iron Works, Warrington,
Nicholsoo. W. W., 17, Kiiig-sti^et, Cheapide, B.C.
Sliand, James, Upper Ground-street, Bladcfiiars, S.
Southorn, Edwin, Broseley, Salop.
The following candidates were balloted for, and
duly elicted members of the Society : —
Aldridge, Major, 17, Cadogan-place, S.W.
Austin, Allieit Duncan, Kel»on, New Zealand.
Austin, Ut-nry de Bruno, 34, Up. Hyde-park-gardens, W.,
and Cattle- hill, Ealing.
Az^mar, J. C. 40, Mark-lane, B.C., and The Waldrons,
CroycJon, 8.
Baker j Charles, 16, St. Petersburgh-place, Bajrswater, W
Bulwer, William Earl Lvtton, 24, Portman-square, "W.
Bumey, G., Tank Factory, Millwall, E.
Burt, John Mawlem, Grosvenor-house, Millbank, S.'W.
Campbell, James, 6, ffoondar'acourt, LiiUrary, B.C.
Camngloa, B, &., Stockport.
Cooksoo, Wm. Strickland, %, LinoelaVkm, W.C
Corderoy, John Kittle, 8, Chester-plaoe, Eennington-
cross, S.
Crowther, Benjamin, Queen-street, Wakefield.
Fort, Richard, 24, Queen's-gate-gardens, W., and Reed-
hall, Clitheroe, Lancashire.
Haigh, Henry, Holme Yale Dye Worlcs, Mllnsbridge,
near Huddersfield.
Bamel, Felix John, Cuftom-house, K/0^ and Church-
street, Stoke Nowington, N.
Hancock, George, 36, Carey-street, Lincoln's-inn, W.C.
Lancaster, George, 50, Hanover-stveet, Islington, N.
Le Rendu-Hamilton, B., 3, Alma-ter., Eensmgton, W.
Lister, Thomas Villiers, 61, Eaton-square, S.W.
Marcet, Dr. William, F.R.S.,F.C.S., l.Torrington-etreot,
RuMeU-iqmare, W.C.
Turner, JaoMS William, FJLC.S., 80 and 31, Lammr
Phillimore-plaoe, Kensington, W.
Voelcker, Augustus, 101, Leadenhall-street, B.C.
A^D as fioKOBABV CoBBBapo«iifKa Mayan,
Merlato, Le Comnandeur G. G., Consul de S. JC. Tfioi-
pereur d'Aiitriche i Tunis.
The Pi^erTead"w«8 —
AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS : ITS HELPS AKD
HINDRANCES.
Bt J. Chalmsbs Mmtoit, Esq.
It is the object of this paper to illustrate the inet of
agricultural progress — ^to specify the droumetaDcoB by
which it has been jpromoted — and to enumerate aome of
the obstades by which it has been hindered. A discus-
sion of the helps and hindrances amidst which it has been
aooompliiftied ought to l)e of service to it in the future ;
and it is as an introduction to such a disenssian that the
following statement has been prepared.
Firstv--Of the fact that great progress and improvement
have been witnessed in our agriculture during the past
quarter of a century.
This is just the period during which I have been in the
ranks, and as, duruig the past 20 years, it has been my
weekly ooouipatieB (o narrate particular examples 4>f agri-
cultural improvement, and to record the circuoistanoes to
which they have been owing, it may be thought an easy
thing for me to prove and illustrate the general agricul-
tural progress which has thus been made. On the con-
trary, it IS an ecztpeiDely difficult thing to 4o so in any
satisfactory manner.
For agricultural progress, if of any interest or value
whatever, simply means more food produced per acre,
and of our food produce we have no statistics.
IMPOBTS AND SaLBS.
Such records as we possess do indeed appear at first to
deny the existence of any such progress as is assetted.
Certainly they prove that our agriculture is now farther
short of supplying us with the food that we consume than
it ever has hitherto been. The annual import of wheat
and flour of wheat, reckoned together, which amounted
in 1845 to 1,142,000 quarters, and in 1846 to 2,340,000
quarters, varied between 3 and 5 millions of quarters per
annum between 1847 and 1859. In 1860 it exceeded
7,000,000, in 1861 it exceeded 8,000,000, and in 1862 it
amounted to 11,528,445 quarters — ^more than ten-fold
what it was in 1845. And the annual importation of other
kinds of grain and meal has also increased during the
«ame peiiod. Varving in general from 4 to 5 millions of
quarters between 1846 and 1859, it exceeded 7,000,000 in
186061-62.
These last three years have, we know, been veiy unpro-
ductive in this couutiy, but even if we diffegard the ex-
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, December 11, 1863.
55
of these three yean as altogether (
there remains the (act of an enormons, and,
m ^ vhole, iDcreMing dependence on foreign sapplies
Ari^s a loog eoies of years before. And this, I say,
^^n at fini to bo incompatible with the idea of any
^r^i agriiSBliaral progreas at home.
Iken haa been no oorre^onding increase in the qoan-
dlT ef mm! or in the number of cattle and she^ imported,
■■■ber off oxen has varied irregularly during the
15 y^n between 60,000 and 100,000 per annum, and
rf iheep and Umbs between 180,000 and 300,000 per
SB without much indication of an increased importa-
t0B yar by year. Nor have the imports of bacon, beef,
Aid pork miUeTtally increased except during the last two
reat^ Bat, admifctiog that we are not on the whole so
TiiiiMninftTy dependent on foreigners for our meat as we
m% for Ota l^eaid, it must be remembered, on the other
1aad,tbat the prices of our home-produced meat have been
gndeaUy rning. The best fat Hereford oxen were sold
far littk more than 5d. per lb. 18 or 20 years ago — they
aie DOW worth nearly one-half more. Mutton, in like
waan»t hm risen from 6d. to 8d. and more per lb. And
from tibia, as from the increased importation of grain, it
doBS fiol aft fint appear as if the agricultural progress
viuch ve boast meant an increased produce of food. I
nesd not refer in detail to those importations which sup-
|Jemmt the prodooe of particular districts ; but these, too
— Iheimpotisof batter,chee8e,and eggs— exhibitinan even
grsalcrd^ree the iocreasing defideni^ of our home supplies.
And there is yet another set of figures which, taken for
wint they are worth, seem even more to throw doubt
ifRsn the aaiCTtion. that our produce per acre is increadng.
In Older to determine from year to year the value per
qfBffter of these quanUties of wheat, barley, and oats, into
wUeh Che tithe has in every parish been commuted, it is
ed by law that a record be kept in all the principal
h market towns of the quantities and prices of wheat,
; and oats sold on every market day throughout the
Theie is a certahi, and if we might suppose an un-
WxTbg degree of obedioice paid to this law, then the
aiaoQnts thus declared to have been sold would bear a
OQQslant proportion to the quantity of grain sold through-
ooi the country, and they would &irly indicate the vary-
ing produce 6C onr crops from year to year. That they
do to a certain extent represent the productiveness of the
year appears from the Cact that they do rise and fall with
the admitted character of the harvest. Thus, the quan-
tity of wheat recorded as sold, which is generally about
5,d00»000 qoarten per annum, was, in the unproductive
yean of 1660, 1861, and 1862, 4,600,000, 4,289,000, and
^(,588,000 quarters respectively. But what is noteworthy,
if it can be at all taken as indicating the general produc-
tiveoes of the eoontry, is that the largest quantity re-
eofded since 1844 was 6,666,000 quarters, sold in 1845 ;
tiiai the quantity was somewhat under 5,000.000 quarters
from 1844 to 1854; that it was somewhat
5,000,000 quarters per annum from 1855 to 1859 ;
that it again, as already said, fell considerably below
W/}fiOO quartos per annum during the past three
Certainly there is no indication here of in-
annoal productiveness. And the sales of barley
eats, simibu'ly recorded, are equally unsatis&ctory to
Ikam who woold naturally hope to see in these records
«Me indioatioa of the increasing productiveness of our
■iftfo lands.
Of ooQtw the great majority of those who examine
figures, will find for themselves some explanation
<f Ihsm that is consistent with the belief which will
Wfetaiaed that our agrusultnre if nevertheless greatly
■Mrs productive than it was.
Bveiy countryman can point to so many instances of
^pieoltaral impiDveoient within his own knowledge that,
^«ever the explanation be, he knows thme must be
anneway ofreooociling these figureswiththe fact of which
^ it esrtain, that land upon the whole produces now much
fliaa formeily.
But before I proceed to justify this belief by marshalling
the evidence on which it rests, it is right that we shoald
be aware that it has been always possible to lead a proof
by instances and examples of the productiveness of Eng-
lish agriculture.
Listen to Mr. Thompson, of Kirby Hall, near York,
who, as President of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society,
had last year to review the agriculture of the 20 years
during which the society which ho had helped to found
had been in operation. He said that he had been a con-
stant attendant at the shows of that society, and a very
frequent one at those of other societies, and he was con-
fident that the prize animals shown by Lord Spencer,
Messrs. Booth and Bates, and others, in the early days of
the society, were as good in every respect as those shown
by CJol. Towneley, Mr. Fawkes, Lord Feversham, and
other noted breeders of the present day, and the s^me might
be said of other classes of stock. Then as to the crops —
it was usual 20 years ago to grow five quarters of wheat
per acre, and not uncommon to grow six. Occasional in-
stances could be found where the produce had been greater
still, and he had yet to learn that they could do more
now. The best cattle and the best crops are no better now
than then.
It is plain, therefore, that though I were to bring before
you hundreds of examples of productive fiau*ming in opera-
tion now, yet as I should be doing no more than another
might have done with equal force 20 or 30 years ago, I
should not thereby establish the advance which I believe
has been made during the interval. Although therefore
1 shall refer to one or two particular instances of the pro-
gress which has been accomplished, yet it will be rather
by a collection of testimonies from land agents and tenant
farmers in different parts'of the country, of the general
condition of the land as to productiveness now and 20 or
80 years ago, that I propose to prove the general progress
which has been asserted.
DisTRiOTS or Statiokabt Febtility.
Of some districts I suppose this progress cannot be
asserted—their produce has not increased. Thus I have
before me a curious table, giving the produce of wheat on
a large fen fiurm in Lincolnshire, from 1889 to 1862.
The average produce of the wheat harvest during that
period has been close on 39 bushels per acre — but it has
varied irregularly between 44 and 24 bushels, without
any indication whatever of a gradually increasing fertility.
The produce per acre runs thus in bushels per acre in
successive years :-^4, 40, 35, 43, 38, 48, 32, 41, 42, 43,
44, 28, 45, 47, 41. 45, 26, 47, 48, 40, 26, 24, 27. 34.
These four last being the produce of 1859, 1860, 1861,
and 1862.
** Yoa will see,'* says the tenant of this farm, ** that we are
not at all improving m the yield of wheat, which is the great
staple of this diitrict. The oat crop has been more productive
than formerly, or we shoald have been worse off, and stock
have left more profit than uioal, bat with tboee helps I never
knew three consecntive years so bad at 1859, 1860, and 1861.
The rents generally have been raised from 5f. to 10a. per aere
during that period."
Another correspondent in the same neighbourhood,
speaking of the meat produce of the fens, says : —
** I sbonld think the amount of meat produced, and the
qoantity of live stock kept in the Fens, has decreased rather
tnan increased during the last 15 or 20 years. Since railway
faeilittes have been afforded, a good deal of land has been
employed in the production of potatoes, carrots, ficc, for the
London and Birmingham markets. Some of these crops, on
land suited to their cultivation, have realised good prices per
acre, and have been as paying and profitable as the grain crops.*'
Another district of stationary agriculture, or rather
class of districts it may be called, inclades all those richly
manured suburban holdings which around our large towns
are cultivated rather as market gardens than as farms,
and which have always been maintained in the highest
state of fertility. If we except some considerable trao^
56
JODRNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Drohmbkb U, 1863.
of light land which have long been well faroMd, whore,
as Mr. Hudson, of Carthen, aays, they have been in the
same " rut " for a quarter of a century, oonsuming, on a
single tenancy, £2,000 or £3,000 worth of oil-oake, and using
£1,000 worth of artificial maniure per annum, and where
the land, therefore, has not much capacity of additional
improvement in it, these are probably the only large
trac s of land in the country of which no prognes Is re-
ported, the one'owing to the high degree of fertility which
drainage and marling had at oiKe conferred upon it, and
the other because of the high artifioial fertility which it
has always possessed.
Testimonies to Pboorbss.
l^ow for the large remainder. Beginning in the North,
I would state generally there cannot be a doubt that it,
more than any other part of the island, has benefited by
the importation of guano and the manufacture of artificial
manures during the past 20 years. It has also benefited
as much as any other part of Great Britain by the exten-
sbn of drainage and of deeper tillage, and by the im-
provement of stock.
Thus Mr. Simpson, of Beauly, Inverness, says the live
stock on the waste land of his district has increased one-
half diuing the last 20 years. Mr. Fraser, of Culloden,
says during the past 20 years great improvements have
taken place. Waste land has been brought into cultiva-
tion, and old land has been drained, and in many places
the face of the country has been ctianged. Though the
gross produce hae increased, yet tlie produce of the best
uind has not altered. Bents, however, have greatly
Advanced. Mr. MeConnack, of the vale of Alford
(Aberdeenshire), says, ** within the past 20 or 80 years
rents have greatly increased. Bailways have been intro-
dueed. Wages have risen 75 percent. Much knd has been
reclaimed ; much land has been iorrow<^rained and made
fruitful." Mr. Drennan, of Ayr, has in like manner given
me an elaborate report of the alterations and improvements
in his county, and of the share taken in them by the
agricultural eocieties of the country. To this I shall lefer
Again.
Except thatiidoea not mention the inoreuKl growth of
the potato crop, by meaau of whbh auch enormous rents
are paid in many parts of Scotland, and by whksh a largely
increased produce of food has been obtained, the following
renort by Mr. McLean, Secretary of the Wigtown Agri-
cultural Society, and specially descriptive of the county of
Wigtown, will apply to numy other districts ; —
** Buriag the kst 20 yMrs Ihero has been a mnarkeblfl td-
•vanee made witbia tbo bo«uid«of the society, particuhirly in
the caltivfttwn of green erops, and the feeding of esttle and
sheep for the Bnglifh markets, to which ready oMani ef ac-
eesi have been, during all that peri»d. afforded by cor ex-
cellent iron steamer (the CounteMof Oalway) plying Kgakrly
between the ports ot the district and Liverpool, and for the
last two years and a. half by the Portpatriek Railway Otompany.
In many firms the dairy system (with Ayrshire eows) has
been sooce^sfully mtrodaeed. I believe that the improvement
of the district has been mainly owing to the introdoetion
ef imported manures (chiefly bones and guano), and the eonse-
quent increased extent of green crops and ready means of eon-
veying fatted stock to the Snglish markets."
In Berwickshire Mr. Wilson, of Edington Mains, reports
thus of the improvements during the past 20 or 30 years.
After referring to the great extension of knd diainage
during the past 20 yeara, he says : —
** When I began farming, exactly 84 years ago, the applica-
tion of booe dust as a manure for tumipi was just getting mto
general use in this district and the slicinir of turnips fur hoggets
was then unpractised among us. In ) 830 or 1831, 1 happ^ed
to procure a turnip-slicing mschine from one of the MidUnd
Oountiesof Bngland. wbich-*«o far as I have been able to find
ont— was the fiMt that was used by a tenant farmer in this
eonnty. In a vety few years after that date the universal nse
of bone.mannre caused an immense inorease of the aeieage an.
nual^ under torniDs, and also of the weight of predace per
The general adoption of the pmctioe of slicing two^
for hoggets soon after ehanged our whole system of sheep-
management. Our hoggets ^gan to be sent to market as
soon as they were shorn, say at 15 months old, instead or
being kept until about two years old, as had been the pre-
vious practice. The use of bone-minure produced neatrly ai»
great an improvement upon the seeds as upon the turnip crop
to which it was directly applied. This increase of the* grewn
crops and earlier markettng of the hoggets p r od u eed of coarse
a greatly increased demand for lambSf anathos led to eorrew-
ponding changes of ptaotice on the upland dieep farms, from
which the supplies of tXme sheep were drawn. Instead of aa
annual crop of two or three vears old wedders of the pure Che -
viot or Blackfaced breeds, they began to cross their ewes witb
Leicester rams, and sold these cross-bred lambs at weaning^
time to the Low country furmcrs. The command of portable
manures has enabled the occupiers of these up-lying farms to
bring much additional land under tillage. This process is
steadily extending ; and as it does so, the eommand of green
erops thus obtained is regularly aecompanied by a ch&nipe
to a aheep-stock of a more valued class. All these
praetioee date earlier than 20 years sgo ; but they have been
greatly extended and developed sinee then. The introduction
of pipe.tilt?8 for draining, and of guano, nitrate of soda, and
bones in the form of superphosphate as manures, has supplied
great additional facilities for all this. Until thirty years ago
linseed-cake may be said to have been unknown in this district.
About that time it began to be used in the rearing of calree.
and gradually a good many farmers began to give a little of it
to their fattening bullocks for a short time before sending them
to market. Kow eakes of Tarious kinds and other farinaoeoos
feeding stuffs are in genesal use for the fattening both of sheep
and cattle. The trade in these artieles and portehle manure Im^
here as elsewhere grown to an important branch of busiueas.
Tiioronjjh draining, portable manures, artificial feeding stuffs,
are now trite expressions ; but when it can be reported of a
district or county that all of them are included — less or more
--^in the cultivation of very nearly the whole of its farms, it ie
superfluous to add that a very great increase of produce has
been the result. It has been said that ertry cwt. of guano ap-
plied to our ftarms is equivalent to the importatioa of a siek of
wheat. Whether this be a strictly aeeeratestateflMiit or no,
there can be no doubt that green erops, live-sleek, dung, eom,
is a true e e q asn ee in agriculture, aad that an ioCTease of the
first item really meanean inoease of all the rest."
Coming further aonth, I have the following excellent
report from Mr. Stephenson, of Foorstones, near Hexham :
** I think ttochange which has taken plaee In the faming of
thUdistriet sittee 1840 will so moeh etrike the paetical farmer
as the inereased quantity of turnips grown, andt as a natural
consequence, the very large extension of sheep-feeding. The
^enei^ management of the district has so wonderfully improved,
irom the cause I have stated, that anyone will at once Mreeive
from what cause arises the increased value of land. The in-
troduction of leases with clauses for unexhanstcd improvements
has aided no little towards enr pioyrsssion, and I stUI hope to
see enterprising tenants more hberally dealt with, which I
think will he one of the best ways of givii^ birth to future •vA
permanent improvements. Tbrmvch earner period at which
sheep and eatUe ere hrao^t to madLet most not he overiooked,
for not only is this one oi the most interesting parts of farm-
lag. but it possesses the additional advantsge of bringiog a
qnioker return for the outlay of capital. Perhaps one of the
most striking, and, in its results, one of the most beneficial im-
provements that has taken elace in this district is the greatly
improved method of conducting our bsjresting operations;
reaping com is entirely done by oMehinery end short scythes,
aad the beaatifnlly low and even-ent fields present a pleasing
eentraat to the knee-deep atebUes of 20 years i^. Nearly
the whole of the district has been thoroughly drained, and pipe
tiles have taken the place of the old atone drains. In summing
up improvements since 1840, we notice the general manage-
ment of the district wonderfully improved ; the extension of
green crops, which has greatly enhanced the value of land ;
the greatly increased number of sheep and cattle reared, nnd
the much earKer period at whieh they are brought to market
^the improved method of cutting eorwand harvesting in gene-
ral—the improvement In agrkultafal implemeate— the success
whieh has atteedcd thorough dtatning, and the intredactaoo of
farm leases with elaoses for nnexhaauted hsprovcssenis. The
high rate of wmss whieh the Sfrieultoral khomer receives is
to be attributed in agrsat measure to the demand for Uboor at
the lead mines and collieries. Hinds are receiving from 16f. to
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, D«oeiibbb 11, 186B.
57
111. per vflck, wiA pririleges which curnot be lest tiian 3fl. per
nek. Tbej are energetic and perseTcriag, show much
itil ID the sereral departments of the farm, and readiljr learn
t^ wvkiag of any new implement There are now good
id^fk in every panah, and as many of the men are receiviog
ft neotae of £bO per annum (independent of the money earned
^ tks wiTea and families^, it will be seen they have erery
^asi of pviog their ohddnui a sufficient edncatbn."
It k in this districi that the (Greenwich Homital estates
js, vhich have for so many years been under the raanage-
Q0tof our OhainnaD — duiiog whioh time the interests
i! landlord, tenant, and labourer, hare alike prospered.
Aa td^tional £10,000 a year as rent is now remitted to
te kadlofd — the arrears are nil — cottages are improved,
ad wages are increased. And of course all this has come
flrt of 1^ increased produce of land.
*1he iBcnased prodaee,'* says Mr. Giay, ** consists more in
ml crops tnd the amount of stock kept, than in com, although
ike crops of corn hsTe also partaken of the benefit of better
esltintkn. The total increase upon farms where thorough
^nkiif and deeper ealtiTStion are praetised, must at least be
cM-tkird ; in aome inatances it is more, but that is not yet ap-
areatia the rents, for it is only obtained by a greatly inereased
nraditiire by tike tenant, in extra manuring and cnltivating;
^la, bcndes, the Taloe of the improvement is not found by the
nukdlord tMl the end of the lease. AU such inereased outlay
*^ taunts floatiibates no doubt to the welfare of the labourers.
vboee condition in this county bas been greatly improved
^viag the last 30 years, by the general improrement of their
ivcUtDgi and advance of wages."
I faave a very intra^sting report from Mr. Sweeten, the
Hod. Sec. of the Penrith Farmers* Club, of the improve-
Denti wblch during the last 20 years have taken place in
Cnmberlmd and Westmoreland. Rents have lisen some
15 per ceoi., wages have risen 25 per cent. ; the live stock
of the locality has improved, and the extension of land
^niiage, and the incroased use of artificial manures and
Miagaui&t have added materially to the produoo of the
hod.
Hear now the following valuable accoimi of North
LuMolnshirs improvements, by Mr. Sowerby, of Aylesby : —
•The impiof e ui c u t in liBrming in North Lineolnsbire has
bc«s "very progreassve for the last 30 } ears and upwards. I
'sx« say you u« aware we farm almost altogetlier on tfae fonr>
eourse system, turnips, barley. «tc., seeds, and wheat, the
tonitps for the meat part fed otf by sheep with a liberal allow-
snce of oScake. This management, with a good quantity of
oileake need m tbe fold ysffda, will always insure improvement
IB Isnd. Half tnoli benea to a great extent are used for the
tmup crop, and perhaps to a greater «rtent 20 years ago than
tWr are sow. Superpnorohates have taken their plaee a good
m1 of Ute yean ; and or coarse that is the same thing, bnt
M to lasting. 0oed eropa of roots fed off by theep are the
great iBprover of land, and moreover what enablrs us to p^
«at rents ; fiwr nothing pays like sheep. A considerable extent
^ had in this part of Linoolnsbire, termed the ** Middle
Kmk," that is. land lying from tha foot of the Wolds to the
■■nbcs edjoining the sea and Hnrober, required underdraining,
*^eb, to a great extent, was done about 20 or 30 years ago
■koet two l(Mt deep with sods and bushes. That improved ttie
kac very much, and paid well for doing. Those' drains of
coarse alter a time fallen, but Mill lasted nearly 20 years when
^ welL Woit tha bst 10 to 1 5 years draining has gone on upon
tUt land with pipe tiles n«« in from 3i to 4 feet deep* Tbis
'xtrict of conntry b likewise fanned upon the four-euurse
■7>teB, just as the Wolds. A good deal of this was ordinary
Cnsslaod,afiOod deal of which is ploughed and makes gooid
con land. 1 Lave mvself taken up nearly 300 acres, the last
30 years, upon Aylesby farm. In addition to growing so much
More com, the same land will keep a great deal more stock.
^ the first glance you hardly could believe that. Bear in
■■Bd that though it is inferior gmss land, it beoomss the best
of eon land, growing p»oi root crops, and kseping a great deal
of stoek. I have bcsn 40 yssis at Aylssby, snd I think Ispeak
*ithta bonnds whea I say X bawe gvown doable the qnantity of
<wn and kept donble the quautity of stock this last 10 years
|l>st I did the first 10 years I was a farmer, though of course I
w*e been at considerably more expense. Fur the most part
vebaTcUbersl landlords, pirtlcalarly our laq^er landed pro-
prietors. Wages are good ; the lowest I gave last winter was
13s. 6d. per week, and this winter I dare say will be the Mme,
thoogh perhaps in many instaneos they may be down to 12s*
for our commitn labourers. We do a good dMl of work by the
Steee. I shall not grumble if my men that ass draining earn
Os. per week, which I daresay they wilido^"
In the neighbourhood of Qrantiiam, Mr. Charles
Beasley, of Hacston, informs me-—
*' There has been a very marked improvement in this district
daring the laat twenty yearS) both in the quality of the stock
bred and in the management of it, especially in the eating off
of turnips with sheep. The great majority of farmers are now
cleaning their turnips, cutting them up, and using lar^e ^uan-
titiea of dry food with them, which haa very much mitigttod
the prevalenoy to disease, which was a very serioui impediment
to snecessfiil sheep keeping in tlus neighbourhood."
Lei us now cross to the dairy districts of Cheshire*
Mr. PaUu, of StapUford Hall, near Tarvin, writes : —
" Great progress has been made in this cnuntr within the
last 20 years ; the increase of stock, both in cattle and sheep,
is very considerable ; in some instances nearly doubled, and
this arises principally from the great improvement of our clay
land pastures by the upe of bono manure, by draining, and a
more extensive cultivation of green crops, although it would be
difficult to show by figures, with any great accuracy, the
amount of such incretse, either as reganls cattle, sheep, or
cheese, in consequence of the great cnanges in stock, from
cattle to sheep and vice vena ; and also ati increase of tillage
occasionally on many of our farms during that period caus^
by that dreadful scourge, pleuro pneamonia.**
From the same oounty Mr* Bigby, of Fenny Wood,
Winsford, also writes : —
" The most decided improvmnents observable in the last 20
years have been seen in draining and honing grass lands. The
principal product of tbis county, as yon are aware, is cheese,
and the quantity of tbis commodity has been quite doabl*'d by
the application of bones on the pastures and of draining,
although there is yet much of the latter to be done. I know
many farms that used only to keep 40 cows ten years ago that
now milk 80, and one farm which then kept 60, bas now 140
milking cows on it, besides other stock, and tbis has been
effected principally by these means ; the stock, too, are better
kept in the wtuter tlian formerly, and come to calve in much
better condition, and as a consequence give better resnlts."
I must not fhtigue you with the multitude of witnesses
who might, if there were time, be brought into Court, and
I shall quote only a few more.
Mr. Howard, of Bedford, writes as follows : —
** The great improvements in cultivating the land during the
last 20 years are almost oonfined to clay land ; oar light lands
were farmed almost as weU 20 years ago as now. Thousands
of acres of clay have during this period been underdrained
thoroughly with tiles ; the growing of summer feeH, suoh as
tares, is e^ensively practised ; the growing of mangel is a
great boon ; summer fallows are almost abolished ; and the
livestock kept is greatly inereased — indeed, some of what were
conridered poor clays gr>iw our best bariey, and will, with the
aidof steam, be worth as mueh as the li^jht lands. I cannot
giv you * any instances of produce, rent, or wages, ' but aU
have risen, the produce and rent in the larger proportions ; sttU
the introduction of piece-work has gready benefited the
labourer, and day wages have inceraaed from 9s. to Us., and
from 10s* to 12s. perweek,aeeording to which side of the oounty
ItOe."
This is in keeping with reports from Norfolk and from
Essex. The lighter lands of the former county, which do
not need drainage and have long been liberally treated
with artificial manures and well fed stock, have not such
capacity of impsovemeni in them as the heavier nndrained
soils of Eosex, from which conn^ we have reports of im-
proved tillage, extension of root crops, diminished bare
fallow, and improved crops, upon clays improved by land
drainage and by deeper and better tillage.
Let us now travel to the end of our story by the other
side of the country. Mr. Bowley, of Siddington, near
Cirencester, has given me an elaborate and most satisfacton'
I report on the advantages of drainage, artificial mamir
58
JOURNAL OF THE 800IETT OF ABT6, Dbobmbbb }1, 1868.
and imin^ved machinary, aa exhibhad in the Gotawold
dittrici, where improTed nx>t crops, improTed cattle and
gbeept and better graio crops, have all inoreaaed the pro-
duce of the district.
Mr. Holborow, the Secretary of the Tetbury Farmers'
Club, says of this district :—
** In the growing and management of root crops the improve-
ment is rttj marked — aatomn caHivation, oriiling, horse-
boeiqg, the hberal nee of artifidsl mannret^ securing the root
eropt in heaps covered with earth, being pretty general. In
live ftociL the improvements mAy be said to consist in a ^ater
quantity being kept of an improved sort, earlier maturity sod
quicker preparation for the butcher being to a considerable
digree manifested. The consumption of com and oilcake by
cattle and sheep is also largely mcreased, and the consequent
effect on the crops of corn (coupled with better and more
liberal management of the land generally) is patent to every
one. The better empbyment (and payment too) of the labour-
ing population is one happy result ; their most respectable and
eomfurtaUe appearance being very apparent, even though,
alaa, their cottage accommodiUion bias not kept pace with other
thinga, whilst their better education adds to the necessity and
desirability of this. However, there is one class whose material
interest has certainly kept pace with the other lubjecta of im-
provement, vis., the landlords, in a considerably augmented
rent rolL"
Mr. Rich, of Didmarton, adds:—-
** As an illustration of the advsnce of agriculture in this
neighbourhood (part of tbeCotawold hills) witness the improve-
ment of live stock : the steer is now frequentlv made fat at
about 2| years old ; the sheep, which torcerfy arrived at
maturity at 2k or perhaps 8 years, is now the same weight,
and frequently too heavy for the butcher at 1 year and 2
months old, yet wintered in the open 6eld on roots, 2tc, leaving
the richest manure where it is at once required.**
I add a report from Wiltshire. Mr. George BrowD, of
Avebury, writes as follows: —
^Tbe improvement in the cultivation of the soil is very
great ; a much greater abundance of stock is kept and brought
out at a much eailier period, as regards age, and very much
hi|ther in condition, consequently much more valuable. Ad-
mitting this to be correct, 1 consider the great improvements
in the cultivation of the soil and in the increase in stock, and
condition in which they are brought to market, is at so great a
cost to the farmer, aa to leave a very small profit to him at the
end of the year, but, on the other hand, it is a great advantage
to the community at large."
Ml*. Scott Hayward, of Folkington, Sussex, speaking of
the light land and down district of the county, says : —
** The dispositioo to break up down land ia increasing every
year, and a very large extent has been brooffht under cultiva-
tion in the last 20 jrears ; the use of artificial manures has in.
creased to an immense extent with the breaking up of this
description of land, and also the consumption of purchased
artificial food (chiefly oilcakes) ; the result of which is a
larger quantity of sheep kept, and much better kept than
formerly, no doubt gradually increasing in aise,— a much
larger produce of com, and a much larger employment of
labour. The use of bought cattle lood has also greatly in-
creased upon the poor and second class low land pasture
farms, cattle and sheep being now fattened upon this descrip
tion of land, by this means, thst formerly only kept them
in fair growing condition. Oilcake is also now used very
generally in keeping store cattle in the winter in yaids upon
str«w or hay ; formerly this description of stock wss merely
kept alive through the winter, and frequently to be seen going
down to the marshes in the spring very little more than skin
and hours. Latterly, by the use of oilcake with the fodder,
poor stock is seldom to be seen. The great and gradual
increase in the use of artificial manures, and the consump-
tion ot bought cattle food is the most important feature in
the recent history of Sussex farming."
Mr. Benson, of Tavistock, speaks of the vast advance-
ment made in his locality during bis acquaintance witli it.
The following report from Hampshire, by Mr. Blundell,
of Southampton, must conclude my quotations : —
"f.^fff you my estimate of the progress of the farming of
our district, in a tabuUted form, as the result of close obKrva.
tion since I have occupied my fisna, ibr 82 y
estimate as follows :—
Ckors.
Wheat .
Barlej .,
Oats ... ...J34
Beans '24
Peas ... ...(22
RjB Ibr feeding
Tares ditto.
Oraases for haj
and feeding.
Swedish tur-
nips ... ..
CoQunon tur-
nips
Maagelwurtiel
Cabbagas, oar-
rots, kohl
rabl, Ac
... 24 bush.
...128
ft
It
t»
13 tons.
12
18
16
t»
ti
tt
29 bush.
32
42
26
24
tt
»t
tt
tt
15 „
26 „
20
tt
isatoii
Incr. 26 per cent,
deer. 20 „
incr. 10
incr. 10
Incr. 10 „
doubled.
doubled.
ft
BO
Ide
in
no
no
deer. 26 per eent.
16 tons. |decr.20
•f
incr. 6 „
incr. 16 „
incr. 10
ft
no
de
de
in
in
•••
1843 t
double t]
increase !
•«•
...
• ••
old
...
...
...
...
**.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
noincrei
inoreaae 1
Livestock
Horned cattle, fkttened
Dairy cattle
Calves raised for dairy purposes
Calves raised for tamng purposes
Value of cattle raised at two years
Sheep stock fkw breeding purposes
„ fktting purposes
Value of sheep stock of all ages
Bwineof aliagesw ..
Value of ditto. .»
Horses for turn work ...
Value of dittto ... .^ ... ».
Great losses by diseases unknown befbre 1840 have
of cattle and sheep.
In the above attempt to tabulate this informati<
serve that I make no reference to actual prices,
vary, but in speaking of value I take the real or im
with regard to produce, I only allude to increas<
and not to variation of cropa. In speaking of in
stock, I mske no allowance for leases by diseaa
however, been enormous, past all calculation, and
ment both in number and quality of sheep and cat
very far exceeded my present estimate had they
from disease as previous to the yesr 1840. In sp
crops, such as Swedes and turnips in particular,
in feeding quality has ffone on, consequent upon
the crop and the application of stimulating m
value ot land baa been raised in rental since 1^ I
per acre, and may be attributed to various cai
which are the commutation of tithes, the competi
by parties who require a healthy and pleasant pi
those who possess capital for which an investmec
and there are applicanta for farms resulting from
education of young men fur the business offarmio,
returns, as profit for investment on the farming a*
warrant the increased rental above alluded to.
of land absorbed by railways, and the public wor
ment and companies of various kinds, and the incr
has taken more land out of the market for occups
been supplied by recent enclosures. Although t
closure act haa facilitated the enclosure of waste i
able lands, yet much more may be done in this res
I have thus collected a number of testii
opinions from practical farmers and land agent
large experience in various parts of the ooun
current to the effect that the agricultural pro
country is now much larger thim it has ever
that the fertility of the land is increasing, ai
in bread and meat of home produce we are i
off than formerly, notwithstanding that our im|
have alao largely increased, in oraer to suppl
led and larger populatioD. All this might 1
well illustrated though not better proved by i
definite instances of improvement. I have, he
ferred the other plan of putthig the ikot before
JOURNAL OF THE 800IETY OF ARTS, Dsobmbeb 11, 1863.
59
mmong oihen, becvue I believe that the somewhat
JDdefinite* mod even the almost martiealate Judgment of an
man is, after all, more trostwortny than the
figuree which might be given in an acooont of io-
liial examples. In agrioaltnral questions, where
9fffrjihmg is so dependent on circomstanoes, I would
rather have the round numbers of a generally observant
fOf^ieal man than the dednuds to the third and fourth
plaea of an enthusiast on any particular point. And 1
think the body of testimony from which I have now read
upecimeDs ia oonduare of the fact of agricultural progress.
1 duxild like, however, to add one re^ooe to a particu-
lar example. If our Chairman can say that during his
manageraent of the Qreenwich HospiUl EsUtes £100,000
had been spent in land improvements, and many hundreds
of ooUages have been built, and largely increased rents
have beoi obtained, and the tenants are in better cir-
oiTOstanees, and the land is more productive, so that
every class connected with it is benefited— so tJm can
Biany an owner of land in the south. I will particularly
■kentioQ the Sanden estate in Oxfordshire, because it ena-
bles me to pay a tribute to the memory of one in whom
English agricultnre has lately lost a public- spirited exem-
plar and energetic friend.
Daring the late Mr. Langsion's ownership of Sarsden —
an ertate of small extent compared with those of the
Greenwich Hospital— £60,000 or £70,000 had been spent
in the rtrioos estate improvements, which include the soil
and iu live stock, its roads, fences, buildings, farm-houses,
eo*tages, and school-rooms. No part of the interests of
landowner, tenant farmer, or labourer had been neglected.
And the result is seen here, as in a multitude of other less
definite examples throughout the country, in greater pro-
dnoe and a better-conditioned agricultural pojmlation.
Causbs of Aorioultubal Fboobim.
Admitting, then, as proved, the increased produce of the
eooBtiy , what, let me ask, has it been owing to ; and first,
aoi of the original, but of the immediate causes of it.
1. It has been owin^ first to better tillage. The object
of tiUage is the creation of an increased available surface
within the soil, on which mav be prepared and deposited
feod for plants, and over which the roots of plants may feed .
The greater the quantity of this internal superficies' to act
aa a laboratoiy, as a warehouse, as a pasturage, and the
better stored it is, under a given extent of land, then so
long MB the fitness of the mechanical condition of the land
with reloeoos to particular plants is preserved, the more
fertile is that land with reference to those plants.
In order to the creation of this inner surface a greater
depth of soil is stirred, and clods are comminuted. In
Offdo'^ to the increased accessibility of this inner surface
land is drained. The air and rain water which then tra-
Terse soil and subsoil instead of merely lodging in them
introduce substances into this warehouse and activity into
this laboratory.
The air which rain-water thus draws through the soil
as it sinks downwards to the drains is as necessary to the
fartUity of the soil as it is to the heat of burning coals.
The fire will merely smoulder until, by the erection of a
ebimney over it, a current upwards through the burning
Bass is imutessed upon the air. And even then, in fires of
caking coal, the heap may smoulder until, by the smashing
af the fuel, that inner sur&oe of the fire, where the action
ef the air takes place throughout it, is multiplied, and the
impervious ceiling— or floor, as we might call it, to an up-
waid ourrent— which has huidered the passsge of the air
•ver that inner surfiuse, is broken up.
Land drainage is the provision of a passage for the rain
water, along with whkJk the fertilisbg air has thus a
downwafd current given it through the soil and subsoil.
Aod tillage, especially tillage by steam-power, which does
not cake a floor, as hone-power does, beneath the soil it
s tfa a - h as all that enlivening effect of the poker on a
eaked ooal Are, which the parallel suggests. Elxtended
drainage has a great deal to do with our increased pro-
dooe. Mr. Bailey Denton estimates that nearly 2,000,000
acres have within the past 15 years been under-drained,
and the fertility of these aores has no doubt been largely
increased.
Deeper and better tillage has contributed to the same
result. The extension of autumnal tillage is an undoubted
&ct ; the enormouslv increased use of implements of the
grubber dass is another ; the general adoption of a better
form of plough is a third ; the more genend adoption of
the fertilising practice of burning day soils is a fourth.
The success which has at length rewarded unconquerable
peneverence in the attempt to use steam-power for tillage
operations, is another great fact, which, if it cannot yet be
quoted in explanation of agricultural progress hitherto,
will unquestionably be looked back upon 10 years hence
as liaviuK contributed largely to the increased fertility
which wul then have to be recorded.
2. In the second place our agricultural progress has
been owing to the greater richness of home made manures,
and to the greater use made of imported fertilisers. The
imports of guano since 1840 have amounted to 3^ millions
of tons; the imports of cubic nitre, which averaged
10,000 to 14,000 tons per annum up to 1858. have since
varied from 25,000 to 40,000 tons per annum. The im-
ports of bones since 1848 have increased from 80,000
to 70,000 or 80,000 tons annually. All these are
manuring suletances. Dr. Voelcker informs me that
75,000 to80,000 tons of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire copro-
lites, and 15,000 to 20,000 tons of Sombrero phosphate,
are also used in the superphosphate manufacture, whkh
now probably exceeds in worth £1,000.000 per annum.
To facts like this we have to add the enormous extension
in the use of oil cakes and richer foods in the meat manu-
facture, by which the richness of home made manure is
increased. The increased adoption of the practice of a]>-
plying manure at once to the land, instead of rotting it
m heaps, is an economy, and so an addition to our resources
worth naming. The increased practice of feeding and
collecting manure under shelter is another economy.
The increased care to properly pulverise and even dissolve
manures, so as to distribute them thoroughly through
the soil, is another firet-class example of a most important
improvement in farm practice. On the other hand we
have to confess the increased value of the town sewage,
due to the improved drainage of our towns — ^which is still
suffered to go to waste. On the whole, however, there
cannot be a doubt that the increased fertility of the soil it
due not only to improved drainage and tillage, but to the
direct application of fertilising ingredients in a more liberal
and economical manner.
8. Leaving now the soil, we have the way in which its
increased fertility is developed and expressed. I suppose
in the firat place it will on the whole be admitted that, at
least on arable lands, there are fewer weeds ; our fallow
crops are deaner, our tillage and manures are not wasted
so much on plants we do not want to grow. That is the
first fact, as I believe it to be, under this head.
Another is Uie prevalence of rotations of crops in which
bare fallows are diminished, and in which there is a larger
acreage of the more valuable crops. The prevalent rota-
tion of the country is the four-field course, in whidt
wheat, turnips, barley, and clover occupy one-fourth of
the land apiece. But it is common on well cultivated
land— where the land is folded by cake-fed sheep, and
where a top dressing of guano is given to the corn, to take
a crop of wheat between the turnips and the barley, so
that three-fifths instead of two quartera of the land are
in grain crops. One half of the clover land, too, is often
sown instead with peas or beans, so that five-eighths in-
stead of three fifths are in grain. Again over large
districts, especiallv in Scotland, potatoe culture does to a
great extent displace tuniips or other fallow crops, and
this provides a great increase of food for man.
But besides the adoption of improved rotations, wo
have to report the improved cultivation of individual
crops. I suppose that the gradually diminished quantity
60
JOUBKAL OF THE BOOIBTY OF ASTS^ Dmocbbe 11, 1868.
of feed uaed per »cve in growipg grain ovope — as driU
hosbandry extends, and as an incressed independence
<Kf mere custom beeomes the role, each man deierminiog
his practice for himself— will be admitted by most peopde
as an example of this kind. Certainly eveiy one will
admit that the extension of drill husbandry in the culti-
vation of root crops, the extended use of the horse-hoe
in the cultivation of grain crops — ^the extended use of so-
called artificial manures as top-dressings and otherwise in
the cultivation of all crops— all illustrate the improved
cultivation of tl)e plants by which the greater fertility of
our soils is expressed and utilised.
Again, we owe our better crops to the selection and
adoption of better sorts of the plants in cultivation. I
do not suppose that individual sorts have improved upon
our hands. Probably, as a general rule, they have
deteriorated. But new sorts are being perpetually in-
troduced, and of wheat, barley and oats, mAOgel wurzel,
swedes, tutnips and potatoes, cabbages, and vetches,
a man can grow sorts as good as any — 1 think probably
better than any — that his predecessors have known.
^ 4. We now come to tbe produce of meat, and the ques*
iion of sort has a great deal to do with our improvement
here. There are probably fewer acres now devoted
directly to the growth of cattle food than there ever
have hitiierto been, and though, notwithstanding this, I do
Dot doubt that owing to liberal and vigorous cultivation
we grow more tons of catUe food annually than ever,
yet it is not so much to this as to our improved
eorts of cattle, sheep, and pigs, that we owe our increased
produce of animal food. Our sheep are now ready for the
batcher at 14 months old ; our cattle at 24 and 30 months.
Formerly it needed at least two years of feeding to make
a smaller carcase of mutton, and at least thrM or four
years' feeding to make a smaller carcase of beef. A
thousand sheep upon a farm in March or April now mean
something like 500 ewes in the lambing fold, and 500
aheep ready for the market. Formerly they meant not
more than 300, and those a smaller lot ready for the
butcher. And tliis great increase in the meat produce of a
given head of stock is witnessed as much in pork and
beef as it is in mutton.
All tbe important breeds of cattle, sheep, and pigs have
improved and increased in numbers during this period. Mr.
Strafford receives entries for his herd book from four-fold
the number of short-horn breeders, and the influence of
this, the dominant breed of cattle, in crossing the general
stock of the country has wonderfully increased. Messrs.
Duckham and Tanner Davy report no falling oif in the
number and quality of the more local breeds of Hereford
and Devon. Both Down and long-woolled sheep, and
especially the latter, have made gi«at strides, both as to
increase of numbers and general improvement; and much
more general interest is taken in the improvement of the
breeds of swine. The public attention has Utely been
drawn, or rather driven, to the fact that disease b rife
among our stock, and it is said to be increasing. It is one
part of our evidence for the fact of great agricultural im-
nrovement that an evil of this kiod, whether general or
^ooaj, and wherever it exists, is not now left to fester, but
posed and probed by an energetic public agitation, which
11 undoubtedly promote its cure.
The greater raindity of growth, and the increased size
our improved stock, both well illustrated by Mr.
srbert's figures, in the Eoffal AgrkuUural Sccuty*s
ournal, which describe the supplies to the metropolitan
market, are owing partly to the better food we give our
stock, as well as to their increased precocity, and the
enormous extension of better bred st(xJi. And thus, as
part of this experience, we have a supply of more fertilising
manure and an increased growth of grain crops, it is, I
believe, the fact that there are more acres of com grown
DOW than ever has before been known in England, and 1
look upon this as a proof of agricultural progress. And,
~ long as this isoonsistent with the maintenance of fertility,
certainly for tbe intmata of the ooDBomer. Itianid)
our climate is especially &vourable for the growth of greeo
crops. I believe we grow moro bushels of wheat per acre
thsA any other country, whether we have so good a climate
fur it or net. And if the present extravagant cry for lay tnar
land down to grass which has hitherto grown grain and
green crops in alternate husbandry shall to any exteoi
Gevail, I do not know who is to benefit by the change*
mdlord, tenant, labourer, and consumer, are alike in-
terested in the larger produce and moro energetic cultiv»-
tion of arable land.
The progress which I have thus sketched has been
achieved noher by the extension of good agricultnro than
by the invention of any new process during tbe period of
it; and yet thero is enough of novelty and change appa>
rent, too, on comparing the &rmer now with his proae-
cessor then. Bones and rape-cake, soot and salt and
gypsum, lime and marl, and composts used to be the
principal methods of adding directly to fertility ; and indi-
rectly the same end was attained by the cultivation of
successive green crops, feeding rye and rape, vetches and
turnips, and cabbages off successively upon the same field.
This ** double " culture was advocated confidently as the
perfection of arable cultivation 28 or 80 years ago. Hear
Mr. Middleton, who edited the 20th edition of Arthur
Young's Farmer's Calendar, writing on this very practioe.
** That very numerous class of supine persons," he says,
** whose minds aro so weak as not to adopt this practice,
which is the most improved that is known, will certainly
continue to comj^in of hard landlords and bad times.
Such characters do not succeed in any profession ; neither
can they in agriculture. I had nearly said they deserve
to be poor, but, whether they deserve it or not, their dee*
tiny is to be so."
Notwithstanding, however, Mr. Middleton's vigorone
assertion of this practice, it is not thus that the farmer
now in general seeks the increased fertility of his lands.
He has guano, superphosphate, and other fertilisers at his
command. He has machinery, not only for tbe inoreaaed
efficiency, but for the cheapening of all agricultural pro*
cesses. Steam-power both tills the soil and threshes out
its produce. The mowing machine, hay-tedder, and
reaper — the chaffoutter, pulper, and steamer— cheapen the
labour of securing his crops, and eeonomise the after use
of them. Better plants are grown, and better animals are
fed, and the fertility which came with profit under the
best management in two or three years, is now achieved,
perhaps with no greater profit, but almost at once.
But I believe that I have sufficiently illustrated tbe
fact of agricultural progress. Let me now enumerate some
of the helps and hindrances amidst which it haa been
accomplished.
HSLPS AND HlKDlUNOBS TO PKOOBESS.
The original purpose of this paper was to bring into the
brightest light that I could strike, the sharo which agri-
cultural societies have had in promoting the progress
which has been now described — the influence of farmers'
clubs, of local provincial and national agricultural aasocia*
tions — and in what way it could be wielded more effi.
dently. To this end 1 have entered into correspondence
with the secretaries of these societies; and learning from
them the natoro of the efforts and achievements whioh
have thus in many places been witnessed, it is impoaribie
to doubt that these societies have been of service in the
promotion of good cultivation, both by the stimulating in-
fluence of the competition which they have excited, and
also (though thia is not so uniformly true) by the guidiog
influence of the awards that they have made. And in
previously backward and secluded localities, especially
where railioads and access to new markets have happened
together with the establishment of the local society or
club, great agricultural improvement haa unquestiooably
been accomplished. It is, however, 1 believe, alto un-
questionable, that after all the society pla^ a subordiaata
and merely inoidenlid part. The real stunulant to agii*
coUnial impioveneDl is the aeU4nteieitof theland-owan
JOUBNAL OP THE SOOIETY OF ARTS, Dhobmbbr 11, 1863. 61
> flBUViaterestof the teaftnt fiurmdr^whioh is aharper,
6r oaore earnest, more genoine and tnistworthy than any
^g ^^»^*al ipor or leio, auch as aocieties do to some extent
mf^. And thua it ia io the buiioeM relations of the
(snMT thai we have the real limits and conditions under
«teh h» profetnonal ability appears. The tei*ms on
vftkh he has hired the machine, the factory, the mine, or
«lwtav«T his ikiTQ may best be likened to— the relation in
«Ueh he ataods to the owner of it, and to the laboorer by
vhooi be ia to work ii— th^e are the real rein and spur by
wfaioh lua p i ogiws is at once urged and guided, for here,
m in other profeanooB, most men know a great deal more
t^n they pimotise. It is not always ignorance which
UDckfa progr«0, which societies with their exhibitions and
imimnrm§ might remove. Self-ioterfttt does not urge
tlMtn, or Gather it ia self-interest, after a wary conttideration
of thoir ctrcoBiitanQee, which restrains them. And thus it
that fint among the helps and hindrances upon our list
the lelatioQ of landlord and tenant.
BsLATIOQr OP LlMOCiOBD AMD TbKAMT.
AH agrknltmral readeM know that this has been the
mbject of wry general diseussioQ lately at agricaltnral
mestiags. A aooiety in Suffolk has offered a prize for the
halt ixm ofagreemeot between landlord and tenant;
Loni Lich6eld, in Stafford^ire, has done the same ; and
the Vale of Evesham AgriciiltuFal Society has iuued the
vHahof ita i^udiea of the sobfect. The salient points of
the itiw iwVsi were perfectly brought out at one of the
in ooaoedioQ with Lord Lichfield's prize agree-
Tbe Earl of Shrewebory is reported to have «[^en
there ailbllows: —
**I haldthat fsacamiot fiaoM any afrtement whieh can be
HH"ig e i wj f e h ew, bat you csa do what I bavt done, namely
f^mnr to act fairly and hooeatly by those who live under
fsa. I ihoald be sorry, and I shookl feel it to be dt8hoDett,if
Isttawadaay tcnaat of mine to leave me in debt to bim. I
if a akan pot on to a farm that which would improve it, I
lael bound not to let that maa leave my estate without
niaiaaiialia for what is naesdwotted. TiMt is the only
peJaciplfi that ean be aeled oo. All other matters matt
Is eabfoeleA to a gbe and take agrMmeot. I am not
avacae to any caod aanageoMat that caa be made»at the same
tee I do ■etaeld eat aay hape that I ean make any cbaoge
la my snaaflMMals with my tenaats. We have agreed well
taaithif so far. and I hope that we shall continue to do so.
Whcte there k a dawe oa both sides to ageee, we are not
WkjAj to UU oat. I adhere to what I have always said respeot-
iac kaees, aaoMly, that nothiog will induce me to give a man
a faaw, hrcsa s r in the first place a lease is all oa one side.
The laadlonl reomins. bat the ten%Bt if he be inclined to be
ftaadakat may go. I boldly aad hoaettly itate I will never
mj p iep utj i to « teoaat. I mean that no man who
feus asBS to peash and act di^gnoefnlly tball have
a^ bad for a number of years. I will have an
for Ike amtaal henefii and prdeetion of mytelf and
aad if any agreement really better than the
one can be foand, 1 will adhere to it. X hope that mj
wiUfo^ eoafidenee in me and my suoeessor, and that
4cy wSn be eooteat to lay out their money with a feeling of
win
I do not recollect anywhere to have read a clearer,
■mightibrwaid statenoient of what is, X believe, the
pn^ralani feeling among owners of land. Xt would of
aonse be htUe better than impertinence to say that Iiord
flkiewriwiy has a perfect right to dictate the terms on
which be will let his land — this evoybody knows. At the
aaetioM everybody, X am sore, also knows and feels that
IriiXordshtp ooidially admits the pablic duty by which
^' ^ etical ommpotence of ownexship is practically
It is OB^aa amoi^ the helps ana hindrances to
~ progi ea s that we have any right to the dis-
of anch opinions as he has expressed. The
of that progress, meaning, as it simply does,
hod Mr acre, ia what every pabUc-spirited man will
to oe a pi^o duty, anid therefore it is clearly
and olgeit of this paper to eonslder the
influence on agricultural progreai of such a resolution as
Lord Shrewsbury hu expressed.
X am not going to weary you with the oft-repeated
and irrefutable argument in favour of leases for a term of
yeard as tending to increased fertility — to that increa^ted
outlay of capitiU in cultivation on which the productive-
ness of thd land depends. But there are two or three
points which Lord Shrewsbury's speech has mooted, on
which as many short remarks may be made.
I ask then, firat, with reference to leases — Is it true
that the lease is all on ona side ?
On the contrary : — Put all the advantages on that side
which it confers, it U the instrument which not only
secures those advantages to the tenant, bub which secures
to the landlord the annual sum or rent at which he him-
self has valued them.
Again, with reference to tenancv-at-will, I ask — does
the landlord " remain" ? We all know that the word
** changeable" applies to a min*s will as well as to his
person. The landlord does not remain, and his successor,
whether he be the inheritor of his property, or himself in
a different mood of mind, may in the case of a tenanoy-
at-will, arbitrarily put an end to an unwritten bargain.
Thirdly, as between leases and tenancy -at-will, T^ord
Shrewsbury says, " I will never surrender my land for a
series of years to a tenant." Under tenancy- at-will, how-
a tenant is asked to entrust his property in great measure,
and I will say in greater measure, to his landlord. For it
is much truer to aay the land renuiins, than it is to say the
landlord remains. I do not hesitate to say that in the
case of well-cultivated land of average fertility, there is
not under leasehold forming so much of the landlord's
property per acre in the power of the tenant to injure or
destroy, as in the case or tenancy-at-wlU there may be of
the tenant's property per acre within the landlord's power
to appropriate. A landlord may say, •* X will never sur-
render my property to a tenant," but in point of fact he
never does surrender his property to a tenant. The land
remains — it cannot be dcstn^red. We hear from Baron
Xilebig of the exhaustion of the land — ^no snoh thing is
known in pmctioe. X do not suppose that in average cir-
oomstances what ia practically known as ♦« worn out" land
is ever injured to the extent of two years* purchase. That
is to say, a farm— and if it be held on lease, we must
suppose the tenant to have been not only fraudulent but
a foSu-a (arm which has been injured aa much as such an
one might do it, would be readily taken at the old rent,
provided the new tenant had it the first two years for
nothing. The injury which a fraudulent tenant can do —
provided he be also a /oo2— may thus amount to £3 or £4
per acre. On the other hand, taking the case of a man
farming land as it may be profitably farmed (in the manner
which alone contributes to agricultural progress) where a
large expenditure has been incurred perhaps in draining,
certainly in liming, in burning, in boning, in marling, m
artificial manures, and oilcake and other purchased food
for cattle and for sheep, all of which require time to realise
their effect upon fertflity, and X say the landlord has more
than £3 or £4 per acre of the tenant's property within hia
power.
*• Well r' it may be rejoined, " it ia the object of this
model farm agreement to graft on the system of tenancy-
at-will such a bargain as shall ensure the repayment of
these £8 or £4, or whatever the unexhausted outlay may
be. Xiord Shrewsbury proposes to adopt this, and the ob-
jection to which you have thus alluded— putting it in as
personal a manner as possible— thus falls to the ground."
There is not a chance within the hour of discussing the
essential superiority of the lease for a term of years over
any modification of tenanoy-at-wiU, however bolstered up
by these provisions for the repayment of unexhausted im-
provements. And, therefore, with reference to this re-
joinder, X wiU only say that X cannot help the personal
aspect in which thosystems of lease and tenancy-at-will of
necessity are regarded. Xt is the personal aspect which is
the real one. LandlorAi, of ooowe. inevitably enter^
62
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Dboember 11, 1863.
the personal question first and foremost, and if obtruded
on the one side it must be entertained upon the other. It
is even less a tenant who will cross-crop and starve the
land, than a tenant *' who will permit his sons to poach
And behave disgracefully," tliat is feared. After all it is
the fear of having an ill-conditioned set of neighbours
that is at the bottom of the dislike of leases. Experienced
land-agents will tell you that it is altogether a mistake
to apply general rules to the management of property.
They say, *• The majority of farmers don't want * a field
for the investment of capital/ as the phrase goes ; they
^ant an occupation and a home. Leases will not change
the nature of a man ; and, in fact, few things more obstruct
agricultural progress than the system of dealing with
£irmers as a class (which they are not), instead of as indi-
viduals on their individual merits, which include as much
variety as exbts among any other body of their fellow-
countrymen."
To this most people will, I think, agree ; and in ac-
cordance with it one of the chief advantages I claim for
leases is, that where adopted as a system greater indi-
vidual care is taken in the admission of tenants on to an
estate. And in accordance with it, too, one of the chief
articles in the indictment against tenancy-at-will is that it
is based upon a class treatment of the very kind which
IS thus condemned. It has, I believe, been proved in
other walks of life that the plan of universal restriction —
of treating all men with suspicion — of making your general
arrangements hinge on the possibility that every man is a
rogue, is a blunder. It is an especial mistake in agricul-
ture. For there is a certain class-colouring perceptible, as
in other professions, so in farming, and tenant-farmers may
be safely spoken of as a worthy and well-conditioned body
of men. If, as is ludicrously feared, a general prevalence of
the lease should displace the homely and neighbourly
class with whom in English conntrv districts one has so
long enjoyably associated, by a set of energetic, ruthless,
restless, money-making '* sharps," the change would be
lameutable indeed ; but the fear is ludicrous. However
many new men may be entering agriculture from other
walks of life, it will always be that the bulk of farmers
have been bred by farmers. And it is, I believe, an easier
and a better thing to engraft upon the characteristic good
qualities of the class, or rather (for they already exist) to
foster there the intelligence and enterprise, and energy
of commercial life, by adopting more generally a com-
inercial view of the relations between landlord and tenant,
than it will be to engraft a strict valuation and acknow-
ledij;ment of tenant right upon the system of tenincy-at-
will.
I am aware that this subject has thus been barely
touched — that in order to the full discussion of the in-
fluence of the well-drawn lease on farm practice ~ the
^reat body of experience relating to it both in agriculture
and in other businesses ought to be at least alluded to —
that in particular those conditions of the lease which
limit the power of the tenant to use his own judgment
and intelligence and resources in the cultivation of the
land; as well as those conditions which maintain, or
define, or abandon the landlord's right, if he chooee
to exercise it, to preserve a live stock of his own upon
the crops grown upon his land, should be discussed.
The maintenance of an unlimited quantity of game upon
the tenant's crops, consuming much that would be food
for man and injuring the remainder, is of course fatal to
agricultural progress, and has in many instances already
proved so. And had there been time, it would have been
my duty to put this fact with the others which are dealt
with in a well drawn lease as clearly as possible before
the readers of this paper. Failing opportunity for this,
however, I am very glad that if the relations of landlord
and tenant should be the subject matter of the discussion
which will ensue, we have, as Chairman, one enabled to
" moderate" in such a discussion by a long and useful
experience of the influence of a liberal and well-drawn
lease, not only upon the fertility of the laud, but on the
character of the tenantry and on the condition o
labourer.
The other business relations affecting agricultural
gress are those exirting between the farmer an
labourers. It would have been easy enough to shov
a^cuUural labourers, still badly enough off in
districts, have largely shared in the advantages of i
agri 'ultural progress. Wages are better— a good
more is being done to the improvement of cottages-
day and evening schools are exerting an unquestic
influence. The good will and intelligence of the lab*
both of which have thus been increasing of late year
also among the greatest helps to further progress-
this is especially true now that steam-power is bein^
everywhere— in the fallow field as well as in the bar
feeding house. I merely name this subject, howevc
hasten on to consider the way in which agricu
societies have influenced and may fiirther agricu
improvement.
AaBIGOLTIIRAL SOdETOBS.
To this subject, which should have been the main
of my paper, I must now devote the remainder <
hour.* There is, I believe, nothing in other profe
corresponding to the Agricultural Society. There i
mutual improvement societies among those who e
us with our apparatus, or our means — agricultural ms
makers, manure manufacturers, and seedsmen. N<
there mutual improvement societies among those wh
with our results, as millers, brewers, bakers, and but
Every man among these, notwithstanding that for
special purposes, «.^., mutual protection, they may
does the best he can for himself, and stands or falls 1
own merit or demerit. This is of course also ti
farmers. But the Agricultural Society, like many ai
feature of our profe^on, arising out of the peculiai
its raw material — ^land, is as much a social as a si
technical or professional institution; it deals witl
affects a whole country side, and the whole populat
interested in its proceedings. This is more especialli
however, of only one class of agricultuial soc
There are several : and it is plain that it is onl
short reference to the classes under which tlie
hundred agricultural societies of this country ni
arranged, that I can hope to illustrate my subject.
1. Proceeding from the ranks of the tenant fam
either side of him, there are first the strictly farmers'
meeting for periodical discussions of agricultural
They were once very much more numerous than th
now. Only a few have survived from the period of t
years ago, when a great many were in activity. The;
unquestionably been of great service in publishing
cultural information, in the direct introduction <
proved practice into their respective neighbourhood
m establishing better business arrangements.
As to the publication of agricultural information,
discussions, generally published in the county papet
their annual reports distributed to members, are i
being read by those to whom they are addressed,
is a great deal more than can be said of other agrici
publications. I have an immense mass of reports, til
many successive years, from a great many of these
and there is no better agricultural library — no more
one, If only some means were devisable for inde:!
arranging it.
We have a Central Farmers' Club in London
guished for the great practical value of its monthly
and discussions. I do not know that it claims an'
more than geographical centralitr. It would, M
be of great agricultural service, t believe, if it w4
officially central with reference to these institutions^
its library contained the annual reports of all th|
societies, or if its secretary were the editor of tu
that an annual volume of selected papers mi^ht I
pared, to which more prominent influence might I
given. A connection through tome central officer]
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Dkobmbbr 11, 1863.
68
woold tond to the pennanenee of thtae local intiita-
Thmyan TMyahorlUved, and tkia in TMioaa ways
biwbpea owiag to thair atriotly loeal aharacter.
Ttifl«e iiuiiiuiioDa have not ooly kept their members in-
fafied "tbey have oAea introduoed new practioes into
The Morayshire Farmers' Giab, estab
Ikhed so long ago and thriving still, was, I believe, the
fim to call geMral attention to the value of wuperphos-
Ale aa a manace. And long before this (I believe early
%bis ceotory) it had deputed the laite Mr. Forsyth, its
Bor««ary, to vint Norfolk, and briag back agrioaltaral in-
ibraiAtioQ for itsgaidaooe. The AywhkeFarmen' Club, b^
the SKlopiion of similar means, appointing deputies to visit
aad raport apon the daify districts of England, has been
Ihio oiaaiis of introdaoiog the Cheddar cheese maaofaotote
]B(o tta ooonty. The business anmngeaaents of thttrloealtty
araalso oAen most usefully guided by these societies. The
eraQfckm of com exchanges >*the alteration of market ar-
mngecBOQts, and the establishment of new markets, ace
amoog the sabjeete which are ofiton ihm regulated.
Aa an example of the gi^t ssnrioe done thiv, I will
q«oie a report from Mr. Wilson, of Ediogton Main, re-
gaiding the Union Farmeis' Ckib, a Sooiety embracing
I wan one eounty :—
** Its head quarters are at Kelso ; it is of long standing, and
hsa h«d apon the whole a usefal career. I woald ipecislly
leier to the aoaaal sile of LeieesCer rams, now of some dosen
jcen staodiog. whieh was b^aa and i« osrried on aader its
«es. and wfaiea Las been a giMt soeosss. It has tended
diteeily to the pretorvatioB, impffOTsroent, and vide die-
of that traly valaable breed of shsep. the Border
For several years past about 2,000 shearliag nmst
ehirdy of that breed, have been lold by auetaon at this soaaal
KcJeo rmm fair, and have been widely dispersed over Scotland,
InUni^ and the Korth of Boglaod. These rasas are for the
most part bought for eroMing either wUh pure Obeviot ewes
or with cwee of the first, teeood, or third cross from the Obeviot.
These erostee a» a tndy valatble kind of sheep, and it is with
that the a^le farms of Seetiand are new chiefly stocked .
••aaal eo o g re g a ting of lams from the floeks of so many
eden, ud tlu sals of thsm by aaotion at the same
liae aod. place, both a&iids ample elieies te ettftoaecs. gives
Id the raas bieeders the best opfortooity of koowiag exaetJy
ttM kiad o( aoiaial that is in demand* and brings them oader
the iadoeoee of a for more powerfol stimulus to exert their
nt»94t skill and care than any ijstem of prises for selected
aTJ***'* coold do.**
This is only one illustration of a whole otoas of public
nrvioee rendered by local clubs.
it is impoaNble to enumerate even a tiiho of the many
loeal institutions which have been of immense local benefit
io all theee ways. In the North of England, the Now-
oastle and the Hexham and Penrith Sunae^* dubs have
dartiogoished themselves by the valuable papen read a/t
tMr meetings. The St. Quivox Farmers' Club, in Ayr-
ebire, an i the Winel Farmers' Club in Cheshire, and
the Idadstone Club (Kent), have occasionally adopted
the useful plan of going in a body to visit particular
forms and localities. Othershave instituted book societies
for the loan or eircolatioa of the leading agriecdtaral
Among the defnnct institotions of this kind, whose
anmial reports are full of osefhl information, I may men-
tijo Gloucester. Among the longest lived and sUll sur-
viving, similarly distinguished, I may mention 3t. Austle,
in Oomwall ; and Framiingham, in Snflblk ; and Wiirel,
io Cheahire. Amoog the newer and more lately estab-
Ushed farmers* clubs, which have also attained high merit
in this way, I would name the Eingsoote Farmers' Club
in Glooeesiershire.
1 have an immense mass of local oorrespondence and
xeports from the officers of these institutions, which it is im-
ponaihlw to epitomise, but I hope to publish it pieeemeal
hereafter. A great help to this most nseftil body of »o-
cietiflH would, as I have already said, be given by a central
offioe#«Mh art the Ctmtral Farmers' Club might be, through
whidi avery individual society would be kept in oommu-
nksation with all the others. The Society of Arts has
thus iaapirited and aroused all the Mechanics' Institutes of
the country, and a similar servioe might be done to
farmers' dubs in a similar way.
2. There is a second class of local agricultural assoda^
tioos, of which I can give no detailed account, simply from
want of space and time. They have, however, 1 believe, ex-
erted A very useftil inEuenee on agricultural improvement.
Laboureis' Frigid Societies, as they are oaUed, are
seattered pretty thickly over England ; their prises for
skill in the plougtimau, shepherd, hedger, and thatcher,
and so on, have unquestionably led to useful rivalry and
great improvement in the ability of the agricultural
labourer. If any one wants information on the servieea
which such a society may render, he shoald apply to Mr.
Clarke, of Long Sutton, Lincolnshire, who has long
superintended the operations of a most efficient association
of this land. There is many a locdity where both master
and man have thus benefited, and where the improvement,
and, still more, the desire for improvement thus implanted
have directly furthered agricultural progress.
8. I oould give many examples of this, but must hnrry
on to the tbi^ and most important class of all, includ-
ing all those societies which act mainly by the annual
show of implements and cattle exhibited in competition
for premiums awarded by the Societies' judges. They are
o[ all ranks, as to extent of the district to which they aro
oonfiaed and of the funds they administer. These societies
have unquestionably been of great service to agricultural
progress. Ttiey are useful in their social relations, aa
atfcnding good-humonred gsitherings of all classes with a
common interest in view ; and, profoesionally, they
exdte the rivalry and guide the judgment of those
who exhibit stodc or implements at them, and they
oonfor oommerdal rank and afford commercial op-
portunities. The personal rivalry whioh they excite
is as powerful an engine in the hands of the purely local
sodeties as it is in those of greater pretensions ; and there
are in every locality now so many herds, and flocks, and
manufaetories, whioh send out specimens of first-class
merit, that these local sodeties are also serviceable in the
seoond way I named, by giving to spectators models of
excellence for their profossional guidance. That these
local societies, which, with their sweepstakes and local
prizes, have always been serviceable in stimulating the
farmers of the district now stand so high as also affording
examples of first-dass excellence in every department of
theur fihosrs is due, in great measure, to the influence of the
greater and provincial sodeties, wldch, haviag a wider
basis and more extemive district, have made merit in idl
these departments generally known when it was rarer.
These provincial sodeties are now generally swallowing
up the local ones. I think it is a pity that the local so-
oieties Should disappear in this way. There is an almost
domeatio character about their annual meetings, by which
a more personal influence is exerted on exhibitor and spec-
tator -nmd a more wholesome influence is exerted on the
reUtion of master and servant by the annual holiday thus
spent together. And where these societies obtain the
services of judges of wdl-known ehsracter from a distaoeer
their decisions are not only of great service, but they are
accepted, and thus the feeling of angry disappointment
which is sometimes felt by exhibitors at these local shows
has little chaoce of development.
The eounty and provimsial societies have latterly enor-
moualy grown, many of then distributing a thousand
pounds in prizes at their annual shows. They attract
large quantities of stock, and a sufficient company is drawn
together to induce the manufooturers of implements not
only of the locality, but from a distance, to expose their
wares, whether there is any competition among them for
prizes otfered by the Sooiety or not.
Most of thes«3 country sodeties meet annually in sue*
oeasive towns within their district, and the whole force of
the exhibition and the company is thus brought to bear
on ditforeot localities in turn. The provindal societiee^
64
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETT OF ARTS, Dbobmbbb 11, 1868.
the Yorkshire and the Bath and West of England, which
indnde either several counties or one as lar^ as sereral,
adopt, of ooorse, with an inereased effect, this principle of
directing the whole force of a province on soccessive points
within it. The latter of these Societies, which has other
objects beside the strictly agricnltoral object, and thos can
more directly daim the cordial sympathy of the Society of
Arts than any of them, has by adopUoj^ this very prmoiple
lately taken a new lease of life. Invigorating, and being
invigorated by the several districts which it visits, it has
ffrown in all the depaitments of its show to the very
nighest rank of exoeUence and inflaenoe. I refer to it
especially, because it has soonest of anv of these great socie-
ties seen that the agricoltnral machine department has
outgrown in many wajrt the power of the society to exer-
cise with any good effect either the guiding or the
stimulating influenoe which prizes have hitherto exer-
cised. The Bath and West of England give no prizes,
but merely room and opportunity to exhibitors of imple>
ments; and the usefulness of this depaiiment of toeir
show has not in any way diminii^ed.
The great national societies by which the stock of
every breeder and the machines of every manufacturer
are made known at the annual show to buyers of all
oounties and of all countries, and by which the agri-
cultural force of the whole nation is discharged upon
one province after another, as the great association
makes its annual step from one point to another in
the course of its journey once in 12 or 15 years
around them all — these are the last agency of this
class for agricultural improvement to which I shall refer ;
and, confining myself to the Royal Agricultural Society
of England, although I do not think it necessary to onu*
merate the many proofs which exist of its usefulness, as
seen in the multiplication of good herds and flocks, in
the increased activity of the provincial societies in the
districts it has visited, in the improved agriculture es-
pecially of the more secluded of these lenities, and in
the general extension andadoption of improved implements,
yet no one is more thoroughly convmoed than I am of the
great national service that it has rendered in all these
ways. I will ^uote but one slight but (as it is definite and
local) striking illustration of the kind of good which in
one of these ways it has done, simply because it is just to
that one way that I purpose to confine the rest of my re-
marks on its management.
In a very interesting report by Mr. Jefferson, of White-
haven, on the proceedings of the West Cumberland Agri-
cultural Society, he says ** Thanks to the Royal Agrioil-
tural Society's holding their meeting at Carlide, I l^lieve
that exhibition was instrumental in opening the eyes of
many of our Cumberland mechanics. Previous to 1865,
our county was wont to boast of her ploughmen, but when
it came to the test at Carlisle, we were well beaten upon
our own soil ; not that our ploughmen were deficient in
skill, but they had not the implements to work with."
It is to the implement department of the English Agri-
cultural Society — to the prize system as carried out in its
annual shows, and to the influenoe of it upon the agricul-
tural machine department, that I shall now confine nij^self.
And during the few minutes whk:h remain to me, I shall
endeavour to state the reasons for which I believe that
the prize system, as applied to the machinery department
of tho show, is a failure.
The awards of the Judges are made after insuflScient
trial. During July, which is the usual month of meeting,
the state of the sml and of the crops upon it is not adapt^
for tlie trial of whole classes of machines ; and even if it
were, the time allowed the judges for arriving at their
conclusion is with reference to many machines lutogether
inadequate : and I believe that the Society would both
guide and stimulate manufacturers better by appointing
judges to report at leisure on the experience of localities
reftpcctiog this, that, and the other machine, than it does
at present, by submitting all, in a sort of scramble, before
half-a^doj^en judges on one spot. Then, again, the award
of a prize confers too ftmit i^, too abrupt, a distinction.
As regards many machines whose work cannot be expressed
or represented by numbers — ^the plough for example — the
prizeman wins, the rest are nowhere. There never pro-
bably was a more marked example of this than at the
Warwick show, where a new man appeared as plough-
Wright, and took many of the principal prizes. Hit
plough, a good and well-made tool, as all of Messrs.
Hornsby^ manufacture are, pressed the furrow slioe tighter
home, and left a higher crest than the others. Its work
gratified the eye— the judges pronounced it best — and their
decision was an altogether excessive advantage given to
the firm.
No doubt a tightly-laid furrow slfoe is, for some purposes,
advantageous, but all the tendency of late has been to
regard tUlage as a smashing up ; and where the land tilled
lies on a drained subsoil, the rougher the surface is thei
better for it« future tUth. But it is an illustration of the
excessive character of the prize system that, whereas the
decision at Warwick placed Messrs. Homsby on a pedestal
while Messrs. Howard and Ransome, and others, were, so
far as the Society was concerned, in the case of that par-
ticular competition, nowhere, I do not suppose there are
ten practical tillage formers who will say that it matters
one penny per acre per annum whether Homsby's, or
Howard's, orRansomes' plough is adopted as the implement
of the farm. Tet, still, year after year, ploughs are pitted
against each other as if some new form of the tool were
yet to be forthcoming, or as if three men, clever as they
may be, could in a few hours' trial, fish out the micro-
scopic differences which may exist. The whole thing haa
now dwindled to a mere ploughing match, and the firm
that can tempt the cleverest ploughman to its service wins
the day.
Although, however, to the extent of their value, the dis-
tinctions awarded at these shows are excenively abrupt,
as well as liable to error from inadequate previous trial ;
and although, no doubt, originally, the award of a prize,
during the earlier years of me Society's proceedings, was
a great advantage to the winning firm, yet it is proof of
the unfitness of this tytiem to &e existing state of the
maimfacture that it has now little influence on sales.
This can be shown by examples, both of commercial suc-
cess without prizes, and of failures notwithstanding prizes.
To give names would be invidious, and I will, therefore,
mei^y say that I know of a tillage implement which for
years obtained a sale of thousands, before the Society's
judges would consent to give it a trial. At length, for
two years it was placed first, but the manufacturer de-
clares that no impetus was given to the sale of it by these
awards, while, in a subsequent year, after a rival had
dlstanoed it in the show-ytud, the orders received for the
tool were unusually numerous — 400 more than could be
executed. Again, I know a whole class of tools which
for years were demanded, and patronised, and at length
rewarded by the Society's judges, but they have never
come into use. For these machines one maker received
six prizes, and never sold one ; one indeed he parted with,
but it was very soon returned to him as useless.
I could name to you firms which have repeatedly re-
ceived first prizes for another whole class of implements,
who have never succeeded in gaining the public patrorutge,
although they have had that of the judges, while others,
who took hardly any of the prizes, have, nevertheless,
taken all the orders.
Lastly, I could name an example in which a firm lost
ita trade in a particular tool by anxiously following the
leading of the judges, regaining it, however, as soon as
they resolved to depend on wemselves. Making 760
or 800 implements of the kind annually, and taking prizes
perpetually, yet following the lead of the jud^ea, com-
plaints from, customers increased, and trade diminished
year by year, until, from 700 sold each year, the sales
dropped to 50. At length the manuiaetorer called his
men together, that they misht conaalt in order to recover
the art they had loet« «« You heve been Uniboosled,"
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Deobmber 11, 1863.
65
he mid, ** oat of your ability by following false leader-
ihip. Here is one of the old tools, made twenty years
•go ; oopy it in every particular." "Ah I Mr.
one of his castomers shortly afterwards — one who had
eofDidained of a machine he had praviously bought, —
**^bM one answers perfectly ; yoa have learned at length
to make the tool work.*' He had but retraced the steps
of twenty years' false leading. This may seem a one-
iided and extravagant illuskution of my point. Un-
tprtonat<ely, it is a true one. ^
The trials are inadequate. * There is a fslse advantage
given to mere novel^ — the prizes are in effect a premium
upon mere speed and capability of standing a short race —
on an these gitmnds it is improbable that the awards can
be traitworyiy. The prizes are too abrupt a distinction,
and yet their influence on the trade is small, and both of
these facta indicate that the time has arrived when, with
nfierenoe to the implement department of the show, the
prise system should be abandoned. There is one farther
f <icideiation affecting the implement trade generally to
t« inged against it. It adds considerably to the cost of
agzicaltnral machines. One firm says it has gpent £30,000
during the Society's meetings up till now, in preparing and
exhibiting for prizes. AnoSier estimates its expenditure
at £SO,0Ob ; a third says the disorganisation of the work
— ^the qwiling of the best men, and the actual expenditure
are together past estimate. Who has paid these large
sums ? Not these firms, but their customers. The cost
of a machine is made up of ihe material it is made of, the
hhoor spent on it, and a whole class of items which come
vnder the general desigoatiiui. of waste charges. These
waste ehai^ges amount to no less than 80 per cent, of the
sdUng price, and the expenditure at the Agricultural So-
cielv'a ahowa is a principal one of them.
There need be no fear that the shows would dwindle
thoQA^h prizes were abandoned. The manufacturers will
not lose the chance of so good an advertisement and
market as these shows afford. In fact, though protesting
againai the prize system, yet they will endure it rather
than give up the show, and many of them who protested
some yean ago and refused to exhibit, are, nevertheless,
eoming round again. Commercial success, which hinges
on the eActency of the machines made, is a sufficient
rtjomlmt to the manufacturen ; and if the Society think
that they can usefully guide the manufacti^re, let them
appoint judges as heretofore, not to award prizes, but to
sake suggestions and reports. The exhibition may be as
much u^BT the control of the Society as hitherto, and
the opportunities given to the exhibition for showing their
tooU and implements at work, may be as completely ar-
ranged aa hithnio.
In the quadrennial division of the exhibition which is now
adopted, there is a certain confession on the part of the
Soefefcy of some of the evili attending their jnesent plan.
I believe their influence would be as useful and as reat
if they were to abandon it altof^ether.
But I have exceeded my time, and therefore I now
leave thlasobject, and shall conclude with a short reference
to the other branch of the general subject of helps to agri-
coltoral progress, coming to it through one mention more
oftbedMsofsoiall local societies named at flrst
AOBIOULTUBAL EDUOATIOH.
Ji ii to the credit of a local farmers' dub, that the only
agiknlttiral ooUege in Great Britain originated in a paper
read fagr one of ita members.
Xhe late Mr. Robert Brown, of Cirencester, read a paper,
sooM twenty years ago, befbre the Fairford Farmers'
Ckaiht leoommending eystematic education for the tanner,
and nrgiog the establishment of a public agricultural
aohooU Armed with the approving resolution of this
Soeiety, he aroused the gentry of the neighbourhood and
ooQBty, obtained the support of public men and the patron-
age of the PnaoQ Consort, and ultimately succeeded in
nuionK e fund suflSdent for the erection of the college
bofldiogs. The diareholden are incorporated by royal
charter, and the instituiion, saved at one time by th^
pablic spirit of Mr. Holland, of Dumbleton, has continued,
with varying prosperity, to impart an education in which
the theory and practice of agriculture are combined.
The importance of the systematic education which is to
be acquired as a whole at Cirencester, and piecemeal else-
where, is the last consideration affecting the progress of
agriculture to which I shall refer. Ours can be no ex*
ception to the rule of all other professions. There ace
great public schools of divini^, medicine, and law, and as
the fhture rank of the individuals who have passed
through them, so the status, from time to time, of the
professions themselves, connected with each, depends on
the efficiency and thoroughness of the pro^BSsional educa-
tion acquired. Agriculture, which deals with a larger
capital, and provides a larger annual income than any
other profesrion, ought to support and be su^^rted by its
schools. And I beUeve it is within the scope of our agri-
cultural societies to attend to this. So directly was this
seen by the promoters of the Royal Agricultural Society
of England, than one of the ten objects for which its
ToyzX charter of incorporation declared it to have been
founded was, ** to take measures for the improvement of
the education of those who depend upon the cultivation of
the soil for their support." I have been a member of the
Society from the year of its formation, and I submit to
those who are responsible for its guidance that, from that
year to this, nothing has yet been done by it in discharge
of that particular duty which it then assumed.
It seems probable that the reason why comparativelv
little success has hitherto attended schemes of agricul-
tural education is that the practical element has iMsen in
efficiently attended to. Certainly, no man is perfectly
taught until he has acquired a practical knowledge of his
business. There cannot be a aonbt, I will not say of the
absolute need of the practical part of agricultural educa-
tion, but of its being the element which alone makes the
education agricultural. The physiologist, the chemist,
and the botanist, already have a knowledge of the general
laws which include all the facts and pheoomena of agri-
culture, but though any one combined the knowledge of
them all, he would not therefore be an agriculturist. None
of them could make a living off a farm unless he also pos-
sessed a knowledge of farm practice, and therefore ft is
that no school or college will be ever trusted, or have any
claim to be considered as an agricultural school or college,
unless the practical teaching is regarded as the aim and
end of the mstitution.
One is perfectly willing to admit, nevertheless, that agri-
cultural progress depends in great measure on that general
intelligence and scientific knowledge which inoludefl the
theory of agriculture. The seientifio and the practical
man really are and ought to feel themselves allies, as
much so as the geographer and traveller. The one knows
the map, the other has a knowledge of the country. The
one knows the several bearings of the route — ^the other
knows the difficulties of the way. To be a successfhl
traveller needs indeed the tact, and skill, and courage, of
the practical man, but it also needs the previous know-
ledge of the geographer and man of science. And agri-
cultural improvement regarded as a progress is necenarily
guided by the great landmarks of scientific truth ; and a
general knowledge of the facts and doctrines by which
these landmarks are established must tend to its promo-
tion.
It is to the credit of the Society of Arts that this sub-
ject, notwithstanding the many to which its attention is
more particuhtfly diracted, has not been neglected by it.
Its annual educationtJ examinations indade Agriculture
among then* subjects. The Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland, too, confers its diploma after an
annual examination in the sciences and practice of agricul-
ture bv a board of professors and practical farmers. The
Agricultural Society of England, originally committed by
its charter to direct action on this subject, has hitherto
been inacf
66
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, DBeuuBBE 11, 1863.
In OOHOLUaiOM,
It ODly remains for ine now to thank you for the
patience with which you have listened to my long and
tedious story. Its large subject has necessarily been very
inadequately treated. The lease as giving the tenant
security for his capital — provided (unlike many taken
out of the dusty pigeon holes of an office) it also gives
him liberty for the exercise of his intelligence — and the
agricultural college for imparting a sound practical and
scientific professional education: These are the great
helps to agricultural progress. Agricultural Societies are
also a great stimulant and help ; but their chief use and
merit is in having interested the landowners of the country
in agricultural pursuits, for agricultural progress depands
quite as much on good landowning as it does on ^ood
ftLrming. Qood service is done, I believe, to agricul-
loral progress by the attraction of educated and wealthy
men to agricultural pursuits. One word more, therefore,
on the merits and advantages of the profession. We all
know the geneial attrscUveness of a country life ; to thid
have to be added the more specific professional advanlsi^us
of the art and busmess of agriculture. I do not claim tor
it a very lucrative or money-making character, but it is
a maintenance and livelihood, and it has that, besides,
which is more tlian money's worth. I believe there is in
its intelligent prosecution more tlian in that of any other
profession, scope for the exercise andenjqyment of the whole
nature of man. There is opportunity, during its prosecu-
tion, for the cordial, frank and independent exercise of
all the social relations. Landlords, tenantry, and labourers
are generally a well-conditioned company. There is, cer-
tainly, opportunity in its snperinteodenoe for the profitable
exercise and trial of most of the moral attributes. Tem-
per, resolution, pAtienoe and perseverance are tried in
agricultural experience, and receive in it their appropriate
reward. There is ample intellectual scope amidst the sub-
jects which it presses on our attention. The first intel-
lects of the age have been engaged with enjoyment and
socoess in agricultural research. The highest names in
all the sciences — Bouaeingault and Liebig among chemists ;
Buokland, Murchison, and De la Beohe, among geologists ;
— De Candolle, Lindley and Berkeley, among botnnists
have especially distinguished themselves in the agricul-
tural relations of their several sciences. The farm is no
mere field for dull routine ; it is the platform on which
the best minds of the day may well employ themselves.
And I add, as holding, of course, a good place upon the list
of agricultural privileges, that the physical enjoymeuts of a
country life are no mean additions to its advantages. We
can all of us, to some extent, at any rate, sympathise with
the exclamation of the Arab echeik to Mr. Layard, as they
went careering over tlie plain, tlien green with the first
verdure, and enamelled with the first flowers of spring :
** Oh, Bey I what else is there worth living for ? What do
the dwellers in towns know of true happiness— they have
never seen grass or flowers. May Qod have pity on
them I"
I ought, perhaps, to apologise for this somewhat wild
ending of what has been intended as a sobor statement of
my siwject, and I will, therefore, in a single sentence recall
to yoor recollection the main object and purport of this
paper. The general position which I wish to establish is
that agricultural progress is principally dependent, first
on the improvement ot our means of agricultural education,
and, secondly, on the soundness of the business reLitions
in whksh the farmer is placed.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. H. CoiiB, C.B., said Mr. Moiton had opeoeil up a
number of subjects, aoy one of which would take hours
to discuss properly. The condition of the agricultural
labourer, though not altogether omitted, held &n inferior
place in tlie psper. Ue was not about to take a senti-
mental view of the condition of the faim -labourer; but
there was one question which struck him forcibly, namely.
the present condition of the labourer's habitation ; and,
amidst the boasted progress of agriculture, he had never
been able to understand the kind of economy which placed
the habitation of the labourer lower than that of the
horse, the cow. and the pig. Those possessing stock took
the utmost pains to houfl;» it pi-operly, whilst Sio labourer,
in this respect, seemed to be left to shift for himseR Ho
should therefore like, in the consideration of the re-
lations of landlord and tenant, that this question of
the labourer's home should also be discussed. Tha
tenant farmer did not appear to recognise the folly of
not having the labourer livmg dose to him, as his horsa
did, and ready to do work when he was wanted, bat
allowed him to live miles off, so that he had to b^in
work with half the physical vigour taken oot of hun.
There were brilliant examples where landlords did really
look alter their labourers' wel&re, but he was afraid they
were exceptions. This Society had recently offered prizes
for good plans of cottages, to be built at a cost of £100
each, and Ue (Mr. Cole) did not wish to depreciate such a
proceeding, but this did not touch the general qttesti<Ki.
When people began to see how much it was to their in-
terest to build good cottages on their estates, they would
do so, whether they got an adequate return in the way
of rent or not The question of the labourer's cottage
was one which for nearly a century had puzzled political
economitsls. Adam Smith, in his ** Wealtii of ifations,"
alluding to labourers' dwellings, said : —
Then is sosice a poor man in Bogland of 40 years of we^
I will venture to say, who has not in some part m his life felt
himself most ora«Uy oppressed by tins ili-eootrired law of
settlement.
Phu^Uoal larmen would admit that Arthur Young knew
somolhmg of this subject, and he had written as follows
in his " Farmer's Letters."
It is too mnch the Interest of a parish, both landlords and
tenants, to decrease the cottages in it, and, above all, to pre-
vent their increase, vi that in process of time, habitations are
extremely diffieolt to be proonrad. There is no parish bat had
much rather that its yoang laboarers wosld eentinot single s
io that state tbey art not in danger of becoming chargeable,
but when married the cue alters ; all obstmetions are, there-
fore, thrown in the way of their manyiog, aod none more im-
mediately than that of rendering it as difficult as posaiUe for
the men, when married, to procure a house to live in ; and this
conduct is so conducive to easing the rate, that it aniversally
gives rise to an open war against cottages. How often do
gentlemen who have poisesnons in a parish, when cottages come
to sale, purohase them, and immediately rase them to the
foundation, that thty may never become the nests, as they are
called, of beggars' brats ! by which means their tenants are not
so burdened in their rates, aud their farms let better^— for the
rates are considered as much by their tenants as their rent* In
thu manner cottages are the perpetual objects of jealoosy, the
young inhabitants are prevented irom manyingiandpopiuation
is obstructed.
That was written about 80 years ago, and he would ask
them whether that was an over-chugged pictore, as appli-
cable to a great part of England at the ^present tune.
Then he would refer to another authority, weU-known to
most present, Mr. Samoel Sidney, who travelled throng
Lincolnshire eight or nine years ago ; and what said
he?—
Next to our system of transferring land, onr law of settle-
ment is the greatest obstacle to the decent housing of our pea-
santry, as well as to the doe cultivation of the land. Oar
labouring classes can never enjov the full advantsnee whieh
the railway system offers for eouaUsiag the demand for labour
until the laws are modified, which made parish offiosrs see in
every strong- backed hind the father of a race of cUimants for
board aod lodging at the expense of the union.
That sentiment (continued Mr. C<Ae) was, io a graat ex-
tent, still maintained. He supposed it would be at oooe
ciHiccded that the laboorer coMud not boild cottages ibr
liimself. The tenant farmer would not build them. The
landloi^ would build them if he was a senalble man,
but in too many oases the kboarer did not get moh soot-
JOURNAL OP THE 800IETY OP ARTS, Dbcbmbeb 11, 1863.
67
s^
t^ as decency required him to have. The law interposed,
br th« sake of the health of the population, in mines and
factories, and caosed parishes to pay for the maintenance
lod euro of people who contractcMl illness throogh defec-
tive suiitary arrangements Li their houses, but it did not
interpose to oanse those habitations to be what they ought
to be. The law said people might be housed and fed at
tb0 parish expense, but did not provide a cure for evils
1^ everybody must admit to exist. Whilst the dwel-
Hogs of the labourer were allowed to remain in their
preaeot condition all education was neutralized, and all
ittempts to raise the condition of this class were thrown
iwty. He hoped what he had said — not being himself
in sgricolturist — ^would be taken in good part, and tliat
eflbrts would be made to try ani find out how this great
uda^ikoowledged evil was to be remedied.
Hr. Habbt Chkstbb said, though he agreed with Mr.
Oole as to the importance of this question of the la-
boorer^i home, he, nevertheless, regretted he had brought
it foward on this occasion ; and still more, that he had made
itnmewhat a matter of complaint against Mr. Morton
that he had not given sufficient prominence to it in his
Y^' Mr. Morton, like all other well-informed and
right-mtnded moin, do doubt felt as strongly as Mr. Cole
did 00 this subject ; but it was Mr. Morton's object to bring
Motp ftQ audience, composed principally of agriculturists,
certain branches of the great agricultural question ; and
to hare brought forward a subject of so much importance
tt the condition of the labourer's habitation, in a comer of
> piper embracing so many subjects, would, in his opinion,
lttv« done little good. If, however, Mr. Cole would, on
>fatare occadon, bring the subject prominently before the
Soeiefy, he was sore he would do it justice, and they
*wld all be glad to hear him. He was sorry to
W Mr. Cole use what seemed to be a mere rhe-
torical aignment, when he compared the condition
of the agricultural labourer to that of the pig,
for there was this great difference between them : the
Utter was the absolute property of the owner of the land,
^t tile labourer was not, and never would be in this
ciKuitij. Two principal subjects had been brought before
^^t^ for discussion by Mr. Morton, one was, agricultural
^^^KitioD ; the other, the relations between landloi-d and
Jf'^t. It had also been suggested that the diflfereot
^noxn* dabs and other local agricultural societies should
wooooected with the Central Farmers' Club in London,
ttd that a ♦• union" might be formed, somewhat similar
to that of the institutions connected with the Society of
Arts. He would only say that if Mr. Morton thought the
^inenoe of the Society could be made available in
jprthnaoce of this object, he was sure it would bo de-
ugbted to give its assistance ; and having himself taken
PMt btero^ in the origuial establishment of the Society's
Unum of Institutions, he should be happy if his experience
m the matter would bo of any use.
Col CiuLLoireB said no "one could entertain a higher
Jlpio^ than he did of the paper read this evening, but he
°^S8^ to differ from Mr. Morton upon one pomt in it.
He ihoiild be aony it should go forth as the opinion of
«• Society, that the giving of prizes by the Koyal Agri-
^uonl Sodety for implements had not been beneficiiu to
^ V^ognm of i^kriculture. No one had watched tlie
Mvaaoes made in the agricnltural implement department
"ith more care than mi. Morton ; and that gentleman
|ni aware that at the first meeting of the Royal Agricul-
^^ Society, at Oxford, the number of implements exhi-
^ was oonsideiably under IdO, and thev were all of
the coatieet description of manuiitcture. He asked what
hw brcxight the implements of £ngland to the perfection
^ which they were at the present time ? He submitted
i **• owing to the system of prizes adopteii by the
JO}-al Agricoltnral Society. He had been brought to
•hia conclusion from his observations as a member of the
A«pl«ncnt Committee of that society. Let them com-
pwe the position of implement-makors now and twenty
y"*f« igo. The progress had been enormous, and he
thought that, without the prize system, the manotac-
turera would not have been guided to the production
of the class of implements really required. There
were well known names who had made a high re*
putation everywhere, and it would perhaps be very agree-
able for those gentlemen to rest upon their laurels, with
the knowledge that everybody would buy their imple-
ments ; but what was to become of the humble impleaieut
maker — tlie man of email means ? He hal no chance of
competing against those great men, except by the help of
the prize system. It was the gi-eat object of the Boyal
Agricultural Society to bring forward rising talent ; and
he hoped his friend Mr. Morton would excuse his differ-
ing m opinion from him oa this subject of prizes for im-
plements.
Mr. JoBH FowLBB remarked that he stood in the posi-
tion of a very successful exhibitor of agriooltaral im-
plements, as far as prizes were concerned, and had never
failed in obtaining the prize lie competed for ; at the same
time, he thoroughly endorsed every word that Mr. Morton
had said with regard to the prize system. He had many
times been placed in an unduly prominent position by a
prize —a position he had no right to at the time; and if
the prize system were continued, it might be he should be
placed in a position he had no right to the otlier way.
With respect to the present system of awarding prises by
the Royal Agricultural Society, it was known to be a mere
scramble, for there were often hurried and imperfect trials ;
but if, instead of this, a well considered report was
made of agricultural experience with regard to any
particular implement, this would be of real value. In
the first place they must look at the circumstances
under which the trials of implements were now made.
The expense for land for this purpose at Leeds was £800>
and the cost of 100 acres of land at Newcastle next year
would be £500. He had offered to subsoribe another
£260 in order that the trials might be made on a more
extended scale. They could not respect a prize whksh
was given upon a trial extending over only a few acres of
land, and confined to one locality, whioh had features of
soil and other circumstances peculiar to it. Col. Challoner
had stated that the prize system had made the implement
makers what they were. He (Mr. Fowler) would say it
had not made him. If the Royal Agricultural Society,
instead of spending £500 for land for the trials of imple-
ments next year, would spend that amount in a careful
examination into the present results of steam oultivatioo
upon farms in this country— ^o undue preference being given
to any individual — very valuable practical results would
be obtained ; and in that respect Mr. Morton^s writings in
the Oardmer*M Chnmide had been infinitely more valuable
to him than all the prizes he had ever received. He was
therefore opposed to the oontinuation of the prize system
for agricultural implements, and he would prefer to see
well^igei^ed r^orts upon their merita as the result of
test and experienoe in various looalitieB.
Mr. E. Holland, M.P., said, all those great improve-
ments to which Mr. Morton had alluded oould not be oar-
ried on by the tenant-farmer alone, but were m<He or lea
associated with ^e landlord and the labourer. There
were formerly points in oonnection with the state of
society which militated against every advance in agricul-
ture, for at that time a tenant was more readily accepted
by a landlord on account of his politics than his powers of
farming. The labourer also was at that period in a £ar
more wretched condition than at present. From the days
of Elizabeth np to the time when the new Poor Law
came into operation, the condition of the labourer had
been gradually deteriorating; and the present Poor-
law system was adopted as a remedy for a far
worse system. Now-a-days a tenant was chosen be-
cause he understood his business and had capital
to carry it on, and in proportion as the tenant im-
proved in capital, intelligence, and experience, so would
the condition of the labourer be improved. There was
nothbg of late years which had had so much influence
68
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbobmbeb 11, 1863.
upon All connected with agricalture as the introduction of
iteam ploughing. Agriculture in this country had an
enormous task thrown upon it. Allowing for emigration
and deaths, the annual increase of population was im-
mense. Besides this» the wants of civilisation must be
met; houses, railways, and land for domestic purposes
were required, the whole of which had to be taken out of
the area which produced food for the people. But the
steam-riongh had been introduced, and the farmer dis-
ooverea that by going more deeply into the land he could
produce more food, and more or less keep pace with the
increasing wants of society. This would not have
becoi effected by the old class of tenant farmers. Men
of capitad and education were now taking their places,
and the consequence was that they required a firmer hold
upon the land than the man who haid no capital and no
eaucation to direct the profitable employment of it —
unless such men made a bargain with the landlord for the
due securi^ of the capital which they put into the land,
it was not likely they would farm up to the wants of the
present day. The consequence of this was, that the con-
dition of the labourers was also raised, and though there
might not be much in the matter of dress, yet he had
found that on the adoption of steam culture, simply from
being obliged to discard the smock frock and adopt a less
cumbersome form of garment, the labou«'er had become a
different man. The labourer must now wear an engineer's
drees, and he became a different creature, and his social
condition was also improved. Upon the subject of
labourers' dwellings he agreed with much that had
been said. He bad recently found it necessary to
build a good many cottages, the rent of which, to
pay a &ir interest upon the capital expended, would
be £6 per annum, but the labourer could not afford
to pay more than £i. He explained this to his
tenants. There remained £2 per annum to repay
him. This was arranged in the following manner : — The
tenant, feeling the advantage he would eain by the im-
proved condition of the labourer, agreed to pay half,
while he, the landlord, consented to forego the other half.
Thus, while the labourer only paid £4 in rent, he was
able, by being on the spot, to come fresh to his work in
the morning, instead of being wearied by a walk of several
miles. Mr. Cole would thus see that in some instances,
at least, landlords and tenants were not unmindful of the
points he had raised. He could only say he felt much
indebted to Mr. Morton for a paper which would tell, not
merely in that room, but upon the agricultural world at
large — so clear and straightforward had been all that
had £atllen from him this evening. He was sure farmers
would feel convinced that in proportion as they employed
their intellect and capital in enhanciog the i»xxiuctive-
ness of the soil, so they became more valuable members of
society.
Dr. Ellis thought the great improvements in agricul-
ture during the last 20 years were mainly attributable to
the improved implements employed in cultivation. These
inventions had all tended to relieve man from the more
arduous portions of labour as compared with the primitive
modes of agriculture. Dr. Ellis referred to the effects
upon the physical condition of the labourers whe excelled
in their localities in mowing and reaping, the great manual
exertion required for those operations tending to cripple
the frame at a premature period of life. Thrashing and
ploughing by hand-labour were also referred to, as further
mstances of this ; and so complete was the exhaustion of
the physical energies by this arduous toil from early
mornmg till evening, that there was little opportunity and
less indination on the part of the labourer for any efforts
at mental improvement. Upon the subject of leases, Dr.
Ellis stated his entire concurrence in the views expressed
by Mr. Morton, and contended that unless satisfactory
leases were granted to tenants neither the capital nor the
intelligence necessar}* for successful farming would be em-
ployed in agriculture.
Mr. li. 0. Ransoms said, having been engaged for
the last 16 or 17 years in the manufacture of agricul-
tural implements, and havmg attended most of the exhi-
bitions of the Royal Agricultural Society as the represen-
tative of his firm, he l^gcd to state that all that had
fallen from Mr. Morton condemnatoiy of the present pri^e
system met with his fullest concurrence. He was quite
sure it was not the temptation of the prizes that stimulated
manufacturers to bring forward improved machinery, but
the great and natural stimulus was the hope of ultimate
profits from an extensive sale. With regard to the
progress which agricultural machinery had made during^
the last 12 or 14 years, it must not be forgotten that
railways had made the means of transit so much
easier. The gold fields of Australia and CalifomiJi
had been opened out, a large European population
had emigrated to those regions who required to be sup-
plied with food nused by the operations of agriculture,
and these could not be carried on without the aid of
machinery, which machinery could only be manufactured
in England or America. Nor must it be forgotten that
during that period England had become the grain market
of the world, importing large quantities of com and send-
ing back gold for it, so that a greater demand for our
machinery had been created in all the corn-growing
countries of the world. These were more potent stimuli
to the industry of the country tlian medals, diplomas, or
any such trifling matters, and when he found that cotta-
gers could gain prizes for their pigs against men who were
able to feed 200 or 800 head of swine, and out of that
number select the best, he would believe that the small
wheelwright could beat the capitalist. He fMr. Ransome)
entirely repudiated the notions of Col. Challoner with
respect to prizes on behalf of his own firm, and he be-
lieved he might do so on behalf of many other firms.
It was the desire of the large implement maker to assist
in bringing forward talent wherever it was found to exist,
and to keep steadilv on in the march of improvement,
not resting upon his laurels, but always making fhrther
effort*.
Mr. RoBEBT Smith endorsed the remarks of Colonel
Challoner with respect to the value of the prize system to
the fullest extent, and pointed to the state of agricultural
implements, as well as to the position of the makers prior
to the institution of the Royal Agricultural Society, in
support of that view. It was the prize S3r8tem of that
society which brought together a large quantity of imple-
ments to be tested as to Uieir merits. Allusion had Keen
made to the Bath and West of England Agricultural
Society having discontinued the system of prizes. Being
himself a West-of-England man, he knew the histoiy of
that matter, and he believed it had been occasioned by
undue dictation on the part of some members of that
society, to whom the Council gave way, and the conse-
quence was the pizes were discontinued ; but he added
that a lurking fondness for the sjrstem was manifested by
exhibitors of implements at the shows, for they displayed in
a corner of their stalls the medals that had been awarded
to them. As a member of the Council of the Royal
Agricultural Society, and having closely watched its
working, he considered the decision to continue the
prizes for implements a judicious one. Mr. Ransome had
spoken of the trade in these implements which had
sprung up with our colonies. He (Mr. Smith) quite
granted that, but it was only after the implements had
been improved and had become of established use in onr
own country.
Mr. Hamuiok (Assistant Government Commissioner
for the Census) would say a word on a subject not
alluded to in the paper — agricultural statistics. The ad-
vantage to all classes of the community, particularly to
the agricultural portion of it, of organising a good system
of agricultural statistics in this country had frequently
been pointed out. Mr. Morton had referred to the testi-
monies of competent persons as to the extent of agricnl-
tural progress m tliis country, but had he been able to
refer to figures instead of general statements from scattered
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbobmbbr 11, 1863.
69
»rt» ci th« coontzy, he believed still more ntisfaotory
cnltfl woold have been pat before them. It wai quite
em p et ent for them to have a similar system to that in
l-sland, where the &ct8 were collected and recorded by
^abtfe oAodTB, forming the basis of all deductions drawn
ft to ti»» state of things in that country. It was a re-
eeliaa npoa them that whilst France, Belgium, and
iKveoraiiental nations had established a complete sys-
aa of agrioaliaral statistics, nothing had been done in
tel direction in this countiy. He quite believed with
ir. Henley that the fimlt did not lie with the farmers
lieneelvea, lor he thought they would be quite willing
I: give the information if the (Government provided
nar ^ennos to collect it. He hoped in the next session
rf nrliement this subject would be taken up in a way
tbrt ita importance deserved.
The Cbaimmam said he felt it would be wanting in res<
pm to them, and to the great subject which had brought
tbsa together, were he not to expreo the satisfaction he
had UM at bearing the very comprehensive paper which
tfr. Morton had read — a paper which was in so many
fomta imtmctive, and, io so many other points, suggestive
t impsevements which were to follow. Agriculture had
kien tke oocopation of his life, which had not been very
ifaort or very inactive, and he rejoiced to see the interest
vhidi was taken on this occasion by the large audience
gathered before him, considering, as they must do, agri-
mltore to be Uie most important branch of our national
bdnitzy — inasmuch as we had to look to it for supplying
the means of all human existence, and, without it, no
oibsr branch of industry could long be sustained. There
wKm very few opinions expressed in the paper with which
^ did not entirely concur, but, from his own experience,
U eould not agree with what Mr. Morton had satd, when
h stated he believed there was less food for cattle raised in
Am eooBtry than at a former period. [Mr. Mobton — Less
icfeage devoted to it.] His experience led him to
thsA otherwise. In many of the mountainous districts,
the (maliij givm for the production of root crops, by the
Jitiodoction of portable manures, had gone far to in-
etase the cultivation of green crops. The system
ei tborongh draining and deeper cultivation had
kongfat a great proportion of land into a condition to grow
vbeat crops, which 40 years ago was thought only fit for
I naked fallow, and would only produce a scanty crop of
vbeat. In this respect he was a little surprised to hear
vhat Mr. 3torton — no doubt from his experience and facts
gained in other parts of the country — believed to bo cor-
rect. The introduction of the portable manures had un-
ioubtedly had great effect in extending the growth of
tuiiips, and it was the superior cultivation of the land, by
4!rawing from it much greater produce, and by the im-
;roTeflieot of the various descriptions of crops, which had
<aa9ed the great increase in the production of human food.
Coe of the fi»t things a farmer nad to do was to exercise
Lis judgment in the description of stock to which the cli*
sate and the soil io which he was located were suited,
tnd then to bring that stock to the greatest perfection.
ruey knew that large short-hom cattle and large sheep
would be destructive to the farmer havmg poor land ;
tbns>fore it was upon the exercise of his judgment in that
*wpect that his success depended. Something had been
nid with respect to the difference between leases and
tenantft-at-wili. In his part of the country be could say
^e never asked a man to farm without a lease. He
tiooki thuik it was doing great injustice to the
Miani not to give him the security whi^h a lease
ifibrded, nor, as far as his experience went, would
he think he was doing justice even to the owner
cf the laodf because he believed the greatest impulse
had been given to improvements where leases of consider-
abb* length were granted. No doubt, if a farm was in
good condition and admitted of but small improvement, a
nan might go in without the security of a lease and man-
age it to good purpose ; but if there were large improve-
men tp to be ooderukcn, if a man were required to lay oat,
as was the case on many farms he had had to let, from
£2,000 to £10,000, would it be reasonable to say, « I will
not grant you a lease or give you any security for the
capital you put into the land ? " Although much might
be said about good underatandings between landlords and
tenants, under which the same family had been found
from age to age on the same land, he would ask, what
had the public benefited by that ? Did they find that
great experiments were undertaken by tenants of that
description ? for however good might be the understand-
ing which existed between one man and another, a
Pharoah might arise ** who knew not Joseph," and the
family of the tenant might not t>e left in the position
which justice to their interests required. He had
listened with some pain to the gentleman who had
spoken of some instances — he hop^ partial and excep-
tional—of gieat cruelty to the labouring class. That was
another argument furnished io favour of leases, for in the
country where he had lived and had a good deal to do
with landed property, where they had leases, no tenant
would take a lease unless he had sufficient houses on the
form for his labourers to live io. It had been said that
the cows and pigs were better accommodated than the
labotirers, and that the latter had often to walk louff dis-
tances to and from their work. That was so absurd and
impolitic a proceeding, that he could hardly conceive
a person in his senses woqld continue it. In the
north of England and in Scotland, there were num-
bers of cottages for the labourers near their work, and
they had them rent-free. They were built by the
landlord and maintained in repair by the tenants.
Of late years he had built many nundreds of cottages—
not in the old s^'le, with a single room, where whole
families were herded together without comfort or de*
cency, but with three or four rooms and all kmds of con-
veniences. That led to another remark. Mr. Morton
had very happily and properly alluded to the superior
system of education amongst agriculturists of the present
day. He had, however, in a great measure confined that
to the sons of farmers and occupiers of land. He (the
chairman) should be glad to say one word for the labour-
ers. It was ouite obvious that the class of men accustomed
to perform the operations of agriculture some years ago,
cotild not, without superior education and skill, manage
the agricultural machinery now used. It was in this
view of the matter, and desiring to promote the interests
of agriculture, tliat he would suggest that each one of
them should, as far as his influence went, aid in promoting
the education of the labourer, — in fact, do what he could to
elevate him in character and feeling. Even as a matter of
mere policy this was important, because the work required
was of a more skilled character than formerly. The
value of the labourer did not now depend so much upon the
strength of his limbs and sinews as upon the knowledge he
could bring to bear in conducting hisoperations. Taking a
higher view, however, he would say that it was also a matter
of duty on the part of the higher classes to imbue the
labourer with just sentiments an well as with knowledge
beneficial to him in his occupation, and to educate the
young amongst this class in such a way that they would
perform their duties and fulfil their position in life as ac-
countable beings here and hereafter. He was sure he
should have the heai-ty concurrence of the meeting in ten-
dering their best thanks to Mr. Morton for his very excel-
lent paper.
Ttie vote of thanks was then passed.
The Secretary announced that on Wednesday
evening next, the 16th inst. a paper by Dr.
Edward Smith, F.R.S., "On the Economic
Value of Foods, having special reference to
the Dietary of the Labouring Classes," would
be read.
TO
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbobmbbb 11, 1865.
lurotl^ jol |«8titnttox8<
Olamow Atbbijbuic. — Oo ihe 87th of Nov., a meet-
ing WM held for the dietribotion of the prices and eer-
tWcatea awcMed by ihe Society of Arts. The Right Hon.
the Lord^ AdTocate presided. — ^Mr. Pbotam read the report
of the Athennum Looal Board, which states that the results
of the examinatioos cooducted under their aospioes since
they imdertook the doty in 1869, are as follows : Nmnler
of students examined by Local Board, 179 ; passed by
them 172 ; appeared at Final Examination, 169 ; passed,
161; uosaoeeesftil, 18; papers worked, 206; number
of first-class eertilieates awarded, 67 ; second-class, 76 ;
third-class, 62 ; total number of certificates, 186 ; total
number of prizes, 20. Hugh Tennant, Esq., of Errol,
has this year not only subscribed £20 for prizes,
as in former years, but by perscmal canvass has ob-
taioed additional subscriptions for the same object
to the extent of £20 168. Mr. Tennant at the onset
having indicated a wish that the prises should be
given in sums of not less than £6 each to those stu-
dents who excel ihe noost at the Society's examina-
tions, this principle has all along been kept in view.
This year, therefore, the five following students,
having all obtained first-class certificates, are each entitled
to a prize of £6, viz. : — John Allan, James Bennie, Dugald
Bell, Alex. Morrison, and David Lawrie. — The distribirtion
of certificates and prizes was then proceeded with, the
Lord-Advocate presenting them. When Mr. John
Allan's name was called, hii lordship stated that
that gentleman, mainly through the distinction he
had acquired in connection with the Society of Arts
examinations, had obtained a Government nomination.
At the close of the distribution, the Loan Aovo-
CATB delivered an address. After referring to the
alleged failure of Mechanics' Institutes, he said: —
Although the experiment did not direody answer to
the intentions of the founders of Mechanics' Institutes,
although they did not get quite as deep down into the
soil as they expected at first, yet what an amazing stride
has the national mind taken in consequence of these great
institutions ; how different is the social atmosphere in
which we live ; how different is the general intellectual
cast of all classes of society ; how different the hours of
relaxation ; how different the ideas of amusement. In
referring to the benefits the Atheneum derived firom its
connection with the Society of Arts, he alluded to the
Prince Consort, one of the greatest benefactors of the
country — one whose name will long be a household word
in this land. With reference to the commonly used term,
** Middle-class " Examinations, the Lord Advocate said :
— I own that I do not altogether like the term of
middle-class education. It offends against our old Scottish
notions. In Scotland of old there was no middle-class
education; there was all-class education, and the
highest and the lowest sat on the same form at school
and in college. The race was to the swift, what-
ever might be his degree. I am happy to say that
the same principle still subsists in Scotland — that there
is no necessary division of rank or station in the ordi-
nary education of the land. He could not, however,
but acknowledge that for such communities as this it was
of the greatest possible eei'vice to have a stimulus like the
present one, it was a moral engine of the strongest possible
importance in such a community as this to hold out to
youtii* men an easy mode of making up the deficiencies
which the strain upon their time and upon their minds
had led in their ordinar)' education. He was happy to
thul that inasteis in this great city are fully sensible and
strongly fllive to the importance of the advantages held
out hy the Athenssum, aiud that they are now shortening
the time of oflice and work-shop labour. He alluded to
the plesfiure he experienced at finding females amongst
the certificate holders, and concluded by congratulating
^b/e ioflitatSoii on its prosparooa coDdltion. Yates oi
thanks were then passed.
HEBTFoao Local Board. — ^A meeting of the locid
board in oonneetion with the Society of Arts was held in
the Town Hall, on the 1st instant, for the dtstribntioQ
of the prises and oOTtifioates. Sir Minto Farquhar, M. P. ,
presided. The Chairman congratulated the meeting on
the success which had attended the exertions of the BMrd»
and the eandidates on the seal and aaskluity which they
had Hianifested during the paat year. ITrom his own ez*
perienoe he could state that if any yomig man who weat
to the metropolis in search of employment in any oflSoe
could produce a certificate from the Society of Arts, or a
certificate granted at the Oxford or Cambridge examinsk*
tions, he would have a nmch better chance of suoeess than
any other competitor for the same post. The prises anci
certificates were then distributed by the chairman. — The
Right Hon. W. Cowper, M.P., in moving one of the reso-
lutions, made some remarks on the progress and state of
educatkw. It was a fortunate eircumstanoe that the
amogements which had been made of late years for
educating and examining the people were met by a dis-
position on the part of the young men of the country to
be taught and examined. He was sure that all thoee
young men who had taken advantage of the assistance
which had been placed within their reach would be glad
to the last day of their lives of the exertion which they
had made. Certificates, bearing tesUmonv to the patience,,
the industry, and the self-control of those young men
would be to them as good as the tiUe-deeds of an estate,
for they were title<4eeds of those moral and mental
qualities which it was a blessing to them to l>e able
to show. As far as his observations had been able to
guide him, he should say that no one bad failed alto-
gether in life who had been at the same time industrious,
prudent, and conscientious. The diff'usion of education
was of immense impoctanoe in this country, where power
was so much in the hands of the middle classes, and he
thought the experience we had had of the examinations
of the Society of Arts was exceedingly gratifying to all
Uioee who were labouring for the promotion of this desir-
able object.
REMOVAL OF THE EXHIBITION BUILDINO.
The contractors are at last vigorously at work in their
preparations for removing the Exhibition Buildmg. The
timber of the floors has been taken up throughout the
ground floor. The space under the Picture Galleries his
been partially turned into stables. A steam-engine is at
work raising the enormous scaffold necessary for taking
down the domes, and this operation is being poshed on in
the eastern dome, where it in expected that in a month from
this time the scaffolding will be of a sufficient height to
commence the removal of these structures, out of which
the glass has for a long time been taken. As the work of
removal proceeds the materials will be carted away to
the Alexandra Park for re-erection, according to contracts
which are now fully entered into. It is said that the ma-
terials of the glass courts have been sold to the London,
Chatham, and Dover Itailway Company.
lint ^«.
Sbefttsld School op Art. — Eyre Crowe, Esq., nn©
of the Government Inspectors of the Science and Art De-
partment, has recently completed the annual examination at
this school. Besides 70 of the students, as many as 170
pupils of public and private schools in and about Shf fH Id
came up for examination in drawing, the results of which
will not he known for three or four weeks. The Defvirt-
ment have awarded bronze medals and honoumhle men-
tions to several students whose works we^' sent to London
for abjudication. In future this plan will be adopted by
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, December 11, 1863.
71
thfl Department with all schools of art; the students*
watkM in competition for mndals will have to be sent to
London at a stated time every year, when the awards will
be made aooording to a fixed standard of excellence.
Pbottoooulptxtre. — References from time to time have
aopeaTDd in the papers respecting this novel application
«i photographj. Preparations are being made in Paris
isx carrying it oat on a very extensive scale. The results
ue ctated to be very successful. The modus operandi will
be readily understood. The sitter or object to be sculp-
tared is placed in the centre of a well-lighted, spacious
spartmeot ; twenty-four or even a larger number of
omeiaB. are ranged in a circle around him, at equal dis-
tiac^ from eadi other, with plates duly prepared, and by
a simple mechanical arrangement the operator, by one
movement of the hand simultaneously uncovers all the
kase», and after a sufficient length of exposure closes them.
The TpUiieB are then developed in the usual manner, a suf-
&nfiOi nnmber of operations being employed for the pur-
pose, and proofs are subsequently printed. There are
ifaas obtained twenty-four or more views of tlie subject
&i»n twenty-four or more different points of sight. Biach
view is then in succession, by means of a magic lantern
amogemeot, thrown upon a screen on an enlarged scale.
In (Hdor to transfer these likenesses from the photographs
to the modelling clay, an instrument on the principle of
the pentogragh is then made use of, having a tracer at
<ffle end and a catting tool at the other. The lump of
modelling clay is fixed on a stand, capable of turning on
Its axis, with divisions corresponding to the number of
pbotographu employed, and is placed in a position so that
while the tracer of the pentagraph passes over the outline
of the photograph thrown on the screen, the cutting>tool
at the other end cuts the clay into the corresponding out-
Hoe. The clay is then shifted one division on its axis,
aod ihe next corresponding photograph thrown on the
Bcreeo, and the operation repeated, and so on in succession
tm the day has the twenty-four or more outlines accu-
rately transferred to it. It then only remains for the
sr^st to connect tliese tracings or outlines on the clay[
sad here of coarse his skiU is shown. The artis
thus has a large amount of work mechanically and
rapidly piepared for him, and he is enabled, in a com-
paratively short time, to execute a model combining
all the truthfulness of mechanism and the skill of the
artisL From this model costs in plaster, or statues in
marble, can be taken in the usual way. It is stated that
the scalptures thus produced are remarkably good, and
can be snpplied at a very cheap rate, as compared with
scolptore prodaced entirely by hand.
Paimfatttt«s.
Chaih Makees* Stbike. — An agitation has arisen
amcmg the chain makers of Cradley and the neighbour-
hood, with the view of obtaining an advance of wages.
The men employed in this branch of trade are a very
uuncroas body, and there are now or soon will be many
hundreds of them on stiike.
BoiUEB Explosions. — The November report of ,the
Manchester Association mentions an illustration of the
importance of removing portions of mid-feather walls, in
ordttT to give an opportunity of examining the plates. On
this being done at the instance of the A«ociation, in the
ease of a boiler lately put under its care, the bottom,
although presumed by its owner and engineer to be per-
fectly sound, was found to be nearly eaten through by
corro sion, and on the very point of rapture. Instances
eont inue to be met with of serious corrosion, arising from
the leakage of bolted joints concealed under brickwork.
All connections to boilers should be made by means of
fitting blocks riveted to the shell, excepting only the at-
tadiments to the front end plate, where they are not
abftolately necessary, since the plate bebg flat the joints
are more easily made, while at the same time, from their
position, leakage, should it occur, is at once made apparent.
The front end plate should be left completely open, and
not, as is too frequently the case, covered in with a wall
of brickwork, as leakage may thus go on undetected. Six
explosions have occurred during the month, resulting in
the death of eleven persons, and serious injuty to eighteen
others, one of the boilera in question being under the in-
spection of the Association.
Jute. — This fibre, which a few years ago was scarcely
known as an import, is now largely brought into this
country, and its use is daily extending in various direc-
tions. The cotton bags which were sent from this country
to South America are now nearly superseded by bags of
jute, which is extensively manufactured in the north.
Wine. — Mr. Berthelot, who first discovered that there
is a particular oxidable principle in Bordeaux and Bur-
gundy wines, to which he attributes their flavour, was
recently induced to examine the influence which oxygen
exercises over wine. He became convinced that this action
is most unfavourable, and entirely destroys the bouquet,
which is replaced by a most disagreeable flavour. Mr.
Berthelot found it sufficient to pais a current of oxygen
into the choice wines of St. Jean and Thorin to produce
this result. He also demonstrated that the absorption of
oxygen by wine, accelerated by the elevation of the tem-
perature, is rendered almost immediate by the addition of
an alkali. These observations prove how necessary it is to
preserve wine in a perfect state from the action of the
oxygen contained in the air, since the prolonged contact
of 10 cubic centimetres of oxygen, that is. 50 cubic centi-
metres of air, is sufficient to destroy the bouquet of a quart
of wine. It is to the slow penetration of oxygen into bottles
that Mr. Berthelot attributes the destruction of flavour
which every wine experiences at last. The reason that the
racking off of new wine ftom the vat to the cask does not
produce a similar result is that new wine, being saturated
with carbonic acid, disengages a portion of it when ex-
posed to the air, so that the wine is in a great measure
preserved. The decomposition of wine in bottles half
full, and the diminution of the flavour, is caused by the
action of oxygen. The complete destruction of the flavour
of wine by the addition of an alkaline mineral water, such
as that of Vichy, is explained by the preceding facts.
OBNAMBirrATioN OF Glass. — A piece of muslin, after
being stretched, is impregnated^with grease, by means ot
a rofier passed over it, and it is' pressed so as to cause it
to adhere to a piece of clean glass, from which it is after*
wards carefiilly detached. The glass has thus impressed
upon it the greasy lines of the lace, and, on being exposed
to the fumes of fluoric acid gas, tlie portions unprotected
by the grease are attacked by the fumes, and the result is
a polished pattern on a '* matted " ground. Glass thus
prepared acts as a blind, preventing those who are outside
from looking in, while those who are inside can readily
see what is going on without.
^mmxtt
Grain and Flovb. — Speculators who heretofore tamed
their principal attention to cotton, have been purchasing
flour largely in France since the harvest, and a quarter of
million sacks have been purchased in Nantes, the Bristol
of France, for importation to England since the harvest.
The periods for delivery extend till the month of May.
The millers in the Maine and Loire, Sarthe, and other
departments of France, have taken contracts for nearly all
they can supply for the English market. Prices have
consequently advanced fully 10 per cent, since the harvest,
and are still going up. Wheat is, relatively, much cheaper
than flour in France.
SnoAB IM France. — At present there is more excite-
ment among dealers in this article than there has been
for the last seven years ; indeed, the oldest merchant cannot
72 JOURNAL OP THE 800IETT OP ARTS, Dbobxber 11, 1863.
recollect so rapid a rise in prices. In Nantes there are
three largo refineries besides several small ones; the
former are the most extensive in Europe. One of them
manufactures from 100 to 200 tons per day, another 70 to
80, and a third 50. The total quantity refined per day in
that town is about SOO or 350 tons. During the last
three years several speculators there held large stocks of
raw sugar, but owing to the frequent changes made with
respect to the duties, they lost immense sums of money,
and, with the exception of three, who have persevered,
these gentlemen have gradually diminished their stock.
As a natural coossqueoce, the failure of the beetroot crop
this year in France, and the diminution of the colonial
supply, have caused a very rapid riae in prices, which
have been still further advanced by the fact of the stocks
in the refiners' hands being smaller than usual this year.
Bo rapid has been the upward movement, that bags con-
taining a hundred -weight purchased at 49 francs, duty
paid, bix weeks since, were sold on Tuesday, the 1st in-
stant, for 64 francs, an advance of very nearly 25 per cent.
The news from Paris and Havre during the two following
days stopped the rise and made the market at Nantes
dull, but as the whole stock at the last named place is not
more than 40,000 bags, 600 hogoheads, and 2,000 boxes,
and as the refiners hold very little, it is generally expected
there will be a revival in the Nantes market in a few days.
About 7,000 ions have been purchased in London and
Glasgow for the importers of Nantes, but as that quantity
is not equal to more than three weeks' consumption, it has
not a very great effect on the market. The report is that
the refiners there must purchase at least 2,000 tons more
in Elngland to keep their works going until the new sugar
begins to arrive fh>m Bourbon and Mauritius. The news
of the Bank of England having raised the rate of discount
to 8 per cent., produced a downward tendency in the price
of sugar. It is calculated that the speculators of Nantes
have realized within a month fh>m £100,000 to £150,000,
in consequence of the rise in price. The last advices from
the French colonies state that want of rain has caused
the sugar crop to be small and late, and that scarcely any
new sugar is to be expected before January or February, the
greater part of that on hand being taken up for America.
The falling off in the crope of Mauritius and Bourbon alone
this year is estimated at 100,000 tons. The stock at Mar-
seilles is said not to exceed 3,260 barrels from the
Antilles, and 18,600 boxes firom Havannah, but at the
present moment there are as few buyers as sellers, and
consequently the market remains stagnant.
Silk. — Accounts from the silk market of Aubenas, in
the department of the Ard^he, state that the supply of
raw silk is greater than it has been for some time. Some
extensive holders having occasion for ready money, have
decided to sell even at a considerable reduction of their
previous demands. For example, some silk of very supe-
rior quality was lately sold at 6 If. the kilogramme, for
which 66f. was asked not long since. Silk of second quality
has been sold at from 54f. to 58f. the kilogramme. At
present the supply is greater than the demand. It is said
that the silk-spinners in Lyons are not in a very prospe-
rous condition, the preference being given to Italian spun
silk, in consequence of its relative cheapness.
Cotton in thb Ritbb Platb.— The Ck>tton Supply
Association of Manchester have sent out twenty bags of
cotion seed for distribution, and several cotton-growing
eompanies have been established in Corrientes, under the
auspices of the governor of that province. The Estancieros
in other parts of the Argentine Republic have also sown
ootton seed with the most hopeful prospects, and in Para-
guay the same spirit is beginning to animate the native
population. The Bmnot Ayres Standard, in its European
summary, 8a3rs : — "We promise the English manufactorers
5,000 bales of cotton from the River Plate this season, and
100,000 the next. In payment for our cotton bales we do
not ask for gold bat for railway iron, cotton goods, coal, &c."
ftfllmttts*
COBBESPONDENOR WItH THE CAPE.^The Mall I
land per " Saxon " consisted of 10,962 leUers,
gistered letters, 36 books, and 4,946 newspaper
mail from Port Elizabeth consisted of 1,676
(including 55 registered), and 1,816 papers. The
of letters received from England by the last mail
Elizabeth was 1,200.
Wbatubb at THE Cape. — Siwh a season as this
spring has never been known. During the wintei
set in unusually early, rain and sunshine, in most
able alternations, have stimulated the earth's pr
powers to the utmost. There has been no reverw
kind to mar the abundant promise. Rain and wli
both been so tempered as to insure the fullest i
ment of the fruits of the earth, without causing
to either the seed or the blossom. And through
western divisions of the colony, at any rate, the
of com, fruit, and wine never was fairer, though
an appearance of the o'idium at an earlier period tb
in some vineyards where sulphur has not been ap
Cape Tow.n Meohanios* iNSTrrorioN. — ^The lai
says that notwithstanding the unprecedented d«
that has existed, affecting business and trade ge
the Institution has still retained the favourable
mentioned in last year's report, the amount of 8
tions received during the two winter quarters of 18(
£18 68„ and for the two quarters just ended JE
Notwithstanding the large increase in the income
year, the committee regret having to report a con«
increase in the liabilities of the Institution. 1
principally occurred through the subecf iptions beit
£20 below the working expenses of the Institutioo,
great decrease in the receipts of admisnon to the
several of which were delivered during the past
session : one by E. L. Layard, Esq., ** A Trip
Zealand with Sir Geoi^ Grey ;" one by Rer. W.
son, ** A brief Review of the Writings commonly at
to Moses, and the conclusion to whidi it leads ;**
Mr. T. Walter, on "Astronomy," and many
During the past six months upwards of seven 1
volumes of books, and nearly five hundred per
have been taken out for perusal by the members.
fitUtcaturns ^mii.
Chemical Tbobnolooy, or Chemistry in its ap
to the Arts and Manufactures ; by Dr. Thomas ]
son, and Henry Watts, F.C.8. (ZT. BaiUiere.) '.
first parts of this work, illustrated by upwards
engravings, contain descriptions of the mode of
tion and uses of fuel of all sorts. Part 8, just oi
acids, alkalis, and salts, their manufkcture and
tion. Thii portion of the work contains articles oi
soda, soap, railway grease, ^., with detailed des
of the most approved modes of manufacture, and
trated by numerous wood engravings.
Elem ENTABT Tbeatisb ON Phtsics, by Profeaso
translated by E. Atkinson, F.C.S. {H, BaiUiere
subjects treated of are matter, force, motion, gra
liquids, gases, acoustics, heat, light, magnetism, a
tricity, with outlines of meteorology and clim«
the work is illustrated by nearly 600 engravings.
A Tbeatisb of Suoab Machinebt; indud
Process of producing Sugar from the Cane ; refinii
and loaf Sugar, home and coloniaL The mode o!
iog, manufacturing, and erecting the Machinery ;
with Rules for the proportions and Estimates. Ill
by four single and twelve large folding plates. I
Burgh » Engineer. Royal 4to.| prioe 80s. {E, m
r
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ABTS, Dbouibbe 11, 1868.
73
gitti^cmmt l§iM(vims.
CrtnuaefMDtA aw UsBrnL Airs, Mechanical and Chemi-
al, Mmnofaoiarei, Mioing, and EogiDeering, illustrated by
w^mrdB of 2^600 engiMruigs ; e Ut«d by Charles Tom*
Imoot leetnrer on adenoe, King's College School, London.
( riiiMi ) A new edition of this cydopasdla is about to be
pi*^liffhi»^ in aboot 27 parte at two shillings each, imperial
Ko In the original prospeotos^ the editor stated that
b» had aUempt^ to convey to his readers, not a mere
of wha4 ia to be seen at the sui&ce of our
hot a comprehensive acoouni of the pro-
of the useful arts, in connection with the seisatitlo
I on which they are based, and he did not attempt
his denriptiona appear easy by the omission of
details which, however difficult to explain in popu-
lir lasgoage, are yet of great importance. In this new
•titiaotbe whole work will be careluUy revised, corrected,
lad harmoniaed, and the progress of the useful arts
daring the time which has elapsed since the completion of
tfas original edition will be given in alphabetical order in
SD apfMxidix to which reference will be oMMle in the body
of tbe woik.
iotti.
Tirs i^TK Stobmb in Frangi.— -The tempest which has
raged on both ndea- of the Channel has done immense
daaiage in Franoe. On the 8rd instant, the state of the
Loire was terrible, the wind attained a velocity of more
tikao tttwtmiiy miles an hour, the river was in such a con-
diimi thait no small beat could swim, and all the lighters
weie drii^en on siiore. Ten fatal accidents hsppei^ in
the streeu of Kantes from the falling of chimneys, tiles,
aad slatee. A tekgnun- received in the above named
town on the 4th instant, announced the loss of no less
than twelve ooesting yessels in the Bay of Camaret. But
oaaef tbe most Umentable accidents occured at Cher-
boorg, on Wednesday, the 2nd instant, at three in the
OMmiDg. The Argtm, * trading vessel fhrni Granville, was
thrown on the north-west point of the island of P^l^e.
The weather was frightful. The cries of the crew
of the ATffm were heard, and the commander of the
iroo-pbrted frigate La (hurormet lying in the harbour,
sent his barge, manned by eighteen choice seamen, to
the aad of the crew of tbe unfortunate Argua^ which after
neai exertions was got off. The port oAcer, seeing the
danger of both ship aad boat, sent a small steamer to tow
them into the harbour, but at 8 a.m. the wind sud-
denly became furious, the tow ropes were broken, and the
Argtu and the boat of the Courorme cast adritt, and the
latter, being carried by the wind towaids Cape Teir, wat>
thrown on the rocks of Fermanville and every soul on
iMiard her perished. Three of the boat's crew had been
pi UP boaid of the Xvyvs, and the loss was thereby re-
daeed to sixteen. One aecount states that the whole of
the crew of the Argua were saved except the captain ; but
a short aecount given in the Moniteur states the number
of lives lost by this lamentable catastrophe to be thirty-
two. At Toulon the roof of the theatre was stripped en-
tkely off by the violence of the wind.
PuxcB CoMseiT Mbmowal. — Mr. William Jackson,
ILP., has determined to erect at Birkenhead, as a memo-
rial (o tlie Prince Consort, not a simple monument, but
iodostrial ragged schools, at l^^cost, including the site, of
X7gOOO. The institudoD is to" be caUed " The Albert
BsAige.'*
Sooth Lovooar Wobuvo MxH'b Ikdustbial Ezhibi.
novt — It has been detmnined to open the ezhibitton on
the ttt of Maich nezt,and that theclasedfioation of articles
ihoold be:— 1. Useful; 2* kigenious; 3» Ornamental;
4. Scientific ; 5. Artistic ; 6. Literary ; 7. Amusing ; 8.
Curious ; 9. Miscellaneous. It has also been agreed to
adopt the recommendation of the working men's meet-
ing in reference to a small charge being m^e for admis-
sion, and that the exhibition should remain open for one
week. Several applications for space have already beeft
made by working men^
Thames Embankmxnt. — Tbe first foundation piles are
being driven opposite the late residence of the Duke of
Buccleuch. Operations have also been commenced for
the embankment on the southern side, which will be car-
ried out fiimultaueously with that on the Middlesex side.
McoflAMtos' iNsrrruTioN at Bombay. — Mr. David Sas-
soon, a merchant in Bombay, has offered the sum of £6,000,
on condition of government giving an equal sum and a
site, fcHT the erection of a suitable building for the Me-
chanics' Institution and for public meetings.
Railway Brbak. — Experiments have been made OQ
the £Intre-Sambre-et-Meuse Railway, in Belgium, to test
the eflScacy of a new break, tbe invention of a lady, Mdlle.
Micas. The principle of the invention consists in the sud-
den application of .a sort of wooden skate or wedge to the
wheel, whereby it is raised a millimetre or two. From
that moment the rapidity of the train is checked. The
action on the break is transmitted by a single man pressing
upon a rod connected with the wedge, and without the aid
of a screw. The engineer of the Government railways in
Belgium directed the experiments, and many other Bel-
gian and foreign engineers were present. A train, weigh-
ing 185,000 kilogrammes, was allowed to descend a gra-
dient of 14 millimetres per metre by its own weight, and
without the aid of an engine. Two breaks being used,
the train was stopped, in a space of 300 metres, while
going at a speed of 36 kilometres (22^ miles). In another
experiment a train was drawn by a i6-inch engine, with
four coupled wheels, along a level railway, and at the full
speed of 55 kilometres (34 miles) per hour, a single break
stopped the train within the space of 400 metres. With
two breaks the stoppage was obtained within the space of
175 metres ; and at a speed of 60 kilometres (38 miles)
per hour, the stoppage was effected within a space of 165
metres only.
Locomotion. — A correspondent writes :— A great want
of the present day is a cheap mode of locomotion for one
or more persons, corresponding to the gig or dog-cart, but
independent of animal power ; and probably, if the atten-
tion of inventors were drawn to the subject by an offer of
the Society of Arts medal, the want might be supplied.
The original cost of the article is not so much an object as
the continued cost of the motive power, and the getting
rid of the trouble and annoyance associated wi^ draught
animals. Besides, when such an article is brought into
use there will be a tendency to economy of construction,
and it may be hoped that, eventually, even the coster-
moniker's donkey may become a mere tradition.
Transmission of Patterns by Post. — To a recent
memorial fh>ni the Bradford Chamber of Commerce on
the subject of the charges upon patterns by post, the
Postmaster-Oeneral has replied that, with regaird to the
inland postal scale, there is reason to fear that the
department already sustains some loss by the inland book
post, and that he does not feel justified, under these cir-
cumstances, in adopting the same rats of charges for the
pattern post, and thus incurring the risk of further loss.
The charge is now three times the book rate. As
to tbe transmission of patterns abroad, he states that
arrangements have already been made with the Italian
and Canadian Post offices for the transmission of pstlenis
at a moderate rate, and that the measure in each case is
appointed to come into operation on the 1st of Janoaiy,
1864. Negotiations have also been entered into for the
establishment of a pattern post between this country and
the German Pbstal Union, Belgium, India, and the Cape
of Good Hope, and similar negothttions are in contempla^
tion with other foreign countries, and with all th« Mudi
colonies.
74
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dboembkk 11, 1868.
Elbctbio BBGULATOB8.—S1R, — In reply to the obser-
vaiiom made \y Dr. Bachhoffher, at the meetiDg on the
2nd instant, with reference to the spring in Mr. Holmes's
Ump being objectionable, may I be allowed to say
it is limply used as a counterpoise to a slight catch, and not
as a motive power, that being provided for in the dif-
ference of gravity between the two carbon holders, and
therefore the idea that a mainspring is used to move the
various parts (as in most other lamps), and which he
thought so highly objectionable, is entirely without
foundation. Having had, perhaps, as much experience in
the working of different kinds of electric lamps as any one
in London, I have no hesitation in saying that Mr.
Holmes's is the most perfect, as it will bum more than
three hours without a flicker — ^the carbons then require
renewing. In reference to the letter by Mr. S. Highley,
in last week's Journal, in which he speaks of *'the
trial of electric lamps" at the Polytechnic, I beg to say
tiiat no competitive trial took place, and that I did not
have a lamp there of my own manufacture. I was
engaged part of the time giving a lecture (on spectrum
analysis) in the small theatre, where I used a lamp of
Duboscq's make, after which I had an opportunity of ob-
serving the light from those in the hall, and could not
help noticing the unsteadiness of the one referred to in
Mr. Highley 's letter. — I am, &c., W. Ladd.
11 and 12, Beak-ftreet, Regent- itreet, W.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
IfOK. ..Jt.Geoeraphioal,8i. 1. Mr.Robt.8winhoe,**OnFonnon.*'
2. Mr. F. A. Eaton, ** Joorney from MazareCh to Bonah-
Moab, and thence to Damaiciu."
Britidi ArchJtectf, 8.
Medical, 8^. Mr. J. Baker Brown, "On the Treatment of
HTpertrophj and Ulceration of the Ot Uteri.**
Tuss. ...GiTil Engineers, 8. Annual General Meeting.
Statistical, 8. 1. Professor Rogers, " On the continnoai
Price of Wheat for 102 Tears (1380-1481).** 2. The Pre-
sident, *' On Bnmptoaiy SUtisttos (1506-1863).
Pathological, 8.
8jro-£g7ptian, 7}.
Anthropologioal, 8.
WsD. ...Sodetj of Arts, 8. Dr. Edward Smith, F.R.S., ** On the
Economic Value of Foods, haTingspeclal reference to the
Dietarj of the Labooring Classes.
Geological, 8. 1. Rer. Prof. 8. Hanghton, M.A., ** On the
Granites and Sjenites of Donegal, Ac* 2. *' Letters re-
lating to Recent Discoreries of Fossil Reptiles in Central
India." Bj the late Rer. S. Hislop. Commnnicated hj
Prof. T. R. Jones. 3. Mr. J. W. Farren, " Letters re-
lating to the Recent Earthquake at Manila.** Communi-
cated by Sir R. I. Murchison. 4. Mr. W. Vicaiy, " On
the Pebble-bed of Bndleigh Salterton,** with Notes on the
Fossils bj Mr. J. W. Salter.
London Inst. 7.
Tbub. .^BoTal, 8|.
Antiquaries, 8.
Linnaaan, 8.
Chemical, 8.
PhUosophlcal Club, 6.
Fu J^hUological, 8.
Iron and steel— 201 2 W . E. NewtOD.
Labels on bottles, ftc— 2869— A. P. Heniy and R. T. Pow
Tiooms 2flni J, W. Dmmmond.
Looms— 2S38~M. A. Muir ai^ J. Mdlwham.
Omnibus passenger reooiding apparatus— 2614— A. OroUiii.
Ordnance and small arms— 2870— P. M. Parsons.
Ores, pulrerising- 2S64— C. Pengelly.
Paper spools or tubes used in spinning machln«t— 2060— T.
and I. Najlor.
Pdsons, prevention of aoddents from— 2866— G. Thonger.
Postal euTelope for pattem,s ac— 2700— T. Adams and J.
Printing presses— 2860— R. A. Broomaa.
Railway brakee— 2667— L. Ejnard.
Railway waggons— 2632— A. Potter and W. P. Potter.
Railways, atmospheric— 2830— G. Remington.
Rollers for blinds, maps, ftc— 2836— 0. T. BooilMd.
Rudders— 2864— J. Lewis.
Sewing machines— 2842— J. P. Binns.
Ships, sheathing— 2880— J. Betteler.
Ships, propelling— 2868— R. GrifBths.
Ships, and machinery for propelling them— 2288— C. H.
and W. J. Tristam.
Ships, fastening together the parts of, and caulking —
Saunders.
Shuttles— 2816— H. Holden.
Silk, machinerr for doubling, twisting, fcc— 2810— B. A. 1
Spinniog machinery— 2617-^. Ronald.
Spinning and doubling machinerr— 282S—W. Robertson.
Starches, coloring— 2»39 — J. Medway and S. Joyce.
Steam boilers— 2890— J. Stewart.
Steam generator— 2822— L. £. C. MarUn.
Tape— 2716— J. Macintosh.
Telegraph oables— 2826— C. W. Siemens.
Umbrella ooTers— 2860— W. A. LytUe.
Waterclosets— 2836— O. K. Qeyelin.
iKTXimOV WITE COMTLSTa SFBCmCAnOV FiLBI
Fire-arms— 2998— M. R. Pilon.
Patexts Sbalbo.
iattnts.
JVom CommiMHoMrt of Patent* Jaymai, DMmXttf 4Xh,
Gbahts op Pboyisional Protbctiok.
Agricultural engines and Ixrilers— 2858 — R. A. Brooman.
AmalgamaUng the ineciout metals — ^2819 — W. E. Gedge.
Armour ibr smps, &c.— 2848— T. S. Prideaux.
Barometers, gas regulators, d^c- 2383— J. Bailey, G. W. Blake, and
W. H. Bailey.
Boats, towing— 2872--J. J. Maurer.
Cartridges— 2888— W. WigfaU and G. JoUy.
Cartridges— 2870— G. T. Bousfleld.
Chopping animal and regetable substance*— 2832— W. F. DearlOTe.
Coal, ftc, distilling— 2812— A. Craig.
Coal and peat, distUlatioa of— 2886— W. M. Williams.
Cotton gins— 2844— J. C. Wilson.
Dyeing colourt— 2894— H. Hinel.
EUters— 2874— C. W. Harrison.
Fire-arms, breech-loading, Ac.— 2883— R. Mayer
Qai meters— 2878— W. Cowan.
1407.
1410.
1412.
1416.
1419.
1423.
1426.
1442.
1460.
1461.
1466.
1466.
1466.
1477.
1479.
^ff, A. Brown.
C. B. KewoomOB.
N. Walton.
W. Clark.
W. E. Gedge.
H. Reynell.
J. Petrie.
W.Roberts.
T. M. Harrison.
M. Henry.
C. L. y. Tenae.
F. A. and F. Calrert.'
G. Daries.
J. Jones.
T. Wrigley.
1489. S. 6. Robson.
1492. J. Forrester.
1630. R. Jobooo.
1631. J. L. Clarke.
1566. W. L. and T. W
1666. W. L. and T. W
1667. W. L. and T. W
1658. W. L. and T. W
1666. W. SnelL
1673. W. E. Newton.
1773. M. Henry.
1776. D. C. G. Clemm
2041. R.Baillie.
2129. C. Harratt.
2228. E. Ollrer and G
From CknMmttioMrt <tf PaUnts Journal, Docomber
Patbkts Sbaled.
1443.
1446.
1470.
1471.
1473.
1480.
1483.
1486.
1488.
1490.
1601.
T. Adams.
T. Erans and E. Hughes.
G. Bedson.
T. C. March.
R. Hughes.
J. Hopkinson.
T. A. ElUott.
M. B. Westhead.
H. G. W. WagsUff.
J. Shand.
J. J. Bhedleck.
1602.
1609.
1670.
1671.
1672.
1689.
1693.
1651.
1666.
2246.
2646.
F. 8. Williams.
A. J. FhtfW.
W. L. and T. W
W. L. and T. W
W. L. and T. W
S. Koowles * R.
8. Smith.
J.King.
H. A. Bonnerill*
M. Gerstenhofec
J. H. Johnson.
PATKHTS Oa WHICH THB
2947. A. Jackson.
3009. J. Robson, jnn.
2969. W. Pilkington.
2963. E. T. Hughes.
2960. W. and J. Oallowi^.
2982. C. W. Siemens.
2986. E. Morewood.
3010. R. Mnshet.
Stamp Duty or £60 has bki
3030. R. Mushet.
2980. C. 8. Duncan.
3017. D. Annan.
3138. J.Chattertonand
3143. J. Jobaon.
3045. R. MuBheL
3070. R. Mushet.
Patbhts oh which THa Stamp Dutt op £100 has bb:
2861. F. Siemens. I 2916. T. Vicars, sen.«
2867. A. and W. Bullough.
2874. J. Apperly and W. Cliasold.
2884. D. Crawftird.
2894. W. H. Bowers.
Jun., T. Asha
Smith.
2916. T. Peake.
2936. T. and W. Whei
— ♦
Parasol, dome o^->4699— Kor. 27— T. Evans, 17, Peaton^
Scarf Ring (the Eclipse)— 4600— Deo. 1— W. Lewis, 13, \
Rack Pulley— A601— Dec 4— J. Collins, Birmingtiam.
Lamp— 4602— Dee. 6— J. E. Gardner. StrandTw.O.
Yermln Trap— 4603— Deo. 7— C. Pnllittger, Selsej, near (
Iimrnal 0f %
THE
AND OP
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION,
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, DEaOEMBER 18, 1863.
[No. 578. Vol. XII.
^nniranctmtnts bg t\t ConntiL
Art-Workmanship.
The works sabmitted in competition for the
Prizes offered by tbe Society will remain in the
Great Room till Monday next, the 21 st inst.,
after which they will be removed to the South
Kensington Museum.
Mr. Uichard Redgrave, R.A., Mr. Digby
WfAtt, M.R.I.B.A., and Mr. John Webb, the
jndges appointed by the Council, have made the
fuDowing awards r-^
1. MotkUing in Terra OoUa, PloiUr, or Wax.
(«.) The Human Figure in bas relief, after Kafaelle'tf
dettgn of the " Three Graces." — 2Z works sent in.
lit Prize of £10 to J. Griffiths, 51, Coleshill-street,
Eaton-aquare.
2ad Prize of £5 to A. Cheseneao, 11, Roxbargh-groye,
HaTerstock-bill.
(&.) Ornament in bas relief, after arabesques by Lucas
na Leyden, 1528. — 8 works sent in.
lit Prize of £5 to C. H. WhiUker, Sheffield-place,
Coventry -road, Birmingham.
toA Prize of £3 to J. Steel, jun., 88, Uanoverstreet,
Glasgow.
2. RepoustS Work in any Metal,
{a.) The Human Pigure as a bas-relief, after Rafaelle's
•* Three Graces.*' — 3 works sent in.
Ist Prize of £10 not awarded.
2Qd Prize of ^^5 to E. Beresford, 47, Green-street,
Stepney.
(h.) Ornament, after a Flemish salver in the South
Eensin^on Museum, date about 1670 — I work sent in.
let Prize of £o to G. Webster, Woodbank, Walkley,
near Sheffield.
2Dd Prize of £3 not awarded.
3. Hammered Work, in Iron, Brass, or Copper.
Ornament, after an iron German arabesque, about 1520,
in the South Kensington Museum. ~2 works sent in.
Isi Prize of £5 not awarderl .
Two 2nd Prizes of £3 each to T. Bailey, 77, King Ed-
wtrd road, Birmingham, and W. Ash, 7, Martlett's-
court. Bow-street.
4. Carving in Ivory,
Tha Human Figure in bas-relief, after a terra cotta
a^ribed to Luca della Robbia, about 1420, in the South
Kensington Museum. — 4 works sent in.
Irt Prize of £10 to J. VV. Bentley, 22, Sherwood-
street, Golien square. •
2nl Prize of £5 to •• Uicardo" (namo not given).
5. Chasing on Metal,
(«.) The Human Figure, after a reduced copy of Gib-
aon'a Psyche. — 6 works sent iu.
Isi Prize of £10 to W. HoUiday, 14, Naylour street,
Isl'mgton.
2nd Prize of £5 to C. Jacquard, 1, St. G^rge's-road
New Kent-road.
(6.) Ornament, after a bronze plaque in the South Ken-
sington Museum. — 11 works sent in.
Two 1st Prizes of £5 each to G. R. Meek, and R. E. Bar-
rett, at Mess s. Hunt and RoskelPs, 26, Harrison-
street, Gray*s Inn-lane.
Two 2nd Prizes of £3 each to R. Orpwood and G.
Gibaud, at Messrs. Hunt and RoskelVs.
6. Enamel Painting on Metal, Copper, or Oold,
(a.) The Human Hgure, after Rafaelle*s design of the
" Three Grsces," executed in grisaille. — None sent in.
(b,) Ornament in grisaille, after a German arabesque,
16th century. ^1 work sent in, but not in accordance with
the conditions.
7. Painting on PoreeUtin,
(a.) The Human Figure, afler Rafaelle*s " Boy Bear-
ing Doves," in the cartoon of the " Beautiful Gate." — 5
works sent in.
1st Prize of £10 to E. E. Dunn, Eastwood-vale, Han-
ley, Staflfordshire.
2nd Prize of £5 to TboB. Allen, Howard-place, SheltOD,
Staffbrdshire.
(b.) Ornament, after arabesques by Lucas Van Leyden,
1528.— 8 works sent in.
1st Prize of £5 not awarded.
2nd Prize of £3 to J. B. Evans, South-street, Mount
Pleasant, Fen ton, Staflbrdshire.
8. Inlays in Wooi {Marquetry, or Btthl), Ivory or Metal,
Ornament, after a majolica plate in the South Ken-
sington Museum, 1490. — ^2 works.
1st Prize of £5, not awarded.
Two 2nd Prizes of £3 each to F. Braun, and H. Braun,
15, Cleveland-street, W.
9. Engraving on Olats,
Ornament, after arabesques by liUcas Van Leyden,
1528. — None sent in.
10 Embroidery,
Ornament, sAer a German example in the Green Vaults
at Dresden. — 1 work.
No Prize awarded.
Cantor Lectures.
Courses of Lectures (imder the title of " the
Cantor Lectures") on the following subjects, will
be delivered during the Session : —
The Operation of the Present Laws of Naval Warfare
on International Commerce. By G. W. Hastings,
Esq., Barriflter-at-Law.
Fine Arts Applied to Industty. By W. Bobois, Esq.
Chemistry Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. Cbacb
Calvert, F.B.S.
The third lecture of Mr. Hastings* course will
be delivered on Monday, the 25th January, at 8
o'clock, the subjects of which, and of the con-
cluding lecture, will be as follows : —
76 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dboembbb 18, 186S.
Contraband ; its Nature and Uaages.
Capture of Private Property at Sea; present State of
tiie Law as modified by the Declaration of Pai la ;
Arguments for and against its OoatiniianM.
The Foreign Enlistment Act; its Operation on Com-
merce.
The Midiaelmaa stibscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Ooutts and Oo.
Itomlmifls' it t|tt S^amit
COMMITTEES OF REFERENCE.
Mbcbaniob AMD Ekginekbiko.
This committee met on Friday, the 4th inst., to con-
sider how information might best be obtained on subjects
suggested in the Society's new Premium List, and to
discuss other topics connected with mechanical and en-
gineering improvements which it might be thought de-
sirable to bring under the consideration of the Society.
W. Hawis, Esq., Chairman of the Council, presided, and
in opening the proceedings called attention to the subjects
euibraced under this hesd for which premiums had been
offered by the Society. He first called the attention of
the Committee to the priise offered under the will of the
late Dr. Fothergill, for -the best method of preventing
and speedily extinguishing destructive fires, &c., and men-
tioued that the Society's medals were offered for the most
efficient ateam fire-engine for land use, and also for the
best that was capable of self-propulsion.
Mr. D. K. Clark remarked, tbai the only satisfactory
test of fire-engines was a public trial of their action.
One or two trials of that kind had taken place within the
last twelvemonths, but it seemed that the conditions re-
quired to be more clearly defined than had hitherto been
done, fle thought further trials were needed. On the
subject of smokeless locomotive engines, which was men-
tioned at a former meeting of the Committee, he believed
a new description of engine, modified from the original
designs, was being coDstructed for the Metropolitan Rail-
way. That, however, could hardly be a matter of com-
petition, from the very limited demand there was for that
description of fire-engine.
Mr. IJer£W£atber remarked that the trialsof fire-engines
required to be made under more carefully considered condi-
tions. The actual quantity of water thrown, as compared
with the theoretical quantity, was not shown, and the horse-
power developed by each engine was not recorded, nor
was the power of the boilers accurately defined. It was
a trial rather of the skill of the fireman than of the me-
chanical merits of the engine. He thought conditions
miglit be arrsnged by which future trials could be made
nioie satisfactory. The amount of property that could
be paved by the use of steam fire-engines even in their
pri^sent state was enormous, and he regretted they were
not more generally in use.
Mr. Blackib thought any theoretical statements on this
subject a^iart from actual experiment would be useless.
Mr. John MacOkeoob regarded this subject as analo-
gous to that of life-lx>a'8. Mere description without prac-
tical te^t would be valueless.
Mr. Mereweatber remarked that the relations of the
weight and i>ower were the main considerations in these
engines.
xh: Davison, upon the general subject of preventibility
of fitf^, advocated a system of heatins public buildings by
meiiifl>^r hot air propelled by fan macnineiyf which might
be modified to suit ordinary dwellings.
Mr. Jc^HM Gbantham submitted the subject of the
safety of ships from fire as one worthy of the consider-
ation of this committee. Mr. Milner of fire-proof safe
celebrity, had patented a fire-proof bulkhead for abips,
« very esocillent thing, but little attention had been paid
to it. Another means of making a fire-pnoof bulkhead
was the having two thicknesses of iron, and the interior
filled with water. There might be two or three such
bulkheads in a ship. In the case of the Sarah Sands, the
liulkhead was the means of saving the ship.
Sir Edward Bklobeb, reverting to the subject of heat-
ing by air, mentioned the successful use of Perkins's
hot-water tubes on board the TVrror during the Artio
expedition. He advocated the use of compartments, both
airtight and water-tight, as giving a ready means of
extinguishing fires. He, however, considered it a mistake
to use water at all to put out a fire on board ship. He
had formerly set the men to put out fire with their
jackets, and if the rigging caught fire the marines blew
it out with their muskets.
Mr. Blackib remarked that steam was the best-known
extinguisher of fire, and in the case of ateameis was
always available for that purpose if the necessary arrange-
ments were made. .
Mr. Varley agreed with the suggestions made with
regard to compartments inahips.
A letter was then read from Mr. Wise, referring to
steam boilers, and describing one newly invented, which
he thought possessed many advantages.
A discussion then ensued as to the future course of
proceedings by the c<mimittee.
CANTOR LECTURES.
Thb Opebation of tbb Pbksbnt Lawb of Navai*
Warfabb on Imtebnatiomal Commbbcb. By G. W«
HASTwes, Esq.
aBD Lkoturs, Momoat, Dbc. 14.~Tbk Law of Bloccaob.
Mr. Hastings commenced his second lecture by a re-
capitulation of his first ; and then proceeded to^ explain
what was the existing law on the subject, differing as it
did in thb country and others. There were three
admitted requisites for enforcing a blockade by condemna-
tion ; the firet, that the blockade shall be actually estab*
lished ; the second, that knowledge of the fact shall have
been communioated to the parties against whom the law
is put in force ; the third, that the blockade shall have
been violated. With regard to the first point, French
publicists h Id that the blockade must l)e enfoiced by an
adequate number of ships stationary off the port, and so
near to each other as to cause manifest and immediate
danger to the vessel attempting an entrance. Hautefeuille,
a living writer of great ability and acuteuess, though
unfortunately biassed in some of his opinions by bis exces-
sive prejudice against this country, had advanced the
doctrine that the ships so stationed ought to be so near
that their fires would cross ; and he lAsed this doctrine on
the principle that no state has any right to exercise a pit)-
hibitory jurisdiction over any portion of the sea unless it
has reduced that portion into its own po6Bessk>n. England
had never admitted the French view of the law on this
point, which was endeavoured to be forced on her by the
armed neutrality : and in the convention of 1801 she
only assented to this enunciation of the law — that the
blockade, to be effectual, shall be maintained by vessels
stationary off the port, or sufficiently near, &c. ; a difference
of a woii only, and of a veiy little word, but one which
was vital to the whole question. By this qualification
England had retained the right of blockading by a
cniiping squadron. The stipulation in the Declaration of
Paris, 18oG, by which it was declared that blockades must
l)e effectual, was aimed at paper blockades, and did not
ftul)8tantially alter, if it altered at all, the English view
of the law. Mr. Hastings read the letter of Earl Rus.scU
to Mr. Ma<K)n, the Commissioner of the Confederate
States, in which this point was stated very clearly, and
which must be taken as a declaratioa of the opinion of
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, December 18, 1863.
77
the British liovernment as to the con&truction of the Paris
DddajaitloD. With regard to the second requisite— ^otifi-
ntion — the French law again differed fiom our own. The
French reqaired that actual notice shall have been given
to thd neutxAl vessel approaching the port of the existence
of tho blockade ; and their practice was that such notice
jshall be entered in the ship's log, or endorsed on her
papCT?. In 1819, when France was blockading the ports
(tf the Argentine Confederation, the Louisa was captured
Jbr breach of the blockade ; and was subsequently released
bf the French Prize Court, on the ground that the exist-
«Dce of the blojkade, and a general notice of it, were
not sufficient, and that the blockading force was bound to
have given actual notice to the Louisa herself. On the
other hand, the English authorities held that a public
fiotifieation, or notice of the blockide communicated to
the Gvvemment of the country to which the neutral
T^feel belongs, was sufficient for condemnation ; and they
carried this constructive notice even further, and held that
it m^hi be given by notoriety. After alluding to the
jodgment in the case of the Frandsca during the late
Rnffiian war, Mr. Hastings said that with regard to the
third requisite ^tbat of violation of the blockade — ^it might
take i^ace either actually through the blockading force,
or in intention from the moment the vessel quitted her
port. In either case she might be seized, and condemned
on snfficient evidence. With regard to the existing
blockade of the Southern ports in America, Mr. Hastings
tkoaght there could be no doubt that it was good and
efiectoal according to English principles, whatever it
might be in the extreme views of continental publicists ;
and we were clearly bound to observe it, whatever tem-
poraiy suHering and embarrassment it might cause to this
ootmlry. Mr. Hastings then proceeded to consider the
effects produced on international commerce by Uie existing
law of blockade, and pointed out the fearful injuries which
it was liable to inflict on neutral and innocent parties, now
that the whole world was bound together by such close
oommerdal ties, and nations made dependent on each
other for the som>ly of raw material and food. Whether
commercial blockades ought to be abolished, was a subject
OD which great difference of opinion existed, especially
with reference to the naval interests of England ; but ^e
qnestion must present itself to the minds of most whether,
as a fact, it would be possible to continue them with
effect, in the face of the altered and altering circumstanoei
of Europe ; railways and electric telegraphs making it no
longer possible to close up the export and import trade of
any country possessing a neighbour with sea-ports.
Fifth Obbinabt Mbxtino.
Wednesday, December 16th, 1863; Edwin
Chadwick, Esq., C.B., in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Adams, Thomas, 5, Alfred- terrace, Spa-road, Bermond-
wcy, S.E.
Bam, Charles, 3, Middle Scotland-yard, Whitehall, S.W.
Byron, Thomas, Wolverhampton.
I^, Uicbard, 12, Bedford-street, Covent-garden, W.C.
Flower, Charles Edward. Stratford-on-Avon.
Harcourt, Colonel Francis Vernon, 5, Carlton-gardens,
S.W..and Buxtedpark, Uckfield.
Hoon, Wniian:, F.H.G.8., 104, Queen's-road, Brighton.
Bood, John Yeoman, Compton-street, Sobo, W.
Simons, William, London Works, Renfrew, N J3.
Soul, Matthew Augustus, 3, Leadenhall-street, E.C.
Spode, J., Uawkemrd-park, near Bugeley.
Tanker, Wniiam, Halifax.
Wilson, Robert H. C, 12, WiUon-st., Gray's-inn.rd.,W.C.
Ayn AS HOXOBABT COBRXSPOMDIKO MjEMBZB,
CcomAra-Swamy, Mutu, Mudeliir. Ceylon.
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Atkinson, George, 2, Highbury-park, N.
Baker, Edward, 36, Great Ormond -street, W.C.
Baring, Thomas, M.P., F.R.S., 41, Upper Grosvenor-
street, W.
Blackbume, Rev. Tliomas, Club-chambers, 15, Regent-
street, S.W.
Buckland, Wm. John,Drummond-chambers, John-street,
Adelphi, W.C.
Cook, Henry, Cannon-road, Brighton.
£!nge], Louis, 31, Grosvenor-street, W.
Eykyn, Roger, 13, Upper Grosvenor-street. W.
Hammond. O. D., M.D., 11, Charlotte-street, Bedford-
square, W.C.
Heaton, Charles, Bradford-house, Bolton.
Hill, John, 19, Tavistock-square, W.C.
Holtum. William, Church-street, Walmer.
King. William D., 148, Queen-street, Portsea.
Lewal, Gabriel, C and 6, Philpot-lane, E.C.
Martin, Henry A., 64, Berwusk-street, Oxford-street, W.
Robinson. Vincent J., Douglas-villa, Carlton-hill. N.W.
Rogers, E. S., Victoria Oil Works, Colly hurst-road, Mau-
Chester.
Schiele, C, 2, Clarence- buildings, Booth street, Man-
chester.
Sturman, Edward Albert, Camden-house, Sydeuham-
Wpark, S.E.
eatherley, Christopher, 39, High-street, Wapping, E.
Yates, W. S., Stamford-street, j^orth-street, Leeds.
AND AS HOMOBABY COBBBSPOVDUSO MKMBER.
Eelaart, William Casper, Trinidad.
The Paper read waa —
ON THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF FOODS, HAVING
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DIETARY OF
THE LABOURING CLASSES.
Bt Db. Edwabd Smith, F.R.S., Assistant-Physician
to the Hospital for Consumption, Bromptoo.
PBBLmiRABy Obsbbvations.
The subject of dietaiy, although in a limited sense a
popular one, is not considered with serious attention either
by the thinking classes and their exponent, the press, or
by the great masses of the population. Everyone, in ap-
pealing to his own experience, is conscious of what diet
suits him ; every housewife knows what is the best ar-
rangement of food for her household, and every governor of
a prison or of a workhouse is confident tliat the dietary
under his control is the best that could be arranged, al-
though there are several hundreds of them, and most of
them differ from each other. Hence, when everybody
knows all about the subject, and much more than anybody
can tell them, what wonder that so little pi ogress is made
either in the science or practice of dietary, or that auditors
for the most part come m the expectation of bearing their
own opinions confirmed. And no doubt there is much truth
in the knowledge derived from personal experience and
ffeneral observation ; its defect lies in the absence of any
urge guiding principle, and in the imperfect, or, perhaps
erroneous, deductions which are diawn from it.
At this point, however, exact scientific knowledge should
be allowed, if it exist, to aid general observation and to
give sounder bases for the conclusions which may be drawn
— to render exact and logical that which must otherwise be
at the best approximate and probable. But scientific know-
ledge is necessarily of slow growth, and in this country
especially, where scarcely any provision is made for its
pursuit, must be atUined only as the result of great per-
sonal labour and immediate sacrifice, and hence science
has not lent that aid which the need of the subject de-
mands. Indeed, almost all that we know has been derived
78
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Deobmbbr 18, 1863.
ih>m our own generatioD» and oven now w« have more
knowledge to enable us to pull down than to build up.
However, the world is undei' the greatest obligations to
chemists, and particularly to Baron Von Liel«g, for in-
creasing knowledge, for definitely directing knowledge,
and for wide generalizations upon this subject ; and now
that physiology is lending her aid to chemistry, and there
are those who make original researches upon this subiect
their especial study, we are perhaps not unprepared to
treat some of the questions involved in that of dietary
upon a sound and final basis.
I liave undertaken to treat of that part of the subject
which refers to the economic value of foods, but in especial
reference to a class of peraons not one of whom is present,
and to not one of those present can it personally be of
much importance. The desirability of a knowledge of the
cheapest food will be regarded very differently by different
classes, as the subject in debate may be whether for dinner
there shall be turtle soup or ox-tail soup, or whether it
shall be dry bread or bread and dripping. The class who
will discuss the first question may be left to their own
discretion, for if they shpuld eir it would eimply lead to
waste, which from their abundance they can atiford, but
the class to whom the latter is a serious matter of debate
demands all our consideration. It is because the latter
represent in a somewhat exaggerated degree the great
mass of our countrymen, and therefore that my subject is
a national one, that I bring it forward here. Perhaps no
persons are more ignorant on this question than the well-
fed class (as to none is it of so little moment), but the
well fed class is the influential one in relation to those
below it, and as to this lower class the subject is of vast im-
portanoe, it is the duty of the higher to make themselves
acquainted with the knowledge and to oommunicate it to
others. GK)vemments in constitutional countries are
said to be behind public opinion, and not to move until
urged on by a generally acknowledged public want. But
on this matter our own government is in advance of the
people, for they have instituted, for the first time in this
or any other country, a soientific inquiry into the exact
dietary of the great masses of our oountiymen, obtain-
ing, in fact, the national dietary — and have already issued
information upon the subject of this paper in the 6th re-
r>rt of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council. Hence,
trust the subject will be considered to have its proper
place here— before the largest society of thinking men in
this kingdom.
Bases of Eoonomioal Valub of Foods.
The economic value of foods depends upon two circum-
stances, VIZ. : the price paid for them, and the nutriment
which can be obtained from them ; and in reference to
each 1 will offer a few preliminary observations. As to the
first, I remark that as a rule, the price of all kinds of food,
except vegetables, milk, and bread, is greater in our small
villages and hamlets than in towns, and that in large
towns, and particularly in London, food may be purchased
at the lowest possible price in this country. In villages
the tea is dearer than in towns by from j^. to Id. per
ounce ; sugar by ^. to Id. per lb. ; flour by 2d. to 4d. a
stone ; bacon, 2d. a lb. ; meat, Id. to 2d. a lb. for the
cheaper joints ; butter, 2d. to 6d. per lb. In reference to
some of these the diffeience of price is absolute, but as to
others it depends upon the fact that only one quality can
be purchased, and with regard to tlie same food there is
no correspondence between their nutritive and marketable
values. Thus the cheapest joints of meat, as the breast
of mutton, which are sold at so low a price to the poor in
London, are not sufficient in number for the inhabitants of
a vilhbffe, and consequently a higher price is paid for them
by son^ and the better and dearer joints must be purchased
by othe^. So also with regard to t>acon— the cheaper
kinds are not generally offered for sale, and the poor must
pay 8d. aiWl lOd. per lb. for all that they would obtain.
Salt butter"^ rarely to be found in hamlets, but the poor
must pay Is. 6d. and Is. 6d. a lb. for fresh batter at the
end of summer and during the winter. The greater
number of persons who can buy the best joints in Loudon
enables the dealer to sell the inferior joints cheaply, and.
with regard to almost every kind of food so much variety
in part and quality is offered, that the poor can select the
cheapest. It is singular perhaps, that whilst flour is
always dearer in hamlets, bread is now nearly as cheap,
and in some places cheaper, than in large towns. It is,
however, only of very late years that this great advan-
tage has been conjoined with good quality, and it is
perhaps the most striking feature of our times, in reference
to dietary, that even in remote hamlets cheap and good
bread is universally attainable.
Another question in connexion with price is that of
credit. Those who are m debt with a dealer must con-
tinue to deal with him until the debt is paid, and tho
latter is compelled in his own interest to charge a higher
price for his goods ; hence even the bread b charged }d.
a loaf higher, and every kind of food feels the influence of
this evil. Many may not be aware to what extent this
practice exists, and how effectually it prevents the poor
from proceeding to the best market. It is a practice so
general among the really poor as to be almost universal,
and of necessity it is the most general when the income is
uncertain, and tho payment of wages made fortnightly
and monthly. How great a help would it be to a thrifty
family if some less necessitous neighbour would advance
them a week's wages, and thus enable them to buy where
the goods are the best amd cheapest.
As to the exceptions which I have mentioned, it must be
borne in mind that vegetables, when bought in villages,
are not cheap, and that milk in the neighbourhood of
iM'ge towns is as dear as in the towns themselves, except
that inferior kinds, as skimmed milk and butter milk, may-
be had in the former place only, and hence in these foods
the poor in the villages may have no advantage. But,
without entering more at length into this, the most self-
evident part of oor subject, I wish to impress upon your
minds the fact that, upon the whole, the poor of our vil-
lages pay more and obtain worse food than in this great
metropolis.
The amount of nutriment which can be obtained (torn
any given food depends upon the nutritive elements of
which it is composed and on the use which the body can make
of them. Thus, the bark of trees and sawdust in chemical
composition contain much of the elements of nutrition, but
as thM stomach cannot digest much of them, they would not
be an advantageous food at any price. It is at this point
that deductions firom chemical knowledge alone have led,
and I must add, are still leadmg, to error. Nearly all
the generalisations of Liebig on the nutritive value of
food were based simply upon their chemical constituents,
assuming in a general manner that they would all be
equally well digested and appropriated by the system.
That this too hasty generalisation should have been
made many years ago, cannot be wondered at, seeing that
both chemical and physiological knowledge was then
most imperfect, and that the authorities were chemists
only ; bat that men of repute should, even to the present
week, publish knowledge of this kind, and even take
credit for it, is much to be regretted. So stnmg a hold
do the impressions of our earlier years take upon our
minds, whether they have been derived from our own ob-
servation or from the books by which we were educated.
It is still not at all generally apprehended, even by good
chemists, that on questions of food we must ascertain in
what degree the system can appropriate foods before we
can venture to affirm their relative nutritive qualities from
their relative chemical composition. As I attach great
signifieance to this fact, and shall have io apply it as we
proceed, I am particularly desirous that it should not be
forgotten. The question is not what nutritive elements
food possesses, but how much nutritive matter the body
can obtain from it. Hence, a food is economical as the
body can obtain from it the largest amount of nutriment
at the least cost. In proceeding to apply these general
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Drcbmwe 18, 1863,
TO
to the individual articlea of food, I most select
ckments e«ential to nutrition, and also name some
pte wtneh ri&all be regardt:d as a standard of cost
KirmrrETB Eucmssits Sklbotbd.
iff to the elemeata of food, I propose to select the car-
fan and nhtoigen only, since they alone cao be collected
at tbey loare the boiy. If I were treating of the nutri-
ltv» taloA of food in a chemical aspect only, apart from
SOT daOy fnetusare of the amount required by the body,
1 ttooid add tiia free hydrogen alto* since with its com-
lusiiao to form water within the body it must generate
belt ; tot we hmvo no means of ascertainiog how much
litsiis prodooed and required by the body ; neither can
«« ascertain bow moch of the water which leaves the
body is generated in this manner, and how much is due to
liuft which WAS taken as food. Hence, in seeking to as
eertaiD bow much natnment is required by the body, we
aiost altogether omit any reference to this element, and
mnm restrict oarselves to the carbon and nitrogen, for as
thr Utrer iu leaving the body can be measured, they give
the bast indication as to how much is required to supply
tbdr place. This is the only practicable basis fbr dietary
<n a physiological point of view, and hence my object is
to show in what way the largest amount of carbon and
uti^geo can be obtained at the least cost.
1 vtfh I ooold select terms which would be less tech-
meaik and yet be at the same time exact, but 1 cannot.
As attempt to do this has been long made, and this also
on pertly chemical grounds, by calling some elements
baat-given* and othen flesh-formers, as though the two
U ^ite ^utinet actions ; but it should be understood that
io aU the important foods, excepting fat, and sugar, both
thtaedssMA are always found in the same food, so that
bread and meat are heat-givera and flesh-forwers ; and it
has bsBO Mlao proved, by the experiments of Messrs. Lawes
and QUbetU myself, and others, that nitrogen^the flesh-
fai a y losse s through the body every moment without
fonuBg flesh, and therefore cannot always be a flesh-
Kama, and tbat« whilst in the body, it stimulates viul
vtioQ, and promotes the change of the heat-givers, and is
J^srsfere indicectly a heat-generator. Hence physiology
wag^ shown that the clear lines of distinction drawn
qr ch emists and chemlitry are incorrect, and lead to
•nw- U is probable that in every case the one kind of
food asosu the digestion of the other, and it is certain
that no such diviMoo as heat-giver and flesh- fonner
can now be tolerated, except in a general and popuUr
JWD. U 'a alflo oeoesMry to ada that I cannot treat of
them coIIecnVcJy, or ay that a food oHere so much nutii-
* ^^i br these two elements are required by the body in
]™wait proportions, and foods difler in the i-elative quan-
•«f of etch which they contain.
Beooa I must speak of the two elements simply as car-
bon (the 80-cafled heat>giver), and nitrogen (the so-called
floh-fbraier^, and it will not be difiiouli to follow all that
iilo be said respecting them without any chemical know-
]«%» whatever.
Sbpabats Foods.
BtaiD^ — ^I porpose to consider bread as the first and
bttll element of dietary, both from its extreme importance
• Hbtion to the whole dietary, and from ite universal
wsIb this oouotiy. This may be made of white wheaten
4ir, bmwn wheateo flour, rye or barley, or an admixture
tfmse substances. I lb. of white wheaten bread, made
ff ^vsehold or seconds flour, is worth from IJd. to IJd.
v Ofcfcnt parts of tlie ountry, and the most frequently
HlotUd. per4 lb. loaf. 1 lb. of broad contains 1,»94
^Snte aicatfaon, and 89 grains of nitrogen, or, in round
■■■bets SgOOD grains and 90 grains, and as the cost is
fg^tfa., and l^d., the qoanUty fbr eioh Id. wiU be as
I will take the middle quantities as my standard, since
it will apply more largely to the country than any other,
and will consider that 1,450 grains of carbon and 66 grains
of nitrogen are obtained generally for Id. spent in white
bread.
The above has reference to the quality known as house-
holds. When a whiter flour is used, if there bd no adulter-
ation, the cost is increased, not only because the manu-
facture of the flour is more costly, but because fine white
English or Qennessee wheat is used, which is dearer than
red wheat ; but there is no evidence to show that the
nutritive value is increased, except in the case of wheat
selected which is grown in hot climates, and which con«
tains somewhat more nitrogen. Taking the increased
price of 2d. to 4d. a peck of flour into account, this flour
is the dearer food. But it is largely the practice, and par-
ticularly in the French flour, to add rice to the very white
flour in order to improve the colour, and in so doing a
reprehensible adulteration of the flour occurs ; for, taking
the price of fine flour and rice at 2d. per lb. each, the
amount of carbon and nitrogen for Id. would be: —
Flour, Carbon...
Rice,
it
Oraioa.
. 1330
13S0
Nitrogen...
tt
Qraiiu.
... 60
... oO
OstlMm GffsliM.
MXkt .» 1,600
1.450
1,803
«!
•••
Kitrogen Ofiias.
71
66
60
so that with a trifling increase lu carbon the amount of
nitrogen has been reduced nearly half. But in truth the
loss is greater, for the value of the rice does not exceed
Id. to 1^. per lb., and the difference between tliat and the
selling price of the flour is to the gain of the miller and
the loss of the consumer. There cannot be a doubt that
it ought to be as penal to adulterate flour with rice as to
mix chicory with cofl*ee, and the law ought io require
from the seller the same affirmation of the admixture ia
both cases.
Now to turn to the other aspoctof the question. What
is the effect of retaining in or of adding to the flour the
bran as a whole or in part, lu tliis matter there is a
fallacy which was originated by chemists ; and now that
bread companies are doing a large ti-ade, and have medi-
cal men upou their direction, who quote and scatter
medical opinions, the fallacy is revived, but there is no
fallacy on the part of the ma&ses of the people. The
use of white wheaten flour is extending as rapidly as pos-
sible in the western world of America (the home of the
Maize), and even in the pooler districts of the world tite
daik-coloured bread is not the brown bread of this
country, but barley or rye bread in whole or in part. The
millions of this country cast aside the bran, and in doing
so follow the dictates of experience, of far greater value
than theoretical reasons derived from a single scientific
fact, and such assertions as that of Dr. F. W. Headland,
in his Me tical Handbook : " This is one of the matters in
which the world has gone grievously wrong ;" and also
that of Dr. Mapother, who, in an interesting paper lately
read in Dublin, remarked : " We are receding in the
art of dietetics in regard to whole-meal bread, for up to
some forty years ago it was most generally us^ in these
countries." l<i these assertions the terms have been
inverted, and instead of testing the truth of scientifio state-
ments by universal practice they presume to set universal
practice at nought, when compared with inductions wliich
themselves can only properly flow from practical ex-
perience.
The question then is — Is brown bread cheaper Uian
white bread in the nutrition of the body? By brown bread
is universally understood the admixture of the bran, in its
entire composition, with the farina of the flour, and not
the exclusion of tlie outer husk of tlie bran and the re-
tention of the inner layer. This must be understood, or
the statements of persons cannot be compaa^d, neither
shall we treat of bread in actual use.
Dr. Dundas Thompson was one of the earliest authorl-
ties on this subject, and in lectures now publishing he
writes as follows : —
*' It is important that we should be able to analyse bran
80
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY 07 ABT8, Dbokmbkb 18, 186S.
I _.
in order to be capable of apprecuitiiig the ground npoo
which it has been long known that this substance is ali-
mentary, and that to remove it from floar is to deprive
floor of a large amount not only of nutriment, bat of
meat -producing principles. It is well known, both by phy-
siological and chemical research, that oatmeal contains
more nutritive matter than any other of the cerealia. This
may no doubt be in some measure due to the imperfect
manner in which the bran is separated from the flour. We
may truly consider these infallible phyriologieal results
which are obtained in the history of such people as enjoy
robust health and longevity with oatmeal as their staple
article of food ; and when chemical analysis confirms these
experiments, our conclusions seem to be deduced from a
powerful species of induction."
Again, lie writes, ** I am not aware that the nutritive
superiority of brown to white bread was known upon
scientific data prior to the year 18-13, when the writer
showed that the per-centage of nitrogen in white bread
(freed from water) was 2-27 =: 14*8 nitrogenous principle,
while that of brown bread containing biun was 2*63 =:
16*43 nitrogenous principle."
Thus beostuse bran contains more gluten and less starch
than the inner poHion of the wheat, it was assumed that
it was more nutritious. This statement has been handed
down and copied from book to book up to this day, so that
in the book of Dr. Headland just quoted we find : —
'*Thia husk contains more gluten, more nutritious
matter, than the whole interior, the proportion being in
the husk about 17, in the seed about 12 in 100 parts.
White bread is not only more expensive, but is far less
nutritious than flour in which the bran is ground. Yet the
poor as well as the rich prefer white bread. The former
even consider the recommendation to eat brown bread as a
sort of insult. This is one of the matters in which the
world has gone grievously wrong." Dr. Guy, who quotes
this passage, remarks in the text of his paper on dietaries,
read before the Statistical Society, *< that we can make a
considerable addition to the gluten and the oil by adding
the bian to the flour ; or making the bread of whole meal
obtained from the grain either l^fore or after the modem
process of decortication." He also adds a table, to show
that bran contains 8 per cent, more gluten (which is about
1} per cent, of nitrogen), and 9 per cent, less starch, &c.
Dr. Johnston, in his " Chemistry of Common Life," also
writes, " Bread made from the whole meal is therefore more
nutritive ; " but he adds another chemical statement to
that already mentioned, viz., that "the bran of wheat
possesses also the property of dissolving the flour or bread
with which it is mixed, and of rendering it more easily
digestible in the stomach." He seems to regard this
as an advantage, and a more recent authority makes
the following remarks: —
" The conversion of the starch into dextrin and sugar
likewise renders the bread daiker in colour. In fact, the
brown colour of wheaten bread made from flour contain-
ing fine bran, is due, not to admixture of particles of bran,
but in great part at least to a conversion of the starch into
dextiiu and sugar by the action of the altered albuminous
matter in the bran. According to M^ge-Mouri^s, bran
contains a peculiar nitrogenous body called eerealm, which
is specially active in inducing thb conversion : it appears,
owever, to be identical or nearly identical, with ordinary
tstase. Be this as it may, it is certain that the finest
leat flour obtained from the central portion of the grain,
lich contains but little nitrogenous matter, has very
tie tendency to undergo the change under consideration ;
at coarse flour obtained from the exterior of the grain is
rich in azotieed substances, and more read}' to undergo the
glucosic deterioration. In white bread of good quality,
the starch has undergone very little alteration. A small
portion of it is rendered soluble in water, but the greater
number of the granules are simply swollen, not burst, and
may be washed out of the bread, collected, and weighed."
— WatU* Dictionary of Chemiftry.
Hence, the arguments on this fide of the question are,
that as the bran contains more nitrogen than the ^rina,
and as there is a principle in bran which, acting as a fer-
ment, aids in the conversion of starch into dextrin and
sugar, brown bread is more nutritious than white bread.
Now, what does the fact amount to ? An average
sample of wheat will yield one fourth to one- fifth of its
weight of bran, and so far whole meal, or brown flour, will
contain more nitrogen and less carbon than white flour.
The estimate of the contained nitit>gen in bread, as made
by Dr. Thompson twenty years ago, on Prussian bread, iff
higher than is applicable to the bresid of this day, for in-
stead of being 2*27 per cent, dry, or 1-59 per cent, fresh,
it is now only 1*3 per cent, fresh. But if we accept the
relative statement as to the respective quantities of nitro-
gen in the white and brown bread, we shall find that the
increase in lib. of brown bread is about 20grs., whilst the
carbon is reduced. As to the latter assertion viz., that the
cerealin of the bran aids the conversion of the car-
bonaceous elements, as the action is deteriorating, it can
be useful only as it is necessary. But both statements alike
ignore the action of the living body, and assume that
the nitrogenous fluids of the body are insufficient to pro-
vide the starchy and saccharine transform ation, and also
that the nitrogen in the bran will be appropriated as freely
as that of the fkrina, and thus, upon an assumption of these,
which are the essential facts, the inference that brown
bread will be more nutritious, is drawn. That is
*' begging the question." Moreover, it is well known
that the body itself furnishes a substance which, acting
like a ferment, procures the conversion of the starch into
sugar, and there is no evidence to show that the convert-
ing property of the oerealin is as necessary to digestion
as it is deteriorating in the destruction of nutritive
matter.
Let us now see what can be said on the other side. Dr.
Prout is quoted by Dr. Guy in support of this brown-bread
nutriment theory, but with singular infelicity, for Dr.
Prout, instead of regarding bran as nutritious, terms it
excrementitious. Thus he is quoted by Dr. Guy : —
»* Bread, therefore, made with undressed flour, or even
with an extra quanty of bran, is the best form in which
farinaceous and excremental matter can be usually taken,
not only in diabetes, but in most of the other varieties of
dyspepsia, accompanied by obstinate constipation. This
is a remedy, the efficacy of which has been long known
and admitted." Hence, ho regards bran as a remedy for
constipation, which nature has conjoined with food, and
therefore denies that it is food, or directly adds to the
nutriment of the bread ; and in this view of the action of
bran he is joined by the medical profession generally —
by the poor, who have used it and ceased to use it — and
by the rich, who need a remedy for constipation. This
question is now of the greatest interest (otherwise than
as a commercial one) in reference to prison dietaries, and,
when tmder examination before the Committee of the
House of Lords, this year, in answer to the question (No.
988), •* Will you state what sort of bread you would re-
commend ?■* 1 replied, " 1 think it essential, for prison diet,
that it should be white bread, or if not white bread it
sliould have the bran ground finely. My reason for this
is, that I and others have shown that the bran of brown
bread — as the husk of oatmeal and the shells of peas —
hastens the nutritinua material through the bowels. We
therefore have a larger waste of food if we give the bran
with the bread, and the husk with the oatmeal, and the
shells with tlie peas, than we should without them."
When these woixis were read to Dr. Guy, the other
scientific witness, at his examination before the same
Committee, and question put by the Chairman (No.
8,796), *• Would your experience enable you to con-
firm that statement?" the reply is, •» Yes; 1 should
agree with that statement. If whole meal bread were
found to produce diarrhosa, I should expect it to prove
less nntritioos." In answer to a former question (No.
8,789), " Is there any objection to using all that there is
in wheat?*' the same authority replied, ** 1 think not;
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ABTS, Dbobmbee 18, 1863,
81
M thai motfi be a matter of ezperitneDt. If it were
fmad thai by eontinoiDg brown bread for a long time,
dimbcBa waa oocaaooed, it might become neoeisary to
mbatitute white bread on certain days of the week, but
hnma bread shoold be uaed as much as possible."
ThcM the excremental quality of the bran is, I may say
omnally, admitted, and if in its full action it will purge,
Q Its less and more constant action it will tend in the same
dirgction, and cause more frequent and free removal of
iTMlarial from the body than occurs with white bread. But
this latter action, which had not been estimated, has been
tMtabliahed by the experiments of Mr. Milner and myself,
ta a Committee of the British Association appointed to
Bake inquiries into the influence of prison pimishment and
dittaiy over the bodily functions of prisoners, which are
Tcry extended, and as they are the only similar ones on
noord, 1 most refer to them to prove that under the in-
floeoce af the brown bread dietary, the waste by the pri-
•ooofs was more than twice as much as that occurring in
ordinary life. Hence here is a food inducing an action
which, in ita full effect, is one of disease, and is to be
restrained, and, in its less effect, causes the removal of
double the amount of nutritive elements from the body
which occurs without it, which is recommended by medical
meo, and taken by the richer classes as a remedial agent
to remore constipation, and hence, of necessity, must in-
crease the waste of food, but still it is affirmed to be more
mritive, because it is ascertained out of the body to contain
a larger quantity of a chemical element, which, if used by
the body, would afford nutriment. Such are the hasty de-
dootiona upon which this theory has been based ; and Dr.
G^, in hia evidence just quoted, and in answer to the
qotstion No. 8788, *'Why would you prefer brown
bread?** replied, *' the only bread used in prisons should,
I think, be brown bread, partly because it is more nutri-
tioBi Mod contains more of the muscle-making element in
it (the nitrogen which has been spoken of) than white
bread does.*' But how much further, let us ask, can this
imiMeqttiiur be carried when it is known that the bran itself
pawes out of the body unchanged, as may be ascertained by
any obeerver, and as was proved by us in our analyses daily
for two months in prisons — this wonderfully nutritive
material, which contains so much of the muscle making
element, and which must, besides, luvo the faculty of
being in two places at the same time !
The proper place in which the action of bran should be
arranged is manifestly that of a medicine (and it would be
eaay to show that it is a bad one), as stated tiy Dr. Prout,
and as practi«ed by mankind, and therefore to be used
when constipation occurs, or when, as is commonly the
case, this is accompanied with the excess of food to which the
well-fed and under-worked classes are accustomed. Hence,
when 1 was asked by the Committee before-mentioned,
Ho. 987, '* Then the general p^^judice which prevails
amongst the agricultural community that the finest white
bread ia the beat for them, and the most uutiitious, is cor-
rect," I replied, in language not my own, " Ccitainly, it
is correct. Brown bread is the rich man*s and not the
poor man's diet.*' I Uiought this necessaiily followed from
the statement of the action of the brown bread, which
had been given in answer to No. 988, and assented to by
Dr. Guy, in answer to No. 3,796 already quoted ; but
when my answer waa read to Dr. Guy, No. 3,797, he
replied, ** 1 do njt agree with that view of it; 1 think
brown bread ia especially the poor man's dietary, not the
ri^ man's. 1 should reverse tliat answer." So that the
poor man, who can scarcely obtain food enough to keep
body and soul together, must for his own good take that
kfaid of biead which is less agreeable, and will cause more
waste of his food in order to be consistent with a single
fiiot in acience. It ia clear that science and bran together
would be the death of him, only that his own experience
had taught him to cast both aside, to leave the physio to
them who can afford to take it.
It ia, perhaps, unnecessary to proceed further in the
matter, <» 1 might adduce the experience of persona in
it
feeding hOTses and pigs with the bran and the inner husk
of wheat, or sharps. When a bran mash is given to a
horse it is given as a medicine, and no one who has had
the least expeiience in feeding pigs would give sharps*—
the highly nutritious inner husk of wheat I — ^instead of
barley meal, which contains so much less nitrogen. More-
over, the price of the bran and sharps indicates the esti-
mate which is formed of their nutritive values. Thus :—
1 bushel of seconds flour, weighing 56 lbs. costs 7s. 9d.
bian „ 12 „ 9d.
coarse pollard „ 14 „ lOd.
fine pollard „ 18 „ Is. Od.
sharps „ 26 „ 2s. Od.
I have entered at length into this question on the ground
of its importance, both in a scientific and social point of
view, and 1 tinst that we shall assent to this conclusion,
that, at equal cost, brown bread is dearer than white bread,,
and from its medicinal action should be used iotermitUngly
and notcontinuouflly (if used at all), and should not be used
by the poor man. The relative values when difference of
cost occurs must depend upon the amount of difference.
Years ago white flour was from 2d. to 4d. a peck dearer
than brown flour, but the quantity of the latter which is
now made is so much reduced, that when wheat of equal
quality is used there is no difference in price in some
localities, as in London, and but little difference in country
places. Hence there is now nothing in favour of its use-
by the working classes, but if a large sale of it at the
present high prices could be effected, the bakers, buying
it in large quantities at a cheaper rate, would make larger
profits by it.
Bailey bread is much inferior to wheaten bread in the
amount of nitrogen which it contains, but it is so much
cheaper that, where the flavour and dark colour are not ob-
jected to, its use is economical. The meal is sold at Is.
and Is. 2d. the 14 lbs., and if we take the higher sum,
we sliall find that 2,500 grains of carbon and 93 grains of
nitrogen will be obtained for Id.
Rye alone is not made into bread at the present day,,
but it is mixed with wheaten flour to make brown bread.
It contains more nitrogen than barley and less than wheat,
but both are remarkable for tlie large amount of indiges-
tible husk which is found in the brt-ad.
As the bread in use iu tins country is derived from the
grains already referred to, it will be convenient to consider
here the economy of baking the bread at home. The dis-
cussions which have recently taken place in the Times have
shown that not less than 94 loaves of 4 lb9. each, and one
baker admitted that 95 loaves of 4 lbs., could be made from
280 lbs. of flour, not necessarily so that every loaf could be
sold at the highest price. The quantity vaiies with the
soundness and highly nitrogenised qualit ies of the flour and
the Hkill of the baker, so that iu numerous ex})eriments
made at home, I found that the quantity of bread
varied from 19 lbs. to 20 J lis. from the peck of 14 It s. of
flour. 95 loaves to the sack, and 19A lbs. to the stone,
are equal to the quantity of flour multiplied by 1*4, and
whilst the quantity of bread should be somewhat greater,
it ought not to be lefs. Where the 4 lb. loaf may bo
purdiased for 5 jd., the flour may be bought retail at from
Is. lOd. to 2s. the peck. If we select tlie former piice we
shall obtain 16 lbs. of bread for the same price as 14 lbs.
of flour, BO that th;*. value of 3} lbs. of bread (the extra
quantity which ehould be produced from the peck of floor),
represents the cost of baking and gain if any. The cost
will include yeast, which will vary from Id. to 1 Jd., salt,
and the cost of the firing, whicii would not be so much aa
the balance, 3d. or 3}d. 'J he labour of the hourawife need
not be taken into tlie account, and where there i« conve-
nience for baking, it is probable that 2d. to 3d. per peck
will be saved where fuel is cheap. In London the cost of
bakers* bread and flour is nearly the s^me.
Oatmeal and Indian com are not baked into loaves, and
wherever they are eaten it is most usual to eat them in a
moist state. Oatmeal is richer m nitrogen than wheaten
82
JOURNAL OF THE SOOXBTT OF ARTS, Daomnu 18, 1868.
^
=EX'
ioar, bnt this is owing very much to the husk, which is
not thoroughly removed, and which when taken into the
body is not digested. The price of oatmeal is now uni-
venally 2d. to 4d. per peck of 14 lbs. higher than that
of household flour, so that the gain in the use of oa.tmeal
is lessened. The amount of carbon and nitrogen to be
obtained for Id. when oatmeal costs 28. 2d. the 14 lbs., is
IdlS ^ins of the former and 75 grains of the latter.
Indian corn, or maize, may be purchased here at the
price of barley, and as it contains much more nitrogen
and carbon than the latter, it is by far the cheapest food
hitherto mentioned. Thus at Is. 2d. per stone of 14 lbs.
there will be no less than 2,800 grains of carbon and 121
grains of nitrogen obtained for Id.
RiOB AND Pkas. — Rice has already been mentioned, and
it remains to speak of peas and beans in connection with
this part of the subject, since, whiUt peas are unually eaten
after boiling, there are parts of tlie country wheie they are
added to other foods in making bread. Split peas may
be purchased at l^d. per lb. retail, and at that price will
yield 1820 grains of carbon and 170 gi-ains of nitrogen for
Id. Hence in the latter particular, they far exceed in
economy all the foods already mentioned. It must how-
ever be stated that tliis analysis refers to whole peas,
and assumes that the whole will be ground into meal,
but when they are boiled the shells are indigestible, as
has been already pointed out, and lead to waste of io<)d.
Hence, although split peas are somewhat dearer, it is
probable they are more economical.
The foods which are thus associated offer a wide range
in their relative economy, so that some have twice as
much carbon and others twice as much nitrogen as the
standard quantity found in bread, and in relation to the
same monetary value and in their effect upon the system
would probably differ but little from that proportion.
Hence it may bo asked, " Why is it that the cheaper
foods are not universally selected." The answer must
have reference to the income and the tastes of the people.
So long as good wheaten bread can be obtained its ap-
prove<J flavour will commend it, whilst other and cheaper
foods will only be used as adjuncts. It is only as the real
wants of the ^stem are gieater than the income spent
on bread will supply, that unusual and less agreeable
foods, as peas and beans, barley, r}'e and maize, will be
accepted. In all these discussions a practical as well as
Bcientitic view must be taken, and to the destitute class
only can we commend tlie use of such foods with success
(and only tiien as a temporary expedient), whilst any
general attempt to enlist the sympathies of those who can
purchase white bread will certainly fail.
Fresh Veqbtables. — Potatoes will be dear or cheap as
they are purchased or grown, and therefore their value will
be diflerently estimated by persons occupying the two posi-
tions. Moreover, when they are purchased their cost varies
nmch atdiflVrent seasons and in different parts of the coun-
try, so I hat it will not be easy to obtain an appioved standard
for our calculations. I purpose to select Jd. per lb. as a
medium cost, and at that price 1640 grains of carbon and
49 grains of nitrogen, would be obtained for Id., but as
the price is often Id. per lb. in liondon and other large
towns, only one half of that quantity \iould be then pur-
chased for Id. ; hence their inferiority to the standard quan-
tity in leference to nitrogen is veiy striking, and at either
price they are dear food.
Other fresh vegetables may be classed together, and if
^« consider that 2 lbs. in weight could be purchased in
Liondonand large towns for Id., and 4 lbs. in country vil-
lages for the same sum, we shall find that the carbon and
nitrogen obtained would be respectively 820 grains, and
1640 grains of the former and 28 grains or 66 grains of
the latter, and hence would closely correspond with the nu-
tritive value of potatoes when purchased at Jd. per lb.
When potatoes and green vegetables are giown by the
conaomer, their cost is represented only by the r^^nt of the
iand and the manure, and often by the former only, for
maBure is often collected, and the planting and gathering
of the crops effected by the labour of the family, and aa
that labour could not be otherwise profitably employed,
the potatoes add to the wages of the family, or are ob-
tained almost without cost, as the question may be re-
garded. Such persons have great advantages over tboee
who must buy their food, and exhibit a real economy in
extending the use of i^esh vegetablea as far as their ap-
petite and health or their means of production will allow.
Fats are allied to the class of foods now disooased, in
that both constitute the chief supply of carbon to the
system, but they difler in offering no nitrogen. They also
contain much fVee hydrogen, which is useful to the
system, but for the reason already given I shall refer only
to the carbon. Those ftits which are in oommon use,
when separated from other foods, are butter, lard, drip-
ping, and suet. The prices differ greatly, and particularly
that of butter, so that 1 must take a medium, and shall
select Is. 2d. per lb. for butter, 9d. per lb. for lard, 6d.
per lb. for dripping, and 7d. per lb. for suet. At these
prices the following are the quantities of carbon which
can be obtained for Id. : — Butter, 327 grains; lard, 691
grains; dripping, 886 grains; and suet, 667 grains. Hence
butter 18 by far the dearest of the fats, and dripping the
cheapest, whilst the average of the whole is not nearly
half of the standard quantity of carbon, omitting any
reference to nitrogen.
Sugars, like fats, yield no nitrogen, bnt supply carbon
largely. The two kinds are sugar and treacle, each
having much variation in price, but little in nutritive
value. 1 propose to consider sugar to bo worth 4Jd.
per lb., and treacle 8d. per lb., and at these prices the
quantity of carbon afforded by them at the cost of Id. iff,
sugar, 622 grains, and treacle, 746 grains. Treacle is thua
the cheaper, but its use is more limited than sugar, and
could not supplant the latter. The relation of the nutritive
value to the standard in bread is almost the same as that
of fats, and both are desr foods as compared with the
standard. It is also seriously doubted whether the ele-
ments of which sugar is composed can be rendered equal
in nutritive value to the same elements in fat; and,
although this cannot be determined at present, it seems
probalTe that the absence of sugar in a dietarj- would
be less important than the loss of an equivalent value in fat.
Meai-s. — The determination of the exact economic value
of meats is a work of great complexity, owing to the differ-
ent kinds and joints of meat which are used, containing very
dirtierent relative quantities of fat and lean, and the valu-
able flavoured juices of the meat. All contain both carbon
and nitrogen, and these will vary as the fat and lean vary.
As a general expression, it may be stated that in point of
cost, beef and English bacon are the dearest, whilst
American bacon, mutton, and pork are the cheapest. In
i-eference to the nutritive elements, bacon, pork, nmtton,
and beef have the greaftstquantity of fat, beginning from
the first, and will therefore be richer in carbon than beef,
whilst the latter will exceed the others in nitrogen. If we
consider that the average prkse of beef is 7*d., of mutton
and pork 7u., of English bacon 8Jd., and of Amerkan bacon
4Jd., we shall find the following quantitiet of each to bo
procured for Id: —
Carbon. Nitrogen.
Beef 820 grains 28 graina.
Mutton 415 „ 20
Pork 483 , 18
Dried English l>acon . 610 „ 12
Wet American bacon . 918 „ 17
Hence the quantities of carbon vary from 320 grains to
918 grains, and of nitrogen from 12 grains to 23 grains,
so that when compared with the standard they are de-
ficient by two thirds.
A communication addressed to ma by the Consul of
Uruguay led me to expect the Tooeipt of specimeos of
dried meat from South America, which, after examina-
tion and consideration, I might have iucloded in my Ust
of fbods. but the parcel has not yet arrived.
Time does not permit me to cootider the propriety of
»»
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Decbmber 18, 1863.
83
njecting the flesh of aiiiroaU which havo
accident or dtacaae (thence often misnamed dis-
it), mixl which u sold cheaply. There is a natural
to the use of tliis food, and yet it has been
in Tsrioos parts of the country in all ages, as for ex-
the bnuEy mutton of Scotland, and real from calves
oatvral deaths in Wales, and no evil has been traced
Is iL So Also with animals dying from accident, such as
on board ^hipe in a storm, or by acute in6am-
ti has DOC been shewn that any change has taken
liHaaD the flesh, which, when eaten, would pioduce un-
iMallliy nutrition. The case is far didertnt when the
aateali have been long ill, or when the disease has been
a aped6o one, which could in other ways have been
tSMsaitted. As there is not time to discus^ this imrort-
aat qnealion properly, I should regret saying anything
wliieh might lc«en our repugnance to the use of the
fterfi of aninials dying from any disease, but 1 am of opinion
that some of the denunciations which have recently been
faoried against them are not supported by known facts,
and that in the interests of science as well ss of justice
DfHUiig should be asserted wliich cannot be supported by
|»Bo(. As thm*e could not be any means of distmguishing
the meat of animals dying of diHerent diseases (except in
a icw casea), it is only at present practicable to wholly
admit or wholly exclude it, and the latter is doubtless the
laferplan.
There are two eobstancea in reference to meat to which
I BOit further refer, viz., liver and bones. There is a scien-
ttfe prejudica against the uso of liver on account of the
with which it is diseaced, but when it is cut into
and. no disease is evident to the eye, it is only
that it be well cooked. It is an economical food,
far if it coat 3d. per lb. it will yield 410 grains of carbon
■id 70 graina of nitrogen for Id.
BoBaaan oaed by every housewife, if she have them,
when she makaaseop or broth, and yet there is a scientific
t^^iiidiijij agvDs* them because an inquiry made by " The
Ojiiin CoaHniauon" in France many years ago, proved
thai anioula could not live on bones alone. Here a^^ we
have a haaty generalization, for whilst the conclusion judt
aa nison a d was pioved, it was not shown tliat bones may not
ha »dvantageeiiily used as a part of the dietary — ^yet from
thai oondoaiaD and the further fiiet that the residue of
^or boiled) bones consists largely of gelatin, arose
that gdatin wasnot notri^^ent, yet medical the
nieo order jelly tot nok diets, and everybody who can
obtain a jelly, if it is nicely flavoured, enjoys it, and all
have the iaBpnmon that it nourishes. Moreover, in my
eaqwrlmeoU 1 proved that when jelly had been eaten the
CBiHsoo of niingen waa increased^— thus showing that the
jtlly had been absorbed and converted into other sub-
ilaaina; yei» with the habit of writers to band down that
vfcUi haa been written, the writen on diet of to- day deny
tha Mfritive valoe of gelatin. As bones cost about Id.
Mr lb. Mod when oooked may be sold again for a ^d, per
m^ tbeaaalyats which I made for the Oovemment proved
tktl Id* v«jrth of bonea well digested gave 1666 grains of
mibtm and 46 grains of nitrogen, so that I trust foience
vfi] not prevent your using them.
~ fish I Uiall refer only to herrings, (iooe it is
to flx a uniftrm price to that artk^e of diet. If
a dried herring of the size sold at three-farthings
and a fresh one sold at one half-penny each, the fol-
wQl be the amount of carbon and nitrogen per Id.
Cartea. Khrogcn.
Dry 362 grains 54 grains.
n«h 480 „ 72 „
will vary with the state of the market, but
becrings are more economical than dried herrings at
oamcd, and, whilst greatly below onr standard in
t it Tery neatly in hydro^.
ia naed as new milk, skimmed milk, and
Theae difler extremely in the jirtce paid for
^simateolosely in the nutritive elements
1 — »'-'*-^— . from new mUk
only in having lost the butter, and butter-milk from
skimmed milk only in having lost a portion of its sugar
and gained a portion of acid. Hence, dimmed milk and
butter-milk may be rendered nearly equal to new milk
by adding a proper quantity of fat to them.
I do not think that a medium price can be seleeted for
each of these kinds of foods, since they are purchased at
the ditferent places at different and yet fixed prices, over
large areas of the countiy, but 1 will name the following : —
New milk, Id. and 2d. per pint ; fkimmed milk, ^., Id.,
and Id. per pint ; and butter milk, ^d. and Ad. per pint.
At these prices the following quantities of the elements may
be obtained for Id.
New milk Id. per pint
2d.
Skimmed milk.
Csrbon. Nltror«n.
646 grains 44 graiuf.
tt
it
Butter milk
$t
ft
ft
tt
tt
tt
t»
»»
tt
tt
2i
174
87
44
262
88
tt
>t
tt
tt
273
1,748
874
437
2,514
838
If we select skimmed milk and butter milk at their
lowest price, we find that they exceed the standard in
carbon, and are very much richer in nitiogen. Even
buttermilk at the highest price, and skimmed milk at its
madium price, are higher than the s:andard in nitrogen but
deficient in carbon, whilst new milk at the highest price is
somewhat dearer than beef, and incomparably dearer than
the standard. As the cost of milk cannot be varied by
the purchaser, but each person must in his own locality
pay the price demanded, it is easy to pei\:eive how
much more highly-favoured some portions of the com-
munity are than others, and how unfavouzably the inha-
bitanta of thb metropolis compare with those of small
towns and villages. How absurd also is the frequent
habit, even among the poor, of regarding butter milk as a
food for pigs and not for man.
Whet. — Whey is nowhere sold by farmers I believe,
and in but few places is it regarded as a £9od worthy of
man. It is not a rich food, for nearly all the cheese and
butter have been extracted in its production, but yet each
pint contains nearly 200 grains of carbon and 15 grains
of nitrogen, so tliat it is much more economical to drink
whey than water.
Chbcse.— Cheese is a substance particularly rich in
nitrogen, and the poorest kinds of it, namely, those made
from skimmed milk, contain the greatest amount of this
element. It is very probable that the only real differ-
ence between skimmed milk cheese and new milk cheese,
is in the absence of butter in the former, and its presence
in greater or less quantity in the latter. Hence tho
latter will be richer in carbon, besides being more agree-
able to the palate. There is a great difference in the
value of these kinds of cheese, so that whilst skimmed
milk cheese is obtained at 3d. per lb., it is needful to give
8d. for a fair sample of new milk cheese ; and accepting
those prices we shall find the amount of earbon and nitro-
gen which can be obtained for Id. as follows : —
Carboo. NitrMpen.
Skimmed milk cheese ... 732 122
New milk cheese 333 40
The difference in the economic value of the two kinds
is exceedingly great, but it is not known whether lx)th are
equally digestible and appropriated by the system. It is
highly probable that when more than half an ounce
of cheese is eaten at a meal a considerable portion
passes off unused, for in my experiments the amount
of nitrogen which enters the blood when two ounces
of cheese had been eaten was far less than was con-
tained in tho cheese. Admitting, then, that there is a
waste of material whenever cheese of any kind is eaten in
large quantities, I doubt if there is any ground for the
belief ttiat the cheaper kinds of cheese are less digested
than the other, provided the following conditions be ful-
filled in both oases, viz., that the cheese be neither nr
81:
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbokmbbb 18, 1863.
nor old, but the skimmed milk cheese about 6 monthi, and
the new milk cheese from 6 to 12 oionthsold. If too new,
the skimmed milk clieesj is tough, and if too old, it is
hard and therefore in both oases it will be imperfectly
masticated.
When compared with our standard, skimmed milk cheese
far exceeds it in nitrogen, whilst both kinds are greatly
deficient in uar.lon, and from i\\U must also be taken an
unknown quantity for the supposed loss in digestion. It
is a great mistake in the poor to buy high priced cheese,
and cheese at whatever price which is strong to the taste.
Tea. — Tea was largely considered by me in the paper*
which 1 had the ( leasuro of reading belore this Society two
years ago, and which the council honoured with a medal,
it is by far the leaft economical of all the substances used as
food, since if valued at 3 j. per ok. it would not give more
than 4 graini of nitrogen and an infinitesimal quantity of
carbon ibr Id. Hence, as affording nutriment, its purchase
is most wasteful ; and although it is useful by enabling
the poor to drink hot water in an agreeable form, it is
most desirable t)iat its cost should be reduced to the least
possible amount.
Alcohols. — [ do not proi)Ose to discuss the value of
alcohols in this paper, since regarded as food they offer
extremely little nutriment in proportion to their cost,
and regarded as medicinal agents their worth cannot be
measure i by the nutritive material wluch they contain.
BUMMABY.
I have now completed the details which I proposed to
lay before you, and, in conclusion, have only to sum up
the 8ubjr*ct by showing at what cost the standard quantity
of carl>on and nitrogen may be obtained from the various
foods which have now been considered. The standard
quantity required is 1450 grains of cai bon and 66 grains
of nitrogen, at a cost of Id.
As TO TUB Gabbox.
Maize will yield the standai'd quantity at a cost of Id,
Buttermilk (bought at 6 pints for a penny) and barley
meid at a little more than }d. ; peas, green vegetables
(costing |d. per lb.), potatoes (costing }d. per lb.) and oat-
meal and bones, at from }d. to Id. Fine flour, rice, butter-
milk (cosung id. per pint) at from Id. to 1 ^. j green bacon,
skimmed milK (costmg }d. per pint) ; .dripping, green
vegetables (costing ^. per lb.); treacle and skimmed milk
cheese, at from 1 jd. to 2d. ; suet, sugar and lard, at from
2d. to 2Ad. ; new milk (costing Id. per pint) ; fresh herrings
and pork, at from 2}d. to 3d. ; mutton and skimmed milk
(costmg Id. per pint), at from 3d. to 8}d. ; dried herrings,
butter, new milk, cheese and beef, at from 4d. to 4Jd.
As TO THE NrrBOOEN.
As the relative quantity of nitrogen to carbon is not
high in bread, we shall find that numerous articles of food
offer the nitrogen at less cost than bread, whilst at the
same time the extreme variation from bread is in reference
to the nitrogen. Thus, butter milk (costing Jd. per pint),
will give tlie standard Quantity of nitrogen for \d. ;
skimmed milk (costing ^d. per pint), peas, and South
American beef, at from \a, to }d. ; skimmed milk, cheese,
and maize, at about }d. ; butter milk and skimmed milk,
each costing jd. per pint, and barley meal, at fd. ; oatmeal,
fresh herrings, and liver, at from }d. to Id. ; fine flour, green
vegetables (costing \d, per lb) ; dried herrings, new milk,
and skimmed milk (each costing Id. per pintk and bones
«t from Id. tol^d. ; new milk cheese, at a little more than
1^.; green vegetables (costing )d. per lb.); potatoes
•costing Id. per lb. ; beef and new milk costing 2d. per
pint, at from 2d. to 8d. ; mutton, pork, and green bacon,
at from 3d. to 4d., dried bacon, 6}d., and tea, at 20d.
These with other facta are contained in the following
iablo : —
• VoL IX., p. 185.
TABLE, showing the quantity of Carbon and Nitrogen
contained in Id. worth of various foods at the prices
annexed, and also the variation drom the pennyworth.
of various foods to supply as much Carbon and Nitrogen
as are contained in one pennyworth of bread (the standard
quantity).
Foe*.
CMtlaff.
BrMG »»•
Fine floor ...
Barley ...
BiOO *• ... .
Ostmeal
Maiztt
Pom
PoUtoM
PoUtoM ...
Green vefetAbles .
Green TegeUbles ,
Batter
ii.nru •«. ...
Dripping ...
Suet ... ... •
Sngnr ...
Treacle
Beef • '.
Maiton
lrO« K ... ...
Liver... ...
Bonee
Dried Engllah baom
Green American
bacon ...
Dfjed nerringe
FVedi herrings
New milk ...
New milk ...
Skimmed milk
Skinuned milk
Skimmed milk
Batter milk
Batter milk
Whey ...
Skimmed milk
New milk cheese ...
d.
If per lb.
2
1
2
1
J
14
9
6
t
S
t
3
4
n
»(
**
««
t»
tt
t»
**
tt
t»
((
»t
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
ti
(t
tt
tt
Ca«bo«
forld.
41 ,t
feaoh.
1 per pint.
2 tt
\
I
tt
tt
tt
tt
tt
3 tt
3 per OK.
grains.
1,4S0
1,330
2,600
1,3S0
l,ftl3
2,S00
1,820
l,S40
770
1,640
620
327
691
686
661
622
746
829
416
483
410
1»666
610
918
362
480
646
273
1,748
873
437
2,614
838
782
333
Nitro.
graine
66
60
93
36
76
121
170
49
241
66
28
Varlaikm
of Id. to Mpidy
the •tUndArd qwut-
titjr of I4M> icnOas
of earboa and M
tralDs of ziitrof«a
23
20
18
70
48
12
17
64
72
44
22
174
87
44
262
88
122
40
3*3
Carbon.
d.
d.
• «
..•
1-09
1-1
*6S
•7
lOS
1*88
•957
•88
•61
•545
•796
•388
•94
1*34
1-86
2*69
•88
1*18
1-76
2*38
4*43
• ••
2-46
• ••
1*63
•••
2-22
• ••
2*34
• •
1-94
»•
4-63
2*8T
3*49
3-3
30
3*68
3*63
•94
•92
1*48
2*64
6*6
f68
S-88
4-1
1*22
3-0
•91
2*66
1-6
6*32
3*0
•62
•38
1*64
•78
3-28
1*52
•676
•2S
1-16
•75
...
»»•
1^98
4*33
•54
1*86
20*0
I have only now 44) offer an apology for the length of
this communication, and to state that with the information
obtained I shall be prepared to consider the combinations
of foods in private and public dietaries, should an oppor-
tunity be onered to me.
DISCUSSION.
Dr. LiAifKnTBB (responding to the invitation of the
chairman) said they must all feel the importance of this
subject, and the^ were much indebted to Dr. Edward
Smith for bringmg it before the Society. At the same
time he felt that the great food question could not be de-
cided merely by a few experiments. This was a subject
to be treated with the greatest caution, and all that
had been done hitherto, only served to indicate the di-
rection in which further inquiry must go. Our Govern-
ment had been lately paying attention to this question,
especially by means of that Committee before which Dr.
Edward Smith himself had given evidence, but he (Dr.
Lankester) must say that, in certain practical departments,
the Qovemment had paid little or no attention to this
matter. He formerly held the office of Superintendent of
the Food Museum at South Kensington, but he felt bound to
say no encouragement was given him or the otlier officers of
that department in the proper development of it. Enor-
mous sums had been exuded in the puichase of works
of art which, in his opimon, were of little value as com-
pared with the more important matter of the food of the
people : and every effort appeared to be made to suppress
the development of that denartment of the museum. Dr.
Edward Smith had rather disparaged the experiments of
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbohicbkb 18, 1863.
85
ha aohool, bat ho (Dr. Laokester) must
deeply iudebted to that great chemist
te l^gKi he had thrown apon the sabject of chemi-
L jIhgraiDlAgy ; and though Br. Smith was inclined
imigud. the diotinction drawn by Liebig between
and fleeh-formera, yet he (Dr. Lankester)
there was no better mode of describing those
of food which supplied carbon and those which
BiHsofgen. Dr. Smith appeared to have ignored
), whioh was a powerhil li€»t-giving agent as well
i; oonaequent^, when the hydrogen derived from
1^ Ibod as fat and butter was disrc^^arded, a false view
the value of those articles of diet was arrived at. The
ram Liebig was quite correct when he stated that the
of hotter ackd tats in relation to sugar and starch as
as 2^ to 1. Our knowledge of the action
^mtioam foods was one to which furtlier contributions were
eauataotly being made. With regard to the influence
of akobol, a aulijeot treated by Dr. Smith before this
Sooety two years ago, the experiments of M. Baudot had
fBKbenally modified the conclusions arrived at by Messrs.
and Perrin, and this showed how carefully this
of food should be approached. He had been at some
coQjttder some of the practioal questions with which
Dr. Smith had more particolarly dealt With regard to
the qae^tkm of brown bread, he could say he had eaten it
Wiwantf fy^golarly for the lafit 20 years, with considerable
advantage ; at the same time, he was free to confi»8s that
wgaa Its iotrodaotion into families there was a distaste
■■■ifwfiit towards it fay children, which he was at a loss
to aiseoQBl for. With reference to the point ui^ged by
Dr. Smltii, ttet brown bread was of an exorementi-
charmder, he thought the experiments on which
«eiiflliksion had becm arrived at were limited and
He (Dr. Lanlraster) thought that Dr. Smith Jiad
ied into eiror from having found in his microscopic
linataoiaa of excrement the cellulose of the bran,
wliieh was not capable of assimilation, or at least only
aD io a partial extent. The substances which were passed
off when brown bread was eaten, were those which were
Dot digestible, and which he (Dr. Lankester) had
dtarsct^driaed, in his analyses at the Sooth Kensington
Maseum, aa sntistanoes aooesBOfy to food, and not really
€xm1, hot which he allowed had been estimated by the
school of liebig as heat-givers, but which should
properly be regarded as accessory or exciemenlitioos
natters. It seemed to be quite neccessary along with
the food to take a osttain quantity of indigestible matter.
He therefora thought Dr. Smith had not quite proved
that throwiag away the bran was not injurious to
the oommontty by whom it was practised. Then
thcae was another element in the consideration of
this qoe«tion, namely) — ^that the value of foods was not
to be e*iimatod solely by the amount of carbon and nitro-
whick they contained, but their mineral elements
be taken into consideration. Many of the eub-
m^itioned contained mineral constituents, but
Ik. Smith had not alluded to these. The potatoe might
%mMn rxpenave thing with regard to carbon and nitrogen,
ktk it might torn out to be a cheap thing with regard to
ilsmioviai constituents. Words could hardly exaggerate
4e Importance of that vegetable as a food. They found
titinereesed in price so disease increased. It was an
of so mueh impcMrtance, that the Registrar-
kl pfiblished the prioes of it, and in proportion
«e rose, marriages and births decreased and
increased. What did that depend upon? Not
m the earboe and nitrogen, but probably on the mine-
ni dements. Milk and cheese rsi^tectively contained
mineral constituents in a hurge degree. The
wm aet only valoaMe on account of the caseine and
H contained, but also on account of its mineral
and he thought Dr. Smith should not have
lll^tiiem out of cooaideraiion. The relative digestibility
4f IAm fwrioos kinds of food was also nuMt important. He
had shown that split peas and maize bread were the mort
perfect kinds of food they could use, considered m the rela-
tion of their chemical constituents to their price. Why
then should anything else be eaten ? Simply because the
nitrogen so essential to the body was not taken so readily
from bread as from meat, so it was better to pay twioe
the amount fur it in the form of fresh meat than m broad :
it was the ready appropriation of animal food which made
it so important as compared with the various forms of
vegetable food. If they fed soldiere and tailors, paupem
and prisoners, on such principles as Dr. Smith had ad-
vocated, they would feed them to their injury. They
could, however, haitlly have fed soldiers worse than they
did up to the last few years. It was indeed folly to feed
men with boiled beef, throwing away the water in which
it was boiled and giving merely the fibrous matter of the
meat, from which all the nutritious juices had been ex-
tracted. He should be glad to see the time when men
like Dr. Smith, Mr. Lawes, Dr. Gilbert, and others,
who had worked with so much earnestness and care on
this subject, were consulted by the Government, and a
proper dietary laid down for our public establishments.
Dr. GiLBBBT thought all recent investigation tended to
show that the relative values of different food-stufls could
not be so directly estimated by their proportions of nitro-
genous or so-called flesh-forming substances as had been
generally supposed. It was maintained tliat bread contain-
ing the bran of the wheat was better food for the labouring
classes than white bread, because it contained more nitro-
gen. He quite agreed with Dr. Smith, however, that
whole-meal bread was the rich man's, not the poor man's
fo >d. It would hardly be doubted that the man who was
rather under than over fed would improve his white-bread
diet much more by the addition of &t bacon than by the
retention of the bran in the flour. Yet, by the use of the
bacon, the labouring man diminished considerably the
proportion of the nitrogenous to the non-nitrogenous con-
stituents in his food. Even the classes who used the leaner
meats undoubtedly reduoed the proportion of the so-called
flesh-forming to the so-called heat- producing constituents,
by the admixture of animal with vegetable diet, owing to
the large quantity, and high e<^uivalent of the fat which
the former introduces into their diet. It was probable,
however, that those who are well-fed on a mixed animal
and vegetable diet, do take a larger actual quantity of
nitrogen into the system than those exclusively fed on
vegetable food. A certain quantity and proportion
of nitrogen were of coarse essential, but as our current
food-stut& go, the under fed seemed generally first to feel
the want of more of the non-nitrogenous matters. In
settling dietaries on chemic^ principles, he (Dr. Gilbert)
thought it important to take into the calculation what was
called the free hydrogen ; a point which he illustrated b^
reference to figures, showing that in the case of the ani-
mal aliments, it made a considerable difference whether
the free hydrogen were estimated or not. Independently
of ultimate composition, digestibility and assimilability
were, of course. Important points to consider ; and here
came in observation and experience to modify the conclu-
sions deduced froin purely chemical data. It had been
remarked that hence error arose, in not eliminating the
cellulose in estimating the nutritive values of foods. Un-
doubtedly a large quantity of cellulose passed from the
body undigested ; but recent investigations of Mr. Lawes,
himself, and others, had shown that ruminant animals
digested a good deal of the cellulose they took into their
stomachs. There were not, as far as he was aware, any
facts showing whether or not the human economy appro-
priated any considerable quantity of cellulose. It migitt,
however, safely be con::luded that the indurated cellolo^ie
of bran would be little, if at all, amenable to the digestive
process, and there was no doubt that the branny particles
did keep up an active condition of the bowels, and tended
to aid the passage from the system of undigested or anas-
similated, but digeatiible or assimilable material.
80
JOURNAL OF THB SOCIETr OP ARTS, Dbosvbbr 18, 1863.
I>r. WrLD remarked that Dr. Ltnkester had made an
eloquent appeal on behalf of bran, but at the same time
he (Dr. Wyld) declared himself a convert to Dr. Smith's
view on that subject. The yarious national predilections
ior certain descriptions of food were remarkable. On the
port of the Scotch there was a national preference for
oatmeal, an article of food which was adapted to the
peculiarities of the climate. The almost universal
dislike of children to brown bread he attributed to an
instinctive desire for that food which most promoted the
physical development of the body and which contained
the smallest amount of dSbri$, When the Government
attempted to force brown bread upon criminals it occa-
sioned insurrection amongst them, which seemed to show
that they instinctively knew better than Government
what was good for them. There was one view of the
suHect which had not been touched upon. Chemists
had written learned works upon the necessity of taking
food containing a certain proportion of nitrogen, but at
the same time they laid no stress upon the nitrogen con^
tained in the atmosphere ; they laid stress upon the oxygen
and ignored the nitrogen. Science had not been able to
prove that the animal system absorbed nitrogen from the
atmosphere, but he had no doubt this would be mani-
fested by the further progress of science. It was a
common observation amongst dentists and medical
men that the teeth of the rising generation were
bad, and decayed very rapidly, and in this respect he
might perhaps say a word in favour of bran. The Scotch
who fed on oatmeal had, as a rale, larger, stronger, and
better teeth than were found amongst the pork and
white-bread eating peasantry of this country. It was the
prevailing opinion of medical men of the present day,
that children required a considerable proportion of animal
food, and he thought that as a rule tney had too much,
and that the decay of the teeth was in a great measure
attributable to that cause. He had been struck with
fte fact that so few varieties of bread food were em-
floyed; the only ones were white and brown bread.
^ le saw no reason why they should not have tempt- 1
ing varieties of bread made by the combination of
oatmeal, ryemeal, barleymeal, potatoes, &c. By the
introduction of such admixtures, they might be
enabled to employ a smaller amount of aninuu food,
especially in the case of children. Dr. Wyld proceeded
to express an opinion unfavourable to pork as an article of
food, and remarked that it was prohibited as unclean by
Moses, whose hygienic regulations had never been surpassed.
One remarkable result incidental to eating raw pork,
which was often in a diseased state, was the production of
the tape worm in the human stomach. He also con-
demned all young meats, such as veal and lamb, as ob-
jectionable articles of food. He advocated animal food in
the form of sausages as a nutritious form of diet, particu-
larly for the labouring classses, th9 skin in which it
was enclosed retaining all the essential juices. He differed
from the remarks of Dr. Smith with regard to cheese, and
was of opinion that the best was in the end the cheapest
to the working classes. The m'Hit nutritive cheese was
that which was made in Switzerland, though its high
price in this country precluded its use by the poor. He
submitted that the practical experience of mankind was
fhe best criterion of the value, of the diflferent descriptions
of food.
Dr. RoBBBT DioKsoy, responding to the call of the
chairman, said he had paid a great deal of attention to
this subject, both theoretically and practically, and he was
happy to say he had learnt a great deal from the paper
read this evening. Of the reUtive value of white and
t)rown bread opinions would differ, which was in a greit
degree owing to the diversity of tastes among mankind,
-which prevented an undue " run" upon any particular
article of food. If the object was to afford nutriment to the
•flTstem, he believed brown bread was inferior to white ;
•if the oHect was to obviate a tendency to constipation,
induced by a too sedentary habit, its use was essential.
Dr. Lankester had very properly remarked that too liitl«
value had been attached to* hydrogen in articles of
food— whether animal or vegetable. There oould be
no doubt of the great utility of hydrogen as well as
oxygen, to which scarcely any attention had been givoo
in the paper. The hydrogen which existed in vegetable
matters in the form of various hydro-carbons was of
immense value. There were also other oonstituenta ia
food of great importance. Nothing had been said of the
great value of phosphorus, yet they all knew how
essential that was to the animid system. It was alike
important in health and in disease, and was an esseotial
element to be taken into consideration in estimating the
relative values of foods. Hence fisb, which contained
phosphorus, was a most excellent article of food, and if it
were cheaper no doubt it would be more largely used by
the lower classes. This was a question which required
careful handling, for at present we were only upon the
threshold of the subject, and he looked to science ulti-
mately doing g^eat things for mankind in this direction.
In the meantime they were greatly indebted to Dr.
Smith and others like him, who had acted as tlie pioneers
in this important enquiry.
Mr. Fbank Buokland, being called upon by the chair-
man, said having had the medical cluu*ge of a regi-
ment of the Guards for some years, he had made it
part of his duty to observe the effect of diet upon
those fine specimens of Englishmen. He found young
recruits from Ireland who bad lived chiefly on po-
tatoes all their lives, and were apparently strong, muscu-
lar men, after being put upon the ordinary diet of the
English regiments, altered very much in appearance, and
though Uiey made flash very considerably, tney frequently
broke down physically in going through their duties. The
biggest boned men in the regiment were north country
men and Scotchmen. That might be attributed to the
oatmeal and also to the coldness of the climate. People
from cold countries were invariably strong. Dr. Lankester
had remarked upon the bad feeding of the army in former
times. A great deal of the evil arose from the want of
proper cooking of the food. A man was told off from
the regiment to act as cook to his comrades, who probably
had no previous knowledge of cookery ; but now a school
of cookery had l>een instituted at Aldershot for the in-
struction of men in those duties ; and he could inform
Dr. Lankester that the water in which the meat was
boiled was not now thrown away. The ordinary rations
of a soldier were }&> of beef or mutton, lfi> of bread, lib
of potatoes, with coffee and tea for breakfast and hupper.
The young recruit could not do his work upon that, and
his extra requiraments had to be provided out of his own
pocket; but an old soldier, who was near the time of his
discharge, throve very well upon those rations, and a man
promoted to a corporal, who was exempted from hard
duty, soon began to lay on fat, which proved that the
dietary he had mentioned was suitable for the average of
soldiers. There was a form of indigestion which the
labouring classes called th? water- brash, and he was in-
formed that that complaint was curable in the majority of
cases by simply leaving off drinking tea. Boiled meat
sometimes had a tendency to produce this disease, and
he would recommend thotic who gave away meat in
charity, to have it previously roasted, by which plan the
recipients were more benefite 1 than when they were left
to cook it in their own imperfect and often wasteful way.
The Chaibman said they would all agree that the in-
quiry which had been instituted by the Privy Council was
of the highest public as well as private importance, and,
so far as it haa been carried out, it appeared to him to
have been very ably executed. Hitherto Dr. Edward
Smith had been confined in his researches to the dietaries
in use amongst the poor ofthe northern districts of £ngland,
of Scotland, an 1 of some parts of IreUnd. The observa-
tions he had made there were highly valuable. They
indicated the superior eflleacy of the simpler diets, those
of oatmeal porridge and milk in Scotland, and of potatoes
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETT OF ARTS, Dboshbbr 18, 1863.
87
l%ft«ier«aillk in IreUod. H« had ascertaiiied that in
the oountiy bred peo|de, when they went into
sod obtained higher wages, and saMtitated tea
teem:} mnd batter for oatmeal porridge and milk,
■ot thrive to well upon this mora expensive and
diet. Public warning should be given of
It was highly important that these observa*
ibool'i be extended to the examination of the effects
flf ^ Imn^ Tariety of high and low dietaries in use in
insftttotion^. There was great advantage in the
of the effects produced on persons of similar
oociditioos, who might he weighed and examined.
pf ince had lent to Liebig a body of soldiers to
experimeDta upon. He (the chairman) had pro-
truk of different sorts of dietaries in prisons, and
iriaU might well be repeated under such scientific
«bKr?ationfl as Dr. Edward Smith was pre-eminently
ooifided to make. If the examination of the effects of
vie bffown bread, at compared with the white wheaten
Uu^l. made by Dr. Edward Smith, were deemed conclu-
live, let the trials be repeated on other classes of persons.
EmA. chief articlo of food ought to be separately tried.
The late Mr. Aubin, the manager of the Central District
School 6i London, who had had 80,000 children under his
and was a good observer of foods, had found that
great variations in the effects of various con-
^tiooi of the same food ; for example, oatmeal of inferior
giDwth or condition produced eruptions on the skin and
Sraeliooal disturbance, whilst a good quality of growth
WW prodoctive of good effects. It bad fallen to him
(the Chairman) to collect and compare, rudely as it
■d^l^ be, the effects of different public dietaries bo-
lore chemical analysis had been brought to bear
eft foods. The dietaries collected from different parts
of Ikigland, he found, when reduced to comparative
weights, fell in the following scale, that was, the aggregate
aaioiitit of aolid food. The average that each class got was
■sfcUowa: —
As agricultural labourers , 122
As artisans of the highest wages 140
As paupers 150
As soldiers 168
As prisoners in goal 217
As convicts on board the hulks, or,
as iransporti d felons 237
To an allowance of ten pounds of meat a week in the
atHDulatiog climate of Australia, was adiled half-an ounce
of tobeoco daily for the use of the convicts in Western
Australia. It was at that time urged by me<lical autho-
ritiei^ and mdeed was so still by many, that dietaries con-
taimrig high stimuli beyond tliose got by the hard work-
ieg honest population were necessary to sustain the health
of the prifotiers. He found that the quality of the diets,
«i eootaioing more or less of animal food, was very much
lepreseoted by the cost, and this varied from Is. 2d.
to 6sL and even 7e. per head per week. Now, it should
faUow, from the medical recommendations, that the health
of the prisoners would rise in proportion. To determine
this qoestton be resorted to statistics. Taking 104 prison
rtUBnoft-' which enabled a compari^n of the twenty gaols
the expense and the quantity of the diet were the
; the twenty where the expense and the quantity of
te diet were the highest, and the twenty where they
WTO intermediate between the highest and the lowest —
Che lerahe came out as follows : —
Ooncnor Cod per Sick Death*
•Mid food bead per per par
_ „ _ . -«. week. week. cent. 1,000.
Ts'isi^ LowMt Prison Dicta ... isa ... li. lOAd. ... 3 ... l|
TiHB^ iBMrmediats Diets ..• 3ia ... 2*, 4{<1. .. is ... 3
ten^ Uicbot — ... 33S ... 3a. 2d. ... 23| ... 4
Tbeiesolls ^ere objected to on the grounds that in some
of the Ufgcr fMisons, where th<3 lower dietaries were
•lopled, the terms of imprisonment wcrre shorter than in
Bat those objections were met by the trial of the
dietaries in the same prisons, with th« «ame chuees
of prisoners, with labour and without labour, for ibe like
period*, where the like results appeared. No doubt
changes of diet were beneficial, if not absolutely necessary,
for persons in sedentary conditions or (Tolonged confine-
ments, but variations with simple foods mi^ht be made to
su6ice, instead of augmentations in quantities, and in fooda
of the more stimulating and expensive character, b^ond
those whkh sufiBced for the general population. Later
experience was in the samo direction. But sanitary con-
ditions had yet to be taken into account in judging of the
effects of dietaries. In one instance a severe epidemic broke
out in an establishment for pauper children, which was
proved to have been produced, not by insufficient diet,
but by defective ventilation. In the case of the army, in<
sufficient diets were assigned as the main or the sole cause
of the mortality in the Crimea. The diets were aug-
mented, and fever and epidemics were still rife; but
when tlie air was purified by sanitary measures the
health improved. The death rates in the army had
been reduced in many instances by sanitary measures
by one-half, without any important alteration of the
dietaries. The effects of the prison dietaries, combined
with improved sanitary conditions, were the most in-
structive. Soldiers were taken from the ranks, generally
the worst conditioned men, where the death rate was
seventeen in a thousand, and put into military prisons in
Ireland, where the death rate was reduced to two and a-
half per thousand, and the sickness in proportion. The
dietary consisted ot 8 ounces of oatmeal, 8 ounces of Indian
meal, and 8 ounses of wheaten bread, with half a pint of
nn'lk at the thrae meals daily. There was no meat, no tea,
no coffee, no beer, no tobacco, none of the stimuli which
they got in the ranks, and their general health and
strength was vastly improved. The medical authority
who had observed the effect of the dietary for years
declared he would make no alteration. But he (the
Chairman) attributed a considerable proportion of the
superior effects to the sanitary condition of pei-sonal clean-
liness in addition to the element of improved ventilation.
The Chairman mentioned a case of a general in Spain
who had improved the health of his men by giving a bath
daily, though their rations at the time were low. He
urged the importance of personal cleanliness in the army.
The importance of this had even been proved in the case
of pigs. All evidence established the conclusion that,
daily complete personal ablution would be productive of a
large economy of food to the poor^t of the population.
In i*espect to the quantities of fooos, he was of opinion
yiat inasmuch as there were wide variations of natural
appetite amongst men, there ought, as a general rule
in public dietaries, to be one simple article of food
allowed without any stint. The meeting would, he was
sure, give a unanimous vote of thaiika to Dr. Edward
Smith for his able paper on this nationally most important
subject.
The vote of thanks liaving been passed.
Dr. Edwabd Smitb, in acknowledging the compliment,
said he thought that some of the remarks of Dr. Lankester
had been made without due deliberation. Ue had charac-
terised the experiments he (Dr. Smith) had made as
limited and vague. He could say, having been appointed
u|)on the committee of the BritlihAssociatiou, that the ex-
penuients were made continuously for a month upon four
persons in Coldbath Fields Prison, and likewise upon the
same number of persons in Wakefield Gaol, the exami-
nation of wliat passed from the body being chemical,
and not merely microscopical, as Dr. Lankester had
assumed. He therefore thought tho^ experiments
were not open to the objection that they were either
limited or vague. With regard to th; constituent of
hydrogen in fcSd, ho had not un.iirvalu jd this eleraent.but
had said that if he were treating of the nutritive
value of food in a chemical aspf»ct only, apart from
any daily measure of the amount required by tho
body, he should add the free hydrogen also, since by it<
combination to form water within the body it must gene-
88
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Dhobmbbb IQ, 1868.
rate heat ; bat we had no means of asceHaining how much
heat is produced and required by the body ; neither could
we ascertain how much of the water which leaves the
body is generated in this manner, and bow much is
due to that which was taken as food. Ko doubt
the mineral matters contained in the food were of the
highest importance, and in mixed diets these were
found. With reference to the remarks of Mr. Frank
Buckland, as to the physical condition of the Irish recruits,
he would say he was now engaged in a large inquiry, on
behalf of the Goremment, to ascertain the exact amount
of food taken by the different classes of the community
in England, Ireland, and Scotland. At present he could
not give the results of that inquiry, but in due time they
would be publislied. The important question as regarded
the Irish recruits was — not the potatoes, but the milk.
The amount of milk taken by that class was generally
large, and the great advantage to the muscular system
was derived from this source, and not from the potatoes.
The Secretary announced that the next ordi-
nary meeting would be held on the 20th
January, 1864.
when there was what he described as an « alamaingp
crisis," they had to announce a deficiency of £.^1, but ia
the succeeding year the entiro debt was liquidated, anci
£80 placed to the credit of the special book fund. The
afihirs of the Institution then b^an to wear a brigfateir
aspect. During the present year their receipts had beea
larger than in anv previous year, and at the end of De<>
cember they hoped to have a balance of about £23. Tho
number of members had also increased from 380. in 1860^
to 409 in 1861, 643 in 1862, and in the present year to
693. The weak point was the classes, but this, he
believed, was common to nearly all similar institotionF*
Mr. Powell, M.P., Rev. Canon Tbsvob, Mr. Ajlbotd,
Mr. CoLLiKs, M.P.» and other gentlemen, addressed tho
meeting.
Jfiitt ^ds.
|pr0f«lbmjs Bt InstittttHins*
GttEENWiCH UsRFUL Kmowledob Sooiett. — A Icoturc
was delivered here on the 8th Dec., by Dr. Yeats, of
the Upper and Middle Schools, Peckham, on the subject
of " Lnterprise." It included a brief sketch of several
living inventors, and a recommendation to all to peruse
the list of premiums lately published by the Society of
Arts. A vote of thanks to the lecturer terminated the pro-
ceedings.
Leeps Church iNSTri'UTE. — On the 26th Nov. the
annual soiree was held in the Victoria Hall, which
was crowded. Lord It. Cecil, M.P., presided, and was
supported by the Vicar; Mr. Powell, M.P. ; Mr. Collins,
M.P. ; Mr. Edward Akroyd, &c. The Chairman de-
livered an address on the •• Benefits of Education,** in the
course of which he said there had been a great deal of
unreasonable expectation on the part of the friends of edu-
cation ; they had expected that education would do things
which notliing could do — that it would eradicate the
tendencies to crime from the human heart. It was need-
less to say that their expectations had been disappointed.
Crime had been as rife, perhaps more rife, in the pre8e||t
day than at the time \^hon the educational movement
commenced. That was not the benefit we had any right
to look for. We had no right to expect that people
would be loss thieves or burglars than they were before.
But that which we had a right to expect, and that in which
our expectations had been justified, was, that the masses
of the people, in moments of great trial, would show a
truer appreciation of economical laws, and greater and
more intelligent self-restraint. Tliat they had done, and
be maintained that the spectacle which this generation
had witnessed amongst the operatives of Lancashire was
the greatest proof of the success of education— of its value
to the politicmn — its importance to the commonwealth —
and its efficiency in rendering men better citizens and
better men. In speaking of the prevalence of sensual
pleasures amongst working men, he said the remedy was
to provide people with some other means of enjoying
themselves. If people were to read, and enjoy what they
read — r.ot only to use their intellects, but to enjoy
tliose intellects — an enormous counter influence to vicious
and sensual enjoyments was created. The great object
which, he believed, education would serve among the
masses, was not in preparing them to be great men, but
in furnishing them with the means of wholesome and
innocent enjoyment, whith would occupy their liours of
recreation. — The Rev. Canon Atlay, pieMdent of the
iDfittitution, presented a statement of its position. In 1861,
Stained Glass E^niBmoN, 1864, South Kemsirotosv
Museum. — The Executive Committee for the proposed Ex.*
hibition of Stained Glass, to be held in May next, in a portioB
of the recently completed cloisters of the South Kensing-
ton Museum, consisting of Mr. T. G^ambier Parry, Mr. R.
Burchett, with Mr. G. Wallis as secretary, have reported
to the Department of Science and Art that, after consider-
ing all the claims sent, they recommend that window
spaces be allotted to the following producers of stained
glass: — Messrs. T. Baillieand Co. ; H. M. Barnett, New-
castle-onTyne ; J. Bell, Bristol ; Chance, Brothers, and
Co., Birmingham ; Cox and Son ; Davis and Barraod ;
R. B. Edmundson and Son, Manchester ; Field and Allaii»
Edinburgh ; J. A. Forrest, Liverpool ; C. Gibbs, jun. ; J,
Hardman and Co., Birmingham ; Heaton, Butler, and
Bayne ; Holland and Son, Warwick ; Moberley and Lyon ;
Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co. ; M. and A*. O'Connor ;
Pilkington, St. Helens: J. Powell and Sons ; W. Wailea,
Newcastle-on-Tyne ; Ward and Hughes; J. P. Warring-
ton ; W. Warrington, sen. The Committee remark that
the whole of the space available, the varied dimensions of
which had been forwaided to each of the invited ex-
hibitors, was claimed, except a large space capable of being
enclosed to any given form, with 50 feet high by 22 feet
wide. This presents an opportunity for the exhibition of
a large window under circumstances which rarely occur,
and it is greatly to be desired that some artist in glass,
having a suitable work in the course of execution for a
church or cathedral, should undertake to occupy it during
the period of exhibition, which will last during the
summer months of 1864.
C0inn«m.
The Cotton Supply Association has during the last
five years expended nearly £6,000 annually in promoting
the growth of cotton in aU parts of the world; it has dis-
tributed upwards of 600 cwts. of cotton seed, nearly 700
cotton gins, a quantity of ploughs and other agricultural
implements, together with horse and cattle gear, and
driving wheels for working gins where steam power could
not be obtained. It has awarded prizes for the best
tieatises on the management of the cotton plant, and im-
proved methods of cotton agriculture. Medals have also
been given to successful cultivators. Extensive influence
has til us been gradually acquired in all cotton growing
countries, whilst valuable in formation and ateistance have
been rendered. Various agencies have been called into
existence to co-operate with the association ; and through
its representations different governments have been induced
to afiord special facilities for the cultivation of cotton, by
exempting lands devoted to \i» growth from all taxes for
a period of five years or more, by a liberal distribuUun of
seed, and by royal commissions to afford all necesitary aid
and encouragement.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETr OP ARTS, Decembsh IS, 1863.
S'J
CoTT05^ — The olScial values of the cotton imports from'
IjGa to 18^ were as follow :— 1858, £30,106,0 )> ; 1859,
iM.559.000; 1860, £35,756,000 ; 1^61. £38.663.000;
bfii £31,093,000. For the firat eicht months ot the
fmtai year ihoy have been officially valuod at
i£S3S',U00, and for the last four m »nths of the year
^nuy be taken at £'33,000,000; total, £49,862,000.
ditforiSG^. if present rates he mVmtaiaed, the >alue
fuld be £86,656,000, or nearly thr.'e tiinea that of the
aports of 18-33, which indudei the Ainorican crop. As
tte iBuiani given for the ensuing year may appear extra-
n^uBt, the mode of calculation is given : —
BalM. lb.
Wia, 1,660,«?00 of 360 at 21d... £51,975,000
Ecrpt 300,000 of 550 at 26d... 17,631,000
Aaerica. 140,000 of 440 at 26d... 6,673.0oO
Turkey and Greece 140,000 of 300 at 23d... 4,025,000
Itaril.. 190,000 of 190 at 2Gd...
Oiiia. 200,000 of 200 at 20d...
llily,&c 16,000 of 440 at 23d ..
Other sources. 30,000 of 200 at 23d...
illustrated several annuals. lie was one of the principal
members of the Old Society of Painters in Water Colours,
but having some years ago taken to oil painting, he
desired admission to the Royal Atademy, and in obedience
to the rule which foibids a candidate from being a member
of any other society, he left the Old Water Colour Society.
He was, however, not admitted into the Academy, and
aft'-T some time he joined hii old Society. U'e was
ele-Hed a member of the Society of Arts in 1847.
iotts.
3.911.000
3,334,000
63i,000
675,000
£88,656,000
Uiitnie that a portion of this amount will be refunded
ftoo r».eaport, bot in the meantime the capital to carry
ttta Urge trade has to be found in this country, and the
wil is eaaggeiated by the proportionately large capital
iBfolved in the manofaotore and export of cotton goods
to Pliant eouniries. In the provinces of Corrientes, Entre
Bioi, and Santa Fe, millions and millions of cott'>n plants
vs ai present over the earth, with every prospect of doing
ySL Paiagpav haa also set a noble example in this new
Bidostiy. With a good season, 6,000 bales of clean cotton
viU be exported this season from the River Plate. Such
i^tke encourageoient given in some instances that the
IfOiviDcial Bovernor has not only relieved cotton planta-
tions from local taxation but has actually oH'ered farms
of land, in fee, gratia to all who applied them to cotton
plsating.
The death of the Eabl of Eloik, which oocorred in
^odia 00 the 20th November, is recorded with deep
tcgi^ He waa the eldest son of the £arl of Elgin, who
Ivmght over the well-known marbles now in the British
Hasemn. He waa bom in 1811 ; in 1841 he was elected
H.P. for Southampton ; in 1842 he went out as Governor
of Jamaica, where he remained four years ; he was then
■ppointed Governor of Canada; in 1846 he married a
<wighter of the Earl of Durham ; in 1867 he was sent as
Ambinador to China ; on his return he was appointed
'^^Mtmsster-Oeneral, hot again went to China in 1860,
?» French Ambaandor, Baron Gros, accompanying him
m Ins mittion. He returned early in 1861, and was soon
*ft« tppoioied Goveroor-Geoeral of India, where he re-
iBsiDed till hit death. He presided at the 107th annual
*»»« of the Society of Arts, in 1861.
^Awn DorriKLD Habdivo, the well-known water-
Jiow painter, died on the 4th of December, at Barnes.
He was bom in 1798. Hia father, who was also an artist,
*■• « pepil of Paul Sandby, and his own taste was p inci-
(•Uy matured by Samuel Prout. He was also a careful
*»tot of Tnmei-'a «• Liber Studiorum." In early life he
*^^^*Qio a pupil of an-engravcr. In 1818, he received the
*▼» medal oi the Society of Arts for •• an original
''^^pe." He became a teacher of drawing, and in
1880 visited Italr, where he made sketches on coloured
ppw, which led to the extensive use of that material,
u 1836 be published <« Sketches at Home and Abroad;"
«d in 1842. •• The Park and the Forest." In 1861, his
"S^leetions from the Pictnresqne" appeared ; he having also
IwWished, at varions times, " Lessons on Art,"* " Guide
^ Companion to • Lessons on Art,* " " The Principle*
^ Practice of Art,*' and other works, and having alsu
Rifle Confeuknoc— A conference will be held on
Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday, January 12, 13,
and 14, 1864. in the HalU of King's College, London,
the object being to enable those w ho are interested in
rifle shooting to consider the management of riflj
matches, prize meetings, and other competitions; to
impart information as to the apparatus and weapons em-
ployed ; the targets, marking, and scoring; and the
various adjuncts of rifle shooting, as well as to discuss
the arrangements and regulations which have been ap-
proved by experience, or are suggested as further improve-
ments. A committee of experienced shots has been
formed, the chairman being Captain MacGregor, of the
Jjondon Scottish ; the vice chairman. Captain Woods,
of the Central London Rifle Rangers ; and the hon.
secreUry, Lieut. Cunningham, of the 18th Middlesex
(Harrow). The committee will endeavour to embody
the information obtained and to sum up the results, in a
published report, which will be submitted to the National
Rifle Aswxdation, with a view to aid that body in its
efforts to make rifle practice more popular and more ef-
fective. A room will be provided tor exhibiting such
models, machinery, drawings, plans, and instruments, as
miy require to be explained.
ExHiDmoN BoiLDiNO.—An absurd statement has been
going the round of the daily papers to the effect tliat tho
recent gales have blown all the glass out of the domes.
The glass wa« removed from the domes very soon after
the Parliamentary deciaion against the purcliase of the
building, and the recent gales caused no damage of any
kind to it. It is expected that the scaffolding in the eastern
dome will be sufficiently advanced to commence the re-
moval of the gilded spire in the course of three weeks.
♦
Electbio RzoiniATOBs. — Sib,— Mr. Ladd's remarks call
for reply. No one has questioned the excellence of Mr.
Holmes's very beautiful electric regulator. The question
raised (and one not to be blinked by any amount of self-
assertion) was — Could not a simpler form of lamp be
designed, that would be less liable to injnry in the hands
of rough lighthousemen ? I therefore called attention to
two forms of electric regulators tliat meet this demand,
vb.. Professor Way's and Dr. Squire's, and I venture to
aseert that the latter gentleman is thoroughly conversant
with the construction and practical manipulation of the
various known airangements, having made automatic
electric lantps a hobby ; and he has invented more in-
genious modiflcations and simplifications in this direction
than any one 1 am acquainted with, but, having no
monetary interest at stake, he has taken no pains to bring
his inventions before the scientific public. If the battle of
the electric lights at the Polytechnic vfM noi profutedlj/
** a comp<!titive trial" it was so virtually — but it was a
drawn fight, for no difference could be observed in tho
performance of those brought into action, and Dr. Squire's
burnt as steadily as any of the others during the time the
batteries were in working order, but towards the eni'
the evening I had to give up my terminals for •* th*-
90
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ART8, DEOBMBBa 18, 18C3.
marine light," exhibited in the tank below. On again
making conneotion I found a falling oflf in the battery
pupply. 1 leave it to your readers to detennine whether
Mr. Ladd*s criticism is a fair one, for an experienced and
unprejudiced eye ought to have discerned that. the kind
of unsteadiness he alluded to was not attributable to a
defect in the mechanical part of the arrangement. Any
way, 1 have sufficient confidence in Dr. Squire's regulator to
offer to place it for trial, in the hands of any competent per-
son, untrammelled by trade interest. — Samuel Higbley.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mov.
Bit.
First
Kit.
...R. Asiatic, 3.
Ethnological, 8. 1. Mr. Fr*ncU GftUoa, *' On the
Steps towards the Domestication of Animalf." 2.
G. Rome Hall, ''On the British Ood M<^gon and the Re-
ligion of the Northumbrian Celts."
...Rojal Inst., 3. Prof. Tyndall, F.R.8., " On Electricity at
Rest and Electricity in Motion.** {JuwertOe Lecturei.)
Dattnts.
From CommUtiontn of PatenU Journal, Doetmbm' llth,
GbAXTS or PB0VI8I0N1L PBOTKCTIOK.
Animal and regetable substances, preterrinK— 2951— D. W. Be*.
Baea, traTell{ng;--3004— J. E. and £. H. Blundon.
Balloons— 2959>-W. E. Newton.
Beetroot, manuA^ture of paper, «tc. £rom— 2967— L. Accaraln.
Blond.Joined— 2960— J. Sibert.
Bolts, nuts, etc., machinerf for making— 2936— F. Watkins.
Boring rock, etc.— 3000— E. W. James.
Braiding machines— 2967— it. Fnmlval.
Braiding nkachinea— 2942— W. Bertwirk.
Brick-making— 2944— P. Bawden.
Brick mak ing machinery— 2932— W.WUliaaas.
Cab indicators— 2989- P. Gaskell.
Carriage*— 2907- E. Christmas.
Carriages and wheela— 2994— A. Etieone.
Casks, stopping holes in— 2905 — J. Collyer.
Chaff- cutting machinery — 2993 — ^T. Lane.
Coal, washing snuOl, ate.— 2901— I. Frandi.
Colouring matten— 2739— B. SmiUi.
Cottage*— 2867— E. W. Elmtlie.
Cotton gins— 2915— B. Dodson, E. Barlow, and P. Knowles.
Cotton nuchinery— 3906— R. Walker, J. Walker, and B. Brown.
CoUon, mill* far cleaning— 2867— J. Harrlion.
Cotton, roller* used in spinning, etc.— 2914— E. Marwood.
Door knob*— 2862— J. Hulse and J, Lawrence.
Door springs, etc— 299e— O. A. Thompaon, len. and jun., and J.
Latham.
Electric telegraph*— 3006— H. Wilde.
Enrelope making- 3027— A. W. Halej, A. Bingham, and R. Webster.
Extracting essences and perfkunes, etc., also bleaching and purifying
oil* and fftt*— 2987— U. HineL
FUi blower*— 2924— W. E. Newton.
Fibre- cleaning maobinery— 2968 — W. E. KcwtOQ
fire escape* — ^2966— M. Power.
Fire-proof floor or roof— 2929— T. Tumor.
Fitting together article* — 2992 — E. Ironmonger.
Floors of bridges, houses, etc.— 2936— E. Finch.
Fun* and shells for ordniance 3006- E. M. Bozor.
Qa« generating, when made by passing air orer TolatUo oil*, and Im-
proving its heating and Illuminating qnalitiea— 3023— W.
Wll*on.
Ga« meter*— 3017— G. GloTer.
Gas meter*— 2912— G. Rait and J. Winsborrow.
Ga*, purifying, etc. — 2971 — R. Laming.
Gun-boats, etc.— 2922— A. McLalne.
Gun*, mounting, etc — 3016— E. A. Inglefleld.
Guns and pn^ectile*— 2999— J. Chalmer*.
Hjdro- carbons, furnace* for the manuAu:ture of— 2081— 'F. Page.
India rubber, cutting strips of, etc. — 2986 — J. Clark.
Ink regulator- 3021— G. Macfarlano.
Insects, destro/ing— 2988— 8. and T. Smith.
Intermixing dry, semi-fluid, or aqueous material*, etCf machlnwy for
— 2947— T. Carr.
Iron ore*, treatment of— 2903— J. Kirkham.
Letter and music clips— 2928— C. E. Wright.
Lighting and heating— 3015— W. Clark.
Lighting and rentilating— 3033— J. Cutier.
Looms— 2969— U. B. Barlow.
Looms for elastic (kbrio*— 2984— J. Clark.
Loona* for elattio fobrlc*— 2986— E. Gardner.
Malt, mashing— 2939— D. W. Hamper.
Marine fog signals— 2962— C. L. Daboll.
Marking patterns upon skirts, for sewing and embroidering'— 2972 —
Hoot, eto.*,pre*enrationof— 2949— 0. W. Yapp.
MetaUic drum*, keg*, etc— 293S— D. Copo.
MeUls, presses for cutting— 2964— T. Wilson.
Mining machinorjr— 2786- R. H. Philipwm and J. Dooi.
Mules for aptnnlng- 3019 - T. MalUnaon.
Oil can*, etc.— 2911— W. B. Hodcoa.
Oil*, expressing— 3016— J. Thom.
Paper pulp— 1»931— P. Fenton.
Paper spool tube*— 2983— C. Crabtreo.
Paraflino, etc.— 2963— O. Parkin.
Photography— 2954— O. Daries.
I Pianofortes, hammers for — 2918— A. H. Fory.
Precaes— 2946— E. B. Wilaon and J. Imray*
Pressing and ironing garment*- 2961 — P. TiJt.
Printing floor cloths, carpet*, etc— 2952— W. HowlotL
Plough— 3011— W. E. Gedge.
Rags, dischaiging colour from, etc.— 2980 — T. Gray.
Railwajr car springs— 3007 - P. G. Gardiner.
Railway carriages— 2920— G. S. Kirk man. \
Railways— 2908— W. Symons.
Raising and forcing fluids— 2975— J. Nadal.
Rceflog and furling sails— 2910— J. Colling and D. G. Pinkney^
Rotatory engines — 2956 — J. H. Johnson.
Scaling ladders, etc — 2923— G. Fawcus.
Sewing machines — 2982 — J. and D. Bateman.
Sewing machine* — 3020— S. B. Cochran. i
Sewing machines, driring — ^2966— J. Lewi*.
Sheeting piles, wrought iron— 2909— R. Goooh.
Ships and other lift pumps— 2968— J. H. Wilson.
Ships, coating bottoms of— 2974 — J. Baker.
Ships, coating the bottoms of— £945— J. Smith.
Ships, coating, telegraph cables, etc.— 3012— J. O. Bodmaa mi
Martin.
Shipsofwar- 2995— A. Alblni.
Ships, sheathing iron— 3014— R. Turnbull.
Shirt collar— 2976— J. 8. Jsrri*.
Sluice cocks and their connection*— 3003— C. Poatifoou
Steam boilers — 2846 — ^E. Hargrare*.
Steam boiler*, IncrusUtion in— 2913— J. Seward and H. 8mitb»
Steam engines -2927— J. H. Johnson.
Steam engine* — 2898 — J. Elder.
Steering apparato*— 3013— H. Lumley.
Store*, hot-air- 2919— J. J. Hays.
Straining wire for fence* - 8031 --J. Harper.
Straw, thrashing and reeding— 2921— T. BrlBfl&eod.
Sugar refining— 3010 — G. J. Doddrell.
Sulphur from alkali waste, separating— 3909— B. Jonoi.
Tapes, arranging etc— 2940— M. B. Weethead.
Testing the strength of material*— 2970— D. Rlroaldy.
Time register, self-acting— 2997— W. Campion and O. and A. W
Umbrellas, frames for, etc— 2977— J. Chesterman.
Vermin traps— 3008— R. Bndlsford.
Watche*^dependent centro *econd*— 2990— E. Bomn mod 1
Weare.
Water, obtaining lh»sh, from *ea water— 3002— J. M. OllSs.
Water-closet trap*, etc— 2973— J. Simmond*.
Water-closet* and urinals— 2991 ~ C. Cordon.
Winding yams— 2979— W. C. B.-ooklehar>t, «ad J. and J..Croig
Windlasse*— 2904— £. Walker.
IXTKMTIOX WITH COXPLKTS SrBOinOlTlOV ¥tLMD.
Frtt saw*— 3069— H. A. BonnoHUe.
Patbkts Sbalso.
1348. B. Ironmonger.
D^om Commi$tiontrt qf PatenU Jounul, DumJkr UO.
1462.
Patsmts Sbalbo.
J. Johnson and W. Braith
waite.
1482. R. Blackburn.
1498. R. W. Gordon.
1506. J. Llghtfoot.
1606. J. G. Jennings and M. L.
J. Lavater.
1508. J. Steele and W. Maion.
1610. W. Nclll.jun.
1611. J. C. Onion*.
1612. B. A. Brooman.
1519. F. de Wylde.
1527. D. Barker.
1637. A. MoreL
1638. A. MoreL
1669. W.Clark.
1682. W. L. and T. Winani
1684. W. L. and T. Wlnaju
1586. E. Brook*.
1696. A. E. Brao.
1612. J. GrifllUi*.
2388. U. Haigh and B. He*
PATKMT8 ON WHICH TBB STAMP DUTT Of £60 BIS BHH P,
3004. B. G. Goorge.
3008. G. Darie*.
R. Davison.
J. Townsend and J.Walker.
G. Daries.
W. E. Newton.
W. E. Newton.
E. Barlow, J. Newhwue,
and F. Hamilton.
3027.
3038.
3084.
3031.
3070.
3096.
3150. W. Clark.
3051. G. 8. Harwood.
3067. J. Caaaon.
3129. G. Uadfleld.
3054. A. Kyle. '
3071. J. Chubb and £. Hoi
3039. A. Verwey.
PATKim OH WHICH THH BtAMP DOTT OT £lfO BAB
2050. J. T. and E. P. Wright. | S040. W. Lowl.
2926. W. and T. Stocv*
Bsnr r
^mxml d %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
UOth Session.]
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 25, 1863.
[No. 579. Vol. XII.
^nosnctmntts Iri t^e Cmtmil*
Abt-Workmanship.
The works submitted in competition for the
PriieB offered by the Society have been removed
to die South Kensington Museum, where^they
will remain for the present.
Examinations.
Secretaries of Institutions and Local Educa-
tknal Boards, are particularly requested to for-
wird to the Secretary of the Society of Arts, as
eoon IS possible, detailed lists of each Local
Board as arranged for next year, specifying the
duiiman and secretary, and including the ad-
dreBaefl of the members. In cases where the
Board remainB the same as last year, this should
be notified without delay.
The Christinas subscriptions are now due,
and ihoold be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, nuule payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Meftsra. Contts and Co.
Iittfftl migs Bt lite ^atitti
STATISTICS OF MODEL DWELLINGS.
Tim foUoiriDg is an abstract of papers lately laid beforo
tbe Cooaca of the Society of Artd, by Mr. T. Twining, in
nScreoee to the ioquiry into the atatistica of Model Dwel-
liDgiaad other aoaiogoos eatabliahments, which he had
been authorized to make with a view to prepare a secure
Wn for fatm-d andertakings of this kind, and thereby to
iadoee largo invastmenU of capital in this direction.
hf mmxa of blank forms, showing in detail the natnre
of the infbnnaticQ required, returns have been obtained
QQQoamng the following self-snpporting establishments
b tha metropolis, accompanied in seveiml instances with
TikiUa retnarka.
LoBOfTtSB'a Fb1S5D SOOIBTT.
(l«tVM^Bv« been Mppll«l by Ch. Pajne, En-, Secretary,
31, Exeter HaU.)
The Model Lodging-boose in George-street, Blooms-
fcirv.ljr 104 ringle men. Opened in 1847.
HbttMoiel BaiMiDg in Streatham-etreet, Bloomsbur}*,
far M famtties. Opene^i in 1 850.
Tke Tfaankaffiving Baildingn in Port pool lane, Gray'u
laa-laM, lor^ fa:uiUes and 128 single women, with a
Opened in 1861.
Chambers, existing hoose adapted
■ in 1849.
The Movlel Lodging-house, Charles-street, Dmry-lane,
ordinary London house (originally consisting of three
tenements) adapted and improved as lodginga for 82
single men. Opened in 1847.
The improved dwellings in Wild-ooart, Dniiy-lane,
13 renovated hoines, 106 rooms. Opened in 1855.
Tho improved dwellings, CUrk's-buildings, Broad*
street, St. Giles's, 11 renovated houses, aooommodatiog
about 80 families. Opened in 1856.
Tyndall'a Buildings, Giay*«-Inn-lane. Renovated houses
accommodating 88 families and 40 single men. Also two
houses, 26 and 27, Gray*s-inn-lane. Opened 1857.
MSTBOrOLrFAN ASSOOIATIOH.
(Betarm bare boen rapplied bj Charlm aatlUto, Eaq., Secretary,
19, Coleman- street, E.G.)
The Model Buiirm>j in St. Pancra^-square, Old Pancras-
roal, for 1 10 families (420 rooms). Opened Dec., 1817.
The Metropolitan Buildings, Albert-street, Mile end
New-town, 6u families (234 rooms). Opened May, 1850.
The Ingesire Buildings, New-street, GoMen-square, for
60 families (224 rooms). Opened in December, 1854.
The Model Dwellings, 21 and 22, Albion-buildings,
Bartholomew-close, Alder<«gate-st. Renovated houses for
20 families (40 rooms). Opened Jan., 1856.
The Model Building, Nelson-square, Nelson-street, Ber-
mondsev, 108 families (408 rooms). Opened July, 1856.
The 'All)ert CotUge^, Albert-street, Mile-end New-
town, for 33 families. Opened in August, 1858.
The Meti-opolitan Chambers, Albert-street, Mile-end
New-town, for 234 hinglo men. Opened Deo., 1849.
The Soho Chamber.^ 86. Old Com pton -street, for 128
single men. Opened in March, 1861.
Martledokb Association.
(Beturnf haro been sapplied from the Office.)
The Christchurch Buildings, Little Jamea-atroet,
Liason grove, for 31 families. Opened in 1855.
The Sufford Buddings and Stafford Cottage, SUflfbrd-
street, for 19 families. Openel in 1858.
The Li-son Buildings and Cottogea, Lisson-grove North,
for 28 families. Opened in 1858.
The renovat-d dwellings, Nos. 16 and 35 to 38, Charles-
street, Lisson-grove, for 25 families.
The Gray's Buildings, Duke-street, Manchester-aqture,
renovated houses, accommodating 169 families, and
gradually acquired from 1865.
(Retami tor iht followinr hare been lapplied by H. A. DsrUshire,
Esq., Architect wid Honorarj SecteUrj to the TrMtees of the
Peabodjr Fond, 4, Trs&lgar-iqnare.)
Columbia Squire, Charle-^-street, Hackney-rd., Beth-
nal green, for 183 families (390 looms). Opened 1858.
K>che»ter Builiin-s. Duck lane. Old Pyc-atrect,
Westminster, for 168 families. Opened in May, 1863.
(Returns for the following hare boea obtAlned bjr per«»«l laqnity.)
The BuiMing near the Shad well-station, for 112
I families. _ -
I The Dwellings in Grosvenor-mews, Haoovor-square, for
> 32 famiHes.
92
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Dbobmbbb 25, 1863.
Tho Albion Chambers, Dean-street, Soho, ordinary
London hoose adapted for about 45 single men.
The Lodging Uoose (now discontinued) at Camden*
town, formeny belonging to Messra. Pickford and Co.
The Dormitory, Dudley-etreet, St. Giles*!, for 24 girls.
Opened in 1858.
The Leicester-square Soup Kitchen and Refuge, Ham-
yard, Great WindmUl-stieet.
(Betonu for the following hare been supplied bj Bfiif E. Twining.)
The Working Men's Coffee House, 46, Portugal-street,
Linooln's-inn.
(Returns for the follewlng hare been sapplled from tbe Oflloe.)
St. Marylebone Public Baths and Wash-houses, 181,
Marylebone-road. Opened 18th of December, 1849.
In order that the important evidence which has been
obtained tmay be speedily completed, and reduced into a
shape which may render it a convenient means of guid-
ance for future undertakings, a special committee has
been appointed, consisting of the Hon. and Hev. Samuel
Best, M. A., Mr. Samuel Gregson, M.P., Mr. Chandos Wren
Hoskyns, and Mr. Thomas Twining, Members of Council,
with Mr. H. M. Eyton, architect of the Model Dwellings
erected at Hull by the Labourer's Ftiend Society, who
has consented to act as honorary referee, and Mr. George
Bigby, who has kindly undertaken the office of reporter.
The last-mentioned gentleman is now engaged in clas-
sifying and collating the information in hand, and in
personally obtaining some desirable additions. Members
who can undertake to supply returns of any model dwel-
lings, or other buildings for the use of the working classes
in the metropolis and suburbs, not included in the above
enumeration, are requested to communicate with the
secretary of the Society of Arts, who will forward blank
forms and explanatory circulars. Equally acceptable
would be any communications as to the merits, or deme-
rits of any of the establishments above enumerated, de-
rived from personal and impartial observation, or any
general information or remarks suggested by the following
memorandum : —
Subjects fob Enquibt iir BBPBBnroE to Modbl
DWBLLDfOS AND OTRBB AOOOMMODATIOK FOB THB
WouKiNG Classes IV thb Metropolis avd Sdbubbs.
Financial Aspect.
Evidence of financial success or failure, and of the
causes which may have chiefly contributed thereto,
whether in the designs, tho materials used, the more or
less happy adaptation to the wants and notions of tho class
for whom the building is intended, tho regulations and
management, Ssc.
Presence or absence of desirable accessory advantages
provided for the tenant by the landlord, «.^., water supply,
the use of a laundry and drying ground, of baths, of ac-
commodation for household stores, of a hoist, dec.
Building contrivances, or special materials which have
been found to diminish certain items of yearly expendi-
ture, such as repairs, rates, insurance, &c.
Average return obtained for capital invested in the
erection of dwellings of the old style, and of an inferior
class in London.
Estimated amount of interest to be expected from
capital invested on a large scale, in supplying the working
classes of the metropolis with improved family dwellings,
chambers, and other desirable accommodation. State
what economic and sanitary conditions or regulations and
management are contemplated in these estiuiates, as
essential features.
Remilts obtainable from appropriating to shops the
ground floor of model buildings in populous localities.
Sasitabv and Social Aspect.
Bemarks as to the sanitary features, and more or less
cleanly and well regulated condition of urban and suburban
model or renovated buildings.
Statistics of death and disease, as far as they can be
fairly assumed to have been influenced by the condition of
the establishments themselves, mther than by extraneoua
or fortuitous causes.
Expedients w to wall-aurface, flooring, furniture, Ao.»
which have been found conducive to a healthy condition
of the dwellings.
Materials and contrivances which have been found
efficient, convenient and cheap, for rendering a building
fireproor, or for facilitating the escape of the inmates
from the higher stories, e.^., avoidance of timber work,
external gallery system.
Anthentie indications of moral and sodal Improvement
effected by dwellings reform.
MlflOELLANBOUS C0NSIDBBATIOK8*
Advantages and drawbacks of the external gallery
system.
Financial and economic results obtainable from com-
bining in populous streets: 1. A row of shops on the
ground floor. 2. Entresol apartments attached thereto.
3. A superstructure on the external gallery system,
the galleries being, according to circumstances, at the
front or back of the building. 4. Well-lighted and
ventilated work-rooms, or bathing and laundry accommo«
dation. 5. A terrace roof to serve as drying ground.
Co-operative stores, reading rooms, penny savings*
banks, and other desirable acotMoriis of large modd
establishmentfl or cUSt ouvriiret.
Comparison of the results respectively obtained by the
erection of new buildings and by the adaptation of existinfl^
ones, as regards in the first case sanitary and economio
advantages, and in the second case the facility and
rapidity of the operation, the diminished outlay and the
increased return.
What are at the present time the most urgent wants of
the working classes in the metropcdis, as regards fiimily
dwellings, furnished accommodation for families, lodging-
houses for single men or for single females, dormitories
for bovs, &c.
Under what circumstances and in what looalittes may
the adaptation of existing houses be adopted as a means
for meeting these urgent wants.
What facilities, in the way of eligible sites, oonvenienoo
of locomotion, or other advantages for the erection of nno
buildings for the working classes on a large scale, exist at
present in the metropolis or suburbs, or are likely to arise
in connection with the projected metropolitan improve-
ments and railway extensions.
What financial combinations may most effectively and
safely promote extended investments of capital for the
benefit of the working classes, 0.^., limited liability com-
panies, co-operative building societies, improved system
of mortage, &c.
Existmg or jproposed arrangements for so regulating the
rentals, that after a certain number of years a working
man may become proprietor of the cottage which he in-
habits.*
Difficulties with regard to the collecting of rents, which
have in several instances been an obstacle to the success
of model buildings, and have ltd to the entrusting of their
collection to a contracting agent.
Best means for enforcing punctual payments as a rale,
without precluding leniency as an exception.
Comparison between the results obtained by quarterly
and weekly tenancies.
Begulations and difficulties concerning the sub-letting
of family dwellings.
* The fulloning it an extract from a letter to Mr. Twioioff,
from Jame« Hole, Bsq., dnted Leeds. lUh May, 1863 :— * We
are not only makiag improved dwcllinga, but eoablini; work-
ing men to become the owners on very easy terms. B} finding
a fifth of the coat of the house, and paying the same rent he
hat been
\ man become
accnatomed to pay for an inferior dwelling, a working
»mo hu own landlord in 13 years.*'
JOUBNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Dbobmbkb 26, 1863.
93
additions to existiog legisUtite enaotments,
c^, TtM Lodging House Act.
Lqgal aoaotmants or parodiial ragaUtioDS oalouUted to
twos' ibtt mipMieding of unaattifaotory by improved
sv^Uingi, «.y., aMeMment of dwelliogs on the external
fiitery system as distinct hooses. Assessment of the
r^m oo the nei instead of the gross rent in blocks
t^iwellings (each dwelliDg being under a certain rental)
vba« the ratea are paid by the landUud and not by the
'.iSuA ; romiasions for the firat three years of certain rates
1-3 aw«lllosi aUbrding a given amount of accomraodatioa
■aicr a given rental, and which shall have been satis-
^KiorHy Taportad oo by the surveyor and medical officer
a Urn di«4Hot» or by other authorised inspectors.
Various expedients with regard to building designs and
mtiariala, management, private patronage, and government
which have proved snooeskhl in other conn-
Venr few ratoma have as yet been obtained from pit>-
Tiadal towns and agricultural districts, but it is intended
tB direct specttl attention to this part of the inquiry,
Then that referring to the metropolis shall be more ad-
Tsaood. In the meantime any contributions of local in-
ftmaatloo, or the addresses of persons to whom forms
abosld be sent, would be very acceptable, as also reports
of the progresa of dwellings reform in other countries.
♦
60DTHERN COUNTIES ADULT EDUCATION
SOCIETY.
The foUowing paper, ** On Giving an Artistic Turn to
the LaJwre Honri of the Labourer's Home," by W. Wal
Use Wyh, Eaq., of Charminster, Dorset, was read at the
A maeling of this Society, held at Devizes : —
A ewaal glance at Miss Jane Hill's lately published
iUx^xmuons of *' Kinder- Garten Educational Employ-
iKBt and Amusements,"* appesrs to suggest a cheap, an
tmf, and an interesting accession to those home and house-
hold attmctionB by which the cottage hearth may be made
to riae nperior to the enjoyments of the beer house. For
ihhoQgK, aa we all know, the German Kinder-Garten
smoieioeBts are intended for very young children, it will
be foand, oo looking more narrowly into the artistic ten-
deneics of some or most of them, that there are two
or more groonda on which it may be dedrable to press
them into the domestic training service, for use in the
long winter evenings, and all other intervals between
vcric and alnmber that occor in the dull routine of the
cocuger's existence, which they may thus be made to
yirr. In the first place, they may well be recommended in
ordW to engage the adulta' attention, not only with a view
to oeeopy and develop their ingenuity and taste (which
ttey would do unconsciously), but primarily for the pur-
pOM of eoabling them to instruct and entertain their chil-
drea. with an ultimate tendency to stimulate the growth
»f lioular taste and ingenuity in the children. In the
Kcood place, they may equally well be adopted as a
Beam cfcaliaTp s^nd refinement amongst the rustic fami-
tioi, who, in proportion as their crudities are corrected in
i mvmer interesting to themsdves, will learn to love and
recognise everyUnng they now ignore that is graceful and
elegsot.
1. Our German neighbours are in all respects an ex-
ample to na and to the world m their treatment of chil-
Ano. The German Christmas-tree, with its wondrous
««f of faniiy aarprisea, ia perhaps the best illustration of
ths delightful feeling of domestic happiness which the
attsation bestowed by the adults on tlie little peq)]e is
rskiistwi 10 prod oca. The mode in which the pleasui'e
0( liM analleet indtvidaal is made a special study, and
Piiioa aad Hodg«, 66, HolborabilL
the sense of no one being forgotten, generates self-respect,
mutual kindness, and lays the foundations of personsd
character on an elevated basis. Much of this is wanting
amongst the more boorish of our own rural population,
and even the best and woi*thiest of our labourers and their
wives think it much if they keep their children neat and
clean, perhaps well-dressed, and give them a little school-
ing ; such a thing as household culture is rarely thought
of. The sort of pursuits which, on the model of the
Kinder-Ghu'ten system of FrOdel, might be made available
for rendering eveiy cottage hearth in England a magnet
of interest and improvement for old and young, include,
as we shall presently see, modelling — what is termed pea-
work — paper- folding, cutting and plaiting, and finally
drawing and writinfi; ; all of which in the elementary way
in which they will immediately be presented, will be
found eminently calculated for being carried out with
facility. Now, to say nothing of the well- known laws of
mental and physical relaxation which would be subserved
by the introduction of these things, which Miss Mill teUs
us Madame Bertha Rouge has carried out to admiration
in mere infant schools in this country, and which are,
much more, therefore, capable of being developed in the
family circle, there are principles of utility involved di-
rectly and indirectly in eveiy attempt to give an artisUo
turn to the work of man's hands, the benefits of which we
need hardly stay to demonstrate. It was noticed, at the
unpacking of the goods for the first Exhibition of 1851,
that the French artizan possessed an artistic training of
such a nature that if a leaf or a fragment of ornament
chanced'to be broken or deranged, he could immediately
remodel and probably replace it in plaster materials;
wlteieas, I have actually seen an upholsterer's man, who
had engaged to remove carved goods in safety, resort slyly
to the expedient of knocking otf a gold leaf or two on one
side of a moulded frame, to correspond with the damage
that had been accidentally done to the other.* By fami-
liarising our common people in any degree with an artistic
facility of handling fine or beautiful work, we shall gain
many advantages. We shall, first of all, give them a
taste for what is excellent in art, an appreciation of the
beautiful, a desire to execute any task that may fall to their
lot in a more tidy and elegant manner than would other-
wise be dreamed of; and above all, if any latent talent may
be lurking in the untutored genius of the obscure and low-
t>om swain, we open up a chance of calling it forth, of
exercising it, and putting it on tho road to actual renown.
That we are far behind all other civilised people in works
of ordinaiy ingenuity and art, was known and felt so long
back as the wars of the French Revolution ; for we have
in all those parts of the country where depdts for French
prisoners existed, traditions of the pleasing and surprising
ingenuity and taste displayed by those sufferers from the
fortune of war, who found it necessary to resort to tho
exercise of the arts with which they were acquainted to
raise a litUe money. Give a French prisoner a piece of
bone, or other seemingly worthless material, and he
would forthwith proceed to elaborate it into *• a thing of
beauty and a joy for ever ;" and many of the prison depdts
in this country were in those times perfect bazaars of
fancy articles fabricated out of nothing by the ingenuity
of the captive Gauls. Instances are not wanting amongst
ourselves which show, however, that the fame or similar
capacities exist amongst the people could they be but
stimulated into action. The crowds of visitors to the
Channel Fleet, in its late aquatic ovation round our
island shores, were more than a little astonished, for
instance, to find Jack, in many instances, an adept at the
tambour- frame, and accomplished in embroidery so as to
be able to execute a banner- screen with any lady in the
land. And no one can have forgotten the cork model of
Lincoln Cathcdial, which, in the Architectural Gallery
of the late International Exhibition, attested so well the
artistic ability of the self-taught workman by whom it
* Fact— It happened to myself.
94
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dkcimbbe 25, 18€8.
WBS constructed, after maoy yeani of leimire labour, that
fiDce the clofle of the Exhibition he has raised a profit of
£800 by exhibiting it, and has built himself two cottages
of a more eodnnog kiud with the proceeds, proudly in-
scr3)ing them
** PcrMTvmes, eork, and (las,
Elfkt«ea boadnd aod ilx^-two.**
2. Do the second head, I need say nothing more than
that art is known as the great humaniser alike of high
and bnroble Ufe ; before its acknowledged triumphs men
hold their breath and gloat in admiration ; the suocesB of
its humblest efforts gives joy and satisfaction to the heart,
as if the ptoudest actiievement of the human mind were
the right direction of man's hands.
Kow, then, let us conidder what can be done in detail
to realise some part of this programme of lural felicity?
To h^D with modelling : —
*' l^e first occupation which we shall notice," says
Miss Mill, " is modelling; and as we endeavour to make
the simplest materials serve for these employments, so
that they may be within the reach of children of any
dasB of society, we usually me for this purpose terra cctta,
or modelling clay, a large piece of which can be obtained
for sixpence of any modeller. Or, in the countiy, where
this cannot be obtained, we have taken a lump of common
red clay, washed and passed it through a coarse cloth, so
as to separate from it the small particles of stone, then
have put the jar which contained the liquid clay into a
warm oven, until the water had evaporated so far as to
leave it of a proper consintcnce to mcxlel with. This is a
dirty and very tioublesome process, and we only recom-
mend it in canes where nothing el^e can be obtained for
the purpose. Tiiis and the modelling clay is more easily
worked than any other substance we know of; it has,
however, the disadvantage of making the hands dirty, and
of being liable to break as soon as the model is dry, as
the day in this state is exceedingly brittle. Another
substance, which has neither of thcbo disadvantages, is
ground rice properly prepared. This may he a little
more difiicult to model with than clay for very young
children, but older ones usually prefer it. The models
made with it aie light, and when dry are difficult to
break; this substance will also admit of a very high
polish. It is, however, very difiicult to prepare. Iksides
the above, modelling wax, putty with the smell taken
from it, or gutta percha can be used. The gutta pei'cba
is certainly durable, but this is almost all that can be said
for it, as it possesses little or no beauty, and as it must be
made and kept soft while being worked, by being con-
stantly dipped in hot water, it is iinpoasiblo for young
children to we it, and it is indeed so tough and sticky
that it is quite uncomfortable to work with the fingers.
We have mentioned these substances (adds the lady) as
they are occasionally useti, but clay or putty will be found
to answer every purpose."
Our proposed pupils would not, however, be quite so
nice about the material — only the further removed from
the abortive mud or diit pic of tmio honored (juvenile)
antiquity — the better. Now, then, our modelling com-
mences simply with taking a small piece from off the
large ball of clay and rolling it round. That is a simple
process. Well, another and bmaller piece may next be
taken off and aluo rolled round — that U equally simple ;
but, in fact, the whole stages of olementaiy modelling are
perfect simplicity ; for, when tlieso two round bits of clay
are placed one on the top of the other, and the top of the
smaller and upper ball marked with a cross by the model-
ling knife,*— the incipient artist coinpiehends immediately
that his first ellurt of genius has been accomplished,
— ho has modelled a kaf of breavl I After that, ho may
venture on mo lolling a bird's nest, — by taking a laige
piece of clay, rolling it round botwecu* the hands, and
then passing a finger into the ceotre of the ball so as gra-
dually to increase the width and depth of the bol£>ir.
The sides and top of the nett being then prilled over
with the point of the modelling-knife, some small pieees
of clay rolled up and dropped into the nest r ep re wni tbe
egp. The aspiring artist is now prepared to attempt
animated nature. With the utmost ease be may model
a swan or a duck.
We need not go minntely into what seems almosi
intuitive, but the first notion of every ooe by whom
this process, simple as it is, has not been carefolly ex-
amined, is that the difficulties of executing artistic models
of anything are infinitely greater than there is ever any
chance of their being found. The rudimentary operatioos
now explained are capable of being indefinitely extended,
not only from a loaf of brttd to a bird's nest, and Crom m
bird's-nest to a basket of flowers ; but the variatioiis of
floral structure present themselves in turn for study, and
it being once found out how slightly a Unebell d^ers
from a primrose, the distinctive characteristics of evoy
flower that grows will, by the dawning intelligencfi, bo
ultimately detected and copied.
There is just one other illustration derived from the
Kinder-Garten amusements which we would seek to il-
lustrate, as it is sure to prove popular round the cottage
hearth, when brushed up and warmly glowing, as the oil
lamp sparkles in the eager eyes of the pleased group wlB'
seuibl^ round to reproduce the fancv structures about to
be noticed. This is called pea-work, it cannot be pre-
tended that it has a bearing of equal importance to the
art of modelling, or that it is anything more than mere
play. But as play, it is of an innocent and imitative cha-
racter, and commends itself, in its higher aims, even to
the artistic consideration.
Models may be formed bit by bit, of any structure how-
ever complicated, by thin little bits of pointed stick in-
serted at their ends into two peas, which afford, of course,
the means of jointing on to any others in almost any di>
rection. Architectural models are most readily copi^
from an engraving.
By introducing such amusements, the occupation thai ia
secured for hours of relaxation is, therefore, greatly en-
hanced by their tendency to educate the constructive
faculties and induce workmanlike accuracy and mecha-
nical study. These hints are thrown out regardless of
the sneer that may be expected at their frivolity. There
is no doubt that such pursuits are frivolous ; but there ia
as little doubt of the truth of the liackneyed adage, that
'* All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." It ia
expressly as play, in contradistinction to work, that they
ought to be introduced and promoted ; and happy would
it be for us if in all our frivolous and favourite amuse^
ments we oould find the germs of usefulness and refine^
ment as we do in these.
^ * The modelling knife is a piece of bard poli»lifd wood, 4
mcbes long; one end flattened and tligbtly rounded, and I
coming to a point at the other*
Mabtlbbone Literary and Soirntifio Institdtion.
— On the 16th December a well-attended meeting was
held at this Institution. Lord Fermoy was in the chair,
and, in his opening speech, said the object of that meeting^
was, by public suliscriptions, to raise funds to take the In-
stitution out of its difficulties. The secretary read the
report of the committee, who said they veiy much re-
gretted that, unless support were given them, they should
be obliged to close the institution ; and, further, that the
President (Sir Francis Goldsmid) had lent them £500,
and promised to give it to them if £600 more could be
miscd, ^nd they bad therefore refolved to call two meet-
ings for the puroose of soliciting assistance from the puMic.
One of the speakers observed that books wei-e at one time
the strength of the^^e Institutions, but there had b<^D a
great change ; the circulating libraiy of to-d^iy was not
the same as that of thirty years ago. The committee oi
the bmtitution had decided to add 7,000 new books to the
7,000 old if tlie Institution were kept open. — Seijeant
Party proposed a resolution tendering Sir Francis Gk>ld-
I smid. the president of iht Institution, hearfy thanks for
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbc«mbkr 25, 1868.
95
^5^*- Hitt betieTed that this Institution was the oldest
4 lb knid, exoept iho London Mechanics* Institntion.
Ato^i30O w^as fubBcribed at the meeting.
Jto «iMM> YouNo Msai's SooiiTT. — ^A conwrtanone, to
■■Acai* tha opening of the new rooms in Geoige-street,
«ali^ an Um UiL, 2nd, and 3rd December. On each
«■■"■* the roomB were crowded. W. J. Maxwell,
2^ pffocsoored the aerrices of a gentleman from the
*!-■ *iic InaAltatioQ with the piping bullfinch which
waxAk a senoatioo at the International Exhi
[ 1862. There was also a fine exhibition
d Tskiablfl mintings, lent by the residents in the
, and a ooUection of antiquities, arranged
Jk pAper was read by W. Chapman, Esq.,
oT the Boyal Palaces of Richmond from the
of ita history. The Rev. W. Webster,
€>f the Montpelier-row Chapel, Twickenham,
^id a paper od '« Brotherly love towards each other," and
Ao BcfT, O. 8. Ingram, of the Independent Chapel,
TvicbohaBB, alao read one on '* The mission of beauty in
f^ vofffci oC atUity.'* A concert was given each evening
mti^ large room.
Sooth S^AFyoBSSHiBB Eouoatiomal Assooution. —
have recently decided to admit Working
GUibs of the district into Union with the Aasocia*
te General Purposes, at a nominal subscription of
shiUinga per year, and have also decided to appoint
t psid ezamiDer in connection with the examinations of
>^ Central Committee, instead of trusting to honoraxy
>s^Hoea as heretofore. The night-school movement in
Sonh Staffordshire is ra^Hdly extending, no le«s than
v«taty additional schools having been admitted into
Cmon this season. The principia feature of Institution
veck appears to be the very general substitution of penny
Tradings aod eotertainmeots for ordinary lectures, which
«e said to be inadequately supported. The third series
of Satozday Evening Concerts has been commenced at
"WeiverhamptOQtaiid the performances are quite as popular
ai io fiormer jearH. The Willenwall Institute Readings
ve also remarkably suocevfol. At the Toung Men's
Cknadao losUtate, Wolverhampton, a recreation or
^ ch4>*' room has been added. It is proposed to have,
in addhioo to games, social meetings, and musical gather*
inp weekly. At Wednesbury, Mr. James Russell is
cfttrtmg, at the Crown Tube Works, an extensive build-
ing, which win form an Institution for his numerous
vt]rkpeople. It will contain a large lecture and concert
kiU, reading-room, library, and two rooms for night-school
PBposea At Dudley, the Committee of the Mechanics'
WitQtioo are prepanng for the opening of the new build-
ing oo the 29th instant, when the Earl of Dudley, Lord
LftteltOQ, Lord Lichfield, and others, will take part in
the proeeedinga, which will be followed by a bazaar in
aid of the boilding fund. This building is by far the
Bflst oommodioQS and extensive one, for special Insti-
tttioo purpo se s, which South Staffordshire can boast. In
■ddiiioQ to the usual rooms there ii a large public hall,
s lecture-room, a laboratory, well-stocked geological
moseam , and suitable class-room and attendants* apa^t-
■leots. The total cost will be between five and six thou-
nodpoQodi.
im %xii.
SCHOOLS OP FINE ARTS IN PARIS.
The foUowing documents relating to the School of Fine
Arta ID Pinii, which has just been completely reorganized,
have a special interest at the present time, whilst the re-
form of the Royal Academy is under discussion : —
Psrlf, 14th KoT.
Sus, — In connecting Fine Arts with the administration
of your household, your Majesty wished to show all the
iaIeRil yoa take in them ; you have brought them so
near the throne as to give them a personal attention.
The first question which has called for the solicitude of
your Msjesty, and for which you have ordered an exami-
nation, concerns the organization of the Imperial Special
School for Fine Arts, which takes its origin from 1819,
and has ceased to harmonize with the advance of ideas
and the wants of the present time. I have the honour to
submit to your Majesty a proposed decree, which, separat*
ing the administntive departments from those for instruc*
tion, reconstitutes this establishment upon new and normal
bases, of which the principal arrangements will in the end
do away with privileges and restrictions incompatible, in
the present day, with the liberal principles by which your
Imperial Majesty's Government is diiected. The report
which has been referred to me by M. the Superintendent
of Fine Arts, and which 1 have placed before yoUr
Majesty, contains all the necessary explanation for the
appreciation of the scope and nature of these innovationa.
I approve of all the conclusions in this, and I pray your
Majesty to affix your signature to the annexed proposed
decree.
(Signed) Vaillant (Marshal.)
Napoleon, by the grace of Gad and the goodwill of the
nation. Emperor of the French.
Greeting to all present and io come.
Read the order of ttie Republican Government, dated 3rd
Pluvum, 11th year (22d January, 1803).
Read the Royal ordinance of the 4th August, 1819.
Upon the report of the Minister of our Hou>ehold and
of Fine Arts, have decreed and do decree what follows.
Imperial and Special School of Fine Arte,
Art. 1. The administration of the Imperial and Special
School for Fine Arts is confided to a director appomted
for five consecutive years by the Imperial decree. The
director is the immediate head of the statf of the school;
he is alone charged with the carrying out of the minis-
terial decisions and administrative roles. He corresponds
with a superior offi-'e, concerning the business of his de-
partment. All the expenses must be authorized by him,
within the limits, and according to the conditions laid
down by the Minister. He watches these expenses and
controls them, and causes vouchers to be established, keep-
ingwithin the rules of the public account.
He enjoys a salary of 8,000 francs (£320). In case of
illness or holiday his place b filled up by a person nomi-
nated by the Minister.
Art 2. The administrative staff* comprehenis — a sec-
retary, an accountant, a keeper of models and objects of
art, and a librarian.
The staff for instruction comprehends— professors for
courses, professors chiefs of studios. All are named by
the Minioter as well as those employed in the service.
The provisions of the Law of 9th June, 1863, for civtt
pensions are applicable to the whole staff of the school
except the professors, chiefs of studios.
Art. 3. The professors for the courses receive an annual
salary of 2,400 francs (£96). In case of illnesf, or absence,
they are replaced by a person chosen by the Mmister, The
salary is then divided between the substitute and the
professor.
Art. 4. The titles and privileges of the present pro-
fessors and those who are 6uperannuatei are suppressed ;
nevertheless, the professors who are at present in possession
of the superannuation wil^ preserve, under the report of
the salary, the advantages for them resulting from the
9th Article of the rule annexed to the ordinance of the
4th August, 1819.
Art. 6. The professoi's chiefs of studios, independently
of the localities which are conceded gratuitously to them
for the installation of their studios, are remunerated by
means of indemnities worth about 2,400 francs (£96)
a year. They cannot take part in the Superior Council
for teaching which is established near the schooli as will
be shown in the second chapter.
%
JOUBNAL OP THE BOOIETY OF ARTS, BioilicfiEB 2S, 1868.
Arfc. 6. The professors do not live in the Bchool.
Irutrwtion,
Art. 7. In connection with the school a Superior Council
is established, which is composed of — a superintendent
of fine arts — president ; a director for the administration
of fine arts— vice-president ; two painters, two sculptors,
two architects, one engraver, and five other members,
named by the Minister.
The Superior Council chooses its secretary from the
members of the Council. The members of the Superior
Council for Instruction, with the exception of the superin
tendent of fine art*?, and the director for the administration
of fino arts, aie renewed by one-thiid at the commence-
ment of each academic year. The members leaving
office can be elected again. The functions of the Superior
Council are gratuitous.
Art. 8. The imperial and special school for fine arts is
entirely devoted to the teaching of painting, sculpture,
architecture, and engraving, in copper-plate, medals, and
precious stones.
Art. 9. The foUowiug courses are given by the staflf of
the school : —
1. History of art and esthetics, 2. Anatomy. 3. Per-
spective. 4. Elementary mathematics. 5. Descriptive
geometry. 6. Geology, elementary physios, and chemis-
try. 7. Administration and book keeping, construction
and application in work-yards. 8. History and archaeology.
Art. 10. The power of giving lectures temporarily in
the rooms of the school can be accorded to a person not
on the staff of profe^ssors, so long as the subject of the
lecture is connected with the study of fine arts and the
use of it is recognized by the Minister.
Art. 11. The daily exercises prescribed by the 3rd
Article of the rule annexed to the ordinance of the 4th
August, 1819, are replaced by works executed by the
students in the studios. For this purpose, attached to the
school, are— Three studios for piuting, three studios for
sculpture, three studios for architecture, one workshop for
engraving copperplate, one workshop for engraving me-
dals and precious stones. These workshops and studios are
directed by artists who hold the title of professors, heads
of studios, as has been stated in Article 2.
Art. 12. Every three months the director receives a
report from the professors, heads of studios, on the pro-
gress of their pupils. These reports are communicated
to the superior council. The council informs the minister
of those students who, having distinguished themselves,
seem to him to deserve either piizes or encourage-
ments.
Art. 13. The obligations are :— That all the pupils of
the school attend the courses of history, aesthetics, and of
archaeology. That all the pupils who learn painting,
sculpture, and engraving, attend the courses of anatomy
and pei^pective. That all the pupils learning architecture
attend all the courses except anatomy.
Admission of Students.
Art. 14. The candidates who wish to go through the
courses of the school ought to forward Uieir names to the
secretaiy, certify to their being JB'rench, and be between
the ages of 10 and 25. Strangers can exceptionally, and
with the consent of the minister, be admitted to the
couiw.
Chmpetitionfor thereat Home Prises, and for Laureate.
Art. 16. The competitions for the great Rome Prizes
are open to the Imperial and Special School for Fine
Arts. All artists, from the ages of 15 to 26, whether
pupils or not at the school, can compete for the great
Home Prizes, after having succeeded in two preliminary
tests, on the condition that they are French. Alter two
preliminary tests, ten candidates will be admitted to com-
pete for the prizes for painting, sculpture, architecture, and
engraving on copper-plate, medals, and precious stones.
For the first three sections above named, there will be an
annual competition ; ibr the foarth, one every two years;
and for the fifth, one eveiy three years.
Art. 16. The programme of the preliminary tests and
the definite competition is drawn np by the laperior
Council for teachmg, instituted by ait. 6 ; the results of
the tests and the competition are deoided by a jury com-
posed as follows, of— Nine members for the section of
Painting, nine members for the section of Sculpture, nine
members for the section of Architecture, five members
for the section of Engraving on copperplate, five niembers
for the section of Engraving medals and precious stones.
I'he jury will be drawn by lots, from a list, which will be
prepared by sections and presented by the superior Council.
This list, having been checked by the Minister, will be in-
serted in the Moniteur, The juries of each section will
only decide at the competition of the section for which
they have been named.
Art. 17. One prize only will be awarded in each section.
Art. 18. The provisions of paragraph 6 of the 14th
article of the law for recruiting for the army, are, and still
remain, applicable to the candidates who take the great
prizes.
Art. 19. For the future, the candidates who obtain the
great prize in their section, and who are sent to Rome,
will only receive pensions for four years. They are obliged
to stay at Rome two years at least; for the other two
yeai-s they may, if it is convenient, and they like to, de-
vote them to instructive journevs, informing beforehand
the siiperior administration of their intentions. The en-
gravers of medals and precious stones enjoy the pension
only for three years, and they ought to remain at Rome
for at least two years.
Art. 20. The Director of the Imperial Academy of
France at Rome sends a report, every six months, to the
Minister, of the works and degree of instruction of the
prizemen.
QeneraL and Transitory Arrangements.
Art. 21. The ministerial orders determine : —
1. The conditions for the admission of students into
the studios of the Imperial and Special School for fine Arts
— the maximum length of their stay at the school— the
commencement of the courses — the number of lessons — and
the details relative to teaching.
2. The relative measures for the studies of the pen-
sioners—their travels— the obligations they have to fill
up — the mode of judgment or the appreciation of their
works.
Art. 22. The candidates actually in possession of the
title of pensioners of the Government will always pre-
serve their rights in what concerns the length of their
stay at the Imperial Academy of France at Rome, but
they will be put under the regulationi of the 21st Article
as above.
Art. 23. The provisions and ordinances and past mles
are repealed as far as they are contrary to the present de-
cree, which will come into force 1st January, 1864, and
which the Minister of our Household and of Fine Arts is
instructed to carry into operation. This decree will be
inserted in the Bulletin des Lois.
Done at our Palace of Compi^gne, the 13th November,
1863.
(Signed) Napoleon.
(Counter-Signed) Vaillant.
Napoleon, by the Grace of God, &c., &c..
Read the Imperial Decree dated this day, relating to the
organisation of the Imperial and Special School tor the
Fine Arts.
At the proposition of the Minister of our Household
and the Fine Art«.
Decreed and do decree the following :—
Art. 1. M. R. Fleury, Member of the Institute, is
nominated for five years Director of Uie Imperial School
for Fine Arts,
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbcbmber 25, 1868.
97
Art. %, The Minister of our Hooaehold and of the Fine
j*ra ii ciMUg«d with the exeoutloD of the present decree.
*" ai oar PiaUce of Compi^gne the ISth November,
(Signed) Napoleon.
(Oottnter-Signed) Vaillant.
or ▲ I^STTEH FBOM TBS CoMTE OB NiEUWEBKEBKE
TO THB Marshal of Framoe.
to the old syftem by which the Imperial and
School for Fine Arta was carried on, the following
ioiis MTe DOW offered :
The creatiofi of an office of director in the school.
2. Beform in the s^rsteni of nomination of professors.
3. Oeatioci of new professorships for painting, engi-aving,
; a)ao of preparatory studios directed by professors
«■ by the administration.
4. Opening of courses, gratuitous to the School for Fine
4ria» giveo by every penon presenting a programme to the
KJmfirirt r ation, which promises useful instruction.
5. An Inatltation in connection with the School for
FiBB AitB, and a Boperior Council for Instruction.
6. Buppreenon of preparatory tests.
7. The appointing of the limit of the age to 25 oom-
pletB years, lor the competitions of the great piizes.
8. SoppresBioo of the second prizes.
9. Bedocdon to four years of the pension awarded to
fraemen, of which two years must he passed in Rome
ssJ two others in traTelliug.
10. Soppreasion of the great prizes for landscape painting.
11. Augmentation of the pensioner's superannuation.
U. Introduction of special jury forjudging at the com-
pedtiao for the great prises.
Tax latx William Mulbxapt, H.A. — The Memorial
Ontmittee have reaolved to recommend to the subscribers
the loUowii^ plan:— Fint, to erect a suiuble menu-
BMBt orer th» gntye of the artist at Eensal green ;
stooedly, to oflfer a bust of him to the Trustees of the
XatioQal Gallery or of the National Portrait Gallery ; and,
thirdly, to derote any surplus to the establishment of a
Uahmdy Prise to students.
South RxHaufOToir Mosubm. — ^Mr. Godfrey Sykes and
ba aanstant have been busy during the autumn in deco-
rating parta of the new courts and galleries, which will be
' to the public during the Christmas holidays.
IPlsnnfiuturts.
VtmawLAJM THKBHOiaTEBs. — An improved porcelain
ttanDometer, manuftietured by Messrs. Frankham and
Wflsoo, waa laid on the table at the last evening meeting.
In oMatry thermometers the tube is partially let into
a grooive, bo aa to bring the column of mercury as near as
y aw n lie to the graduated scale, but as this cannot con-
venleatly be dcme in a porcelain instrument, the tube is
flaltened, and increased facility is thus given for reading
off the temperature indicated. In this instrument the
scale ia in each caae graduated to the tube.
Fbodoction of Cast-stbbl direotlt fbox Pig-
taos. — The foundation of this new method is the influence
of sAeam on a thin stream of pig-iron. If we take an iron
tube of a certain diameter with sides of the neceaaary
itrei^th, form a ring out of it, and fix on ita circum-
fisTBDce, towards the centre, three or more tubes, we have
a tube ring with three or more radii. The ring is made
fwt to the tabular pipe ; the ends of these tubes, which
are open, do not quite reach to the centre of the ring, and
have, therefore, between the ends an empty space, in
which the pig-iron is allowed to flow in a stream of a
evtain aCiength. The steam let into the boiler from the
tabular pipe flows oot of the openings of the three tubes,
and operatea directly i^kmi the pig-iron. It is said that
the oinrgen of the steam oxidises the carbon of the pig-
ina« toe B&ldmn, a portion of the sulphur, phosphorus,
iBBA oMmt hnporitiBB m the pig-iron ; the hydrogen com-
bines with the carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, arsenic, and
other bodies, with which it forms combinations of hydro-
gen. The carbonised and purified metal falls into the
crucible or other vessel placed immediately under the
apparatus. The metal obtained contains impurities, and
nm&t therefore be smelted in crucibles in a blast or rever-
beratory furnace. This is the essential part of the procesr*
Now arise the questions: — Is it possible to obtain steel in
large quantities by this method ; will it be of the same
quality as the small quantity obtained on trial ; and, if it
is possible, at what price can it be obtained? In answer
to these questions Cazanave asserts that by his method
steel can be obtained iu great quantities, not inferior to
the best steel, and proportionately cheaper ; for his best
quality steel can be obtained for £18 per ton. This is
difficult to believe, but the inventor affirms that it is so,
and at the same time warrants the excellent quality of
his steel. In the present mode of obtaining steel, good
iion must be used which is cemented, and the cemented
iron, that is the steel, is smelted in crucibles. By Gaza-
nave's method cementation of the iron is avoided, so that
the cast-steel may be obtained in unlimited quantities.
If this new method turns out practicable, it will be
possible to work up the whole daily production of a blast-
furnace into steel. For this only the apparatus is required,
which is not very costly, and which would be ereeted near
the blast-furnace and stream of pig-iron. The stream
would be divided into rays of the necessary strength, and
each one directed into an apparatus. By Bonemer's
process about ten tons of steel are obtained per day at
Sheffield, while by Gazanave's method between sixty
and seventy tons per day could be obtained, and a blasts
furnace is being erected at Gharleroi which will produce
about seventy-four tons per day. The samples of steel
furnished by this new process are reported to be very
good. They were obtamed from pig-hon smelted with
coke, but it is supposed that charcoal pig-iron would g^ve
better results.
Pbbsbbvation of Gorv. — An experiment has been
made in Paris for the preseivation of com from fermenta-
tion and the attack of insects, by enclosing it in a metal
vessel and exhausting the air. Ten hectcuitres of wbeat
were placed in the vessel, and the air having been ex-
hausted, the vessel was opened after fifteen days, and the
weevils, which were seen quite lively when the wheat
was placed in the vessel, had quitted their ceUs and were
dead. They were warmed, but did not stir. Being
placed on white paper, they were crushed and reduced to
powder, without leaving any stain on the paper. From
various experiments made on wheat under glass, it was
found that the weevil retains life longer than any other
insect when deprived of air.
Influsxoe of Gxtobn nr Wine -making. — At a
recent meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, M.
Pasteur communicated a paper *' Gn the Influences of
the Oxygen of the Air on Vinification." According to
the author's researches, the must of grapes contains
no oxygen ; the only gases he found were carbonic acid
gas and nitrogen. As, however, oxygen is necessary to
fermentation, which proceeds more rapidly in proportion
to the amount supplied, M. Pasteur proposes to aerate the
must by means of bellows, or otherwise. The autlior
considers that oxygen is the active ajgent in *' vinifica-
tion" as well as in fermentation, and that, in fiut, it con-
verts new wine into old. Ita action, however, must be
prolonged, otherwise the ill eflects described bv Ber-
thollet will be produced. M. Pasteur points out that the
larger the casks the longer are the wines in coming to
matuiity, and the bottling of wines, by diminishing the
aeration, prolongs the keeping.
Pigment and WBrriNo Ink. — Mr. Thomas de la Roe
has patented the use of aniline dye waste grounds, with
carbon and other ingredients, with the addition of gly-
cerine and gum tragaeanth, in the preparation of inks.
For other purposes of a similar character he uses gluten
dissolved in acetie aoid, and a solution of the drug ndep.
98
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dboembbr 25, 1863.
(S,mmtxct
SoGAB Duties. — The Overland Oommereial Gazdle,
Mauritius, 6th November, wiya : — " The movement which
is taking place in England in favour of the equalization of
the sugar duties is seen with much satisfaction here, and
with the powerful aid of the Times^ which is brought to
bear on the question, we have good reason to hope that it
will obtain a favourable solution. The injustice of the
pesent differantial duties is clearly exemplitied here. We
have about one hundred estates with vacuum apparatus,
all of which manufacture a superior kind of sugar fit for
consumption. Scarcely any of this sugar is sent to Eng-
land, because other markets, where more equitable tariffs
exist are disposed to pay better prices for the better
article. It is very fortunate for Mauritius that Bombay
has become a market for fine crystallized vacuum sugar,
otherwise we should have been dependent on Australia
alone, which could not take all of that quality made.
Nothing would have remained but to send it to Europe,
where the higher rate of duty would reduce the net price
to that of inferior quality. In this position of things all
further improvement in manufacture is checked, but if the
duties were to be equalised, no pains, expense, or skill
would be spared to produce sugar fit lor consumption
without any further process ; and to so manufacture what
is termed the * sirop,' or second and third boilings, as to
imiMX>ve it in colour, grain, and purity. With an equalized
duty, all sugar would be made by tlie vacuum process ; it
is as cheap a system of manu&cture as the old-fashioned
one still adopted on many estates, and is more economi-
cal. There can be no doubt of the economy, for the pro-
cess of improving and refining in Euiope must add con-
siderably to the cost. But instead of improving, we are
encouraged to retrograde, under the present duties. De-
prive us of Australia and Bombay as markets, and we
should be obliged to study to reduce the quality of our
sugar, so as to gain for it admittance into the European
markets at the lower rates of duty."
Silk. — The last accounts from the silk market of
Aubenas, in the department of the Ard^che, state that
there is ^till a great deficiency in the supply of raw silk,
holders not being incliued to sell at the present price.
The markets of Joyeuse are rather better supplied. Silk
grown at Broussa has experienced a decline.
©Wtaarg*
The Venerable Righabd Lake Freeb, D.D., Archdeacon
of Hereford, bom February 10, 18u6, died August 11,
1868, was son of the Rev. T. Lane Freer, M.A., Rector
of Handsworth, Stafiordshire, and a descendant in direct
line of that Miss Lane, sister of Col. Lane, who eflected
the escape of Charles II., after the battle of Worcester,
by cBxtymg him behind her on horseback to the neijjh-
bourhood of Bristol. Archdeacon Freer was educated at
Westminster, whence he went to Christchurch, Oxford,
where he graduated as B.A. in 1828. In 1830 he was
ordained Deacon by Bishop Comewall, of Worcester, and
the next year Priest. He took his degrees of M.A. in
1834, B.D. in 1839, and D.D. in 1868. In 1838 he was
preseuted to the Rectory of Bishopstone-cum-Yazor, in
Herefordshire, by Sir Robert Price, Bart. ; in 1847 to a
prebendal stall in Herefoid Cathedml, by Bishop Mu8-
f'ave; in 1862 to the Archdeaconry of Hereford, by
ishop Hampden ; and in 1861 to the Prsalectorship of
Hereford Cathedral, by the Dean and Cliapter. He was
a Freemason and Deputy Provincial Grand Master of
Herefordshire, and was a magistrate for the County of
Hereford. He published in 1832 "A few plain words on
the Sacraments of the Church of England ;" in 1837,
devotional h3'mns, three single sermons, and his Primary
Charge in 1862. He married, in 1848, the daughter of
the Rev. John Glutton, D.D., Canon Residentiary oi
Hereford Cathedral. He restored the church of Bishop-
stone, and beautified with oak carving and painted glass
the Church of Yazor, and built the spire. He was elected
a member of the Society of Arts in 1853.
Mb. Godfrey, Bandmaster op the Coldstbeaw
Guards, died recently. He had filled this position for
nearly forty years. Some of the most popular instru-
mentalists of the day had been under his tutorage. Mr,
Godfrey was in his '76th year. Membere of the Society
will remember how pleasantly the performances of th«
band under his direction have enlivened our convenazionx
at the South Kensington Museum.
Captain James Johnston McCleverty, C.B., R.N.,
died at Florence on the 1st of March, 1863. He was tfie
youngest son of Major-General Sir Robert McCleverty,
C.B., K.C.fl., and grandson of CapUin William
McCleverty, R.N., of "Glynn," near Lame Count>
Antrim, who went round the world with Lord Anson, and
died at Waterford, in command of the West Coast ol
Ireland, in 1779. The subject of this notice joined
H.M.S. Hwmr on the 6th of April. 1823. In 1826 h<
joined the Asia under Sir Edward Codrington, and wai
present at the battle of Navarino. He afterwards wai
with Sir Pulteney Malcolm in the Britannia, At th<
special request of King William IV. he was mad<
lieutenant, and in 1833 was appointed to the Carter. Ir
1835 he joined the Etna as firet lieutenant, on the Coas
of Africa station. In 1839 he was lent, by the Admiral y
to the Indian Government, and proceeded on a ^ecrei
mission to Calcutta, from whence, in 1840, he joine<i
Admiral Sir William Parker in China, i.aving been givec
the command of the PMegeihon by Lord Ellenborough
and was made commander for the action he fought of:
Ko Tee Point in 1841. In 1846 he was appointed t(
command the Polyphemvt, and received his post-ranli
for the action and recapture of the Three Sistert from
the •* Rif " pirates on the 8th November, 1848. In 186J
he was appointed to command the TerribU during th<
Russian war in the Black Sea. For his services here h<
received the C.B. The late Lord Lyons wrote of him t<
the First Lord, *' He is ubiquitous and his wortfi is equalle<
by hb modesty." In 1858 he was appointed to comnianc
the Cambrian, and proceeded to China, where his service)
procured liim the '• good seivico pension," and in 1861 h<
became Commodore in the Indian Seas. He was sever
times mentioned in the London Gazette. He was electe<
a member of the Society of Arts in 1862.
William Pierce, of Jermyn-street, St. James's, wai
bom at Benthall, Shropshire, April 10, 1799. He devote<
his whole life to improvements in warming and ventilation
more especially in relation to the cottages of the poor
On these subjects he published several nmall treatises, out
of which was dedioated to the late Earl de Grey, wh<
had l>een for thirty years his warm supporter. Mr. Pierc<
received the silver medal from the Society of Arts fo
the Pyro-Pneumatic Stove-grate, invented by him ii
1848. He died at his residence, Belsize-road, Himpstead
October 1 , 1863. He was elected a member of the Society
of ArU in 1849.
IPuWitations |ss«c)>.
Treatise os Mills and Mkxwork, Vol. ii. On ma
cliinery of transmif«ion, and the construction and arrange
ment of mills, viz., wheels, shafts, and couplings; en
gaging and disengaging gear ; mill architecture ; also corn
cotton, flax, silk, and woollen mills ; with a description o
oil, paper, and powder mills, including a short account o
the manufacture of iron. By William Fairbairn, LL.D.
F.R.S., with plates and wood engravings. 8vo., pric<
lOs.--{ Longman.) The first part of this work gave i
succinct account of the experience of nearly fifty years it
the profession of « mill architect, millwright, and me
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Deobmbur 25, 1863.
99
x»jd eogineer. In tbia volame the author has eodea- ;
otJ to fi>Uow up more in detaQ the principles of con-
a'fcn and other serviceable data. On prime mover'*^
$ .sprited in water wheels, turbines, Btcam engines,
. the reader ia refeired to the first part of this work,
.* fCOEOt volume being chiefly directed to what is known
. !ie Buoe of mill gearing. It includes an elaborate
-^i» ofl wheels ; a chapter on the strengths and pro-
^.*am qS dykfls, couplings of shafts, engaging and dis-
A^iag gear, and those connections by which motive
»» nuy be conveyed to a considerable distance. A
1 tmtise OD mills and mill architecture is given. The
of architecture to mills was unknown or greatly
mut^tgd uDtn late years, when a few examples of archi-
-dnl eooAroction were afforded by the introduction of
• :U comkea and pilasters, showinc that it was possible
. 1 laaSL cost to relieve by light and shade the monotony
I Itige brick stir&ce. 'this, to some extent, introduced
1 '.Kittf ^yle of building, and on this subject a few ex-
«^ have been given. Com mills are specially treated
: and ss these constructions are chiefly in the hands of
Jk toiUwright, the author has carefully directed attention
■. the boildings t^a well as the machinery. A description
A fhftD of the floating mill erected for the Goveinment
iJag the late Oimeaii war, with numerous details of
i«tasflD, Aichimcdoau screw, creepers, (fee. Fourchapteis
4.1- drvoted to mills for the manufacture of textile fabrics.
A deniption is given of the different processes as they
^xst in eich kind of manufacture, while separate chaptcra
ndetoced to oil, paper, and powder mills.
To HtsitiRT or Newfoundland fbom the baulu:st
Ions TO THE Year 1860, by the Rev. Charles Pedley,
^K John's, Newfoondland. 8vo., with a large map,
^n.-nl^k.— {Longmans,) The author had access to the
'tiOal records, and has endeavoured to give everything
" inportance that can throw light upon the growth of the
Kzuaer fiihing station into a thriving colony. While
V Wtadeavoured to relate impartially the long strugcie
XvQCS Toced interests and what may be called me
'iixil lav of settlements, the peculiar nature of the
iBrcB from which Newfoundland derives wealtli and im-
?amoe ii shown to have given rise to international rivalry
ud excitiDg disputes, not yet by any means settled. The
<UDe is completed by several appendices, embodyins
uitiqBsmn details, and the most recent commercial and
^dal itstistics of the island.
Tu Yaju>, the Pehdcluh, and the Metbe, oon-
«ii1UD IN ReTEBCNCE to THE ChOIOB OF A STANDARD
T LtsGTB, by Sir John Frederick William Herschel,
bin^ KJEI. {Lonymant,) The objtet of this essay
•^ U> 5ei forth the several conditions which any
*<udsrd or typical unit of length which shall l>e
^■■med as the basis of a system of measures and
i^fhts intaoded to be national, and which may justly
-iaioi to be universal, ought to fulfil ; and to compare
*th their conditions our actual standard, the French
*dn sow in use, and the length of the pendulum which
« Wd often proposed as a natural imit of length. The
^^jaij Sir John Herschel divides into two questions —
▼Ut ki intrinsically the best and most available unit of
•Aal measure ; and what system of numerical multipli-
atiti lod aliquot subdivisiou of such unit for measures of
»ikgtfa, and of its derivative units of area, of capacity, and
^ vricht ; for these he considers all refer themselves
WoriUy to the unit of linear measure, or ought to do so.
^ eioctiiig a practical change, it is evident we may re-
cIt' with logical consistency to put aside our present
?ibem altogether, and adopt the metrical one in prefer-
'^», or we may retain the present fundamental foot or
ri.'d, tnd decimalize our system of denominations ; or by
* i%bt, sod, practically speakiog. Imperceptible change
Dov fircteot Btandard, bring it into conformity with our
ni^ of theoretical perfection. We may, too, retain all
ibGaig denominatioos as far as convenient, and superadd
^' ptnnissTe l<*.^slation a decimal system for facility of
ilndafioD* relying on its practical utility for driving*out
^ M flgnCem wim which it would be brought in contact.
This last is the course Sir John Herschel prefers. Ho.
however, reviews the whole subject and the various pro-
posals that have been put before the world. In the lineai
dimensions of the earth on the one hand, as the linear
measure of its attiactive force enil>odied in the pendulum
on the other, Sir John considers the two only available
sotuxies for a universal and invariable standard ; the
French, after considering both, thiew aside the pendulum
in favour of the metre, or the ten-millionth of the meri-
dian quadrant ; while the English, by Act of Parliament,
in 1824, repeated the old standard of an organic type, and
in effect adopted the pendulum as their ultimate resort.
The objection to the pendulum lies in the uncertainty
which must always prevail as to the true length of that
normal pendulum which shall stand equally related to
the whole globe. The pamphlet discusses how far the
French metre fulfils the requirements of scientific and
ideal perfection, and pomts out the objections to it.
iNTEBNATroNAL GoMMBBOUL Law, bclug tho priucipleji
of Mercantile Law of the following and other countries,
viz., England, Scotland, and Ireland, British India, British
Colonies, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Buenos Ayres, Den-
mark, France, Germany, Greece, Hanse Towns, Italy,
the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Prushia, Russia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, and Wurtembnrg.
By Leone Levi, Esq., F.S.A., F.S.S., of Lincoln's Inn,
Barrister at Law, Professor of the Principles and Piactico
of Commerce in King's College, London, Doctor of Poli-
tical Economy, &c., &c. ( F. and R. Stevetu, Som, and
HayneSf BM-yard.) Second edit., 2 Vols., Roy. 8vo., d5s.
The first edition of this work obtained in 1854 the
Swuiey prize for the best work on Jurisprudence, at the
hands of the Society of Arts and College of Physicians,
and for the same work the King of Prussia and Emperor
of Austria have awarded to the author their great Gold
Medal for Science and Art, and now a new edition lias
been pubhshed with some essential difieiences. The first
edition was in two vols., quarto, and it contained the
Law of the United Kingdom at the head of each page,
and the Codes and Laws of Commerce in parallel columns
under it. This edition is in two volumes, royal octavo,
and gives under each subject first, the British -Law,
next the Colonial, and next the Law of Foreign
Countries. The present edition of the work contains,
however, more branches of the law than were embraced
in the first. The work is divided into thirty chapters,
including the rights of commerce in time of peace
and war, sources of commercial law, law relating to
trading and traders, partnership, commandite partnerehip,
joint stock companies, principal and agent, hiring and
service, contracts, contract of salei bills of exchange,
cheques, banking, bank-notes, guarantees, negotiable in-
struments, patents, copyright, international cop^'right,
trade marks, shipping, affreightment, carriers, marme in-
surance, general average, life, fire, and accident insurance,
bankruptcy, foreign attachment, arbitration, and courts
for the administration of commercial law, including tribu-
nals of oonunerce. The Patent Law of different countries
is fully described. There are first the British law, and
afterwards the law of France, the United States, Germany,
Austria, Belgium, Greece, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands,
Norway, Pmssia, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, and
Sweden. The same fullness is observable upon the law
of Copyright. The following exUact from the pre-
face indicates the exact nature of the work : — " It is the
object of the present work to bring the fundamental
principles of the law merchant, and the rules which have
been superadded to them in different countries, into con-
tact with each other ; so that we may profit by each
other's experience, and at the same time gather materials
for the attainment of a solki and permansnt progress in
mercantile legislation. The chief advantage of such a
work is the ready access it affords to the existing laws of
the principal countries of the world- Other works on
commercial law, such as Smith's or Chitty's, are confined
to the laws of England. In this the field is enlarged, and
the laws of foreign countries are put side by side with our
loo
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbobmbbr 25, 1863.
own, becaaoe commorce b essentially international, and
we are deeply affected by the laws and procedure of other
states. Hence the distinctive title of * Intemationar_
Commercial Law. The science of international law has"
hitherto been limited to the political relations of states
but recently not a few special conventions relating to
commerce have been formed, such as those i-elatifig to
international copyright, trade marks, and public com-
panies. The portion, moreover, called private inter-
national law, contains provisions intimately affecting the
interests of merchants, whilst a great branch of mter-
national law proper consists in settling the rights of
commerce in time of peace and war, which forms the sub-
ject of the introductory chapter."
ifftM.
The Death op M. GtouNELLE, one of the director of
the French telegraphic administration, and the author,
coojoinUy in many cases with M. Blarier, of valuable
contributions to Uie science of electro telegraphy, oc-
curred recently. M. Gounelle was indeed tha father of
electro- telegraphy in France ; for in 1843, under M. Foi,
then at the head of the administration, he constructed the
first trial line from Paris to Rouen, and, M. Br6guet con-
lirmed the observations of Steinheil relative to the expedi-
ency of using the earth for one-half of the circuit .
Telegbaphic Improvemewts. — Qalignani states that the
now system of telegraphic correspondence established by
the Bonelli Company between Machester and Liverpool
has lately passed with success tlie ordeal of proof in France.
The lines between Paris and Boulogne havinjj been ac-
corded to the Chevalier Bonelli, the new mstruments
were attached, and worked admirably during the period
for which the wires were granted. The perfect clearness
of the letters reproduced at a distance, the rapidity of the
new system, which secures an average of more than 300
dispatches of 20 words per hour pnnted in duplicate, as
weU as the simplicity of the means em^oyed, astonished
all who witnessed these experiments. The inventor has
received authority from the director-general of telegraphs
in France to establish the " typo-telegraph " by way of
test between the Bourse and the central offices, in onler to
see how far it may replace with advantage the system of
couriers now in use.
Female Candidates pob Examination. — The Eng-
lithwomcuCa Magazine says that the number of female ap-
plicants for examination in the papers which have been
prepared for the Cambridge local examinations, is very
large. There will be examinations both for senior and junior
students. The former must be under eighteen and the
latter under sixteen years of age. There is considerable
difference between these examinations and those instituted
by the Society of Arts. In the latter the certificates
given are for excellence in distinct subjects ; while in the
Cambridge examinations the attempt is made to set up a
general standard of education, and " for this," says the
EnglitkwQman*8 Magazine^ " we are exceedingly grateful."
The university authorities, however, do not offer to women
any degree, nor do they admit girls to the examinations,
and all that has been done is to send to a committee of
ladies and gentlemen copies of the examination papers,
'' for the use of some girls in London," while the Society
of Arts places them on a par with the other sex, giving
them the same opportunities of obtaining the piizes and
certificates offered .
Utilisation of Metbopolttan Sewaob. — Sib,— Mr.
Thomas Ellis has proposed a plan to the Metropolitan
Board of Works for utui^g the drainage of the metio«
polis. The Society of Arts has in bye-gone days recog-
nised the fact that this sewage question is one of deep
interest ; but the propositions which have hitherto come
before you have all been plans for deodorising by chemi-
cal and other artificial means. Your Society has from
time to time afforded the promoters of tliese schemes
valuable aid, and they have been worthy of it, inasmuch
as wherever the sewage of a large town has been so treated,
the health of the inhabitants has greatly improved. In
the town of Leicester, for example, they began in 1862 to
reduce the sewage to solid cakes by the addition of lime,
and I happen to have by me the statistics of the number
of deaths which occurred during the three following yeara.
In 1852, the deaths were 1773; in 1853, only 1680 ; In
1854, only 1580 ; and in 185.5, only 1408 ; and this de-
crease in the number of deaths was with an increase in the
population amounting to 4,000. I am informed, however,
that although the great advantage of health was obtained,
the solid manure did not turn out so useful to tUc
farmers as was anticipated. We learn from this fn'^t that
sewage is spoiled by being dried or in any way solidified.
In the progress of agricultural knowledge the following
facts will be questioned by very few : — 1st. Tnat tlie
metropolitan sewage is a manura valua*. lo for all crops,
if properly used. 2nd. That no advantage i» gJimod frora
using the manure in immxlpfite qiiantitico. 3rJ. That
it makes all the diffei'eucu a6 to whether it is used in tho
liquid or solid form : in the sohd form it is comparatively
useless ; in the liquid highly valuable. And in the
common sense view of the subject the following fects will
be admitted by very many :— Isl. That the 266 million
tons of the metropolitan sewai^c, distributed annually
on the 20,000 acres of the Quicksind^ belonging to
the Emcx coast on the iicrth of the Thames, cinuot provo
a desirable method to be adopted. It is doubtful whilicr
sand possesses that wonderful deodorising power which is
found to be the property of arable land, and the N., N.W .,
and N.E. wind will carry a detrimental air from this
deposit to those who pass it in steam-boats, &c. Also it
is probable that our Thames shrimp fishery would be in-
jured, if not destroyed, by such an arrangement. It is
apparent, therefore, to common sense, that this scheme,
proposed by the Hon. Wm. Napier, and tupp >rted in 1851
by the Metropolitan Board of Works, will not fully answer
the desired ends of promoting health and purifying the
Thames. 2nd. Another common sense view of the sub-
ject is — tliat the ratepayers will he wronged and imposed
upon if Sir Wm. Napier's plan is fully adopted. Of this
fact some are becpming fully aware, and meetings are
being held with a view to urge the Board of Works to
consent to the question being referred to Parliament. A
meeting of this kind was held recently at the Gladstone,
Bishopsgate-street, convened by the Biahopsgate Ward
Batepayera' Association. The following sentiments are
extracted from the resolutions carried unanimously at tliat
meeting. Ist. " That this meeting, in view of the evidence
laid before the Select Committee of the House of Com-
mons on the Sewage of Towns, and of the analysis of the
metix>politan sewage made by Messrs. Hofmann and Witt,
is of opinion that the metropolitan sewage is a manure
valuable for all crops, and that it can be profitably uti-
lised." 2nd. *' That this meeting is of opmion that the
interef^ts of the ratepayers and of the nation will be best
promoted by the Metropolitan Board of Works at
once entering into such an arrangement with Mi.
Ellis as will admit of his taking this great ques-
tion before Parliament." 3nl. •• Tliat this meeting
is of opinion that the interests of the ratepayers require
that Mr. Ellis's offer should be ac opted, and that he hob
fully entitled himself to the confidence and sun^rt of the
citizens of London." The plan which Mr. Ellis propasos
is, that a company should ha formed to dispose of this
sewage by sale ; and he offere the following guarantee,
viz. : That he will undertake aU the expense and risk ot
utilising the sewage, and to depodt in bank a sum of
I £60,000 for the preliminary exp^iset ; and moreoTer that
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Dbobmbbu 26, 1863. 101
■ *£ mdc fU ke to proieot the rstepayen aod the Metro*
•An Botfd of Works, by a Bpeciid Act of ParUamont,
^m aD risk or liability of every sort, and to divide
•-aSy with the talepayeiB every ahilliDg made by his
«Rpiay. With the moet disinterested view to pnblio
•Mit I thould like to say more on this interesting, be-
wm kBportaniy oabject ; but for the present I will not
farther od yaar space. — I am, &c., R. Daut.
t z
l-a McrBOFOx.rrAN Sewage. — Sib, — 1 nee bv the re-
and the speeches made, at several recent
-.9ctaig» of metropolitan ratepayers, that "the analysis of
.! MetroDolitan sewage made by Mess's. Hofmann and
^to," wa Mr. £llia's interpretation of the estimate of
tee g^itlemen, are adopted as a basis of the expectations
sioluBed of the great pecuniary benefit to accruo to the
isrpsten from the ntilisation of sewage. Mr. Ellis
ix^aBsthat the estimate of Menrs. Hoftnann and Witt,
•'& bote over 2d. per ton for the manurial value of the
lanimeDts in the metropolitan sewage, refers to the
i>«ige of the normal sewage and the rainfall taken to-
;aifav. Aooordingly, he takes 266.000,000 tons, the
•Asated annaal amomit with rainfall, at 2d. per ton ;
«ad OB the aannipiioo of this rate of valae he holds out
t» tiliiing aasnrance to the ratepayers that their moiety
/tie profit, arisiDg from the adoption of his scheme of
'"^Hliifft, would be *' an aimoal sum of not less than
SfOOjXO' 1, on the contrary, have repeatedly maintained
'ikt it b perfectly clear, from the report of the Mjin
Dnistte Referees, embodying that of Messrs. Hofmann
■d Wttt» ibMX their estimate of 17s. 7d. per 100 tons, or
ifitde oTor dd. per too, refers to the normal gcwage with-
drtsoB^; and, accordingly, in calculating the total
tssml vahis they took into account only the amount of
a » y exdoaiTe of rainfall, which may be stated, in round
BOMi, m aveimging only about three-fifths of the total
<?m&w ioditsiTe of rainfall. I further maintain that,
i^saOy mider the then existing conditions, it would
3n« been absoid in the extreme to attempt to determine
te atvritfe oompoeition of the sewage by the analysis of
snpksoftbe easeniially variable diluted sewage inclu-
m d rain&Il, anlesB indeed of specimens taken almost
^y«r roond. Bat all my appeals to the public docu-
eeot islf have been met by Mr. Ellis, and some of the
of his scheme, by contradiction, by irrelevant
from it, by pretty direct accusations of false-
tetrf, ad by nnscmpolous and entirely unfounded im-
p^tJCTw of onworihy and interested motive on my part
a SMiU&g the statements which it is alleged are untrue.
1 fane tfaon^it it only due, therefore, both to the rate-
vfco, who are to nmch interested in the matter, and to
BSTvU; whose Teiaoity and motive have been publicly
obid ki qnestioD, to request statements for publication
frvi iht authors of the reoort. The following are copies
of fts IsUers which have oeen kindly furnished to me by
Pidhaay Hoftnann, the surviving analyst, and by Captain
Qi^^ Oalton and Mr. James Simpson, C.E., thesurviv-
^im Drainage Referees.
B^al College of Ohemiitry, Get 14, 1863.
l^UAM. Db. GiiABBT,— On referriog to the report made
krte Mr. H. M. Witt and myself to the Mam Drainage
in 1857, I find you are perfectly correct in stttiog
Mtimstn of 178. 7d. for the manorial value of the
„ in 100 tons of the metropolitan sewage (equal to a
Sd. per tea) is founded upon the analysis of Bamples
taken from the Savoy- street sewer.
it the amount of sewage which the samples in
«i« s app osed to represent was, according to the in*
foro^ed to as by the Befeiees, taken at 95,000.000
day. aod their report (p. 14) shows that this was
asBonnt of the dry weather sewage.
ihe total amount of the normal dry weather
gofdaaee with the above information lupplicd by
^ al 95,000,000 gallons per dav,or 157,625,260 tons
ws snived at £1,385,540 as the total annual value
of the metropoBtan sewage.
^.Ij to make any use you may like of this
i, Ae^ A. W. HoyMUTK.
London, 4th December, 1863.
Dear Sib, — With reference to the question contaiued in
your letter of 18th ult., we beg to state that the samples of
sewa:e taken under our direction for analysis by Messrs. Hof-
mann aod Witt for the purposes of our report on the Main
Drainage of the Metropolis, were mean sampiea of dry weather
sewage taken from the Bavoy-street sewer m the manner de.
scribed in the report, and, from the analysis of these samples,
Messrs. Hofmann and Witt estimated the value of the constitu-
ents in the metropolitan sewage at 17s. 7d. per 100 tons, or
about 2d. per ton. Their estimate refers, therefore, to normal
sewage unthout rain/cUl.^We are, Ac., Douglas Galtok,
James Simpson.
There is no doubt whatever, therefore, that Mr. Ellis
has estimated the total sewage, with rainfall, at the value
per ton fixed by Mesbfa. Iluiiuann and Witt for the sewage
without rainfall, and that he has thus, so far as the value
is determinable on such* data, overstated it by somewhat
more than tlie amount which he informs the ratepayei^
will be placed at the disposal of the Board of Works for
the reduction of local taxation over the metropolitan
area, provided his proposition for the utilisation of the
metropolitan sewage be accepted. — I am, &c., J. H.
QlLBEBT.
Harpendeo, Hi. Albans.
SnoAB IN Diet ABIES— Sib, — In connection with Dr.
Edward Smith's paper may 1 be allowed to diaw atten-
tion to the anomalous position of sugar. Dr. Smith, of
course, included it among the articles of food consumed by
the working classes. Mr. Gladstone, in his recently repub-
lished speecties, thus states the policy of Sir K. Peel and
himself: — ** We have been desirous to lower the rates that
press on the foreign articles of food, which enter largely,
if not into the necessaries of life, at any rate into what
may be called the luxuries or the comforts of the mass of
the people." This policy appears now to be imiversally
assented to, and to have been fully carried out with the
single exception of sugar, and although sugar is not passed
over in silence when remissions of duty are annually dis-
cussed in connection with the budget, it is only generally
referred to as one out of many other items which it would
be desirable to reduce in its turn, but the fact of its being
the only article of nutritious food heavily taxed is
seldom brought prominently forward. From allusions
to it in the discussion on the last budget, the House of
Gommcms appear to consider the chief use of sugar is to
sweeten tea, at least one of the members for the City of
London spoke as anticipating that cheaper tea would be
the cause of any great increase in the consumption of
sugar ; and the fallacy of looking on sugar as an ingre-
dient of liquids, inst^ of a very desiiuble and whole-
some addition to solid food, appears to be the only i-easou
why more attention is not paid to this single exception
to the one great principle of free trade most univenally
accepted by all parties. There can be no doubt that a
duty of about 25 per cent, materially interferes with the
use of sugar among '' the masses of the people." If it
had been treated by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in
the same category as rica, dec, probably its consumption
in connection with cooked and preserved fruits would be
doubled, with very considerable benefit to the consumers ;
and the very acceptable bounties bestowed on us by a be
neticent Providence in our summer fruits, would minister
alike to the health and pleasure of all, instead of, as at
present, when eaten in a crude and partially ripe state, at
once announcing their abundance in the weekly list of tlio
registrar-generid by characteristic diseases. The employ-
ment of sugar also in preeerving animal food is no doubt
greatly checked by the present heavy duty, whereas it^
use in this way might also be greatly extended, and not
only make such food more palatable, but also more diges-
tible and nutritious, while giving in addition its own vcr}'
considerable amount of nutrition, instead of acting as salt
does to abstract much of the nutritive qualities of the
flesh, and in the large quantity used to presei-ve such
food, contributing in itself nothing required by the
stomach. In fact, there can be little donht that were our
102
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Dbobmbee 2o, 1863.
Dational finanoes ao re-arranged as to admit su^ar at a
very small duty, and a safficient supply came mto the
market, in ten years such a revolutbn would be caused in
the use of sugai' as an important article of food, instead of
as at present, a kind of condiment, that we should wonder
so heavy a duty had been contentedly submitted to for
so long a time.~^W. Svmons.
17, St. MarkVcreaoent, RegentVpark.
Disix)OATioNs. — Sib, — In the account of a recent action
against the London General Omnibus Company, it is
stated that the plaintiff, who had dislocated his hip-joint,
*< was conveyed to the Charing-cross Hospital, where he re-
mained six weeks ; then he was seven weeks an out-door
patient. He still suffers from an unreduced dLslooation, and
the leg is permanently shortened by nearly six inches."
The juiy found a verdict for the p}aintiff, damiures £800.
My present object is, to inquire how it is that a dislocation
of the tup-joint is still incapable of reduction, looking at the
skill of our hospital sui^eons, and the mechanical appliances
available. Is it possible that such a hospital as the one
above referred to can tail to possess such an apparatus as
that of Eh*. Q. O. Jarvis, of Connecticut, United States,
which was introduced into this country about the year 1 847,
and fully approved of at the time by Mr. Bransby Cooper
and other auUiorities? The instrument was then stated to be
capable of reducing any dislocation, from the throat to the
hip-joint, and was also of great value in holding the limbs
in position so as to enable fractured bones to be more
perfectly set. I believe the instrument I refer to was
deposited at the Society's house, and I shall be obliged
if you can refer me to any printed account of the
same.— D. T. S.
The Seci'etary of the Society of Arts adds : — The in-
strument was termed a ** Surreal Adjuster," for reducing
dislocations, Sec.., and is descnbed in the Society's minute
books as intended to set bones which are fractured or dis-
located, to be applied to all the superior and inferior ex-
tremities, on the long or short bones, and for all fractures
where the principle of extension and counter extension is
required. The instmmait consists of a case 13A inches
long, 1} inch wide, and } inch deep, and Is divided within
by a partition running lengthwise, into two nearly equal
spaces, the one square, into which a rack bar is to be re-
ceived, the other round, in which is a female screw, and
into which the male screw of the femur fork works ; this
screw is inserted at the upper end of the case, and is used
to lengthen the instrument according to the length of the
limb to be operated upon. Near the lower end of the
case is a rachet wheel, 1^ inches diameter, with a catch
operating therewith. A pmion wheel is fixed on the same
shaft as the rachet wheel, but inside the case, the cogs of
the pinion wheel working into those on the rack bar. The
shaft of the two wheels terminates in a square hub, to be
I'eceived in a corresponding square sinking at one end of
the lever, by which the motive power is effected for pro-
ducing extension and counter extension ; the rack bar is
tumea at the lower end at right angles to the main shaft,
to which the bandages are attached. Forks of particular
forms to suit different parts of the body, are made to fit
on the top of the male screw ; rolls of soft materials, belts,
straps, pads, and an elongating double inclined plane, com-
plete the instrument. In some cases of severe fracture the
instrument is allowed to remain on the patient. When the
bones are broken, the contraction of the muscles forces the
ends past each other ; this instrument is used to draw them
back, and to do this in the ordinary way the surgeon
requires several assistants, and it sometimes inflicts great
pain. It is stated that if a sui^eon uses this instrument
he will require no assistance, and the whole operation is
under his control. It is applicable to the oldest dislocation
which it is safe to reduce; the belts and forks are adapted
for all the limbs of the body. Tlie instrument is left on in
cases of fracture, but not of dislocation. Dr. Jarvis stated
that he had used the instrument twice to reduce didoca-
tions of the hip. The limb is perfectly free in its action
when the mstrument is applied. Evidence of the great
efficiency of the inftrument was given by Mr. Bi«nBb>
Cooper and other eminent surgeons, and it was stated t<
be in use at Haslar Hospital, and also at the Royal iLo»
pital at Greenwich. The Society gave its gold meda
to Dr. Jar\'is.
MEETINGS FOB THE ENSUING WEEK.
Tom. ...Rojal Inrt., 3. Prof. TjndaU. P.B.8., " On Electricity a
Rett and Electricity in Motion.'* {Juvinai Uctvrta. )
Thur. ...Royal Inrt., 3. Prof. Tyndall, F.R.8., " On Eleotridtj c
Rest and Blectricitjr in Motion." {JWtnSU L*ctwrt9.)
Sat. ...Royal Inrt., 3. Prof. TyndaU, F.R.S., " On Electrioitj' a
Rest and Eleotridty in Motion.*' (JmeMt LeetvrtM. )
laltnts.
F^om (kmmiMott^n of PateiUt Jwmal, D^cemlbir lUh.
OlUNTS OV PrOVISIOSIL PltOTBOTlO!?.
Blart <?ylindert— 2902— W. H. Qny.
Boats, propelling— 2820— D. Ford.
Bookies fttf braces— 3081— J. H. Brierley.
Carding engines— d047—R. Riley.
Cartridges— 2S40—H. Qladstone.
Coal, etc., cutting— 30S4—T. Harrison.
Colouring matters— 2892— £. G. NioholsoB.
Colours, yellow and orange— 3063— J. A. Wanklyn.
Combs— 3053— T. Douglas.
Cooking apparatus— 3043— E. Sterens.
Cotton gins— 3079— W. Waaklyn.
Cranes— 2814— J., J., and J. Booth.
Dissolving Tlew apparatus— 3089— P. H. Desrlgnei.
Door fastenings— 3109— M. Hillary.
** Drifts," and apparatus for making them— 2897— J. EgUn.
Elastic bands— 3077— 0. Brown.
Fabrics, woven, machinery tor finishing or beetling— 2799 — J. Smith
Fire-arms, breech-loading— 2664— W. Fletcher.
Fires, apparatus for llghtmg— 3024— T. Snook.
Furnaces, Ac— 3106-^. Wright.
Furniture— 2470— J. Mead.
Oas making— S029—H. Holdroge.
Gunpowder, mnulating and drying— 2230— T. B. Jordon.
Hand stamp for marking oonseoatirenumben— 3066— A. J. Aapiiu^U
Hat or oap frames— 2734— M. Luneau.
Heat, obtaining and applying— 3057— W. Oonnan and J. Paton.
Heating water, Ac— 3069— F. Piercy.
Hoisting and lowering apparatus— 2917— C. Stevens.
Iron fences, Ac, connecting and snrtaining the bars of— 297 S — J. ▲
R. Main.
Joints and catches for brooches, Ac— 3067— A. AntiU and W. Wil
kinson.
Labels to packages, instruments tor attaching— 2926— W. E. Newton
Mattresses, cork stuffing for, &c— 3099— A. v. Newton.
Movcible frames and surfaces, fitting— 3026— J. Dales.
Mulea, lubricating the shafts of the conducting pulleys of— 3028 — T
T. Enghuid.
Partridge canes, bending, &c— 3022— R. Lublinski.
Pencil cases, Ac — 3071 — ^M. Turner.
Plumbago crucibles, Ac— 3107— T. V. Moigan.
Projectiles for ordnance, Ac. — 3087— T. A. Blakely.
Railway breaks— 3051— R. A. Brooman.
Railway crossings— 3038 — C. Cammell and W. Crompton.
Raising or removing grain — 3101 — H. Audinwood.
Reaping and mowing machines— 3095—W. M. Cranston.
Sails, reefing— 3035— H. D. P. Cunningham.
Ships of war— 3036— C. Lungley.
Smoky chimnies, curing— 3026— J. Capper.
Soap— 3030— 8. Trotman.
Watch case pendant— 2943— C. Howard.
Wheels, tires, axles, and axle boxes— 2896— W. B. Adams.
Wool carding— 3091— H. Eastwood and B. Matthews.
Patents Shaled.
514.
516.
523.
524.
526.
536.
545.
547.
550.
562.
563.
567.
568;
575.
576.
580.
588.
692.
603.
606.
J. Banwell.
J. Newnham.
W. Naylor.
J. A. Sparling.
J. L. Ganne.
H. A. Bonneville.
D. D. Kyle.
R. Brownlce.
C. Peterson.
E. Wilks.
A. TwaddelL
L. A. Mi^uUer.
W. Rowsn.
J. Murray.
A. R. Stocker.
T. F. Parsons.
W. Toovey.
E. Myers and W. R. WU-
liaiQs.
W. Kirrage.
H. C. Lee.
1608. A. Tulpin.
1609. W. Clark.
1614. T. Dunn.
1639. J. H. Johnson.
1664. W. £. Newton.
1659. H. S. Warner.
1663. J. McDonald.
1672. A. and B. 6. Oower.
1680. G. C. CoUyer.
1721. M. A. F. Mennons.
1734. M. W. Rulhven.
1802. J. H. Johnson.
2039. H. A. Bonneville.
2352. T. and W. Marshall.
2459. J. Gibson.
2472. A. V. Newton.
2477. O. Pany.
2549. E. H. C. Moncktoo.
2593. R. BaUlie.
3661. J.MarshaU,
^mxml fd %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
IIOth Session.]
FRIDAY, JANUARY 1, 1864.
[No. 580. Vol. XII.
♦
Prizes to Art -Workmen.
The works rewarded by the Society of Arts,
and for wbich prizes have been given, have been
placed, by permission of the Lords of the Com-
mittee of Gonncil on Education, in the South
Kensing^n Museum, and Mrill be found in the
QaDery of the Iron Museum, at the entrance to
tiM Sheepshanks Gallery.
The Christmas subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and poet-office orders should be crossed through
Xeears. Ooutts and Go.
IPmtiltmgs td InstMons^
SOUTHERN COUNTIES ADULT EDUCATION
SOCIETY.
The foUowiDg paper, ** On Agricaltural Instraction on
tte Lower Platform," by W. Wallace Fyfe, Esq., of
CturmiiMitf', Dorwt, was read at the anDoal meeilDg of
this Society, held at Devizes : —
In October, 1861, 1 had the honour of Bubmiitiog to
the Society at Doroheater, a Dew method of impaiting
Afriealtaral Sdence. That scheme, subsequently ventt-
laf«d by the ezhibitioD of my great sheet Farm Calendar
and lai^e type catechism, in the International Exhibi-
tion of 1862, and anxiously discussed, first before the
Bcieooe Congress, in the Guildhall of London, and sub-
nqoently in the columns of the newspaper press, has been
exoepied to, because in the opinion of some we are not in
a pontion to teach science to the unlettered mind. My
p r e«n t purpose, therefore, » to inquire what can be done
en lower ground ; for it is obvious that there is a great
deal of oommoD practical matter-of-fact information which,
vtMther we choose to call it scientific or not, it would be
ad^rmntageons to have communicated to the rural adult
population In a methodical way, and in a satisfactory form ;
iDfarmation which is in every way becoming more and
Bore enenttal to their successful pursuit of theur calling,
hoi which it is left entirely to the chapter of accidents
to sopply them with. In a paper before the Social
gfif*w^ Congress in Edinburgh, I have endeavoured
to illoatrate the diflference that is found to exist
betwixt instruction formally and exhaustively conveyed
to s roan on any subject, however familiar, such as the
ooonmon plough, and the imperfect, crude, and undigested
notsooa he is likely to adopt, though founded on his own
», when left to the untutored guidance of his own
devices. Every man who can handle a plough is well
enough aware, for instance, that it possesses working parts
of different shapes, passing under different names, and
serving different uses. Every skilled ploughman can
doubtless take all these to pieces, and put them together
again, judge when anything isamisswith them,and detect
and remedy their common mechanical derangements. So
in like manner he is well aware that the horses which
draw his plough possess distinct and different parts, most
of which he can, from long acquaintance, name fiimiliarly,
down to the hoofe, fetlocks, and pasterns, fore-arms, hocks,
withers, and so forth. Now, suppose any of these men
were to be brought up for competitive examination on the
subject of the plough, before this Society's Examiners,
should they at any future time decide on cultivating a
little advanced and practical, as well as a great deal of
elementary and literary knowledge, he would find that
although the questions to be asked him were simply what
he woSd esteem himself foolish not to know, he could
not perhaps r^ily or perfectly answer them. Suppose
it were put to him to say what are the twenty working
parts of the improved solid or trussed beam plough? And
what are those parts, their uses, and places in the oompo-
sitionof the instrument? I don't pretend to say that
the man would be puzzled, because if you gave him time
he might not, but I am perfectly sure he would be plucked
on that examination, and my reason for thinking so is
that the plough with all its complicatinns (many of
them modem) is clearly a study, and a proper subject for
instruction. If such be the case with the plough, by far
the most perfect implement of agriculture, yet one which,
modified and improved as it may have l>een, never has,
and never can have departed from its primitive simplicity
of pushing the clod asunder, how much more must this
necessity arise in regard to other agricultural machines
and implements which we yet expect our common and
unskilled labourers to approach and handle utterly devoid
of initiation. Not only, however, in regard to machinery,
but to every matter of importance in the rural economy
is this observation capable of being applied. The weather,
about which everybody knows all that can be known, is
Cisely one of those subjects on which our information
of recent date received the most marvellous exten«
sion and expansion. Forecasts of the weather are now
made and applied with an intrepidity and suooess which
would a few years ago have been pronounced impossible,
or empirical. A degree of confidence is gained by the
agriculturist in common with the navigator, in the regula-
tion of his movements which he never posses se d before ;
and this again illustrates the difference betwixt rational
study and random observation. There is, in fact, no sub-
ject in the range of country occupations but is capable of
being mastered in detail as completely as it now seems
to be caught up by intuition ; and surely if intelligible
results such as those above alluded to are to proceed from
the introduction of method into these matters, it is worth
wliile considering whether a professional training of some
kind cannot be imparted to tlie agricultural labourer. The
mass of matter which is open to be dealt with either in
night schools, where this idea might be adopted and en-
grafted on the other educational procedrae, or in rnr-'
104:
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Januabt 1, 1864.
dabs organiBed under competent auspices for mutual
instruction, or by any of the means adopted in me-
chanics' institutes, is no doubt great, and its detail fit
various. I have been lately investigating, for example, ih«
subject of farm seeds and seeding. I find that in the
single article of seed wheat alone, there are seventy
named varieties in common use in this countiy, possessing
distinct shades of difference in shape, colour, and quality,
earliness or lateness, productiveness, hanlihood, and so
forth ; and that were a museum of such things formed in
every rural district, for the purpose of familiarising culti-
vators, by means of actual study and example, with the
properties and characteristics of all our cereals and other
g^ams and products, there could not be conceived, perhaps,
a more important advance in agricultural information.
The same thing occurs to the mind and develops itself to
the same extent, as regards the nature, varieties, and
proper treatment of cattle, sheep, and horses ; the opera-
tions in husbandry generally, the uses and values of
manures and their application ; the management of the
dairy, the growth of wool, and the securing of cix>ps. The
proposition to give general, perhaps universal instruction,
m place of chance and accidental skill on all such points
to the husbandman, may be met with the objection, that
although there are, or may bo, experts, who could en-
lighten those around them on their particular specialities,
the generid and oomprehensive scope of the instruction
required altogether precludes the chance of finding instruc-
tors. If, however, it is once admitted that the peasant
wants agricultural training of some kind, as much as the
sailor wants to be taught how to splice a rope or rove
his tackle, how to name his ropes and how to handle them,
M much as any tradesman or operative has need to be in-
structed in his calling, we must cast about in order to do
the best we can to supply that want. As I have already
hinted, new schools or rural institutes might, by dint of
organisation, be brought to supply this useful, practical,
ai^ available instruction. It must be owned that the best
and most satisfactory means would be to provide trainers
for the men out •f the superior grades of their own order,
and to have them properly and ftttingly instructed them-
selves, so as to be able to direct and systematise the
masteiy of eadi suooeesive department through which it
may be found desirable for the men to pass. With mode-
rate aims, and avoiding everything but practical objects, it
does not seem as if the difficulties in the way of acoomplLsh-
ing this were at all insuperable. Many an employer would
at this moment be glad of such a chance of putting his
hands in the way of better qualifying themselves for the
tasks they are called upon to perform, and the hands
themselves would discover that a dignity would be added
to their labour, in proportion as their intelligence was
brought to bear upon it, as well as their physkjue. All
that IS now argued for, is some mode of teaching the agri-
cultural labourer what he is about, what is the meaning
of any operation in which he may be requii^ to take a
part, and how he may best and most satisfactorily perform
it. There is no performance in which a skilled workman
does not play a better part ; and there is no reason for
singling out agriculture from all other employments for
the purpose of entrusting to unskilled labcmrers its com-
plicated mechanism, its costly stimulants, ita valuable live-
stock, and the hopes and prospects of ita inestimable pro-
doce. The interests staked m these incompetent hands
are enormous — ^more than enough, at all events, to induce
OS to give a thought to the means of obviating so much
that is amiss in aU that relates to the rural mind and in-
telligence. But if something be not done, and that
shortly, to supply instruction comfomiable to the rapid
race of agricultural improvement, high fanning must re-
lapse into a theory, and practical agriculture beoome abor-
tive, for want of labourers capable of carrying through the
fand developments of the age This is no idle threat,
have known parts ef the country where the superior
system of forming oould not be carried on, simply be-
cause the labouring peofde could not and would not com-
prehend or aid it ; and nothing is more certam than thai
the rustic must be plainly but practically instructed in his
butdness like the rest of mankind, and not left stationary
whiht all else are moving.
The following paper, " On the Method of Establishing
a Public Building for the Uses of various Institutions and
Societies in Provincial Towns," by H. Thompson, Esq.,
Andover, was also read : —
Exactly six years since I had the honour of submitUng^
(o this Society, at their Conference at Basin^toke, a paper
" On the Causes of Failure in Local Societies, ^., and
Suggestions for obviating the same." I therein stated my
presumption that failure arose from a want of united actioa
and concentration in one locality. My paper went on to
state how those difficulties might be met and overoomo,
how the result would be a general benefit, and the end
costless. It is, therefore, with no little pleasure that I
again venture to tax the time of your valuable Society by
stating the method of an attempt to put this scheme Into
action, and the probability of success that may attend it.
Suitable premises being in the market, a scheme was
put on foot to raise one thousand pounds in two hundred
shares at £5 each, bearing interest at 8 per cent por
annum. Nine hundred pounds were ndsea, the highest
shareholder embarking £50, and very maqy only £5.
The premises were purchased at £900. The repairs, al-
terations, dsc, will cost £100 more. It will, perhaps, be
well (clearly to carry out the exemplification) to state the
capital embarked at £1,000.
The premises having been so arranged as to admit of it,
the room is thus appropriated. On the ground- floor is
the depdt of the Society for Promoting Christian Know-
ledge, and the keeper's residence ; on the first-floor the
largest room is a library, oontaining the book-eases of the
Institute, with nearly 2,000 volumes of standard works,
the gatherings of many years. This room would accom-
modate thirty students. Two other rooms are appropriated
as reading-rooms, and are equal to accommodating a like
number. A room is rented as an office by her Majesty's
Board of Inland Revenue, and beyond that there b a large
room capable of being used as a lecture-room, or (as I
hope) a museum. On the upper floor two large rooms ars
occupied by the School of Art, with accommodation for 40
pupils, one being appropriately lighted by a roof lantern,
and there are two other rooms that can be used as class
rooms. The other parts of the premises are let to tenants
at rentals to be hereafter stated. I now come to the finan-
cial statement, premising that the shareholders having
agreed to receive only 8 per cent per annum in considera-
tion of the object in view, all surplus (after payment of
interest, rates, Ao,), is to be appropriated by trust deed to
the redemption of capital, so that eventually the building
may become a free and unencumbered pubUo institution,
for the purposes to which it is now devoted.
The following statement of rents and outgoings will
show whether the plan be feasible and finaociaUy secured,
and they will show also, as I h<»e, that, after satisfying
all claims, the end desired is likely to be attained : —
IirooHB PES Annum.
3 rooms, let as reading-room and librarr ... £12
1 „ Society for the Promotion of Chris-
tian Knowledge, as Depdt 12
2 „ Government School of Art 12
1 „ Office of Inland Revenue 15
Premises letasslu^, ^ 25
Stores 10
£86
ExpKNDrruRB PBS Annum.
Rates, insurance, and repairs, say £20
Incidoitals .. 6 £26
M
£60
Deduct 8 per cent, on £1,000 80
Annqal surplus £80
JOURNAL OP THE SOOtBTY OP ARTS, Januabt 1, 1864:.
lOS
Thte rents allotted to the pablic institaliont being rea-
voable, aod the other premiMS letting readily at the sums
Ki oppoate to them, it is not too sanguine a hope that
*^Kf may continue readily to pay these soms, and in that
mnt the whole capital will be liquidated in twenty years,
mi the promiaea bvoome a pablio institution, free and un-
*niiu have I endeavoured to show how, by small means,
salted action, but, above all, patience and fori)earance to-
wards each oth^*, large ends may result in such under-
tikiiigi, aod I add my fervent wish for the success of the
«ffiari thai I have described.
8 MxoBANiOB* Imstitution. — At a recent
HKetin^ of the Direct ore a resolution was unanimously
receiving with great regret the resignation by Mr.
Simpson of the office of secretary, on his appoint-
to that of Blaster and Secretary of the Manchester
Boyal Kxrhange. The Directors record their entire satis-
CMtioQ with the ability, judgment, and zeal with which
Xr. ^mpson has discharged his varied and important
dmiea.
MABLBcmouoH Rbading akd Mutual Impbovemxmt
SocxKTT. — The nineteenth annual report, presented at
Wfchaelmaft last, notices its continued prosperity, the
lalanrr in the treasurer's hands being £89 I83. 4d., an
increase of nearly £10 to that of last year. Additions
have lately been made to the library to the extent of 50
volimies, at a coat of £12. In referring to the success of
last aeaaoo's lectures — in proof of which the Cmnmittee
rcier to the crowded state of the assembly room on several
oocMMfxa -they express regret that a larger room is not
available for such purposes. Among the lectures delivered
or aonoanced are " The Last Days of Eminent Men," by
Dr. J. C. Daniel ; ** The Construction of the Animal
Frame," by B. Waterhouse Hawkins, Esq. ; *' Qhosts and
A^yparitions,*' by Joseph Simpson, Esq. ; " The Sea, a
Highway, a Battle Field, and a Grave," by Allan Curr,
£s|. ; and *' Ill-used Men," by George Dawson, Esq.
EDUCATION AND THE POUCE FORCE.
On Wednesday, the 28rd ult., Mr. Harry Chester ad-
driawJ i a large body of the Metropolitan Police, at Poplar,
is explanation of the advantages derivable from the exa-
■unauona of this Society and the Metropolitan Association
for Promoting the Education of Adults. The meeting
was held in the large school-room adjoining the police-
atation and opposite to the parish church of Poplar. Be-
■dea the R«v. T. Nowell, Beotor of Poplar, and his cu-
rates, there was no one present but members of the force.
The subject appeared to have excited considerable interest
amooget them, as they mastered in large numbers, and
kepi dropping in, as they came off their beats, up to the
very dote of the address. Mr. Harry Chester explained
that he had been invited by the Rector to address the
Polioeman's Mutual Improvement Class, which holds its
meetings in the room in which they were then assembled.
In addition to the usual explanations of the simple pre-
paratory examinations held by the Metropolitan AoMcia-
tkm and its Local Boards, and the advanced examinations
held by the Society of Arts itself, with their respective
oerttficates and prises, Mr. Chester pointed out how
peculiarly important to a policeman were the advantages
to be obtained from education. No one could enter the
police force without being able at least to read and write.
There was an excellent foundation, but only a foundation,
for a really good education. Of two policemen having
oqnal natmal abilities, and equally good characters, but
ODD improving, and the other neglecting to improve, his
Abilities by edocaUtm, there could be no doubt that the
ibrmer would be the happisr man and the more useful
aod soueeisful policeman. He would be better able than
bin comrade to understand what he saw, and to draw just
ia ft WHw a from it, to miderstand '" ' ' * instrac-
tions, to appreciate and report facts with correctness, to
give clear and accurate evidence, to stand the tMidgering
of counsel without being confused, and ho would ha%«e a
much better chance of being employed in important
matters, and of obtaining promotion. With a view to this
promotion he ought to Ira alwa3rs improving his education.
That which sufficed for a constable would not suffice for
a sergeant, nor would that which sufficed for a sergeant
suffice for an inspector or a superintendent. There was a
pecnliarity in the case of policemen which they would do
well to bear carefully in mind. In other services men
commonly died in harness, and were very rarely able to
put it off before they had attained to old age. But with
this force it was just the reverse. Afler a comparatively
short service every policeman with a good character was
entitled to his discharge and a pension. What were they
to do with their leisure ? How were they to add by theu'
own exertions to the amount of the pension, insufficient in
itself to maintain them ? Nothing was more wretched or
more ruinous than leisure to an ignorant man, and there
were few means of gaining a livelihood satisfactorily open
to an ignorant ex-policeman. But a well-educated ex-
policeman was quite a different being. To him leisure
was a blessing, because he could well employ it, and there
were abundant openings for him, with his good character,
his understanding mind, his improved manner, and hk
partial pecuniary independence, to obtain employment in
positions of trust ana respectalHlity. In conclusion, Mr.
Chester stated that he was very glad to find that improve-
ment classes, similar to that at Poplar, were spreading in
all the divisions of the police of the metropolis, and he
would with pleasure give similar explanations wherever
they might be required.
i'm %xts.
School of Fine Abts is Pabis. — The Superior Council
for Inst[\iction, in connection with the Imperial and
Special School for ITine Arts, the formation of which was
prescribed by the 7th article of the decree of the I8th
November, 1863, has just been constituted by his Excel-
lency the Minister of the Emperor's household and of
Fine Arts, as follows: — The Due de Morny, Honorarpr
President; the Superintendent of Bine Arts, Presi-
dent; the director of the administration of Fine
Arts, Vice President; Messrs. Leon Cogniet, painter,
member of the Institute; Muller, painter; Duret,
sculptor, member of the Institute; Cavelier, sculptor;
De Gisors, aiehiteot, member of the Institute ;
Lefuel, architect, member of the Institute; Foniw,
engraver, member of the Institute; Dumas, senator,
member of the Institute ; M^rim^, senator, member of
the Institute ; Noizer, General ; Th6ophile Gautier,
authi^.
DnmiBUTiON of Pbizbs to thb ExHiarroBs or thb
'^SoouTB DBS Bbaux-Arts appuQUBs ▲ lImdustrib"
AT Pabis.— The Moniteur gives a long account of this
proceeding, of which the following is an abridgment : —
This event took place on the 14th December, at the
Palais dee Champs Elys^, and was not only well^ at-
tended by those to whom prices were awarded, but also by
those who came to applaud their more successful opponents.
The ceremony was held in one of the large cross galleries
on the first floor of the palace. Arrangements, which
were elegant without being superfluous, had been made to
receive the president, vice-president, members of the com-
mittee of oi^ganisation, as well as for a choir composed of
Orpheonists, under the superintendence of M. Armand
Cheve. At eleven, the reserved scats were full. At
twelve a.m. the president, M. le Baron Taylor ; the vice-
president, M. Tresca ; M. Guichard, M. Cardailhac, and
M. Julien arrived. M. Guichard then proceeded to de-
liver a speech. Having briefly alluded to the medals
presented by the Emperor and Empress, he proceeded to
ei^kin how this exhibitiim should not be confounded
106
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 1, 1864.
with the iDdnatrial exhibitions hitherto held. The juries
of the Utter were pre-occupied with Dumeroos important
considerations, entirely independent of art. Beauty of
form, happy harmony of colonr, clever execution — in &ct,
art, was shown by him to be the data on which the jurors
of this exhibition based their verdict. He then explained
how, for this reason, several exhibitors had been denied
the right of competition. M. Guiohard terminated his
speech with an announcement of the financial results.
The receipts amounted to 77,000^. ; the expenses were
about 45,000fr. ; and a fund, founded by Baron Taylor, for
the assistance of inventors and industrial artists, was about
d2,000fr. M. Guicbard's address was followed by one
from M. Tresca, of which the following is the substance :
— This second exhibition is larger than the first, but re-
presoits but poorly the industrial art of France. The
jury is divided into several sections, each of which pre-
sents a report. The section for Painting have most par-
ticularly aocef 'ted tlie task of appreciating original works,
due either to the pencils or to the brushes of our industrial
artists. This appreciation has been made felt in M.
Barty's report, with a taste which cannot but be appre-
ciated by all, when the reports shall have been distributed.
The section for Engraving have included under their task
the necessity of examining every species of reproduction,
whether by lithography or photography. Our engravers
on wood have no further cause to be envious of foreigners.
Our litho-chromes and printings in colour hold good com-
parison with those of England. M. Rohault de Fleury
has preceded his report on sculpture by an attempt to re-
establish the true rules of good taste, and by warning
artists against a too great abundance and richness in de-
tails. Our celebrated bronzes have called forth the es-
pecial attention of this section. The juiy for Ceramic
Art have signalled the truly marvellous progress which
has been realised lately. The celebrated Minton has
shown in England the influence which an energetic
man can exercise on industry, when he knows how to
ally technical knowledge with taste for form. Minton
has caused a revolution in English pottery, and thus it is
that our French ariists enviously follow on his track.
Messrs. Eastner and Bouillon have examined the musical
instruments. It is, perhaps, for the first time, that the
elegance and musical qualities of each instrument have
received the same and equal care. Drawing schools
have been invited to take part in the exhibition; 62
schools have done so. The necessity of weighing
the merits both of master and pupil has imposed on
the jurors the obligation to carry their investigation
as far as possible. The exhibition of arts applied to
industry satisfies that desire, which founded the South
Kensington Museum, which opened the Congresses at
Brussels, which put the Campana Museum in our pos-
session, and whicn daily increases the appreciation of the
riches of the Hotel Cluny. Our exhibition is, perhaps, the
modest standard of this era of science and reason, and
it should express the state of artistic production at
this time. At the conclusion of M. Tre»ca*s address, M.
le Baron Taylor rose amidst the warmest applause. He
reverted in general terms to the flourishing condition of
these exhibitions, and to their gradual improvement.
•* Never forget," he said, " that the study of the highest
art should always be your guide, and the predominating
cause of your success." He assured the exhibitors that
encouragement and reward would never be wanting on
the part of the Emperor, or of his minister of commerce
and public works. The proceedings terminated with M.
Tresca's proclamation of the list of successful exhibitor;
and after the excellent execution of a cantata, composed
expressly for the occasion, the assembled multitude
separated.
Exhibition of the Woniis op Mb. Mulukady, R.A.
—•The following minute has been passed by the Com-
mittee of Council on Education ; and Mr. Sketchley. late
Superintendent of the Picture Department of the Exhi-
bition of 1862, and Secretary of Commission on the Royal
Academy, has been chai^ged with the executive duties for
carrying it into eflfect :— ** My lords observe with reeret the
death of Mr. Mulready, the Boyal Academician. In 184 i
the Society of Arts formed an interesting exhibition of Mr.
Mulready's works executed up to that time. Since then
his works, and especially his Ufe studies, have largely in-
creased. Through the liberality of Mr. Sheepshanks,
the Science and Art Department possesses numerous speci-
mens of Mr. Mulready's art of ail periods, and a series of
his studies of the human figure has been acquired for the
use of the schools, and cuculated among them. Their
lordships propose to form another and complete exhibition
of Mr. Mulready *s works, to comprehend as far as piacti-
cable all his oil and water colour paintings, and drawings,
which, extending over a practise exceeding half a century
in duration, would be of great service to art students in
showing his various methods of patient study. Their
lordships will accordingly invite the assistance of the
proprietors of Mr. Mulready's works in the proposed exhi-
bition. The exhibition will take place in th« South
Kensington Museum, in the spring of 1864.'* — Hextrt
Cole, Secretary.
Panttfttctnrts*
ON JAPANESE PAPER
Bt p. L. Simkonds.
•
Extent-ively as paper is employed in Japan, we are not
yet thoroughly informed as to the materials of which it is
manufactured. A large portion is, we know, made from
a species of mulberry, to which Von Stebold has given the
name of Broussonetia Kaminoki, Whether this is a dis-
tinct species from the Brou^Hfutia papyrifera^ the bark of
which is used for making paper in China, or only a variety,
is not yet clear. Some youns trees of the Japan mulberry
are, however, said to have neen introduced recently into
France in the gardens of the Acclimatisation Society.
The tree might be grown in various parts of Eurojw and
America, if the culture were remunerative enough in the
yield of bark. It prefers a strong soil, especially of a
calcai-eous nature, and should be pUnted at intervals not
exceeding three feet ; otherwise the branches would ex-
tend, whereby the bark would become full of knots,
causing much loss of substance in the manufacture. The
foil is not manured until the second year ; in the autumn
of that year the plant is lopped dose to the root ; and this
operation, as well as that of manuring slightly, is repeated
every second year. lOOlb. of branches thus obtained,
stripped of their leaves, yield 101b. of bark. The branches,
on arriving at the manufactory, are put into hot water for
half an hour; the bark can then be easily stripped oflTbj^
the hands, and is afterwards led in the sun to dry. It is
next macerated for three days in river water and bleached
in the sun. These operations having been several times
repeated, the bark is at last boiled in a lye of ashes for the
s{MM« of three hours, then manipulated for some time to
separate any epidermis that may have remained ; and
lastly, when diy, the mass is pounded fine and made into
a pulp with water, to which a glutinous liquid extracted
from a shrub called Nebooicko — probably the Aeaeia Ntmu
— is added in the proportion of alMiut two pints per cwt. of
pulp. The latter is then made into sheets much in the
usual way. Sir Rutherford Alcock states that the barks of
different »hrubs are used, and his collection in the Inter-
national Exhibition of 1862 contained Eome 60 or 70
kinds of paper, with the various applications for pocket-
handkerchiefs, bank-notes, printing and room- paper,
wat<frpit>of clothing, imitation leather, &c.
In Koempfer's ''Amsenitatesexoticac," there is an account
of the mode of preparing Japanese paper which vety
much resembles the Chinese. The plants used for the
purpose aiie there called Kaadtu The botanical descrip.
tion of Rcempfer, is Papt/rttt fructi mcri ctUa^ mt nwrut
JOURNAL OF TEtE SOCIETY OF ARTS, January 1, 1864. lOt
mUma^fiUii urtiea mortua, ecrdee pc^pyrifera. AooordiDg
to this deflcripUoQ the plant cannot be other than the
paper mulberry tree, which, as already remarked, ia veiy
tike the ku-tku of the Chinese.
Every year, after the fall of the leaves, the yoang shoots,
already rather thick, are oat off in lensths of* three to four
feei, and made up into bundles in order to be boiled in
soda ash. They are tied together and placed upright in
a very large and closely covered veasel. The boiling is
oaiTied on until the baik loosens and the wood is left bare.
It is then allowed to cool, and the wood split, in order to
remove the whole of the bark, which is then put into water
for three to four hours. When the bark is sufficiently tender,
the black skin is scraped off, and at the same time the
aoDaal bark is separated from the bark of those branches
which are not yet so old. The youngest bark gives the
finest and best paper. That made from the older
bark is blackish but not unpleasant. Bark more than a
year old must be thrown aside, as it yields a very coarse
paper. Farts which are knotty, thick, and otherwise faulty,
are also picked out and very ordinary paper made therefrom .
When the bark is duly arranged according to its dif-
fereot qualities, it is boiled in ley, and during the boiling
stirred with a thick rod, occasionally adding fresh ley to
prereDt its boiling over, and to replace the loss by evapo-
ratioD. The bark is allowed to boil until it can be rubbed
to pieces between the fingers, and forms a paste. To make
the ley, two pieces of timber are set crosswise on a tub and
covered with straw, upon which are placed woodaslies,
over which boiling water is poured.
The bark after boiling, is taken out of the vessel and
washed. This washing is a delicate operation, as it must
not be carried too far. If the stuff be only slightly washed,
the paper is strong and firm, but coarse, and of little value ;
if it be too much washed, the paper is beautifully white, but
jpeak, runs, and is useless for writing. Experience only
teaches how the washing is to be done, which must be
in running water. The stuff is thrown intoa strong basket,
through which the water only can pass, and continually
agitated until it is sufficiently pure.
To make fine pauer the stuff is washed twice, but in a
doth instead of a basket, for the more it is washed the
more the bark disunites, and the greater the loss. In
the process of washing, the knots and other extraneous sub«
staDoes are, as much as possible, removed.
When the stuff is sufficiently washed it is thrown on a
strong, smooth wooden table, and beaten by two or three
men with sticks, and a hard wooden implement called
*' knsnocki," until it is as clean as paper. It is now put
in water aud stirred until it forms a paste. The paste is
wadied in a tub, into which is then poured a slimy and
glutinous fluid, prepared by steeping rice and the root Ormi
in water. The mixture \a stirred with a rod until the
three substances are well mixed, and form a liquid and
uniform paste. The sheets are then made on forms, which
ooDsist of rushes. Nothing now remains but to dty the
paper. The sheets are laid on a table covered with a mat,
and between each sheet there is placed a board called
kama-kura, that is, cushion. This board, somewhat
larger than the sheet, is of use to remove the sheet subse-
quently.^ £^h heap is also covered with a mat, upon which
a board is laid, and gradually a heavier weight, in order
to press out the water. The next day the weight is re-
moved, and one sheet after another lifted with a rod and
placed on a thin board, to which it is made to adhere by
hand, and then placed in the sun. The thoroughly dried
sheets are collected, cut, and taken to the warehouse.
The steeping in rice-water makes the paper white
and strong. This is prepared in a glazed earthem pot,
in which the grains of rice are soaked in water. The pot
is at first slowly shaken, afterwards more quickly, then
cold water is added, and the whole strained through a
doth. The remaining rice is put in fresh water, and the
procesi repeated so long as the rice gives a glutinous
matter. Japan rice is excellent for this purpose, as it is
the whitest and most glutinous of Asia.
The liquid from Oreni is prepared by putting the cut
and bruised root in water. In twelve hours the water is
glutinous. According to the season of the year mere or
less of this liquid is used, and the whole art of making
good paper depends upon the quantity of Oreni used.
The coarse p&per for packing purposes is prepared in
the same way from the bark of the snrub Kadu-kadtura,
Japan paper is strong, made in large sheets, and so
much like linen that it may be mistaken for it.
Dr. Hawk describes the process much in the same
manner. lu December, he says, after the tree has shed
\U leaves, they cut off the branches about three feet in
length, and tie them in bundles. They are then boiled
in a lye of ashes in a covered kettle, (ill the bark is so
shrunk that half an inch of the wood may be seen pro-
jecting at either end of the branch. When they have be-
come cool, the bark is stripped and soaked in water
three or four times, until it is soft, when the fine black skin
is scraped off with a knife. The coarse bark is then sepa-
rated Irom the fine ; that from the ^oung branches makes
the finest paper. The bark is boiled again in fresh ley,
continually stirred with a stick, and freshwater from time
to time added. It is then put into a sieve and taken to a
brook, and here the bark is incessantly stirred till it be-
comes a pure pulp. It is now thrown into water, and
separates in the form of meal. This is put into a small
vessel with a decoction of rice and a species of Hibitcust
and stirred until it has attained a tolerable consistence.
It is then poured into a large vessel, from whence it is
taken out and put in the form of sheets on mats or layers
of grass straw ; these sheets are laid one upon another
with straw between, and pressed to force the water out.
After this they are spread upon boards in the sun, dried,
cut, and gathered into bundles for sale. This paper will
better endm« folding and last longer than our;?.
Alkali Wobks. — The Act for the condensation of muri-
atic acid gas in alkali works, which was passed last session,
comes into opei-ation this day (Jan. 1st). The condensa-
tion must be effected to the satisfaction of Inspectors
appointed by the Board of Trade, and if 95 per cent., at
least, of the muriatic acid gas evolved is not condensed,
the owner of the works is liable to a penalty not exceeding
£60 for the first offence, and £100 for the second offence.
The owner is liable in the first instance, unless he can
show that the offence has been committed by some agent
without his knowledge, in which case the agent is liable.
Alkali works must b« registered.
Rose Culturb in Tobkey.— M. B. J. Dufour has
published, in the Bulletin de la SociitS Imperial d^Acdima-
tation of Paiis, an interesting paper on the natural pro-
ductions of Turkey, in which he speaks of the rose, culti-
vated there for its essence, forming an important article of
oommeix^ in the east. The rose is specially cultivated in
Boumelia, in the district of Philippoli, the inhabitants of
which country he describes as more advanced in agriculture
than those of other parts of the empire, and as giving
special attention to that species of the pknt, the essence
of wliich is justly considered by all perfumers as the best
of all, though they veiy often suUtitute for it in their
preparations other essences, such as that of the geranium,
which has a considerable analogy to it. The essence is
manufactured by the growers of the plant, who use a
still for the purpose, like that u&ed in distilling
spirits. The distillation is thus carried on. From the
20th to the 25th of May, the. period of the annual
rose harvest, the country people gather the rose leaves
before sunrise, and these they distil in portions of
from 8 to 10 okes* mixed with from 10 to 15 okes of
pure water, and this goes on without interruption for two
houis, after which time the roses are withdrawn. They
then distil afresh the rose water thus produced, and atter-
waids skim with a spoon the essence of roses which floats
on the surface. The annual harvest of this species of rose
1
• An Ak., ig]( drtchmt.
108
JODRNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ABT8, Jakuabt 1, 186^
amounta to 8,600,000 okes, and the production of enence
of roses varies from 200 to 400 thousand meticals,* depend-
ing on the meteorological state of the air, which has an
important in6nence on both operations, which extend over
a period of about 25 days. The most favourable tem-
peiature for gathering the roses, and which is equally im-
portant for the production of the essence, is a fresh and
almost cold temperature, from 10 to 12 degrees of
K6aumur. For example, with a low temperature, aocom-
pauied with fog and fine rain for three days, (and this
often happens in that country,) 400 roses will weigh one
oke, and with eight okes of these roses one metical, or a
drachm and a half of essence is obtained, whereas with a
higher temperature it takes 1,000 roses to make one oke,
and 20 of the^e okes to produce one metical of essence.
But nevertheless even this last proportion is still greater
than that which the distillation of roses in Provence gives,
for there it is stated to be necessary to employ sixty okes
of roses to obtain one metical of essence. M. Dufour calls
the attention of the French distillers to this point, con-
sidering that, taking good and bad years together, only 12
okes of roses are required to produce one metical o(
essence, bringing the production up 800,000 meticads. He
describes the rose as bearing from 20 to 25 petals, of
a brilliant hue and very bitter taste, which, when
beaten with sugar, form a paste having the properties of
scammony. I'he plant which produces this rose rises to
about 1 metre or 1-80 metre in height, and flourishes vi-
fforously in a clayey soil, which it isnecessaiy to turn over
four or Ave times a year. The quality of the roses, and
conse(}uently that of the essence, varies with the nature of
the soil. The perfume differs according to the soil, as is
proved by the fact that the agents readily distinguish the
difference in the hmell, and, what is more, the essence of
one village freezes at 15 degrees of B^umur, whilst that of
another scarcely freezes at 5 degrees. Although the
general production of roses duiing the last few yeais has
tended to decrease, by reason of the low price, which has
gone down from 1 ,250 fr. to 850 tr. the kilo., a price which
gives a less profit than that afforded by the culture of
cereals, yet the value of this material amounts annually
to a million of francs at the least. There is also another
species of rose cultivated in Turkey, from which the sweet-
meats which ladies in the East offer to their visitors are
prepared. ____^__
ON THB INFLUENCE OF MEGASS ON
ANmAL DECOMPOSITION.
By Herbt Gibbs Daltoh, M J)., GBoaoETowir,
DailXBABA.
I have noticed some particulars attending am'mal de-
composition when bubiected to the influence of megaas,
or the dried stem of the sugar cane after the saccharine
juice has been crushed out by machinem But before
entering upon the circumstances which first led me to
consider this subject, it may be as well to state that the
sugar cane, which is sufficiently known to render any
description of it quite unnecessary, after having been
crushed by massive iron rollers worked l^ steam powei-, is
stacked under large sheds open at the sides, but protected
by slated or wooden roofs, where it is kept untU suflSci-
ently dried to be used as fuel for the boilers. When firet
stacked, it in known as green megaee, being then in a
more or less freeh sUte, and emits a powerful sweetish
odour, and is evidently the resort of millions of small
gnats and other minute iusects, for towards morning and
evening the Megass logics, as they are called, are sur-
rounded by swarms of swallows and other birds which
evidently come here to obtain a bountiful repast.
But in this raw or green state there exis ts another
aJd t^t^ ^^^^ "* ^"^•^ " «njscal'») is aboQt one drachm
striking and peculiar condition; there ia an enormous '.
amount of heat developed, causing the hands if thrust ta .
to be quickly withdrawn, and a certain amount of steam t
or vapour is noticed. Both in this state and when more .
completely dessicated, megass is very combustible, and .
fires, spontaneous or accidental, frequently occur in these
logies. It has often occurred to me to think that certain ,
gases are generated during these changes, whk^h probably j
tend to explain some of the peculiar facts about to b^
noticed.
On the 81st January, 1868, 1 was summoned to attend
a coroner's inquest, and examine a dead body found in one
of the megaas logies on an estate on the west bank of the
river Demerara. On approaching the spot where the corpse
was stated to be, there was no foetid odour as usual to m-
dicate its presence, and on climbing up the dried megass,
I saw the corpse of a human being partially embedded in
megass, but without odour, and in a completely mummi- \
fied condition. There was a fold of cloth twisted round
the neck, and this joined another fold attached to a beam
close by, leading one to suppose that death had oc-ourred
from strangulation. The body was completely dess icated,
shrivelled and brittle, so much so that on trying to diaw
the corpse towards me by means of a pick for the purpose
of examination, I was surprised to find the head separate
completely from the trunk. On more closely examining
the body the following ftMsts were noticed :—
There was not the usual odour of a body long^ since
lifeless, and exposed to the action of the air in a tropkal
climate.
The muscles, soft parts, and internal organs were
riirivelled, dry and paichment-like in character.
The sex (male) barely distinfuishable ; the lower
limbs were bent at an obtuse angle, and the skin and
muscles clung round the bones like paper stretched over
boards ; the skull and face were denucled of all muscular
and ligamentous traces, so that the disarticulation of the
lower maxilla and cervkal vertebrie was complete.
By the shaven crown and tuft of long hair, I recog-
nised the body to be Chinese, and the only identity as to
name, &c., arose from the peculiarities of the teeth, and
from the absence of certain of them, which enabled some
of the other Chinese immigrants to conclude that the
deceased was one of their countrymen, who had been
missing from the estates for several weeks.
This body, then, had been lying loosely covered with
megaas in the place where it was found for probably several
weeks, during which time, although labourers wete con-
stantly in the neighbourhood, it had attracted no notice
by any noxious effluvia, nor waa it even spied out or
scented by the carrion vultures ( CaHkariu Jota), who sel-
dom fail to detect dead carcaaes of any description, how-
ever obscured in the mud or the tangled bush of this
colony.
Strock with so sinsular an a{^)eanuice and condition,
and with the remarkable absence of noxious smdl, it
seemed to me to be the result of some influence exercifcd
by the megass (m which the body had fallen or been
thrown, and with a view to elucidate this, 1 instituted the
following experiments: —
lat. On the Ist April, 1868, I buried a dead goat
loosely in megass, and visited the spot on the 3rd, but
could only detect a famt odour of decomposition, quite
unlike the intolerable stench which is so common here
in dead bodies exposed to the sun and air. On repeating
my visit a few days afterwards, I found that the dead goat
had disappeared, and on inquiry, found that it had ^n
stolen by some Chinese who had speedily devoured it, so
that it could not have been very offensive, for although our
celestial immigrants are incorrigible thieves, and not very
particular as to the quality and condition of their food,
they would hardly have appropriated this first subject of
my experiment had it not been more or less preserved by
the agency of megass.
On the 27th of the same month I buried another dead
goat in a similar manner, bot somewhat more securely out
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 1, 1864.
109
c =
fru^ of the Chinese, and diainterred it about SO
W* *^^f «■,<» •*io 27th May. Daring that time I had
~ly Yinted the neighbooihood, aocompanied by
ikH one of us could detect the slightest offen-
On examining the body, which by-the-bye
«• flMHfilet e lj r disintegr4ted, there was no other trace of
cffiuvia ihaa ia peculiar to the dried skin oif an
TtM9 head was denuded of all muscular aud
a t ta chme nts. The orbits were empty, and
ionuing it perfectly clean, likewise the nasal
palate, and jawbones. Several disarticulated
were fband looise and totally void of muscles and
I, likewise the riba and other parts of the body as
r IS tb^ oould be gathered ; the outer casing of one
an via oompletelj detached from its osseous support,
•< the rest of the carcase was in a fragmentaiy state,
iradaoeotleaa. There were no ants or other injects
ndk to acooant for this complete disintegration, but
waMy whilst the noxious odour of decompodtion was
s^aia&ed by the heat or gases developed by the megass,
tawork of destruction of the soft parts might have been
•^nsd on dnrio^ the month of interment by ants and
taff iatecta, although no trace of them was visible at the
Ac of my inspection.
Of the many j>nictical advantages to which the dis-
»wy of the disinfecting properSes of megass, if con-
fesd by farther experience, might apply, I do not thmk
1 and 0^ any remarks at present, or until the subject
>i»besomore folly examined. 1 may mention, however,
^311 aa oci ra s io n lately presented itself by which I was en-
lU to tetft ite valae, and to prove its efficacy as a very
vefii! sgait in a aanitary point of view.
StttW after my experiments on the properties of the
vpii I vaa much concerned at the outbreak of a num-
^ of citflB of aLooghmg ulcers on the feet and legs of
a* East Indian iounigrants (Ckx>lies and Chinese,) in one
' tfaa Eatatea* Hoeoitals under my medical chaise, and
aj Boiety waa atiU Airther increased ou the appearance
^kospital gangrene among some of the wont cases.
^ enly in the wards where the unfortunate patients
■^t, bat throaghout the whole hospital, the effluvium
«• BOit oOSsnaive aud disagreeable. After making
■t of aeveral medical disinfectants in vain, I determined
to Bake a trial of the megass.
I teired several large baskets to be filled with It, and
ited them in the comers of the wards by the doorways,
ad te the gallery to windward of the rooms, and on my
lyrist waa agreeably surprised to find the obnoxious
fknn fTMtly lenened. 1 continued its use, and in a
Aorft time (two or three days) the change for the better
^■smy remarkable. Except in the immediate neigh-
borhood of the worst cases, there was no unpleasant
odbv^ and eren then the disagreeable smell was greatly
zs
Uafivtonately there was no corresponding improve-
in the chaiacter of the sores decidedly attacked by
«bat the general improvement in the hospital
for not only was the unhealthy effluvium
by the megass vapour, but the peculiar, plea-
and sweet flavour of the cane, waa disseminated
the whole hospital, rendering its atmosphere freah
led ^reeable, so much so, that in spite of the disap-
ywifinne of the ganffrene, and the existence merely of
«k«n of an ocdinary kind, its use and benefit are still ap-
fndated by the nnrsee and patients, who are assiduous in
touli&llj keeping op a fresh supply.
In nboiittiDg these few remarks on a subject altogether
asw, I think 1 may venture to state that in green megass
▼• pes IBM an agent competent materially, if not entirely,
to aeatialjse noxious gases, and thus by arresting or de-
i tni y m the ofienaiTe odours of animal decomposition, and
(be tal air of ho^tala, to prove of eminent service and
btMfik in a tropical country, where these unpleasant and
i^vtoa eoDditioos are too apt to prevail.
4
®bitn8rs.
WiLLiau Marspeaob THACKiaAT. — On the night of
the 24th of Utcember this great artist, after a short Ul-
ness, was found dead in his bed, in his house on Kensing-
ton-palace-green. He was the son of an officer in the East
India Company's Civil Service, and was bora at Calcutta
in 1811. He was educated at the Charterhouse, and re-
sided for some time at Cambridge as a member of the
University. Thackeray became celebrated, wherever the
English tongue is spoken, as a writer in the best style, but
he had the genius in him which might have nuude him
equally great as a painter. Indeed, his fiivt serious com-
mencement to earn his living, was in the practice of the
fine arts and not of letters, and he retained the instinct for
drawing all his life. He studied for a time ia Bonie and
Parts. You felt that his sketches, although verging on
caricatures, were full of genius. Like Blake's drawmga,
although altogether deficient in cultivation and art power,
they were worth a great deal more than many works
where the art was pre-eminent. The illustrations of his
** Comic Tales and Sketches," published in 1841, ** Vanity
Fair," and " Pendeunis/* were drawn and etched by him-
self, but in the *' Newcomes," and ** PhiUp," and the
" Virginians," he made simply the pencil sketches, and put
the etching of the '* Newcomes" into the hands of Richard
Doyle, and*' Philip," and the*' Virginians" were consigned
to Mr. Watson. The result was not a very happy one in
the Doyle translations, and Thackeray's own work, with
all ita rawness and awkwaitlness, was preferable. The pro-
prietors of Punch might make an interesting sheet or two
out of the vignettes and initials which his fancy inserted in
his " Snob Papers," &c. Before Ituskin had aroused public
attention to art criticism, Thackeiay was in the habit of
contributing to Fraur't Magazine an annual criticism on
the Iloyal Academy and tiie exhibitions of the season.
He had a keen feeling for excellence in art. LesUe, for
some qualities, and Mulready for others, were greatly
appreciated bv him. Many years ago he wrote an ad-
mirable article in the Westmiruter Meview upon George
Cruikshank, aud Cruikshank's etchings for the Cbmie
Almanack were usually accompanied with a tale by
Thackeray. " Stubb's Calendar, or the Fatal Boota," in
1839, and " Barber Cox, and the Cutting of his Comb,"
in 1840, were two of such tales. The causes of his death
are accurately described' in the Timsa of the 25th De-
cember. The accounts which have appeared in most other
papers are erroneous. FV many years past he was sub-
jected to the most violent fits of retching, which occurred
about every six weeks ; they used to leave him so pros-
trated that he appeared almost lifeless afterwards. It waa
one of these attacks in its severest form, terminating with
an effusion upon the brain, which caused his death. The
po9t-morkm examination, which was conducted by his usual
medical attendants, Mr. Haden and Mr. Traer, in concert
with Mr. Henry Thompson, showed that besides the pressure
on the brain the heart was overcharged with blood. The
brain itself was found to weigh ^•5 ozs. Within the
last three years Thackeray had invested a large portion
of the fruits of his work — and very hard work too— in
building a house on Palace-green, Kensington, somewhat
in the style of Queen Anne's time, and he delighted him-
self in furnishing it with objects illustrating Uiat period.
It is a red brick house, very unlike a London mansion,
immediately opposite the little gate entering Kensington
Gardens. This, with the whole of his other property,
devolves on his two daughters. He was buried at Keneal
Green on Wednesday last. Only four of his relatives
attended the funeral, which was or the simplest character,
but a large concourse of his friends and admirers stood
around his grave. His age was fifty. two years.
Samuel Hall, well-known in the manufacturing
and engineering world for his numerous inventions,
died on the 21st of November, 1863, at his residence
Morgan*street, Tredegar-square, Bow-road) at the ad
110
JOURNAL OF THE5 SOCIETY OP ARTS, Janoabt 1, 1864.
:%i0^
vAnced age of 82. He was the second son of Mr. Kober^
Hall, of Basford, near NottiDgham, a cotton skinner and
bleacher, still remembered there for his ingenaity and the
singular beaaty of his character. Robert Hall, as a cotton
spinner, followed in the track of Arkwright and Peel, and
as a bleacher he had the merit of first osing chlorine, then
called oxymnriatic acid gas, on a large scale, by which a
result was accomplished in a few hours that had formerly
required as many weeks to produce. He had great in-
ventive talent, and was ever engaged in trying some new
application of science to the improvement of manufactures.
HLs neighbours desfgnated the place where he first made
his attempts to introduce the use of chlorine by the name
of Bedlam, which it still retains. BerthoUet had dis-
covered that chlorine possessed the property of dis-
charging all vegetable colours, and Mr. Hall corres-
ponded with Dr. Priestley and Mr. Henry, of Manchester,
on the probability of the successful application of this
agent to the important art of bleaching. Dr. Priestley, in
a letter to him, dated August 12, 1788, says :—
''Anything I know is at your senrice, bat I really have nothing
to eommonieate oa the subject of bleaching b^ the dephlogii-
ticated marine acid. I have indeed made the liquor in a smidl
quantity for the purpose of taking spots out of linen, but I
cannot think it will ever be so cheap a process as to serve for
bleaching in large works."
He was at first discouraged from proceeding, but, recurring
to the project, he experimented with the happiest results,
and thus commenced a vast industry, the importance of
which is described as follows by Baron Liebig (Letters on
Chemistry, 3rd ed., p. 144) : — »' But for this new bleaching
process, it would scarcely have been possible for the cotton
manufacture of Great Britain to have attained its present
enormous extent ; it could not have competed in prices
with France and Qermany. In the old process of bleach-
ing, every piece must be exposed to the air during several
weeks in summer, and kept continually moist by manual
labour. For this purpose, meadow land, eligibly situated,
was essential. Now, a single establishment near Glasgow
bleaches nearly 1,400 pieces daily throughout the year.
What an enormous capitid would be required to purchase
land for this purpose ! How greatly would it increase the
cost of bleaching to pay interest on this capital, or to hire
so much land in England ! This expense would scarcely
have been felt in Germany. Besides the diminished ex-
pense, the cotton stuffs bleached with chlorine suffer less
in the hands of skilful workmen than those bleached in
the sun." Mr. Hall was well versed in the chemistry
of that day, as propounded by Black, Scheele, Lavoisier,
and BerthoUet, and was a constant reader of the well-
known NichdUorCa Journal, and the *' Annalea de Chmie"
He was also well versed in mechanics, and, in 1794, re-
ceived a prize of forty guineas from the Society of Arts
for an improvement in cranes.* Mr. Hall's originality and
powers of research were worthily perpetuated in his family.
The fourth son, Dr. Marshall Hall, was known throughout
the world, as a most distinguished physiologist and phy-
sician ; and of the second son, Samuel, the subject of the
present notice, it may be said that, in his genius for inven-
tions, at once the result of science and source of improve-
ments in British manufactures, and the extension of
British commerce, he has rarely been excelled. To him
Nottingham owes, in a great measure, its present commer-
cial prosperity and importance, arising from his invention
of the process of gassing lace and of the bleaching of starch,
by which the Nottingham cotton fabrics are scarcely dis-
tinguishable from the linen thread lace of the Continent.
Mr. Felkin, in a paper " On the History and present state
of the Machine-wrought Lace Trade," read before this
Society on the 28th of May, 1856, says : —
" It hsd been observed by Mr. Samuel Hall, of Basford, Notts.,
to whom not only this but other trades are deeply indebted for
bit scientific improvoroents, that both cotton yarns and fabrics,
especially lace nets, were fibrous, and the interstices not clear.
* Seo " Transactions of the Society of Arts,** vol. zii., p. 283.
He patented inventions for passing both thread and net--^ , <
other substances, through gas or other flame, and thus n ^ f^ ^
ing off the fibre without ujury to the artides, thereby tf^ir^ f ^ ' ,
ing a great improvement in them. Mr. Hall's improved ■tar^^^'^-c V> ^ '
well known. He was the first, so far as I know, who avt' '^^ r-, '
himself of extended advertising to get an invention or ar ^ ^ ovic <
into demand. His specimens of gassed thread and laee f^^*^ ~ \ ^.
phced beside ungassed ones, will l>e remembered as h:^", '^.
found in every number of several periodicals for years UMetr/ >::^ v^m ^
He effectually made Urliogs (».e. bobbin) net known far %- at p^ '
wide." ; •^U'i "^
The first idea of passing a piece of the finest laoe over*"'' J^'.^rl
actual flame of gas was a bold one, and presents an "'.'y n^^\J\
stance of the most original imagination; for it ^---r" .\^\\\
difficult to suppose that Uie whole fabric would not - '"'^^^J- [ '^,
consumed. Sir Humphrey Davy had just presented r-rs"'^"^^ ^
paper en flame to the Royal Society. Mr. S. Hall v -^ ^^-
well imbued with the chemical scienoe of that day, tkud:^^^ ^' ^
was plain to him, that by merely passing the laoe ovei^>^ -:^y '^
flame of gas, the loose fibres might be removed from tLC^r^^^ ^^ \
lace, whilst the lace itself would remain unharmed. I-: ^^ *J^ <^-
inventive genius further suggested that the flame mig ti: r^^ '• ^-
be drawn through the lace, and that the desired rest: cr. El: > '^
would be accomplished by means of a vacuum abo «: ae^ucd <*. v
the lace. Perfect success followed the trial. Tl. jT.'%r.
sheet of lace passed to the flame opaque and obscured I :^ ^^s c ^u
loose fibre, and issued from it bright and clear, and not \.^ ^ .^^^ t .^
be distinguished from lace made of the purest linen threat ^^ ^ ;^-;^;.
In 1827 the late Lord Tenterden sat as judge at tb/^.(r -^i^i
assizes at Nottingham, and having previously presided o,v-^.^^^^^
the occasion of a trial relative to the patent for this in [^,^^. , ,^ .'
vention, expressed a wish to see the process which had s^^^ ;,^?, '
deeply interested him, and he visited the works «^jt^j -C,
Basford. The principle was also applied by the in^^^ '^.
ventorto cotton yam itself, muslin and calico. The iQ-^*^^*
fluence of this improvement on the British commerce if. - i^j
cotton goods has been immense, and ita benefits havc^^.^
been largelv shared by Nottingham, Derby, Lekieatep, • ^^^^^
Manchester, and Glasgow. But Mr. Hall's labours did'^^: ^^
not end here. The lace manufacturers of Nottingham'^ ^r^-^^*
complained that though their lace was clear, and perfeotly^*^^^^
white when bleached, its colour was greatly injured by^" ^> ^* ni
the starch with which it was afterwards »*gotup." Mr.'"— -^cu
S. Hall extended to starch the principles which his father^ '^^^V!.
had applied to the bleaching of fabrics, and by the use of ^^ ^55^7
chlorine gave the manufacturers a bleached starch which
at once perfectly remedied the evil. Among Mr. S. Hall's
numerous inventions, may be noticed one by which ho
long succeeded above all others in the cultivation of
the vine. Formerly the branches only were exposed
to warmth; the roots being left in the cold soil. It
first occurred to Mr. Hall to heat the roots like the
branches. Formerly, too, the air of the hot-house,
whilst raised in temperature, became proportionately
dry; he proposed to supply it with moisture as well
as heat. Both these objects were accomplished by means
of steam diflused in the air and in the soil. The
wood and the fruit were equally improved by this simple
means. These and other experiments were devised
at Basford Hall, then his property, where he exer-
cised a graceful hospitality still well remembered. A
crowd of new and brilliant ideas, however, soon distracted
his attention, and it is to be regretted that he could not
confine himself to the profitable working out of one alone.
He had also in after years to contend with much injustice
in connection with his engineering patents, and thus ex-
perienced the too frequent fate of inventors, who, as is
well known, are seldom enriched by their schemes. The
era of railwavs and steam ships was now commenoine,
and Mr. S. Hall accordingly turned his enei^es in this
direction, obtaining patents, among others, for Improve-
ments in the Steam £ngine, for Combustion cf Smoke,
for the Prevention of the Explosion of Steam Boilem,
and for the Reefing and Unreeflng of Paddle<wheels.
His principal improvements in the steam engine
consisted in a new mode of condensation of the
"■3:-
V 1-,
I
/ JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, January 1, 1864. Ill
i
--"»
I .
- e-
RS
•-4
rj
— ?,
S H tlutpogh metallic pipes or chan-
witlfc ooM water. A saving of more
™ *««1 and repairs waa reported to the
^ ttiereby efTecied. This principle
iop is now in general use, and to it
^ thie increased efficiency of our marine
combustion of smoke waa pro-
for slowly and gradually
with foeU and for the admission of at-
io tbe mscimding gases and smoke. An appa-
ll said to be now in constant opera-
aeal l:*oat-ofiSce, in London. The prevcn-
•""" *^ ' ^Tam boUers is effected by arrange-
constani rotary movement to tlie
cannot become immoveable and
the constant waste of water in
i^ can never become empty, or nearly
reeling and unreefing of paddle-
without stopping the engine, or
onoe mmple and effective. On these
aofcjects Mr. Samuel Hall laboured and
extnordinary enthusiasm and devoted con-
extreme cloee of his protracted life. He
meassre the true genius of the mecha-
■se^on^ed by nature to tliat illustrious race
an ages bequeathed a heritage of power,
the wix-ld looks for its most splendid
He luul no sooner invented one thing than he
-^ ~ mind to another, leaving it to others to
beue6t of his invention ; he thus
ridi whilst he remained poor. He spent
his inrentioDs and never saved money
he had been labouring for some months under a sharp
attack of gout, comi)licated with disease of the heart, from
which it was hoped, by the kmd skilful treatment of
Mr. Biioton, his attached friend and physician, ho bad ro«
covered.
~i Host Qmkex, F.R.S., died at his residence,
•' asB: Bcroet, on Sunday evening, the ISth Dec.
^ ia oDly ^ild, of wealthy pirents, and having
"^ t Sisal education, and studied for some time at
-!- j Mned h» professional studies at St. Thomas's
'^ Tsslai the auspices of his paternal uncle, Mr.
•^ He was admitted a member of the Royal College
'^ wm on the Ist of December, 1815, having for
peeviously acted as demonstrator, the best proof
y Aieuey as an anatomist, and so creditably were
^ iltaHiiod to this office performed, that, in 1818,
»l Hr. (after Sir) Astley Cooper as joint lecturer
B£«y aad physiology. In 1820 he succeeded the
-^ Cfiae as sorgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, and
^ Astley Cooper delivered lectures on surgery
'^^''^^K?' -^ ^" operative surgeon ho was un-
''^ ia the skill witti which he performed the
■■aa far lithotomy, having, in 1847, operated in forty
^ mA lost only one. This unequalled success created
^^ ffmsitifiTi at the time. In 1830 he was appointed
> y mfa w LHsh ip of surgery in King's College, of which
■■^son^ he was at the time of his death a member of
*i In 18S5, on the death of Mr. Lynn, surgeon
'M WcBta&inster Hospital, and a councillor of the
-T^ Mr. Green was unanimously elected to the
V B the council of that college, of which ho had
"^ 80 bright a member. In 1840 he was deputed \
?W the ann«*^^ oration in memory of John Hunter,
-t at the earnest request of liis collea«;uefl, ho aftcr-
•hf«bli^ed, under the title of '* Vital Dynamics;*'
*'«iio, m 1S47, ho became Hunterian orator, and pub-
'^^ lecture under the name of " Mental Dynamics."
• l"4^ oa the resignation of Sir Benjamin Brodie,
^ Vr. Oreen became a member of the Court of
uaacn, an appointment he held up to the time of his
' an, md in 1849 obtained at the hands of his col-
S'^ tSiB highest appointment they had it in their
'*? to eonfer — Mz., the president's chair, an honour
^ najjriid on him in 1858. From her Majesty's
Tiiiamt he received the appointment of President
'^iyfOK^ of Medical Education and Registration
'%M|<4^ Kingdoui. The deith of Mr. Green,
, was not altogether unexpected ;
»
Wedowood : An Address, by the Right Hon. W. E.
Gladstone, M.P., Chancellor of the Excheqinr. — ( Murray.)
This is a reprint of the address delivei'ed at the laying of
the first stone of the Wedgwood Institute, at Burslcm.
October 26th, 1863.
A List of the Customs Ports and Inland Bonding
Towns op the United Kingdom, by James Donelan,
Collector of Customs at Exeter. {Effinff ham Wilson.) In
this work the fables are arranged under the separate scale
of salaries apportioned to the collectors by the recent re-
vision of the establishments for the year ending the Slst
December, 1862. They exhibit at one view numerous
particulars of the trade, revenue, and establishments of
each port, including the population in 1861 ; salaries of
collectors in 1809 and 1863; total receipt of duties;
number and tonnage of vessels, inwards and outwards,
with cargoes; number and tonnage of vessels registered,
belonging to each port, &c.
Queensland, consioebed as the field for BBrriso
Labour and Entbrfrize, and the source or ENaLAND*8
Cotton Supply, by George Wright. {Street, Cornhill.)
The author, who was two years and a half resident in the
colony, has just brought out a third edition of this work.
He states that his aim has been to produce a work, cheap
and practical, containing as much of detail as may enable
a sensible man, should he emigrate to Queensland, to work
his way there with a fair prospect of success ; and he says
that be feels persuaded that the industrious man who may
be induced by its statements to emigrate to that colony
will never regret that he has done so.
Toe Enoineeb's, Manufactturb&'s, and Miner's
Vade-Mecum, by Dr. K. P. Ter Reohoi-st iChwper*a'
court, ComhiU), presents, on a single sheet, a list, in Ave
languages, of technical words not usually to bo found in
dictionaiies.
A New Map of tub British Isles; suitable for
Halls, Oflkes, Libraries, &c.— ( TTitfiam Wettley, Pater-
notter-row.) Price 30s. mounted on roller or folded in
case. The size is 6ft. 6in. by 4ft. lOin.— This map
shows all the towns and principal villages, and all the
railways to the present date. It is printed from steel
plates, and has been revised by the conductor of the
Government Maps.
Iflrtttflming |ttWitatiffRS.
A HiSTOBT OF THE WORLD FROM THE EARLIEST ReOORDS
to the Present Time. By Philip Smith, B.A. ( Walton
and Maberly.) This work is by one of the principal con-
tributor to the dictionariesof Greek and Roman antiquities,
biography, and geography, and is an attempt to trace the
story of Divine Providence and human progiess in Orte
connected narrative. It is proposed to condense it suffi-
ciently to keep it within a reasonable size, but yet free
from the baldness of an epitome. It is intended to follow
the story of our whole race, from its beginning in the
sacred records, and (Vom the dawn of civilisation in the
BJast, — through the successive Oriental Empires, — the
rise of liberty and the perfection of heathen polity, arts,
and literature in Greece and Rome, — the change which
passed over the face of the world when Christianity
sprung up, — the origin and first appeamnco of those
barbarian races which overthrew both divisions of the
Roman Empire, — the annals of the States which iwo on
the Empire's ruins, including the picturesque details o^
112
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 1, 1864.
Tnediasval history and the steady progress of modem
liberty and civilisation, — and the extension of these in-
fluences, by discovery, conquest, colonisation, and missions,
to the remotest regions of the earth. The more striking
facts of history, — the rise and fall of empires, — the
achievements of warriors aud heroes, — the struggles of
peoples for their rights and freedom, — the conflict between
priestcraft and religious liberty, will occupy a prominent
place, but they will not divert attention from the more
quiet and influential working of science and art, social
progress and individual thought. The werk wUl be
divided into three periods, each complete in itself, and
will form eight volumes in demy octavo. 1. Ancient
History, sacred aud secular ; from the creation to the fall
of the Western Empire, in a.d. 476. Two volumes.
2. Medieval History, civil and ecclesiastical ; firom the
fall of the Western Empire to the taking of Constanti-
nople by the Turks, m a.o. 1458. Two volumes.
3. Modern Histoiy; from the fall of the Byzantine
Empire to our own times. Four volumes. It will be
published in monthly parts at 2s. ; and half-yearly
volumes at 12s. 6d ; cloth lettered. The first part
appeared in November.
The Standard Goidk to Postage Stamp Collecting,
with their Values and Degrees of Rarity. {Hotten,
Piccadilly.) This work, it is said, has occupied the
authors, Messrs. Bellars and Davie, for three years. It
includes an account of the Mormon stamp issued by
Brigham Young in 1852.
PflttS.
Metbopolitan Fibe Bbioade Bill. — On the 16th
December, a special meeting of the Vestry of Marylebone
took place, to consider a proposal for the introduction of a
Bill by the Qovemment to take the fire brigade out of
the hands of the insurance companies, and by means of a
tax up3n the ratepayers of the metropolis for its support,
place the control in the hands of the Metropolitan Board
of Works.
The Pboftts on Gas. — By a parliamentary return it
appears that the Metropolitan Qas Companies paid divi.
dends in 1862 as follows : — the Chartered paid dividends
at the rate of 9 and 10 per cent., including back dividends
at 1 per cent., per annum for the half-year to Christmas,
1856 ; the City of London dividends at 9 and 4 per cent.,
with a balance of £658 ; the Commercial, £30,513 on a
capital stock of £322,195 (lesssums remaining' outstanding).
The Equitable paid dividends at the rate of 11, 14 J, 14,
and 10 per cent, (less sums remaining outstanding), with
a balance of £396 ; the Great Central dividends at the
rate of 6 and 8 percent, (less sums remaining outstanding),
with a balance of £18,445; the Imperial at the rate of
10 per cent., with a balance of £58,500 ; the Independent
at the rate of 10 per cent., with one year's back dividend
(£1,500), and a balance of £3,548. The London paid
£36,827 on £548,843 (leas sums remaining outstanding).
The Phoanix paid 10 per cent., with £8,190 dividend
arrears for 1856, with a balance of £930. The Batcliffe
dividend was £8 15s. per cent., without a balance; the
South Metropolitan, 10 per cent, with a balance of
£10,369 ; the Surrey Consumers*, 10 per cent., with a
balance of £4,047 ; and the Western, 10 per cent., with
£5,285, ''towards back dividends of leas than 10 per
cent."
Pattebn Post to Canada. — The Postmaster-General
lias issued an order, to take effect on and after the 1st
instant : — Patterns of merchandise, similar to those
already transmissible by post between any places in the
United Kingdom at reduced rates, may be transmitted
by post between England and Canada, by Canadian mail
packet, at the following rates of postage, which must in
all cases be prepaid by means of postage stamps, viz. : —
4oz. 3d., nnder lib. Gd., under lib. Is., under U lb.
packet of patterns must exceed two feet in length, breadth,
or width ; exceeding those dimensions it cannot be for-
warded through the post. The patterns must not be of
intrinsic value. There must be no writing or printing
other than the address of the person for whom the packet
is intended, the address of the sender, a trade-mark and
numbers, and the prices of the article. The patterns
must be sent in covers open at the ends, so as to be easy
of examination. Samples, however, of seeds, drags, and
fto forth, which cannot be sent in open covers, may be
enclosed in bags of linen or other material tied at the
neck ; hags so closed that they cannot be readily opened,
even although they be titmsparent, must not be used for
this purpose.
Ibon Clad Sum. — A correspondent of the Standard
writes : — To whom should be accorded the merit of the
first disco veiy of the use of iron -plating as a protectk>o to
ships of war, has been a matter of no little controversy.
As none, however, pretend to lay claim to the invention
at a date anterior to the present century, there seems
scarcely a doubt that all claims must be waived in favour
of the Japanese. In 1613 William Adams, in a letter
from Japan, dated December of that year, in a mention of
his voyage from Firando to Oosaka tiirough the Inland
Sea by the Strait of Simonoseki, writes thus: — * We were
two daies rowing from Firando to Faccate. About eight
or tenne leagues on this side the straights of Xeminase-
que we found a great towne, where there lay in a docke a
juncke eight hundred or a thousand tunnes burthen,
slieathed all with yron, with a guard appointed to keep
her from firing and treachery. She was built in a very
homely fashion, much like that which describeth Noah*s
arke unto us. The naturals told us that she served to
transport soulders to any of the islands if rebellion or
warre should happen." So even tlie latest *< reconstruc-
tion" in " wood and iron " is 250 years old. The loca-
lity is easily traced on the map. Fakata is in the bay of
Hakosaki, a spacious harbour midway between Firando
and Simonoseki, the distance given being almost exact ;
and the great town is doubtless Fukuoka, the capital and
fortress of the Prince of Mino, on the shores of the same
bay.
The Whitwoeth Institute. — This Institute, erected
at Fleetwood, by the munificence of Benjamin Whit-
worth, Esq., at a cost of £2,000, was opened on the 15tii
December, by a tea and public meeting, presided over by
J. A. Tamer, Esq. The Rev. R. S. Stoney bore testi-
mony to the noble example of Mr. Whitwoiih, to whom
an Jiddress was prosentea from the inhabitants of the
town. Mr. Whitworth, in his reply, remarked that,
whilst acknowledging the warmth of the reception g^ven
him, he only felt the erection of the Institute a matter of
duty.
Inddstbial Exhibition. — The officers and men of the
second battalion of the 12th Regiment have resolved to
open to the public, on the 12th January, an industrial ex-
hibition, in Dublin, where they propose to display such
specimens of their handici-aft and ability as their several
tastes and previous avocations may suggest. An opening
march, composed in the regiment, will he performed by its
band at the opening of the exhibition. There is a photo-
graphic school attached to the battalion, and some speci-
mens of this art will be shown. All the printing required
for the exhibition will be executed by soldiere, at their own
printing press. The articles exhibited will be sold, and
the proceeds devoted to the regimental charitable funds.
South Kensinoton Museum. — The number of visitors
on Saturday, 26th December (Boxing-day), was 8,382, of
which 2,463 visited the new National Art-training Schools.
The visitors on 26th December, 1862, were 5.962.
The Cbtstal Palacb on Boxing-day. ->The follow-
ing totals are the numbers of visitors on each Boxing-day
since the opening of the Palace :— 1854, 10,035 visitors ;
1855,3,347; 1856, 5,645; 1657, 16,350; 1858, 26.308;
1859, 34,564 ; 1860, 23,267 ; 1861, 39,099 ; 1862, 33,315 ;
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 1, 1804* 113
A SuBMARisB Ship.— Mr. Geo. Cheek, of the Cambria
Datljf L^adtr, writing to the TvneSt Bays—*' I have had
my attention called to an article which appeared ahout
three weeks ago in reference to the Uussian Qovemment,
vho yea state are now building a submarine ship, which
is made to float beneath the water, and to rise and sink
vhen required. It is to be worked by a compressed-air
engioe, aod is fitted with apparatus for fixing torpedoes on
the bottom of shi^ it proposes to sink. No doubt many
of your readers will recollect having seen plans of such a
ship, which I exhibited at the Society of Arts, 1858, and
of the compressed-air engine, a small model of which I
have made, from which model I demonstrated.that I could
obtain as great a pressure by air as by steam. ' I wrote to
the AdmlnJty, and submitted my plans to them, which
vere returned about three months after by Sir Baldwin
Walker, who stated that the Lords of the^dmiralty were
not then in a position to undertake them. I have not
since then adopted any fhrther steps to get the matter
taken up, but, oo doubt, the Russian Qovemment, who are
more in the habit of encouraging invention than our own,
hare taken copies of my plans, and are now working
them out with the greatest secrecy. I may add one ad-
vantage which my submarine ship has over that which
the Russian Government is building, — it is provided
with a round house (or cupola) on deck, from which, when
the vessel is raised to the level of the water, observations
can be made of surrounding objects and country."
Watbi Mills at Aboostoli. — Profes^r Ansted, in
his work on ** The Ionian Islands," says : — " A curious
natoral phenomenon occurs, and is taken advantage of,
in the neighbourhood of Argostoli. At four points on the
coast, the sea, at its ordinary level, enters a very narrow
<.Teek, or broken rocky channel, and after running some-
what npidly through this channel and among broken
fragments of rock for some distance, it gradually becomes
Kicked into the earth and disappears. JSy conducting the
water through an artificial canal for a few yards, and 6o
regulating its course, and forcing all the water that enters
to pass in a single stream beneath an undershot wheel,
power enough is obtained in two cases to drive a mill.
Mills have, in fact, been placed there by an enterprising
Englishman, and are constantly at work. The stream,
afler being utilised, is allowed to take to its natural
channel, and is lost among the rocks. It is common
eooagh to drive a wheel by a current of water going from
the land towards the sea, but it is certainly rare, and,
as £ar as I am aware, peculiar to the locality, to find
raiUs driven by a current of sea-water, acting quite inde-
pendently of tide, the water constantly and steadily rush-
ing in over the earth's suriace, and finally disappearing.
It is not the river god pursuing the nymph, but the great
Neptune himself invading the domain. It is indeed
DO wonder that Uie Cephalonians are proud of their
mystery."
iToBoni o NoTBB BT Photoobaphy. — A prisoner having
lieen convicted of forging Austrian bank notes by means of
photography, a question was raised whether this amounted
to an engraving of the notes in question, according to
the terms of the statute. The judges considered the
legal question that was submitted to them, and were
unanimously of opinion that the prisoner had been pro-
perly convicted, and the sentence adjudged was penal ser-
>Itude for six years.
Fees os Bailwat Bills. — There have been 304 rail-
way 0chem^ deposited. The fee on a deposit at the
Privmte Bill Office of every document is £5, and £5 a day
Ui the examiners to ascertain whether there has been a
compliance with the standing orders. On each reading
there is a fee of £15, and a bimilar fee on the report.
Among the reforms recommended by the late select cora-
taitt«e on the subject, the fees of the House and of counsel
wtre declared to l)e too lu^jh. • The forthcoming se^ion is
expected to be the bujtiest one since the year 1845, when
•_^i.-
SUPPLY OF FLAX.
Sib, — In the Journal of the Society of Artt of the 14th
August last there are some interesting an I important re-
marks by Mr. Baker, Inspector of Factories, on the de-
creased supply of flax. We have drifted into a cotton
Caooine, and there is every appearance of a flax famine.
For some years past persons have been satisfied with the
old saying, " As is the demand so will be the supply ; "
but has not this supposed truism been exploded m tiie
case of cotton ? and I think I shall be able to show the
same remit as to the supply of hemp and fiax.
Mr. Baker very justly observes, with regard to flax, if
there should be a flea famine, as there has been a cotton
famine, we i^ould again suffer extremely, with the con-
sciousness that by a little forethought those sufferings
might have been alleviated if not averted.
Now the most important question is, whose business is
it to look into these things, and provide against such con-
tingencies? We wiite and talk about it, and there the
matter ends.
The same gentleman remarks, <' a company was started
in Yorkshire, for the purpose of collecting flax in this
country from the farmers, and preparing it for the trade ;
but Uie company has broken up for want of encourage-
ment, even from the trade itself. No doubt our large
flax spinners are quite satisfied with the great profits they
are making tluough their agents and buyers in Russia
and various parts of the continent.
Mr. Baker attributes the short supply of flax to its
decreasing growth everywhere whence we liave hitherto
been supplied ; this, I think, is a mistake. My firm con-
viction, from actual experience acquired in a visit I made
some years since to Russia, is, that the Russians and other
continental people are gradually working up their raw
material of flax and hemp themselves ; they are doing so
with their wool, and are great competitors with us at our
wool sales.
The quantity of first-class flax spinning machinery ex-
ported to the continent, particularly to Russia, of late years
has been enormous, and some of our most talented men
have been engaged as managers. I have heard some of
our largest machine makers remark that, had it not been
for the continental demand, at times th^ would have
had scarcely anvthing to do. The Russians now have
nearly a monopoly of the export ti'ade of ships* cordage.
Take up any of the colonial papers, and you find the
Russian article quoted at £5 per ton advance on English
rope. For this they have to thank English talent and
machinery, having the raw material at home with cheap
labour.
If anything, the growth of flax has rather increased
in this country, more particularly in Norfolk and Suffolk,
in which neighbourhood there is a flax rettory, conducted
on the most scientific principles. I know of one farmer
in that district who sold 5 acres of flax, as it stood on the
ground, for £100. The cultivation of flax is increasing in
Somersetshire; in fact, it has always been extensively
grown there for the local manufacture of their celebrated
east and west coker canvas, which has a world-wide repu-
tation. A flax market lias been held in Yeovil, Somerset,
for many years ; and landlords, instead of obstructing the
rwth of flax, actually give prizes for the best samples,
is found that when the seed is saved by the new me-
thod of pulling the flax just previous to its being ripe,
allowing it to ripen on the ground, the fibre U equally
good, and that from 18 to 24 bushels of seed to the acre
is saved for cattle feeding; by this mcanM, it is said, more
w returned to the land than is taken out of it.
It was no uncommon thing in the West of England,
many years ago, in war time, in a good seawm, for
the farmer to be enabled to purchase the freehold of
the land witli one crop of flax. In many parts of
-c^.^i^n^l 4\%A nff /\f nnlfivfifinor And nrf»n&rin(r Bax is
lU
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 1, 1864.
entirely lost, when some sixty years ago every vil-
lager in England must have well understood it, hav-
ing to supply the local demand of the domestic spin-
ning-wheel, which has gradually been superseded by
machinery. This local demand fell off, and this, joined
with the great prejudice of landlords in former times
against the growth of flax, caused the extinction of its
cultivation in many districts. It was formerly considered
a very exhausting crop, the seed at that time not being
saved, but put into steep with the flax ; but, whatever
quantity might bo grown in this country, the demand
would be greater than the supply for the requirements
of our extensive trade. I may observe that the inci-eased
growth of flax in Ireland this season has been 60,000 acres.
Several letters have, at various times, appeared in the
JHmetf calling attention to the flax, or as it would be
more properly termed, the hemp of New Zealand, more
particularly a recent letter, signed ** Phormium Tenax,"
where the writer says : — ** It is found in almost every
district, to such an extent that thousands upon thousands
of acres of the most beautiful fibre rots on the ground, for
want of cutting and gathering, which, if brought to this
country, would give unlimited employment to the labour-
ing population.*' These letters, from non-practical men,
may amuse the general public, but with the manufacturer
they 6nly raise a smile.
The native-prepared fibre might be spun into yam, for
fine canvas and slieetiug, but the quantity a native can do
in a day is veiy small, not moi'e than 12 to 14 lbs., ho
only using one side of the leaf, and throwing the rest
away. Since the place has been colonised, native labour
is much more valuable in other ways, so that very little
fibre is thus prepared by them now.
Somo enterprising settlers are experimenting on the
whole leaf, and are tolerably successful, as in this way
fibre can be produced in largo quantities, but it is of the
coaiviest kind, something between Russia and Manilla
hemp, and will never Iw adapted for other than rope-
makmg purposes, which it is well suited for, both on ac-
count of its strength and also (if tarred) for its durability.
A friend of mine, in Nelson, New Zealand, a great en-
thusiast as to the value and importance of this fibre, con-
signed to me about 8 J tons, three ycai-s ago. To test its
real value I put into the hands of a first-class broker ; it
was put up with other fibres to public auction, and only
realised £15 per ton. If it had any pretensions to be re-
garded as flax, it would have been worth three times that
sum ; but, to do New Zealand flax justice, I must also
state that, like most colonial attempts in that way, it was
ladly prepared, and put loose into the hold of the vessel,
like dunnage. Uad it been well prepared and packed, it
would have realised from £30 to £35 per ton, for rope-
making pui-poses. My friend paid £20 per ton for it, cash
on the spot ; it cost £4 14s. shipping and other charges
there; fi-eight, insurance, dock, and other charges hei"e,
£21 7b. 3d. making in all £26 Is. 3d. for 8J tons ; so
there was a clear loss to my friend of £45 IBs. lOd. on
• that trifling quantity. The price realised at these sales
is a good approximate criterion as to the real value of
thing?*.
Wo have also that valuable plant, the liheut a fibre of
India, a most interesting plant ; but at present, owing to
the tedious native method of preparing it, it is far too
coutly for general use. The late Dr. Itoylo was of opinion
that, if proper macliinery could bo invented for the pur-
pose, it could be introduced at a less price than jute. Such
a machine, I am convinced, could easily be invented, that
would prepare, with one pci-son, more in one day than can
l»e prepared by the present mode in three or four weeks.
But this would require a visit to India to try it in its green
state.
In the Journal of the Society of ArU, of September 14th
last, there is a most important and valuable comnumica-
tion on the subject of the cultivation of flax iu South
Australia, liy Mr. MacCalman, to the Commissioner of
Puhlie Wnrkn. South Aiialralia whorA hn ri^mnrka tlmi
hundreds of thousands of acres of wild flax grow along tlio
banks of the rivers and on the immense alluvial flats and
swamps. This quite confirms the views that I have for somo
years formed as to the practicability of flax being profitably
grown in certain parts of AuBtralia. A friend of mine,
many yeare a resident in Australia, well versed in colonial
affaira, gave me a gieat deal of information on the subject
of climate, soil, the rainy season, «bc., and from what I
learnt, 1 felt convinced that that colony was well adapted
for the giowth of flax, for as it only occupies the land
rather more than three months, and requires much moisture,
the periodical rains would last long enough to bring it to
perfection ; and the dry, hot summer being well adapted
for steeping and drying it, it could be got out of the steep
vat in the morning, and be dry and crisp, ready for scutch-
ing, in the evening. This process in England, in a drip-
ping summer, is very expensive and tedious, the flax being
out sometimes for weeks, and requiring constant attention
to turn it to keep it from rotting.
Having had some experience in steeping and preparing
flax with all the newest improved machines for scutching,
and having visited various rettories in England, Scotland,
and Ireland, I prepared a paper for my friend, to get pub-
lished in one of the leading Australian papers, but this
was not done, as many persons considered tho climato
too dry for flax.
The ^latest accounts from South Australia state that
wheat is quoted at 5s. per bushel, and twenty bushels to
the acre. It is sometimes as low as 3s. 6d., but at 5s. per
bushel an acre of land only produces £10, with every ox-
pen se to be paid out of it ; whilst if grown with flax, with
only an average crop of two tons of flax straw and 1 8
bushels of seed to the acre, the crop when prepared would
be woiih £25, and the cost of cultivation would be littlo
more than wheat. 1 could give you tho items, from actual
experience, but it would take up too much of yonr
valuable space.
Some vears ago I was in the habit of attending most of
the public sales of hemp and flax. I remember several
bales of steeped flax straw, about two tons weight, from
Australia, put up to public sale. It was beautifully
pressed and packed in sheets, and was sold for £6 per ton,
less than the cost of freight and charges. Had this been
properly scutchetl, there would only have been about 7 cwt.
of flax to pay freight and charges on, all tho rest being
waste. This would have been worth £60 per ton, or
about £21 for the 7 cwt. The freight and charges on
this would liave been not mucli more than £2, and two
men or stout lads, with 2-hor8e power and a modern
scutching machine, would have prepared it in four or five
days. There is no doubt that we could get a supply of
hemp and flax from our various colonies, but there is
much ignorance as to the mode of preparing and packing
fibres, which tho above case is only one instance of, and
yet there is no want of seal on the subject.
If wo reason from analogy, from the results of the in-
troduction of woollen machinery on the continent, we may
safely come to some conclusions as to the possibility of the
inhabitants working up their flax. In the early part of
the present century we were dependent principally for a
supply of wool on Spain ; after tne peace of 1815 supplies
came in from Germany ; the quantity from the latter
source rose, in 1836, to neatly 32,000,000 lbs., but it has
since rapidly diminished. In 1818 only a few tons of wool
came in from Australia, and this has now lisen to more
than 25,000 tons, besides other colonies wo get supplies
from. I believe the Act of Parliament for preventing the
export of spinning machinery was only repealed some
time between 1840 and 1850 ; large quantities of spinning
machineiy were exported long before that time, in spite
of constant seizures by the customs, and since then all
the above quantities of flax that wo formerly imported
from tho continent are now worked up there, and, as 1 l>e-
forc observed, foreigners arc buyers of Australian wool in
our tnarkct to the extent of many thousand bales a year ;
nn whAin wniild nnr <^xiAnRivn wnollftn tratln l>e had WA
3
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETr OF ARTS, Januaey 1, 1864. 115
itbklaige aopply from our colonies? There is not
I laul doobt thai in Uie ooone of a few yean, the eame
■!ti will follow as re^arda their flax ; and it would not
iwywMAfo to predict, that, judging from the above
u K ian e e , if ^re ooold establish a good nrstem of cultiva-
■1 iax in Australia, so as to get a supply from thence in
^ortioQ to the supply of wool, our continental neigh-
«■ woold be coming here as purchasers of flax. As I
n alwr t e d in a former communication, above alluded
« ia a gnat mstfitime country like Great Britain, where
X very existence depends on our supremacy at sea, and
^jk oar Tsst fleets ox mercantile and war shipping, none
i vkieh, sither steam or sailing, can put to sea without
ife, lans, and canTas, is it wise, is it prudent, is it con-
en* with common sense, that we should be mainly de-
isAaH on one ootintry for such an important staple as
im^ and flax, and that country of such warlike tenden-
n? Wl^n there is only a rumour of war with RusaU,
(ms up the prioe of those commodities very much, as
«■ the sase in the last war with Russia, when many
icnaedy well-to-do maon&oturers wwt n^ed through
& lUs qoeation Is one that intimately concerns everyone,
hsi forenunent, who require supplies of cordage, ^c,
fe tike lowMt individual ; but it is difficult to move in it;
piwnmsBt will not, and what private individual can do
1 dioold say it is a subject eminently adapted for the
oonsideration of the Society of Arts, for if by any
Mb Society could promote the disooveiy of'freen
of supply, the country and government would owe
rlastiDg debt of gratitude. The Society has many
who are practical manu&cturers, and others who
ine given great attention to a supply of fibres fh>m new
Dunes, some of whom could aSbrd vaulable information
a the Eulare of the supply of flax from the colonies, from
ie viler kpocanoe dil^ilayed in its preparation for the
■■kct There never was a time when flax could be
son profitably cultivated in this country and the colonies
tin at prassnt, not only from the great demand, but the
put ioBproTeineat made* also in the last few years in
aadunery lor flax scutching, which was once a most iu-
,^eioas and unpleasant employment, from the workmen
)riag in a complete fog, as it were, of fine dust. Ma-
^aoes of the most simple kind can now be so arranged, that
{peiativea can be compatatively ftee from dust, and the
^<stily aentched would afford the high price of labour
a the ooUxues. Many BngliBh farmers, from the low
pnoB of wheat for the last few years, have seriously
fiKH^ht oi converting their land for grazing purposes, but
tbe oaltivation of fl^ would pay them much better, and
^xd increased cattle-feeding powers. I know several
(vBcn who have cultivated flax for years, for the sake of
t)w seed for feeding stock, and for some time the straw
VM allowed to rot as manure, but it is now turned to
laDOBDt, This plan is far more profitable than buying
faregn oil cake; one peck of crashed seed, boiled in
tvwity gallons of water, being sufficient for twenty bushels
'i chaff. I should suppose it would be equally valuable
Sir node, in the dry hot months, in Australia.
To the &nner of small capital the cultivation of flax
voild be a great assirtance, as it can be got 00" the laud
iboQt the middle of July, and the straw sold to a rectory,
a voold pnt him in cash to pay his harvest hands, and,
vith a good dressing of manure, there would be time to get
iS a crop of toniipe afterwards.
With good farm buildings, a capital of from £400 to
iSUO, jnudoaaly laid out, would purchase an d-hone en-
pat, shafting, and scutching machinery, to produce four
tooR of long flax per week, allowing eleven to twelve tons
^Siaw to two tons of flax, besides a large quantity of
Ujw, which would more than pay for scutching. But with
I Seam-eogioe, or water power on the premises, £160
mold be sufficient, or a much less sum, if for scutching
be produce of one farm only.
Nothfog would advance the growth of flax in this country
ud the colonies more than fbr three or four good lee-
turen to visit our agricultural districts, where the subject
is not understood, and give lectures, illustrated with
models of the best scutching machinery ; affording advice,
where needed, on steeping, the beet arrangement of vats,
sorting, packing, &c. I think it more necessary for the
colonies, as they have not the advantage of knowmg what
improvements are taking place.
if such a movement were supported by the government,
and they only saved one-half per cent on their purchase
of hemp and flax, it would pay for sevend lecturers. The
extra cost of this material to this country during the
Crimean war must have been some millions. Our colonists
would take nearly all out in British manufactured goods,
while the Russians take as little as possible. Thinking
this important subject well worth the serious consideration
of the members of the Society of Arts, 1 leave it in tiieir
hands, wishing a more able advocate had undertaken it.
lam, dec,
EDWIN WABD TRENT.
BrookibjVwalk, Homertoa.
LuoiraB Matohis. — Sik, — ^Having read the account of
Mr. F. A. Abel's experiments at Woolwich on various de-
scriptions of ludfer matches and his report on their com-
parative safety, it has recalled to my memory a description
of luciferwhicli was introduced to the public, through the
Society of Arts, many yeare since, by, I believe, a Mr.
Barker.* I am under the impression that the Society
awarded a medal to that gentleman for his invention, but
that the Society's records will doubtless show. The object
of Mr. C. Barker's invention was to ^ve increased safety in
the use of the lucifer, then a new mvention, and also to
make it available in climates and atmospheres which, either
from excessive humidity or high temperature, rendered the
ordinary match either useless or highly dangeious. As I
do not remember to have seen any published account of
Mr. Barker's match, and doubt if Mr. Abel had any to
examine, I may perhaps be excused if I ask for so much
space in your Journal as will admit of my attempting to
describe it. The existing matches ara, I believe, largely
deteriorated in damp atmospheres by their ready
absorption of moisture. Many readily explode with a
sharp blow, and by much the larger proportion ignite at a
comparatively low temperature. Mr. Barker overcame all
such objecUoQS by merely making his matches with the
phosphorus under the brimstone instead of over it. By
so doing he coated the explosive and absorbent compound
with a non^xplosive and non-absorbent body. This he
was enabled to do by flrst dipping his match in the ex-
plosive compound, and having dried it he then dipped it
again in the liquid sulphur, and before the atmosphere had
time to act through the coating it wss plunged into a water-
bath, which cool^and hardened it. The match was ignited
by simple friction upon a piece of glass paper, which rasped
off the sulphur and exploded the phosphorus in the usual
manner. These matches I remember to have seen at
railway stations and other public places at the time they
were brought out, some twenty years ago, and I believe
tliat the reason they failed to command the market was
that they appeared to be merely an altered form of the
old brimstone match, which had then scarcely gone out of
use. I remember the above facts relative to Mr. Barker's
match having used them at the time of their introduction,
and I have frequently regretted my inability to obtain
them, as I live in a somewhat damp locality, and have
not unfrequcntly found the ordinary matches useless,
while those I have attempted to call attention to I have
placed in water (of course not above the sulphur), and
after considerable immersion the^ ignited readily. The
price was the same as the ordinary matches. I need
scarcely add that a blow would not explode them, unless
the sulphur was flr^t broken off; aud it required a high
* Mr. C. M. Barker's invention was brought before the
Society ia 1845, sod wm recommended by the committee at de-
serving of notice and the thanks of the Society. — Ed. /. S. A
116
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jakuart 1, 1864.
temperatare (ucarly 300°j to ignite tlie aulphur. If care-
fully packed for exportation they were also comparatively
Fafe on board ship. — H. G. H.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Moif. ...Entamolofkal, 7.
BriUflh Architects, 8.
M edioia, 8|. Mr. F. W. MMskeiudt, ^ Retroaexloo oT the
Qr»Ti4 Oteros, with •ip«ci«l tttertac^ lo ilt 0«oantB«e
in the letter monthi of Pregnencj."
Tun. ...Rqrel Inft., 3. PmT. TTodell, F.B.8.. ** Oa Bleetrkl^ at
Rert end Eleotridtj in Motion." {JwttnOt LteHtnt,)
Pethologlcel, 8. Annuel Meeting.
Photogrephic, 8.
Anthropological, i. Annuel Meeting.
Wkd. .. Qeologloel, 8.
Phecmeoettticel, 8. 1. Mr. John Elioi Hofimrd, «'Nete oa
the Root-Berk of Celiiaye." 2. Mr. Denlel Henbury,
*'Note on Commi tMSchata.'* 3. Mr. Derid S. Kemp,
** On Qoe Powder." i. Mr. T. B. Grovef, *'Note on the
Recovery of Euentiel Oils ftom their Welefj Bplntion.*
R. Societj of Literetare» 8i.
Taua. ...RoTal, 8|.
R. Society Clnb, 6.
Rorel Inst., 3. Prof. Tjndell, F.R.8., " On Electridtj at
Rest end Electridtj in Motion.** {JmrntOt UetmrtM.)
Fat Astronomical, 8.
Archaological last, 4.
fattnts.
F\rom CmmMiui mm n nf fttlaeto /wwnot, D%fmim aand.
IVTKirnOK WITH COMPLITB SpacuioATiox Fn.ii>.
Ojllnders <tf steem engines in the team, of a segmott of a cjUndrieel
ring, and mediine for iMrlag them tral/ cjlindrioal, Ao.—
3103— W. H. Cole.
18t8. W. W. 81eigh.
1581. R. A. Broomen.
1&90. T. Redwood.
1591. P. R. Hodge.
1695. T. Skinner.
1900. T. Pege.
1901. J. 0. Mathien.
Patikts SbalkOi
1904. H. O. Craig.
1909. A. Watson.
1910. O. Bocdos.
1915. G. Clerk.
1918. J. Cheoerton.
1920. W. Andrew*.
1921. 0. Avery.
pATcan oa wbioi tbb Btimp Dott or <M aaa bcbx Paid.
3089. G. Davies.
9089. G. Davies.
3088. A. Kinder.
3092. N. C. Bterehn^.
3194. T. Gibeon and W. end H.
Knighton.
3039. A. Verwej.
3101. T. W. Welker.
3128. T. and B. C. Sjkes.
3149. E. Cook and J. Stoket.
3133. G. B. Beaaie.
PaTBXTB ON WHICH THB STAHP DuTT OP £100 HAS BBBM PAID.
2993. O. M. P. Swift, yiMMont
Cerlingfbrd.
3003. C. F^y.
3003. J. Bro wn.
3016. T. YHdte.
Fr^m Co mm Mkvhin vt PaimU JaunuU^ J> t eimlnr Wh,
OBAjfTi OP FBormoxAL Pbotbotioh.
AniUae blade, prodootioa of— 3049 ■ B. J. Haghci.
Bonnet firont machinee— 3127— H. Kinscy.
Bricks, tiles, etc, drying— 2529->H. Cleyton.
Celeadering mechlnes— 3153 — ^W. Spence.
Oaanon--3l79— T. A. Blakely.
Coooa-not fib r e 3 125— E. Shepherd.
Cotton, carding— 3139— B. Dobson, J. Hodgklnson, D. Oreenhalgh,
and F. Hamilton.
Dranght-horses, lifting— 3091— F. J. Walthew.
Fibroos materiels - 3137— J. Townsend.
Rre*enns, breech-loeding— 3159 — T. Wilson.
Fire-arms, breech-loading— 3171— J. SmiUi.
Fire-bars for locomotive engines— 3195— W. W. Box.
Glass, grinding and polishing — 3167— J. H. Johnson.
HeaUne, etc.— 3066— S. A. and C. F. Varley.
Horse shoes— 3041 — J. Green.
India-mbber, dlisoIving^3183— G. Humfi:^.
India-mbber soles for boots— 3141— J. H. Johnson.
Loome— 3176— J. Hindle, W. F. Calvert, and B. Thoratoa.
Oyaier ^awa aad brood, caitivatioB of— 3930— H. Ayekboora.
Port olosers for vessels of war, etc— 3116— W. Clark.
Paddling Iron and steel— 3093— T. Harrison. •
Relhrays, shifting the poUte on— 8136— W. T. C. Pratt
Rice, maohineiy lor deaadag— 3191— H. B. Seert.
Roller for window blinds— 3119— 8. Tochet.
Sash or shutter fkstener— 3117— R. W. Pyne.
Ships, steering geer for— 3073— G. R. Tilling and J. Perk.
Steeat boilers, pveveatiBg ezplosioa of— 3111— H. Totaar.
Sngar, eztraoting the syrups from— 3133— J. Corby.
Sewing meohineiy— 3181— A. V. Newton.
1 ransmitdng motive power— 3129— J. ClilT.
Washing madUBeryu.<314Y— O. T. Bousteld.
Watehee— 3177— J. Gooiamon.
Wringing machines 3049— W. WilUamaoa.
iNVBlfnOXB WITH COMPLBTH SPBdPIOAnOHB VSLKD,
Ijik-3304— B. T. Hoahes.
Sodu— 3198— H. A. Bonneville.
J^^om CommiuUmen qfPaUiUt Jcumcit^ D^etnAtr VHh,
Patbnts Sbalbs.
1929.
1928.
1929.
1931.
1933.
1939.
1937.
1940.
1941.
1944.
1946.
1949.
1947.
1963.
1966.
1969.
1967.
1991.
1992.
1996.
1998.
1971.
19M.
1994.
1991.
1716.
J. G. Jennings and M. L.
J. Lavmter.
A. K. Bicherda.
C. H. Gardaer.
8. Cole.
J. Bleke.
T.Boyle.
C. P. Coles.
J. end J. S. Harvey.
T. Taylor.
J. Cole aad J. Cole, iaa.
J. J. Shedlook.
B. A. Brooman.
A. A. CroU.
H. Broedhead and G. Mur-
doch.
R.Devison.
C. Baolch.
H. B r insmeed.
J. C. MaodoaaM aad J.
Calverley.
M. E. Eyth.
J. Oimson.
H. A. Bonneville.
Q. A. Berrett, W. EzaU,
C. J. Andrewes, A. Bar-
rett, and J. L. Bowhay.
J. M. Croft.
B. Bdwaida.
B. Myers aad H. Forbea.
W. E. Newton.
1720.
1723.
1733.
1739.
1761.
1752.
1789.
1808.
1816.
1820.
1833.
1888.
1919.
1938.
1976.
1981.
2031.
2050.
2067.
2119.
2129.
2145.
2176.
2179.
2180.
2494.
3626.
2674.
2683.
2728.
A. R. JohasCon.
C. de Bergne.
B. D. Cliattawv
H. Greaves.
P. C. A. Jododna.
H. A. Bonneville.
B. Lambert
W. Simpson k J. Hattoa.
A. A. Pelas.
F. L. H. DeaohelL
P. B. Jackson.
W. end 8. Firth.
H.Woods.
J. G. Plnede.
E. Myers aad H. Forbea.
J. G. Willans.
A. y. Newton.
A. Cmlckshaak.
W. Jeoksoa.
F. Pragst
W. £. Newton.
G. Attock.
W. Booltoa aad J. Wor^
thiagtoa.
H. A. Bonneville.
H. A. Bonneville.
C. CroiweU.
P. Ledegr.
G. H. Degliih k T.Windae.
H. Cochrane.
J. Tangye.
Pamna oh whxoh thb Stamp Dhtt op 490 hab bhih paid.
3148. G. Saadya. 3175. G. Dodmaa aad W. BeD-
99. B. C. 8hepard.
3183. W. B. Newtoo.
3179. A. y. Newton.
41. W. Teylor.
93. W. Teykr.
3180. LDImock.
3187. B. B. BorahaoB.
3172. W. Hill aad H. Barbar.
Patbhtb oh which thb Stamp Dvtt op £100 hab bbbh paid.
3079. J. Petrie k W. M'Neaght I 3096. W. Irhun.
3060. C. F. yarl97.
^jepttrtlr §tsi^.
Balaao9TrendiPloogh-4904— Dec 11— Bob«t Dawta,
Head Rest— 4906— Dec 19— J. Baaaer, Exeter.
Repeeting Linen and Paper Stan^p— 4909— T. B. Piabhea, Oxen-
doa-street, W.
FoUiiv Wire Frame ior Lleht ShMtoa 4997— Dee, S3-^aliiM
Zobel, 139, Eastoa-ioed, N.W.
Apparatos for Gueging Liquide— 4906— Dec 33— Wm. Smyth, Ro-
therlum
Wellington Bloeher Shoe— 4909— Dec 94— R. H. SoaAhall and
W. Hellam, Manchester.
Spectacle s - 4610— Deo. 34—8. B. Solomoas, Albemarle-street, W.
Watch-gdng fUsee bottom— 4911— December 30— F. B. Anderson,
Birmiagham.
^mxml 0f %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
IIOth Session.]
FRIDAY. JANUARY 8, 1864.
[No. 581. Vol. XII.
♦
Rbports of the Juries.
The complete volume of the Reports of the
Joriefl on the Exhibition of 1862 is now ready,
and is in coarse of issue to subscribers.
Prizes to Art -Workmen.
The works rewarded by the Society of Arts,
and for which prizes have been given, have been
placed, by permission of the Lords of the Com-
mittee of Council on Education, in the South
Kensington Museum, and will be found in the
Gallery of the Iron Museum, at the entrance to
the Sheepshanks Gallery.
Cantor Lectures.
Courses of Lectures on the following subjects
win be delivered during the Session : —
The Operation of the Present Laws of Naval Warfare
CO Internatiooal Commerce. By G. W. Hastikgs,
Esq., Barrisier-at-Liaw.
Fine Arts Applied to Industry. By W. Buboes, Esq.
ChemUtry Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. Cbaob
Caltbbt, F.B.S.
The third and fourth lectures of Mr. Hastings'
course will be delivered on Mondays, the 25th
January and 1st February, at 8 o'clock ; the sub<
jeets will be as follows :—
Cootiaband ; its Nature and Usages.
Gapiare of Private Property at Sea ; present State of
the Law as modified by the Declarat on of Paris ;
Alignments for and against its Continuance.
The Foreign Enlistment Act; its Operation on Com-
inerce.
The following is a syUabus of Mr. Burges's
Lectures : —
Vxa. 8. — Lboture I. Iktboduotobt : — ^What is an art
a-.mafiKture ? Advancbg state of English manufactures in
an art point of view. Much owing to Government Schools
of Art. Impediments to further progress : — 1 . Want of a
disttDctive architecture in the 19th century fatal to art gene*
rally. 2. Wantof a good costume fatal to colour. 8. Want
of sufficient teaching of the figure fatal to art in detail. —
Uinta for the advancement of Art applied to Industry. —
Design of following lectures: — 1. To take one or two
phaaea of some particular industry in past times. 2. To
cocnpare them with our own phase of the same industry.
3. Tooder suggestions for our future improvement.
Fn. 15,-Ji^KrTVMM II. -*- (?^f.~ Antique glass, Ve«
netian glass, modern glass (Powell, Chance, &c.); Me-
diseval stained glass; modern ditto; Medisval enamels;
modern ditto ; (Legoste of Paris.)
Feb. 22.— Lbotubb III. — Pottery, — Etruscan vases
(Wedgwood); Italian majolica (Minton); Sevres china;
modem biscuit.
Feb. 29. — Leotubb IV. — Iron and Brau, — Antique
bronzes; Mediaval ditto; modem French bronzes (Uar-
b^ienne) ; Medieval dinanderie; modem ditto (Hardman,
Hart, dice.); Mediasval and Renaissance wrought iron;
modem ditto ; cast iron.
Mab. 7. — Lbotubb V. — OM and Silver. — Antique and
MedisBval plate; modem ditto (Elkington) ; Antique and
MedisBval jewellery; modem ditto; Antique and Me-
diaval coinage ; modem ditto.
Mab. 14. — •Leotubb VI. — Furniture. — Mediasval fur-
niture, oak and painted; Renaissance; I6th and I7th
centuries; modem.
Mab. 21. — Leotubb VII. — The Weaver's art; Mc»
diiBval, Eastern, modem.
The Lectures will begin on each evening at
8 o'clock.
The Christmas subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Goutts and Go.
^xmMnp ai InstMons*
Bakbbidob LrrsBABT and Mutual Impboveubnt
Society. — The tenth anniversary conversazione of this
Institution was held on Wednesday evening, the 16th
December, in the church school -rooms. Geobge Gebald
Ttbbell, Elsq., presided, and delivered an introductory
address. The honorary secretary was then requested to
read the report of the Executive Committee, which
showed that the number of members is still increasing,
and detailed the varied and extensive operations of tho
society during the past year. In consequence of the
duties of the treasurer's and secretary's offices having
become so onerous, a paid assistant officer was appointed
lost spring to discharge a combination of these duties.
The treasurer read the financial statement, exhibiting a
small credit balance. The chairman commented at
length on the report and financial statement, and, as a
pecuniary loss had been sustained on last year's lecture
engagements, he generously undertook to draw a cheque
in favour of the treasurer to supply the deficit, £5 13s. Dd.
He expressed his regret that his predecessor, Qeorge
Barry, Esq., was prevented from being present at this
social reunion, to receive in pei-son the society's address
and presentation, which consisted of a silver salver, bear-
ing an inscription. The entert^iinmont was intermixed
with musical performances.
118
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, January 8, 1864.
^
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I
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Fatebsham Institute. — The monthly journal of this
Institute for December, announces local examinations, for
members under the age of 16, to* take place on the 12th,
18th, and 14th of January. The subjects are arith-
metic, English grammar and composition, Ei glish his-
tory, reading, and writing ; and there are prUes of £1,
lOs., and 6s. oflFered in eadi. To every member who may
obtain a first-class certi6cate in the Society of Arts exa
minations, a prize of the value of 20s. will be awarded by
the committee of the Institute. A lecture was de-
livered on Wednesday, Dec. the 16th, by Robert Hunt,
Esq., F.R.S., on " The Influence of Light on Life." Sub-
scriptions in aid of a flind for erecting a wall and fence in
fh>nt of the Institute are being collected. Two concerts
are announced. The Singing Class has been dissolved, at
the request of its members, in order that a Musical So-
ciety might be established in connection with the Insti-
tute, llie financial statement, from September 7th to
November 17th, shows that the total receipts number
£186 17b. 0^., and that there is a balance m the trea-
surer's han<£i of £8 16s. Historical and geographical
questions are given in this journal, answers to which are
solicited from members under the age of 18. A book, of
the value of ten shillings, is awarded to the member (under
the age of 18) who shall fbmish the greatest number of
correct answers to the geographical questions contained in
six numbers of the monthly journal ; and to the member
ftimishing the next to the greatest number of correct
answers, a book of the value of six shillings will be pre-
sented. The 2nd prize will not, however, be given, un-
less there be six competitors; and no prize will be
awarded, unless there be three competitors.
MossLKT Mbohanios* INSTITUTION. — The CfOmmittee
have resolved to afford to the other Institutions the inter-
change of privileges specified in the conditions of Union.
NlWOAflTLB CbUBCH OF ENGLAND iNerrrTUTB. — X
lecture was delivered here on the 7th December, bv D.
Zenner, Esq., on the " Properiies of Matter." There
was a ROod attendance, i^nd the chair was taken by the
Rev. W. R. Burnett.
WBSTMINflTBB WORKINO Men's GlUB AND READING
Booms, Duck-lane. — The 8rd anniversary meeting was
held CD Friday evening, the 11th December. Alderman
Sir R. W. Garden presided, supported by Joseph Payne,
Esq. (Assistant Judge). Rev. T. Wright, M.A., J. M.
ClaboD, Esq., E. Fiy, Esq., Ac. The chairman expressed
his thanks to Miss Adeline Cooper for having invited him
to preside for the third time at this prosperous institution,
which must be called not only the parent of, but the model
for, all similar efforts. So convinced was he of the im-
portance of abundance of such clubs that he was about
establishing one in Marylebone, towards which he would
give £100. The report was read by Mr. Edward Stephens,
Secretary of the Club, and a member of the Working
Blen's Committee. It stated that they had enjoyed a
course of uninterrupted success. The simple plan of the
foundress of the Institution, of combining the social
element with the intellectual, and placing the entire
maiiagement in the hands of a comiitittee of working
men, chosen by and from a body of the members, has
proved so acceptable and popular, that the building has
required to be enlarged twice since it was fiist opened
tliree years since. It now consists of a social club-room
for coffee, smoking, chess and draught plajnng, news-
papers, Ac, a lil^ry, kitchen, lavatory, ic , on the
ground floor, and class reading and lecture rooms up-
stairs. The cost of the additional ground and enlarge-
ment, with fittings, &c., is £580, towards which the
Marquis of Westminster has given £100, but £190 is
still required. There are above 600 members, 148 new
members having joined since the Club re-opened a month
since ; the subscription is one halfpenny a week, and the
average attendance 180 nightly. There are 12 simple
rules, which are strictly enforced by the Working Men's
Committee, and the greatest order has been preserved,
while there has not been one defaulter from any of the
societies, or one book lost firom the libraiy, which has
between 400 and 500 volumes. The reading, writing,
and ciphering classes are held three times a week;
there are also French, singing, and Bible rlnates. The
Penny Bank has received £140 in deposits, the En-
rolled Labour Society has granted to members 135 loans,
representing a sum of £821, although the capital is but
£95, divided among forty-nine shareholders ; the Barrow
Club has supplied nine barrows of £2 10s. each, to as
many members (costormongera), instead of their paying
for years simply for the hire of one ; the Sick Society has
assisted fourteen membere with sums varying from lOs. to
20b. The Cricket Club numbers fourteen members, who
practise in Battersea-park. All these societies had been
managed entirely by working men's committees — Miss
Adeline Cooper acting as treasurer. A Labour Registry
had been opened, and the attention of employers was
solicited, as steady workmen would there be met with.
Two models of the club, " As it Was," and ** As it Is,"
executed by a member, were shown. Fourteen lectures,
on a great variety of subjects, many of them illustrated
with diagrams, pictures, and chemical experiments, had
been delivered during the year, gratuitously, by clergy-
men and gentlemen, and numerot&y attended. Applica-
tions for the rules and plan of management haa been
received from nearly a dozen places, and deputations fi-om
this club had attended, by invitation, at several meetings
for the formation of Working Men's Clubs. Several
addresses followed the rolling of the report, Mr. Cla-
bon incidentally referring to an interview he bad with
the Prince Consort, on uie necessity <xf openbg some
places of recreation for the working classes. The proceed-
ings were closed by singing the anthem, ** God save the
Poor."
THE RESOURCES OF GREECE.
I'he following ia an abridgment of a communication
made by a correspondent of the Daily News, and ia calcu-
lated to afford a practical insight into the general condition
of rural affairs in Greece :—
The favoured soil of Greece, owing to its geological
character and climate, offers a greater variety of ele-
ments of prosperity than almost any other country.
True, Egypt may hb better for corn and cotton, Syria lor
tobacco, Spain for wines, Russia for flax, but Greece haa
soil equal to Egypt, she has land similar to the beet
tobacco ground of Syria; wines have been produced
there as fine as those of Spain, and flax equal to that of
Russia.
Viewed under these aspects, I need not point out that
no branch of development can more seriously affect the
highest interests, both present and ibture. of Greece and
the Greeks ; while none, unfortunately, has been hitherto
more utterly and systematically neglected, both by the
Government and the people.
I am about to describe an estate situated twenty
miles due north of Athens, upon which is suppoeed
to nave stood the ancient Delphinium. It lies in a ring
fence, with at least nine miles of sea frontage on the
beautiful strip of sea between Attica and 'Eubosa, on which
float steamers to Thessaly and Constantinople, dec ;
and as there are still remains of the ancient port cf
Oropus, the produce of the estate may be easily snip|.ed
to any part of the world. On the south it extends to a
distance of about eight miles, the ground rising gradually
in an irregular succession of plateaux to an elevation of
nearly one thousand feet, the upper part of which ia
covered with timber— fir, oak, &c. Here and there mav
be seen acres covered with Prunua temper flortnt, almonj,
Prunus acida^ vine, fig, CdtU Orientalis, the arbutus, tho
myrtle, the wild lavender, and many other aromatic and
flowering shrubs.
The property consists of about 25,000 English acres.
Of these there are 8,000 acres, near the sea, of r!.^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jamuabt 8, 1864.
119
iDoral soil, many feet deep, onoe famed as the ancient
pkin of T&oagn. Higher ap are 2,000 acres of good
tmod calcareooa soil. Then about 7,000 acres of land fit
kr caltivadoD, bat which have never been touched ; 8,000
trs under timber, being principally fir trees ; 4,000 acres
tt Knghf wild land, although of little value, would serve
fer gnmng ^oats, but not for sheep, as the bashes would
mr off their wooL In addition there are about 1,000
as^ of waste, indoding water and the beds of rivers.
On this estate fine wheat could be grown on a surface of
IJOOO aeres; barley on at least 6,000 acres ; beans or peas on
i^OOO ; IndiaD com on 5,000 acres ; tobacco on 6,000 acres. Of
ihclie laai, however, perhaps only 2,000 would produce the
baa quality of tobacco, the remaining 2,000 giving Isj-ger
OQpi, bat of an inferior kind. Rice could be grown on
ilmost any of the ploughed lands, there being a species
ifcat will grow on the highw ground without water. The
■nal method of growing rice on the low lands, under
water, haa been so genersdly found to breed fever, that it
has been rightly prohibited, except in certain districts.
Senme, a most produotivo sinall seed, exported principally
to France^ where a valuable oil is extracted from it, can
bf good management be gnwn after a crop of wheat, and
will pfodiioe the same return, thereby bringing in one
jaar as roach as £15 to £16 per acre. Oats will grow on
aoit of the arable land, but they never do very well, and
■re almort unknown, all the horses being fed on barley
■ad straw. About 1,500 acres of land on the property
■n admirably adapted for the vine, owiog to aspect, soil,
ttd elevation. The richer lands produce more grapes,
hit they are not so w611 suited for making good wines.
If Jntcnded for sale green, or to be made into raiains, they
to$wer Tery well, as the vine does not require any water
^Bfiog the summer ; it is specially adapted to Greece ;
lod it is very imp(ntant that more attention should be
prea to its extensive cultivation. On the island of
Saatorene, where the best wine is made, the land is in a
peat measure composed of pumice stone, volcanic glass,
■fid scoria. The way the vines are trained there is
vorthy of note, as being so very ingenious and uncommon.
At about twelve inches from Uie sorfiK^e they are twisted
ato the form of a basket ; this, being formed of the old
wwxi, which is always suffered to remain, saves any
trouble or expense of stakes, and the grapes grow inside
■od around these baskets, well off the ground. The cul-
tivaHoa of the vine, if the disease wUl only keep off,
ooght to engage the special attention of the owners of
the volcanic and limestone soils of Qreeee, particularly
those that cannot bs artificially watered, as by carefiil
aaoagemeot £4 to £5 per acre can be realised. In the
I^fcaoon the grapes are, for the most part, tamed into
■ kmd of treacle. The land is ploughed between the
vines, which lie flat on the ground, and com is grown
between them. I found, after a most carefVil investiga-
tion, that the average return per acre is not less than
17 to £8.
The currant vine woold grow, but 1 believe would not
noosed ; for it is stran^^e, but trae, that it will only grow
to a pfoist in certain districts oa the south of the Gi2f of
Corinth and parts of the Ionian Islands. It has been
uied repeatedly elsewhere, but has invariably failed.
The pUmtationa have been extended considerably in their
s«n localities, but at no great distanoe removed from
thctn.
Cotton woold grow on the greater part of the ground
aiited to othor crops, if care was taken to select the teed
idted to the different soils. The production of cotton
b Qreeee may pay as long the present high prices are
usintained ; but 1 see no chance at present of any of
tbe coasts of the Mediterranean, except Egypt, being able
to compete with either America or India, unless it be
IB the cotton of the 8ea Island character. The soil is suit-
able, the climate to a certain extent not ill adapted to
tt; hut the drawbacks surpass the advantages, except at
the prassnt prices. Thus in Greece there is neither
myital nor labour saffioieat to i^oduce any very largo
quantity. The same objection applies to Algeria, the
best cotton districts moreover being too feverish there to
permit their lack of population being easily supplied by
colonists. In addition to this there exist various other
impediments not enumerated in the Utopian programmes
of cotton companies, or either military or civil governors.
In Morocco, where 1 have seen the finest cotton produced,
the disturbed political condition of the country, and its
attendant risk to life and property, are not likely, at any
rate for the raesent, to enable it to competo with such
countries as Egypt. It must be remembered likewise
that there is not an unlimited demand for the long staple,
silky cotton, which cannot be sold in Manchester at less
than double the price of the American short staple.
Moreover, the autumn rains, which at times begin rather
early in these parts, and continue more or less throughout
the winter, varied by slight frosts, are a serious disadvantage
when compared to Egypt for instance, where rain being
scarcelv known, and Irost never, crop after crop is pick^
from the plants from September till February.
My advice, therefore, to cultivators of the soil in these
regions would be, to turn their attention to other produce,
which in the long run will pay better, and not exhaust
the land, as cotton has been proved to do; no trifling
ooosideration when we see thousands of acres in America
already abandoned in consequence of being worn out by
cotton cultivation. No doubt the cotton return has been
great, but under tbe svstem recommended above, it
would be as large, while at the expiration of twenty
years, when the cotton planters' property has becoms
worthless, the other proprietor would be in possession of
land ten times its former value, although of course I
would not exclude the growth of cotton m a proper rota-
tion, if the demand renders it desirable.
Olives grow wild in many parts of the estate, and only
want grafting to produce fine fruit to the value of many
hundreds a ^ear. Between the Dardanelles and Smyrna
there is a wild uncultivated tract of country, covered with
olives. Some few years ago it was taken at an almost
nominal rent, and 1 heard lately that it is now bringing in
over £2,000 a year, simply by grafting.
From the little attention that has been paid to the
manulaoture of oil in Greece it fetches a veiy low price
in comparison to that of France and Italy ; but I find
that this is entirely due to want of care and skill in
the preparation. They do not even separate the bad from
the good olives, and are most negligent in refining the dl.
Where proper attention was given to it by a Swiss gen-
tleman on nis own estate, I saw oil that had been vahied
as high by competent Judges as the best French or Italian.
Oranges and lemons grow most admirably with the
least oare, and the produce is no insignificant matter
even in a well-cultivated garden ; a fact of which the
one belonging to the Governor at Malta may serve as
proof, the oranges out of it having fetched about £400
last year. The garden at Oropo is nearly the same sise,
and the soil much better ; even allowing that the Malta
oranges are more valuable, B|ill good returns may be ob-
tain^. The produce of the garden consists of pome-
granates, almonds, figs, grapes, and various other fiuit
trees, also very fine melons and vegetables. Apples do not
do so well as pears, and the peaches and neotsrines are
generally hard, and have not much flavour, but they could
be much changed and improved by cultivation.
The prickly near {Oaetua opurUia) grows 10 to 15 feet
high, and produces an enormous amount of vegetable
matter, but not the least use is made of this plant except
as a fence, for which it is particularly well adapted, while
its fmit is in some places eaten by the lower oideis. The
total disregard of this fleshy, massive leaf as food for
cattle has always stmck me as unaccountable, and it is
only recently, upon investigating the matter narrowly,
tliat 1 have discovered that it forms an excellent substi-
tute for green food for cows, with a moderate admixture
of hay, straw, or graiu, the milk they produce whil*^
eating it being quite as good as when they are fed on t'
x
120
JOURNAL OF THE 800IBTY OF ARTS, January 8, 1864.
bert grftflB% This 1 can affirm, having for many weeks
lued no other. This may aeem a matter of slight import-
ance, bat those who reflect that it covers acres of the
poorest and driest soil in all these southern latitudes,
where from the want of water no ordinary pasture can be
made to grow, will hardly be disposed to undervalue it
Thus, throughout Greece, no less than Dalmatia, and
in a great portion of Sicily, Turkey, and Algeria, where
the dearth of pasturage reduces the inhabitants in so many
places to the exclusive use of goats' and sheep's milk, the
simple exploitation of this plant, which only asks to be
let run wQd to multiply and thrive, would give the means
of supplying Athens, &c., with good cow's milk and
butter, no small consideration where this latter, as in the
Levant, is reduced to an expensive luxury imported from
Lombardy and EIngland.
It should not be overlooked either that an abundant
supply of milk is more conducive to the advance-
ment and well-being of a country than many may
suppose. There is not a good faimer who will
not tell you that every animal on the farm will be
Dearly doubled in value by the liberal supply of
good milk. Nor can it be otherwise, since it con-
tains every element for the nourishment of adult life.
What would the Smithfield Cattle Show, or the stockyard
of our Royal Agricultuial Society be, if the animals
exhibited had been stinted in milk? To those who have
any doubt as to the importance of milk as an article of
food, I beg to state that most prize animals have drank
the milk of perhaps two cows for a whole year or
more. There is a race of horses in the desert capable of
complishing the most extraordinary journeys, whose sole
food is camels' milk.
To return to the estate. Lucern and all kinds of clover
would grow most luxuriantly over five thousand acres, and
produce a most valuable food for all the stock during the
winter months, either green or made into hay. In Egypt
the whole live stock of the country is tethered, from Oc-
tober till March, on lucern, and consume nothing else.
Among the trees, the roulbeny, for silk worms, is,
perhaps, the most important; it grows very fast, and
beautiful silk is produced. Another |)oint worthy of note,
but which is little known in Greece, is, that the leaves, if
not wanted for the worms, make an admirable food for
cattle, which are very fond of them.
The pine trees on the upper part of the estate have been
so badly treated and neglected that they are of little
value. The owner, wishmg to extract the most out of
them, adopted the barbarous system of bleeding them of
their sap for the purpose of obtaining a few leptas for the
resin. His reply, when I remonstrated with him on the
subject was characteristic :— «« You milk your cows ; why
should not I milk my trees?" He had evidently for-
gotten to take the contrast of the final resulta into his
calculations-cows not dying from the operation, whereas
trees do.
Madder, which pays so well, and from which largo for-
tunes have been realised in the districts around Smyrna,
grows admirably in Greece, and a thousand acres of it
could be grown on this estate. It requires a deep, dry
soil. It is true that this is a crop demanding capital, as
the roots are not fit to dig up for four or five years, but as
the return then is both certain and very considerable (the
seed alone pays, the annual expenses), money would be
forthcoming, as it generally is for whatever brings a sure
profit. Other plants that yit4d valuable dyes grow well.
The mineral productions of the property are well worthy
of attention. Coal crops out on the surface, but it is lig-
nite, certainly far less valuable than our Newcaotle or
Welsh coal. As, however, they have proved for many
years in Prussia that it is suited for burning on railways,
and for all purposes where fuel is wanted, it must not be
looked upon too lightly. The dredging machine em-
ployed for nearly two yeiw^ at Chalcis was worked by an
engine fed by this coal, from the government tnts at
Purai.
Limestone vi in abundance, and bailding stone of
various kinds. There are clays and soapstone of the
finest quality for making china, with abundance of the
best brick earth, and decided traces of iron, copper, and
lead in the clay, slate, mica, and quartz rooks.
The game consists of deer (at times only), wild boarv,
partridges, hares, quail, and woodcocks, but in no great
abunda^e, for evefy man on the estate is armed, and the
country is fbll, moreover, of eagles, hawks, magpies, gray
crows, dec Hence it is only wonderful that there remaina
any ^[ame at all. There is good fishing on the coast.
Sai-dines are caught by thousands near Obakis, and fine
sponge is also found off the'estate.
There are three villages on the property, and the
peasants work patches of the land here and thera, as let
them by the year, giving a portion of the produce in Ilea
of rent. The taxes are paid the same way. Their dwel*
lings generally consist of one large room, with the cattle
at one end ; but for seven or eight months in the year
they sleep in the open air.
They live in the simplest manner — coarse bread, often
fr jm barley or Indian corn, a little cheese or fruit, being
nearly their sole diet, while the men drink a little home-
made wine, the women never; meat they rarely touch,
often taking no more than one meal a day. In many
parts they live almost entirely on chestnuts, and in MaYna
on bread made from lupins, and dried or salted quail.
These tenants still use the plough as described in the
old Greek authors, although they do not quite carry out
Hesiod's instructions, that a ploughman should go naked.
They have no implements but this plough, and thrash
out their crops witn horses' feet, by driving them round
and round in a circle.
Neither there nor in other paiis of Greece have they
any idea that lime is suited for manure, that guano exists,
that bones are of any use, that the manure made by the
cattle is worth carrying to the land, or that change of
seed is important. Thus, ignorant of the ABC of cul-
tivation, their sole expedient consists in exhausting one
piece of land after another. They can feel no amMtion to
improve their farms, from their insecurity of tenure, for
although compelled to build their own houses, they are
liable to be turned out without any compensation. 1 am
happy to say, however, that things are not quite so bad as
this in all parts of Greece. 1 here are a few excellent
owners of property, who do give their tenants some
security and encouragement ; t^t even these know but
little of the management of their land or tenants, their
beet intentions being thus rendered almost nusatoiy.
No doubt iJl this is ignorant and retrograde in the ex-
treme, bat before Englishmen indulge, as I have otien
heard them, in wholesale abuse of the Greek peasant
for wasting the manure from his cattle, th^y would do
well to look at home.
It is amusing to hear a Kentish antiquarian wandering
through Greece ridiculing the people for ploughing with
a plough attached to two little cows which provide his
family with milk, quite forgetting that his own tenants are
perhaps at the very moment working the wet clay soil of
nisown estate with an old-fashioned Kentish plough, drawn
by four great fat horses, nearly a ton weight each, with a
man to hold the plough, and a great hoy to drive the
team, treading the clay land after heavy rain, every foot-
step of which is injuring the soil perhaps for two yeara to
come.
With respect to the estate, its returns at present are
not quite one thousand a-year. whereas, after three years,
with i^ufiicient capital and proper management it could
not fail to return, afler paying interest on the capital
employed at 6 per per cent, and all expenses, at the very
lowest calculation ten shillings per acre, taking one with
another, which would give an increase of £12,600 a-year,
after which, under favourable conditions, it must go on
augmenting, if the muierals are worked, to an almost
unlimited extent. But as the owner will neither let
nor bqU it on reasonable termi, feeling eoofident, u he
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 8, 1864.
iaa, tlwt when the Uira relating to land and tho
mAing or minenU are changed it will be worth double.
I me DO protpect of eiteniive improvement taking
like* op thn or any olhar eatilea till then.
S<r U iliia by any means an exceptional caae; for
■llboogh Oropo >M pertiapi one of Ihe floeet properties
a tba kingdom, from itabeaatiraliitnalion, iU proiiinity
la Atbeas, mod ita antiqaariao interest, for it is hardly
foaible to turn op « (tone at any depth in some parts
■ithoDt lighting on ramaint of ancient art, there exist
nany landa of equal value. Within a few miles there
M an aatAt« whieli onlintuy tonrislg would gUnca at with
nnl, •■ beiQg poor and valneleei ; but its cottages are
nxiM with the fine lithographic stones which are supposed
atly to be found in Oermany, and in many plans are
uld fa^ the pound. Tovarda Thebes there is another
wikj diatiict, under the; sar&ce of which a vast qnantity
al Heonchanm clay is found, which, when first extracted,
■ bka a light yellow wax. Paning through Vienna I
■cotuned l^t this is worth th>ai £9 lo £U per boi,
three feet by two and eighteen inches high. 1 have
faond, ofl • eoil which would not stow cotton or com,
rock* of pore msgneaia, which woald yield a far greater
relm — n mineral unknown in that form, I believe, even
m Ike Oeological Hnaeum of Jermyn-street ; the mag-
ilrncted from the
magnseian liroeiitone, which u quite a diffurent rock, and
only contains about 18 per cent.
It would be well, Iharefore, for all thow Interested in
the fate of Oreece to give due weight to the facts and
conriderations above enumerated, for they apply to a
great part of the country. Hence, too, the Oovernment,
pooessing over two-thirds of the land, is even more
deeply interested in these matters than any private
individuxls. If we only look at the increase in the taxa-
tion of this one estate, taken at a tenth on the ^rosi
prodnce, which the land could well slford to pay if judlj
cioosly and fairly levied upon a perfectly difTerant lystem
to the present ; if, in addition, we consider what the
Oovemment iandi now lying waste, or mismanaged, the
minerals, quarries, salt w'orks, flsherits, See., might bring
in. we may easily conceive what would be the augmenta-
tion of the revenue. Nor would the improvement itop
here. It would tell alike on every branch of the moral,
DO less than of the material. idvancemcDt of the peopl*
and the country. T lie export and import duties must
neceoarily increase lo a great extent, and political
fermentation would be quieted, for turbulence and dis-
content are aeldoni rife amidet a thriving agrtcuUural
OIL-LAMP FTJBSACE.
D to melt metals at a white heat, I economy
but who happen to have no command of coal-gaa. lo
accomptiah their purpose by other agents. This oil-lamp
is staled to be not only as pawerfLil in action as the best
gas famaces, but alinoat to rival them in handineM and
The Oil-L^mp Foniace is repreaented in pers^iaative by I
Wig' 1. "ti in leetion l>y Fig. 2. It cODsist* of a wiak-
koidar, an oil-reservoir, and a (jre-day furnace. To these
nnt be added a Mowing- machine for the supply of at-
■Kiepberie kir.
'Ilie oil- nwar voir is repreeentad at letter a. It is made
•rja^noed tiDptata, mounted oc iron legs.and fitted with
ft bnw itopcodi and delivery-tube. Itscapacity is a little
man Uwn * qoarl. Tb« wick-holder is represented at ;
kMeri, and lite appersurfaoe of it by the sepantte flgnre
e. Tbe wiek-holder and theoil-rBMrvoirareoonsequently
i. tf is s tabe which brings oil fhnn the funnel s,
* tube lobe pIsMdloeonneiionwilh the blowing
The wiek-holder conlaiiu three concentrio
wtcki, plaoed round the multiple blowpipe e, '-hick 1* la
communicBtioo with the blonring-tabe/.
The crucible furnace conaials of the following ptrta:—
7 is an iron tripod : A is a flue for collecting and direotbg
the flame. This flue is ot such a width, that when the
wick-holiler b is pushed up into it nniil the top of the
wick is level with the lop of the clay cone, there remains
a clear air-space of about J inch all round between the
wick- holder and the cylinilrical walls of the flue. — i re-
pressnla a flre-day grate, having three tongues, shown by
i, the separate figaro of its upper surlioe. Theee tongues
support the orucitJe, without slopping the rising flame. —
i is a flre-clay cylinder, which rests upon the grate i, aaJ
eockee* the crucible, terming, in fact, the body of "
JOORNAL OF THE 800IRTY OP ARTS, Jakoart 8, 1864.
size, 6 inches bora, for cnidbles not exMedin^ 4f inchw
diimater. This poco being he»vy, ie prondBd with
lundlea, ai repiesented In the roUoning ftgnre. The
Wftllg of these cylinden ire from 1 inch to 11 inch thick.
— I is ft flat plite of OreKiUy, with • hole m the centre,
used U> cover the cylinder i, so » to act like ■ reTerbers-
toiy dome ; m ii ■ cover which prevents ton of heat from
the cmcible by rsdiation. but gives egress to the giseoua
prodncls of the combustion of the oil ; n is ui extinguisher
to put over the wick-holder when an operation Is ended ;
and t> is a support for the wick-holder. No chimney is
required.
When in use (be apparatus Li to be arranged as it is
represenleil by Fig. 1. The cylinder t is to be selected to
fit the cmcible*, and that to sHit the quantity of metal
that is to be mtjtad. 1 lb. of iron requires the smallest of
the three cylinders described above; l^lb. the middle
lize; eiba. the lugest eise. The ait-way between the
crucible and the inner walls of the cylinder should never
exceed one-quarter of an inch, nor be less than ime-eighth
of an inch.
ThecottODwicksmust be clean, and be trimmed a little
below the level of the blow-inpe e. If {aoperly managed,
operation. The proper sort of oil loi use is the more
volatile kind of mineral oil, of the specific gravity of '700,
which is now easily procur*b1e at about three shillings per
gallon. The variety known by the commercial name of
turpeDEine answers well. The combuitiou of a quart of
this oil, costing ninepence, gives heat sufficient to melt
Slba. of cast-kon. Probably the lighter kinds of paraffin
oil m^ be Buitable, Liquids of the alcohol class,
spirita it wine, and pyroxylio spirit can be used, but they
are le« effective and more eipenBive than turpenzine.
Care must be taken not (o spill the oil on the table or
floor, aod not to decant it oareleuly la the ueigttbourhood
of a light, because atmospheric air strongly charged with
the vapour of these light oils is explosive. When the oil is
burnt m the furnace, in the manner described below, Ulere
is no danger. Duriog an operation, a wooden scieao, aa
represented by the dotted linea in Fig. I, should be pUc«d
between the oil-reservoir and the fnnace, to prevent the
vaporintion of the oil by radiant heat.
'" """ ~'"k-holder i and supply""
of oil, the o
(iuuously, during a fusion, from the reservoir a into the
funnel i, in order that the cotton may be always fiooded.
The BucceM of tlie fusion depends upon the due supply of
oil, to which point the operator most pay attention. At
the commencement of a fusion, the oil must he run from
the leaervoir until the luriace of the oil in the funnel has
a diameter of about an inch. The wicki will then be
flooded, and a light may be applied, and a gentle blast of
air set on. The oil immedialely sinks in the funnel ; and
the atopoock mast be opened, aod so regulated a& to keep
the oil barely visible at (be bottom of the funnel. If too
much oil is supplied, it immcdiaialy rises in the funnel,
and simultaneously overSows the wick-holder. Too much
vapour is then thi\>wn into the furnace, and the heat is
immediately lowered, especially at the beginning of an
operation, before the fire-clay portions of the furnace are
well heated. If, on the ooottary, too little oil is supplied,
the wicks bum, uid the operation is spoilt. The demand
of the wick-holder for oil depends upon the condition of
the furnace and the character of the fusion iu progress.
Wlien the lamp is newly lighted and the furnace cold,
the oil should be passed slowly, in distinct drops; but, as
the furnace becomes hot, the rapidity of the snpply of
drops should be increased ; and. Bnally, when the turuace
is at a white heat, the oil should iw supplied in a thin cou-
tinuotu itream. When tlie fusion to be effected is that of
only a small quantity of metal, such as lib. of iron, a rapid
supply of drops of oil is sufflcieat even to the ctoaa of the
operation. At that rate the burner consumes about 1}
pint of oil in an hour. When the fusion to be effected is
that of 41bs. or 61t». of iron, and the large fhmace is io
action, and has been brought to a white heat, the inpply
of oil must be as stated above — in a thin conlinuoiis
stream— and the opera^on will then consume 2 pints of
oil in the hour. And here it reiuues remark that, with
that continuoos supply, when the furnace is large and is at
a white heat, the oil does not rise in the funnel, being
instantaneously converted into gas at the mouth of
tha burner, and thrown up in that state into the furnace
for combustion. The opeiation, indeed, oonsists, at that
point, of a rapid distillation of oil-gas, which is imme-
diately burnt, in the presence of air wpplied at a euitable
pressure by a dozen blowpipes, iu eflactive contact with
the rrucible to be heated.
Tlie flame produced in this funisoe is staled to be as
clear as that produced by an exploaive mixture of air and
coal-gas. It IS perfectly free from smoke, and the un-
I'ODSumed vapours which occasionally escape with the
gaseous product* of the iK»nbustioa, are even less un-
pleasant to smell and to breathe in than are those
which are usually disengaged by a blast gas fumactt,
or by an ordinary lamp fed with OTroiylic spirit. The
oontenta of a crmibla under ignition In this fnniaaa
JOUBNAL OF
rn
800IETY OP ARTS, Javuxet 8, 1864.
128
ou «* mny Booiaot be iwuiily •xamiDtd, it being only
wiommry to remove the pieces / mod m with toogi, aod
to lift ib0 eoT«r of the cmcible, during which the
idkB of the fannoe is not to be iotemip4ed. When
Ibe opaimUoQ is finiihed, the bUst is stopped, the stop-
eook ie tomed oC the oil-reservoir is leoioyed, the wick-
holdcr is loweied oo the support o, withdrawn irom the
tonMoe, mod ooreced with the extinguisher n. The
^josmity of oil which theo remains in the lamp is about
meflnid oonce.
Tba ftmmce beinff oold when an operation is com-
m aaee d, it will melt 1 lb. of oast iron in 2o minutes,
1) lb. in 90 minales, 4 lb. in 45 minutes, and 6 lb. in
ft) mlnntcii These results have been obtained by ex-
primfnt When the fumece is hot, such fuaioos can
U eflectad in much less time ; for example, 1 lb. of
no in 15 minates. It need scarcely be added, that
nail qiuiitities of gold, alver, copper, brass, German
mimr, J^, osn be melted with great ease, and that
lU tke dianical prooessei that are commooly effected
in platiMUB and poraelain crucibles can be promptly
senompltehed in the smallest cylinder of this fumaoe ;
and, ID the case of nlatinom vessels, with this special
sdiaBlage, that the oil-gas is free from those snlphunnis
wm y ci opde, the presence of which in coal-gas fraqoently
49mes dftauice to the fimrihles
The dm& of the blowing-machine required to devdop
the fiMOf power of this cSl-Lamp Fumaee depends upon
the aoMNUit of heat required, or the weightof metal to be
famd. For oidinaiy ohemieal operations with platinum
sad porealmin crucibles, and even for the fbsioQ of 1 lb. of
Mtt iroo in clay or plumbago crucibles, a blowing power
e^Bsi to that of a glass-blower's table i^ suflSoient, pro-
vided the blast it gives is uniform and constant. But the
faaoD of mBmm of iroo weighing 4 or 5 Itis. demands a
autre power f ul blower, such as is commonly used in
diediical laboratories, for the supply of air to blast fur-
naees when fed by gas or coke. The highest power of the
Oil-Lamp Furnace depends, indeed, upon the power of
the blowing-machine tliat is to be used with it. Much
Bdre than 6 Ibe. of iron can be melted by the gas which
Ibvoil-lainp is capable of suppljing, provided a sufficiently
powerful blowing-machine supplies the requisite quantity
of air. When more than a quart of oil is to be rapidly
A'miilmi into gas, and the whole of that gas is to be in-
stantly burnt with osygeo, it is evident that effootive wcH'k
a large and prompt supply of air.
llsimlattitrts.
♦
LoooiiOTtvnB. — The ntmiber of locomotives on the rail-
wwfm of the United Kingdom at the close of 1860 was
S^Ot ; at the close of 1861 it was 6, 156 ; and at the close
of 18eS, 6398. Thus, an additional locomotive was
breoght into use almost every day, if Sundays be excepted.
Even allowing twenty yean as the natural life of a loco-
motive, apwards of di(X) new engines would be required to
keep np the stock every year at its present level ; and
imapective of any foreign demand it may be affirmed that
it kaat 500 locomotives will be required annually on home
•eooont for an almost indefinite period. Allowing £2,500
ss the ooet of each engine, the 600 new locomotives an-
■aaily called for represent an aggregate of no less than
£i;2d0,000. Between 12,000 and 18,000 drivers and
tfokefe must be now regularly employed, and these men
up s re eot a population of at least 60,000 persons.
Cvrrmo otrr Clotbcs sr Maohixert. — At the Oovem-
meot tailoring establishment at Millbank, where the army
dothxng Is made, and about sixty sewing machines driven
byet^ua are in operation, the material is cutout by ma^
chiD«ry. A sharp thin endless riband of steel revolves like
M. band flaw over poUles driven by steam, and the cloth in
ky«a aix to eight inches thick, with the pattern chalked
<m the upper layer is applied to the revolving knife, which
rapidly and smoothly cuts it to the rsquired shape, the
hand of the workman being simply employed to guide
the cloth so titat the knife follows the chalked pattern.
Safe kbxpino of Petrolcox. — Oq the 29th of July,
186i, an act waa parsed by which licenses for the keep-
iug petroleum were lequiivd by the Metropolitan Board
of Works. It appears that thirteen applications for
licenses have been made, of which two only were granted,
eleven being refused.
OsKOA has now four foundries and mechanical establish*
ments. The first, which is regarded as the most impor-
tant metallurgical establishment of Italy, is managed by
Messrs. Orlando Brothers, and has been in activitv sIdoq
1848. when it was formed with a concession from the Oo-
vemmeot. The works employ 700 persons, and consume
annually nearly 1,800 tons of pig uon and combustible.
Most of the good workmen and foremen of Upper Italy
receive their meclianical training there, the works produo-
ing every description of manufacture, such as rails, pipes,
stcam-boileis, &o. Fifty locomotives for the railways of the
old Sardinian and Tuscan States were supplied fW>m this es-
tablishment, and it is expected that the number of men
employed will soon be increased from 700 to 1,000, at
Messrs. Orlando, intending to undertake the oonstruotioD
of ships of war for the State, have just made very exten-
sive arrangements with that object. The foundry of
Messrs. Balleydier, whioh occupies 850 men, has an annual
consumption of 1 ,000 tons of pig iron and combustible.
The works of Mr. Robertson, again, emnloy 300 men,
and consume annually 900 tons of materisis. The fourth
establishment was only brought into operation in 1860, by
Signer Migooe, a Genoese. At present it employs onlv
80 workmen, and its annual consumption of materials ii
limited to 30 tons. Tne hydraulic wheels and hydro-
dynamic machines of Mr. Robertson are highly esteemed
in luly ; and Messrs. Balleydier Brothers also ei^oy a high
reputation for objects ol domestic use and important worn
of art. Thus they have, during the last few years ,
erected bridges over the Bisagno at Uenoa, over the Serivia
at Seravalle, and over (he S^:ca at the Val Polieveira.
The Scotch Iron Tbade. — The development of the
iron resources of Scotland makes steady progress. The
variety of uses to which iron is being applied is stimulat-
ing production, and giving this country a leading Msitkm
among the iron-making nations of Europe. In 1829, the
year afUr the introduction of the hot-bUttt process, the
total yield of ScotUnd was 29,000 tons. Fresh discoveries
of iron ores being made, new works were ereoted, and in
1851 the production had increased to 760,000 tons per
annum ; the price that year averaging 40i. Id. per too,
and the stock at the end of the same amounting to 860,000
tons. Now there are 184 furnaces in blast, and the com-
puted production for the year just terminated amounts to
1,160,(.H)0 tons, thus showing an increase of 80,000 tons
over 1862. The value of the make for the year at the
present price represento £8,800,000. The average num-
bei' of furnaces in blast was 127, employing about 46,000
men, and producing an average of 22,820 tons of pig iroo
weekly. The price is now 10s. per ton higher than the
average price of the last eighteen years, and the highest
reached since the revulsion of trade'in 1867. Fluctuating
between 55$, at the opening of 1863, and 61s. in May
last, the price has recovered and ascended, with ocoasionai
reactions of a few shillings, to 688. 6d., making the
average pfice for the year 56s. 9d. a ton. The high price
sustained during the past month in the face of dear
money and declining exports, illustrates in a striking
manner the sanguine views of capitalists who have been
operating in this and other leading staples of produoe.
1 he shipbuilding yards on the Clyde, the foundries, and
malleable iron works are generally actively emplq^ed,
and the price of bar and angle iron has advanced fully
608. per ton.
Corrox Mandfaotoiueb.— Spinnen and mannfaotorers
complain that the margin between the prices of the rs
material and those of yams and goods, entail a soric
124
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 8, 1864.
lo68 on them ; hence the desire to reduce production, in
case matters do not speedily change for the better.
The exports of cotton fabrics of the eleven months of 1 868
compared with the preceding year, show still a slight
decrease in quantity, but the declared value exceeds tliat
of 1862 by £8,000,000 for cotton yams and manufac-
tured goods. The export trade is doubly important now,
for inasmuch as it is proportionate to our imports it will
mitigate the drain of bullion. The quantity of cotton
taken for consumption in 1868 was 1,299,140 bales, against
1,041,860 bales in 1862; the actual export of cotton
467,120 bales against 416,440. The quantity taken for
Bpecnilation last year was 1,275,510 bales against 1,660,100
in 1862.
Textile Manufactubes. — ^In the manufacturing dis-
tricts there has been great activity connected with the
linen, woollen, and jute branches, the tendency being to dis-
place, to a considerable extent, the consumption of cotton.
The enhanced value of linen and jute fabrics may be
estimated at thirty per cent, last year as compared with
1862. In the West of Scotland, from the improved pros-
pect of the supply and the demand, as well as from the
loas entailed in remaining idle, it is estimated that about
three-fourths of the cotton-mill power is at work.
SuoAB. — There are twenty sugar refineries on the Clyde,
of which eighteen are at work and two on the point of
commencing.
Dried Beef fbom the Riveb Plate. — Imports of the
South American dried beef from Uruguay, to which a
medal was awarded at the last International Exhibition,
continue to be made at Liverpool, where it is sold from
the ship at the rate of £18 ISs. 4d. per ton, or 188. 8d.
percwt.
The late Gales. — At no recent period have the
disastrous effects of storms been more severely experienced
than during the hurrnane of the 2nd and Sixl Decemt>er
last. Its results were felt, more or less, in all paits of
tlie country. About 11 a.m. on the 8rd, ihe anemometer
at the Royal Exchange, London, registered a pressure of
80 lbs. to the square foot. During the gales of October
last, a similar instrument at Greenwich registered 29} lbs.,
whilst the one at the Royal Exchange only showed a pres-
sure of 18 lbs. It is supposed that upwards of two hundred
and fifty vessels were wrecked during those two disastrous
days, and that the loss of life was proportionately great.
It is, however, very gratifying to find that, owing to the
gallant and persevering exertions of the crews of the life-
boats, two hundred and forty-six persons were happily saved
from the numerous shipwrecks on various parts of our
ooast. During the year which has just closed 878 lives have
been saved by the boats of the National Life-boat Institu-
tion, whilst in the same period 801 lives have been rescued
by shore-boats, to the crews of which the Society has
granted rewards, thns making a total of 679 persons saved
from shipwreck during the year, through the instrumen-
tality of this valuable institution. Since the beginning
of the year (1868|, the institution has also expended
about £18,000, on its various life-boat establishments, on
the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The num-
ber of lives saved, either by the life-boats of the Society or
by special exertions, for which it has granted rewards since
its formation, is 18,580, and since the establishment of the
Institution it has granted 82 gold medals, 788 silver
medals, and £17,780 in cash, for saving life from ship-
wreck, in addition to £80,000 expended by the Society on
its life-boat establishments.
Shipbuilding on iue Clyde. — The Scottish engineers
and shipbuilders were remarkably active last year, the ship-
building trade having taken a start as decided, compared
with the years immediately preceding, as it took in 1854,
which was the culminating point of a former period of
progress. The vessels built during the past year, and
now in the course of being built, represent 266,648 ton-
nage, or 100,000 tons above 1862, which was much on a par
with 1854. Of this amount of tonnage only four per
cent, is wood, two per cent, of wood and iron combined, and
the balance entirely of iron. The returns are aa follow
of vessels built or in course of construction : —
Sailing vessels, iron 87
„ wood and iron 4
„ wood 19
Screw vessels, iron 143
„ wood and iron 1
Paddle vessels, iron 76
880
Tonnage.
691667
Hone Power.
8,688
10.280
180,610
28,815
1,821
500
50,687
16,578
266,648
40,888
The shipping interest has not been so prosperous smee
1852 and 1858, during the great tide of emigration.
Sweden. — Government is endeavouring to obtain such
revisions of the Swedish tariff as will promote the interests
of British trade. As a preliminary step the Govern-
ment has applied to certain Ohambers of Commerce for
information relative to the operation of the high Swedish
duties on the trade of this countiy.
The French Wine Trade. —The exports of vin$
ordinairet to England during the first ten months of
1868 amounted to 82,112 hectolitres, against 81,771 hecto-
litres in the corresponding period of 1862, and 81,000
hectolitres in the corresponding period of 1861. The
exports to Belgium have been 70,608 hectolitres last
year, against 117.168 hectolitres in 1862, and 75,787 hec
tolitres in 1861 ; to the Hanseatic towns, 81,018 hectolitres
last year, against 88,264 hectolitres in 1862, and 77,771
hectoUtres fc 1861 ; to Italy, 148,429 hectolitres last year,
against 124,789 hectolitres in 1862, and 222.976 hectolitres
in 1861 ; to Switzerland, 205,759 hectolitres last vear,
against 227,824 hectolitres in 1862, and 207,652 hectolitres
in 1861 ; to the United States, 62,237 hectolitres last year,
against 78,418 hectolitres in 1862, and 74,191 hectolitres
in 1861 : to Brazil, 74.388 hectolitres last year, against
66,875 hectolitres in 1862. and 81,916 hectolitres in 1861 ;
to Algeria, 208,881 hectolitres last year, against 191,614
hectolitres in 1862, and 188,897 hectolitres in 1861 ; and to
other destinations, 456,941 hectolitres last year, against
581,728 hectoUtres in 1862, and 456,987 hectolitres in
1861 ; making a total of 1,884,778 hectolitres last year,
against 1,552.446 hectoUtres in 1862, and 1,466,627 heo-
tolitres in 1861. The exports of viru de liqueur in the
first ten months of last year were 28,842 hectolitres,
against 71,885 hectolitres in the corresponding period of
1862, and 69,656 hectolitres in the corresponding period of
18<il. On the whole the shipments of French wines show
rather a marked falUnsr off last rear.
The Wool Trade in general has been in a very satis-
factory state during the year just ended, manufacturers
wiih hardly any exception having been well employed
throughout. The imports were again in excess of the
previous year, the increase showing most in Australian
and East India wools. The exports were also considerably
larger than in 1862, France having taken eleven million
pounds more of colonial than in the previous year, and
America two million pounds more of foreipi. The ex-
ports of wooUen manufactures amount to considerably more
to all parts of the world than they have ever done before,
reaching in the aggregate for the eleven months ending
with November, to no less than £27,4OC^00O against
£15.257,000 for the same period in 1862.
CoNSOMPriON OP Paper. — From the last trade returns
it appeal's that the consumption of foreign paper in Eng-
land is considerably on the increase, 112,508 cwts. having
been imported in the first eleven months of last year,
against 92,288 cwts. in the corresponding period in 1862.
l&lgium supplies the largest quantity — no less than
61,950 cwts. out of the 112,508 cwts. having come from
that country. In the eleven months ending November,
34,746 tons of rags used in tlie manufacture of paper
reached the English market frsm abroad.
JOUJBNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, jAHUiBr 8, 1864.
125
Feauouubht Teadb Marks. — On Friday last, January \
\, *' The Merchandise Harks Act, 1862," came into opera-
lioo. It makes it a misdemeanor to forge or ooonterfeit
wy trade mark, or fiUsely to apply any such trade mark,
with inieDt to defiaud, whether applied to a cask, bottle,
«opper, TeeBel* case, oover, wrapper, band, reel, ticket,
Isbel, or any other thing in or with which any commodity
ii fiold, or intended to be sold. It is henceforth an offence
to fell or expose, either for ale or for any purpose of
bide or manufacture, articles with forged or false trade
msrks, under a penalty of a sum equal to the value of
vkIi articles, and a sum, besides, not exceeding £5 nor
ks than lOs. Every addition to and ever}' alteration
aad imitation of any trade mark made with intent to
•iefiaod — the intent being of the eaeence of the offence in
iQ oasea is to be deemed a forger}', and punishable as
■rh namely, in addition to the penalties for misdemeanor,
by the forfeitore of every instrument used for the purpose
i the tend, and of every article to which suoo false
■ark shall be applied. It is made obligatory on every
penoD who shall sell an article having a false trade mark
to give information, on a demand in writing being made
npQO him, as to where he procured it ; and power is given
to justices of the peace to summon parties refusing or
Dsgkcting to afford such information, and, in the event
of ihmr persisting in their neglect or refusal, to impose a
pcoalty of £5. To mark any false indication of quantity
opoQ an article with intent to defraud is made punishable
hy a penalty equal to the value of the article, and the
payment of an additional sum not exceeding £5 and not
» than lOs. A conviction under the Act is not to affect
the civil remedy at law, in equity, or otherwise ; nor in
aoy indictmeot, information, or proceeding under its pro-
TiBOOs need an intent to defraud any person in particular
be alleged or proved. The punishment on conviction of
any offieoce which by the act is made a misdemeanor is
to be, at the discretion of the court, imprisonment for not
aore than two years, with or without hard labour, or by
fiae, or both ; by imprisonment, with or without hard
Isboor and fine, and also by imprisonment until the fine
(if any) shall have been paid and satisfied. The time
fcr takmg proceedings under the act is limited to three
jneafs next after the commission of the offence, or one
year after its first discovery by the person proceeding.
I^ vendor of an article with a trade m^rk is to be
deemed to warrant or contract with the purchaser that
the marie is genuine, imless the contrary shall be expressed
in nme writing signed by or on behalf of the vendor
sod deUvM^Mi to and sccepted by the purchaser. The
teller of an article, too, with a description upon it of its
imantity, is to be deemed to contract and warrant that
ibe docription is true, unless, as before, the contrary
«laU be expressed in writing delivered to and accepted
by the borjrer. In suits at law or in equity against
persona for using forged trade marks the court may not
only order the article to be destroyed, but may by injunc-
tion stop a repetition of the offence.
C0l01iatS«
NEW KINDS OF COTTON.
By p. L. Simmonds.
In the Natal Court of the late Exhibition I was much
fltradK with some samples of vegetable fibre, which, in its
textore and colour, more resembled wool than cotton. I
have rinoe, after some research and investigation, traced
OQi the plant producing it, which is the Batatas panieulata,
Ch. {Tpomcea iniiffni, &t. Mag. 1790). It is No. 94 of
Knuis'e Natal plants, and the following description of it,
ftom Ekm's " History of the Dichlamydous plants," will
terre to identify it :— •• BaUUoi panieulata, Chois. Twining,
gUbrons; leaves palmate, 6-7 cleft; lobes ovate-lanceolate
or elliptic^ blantbb, rardy sub-acuminated ; peduncles
much exceeding the petioles, many-flowered, dichoto-
mously and corymbosely panicled ; sepals, ovate roundish,
concave, very blunt, equal, perennial, herbaceous.
Native of the East loidies, banks of the Irawaddi, &c. ;
New Holland, Java, Guinea; Cayenne, and the banks
of the Orinoco in America. Root thick, round, in the
Guinea plant elongated, leaves large, 8-4 inches long and
as much broad, corolla large, purple, capsule usually
four-celled, but sometimes three-celled by abortion, seeds
furnished with long hairs at top, which are bent in within
the capsule." Flowers in June and September. Intro-
duced in 1799. Of the cultivation of the species in
general, Don says: — **The species of Batatas are strong,
tree-growing plants, of easy culture, only requiring plenty
of room to spread. They are well adapted for trellis
work, or to ran up pillars in stoves. They are all
tuberous-rooted plants ; and therefore require to be kept
dry when in a dormant state. Light rich soil suits
them best Young cuttings strike root readily nnder a
hand-glass in heat. They are all very showy when in
blossom."
Now the questions to bo determined are, the suitability
of the fibre for spinning, its probable value, and whethei
it could be cultivated with advantage. 1 would simply
draw the attention of persons abroad to the expediency of
collecting and sending home a sufficient sample to deter-
mine whether it could be easily separated from the seed ,
spun, and dyed.
The appended extract from a letter which I received by
the last mail, from Mr. Jolm Hobinson, of Natal, calls at-
tention among other things to another species of cotton
growing wild in that part of South Eastern AfVica.
*' I enclose you a small sample of perfectly wild cotton
that has just been brought me from Zululand. It was
found at the base of the Bomba mountains— a lange of
heights 100 miles north of Natal, and about 25 miles trom
the sea coast — parallel with St. Lucia Bay. In this locality
the plant grows indigenously in great abundance. You
will be better able to judge of the quality than myself. 1
also send a seed with it. The gentleman who gave me
the specimen has just returned from a hunting trip in
those regions. There is a vast field of undeveloped
wealth here if one only had time, or knew how to make
use of it. A sort of wild vegetable silk abounds also, and
as soon as I can get some you shall have a specimen.
I have introduced Latakia tobacco here with great
success, the seed being personally procured on the spot.
It ffrows even better than in its proper home. The variety
had not reached Australia, I was informed by a Victorian
colonist, and I have therefore sent a considerable quantity
of Natal grown Latakia seed to Melbouiiie, where
it will doubtless thrive. An effort will be made
shortly to introduce the Alpaca here. No country
ought to suit the animal better than one in which deer
of every kind are so abundant. In the Cape colony
also an effort to acclimatise them is about to be made.
The mineral wealth of Natal has attracted the notice
of some British capitalists, and a company has been formed
to work the coal and iron mines of the colony. The legis-
lature has promised it a 30 years* exclusive right to mine
and export on condition of it — the company — ^making a
railway to the coal fields, about 130 miles from the port.
Six miles of crown land along the line has also been pro-
mised. The coal is good and abundant, in seams from
five to eight feet thick. If the scheme is carried through
it would work wonders in this part of South Eastern Afiica."
In the last volume of the Journal of the Society, p.
G55, it is sUted that cotton had been found in Cuba
growing on a vine which rmis along the ground. It is
not very fine, but white and strong, and has been tried,
it is said, in various parts of Jamaica.
The few facts cited seem to show that tlicre are new
cotton-yielding plants yet to bo experimentalised on,
which promise useful results.
126
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 8, 1864.
Natal. — The breed of horeefl in thia coloDy has im-
proved greatly of late, several valuable entire horses
naving Wn imported from England. The demand for
horses in Natal ig, however, small, and unless some outlet
for this de.sci'iption of stock can be found, the market will
soon be glutted. An excellent description of horse, fitted
for Indian cavalry, could be found here, fi-om three years
of age upwaids, for about £20 each. The horses in Natal
are stronger and more developed, harder, with better feet
and legs, than those in the Gape colony. They are very
docile, and stand the heat better than any horses out of
Asia. Mr. Duffield, a gentleman largely interested in
the importation of alpacas in Australia, states that from
his experience in these animals, and his knowledge of the
climate of Natal, he has not the slightest doubt that
they would thiive well there. The luxuriant pastures of
Natal, now viitually waste for want of stock, seem to be
admirably adapted to the habits of these animals.
Pbince Edwabd Island. — The population of the island,
by the census returns taken in 1861, was 80,857, an increase
of 13 per cent, in six years. The number of acres of
land under cultivation has increased since 18b5 ft'om
822,298 to 368,127 acres. There still remain nearly
one million acres in a wilderness state, of which but little
is incapable of cultivation. Oats and potatoes are the
largest crops raised. Fisliiog occupies a large share of
attention, as there are 1,300 boats engaged in the shore
fisheries. There are many manufactories in the island,
including 65 tanneries, 176 saw- mills, and 46 cardlng-
mills.
New South Wales. — The abstiaction of her pastoral
districts by the establishment of new colonies from her
former territory is greatly reducing the number of sheep
in New South Wales, although the horned cattle and live
stock progress. In 1850 New South Wales owned over
thirteen million head of sheep, but the establishment of
Victoria as a separate colony in 1851 reduced the number
of sheep in the boundaries of the old colony below seven-
and«a*half million ; these increased in five years by about
one million, but the separation of Queensland in the close
of 1859 again brought down the number to five millions,
and now the old colony scarcely owns more than five-and-
a-half millions, whilst the younger offripring, Queensland,
with its extensive pasturage, has more than four million
sheep.
Gambia. — The average exports of ground nuts, the
staple article from this colony, were, in the ten years, 1850
to 18G0, 1 1 ,196i tons ; in 1861 they had increased to 12,082 J
tons, of the value of £101,060. A large quantity of these
go to Marseilles to be crushed for oil, used in soap-making.
Hides, wax, and ivory are the other exports, amounting
in value to about £24,000.
In Tasmakia endeavours are being made in favour of
a Grand Trunk Railway from Hobart Town to Lauuces-
ton. The capital required is estimated at about 1^ mil-
lion sterling.
New South Wales. — Silkwobhs. — At a i*ecent meet-
ing of the Acclimatisation Society, Dr. Bennett read a
letter from Mr. Baker, of Young, dated September 20tli,
respecting the introduction of the silkworm which feeds
upon the foliage of the castor oil tree, the Arrindy silk-
worm. The writer of the letter expresses a desire of
having some of the worms for the purpose of rearing them,
in the district in which he resides. Dr. Bennett mentioned
that, as many letters had lately been received by the
society from various parts of the colony on the same sub-
ject, it might be advisable to state that every exertion was
being made by this society, as well as also by that
of Melbourne, for the intioduction of this valuable
silkworm from Calcutta. All those that had been
as yet sent from India had perished during the
voyage ; but as better arrangements were being made for
insuring their surviving the transit, the society hoped be-
fore long to gratify the wishes of the members by being
^'le to announce the safe arrival of those silkworms for
rib^gtion.
Jamaica. — The number of immigrants in the island on
the 30th September last was 6.096 ; namely, 152 Portu-
guese, 226 Chinese, 3,955 East Indians, and 1,763
liberated Africans. The necessity for providing an island
institution in which the youth of the colony may undergo
a systematic training and acquire professional education is
engaging the attention of the Legislature. It was
referred to in the Legislative Council by the Hon. Dr.
Hamilton, in a speech on the medical and sanitary
wants of the country, and it will shortly be brought
prominently to the notice of the Assembly, Dr. Bower-
bank having notified that be will, on an early day,
enquire of the members of the Executive Committee
whether the Government have in contemplation the in-
troduction of any measure for the consolidation and
amalgamation of the different educational charities or
behests of the island for the purpose of establishing a
public or island college.
In St. Vincent a famine prevails, inconsequence of the
total absence of rain for the last 15 months.
Gold in Nbw Zealand. — The total value of the gold
raised in the province of Otago, in New Zealand, during
two years, has been £4,024,080. The province of Otago
proves to be one vast gold field. Rich diggings are con-
stantly being discovered there.
Australian Gold. — The supply of gold brought down
under escort to Melbourne, fi-om the 1st January to the
23rd October, 1863, was nearly on a par with that of the
previous year, being 1,160,013 ounces. The total produce
of the Victorian mines, in 1862, was 1,393,874 ounces ; the
average of the three years immediately preoeding being
2,014,581 ounces. The fi^lowiog have been the imports
of gold into the United Kingdom, from Australia, in the
last six years : —
1868 ... £9,725,108
1859 ... 9,830.944
1860 ... 6,659,590
1861 ... £6,474,451
1862 ... 6,310,500
1863 ... 5,164,752
Abrowroot. — The production of arrowroot is declining
in Bermuda, Natal, and other colonies. In Bermuda, the
value of the arrowi-oot imported declined from £10,334
in 1851, to £4,291 in 1861. The cultivation of arrow-
root, being attended with some trouble and requiring
skilled labour, has given way to that of the potato and
the onion, which give crops as precarious as the arrowroot,
and require a greater breadth of land, but as they can be
grown by any one who can handle a spade they are largely
underiaken by the poorer classes. In Natal, the culture
of arrowroot which was formerly the most remunerative
product of the coast districts, has now been almost en-
tirely superseded by that of sugar.
©Wtuats.
Ukar-Admiiul Washington, Hydrographer of the
Admiralty, died at Havre, on the 16th September, 1863,
after a painful illness of several months* duration,
brought on by excessive mental labour. About the be-
ginning of last summer his medical advisers strongly
recommended a complete cessation of his duties, and he
accordingly rwent to Normandy, where he frequently
spent his vacation. This, however, afforded him no
relief. His bodily frame continued to give way tmder
the pressure of a complaint which, with but slight
external symptoms, had been from tlie beginning of the
present year undermining his constitution. He was
in his sixty-fourth year when he died, having been bom
on the first of January, 1600. He entered 5\e Navy on
May 15th, 1812, as a first-class volunteer on board the
Junon, 46 guns, Captain James Saunders, fitting foi' tiie
North American station, where ho took part in many
operations in the River Chesapeake. Removing as mid-
shipman in the following October to the SylnlU, he sailed
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 8, 1864.
127
m that ship in 1814, Tinder Captain Forrest, with the
trimcen Oirolina^ Captain Downman, for the latitude of
GreeDland, in fruitless pursuit of the American ConiuiO'
dore Rogers. In November of the same year, having
retamed to England, he entered the Royal Naval College
u Portamouth. On leaving the Boyal Naval College,
ht waa received, in May, 18L6, on board the Forthf
CapCaiD Sir Thomas Louis, under whom he was again
Hi^ojed for upwards of three years on the Coast of
Karth America. He then in succession joined the
Ta^geur and the 8iq>erb€, both on the South American
riitkm, where he remained until after his promotion to
the rank of Lieutenant, which took place on the Ist
Jamarj, 1821 . He was subsequently employed on par-
tienlar aervioe, and in August, 1830, was appointed to the
Rojfai Otcrge, 120, as flag-lieutenant to Admmtl Sir
Jfim Pder Beresford, Bart., Commander-in-Chief at the
Xore— e(HitiDaing to serve under that officer in the Ocean,
ma advanced to the rank of Commander in 1883. To
the active service, consequent upon his various appoint-
xaents, he had united the practice of maritime surveying,
and the oomUned pursuits of a Scientific Hydrographer
sfid Geographer. In 1835 he succeeded Captain Maconochie
M Secretary of the Boyal Geographical Society of
Lisidoo» bat resigned that office in 1841, on beuig ap-
pointed to continue the survey of the North Sea, which
had for 'tome time been in progress, in which he
was cootinaally engaged until the close of 1844.
In 1842 he was promoted to the rank of Post-Captain,
in compliment to the King of Prussia. In 1845, he was
sppointed a Member of a Boyal Commission for inquiring
ialo the aiate of the rivers, shores, and harbours of the
United Kingdom. He was subsequently en^paged in an
bqniiy into the condition of the fisheries on the
North'Caat Coast of Scotland. His able report, and the
dear plans of the different classes of fishing-boats which
aeoompanied it, prepared expressly by Mr. James Peake,
Master-Shipwright of H.M.'s Dockyard, Devonport, de-
MTvedly attracted considerable attention. In 1858 Captain
Wariii^too became a Member of the Boyal Commis-
skn to inquire into ^e sites for Harbours of Befuge along
the coasts of the United Kingdom. In the year 1862
Captsun Washington was promoted to the rank of Bear-
Admtial. In 1849 an awful accident with a life-boat oc-
coning at the mouth of the^Tyne, induced him to put
forth his best energies to prevent the recurrence of similar
diaasterst and he gave his valuable services to aid the
Duke of Northumberland, who, with a view of procuring
a better description of life-boat, offered a prize of £100 for
public competition. The result of the labours of the
Northumberland Committee was embodied in an elaborate
and valoable report prepared by the late AdmiraL Toge-
ther with this report was published the first Wreck Chart
of the British Isles. Its unique appearance excited great
attention, and to Admiral Washington is unquestionably
due the credit of the compilation and publication, under the
anthority of Government, of the Annual Wreck Begister
and Chart of the United Kingdom. In 1853, Captain
Washington visited some of the Bussian fortresses in the
Baltic. In the following year the war broke out, and the
resolts of his acute observations during that tour proved
of the greatest value. In the year 1855 he was appointed
by Sir James Graham to the responsible office of Hydro-
grapher of the Admiralty, on the retirement and special
reoommendation of the late Admiral Sir Fmncis Beau-
fcrt, F.B.S. One of the last public labours of the
late Admiral was to act as a Juror at the Inter-
national Exhibition of 1862. He was unanimously
elected Chairman of the section which embraced those
objects he had so long studied. In 1833, Admiral
Waidiinglon married Eleonora, youngest daughter of the
Bev. H. Askew, Hector of Graystock, in Cumberland, by
whom he had three sons and one daughter. His funeral
took place at the Proteetant cemetery of St. JVIarie, Havre,
on the 19th September, with every demonstration of
pNfcct OD the part of the foreign authorities of the town.
The heads of departments at Havre,— civil, naval, and
military —attended the funeral. Officers and men of the
imperial yacht Prince Jerome, to the number of forty,
formed part of the corteye. The English ships iu the har-
bour hoisted their colours half-mast high, the captains
of two large steamers voluuteered their attendance, and
six of their seamen were gratefully accepted by the family
as bearers. The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty
afterwards expressed officially to the authorities of Havre,
their deep sense of the honours so gracefully bestowed.
In 1852, he delivered a lecture before the Society of Arts,
on the '* Progress of Naval Architecture as indicating
the Necessity of Scientific li^ucation, and the Classifica-
tion of Ships and of Steam-engines : also, on Life-boats,"
one of the Series of Lectures on the ** Besults of the
Great Exhibition of 1851," delivered at the suggestion
of H.B.H. Prince Albert, the President of the ^iety.
He was a Fellow of the Boyal, Astronomical, and Geo-
graphical Societies; an Associate of the Institution of
£Ingineers; as also a corresponding Member of several
foreign Geographical Societies.
Jauss Tulloch, F.B.S., was bom in London, on the
7th February, 1788. He was sent at an early age to
France and Holland, for the purpose of acquiring the
modern languages, with a view of becoming a foreign
merchant : but after a residence of several years at the
University of Leyden, he returned to England, and joined
his brother, John Tulloch, in commercial pursuits, which
they successfully carried on until the peace in 1815. He
then visited various parts of the continent, turning his at-
tention especially to objects connected with industrial
progress and advancement. He observed, while on hia
tour, the extensive use of marble, arising from the low
price at which it was obtained as compared with that in
this country. This cm:umstance suggested to him the
desirad)ility of applying machinery to the sawing and
otherwise workiugmarble, and in 1820, under the advico
of the late Bryan Donkm, he patented machinery which
he had invented for this purpose. In 1821 he formed a
joint stock company, for importing marble and working it
by his machinery, which proved itself eminently success-
ful, and so much so, that to this day there has been no
material deviation, if any, from the plan ho originated.
The application of this machinery has been the means of
considerably reducing the cost and increasing the con-
sumption of manufactured marble in this country. The
late Profesor Cowper, of King's College, gave the follow-
ing evidence before the Parliamentary Committee on the
Arts and Principles of Design, in 1836 : — " Question 614.
Is there not some tendency now existing towards tlie
conversion of various marbles to purposes of art ? Answer.
There is, both as to the various marbles and various other
materials. At the Marble Works, Esher-street, Horse-
feny-road, there is a beautiful system of machineiy for
working oiiiamenial marble : mouldings, slabs, and pilas-
ters, of beautiful workmanship, are executed in British and
foreign marbles at a low price. The whole is the contriv-
ance of Mr. Tulloch, an mdependent gentleman of great
taste, as his large collection of paintings by the old
masters testifies. He, from observing the great use of
marble in Italy and other countries, contrived this
machinery for the express purpose of intioducing marble
into more general use in this country." In 1821, in con-
junction with his brother, he originated the Guardian Fire
and Life Insurance Office, which is now one of the leading
insurance offices. On his retirement fi'om the office of ma-
naging director, in 1856, the directors presented him and his
brother also, each with a handsome vase, in testimony of
the high sense entertained of the ability, zeal, and im-
portant services rendered by them. After resigning his
office he employed his leisure in following his favourite
amusement, the study of the works of ancient and modem
masters, of which he had several fine specimens in his
galleiy. Mr. Tulloch died 22nd March, 1863, aged 75
yeara." He was elected a member of the Society c"
in 1842.
128
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Januaby 8, 1861.
|ttWitati(ms Issiteir,
A Handbook or Pbaotioal Tbleorafhit. By R. S.
Cullcy , Telegrapliic Engineer, London. ( Lortffnum, Oreen^
and Longman.) This work is addreflsc^i to thoao who
really require it, the practictl men engaged in telegraphy,
and it is published under the sanction of the chairman
and directors of the Electric and International Telegraph
Company. The work is divided into ten parta, and treats of
the laws which regulate the application of electricity to
telegraphic purposes ; the methoos adopted to detect faults
and defects, and where they are situated ; the manage-
ment of apparatus, and tho general construction of lines.
A Map of the METROroLiTAN Railways. Sheet,
2s. 6d., mounted in case, 4s. 6d. (Edward Stanford,)
This siiows the lines in operation and sanctioned ; also
tho proposed railways, plans of which were deposited on
or before the 30th November, 1863.
^atts.
Submarine Gable for tub Italian Government. —
A submarine cable for this government is now in the
course of manufacture at the works of Mr. J . W. Henley,
North Woolwich. It is to be submerged between Ottrante
and Avalona, and is to be sixty-two miles in length.
Telegraphy. — There are now not less than 10,000
telegraphic stations in Europe for the receipt and despatch
of messages; in India, 160; in Australia, viz., Queens-
land, 6 ; New Soath Wales, 35 ; Victoria, 44 ; South Aus-
tralia, 21.
The Mbtbofolitan Board of Works. — The receipts
of the Board during the year 1863 were £1,125,116;
pa3rmeDtfl during the same period £1,115,610.
Latino on Heat. — An American paper states that a
scheme is under consideiation for warming houses from a
central source, and supplying the inhabitants of a town
with heat as gas now is supplied. Professor Gotta, of
F'roiberg (Saxony), some years since, proposed plans for
this purpose.
Anoient Exhibitions.— In a work lately published on
Egyptian Chronology, by Hekekyan Bey, a learned Egypt-
ian civil engineer, speaking of Coeechos, one of the first dy-
nasty of seventeen Thinite kings, and who, he states, reigned
for 39 years over Egypt, from 6360 to 361 1 years before
Christ, he says, " Under him the Egyptians instituted
universal exhibitions of cattle, in which the state awarded
honours and emoluments on those who competed with
success in producing by art cattle possesBing certain re-
quired qualities and natural marks, it is probable that an
Apis period was a cycle of twenty-five Egyptian civil years
of 365 days, and that it was established during the second
year of the reign of the king in ».c. 6349*44, the compe-
tition for oxen taking place in Memphis. The Mnevii
period was a cycle of 25 lunar years of 354 days, and will
have been established during the tldrd year of the reign of
the king in d.o. 6348*117, when the firrt exhibition of
kino was held in Heliopolis. But the Tragian periods
were cycles of 25 sacred years of 360 daprs, the first being
established in the seventh year of the reign of the king in
B.o. 6342*778, the periodical exhibitions of goats being
held in Mendes."
Bhore Ghaut Incline.— The Bombay Fresidenoy is
cut ofi* from the rest of India by a ran^e of the Syhadree
Mountains, a volcanic scarp, which, rising on the Bombay
side to the height of 2,100 feet, has no corresponding
depression on the other side, simply subsiding gradually
into the general level of the country. A railway over
these heights has lately been opened. In the course of a
journey of less than one hour, and 15} miles long, the
traveller ascends to a height of 1,832 feet, and the incline
is said to be the greatest in tho world. In the Bhore
Uhaut Railway ioclino tho etoepost gredieat is 1 in 37,
and the lowest 1 in 330, the average being about 1 in
48. There are in all about twenty -six tunnels, the shortest
being 29 yards, and the longest 437, and they have been
mosUy cut in trap rock. The Giovi incline, on the
Turin and Genoa Railway, and the Semmering incline, on
the Venice and Trieste line, can alone be compared with
it, and their dimensions are respectively in length 6 and
13} miles ; in ascents 889 and 1,825 feet ; average gradients
1 in 36 and 47 ; the lengths of tunnelling in the above
are respectively, in miles, 2*65, 2*66, and in the Indian
line 2*26.
National Mondhent to Shakespeare. — A member
of the Shakespeare Committee suggests Primrose-hill as
a site for this monument. Re says that for this object
the most imposing elevation should be sought — ^not only
in regard to present but to Aiture London, apart, if possi-
ble from all other monuments, upon some isolated site,
visible at the greatest distance to the greatest number,
and that Primrose-hill offers a site 207 feet above the
river Thames, recommending itself not alone as the high-
est base on which to i«ise a monumental pile, bnt one that
with but slight adaptation could be made to form a grand
feature of metropolitan improvement, by uniting the
West end with Hampetead. A fine promenade oomd be
formed in a direct line with Regent-street and Portland-
place, and could be constructed to the foot of the me-
morial without violation of public or private rights.
Iron- Clad Ships. — The official reports of the com-
manders of the *' Monitors," made immediately after the
failure of the attack upon Fort Sumter in April last,
tend to show that these vessels were incapable of resist-
ing the concentrated fire of heavy rifled ordnance.
Captain Drayton, of the Patsive, says : — ** 1 wis struck in
quick succession in the lower part of the turret by two
heavy shots, which bulged in its plates and beams, and
forcing together the rails on which the carriage of the
11 -inch gun worked, rendered it wholly useless for the
remainder of the action ; a little after a very heavy rifle-
shot struck the upper edge of the turret, broke all of ite
eleven plates, and then glancing upwards struck the
pilot-house with such force as to send it over, open the
plates, and squeeze out the top, exposing the inside of
the pilot house, and rendering it extremely likely that
the next shot would take off the top entirely." Captain
Rogers, of the Weehawkefti reports : — '* Two or three
heavy shots struck the side aimour near the same place.
They so broke the iron that it only remained in splintered
fragments, much of which could be picked off by hand,
and the wood was exposed. The deck was pierced so as
to make a hole, through which water ran into the vessel ;
36 bolts were broken in the turret and a great many in the
pilot-honse. To the Paiapico no damage was done which
disabled her, idthough imuries which she received, if
multiplied, would do so. Forty bolts in the funnel were
broken. After the third shot from the 15-inch sun of
the Nantuck a port stopper became Jammed, several shots
striking veiy near the port and driving in the plating. It
was not used again. A number of the same plates were
started so much that another shot in the vicinity would
have knocked them off. The deck plates were cut in
12 places; one shot cut through the iron, and
about two inches into the beam, starting the plates,
several bolts, and the planking, for some feet below.
The plates on the side armour of the NahatU were
badly broken in several places, and one, where struck
by two shots in close proximity, partly stripped from
the wood, and the wood backing broken in, with
edging of back plates started up and rolled back in
places. The deck was struck twice damagingly, one shot
near the propeller wheel quite shattering and tearing the
plate in its passage, and starting up 25 bolts, another
starting plates and 20 boHs in the turret. There were
marks of nine shots ; 56 of tho bolts were broken per-
coDtibly, the heads flying off inside the turret, and the
bolts starting almost their length outfiido, some of them
I flying out oompletely, and being found at a oODsiderable
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIGTy OP ARTS, January 8, 186i.
129
fstwoe from the iuiret, on the deck. One shot struck
^ ttp|*er part of the turret, breaking throagh every
kite. The pilot-house was much damaged, and four
noreflQch shots as it received would have demolished it.
te sboi at the hose broke every plate through, and evi-
iAtly nearly penetrated it."
OS LOCOMOTION BY HYDRAULIC POWER, AND
FBOP06AL8 FOR METROPOLITAN RAILWAYS.
Sn, — Afl metropoh't%n railways are now a general sub-
ject for diacuseion will you allow me to bring forward in
lour eolumns two propositions which 1 believe are
or^mal, and can be taken for what they are worth either
Kfuata or combined. I do not wish to lay claim to
vfaai does not belong to me^ and would say at once that
Uie aebeme brought forward b^ Messrs. Hawthorn, at the
X«wcMlle meeting of the British Association, suggested
to me the plan of propulsion by hydraulic ensines that I
sa aboQt to describe. Their paper was published in your
JmrmU (Vol. XL, page 718) : they propose to work trains,
where looomotrves are objectionable (as in underground
nilwaya), by fixed steam engines working a continuous
■ries of wheels by endless wire ropes ; these wheels to be
erecied In the centre of each line of rails and about level
vith the bottoms of the carriages ; under the centre of
each carriage, extending its whole length, would be a flat
bar, which, pressing on these moving wheels, would thus
pR^>el the carriage. Important objections presented them-
slves to me at once, on examining the model shewn at
Newcastle, particularly the great amount of friction in
vorkiDg these endless wire ropes, and the enormous loss
of power, as all the wheels in connection with each engine
would be moving simultaneously, although very few
cX them (only those actually under the train) would be
doing work. Thus, supposing there were a fixed engine at
each mile, each engine would have connected with it a
mi» of wheels, and whenever any of these wheels were in
mt, the whole mile of wheels would be running simulta*
aaoQsly. the greater part of them having nothing to do
tat oaake a noise, as in the first days of the Blackwall
railway. It has occurred to me that it would be far
better to use hydraulic power to give motion to the
wbeds, as thus not only an enormous deal of friction
would be saved, but also those wheels only actually re-
quired would be in motion ; each steam engine would thus
only have to impart power to move three or four wheels
at a time, instead of the whole series connected with it.
This is my first proposal, to have fixed steam engines at
convenient distances, whose work would be to pump water
into hydraulic accumulators, and it would probably be found
bwt to have several accumulators connected with each
steam-engine ; this water power under pressure would be
conveyed in pipes along the railway ; at proper distances
wheels, as in Messrs. Hawthorn's plan, must be placed, but
instead of wire ropes each set of wheels must have con-
oected with it a small hydraulic engine, or, where two
Imes of rail were used, it might be placed between the
two ; the train, while progressing, would turn on and off
the water as required, and thus no useless power would
be expended.
Not being a practical engineer, I have felt some hesita-
tkm in bringing forward this plan, but I have been en-
couraged to do so by some engineers, among whom are
men whose names would command attention and respect.
It has occurred to me that, possibly, this plan may be
more practicable and economical than the atmospheric
lailway, and thus be capable of more general extension
than merely where locomotives are ineligible ; this I must
leave to the verdict of practical men.
My second proposal depends, to some extent, on my
finit. It is nothing new to propose railways running by
the sides of the streets, about the level of the first floor
windows. Some years since the lUustraUd London News
published views of some fine (proposed) streets in Londou
with such railways, but as yet no such plan has been
carried out It haiB, however, occurred to me that, sup-
posing by the means I have just described, or by some
other plan, trains can be propelled without being preceded
by heavy locomotives, railwa3rs for passengers might with
perfect safety be made much lighter, and for town-pas-
senger traffic a narrower than the present English narrow
gauge might be used. In some places — for instance, Sooth
America — I have understood that a much narrower gauge is
in operation. This can be done with more safety where it
is proposed, as in this case, to adopt precautions for keep-
ing the carriages on the line. In the proposal before alluded
to, it was suggested to have a railway each side of the
street, supported on something similar to the original ar-
cades in the Quadrant, but this would considerably con-
tract the street and darken the houses. I propose to carry,
through certain wide streets, railways contained in and on
tubular viaducts, with open latticed sides and bottoms, so
as not to obstruct the light and air; these tubular
viaducts to be supported on iron arches, one pillar
of these arches to be in a line with the curl>-
stones of the street pavement, and the other against
the houses ; the tubular viaduct would project a little over
the outside pillar, and only containing one narrow line of
rails, there would be some considerable space between it
and the houses. There would thus be no obstruction
either to the foot or carriage traffic, and v^ slight ob-
struction to the light and air ; one line of rail would be
inside the tube and one on the top ; of course at the ter-
mini arrangements would be made for the transfer of the
carriages from one line to the other. The only prominent
objection to this plan of constructing railways would be
the obstruction to the view, but as the proposal contem-
plates chiefly suburban railways, to a great extent they
would be in roads where gardens are in front of the houses,
and when approaching business quarters, the open lattice
iron work, which would be some feet from the windows,
could certainly be made as agreeable to the eye as the
dingy show of bricks and windows on the opposite side of
the street. As an instance where such a railway might
be eligible, there is a very large omnibus traffic from
Camden Town to Oxford-street, where High-street and
Tottenham-oourt-road are business thoroughfares, and
such a viaduct would certainly not mar the prospect from
the first floor windows. Nearly tiie whole of the rest of
this line the railroad would be a considerable distance
from the houses, and in one direction for some distance
the hydraulic engines might be dispensed with, as the in-
cline would be sufficient for the train to proceed by itself.
There are some collateral and very important uses to
which these viaducts might be usefldly applied ; the
pneumatic dispatch scheme is no doubt a success, the only
difficulty is in laying the tubes under some of the streets.
Tubes for the purpose could be carried on or under tliese
viaducts with little additional expense, and should the
hydraulic plan be adopted, in the case of flres'there would
always be at hand a supply of water under pressure with
ample steam-power at command, which might thus 6uper-
sede fire-engines everywhere within easy reach of such
railways.—! am, Ac., W. SYM0N8.
17, St. Hark'f-creicent, Regent*«-park, N.W.
ART-WORKMEN AND THE ROYAL ACADEMY.
SiK, — At the outset of my remarks, I feel greatly
puzzled hi adopting the modem nomenclature of art, we
having, within the last twenty years, taken from the
Teutonic so many compound words that not alone con •
found artists but niistify tlie masses, who hear of *' High -
art," " Pure art." " Practical art," " Art -manufactures, *
and ** Art-woikmen," as if all art was not •• high, '
•* pure," or ** practical," and every artist not an art-
workman. However, as ** word-painting" is a popular
produce, a sign of the times, we must take it for what it
means rather than what it says.
130
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 8, 1864,
Germany, certainly, is full of skilled artisans or ** art-
workmen," capable of carrying out ideas and re-producing
forms of a more sterling quality than perhaps those of
France, though not with that elegant abandon, dash, or
appreckitfoa of colour, so common in the produoiions of
their QalUo neighbours (whkb for certain qualities will
always bear the palm), though it is remarkable how
chok:e wares from Austria and Prussia are making their
way in various markets, and principally fit>m the taale
displayed in their construction or omamentation.
Now, though it is of the greatest Importance that
artizans should receive aid in art-education, it seems
stranee that the Royal Academy Gommismon should se-
riously have advised a plan for oonnecting them with that
institution, when the State has an organisation well adapted
to the purpose, and quite capable of carrying it out, by
means of the loeal Schools of Art and thetr oflSoers.
In their laudable wish to do justice in the broad field ot
art, the Royal Commission have shown over-seal for a
department hardly within their province, and one being
worked out by the Society of Arts, who in a late exhibitioD
of competitive examples of art-workmanship, have (blly
demonstrated a great national want — a want that should
be worked out in the great seats of manuftotsre, and that
by the Department of Science and Art.
Let the Royal Academy by all means extend its in-
iuenoe and fostering care to every department of creative
art; let it do all it can for the artist, encouraging him to
bestow his genius upon eveirthing, for the higher the
power the more universal will the range become ; whilst
dreaming of the substanoe do not forget the atoms of
which it is composed. All that regards Art in its creative
sense appertains to an academy, and every method by
which it may be perpetuated— engraving, die-sinking, and
enamel painting, being the chief of these. The tardy
Justice paid by painters to the means by which their popu*
larity could be made patent to the world, is a fact no
stranger can comprehend, foreigners well knowing that if
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mox.
**Mastslc]i
on th« iMA-
...R. Oeographltfa, S|. 1. Capt. Edwin AnsUn,
Olader.^ 2. Mr. B. H. Hargravet, *• Report <
aariferooa Charaeter of Weat Aortnlia."
Madiaat, a|. I. Dr. Palftey, " A OaM of Utftrlae Paljpvis*
unaooompaniad by Haoiorrtutfe." 2. M r. W. HUler, *' Oa
two paeoliar Propertiaa of CUorofonn, independent of
AuMthaala.** 8. Dr. Habenhon, " AbMeai of the Liver.**
Tuis. ...87xt>.Eff7ptian, 7|. Mr. Samael Sharpe, " Manetho*s Llata
of Kinga tTpli>««*H by the help of E rat oa t henea and the
Tablea of Abjdoa.**
Ethnoloflcal, 8. 1. Rer. O. R. Hall, " On the Brltldi Gkid
Mofon and the Ralifioa of the Korthnmbrlan Celt^.** 3.
Mr. O. R. Marthas, ** On the Tribea inhaWtinf the
Vallej of the Amaaona and ita TribataHea.**
CItU Eagiaaara, S. 1. Mr. J. R. MoClean, Fraildent, ** Ad-
drew." 2. Mr. J. M. Heppel, "■ Oa the Cloainff of Ra-
damation Baaka.**
Btatlitical, 6.
XaolQgteal, 9.
Wsa* •••Microaoopical, 8. ^
Britiah Arehaologleal Aanc, 8|. 1. Mr. Waatwerth, ** Oa
Wakefield and Saadai Oartle." 8. Rer. E. Kail, ** Oa
the 8ite of Andeat SoathampUm.'* 3. Mr. Sjer Comhic,
•« On the Hiatoiy of Slings.**
Tamu ..JUtlqaariea, 8.
UnnaMUi, 8.
Bojal,8i.
R.8oaletjGlnb,<.
iaUnts.
A^m OtmmiuUntrt qf Patents J<ninud^ JmmmrfUt.
lAgrioaltare) harrowi, plouj^ Ac— 3223— J. Oreen.
Batteriea— 32
ea— 3249— J. Maihew.
Bajonet bladea, ae., fbrging and tempering— 3261 — O. T. Booiflald.
Breedi'loading ilre-anna^SlSS— R. Marruon.
Briok machinery— 3199— H. ClajtQa.
w » • u «^ Caba, dc. — 3246— R. Walter,
a man capable of ennobling a higher walk by his worka, Caadlea, fixing apright— 3247— W. E. Qedge.
descends to a lower (or a different one) he becomes a bene
factor, and, as one of a corporation, deserves the highest
honours it can bestow.
Upon perusing ** the instrument** or docnment of founda-
tion of the Royal Academy of Arts, in 1768, one cannot
but feel that its compilers, had they lived in 1868, would
have been as liberal as they were enlightened a century
ago, when taste, if it had not sunk to its lowest, was gra-
dually deecending ; by taste I allude to the effect of Art
upon the manners of the nation, which then was to be
counted as little, style being nowhere.
When the promoters of the Royal Academy first
worked, the Elgin Marbles were in Athens, and other
collections now in the British Museum unknown; the
monuments of Egypt, Greece, and Rome were unmea-
sured and unfignred, Nineveh and Pompeii lying buried
beneath heaps of ashes, the glories of mediseval-art being,
in derision, voted ** Gothic ;** archajology had little to do
with historical painting, nor was geology thought of with
regard to landscape, or the glorious forms and colours in
Eastern Art ever dreamed of ; electricity had not given us
the electrotype, nor had lithographic stones been quarried ;
xylography was not revived, whilst photography, the last
great inheritance for Art, was deep in the ^ture ; and as
to International Exhibitions in palaces of glass, they only
existed in the imagery of poets.
Earnestly is it to be hoped that the Royal Academy of
Arts will not forget its high mission, for assuredly in
seeking to do good to Art and artists, it will confer great
benefi's upon itself. The Society of Arts (an older insti-
tution and pioneer in the field) some twenty years since
awakened from the lethargy of a century ; the good it
has effected needs no recoitl here, for it is world-wide.
1 am, &c., JOHN LEIOHTON.
Caaa* forjewela, »e.— 3187-^. Jefik«ja.
Bnvalopea» ac— 3227— J. L. Wittenberg.
Forn haaam er a 3189— J. Aatborj.
Palling machinery— 3149— O. T. Boaafield.
Hope, training— 3206->P. W. Collins.
Boiaaa, aaelhod of ttopplnf— 3909— A. B. Florett.
Iron and steel mannfao cur e 3 313— W. U. Tooth.
Iron welded chain, Ac., aumnfactore of— 3217— E. Tasgjre.
Lowna— 3303— T. Ooldle.
Looma-3341— ▲. Tnmer.
Loo— a 8395 W. Holland.
Loaenga manofaotore— 3169— 8. and T. Smith.
OU for mixing paints, Ac— 3207— G. Haseltine.
Perforating machines— 3496— J. Heap.
Petrolaom, Ac, sdlls for— 2899— A. Q. Soothby.
Punpa— 3337 — F. HaaeUlne.
Rac machine cjlinder— 3113— A. Reld and 0. RjdllL
Eafiwaj trains, oommonioation between guard and engine
3339-^. O. Rowe.
Bailwaja, atmospheric— 3191— A. Aliaoa and J. HalllweU.
Screw propeller— 31'21 — W. LiTingstone.
Ships, prof elling and steering— 2780— A. A. L. P. Cochrane.
Smoking pipea— 3623— A. Wardle and J. Brindley.
Spring mattresses— 3229— V. B. FttsOibbon.
Steam engines— 3219— U. Peterson.
Stockings, darning, Ac. — 3221— R. B^nes.
Smlsee condensers- 2696 — W. Snell.
driTSP—
/Vom ComnditUmert qf PatenU Journal^ January 6M.
PATaart oa wmoa ths Stiiip Dorr or iCiO has bbbv pais.
EnRATTX — In last nnmbn-, p. 1 14, eol. 2, line 5 from
*oitom, for •♦ fiax" read " wool."
8193. B. N. de Bofibn.
3. M. Henry.
107. J. H. Johnson.
86. W. a. Woodoock.
30. T. Coblej.
14. W. C. Fuller, J. A. Jaqvas,
and J. A. nnshawe.
96. A. Fairbaim.
84. A. M. Foota.
184. J. DeaklaaadJ. CieaiwaU.
18. S. Perkes.
PATixra ON VHKB Ta« Stamp Dctt or £100 das aaaa pad.
8989. T. Alden.
284. J. Owen.
8103. W. braj.
13. J. Fowler, jna.
8. W. Rigb/.
THE
^tiai 0f %
AND OF
.IE INSTITUTIONS Ilf UNION.
I'l
X.J
FRIDAY, JANUARY 15, 1864.
[No. 582. Vol. XII.
Annouiuemcttts bj % Cjatt«cil*
SwiNBY Bequest.
A meeting of the judges appointed under the
viii of the late Dr. Swiney is hereby summoned
: > b:^ held on Wednesday, the 20th of January
.ri>tant (being the anniversaryof his death), when
the beijuest under the said will, in favour of the
' author of the best published Treatise on Juris-
prudence," will be adjudged. The meeting will
take place at the House of the Society of Arts,
»t five o'clock, p.m.
(By order) P. LE NEVE FOSTER,
Secretary,
13ih JaDoary, 1864.
DeirroN Prizes. — Cottages for the
Labouring Glasses.
One hundred and seven designs for cottages
have been sent in, in competition for the two
pricea of £25 each, placed in the hands of the
C<mndl by J. Bailey Denton, Esq., and offered
for the most approved designs for cottages to
be built singly or in pairs, at a cost not exceed-
h^ £100 each. It will be remembered that
t<ie prize was to be competed for by members
of the Architectural Association, and the other
to be open to general competition. The latest
date fixed for the reception of the designs was
die 1st iuBt.
Ordinary Meetings.
'Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
Jam, 20. — *' On the injurioa^ effects of smoke on Build-
a^ StoDe« and on Vegetation." By Dr. A. Vorlckbb.
Jam. 57. — ** Co the Metric System of Weights and
MfW i ir c g , and its Proposed Adoption in tliis Country.*'
3r Saji7K&» Bbown, Esq., F.I.A., F.S.S.
Fkk. S. — " On Instantaneotifl Engraving upon Metal."
I^ MoD0. £1. Vial (Ulostrated with experiments).
Fas. lO. — *' Oa Fresoo Painting, as a suitable mode of
XleeonUion." By J. Beayinqtom Atkutbon, Esq.
Chemistry Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. CaAOS
Calvebt, F.R.S.
The third and fourth lectures of Mr. Hastings*
course will be delivered on Mondays, the 25th
January and Ist February, at 8 o'clock ; the sub-
jects will be as follows :-^
Contraband ; its Nature and Usages.
Capture of Private Property at Sea ; present State of
the Law as modified by the Declarat on of Paris ;
Arguments for and against its Continuance.
The Foreign Enlistment Act; its Operation on Com-
merce.
Reports of the Juries.
The complete volume of the Reports of the
Juries on the Exhibition of 1862 is now ready,
and is in course of issue to subscribers.
Prizes to Art -Workmen.
The works rewarded by the Society of Arts
and for which prizes have been given, have been
placed, by permission of the Lords of the Com-
mittee of Council on Education, in the South
Kensington Museum, and will be found in the
Gallery of the Iron Museum, at the entrance to
the Sheepshanks Gallery.
Notice to Institutions.
The Department of Science and Art have
placed at the disposal of the Council the re-
quisite number of copies of their Official Calendar
for 1864, for distribution to the Institutions in
Union, and they will accordingly be issued shortly.
The Christmas subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Coutts and Co.
Cantor Lectures.
Coarsen of Lectures on the following subjects
^iU be delivered during the Session : —
lermtion of the Present Laws of Naval Warfare
iAt0Ciiatio»al Commerce. B/ G. W. Hastinqs,
^., Barrister-at-Law.
j^jMl^rf* AppUed to Industry. By W. Dubqes, Esq.
IrffmMngs iaf InstMons.
♦
BAiiNsiLEY Meouanics' iNsTrTOTE. — A Iccture was re-
cently delivered here by the Uev. G. Mather, of Leeds.
There was an overflowing audience. I'he subject was,
•' The Intellectual Powers Unfolded and Illustrated."
Langashibe and CBEsuinB Association. — A meeting
of teachers certificated by the Science and Art Department
of the Committee of Council on Education, was held on
132
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 15, 1864.
the SOth nit. at the MaDchester Mechanii-s' Institution, to
confer with the Council of the above Association. There
were about 30 delegates piesent. Mr. Alderman Wil-
kinson, of Burnley, presided. — Dr. Pavkhurst, hon. eec
to the association, stated that the objects of the conference
were to consider the best means of diitributinf the la-
bours of the certificated teachei's at present employed, and
of increasing their numbers. Also it was advisable to
consider how to deal with some difficulties felt as to the
mode of conducting science classes in some localities, and
whether districts adopting science teaching should not
contribute towards its support in addition to the money
granted by gOTernment. — With reference to the first of
the questions named by Dr. Pankhurst, Mr. Tbaioe, of
Bolton, said the ehief dif^culty was to get pupils. There
were at pesent SCO certificated science teachers, well
qualified, but only about 60 were already employed. — It
was resolved that the council of the association he re-
quested to prepare and publish a complete list of teachers,
with their subjects and terms, and the districts within
which each teacher is willing to be engaged. A resolu-
tion was also passed to the effect, that the department of
Science and Art be i^qnosted to rescind the clause which
prohibits elementar>* teachers, who have pupil teachers
under their charge, from acting as teachers of science
classes, by refusing to admit them to payment on results,
as it was felt that the rescinding of the clause, and the
establishment of itinerant teachers, would be likely mate-
rially to assist smaller institutions and evening classes.
^BLBOBODOH RbADIKO AND MuTUAL ImPBOVEMENT
SooiBTT. — A lecture was recently given by Dr. J. O.
I^iel, on " Napoleon's Campaign in Hussia."
MioDLESBOBuuoH MECHANICS* Institutb. — The annual
sooial reading on behalf of this Institute took place at the
Odd Fellows' Hall, on Monday evening, the 4th instant.
Isaac Wilson, Esq., occupying the chair. Mr. N. Dawes
gave an original essay on ** The Irou Horse" (the steam
engine). Mr. Wm. Taylor gave a comic reading, <' How
Ben Brust spent his Sovereign," and " The Death of Little
Nell" (from Dickon's *« Old Curiosity Shop"), was read by
the Mayor. An amusing recitation, "The Ambitious
Amateur Actor," was given by Mr. Adams. A readinc^,
"The Gridiron," or "Paddy Malony's Travels in
France," was given by Mr. G. F. Boddiogton. Several
songs were also sung, and the evenina was brought to a
close by the company singing ** God save the Queen,"
and returning a vote of thanks t^ the performers.
Nbwpobt Atuenjeum and Mechanics' Institute. —
The directors have iHsued the first number of a journal, to
be continued monthly. They have been encouraged to
this step by the success which has attended similar enter-
prises in] connexion with Mechanics* Institutes in various
part of the country. The journal contains questions in
various historical and other subjects, to which answers
are invited, and particulars of entertainments and lectures
are given. The only class in connexion with the Institution
is the elocution and discussion class, which was instituted
in October, 1862. It assembles on Monday evenings, and
the exercises are varied, viz., speeches (prepared and ex-
tempore), essays, readings, recitations, and discnssions.
The several exercises are open to the criticism of the class.
The directors, desirous of affording to the class that en-
couragement which it deserves, resolved at a recent meet-
ing to give tlie sum of £1 as a prize for the best essay, to
bo written by a member of the class, on " Self-Educa-
tion." Other prizes will be given for the essays which,
in the opinion of the adjudicators, shall rank bocond and
third. Sir Thos. Phillips, the Kev. S. Fox, and Mr. W.
Christophers, have been named as adjudicators.
Oldham IjYceum. — On the 19th Dec. the annual tea-
party in connexion with the Lyceum was held in the
class-rooms of tho Institution, and was attended ly nhotit
850 persons. Aflcr tea, a meeting was held in the Town-
hall, for the purpose of distributing the prizes to the suc-
cessful candidates in the recent examinations. The chair
was occupied by the Rev. II. M. Da vies. The chairman
said he could sincerely congratulate them, looking at the
history of the past year. The library had received very
considerable additions. With regard to the classes, at no
time were they more healthy than now. In the female
department, the report by the female examiners was most
ereditable to the teachers and pupils. The A^e-hand
drawing-class, under Mr. Potter, was admirably conducted.
In relation to mechanical drawing, Mr. Taylor, the teacher,
kept up a goodly class, and the directors* were anxious to
make that depaitment as successful as possible. The
French class was not numerously but well attended. The
Latin class was small, but regularly instructed. The oer-
tifieates and priaes granted by ^e Society of Arts, and
also those awarded at the local examinations, were then
distributed. The meeting was addressed by Jambs Platt,
Esq., and other gentlemen.
SCIENCE AND ART DEPARTMENT.— RESULTS
OF THE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHKR8'
CERTIFICATES, NOV. 1868.
The following list will be found useful to Institutions
requiring science teachera : —
Oboup I. — Pbactical, Plane, and Desobiftive Obo*
UBTBT, Mechanical and Machine Dbawino, and
Building Constboction.
Subject 1. Pbactical, Plane, ANDgDESCBiprivE Qeo-
METKY. — 1st Grade Certificate: Chvles F. Dorrell, 2,
Chand OS-street, Covent-garden, London ; Arthur J. Mavne,
39, Upper Wellington-street, Dublin; James Mellor,
Science School, Oldham ; John Kennedy, School of Art,
Dundee; Charles H. Rule, Training College, Cheltenham ;
Joseph Willcock, 24, Market-place, Manchester. 2nd
Grade Certificate : William Burns, Dr. Bums's School,
Rochester ; Henry B. Dorrell, Wellington-road, Slough ;
Edmund C. Plant, Normal College, Cheltenham ; John
Sargeant, Church-streei, Slough ; James Stevenson, Clark-
street School, Kilmarnock ; William Stone, RallitT-strect,
Wolverton. 3rd Grade Certificate : Washin^n Hudson ,
Mechanics' Institution, Stockport. Eight foiled.
SuBjEcrr 2. Mechanical and Machine Dbawino. —
1st Grade Certificate : Washin^n Hudson, Mechanics'
Institution, Stockport ; Daniel Pidgeon, Banbiu'y ; Joseph
Willcock, 24, Market-place, Manchester. 8rd Grade
Certificate: James M*Kae, Rirton-holm, Kilmarnock;
James Mellor, Science School, Oldham; Fred. H. C.
Sammons, 11, Devonshire-road, Liverpool ; Samuel
Taylor, 5, Havelock- terrace, Brook's bar, Manchester.
Four failed.
Subject 3. Building Constbuction. — Ist Grade Cer-
tificate : Gilbert R. Redgrave, 18, Hyde-park-gate South,
Kensington, London; I^rank D. Wakeford, 12, Ann's-
terrace, Walham-green, London. 2nd Grade Certificate :
James Mellor, Science School, Oldham; Samuel Taylor,
5, Havelock-terrace, Brook's-bar, Manchester; Joseph
Willcock, 24, Market-place, Manchester. 8rd Graae
Certificate : Henry B. Dorrell, Wellmgton-road, Slough ;
Washington Hudson, Mechanics' Institution, Stockport;
John Sargeant, Church-street, Slough. One failed.
Gboup II.— Mechanical Physics.
Subject 1. Theobbtioal Mechanics. — 1st Gbade Cer-
tificate : Edward H. Birkenhead, Mining School, Wigan ;
George Gates, St. Mark's College, Chelsea, Loudon. 2nd
Giade Certificate : Richard Jones, St. Jklark's College,
Clielsea, London; Robert Stroud, ditto; John E. White-
head, ditto. 3rd Grade Certificate: John Bryant, St.
Mark's College, Chelsea, London ; Edwin Hurst, ditto.
One failed.
Subject 2. Applied Mechanics.— 2nd Grade Certifi-
cate : Richard Strachan, Sailuts' Home, Poplar, I^ondon.
3rd Grade Certificate: James M'Rac, Kirton-holm, Kil-
marnock ; James D. Thoinaii, 3, Colleton-buildings,
Exeter. Two failed.
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, January 15, 1864.
133
Obouf UI4 — ExraBumiTAL Phtuos.
80BJSOT 1. AoooarrioB, Lioar, awd Hbat.—- Isi Ghmde
OirtiftoBte: Joihiia J. Doherty, Mod«l Natumftl Sobool,
Bel&0t; WiUum Gmm, NatiooAl Sohool, Newtown,
Moolgoi n e f yi hi re ; Oeom J. Snelos, Ohriat Choroh
Sdiooi, MaoolMfiold; Gbaries J. Woodward, MidUiid
Imitaie, Birmiogfaam. 2Dd Qnde Oertifioaie: John
Angel, Meohaoiet' Institotioii, Manohester; Bdward
Bowen, Soieooe fiehool, Liyerpool ; John OoUins, Oa-
thadral School, Manchester ; William H. Oreer, National
Model Sehool, Newtownards; Jamei J. Kelly, PlAriah
School, Gladsmnh', Bait Lothian ; Henry A. Reatohlooi,
Tkaining 0<dlege, Weetmintter, London; James H.
Wefaater, ditto ; Edmond Wren, Model School, Bally-
neoa. 3rd Grade Oertifioate: John BeaUy, Endowed
School, Oldcastle, Coonty Meath, Ireland; William
Co(n>er, National School, Tintwiatle, Manchester ; John
S. Holden, Holywood, Belfast; Evan H. Rowland,
Nalioaal Sehool, LlaBferres, Mold. Three failed.
SuBjBOT S. Maghvubm and ELBoraiorry. — Ist Grade
Certificate : Joshoa J. Doherty, National Model School,
Bel&st ; George J. Snelos, Ohristchorch, Macclesfield ;
and Alfred P. Wire, National School, Little Baddow,
Chelmsford. 2nd Grade Certificate: Thomas Beesley,
5, High-street, Banhury ; Edward Bowen, Science Sohool,
lirerpool; Wilham Boms, 8, Newton-terrace, Rochester ;
Jolm Collins, Cathedral School, Manchester; Joseph
Craven, Parish School, SUvelay, Chesterfield ; William
H. Greer, National Model School, Newtownards, Ireland ;
William Gmin, National School, Newton, Montgomery-
■hire ; John S. Holden, Holywood, Belfast ; Leopold C.
Btkkeri, Union-street, Oldham ; Charles J. Woodward,
Midhind Institute, Birmingham. 3rd Grade Certificate:
John Beatty, Endowed School, Oldcastle, ooonty Meath,
Ireland; John Howard, Public School, Lower-road,
Ulmgton, London; Isaac Biackrell, Wesleyan School,
Dartiord; James J. Kelly, Parish School, Gladsmuir,
Eaat Lothian ; Edmond Wren, Model Sohool, Ballymena,
Ireland. One failed.
Gboup IV. — Chbmutbt.
SuBJBOT 1. Ikobgamio CBBMiflrTBT. — Ist Grade Cer-
tificate : Alfred H. Allen, 14, Femley-place, Gloesop-
road, Sheffield; John AngeU, Mechanics* Institution,
Kanchesier; Richard Bannister, 7, Coolston-street, Chel-
R^ London ; Charles Estcourt, 28,Ha]sey-8treet, Chelsea,
London ; Jooeph Hartley, 89, Bridgewater-street, Man-
chester ; John S. Holden, Holywood, Belfast ; John Ro-
bertson, Bagshot, Surrey; William T. Rowdeo, 119,
Stanho^street, London ; and John Scott, Grammar School,
Longhboroogh. 2nd Grade Certificate: Jonathan G.
Haods, St. Faults School. Wilton-plaoe, Eaton-square,
London ; John Howard, Public School, Lower-road, Is-
Un^too, London; William Judd, Christohuroh, Hants;
Edward H. McMillan, National School, Camnden, Gbu-
cuter ; William Rigg, People's College, Nottingham ;
Andrew Smyth, Endowed Sohool, Oldcastle, county
MtfUh, Ireland ; and Richard Trower, Industrial Sohool,
Bfigfatoo. 3rd Grade Certificate : James J. Kelly, Glads-
amir* Parish School, East Lothian, Scotland ; and John
Jima Spear, Woodbine-cottage, Newton Vivey-road,
Bray, IreUod. One failed.
SowcoT 2. Oboakio CHEMiffTRY. — Ist Grade Certi-
fieate : Alfred H. Allen, 14, Femley-place, Glossop-road,
:!befli6ld ; Richard Bannister, 7, Coulson-street, Chelsea,
London : and Charles Estcourt, 28, Halsey-street, Chel-
«^ London. 2nd Grade Certificate: Joseph Hartley,
39, Bridgewater-street. Manchester ; John S. Holden,
He^jwood, Bel&st ; and Andrew Smyth, Endowed School,
OMcaatle, County Meath, Ireland. One failed.
ObOwF V. — Geolooy akd Miitbbalooy.
1. Geolooy.— 1st Grade Certificate: Robert
I Q^Twidge, 1, Gallowgate, Aberdeen ; James Dowling,
MoM £4uK>l, Waterford ; and Wm. L. Notcutt, 899,
Cheltenham. 3rd Grade Certificate : Alfred
Henry Allen, 14, Femley-place, Sheffield ; George C. T.
Bartley, Kensington, London ; William Prosser, Dean-
row British Sohool, Wilmslow, Cheshire ; and James
Saunders, Alma-street, Luton, Beds. Nine &iled.
Subject 2. Minbraloot. — 2nd Grade Certificate :
Alfred H. Allen, 14, Femley-place, Sheffield. One failed.
Gboup VL — Ahimal Physiology and Zooi:«oot.
SuBJEor 1. Animal Phtsioloot. — 1st Grade Certifi.
cate : George C. T. Bartley, Kensington, London ; Uriah
J. Davis, Upton St. Leonards, Gloucester ; Alfred Jones,
Cross-street Day School, Islington, London ; William L.
Notcutt, High-street, Cheltenham ; Moses Pullen, Free
School, Painswick, near Stroud; and Thomas Viocars,
British School, Torquay. 2nd Grade Certificate ; Richard
Bithel, British School, Eingsland, London; Thomas
Cribbin, Birkbeck School, Peckham, London ; Ellis A.
Davidson, School of Art, Chester; Tycho E. Hotctikin,
Somerby, near Oakham; and Henry A. Reatchlous,
Training College, Westminster, London. 3rd Grade Cer-
tificate : Thomas Edwards, Victoria-street, GK)van-by-
Glasgow; Benjamin Foster, Training College, West-
minster, London ; Wm. Prosser, Dean- row School, near
Wilmslow, Cheshire; and James H. Webster, Training
School, Westminster, London. Four failed.
Subject 2. Zooloot. — 1st Grade Certificate : A Ifred
Jones, Cross-street School, Islington, London ; and Wm.
L. Notcutt, 399, High-street, Cheltenham. 2nd Grade
Certificate : Richard Bithel, British School, Kingsland,
London ; Alexander W. A. Finlay, 62, India -place, Edin-
burgh; and Mrs. Elizabeth Mayer, Secular School, Glas-
gow. 3rd Grade Certificate : Ellis A. Davidson, School
of Art, Chester. Two failed.
Gboup VII. — ^Vkovfable Physioloot, Eoomomig amo
Sybtbmatio Botany.
SuBJB(/r 1. — Vbobtablb Physiology and Eoonomio
Botany. — Ist Grade Certificate : John Collins, Cathedral
Schools, Manchester ; Uriah J. Davis, Upton St. Leonaf .
Gloucester ; Thomas Jones, Halton , Hastings ; Margaret
' Macomish, Corsock, near Dalbeattie, N.B.; William L. Not-
cutt, 399, High-street, Cheltenham. 2nd Grade Certificate :
John S. Holden, Holywood, Belfast; William Judd, High-
street, Christ Church, Hants ; Frederick J. A. Leipner,
22, Upper Park street, Clifton ; Moses Pullen, Free
School, Painswick, near Stroud. 3rd Grade Certificate:
Thomas H. Cook. Horsham -road, Dorking; Alexander
W. A. Finlay, 62, India-place, Edinburgh ; Elisabeth S.
L. Jones, Halton, Hastings. Three failed.
SuBJBOT 2. Systbmatio Botany. — 1st Grade Certifi-
cate: John S. Holden, Holywood, Belfast; William L.
Notcutt, 399, High- street, Cheltenham. 2nd Grade
Certificate : John Gibbs, Baddow-road, Chelmsford. 3rd
Grade Certificate: William Judd, High-street, Christ
Church, Hants; Frederick J. A. Leipner, 22, Upper
PlBrk-street, Bristol. One fidled.
Gboup YIII. — ^Mining and Mitialluboy.
Subject 1. Minino. — 1st Grade Certificate: Mark
Fryer, Andersonion University, Glasgow. 3rd Grade
Certificate : Robert Muir, Auchinheath, N.B.
SuBJBcrr 2. MrrALLUBOY. — ^2nd Grade Certificate : John
Angell, Mechanics' Institution, Manchester; Henry P.
Meaden, East Lancashire Union of Institutes, Haslingden.
3rd Grade Certificate : George J. Snelus, Christ Church,
Macclesfield.
Navigation.
SuBJBOT 1. Mathematics. — Ist Grade Certificate:
Samuel Crawley, Proprietary School, Hereford ; Arthur
J. Gayne, Trade School, Bnstol. One failed.
Subject 2. General Navigation. — Ist Grade Cer-
tificate: Arthur J. Gayne, Trade School, Driatol. 2nd
Grade Certificate : Samuel Crawley, Propiietaiy 8ohr->
Hereford.
Subject 3. Nautical Astronomy. — 1st Grs
tificate : Arthur J. Gayne, Trade School, Bristol.
134
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Januaby 16, 1864.
Subject 4. Piitsioal Oboobapht. — 2Qd Grade Cer-
tificate: Arthur J. Gayne, Trade Schod, Bristol. Srd
Grade Certificate : Samuel Crawley, Proprietaiy School,
Hereford. One failed.
Subject 6. Steam. — 2nd Grade Certificate: Hany
Evers, Charles' National School, Plymouth ; John Merri-
field, Navigation School, Plymouth; Richard Strachan,
Navigation School, Poplar. 8rd ClaBS : J. M*IUe, Kirton-
holm, Kilmarnock.
Pbelihinabt Hiobeb Matbbmatios.— 3rd Grade Cer-
tificate : Samuel Crawley, Proprietary School, Hereford.
BUILDING STONES.
The following memorandum of the results of examina-
tion into the comparative qualities and fitness for building
purposes of samples of stone from diflerent quarries in the
island of Portland, was drawn up for the Inspector General
of Fortifications, by F. A. Abel, F.K.S.. Chemist of the
War Dopaitment, and contains information likely to bo
useful to all interested in building : —
A collection of twenty- eight specimens, representing
the stone obtained from different quarries and beds on the
Island of Portland, has been submitted :— 1. To a careful
comparative inspection. 2. To experiments, having for
their object the attainment of comparative data, regattiiug
(<f) the chemical composition of the stones; (6) their
strength and power ot resisting wear from mechanical
causes; (c) their porosity, or absortient power, «nd cobm-
quent susceptibility to the destructive effeott, mecfatDlcAl
and chemical, of atmospheric agents. As regards ohemical
oomposition, the dlfierenoes, indicated by Uie andyiis of
the speoimeos of stone from different quarries, are ooly of
a trifling description, and not caknlated to influenoe in
any definite manner the comparative dnrablli^ of tb«
different varieties of stone. The properties which it is
considered should, apurt from the questions of chemioid
composition and facility of working in the mason's hands,
be combined in a building-stone, oapaUe of resisting
effectually the fullest exposure to atmospheric influenooa,
are, (I) compactness of stmoture or a low degree of
porosity; (2) strength and hardness (to the greatest extent
compatible with the working of the stone) ; (3) uniformity
of structure.
The results of the experiments show that all the
superior descripUons of ** Whit-bed" stone oombine
strength and compactness in a considerably higher degree
than the varieties of ** Base-bed " stone. Some kinds of
the " Whit-bed" stone, however (».«., those from the New
Maggot and Inmoethay Quarries), though ranking with
the best as regards strength, exhibit a greater degree of
porosity. Again, other ••Whit-bed" stones (from Old
Mag^'t, Waycroft, and Independent Quarries) exhibit
but little superiority, in point either of strength or com-
pactness, over the generality of the ** Base-bed " stones ;
TABLE sHowmo the CoMPABATrvE Obdbbs of Stbbnoth amd Compactkbms of Samples of Stovb fxom
DIFFEBENT QUABBIBB IN THE ISLANO OF POBTLAND.
Deacrlptlon of Stone.
BOACU.
War DepartmaU, Vem BiU Quatry
BoDcn Wbit-beo.
AdmiraUy QMrryt Quarried reoentlj
„ „ Do. laat aotomii.
^ „ Do. 3 jeart ago |
War Dq^artment Quarry, Vtm BiU (Bed
not spodfied, eTidentl/ Wbit-bkd),
Quarried reeenUj
Do. lastaatuiiiD..» »..
Da
3 /ears ago „» ^
WHTr-BKD.
Admiralty Quarry^ Quarried recontlj . ...
„ „ Do. laat autumn..
„ „ Do. Sjearsago...
Inmosthay Quarry
Jitw Maggot Quarry m*... ..
Bass-bid.
Admiralty Quarry ^ Quarried recently ...")
„ „ Do. laftautujnnv
„ „ Do. Syeariagoj
WOIT-BSP.
Old Maggot Quarry^ Marked I T |
ft »i i» L I
»t »» M ^E I
Waycrqft Quarry —
IitdtpendMt Quarry |
Basb-bbd.
Old Maggot Quarry^ Marked I T
Order of
CompaoCaeM.
»*
»» »»
Wayeroft Quarry ...
jHmoithay Quarry ...
Jfew Maggot Quarry
t»
IE
LI
Independent Quarry
BoAcn.
Independent Quarry ,
One.*
Two.*
Two.*
Between
six and Mreii.
Three.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Four.
Six.
Hto.
Four.
Between
dxaadeeTen.
Six.
Between
dxand eeren.
Seven.
Between
•eren a, eight.
Seren.
Seren.
Ten.
Eight.
Eight.
Kine.
Nino.
Order of
Strengtlk
One.
Two. •
One.
Between
four A fiTO.
One.
Three.
Three.
Three*
Three.
Two.
One.
Two.
(Three.
< Two.
(. Two.
I Four.
Three.
} Four.
Four.
I Four.
Three.
Fire.
Six.
Four.
Four.
Three.
Six.
Peculiar Features of each Stone.
Light coloured, rerj hard and compact, one of the heaWeft flonea
of the series ; ita weight being tery much greater than that of the
] Roach from IndepoMlent Quarry. Its strength is sot vnifom,
( as it contains numerous shells and csTitles.
Rough, hut compact ; contains nomerout ODall shells.
CoDtalning onlr few caTlties.
Verj rough and irregular, containing large shells ; diflbring, there-
fore, greatly fhm the other samples mm Admiralty Quury.
}
Hard and Tery compact: containing, howerer, some large cavities.
A TCiy hard light-coloured stooe, containing numerous pin-hole
cavities,
f Similar to No. 1 from this quarry, though somewhat less compact,
\ apparently free from csTitles.
{
1
1 All these samples very similar. Light-coloured compact stones,
j containing a flsw small shells. Apparently free from caHtles.
f Fine grain, moderately compact, almost destitute of shells ; one of
( the most uniform of the Whlt-bed series.
Light coloured, compact, and very uniform.
Mos. 1 and 3 are similar : light-coloured, compact, and veiy unl.
form. No. 2 is somewhat darker, and exhibits patches of cloeer
texture. They exhiMt more indications of shells than any other
I Baae-bed stones; and are, in appearance and propertiea, Tei7
t iin&ilar indeed to Whit-bed stooe.
I
Nos. 1 and 3 are mndi rooglier in texture than No. 2, which is a
llttU superior to them in compactness, but is somewhat leas
ttnirairm.
Rough in texture and poront.
Fine grained but porous.
}I T is uniform, but I E exhibits f^t bands of stratifloatkw. L I
is about the lowest quality of Base-bed stone examined. It is
veiy soft and porous.
Llf ht-ooloured and uniform.
Exnlbits oonslderable want of uniformity.
f Very uniform ; similar to I T Old Maggot Quarry, though more
\ porous.
A rough very porous sUme, exhibiting cons id erable dlfibrence of
*trength in dllTerent portions ( to be ascribed to the foesU mark-
ings obsenred hero and there.
A rery Infln-lor dcicription of stone. Full of large loose petrifoetioos
and cavities of considerable sixe. The strength of the moat compact
portion was only about half that of the weakeatof the above stones.
{
{
The compactasM of thsst It about at kifh scda as thote next In order.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIBTy OP ARTS, January 15, 1864.
136
and are, indeed, inferior to the best *' Base-bed *' vaiiety.
The ** fiaae4)ed " stones are, uodoabiedly, more geoeraliv
■Difbrm iiistrtictore.than those of the ** Whit-bod ;" thm
beiog maaniy dae to the oomparative freedom of the
focmar from distinct petrifactions. Though such petri-
fcetiooa were shown, by the results of experiments, to
tmpait, in many instanoi'S, great additiooal strength to the
•lone, they fivquently give rise, by their existence, to
aaritiM, tomellinea of considerable size, which not only
asTPa to weakea tbose particular portions of the stone, but
nay alto, if they exist in proximity to exposed surfaces of
» bloek of stone, promote its partial disintegration by the
aotSao c^ frost. Greater care is therefore unquestionably
feqoirad in the selection of ** Whit-bed" stone than need
baemplo3red in the case of all* the better varieties of
** Base-bed" stooe.
Appended to this Memorandum, in a tabular form, is a
statcNuent of the comparative strength and compactness of
ibf& diflerent varietiea of stone, as represented by the sped-
meoa experimented upon, together with a description of
the pecoiiarities noted on examination of the specimens,
many of which have an important bearing upon the re-
aolta oUaioed in the expenments instituted with the
Moeka.^
The resolta of these experiments lead to the following
ec n d o sioo s . regarding the comparative merits of the
▼arious descriptions of Portland stone in question for
building Durposea. The Roaoh stone from *• War De-
paitment'^ Quarry is an invaluable stone for external
work in localities where veiy considerable strength and
power of resisting mechanical wear are required, e.^., in
connection with those portions of work whidi may become
exposed to the cootioual abrasive action of water. The
rough ** Whit-bed" stone from Admiralty Quarry (as
represented by specimens I and 2, see table), is also a
highly valuable stone for external work, of a similar kind,
where great strength is required, and particularly where
tlM mimerous im^^ularities in the above Koach stone may
be objectionable.
The following varieties are all well calculated for ex-
ternal work, and Mr. Abel considers that the order of their
relative value is as follows : —
1. Stone from War Department Quarry, Vern Hill;
" Whit-bed" stone. Admiralty Quany. 2. " Whit-bed"
stone, New Maggot Quarry ; •' Base-bed" stone. Admi-
ralty Quarry. ( rhis may be considered quite equal in
quality to Whit-bed stone.) ** Whit-bed" stone, Inmos-
tliay Quarry. (Particularly adapted from ito texture and
uoilormity for ornamental work.) 8. Whit-bed stone.
Old Maggot Quarry, (a.) Marked L I. (b.) Marked
IT and IK. "^ ^ ' ^ '
For internal work, the following rank highest, on
account of their uniformity and comparative strength : —
" Bab3-bcd" stone. Old Maggot IT;" Whit-bed" stone,
ludep-^^dent Quarry ; «* Base-bed" stone, Waycroft
Qtiarry ; ^ Base -bed" stone, New Maggot Quarry.
The following are inferior to those just named, in tex-
ture and uniformity :—** Whit-bed" stone, Waycroft
Quarry; "Base-bed" stone, Old Maggot Quarry IE;
*• Base- bed" stone, Inmosthay Quarry.
The ** Base-bed" stone from Old Maggot Quarr>' marked
L 1, and that from Independent Quarry, are of low quality,
as compared with the remainder ; and no reliance can be
* These experiments consisted, eliiefly, of earefol dotermioa'
lioiis:—
1.) Of the eomparatife abiorbent power exhibited, under
precisely similar coiDditioas, by cubes of the different stooes,
and
(2.) Of the weight sostained, up to the point of fracture (».«.,
the eraihiog weighte), by tccorately cat cnbei of tbe •tonei.
Tbree cabct of each variety of stone were criuhed, and tbe
eoaelnsioM,as to the comparative ftrength of the ttooet, were
drawn from tbe mcaa results thus arrived at. Theee cruihing
e i pe ri— ttte ertiv eaivied out with the well-known American
mechsaical testing maekiaeh— F. A. Ar
placed on the durability of the Roach stone from Indepen-
dent Quarry, judging fiom tho epecimeu received.
The author observes that no definite conclusion can be
drawn, from the comparative properties of the specimens of
stone from one and the same locality (quarried at different
periods of time), regarding the influence exerted by ex«
posure, after quarrying, upon the quality of the stone, in
the instance of the examples of rough ** Whit-bed" stones
from Admiralty Quarry, the specimen quarried last
autumn was decidedly the strongest (that quarried three
years ago differed altogether in character from the other
specimens). The specimens of '* Whit-bed" stone from
tho Admiralty Quarry were very much alike in strength ;
there being a slight difference in favour of that quarried
three years ago. In the " Base-bed" specimens, from the
same quarry, the strength was also found to increase some-
what with the age of the stone ; but, of the specimens
from the War Department Quarrj', the one most recently
quarried was considerably stronger than the others. Ilere
again, however, the difference musL be ascribed to a dif-
ference in structure ; the other two specimens (quarried
last autumn and three years ago) were in all i^espects
alike. On the whole, the evidence may be considered as
a little in fovonr of the opinion that an improvement in
the strength of the stone is effected, to some extent, by
seasoning.
Jfine $xts.
Mclready's Wobks and Skbtohbs. — Messrs. Christie
advertise that this sale will take place on the 18th, 19th,
and 20th April. It is stated that the exhibition of all
his works will be opened at the South Kensington
Museum on Thuraday, the I7th March.
Elbotbottpe Copies of the Bronze Gates of the
Catheobal at Pisa are being made for tbe South
Kensington Museum. The Naxione lately stated positively
" that the castings of the beautiful side door of the
Cathedral fronting the bell-tower, wrought in bronze by
Bonanno, of Pisa, in the 12 th century, have recently been
spoiled through want of experience of those who have
undertaken to make moulds of them in gelatine;"
wheieupon the responsible official addressed a letter to
the editor of La Nazione^ in answer, as follows : — •♦ The
Aoidemy of Fine Arts in Pisa having heaid the report of
the commission charged to examine the operation of
moulding the bronze gates of the Cathedral of Pisa, have
solemnly and unanimously declared that no injnry what-
ever has resulted to the bronzes from the operation, and
that leave may be safely granted to Sig. Franchi to con-
tinue his work upon the plan hitheito pursued, which is
declared perfectly harmless to these masterpieces. The
undersigned, on whom alone would rest the responsibility
of these fancied injuries, lus much pleasure in announcing
this decision, and requests an immediate insertion of his
letter, in respect of the importance of the question. —
Cabl. Gaetano Pooobsi, of the Board of Works of tho
Cathedral, Pisa."
Pairafartttrts*
INDUSTRIAL ART IN FRANCE AT THE RECENT
EXHIBITION IN THE PALAIS DE L'INDUSTRIB.
The following is a translation of some portions of an
article in the Revw det Deux Mondet, by M. A. do
Beaumont : —
Some years ago the superiority of France in industrial
art was scarcely a subject of doubt. In this domain, where
clever workmanship can only exist corrected and disciplined
by a taste for the beautiful, we did not know of any rivals.
Even at the Exhibition of 1866 wereUlned the preference
for ingenious inventions and productions of an ele'*--*
186
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 15, 1864.
kind. And yet, in 1862, a remarkable event took place,
French Industrial Art found at the Universal Exhibition
of London a rival, an unexpected competitor, nearly a
conqueror in British Industrial Art.
How explain this sudden triumph of our neighbours ?
By what secret had they in five years acquired those rare
qualities of which we were so justly proud ? Such is the
question which those who take an mterest in a closer
alliance between art and industry in France did not ven-
ture to put to themselves a year ago without reasonable
anxiety. At the present time thb question is renewed,
and it would seem that at the Exhibition which has been
some time opened at the Champ Elys^ea, French Industrial
Art itself wished, in presence of its new rivid, to examine
itself as to its real strength, submit to the judgment of
the public its newest productions, ascertain what progress
has oeen made in the last few years, and Bsk itself what
remains to be accomplished? This attention to progress
in the several branches of Art in which we have hitherto
been considered superior, is certainly not to be denied. It
testifies to a real feeling of the requirements of our period.
We live in an age where positions are easily changed, and
where it is necessary (and it is the same with mankind as
it is with individuals) in order to secure the position al-
ready required, to increase our efforts to keep ourselves
always in the right direction. Is it sufficient to know our
position, to number with pride the riches we possess, to
acknowledge with regret the riches we have lost ? Cer-
tainly not, and France, one must own, deceives herself
rather too much about exhibitions. Exhibitions repeiU«d
at short intervals cannot have any very sensible influence
on art. Our neighbours proceed with less show but more
logic, and here we are recalled to the question which
evoked the Exhibition of 1862. That exhibition at least
taught us one important fact, which is, that in barely ten
years England had nearly surpassed us in applioations of
art to industry ; but the explanation of this great advan-
tage for England is in the part she has taken, not at the
exhibitions, but in the study of art itself. These yean
have not been passed in admiring her own productions,
they have been passed in instructing, in strengthening
herself by the study of good examples ; in a word, by her
developing at home instruction in Industrial Art in the
most liberal manner.
After the great international gathering inaugurated by
the Exhibition of 1861, England felt her inferiority in
that sphere of industry whicn specially applies to Art. A
noble spirit, whose memory is justly revered, Prinoe Albert,
pointed out the causes of that inferiority, and took the
mitiative of those improvements whioh in ten years have
nearly changed the aspect of affairs. England possesses
at the present moment 800 or 900 societies, whose mission
it is to propagate a feeling for art and taste. These
societies number 200,000 members, which in their turn
encourage 100 Schools of Art and nearly 800 private
industrial schools. Museums of all kinds have been
created for each industry, with public instruction and
special lectures for the diflbrent kinds of manufacture.
To this development has been added the purchase
of books, drawings, and engravings, which may serve
as models and examples. This vast ^stem carries
wiUi it a considerable amount of fhnds, and a body of in-
telligent men devoted to Art and attached firmly to these
institutions by a proper remuneration. We saw in
1862, in London, several specimens of the works of theee
new industrial schools of Art, and we must acknowledge
that if the studrats are not so clever as those of our
sehoola, they arrive, thanks to the happy choice of models,
at an incontestable superiority. Regarding the excellent
movement of Schools of Industrial Axt whioh England
presents to us, where is France at the present time ? The
Exhibition of 1862 showed this to us, for there was the happy
idea, which deserves to be encouraged, of bringing the
schools of the whole country into that industrial oompe-
Ution. It is, therefore, neceasary that France should know
how to recognise that which England acknowledged to
herself ten years ago, that her instruction in Industrial
Art requires a complete reformation. The study of
nature and the old masters, the only fruitful study which
manifests itself in England in such important i-esulta, is
scarcely found, except very feebly, in the drawings exhi-
bited by the students in the Champs ElysSes. The greater
part of the drawings exhibited betray a bad method
applied to the education of our young industrial artists,
who are generally kept in a dosed room facing a cast
without interest, or before those tortured lithographs
the laborious execution of which a child is kept for months
studiously endeavouring to imitate. How much time is
lost in producing these symmetrical hatchings, which
make the pupil for^t the object of the design, and even
the subject wnich is beios^ copied. If the students were
only surrounded by the elagant and precious objects which
ornament the palaces, perhaps their imaginations, awakened
by the comparison of the beautiful, would not depart from
the laws of taste, but this cold atmosphere of the school
or class-room is not calculated to give to youth that pure
and elevated taste whioh the grandeur of divine works of
art alone can inmire.
4> « « * «
There is wanting a good fljvstem for our schools, and
that is the reason why, for the last ten years, our in-
dustrial art has seen its ancient prestige decay. This
fact established, let us pass from the method of instruction
to the works it has produced, and it will be easy to show,
by a few characteristic examples what the Exhibition in
the Champs Elys6es has reveaJed to us as to the tendencies
and as to Uie efforts of national genius in a sphere in which
it has been so accustomed hitherto to triumph.
4i ♦ ♦ K «
There h certainly in the designs for carpets, shawls,
lace, and jewellery which oover the walls great cleverness,
but artists, engravers, lithographers, carvers, niello-workers
and enamellers, all imagine that by attaining in their work
the greatest amount of evenness and the uniformity of a
machine, they will arrive at perfection. They abandon
all expression in their drawing, and consider that they
have reached the mark when they have brought their hand
to resemble that piece of steel in the machine for pricking
and tracing, of which they make too frequent use. What
time and pains is taken to brin^ under control the muscles,
to destroy all signs of life, of spirit, in a word, inspiration of
the highest art, which is only found in truly eloquent
works, if we may so express ourselves, in the works where
a generous feeling makes itself felt and destroys then*
uniformity. That great exactitude which pre-occupies
the industrial artist of these days, prevents him
from seising the poetry and the philosophy of his work
and consequently loving it. He is only an automaton
charged to execute mecbuuiicallv a drawing which is given
him ; there his art ceases, and he ignores entirely other
processes.
♦ * ♦ ♦ ♦
Passing fipom the porcelain to the glass, we notice in
the first ^ace the productions of Messrs. Dupouchet and
CK)8Be. Thatwhkm specially characterises this manufac-
ture is the deeke to imitate porcelain. Certainly glass
and poroelsdn are very much allied ; on the one hand yon
make opaque glasses, and on the other tranmarent porce-
lain; there is no longer any line of demarcation. Of what
service would this imitation be? Does not the quality
and the merit of the glass consist in its transparency ?
Coffee in a glass cup and wine in a porcelain vase would
be out of place. All these changes of ideas, b^ which it
is thought to introduce novelty, produce only disorder. It
is not the right way — it is nonsense, as the English term
it. Our manufacturers should be on their guard. The
Exhibition of London has shown us by comparison how
much England has advanced in the manu^ture of glass.
In the courts at the South Kensington Museum, you
see brought togeUier the most mavelious specimens
of glass which, manu&otured at Tyre, Sidon, Byxantiura,
Bagdad, and at Cairo, Venice, and Bhodes, show to all
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, January 15, 1864. 187
how art is allied to induitry. The English artizan of the
OitjT did not miss the opportunity of t&\ng a lesson tix)m
tiiem.
Pottery of an artiitic character in France, as in England,
has riiown a considerable development, which only dates
within the last tew years. Since porcelain has replaced
earthenware fn everyday life, pottery has been hardly
thought of, bat artists and amateurs, wearied of the want
of ftMdom and breadth of the painting on porcelain, have
again given an honourable place to those Persian, Italian,
and French potteiies of the middle ages, which command
such fahuloos prices at sales. That Henri Deux ware, so
beautifully inlaid — ^those potteries of Bernard Palissy —
those Persian majolicas, with metallic lustres, manufac-
tured in Europe by the Arabs of Majorca, and of which
Maestro Qiorgio found out the secret — even the enamel
sculptures of Lucca Delia Robbia, are at tho present mo-
ment the object of the researches of ** c^ramistes." Some
more or less able, but not having industrial art as their
object, have got into a difficulty and remain there. Some,
on the other nand, if they are able to reconcile our wants
of luxury with the real laws of decorative art, have an
nnlimited field before them, and will be able to realise all
thoae marvels of fairy tales in which are to be seen palaces
of rubies, emeralds, and sapphires, built, as it were, by en-
chantment.
• ♦♦♦♦♦
The Exhibition of Industrial Art has revealed to us the
causes which point to the inferiority of France. The evil
i% m the^ conmsion of systems and methods which has
reachcMl its climax, but with the evil it is necessary now
to indicate the remedy. This remedy will be found in
the direction which it will be possible to give to the In-
dustrial Schools of Art. Before, then, that young heads
are perverted by the sight of objects which surround us,
place them in the midst of that which is pure and real,
and develop from nature their precocious love of the
beautiful, they will then proceed in the right direction,
knowing where they will oe instructed ; then the young
artists in leavingthe schools, will not consider it necessary
to tiy liistorical subjects, and a zrand style to reach a high
state of perfection ; thev will learn that with talent and
taste It is poanble, without pretending to too much, to
arrive at fortune and reputation. Forced to restrain their
too ambitious flight, they will devote to industry their
talents and then- knowledge. We appeal to the great
masters of the art not to disdain industry, but to give it
tbeir support ; not, as it were, to imagine that nothing is
pure in art, but upon the condition of being materiidly
useless, and that from the moment when they put their
foot to the ground, their art, by that veiy fact, is looked
upon with contempt.
We will remind them that Raphael drew arabesques
on the walls of palaces, designs and tapestry work for
vestments and hangings— that Titian, Tintoretto, Paul
Veronese, and many otl^rs used to do the same, and knew
that in giving a truly artistic character to divers industries,
thev augmented the influence, the riches, and the glories of
their beloved country. It was in their studios that they
tSQght and made choice of artists destined according to
^hdr particular inclinaUons — one for the manufacture
of mosaics, and another for the celebrated glass ware,
for the potteries of Murano, of Gubbio, of D*Urbino,
the cloths that the meix:hanto of the Rialto sold to the
ginoBS of the earth, the arms and the jewelleiy of
nsote Vecchio, and of Palazzo Reale. Having a
|oTs for art they did not allow themselves to have
iniposed on them, by illiterate dealers, forms and colours
whidi our industrial aiiists accept and execute without
Dloshing, because their position is not such as to enable
wm to guide rather than follow the taste of the age. We
«▼% in France vitality and strength which cannot fall us.
^^Mperiod of the middle i^es, which the intelligent
**■»"«» of the ItaUau Bepoblics made to shine with
■^ MUmcv, and when art was both elevated and
healthy, because its promoters never fbrgot to take the
useful as the starting point, should serve as an example.
Lftt us apply oui-aelves to the work with courage, and
by our logititnato anxiety at the sight of the progress of
English industrial art may French Industrial Art be re-
generated.
Elbotbio Fertiliser. — ^Under this title the Abb6
Moigno, in ** Let JHondes^" describes a process, by M.
Bazin, for converting the nitrogen of the atmosphere into
nitrate of ammonia, and using it for fertilising the boU.
Water, in a state of extremely minute division, is caused
to pass into a reservoir ; a blowing machine forces into
this artificial fog, as it may be called, a large quan-
tity of air, which thus becomes saturated with moisture;
spaiks from an electro-magnetic machine are conti-
nually passed through this mixture of oxygen, hydro-
gen, and nitrogen, which cause the formation of nitric
acid and ammonia anl nitrate of ammonia. The
water which is not decomposed dissolves the salt, and
the reservoir in a short time contains a solution of
nitrate of ammonia, of sufficient strength to be em-
ployed in the fertilisation of the soil. M. Bazin states
that a litre of water thus treated will give one gramme of
nitrate of ammonia. Th^ chief expense is the fuel con-
sumed in driving the ma^naeto-electric machine, and the
operation resolves itself into a transformation of coal into
nitrate of ammonia. M. Bazin then proposes to use a
machine, which he terms in " electric fertiliser," which is
in the shape of a plough, ihe share of which, in the fonii
of a knife, cuts the soil tc the depth of about fifteen centi-
metres. The two pole4 of a small electro-magnetic
machine, giving off a nn.iiber of long sparks, are placed
in communication with the soil. The apparatus is
carried complete on a c-airiage, and is sufficiently light to
be drawn by one horse. To it is affixed a cask for watt-
ing, with a cock for letting off the liquid placed close to
the ploughshare, filled with the solution of nitrate of
ammonia produced as above, or with an^ other liquid
manure suitable for tho soil or the crop mtended to be
grown. The description ot this machine and its action is
by no means clear, but such is all the information that
is at present given. How far the production of the nitrate
of ammonia by this process, and its use by means of the
above machine is economical, M. Bazin does not give
any data for calculating.
Boots and Shoes by MAomNKRY. — A manufactory in
which boots and shoes uro made upon an extensive scale,
by machinery, has been recently established in New York,
and is thus described by the SderUific American : — " Three
large apartments are occupied by the operatives, mechanism
and goods. The skins tor the uppers are first spread out,
examined, and selected, according to the purpose for which
they are required. Different outtera then cut out the re-
spective parts, aooording to the size and form required, and
these are all arranged and classified. After this these
separate parts are given out in lots to be sewed by
machines, and those uppers which are intended for boots
are crimped, and the whole made ready for receiving the
soles. The more heavy operations of punching, sewing,
pegging the soles, and finishing the articles are next
executed. The sole leather, in hides, is first steeped in a
tank to soften it; then it is thoroughly dripped, and
afterwards cut by a machine into measured lengths of a
certain breadth, according to the size of the sole wanted.
After having become sufficiently dry, these cut strips of
leather are run between rollers, and also submitted to
severe pressure under plates in a press, so as to effect as
complete a compression of the fibres as is attained according
to the old mode by beating with a hammer upon a lap-
stone. From these compressed strips, soles of the difierent
sizes are puuched out at a single blow by a machine, the
cutter of which is of the size and form required, and it
turns round so as to cut a right and left sole alternately.
Heel-pieces are also out out by hollow punches at a single
blow. The edges of tho soles and heels are next smoo^
138
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Januaut 15, 1864,
and polUbed in a small rotating machine ; and another
machine then makes the channels in the boles I'cr the rows
of stitching. After this the under soles and uppers are
fitted upon lasta and made ready for sewing. The opera-
tion is executed by Maokay's peculiar machine adapted
for this specific purpose. The waxc^ thread is wound
upon a vertical spool, and is conducted through a guide
situated upon the top of an elbow secured on a swivel
joint capable of turning under the needle, and conducting
the thread into the crease round the sole. The needle
operates vertically above the sole, and the waxed thread
is led into the interior of the boot or shoe by the guide,
the needle descending through the sole, drawing through
the thread and forming the stitches, which are pressed
down close into the crease by a tracer-foot, upon which
great pressure is exerted. In this manner the soles and
uppers are united firmly and neatly together in a few
seconds, without employmg a welt. Hand-sewing cannot
be compared with such machine work for accuracy and
rapidity. Another machine is employed for putting on
double soles with copper pegs. A thin strip or copper is
fed in at one side ana the holes are punched in the sole,
the pegs cut and put into the holes, and then driven down
by one continuous operation, with a speed corresponding
to that of sewing the soles. The crossing of the half
sole at the instep is pegged, and also fastened with a
screw at each side by hand ; the heels are also pegged
down. The edges of the heels are neatly trimmed by a
small rotating machine, and the soles are also rubbed
down by a machine; so that nearly all the operations
connected with the manufacture of boots and shoes in this
establishment are performed by machines designed
especially for the purpose. The legs of the boots are
stretched and the wrinkles removed by new boot-trees
secured^ to benches, and are expanded in an instant from
the interior by pressing ona treadle with the foot. These
boot-trees are altogether superior to the clumsy old wedge
kind. The materials used in the manufacture of these
articles appear to be of a superior quality, the machine
not being aidapted for operating on inferior patch leather.
Another novel feature connected with these machines is
that they are driven by one of Roper*d hot-air engines ;
it has been running for several months, requiring but little
attention, and consuming a very small quantity of fuel.
The accurate operations of these machines, and the
rapidity of their action, place them in a highly ad-
vantageous position for manufacturing boots and shoes.
One hundred men will turn out with these machines as
much work as four hundred men without them. About
500 pairs can be turned out daily in this establishment.
Perhaps no labour connected with boot making is so severe
as that bestowed upon burnishing the heel with a warm
iron. This work is still executed by hand, but a machine
is now being set up to accomplish this finishing operation,
and it will soon be at work."
Cotton in Ctpbus.— It is stated that the experiment
made of the cultivation of cotton in this island has suc-
ceeded beyond all expectation, and the price of raw cotton
has increased tenfold. What was worth only from eight
to ten piastres now sells for seventy piastres. The crop of
last year, which promised well, was totally destroyed by
locusts, and it became necessary to sow the ground anew ;
but precautions are to be taken to prevent a repetition of
the disaster. The Ottoman Government, with a view to
encouiage the cultivation of cotton in Cyprus, is selling
land at the rate of from 20f. to 50f. the measure of two-
and- a -half acres, giving at the same time great facility
for the payment, exemption from taxes for many years,
and liberty to import spinning machines free of dut^.
Cbeap Lantern Polabiscopb. — Mr. Samuel Highley
has recently introduced a polariscope that can be used
in conjunction with the magic-lantern, without the instiu-
ment being sent to an optician " to be fitted" with such an
adjunct, and at a moderate cost. The EUclridan gives
the following description of the instrument : — •• The
various parts are mounted on what the inventor calb
* a gout-board support ;* the upright is fitted with an
udjuhtablo iMiicl thai carries a bundle of gla^^ plates on
one side and the stage and power on the other; this allows
of the entire arrangement being accurately < centred' with
any lantern with which it may bo employed ; when ad-
justed, the panel is clamped by means of a milled-head
screw. The * bundle' consists of such a number of thin
glass plates as will give a bright reflected beam of po-
larised light, and is attached to the panel at the proper
angle for producmg such a beam. The spring stage
for carrying selenite designs, nnannealed glasses, pres-
sure and heating clamps, and the larger objects, is
formed within a large tulie attached to the front side
of the panel ; and to the front of this is screwed a
spring jacket, within which slides the power and stage
for the smaller ciystals employed. To the front part
of the base-board an adjustable rod is fixed that carries
the analyser, which consists of a large prism, made ex-
pressly for the purpose of giving a large and pure field of
colour, the absolute field attainable bein^ of course de-
pendent on the intensity of the source of light employed,
as oil. oxy-caldum, oxy-hydrogen, or the electric. Pro-
vision is made for rotating both the smaller and larger
objects, when necessary for the demonstration of certain
phenomena. When selenite designs are shown on the
screen, the crystal power is replacea with another of suit-
able construction. To use this polariscope, the nozzle
is placed at right angles to the screen, and the base-board
is then clamped to the table. The front lenses of the
magic-lantern are removed, the condensers only being
employed, and the source of light moved till a beam of
parallel rays is produced ; the lantern nozzle is then
pointed at the bundle till the rays are incident at the po-
larising angle for glass, the proper direction being indicated
for the uninitiated by a white line marked on the frame-
work, the right adjustment of parts being further indicated
by the appearance of an even disc of light upon the screen.
A design is then inserted in the large stage, its lines of
construction focussed, the analysing prism inserted in its
jacket, and the coloured eflect produced and vaiied,
either by the rotation of the prism or the rotation of
the design or crystal. By removing the panel from the
support, and placing it before a window, with nozzle
pointing upwards, and adding a suitable power, it may be
then used as a table polariscope, or the light of a reading
lamp may be employed as the source of light."
MoLHOUSE School fob TsACHrNO the Tbeobt and
Practiob of Meohanioal Weaving. — ^At Mulhouse a
school of the above character has been established, under the
patronage of the ** SocUU IndmtridU' of tliat place. The
object of the school is to supply that which the professional
teaching of the district does not include, namely, the afford-
ing to young persons opportunities of studying the general
theory of weaving, and its various applications to all
kinds of fabrics. The approach of a more lively struggle
with foreign industries has caused a greater need for this
institution. The students leaving this school with good
certificates, and well educated in other respects, it is con-
fidently expected will render good service to any estab-
lishment with which they may afterwards become con-
nected. Its organisation on a good foundation is due to the
liberality of the merchants and manufacturers of the De-
partment, who have come forward with funds. It is es-
tablished on the footing of a manufactory, and forms a
complete establishment of itself, with steam power and
machinery, with workshops for repairs, &c It contains
power-looms for weaving with from one to six shuttles, of
both French and Engluh construction, on the different
systems of the most recent and most perfect kmd;
there are also hand-looms, Jacquards, a complete series
of preparatory machines, such as machines for reeling,
warping, &c., besides all kinds of machines and models for
the purpose of initiating the student in theoretical
knowledge, to be followed by practical demonstration.
The coui^se of study is sepaiatea into two divisions, the
one for theory and the other for practice. The two,
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Janoary 16, 1864. 139
3K
SB:
however, go on together, that is to say, the stadent passes
regularly in succession from theory to practice. The
first division comprehends specially the studying and
analysing the various structures of the different kinds j of
fiibrios, particular attention being given to fabrics which
are speoally adapted to the wants of the district. This
coarse finidhes with the making of drawings of the ma-
chines in the school, the study of the best arrangements
for producing new styles of fabrics, the making plans and
calculation of the cost price of the material and the
manufactured article, book-keeping, <&c. The practical
course consists of actual hand-work— the mounting, ar-
ranging, adjusting, repairing, and keeping the machines in
good order ; the putting into practice those things which
the pupils have learnt in theoiy, going through all the pre-
]>aratory operations, each pupil hoiag assist^ by a skilled
foreman. Besides, every day, there is a special course
of two hours for journeymen desiring to learn the art of
weaving. Each pupil is attended to sepai'ately, and never
is allowed to pass on to anything fresh until he has a
perfect knowledge of the preceding subject. The cost of
admission to the theoretical and practical courses is fixed
at 600fr. (£24) a year for each pupil. A pupil may enter
for one course only. The admission fee for the theoretical
course only is fixed at 300fr. (£12) a year, and the fee to
the ^racti(^ course at the same amount. The school year
consists of eleven months. The fee for the special course
of two hours is 25fr. (£1) a month, and is paid in advance.
Paper, and all necessary materials and specimens, must be
provided at the cost of the pupils. The annual payments
are made half on entering and the balance three months
afterwards. These fees remain the property of the
school, whether the pupil remains tlie whole time or not.
Foreigners, as well as natives, are admitted to the school.
As each course is personal, a pupil may be admitted at any
period of the year. He must produce on entering certificates
of good conduct and ability from other institutions ho may
have been at. A certificate of skill is given to the pupil on
his leaving, only when Le has deserve it by assiduous at-
tention to his work and irreproacliable conduct. At the
conclusion of his studies the pupil is compelled to pass an
examination, the result of which is sent by writing
to the director. This examination consists in answering
questions relating to the theory and practice of weaving,
aa well as the preparatory processes which the candidate
has studied during his stay in the school. The pupU
must beddes show himself capable of explaining and
analysing all the specimens of fabrics which may be
placed before him in oonnection with each of his theoretical
Goarees. He must also submit a general plan of the school,
with its prime mover, and shamng and drawings of the
diflcrent machines; complete plans of the various me-
thoda of weaving ; his note book of his courses of instruc-
tioo and work, and the whole must be done with great care
and neatness. The course commences and continues as
followa: in the morning from eight o'clock to twelve,
io the afternoon from two o'clock till six, with the ex-
ception of Saturdays, when the school closes at four o'clock.
pQpils who do not arrive at the school within half an hour
of the times fixed will not be admitted. For pupil
workers the school is open at seven o'clock in the after-
noon. The school is dosed on Sundays, and on days of
legal holiday. Eveiy thing tending to disturb the course
of work, whether noise, singing, or talking, is prohibited,
as well as smoking in the lecture-rooms, work-rooms ; or
the introduction of eatables or wine. No pupil can
Introdace persons to see the workshops without the per-
mission of the director. No one is permitted to meddle
with a loom except in the presence of the foreman, who
mwd always bo present, and must see when the work is
over that everything is put into its place. This rale must
be strictly adhered to, in order to prevent accidents to the
machines, Sec. On days for practical working all the
pupils are obliged to b« in the weaving workshops, and
must do their utmost to produce good work, and make
as little waste as possible. The steam-engiue, the
heating, and the oiling the machines, &c., is placed
in charge of the pupils in turn, according to a fixed rota.
They must take special oare to prevent accidents,
and, on the least derangemeut of the machines, must
immediately report the same to the foreman. The
holidays are fixed by the managing committee. Monthly
reports of the conduct and work of each pupil are sent
to the parent, in order that he may know what progress
is made. The pupils must conform in every rospoot to
the rales; every infraction of the rules, if repeated, every
want of respect towards the director or foreman, frequent
late attendances at work or absences without good reason,
and any other grave foult, even out of school, are i*e-
ported to the Managing Committee, who have power to
expel any pupil so neglecting his duties. The manufac-
turers and merchants who want infonnation on any spe-
cial kind of work, or on the arrangement of any kind of
work, have the privilege of applying, verbally or in writing,
to the director for information ; and the information given,
accompanied, if required, with demonstrations at the
school itself, are charged for according to the time taken
up in the matter, or the difficulty of executing the fabrics,
in respect of which explanation is required. An annual
subscription, the conditions of which are supplied by
the director, may be made in lieu of payment for such
advice. In order to assist inventors in trying improve-
ments, the school affords its co operation to those inte-
rested, and receives machines and inventions, and will
submit them to the employ^ in the shops. The school
wlU undoitake, if asked, to make known to the in-
ventors the observations which such an examination has
elicited.
New Kmo op Skate. — Mr. H. Cholmondeley PenncU
has forwarded to the Society's House a specimen of a
skato, invented by him, with two blades, his principal ob-
ject being to facilitate the acquirement of skating by
young people and persons with weak ankles. In de-
scribing his invention, he says : — " The ordinary single-
ironed skate imposes upon beginners very great, and, to
ladies and persons of delicate frame, almost insuperable
difficulties in the way of its use ; difficulties which are, it
would appear, by no means unavoidable, but to be at-
tributed to the want of application of the ordinary prin-
ciples of mechanics. Thus, in the common skate, the
sole of the foot is raised unnecessarily high above the ice
— about 1} inch — the edge of the iron on which tlie body
has ultimately to be balanced is extremely narrow, whilst
the portion of it actually touching the ice at any one time
is little more than half-an-inoh ; in the new skate, how-
ever, the sole is only raised from one-half to three-quarter
of an inch, and the portion resting is 1 J inch. It may
also be added that the old skate weighs more than half
as much again as the new one — the weights being 14 and
9 oz. respectively — and that there is a considerable dif-
ference in the manufacturing cost in favour of the new
skate, which is besides much more durable and far prettier
on the foot. Another portion of the invention consists of
a heel-peg, <^hioh is capable of application to oixiinary
skates. This has a point projecting below the u-on, and
capable of being raised and lowered at will, by means of
a screw. Its object is to check or stop the skate the mo-
ment the body of the skater is thrown backwards in the
act of falling ; the peg is then driven mora or less forcibly
into the ice, and effectoally prevents the skate slipping
from underneath, and the consequent fall. Whilst the
body is in the ordinary skating position, this peg can be
arranged so as never, or hardly ever, to touch the ice; and
when the skater is no longer in need of precautions, it
can be readily screwed up away from the ice altogether."
In conclusion, the inventor states that his main object in
brining forward this invention is to increase as much as
possible the out-door amusements in which ladies can
take part, which, in view of the present highly artificial
constitotion of society, is a point well worthy ot consider-
ation.
140
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, January 15, 1864.
Cffimittrw*
Trade Marks. — The Duke of Newcastle has forwarded
to each of the governora of the British Colonies, to be
laid before the Colonial Legislatures for action there-
on, a memorialf addressed to him by about thirty of the
principal mannfactarers of goods, wares, and merchandise,
using trade marks to distinguish and identify the articles
manufactured by them. They complain that, in the
course of their various dealings with many of the colonies,
they are far less protected against the trade frauds and
constant imitations and forgenes of their trade marks than
in the United Kingdom itself, or in those foreign coun-
tries with which we have commercial treaties. The
piracies complained of and the fhiuds alluded to are
matters of daily occurrence, and carried on with the ut-
most openness and practically with perfect impunity, and
they therefore ask that the law of the various colonies of
the empire may be assimilated to the improved law of the
mother countiy.
Foreign Competition. — The Paris correspondent of
the Timet writes : — French trade is indeed £u* from being
ruined by French competition. Manufacturers admit this,
and the protectfbnists, who predicted ruin and desolation,
are almost dumb. I have just heard of an American com-
pany in want of rails instructing its agents to give a large
order to the manufacturer who should sunply the best
article at the lowest price. The agents triea some houses
in England, and then in France, and finally gave the order
to a long-established and well-known firm in the depart-
ment of the Moselle, where they found what they wanted, at
least as good, and certainly cheaper than in England. The
head of the establbhment is M. Wendel, one ofthe richest
ironmasters, and until now one of the mojt ardent and, I
dare say, sincere protecUonists in France. He has beaten
the English mannfactoreiB in open competition.
Tradb in Franoe.— It appears fi'om the official returns
published of the imports and exports for the first 11
months of the year lo6d that trade in France improved
during that period. The importsamount to 2,179,527, I59f.,
showing an increase of 165,313,983f. over the correspond-
ing period of the year 1862. The exports amount to
2,d84,875,256f., being an increase of 371,088,360f. over
the year 1862. If to these figures be added the value of
the precious metals imported and exported, which are
given separately in the official returns, but which are
bought like any other merchandise, the imports will
amount to 2,666,000,000f. for 1863, and to 2,498,000,000f.
for 1862, and the exporU to 2,939,000,000f. in 1863, and
to 2,4a7,000,000f. in 1862. The Customs duties pro-
duced 169,000,000f. during the first 11 months of the year
1863, and only 138,000,000f. during the corresponding
period of the year 1862. It was the sugar importM which
produced this increase in the Customs receipts. The
foreign and colonial sugar imported into France in the
vear 1861 produced each, in round numbers, 24,000,000f.,
and in 1863 each 43.000,000f. There is likewise an in-
crease in the duty paid on fermented liquors imported.
It amounted in 1863 to 186,000,000f., and in 1862 to
I78,000,000f. Tobacco produced 205,000,000f. in 1863,
and 200,000,000f. in 1862. The duty on salt has not re-
covered since it was reduced, and there is a loss on gun-
powder. The stock of merchandise in the bonded stores
on the 1st of December, 1863, was inferior to that of the
corresponding period of the two previous years. The
quantity expressed in metrical quintals was 2,455,000 in
December. 1863, 3,019,000 in 1862, and 3,178,000 in 1861.
It is particularly in the Havre and MarBeilles stores that
the merchandise has diminished. There were more
French ships employed in the importation of merchandise
in the year 1863 than in former years, and still more io
the export.trade. There were likewise more ships era-
ployed in the import trade, but fewer in the export of
merchandise. The tonnage inwards amounted to
4,193,560 tons, and outwards to only 2,940,592 tons.
This is explained by the fact of the imports consisting of
the raw material employed in the manufactories, and of
coal, which weigh heavier than the manufactured goods
exported.
€a\am.
Sugar Cultivation in Queensland. — The most ex-
tensive sugar plantation in this colony is on the estate of
the Honourable Louis Hope, at Cleveland, and occupies
one of the most pleasant situations in Moreton Bay. It
consists of an elevated tract of land ; the soil is, for the
most part, of a friable loam, reddish brown on the sur-
fiice, and deep red below ; it is almost entirely free from
stone, which is found only in the form of irregular pebbles
of nearly the same colour as the soil, and apparently of
ferruginous texture. Amongst Captain Hope's earliest ex-
periments in cultivation was the planting of a small
nursery of sugar cane, which, by successive propagations,
and the introduction of fresh cuttings from other sources,
he continued to enlarge for two or three years. Great
difficulty was experienced for some time in ^tting a
sufficient supply of oanes to engage in the cultivation of
sugar on a large scale, but it has at last been surmounted.
At present there is an area of about twenty acres cropped
with canes ; about thirty acres more have been cleared,
and it is expected that by this time next year the planta-
tion will extend to between 60 and 70 acres. The ground
has been prepared by ploughing and cross-ploughing ; it
is found advantageous to return the plough along the
fUrrow so as to throw up the soil in ridges, with ti-enches
for tiie storm water to run off clear of the roots of the
oanes. Holes are then hoed in the ground about a foot
deep for the reception of the cuttings, which are about
nine inches long, and contain from two to four ** eyes,"
one of which appears on every joint of the cane. In ten
days or a fortnight the sprouts show up, and as the young
plants grow, the holes are gradually filled up with earth.
The period required for the cane to arrive at maturity is
uncertain, and depends materially upon the time of plant-
ing. Captain Hope has planted canes every month m the
year, and his experience will no doubt shorUy show which
proves the mosttadvantageous. When ripe the canes take
no hurt by remaining in the ground, and they are only cut
as required for the mill, it being desirable they should be
ground as fresh as possible. The purple cane is the more
hardy, but the yellow cane yields the best sugar. The
canes must be out as close to the ground as possible, in
order to secure the greatest quantity of sugar, the richebt
i'uice being in the lowest Joints. From experiments made
>y Captain Hope, the test of the saccharometer gives the
juice richer qualities than are found in the average West
Indian canes. Twenty-four canes yielded seven gallons
of juice, from which was produced a splendid sample of
sugar that was exhibited in Brisbane some time ago.
The qnantitv of sugar made for exportation is but smiul.
A mill for the manufacture of sugar is in course of erec-
tion ; the plant, steam-engine, &c., are daily expected
from England. The capacity of the machinery is estimated
as equal to the requirements of a plantation of a thousand
acres, being capable of crushing six tons of cane, the pro-
duce of tl^ee acres of ground, in 24 hours. The build-
ings at present on the estate consist of a kiln for burning
lime to clarify the sugar, workmen's huts, overseers and
storekeepers' houses, stores, &c. The Honourable Mr.
Bigge is about to commence sugar gi-owing ; he is now
clearing fourteen acres of the red soil, which will be
planted with canes in a few months.
Queensland Botanical Gardens. — Repeated and
suocessAil experiments have been made here in growing
the sugar-cane, ihe coffee plant, tea plant, tobacco, ginger,
Chinehma calitaya (quinine-yielding plant of South
America), cotton, the Paraguay tea tree, spices of all
.descriptions, and many other useful plants. The results
show that the cultivation of the sugar-cane is likely to
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, January 15, 1864.
141
prave v«ry profiUblo. The experiment with the cofTee
^ant haa also been socoessful — the plant is at present in
mil bearing, and the berry is fine and full-flavoured ; it
is expected to yield from seven to nine pounds, whilst in
Ceylon two pounds and a half from one plant is reckoned
a fair average yield. A small plantation has been laid
out, which gives every promise of success, so that it is
plainly demonstrated that coffee can be profitably grown
m Queenaland. There are two plantations of Thea Bohea,
oonsistioff of several hundred plants, which are thriving
welL The Oiinduma catUaya was introduced in the early
part of last year, and from the fact that it is being rapidly
introduced into the tropicsd colonies its growth was looked
fi)rward to with much mterest, and the plant takes kindly
to the soil, and is in a flourishing state. The tobacco
plant is also a suocess.
Slugs im Adstbalia. — A northern stockholder states
that millions of slugs have been seen movmg south-west
in a body, and stripping the country as they go. They
« had oleaied about one and a half mile long and fi-om a
half to three-quarters wide. The grasshopper birds have
also retoroed, who, in the absence of grasshoppers, of
which none have been noticed, may possibly take to the
dugs and destroy them.
(Bbitms.
Dr. Joseph Batbman, barrister-at-law, who died on the
lOih November, was bom on the 4th March, 1797, at
Selby, in Yorkshire, where .also ho was educated, and in
1811 was articled to Mr. Edward Parker, solicitor, of that
place. He remained with tliat f^entleman until 1821,
when he came to London to fill a situation in the office of
Messrs. G^, Solicitors to the Board of Ezdse, having
previously enAred himself at LincolnVinn on the 23rd
April, ] 819. In the year 1829 the relationship of Messrs.
Carr to the Board of Excise ceased, a solicitor's depart-
ment being established, on which occasion many of Messrs.
Carr*s derks were incorporated with the revenue service,
and ftt>m that date Dr. JBateman became a Qovemment
officer, eventually rising to the head clerkship, though by
the ordinary rule of the service he was not eligible for
further promotion. His character and talents, however,
stood so high in the estimation of the Qovemment, that
when the office of AsBistant-Solicitor to the Excise became
vacant in 1846, the late Sir Robert Peel selected the
deceased for the position, conveying the announcement of
his appointment in the following very gratifying terms :—
WbitehaU, Jolj 4, 1846.
Sir Robert Peel presents his compliments to Mr. Bateman.
He is ▼ery flad to have the opportunity of rewarding the long
and faiUimf services of Mr. Bateman bv a promotion, not in
the ordinary ooone, but well deserved by him.
Ho was called to the bar on the 27th January, 1847. On
the amalgamation of the Stamps and Taxes with the Ex-
cise, and their junction at Somerset-house, he retired from
office, and found congenial occupation in his retirement in
the exercise of his functions as a magistrate of the county
of Middlesex. From his earliest years Dr. Bateman had
employed his leisure in the pursuit of literature. One of
his earliest publications was " The Highway Acts," which
has gone through several editions. The standard work,
*' The Law of Auctions," was his next book. He also
published " The General Laws of Excise," '* The Excise
Officer's Manual," and the large and important volume,
•« Bateman's Excise Laws," quoted as the authority in the
courts of law. He early associated himself with Dr. Birk-
beck and others, in the establishment of literary and
scientific institutions, and by his own lectures and personal
and pecuniary assistance, greatly aided in securing the
prosperity of more than one of such associations. He be-
came a member of the Society of Arts in 1840, and for
several years took an active part in its proceedings, and
as9i8ted on one of the committees of the Eshilntion of
1851. The deceased was mucii interested in the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, and contri-
buted several papers to its transactions. As a tribute to
his scientific and literary acquirements and woiks, the
University of Giessen conferred upon him the distinction
of Doctor of Laws.
f nWitatians |ssttelr.
The Bbown Book. {Saunders, Othy, atid Co,) This
is intended as a book of ready reference to the hotek ,
lodging and boarding-houses; breakfast and dining-rooms;
libraries, public and circulating ; amusements ; hospitals,
schools, and charitable institutions of London ; with full in-
formation as to situation, specialty, &c. Itcontainsa "handy
list," showing the nearest post-office, money-order office,
cab-stand, police-station, fire-engine, fire-escape, hospital,
&c,, to one thousand of the principal streets of the Me-
tropolis. It also includes a notice of the literary and
scientific societies, with lists of theu* meetings for the pre-
sent seauon ; particulars and (in seme instances) i)lans of
the theatres and other places of amusement, and an ac-
count of the various sights of the Metropolis. It is in-
tended to publish an edition half-yearly. •
Idtts.
Mbpioated Wines and the Exoisb. — ^From a corres-
pondence which has lately taken place between the Inland
Kevenne Board and the President of the Pharmaceutical
Society, with reference to the necessity of a ** wine license"
for the sale of ** medicated wines," such as *' orange
quinine wine," "aloes wine," ** colchicum wine," &c., it
appears that whenever articles are held out by label or ad-
vertisement as beneficial to persons suffering from any ail-
ment affecting the human body, the^ can only be sold
under a patent medicine license, and with a stamped label
on each packet, and also in strictness under an Elxcise
wine license (Foreign or British), according to the character
of the wine. The Board, however, state that, except in
cases where there may be reason to believe that a beverage
is being sold under colour of a medicine, they will not in-
terfere with the sale, without any Excise license, of medi-
cated wines of the character indicated, provided such
medicines do not fall under the category of patent
medicines.
New Motive Power. — A machine has been exhibited
at the Crystal Palace, by which it is hoped to introduce a
new principle into locomotion. The invention is due to
M. Casimir Noel, of Meaux, in Fivice. This gentleman
came to the conclusion that weight might be converted
iivto motive power in the propping of vehicles. The
principle is not new, being already to some extent
developed in the velocipede, and in the well-known aetion
of the lathe in machinery. A car has been constructed
which will move either with or without rails to go qpon,
and in whic^ the weight of the bodies placed on it is so
adjusted that with a very slight initiating power— whether
human muscles, or horses, or steam — ^locomotion is stated
to be effected with a great saving of force. The axles of
the car are made with cranks, moved by elongated spiral
springs; and the whole, with several persons on it, may
be set going by one man, working his feet on a moveable
part of the machine. The axles, instead of being con-
nected with the naves of the wheels, bear on the main
spokes of each wheel, and the weight fallmg on the spoke
continues the motion which the operator has commenced.
It is said that one man can wheel four hundred weight of
stone on a barrow constiucted on this principle, though the
same weight on a common barrow is far beyond any
ordinary man's strength. It is stated that M. de Lesseps
has already ordered some of these barrows for the Suez
Canal, but further information U necessary before any
142
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, JAN0Anv 15, 1864.
definite conclusion can be arrived at as to the value of
the invention.
TuK Chabino-cross Railway. — This line was opened
on Monday, the Iltli inst., not being, however, yet com-
pleted to Gannon-street. The line, though scarcely two
wiles long from end to end, has been nearly four years in
construction. It runs enlirely on bridges or arches, there
being no less than 17 brid|;cs and 100 arches, of which
latter 1 8 are taken over streets and three over courts. Of
the 17 bridges one crosses the Thames, the others cross
great main thoroughfares. Those over the streets are
anion^ the longest single street spans ever built. The
quantity of wrought iron in the Charing-cross-bridgo is
0,000 tons, and of cast-iron 2,000 tons. The bridges over
the streets contain 3,2o0 tons of wrought-iron and 250 tons
of cast-iron ; 151 ,000 yai-ds of brickwork with 4 1 ,000 yards
of concrete were required to complete the arches, and
1)0,000 cubic yards ot earthwork have been made.
Pei'uoleuh in llussiA. — It is stated that a district has
l»cen discovered in Russia of similar formation to that of
the oil-producing regions of Pennsylvania and other parts
of America, and that an American has obtained a conces-
sion from the Russian government of a tract of 50,000 acres.
South Keksinotos Museum.— The following adver-
tisement appeared in the Timet o{ the 6th instant :— " To
Architects : — The Commissioners of her Majesty's Works
and Public Buildings give notice that they are prepared
to receive designs Irom architects for two new museums,
to bo erected on part of the land, at South Kensington,
recently purchased by the government, and used in 1862
for the International Exhibition. Plans of the grounds,
together with a statement of the premiums and other par-
ticulars will be forwarded to architects on application, by
letter, addressed to the Secretary of her Miyesty's office of
Works, 12, Whitehall-T>lace, London. — January, 1864."
Bbitisu Museum. — The time-honoured custom of main-
taining a military guard at the British Museum was
discontinued at the close of last year, when the sentinels
on duty at the principal entrance were permanently dis-
])lacod, and the sentry boxes removed. The charge of the
national collections has devolved upon the Metropolitan
Police, some of whom ate constantly stationed within the
building. This arrangement extends to the National
Gallery and other public institutions.
^
THE ALLEGED EARLY PHOTOGRAPHS.
Sib, — For some months past the world of Photographers
in London has been in a high state of excitement owing
to the discovery, among the papers of the late Matthew
Boulton, of a series of coloured prints which are snp-
t>0Bed to have been produced by some process now un-
known, and at the same time two early spooimens of
jMctures on silvered plates were produced from a drawer
at the Soho works. Mr. Smith, of the Museum of
Patents, who met with these specimens, in relating the
history of the pictures which he supposed to be photo-
graphs, stated to the members of the London Photographic
Society, at its meeting in November last, that
** Although a loo£ time htd elapsed since the matter bad
come into his hinds, and ho had expended mneh time on the
snbject, he was still fsr from having secared as fall and satis-
factory details as be oould have desired. About twelve months
•go he visited the Soho Works at Birmingham, on baiioess
connected with obtaining Watt*s first engine for exhibition at
the Moseum of Patents, when, by the kindness of Mr. Price, a
gentleman who was agent for the Boolton family (an office
which be and his family had held for two or three generations),
be saw various matters connected with their inventions. Mr.
Price showed him two of the pictures now on the table. Seeing
him interested in the matter, Mr. Price then brooaht out of
a drawer the two pictures on silvered plates (he wouU not call
them daguerreotypes). He thought the matter over, and it
•truck him, from what he had seen and heard, that they must
be something important. He wrote to Mr. Prioe about them,
who told him all he knew of their history. He then asked
him for them, that they might be preserved in the Patent
Moseum. Mr. Price sent them up, and he commenced his
forther inrestieation. His own opinion was, that the paper
pictures were the production of the camera- obsoura, that the
image was thrown on to paper prepared with some chemical
substance, which retained the image, and that it could then be
transferred, as some of the documents he had obtained stated,
to other surfaces, such as eopper, iron, &e. The pictures were
produced on paper such as was not made now, bat had been
made about 100 years ago. It had no date, but bore the name
of Whatman. The present owners of the miUs where it was
mode, Hollbgsworth and Co., had since then added a date to
the paper; but they informed him that the name only used to
be employed, and that the paper was probably 100 years old.
It was the strong, coarse, wire-morked paper. One of the first
points which struck htm was, the figures m one of the pictures
I** Venus and the Graces,** by Anffelica Eauffman) seemed
left-bsnded,* and shortly afterwards be was able to procure an
engraring of the same subject by Bartolof si, which was drawn
just the reverse. He then found that the figures in all the
Eaper pictures seemed to be left.banded. In the large picture
y West, for instance, they would perceive that the physician
was using his left hand to feel the pulse. These paper pictures,
he found, wero produced by a method invented by Mr. Francis
Kfinton, about the year 1773. He was taken by the hand by
Ah*. Boulton, who appeared to have undertaken the prodnetion
of the pictures from any painting, and seenring copies on paper,
copper, canvas, &c. This transfer appeared to have been
on what was termed, in the documents he had found, ** dead
colour." When thus produced, they wero frequently finished
as oil-paintings, water-colour drawin^ts, &c, and passed into
the bands of Mr. Barney to colour. A large number of them
appeared to have been done, the snbjects including the choice
works of the best artists of the day. The paper pictures ap-
peared to be an invention distinct from the pictures on tne
silver plate, ^inton's process appeared to flourish in 1780 ;
but nothing more was heard of tne matter after. The silver-
flate pictures appeared to have been produced about the year
791. Then there were, next, two pictures by Jhomas Wedg-
wood, which, by the kindness of Miss MeteyardThe was able to
show tbem ; thev appeared to have been taken about the year
1791. Joaiah Wedgwood was a member of the Lunar Society,
with whom it was probable the invention originated ; audit was
very probable that he would tell his son Thomas what bad been
done ; so that he might have derived his ideas on the subiect
from this sonree. He would, however, without further remark or
hypothesis, read the various documents from which tbe history
had to be deduced. They were sorted from a mass of papera
token out of Mr. Bonlton's private library seventeen or twenty
years ago, and at that time tbe library had not been opened for
about fiRy years.*'
Mr. Smith, having so stated his case, proceeded to read
extracts from a number of letters and other documents
which had been selected from a mass of correspondence
found at the Soho Works, and which be considered tended
to prove the hjrpothesis that the pictures in his possession
were produced by chemksal or photographic agenoy at a
date prior to 1791.
With reference to the silver pictures, I would merely
state that the evidence produced in support of the date of
their supposed production does not in any way justify tho
assumption that the dagurreotype art was either known or
practiced at Soho in 1791. At the same time it is
generally admitted that the plates in the possession of
Mr. Smith are early specimens of the daguerreotype art.
My present object is rather to endeavour to point out
what I believe to be a fallacy in attributing the production
of the paper prints to photographic agencies.
It will be seen from Mr. Smith's statement that the
prints were produced by a method invented by ** Mr. Francis
Eginton about the year 1790, that he was taken by tho
hand by Mr. Boulton, who appeared to have undertaken
the production of copies from any painting, and seouiing
copies on paper, copper, canvas, d^c." The copies were
made in what had been called '* dead colours," and in
some cases two or more colours wero employed. When
thus produced " they were frequently finished as oil
paintings, water-colour drawings, and passed into th<3
Lands of Mr. Barney to colour."
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF AIITS, January 15, 18G4. 143
Thn sepia ton© of potno of the prints corresponds with
the lint of a large nuiutnir of tito I'hotograph** now pro-
duced » while the extreme delicacy of tlio surface from
which the impression was taken has led to a belief that
they ooald only be the result of chemical agents acted
upon by light. This opinion is also based upon the fact
that the imprenons were taken on paper, the surface of
whioh b^ been specially prepared, and after the lapse of
nearly a'century the prepared sur&oe can be removed by
friction, and the entire imprenion obliterated, the imaffe
not having been absorbed mto the body of the paper, the
5 per it«elf being a hard and not a soft printing paper,
r. Eginton secured copies on paper, copper, canvas, d»:.,
and they were fhsquenily finished as oil paintings, water-
colour drawings, Sk, All this appears to me to be quite
intelligible to tihe eye and mind of any practised en>
^ver and printer ; and the prints themselves seem to
interpret the mode of their production. In the first place
1 would say that the paper on which the impression is
taken bears unmistakable evidence of the use of a metal
plate, a well-defined line having been impressed on the
paper by the edges of the plate m its passage through the
printing-press. This is quite consistent with the pro-
duction of copies of pictures on copper, iron, <fec. With
reference to the next point, the method by which the
mtnotely granulated surface was obtained, 1 believe
that any skilfbl acqnatint engraver could reproduce a
similar surface at any moment, if it were desired, by
simply laying the ground of his plate by means of a
delicate solution of any of the gums or resins used by
<acqnat!nt engravers, the gradations from light to shadow
in the pictures being dependent upon the action of acid in
biting in upon the niirface of the plate so prepared. That
the effect obtained was due to an acid action is to me
evident from the flatness of the j>art« of the picture which
have been stopped out. This is especially apparent
in the foliage in some of the impressions. Next
as to the materials upon which the print was pro-
duced, paper, canvas, &c., the copies being frequently
finished as oil paintings or water-colour drawings.
The prints in tne possession of Mr. Smith are upon
a hard paper, the sur^uM of which has been prepared,
some of the impressions being in two or more colours.
It was a common practice during the latter part of the
last century to print fh>m mezzotinto, acquatint, and chalk-
engraved ^stes in several colours, and I think that any-
one who will carefully examine the Soho impressions, wUl
detect ample evidence of a compound process of printing
with coloured inks. These inks were applied to the plate
according to a process given by Mr. Robert Laurie in 1776,
and published in the second volume of the Society of
Arts' Transactions, where he says : —
** As the iagenioiis and laborious works of many eminent
men have been oibered into the world with inel^pfsnt and in-
expressive cott, principally owing to the great expense sttendmg
the execotion of good engravingi, I have been induced to attempt
a melbod of engraviofr and printinit in colours, which bai
answered my most sanguine expectations, both with respect to
the ease ami expedition with which thev are executed, and con-
sroaciitly the little expense at which they may be afforded. In
tbu manner, animals. pUnta, Ac., for iliustratioj; natural his-
tory, nay be fioi^ed in their proper colours, very much like
diawingv, and frreatly resembling nature. The plates will also
odsoit of being repaired, so as to famish a large impression. If
this, my first attempt, should meet your approbation, it
will eneonroge me, under jour inspection, to proceed on a more
cxteaave plan. The Inrd represented by the prints now laid
before you, is token firom one which Captain Cook brought
from between the tropics* canirht in his last voyage round the
worid, and I bef leave to submit the plate, from which the
impressioBS were taken, to the consideration of the Society.
Mr. L««rie*s explanation of the method of taking coloured
pnots firom mcssotinto plates is as follows : — A copper plate
with an etched or engraved outline, dotted next the lights,
and filled in with messotinto f^rround, is printed in colours,
after natttrr« or from a picture, by the following process. Tlie
pfaOe bring warmed in the usual manner, the colours are applied,
bjr means of stump camel hair pencils, to the different psrts,
«8 the subject soirpests ; it is then wiped with a coarse gmuse
canvas, any oilier itcin;; improper ; after thi« it i« wi|ied clean
with the hand as iu commuu practice, and being again warmed,
is passed through the press. The colours are mixed with burnt
Unseed oil, and those generally used by painters sre proper.—
Robert LiVRin, aged 20, Nov. 1776.**
This process of compound printing is now contmned in a
modiBea form, small dabbers being used for the broader
surfaces in place of the stump pencils.
If the impression was to be finished as a water -ooloar
drawing, it would be necessary to use a hard paper or to
prepare the surface by coating it with isinglass, gum,
albumen, sugar, or any of the ordinary common and well-
known mediums. If a water-colour was to be copied, albu-
men or gelatine would probably be the material with which
it would be prepared, a water-colour bein^ used in printing
from the plate ; the two would then combine, but the colour
would not be absorbed into the paper; if the coating of
gelatine was thick, it would in a century be likely to
perish, and there would be no dilBculty iu rubbing oil the
impression from the paper. If an oil picture was to be
imitated, gelatine would not be used, as the two would
not combine. If canvas was used to print upon, no
doubt oil colours would be employed. In the case of water-
colours it was necessary to harden the surface of the paper,
in order to prevent the colours applied by hand from run-
ning or spreading. I have thus endeavoured to show how
paper, copper, and canvas, and their employment, are
Suite consistent, and how at the same time the surface of
iie metal plate could be obtained from which to print
in either oil or water colours. In condnsion, I would
venture to assert, that if it were desired on the ground of
economy to reproduce any of the specimens exhibited by
Mr. Smith, thei^ would be no difficulty in finding the
engraver and printer in the present day who would be
reiuly to undertake the woik. — H. G. H.
Trade Marks. — Sir, — As a leading article in to-day's
Tdfffrqph advocates the adoption of letters and numerals
as trade marks, and as a letter from Mr. Chubb, suggest-
ing the use of numerals as trade marks, appeared in a re-
cent number of the Standard^ perhaps you will kindly
permit me to mention that a proposal, recommending the
employment of combined letters and numerals for trade
marks, emanated from me, in a letter entering fully into
the subject, which appeared in your Journal as far back as
March, 1862.*— I am, ^., M.*HBKRr.
Fleet-street, 7th Jan., 1864.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mom. ...Britbh Ardtitects, 7.
Medical, 8^. Mr. Spencer Wataon, *' On Infkmmation of
the Cornea, and the Iniluenoe of Morbid Secretions on the
Mucous Snrfkosi of the E/e.'*
Asiatic. 3.
Ttrss. ...Ciril Bnglnsers, 8. Discussion on Mr. Heppel's paper, " On
the Closing of Reclamation Banks." And, time permit-
ting, Mr. J. B. Redman, ** The East Coast between the
Thames and the Wash Estuaries."
Statistical, 8. Professor Hind, ** On the Oommordal Pro-
gress and Kesources of Central British North America.**
Anthropological, 8.
Royal Inst. 3. Prof. Tjndall, " On Experimental Optics."
WsD. ...Meteorological, 7.
SodetJ or Arts, 8. Dr. A. Voelcker, ** On the lojorlous
Effects of Smoke on Building Stones and on Vegetation."
Geological, 8,
London Inst. 7.
E. Society of Literature, 4|.
Tatxa. ...Rojal, 8|.
Antlquoriet, 8.
Chemical, 8. 1. Mr. W. M. Watts, ** Absorption of Mixed
Gases in Water." 2. Dr. lliudichum, ** On Uro-chrome."
Linnwui, 8. 1. Dr. Baird, *^ On a new AimtUd from the
Island of Ascension." 3. Dr. E. P. Wright, ** On a new-
species of Xylolria^ inhabiting Fresh Water." 3. Mr.
Holidaj, ** On Diettlura^ a new genus of Ihyicmwa"
Numismatic, 7.
R. Sodetj Club, 6.
Rojal Inst., 3. Prof. Tjndall, ** On Experimental Optics."
Fm Rojol Inst, 8. Mr. W. R. Qrore, Q.C., " On BoUing Water."
Sat. ...R. BoUnio, 3f. •
Rojal Inst, 3. Mr. J. Lubbock, ** On the Antljui^ of Man."
I • Vol. X., p. 265.
144
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, January 15, 1864.
|)aftttls.
from Commurioneri nf Patmi* Journal^ January %th.
Grants op Protisiokal PROTionoir.
2Srifonn And other fluids, appamtni for regnlAtinff the p&iMge of—
3096— M. Henrj.
Agricultural machinery— 2948— J. Piatt.
Apparatttf for oontroUlng tho pusa^^ of flnidi— 3226— M. Henry.
Apparatua applicable to time, fare, di«tance, and other Uble«, al-
«,. , ,n»»n»c«, Ac— 2882— T. C. Kimpton.
Blind*, Venetian, painUng— 3172— J. M. Brrden.
BoUew, feedinff— 3220— E. WUion and O. Llnddey.
Boots and shoes— 3] 6a— C. Stewart.
Boots and shoes— 3068— J. H. Simpson.
Braceleu of P»plCT naache, Ac.-3269-T. W. DaTrnportaod S. Cole.
Brewing— 3032— R, L. Clifton.
Hriclcs, .so., preparation of claj for the manuCuture of— 3145— J. Piatt
and W. Richardson.
Brooches, fastenings for— 3106— T. Perks.
Cases for packing botUes- 3184— G. H. Ellis.
Cash Uking apparatus for checking— 3064- J. F. Hallet and T. L.
White.
Casks, machioeij for manufacturing— 3166— J. Davidson.
Chromatc of potash, Ac, manufacture of— 3160— W. Thomthwaite.
Cleaning roadwajs-Sl 88-J. II. Johnson. «n«aw»iw.
Coal, «c., machinery for cutting and boring— W. and 8. Firth and J.
Dtnrgeon.
Cottages or houses, portable— 3196— R. Saanden.
Cotton, cleaning— 3066--J. Conlonc.
Cotton glns-3230-A. V. Newton.
Cotton gins— 3283— T. Bourne.
Cottott, pressing trto bale8-3U0— C. J. Robinaoo.
Cnnolinos— 3070— R. A. Brooman.
CuUery handles— 3257- H. Barber.
Distillation of bituminous substances— 3037— R. A. Brooman.
Drirlng bands and pulIeys-3098— B. N. Gregorr.
ijngines for hauling ajrricultural implcment»-312«-T. Webb.
J^lbres, softening and separaUng— 33»7 — W. Whltaker and W.
1 ongue.
Fire-arms— 3108— N. Kennedj.Jun.
SlTfl^' brew^.loadinir-3072-R. Rlcharda and 8. 0. Wllletts.
Fire arms, breech-loeding-3276— E. Lindner.
Floor cloths— 3210— F. Walton.
5i^!L^™^' off and meaanring-3263— H. P. ForrMt.
Food ftir catUe-3174— J. BeUars? "Tirm.
Fusees, ftc.— 3080— O. C. Grimes.
Gas generators— 3136— T. CUjUm.
«I!'.l!lSr!!!!?l^?« illuminating power of-3289-N. F. Tajlor.
Gas stoves tor heating, Ac.- 3042— D. HnleU.
Glass, manufacture of— 3164— E. Rascol.
Grass cutUng machines— 3092— J. E. Bojd.
Guna, hydraulic presses, ftc. strengthening— 3164— L. Nobel.
Harrows, culUTstors, A c-3050-j! Green; ^- "^^^'
Hll!i«t .IS"1!'*J.'.^?"°v®"H"ff-"2»°*-^- C. Durst- Wild.
H^fd^J. lT?°**^*\"* horticultural bulldings-3094-P. R. Wason.
Sn^ ™r"f","^^*r^^*-^- ^'"^ "d E. J. Greta.
Horse, mechanical wooden— 3163— V. Obert.
Hot-water and hot-air stove— 3048— J. Corbelt.
Houses, Ac, of plastic materials - 3228— M. Henrv.
Hydraulic pressure gauges— 3060— 8. Smvth.
I^n*J1^.T^n ^^i^ P**"*^**/ oompou«ds-3ll6-G. T. BouafleM.
Iron or steel walls, shot proof— 3203-- R. Lcgg.
Kilns, malt and hop— 3124— A. Kpps.
Kilns for calcining ironstone— 3273— J. GUers.
Lamps for burning hydro-carbons— 3130— J. Cliff.
Lamps, apparatus to be applied to— 3146— W. T. W. Jonet.
Letter boxe8-3197-H. X. Bonneville.
Liquids, racking and decanting— 3206— W. E. Gedge.
Locomotive engines and trains, jtc- 3196— W. B. Adams.
LocomoUves, reversing the moUon of— 3104— W. Maoklin.
Looms— 3068— 0. Wilson. -«■-*«.
J^"""-^?"?- J?"™^*^^' ^- Fo"^^«» »nd A.Harwwbr.
Looms-3120— J, Bullough. '
Looms— 3291 -D. Naylor.
Lubricat^g the cylinders of steam engines, apparatus for— 3218— R.
H. Taylor.
Machinery tor grinding farm produce, »c.— 3297— J. Patterson.
Mines, supplying air to lights in, Ac— 3265— W. H. Bowditch.
Motive power, apparatus tor obtaining— 3277— E. Bramall.
Nails and rivets, machinery for maklng-3118— E. Darw«n and J.
Haddon.
Nuts, manu&cture of-3132— R. A. Brooman.
OU cans-3216— W. J. Dixon. "'*««"'•
Oils, obtaining purified, and obtaining oil cakes fW)m ootton seed, Ac.
—31 14— J. A. Pols and P. O. Bernard.
Ordnance and projectiles— 3192— P. Gardner.
Ordnance and proJectile8-3l94— P. M. Parsons.
Oxygen gas, obtaining— 3046— J. Bobbins.
Paper, manuikcture of— 3169— A. Starck.
Paper collaia-3261— S. 8. Or^.
Paper pulp, Ac, uUllslog the waste liquors resulting from the w-
p . ^P";"?*'*®" ofT-3168-H. Chadwiek and J. Clench.
Peari grinding, Ac— 3157— S. Edwards.
1 reuses for bending metal pIates-3llO-W. and J. GaUowar.
JVinting machinery-3039- W. E. Newton. ^
itiating machines, cylinder— 3134— E. and W. UUmer.
Pumps, rotary— 3180— E. Myers and H. D. Cloog.
Punchingapparatus, hudraulio— 3176— B. R. Hollands.
Railway accidents, prevention of— 3243— M. M. Twining.
Railwi^ engines, carriages, &o.— 3182— J. B. Fell.
Railway signals— 3178— R. A. Brooman.
Railwigrs, permanent way of— 3122— 0. Seaton.
Railways, permanent way— 3267— R. A. Brooman.
Receptacles for containing bisculta— 3076— T. Bate.
Rollers for calico printing— 3040— T. Knowles.
Rolling roads, apparatus for-3216— W. Clarke and W. F- Batho.
Ropes— 3190- W. Clarke.
Backs, Ac, without aeam— 3937 — A. Simoneton.
Borew propeUers— 3100— W. L. and T. Winans.
Sewing machines— 3211— C. T. Judklna.
Sewing machines— 3271— J. V. Boedger.
Ships* oooking and dlitiUlng apparatus— 3166— R. A. Brooman.
Ships and Soiling batteries -3293— W. M. Peniston.
Signals for ahips and railways— 3208— F. N. Gisborne.
Soda and sulphuric add manufacture — 3044 — J. Bowron and 0.
Robinson.
Spindles, Ac, for spinning— 3084— J. Wray.
Stamp for marking letter*— 3086— M. Guthrie.
Steam boilers, incrustation of - 3076— W. C. Page.
Steam boilers, composition for ooverlng- 3082— H. B. James.
Steam boilers, apparatus indicating the level of water In— 3186— W.
Clark.
Steam engines and boileri— 3212-^. Howden.
Steam engines— 3140— R. A. Brooman.
Stringed instruments, arrangements for facilitating the teadiing and
playing of— 2729— K. Brooks and C. Inwards.
Sunken vessels, raising^-3142— J. H. Johnson.
Superphosphate of lime, manoftcture of— 3162— J. Wright.
Taps— 3200— J. Macarthy.
Thrashing and acreenlng grain— 3052— R. Homaby, Jnn.
Tow, Ac, treatmentof— 3112— M. Friedlander.
Treating brine from salted flesh— 3296— A. Whltelaw.
War rocket— 3102— T. H. Fletcher and R. Forrest.
Washing textile fabrics— 3062— J. H. Johnson.
Washing, wringing, and mangling machino— 3138— N. Walt<H).
Window 8hutt©r-3193— T. HyaU.
Wool combbg— 3074— E. Clifton.
Wool combing- 3168— B. Fothergill.
Woven flibrics, apparatus for producing a superior flnbh upon— 3173
-J. M. Worrall.
lyvisrrioN with Complbtb Spboifioation Filkd.
Pftper, maaofkctore of— 7— C. Martin.
PATKMT8 Sealed.
1683.
1687.
1688.
1680.
1698.
1699.
1704.
1706.
1709.
1714.
1718.
1788.
1731.
1736.
1738.
1740.
W. 8. Bruce.
W. E. Gedge.
W, E. Qeige.
8. Robinson.
X . sTeeoe.
A. G. Southby.
J. Thomas.
J. Smith and 8. A. Ohease.
R. A. Brooman.
R. Agate.
W. Tasker, Jun.
W. Henderson.
R. and W. Hawthorn.
J. Orr, J. Brlnton, and J.
Lewis.
R. A. Brooman.
J. Mortimer.
1749. R. A. Brooman.
1760. R. A. Brooman.
1763. B. Sonstadt.
1767. E. Fonnell.
1770. W. T. Cheetham.
1771. W. Clark.
1796. F. Lepontre.
1818. R. Weare.
1842. L. L. J. FUllon.
1872. A.A.A.BarondeRostaing.
1896. J. P. Culverwoll.
1914. B. W. Garland.
2389. W. Clark.
2394. W. Clark.
2678. J. Rawllngs.
2781. H. Mege.
2818. B. Rowland.
From Commi$$icH4ri vf Paimtt Jaumai^ January \2th,
Patbmtb Bbalbd.
1760.
1766.
1768.
1772.
1774.
1777.
1781.
1784.
1786.
1786.
1787.
1797.
1801.
1803.
1806.
1826.
1828.
1833.
J. Davison.
J. Slater.
T. Wimpenny.
P. A. J. Dqjardln.
R. A. Brooman.
D. Tamet.
J.N. Tiller and W. Austin.
L. R. Bodmer.
0. Stokes.
G. Rand.
J. Lamb and 8. Tovey.
T. Johnson.
R. Coenen.
A. Clark.
G. Mttidoch.
£. T. Bainbrldge.
R. A. Brooman.
J. Ronald.
1839.
1864.
1916.
1926.
1934.
1996.
2006.
2092.
2093.
2161.
2300.
2441.
2671.
2744.
2749.
2766.
2834.
J. Simmons.
B. Bimbaum.
J. Imbert, P. Bonnet, and
J. Pfister.
W. E. Newton.
A. V. Newton.
W. Clark.
H. Brown.
A. Jobion.
L. Guillemot.
A. V. Newton.
H. C. Uusklnson.
8. Mathews.
G. £. Donlsthorpe.
H. Bessemer.
F. B. Tickels.
T. C. Barradough.
J. W. DrummoM.
PATBirrs ON WHicn the Stamp Dutt of £60 has bbkw Paid.
82. A. R. M. Normandy.
68. C. N. Leroy.
62. D. Adamson.
62. S.Monlton.
89. G. Whight.
88. W. Bullough.
Patents on which the Stamp Dutt of £100 has bkk» paih.
72. J.;j. Rnssell AJ.B.HoweU. | 214. P. H. Sharkey.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jakuaby 15, 1864.
SCIENCE AND AM DEPARTMENT
OF THS
COMMITTEE OP COUNCIL ON EDUCATION,
SOUTH KIENSINGTON.
LIST OF aUSEH'S MEDALI J8T8.-S0IBNCK EX AMINATIOH; MAT, 1863.
TlM Qneen** madali which are oiftred lor competition thronghoat the United Kingdom, at the General Examination of Science Schools
•ad Claena, held each vear in May, ooniift of one gold medal for each gronp of rabjecu, and one diver and two bronze for each stttject All
pcnou, whererer taught, m^ compete, the onlj restriction being that the medals cannot be taken by middle- class students who are more
thaa IT yvmn of age. MiddIe<^lasB students above 17 jears of age, who would otherwise have taken the medal, recelTo an honorary oertiOcate
iBstead. Their names appear in Ualict in the following list.
OBOVP L
Boljeet L-Pnetleal, Plane, and Detoriptive Geometrj. Sulijeot H-KeolLanioal and ICaehine Drawing.
8ali§eot ni.— Boildiag Ckmatrttotlon.
la the First Sohiect there were 288 candidates examined, of whom 76 passed, 46 obtained Honourable Mentions, 57 obtained Third Class
Priias, 37 obtained Second Class Prises, 30 obtained First Class Prizes, and 64 failed.
la the Second Snl^ot there were 194 candidates examined, of whom 66 passed, 49 obtained Honourable Mentions, 21 obtained Third
Class FriMsu 16 oUaiaed Second Class Prises, 6 <rt>tained First Class Prises, and 48 fldled.
In the Third Sultfect there were 107 candidates examined, of whom 13 passed, 10 obtained Honourable Mentions, 4 obtained Third Class
Frtaee. 4 obtafaied Second Class Prizes, 1 obtained a First Ctosi Prize, and 76 fkiled.
Hame.
Age. * School or Residence.
1
Oocupation or Father's Oc-
cupation.
Name of Teacher. Medal.
1
igenrfai, WHKam T,
23 ! Trade Sehooi, Bristol
Science THather ,
Se^-taught . ' Gold.
Hunter, WUliam
IVewtoo^ AUaa
Ackfojd, WUliam
SuBjeoT I.— PRACTICAL, PLANE, AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY.—ExAiimcB, PaorxasoB BRADLEY.
19
27
23
3, Boanyton-square, Kilmarnock
Egerton-street, Lower Moor, Oldham
Tcfwnfleld, Oldham
Engineer
Mechanic
Mechanic
Stevenson, J.
Mellor, J.
Mellor, J.
Silver.
Bronze.
Bronze.
BatlflffweHh, Tboi.
OfiOthiiJohaA.
Toppto,Chas. J.
SvBJiOT U.~MECHANIGAL AND MACHINE DRAWINa.—EXAMiiniB, Propxssor BRADLEY.
33 Nugget-street, Glodwiok, Oldham .
16 Bldw Bank, Crumpsall, Manchester
18 19, Bloomfleld-road, Plumstead, Woolwich
Subject IIL—BUILDINO CONSTRUCTION.— Examinsb, PBorBSSoR BRADLEY.
Or mkt ff ir, Oft. If . . * I 20 ( SngiiueH»ff School, CoUege, Chester . | Sngkieer . . . . | Denideon, B, A, \ Silver.
Mechanic
Bookkeeper*
Pattern Maker
Mellw, J.
Bernhardt, O.
Joaes, T. .
Silver.
Bronze.
Bronze.
In
In
Prixes,
GROUP n.
Snljeet I.— Theoretioal Mechanid* Snbjeet IL^Appliod Keehankf.
the Irat SuMMi than were SB candidatei eonmined, of whom 7 passed, 3 obtained Honourable Mentions, 2 obtained Third Class
3 obtained Seoood Class Prizes, 2 obtained First Class Prizes, and 18 failed.
the SeeoDd Sobfect there were 22 candidates examined, of whom 7 passed, 4 obtained Honourable Mentions, 2 obtained Third Class
3 obtaiaed Second Class Prizes, 1 obtained a First Class Prize, and 6 fislled.
No Gold Medal was awarded in this gronp.
SUBJBCT I.— THEORETICAL MECHANICS. —Examisxr, Rbv. B. M. COWIE, B.D.
Wm. T, . • I 23 I Trode Behoolf Brittol I Science Teacher . . .1 Se^-taught
WiUlam . . I 16 1 13, York-terrace, Kingsland-road, London . | Chemist . . . . | Self-taught
Subject II.— APPLIED MECHANICS.— Examikxb. Rxr. B. M. COWIE, B.D.
CharUt . . 1 19 1 181, Cambentea Jfew-road, London . . | Medical Student . . . i Private Study . | Silver,
A Silver.
. I Bronze.
OEOTTP m.
SnlQoct L— Aooostiof, liglit and Heat. Snbjeot n.— Xagnetiini and Eleetrioity.
la the Flrsi Sul;^ there were 121 candidates examined, of whom 22 passed, 37 obtained Honourable Mentions, 13 obtained Third Class
Priaea, 14 obtirfaed Seoood Class Prizes, 11 obtained First Class Prizes, and 24 failed.
la the Seoood Subject there were 207 candidates examined, of whom 64 passed, 43 obtained Honourable Mentions, 13 obtained Third
ClMa Prizea, 21 obtained Second Ctoas Prizes, 8 Obtained First Chus Prizes, and 68 faUed.
Dohee^, Joshua • . | 26 1 180, Agnes-street, Belflut . . « . | National Teacher . . I Eardley, F. . | Gold.
SuBiSOT ].— ACOUSTICS, LIGHT AND HEAT.— ExamiKxb, Pbof. TYNDALL, F.R.S.
Thorp, William
O*0ttUHaa, Comelivs
Romdm^ WUliam T.
ftldffe,JobnJ.
16
21
23
16
13, York-terraoe, Klngsland*road, Lond<m
South Main-street, Bandoa .
Trade Sehooi^ Brittol
36, Thomas-street, Southwark, London
Chemist
Geologist
Science Teacher
Physlcan*
Tyndall, Prof.
Tyndall, Prof.
Self-taught
Hall, Thos.
CSallivao, Cornelius
Butterwwth, Theodore
Joha O.
SUBJXCT IL— MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY.— Bxamibbr, Prof. TYNDALL, F.R.S.
21
17
10
South Main street, Bandon
Lark-hill, Tonge, Mlddleton .
37, Gooch-street, Birmingham
Geologist
Pupil Teacher
Opti<dan
Tyndall, Prof. .
Wheeler, G. H.
Williams,W.M.
Silver.
Bronze.
^Ofwe.
Bronze.
Silver.
Bronze.
Bronze.
OEOTTP IV.
Bnldaet I.— Inorg^o Chemiitry. SnltJeot n.-Organlo Chemigtry.
la the Tint Mt^eiA there were 679 candidates examined, of whom 199 passed, 77 obtained Honourable Mentions, 139 obtained Third
ClMs PHaea, 114 oblalaed Second Ctoas Prizes, 67 obtained Hrst Class Prizes, and 83 fkiled.
la the Seoood Siriiifeet there were 157 candidates examined, of whom 33 passed, 28 obtitined Honourable Mentions, 31 obtained Third
Priaas, 29 obtained Second Class Prizes, 26 obtained First Cbus Prizes, and 10 Ikiled.
.Geologist • . .
Geologist
Goegaa, Richaid .
0*Sonivaa, Ccmellns
21
North Maln-street, Bandon
21
South Main-street, Bandon
HoAnann, Dr. h
Dowliog, J. .
Hofknann, Dr. k
Dowling, J.
Gold
KoTC — ^Mr. 0*SullIvaa was very nearly equal to Mr. Googan, and having taken the Silver Modal last year he could not reoolve it again »
n« baa t bciaft re, under the exceptional drcumstances, been awarded a special Prize of Books of the value of £3.
SiTBJECT I.— INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.— Ex amikbr Dn. HOFMANN.
Coaaonjr.JobB
21
26
Corir-road, Bandon
06, Cheeter-road, MaceleeMd .
• OA hmm^mm mtmtttkt limtf^m*
Currier
Schoolmaeler
DowIIng, J.
SHf-taught
silver.
Bronte,
JOURNAL OP TEE SOOIBTT OP ARTS, January 16, 1864.
SVBJKOT II.-OBQANIO CHEUISTRY.—EzAXiKBK Dm. HOFMANN.
Namo.
Priestly, 8amaol
Oolleni, Edwmrd
French, Alfred
!A_ge.
19
20
23
School or Residence.
Occnpation or Ftthor's Oo>
cnpation.
Dearden>g«te, Hiudlngden
3, Harlbwoosh-hUl-place, Bristol .
16, Upper Chervellf -street, Banbury
Shoemaker .
Assistani in Laboratory
Baker . • •
NameofTeacher
T'
Meaden, H* P« •
Coooiber, T« •
Beosley, T.
SI
Bi
Bi
OBOTTP V.
Sutjeet t- Geology. Sal^eot n.— Mineralogy.
In the Tirst S«VJeci there were 129 candidates examined', of whom 26 passed, 30 obtained Honourable Mentions, 31 obtained Thi
Frixes, 17 obtained Second Class Prlxes, 11 obUinod First Class Priios, and 14 failed.
In the Sooond Subject there were 46 candidates examined, of wliom 10 pawed, 16 obtained Uononrable Mentioof, 11 obtalne*
Class Prlxes, 3 obtained Second Class Pri»Bs, 2 obtained First Class Prixes, and 6 fidled.
No Gold Medal was awarded in this group.
Subject I.-^EOLOQT.— Examikkb Pftor. RAMSAT, F.R.S.
Smith, Robert . . I 45]
Donaldson, Qeorge . . I 23
Mines, John Jessop . | 16
12, Hughes-buildings, Bdflwt.
17, Upton street, Belfut
Almondbury Bank, near Huddersfleld
Watchmaker
Designer
Attorney's Clork
Tato, Ralph
««
Jarmain, G.
SI
Bi
Bi
Rotcdm, Wm, T.
Jardtm^ By. K,
SuBjfOT II.— MINERALOGT.—ExiicucBR, W. W. SMYTH, Esq.) F.R.S.
33 I 7)rad* School, Bristol. i Seienee TMcher . . .1 Sttf-iaught . I St
24 1 2, Clifton Wood-terraee, Bristol . . | Agmt of Steel Works . . | Solf-toMgH . | B
OROVP VI.
Bu1](Ject I.—Animal Physiology. Snlgeot II.— Zoology.
In the First Subject there were 343 candidates examined^ of whom 84 passed, 77 obtained Honourable Mentions, 68 obtains
ChMS Prixes, 25 obtained Second Class Prixes, 10 obtained First Class Prixes, and 79 failed.
In the Second Sutiiect there were 41 candidates examined, of whom 5 passed, 10 obtained Honourable Mentions, 16 obtalne*
Class Prixes, 6 obtained Second Class Prixes, 2 obtained First Class Prixes, and 2 ftOled.
Wilson, George
BerreU, Chas.
Angel, Henrr
Nicholson, Henry E.
Martin, RobC
Angel, Henry
I 26 1 12, Stanley-street, Plmllco, London
i Student of Science
I Self-Uught . i G
SOBJBOT I.-.ANIMAL PHYSIOLOQT.^Examtneb, Pbop. HUXLET, F.R.S.
19 181, Cambenoell New-road^ London . | Uedieal Stetdtnt ,
18 0, James st, Peter-st., Islington, London . Assistant Teacher •
15 3, Sardlnift-terrace, Manchester . . . Bookkeeper
15 66, Camp-st., Lower Broughton, Mmnehester , Treasurer of the City of Man-
i Chester.* ....
Prioaie study
Howard, J.
Angell, J.
Angell, J.
S
S
B
B
SiTBjBCT II.~ZOOLOQT.— ExAiriHKR, Pbof. HUXLEY, F.R.S.
I 18 1 9, James-street, Islington, London. . . | Assistant Teacher
. I Howard, J. • | S.'
OEOTTP VII.
Snliljeet I.— Vegetable Physiology and Eeonomie Botany. Snljeet ILHEfyttematie Botany.
In the first SutJiHst there were 156 candidates examined, of whom 35 passed, 36 obtained Uonourible Mentions, 18 obtainc
Class Prixes, 13 obtained Second Class Prixes, 8 obtained First Class Prixes, and 16 ftlled.
In the Second SuMcct there were 84 candidates examined, of whom 18 passed, 23 obtained Honourable Mentions, 15 obtainc
Class Prixes, 9 obtained Second CUus Prixes, 6 obtained First Class Prixes, and 14 AOled.
Wilson, George . . | 25 1 12, Stanley-street, Plmlico, London . . | Student of Science
Subjbct I.— BOTANY.— ExiMiNEB, Da. LANKESTER
19 181, Cambeneett yete-roadf London.
34 6, North-street, BelAist .
27 6, Olowester- street f Glasgow . .
20 39, Oloucester-street, Okugow .
26 Holywood, BeUkst ....
Subject IL— SYSTEMATIC BOTANY
. I Self-Unght . I a
Berrett, Charles .
Stewart, Samuel Alex.
Mayer, Elitttbeth .
Maeorf^ah, Margaret
Holden, John S. .
Medical Student
Trunk Maker
Teacher
t»
Maflbtt, IsabeUa
Carson, Liuie
Johns, Maria N.
Stewart, Saml. A.
21
19
35
34
18, Upper Queen- street, Belfkst
SaHem, Bmast
SmmyUmas, CtarriOfergus .
6, North-street, Belfut .
Teacher of Chemistiy .
-ExAMnntR Dr. LANKESTER.
Teacher . . . <
PricateSt^
Tate, Ralph
Mayer, J,
Mayer, J,
Tate, Bnlph
-5
i
I
E
Manager itf Bank*
Trunk Maker
Tate, Ralph
Tate, Ra^
Tate,Rafyh
Tate, Ralph
8
i
i
E
oKovp vm.
Snl^ect I.-]finiog. Snbjeet II.-]Cetallargy.
In the First Subject there were 29 candidates examined, of whom 8 passed, 8 obtained Honourable Mentions, 4 obtained Th
Prites, 1 obtained a Second Class Prixe ; 2 obtained First Class Prixes, and 6 fidlod.
In the Second Snljkjct there wore 63 candidates examined, of whom 16 passed. 16 obtained Honourable Mentions, 13 obtained Th
Prixes, 5 obtahied Second Class Prixes, 1 obtained a First Class Prixe, and 13 fkUed.
No Gold Medal was awarded in this Group.
SUBJBOT I.— MINING.—BxAltiNKB, W. W. SMYTH, Esq., F.R.S.
23 I TreOe School; Bristol I Science Teacher .
23 I Tunbeny, Nitshlll, near Glasgow . . . | Coal Miner .
Rowden, Wm, T.
Radcllfib, James
I Se^-tmight
|Fiyar,M.
Subject II.— MBTALLURGY.->Exaiukbr, Dr. PERCY, F.R.8.
l)empster, Jamoj K. . | 26 1 23, Ronald-street, Glasgow . . . . | Architectural Draughtsman . | Mayer, J.
IS
ROTAL EXHIBITIONS.
At the Royal School of Mines there are ei«ht Royal Exhibitions, of the ralue of £50 per anuum for three years, which entitle tj
also to free admission to all the Lectures aad the Chemical and Metallurgical Laboratories at the Royal School of Mines. These sr
ail persons, and are competed for at the May Examination of the Science and Art Department.
Two Royal Exhibitions were Tacant this year, and hare been awarded to—
Name.
Berrcll, Charles
Rowdcn, W. T.
Age.
School or Residonce.
Occupation.
19
23
181, Camberwell New -road, London . . Medical Student.
Trade School, Bristol I Sdenoo Teacher.
Imirnal irf %
THE
0deto td §.rtj5,
AKD OF
THE INSTITUTIOIJS IIS UNIOJ^.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY. JANUARY 22, 1864.
[No. 583. Vol. XII.
^imonRttments bs l^t €tm\\tii.
The S^vinby Bequest.
A meeting of the judges appointed under the
will of the late Dr. Swiney to award, in concert
with the Royal College of Physicians, on every
fifth anniversary of Dr. Swiney's death, "a
«ilver goblet of the value of £100, with gold
coin in it to the same amount," took place on
Wednesday, the 20th January, at the Society's
House. The award was made in favour of
Henry Sumner Maine, Esq., D.G.L., late Regius
Professor of Civil Law in the University of
Cambridge, and now Member of the Legislative
Council of India, for his work on jurisprudence
entitled, "Ancient Law." The cup has been
executed by the Messrs. Garrards, from a design,
made expressly for the Society, by Daniel
Madise, Esq., R.A.
Oadinart Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
Jan. 27.—" On the Metric System of Weights and
Measares, and iU Proposed Adoption in this Country.'*
By Sasiukl Bsowk, Esq., F.I.A., F.S.S.
Feb. 8. — ** On Instanuneons Engraving upon Metal."
By Moa^ E. Vial (illustrated with eiperiments).
Fes. 10.~**On Fresco Painting, as a suitable mode of
Haial Decoration." By J. Bbavixotox Atkinson, Esq.
Institutions.
The following Institution has been taken into
Union since the last announcement :^
Hyde (near Manchester) Mechanics' Institution.
The Ohristmas subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Goutts and Co.
Cantor Lectures.
Courses of Lectures on the following subjects
will be delivered during the Session : —
The Operation of the Present Laws of Naval Warfare
on International Commerce. By G. W. HAhTiNOs,
Esq., Barrliter-at-Law.
Fine Arta Applied to Industry. By W. Buboes, TEtq.
Chemistr>' Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. Grace
Galvkbt, F.R.S.
The third and fourth lectures of Mr..Hastings*
course will be delivered on Mondays, the 25th
January and 1st February, at 8 o'clock ; the sub-
jects will be as follows :—
Contraband ; its Nature and Usages.
Capture of Private Property at Sea ; present State of
the hvsr as modified by the Declarat on of Paris ;
Arguments for and against its Continuance.
The Foreign EUilistment Act ; its Operation on Com-
meroe.
ftomliings of lire Siaatti
Sixth Obdinart Meeting.
Wednesday, January 20th, 1863; William
Hawes, Esq., Chairman of Council, in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society :—
Appleby, T. H., 90, Gracechnrch-street, E.G.
Ashton, Thomas, J.P., Portland-street, Manchester.-
Bartley, George G. T., South Kentington Museum, S.W.
[Jeauderc, Capt. George, 23a, Grosvenor-street West, W.
Bickford, J. «J., Tnckingmill, Cornwall.
Butler, James Robert, 4, Elm-street, Gray's-inn-road, W.C.
CargiU, WiUiam Walter, M.P., 4, Connaught-plaoe
West, W.
Cole, Alan Summerly, South Kensington Museum, S.W.
Cole, Lieut. Henry Hardy, B.E., Brompton Barracks,
Chatham.
Corbould, Edward Henry, 10, Hyde-parkgate South, W.
Cross, William S., Park-street, Kichmood, S.W.
Davies, John, 166, Queen-street, Portsea.
Del Rio, Patricio M., 130, Jermyn-street, St. James's, S.W.
Edwards, Rev. Allen T., M.A., 6, Kennington-terrace, S.
Fisher, Geoige, The Woodlands, near Cardi6f.
FitzGerald, Lord Otho, 8, Carlton-house-terrace, S.W.
Howell, George, 693, Old Kent-road, S.E.
Lawrence, Hugh M., Atlas Works, Manchester.
Lloyd, James Richard, Shrubbery, Belmont-hill, Lee, S.E.
Mackinlay, D., 42, Clarges-street, Piccadilly, W.
Martin, Louis Emile Constant, Chateau Boujeon, Rue
Balzac, Paris; and 32, Albany-street, Regent's-park,
N.W.
Masters, M., 1, Paraffon-plaoe, New Eent-road, S.E.
Moeer, John, 165, High- street, Southwark, S.
Owen, Philip Cunliffe, South Kensington Museum. S.W.
Oxland, Robert, F.C.S., Empire City, Nevada Territory,
America.
Rodgers, Rev. John, 17. Mecklenburgh-square, W.C.
Sale, Colonel Thomas Henry, 27, Westbourne-park, W.
Sturgeon, John, Pease Vbuildings, Leeds.
146
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, January 22, 1864.
Thicke, Charlea James, 17 aod 18, New Bridge-street,
Blackfriars, E.C., and Bosendale, Dulwich, S.E.
Walker, Mowbray, Millwall Iron Works, E.
Wolff, Lewis, 15, Albert-sqaare, Clapham, 8.
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Attwood, Matthias Wolverley, F.R.G.S., Dulwich S.
Bowyer, Rev. W. N. Wentworth A., Rectory, Clapham.
common, S.
Brown, Henry, Ettrick Mills, Selkirk, N.B.
Cotton, Charles P., 11, Lower Pembroke-street, Dublin.
Cutler, Joseph, 4, PoUington-villas, Holloway-road, N.
EIIIh, Wynu, 30, Cadogan-place, S.W. ; Ponsboume-park.
Hertford ; and Tankerton, near Canterbury.
Fort>es, H., 6, Aberdeen place, Maida-hill, W.
Hanson, Uegioald, 43, Upper Harley-street, W.
Hardwicke, Robert, 192, Piccadilly, W.
Johnson, William, 188, Tottenham-com't-road, W.
Eiessler, T., 18^ Spencer- street, Goswell-road, E.C.
Lumley, Henry, 4, Guildford-place, Russell-square, W.C.
Maynard, Henry, Oakfield-lodge, Hawkhurst Kent.
Mercer, Thomas, 45, Spencer-streef, Goswell-road, E.C.
Needham, John, Albert Iron Works, Warrington.
Nicholson, W. W., 17, King-street, CheapsidS, E.C.
Shand, James, Upper Ground -street, Blackfriars, S.
Southorn, Edwin, Broseley, Salop.
The Paper read was —
ON THE INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF SMOKE ON
CERTAIN BUILDING STONES AND ON VEGE-
TATION.
By Db. Augustus VotfLcRSB, Consulting Chsmut to
THE Royal Agbioultubal Society of England.
The subject on which H is my privilege to addreas my
audience to«night is, it will be conceded by all present,
of great practical Importance. This must be the plea for
my venturing to speak on a matter which has been dis-
cussed with great ability in this room on a former occasion.
Not having any intrinsically valuable discovery of my own
to bring forward, nor to communicate a plan more effectual
than any of the numeious devices which have been recom-
mended for preventing the decay in bailding stones, I
have to crave your kind indolgenoe in appearing before
you to-night. 1 trust, however, my observations and the
experiments on which they are baaed will not be altogether
void of interest, and may lead to a useful diBcussion on the
part of other;, so much better qualified than myself to
speak on the subject.
Much has been said and written on the causes of the
rapid decay to which some building stones are liable.
Chemists, mineralogists, architects, buildeni, and other
soientifio and practical men have on various occasions
devoted a good deal of time and painstaking labour
to investigations, purporting to trace the beginning
and progress of this decay, and to discover, if possible,
the means of preventing the injury which calcareous
building stones sustain under the influence of the atmos-
phere. Their labour has not been altogether unsuccessful,
and several suggestions, of more leas value, have been
made, which are well calculated to mitigate, if not to pre-
vent, the evil. Still our information on the true character
of the decay in particular stones is but scanty, nor are
the means of preventing decay in buildings so perfect as
not to call for further improvements.
Every addition to our knowledge of the causes of decay
in stones has a tendency to bring within easier reach the
appropriate remedy. At all events, a more oomprehen-
sive knowledge on this subject in stones will help us to
discriminate with more certainty between good and
bad Intones, and to avoid the employment of building
materials which, although they stand the influence of the
weather very well in the open country, are nevertheless
untit for particular parts of a building, and cannot be used
witli safety in some localities. .Having been engagec
some time past in examming the characteristic bl^k cr
which are frequently seen on building erected of Bath
similar oolitic limestones, my attention was specially
rected to the study of the nature of the decay which
tacks with great energy some kinds of calcareous stc
and I have come to the conclusion that the injury w
the smoke of towns exerts on Bath stone, magnesian li
stone, and other calcareous building stones, is far r
pernicious in its results than it Is generally believed t(
It will, therefore, devolve upon me to direct your atter
particularly to the changes which such stones und
under the influence of a smoky atmosphere, such as
find in most towns.
In every day life we usually understand by sm
the black and more or less tangible impure air wl
rises from the chimneys of fire-places and fhrnace
which the combustion of the fuel is imperfect, in co
quence of which some finely-divided carbon and a vai
of gases are thrown into the air.
That this black smoke exerts an injurious influeno
building stones and on vegetation, is admitted in a gei
way, but I have no hesitation in saying that the ea
of the injury done by the smoke that at times obsc
the sky in our crowded cities has not been fully re<
nised. This, perhaps, is the reason why the pre
chemical changes produced by accumulations of soo
limestones and calcareous sandstones have not been stu
with sufficient minuteness.
Before giving an account of my anal3^ical experim
on the effect of smoke on oolitic limestones, a fewger
observations on the nature of the decay in stones ma}
be out of place.
Building stones in general may be divided into
classes: —
1. Stones which, like granite, porphyries, and i
sandstones, are not easily acted upon by acids.
2. Stones which, like limestones, dolomites, and a
kinds of calcareous sandstones, are composed of mate
that are partially or entirely attacked by acids \
facility.
Building stones belonging to the second class are n:
more liable to suffer injury by atmospheric agencies i
those belonging to the first class ; ana as, moreover, 1
stones and dolomites are principally employed for c
mental buildings, the investigation of the causes w
lead to their decay possesses a special interest.
The ccmditions under which calcareous stones d
when placed in a building, are partly mechanical
partly chemical. The absorption of moisture by pc
stones, and the disintegration to which it leads in
sequence of the resistless expanding force of wate
becoming ice in cold weather, are illustrations of a pu
mechanical cause and effect, which frequently man
themselves in limestones used for building purpose^t.
changes produced on building stones by carbonic acid
the sulphur compounds in the air of towns, are^instanc
chemical reactions, which may be seen in their resul
some cases as distinctly as the results of purely mechai
force, to which allusion has just been made. Buil
stones of a loose or irregular structural composition ai
course more liable to suffer injury from the absorf
of moisture than hard, compact, and crystalline bton<
the same or similar composition. The more readi
specimen of Bath or Caen stone is affected by mechai
agencies the more easily it will be found to be acted i
by chemical reagents. It will not, therefore, be n*
sary, nor indeed desirable, to examine separately
mechanical and the chemical conditions of deea^
would, therefore, notice together the physical and
chemical effects likely to be produced in calcar
building stones by the different constituents of the ati
phere.
Of the normal component parts of air, oxy
moisture, carbonic and nitric acid have to be regard<
probable agents of destruction. The abnormal or
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 22, 1864. 147
cidenUl oonftitoeiitfl of the air of towns are certain
sulphur adds, soot, and ocoasioDally hydrochloric add.
Toese aoeideotal imparities re<)aire partioolar examination,
as they are really more permdons in their effects upon
boilding stones, as well as on vesetation, than the normal
eonsiituents, which, it need hardly be obsenred, exert no
injurious inflaenoe upon v^etation.
The action of oxygen is of comparatively a subordi-
nate character, its effects being confined to constitaents
imally absent or occurring only exceptionally, and in
bat small quantities in limestones and dolomites. In
calcareous sandstones sulphides of iron and protoxides of
iron and manganese are occasionally found, and as these
oompounds are very prone to absorit oxygen, and the
hif^her oxides thus formed are more volummous than the
original protoxides, such stones are subset to the disin-
tepatiog action of atmospheric oxygen. Of far greater
impcrtanoe are the effects of moisture. Water, dther in
the shape of vapour or liquid, perhaps is the most power-
ful agent of destruction that displays itself in the gradual
cmmbling down of calcareous stones. Porous and soft
atones of that kind should never be employed for parapets,
wmdow-sills, weather beds of cornices, strings, idtnths, or
other parts of a building where water may lodge. The
chan^ which water produces in norous stones exposed
to dnp and alteraations of a wet and dry condition appear
to be leiis of a chemical than a mechanical character.
Water is subject to expansion on sudden altera-
tiooB in the surrounding atmosphere, aod the irresistible
Ibice it then exerts, necessarily exercises a disinte-
flratlng aoUon. If the temperature nnks below the
mejcing point, this destructive action is most powerful,
aiDce water in becoming ice suddenly and greatly expands.
But even above the freezing point, the expansion of water
at a sudden elevation of temperature appears to me to
exert, upon porous building materials, a mechanical force
mffidently powerful to account for their gradual decay, at
•easons of the year when it cannot be referred to the form-
ation of ice within the pores of the stone. There can be
DO doubt that all stones which possess in a high degree
the property of absorbing moisture, are unfit for building
purposes. Certain kinds of porous limestones and sand-
atones, diBdTiD^ widely in composition and in rela-
tion to thdr liability to become attacked by adds, are
aUke sulnect to this disintogratiog action, thus indicating
plainly that thdr decay is not the result of the chemicid
action of an atmospheric constituent, but the result of the
mechanical action which water exerts on all porous and
abaorbent materials, no matter what their composition
MDMy be.
Such stones, it will be readily conceived, must be very
liable to crumble down in our moist and changeable
climate. In towns, aod in the country in sheltered or
in exposed parts, on the outside or the inside of buildings,
and in short under the most varied conditions, the decay
will proceed steadily when it has once begun to show
Itself in porous and absorbent stones. The f^ct that
these building stones decay as readily in open country
places as in towns, has led some men to entertain the
opinion that the impurities present in the air of towns and
in the immediate neighbourhood of manufacturing dis-
tricts, have nothing to do with the gradual disintegration
to which oolitic and other calcareous building stones are
subject. But although it is quite true that some building
•tones do not require to be exposed to the injurious effects
of the atmospheric impurities of crowded cities in order
to decay, it is no less certain that there are others which
stand wind and weather well in the country, but are more
or less readily attacked by atmospheric influences when
employed in the erection of town residences.
The fact is, the structural compodtion of some stones is
so irregular, and radically bad, and thdr absorbent powers
of moisture so great, that they are alike unfit for the
erection of buildings in town or country, whilst there are
ottieTs poaessing sufficiently good phydcal characters to
resist the mechiudcal effects of water, to which reference
has been made, and remaining sound in a comparatively
speaking pure air, but which are not of such a chemical
compodtion as to be capable of withstanding the perni-
cious chemical influence of a less pure town atmosphere.
Carbonic acid is a never- failing constituent of the air,
and consequently is present also in rain-water. Much
stress has been laid on the dissolving action of rain-
water, but it appears to me this action has been
greatly overrated. Instead of practical proofs, showing
that water charged with carbonns add really exerts a
powerful disintegrating influence upon calcareous stones,
merely theoretical reasonings have been advanced in sup-
port of that opinion.
It is true, water charged with carbonic add in contact
with carbonate of lime or magnesia gives rise to soluble
bicarbonates, but oven were the quantity of bicarbonate of
lime or magnesia mu^h greater than it actually is, the
mere removal of a tnfltng portion of lime from the sur-
&ce of the stone, do3S not, I take it, explain the peculiar
exfoliation and corroded appearance which many oolitic
building stones present to our view. Calcareous stones,
exposed to the long-continued dissolving action of wat«r
containing carbonic acid, exhibit rather a smooth and not
a corroded appearance.
In the next place we have to coxuider the effect) likely
to be produccKl by the small quantities of nitric acid
which are invariably present in the atmosphere. The
proportion of nitric acid in the air is so minute that it may
be questioned whether these minute traces have any
marked influence on our buildings. With respect to the
supposed corrosive action of the nitric acid of the air, and the
formation of nitrates in limestones, I made some experi-
ments, a brief account of which may here find a place.
A few years ago my attention was directed to the decay
of the oolite limestone of which the lodge at one of the
entrances at Badminton is built. This stone was quarried
at a place about two miles from Badmiotori, and, like all
Bath stone, is not very hard. The stone protected by the
porch of the lodge I found in a more advanced state of
decav than that freely exposed to wind and weather.
Blocks ftorn under the porch and the exposed part of the
lodge were obtained and examined by me for nitrates.
Of each block a portion of the exterior side in contact
with the air, and the interior dde touching the remdnder
of the thick walls of the lodge were examined separately,
and the following results were obtained, by adopting Dr.
Pogh's accurate method for determining minute quantities
of nitric add : —
No. 1. Stone from under the porch of the lodgo^
Psr oeatage of nitric add.
Mgah.
a. Interior side '1786 1 .ookc
6. Exterior dde -2726/ ^^^'^
No. 2. Stone unprotected by the porch —
a. Interior side of the stone *1269l .1490
b. Exterior side exposed to the air.. *1692 )
It will be seen that both blocks contdned small quan-
tities of nitric acid, which probably is a never-fdling
constituent of calcareous stones. It will also be observed
that the stone protected by the porch contained rather
more nitric acid than that freely exposed to the weather,
and likewise that the external dde of both blocks con-
tained somewhat more nitric acid than the interipr sides.
These results agree well with what may be expected to
teke place under the ditferont conditions in which the
several portions of the stone were found. The rides in
conUct with the air might naturally be expected to contain
more nitric acid than the indde not so thoroughly pene-
trated by the air, and the circumstance that less nitric
acid was found in the stone not protected by the porch, is
probably explained by the removal of some of the soluble
nitrates by the rain striking against the exposed surface.
It has been stated already that the protected stone was
more affected by decay than that not protected by the
148
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Januaet 22, 1864.
porch of the lodge. Thinking it just possible that
two blocks'might differ in oomposition, I analysed a
tion of each, and obtained the foUgwlng results :—
the
por-
No.i.
Limatone
under porch.
Moistare
Oxides of iron and alumina
Phosphoiic acid ^
Carbonate of lime
Sulphate of lime
(Containing sulphuric acid)
ifagnssia
Nitric acid
(Mean of the two determinations.)
Insoluble siliceous matter
No. a.
Llmeitone
improtectod.
1-46
•81
•98
1-81
•14
•18
93-91
94-64
1-84
. 1-24
(•79)
(•72)
•73
•77
•226
•148
•97
99^765
•95
100^648
The differences in the chemical compositions of the two
stones are too trifling to account for the greater injury
which that protected by the porch had sustained ; nor
do I think it at all likely that the small quantities of
nitric acid which were found had anything to do with the
decay of the stone. For confirmation of this tlie follow-
ing result maybe mentioned: — One of the stones was
kept as a specimen in a damp room for rather longer than
a year, during which period a considerable portion crumbled
down to a coarse powder. In the expectation of finding
the process of nitrification to have caused the disintegra-
tion of the stone, 1 made a careful nitric acid determina-
tion in this powder, and waa disappointed in not obtaining
more than • 1 92 per cent of this constituent, showing that
the proportion of this acid had not sensibly increased, and
Uiat the ciiimbling down of the stone was not connected
with an increased nitrification, but more probably the result
of the dampness of the room in which the specimen waa
preserved. Here then we have an example of a limestone
crumbling down by degrees solely under the influence of
damp. There was no deposition of soot on the stone, and
no chemical action of any of the constituents of air,
except moisture, could be observed to have taken place.
In the next place the foreign or accidenUd impurities of
the air of towns will have to be considered.
The quantity of sulphur-acids in the air of towns is
quite appreciable. The quantity of coals consumed in
London for domestic and manufacturing purposes exceeds
three million tons per annum, and as all coals contain
sulphur, the greater portion of which is discharged during
their combustion as sulphurous and other sulphur«acids, an
enormous quantity of these destructive acids must find
their way into the air. No numerical data exist with
regsud to the proportion of sulphur-acids in the London
atmosphere, but, according to Dr. Angus Smith, the air
of Manchester contains an average proportion con*e3pond-
ing to one part of sulphuric acid m every 100,000 parts
of aur, which, in the centre of the town, rises to 25 parts
in 100,000. According to the quality of the coal and
the amount consumed in a given space m a given locality
the propoition of sulphur-acids in the air of towns will
vary. In some places it may, no doubt, be greater, in
others less than in the air of Manchester, but under all
circumstances it will be saflSoiently large to cause serious
apprehensions.
The strong affinity of sulphuric acid for lime and mag-
nesia render it a des^ctive agent for calcareous building
stones. Sulphuric acid not only renders soluble these earthy
carbonates, but, forming with lime gypsum, a compound
which contains in round numbers 20 per cent, of water of
crystallisation, and with magnesia tne well-known sul-
phate of magnesia, a salt remarkable for the large propor-
tion of water of crystallisation which it fixes, it gives rise
to a mechanical destruction of Bath stone and magnesian
limestones similar in every respect to that produced by
freeaing water. The eflBorescences of sulphate of nw
nema which have been noticed upon those portions of mj
nesian limestones where exfoliation has taken place, afil
a practical proof of the destructive action of the sulphu
acid that occurs in the air of towns. Hydrochloric a
occasionally has been found in the air of towns. It
however, not a usual impurity ; and as on the let
January the act passed in the late session for the m^
effectual condensation of muriatic acid gas in chenii
works came into actual operation, and there is
practical difficulty in seeunng the condensation of t
gas, no fear need be entertained that the buildings
towns will be affected by hydrochloric add fumes.
Still more pernicious in its influenoe than the free s
phnr-aoids which exist in the air of towns, I have rea
to believe is the ^lack smoke which deposits soot, to
great disfigurement of our public and private buildiii
The soot deposit is particularly destructive to the car
portions of buildings. In order to render intelligible
peculiar diemical action which smoke exerts on calcare
building stones, I beg to invite attention to the follow
analysis of a sample of ordinary house-coal soot, whic
made many years ago. In 100 parts of soot I found :
Moisture 10
Organic matter (chiefly black carbon) 44
Chloiide of ammouium
Sulphate of ammonia 3
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of potassium
Oxides of iron and alumina 15
Sulphate of lime H
Phosphate of lime
Carbonate of lime I
Lime in a state of silicate 2
Magnesia in a state of silicate
Soluble silica 4
Insoluble siliceous mattera ^
62
73
•93
■58
■23
•50
69
•05
•53
-12
•29
-38
01
15
99-8£
The per centage of sulphate of ammonia in diffei
samples of soot I find varies exceedingly. In s<
samples I have found aa much as ten, twelve, and (
more of sulphate of ammonia. Perhaps 6 or 6 per c
represents better the average quantity of ammonia 1
the figures in the above analyns. Soot is essential
mechanical mixture of finely-divided carbon with
phate of ammonia, some sal ammoniac, and
particles of ooal-ashes. Soot^ it need hardly be
marked, is a constituent of the smoky atmospher
towns, and is calculated to do great injury to
ornamental work of buildings executed in Bath ston
magnesian limestone. The most destructive ageii
such a smoky atmosphere, aa fiu* aa calcareous bull
stones are oonoeraed, I am inclined to think ii the
phate of ammonia, which, as has been rimwn, is a cons
constituent of soot. This conclusion has been fo
upon me by the examination of the sooty de]
found on a magnificent church in a lai^ commercial
manufacturing town. This church is built of an oc
limestone found in the neighbourhood, and on accoui
the increasing decay, which has quite disfigured
structure, and in many places effaced the finer delineal
of the carved work, is now under the process of restorat
On some of the older parts of the church the
rooive agents of a smoky atmosphere appear to 1
penetrai^ the stone to a considerable depth,
stone here appears to be covered with black cruHts, v
ing in thickness from lialf an inch to more than an
and a half. These cmste crumble off spontaneously i
time to time, or can be easily removed by the applies
of a slight praasure. I have placed upon the t
specimens of crusts similar to those which I made
subject of a rigorous analysis, with a view of ascertai
the changes the original building stone evidently
undergone under the influence of a smoky atmospl
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, January 22, 1864.
149
tnd I WAS perfecUj amased to find how radically the(
original composition of the stone had become changed,. and
was left in no doubt as to the origin of the black crusts.
The church on which thene crusta occur is built with a
good limestone, compoeed chiefly of carbonate of lime,
with no more sulplate of lime, magnesia, oxide of iron,
and insoluble silioeons matters than generally occur in the
better descriptions of oolitic limestones, as wUl be seen by
the following analysis : —
Water driven aS, at 212® '230
Water of combination '110
Carbonate of lime 97-690
Sulphate of lime -163
Magnetia -470
Protoxide of iron •640
Alumina '120
Soda -044
Potash -296
Insoluble siliceous matter (sUioa) 1*850
101-008
In the course of years this stone becomes covered, as
has been already stated, with a dark-coloured incrustation,
which increases in depth from year to year. These black
crusts are soluble to a large extt-nt in water; in some
q>ecimens I found as much as two-thirds soluble in water
and only one-third insoluble* Dried at 212^ they yielded
the following results : —
Portion toluble in water 65-94
Sulphate of lime 51-28
Sulphate of magnesia 1*61
Chloride of sodium -47^
Water of combination 12-63
Portion intciubU in footer 84-06
Organic matter (black carbon) 5*72
Oxides of iron of alumina ,.«... 2-57
Carbonate of magnesia -10
Carbonate of lime 19-03
Insoluble silioeouB poatter 6-64
100-00
A oomparieoo of the composition of the crusta with
that of the stone upon which they were found deposited,
auggests the following remarks : —
1. The greater part of the carbonate of lime, which is
the chief constituent of the stone, has become changed
into sulphate of lime. Sulphate of lime and water of
combination are given separately in the preceding ana-
lysis, both having been obtained by direct and separate
determinations. Uniting the two together we have no
lem than 63*86 per cent, of hydrated sulphate of lime ;
and only 19 percent, of carbonate of lime escaped trans-
formation into sulphate,
2. Kearly the whole of the magnesia in the crusts is
present a'^ sulphate of magnesia, whilst it occurs in the
stone a^ carbonate.
3. The crusts contained in round numbers 5| per cent,
of black carbon, showing that a large proportion of soot
must have come into actual contact with the surface of the
stone.
4. Both the amount of oxides of iron and insoluble
nliceoos matters in the black deposit is very much greater
than in the original stone. An examination of the insoluble
iQiceouB matter has shown that it is of the same nature
as the siliceous matter of coal-ashes. The fine particles
of coal-a«hes, it thus appears, are carried into the air along
with the carbon and other constituents of soot and deposited
on the more sheltered portions of buildings. It has been
shown betore that house-coal soot contains a considerable
pr opor t ion of oxides of iron and alumina and insoluble
siliceoos matters in the shape of fine coal-ashes. The
occurrence of fine coal-ashes in the Idack crusts thus shows
that soot, of the same general character as house-coal soot,
was deposited on the stone.
Id soot the amount of sulphate of ammonia is consider-
able, and OS the black deporit on the stone shows plainly
the presence of other soot constituents, appreciable quan-
tities of sulphate of ammonia might likewise be expected
if this salt did not act upon oarlxtnate of lime in the pre-
sence of moisture. I have examined several deposits on
calcareous stones, but never found more than mere traces
of ammonia. The sulphate of ammonia in the sooty
deposit in contact with water and the calcareous stone
evidently becomes transformed into volatile carbonate of
ammonia which escapes and sulphate of lime which re-
mains behind. There can be but litUe doubt that such
a chemical reaction takes place when a smoky atmosphere
comes into contact with a calcareous stone, especially if
the stone is porous, non -crystalline, and exposed to damp.
The dampest, most sooty, and more sheltered parts of
buildings are generally much more affected by dec%y than
the more exposed parts. Now this would not be the case
if the gaseous constituents of the air were the chief cause
of the exfoliations on limestone buildings, for if this were so,
I imagine the most exposed parts of such buildings would
be more easily attacked than the less exposed. But if the
corroding action of the air of towns is, as I believe, more
properly ascribed to the tangible portions of soot, it
admits of a ready explanation why exactly the sheltered
and damper portions of a building are more liable to decay
than other parts. In the first pUce it is evident that soot
will be more abundantly deposited in the crevices of
fine ornamental stone-work, or in places sheltered by
protruding cornices, t^iau on a plain surface wall, freely
exposed to wind and weather; in the next place, it has
to be borne in mind that, according to a well-known
law iu chemistry, chemical reactions do not generally take
place except the materials which act upon each other are
in the most intimate contact, which necessitates cither
fusion or solution of at least one of the constituents.
In a dry position soot does not produce so injurious an
effect as in a damp place, where the sulphate of ammonia
contained in it ii dissolved by degrees, and retained in
solution in the porous stone. Acting upon its carbonate
of lime, it will produce sulphate of lime and carbonate of
ammonia. In a domp and sheltered position, the condi-
tions for the display of this decomposing action of sulphate
of ammonia are evidently more favourable than they are
in a more exposed part of a building, where rain will
wash away the sulphate of ammonia of soot before it has
time to act upon the stone, and the wind in a great mea-
sure will prevent altogether large accumulations of soot.
The sulphate of lime produced by the action of sul-
phate of ammonia npon limestones in the presence of
moisture, it is hardly necessary to observe, takes up water
of crystallisation, and thereby leads to the exfoliation of
the stone. The longer the action of a sooty atmosphere
continues upon limestones, the more complete will be
their decomposition. In old and thick crusts, like those
examined by me, we have seen that more than 60 per
cent, of gypsum may occur. Had I merely analysed the
surface of the crusts, I doubt not a still larger proportion
of sulphate of lime would have been found.
In another specimen of a black limestone deposit from a
public building, I found : —
Hygroscopic water 1*07
Organic matters (chiefly fine carbon) 6*29
Hydrated sulphate of lime 56*10
Carbonate ol lime, oxides of iron, alumina,
etc. (determined by difference) 34*11
Insoluble siliceous matter 8-48
lOOCO
The proportion of ammonia in this incrustation amounted
to only *04 per cent., and that of nitric acid to -115,
which is equal to -174 of nitrate of lime. Heie, again, it
will be noticed the sulphate of ammonia of the soot
has almost entirely disappeared, and given rise to no leas
than 56 per cent, of hydrated sulphate of lime.
The effect of a smoky atmosphere on Caen stone is
very injurious, particularly if the stone is porous and
hygroscopic. I have lately had an opportunity of noticing
150
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jahuaby 22, 1864.
the rapid decay of Gaen stone employed in the restoration
of a church. The deca^ showed itself in less than three
years, and was proceeding with such rapidity that this
stone had to be abandoned in the work of restoration.
Specimens of Uib Caen stone, and incrustations formed
upon it under the influence of the smoky atmosohere of
'large manufacturing town, are placed on the table ; also
specimens of the stone which is now employed, and which
resists better the injurious action of such an atmosphere.
The analysis of the incrustation on the Caen stone
yielded the following results : —
Hygroscopic water 1*66
Organic matters (carbon chiefly) 4*64
Hydrated sulphate of lime 41*78
Carbonate of lime 88-98
Carbonate of magnesia *58
Oxides of iron and idumina '83
Insoluble siliceous matter 11*01
Alkalies and loss 1-27
100-00
The amount of alumina in the deposit was only -038.
A nitric acid determination gave *246 per cent, which is
equal to *871 of nitrate of lime.
Although this deposit was comparatively speaking of re-
cent production, it nevertheless contained a Urge proportion
of hydrated sulphate of lime. Hard cr^'stalline limestones
of courae resist the action of smoke better than porous
soft stones, but it maybe questioned whether any descrip-
tion of limestone is well adapted for delicate ornamental
out-door work in a smoky town. If the evil of a smoky
atmosphere cannot be entirely avoided in places like
London, Manchester, Birmingham, dec, every care should
at least be taken to mitigate as much as possible the
smoke nuisance.
It is not my intention to examine the various methods
which have been proposed to render calcareous building
stones less liable to decay, for my chief object to-night was
to bring before your notice an account of experiments
which I made in studying the remarkable chemical
changes which oolitic limestones undergo under the in-
fluence of a smoky atmosphere. I cannot, however,
refrain from saying, that, of all the diflerent plans
of protecting buildings against decay, Mr. Bansome's
appears best to fulfil the requirements of the esse.
In the first place, it may be observed, a remedy
against decay in stones should have a tendency to render
porous stones more impervious to water and atmospheric
mipurities ; and, in the second place, such a remedy should
alter the surface of a stone which is so readily attacked
by smoke as limestones generally are, in a manner that,
instead of caibonate of lime, a compound of lime is pro-
duced on the surface which is not readily acted upon by
sulphate of ammonia or by acid fumes which are found
occasionally in the air of towns. Mr. Bansome's patent
process appears to fulfil perfectly the first requirement—
that of making a porous stone harder and more com-
pact. The principle adopted in this process likewise ap-
peara to be correct, and in a great measure to fulfil our
second requirement, for by first impregnating a limestone
with chloride of calcium, and saturating it afterwards
with a solution of silicate of soda, Mr. Bansonie closes the
pores of the stone and fills them up with insoluble silicate
of lime, a compound which is not acted upon readily by
chemical agents. By surrounduig the particles of' car-
bonate of lime of which the porous stone consists with
insoluble silicate of lime, it will be readily conceived the
surface of the stone must be rendered far less liable to be
acted upon by atmospheric agencies than the stone in its un-
prepared state. The perfection of this process would be,
if, by some means or other, not only the pores of cal-
careous building stones could be filled up with a com-
pound, which, like silicate of lime, is not easily acted upon
by chemical agencies, but if an appreciable portion of the
surface of the stone itself could be changed from carbonate
into silicate of lime or into some other equally wel
resistinff compound, and at the same time the productio
of soluble salt.like chloride of sodium could be avoided.
In conclusion, I beg to ofifcr a few observations on th
injurious effects of smoke on vegetation. Wheat, barle;
g^rass, or clover, exposed to a smoky atmosphere at a
early stage of their growth, are visibly affected in a sho:
time. The tons of these plants turn first red, tlt€
yellow, and finally white, and an effect is produced n«
unlike that caused by frost or excessive drought. Coi
crops affected in this manner by smoke may recover to
certain extent, but they never yield well, inasmuch as tl
development of the plants becomes irregular, and the coi
ripens unequally. If cereals are attacked by smoke whc
in flower, the ears do not fill well, and the grain is of
poor quality.
Grass and clover, more or less discoloured or bleach<
and damaged by smoke, are disliked by cattle, and oft<
r^'jected by them altogether. Smoke deteriorates tl
quality and diminishes the quantity of grass and clov
crops. Plants with strongly developed leaves, for instanc
mangolds, swedes, turnips, and other green crops, are le
liable to suffer injury from a smoky atmosphere.
Fruit and ornamental trees, on the other hand, a
readily affected by such an atmosphere. The leaves tui
yellow, brown, and finally black, and then drop. If tl
leaves are destroyed two or three years in successit
the trees become sickly, and finally die off. Fruit-tre
in blossom attacked by smoke yield no fruit, or but
poor sickly crop.
During the combustion of coal much sulphurous acid
generated, which is carried away by the smoke of the fii
The injurious effects of smoke on vegetation are evident
due to sulphurous acid, a gas which, according to expe
ments made many yeara ago by Turner and Chiistisc
causes the leaves of plants to drop when it is present
air merely in the poportion of rdbii^^ P^*
Becently expenments on the edects of air coutaini
small quantities of sulphurous acid upon vegetation ha
been made in Germany, by my friend Prof. Stockhard
Tharand. Young fir-trees exposed twice or three tim
for two hours, to air oontainmg only ^T^ixrvth, or e\
n^^^th of sulphurous acid gas, were completely bleacli
in wet weather, and killed when they were exposed
a longer time to air containing so small a quantity
sulphurous acid. -
In dry weather a much larger quantity of this acid m
be present in the air without doing any injury to plai
It IS in wet weather that air containing only traces
sulphurous acid is injurious to vegetation. In localit
where much coal of inferior quality, generally rich in i;
pyrites, is burned, the injury' done to vegetation by i
sulphurous acid proceeding from such coal may often
seen at a distance of from one to two miles from the pi
where the smoke is generated.
Farmers residing m a neighbourhood where brick-ki
and potteries abound, frequently sustain much more inji
than they are themselves aware. The quantity of i
phurous acid emanating fix)m open brick-kilns is very c
siderable, and there cannot be any doubt that, in cert
localities, the air is poisoned with sulphurous acid gai
an extent which prevents the healthy growth of wlu
barley, or oats, so that good crops are rai^y seen in s\
localities, and blighted ones are quite the rule.
By a recent Act of Parliament provision is made for
effectual condensation of muiiatic acid gas in all
works ; but, as far as I know, there is no law which ]
vents brickmakers throwing into the air any quantity
sulphurous acid which they choose, although it is n
pernicious to vegetation than even muriatic acid gas,
have had many opportunities of becoming practice
acquainted with the injurious effects which a sm
atmosphere produces on our cereal crops, and regar
strong deposition of soot on wheat ana other com ci
quite a sufficient evidence of the more or less comp
injury which the crops must have suffered by the
JOITBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ABTS, Januabt 22, 1864. 151
£S
phmoiu add always preaeot in the air in districts where
■och Bootjr deposits are seen on plants. The disadrantagee
of carrying on agricnltaral pnraaita in the potteries, or in
diaCriots where Tolamee of buck smoke discharge enormons
qoantides of solpharous aokl into the air, are well-known
amongst the more intelligent and enterprising farmen.
This fact explains to a certain extent the backward con-
dUkm of agricoltnre in snch localities, and loudly calls lor
a mitigation of the evils to which farmers are exposed
who have the misfbrtone to oocopy land in the immediate
neighbourhood of large manufacturing towns, or in
localities where immense quantities of inferior coal are
ooosnmed by brick and tilemakers and roannfacturers of
earthen and stoneware, &c. ' Again, in districts where
oopper-oree, consisting for the greater part of the sul-
phurets of copper or iron, are the law materials fh>m which
oopper-smelters extract the metal, enormous quantities of
imphurous acid are discharged into the atmosphere.
The injury done to vegetation by the smoke from
copper-works has been traced beyond a distance of four
miles. It is true the smoke from such works generally
oontAins appreciable quantities of arsenic, which of course
is inimical to the health of plants ; but as the arsenical
fames are insigniOcant in quantity in relation to the large
amount of sulphurous acid which is produced in roasting
oopper-ores, and as air containing T^r^^th or even
YXR^ins^ P^^ o^ solp^iurous add gas is decidedly injurious
to vegetation in wet weather, 1 think the sulphurous add
of copper-smoke does more mischief to the crops in the
neighbourhood of the works than the arsenical compounds
of the smoke. Just as little as alkali-makers are per-
mitted to discharge muriatic add into tiie air, should
oopper-tmelters be allowed to discharge into the air
the enormous quantities of sulphurous add which are
produced in roasting certain oopperrores. It may perhaps
not be possible to condense sulphurous acid so perfectly or
00 readily as muriatk: add gas, and probably the arrange-
ments for the condensation of the former will be found
altogether inaf^iropriate to effect the condensation of the
latter, but attempts to mitigate the evil resulting to ve- i
getatioo by sulphurous add fumes should be seriously
undertaken.
It has ooeorred to me that the sulphurous acid famea
of eopper-works might, perhaps, be converted eeonomi-
oally mto sulphuric acid, or he used for the production
of sulphite or hyposulphite of soda ; and I do not consider
it improbable that one of these days this highly injurious
product iriU cease to be a nuisance to the inhabitants of
the oountiv round about the works, and be turned to good
ooonomioal account.
As regards the actual quantities of sulphurous acid gas
contained in the smoke of brick-kilns, we possess no dlata
for our guidance. The quality of the coal used, the
oonstmction of the kiln, and the compodtion of the day
of which the bricks are made must affect to a great extent
the proportion of sulphurous add in the smoke. Thus
a coaly with a high per centage of sulphur, but containing
alao much mineral matter, may produce on ImmiDg less
■ulphurous add than another kind of coal, poorer in
aolphur and in mineral matter, inasmuch as the greater
portion of the sulphur is fixed by the mineral portion of
aome coals. Again, if the clay contains magnesia or
lime, or is purposely mixed with chalk, most of the
sulphur of the coal will be fixed by the magnesia or lime.
The brick-makers in the neighboarh^ of London,
who uee with the clay a considerable proportion of chalk,
therefore produce a smoke which contains but veiy little
•ulphurous acid, whilst in distncts where fire-bricks, tiles,
te., are largely manufactured from clay that does not con-
tain lime or magnesia, or merely insignificant quantities,
the air becomes charged with sulphurous add to an extent
which injuriously affects the vegetation for miles round
the brick- dampe or kilns.
Before sitting down allow me briefly to recapitulate the
chief points of mterest which I have laid before you.
The decay of bcdlding stones is connected with n^uch
that am)eari inexplicable or contradictory ; I therefore
oonfined my attention to the study of the changes which
Caen stone, Bath-stone, and siiQilar calcareous building
stones undergo under the influence of a more less inipuro air.
I endeavoured to show that some — ^perhaps a good
many-— calcareous building stones rapidly decay, simply
because they are too porous and absorbent, or not
of a suffidently food structural composition to with«
stand the mechamcal effect produced by the expansive
force of water. The great enemy to all such stones, and
the most important cause of their decay, is damp. It was
shown that in such decaying or decayed porous stones the
amount of nitrate of lime is too insignificant to attach
to it any material influence in producing the exfoliation
on limestone buildings. The normal constituents of the
air, except moi8ture,*do not appear to exercise any very
marked chemical effect upon calcareous building stones.
In the next place, I showed that the destruction of the
ornamental work of buildings executed in Bath, Caen, or
a similar calcareous building stone, is caused by the form-
ation of crystallised sulphate of lime on the surface.
The crusts that may be seen in perfection on limestones
covered with soot, were found to constist principally of
crystallised sulphate of lime, mixed with the constituents
of ordinary house-ooal soot, and more or less undecom-
posed carlwnate of lime.
I endeavoured to show that the work of destruction is
chiefly caused through the agency of smoke, and pointed
out that the active agent of black smoke is sulphate of
ammonia, a salt which in the presence of moisture trans-
forms carbonate of lime into crystallised sulphate of lime
(the preponderating constituent of the incrustation of cal-
careous building stones) and into volatile cart)onate ot
ammonia, which escapes.
Finally, I directed attention to the injuiy which a
smoky atmosphere does to vegetation, and pointed out
sulphurous acid as the cause of this injury.
It now remains for me to express the wish that some
gentlemen in the room, well qualified to speak on the
subject brought forward by me, will favour the meeting
with suggestions that may ultimately lead to a remedy for,
or the mitigation of an evil, the existence of which is
but too apparent, and some of the causes of wliich I
have endeavoured to point out.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. C. H. SiirrB said his remarks would be of a practical
rather than of a sdentifio nature, fie had often been
perfectly bewildered by the many scientific theories
that had been propounded in reference to this subject.
The paper had not alluded to the gieat variation in quality
even in the same description of stone. As regarded Caen
and Bath stones, they had been treated as being usually
of one quality, whereas it was well-known that in every
quarry of this stone there were four or five different
varieties, as distinct from each other as possible ; there-
fore it was not right to treat of it merely as Caen stone.
The same might be sdd of Bath, Portland, and all the
other oolitip stones. If it were left to the builder or mason,
he would soon find out the softest in the quany, for it
could be worked with half the labour that was re-
quired for the harder kinds, besides making the finest
looking work when it was finished ; and it was owing
to this often occurring that an almost incredibly rapid
decay of the matetial took place. In evciy district of
the Caen stone there were eight or ten dlHerent
quarries, and each of these had five or six ditl'erent
beds, so that there were at least fifty varieties of Caen
stone, all varying in some respects fi^om each other, and
many of them of an inferior character. The decay of the
stone in building was therefore in a peat measure owing
to the bad selection of the material in the first instance.
He had seen many instances of this both in London and
the country. He could mention many public and other
buildings in London and elsewhere, in which the decay
152
JOUBBTAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, jANUi^OT 22, 1864.
of the stone had been almost as akiking aa in the case of
the spedoiena on the table. The Boman Catholic Chnvoh
at St. George's was almost as bad as it could be. The
atnicture had been built within the memory of most present,
and yet the stone was in a oonmlete state of deoay. The
materials used were Caen and mth stone, bat not of good
quality, and it was therefore, in his opinion, more im-
portaiit to be able to select the beat qualities of stone than
simply to ascertain their chemioalooiistitueota. Qenerally
speaking, the stonemason could tell almost at a glance the
good and bad qualiues of stone, but it was often not his
mterest to my anything about it. To give an instance of
good and bad qualities of stone of the same kind, he would
mention Portland stone, which had been used in London
a great deal since the time of James the First. The
Chapel Royal in Whiteh^l was ofle of the first Urge
buildings erected of that material, and Sir Christopher
Wren used it for all his churches. The Monument on
Fish-street-hiU and Temple Bar were both constructed
nominslly of the same stone, and whilst the bas-relief re-
presenting the great fire of London was as perfect as pos-
sible, without a bad stone in it, it was well known in what
a state of decay the west fh>nt of Temple Bar was, with
exactly the same aspect. The difierent states of pre-
servation of the two buildings were entirely owing to the
different qualities of the same description of stone. At
BomerHot Uou^e, again, there was another reuiarkable in-
stance of this. The river front was built by two different
masons, under the same architect. One built the upper part
and the other the lower. The part below the terrace was as
black as could be, and was at the same time remarkably
perfect, the upper pcntion was almost white, and there
was scarcely a good stone it it ; yet both portions of the
building were of the same aspect, and the portion nearest
the water was perfect, while that which was ikrthest from
the water was very much decayed. It was after the bad
stone had been used that chemists were set to work to
try and find out something to stop the decay of our
large public buildings, whereas the better plan wotild
have been to have taken more care in the selection
of the stone. He believed several thousand pounds
had been expended upon the Houses of Parliament
in tiding processes to prevent decay, but up to this
time he was not aware of any plan that was practically
useful. A specimen was put into his liands some time
ago to show how far the indurating material employed in
one of these processes had penetrated into the stone, and
he found that it had entered lu far as three quarters of an
inch, but that stone had been in the first instance put into
a hot air chamber to drive out all the moisture, and after-
wards immersed in the boiling fluid, and by that means
this result had been produced ; but he need hardly say
that it wafl not possible to put the Houses of Parliament
or Somerset-house either into a hot-air chamber or into
a boiling fluid. Those appliances answered in the
laboratory but not in practice. His own opinion was that
any of tiie subf^tances at present known applied to the
preservation of stone would not bo neutral in their
eflects, — they would either tend to preserve it or to hasten
its decay. A great deal had been said in the paper as to the
efl'ect of water on stone ; his own belief was. that if the stone
was really good the water would have little or no effect
upon it. By experiments he had made, ho found that a
cubic foot of Caen stone would absorb two gallons of water
without showing more than a slight damptiess on the sur-
foce. Hardly anything was more absorbent of water than
a well-boint grey BtoSs. btick, yet it was a very durable
mateiial. Mr. Smith referred to the church of St. Don-
Stan, in Fleet-street, as an example of exceedingly porons
limestone exposed to the London atmosphere, and yet
it had proved very durable. The decay of bad quality of
stone was by no means restricted to London or other
large cities, the atmosphere of which was impregnated
with the acids, &c., to the effects of which the destruction
of stone was attributed by scientific men. The town of
Oxford presented a remarkable instance of this. He knew
of no town in to deploimble a state in this remct, ai
he attributed it entirely to the injudidottB aefeotioQ
the quality of atone. The efleota of varieties of temper
ture upon stone had not been sufficiently taken into a
count. The extreme differonoes in the tempormtore
winter and simimer in this country might be stated at 1<
degrees. That, in his opinion, had more effect in pr
ducing the deoay of stone than anything else. Take tl
case of a building exposed to two diffisrent aspeota, such
the Horse Guanu, which was built throughout as near
as possible with the same stone. The north and east sid
of that building were blackened and in a perfect stat
while the decay was principally observable uoon the sid
facing the south and the west, owing as he bcdieved to tJ
greater variations of temperature to which they were e
posed. Dr. Voeloker had implied that limestones we
imfit for outdoor carvings, and if so he should be glad
know what sort of stone was suitable, becatise they oou]
only carve at great expense in sandstone, and, moreover,
was more or less laminated, and, in order to be dtirabl
required to be put up in the position in which it was lai
in the quarry, otherwise it became exfoliated.
Mr. G. F. Wilson, F.R.S., thought that Dr. Voelck<
had treated this subject in a strictly practical manne
Wiien a scientific chemist in the position of Dr. Voelck<
explained what the particular form of decay in the stoi
was, showing that so large a proporticm as 60 per oent. <
sulphate of Time was present, it must direct the attentio
of practical men to the importance of using those parti
cular kinds of stone which wtere not so liable to be acte
upon by the sulphate of ammonia in the sooty atmoi
phere. The remarks of Mr. Smith, as to choosing th
best portions of stone in a particular quarry, were ver
important. I^. Voelcker attributed the decay of parti
cular kinds of stone to the c:Nrroding effect of the blad
smoke of large towns forming an incrustation which re
acted on the stone, somewhat in the same way as tarta
acted upon the teeth, only with a different chemical re
action. That subject had been Seated of several times i
this room, and the different modes of getting rid of th
smoke which occasioned the evil had been considered. J
very simple method of preventing smoke in house fire
was stated to be the having a grate with a false botton
and putting the coals in below, and removing them whei
in a glowing state from the bottom to the top of the grate
Dr. Baohhoffneb remarked that, judging from what
had fallen from his friend Mr. Smith, every arohiteci
should be a Hugh Miller ; but he thought very few archi
tects ootdd give that time to the study of geology whiol
was requisite to bring them up to the practical standard
suggested by Mr. Smith, as judges of the different quali-
ties of stone. Hence the advantage of this Society and ol
the admirable paper brought before them this evening. He
had not heard an3rthing in the remaiks of Dr. Voelckei
as to the discarding of limestones, and he apprehended
that their disuse for ornamental purposes was not sug-
gested ; but the novel point with him, and one which was
of considerable importance, was the action of thesolphate
of ammonia in the soot prodndog doublo decomposition,
and thus contributing to the decay. He knew no
reason why every household should not be made
to consume its own smoke. Mr. Wilson had alluded to a
plan which he (Dr. i3achhofiner) patented some years ago,
but no one would take the trouble to employ it. It had
been shown by Dr. Amott and many others that the pro-
per way of lighting a 6re was from the top. Lighting
from the bottom was a wasteful plan, for the heat distilled
the coals at the top, and their heat-producing qualities
were thus to a great extent lost. A fire lighted in the
way he had just recommended would remain alight for
four or five hours, and require no stining. He thought
Dr. Voelcker was quite right in 8a,\'ing that smoke was the
cause of the destruction of stone in buildings, and be
supposed they must submit to this till the legisbture made
it imperative that every house should consume its own
smoke. The table in the paper showed them that whilst
JOQBNAL OP THE SOOIEry OP ARTS, JAJ^aAar 23, 1864.
loa
the original oocnposltiou of stoae oootaioed ooly one- tenth
per oeot. of aalphate of lime, in the decayed atone 51
parts oat of 100 were converted into thia aalt.
Mr. F. A. Ab£l remarked that there was no doubt
the facts iaxMight before them in this paper formed an
important contribution to our knowledge as to the various
cauMs which brought about the decay of stone. Mr.
Smith had properly called* attention to the importance of
•eioctiag proper tle&iiiptions of stone, of uniform quality,
in future buildings, but it must be remembered that we
had to deal with buildings already orecte 1. With regard
to the etfeota of moisture and of the ditferent silu con-
tained in soot, they were deserving of great consideration.
Tboae who hal given attention to the decay of stone
would have nuticdd th.it where the stones remained moist,
as they would in ao:ne pails of a building, thsre the
dec^ was grcAte^t. This was not alone owing to the
disintegrating action of the moisture, but was due, in a
great measure, to the absorption of the saline materials
which constituted no hxgQ a proportion of the compoutiori
of soot. Oa oiu point he differed from Dr. Voelcker —
that was as to the preservation of stone by artificial
meaos. He hid led them to believe tliat such a process as
Hr. Banaoms's woild l)e succossful. In that he (Mr.
AJbsl) did not agree. In the composition used by that
gentleman tliere were different salts, which, by chemical
raaction, were intendaV to deposit an insoluble substance
opoa the surface and within the pores of the stone.
Doabtlsss this insoluble subsUnoe, filicate of lime, was
pcodtKed, Uit titere was also produced a soluble substance,
ooauDon salt, which soon dissolved away and left the pores
of the stone open. The result was, the stone was not
permaneotly protected ; indeed, not more effectually than
if some such substance as beeswax was applied, which for
a tins would fill up the pores of the stone, but would soon
dsGfty and require renewal. If they could discover a pro-
08» (and he did not despair of this) by which they could
get a preservative matter into the pores in a perfectly in-
ioliiblB foaa, it would do doubt be valuable. To that end
ihev were tending. He believed it was not impossible to
deposit silica in a hard form in the pores of the stone with*
oat also depositing a soluble salt, and in this way they
woold effect what Dr. Voelcker bad shown to bo so de-
■cable to prevent the decay of stone.
Mr. T»ACY remarked upon the ciroumsUnce that,
althongh there were evidences of the failure of portions
of the stone iu the front of Westminster Hall, the same
description of stone had been used for the New Houses of
PaiiHuuent. He would put in a plea on behalf of soot.
In his opinion, the carbon which was deposited on the
roo/s of the houses in the form of soot, and afterwards
washed away by rain, and conveyed into the sewers,
acted, in a great degree, as a deodoriser of the sewage
mattmiH, and in that wi^ was beneficial in a sanitary point
of view.
Mr. Bi&Bop coold state that what had been treated of
as oocorring to buildings in this ootmtry took place to a
ooQsiderable extent in other parts of the world, under
totally diffierent climatic influences. The English choroh
at Alexandria, although erected only six or seven
years ago, in sandstone, already exhibited signs of decay
io some parts, particularly in the ornamental portions
whili* the mosques in Cairo, which had been built hundreds
of years, also of sandstone, were in the most perfect preser-
vati<m. and Uie richly-omaniented domes of those buildings,
exceeding anything we have in this country, remained per-
fectly sound. Damp had been spoken of as having a great
effect upon some description of stones. In Alexandria, how-
ever, there was no rain whatever for eight months in the
year, bat there was a palpable dampness in the atmos-
phere of an evening. He had no doubt the stones took
op a great portion of that dampness. On visituig the
o6di^k at Htfliopolis, on the sides on which the current of
wind set, there was an incrusiatton nearly halfan-inch
thkk, with aUght vegetation upon it. That appearance was
prasntad on ooly tw« sides of the ob^isk, and there must
be some considerable degree of moisture to fix that earthy
matter. A similar appearance was {oesented by the stones
all over G^ypt ; there was something deposited on them
which would produce vegetation if there was sutfinont
moisture for that purpose. With regard to the destructive
influences of frost upon stone, they were, no doubt, con-
siderable, though in many places in the E^t, wiiere there
was no frost, the sto ie was nevertheless much decayed.
The Coliseum at Rome, though built of a very porous
stone, was in excellent preservation. The Cathedral of
St. Peter was built of the same kind of stone, as were
most of the buildings in Italy which were not of m irble ;
it was very porous, though also .very durable. The
Cathedral of Cologne appeared to have suffered from the
deeay of the stone mdre than any similar building iu iWit
part of Europe, and many portions had to be entirely re-
built. With regard to Caen stone, as far as his own
knowledge went, it appeared that those stones which con-
tained the greatest portion of silicjt were the best resi^tants
of the influenoes of the weather.
The CuAiRMAH proposed that the thanks of the meet-
ing be given to Dr. Voelcker for his paper. Tiiis piper
was of a highly practical character, containing as it did a
ooUection of chemical results obtained by experim mi upon
decayed stones taken from various buildings. It was true
that no remedy had been suggested in the paper, but per-
liaps that was not the object, but rather that of eliciting
discussion and information. This was the kind uf paper
most likely to bring out that information, either as
to what stone should h6 avoided, or how to make the
material employed more durable. Mr. Smith had given
them another set of facts, those of his experience as to the
dtffi»renoes between one bed of stone and another. He had
also shown how, in the same building, different degrees
of disinttigratioo in the same description of stone had
taken plane. Taking the instanoe of Somerset House,
he had stated that the lower parts and those nearest to
the water had suffered less than the higher portions of the
buildbg. Then, with respect to the Horse Guaids, Mr.
Smith had tokl them that the northern and eastern por-
tions were less decayed than the southern and western,
and thia he attributed to the greater change of tempera-
tore to which the latter were exposed, but it must be re-
membered that these were also exposed to the windls most
prevalent in this country ; therefore, the condition of the
stone being originally the same, we must infer that the
sides of the building expoeed.to the winds and raips nine
months out of the twelve would be mechanically acted
opoB to a greater extent than the other parts, and there
would also be a lai^r quantity of sulphur salts thrown upon
those portions. Those causes oombined, no doubt produced
that difference which Mr. Smith had very truly stated.
Here were the observations of a practical man pointing out
where the decay took place, but he did not show them
how the evil was to be avoided. Dr. Voelcker had shown
them the chemical changes which took place in certain
descriptions of stone, and in the case of the specimens of
dilapidation exhibited this evening, it appeared that this
destruction was going on while the restorations were in
progress, so rapid was the decay in some instances. He
begged to propose a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Voelcker
for his Suable paper.
The vote of thanks was then passed.
The Secretary called attention to a form of ventilator
patented by Mr. Boyle, sent for the inspection of the
members. It consists of circular apertures m some of the
upper panes of a window, covered with wire gauze, and
ako openings at the lower portions of the room similarly
covered, for the admission of fresh air. The inventor
states that the effect of the gauze is to distribute the air,
so as to avoid draught. Attention was also drawn to a
clock case, in engraved [metal work, after the style of nao-
numental brasses, the engraved portions being filled in with
lac of various colours, executed by Mr. Alfred Woodall.
The Secretary annocmced that on Wednesday evening
15i
JOLRNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 22, 1864.
next, the 27th inst, a Puper by Mr. Samnel Brown, F.I. A.,
F.S.S., *' On the Metric System of Weights and Measures,
Aod its Proposed Adoption in this Coontty," would be read.
'§tmtlmp Bl InslMons.
♦
Bank of England Libbabt and LrrsBABT AasooiA-
TiON. — On Tuesday evening, the 12th of January,
Thomson Hankey, Esq., M.P., delivered a lecture in the
reading-room of the Institution. The chair was occupied
by K. D. Hodgson, Es^., M.P., Governor of the Bank,
who stated that the lecturer had taken a leading part in
founding the society, and had shown great interest in its
progress. Mr. Hankey chose for his subject ** CHie Tear
of Government Expenditure ; or, how the money comes
in and goes out." He first dealt with the cash account
of the Treasury fh>m the Ist of April, 1862, to the Slst
of March, 1863, specifying the amount expended by each
departn)ent of the Government, and explaining how the
various items were made out. The total ordinary ex-
penditure for the year was £69,302,007 198. 2d. He then
went through the items of revenue in the same way, show*
ing what the several departments produced, with the cost of
collection. The ordinary income was £70,604,560 16s. 8d.,
being £1,302,552 16s. Id. in exoea of the ex-
penditure. He pointed out, however, that in addition
£1,050,000 had been expended on fortifications, reducing
the excess of income over expenditure to £252,552 16s. Id.
Mr. Hankey concluded his lecture by pajring a high
tribute to the honour and integrity which in the present
day characterised our public servants. At the conclusion
of the lecture Mr. Matthew Marshall, President, in moving
a vote of thanks to Mr. Hankey, reminded the members
that thirteen years previously Mr. Hankey had opened
that reading-room, and that his presence on this occasion
was only another proof, if such were wanting, of the con-
tinned interest taken by him in the prosperity of the
association. Mr. Hankey, in acknowledging the vote of
thanks, assured the members of his continue interest in
the prosperity of the society, and concluded by moving a
vote of thanks to the Governor for his kindness in pre-
siding. This was duly passed and acknowledged.
Bbomfton Cbuuoh op England Yoono Mbn's So-
ciBTT. — The thirteenth annual report states that the
debt originally incurred for the furniture and apparatus
for the lecture room is steadily decreasing, ana is now
almost entirely discharged. The attendance at the public
lectures, and at the Tuesday evening meetings, has not
been so satisfactory as could be wished. The committee
desire it to be known that these lectures are invai-iably a
pecuniary loss to the society, and that an increased sale of
tickets to non-members is necessary to justify the com-
mittee in incurring the expense of providing for future
lectures. The literary class continues to affi)ra to mem-
bers an opportunity of improving themselves in elocution,
composition, and in general information. The committee
appeal to the friends of the society for donations of books
or money to augment the libraiy. The weekly exchange
of periodicals at the )nembers' homes continues to be ap-
preciated. A reading room, supplied with newspapers,
chess, and draughts, has been opened for members, at a
payment of Id. per week. The income has been
£42 15s. lOd., and there is a small balance due to the
treasurer.
London Meobanics' Institution.— On Wednesday,
the 13th inst., a soiree was held at this Institute in com-
memoration of its 40tli anniversary. The theatre and
reading-room were decorated for the occasion ; the walls
were covered with pictures, and numerous objects of
scientific and artistic interest were exhibited. The chair
was taken by Mr. T. A. Reed, who, in opening the pro-
ceedings, delivered a short address, in which he referred
tothe establishment of the Institution, the first of its kind,
in 1823, by Lord Brougham, Dr. Bu-kbeck, and others,
and to the national benefits which had sprung from the
many similar societies called into existence by its example.
Addresses were then delivered by Mr. Joseph and Mr.
Rees, members of the committee of management. The
entertainments of the evening comnrised smging and re«
citations, and the exhibition of dissolving Views, Sso.
Dancing was kept up till a late houf. An announce-
ment made during the evening, that the chairman had
brought before the committee of management a proposal
for supplying the members with refreshments at cost price,
with the view of ultimately incorporating the club prin-
ciple with the general working of the Institution, wu
greeted with applause.
Shbofshibb Meohamios' and Lxtebabt Institution.—
The report for the year ending 31st December, 1863, speaks
of its great and perhaps unprecedented prosperity. The
income, was £202 8s. 4Jrd., and there is a balance in the
hands of the treasurer of £54 13s. 9}d. There has been
a large increase also in the number of members, at present
nearly 200, being twenty-five more than the total of last
year. The committee express their obligations to various
gentlemen who have contributed by lectures and otherwise
to the success of the past year. Large audiences were
attracted by the professional lecturers, Mr. Grossmith,
Mr. Bowton. and Mrs. Inglis. For the last two years no
dattes have been in operation owing to the absence of any
want having been expressed in this respect ; but the com-
mittee reiterate their readiness at all times to assist in
promoting classes in any of the useful arts or sciences, and
to provide a comfortable class-room for this object.
Southampton Atbbn^um. — The half-yearly meeting
was held on Wednesday, January 13th, when there waa
a good attendance of members. The chair was occupied
by Mr. W. Johnson, vice-president, who referred to the
satisfactory manner in which the Athenasum had pro«
gressed during the past year, the subscriptions having
increased from £34 in the previous vear to £56 5s. 7d. in
the last, and the entrance fees to lectures from 15s. to
£15 69., so that the committee had been enabled to clear
off some of the liabilities; the total income for the
year being £140 Us. 2d. The report, which was read by
Mr. J. Locke, the corresponding secretary, stated that the
various classes in connection with the institution now
numbered ten, and were in active operation, under able
and qualified masters. The lectures were highly success-
ful, and, as well as the classes, had been the means of
increasing the number of members. The reading-room
was kept in a most efficient condition. An addition had been
made to the library, the president (Mr. Steuart Mao-
naghten) having made his customary present of books,
consisting of eighteen volumes; others were added, and
a still further increase was recommended. In conclusion
the committee reported an addition of 179 members since
December, 1862, and that a good list of lectures had been
made up for the next session. The balance-sheet showed
that the balance in the treasurer's hands was £7 I8s. Id.,
and the liabilities had been reduced some £23. Steuarl
Macnaghten, Esq., was re-elected president. This society
has been established since 1849. It offers to its members
fortnightly lectures, a circulating library of 800 volumes,
a reading-room supplied with the principal reviews, and
daily, weekly, and monthly publications, also the privilege
of attending several of the classes of the society, including
elocution, reading, discussion and dramatic, all for the
payment of one penny per week. There is also a coffee
and club room, where chess, draughts, &c., are available
for the payment of sixpence per quarter additional.
REPORT ON THE IRISH FLAX CROP OF 1863.
By Wm. Cbarlbt, J. P.
No doubt some of the readers of the Journal of the
Society of Arts will recollect the aeries of papers I contri-
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, January 22, 1864.
156
bated to its pages on the subject of flax. Those papers I
afterwards collected and published in a small volume.*
My object in doing so was to place within the reach of
every one requiring such information^ a ntumS of evcTy-
thing known on tM subject up to the present time, and to
plaoe the cause of flax cultivation before the public in a
popular and accessible form. No doubt other parties have
made most laudable efforts in the same direction, but their
exertions have generally been confined to some special
bfmnch of the flaxen industry ; and not one, that I am aware
o^ has endeavoured to grapple with the entire subject from
the M^og of the seed to the completion of the finished
fabric This tssk 1 have endeavomed to accomplish, snd
though no doubt a difl&cult one, I hope and believe, with
the vmluable aid I received, when sought for, from many
Jdnd friends, that the result has been tolerably successful.
I am induced to make these remarks not in a vain or
boastful spirit, but because the increased growth of flax,
which 1 have so warmly advocated in the Society's Journal,
IS now an accomplished fact. This is no doubt partly to
be ascribed to the continued attention paid to the subject by
the public press, and other organs of opinion. The ex-
tremely low price of grain and the very unfavourable wea-
ther for harvesting for some years past, making the quality
inferior, as well as the quantity, in comparison with ordi-
nary years, induced many hitherto prejudiced farmers to
try the muoh-talked>of flax crop in 18€i2, and a still larger
number in 1863, the acres for those years being respec-
tively 150,070 and 213,992.
The price of flax has kept up, and is at a very remune-
rative figure at present, while the yield and quality of
fibre is decidedly beyond the average. My crop of 1863 .
produced £24 per statute acre, one-half of which I consider
to be clear profit. A friend of mine, an amateur agricul-
turist, tried one field this last season for the first time,
and ofl* three acres, sold in Belfast market £65 value of
produce. A still more interesting case is that of a re-
r table farmer residing dose to my place, who told me
other day he had £106 off one field of 4} acres, the
half of which he considerd dear profit, and without
which he would have had some trouble in making up his
rent.
These crops are all rather over tiie average, and are the
produce of good warm soils in the Valley of the Lagan ;
but much of the flax is grown on cold, high-lying land, al-
most mountain land, and the result in such cases would
not exceed perhaps half what I have mentioned.
Mr. Macadam, Secretary to the late Royal Flax Sodety,
estimated the average produce per acre at 5 cwts., which
at £3 per cwt. gives £15 per acre ; and I think, making
due allowance for the ^ high land*' and other inferior
crops, this calralation is very nearly correct.. The value,
therefore, of the Irish flax crop this year, would be
£3,209.880. It is estimated that the entire flax-spinning
power of Ireland is now about 650,000 spindles, >qual to
65 large mills of 10,000 spindles each, each mill requiring
in ordinary times 500 tons of flax fibre per annum : but as
the present demand is chiefly for low, heavy qualities of
yam, one- fourth may be added this season, making say
625 tons, which, multiplied by 65, gives a toUl of 40,625
tons ; the value, at £60 per ton, is £2,487,600. This leaves
a surplus for sale to Scotch, English, and foreign spinners
of £772,380, supposing only Irish flax to be used in Ire-
land ; but as Irish spinners buy largely of foreign flax, we
have a surplus of over one million value for export to
Great Britain, where it is so much needed. This surplus
exceeds the entire value of the Irish flax crop 15 or 16
yttn ago. and if the present demand remain steady, aikl
linen fabrics continue to be used as substitutes for cotton,
millions of money lately sent to the United States for raw
material will be kept at home, and the wealth and pros-
perity of Ireland no doubt greatly increased.
This part of the United Kingdom possesses every
• •* Fbx and its Ptod«ets in Ireland.' By Wo. Charley.
Befl sad Pakly* 186, Flsst-strtet, 1802.
capability for an almost unlimited cultivation of flax ; even
the almost useless bogs, if drained, would become further
auxiliaries.
The importance of the crop to the Irish fiurmer is
now recognised. In fact, it is admitted, that instead'
of the ** wheat paying the rent** in 1863, so far as
Ulster is oonoenied, it has in many cases been the
flax. Wet seasons and low prices have acted severely
against the cereal crops, tmt have not affected the value
of the flax crop; while the scardty and deamess of
cotton itself, has so well sustained the prices of all articles
used as cotton substitutes, that a more than average
rate for flax has lately been obtained. The following
tabular statement wiU show the acres of flax grown in
Ireland for some time back : —
Eaglifh Am.
1847 58,000
1848 53,863
1849 60,314
1850 91,040
1851 140,536
1852 137,008
1853 174,579
1854 151,403
1855 97,075
Bnglbh Aerei.
1866 106,811
1857 97,721
1868 91,646
1869 136,282
1860 128,595
1861 147,866
1862 150,070
1863 213,992
** The total area under flax this year (1863) amounts
to 218,992 acres, which exceeds by 39,413 acres the
greatest extent sown in any year since these statistics
commenced in 1847.** (See Abdraet of AgricuUuroL
Statistics, Ireland, prtparid by Mr, DonMy, Begistrar-
Oeneral,)
My advice to all parties anxious to try the cultivation
of flax is to inform themselves first as thoroughly as pos-
sible on the subject, and then ** tiy their 'prentice hand,*'
by beginning on a small scale for the first year. If half
an acre be successfully grown at the first attempt, there is
nothing to prevent due extension thenceforth, but it is
unwise to increase largely till experience is first acquired.
I think in England, the cultivation of flax might be
greatly ext^ded with benefit both to the farming and
manu^turing classes.
In Ireland the increased growth during the past two
yean has been attended with the happiest consequences ;
and though I do not mean to say that flax cultivation is
the only panacea for the so-called ** distressed agricul-
turist,** I do say that at least for some years to come
there is every prospect of a high range of prices for flax
fibre, and consequently of good profits to the farmer ;
while the fact that the flax crop does not suffer much
from wet harvests, owine to its being pulled early in
the season, is a further inducement to extend the cultiva-
tion, especially in those districts that have snfiered so much
of late from badly saved and deficient crops of grain.
8«7moitr-hill, nesr Bslftst, Jsn. 1, 1864.
DiftBASi AMOHO THE PoTTBBS. — The workers in the
potteries suffer fVom diseases incident to their calling, and
some portion of the unhealthiness no doubt arises from
cansee which, to a large extent, might be removed. The
handle-raiUters and hollow-ware pressers injure their chests
by pressure on their moulds ; and the chests of the throwers,
flat-pressei'S, and cup-makers. ^c.,are compressed, and the
healthy action of their lungs is impeded by the peculiar
posture, and intense pressure of their arms, in work. The
manufactories built by past generations are insignificant,
mean-looking, dirty monuments of the ignorance and
poverty of the past, built in ignorance of all the laws of
, utility and of beauty. The area of the workshops around the
stove-rooms is genemlly much too limited to be compatible
with the health of the workman : the means of ventilation
are, in many instances, not provided, snd in otheisthey ai-e
so unwinely fixed as to cause drafts, while the workmen, in
their ignorant preference of warm air to the pure, frequently
exclude the air altogether by closing the ventilators,; they
thus breathe an atmosphere which renders them extremely
15C
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 22, 1864.
80Bceptible of catarrh and all its oonseqaences. The air I early hoar of the day, and on the earliest day of the
is also laden with carbonic acid gas and vapour, and is
thus partially poisoned by the decomposed matter of tlieir
own bodies, which oaght to have the means of escape, to
prevent its return to the lungs from which it was exhaled.
This warm and impure air is also laden with dust. The
dust from textile fiibrics is not very inimical to health ; but
day dust is infinitesimally fine, and. from its affinity to
water, it readily combines with the watery element, whether
in the form of liquid or vapour. It thus chokes up the
minute pores of the 8kin,and dogs up the extremely delicate
and fine air cells of the lungs, impeding their freedom of
action. Unfortunately for the mterests of health the
dust is white. It is a clean looking dirt. Were it blade,
like that of the sweep, or coal-miner, or the worker in iron,
the worker in day, like other workmen, would daily wash
the entire surface of his body. A complete and frequent
ablation is necessaiy, for the fine white dust works its way
through his dothes, and, combining with the insensible
perspiration, it forms a layer of white dirt over a coating
of natural scurf, and thus cakes him over with a thin layer
of day, which impedes the respiration of the skin. It is
no niarvd, therefore, that bronchitis, consumption, and
asthma, above all, should afflict the workers in day, and
shorten their lives; nor is it any wonder that the paucity
of hale old men should strike the attention of a stranger.
The victims of the <* potter's disease," as it is sometimes
designated in the oertmcates for burial, go to their graves
in units, and the fatal malady is insidious and slow, and
hut little notice is taken of it ; but to the individuals, and
to society as an SKgregate, the result is the same as when
a frightful accident comes upon the public with its,
multitude of victims. It is really a pnxsess of slow
poisoning, and the public suffers with the sufferings of
each individual victim. The evil arises partly from the
foolifth practice of sweeping the workroom in the morning.
The dust is veiy dry, and cannot be swept except in a dry
state. Motion causes it to float in the air, and its spedfic
gravity is so light that it continues to float and to be
inhaled as long as the worker continues to work. And
yet the remedy is simple. Let each workshop be swept
the last thing at night, rather than the first in the morning,
and the injurious element will have many hours in which
to settle, the stillness of the night air will be favourable
to the process, and, in the morning, the lungs may receive
their natural food more fno from the impurities which
engender asthmatical affections. But the sufferers are not
blameless. Highly skilled as very many of them are in
their artistic and beautiful work, thev evince thought-
lessness and ignorance of the laws of health. If ventilators
be piovided, they keep them almost hermetically closed.
If a window be fixed in the wall of the stove-room, it is
allowed to be as dirty as though it had only a decennial
deaning, and to be broken, as if to admit the hot steam-
ing air of the stove-room into the work-room. But their
^eatest mistake is in the irregularity of their working
hours. The penalties cannot be commuted; the^ are
always paid m full, for nature is inexorably just m her
chastisements, as she is beneficent and prodigal in her
^ifts. But this is not the worst, for tlie misguided toilers
feast themselves in their sloth, and then go on short
commons in the days of prolonged and hard toil. No
legislation can enforoe the observance of every natural
law, nor can any doctor of medicine cure a man's bad
habits. Men may and must do those things for them-
selves which no others can do for them. Over-hours
work is a deception to the manufacturer and an iniury to
his men. The most decisive testimony from several intel-
ligent and experienced foremen shows that the average
result of the over-hours qrstem vields no more work than
the ordinary hours of labour. If men do too much one
day tliey cannot but do less on the next. Six or seven
o'dock should terminate labours which begin at a proper
morning hour. Were the manufactories to be regularly
and absolutdy dosed at a given hour, a sufficient motive
would exist to induce wonunen to begin to work at an
week ; and thus regularity, health, and domestic comfort
would be promoted, and the manufacturer would have
greater reliance on his workpeople in the execution of his
orders. The potters do not generally work more boon
in the week than the operatives under the Factory Act,
but the* working hours per day are more uneqnally divided,
and the workmen, those of a few manufactories excepted,
do not, aa under the Factory Act, cease work soon after
noon on Saturdays, so as to have Saturday afternoons for
marketing, garden labour, and open-air recreation. Many
practical improvements may be, as many have been,
introduced by the sound judgment and experience of
masters and of workmen, apart from law ; for it is the
common interest of all to do what is Just and wise ; but that
great ameliorations are still needed is clear, from the fact
that few, even of the most moral and religious of the
workers in day survive the period of middle life, that
potting is more injurious to h^th even than mining, and
that in one instance the foreman of one of the largest and
best regulated manu&ctories in the Potteries, in which
his life had been spent, declares that though he himself
is not sixty years of age, he has in his time seen almost
the entire body of the workpeople there swept away two
or three times by death, and that in all probability, had
he not risen to his position in comparatively early life, he
also would long since have shared the same doom. The
early ages at which the children begin to toil, and adults
begin to die, are to be almost equally deplored. The
former are cutting papers, turning jiggers, and running
moulds, when they ou^ht to be conning their lessons at
school, or enjoying boisterous merriment in the streets ;
and hi the latter the indpient process of decay begins
almost before they are m^. Our potters, are, as a body,
a pale-faced and comparatively young race of men ; few
live beyond the age of forty-five.
(S^ttimtxtt.
Apbioan CoFrsi.— AiHca can produce coffee unwr-
passed by any other in the world. Some samples from
Western Africa have been pronounced equal to the finest
Mocha. The tree is easy of cultivation, bears after four
or five years, and requires but a moderate amount of
care. In 1753, the first coffee tree in Brazil was planted
in a garden at Rio. Little by little the coffee tree
found its way to all the sugar plantations, small
quantities only being grown for private use; but
when St. Domingo was in revolution, at the dose of
last century, a coffee planter found his way theooe
to Bradl. He commenced cultivation for export.
From that little coffee plant in the garden at Rio, ono
hundred yean ago, nearly half the present consumption
of the civilized world is now derived. Now, as coffee can
be grown anywhere over thousands of miles in Africa, at a
short distance from the coast, and as the civilized world
could even now consume double the present supply of
coffee, this useful berry may be looked to with hope and
confidence as one of the instruments for African regenera-
tion. Upwards of 100,000 trees have been set out during
the last season, in lands on the St. Paul's River. It has
been tried with great interest on the Gold Coast. Natal
has become an exporter of it to a small extent. The culti-
vation of coffee will not inteifere with that of any other
staple. There seems little doubt that among the rich pro-
duce derived from the interior, coffee of the best quality
will, in the course of a few years, figure in our markets in
considerable quantities, with cotton and other absolute
necessaries of our dvilization and our manufacturing in-
dustty.
Bbitish Salt.— The export trade in this article to
India, although restricted to Calcutta, has largely in-
creased of late years. Within the last throe years the
shipments have doubled, and now average 180,000 tons.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Janoart 22, 1864. 167
3XE
If the moDopdlles which exist in China, Siam, the Dutch
Indiaa poneesioos, and other eaBtem coontriea were
aboliilied, a lai^e field would be opened for the supply
of British salt to the millions of population in the far East.
CoTToai FBOM TBS GoLD CoAST. — A Small shipment,
received lately by the Company of African Merchants at
LiTerpool, reaUaed 2s. Id. per lb. The Egyptian cotton
seed, aeot out to the Qold Coast last winter oy the Aft lean
Aid Society, has been planted with great success. T^\q
oottOD prodaoed from it is moreabun&nt, and the quality
better, than that ^wn from indigenous seed. France is
fitting out expeditions for extensive cotton planting in her
Senegal colooiee.
(S,tt\Bm.
CHINCHONA CULTIVATION IN JAMAICA.
The following is the report on this tabject recently
made to the Governor of Jamaica, by Mr. Nathaniel
Wilioo, the Uaod botonist:—
The most important event in the history of the Botanic
Garden of this island for many years past, has been the
iotrodaotion, by seeds, of the quinine-yielding Chinchona.
In the antomn of 18€k), and by the month of October in
the folkwiog year, I suoueeded in rearing over 400 healthy
plaota, q[aite ready for planting out, but unfortunately the
seleotion of a proper ate for their final establishment
waa overlooked ; and cooaeqaently the subsequent treat-
ment Che plantB had to undergo proved destructive to one
half their number. However, being wishful to prove, by
eveiy means in my power, the result of the experiment of
tertlng the adaptability of the plants (constitutional and
cUmatie) for outivation in the higher altitudes of this
idand, finding the climate of Bath, as the summer ap-
proached, by fiu* too warm, I had the whole of them re-
moved in small pota to Cold Spring Coffee Plantation, St.
Andrew's mountains, the elevation being about 4,000 feet,
and placed under artificial treatment. I soon found the
dimate and soil of this locality to be all I could desire for
the plants; and as it afforded eveiy fiusility for carrying
oat so valuable an experiment, I at once availed myself
of it, and planted out in the Coffee field<>, on the 15th
November, 1861, several plants of each species, then
about two or two and a half inches in height. In 12
nxxitlis after, a plant of the red bark ( Otinchona iucciru-
bra) had attained to the height of 44 inches, with leaves
measoring 13) inches long by 8} inches broad. The
same plant, now two yean olJ, measures six feet in height,
with 10 branches, haviug a cin^umference at base of stem
of four and a half inehes .
The Ckinekona niiida and Chin, mkrantha (grey barks)
being of more slander habit of growth, have not made so
rapid progress; the highest has attained five feet, with
three branches ; the leaves however are larger, and measure
14 by 10 inches. So far the experiment has thus proved
emmently soooessfiil; indeed, it wouU be difficult to
find more healthy trees in the neighbourhood ; and in
about three or four years hence they may produce seeds. In
the meantime they can be largely increased by cuttings
and layers in the hands of a skilful propagator.
During the first 12 monUis of the above-mentioned
period, the collection remained in iliis locality under arti-
ficial treatment, in charge of a person who was quite unac-
quainted witli their management, resulting in a serious loss
of plants. During thb period also, there were about 30
plants distriboted to applicants, having a suitable climate
for their development, bnt I have not been favoured with
a statement of reaults, with the exception of those (15 in
number) planted out in Cold Spiing and Ciiflton Mount
Col^ Plantations, all of which are doing well.
During the months of August and September, 1862, the
ooUeetion was again returned to Bath ; the plants were
at this thne eighteen or twenty months old, a critical
period for forest trees in flower-pots, under unskilled
treatment, and in a climate, too, which firom ita
uncongeniality would have soon terminated their exist-
ence, had they not.shoitly afterwards (13th October)
been planted out at Mount Essex, near Bath, at an alti-
tude of 2,000 feet or little over. This site, as a tem-
porary one, was had recourse to to save the plants alive
until a better one could be obtained, and so far it haa
answered the purpose, and a majority of the plants are
healthy, but have not made so fast progress as could have
been desired. The soil is too loamy and adhesive to ad-
mit of a firee and rapid escape of the heavy rains, which
fall here in torrents during the, greater part of the year.
The altitude is by far too low for the Peruvian barks,
and a few of the plants have died since they were planted.
The red bark thnves best at an altitude of 8,000 feet,
and, being a more hardy tree, the plants are more
healthy, but as they are not yet too large for removal,
I should recommend it being done during the cool
monUis. A very important fact has now been es-
tablished, viz., tKat the climate of our higher, and
many of our intermediate mountains, is suitable for the
growth of the most valuable species of quinine yielding
plants, the Ckinehona auccirubra^ and also a knowledge of
the method of increasing the plants, and* the soil best
adapted for their full development has been obtained.
Another most important discovery has lately been made
m India, respecting the febrifugal virtues of the leaves of
the red bark at they fall from the tree. An infusion of
the leaves, in doses of one fluid ounce, was given to the
first four cases of intermittent fever that occurred in the
Civil Hospitid of Darjeeling, and in every case the patient
was cured without any other medicine whatever. The
barks are found to yield as large a per centage of quinine
in India as they do' in their native forests.
The plants being lately established in many parts of
the world, and success in growing them to perfection made
known by practical experiment, cannot do otherwise than
influence their cultivation immensely, conferring benefits
of a domestic and commercial nature of no ordinary im-
port. If it is intended to do justwe to the plants from
henceforth, the experiment has arrived at that stage which
will admit of no further delay in removing them to a pro-
per clime, and putting them under a system of manage-
ment that will secure success in all practical operations
connected with tlie plantation, so that the plants may
rapidly be multiplied.
VioTOBiA GoLDFULDs. — The recent heavy rains have
caused great inconvenience to the miners, and have moch
delayed the opening of new goLlfields that are known to
exist. The largest nugget recently found weighed 176
ounces.
AoRicoLTUHx IN VicTOBiA. — The Mdboume Argu$
sa\s: — Favoured by continued fine weather, our crops
promise a gratifying abundance ; feed is plentiful, sheep-
shearing is well advanced, and the wool of this year will
be found very superior in strength of staple and fulness of
growth, whilst the total quantity of the clip will be large.
The number of high-bred sheep in this colony increases
greatly every year, and the flocks of many breeders are
attaining a high repute. The improvement of the breed
of sheep will be much forwarded by the result of the late
Intercolonial Champion Show held here recently, when
large prizes were adjudged to sheep reared in this colony,
which now promises to take a high position in the compe-
tition with other Australian colonies.
TiuE Ball at Adelaide — In imitation of the ball
at the Uoyal Observatory at Greenwich, a siuiilar arrange-
ment has Just been completed at Adelaide. The time
ball wa9 lowered for the tiri-t time on the 19th October.
Bubka Bobba Mise. — The quantity of copper ore
raised in this mine during the last six months has been
4,438 tons, showing an increase of 233 tons on the
previous six months. The cost of production was
£44,3^9 29. 8d., and the amount rt'alised £51,936 6s. 6d.,
showing a profit of £7,587 3s. lOd. ; total profits, indu-
ICO
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, January 22, 1864.
•r another, been in a continual state of fearing up and
laying down at an enoi*niou8 expense to companies, com-
missioners, and the puMic at large, which would have
covered the first cost of Mr. Williauiu's si^ways ten times
over. In the years 1844-45 he was, to ray knowledge,
still actively engaged in fruitlessly following up his
fiivoorite project, but unce that time, when he lived at
Blackheath, I have entirely lost dgiit of him, and suppose
that he must be dead. The sub^ ay now complete^ in
the new street over the water is due to Mr. Williams, and
not to the Thames Tunnel, constructed by the late
eminent civil engineer, Sir Isambard Brunei. — I am, dec,
Hevbv W. Reveley.
Reading.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
jdOM. ...R. Oeocraphlcal, 8|. 1. o. **Mr. Hector'f Exploring Ex*
pedition in Middle Iiltnd, New Zealand;*' ». **R<Bport
of Mr. MoKerrow on the Lake District of Otago.** 2.
*' Lefro7*i Expedition in VVe«tcm AustraliA,** communi-
cated by the Colonial Office. 3. Profeaaor H. Y. Hind,
** Ascent of the Moide River, Labradcr.**
Entomological, 7. Annual Meeting.
Actuaries, 7.
Medical, 8|. Mr. Walter J. Coulson, '* On Lithotritj.**
Tubs. ...Med. and Chirurgical, 8|. 1. Dr. Uabershon, **On the
EfRscts of Implication of the Pneumonstric Nerre in
Aneurismal Tnmoors'* (concltuion ). 2. Dr. John Harley,
** On the Endemic Hematuria of the Cape of Qood Hope."
3. Mr. Callender's Account of Amputations, at St. Bar-
tholomew's Hospital, 1863-«3.''
Boyal Inst., 3. Prof. Tyndall, " On Experimental Optics.**
Ciril Engineers, 8. Mr. J. B. Redman, ** The East Coast,
between the Thames and the Wash Estuaries.**
Zoological, 9.
Ethnological, 8. 1. Mr. Alft^ B. WaUace, "On the
Ethnolonr of the Indian Archipelago." 2. Mr. S. Casie
Chittv Maniegar, '* An Account of the Mookwas, in the
DUtrict of PttUam, in Ceylon."
Wed. ...Sodetj of Arts, 8. Mr. 8amuel Brown, " On the Metric
BjTBtem of Weights and Measures, and Its Pkoposed Adop-
tion in this Conntrj."
ArchsBologlcal Assoc., 8|-. 1. Mr. Planch^ **0n a Stone
Coffin and Cross, disoorered at Ash.** 2. Mr. Yere Irring,
" On the Discorerj of Roman Remains at Carlisle.**
Tbur. ^Royal, 8|.
Antiquaries, 8.
Philosophical Chib, $,
Artists and Amateurs, 8. *
Rojal Inst., 3. Prof. TjndaU, ** On Experimental Optica.*
Vn Jtoyal Inst, 8. Prof. Frankland, '* On the Qladal Epoch.**
Sat. ...Ro7alInst.,3. Mr.J. Lubbock, "On the Antiquity of Man.**
|)atenls.
/Vom Q>mmiuiwtar$ of Patemt* Jcimalt January Uth,
Grants or Pmovisionil Protbction.
Aerial looomotion->32S4— H. R. de Saint Martin.
Aniline colours— 3302— O. Phillips.
Artificial manure— 3264— J. Majnes.
Atmospheric raUwajs— 35 — W. Malins.
Brushes— 46— E. O. Camp.
Cofllsr dams— 47 — C. J. Applebj and J. YaTasseur.
Cotton gins— 3286— H. Bayley.
Cotton spinning— 39— R. A. Brooroaa.
Fabrics, ornamental— 3305>-R. Bell.
Felted ftbrics— 29-J. H. Whitehead.
Furniture padding, rendering obnoxious to vermin— 3097— J. Tod.
Heating apparatus— 3294— J. M. Vanderfoesten.
Holdfksts for securing the ends of bands— 3244— R. E. V. Hees.
Hjdro-carbcns, Ac— 3296— T. B. Cochrane.
Igniting explosiTe projectiles— 3258— A. Noble.
Kilns for drjlng bricks, &c.— 3266— J. Duckett.
Kneading machine— 3262— W. E. Oedge.
Knives tor rag cutting engines— 3238— W. E. Godge.
Lathes— 3264— S. B. Ardrey, 8. Beckett, and W. Smith.
Lifts for raising or lowering weights— 3240— J. Oiers.
Looomotive engines— 3260— W. Marsden and F. H. Stubbt.
Looms— 9— J. and R. Blakej.
Lubricating oompositioo— 3290— H. Gaunter.
Metallic surikces, uniting— 27— W. B. BamanL
Oakum, Ac, oanTertingrope iaio— 3246— J. Ronald.
Paper cop tubes— 13— W. Ambler.
Percussion fioxee— 3250— W. Clark.
Pistons, paoking-3148— P. Ward.
Potash, cansUc — 3232— J. Shanks.
Prqiectiles for ordnance— 3268— J. D. Bryant.
Prqiectiles— 3270— D. S. Price.
Pumps— 3288 — J, Price.
Purses, arc— 3280— W. Chirk.
Railway bridges— 3085— R. Thornton.
Railways, permanent way of— 3276— J. E. BUlups.
Reaping and mowing machines— 3064— B. Homsby, Jan., and J. B.
Phillips.
Saodiariae substances, centriftigal machines fbr treating— 2342— P.
A. L. de Fontainemoreau.
Sewing machines — 3292 — J. Camming.
Sewing machines— 11— H. A. Bonnenlle.
Shields or tips for boots and shoes— 3242— J. H. Johnson.
Shields or tips tot boots and shoes— 3256— J. H. Johnson.
Ships' masts— 43 - J. B. Elwell.
Ships of war— 3281— T. Toier.
Siring yarns — 19— J. BuUongh.
Siring yams— 3225— J. Eastwood.
Slide valres— 3279— W. Clark.
Steam boilers, feeding — 3236 — R. A. Brooman.
Steam boilers— 3274— T. HaU.
Steam boilers, romoring the scum from the interior — S24S — J.
Krowles.
Stores, Ac, decorating— 3278— W. Wilson.
Teasling machlt.e— 3298— W. E. Oedge.
Telegraphic cables— 3252— F. Walton.
Theatrical purposes, exhibitingthe flow of real water for — 3272— E. T.
Smith.
Toy»— 3300— A. C. J. Lengel^, F. P. Morel, and D. O. M. Coquet.
Turnip cutter- 3234— J. Sainty.
Watches, securing— 16— F. Andoe.
Water gauges— 49— J. Bond.
Windlasses— 3282— J. B. Cronin.
Wool carding— 37— E. Fairbum.
IhVBMTIOX with COICPLCTI SPKOiriOATIOir FiLBD.
Knitting machinery— 34— G. T. BomAeld.
Patents Sealed.
1800. F. A. Calvert.
1810. R. B. Brassey and J. Har-
greaves.
1812. J. B. and W. U. BaUey.
1813. A. Smith.
1816. F. Ayckbourn.
1821. C. H. Roeekner.
1827. G. HaselUoe.
1831. W. E. Newton.
1843. M. A. Soul.
2066. C. G. Wilson.
2648. J. Marshall.
^hm CcmmMcmn qf PatmiM /otmo/, Jtmuary 19<A.
PATBirrs Sealed.
1893. W. L. Aberdein.
1824. C. S. Duncan.
1829. G. Alcan.
1830. W. Naylor.
1834. C. Senior.
1840. W.Cole.
1846. W. and J. Garfbrth.
1862. A. English.
1867. P. E. Gay.
1868. J. Boyd.
1869. F. Tolhaosen.
1863. F. and L. Ford.
1864. T. Thome.
1866. G. Haseltlne.
1874. J. Jewell.
1889. G. Smith, Jun.
nooo.
1910.
1913.
1924.
1942.
1951.
1984.
2033.
2046.
2126.
2201.
2287.
2331.
2746.
2869.
2968.
E. Sutton.
T. FeUowec k H. Hemfr«y.
J. W. P. Field.
E. A. Cotelle.
W. Clark.
A. V. Newton.
W.Gray.
E. H. Bentall.
J. Arthur.
E. Amourons.
A. V. Newton.
P. McLanrin.
T. B. Daft.
S. Smith.
J. Southgate.
W. E. Newton.
PATCXTS OH WHICH THE STAMP DUTT OF £60 HAS BBBH PAID.
121. &. Stevens. 130. W. Spence.
87. M. A. Mttir 1 J.McIIwham. 163. R. Mnshet.
122. H. Sagar. 129. R. W. Swinburne.
104. J. Horsey. 169. G. White.
126. J. Reading. 124. £. Whituker and J. Clare.
PATESTS ok which THE StAMP DdTT op £100 HAS BBBN PAID.
167. E. Clark.
159. E. Clark.
130. M. A. Muir& J.McIIwham.
148. R. and J. Reeves.
186. H. Cater.
201. W. E. Newton.
268. G. E. Dering.
163. T. Sagar and C. Turner.
|[tgisUre]r gtsips.
Spring holder fbr gas and lamp riassss and Bhades-4f 13— Jkn. ft— D.
Hulett, High Holbom.
Continuous sUve board for pails, tubs, and vats— 4613— Jan. 7— J. B.
Palmw, Upper Thames-street.
1 A water ^jringe end— 4614— Jan. id— 1 hos. Hlokin, Birmingham.
^mxml d %
THE
mk flf §.rts,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, JANUARY 29, 1864.
[No. 584. Vol. XII.
^iminnittmtnts bf l{ft Cmincit*
Orihnart Mbbtings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
FcB. S. — " On Instantaneoas fiograving upon Metal."
By Mona. £. Vial (iUastrated with experiments).
FsB. 10.^** On Freioo Painting, as a suitable mode of
Mund Decoration." By J. Bcayinotoic ATKiarsoN, Esq.
Fbb. 17 — "On Public and Private Dietaries," a
•equel to the paper read oo the 16th December last. By
Dr. EowABo 3mith, F.R.S.
Cantor Lectures.
Courses of Lectares on the following subjects
will be delivered during the Session : —
The Operation of the Present Laws of Naval War&re
on International Commerce. By G. W. Hastinos,
£sq., Btrrister-at-Law.
Floe Art! Applied to Industry. By W. BaaoEs, Esq.
Chemistry Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. Craos
CALvmrr, F.R.8.
The fourth lecture of Mr. Hastings' course will
be delivered on Monday, 1st February, at 8
o'clock ; the subject will be as follows :*^
The Foreign Enlistment Act; its Operation on Com-
merce.
The following is a syllabus of Mr. Burges's
Lectures : —
Feb. S. — LaoTuaK I. biTaoDuoxoar : — What is an art
nimufaoturo ? Advancing state of English manufactures in
an art point of view. Much owing to Ooveroment Schools
of Art. Impedimeqts to further progress: — 1. Want of a
distinctive architecture in the 19th century fatal to art gene-
rally. 2. Wantof a good costume fatal to colour. 3. Want
of sufficient teaching of the figure fatal to art in detail. —
Hints for the advancement of Art applied to Industry. —
Design of following lectures: — I. To take one or two
phasea of tome particular industry in past times. 2. To
oocnpare them with our own phase of the same industry.
3. To ofler suggestions for our future improvement.
Feb. 15. — LvoTDaa II. — &/a««.~AnUque glass, Ve-
netian glass, modem glass (Powell, Chance, dice.) ; Me-
dueval stained glass; modern ditto; Medieval enamels;
motiem ditto ; (Legoste of Paris.)
Faa. 22.— LacTuas III. — PotUry, — Etruscan vases
(Wedgwood) ; Italian majolica (Minton) ; Sevres china ;
Biodem biscuit.
Fica. 29j — LaoTuaB IV. — Iron and Brats. — Antique
bfroozea; Medieval ditto; modern French bronzes (Bar-
b^dioonej ; MedisBval dinanderie; modem ditto (Hardman,
Bart, ^); Medissval and Renaissance wrought iron;
■kodera ditt# ; east iron.
Mail 7. — Lacrruas V. — Gold and SUvtr. — Antique and
MadisBval plate; modem dHto (Elkington) ; Antiqne and
MedisBval jewellery; modem ditto; Antique and Me*
diaval coinage ; modem ditto.
Mab. 14. — LaoTURE VI.— .^Vimi^r*. — ^Mediieval fur-
niture, oak and painted; Renaissance; 16th and 17th
centuries; modem.
Mab. 21. — Lecture VII. — The Weaver's art; Me-
disQval, Eastern, modem.
The Lectures will begin on each evening at
8 o'clock.
Institutions.
The following Institution has* been taken into
Union since the last announcement : —
Crewe Mechanics^ Institution.
The Christmas subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order,- made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Ooutts and Co.
|PtomMn|s nt tire Sotiels*
»
Cantor Leoturbb.
The Opebation or the Present Laws of Naval
Waefabe ih Intebnational Commerce. By G. W.
HAflTi.xos. Esq.
The third lecture of this oonrae was delivered on Mon«
day evening, the 25th inst. A rSsumd will be given in
the next number of the JoumaL
Sixth Ordinary Mbbtino.
Wednesday, January 27th, 1864 ; James
Heywood, Esq., F.R.S., in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as-members of the Society : —
Dutton, Robert, Cambridge-lodge, South Fields, Wands-
worth, S.W.
(Joodliffe, Fred. Gimber, Cedl-house, Cheahunt, Herts.
Goodyear, George Edward, Club Chambers, 15, Begent-
street, S.W.
Kidd, John, 7, Wine OflBco-court, Fleet-street, E.C.
Offer, George, jun., 115, Ijeadenhall-street, E.C.
Walmsley, Henry Benjamin, The Elms, Acton, W.
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Adams, Thomas, 6, Alfred- terrace. Spa-road, Berraond-
sey, S.E.
Bum, Charles, 3, Mid^ile Scotland-yard, Whitehall, S.W,
Byron, Tliomas; Wolverhampton.
Dart, Richard, 12, Bedford street, Covent-garden, W.C.
Flower, Charles Edward, Sti-atforJ-on-Avon.
162
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, January 29, 1864.
Harcouri, Colonel Franois Vernon, 6, Carlton-gardens,
S.W., and Buxted-park; Uck6eld.
Moon, William, F.R.G.S^ 104, QuoenVroad, Brighton.
Rood, John Teoman, Compton-etreet, Soho, W.
Simons, William, London Works, Benfirew, N.B,
Soul, Matthew Augustus, 3, Leadenhall-street, £.0.
Spode, J., Hawkes^ffd-park, near Rogeley.
Tasker, William, Halifax.
Wilson, Robert H. C, 12, Wilson-st., Gray *8-inn-rd.,W.C.
And as HoNoaiBfT Cobrespondinq Mkmbeh,
Coomllra-Swamy, Mntu, Mudeliir, Ceylon.
The Paper read was —
ON THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES, AND ITS PROPOSED ADOPTION
IN THIS COUNTRY.
By Samuel Brown, F.S.S., Vice-President op the
Institution of Aotuabies.
The great advantages, social, commercial, and political,
which would attend the use of one ^stem of weights,
measures, and coins throughout the world, have generally
been admitted, but as generally considered impossible.
Such a i-esult is frequently deemed to be merely the
dream of a visionary, or the speculation of a philosopher,
who has no praoticil knowledge of the world, and is in-
capable of appreciating the difficulties which stand in the
way of accomplishing so desirable an object. It must be
granted that the difficulties are great. There are pre-
judices to be overcome, ignorance to be enlightened,
national pride to be vanquished, and, in many cases, trade
customs, the growth of ^es, to be abolished, before one
nation can combine with another, much lesa several
nations agree together to adopt a common system. Tet,
in spite of 2UI these obstacles, the present centuiy has wit-
nessed such great changes in the old practice, and all
tending towards a uniform standard, thai I propose to give
a brief sketch of ibe preeeni pdsiliofi of this question, and
to c^ow what has been done and is doing to carry on a
work so important to the social condition of any country,
and to the tree interchange of its produce or manufacture
with other oountriesL
It would occupy too much space and time to go ftr back
to riiow the vanous systems which have been used, and
the causes of the changes proposed or carried out. It will
suffice for my present purpose to date only from the period
of th)6 Great Exhibition of 1851, to state what changes
had then been effected, and what progress has since b^n
made towai^is the realisatioD of this ''dream** of a
universal system. For that Great Exhibition, in itself
and as the parent of others, rt> fmitfol in msahs beneficial
to the whole world, we can never be sufficiently
grateful to the illustrious Prince Consort, to whose per*
severing energy and fttr-seeing intellect its imcceas was
mainly due, whose labours in the cause of social science
have been the moro appreciated, as his qniei and un-
obetrusive influence had oeen silently and imperceptibly
turning the attention of the nation to the defects in our
social system, and to the state of illation in which in many
respects we stood in regard to foreign nations.
The Great Exhibition naturally forced upon the public
mind the question now under consideration. It was im-
possible to compare together the produce of the world's
industry till the measures, weights, or values were re-
duced to a common system. Simple as it may seem,
this was impossible at the time, because there was no
system recognised by this countiy which would be
s^dmitted by others as a common standard. The conse-
quence was] that some of the greatest advantages proposed
by the Exhibition wero lost ; manufacturers particularly
vei-sei in one branch of trade might, by their special
knowledge and with many laborious calculations, compare
their own articles as to relative cost and value with those
of other countries, and take hints for their improvement ;
but the general public could only entertain a sort of con-
fused and indefinite admiration. Values and qaantities
were reckoned by all sorts of different standai'ds, and trae
estimation and meanrement were out of the qaeition.
The task of ttanslaUng foreign monies and redocsbig
foreign weighta and measures to our ows wai, however,
an essentiaipart of the duties of the jurors, and, at the
close of the Exhibition, the Society of Arts, which had
been so mainly instrumental in carrying into effect the
great idea, presented a memorial to the Lords Commis-
sioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, pointing out the
advantages of a decimal system of computation. They
urged the great importance of uniformity in measures,
weights, and coins in differont countries, as increasing
inteiTiational commerce and facilitating scientific research,
and, with great justice, argued that if any change were
to be made it would be desirable at once to adopt that
which would bring us into direct communication with
foreign natton$, thus obviating the inconveniences of a
second change. They alluded to the metric system of
weights and measures, which had already been adopted
by several of the nations of Europe. Complete sets of
t^e measures, weighta, and coins of this system were sent
by the Govenunent cif France to the Great Exhibitton,
one of which was purchased by Mr. Henry Johnson, and
presented to this Society, in whose museum it still
remains.
Up to this time the metric system was but little heard
of or understood in this country, but having been thus
and with such authority introduced to the notice of the
public, it may be well to consider what claims it has upon
our attention above other systems, and what was the cause
of its popularity amongst a body of men who could have
no motive in reoommeoding it but the progress of social
improvement and the real interests of the public.
What then is the metric system of weights and mea-
sures, and how came it to be first introduced ?
Long previous to the French Revolution the confused
state of the ancient weights and measures in France had
attracted attention, and efforts wero made to roform them.
But it was not till 1790, when the Constituent Aasembly
paaned a resolution desiring the king to obtain the co-
operation of the English Le^laturo for the determina
tion of a natural unit for weights and meaiures, that fhi
question began to be vigorossly taken up. It was at fin
proposed Uiat an ec^ual number of CommiasionerB fron
the Academy of Sciences and our Royal Socictnr ahoul
meet and ascertain, at some suitable parallel of latttad<
the length of the seeonds pendulum ; but this pfopontio
was not agreed to, and the French Academy proceeded t
themselves. They decided that all the multiples an
subdivisions should be decimal ; and that the units of am
face, capacity, and weight should all depend on the un
of length. Commissioners wero appointed, comprisin
the names of the eminent mathematicians Lagrang
Laplace, Borda, Monge, and Condorcet, to diaouss t
whole question. To get rid of the objections of nation
prejudice, they eventually decided to take a unit deduo
from the dimensions of the earth, as being of univen
application. They fixed that the unit of the ^vhole si
tem should be the ten-millionth part of the sure of t
meridian between the equator and the North Pole ; and
order that no doubt of its accuracy should be entertains
a new measurement of the earth was undertaken, to
conducted by the astronomers Delambre and Bfteolia
These geodesical operations were carried on for a per
of ten years, and the personal adventures of tho eaiva
and their assistants, amidst the passions and nrejadioet
a sanguinary revolution, and in countries desolated by ^
would make a volume of exciting interest. THe swrc^ ic
measured extended from Barcelona to Dunkirk, and. '
afterwards prolonged to Fronientera, one of the Rale
Isles, near the coast of Spain. When the measureai^T^^
completed, delegates were invited from all the natior
Europe, including Great Britain, to assist in tHe reduo
of the calculations, and decide on the several vit\\^
capacity and w^ght. The rivalries of war, \mt\a^|
prevented this country from joining in this work of pc
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTy OP ARTS, January 29, 1864.
163
bat xepreeentativaB from the Netherlands, Sardinia, Den-
mark, Spain, Siritaerland, and several states of Italy
attended. The charge frequently made against the metric
mtem, that it is merely national and peooliar to the
French. Is thos completely refuted. Though originating
in France, and perhaps facilitated by the overuux)w of
ancient nsagee and local prejudices, it was proposed to
the whole world, in the intmests of commerce and science
in general, and all nations were invited to discuss and
agree to a common system.
The result of these deliberations was the fixing definitely
the exact length of the metre. The square of ten metres, or
100 square metres, was made the standard of surface mea^
Burement, and called the *' aie." The cube of a tenth part
of the metre, or cubic decimetre, was the standard measure
for liquids, called the ** litre." The weight of a cubic
centimetre of distilled water at its maximum density was
the standard for weight, and called a *' gramme." We
may leave out the ** stere," used as the unit for solidity,
which was a cubic metre, as not being required for inter-
national purposes. It was used in France for measuring
the solid contenti of stacks of firewood.
Such being the units, all derived fitnnthe ** metre," the
next step was to simplify the nomenclature of the multiples
and subdivisions. This was done by prefixes, which are
not French, but derived from the dead languages, taught in
the schools of all countries, all the multifdes ^ng denoted
by Greek, and the subdivisions by Latin prefixes.
Omsk.
Thus, Deca was used for 10 times.
Hecto ... „ 100
Kilo „ 1000
Myrio ... „ 10000
For the subdivisions the prefixes were :—
I«ATiir.
Deci for<j\fth part,
Centi jhf^ P^*
Milli , T^W^^^PW't.
These being prefixed to the respective names for each
unit of length, surface, capacity, and weight, the whole
system was complete. In acquiring it the memory is
taxed in the smallest possible degree, and it it, as a sys-
tem of weights and measures, in all respects a marvel of
simplicity and perfection. If this could be brought into
miivenal use, all the complicated and numerous tables
taught in the schools of different countries might be swept
away, and the following brief table, common to all na-
tions, be substituted in their place :-^
If
Length.
SarflM^e.
Capacity.
Weight.
Myria
10000
• ••
>•.
10000
Kilo
1000
• •«
1000
1000
Hecto
100
100
100
100
mJCCSl •*• ...
10
.••
10
10
USITS.
Metre.
Are.
Litre.
Gramme.
Dec!
•1
• ••
•1
•1
Ccna
•01
•01
•01
•01
MUli
•001
• ••
•V
•001
Whatever objections may be made to the use of the
learned languages for names which are to be learnt and
most extensively used t>y the poor and the ignorant, there
can be no doubt that they give tlie greatest facility in ao-
qoiring the system. In any country in which this system
is introduced, even if the old names of the nearest cor-
re^)onding weights and measures should in popular use
be applied to the new, it is very desirable that, in public
and private schools, the original nomenclature shouM be
taught, as the means of firmly fixing in the memory, with
the least expenditure of time and la^ur, the entire system.
The advantages which this system possesses over others
are almost visible on the mere inspection of the above table.
1. Its extreme simplicity. The learner has only to
make himself acquainted with the dependence of the
three units upon the metre, the basis of them all, and the
prefixes, decimally increasing or decreasing values.
There is nothing more to leam. By this simple process
we get rid of the necessity of committing to memory all
the cumbrous tables of weights end measures, which
tiarass the minds of youth, take up so much of the
valuable time of early life, and yet practically leave little
behind that b useful thereafter. From an inquiry made
amongst schools, by Mr. James Yates and Professor Leone
Levi, it was ascertained that for a boy to leam our present
system of weights and measures, with all the brauches of
arithmetic thereon depending, would occupy nearly thiee
years, whereas the probable time for a decimal system
would be less than ten months.
2. Its decimal character. However ingenious may he
some of the schemes propounded, and wliatever advantages
the duodecimal system may possess by the greater number
of divisors, there is a growing feeling amongst all
practical and commercial men. and in all countries, in
favour of decimaliziog the weights, measures, and coins.
The power of rapid calculation, and the vast saving of
time and labour, the use of tables of logarithms, which,
if all fractions were decimal, could be readily applied t^
commercial computations, are a set-oflf against the greater
facility of division by ' the present scale. In decimal
fractions there Is no difficulty In taking the }, ^, |, ^th,
&o. It is in divlsioi> by 8 and its multiples that the re-
curring decimals principally arise, but in business trans*
actions these could always be taken to any desired
approximation. All actuaries are in the habit of making
their money (^culations by decimals of a pound sterling,
in which this difficulty Is constantly met. But the dif-
ference of taking the nei^t higher or lower figure Is too
small to be appreciated. The advantages of the decimal
character of the metric system are admitted by many
whose objections are only against the use of an inter-
national system as causing more changes than are necessary
in the interior trade of this country.
8. I think, however, we may be prepared to admit that,
considering the vast increase In our foreign trade, and the
constant removal of restrictions on freedom of commerce,
some sacrifices may justly be made of national prejudices,
and even temporary inconvenience endured, to obtain a
system of weights and measures in common with a large
part of Europe and \merica. One of the greatest,
recommendations of the metric system Is that it Is a final
one, and that it Is international. All other changes,
however great improvements they may be on existing
systems in any country, leave something to be de-
sired, unless they also tend to bring nations together
and facilitate their intercourse. Any country adopting the
metric system finds itself at once in direct relation with
several Important countries which have already taken the
final step, and the united population of which cannot
amount to less than 120 millions.
If the plan were not even so perfect as it is, It would
be expedient and wise to adopt a system ccmmon to so
many, rather than remain isolated and obstructive in a
matter in which the interests of commerce are so much
concerned.
It will be well to take a glance at the progress which
the metric system has already made in the countries in
which it has been wholly or partially adopted.
Fbakob. — ^The circumstances under which the metric
system was introduced into this country, naturally pro-
longed the period of its trial before it could be made
compulsory. The Board of Works adopted it from the
beginning. The officers and shipbuilders in the naval
arsenals used It by the permission or rather by the
authority of the Government. But for a long period it
was permitted to the people to continue their old system,
and we know how difficult it is to eradicate ancient
prejudices and to make popular even real improvements
until a new generation has learnt and practised them.
Napoleon, for many reasons, allowed the usages of the
old monarchies, and* did not press on the people what had
164
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ART8, Jantjart 29, 1864.
been introdaced daring a revolntionaiy period. The
restored Bonrbons also could not be expeoted to look with
modi fovoor on a syitem deviled ana introduoed under
the Bcmublio. Thus the old system continued to be legal
long after the new one had become known, and some con-
fusion was the result But under Louis Philippe, a law
was passed, in 1887, providing for the full establishment of
the metric system in 1840, and since then it has rapidly
grown in &vour, though the people still give, in some
cases, ihe old^ names to the nearly equivalent values in the
new system.
Bblgium. — The French originally introdaced the metric
system into this country when they got possession of the
Austrian Netherlands. The French nomenclature was
changed when Belgium became united with the Dutch
Netherlands, but again restored by a law passed June 18,
• 183<>, after she recovered her independence in 1830. But
it was at a later period, by a law dated October 1, 185o,
that the verification and ihe form and series of weights
and measures were definitively regulated. The series,
both fbr weights and measures of capacity, was then re-
prenented by the figures 60, 20, 10, 5, 2, siid 1, and the
same with regard to money, so as to obviate the objection
that the series was not suflSdently subdivided for the
ordinary purposes of busiuess. A law of July 9, 1858,
further enforced the use of the unit of the metric weight,
the gram in prescriptions and sales in chemists* shops.
Although in some operations of business, as in the sale of
stuffs, tne ell is used, and although in the country peasants
still keep in some places to the ancient measures of land,
yet amongst the population generally the metric system
is folly introduced. Not only is it exclusively employed
in public documents, in the markets, in commercial opera-
tions, and in manufactures, but in every register and com-
mercial, writing, whether for wholesale or retail business,
the francs and centimes and the metric weights and
measures are exclusively employed. I owe this recent in-
formation of its progress in Belgium to M. Visschers,
the dbtinguished social reformer, who gave evidence when
in London before Mr. Ewart's Committee.
HoLLAHD. — In 1816 the metric fijatem was introduced,
and became law in 1819. But the former Dutch names
were used for the nearest corresponding weights and
measures, with the addition of the word " new," to dis-
tinguish them from the old. It is enforced in all com-
mercial dealings, except in weighing medicines, in which
we should have thought (as is admitted by the chemists
of this country) its precision and minute subdivisions
would have given it peculiar claims to be recognised.
SwTTSBRLAin). — lu this country a double system pre-
vails, the German and French elements causing some op-
position. Proportionate parts of the meter are used for
the measures of length, the foot bemg 0-3 meter and
decimally subdivided, and the unit of road measure being
4,800 metres. The unit of weight, also, is the half-kilo-
gram, or 500 grams, but not decimally divided. No
doubt the further improvement of the sjrstem here awaits
the changes which Germany yet has to make.
Spain.— By a law of the 19th July, 1860, the metric
system was to come into force on 1st Januaty, 1859, al-
though for part of the kingdom it commenced in 1858.
The system was also extended to Spanish America and
Cuba. Even so far back as 8rd January, 1851, the
metor was ordered to be used in all announcements of
sales of the national propertv. Count de Ripalda, who
has taken an active part in the different stauBtacal con-
gresses in London and abroad, states that the Government
are sincerely anxious for its full enforcement. The en-
gineers, the artillery, the military and marine depart-
ments, have adopted it. The sales of houses and lands,
and the public domains are made by hectares and square
meters. The government has purchased 600 collections
of standards, and is about to purchase more, that every
large town may have the means of verifying the weights
"^nd measures in use. On the railroads the goods tiaffic is
arged by kilometers and kilograms. Ships are about
io be measured by the metric ton. Tables of the old
beasures, with the reduction into those of the metric
lystem, fh>m 1 to 1,000, have been published by authority.
To this it may be added that withm a few months an ad-
vertisement appeared in an English journal, from the
Spanish Government, for tenders for the manufacture of
DO less than 80,000 pieces in the metric weights and
measures, for the supply of the interior and of the colonies.
These proposals, it is thought, will be accepted by the
French manufacturers.
PoBTDOAU — The metric system was esteblished by law
in 1862,and a special department formed for carrying it into
force. At the International tttotistical Oongr^, held in
Berlin last autumn, the Marquis d'Avila, the delegate from
Portugal, gave an account of its progress in that country.
By a decree of 14th December, 1852, the metric system was
declared compulsory, ten years afterwards, throughout
the whole kingdom. The Government had power to fix
the successive periods at which the various parts of the
system should come into force, which was not till six
months after the respective stendards had been distributed,
and the necessary tables for reduction had been published.
A Central Commission was charged with these preparatory
labours. The Secretary of this Commission, S. Fradesso
da Silveira, was authorised to purchase standards, verified
at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers of Paris, and to
study the practical working of the s>'stem in France and
Belgium. His mission having terminated in 1855, special
agents were sent throughout the country to make a com-
parison in each commune, with the aid of the municipality,
between the old and the new standards, and a verified re-
port of the results was deposited with the authorities, and
also sent to the Central Commission. An elaborate go-
vernment publication not only contains the tables of all these
results, but the tables of reduction of all the old measures
into the new metric measures, and vice versA, and the same
for all the units of English and Portuguese measures.
The General Department of Weights and Measures,
which took the place of the Central Commission, made
provision for teaching the new system of weights and
measures in all public and private schools. The conse-
quence of this active and zealous introduction of the sys-
tem was that, instead of the ten years originally prescribed,
the Government felt justified in ordering the new system,
as to measures of length, to be enforced from 1st January,
1860, and as to weights to commence from 1st July, 1861.
For the service of the Custom-houses, a law of 30th
June, 1860, authorised the Government to publish a
new tariff of duties in accordance with the new system,
which was done in the same year, and the official sta-
tistics have since been given in terms of the metric
system. The preparatory labours for the introduction of
the metric measures of surface and capacity are already
completed, and the whole system will in a very brief
period be in full operation.
Gbeeoe. — The metric system was introduced by the
law of 28th September, 1886, but the nomenclature is
Greek. For weight, the unit called the mine is 1 J kilo-
gram, and the talent has 100 minen, or 150 kilogrammes.
Italy. — In Sardinia and Lombardy the metric system
has long been established, and since the union of the
Neapoliten and other Italian states, the q^stem is rapidly
extending over the whole kingdom.
AusTBiA. — The half-kilogram, decimally subdivided,
has been introdaced in the collection of customs, And in
the steamboat and railway traffic, without producing any
hiconvenienoe, and the florin is subdivided into 100 kreut-
sen instead of 60. His Excellency, Baron von Czosrnig,
President of the Central Statisticid Commission, repoits
that they are preparing for the introduction of the metric
system in its entirety.
GtBif ANY. — ^As to the other states of Germany, a con .
ference was held in 1860, at Frankfort, at which ropreeen-
tatives from nearly all the German powers were present,
and after a carefiil consideration of the whole suljeot, they
recommended the introduction of the metric system, as
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Jahuaby 29, 1864.
165
the beci «ystem of weighU and meaaurea for all Germany.
At the International Statistical Congr««, held in Berlin,
in September laat, very strong resolutions were passed,
both in the section wlUch was specially devoted to this
discnadoo, and in the congress itself, strongly recom-
mending the metric system to be antborized by law in
every ccnmtry not now using it; that an International
Commisrion should be formed, to farther its nnivenal
adoption ; that it should be made compulsory . in the
shortest practicable period ; that each government should
institute a department of weights and measures to canpr
oat the detuls pf its introduction^ and that wherever it is
made permissive only, it should at once be legalized in
the customs, and taught in all the schools over which
the state has any authority. As these resolutions were
the result of a discussion in a section specially set apart
for this purpose by the Prepaimtoxy Ck>mmi8sioa of the
Prussian Government for the rraplation of the Congress,
there can be little doubt that Prussia, although not re-
presented at the Frankfort Congress on this subfect, will
not be behind the rest of Germany in this important re-
form of her existing system.
BuBSiA. — Shice 1858 considerable interest has been ex-
dted by the appointment of a Commission of the Imperial
Academy of Science, whose report is in favour of the
entire introduction of the metric system into the empire.
M. ;Kupfer, the reporter of that Commission, who at-
tended as a delegate from the Runian Government, at the
meeting of the International Decimal Association held at
Bradfoid in 1860 (and at which M. Michel ChevaUer, the
enliffhtened and eloquent advocate of freetmde in France,
presided), assured the meeting that if Great BriUin would
take the lead Hnssia was prepared to follow, and wholly
adopt the metric qrstem.
SwsDBi, KoBWAT, AHD Dbvmabk. — A now decimal
•ystem of weights and measures was introduced into
Sweden in 1865, to be compulsory fh>m the 1st January,
1868. But Mr. Bwart, in his able speech on the intro-
duction of his Mil before parliament, Ist July, 1863, stated
that, at an imoortant Scandinavian meeting for Political
Economy, held on the 20th May preceding, at Gottenberg,
at which nearly 500 persons, including members of the
Swediih, Norwegian, and Danish Parliaments were present,
a resolution was passed that it was expedient to adopt the
imre metric system, both for measures, weights, and coins,
in all the Scandinavian countries. Since then the late
King of Denmark appointed a commission to study and
report on the question.
Besides these rsmarkable testimonies to the rapid pro-
gnm and popularity of the metric system on the continent
of Korope, we find it making an entrance into South
America, by being mtroduced into Chili in 1848, in lieu
of the old Spanish system.
Can we suppose, then, that Great Britain, clanning to
he the foremost nation of the earth in social progress,
in education, freedom of thought, and commercial
enterprise, and to whom, on the latter account especially,
any system which could get rid of the incongruities
and confusion of her present system would be a peculiar
boon, cannot accomplish what has been so earily effected
by other nations? is it to be believed that we are un-
willing to encounter some temporary, even though great
inconvenience, in onler by one bold change to come at
once into that great community of difl'erent nations
which we have enumeiated as possessing or taking active
steps to possess a common system of weights and measures
so convenient for their internal trade and the interchange
of their productions with other countries ?
Few perhaps are aware of the silent but continued pro-
gress which has been made within a fei^ years towards
preparing the pubKc of this countty for the introduction
of this system, and of the extent to* which its advantages
have been recogra'zed. I proceed briefly to state a few
leading facts; time will not permit the lull details, nor to
oomMer at present to fully as they deserve the other pro-
poiitkxu advocated.
Comm^Ksing with the Great Ezhibitkm of 1851, 1
have already mentioned the steps taken by the Society of
Arts to dmw the attention of the Goverament to the
importance of a uniform and general aystem. Since then,
from the earnest desire of the Council to promote the
great objects of the Society, bv giving faoilities and
encourseement to commerce, this hall has been frequently
opened for discussions on this subject The members of
the International Decimal Association have met the
delegates of ^e Institutions in Union at a special meeting,
and debated the question fully. This was the more im-
portant, as the delegates, coming from all parta of the
country, and representing the leaders of the industrial
classes, would carry back their new ideas to be again dis-
cussed in their institutions throughout the kingdom, by
the very class who suffer most under the anomalies of the
present sjrstem, and would be the first to have to bear the
mconvemence of a change. Yet the expressions of the
speakers were almost unanimous in favour of the metric
system, as being a change, although great, final in its
effects.
Again, the Council of this Society have, on other occa-
sions, granted the use of their room for the delivery of
a series of lectures by Mr. Fellows, Mr. Hennessy, M.P.,
Mr. R. G. Williams, Mr. Tates, &c., on the inconveniences
of the present system, the impediments to the introduc-
tion of the metrical system, and the legal and educational
questions involved therein. These lectures were well
attended, and very numerous' invitations were sent out,
and the proceedings well reported in the metropolitan and
provincial papers.
I trust also that my feeble introduction of the subject
this evening will be forgotten in the animated debate, by
which the Council will foel their efforts to promote the
interests of the public amply rewarded.
The most important step towards popularising the
question was the formation of the International Decimal
Association, which was formed at Paris in 1855, after the
Statistical Congress that had just been held there, and
when the jurors and other influential persons attending
the Universal Exhibition then at Paris were able to attend.
No less than 150 peraons of high intellectual or social
position, interested m manufacttu*es or commerce, were
present, and the meeting was presided over by Baron
James de Rothschild, the head of the greatest European
banking house, whose pithy and eloquent speech summed
up in the fewest possible words the advantages of a
common system of weights, measures, and coins through-
out the world. The Association then formed owed its
origin principally to the efforts of Mr. James Yates, F.R.S.,
and the influential support of that public- spirited noble-
man, the present Earl Fortescne. It is meant to be
European, and to have branches in every country, but it
is to the English branch, then established, that the grow-
ing interest of the public in this question is mainly due.
Since then, no opportunity has been lost, by pamphlets,
lectures, discuFsions, petitions to Parliament, deputations
to the government on all suitable occasions, at Statistical
Congresses, at the meetings of the British Association or
Social Science, at the Statistical Society and Institute of
Actuaries, at the Chambers of Commerce, at Mechanics'
Institutes, by interesting men of all clawses and opinions,
to promote a free inquiry into the question of unity of
weights and measures, not for this country only, but one
common to all other European nations. It would be
interesting to trace all that has been done since the period
of the Great Exhibition of 1851, but time and space do
not permit, and we must briefly rest at the stage at which
we have now arrived — ^Mr. Ewart's Committee and its
consequences.
The Committee was appointed to inquh« into the prac-
ticability of establishing a uniform system of wdghts and
measures, wiUi a view to facilitate our domestic and fo-
reign trade. It was fortunate for the latter part of the
inquiry that the Committee was sitting during the Inter-
national Exhibition, when a number of foreign witnesses,
166
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 29, 1864.
men of science, merchants, and manafacturere, could give
eyidenoe of the improyement which the metric system
had effected in other oouatries, and how the difficolUes of
introducing it could be overcome. The Inquiry was emi-
nently practical and the conclusions unanimous.
The recommendations of the Committee were as fol-
lows: —
1. That the use of the Metric systbrn be rendered legal,
though no compulsory measures should be resorted to
until they are sanctioned by the general conviction of the
public.
2. That a Department of Weights and Measures be es-
tablished in connection with the Board of Trade. It
would thus become subordinate to the Government, and
responsible to Parliament. To it should be intrusted the
conservation and verification of the standards, the superin-
tendence of inspectors, and the general duties incident to
such a department. It should also take such measures as
may from time tp time promote the use and extend the
knowledge of the Metric system in the departments of
Government, and among the people.
3. The Government should sanction the use of the
metric system, together with our present one, in the levy-
ing of the customs duties ; thus familiarising it among our
merchants and manufacturers, and giving facilities to fo-
reign tiaders in their dealings with Uiis country. Its use,
combined with that of our own system, in Government
contracts has also been suggested.
4. The metric system should form one of the subjects
of examination in the competitive examinations of the
Civil Service.
5. The gram should be used as a weight for foreign
letters and books at the Post-office.
6. The Committee of Council on Education should re-
quire the Metric system to be taught (as might easily be
done, by means of tables and diagrams) in aU schools re-
ceiving grants of public money.
7. In the public statistics of the country, quantities
should be expressed in ternu of the Metric system in
juxtaposition with those of our own, as suggested by the
International Statistical Congress.
8. In private Bills before Parliament the use of the
Metric system should be allowed.
9. The only weights and measures in use should be the
Metric and Imperial, until the Metric has generally been
adopted.
10. The proviso in the 5th and 6th William IV. c. 63,
s. 6, should be repealed.
11. The depaitment which it u proposed to appoint
should make an Annual Report to Parliament.
In accordance therewith a deputation, including several
Members of Parliament, Mr. £wart, Mr. J. B. Smith,
Col. Sykes, and others, waited upon the Right Hon. Thos.
Milner Gibson, President of the Board of Trade, but
finding as the result of the interview that her Majesty's
Government were not prepared to introduce or support a
Bill which would carry out the recommendations of the
Committee, the Council of the International Decimal
Association, with the support of the associated Chambers
of Commerce and other public bodies, respectfully re-
quested Mr. Ewart to introduce a Bill for that purpose.
Strong reasons, however, were thought to exist against a
merely permissive Bill, which, besides adding another to
the many systems already in use, would allow all thoee
who were unwilling to incur the expense and trouble ot
the change, or who objected to its being taught in schools
or used in Government departments to prolong almost
indefinitely the period for its general adoption. The
original draft was thei^fore altered to one which made
the metric system compulsory after three years, allowing
the intervening period to prepare for the change, as we
^ave seen has been the course in the legislation of other
uniries. On the 1st of July last, on the second reading,
a very animated and interesting debate took place. Mr.
Ewart made an eloquent and powerful speech, and was
supported by Mr. Liocke, Q.C., Mr. Pollard Urquhart,
Mr. Adderley, Mr. Baines, Sir M. Farouhar, Bart., Mr.
Cobden, Mr.Bazley, Mr. Roebuck, Mr. R. Hodgson, Mr.
J. B. Smith, Mr. Griffith, and Col. Sykes. The opponents
were Mr. Henley and Mr. Hubbaitl. Mr. Milner Gibson,
opposed the Bill on behalf of Government, on the
ground that the people were not prepared for so great a
change. The Chancellor of the Exchequer also objected
to the compulsory character of the Bill and some other
members would have preferred a permissive Bill. Though
the metric system was approved by the second reading
being carried by a majority of 110 to 75, it was considerea
by Mr. Ewart ^dent to defbr to the opinions oo ex-
pressed, and it is hoped that he will, early in the ap-
proaching session, introduce such a measure as will secure
the favour of the House, and allow the people of this
great commercial country to become familiar at least with
the merits and advantages of the metric system in actual
practice. It is already used in some trades. Mafchine-
makers, engineers, chemists, bear this testimony to it. If
once rendered legal, it is only a question of time how long
the existing state of conf\ision, comprisiog ten legal sys-
tems of weights and measures, will remain. *' Decimal
grains, used for scientific purposes ; tix}y weight, under
5 Geo. IV., c. 74 ; troy oimoe, with decimal multiples
and divisions, called bullion weights ; bankers* weights ;
apothecaries' weight; diamond weights and pearl weights,
including carats ; avoirdupois weight, under 6 Geo. IV.,
c. 78 ; weights for hay and straw ; wool weight, using as
factors 2, 3, 7, and 13 ; coal weight ;" would all give way
to one simple and definite system, applicable and oonvo-
nient for every trade transaction, large or smalL
The information given before the diflerent Parlia-
mentaxy Commitees, on the customary weights and mea-
sures In different localities, would bo amusing, if it was
not so serious abd obstructive to internal trade. Soon
after the British branch of the International Decimal
Association was formed, it was resolved to collect infor-
mation as to the variety of weights and measures in use
in different parts of Great Britain.
" For this end, a circular was sent to municipal bodies,
mechanics* institutions, chambers of commerce, and
agricultural associations throughout the country. The
returns, classified in a table published by the Association,
exhibit a very remarkable view of the discrepapcies which
are found in different localities of weights and measures
under the same name. The linear measui^ of land, for
instance, differ from 3 feet, used at Hertford, to the chain
of 66 feet, used at Hastings, and include between these
limits seventeen different measures in different places.
In superficial measures of land, twenty-five varieties exist ;
and the acre itself varies fh)m 4,840 square yards to
10,240 square yards. Wheat, oats, and barley appear to
be sold indiscriminately, by weight or measure, the bushel
undergoing all sorts of changes in quantity, and giving
place in some districtfl to the load of 3 or 5 or 40 bushels,
of 5 quarters, 144 quarters, or 4881b— to the bag, the stack,
the boll, the comb, the windle, the hobbet, the strike, the
stone, the barrel, the winch, all differing from each other.
For the sale of butter there is the pound, which has in
diflerent places 16, 18, 20, 24 ounces, besides the pint, tho
dish, and the roll. Potatoes, pork, flour, and coals are
variously sold by weights or measures having no relation
to eac^ other. The measure of timber and brickwork
would be equally unintelligible to inhabitants of different
localities ; and in wool and flax the stone diffeia from 16
to 24J1b."
Professor Leone Levi also says :— '* For measures of
length we have the ordinary inch, foot, and yard. In
cloth measure, we have yards, nails, and ells. Thero
are four different sorts of ells. For nautical purposes we -
have fathoms, knots, leagues, and geographical miles^
differing from the common mile. The fathom of a man-
of-war is 6 feet ; of a merchant vessel, 5} feet ; of a fish-
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jandaby 29, 1864. 167
ing smack, 5 feet. We have also the Scotch and Iriah
oime, aod the Scotch and Irish acre. There are several
sorts ofacrea in the United Kingdom, and there ai-e a great
variety of roods. We have in almost every trade mea-
sures of length specially used in these trades. For the
measurement of horses, we have the hand ; shoemakers
use sizea ; and we are compelled to adopt gauges where
the French use the millimetre. The gauges are entirely
arbitrary. The custom of the trade is the only thing
which would decide the question in case of dispute. For
measures of capacity, we have twenty different bushels.
We can scarcely tell what the hog^ead means. For ale,
it is 54 gallons ; for wine, 68. Pipes of wine vary in
many ways ; each sort of wine seems to claim the privi-
lege of a different sort of pipe. For measures of weight,
we have about ten different stones; a stone of wool at
Darlington is 18 lbs., a stone of flax at Downpatrick is 24
lbs., a stone of flax at Belfast is 16} lbs., but it is also at
Belfast 24| lbs., having in one place two values. The
cwt. may mean 100 lbs., 112 lbs., or 120 lbs. If you buy
an ounce or pound of any tiling, yon must inquire if it be-
longs to Dutch, troy, or avoirdupois weight."
It is true that such discrepancies exist in defiance of exist-
iDg laws, but they will never be effectually put down till one
fiimple system is taught in schools, and a new generation
hjw gi-own up after the old systems have been abolished.
Though the metric system appears to be in all respects
distinct and opposed to our own, there are several points
Id which it would nearlv accord with existing weights and
measures. A meter, which is the basis of aU, corresponds
to 39*37 English inches, about l^ yard; 1 pole or perch
(5| yards) r= 5*029 meters, about 5 meters ; 1 furlong
(220 yards) = 201*165, about 200 meters; 5 furlongs =
1 ,005-822, idxMit 1 kilometer ; 1 foot == 3*048 decimeters,
aboat 3 dedmeters ; the are = 119*5 square yards, nearly
120 ; the liter == 61*03 cubic inches, or 21135 wine pints,
nearly 1 quart ; the gram =: 15*434 grains ; the kilogram =:
2*205 Ibe. avoirdupois ,* the balfkuogram = about 1 lb. ;
the ton = 1,015*65 kilograms, say 1,000.
Our exports to countries using the metric system have
iiici\;ased Irom £23.696,000, in 1847, to £55,242,000 in
1861, an increase of 133 percent., whilst to countries using
the Eoglisli system they increased only from £16,262,000,
io 1847, to £24,211,000 in 1861, or less than 50 percent.
increase.
If the metric system be once legalised in this country
we can hardly form an estimate of the immense benefits
that would follow to the commerce of the world. Our
colonies would naturally, and for their own sakes, adopt
the s>*stem of the mother country, with whom their trade
principally lies. India, which lias no common system of
weights and measures, but, under the varieties of native
governments, is full of incongruous and absurd systems,
by which it cannot be doubted tlie labouring classes es-
pecially are exposed to false weights and trade frauds,
might by our influence gradually find one simple system
wevailing throughout the whole of those vast dominions.
The Americans, who have long agitated this question,
would not, wo are assured by the American delegates
who have been sent to our European congresses, hesitate to
make the change. They are only deterred now by the
disturbance that would arise in their large trade with thiit
coQutiy as long as our present system continues. An im-
petus would be given to Kussia and Grermany to complete
the work to which they are already half committed.
The cxpreasion in the old English statute " that there
shocdd be but one measure and one weight throughout the
land,** might be expanded into the grander idea, which
would then be almost realised, Uiat there sliould be but
"one measure and one weight throughout the earth."
Commerce, the real harmonizer of nations, uniting them
in the bonds of mutual interest and growing esteem, would
then receive a still greater development than has occurred
even in the last few years, diffusing everywhere the bles-
sings of peace, and causing all nations to pause ere they
precipitated each other into the calamities of war.
DISCUSSION.
The Chaxbium having expressed his personal obliga-
tions to Mr. Brown for havuig introduoed a paper on a
subject on which that gentleman had had so much ex-
perience, in relation to the commerce of different coun-
tries, remarked that a great aid to the progress of the
metrical system on the continent of Europe had, no doubt,
been afforded by the rapid extension of the railway and
steamboat system, which so greatly facilitated inter-
communication. Treaties of commerce had lately been
entered into between England and France and other greet
nations, and the ministers who met together to negotiate
those treaties must have experienced considerable diffi-
culty in arranging the details, owing to the weights and
measures being so very different in the countries they re-
presented, i^other means of the extension of the metri-
cal system was, no doubt, to be found in the recent
abandonment of the passport system on the Continent, a
stu'e sign of the modification of the old selfish policy
which had so long existed in different nations. With re-
gard to the English B>'stem of measurement, if we looked
to its origin, and to the mode in which its basis, the
inch, had been arrived at, it was remarkable how
imscientifio it was. The definition of an inch in the
table-books was "Three barleycorns, one inch." The
three barleycorns were taken from the middle of an eu* et
barley as yielding the best specimens of that grain, and
the inch, multiplied by 12, was taken to constitute the
foot measure. That measure could not have been ori^n-
ally taken from the length of the foot of a man, which,
in a person of the ordinary stature of 5 feet 10 inches, did
not generally exceed 10} or 11 inches. He thought little
would be lost by the abandonment of the present sjrstem
of weights and measures in this oountry> whilst the advan-
tages of a decimal system were evident. Mr. Brown had
shown how much time would be saved in the education
of the young, if a simpler system than that now in use were
adopted, and Mr. Chadwick, who had gone very deeply into
this question, had expressed bis opinion that a child educated
under the improved system would save one-third of the
time at present occupied in mastering the numerous tables
and rules now found necessary. Englishmen might be
regarded as wharfingers and warehousemen to the rest of
the world. We had wharves everywhere, and the flag
of this country floated in every quarter of the earth, and
no doubt our trade would be greatly facilitated if an
universal system of weights and measures were intro-
duced. He had no doubt of the ultimate success of
this movement; the only question was the time that
wonld be occupied in effecting it. The only other propo-
sition worth consideration was that we should decimalise
our existing weights and measures, but he thought there
would be no great advantage in simply altering the foot
measure from twelve inches to ten inches, as this would
not aid in assimilating our system to that of other great
countries. It was a remarkable circumstance that no body of
men were more anxious for the proposed change than the
chemical profession. The Pharmaceutical {Society were
amongst the most zealous supporters of the metrical move-
ment. At the meeting of the British AFSociation in Newcastle
last year, the subject was brought under the considerationof
the chemical section, by whom the following resolution
was passed : — " That, in the opinion of this committee,
the uniformity of the standards of weight and measure in
use throughout the civilized world is a matter of greater
importance than the decimal division of the standards
now in use, and that the Frencli metrical system is that
which is best adapted to the pieseot state of science."
The most distinguished persons were upon that committee,
and they must be deemed good authorities on the subject.
Throughout the whole of Germany the metrical system
was held iq the highest favour, and in all the aspirations
for Qerman unity the idea of uoilorm weights and
measures was a leading feature.
Mr. James Yatbb, F.R.8., regsrJed education at the
^piesent moment as the L>est means of introducing the
168
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, January 29, 1864,
metrical system, and in directing his attention to that object
he had arrtDged an ednoatioDal apparatus, which appeaj^
to him eminently adapted to impiiat apiaotical knowledge
of the sobiect. It consisted of, 1. An abacas, suited for
teaching decimals, together with whole nambers, to the
yomigett children ; 2. A table of arithmetical signs, in-
dnding the decimal point; 8. A metre, divided hito deci-
metres, centimetres, and millimetres; 4. A oentiare, or
square metre, for explaining saperfidal measure; 5. A
cubic decimetre, showing its division into 1000 cubic centi-
metres; 6. A synoptic table, showing all the princiral
me asu r es and weights, with their derivation and their rela-
tion to one another. His fdan was to bring before the
learner's eye the actual weights and measures, and the
mtem upon which they were divided, and though the
object was more e^)ecially to teach the use of decimals,
the prindple wasapblioable to arithmetic generally. The
Sreeeot methods of teaching were, in his opinion, very
elective, and oi^)ahle of immense improvement. As to
the metre, he had considered what would be the best
method of teaching its use in schools, and for this purpose
he recommended that a standard, accurately divided
into the metre, decimetre, centimetre, and millimetre be
employed. A measuring tape, having the English
measurement on one side and the fVench on the other,
was, in his opinion, a very good means of familiarising the
mind with the relations of the metrical system to our own.
The next instrument he proposed was the centiare, or the
hundredth part of an acre, otherwise a square me* re, which
should be divided into square decimetres and centimetres.
These instruments were useful in making clear to children
measures of length and surface. Mr. Yates then pro-
ceeded to call attention to the synoptic table of weights
and measures, which was similar to the one in general use
in France, and which was being adopted in Portugal.
For the preparation of this he was indebted to Mr. Dow-
ling, O.K. On this table evexy one of the weights, mea-
sures, and lengths was drawn of the actual size. In one
corner of the drawing there was a small representation of
the earth, and that was placed there be(^U8e the metre
was the ten-millionth part of the quadrant of the earth
from the north pole to the equator. An objection had
been made that this was a fiuicihil and inaccurate standard.
On the contrary, he thought it a grand and noble idea,
ibr when it was desired to frame a system adapted to the
whole human race, and when the object was to accommo-
date all the inhabitants of the earth, they could not do
better than take the basis from the measurement of the
earth itself. The greatest possible care was taken in the
matter, and, notwithstanding the objections made to it,
there was the greatest accuracy in that measurement.
Mr. Wm. Hawes (Chairman of the Council) said there
were two points of view from which this subject must be
regarded, viz., the scientific and the practical. As far as
science was concerned it was desirable that weights and
measures shouM be assimilated all over the world. The
idea was a large one, and might charm the mind of an
enthusiast with the notion of an uniform measure leading
to universal peace and amity among nations; but looking
at the present state of the world, he must be very san-
guine who thought such small matters could influence its
destinies. It had been advanced, as a question of education,
that it teok a child three years to learn our present system.
They were told that there was a great vanety of distinct
systems of weights and measures in use in different parts
of this country, and they were asked to infer that a child
was necessarily obliged to learn all those systems. But
this was not the fact. It was only necessary for each
child to become familiar with the weights and measures
in use in his own particular district He thought this
question of education had been put forward too forcibly,
and that the advantages of the decimal system in this
respect had been unduly exaggerated. There were
other points connected with the subject which well
deserved serious consideration. If by Act of Parliament
the adoption of the metrical system of weights and mea-
sures were made compulsory— of course mon^ would
included — ^the lirts of the prices current of articles wo
be placed in the greatest oonfiision, particolariy wl
comparison had to ht made with those of former peri(
necessarily calculated upon the old system. It would
a serious matter to find ourselveB suddenly obliged
transact the whole of our business on an entirdfy i
set of formuls9. The amount of confusion would b<
great that nothing but some absolute and practical g
could Justify such a change being made by Act of Fai
ment.
The Chaibmah remarited that it was intended to 1
the pound sterUng as the unit.
Bb*. Hawbb — ^It would not affect the pound, but
thousandth part of a pound would not be a fioihing. '
would alter the basis of many calculations. They
been told that the trade of this empire had incre
more with those countries which used the metrical syi
thim with others, but he could not allow that this
owing to the metrical system, but rather to other ca
such as commercial treaties and the introduction of
trade where prohibition had been the rule for oentt
The trade with France, from two or three millions
become eight or nine millions within the last three v
Had the metrical system anything to do with that?
Mr. Bbown explained that his argument was not
the metrical system had produced the increase of t
but that owin^ to the increase of trade the assimilati
our system with that of other countries became al
more desirable.
Mr. Ha WIS thought there would be little or no
mercial advantage in Uie introduction of this system,
shipment of goods were to be made to France, it was ei
calculate the equivalents to the weights and measures
respective countries. The whole matter was a quest
arithmetic in the counting-house, and d id not affect the
or loss of the transaction. He began his observatic
statmg that, in a scientific point of view, this c
of system might be desirable, but that was o
very small part of the question. He contended
the advantages put foiih in the paper as like
follow the change from one system to the other
greatly exaggerated, and that they were not worth tl
and confusion involved in the change. They had
told of the great facilities and advantages which
from it in other countries, and yet he found
France, which had taken the lead in this qu
required from 1790 to 1840 to bring the syster
general use. Under what might be termed a despo
vemment, it took fifty years to bring about the <
in that country, and in a free countiy like this a
longer time would be required. Many persons ]
were old enough to recollect the time when tb
which was formerly so variable, was declared by
Parliament to be twenty cwt., and they also kn
how many years that Act was evaded. To introdi
metrical system as compulsory, he thought wo
unwise— if it was beneficial it would introduce it6<
Society like this might point out the advantag<
permissive enactment, but let them not be too aani
Its being generally or rapidly adopted. Its comi
difficulties were so great that he did not think th
of business would receive it with anything like eDc<
ment.
J^Ir. OoiLviE said ho would not have presumed
any observations on this subject if ho had not hi
experience of the working of this system. He 1
the metrical system was practical and oseitil,
learn, and more easy in application. At the sar
those who had had anything to do with introduc
portant changes of this kind were aware of the dil
attending t£tt operation. He thought this <
should be viewed under two aspects, the intematic
the national. Under the existing facilities for tY
change of the productions of different countfiea, he
the metrical system would be of great benefit to c
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 29, 1864.
169
dtl men, and he thoaght afler * little edacation they might
with great ^cilitj tranamute one system into the other.
He did not for a moment advance the Utopian idea that all
these commercial relations would immediately produce an
universal peace, but that would be the ultimate tendency
of such a course. This question should also be viewed in
Its national aspect as regarded our home and domestic trade.
They would find some difficulty when thev came to the
transactions of retail trades. In the multitudinous pur-
chases made fn the metropolis, on Saturday nights, if
persons were oompelled at once to make the change, a good
deal of difficulty would be experieaced. Again, there would
be difficulty in establishing the universality of this system.
Even now in France a difference existed in various parts of
the country. In one part they stated the price of things
in francs and centimes, and in another part in francs and
sons. These difficulties of detail, he believed, would be
ultimat<;ly overcome, and for these reasons he thought
the metrical s^rstem would be useful , and ought, if possible,
to be introduced into this country.
Dr. De Meschin thought the practical advantages re-
suiting from any new scheme should be looked at rather
than the difficulties by which it was accompanied. Mr.
Cobden had stated that he never knew a cause so much
supported by the concurrent testimony of practical an^i
scientific men as this one. He (Dr. Do Meschin) ad-
mitted some of the difficulties Mr. Ilawes had alluded to,
at the same time he thought the resulting advantages
woald outweigh those diffioulties. The decimals of the
pound sterling were so well ,known in this count ly that
he thooght there would be no difficulty in that respect.
With regard to the length of time thit had been requii ed '
for the full introduction of the metrical system in France,
it should be remembered that the First Napoleon was very
much opposed to modem ideas, and set his face against it
at every opportnnUy.
Mr. F. Lawkenob remarked that this question must be
looked at, not as to the way in which it would assist the
fbreigner, bat as to how it would benefit the people of this j
ooontry. With regard to the commercial transactions of
this ooontry, would any one say that the French kilo-
grmmme offisred greater facilities than the English pound
weight? He considered the metrical system entirely
founded on a mistake, In taking so small a standard as the
gramme. In this coontiy we had the pound and the ton,
whidi were each suited to ceitain purposes. We must
cfamnge the whole of our weights to assimilate them with
those of France ; an<l could it be said that our yard was
not practically as good as the metre of Franco? They
must also ooosider what would be the expense of thb
alteratioa in providing the new measures and weights
throoghoat tne country. He believed this would not
cott much less than ten millions of money. What
woald be the advantage to consumers of gas to pay for it
fay the mbic metre instead of by the thousand feet ?
Did it facilitate calculation? Not at all. The piesent
fytiecn was adopted In a staple trade of this countr)' very
aaeh lai^ger than the cotton tnule— that was the Iron trade.
There they had tons, cwts., quarters, and pounds. There
WIS great fiK:ility in this ; because for every pound sterling
io the pdce per ton there was a shilling per cwt. They
bad no soch facilities in the metrical system, which, in
thftt trade, would impede rather than aid calculation. This
eoontry had immense dealings with America and our
ooto ofa i. He preanmed, in Su*. Brown's statement as to
tlie lacfeaae of trade, the transactiona with our colonies
were omitted. That statement led them to believe that
we had larger commercial dealinss with ooontries having
abe metrfeal system than with others. This was founded
%i enor» because the whole of our colonies had been
onitted. Oor trade with America was fire or six times
M pnl M that with Fiance. If we joined oniaelves to
Fnuiee hy the adoption of this svstem, we severed our-
Mthwfrom America, which osed the yard as a unit. The
wbola tpHmOt at first ilg^t, looked very tempting, bat he
eoold not admit that there was any real advantage In
deriving the standard from the measorement of the earth's
arc He thoaght this metrical unit was propounded by
scientific radicals, whose only Idea was to form a totally
new system — to sweep away everything that existed and
begin anew. The revolutioniats in France not only swept
away the old weights and measures, but they also swept
away years and months fix)m the computation of time,
and, In tliat respect, they seemed desirous to begin the
world anew. Although is was seventy years since the
metrical system was introduced in Fiance, it could scarcely
be said, even now, to be in use for the every-day business
of life.
Mr. Fbanklin was glad that in any case the English
sovereign would be retained as the unit of money in this
country, inasmuch as it would be the best means of pre-
paring the public for the alterations proposed in our
weights and measures. The great question was how to
make the masses of the public appreciate the advantages
which this system promised. If they gave the workmtn the
means of decimalising his money, it would prepare him
for decimalising his weights and measures, if the objec-
tions hitherto ^vanced against the decimalisation of the
coinage of this conntry were removed, the great obstacle to
decimalisation generally would be got rid of, and then the
public would be able to determine as between the estab-
lished system and that which was substituted in its
place. He thoaght it should be adopted from a conviction
of its utility, and not made a compulsory Act io tliis
country. Whatever thev di*i he reoomiuendei them to
keep the standard of the value of the coinage in their own
hands. He hoped the International Association, bv whom
ihU subject had been no much ventilated, would be the
means of paving the way to a better understanding of it
by the public at large.
* Dr. Wadoilove said although he possewed no practical
acquaintance with education or commerce still he could
not but think l^t in a common-sense point of view it
was desirable, if povible, that the metrical system should
be introduced into this country. We had now a great
variety of weights and measures throughout the kingdom,
and he would put the simple question--supposing they
were about to found a new colony and to introduce weights
and measures into it, would they institute the inoonffruous
system which at present existed in this country? He
was satisfied they would not. Then, why should they
maintain the present system? They were told it was
difficult to alter it, and that great cost and trouble would
be incuned In so doing. On one occasion we altered the
•• style," and there was a great outcry throughout the
country on account of the innovation ; but now we were
reconciled to It and duly estimated its advantages. In
like manner he believed they would eventually estimate
the advantages of the metrical system.
Dr. Fabb said two or three matters had arisen in the
course of the discussion which seemed to require a few
words of explanation. As a member of the International
Decimal Association he felt very grateful to the Society of
Arts for the opportunity thus granted of presenting the
views of that association for discussion, and he believed
that advantage would be derived from hearing the opinions
of those who, like many present, had done much for the
pix>grte9 of industry both here and in other countries.
As a statistician himself he would first speak of the ap-
plication of the metrical system to sUtistical purposes,
and he would say that the most eminent statisticians of
Europe weie agreed that it would be a great advantage
If the statistics of a kingdom were expressed In the
decimal system, and after a great deal of thought
they decided that having a scientific system like that of
the French In existence, it would be absurd to introduce
a new one, even though more perfect, at the risk of its not
being adopted by other countries. The French ^^stem
was based upon certain units of convenient sixe, and they
had subdivided those units decimally. His friend Mr.
Hawee had very properly said they must have regard to
practical utility in these matters, but it was found that
170
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 29, 1864.
the practice of scientific men all over the world was tu
adopt certain unitv, and then decimalise them. In en-
gineering it was found necessary to decimalise our weights
and measures. Mr. Brown, being himself an actuary,
found it convenient to decimalise the pound sterling ; and
the Astronomer.Royal had stated that all his observations
were calculated upon the decimtl system. The desire
was to give to the commercial world the advantages which
were now monopolised by the scientific world, ani those,
he submitted, they would enjoy under the French metrical
system. Nobody could reasonably hope that the adoption
of the metrical system would produce universal peace ;
but that it would tend to diminish the disputes between
the commercial communities of different countries there
could be no doubt, whilst it would certainly simplify all
their business accounts. The grand reason why they were
asked to alter their present absurd system of weights and
measures in this country was that there was no simple re-
lation between them. The system was not decimalised,
and it would require as much change to decimalise from
the yard as to introduce the metre and decimalise from
it. He therefore thought it was desirable to accept the
French system as a whole, for it was both scientific
and remarlcably convenient. It was true that those
who established it did not adopt the then existing
French unit, but there were a great number of units in
existence at the time alluded to, and they adopted one
which it was hoped the nations of Europe generally would
agree to. With regard to our ton, it need not be dis-
turbed, for the thousandth part of a ton was very near the
kilogramme. They did not want more than two or three
units in measure and in weights. For measuring roads
they would take the kilometre, and for shop measure-
ments the metre. He was persuaded that in the matter
of education fully a year was wasted by the children in
learning tables, many of which they forgot as soon as they
left school. Mr. Hawes had raised a practical objection
to this system in the matter of the quotations of commer-
cial prices cuiTent, but they were not of any serious im-
portance, as the differences were calculated approximately
with but little difficulty, no error of any real consequence
being involved.
Mr. EUwES said the small diflTerences referred to by Dr.
Farr would be an important matter in the profit or loss in
a commercial transaction.
ProfMsor Leone Levi briefly expressed a hope that
the Society of Arts, from whom the International Aieoci-
ation had hitherto received such valuable aid, would not
withdraw its support from this movement. He suggested
that the numerous publications on this subject should be
as extensively circulated as possible amongst the Institu-
tions in Union with the Society, as the best means of
awakening consideration of the subject. Prizes might
also be offered to teachers of schools who should pass an
examination in the metric system, and the subject might
be included in the annual examinations. The Society
having already petitioned the House of Commons in
favour of a universal system of weights and measures in
this country, he hoped they would not retrace their steps,
and when the measure was again brought forward by Mr.
Kwart, next session, he should bo glsA to see the signa-
ture of the present Chairman of Council (Mr. Hawes)
attached to a similar petition to that which was presented
on a previous occasion.
Mr. Brown, in reply upon the discussion, said with
regard to Mr. Hawes's observations, they tcndel to the
maintenance of any system, however cumbrous, which
it was difiicult to change. It was not proposed that
this system or any other should be suddenly introduced
and made peremptory. Whatever was done by the
legislature or the public, it was expected that time
should be allowed for proper instruction in and un-
derstanding of the system, and that when the public
mind was prepared for the change they should have
as perfect a plan as could bo devised. Mr. lAwrenoe
I appeared to entertain an objection to the proposed change
of nomenclature, but he (Mr. Brown) had no particular
affection for this or any oUier nomenclature — only let the
principle of the system be recognised, and he did not care
now the sub-divisions were named. As to the intro-
duction of the system! by "scientific radicals** they
might go further back than that for the origin of
the scheme, viz., before the commencement of the
revolution in France, but the knowledge of the subject
was so advanced during the revolution that^ the people
were better prepared than those of other countries to accept
this scientific system. With regard to its effects upon our
American trade, the Americans now traded largely
with countries using that system, and a delegate from
America had stated to the International A-sociation that
that country was prepared to follow England in the lead
she might take in this matter. Therefore no fears need
be entertained on those grounds. The same might be
said of Russia and the whole of Germany. It was worthy
of a country possessing the largest trade in the world to
take the lead in this important rtep, and if England made
the change it would influence a great many other countries
to do the same.
The Chairman then proposed a vote of thanks to Mr.
Brown for his interesting and valuable paper.
The vote of thanks was theYi passed.
The Seorbtabt called attention to some specimens of
fine zinc wire and zinc wire gauze, sent by Mr. James
Spratt, the latter stated to be the first zinc wire gauze
ever woven.
|t was annoaoced that on Wednesday evening next, the
8rd F^mary, a paper by Mons. E. Vial (of Paris), *• On
Instantaneous Engraving on Metal,** would be read. The
paper will be illustrated by experiments.
The following letter has been received : —
Sir, — It is of great importance, when discussing the ques-
tion of the policy of intix>ducing a new system of weights
and measures, that the facts stated should be accurate, and
to be relied upon. I therefore append the exact figurea
as to the exports to countries in which the metric system
is used, which are referred to in Mr. Brown's paper. In
that paper it is stated that the exports to countiies
using the metric system had increased 183 per cent, from
1847 to 1861 ; and that the increase to countries not using
it had only increased 50 per cent. The facts, however,
which I extract from the same tables as those used by Mr.
Brown, are that the exports to countries in which the
metric system is entirely or partially adopted have in-
creased from £23,600,000 in 1841, to £55,200,000 in 1861,
or 183 per cent.: tliat the exports to countries where the
English system is adopted have increased from £16,261,000
in 1841, to £24,200,000 in 1861, or 50 per cent., but (and
this table Mr. Brown has omitted) the exports to coun-
tries where neither the English nor the metric system is
in use, have increased from £18,880,000 in 1841, to
£45,600,000 in 1861 , or 150 per cent. Withou t question-
ing the accumcy of these figures, though, from a hasty
glance, I think we should not all agree in the division
adopted, I leave them for the consideration of your readers.
— I am, &c., W. Hawes.
iptflmbings 0I Institutions*
»'
Bacup Meouakios* Institution. — The twenty-fifth
annual fotWeof the Bacup Mechanics' Institution was held
on New Year's Eve. The President (Lawrence Hey-
woith, E>q.) said it was with the greatest pleasure that
he again appeared amongst them on the anniversary of
their very valuable institution. He was there some 25
years previously or more, when the Institution was just
commenord, and he was happy to say that ho had been
enabled to attend twenty-five times. That to him was a
great gratification, but it was still greater to sec the im-
provement in the population of the neigliboorhood, which
he accounted for in a great measure by the education im-
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 29, 1864. 171
firted in that Ioatitation.^Mr. Thomas Newbigging,
the aecretaiy, read the direotora' n^ori, which ahow^
thai the eflSciaocy of the Institation had been maintained
in all it* departments. The directors, however, regretted
that oat of a popolation of 18,000 or more, only 340 should
avail themselves of the advantages offered by the Instita-
tion. To the library had been added more than £60
worth of books. The ivues dnriog the year had been
6,439. The series of Wednesday evening lectures (2 1 in
nomber), which terminated in March last, proved emi-
nently satisfactory, and left a small balance in favour of
the Institation. The average attendance at the day school
was 204 ; there were on the books 240. A better attend-
ance at the night school was desirable. The female classes
were well Attended, and the pupils were making progress.
Twenty-four certificates, and prizes the money value of
which was about £12, had been gained by members at the
Society of Arts and other examinations during the year.
The treaanrer's account showed a balance m hand of
£7 12s. lid., the receipU for the year being £378 2s. 2^.
— Wm. Fairbaim, Esq., LL.D., said, afW listening to
the report, he had to congratulate them upon the means
DTOvided for the benefit of the members of the Insiitution.
It was said that knowledge rightly applied was power,
and so it was. He used the word '* rightly" to show that
all their attainments should be devoted to some useful
purpose. A sound judgment united to goodness of heart
was A reward which princes might envy. Success was
the reward of industry, and gave them the pleasing re-
flection of having done then* duty. Sonu) people objected
to too much work, but he believed they were more in-
jured by idleness than hard work. — Thomas Lawton,
Esq., agent of the Lancashire and Cheshire Association of
Inrtitntes, seconded the adoption of the report. — Bamett
Blake, Eaq., said it was impossible to conceive of a greater
evil than that of a population growing up without any
means of education after the limited tuition which they
raeelred at aohooL He would refer to Durham and Nor-
thnaiberland, which had been induced by the dictation of
a tradee union, without the least shadow of reason, to
cUmoor for a higher rate of wages for the same amount
of labour. The population of Lancashire and YcMrkshire
was greater than in any other part of the kingdom, and
had anffiBTsd greater privatkms without complaining. That
was the xesolt of soch institutions as those, which had
taoght men to reason and think rationally upon things.
— ^Tha annoal meeting took plaee on Wednesday evening,
Jan. 6, for the porpoae of electing officers for the ensuing
year. Mr. Greaves ooonpied the chair. Various subjects
of interest relator to the welfare of the Institation were
discussed, and heaHgr votes of thanks were given to the
di Aerent officers for their past services, and to the chairman
ior pceeidiiig.— >An sxtraordinaiy general meeting was then
held, and adteimtioos were made in the ndes with a view
to pnnriding thai only one-half of the directors shoiUd
retire from office annually, instead of the whole, as before.
BanroL ArHnunni. — ^A seiies of Mondi^ popular
ooDcerta are being given here enreiy week, much of the
nrasio being of a olassksal ohaiaoter. The mioea of ad-
nussioa areh--firQOt seats, Is. ; sseond seats, 6a.
Fa ami AM Yoohg Man's AssooiATmv. — At the reeent
annual geoecal meetmg the ejection of officers for 1864
took plaoe. The bidanoe-sheet to December 81st
showed that the eTpensos had been £126 16s. 8d., and
that thscewas a balancedue to the treasurer of £11 0is.8d.
The opeotDg lecture of the seeond half-session, 1868-64,
was delivered on Friday evening, Januaiy 15, by Rev. A.
B. Aleocaoder, of Bekate, subject : ** Ant9 and Bees."
The Lord Bishop of Winchester presided. The lecture
was iUmtaaied by a series of diagimms explanatory of the
lives and habits, anatomy and physology of the white
and other ants, and the more common species of English
bee. — ^A vote of thanks to the lecturer was passed, after
some remarks on the subject by the bishop.
lloMLST MsoHAXioi^ Iif8TrroTB.— On Wednesday, the
6tii Jaanafyt * Itfiittn on ** The Chemistiy of Common
Life," was delivered here by Dex Bean, Esq., who inter-
spersed his remarks with a variety of interesting experi-
ments. The chair was occupied by Mr. R. H. Buckley.
Staltbridob MaoBANios* I ks titutkw. — A bazaar and
art treasures exhibition has been held recently, to assist in
clearing off the debt incurred in the erection of the new
building. The Institution was first formed in 1825,
having thus had an existence of mora than thirty-eight
years. It met at the oommenoemeat in a schooboom, and
continued there until the year 1858. Various efforts
were made to obtain a new building, and in 1828, Robert
Piatt, Esq., promised to pi^ the difference between the
rent of the schoolroom and more suitable premises. The
committee at once accepted the offer, and removed to
better premises, the beneficial effect of the change being
felt in the acquisition of nearly 200 members in about
three months. These premises were still too small, when,
in 1860, Ralph Bates, Esq., promised to give £50 towards
the erection of a new institution. Subscription lists were
issued, and among the donations promised were £200 by
Mr. Robert Piatt, £200 by Messrs. T. Harrison and Son,
£200 by Mr. John Leech, £150 by Messrs. Wagstaff and
Co., £100 by Mr. John Cheetham, StQ, In addition to
these sums, Col. Astley gave the site for the building
and £100 in money. This gift of CoL Astley was con-
sidered to amount to nearly £1,0(X). In July, 1862, the
new Institution was opened. It cost £4,070, towards
which about £2,000 (exclusive of the land) was raised by
donations, and the remainder was borrowed. The debt on
the building is thus about £2,000. The baaaar and ex-
hibition remained open for a week, being opened and
closed by the President, who in his dosing speech said
that probably since the Art Treasures Exhibition in Man-
chester, there had not been an exhibition in the north of
England which had surpassed this one. The ironwork
which had been displayed at the bazaar was really a
splendid sk^t, and he believed no other baaaar had ever
had a simikr staU. It was completdy cleared out. — The
gross receipts were about £1,400, and the expenses would
probably be £200, which would thus enable them to
reduce the d^t from £2,000 to £800.
»
Taa PoTTBBs' New DaTwe Chambbb.— It will be re-
membered that among the causes injurious to the health
of the artisans employed in the manufocture of pottery,
as insisted on in the report of the Commissiooen ap-
pointed to report on this industry, that of the exposure
to great alternations of temperataie, in carrying and
plamng the ware in ^evdrying rooms, was one of the
meet generally felt and oomfuained of. The notori-
ously defective amngements heretofore .adopted have
led to some few attempts to introduce better-^attempts
which were fostered by the prise offered by Mr. Eli|sh
Jones. In the appendix to the CommisBoners* report,
plans are given of a potters' diving stove, as adopted at
Means, ^nder and Co.'8 woria, at Buralem, from the
design of Mr. BouHon. This form of drymg stove pre-
sented great advantages over tiie rude arrangements
generally in use; but still more simple and efficient
drying rooms have been recently introduced at the works
. of Messrs. Minton and Co., Stoke, and Messrs. Liddle Elliot
and Son, Dalehall, which entirely remove all the hiUierto
attendant evils of the drying process on the health of the
workmen and boys, and at the same time facilitate
the operation. The principle of these plans is a ro-
tating cylinder, which in the one case is i^aced vertir
cally, and in the other horiasontaUy. Both are fitted vrith
shelves, and inclosed in a chamber ftuuished with floes,
so that a uniform heat is maintained at all parts. The
cylinder is sub-divided into several sections, and is easily
turned as required by the hand of the mould-runner,
Ea^ of these is filled in rotatk>n with the greatest facility.
172
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Januart 29, 1864.
through an aperture for the parpoee, and with veiy little
eecape of heat. Both are excellent inyentions for their
simplicity. Experience will, however, prove which of
the two is moet serviceable and most readily worked.
These drying chambers may be seen in operation at the
factories Of Messrs. Minton and Co., and Messrs. Elliot
and Son, who invite the infection of all engaged in pottery
mano(acture.
SiLVBBnro Gla8s« — ^A prooeas, said to be an improve-
ment on FoueaMi, for silvering glasses for telescopic
purposes, has been invented by M. MarUn, and both are
on the same principle aa Drayton's, which was rewarded
by the Society in 1847. Martm makes use of foar liquids,
viz., first, a ten per cent solution of nitrate of sUver;
second, liquor ammoniss, sp. gr. -970; third, a four percent,
solution of caustic soda ; and fourth, a 12) per cent, so-
lution of white sugar, to which he adds | per cent, of
nitric add, and after twenty minutes' boiling he adds to it
twenty-five parts of alcohol and water to mi^e up the
bulk to 250. The silvering liquid is made by mixing
together twelve paiis of solution No. 1 , eight parts of No.
2, twenty parts of No. 8, and 60 parts of distilled water,
and finally, in twenty-four hours, ten parts of No. 4. The
object to be silvered is then immersed, when it will be
covered with a film of reduced silver, which in ten
minutes' time will be sufficiently thick for use. After
having been washed with distilled water and dried, the
surface may be polished with chamois leather and rouge.
Cashmbrb Shawls. — The Mabaraiah of Cashmere is
taking steps to cheek the further deterioration in the
quality of shawls manufactured in his dopninions; and
with this view he has issued a circular to the manu-
facturers, with strict rules for regulating the manufacture.
It appears that in Cashmere the number of men and
women employed in the occupation of shawl-weaving
aggregates 70,000, in fact, nearly all the inhabitants of
that far famed oit^ are connected with the trade. Owing
4o the dulness of the market in England and France,
caused chiefly by the inferior description of shawls manu-
factured, many tradesmen and merchants have been sub-
jected to heavy loss and some to bankruptcy, and a large
proportion of weavers have been thrown out of employ.
On the Maharajah's late tour through Cashmere the cir-
cumstance occupied his chief attention ; and from the in-
formation he obtained he ordered a set of rules to be es-
tablished in order to aid both manufacturers and traders.
Dublin Exhibitiom. — The prospects of the exhibitkm
of Irish manufactures for 18&4, in connexion with the
Boyal Dublin Socie^, are said to be most favourable.
A guarantee, amountmg to more than £8000, has been
readily subscribed, and a meeting of the guarantors was
held on the 22nd January, in order to appoint a finance
committee. A report was read, giving an encouraging
aoconnt of the response which the general committee
had met throughout the country to their appeals for ca
operation. It was anticipated that the exhibition would be
well supported by the Belfast merchants, who came for-
ward in a liberal spirit. The object of this display is to
accumulate Irish manufactures only, and especially to
show what progress had been made in Ulster with flax.
A strong hope was expressed that this exhiMtion would
be the means of developing the woollen and linen trades
in Ireland.
(B^mmtttt.
BoNELLi's Ttpo-Elxctbio Tbleobaph. — A prantical
demonstration of the working of this moet ingenious
invention was recently made before a party of scien-
tific and other gentlemen interested in electrical sub-
jects. The inventor of this telegraph is the Chevalier
Bonelli, Director of Sardinian tdng^phs, whose beau-
tiful and ingenious electric loom was described before
the Society in February, 1860, and this telegraph is in
reality an adaptatfoo of the same principle to the tnuw^
mission of messages. The modus operandi of this telegn^h
is extremely difficult to make intelligible without either
seeing the instrument at work or diagrams. The principle
however on which it works is as foUows :— The message
to be sent is, at the transmitting end, set up in metal type,
similar to that used for printmg; there is a small, fine
metallic comb, of five teeth, insulated from each other, and
each connected by means of a separate wire, with five
separate metallic points at the other end of the line rest-
ing on a chemically prepared paper, on whksh the message
is to be received. Connection with the battery being
made, the type is moved under the comb, the five teeth of
which thus pass overit, making and breaking contact accord-
ing to the form of eadi letter as it pasns, and thus permit-
ting the current of electricity to pass during each contact to
the points at the other end, decomposing the chemicals,
and marking the paper, whksh has a motion given to it
similar to that of the type. Thus the form of the type
becomes impressed on it, beine made up of dots and Imes
of varying lengths, corresponding to the contacts of the
five teeth with the surface of the types. The arrange-
ment by which this result is produced may be thus
described: — ^Let the reader suppose himself to be the
operator ; before him he will find an oak table, six or
seven feet in length, seventeen to eighteen inches wide ;
along the centre of this uble runs a miniature railway,
terminated at each end by a spring buffer, and spanned
midway by a kind of bridge, six inches in height and two
and a half or tlu'ee inches wide. Upon this railway is
placed a kind of waggon, one yard long and five inches
wide, three and a half inches in height, running upon four
brass wheels. On Uie surftuse of this waggon are two lonv
rectilinear openings — ^the one occupying the upper half,
and destined to carry the message which is to be sent, the
other occupying the lower half, and intended for ^e mes-
sage which may be to be received ; upon the bridge are two
small metal combs, each containing five insulated teeth,
answering in number to, and connected with, the insulated
oonductora of which the line is formed. The combs differ
from one another, the one which is to despatch the mes-
sage, formed of teeth having a certain freedom of action,
is on the side of the bridge farthest from the operator;
the oUier, or writing comb, consisting of a similar number
of teeth fixed in a block of ivory, side by side in a line the
width of the type, rests with a slight but regular pressure
transversely on the paper, and occupies the nearer portion
of the bridge. These puinti are made of platinum-iridium
alloy. We will suppose that the tables have been
tested, and that a number of roenages have been sent for
despatch; these messages are distributed to a given
number of compositors, who set them up in ordinary type
with great rapidity ; the first that is finished is handed to
the operator, whose waggon has already been pushed to
the upper end of the rail, and is held there by a simple
catch ; he places this de^Mitch in the opening destined for
it, and on the second opening he places a piece of metal
upon which has been liud four, five, or six strips of paper
prepared with a solution of nitrate of manganese ; this
done, he turns a small handle, giving a signal to the
operator at the other end, and watches; if the operator at
the other end has done his work, the waggons are at once
fVeed from the catch, and are set in motion by a simple
weight, the |>ace being regulated by a fan; the type
of one waggon is thus brought under the action of the
despatching comb, and runs lightly under its teeth from
end to end of the prepared paper, or the other waggon
is brought under the receiver's point at the other, and
the message will have been printed in clear legible
charactere, of a deep brown colour, answering with fidelity
to the forms over which the corresponding type comb baa
passed ; the message is stripped off, the waggon remounted,
the type-box changed, and the process of transmission and
reception repeated. As the apparatus at each end ia
adapted for both transmission ana reception, if the operator
at tae other end has a message to send, it is printed in the
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, January 29, 1864.
173
flgme manner, so that no time is lost. All this, which takes
so long to describe, is so rapidly aooomplished, that from
480 to 500 messages, of 25 woids, may be despatched per
hour, the passage of the waggon occapying ten to twelve
eeoonds, daring which time two messages have been sent
and one received at each end of the line. The printing
by means of chemically prepared paper is not new,
nor is the prodaction of the message in letters, bat
the methods hitherto employed have reqaired an ab-
tolat^ly perfect isochronism in the movements of the
trioen at the one end and the pen point at the other.
Bonelli's system is not dependent on this isochronism,
snd the message is perfect, even should the carriages at
each end of the lines move with a conuderable di£ference of
speed, though in practice the carriages are readily ad-
justed to ran at an a(^[>rozimately equal rate. It may be
sdd that five wipes are required in this system, while
only one is necessary in that of Morse — but it is stated in
nfMy that more than five times as many messages can be
seot in the same time, and hence that the difference is in
&voar of Bonelli. The message, too, requires no interpre-
tatioa and copying ; the strip of paper with the message
in printed characters is taken off the machine at once, and
forwarded to its destination without loss of time, and
without chance of error from transcribing. The whole
irrmngement is full of ingenious contrivance. In order to
get rid of the polarization which would oocur at the ends
of the receiving points, there is an ingenious arrangement
for sending through the line revenals at each signal,
a positive current being sent each time the tooth of the
comb comes in contact with the type, and a negative
eorrent whenever it is insulated. This instrument has
bean for some time at work commercially between Man-
dieeieT and Liverpool, and it is now proposed to connect the
metropolis with those towns, and the promoters confidently
expect that whenever it is established they will be able to
reduce the price of messages at least one half. That
the system will act suooessfully on long land lines to the
extent of 500 miles, and on short submarine lengths, there
is bat little doubt, but there would be considerable reason
for doubting whether it could be made to work through
long submarine cables.
PeraoLBOM. — ^In 1861 the value of the imports into
Earope of this earth oil were but £100,000 ; in 1862 the
value had risen to one million, and last year the value of
the imports into E>irope from America reached £3,000,000.
Theee figures afford ample comment demonstrative of the
progress of petroleum up to the present date. Its position
IS staaiped as one of the most prominent and staple products
of nature. In 1862, 59 vessels brought to Liverpool
S0,000 barrels and 2381 cases of crude and refined. Last
year 80 vossels brought to that port 154,689 barrels and
10,992 oases of crude and refined American. Canadian oil
has been so un.satisfactory, such a perfect nui<iance to all
Kozope, from the odour emitted, that the trade, echoing
the wishes of the authorities, exclude it altogether.
Stbcbt Tbaffio of London. — ^The Rai'toay Nfwte&ys:
Various expedients have been proposed for relieving the
pressare of the street trafllc in the City of London,—
among the more important of which are new railways,
new police regulations, and new streets. The difficul y
of sDlTiog the problem will be obvious from the mere state-
ment of the facts of the case. On every business day in
London upwards of 700,000 persons enter the City by its
various approaches, and leave it again in the evening for
their homes, at the West-end, in the suburbs, or in the
o e uutiy. S^ven hundred thousand persons represent a
popoladoQ equal to the whole inhabitants of South Wales,
or of the CHy of Manchester. Drawn up in line, two deep,
BlaadfDffcloee together, they would occupy an extent of over
120 miles ; and ranged six deep, they would take more
than twelve houn to march past a spectator at the rate of
1 to paces a minute. Of the 700,000 persons and upwards
enterfog and leaving the City daily (esclusive of those
enCerim the West-end and other parts of London), it was
asosvuimed by the officers of the City Police, in the month
of May, 1860, that an average of 535,000 proceeded on
foot, and 171,000 in vehicles, making a total of 706,000
persons. The number of vehicles ascertained at the same
time to enter the City every twenty-four hours was 67,766,
which, if drawn up close in line, would occupy a length of
about 260 miles, reaching from London to York, and ex-
tending more than fifty miles beyond the latter place.
The closeness with which the vehicles follow each other
in the streets may be inferred fh>m the fact, that between
ten and eleven a.m., on Wednesday, the 19th November,
1862, it was ascertained that the total number passing
Bow Church, in both du-ections, was 1,255, of which 348
were omnibuses, 684 cabs, and 282 carts, drays, vans, and
wacgons, besides 41 trucks and barrows. The numbers
.and proportions of vehicles passing the same place between
four and five p.m. on the same day were ascertained to be as
nearly as possible the same. It is not, however, merely
that these vehicles pass into the City and out of it daily,
but they bring goods to be discharged from them, or they
come for goods to be loaded into them, as the case may
be, at the various shops and warehouses in the City.
While this is being done, — and the bales of dry goods,
parcels of groceries or ironmongery, barrels of oil, wine,
spirits, or beer, are passing between the vans, waggons,
and trucks, and the warehouses, — the thoroughfares are
more or less interrupted, occasioning those blocks of street
trafiic of which we have recently heard so much. London
is fast becoming, if it has not already become, the creat
distributive centre, not only .of the produce of England,
but of the world at large. Goods from Manchester, Glas-
gow, Birmingham, Le^s, Sheffield, Nottingham, and the
other manufacturing towns are poured into London, and
from thence distributed not only to Europe, India, China,
and America, but to the rest of England itself, — the goods
in many cases being sent back to be sold by wholesale and
retailjn the very manufacturing towns from which they
had originally come. Even the fish caught round our
coast are first sent to London, to the great fish contractors,
who distribute it in all directions ; the fish being, in many
cases returned for consumption to the very fishing towns
where it had been first landed. In like manner London
has beoome the centre of the Scotch and Irish salmon
trade, and of the Scotch and Continental cattle and meat
trades. The surplus com and fruit of the world find their
way first to the London markets, through which they
filter out to the other home markets, or are floated away
to foreign parts. London, too, has become the central
market for the precious metals of the world ; and gold and
silver are now as regular articles of impoi*t and export as
butter and cheese, llaw materials from all quaiters —
tea and silk from China, rice and indigo from ladia, sugar
from the West Indies and the Brazils, wines from France
and Portugal, tobacco from Virginia and Cuba — are
landed in London, and pass through our docks and ware-
houses, from which they are distributed by our merchants
all over the country, and through innumerable branching
arteries reach, in detail, the great body of the people.
The City authorities have obtained certain new powers,
the judicious exercise of which has already had the efiect
of considerably mitigating these blocks of the main
City thoroughfares. But something more is expected of
the City authorities than police regulations, however
stringent. We want wider thoroughfares ; and they may
depend upon it that nothing else will satisfy the public
requirements. Compared with Paris, for which a despotic
Government has done so much, the streets of the City of
London are disgraceful. It is true the City surveyor re •
commended, before the Traffic Regulation Committee,
that more railways should be made in the City ; by which
means he assumed that the pressure on the traffic would
be relieved ; but when the new railway termini have l»een
opened, there will be far more street traffic than ever, and
moving in a far more limited area. The plain fact is,
that it is not so much railways as stra-^ts that are wanted.
To provide effectually for the proper accommodation of
the traffic of London,' the City authorities must do as the
174
JOUBNAL OP THE BOOIETY OP ARTS, Jamuabt 29, 1864.
.1 _.
Parisian anthoritids have done— widen the atreets. " It is
a perfect delusion/' said Sir Biohard Mayne, " to sai^xMe
that anjthiDff will efibctoally relieve the traffic of the
streets of London except widening the streets." No donht
the process is a costly one ; but London is rich, and is
willing to be improved ; and the time has arrived when
the London thoroaghfares must have relief at whatever
cost.
AaIokus*
NEW ZEALAND EXHIBITION IN 1865.
A commission has been issued by the Governor of New
Zealand '* tot the holding of an Exhibition of the products
and manufactures of New Zealand, and such products and
manufkctures of other countries as may in trie opinion of
the Commissioners be eminently calculated to be useful
in the development of the colony/'
The Commissioners, in their official communication,
<* trust that all (Wends of New Zealand will assist them
in their design to make the resources and ci^tabilities
of the colony widely known, and to show to colonists
such products and manufactures of other countries, and
especially such machines to economize labour as might
usefully be introduced here/'
The following are the principal "dedsions" of the
Commissioners likely to be of importance to English exhi-
bitors : —
1. The Commissioners have fixed upon the first Tues-
day in January, 1865, for opening the Exhibition.
2. The Exhibition building, with such annexes as may
be necessary, will be erected in the City of Dunedin.
8. The principal building will be of brick and cement.
The annexes for machinery, dec, will be erected adjoining
the main building.
4. The decision whether goods proposed to be exhi-
bited are admissible or not, must in eacn case eventually
rest with the Commissioners.
5. Subject to the necessary limitation of space, all per-
sons, whether designers, inventors, manuncturers, pro-
ducers, or possessors of articles of New Zealand origin, or
of such others the produce of other countries as may in the
estimation of the Commissioners be eminently oidcuUted
to aid in the development of the colony, will be allowed
to exhibit ; but they must state in what character they
exhibit.
6. The Commissioners will communicate with New
Zealand Exhibitors only through the Local Committee of
their respective Provinces, and with those of neighbouring
Colonies, of Great Britain and Ireland, and of Foreign
Countries, either through the Agent in London or direcUy
throuj^h the Secretary in Dunedin.
7. No rent will be charged to exhibitors.
8. Subject to decisions 5 and 6, every article produced
or obtained by human industry will be admittea to the
Exhibition, belonging to any one of the four following
sections :~ I. Baw materials. II. Machinery, ni. Manu-
factures. IV. Fine Arts.
The exceptions are— Living animals and pl^ts ; fresh
vegetables and animal substances liable to spoil by keep-
ing ; detonating or dangerous substences.
9. Spirits or alcohols, oils, acids, corrosive salts, and
substances of highly inflammable nature will only be ad-
mitted by speciid written permission and in well secured
glass vessels.
10. The articles exhibited will be divided into forty
classed! under the above four sections.
11. Prizes or rewards for merit in the shape of Honorary
Certificates will be given in Sections I., 11.. and III. These
certificates will be of one class for merit without any dis-
tinction of degree. No exhibitor will receive more than
one CC1 tificate in any class or sub-class. A jury will be
formed for each class of the exhibition by whom the cer-
tifi'.ates will be adjudged, subject to general rules, which
will regulate the action of the juries. The jurors wiU be
chosen hy the Commissioners. The names of all the
jurors will be published in January, 1865. The juries
will be requirea to submit their awards with a brief state-
ment of the grounds of each to the Commissioners before
the 10th day of March, 1865. The awards will be pub-
lished in the exhibition building at a public ceremony^
and will immediately afterwards be conspicuously at-
tached to the counters of the successful exhibitors, and
the grounds of each award will be very briefly stated.
If an exhibitor accepts the office of juror, no certificate
can be awarded in the class to which he is appointed,
either to himsedf individually or to the firm in which
he may be a partner. The certificates will be delivered
to the exhibitors on the last day of the exhibition.
12. Prices may be affixed to articles exhibited.
13. The Commissioners will be prepared to receive
all articles which may be sent to them on and after the
first day of October, and will continue to receive goods
until the twelfth day of December, 1864, inclusive.
14. Articles of great size or weight, the placing of which
will require considerable labour, must be sent before the
21st of November, 1864; and manufacturers wishing to
exhibit machinery or other objects that will require foun-
dations or specisJ constructions must make a declaration
to that effect in their demands for space, which demand
the Commissioners must receive at least three months
previous to the day of opening.
15. Any exhibitor whose goods can pi-operly be placed
together will be at liberty to arrange them in his own
way, provided his arrangement is compatible with the
general scheme of the exhibition and the convenienoe
of other exhibitors.
16. Where it is desired to exhibit the process of
manufacture, a sufficient number of articles, however
dissimilar, will be admitted for the purpose of illiia-
trating the process, but they must not exceed the
number actually required.
30. Begulations will be adopted by the principal
steam companies and others trading to Dunedin, with
the view of affording facilities for the conveyance of
goods to and from the exhibition.
35. As a general rule, no counters or fittings will be
provided by the Commissioners. Exhibitors will be
permitted, subject only to the necessary general regfu-
lations, to erect to their own taste all the counters,
stands, dec.
43. Exhibitors must be at the chsrge of insuringtheir
own goods, should they desire this security. Every
precaution will be taken to prevent fire, theft, or other
losses, but the Commissioners will not be responsible for
losses or damage of any kind.
44. Exhibitors may employ assistants to keep in order
the articles they exhibit, or to explain them to visitors.
50. Articles once deposited in the building will not
be permitted to be removed without written permission
from the Commissioners.
55. The Commissioners will provide shafting, steun
(not exceeding 30 lbs. per inch), or water at high pressure
for machines In motion.
56. Persons who may wbh to exhibit machinery ia
motion will be allowed to have it worked as far as prao-
ticable under their own superintendence and by their own
men.
104. By arrangements made with the New Zealand
Government, all foreign or colonial goods intended for
exhibition, sent and addressed in accordance with tho
regulations laid down by her Miyesty's collector of
customs, will be admitted into the countiy and allowed
to be transmitted to the exhibition building without
being previously opened, and without payment of any
duty. But all goods wliich shall not be re-exported at
the termination of the exhibition, will be charged witJb
the proper duties under the ordinarv Customs' regulationa.
106. Every article sent separately, and every package*
must be legibly marked with the name of the country
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Januart 29, 1864. 176
or colony of which it is the produce or manufactore,
aod as Far AS practicable with the name of the exhibitor
or exhibitors.
107. The following is the form of address which
should be adopted: —
To tho Commissionen iior the New ZMland Exhiblticui, 1865.
BUIJLDINO, DDNEDIN, OTAOO,
N. Z.
From [rtate oooDtry and exhiUtor t lume].
To prevent loas, miscarriage, or mislaying, articles or
pockmg-cases containing theoi, which occupy less bulk
than two cubic feet, fihould not be sent separately if it
can be avoide 1, bat packages under such size, containing
as far as po^<(ibla the same classes of articles, should be
transmitted in oombioation.
The following outline of the Patent Law of New
Zealand is inserted for the information of exhibitors from
a distance, but it is not the intention of the Commis-
uoners to take any steps in reference to the protection of
inveototB or diasoverers by patent or registration : — Under
the ** Patents Act, 1860," any pertson, being the origin-
ator of any new invention or improvement, for which no
patent has been issued in New Zealand or any other
country, may obtain letters patent after depositing £10
with the Colonial Treasurer, and at the office a petition
to the Governor, stating the object of his invention and
praying for a patent. The specifications and drawings
must be delivered in duplicate, with principle of machines,
^c, explained, and specimens of ingredients, &c., if any,
for purpose of experiment be delivered. Notice to be
published in the OaxeUe^ and one newspaper in each
province, and after four months, if no objection is lodged,
a patent nuy be issued ; the holder to be entitled to the
eame privileges in New Zealand as patentee under the
Great Seal in England. More than 12 persons may be
Interested in a patent. Patent may be assigned. The
bolder or assignee of letters patent obtains in Great
Britain or other countries, may obtain letters of regia-
tration, entitling the holder during continuance of the
original patent in the country in which it was granted,
and no looger. to all the privileges of letters [)atent
granted in New Zealand, on payment of £10 to the
Colonial Treasurer.
110. No prizes will be awarded in Section IV. (Fine
Aria).
©Wtaatj.
The death of M. CmiisTorLB was announced on the
1 6th of December, at the last meeting of the Sociiti
ttEneouragement, of Paris, by M. Dumas, the President,
who took occasion to express the great loss the Society,
a« well as the commercial world of JB'rance, had sustained
by tlie deaU) of one who took foremost rank as a leader of
industry in that Emph-c. All who visited tho Exhibition
of 1862 will remember the splendid display made by M.
Christofle in that contest of nations, and how prominent
a positioa articles sent by him held in adorning the
French Court. Like our Elkington here, M. Chnstofle
was the founder of the new industry of electro-metal-
lurgy in France. Christofle, however, laid no claim to
the title of inventpr, or man of science, but he bad tho-
Toagh knowledge and appreciation of art ; he commenced
bis career as an apprentice for three years, was afterwards
a journeyman for one year, at the expiration of which he
became a partner in the house Calmette. At the ago of
twenty-four he took tho lead in the working of the precious
metaU, uid obtained the gold medal at tho Paris National
Exhibition, in 1889, haviug been at the head of the
above establishment ever since 1831. In 1834 he received
the aecond gold medal for his display in the Exhibition
of that year. He at a very early period saw the im-
portance, in his tiade. of the new art of electro-metallnrgy ,
and at once bought at high prices the patents of Ruolz
and of Elkin|[ton, at that time rival patentees. The
history of Christofle is one of the most striking instances
of nerseverance and strong will. It required no
small self-reliance to embark in a new and untried
path of industry. His first payment to Ruolz, 600,000
francs to Elkington, second payment to Ruolz of
160,000 francs, and the necessary expenses involved in
starting the industry, absorbed Christofle's whole fortime ;
he applied to his friends, who trusted him with 1,600,000
francs in addition, and thus he established a manufacture
of enormous magnitude, in respect of which, before the
expiration of the year 1844, he had received public recog-
nition in the form of medals and the Cross of the Legion
of Honour. But he did not achieve this position wi*hout
a severe struggle, he was beset on all sides with pirates,
who sought to rob him of the inventions he had no
dearly purchased, and of the hard-earned fruits of his
laborious exertions. He, however, succeeded in over-
coming these adversaries, though at an enormous expense
in litigation and otherwise. In 1847 the returns of the
firm amounted to two million franca, and in 1859 they
reached two million five hundred thousand. In l8ol he
had again to defend his patents in the courts of law, and
again ne succeeded. From this period down to the day
of his death his life was a long career of success, and he
carried oflT medals of the highest crade at every exhibition,
whether national, international, or provincial. The
capital of the firm rose to three millions, and under the
active superintendence of M. Ribes, whom he took into
partnership, the capital exceeded six millions in 1859. In
this year, in order to avoid certain Custom house d ifficulties,
he established an additional factory in Carlsruhe. He ga-
thered around him an able staff of artista and skilled work-
men, having in his employ upwards of 1,500 persons, and
the firm is stated to have plated 5,600,000 pieces of plate,
and to have us6d 33,600 kilogrammes of silver for the pur-
pose, of the value of six million francs. This quantity of
silver, if spread out in sheets the usual thickness of the
plating. t.«., at the rate of three grammes per square
decimetre (forty-five grains per mxteen square inches;
would cover a surface of 1,600 hectares (3,950 acres
English).
Jfflrtttflmwg IttWitations.
Elementabt Deawinq Copr Books, for the use of
children from four years old and upwards in schools and
families, compiled by a student certificated by the Science
and Art Department as an art teacher, is announced for
publication by Messrs. Chapman and Ball. These are
prepared like copy books for writing. They fill seven
books. Price 8d. each, or 38. 6d. the eet.
Ilotts.
Royal Hortioultubal Society. — For the encourage-
ment of tho study of scientific botany among all classes,
the Royal HoiticuUural Society offers the following prizes
for botanical collections: — 1. One silver, and two bronze
medals for the three best collections of wild plants
of each separate county of the United Kingdom, dried,
mounted on paper, folio demy size, classified according to
the natural system, and labelled with the name of the
locality where found, and the date when found. Intend-
ing competitors may obtain the forms of labels ou sending
twelve postage stamps to the Secretary of the Royal
Horticultural Society, South Kensington. 2. Three gold
medals will be given for the three best of all the collections
out of all the several county collections. Not more than ono
of the medals can be awarded in one county. The
names of the judges will be hereafter announced. The
collection of plants must be arranged according to any
natural method, and be accompanied by a list arrangod
176
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETy OF ARTS, Januart 29, 1864.
accoitliDg to the same method with the species numbered.
The coUector to follow some work on British Botany,
sach as that of Babington, Hooker and Arnott, or Ben-
tham, and to state the work which he adopts. The name
of each plant, its habitat, and the date of collection to be
stated npon a label affixed to the paper on which it is
preserved. (The paper and label to oe similar to the
specimens which will be supplied^ on sending twelve
postage stamps, by the Secretary of the Horticultural
Society to intending competitors.) The pudges will not
award the prize unless the selection is a fan* representation
of the plants to be found in the county in which they have
been collected. In judging of the respective merits of
the collections, attention will be paid not merely to the
number of the species, but also to the condition and
rarity of the specimens, and the mode in which the
plants are dried and preserved. The collections must
be delivered on or before 81st December, 1864, to the
Secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society, South
Kensington, carriage free, marked with a number or C3rpher,
and accompanied with a sealed letter, containing the col-
lector's name, the address, and the price at which the col-
lection can l>e sold or another made. The sealed letter
which accompanies each collection must contain a declara-
tion, signed by the collector, in the following terms : —
" The plants which aoccmpany this note were collected
by myself from the fields and woods within the limits of
the county of afler the 1st of February, 1864."
Further, a Society'>§ gold medal will be awarded to every
exhibitor of a new species of plant found growing in the
United Kingdom.
The Bbonzb asp Coppeb Coinage. — It is stated that
the old copper coin will be ere long declared an illegal
tender, and that the Master of the Mint is particularly
desirous to afford facilities for its return to the Mmt previous
to the issue of nn official proclamation.
Steam-boilkbs.— It is reported that M. Domslain, an
officer in the imperial navy, has solved a problem of great
importance in steam navigation — the substitution of fresh
for salt water in the boilers, an invention likely greatly to
iocreaso their durability.
iStttttS.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mox. ...Eniomologfcal, 7.
Britidi ArohiteeCf , 8.
ModkaJ, 8|. CUaioal dbcMrioo.
United Sorrloe Inst, 8|. Capt. E. Q. Flfhbonrne, R.Nm
•• .N anJ OidiuuiM.**
R<^Inft. 2. Ctonena Monthly MMtiag.
Tubs. ...Ciril Enrineert. S. Diioaiikm apoa Mr. R«daua*t paper <m
•*The Eut CoMt, between the Thames and the Wash
Estoarlet.**
Pathological, 8.
Photographic, 8. Annnal Meeting.
Anthropological, 8.
Bojal Inft, 3. Plot T^mdall, F.R.8., ** On Experimental
Optici.'*
Wso. ...Sodetj of Arts, 8. Moos. E. Tial, ** Inttantaneoof EngiaTing
upon Metal,** with ezperimenti.
Geological, S. 1. Sir R. I. Morchlion, K.C.B., and Pro-
feaor R. Harknen, F.R.8., ** On the Permian Bocki of the
North wettofEngUnd, and their Extendon into Scotland.*'
a. Mr. J. Wjratt, F.G.8., ** On Anther DiiooTfries of Flint
Implementa and Fo«U Mammalia.**
Pharmaoeatical, 8.
R. Societj of Literature, 8|.
Tbub. ...Royal, 8|.
Antiquaries, 8.
Chemical, 8. Dr. How, «* On Mordenite.**
R. Socie^.Clab,6.
Royal Inft, 3. Prof. Tjndall, F.R.S., ** On Experimental
Optici.**
Linnmn, 8. 1. Mr. John SooCt, ** Obeanratlonf on the Fnno-
tiona and Stractnre of the Reprodootivo Orgeni in the
Primaaeear 3. Mr. Walter Moxon, *' Notes on some
polnta in the Anatomy of Rolatoria.**
FU.......R. United Service Init., 3. Capt. F. B. B. Beaomont, R.B.,
** Balloon ReconnalManoe.**
Royal Inn., 8. Mr. J. A. Fk^oode, "On the Sdeaoe of
Hiftory.'*
Philologieal, 8.
ArohMologioal Inst, 4.
SIT. ...Royal Inst., 3. Mr.J.LQhbook,"Onthe Astiqni^ofMaa.**
From OotnmimUmert qf Patmtt /oimal, Jmu9ry 22nd,
Grahts op PaonsioMAL PaoTBonoir.
Bird cage8-<03~S. Robotham.
Boots, fcc.— 51— W. Pidding.
Brick-msking machineiy— 231 8-^. Farmer and C. Hadfleld.
Brooches, (k.c., futenings for— 63 — I. Lasaras.
Brushes— 69— J. N. Garrod.
Carding engines, ♦» cards" tor-«— W. Allen and W. Johnson.
Carriages— 3-J. W. Nottingham, W. H. P. Gore, and A. H. A
Durant.
Collar— 34— G. Speight.
Cotton scutching— 3201— W. Noton.
Cotton spinniog— 2— J. Gee.
Fiibrics— 3259— N. Lloyd and E. Ha r gre a Te s .
Fire-arms, breech-loading— 3308— A. Byrnes and H. Benjamin.
Fish, Ac, paraljnlng, «o.— 2644— I. Bagga.
Footlights, Ac— 22-C. Defines.
Furnaces— 63— W. C. Beatson.
Furnaces— 4— B. B. Wilson.
Gas, Ac, generatiog— 33— J. Kidd.
Gates, Ac, fastening— 2934— L. D'E. de Saint Joan.
Guns, mounting— 3309 — J. Radley.
Gymnastic apparatus— 99— W., G., T., and A. Hanlon.
Hose cooplinr— 75— W. E. Newton.
Lamps— 97— M. A. Dletx.
Locks, Ac— 28— J. B. Fenby.
Locks, *c— 67— P. Walters.
Looms— 65— J. Webster.
Looms— 3304-^. Starkey, J. Uaworth, aad J. K. Phippln.
Millboard, &c, cuttlns— 79— D. Nickels.
Motlre power, generating and applying— 77 — H. M. NicholU.
Mules, self-actiug— 38— H. Nelson and J. Heap.
Optical illusions— 3209— C. Bolton.
Ores,smelting— 16— W. Balk.
Paper, AC, manufacture— 23— A. L. Le Harirel.
Peat. «c.— 30-J. J. Hays.
Piled ftibrics--3306— J. Clegg.
Pneumatic apparatus— 32«5—L. E. Descstre.
Potatoes, <^., cleansing— 91— J. Clay.
Presses, letter copying— 6— W. Mulr.
Propelling vessels— 87 — J. Wheatley.
Hallway signals— 32— C. W. Harrison.
Rifle targets— 95— G. W. Hart.
Scarfii, Ac, fkstenlng for— 3303— W. F. Brown.
Screws, cutting, Ac— 21— M. Baylies.
Seed sowing, aic— 2873— L. L. Soreretgn.
Sewing machines— 12— H. A. BonneTille.
Sewing machines— ^— J. H. Johnson.
Hewingmachines— 43— J. Gumming.
Ships, trimminir— 3231— W. L. aad T. WInans.
Show cases— 26— R. Tomlinson.
Steam engines — 69 — W. Brookes.
Steel, Ac, mannfttcture— 3233— D. Adamson.
Street lamps, Ac —83 — J. Itrowning.
TargeU-55-^. F. Bland.
Umbrellas, Ac— 40— J. I. and H. G. Tracey.
Wall-paper, colouring— 3133— R. A. Brooman.
Window ssshes — 20— J. Askew.
Wool, Ac, spinning— 36— H. Blakiiy aol J. Alderson.
1861. J. W. Welch.
1861. J. Whittaker.
1871. A. Hector.
187T. P. H. Giraidln.
PATXlfTS SbALKD.
1883. W. and J. Graham.
1893. G. SigL
1938. E. A. Cowper.
3763. R. Sellar.
/V-om CommMmert qf Patents Jomnui, Janmaty 26^.
Patents Sbilkd.
1681. C. Schlele.
1882. P.. Sturge.
1883. O. Inskeep.
1886. J. T. Stephens A C. Hoare.
1891. T. Apps.
1908. R. E. Blbby.
1911. J. E. Vanner.
1932. S. Bury ud J. Price.
1933. J. H. Waldi.
1967. T. W. Guillod.
1968. E. Morewood.
1977. D. W. Barker.
2124. J. Shaw.
2314. J. LilUeaol J. H. White.
3401. J. Mackay.
2522. H. A. Bonnerille.
2926. H. A. Bonnerille.
3059. H. A. BonnerlUe.
3103. W. H, Cole.
PATtVTS OM WHICH TRK StAXT DuTT Or £60 HIS BtHV PatT>.
163. C. W. Lancaster, J. Brown,
aad J. Hughes.
167. C. W. and F. Siemens.
173. E. ElUs.
188. W. Wilson.
198. J. Vero.
213. R. Mushet.
176. A. E. Holmes.
176. J. Chatterton A W. Smith.
306. A. F. Tanow and J. B
HUditoh.
316. H. Bessemer.
388. D. Walmsl^ A J. Roctfoa
331. W. M. Storm.
330. J. L. Jullion.
303. S. Needham.
206. C. Lnngley.
Pimrs OH WHICH m Stamp Dott of AlOO has ukh paxx>,
HI, T. Johnston. | 231. H.
Imirtial d %
THE
0mtg 0f §.rti5,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 1864.
[No. 585. Vol. XII.
Announcements bs t^e <[,amtii.
Ordinary Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
Fbb. 10.—" On Freaco PaintiD^, as a suitable mode of
Moral Decoration/* Bv .1. Beavinotox Atkinson, Esq.
Feb. 17. — "On Public and Private DieUries/* a
sequel to tbe paper read on the 16th December last. By
Dr. EowABD SyiTU, F.R.S.
Fk». 24.— "On Petroleum, its Economic Value, with a
Vittt to the Petroleum Wells of Canada." By Db.
Mabcst, F.R.8.
Cantor Leoturss.
Oonrses of Lectures on the following subjects
Are arranged for tlie present Session : —
The Operation of the Present Laws of Naval Warfare
on International Commerce. By G. W. Hiffrnros,
Esq., Barrister-at-Law (already delivered).
floe Artj Applied to Industry. By W. Buboes, Esq.
Chemistry Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. Cbaob
Calvbbt, F.B.S.
The following is a syflabus of Mr. Burges's
Lectures, of which the first will be delivered on
Monday next, the 8th inst. : —
KcB. 8. — Lbctuae I. Intboocotobt : — What is an art
maBofacture ? Ad vaoctog state of English manufactures in
AD art point of view. Much owing to Oovemnient Schools
of Art. Impediments to further progress: — 1. Want of a
^iftanciive architecture in the 19th century fatal to art gene-
rally. 2. Waotof a good costume fatal to colour. 8. Want
of sufficient teaching of the figure fatal to art in detail. —
Hints for the advancement of Art applied to Industry. —
Design of following lectures: — 1. To take one or two
p h as fs of some particular indu»tTy in past times. 2. To
comjpare them with our own phase of the same industry.
3. To offer suggestions for our future improvement.
Feb. 15. — Lrcturb II. — GIoms. ^Antique glass, Ve-
netian glav, modern gliss (Powell, Chance, «Sec.) ; Me-
diaeval stained glass; modern ditto; MedisBval enamels;
modem ditto ; (Legoste of Paris.)
Feb. 22.^Li!XTrcjBB III. — PotUry. — Etruscan vases
(Wedgwood); Italian majolica (Minton) ; Sbvres china ;
aoodcni biacuit.
Fo. 29. — Lbgtubb IV. — Iron and Bratt, — Antique
hfODzes; Medieval ditto; modern French bronzes (E^r-
b^dienne) ; Medieval dinanderie; modern ditto (Hardman,
Hart, Ac,); Medisval and Rduaissance wrought iron;
modern ditto ; cast iron.
Mab. 7. — Leotubs V. — Gold and Silver. — Antique and
M«^»valpUte; modem ditto (Elkington) : Antique and
3fiediafal jewollery ; modern ditto; Antique aod Me-
dimnAjoimBge ; modem ditto.
Mab. 14. — LECTURE' \l,-^Fumiture. — MedisBval ftir-
nlture, oak and painted; Benaissance; 16th and 17th
centuries; modem.
Mar. 21.— Leotdbe VII.— The Weaver's art; Me-
disBval, Eastern, modern.
The Lectures will begin on each evening at
8 o'clock.
Institutions.
The following Institutions have been taken
into Union : —
Ashton and Dukinfield Mechanics' InstitutioD.
Hoddesdon and Broxboume Mutual Improvement Society.
The Christmas subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Goutts and Oq.
Itweelrings ei Ijre Sooetj.
CANTOR LECTURES.
The Opebation op the Pbebeht Lawb op Kaval
Wabfabb om Imtebnational Conmeboe. By Q. W.
Hastings, Esq.
Thibd Leotdbe, Monday, Januabt 25th. — The Law
OF Contbaband, and op Captdbb of Pbivate Pbo-
pebtt at Sea.
Mr. Hastings, in commencing his third lecture, ob-
served that in this course he touched but slightly on
maritime law as between belligerents, inasmuch as he
treated of the subject chiefly in connection with commerce,
and belligerents, of course, had no trade with each other ;
he spoke of it principally as affecting neutrals. The lec-
tures, too, were designed to illustrate principles, not to
enter into the details and technicalities of the law. Now,
one great principle involved in the subject was this, that
the natural right of neutrals to trade was not in any way
abolished by war ; they had an undiminished riffht to
trade with both belligerents; but thev exercised that
right subject to certain restrictions and inconveniencies
which each belligerent might inflict under the sanction of
international law. The belligerent power of blockade
was one of these restrictions, and the law of contraband
was another. International law recognised a right in any
state that might be at war to prevent the supply to its
antagonist of those articles which would enable him the
better to continue the contest. In the origin of the law
it became customary for a sovereign dedariug war to
publish a list of the articles which he forbade to be sent '
the enemy'is country; and hence the term contrab
178
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Fbbruary 5, 186i.
which meaDs Bimply against the ban, or edict, thas pub-
lished. It was to be (Snerved that whereas blockade at-
tached only to particular ports and specified lines of coast,
the prohibition of all trade in contraband articles extended
to all parts of ^e enemy's territory, whether bloekaied
or not ; it waa sufficient if the port q£ dastioatioii were
hostile. It was aUo to be remembered that the character
of contraband only attached when the goods were in
transit to the belligerent; up to the moment of their
shipment the trade in them was perfectly free ; after that
it was carried on at the risk of the trader. Mr. Hastings
sketched the history of the law of contraband, from its
origin (as far as England was concerned) in the reign of
Elizabeth, and showed that the lists published in former
times of contraband articles embraced a wider ran^ than
at present, the tendency of modem timesbeing to diminish
the restrictions on trade. Englbh jurists, to the further
relief of oommeroe, held that contraband was of two
classes — absolute and conditional; the first being those
articles which would be used in war only, such as guns,
shot, powder, &c. ; the second, thoee which might be used
either for war or peace. The character of the latter was
determined by the circumstances of the case ; provisions,
for instance, were prima fade pacific, but, if shipped for a
besieged place, became oontrahBmd. The French writers,
especially Hautefeuille, were inclined to restrict contra-
buid to the actual munitions of war. The punishment
inflicted by the belligerent on the neutral carrying con-
traband, was the forfeiture of the prohibited cargo, to
which was added the loss of the ship if it belonged to the
same owner, or if deception had been practised as to the
▼oyage. The mode of applying the law was by the
right of search, with which every belligerent power was
armed, and which extended to vessels under tveiy flag.
Mr. Hastings obseiTcd that this brought him naturally
to the second subject of his lecture, ^at of the capture of
private property at sea. There were four predicaments in
which a bdligerent exercising the risht of search might
find merchantmen at sea — mey might be : — 1. Enemjr's
ship with enemy's cargo; 2. Keutnd ship with neutral
cargo ; 3. Enemy^ ship with neutral cargo ; 4. Neutral
ship with enemy's cargo. As to the first, it was clear they
were fair prise under the present law as recognised by
every nation. As to the second, it was equally dear they
were free. On the third and fourth, the policy of France
and England, up to 1866, had been different. France
held the rule of ** Enemy's ship, enemy's cargo ;" t.^., that
a neutral cargo on board an enemy's ship was confiscable,
as tainted wiui the character of the ship. England, on the
contrary, considered the neutral cargo as free. On the
other hand, the English rule condemned as good prize the
enemy's cargo found in a neutral ship, while France,
America, and generally the continental states, had
struggled for the rule, ** free ship, free goods," or that
the neutral flag should cover the enemy's cargo. England
held her own on this point against the two maritime con-
federations of 1780 and 1801, but abandoned the rule in
1866, when Lord Clarendon signed the Dedaratioo of
Paris ; France, on her part, waiving her policy of " enemy's
ship, enemy's goods." Both rules had been previoudy
iu^)ended during the war with Russia. Engluid gained
by this concession the abolition of privateering, but it be-
came a question whether, under the present law, our mer-
cantile flag would not vanish from the seas in the event of
a naval war, as our traders would probably prefer to ship
their goods in safety under a neutral flag. Mr. Hastings
concluded with some observations on the evils of pii-
Tateering.
FOUBTH liSOTTJBB, MONDAT, FeBRUABT IST.— ThB
FoBBioN Emlistmemt Aot.
Mr. Hastimos, after observing on the difficulty involved
in dealing with subjects which formed current topics for
public discussion, and oonceming which partisan feeling
was excited, and the peculiar apj^ication of this remark to
the matter of his concluding lecture, went on io describe
the provisions of the Foreign Enlistment Act, 69 Geo.
III., cap. 69. It was, as the preamble showed, a muni-
cipal law, passed to preserve the peace and welfiue of this
kingdom; and whue the first portion referred to the
enlistment of foreign troops, tbe latter forl)ade the equip-
ping and fitting-out of ships for the service of foreign
powers without license from the Crown ; but, thoagh a
municipal act, it dealt with international matted. Muni-
cipal law was not unfrequently compelled to interfere in
onler to carry out international obligations ; as, for in-
stance, in the statutes enforcing the extradition treaties.
Above all, when the action of individual subjects threatened
to clash with or subveit the policy of the corporate state,
the legislator was bound to compel individuals to shape
their conduct by the rule laid down, or obligation entered
into, by the whole nation. The grand object of inter-
national law being to maintain peace and intercourse be-
tween states, it followed that any conduct tending to
compromise peace, uoh as fitting out expeditions on
neutral territory: c assist a belligerent, or making such
territory the startmg-point for hostilities, must be rigidly
prohibited by any government wishing to maintain the
sanctity of public law. The operation of such a law ac
this Foreign Enlistment Act was wholly different from
that of coutraband. The law of contraband left tradt
free, but told the trader that he embarked on the for
bidden traffic at his own peril, and without the pro
tection of his flag ; this act absolutely prohibited iYn
conduct against which it was aimed, — a vital distinction
Mr. Hastings traced the history of the enactment
showing that it was boiTOwed from the American statut
of 1794, passed at the instance of Washington, to proven
the equipment of French privateers in American port4
and brought before Parliament by Mr. Canning, who
England found herself a neutral power in the war wa^
by Spain against her revolted colonies. The Amenca
Act had been honourably admiaiBtered, and a number 4
cases had been decided upon it by the Courts of tl
CJnited States ; the last instance of its operation being i
our favour during the Russian war. Mr. Hastings allud<
to the escape of the Alabamat and the cases of the Ale
andra^ RappcJiannock, and the steam rams. Howev
lamentable the mischance respecting the Alabama, \
thought too much blame had been cast on the Engli
Government. A state, like an individual, could bat <
its best, and was blamdess in that event whatever mig
occur ; and history showed that such mischances were i
confined to this country, since the American Act had a!
been evaded, as the records of American tribunals won
show. Mr. Hastings concluded with a brief summary
the priciples he had endeavoured to elucidate in the cour
He was aware how much his exposition of them I
fallen short of their importance and interest, but
trusted, ncTertheless, it had not been wholly unwoii
of the objects of the foundation, or the dignity of
Society.
The CHAiBifAN (Mr. W. Hawes)said,before the meet
separated he desired to express the thanks of the Council i
I of the Society to Mr. Hastings, for the very able and \
interesting course of lectures he had just concluded,
had also to express regret that they had not l»een n
numerously attended, and that the veiy valuable io
mation which had been brought before the members
not received that attention which the Council expo<
would have been given at the present time to so intei
ing a subject. Still, as this was the first dme the 8o<
tuid given its members an opportunity of receiving
struction by means of lectures delivered by ^ntle
distinguished for their knowledge in those branch
science to which these lectures had been deroted
Council could not but hope that when their ralac
more universally known and appreciated, the attend
would be commensurate with the importanoe of i
lectures, and the ability with which they had
delivei^.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pebbuaey 5, 1864. 179
EioHTH Ordinary Mbbtinq.
Wednesday, February 3rd, 1864; Lord Henry
G. Lennox, M.P., Vice-President of the Society,
in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
BevaD, Alfred, 11, BryaiiBton-sqoare, W.
Bird. Thomaa, 106, King-street, Manchester.
Busk. WiUitm, 28, Bevborough-gardens. Pimlico, S.W.
Oreig, llobert R., 4, Verulam-buildings, Qray's-inn, W.C.
Ilenchy, Capt. Robert Cameron, Junior United Service
Club, 8.W.
'Nunn, Richard M., Grays, Essex.
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Appleby, T. H.. 30, Graoechnrch-street, E.G.
Ashton, Thomas, J.P., Portland-street, Manchester.
Hartley, George C. T., South Kensington Museom, S.W.
B«saaclerc, Capt. Geoi]ge, 23a, Grosrenor-street West, W.
Bickford, J. J., Tockingmill, Cornwall.
Butler. James Robert, 4, Elm-street, Gray 's-inn-road, W.C.
OarKill. William Walter, M.P., 4, Connaught-place
West, W.
Cole. Alan Summerly, South Kensington Museum, S.W.
Cole, Lieut. Heniy Hardy, R.E., Brompton Barracks,
Chatham.
Corbould, Hldward Henry, 10, Hyde-parkgate South, W.
Cross. William S.. Park-street, Richmond, S.W,
DaWes, John, 1G6, Queen-street, Portsea.
Del Rio, Patricio M., 180, Jermyn-street, St. James*s, S.W.
£dward^ Rer. Alleo T., M.A., 6, Kennington-terrace, S.
Flsh€r, .Geoire, The Woodlands, near Cardiff.
FifzOerald, Lord Otho, 8, Carlton-house terrace, S.W.
Howell, George, r.93, Old Kent-road, S.E.
Lawrence. Hugh M., Atlas Works. Manchester.
LIo;>'d, James Richard, Shrubbery, Belmont^iill, Lee, S.E.
MackinUy, D., 43, Clarges-street, Piccadilly, W.
Martin, Louis Eonile Constant, Chateau Bonjeon, Rue
Balzac, Paris: and 82, Albion-street, Hyde-park, W.
Masters, M., 1, Parason-place, New Kent-road, S.E.
Moeer, John, 165. High-street. Southwark. S.
Owen. Philip Cnnlifle, South Kensington Museum, S.W.
Oxland, Robert, F.C.8., Empire City, Nevada Territory,
America.
Hodgers, Rer. John, 17, Mecklenburgh-square, W.C.
Sale, Colonel Thomas Henry, 27, Westboume-park, W.
Storgeoo, John, Pease's-buildings, Leeds.
Thicko. Charles James, 17 and 18, New Bridge-street,
Black frian, E.C., and Rosendale, Dulwich, S.E.
Walk^. Mowbray, Millwall Iron Works, E.
Wolff, Lewis, 15, Albert-square, Clapham, S.
The Paper read was —
ON A METHOD OF INSTANTANEOUS ENGRAV-
ING ON METAL.
Br MoKsiEUB E. Vial, of Paris.
A great number of processes have been at various times
proposed as Mibstitutes both for engraving in relief upon
wood and also as aids to plate engraving. The ordinary
process of engraving upon wood, as well as the plate en-
graving, requires long and costly work ; and both processes
ans merely reproductions of the drawings of artists, the
difficult tntepretatioo of whose ideas is a constant stumbling
block to the engraver, whilst the final result obtained is
always more or less a combination of the ideas of the artist
and tboee of the engraver.
To engrave a drawing directly upon the plate without
the intenreotion or (so to speak) the interpretation of
the eogrmver, is» then, of unquestionable utility, both
fyt the purposes of relief and intaglio engraving. In
the numerous trials which have been made upon this
subject in order to obtain the necessary depth in the en-
graving, recourse has almost always been had to aoids, oi
to voltaic electricity, but it is evident that with this
method of operating the metal is acted upon, at the same
time, both in a lateral and a vertical direction, and hence
the result has been more or less imperfect and unsatisfac-
toiy.
The new processes which I have the honour to submit
to the Society of Arts this evening are based (excepting the
first) upon electro-chemKal phenomena, without the aid
of an ordinary galvanic battery, the effect of which is a
clean, deep, and non-lateral biting. They have been pro •
tected by letters patent in this country and in France, and
form the subject of a paper which I presented on the 15th
of March, 1863, to the Imperial Institute of France, a com-
mission appointed by which has reported favourably on my
communication and conveyed to me the thanks of the In-
stitute for it.
I will now briefly describe the fundamental principles
of my processes, together with the different manipulations
and the industrial applications which result therefrom.
I may state firstly, that the principle of my discovery is
but the application of a scientific fact long since known,
which is, that if we plunge a piece of one kind of metal
(say steel, for instance) into a salme solution of a metal of
an opposite nature (such as copper), the solution is imme-
diately decomposed, and the metal reduced is precipitated
upon the former, frequently with a considerable amount
of adhesion. Such is my stai'ting point, and without
takhig upon myself the scientific explanation of the phe-
nomena, I shall confine myself merely to the description
thereof.
The first process which I shall describe depends—
1st. Upon metallic precipitations.
2nd. Upon the relative affinity of acids for different
metals.
It consists, firstly, of making a drawing upon paper
with a metallic ink, composed, for example, of a solution
of sulphate of (iopper; and I may add.^n pauantt that a
solution of the salt of any other metal, such as lead,
bismuth, mercury, silver, ^^, would produce the same
effect, according to the metal desired to be engraved.
When the drawing has been thus made it is placed, face
downwards, upon a plate of zinc or steel, and next
covered at the back with a piece of cloth slightly damped,
and the whole is then submitted to a uniform pressure.
About two minutes afterwards the design will be found
transferred entirely, and with the gi^eatest faithfulness, on
to the metal plate, without any alteration or deterioration
whatever of the original drawing. If instead of making
the drawing upon paper, it is made more simply still, upon
the metal itself (whether zinc or steel), with this metallic
ink, the same phenomena are produced. In this state, in
either the one case or the other, the design appears on the
surface of the plate in slight relief formed by the deposit
of copper, a solid and resisting body.
But in order to obtain a sufficient degree of relief for
printing purposes, and more especially for surface printing,
it is necessary to employ corrosion by acids or voltaic
electricity, and this constitutes the second phase of the
process. In &ct the acids, having a less degree of affinity
for the copper than for the zinc, immediately attack the
latter, whilst the former serves as a kind of protecting
varnish to the lines.
I rogard this pr^Ksess more from a scientific than an
industrial poiut of view, for, having been veiy much
occupied with carrying out my other processes, I have
been forced to neglect this one ; but 1 may add that it
appears to me particularly applicable to the engraving of
lace and other fabrics, which would only require to be
impregnated with a solution of copper, to be transferred
to the zinc, and then be engi^aved in relief.
I now come to my second process, or reproduction of
old engravings. I employ two methods ; the first, which
I will <sall Process A, depends —
180
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Fhbbuaby 5, 1864.
Fiwtly, Upon the antipathy of water for fatty bodies.
Secondly, As the preceding, upon the metallic precipi-
tations, and the aflBinities of acids.
In fact ordinary printing ink is greasy, and water,
instead of having any attraction for it, is, on the contrary,
repelled.
If, then, we place an engraving so as to float evenly
with its back or wrong ride npon a metallic solotion, the
aqueous liquid penetrates the paper slowly by imbibition,
only around or between the lines formed of the greasy
ink. After removmg the proof from the bath, it
is wiped lightly and placed with its face upon a plate
of sine, and a "uniform pressure applied. The metallic
salt of the solution is immediately decomposed, re-
duced, and precipitated on to the plate, which it covers
all over with ita metal (excepting where the lines
of greasy ink occur) in such a manner as to give a nega-
tive image in relief representing with the greatest exactitude
the design or engraving which has served to produce it.
A few moments are sumoient to produce this result ; even
photography does not operate with more promptitude and
fidelity. Negative proofs may at once be taken from the
plate by the oixiinary printing process, which proofe, by
repeating the process, will produce positive plates of zinc.
Or the positive plates maybe made by at once attacking the
line, covered with the negative image, by means of a voltaic
battery, or in a bath containing 10 per cent, of nitric acid.
The metallic solutions which I at first employed upon
zinc wei-e formed with salts of lead, copper, or bismuth,
but the chloride of gold has latterly yielded me the best
results ; this is readily explained, on the one hand, by
the facility of reduction which the salts of gold possess,
and on the other hand by the resistance which this metal
offers to the attack of the acids. The solution is composed
of about 2 parts of chloride of gold to 100 parts of dis-
tilled water.
This fii'st method possesses the great advantage that it
does not injure the original proof, which may thus be used
an almost indefinite number of times, all that is necessary to
remove the metal which is reduced on its surfkce being to
plunge it first into acidulated water, which dissolves the
metal, and then into ordinary water, which removes all
traces of the acid.
Guided by analogy, I have proceeded from these experi-
ments to others, and it may not be without interest to
speak of some of them and to add that engravings may be
transferred on to metals by impregnating them with
alkaline solutions of chlorides, sulphurets, bromides, and
iodides, and then applying them, as above, on plates of
pure or silvered copper, which will then present, according
to the heat to which they are submitted in drying them,
images in iridiscent colours of a very beautiful effect, with a
slight relief caused, when operating upon plates rilvered
by means of mercury, by the volatilization of the latter
metal by the heat.
This process of the reproduction of proofs by imbibition
may be extended still rarther, and applied to engraving
upon glass, and to printing woven fabrics. In the first
case it suffices to impregnate the back of the engraving
with hydrofluoric acid, and to apply it with its fiice npon
the sheets of glass, which at once become dulled and
then engraved by the corrosive influence of the acid.
In the second case, I propose to employ the chemical
phenomena known by the name of double decompositions,
and the following is the method of operating : The en-
graving is to be impregnated, as above, with pjTogallic
acid, or with a mordant capable of re-acting upon a fabric
previously impregnated with sulphate of iron, or otherwise
suitably dyed, and then applied with a uniform presrore
upon the stuff. The engraving may in this way be trans-
ferred to the fabric in a few minutes.
The phenomena are very simple ; the pyroj^allio acid
transforms the sulphate of iron on the fabric, into black
pyrogallate of iron, and the mordant decolorizes or fixes
the dye of the fabric in all the white parts of the proof.
The number of impressions which may thus be obtained
is almost unlimited ; the original engraving, after being
washed, will serve as many times as may be desired.
My second method of reproducing old engravings, and
which I will designate as Process B, has for its objects,
firstly, the transfer of the engraving, and, secondly, the
engraving of the transfer, and depends —
Istly. Upon the transfer.
2ndly. Upon the phenomena of electro-chemistry.
The transferring of old engravings presents many
difficulties, in fact, when a proof lias been kept several
years, the fatty body of the ink is completely resinified,
and forms wi^ the carbon an almost impenetrable mass,
presenting a very great obstacle to the revival of the ink.
If the ink employed is too liquid the paper absorbs, little
by little, all the graasy matter thereof, and thus another
difficulty is encountered. On the other hand, the nature
of the paper, its texture, porosity, and thickness, and the
liizing which it has or has not undergone, are so many
obstacles which have to be overcome.
After numerous experiments I have at length been
enabled to surmount these difficulties almost completely b\
applying to thesurface of the proof a preparation of petroleun
or turpentine ; the ink soon becomes impregnated therewith
and when the proof (slightly dried between two sheets o
bibulous paper) is paffiea under the press in contact with s
steel plate, this preparation, having a greater attraction foi
the plate than for the paper, soon becomes detached froir
the latter, carrying with it a small portion of the blacl
of the ink.
I am perfectly convinced of the success of these transfers
but in order not to compromise the safety of bank-notee
drafts, &c., which can be faithfully transferred by thi
process, I shall not enter into the details of this manipula
tion, but pass on to the method of engraving such transfen
All that is necessary to effect this is to plunge the plat
into a bath compoAed of a saturated solution of sulpha!
of oopper containing a small quantity of nitric acid, whe
the copper is immediately precipitated upon the plate i
all its metallic brilliancy leaving, however, the liiu
intact, 00 that the copper then serves as a varnish i
resist the acid, whilst the steel, having a greater affinil
than the copper for the add, is corroded or ** bitten in
thereby, under oi* through the lines, by the phenomena
electro-chemistry. The problem may be summed up
two wonis, viz., coatwg and biting at ^e same time.
The effect produced may be described as follows :•
When the steel plate (with the drawing or transfer
greasy ink on its surfiice) is plunged into the acid solati
of sulphate of copper, those parte of the surface whi
have not received any portion of the ink are immediate
coated with metallic copper. The solution penetrates
the same time by imbibition through the greasy niati
of the ink and reaches the metal beneath, wnen a volt
pair (copper and steel) is immediately constituted, t
copper ail^^ady deposited forming the ne^tive pole, a
the steel, not yet attacked, being the positive pole. .
electro-chemioU decomposition of the sulphate of cop]
then takes place, and at the same time the steel is attacl;
by the sulphuric and nitric adds. The operation p
ceeds tranquilly, without any effervescence or disenga,
ment of gas ; no other kind of ** biting-in" takee plac<
calmly. About ten minutes afterwards, the steel plat
with(hnawn fYx)m the bath, perfectly engraved, and noth
ftirther is required but to remove the copper from the f
face by means of ammonia, to render it fit for print
from by the ordinary plate printing process.
One of the most remarkable effects of this procei
that all the gradations of an engraving from the higl
lights to the deepest shades, are produced at one sin
operation, without any artificial '* stopping out ** whate^
the length of time each part is under the action of
acid being always exactly proportioned to the thick
of the layer of ink at that particular part. For exaix
when the plate is first placed in the bath the co
instantly covers and protects from the acid the e:xp
sur/aoe, t.«., the white parts of the engraving^;
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, Pkbkoabt 6, 1864.
181
=3e
acid next atteeks the finest lines, or those parts where
the thinnest coating of ink exists, and by the time these
lines have been engraved to a sufficient depth, the copper
spreading laterallj from the edges will have entirely
covered and ** stopped oat" these portions, whilst the
broader and deeper lines will resist the deposit of copper
(and hence remain exposed to the action of the acid) for a
longer time ; and so on to the deepest shades, which
will remain still longer exposed to the action of the acid,
whOst all the lighter parts of the engraving are effectually
protected by the copper deposited, so that in fact, each
line will be in&llibly engrained to a greater or less depth
in exact proportion to the thidmeas of its layer of ink,
which is nrecisely the e£fect desired. This same pheno-
menon also prevents the possibility of lateral coirosion,
and, on the contrary, causes each line to narrow as it
deepens, and to assume as near as possible, the V-shaped
form produced by the cut of the angular point of the
graver.
Third Process. The method above described, of acting
opon steel plates by sulphate of copper, naturally led
me still ftirther, and thus I arrived at my third process,
which is merely an extension of the preceding method.
It consists in making an autographic, lithographic, or
other transfior on to the steel plate, not by a preparation of
turpentine, but by a greasy ink only, or in making a helio-
graphic or photographic drawing or transfer on the same
oy means of bitumen of Judesa or alkaline bichromates, or
in dnwing on the steel direct with Indian ink, chalk, or
black lead pencil ; or painting thereon in oil or pastel, or
drawins in perchloride of iron or add ; in a word, making
a traosm' or direct drawing upon the steel plate, with any
body or medium capable of resisting the deposit of copper,
without opposing the attack of the add, or with any body
capable ot depolishing the steel in parts which will be en-
graved when the plate is submitted to the action of an
add bath of sulphate of copper.
I may thus generalize my method and extend my par-
ticular process of biting on steel to an ^itirely new kind
of engraving, destined, I believe, to take an important
rank in ^is art as a rival to the aquafortis and litho-
graphic prooessee.
The process is remarkable from the ditmmstanoes under
whidi it takes place, and surprising from the results whidi
it yields; for to attack the greasy body, which until now
bas^ been a protection to the steel, and to leave the
polished suruboe intact is exactly the counterpart of any
process hitherto known. To preserve to each artist his
own peculiar touch and feeling ; in a word, to perpetuate
his individuality ; this is to arrive at the object so
earnestly sought, viz., translation without the aid if an in-
terpreter, or, in other words, engraving without the assis-
tance of the engraver.
This prooesB has the two attractions of novelty and
simplicity ; it does not require practice, and 1 may add that
it aurpasees all other processes in the rapidity and fidelity
of its execution. Its importance for engraving geogra-
phical maps and topographical plans is very great, if we
ooosider that an engraving upon stone (which rivals
copper plate in fineness) can be transferred readily on to
steel by these means ; we then have an economy equal to
one-third in time and one-third in expense. The plates
are almost inexhaustil>le, the printing always the same,
and much superior to lithographic transfers, which
always deteriorate by printing, and at the same time a
hravy, cumbrous, and fragile material is also done away
with. It may be applied to engraving arms for warlike or
sporting purposes, and cutlery, for the reproduction of
copper or steel plates, to lithographic engravings, or the
transfer of lithographic engravings on to steel, and to the
engraving of photographic proofe or transfers, whether
obtained by means of bitumen of Judcea or alkaline
bichromates, and to a variety of other usefbl purposes
where rapid, faithful, and economical engraving is required.
In their report to the Imperial Institute of France, the
oommisiion say :—
** M. Vial has presented to the academy a memoran-
dam, entitled ** Researches on metallic precipitations, or
essay on the reproduction of old engravings, preceded and
followed by new processes of engraving" — ^which work has
been referred for examination to a commission composed
of Messrs. Dumas, Begnault, and Becquerel (reporter).
" Although these processes have been patented, your
commission has thought that as one of these processes is
founded upon an eleetro-chemical property which your
comnussioiierB believe to be unknown, it is their duty to
inform the academy thereof without pronouncing on the
artistic merit of the process, of which they are not com-
petent judges.
** The f^lowing is the description of the process : —An
engraving or drawing in greasy ink is transferred on to
st^, or a drawing is made on the pl*te in the same ink.
The {date is plunged into a bath or a solution saturated
with sulphate of copper, to which is added a small
quantity of nitric add : five minutes after the plate is
withdrawn and washed, the copper deposited is removed
with ammonia, and the en^ving is finished ; the lines
of the drawing are in intaglio. In the ordinary processes
of engraving on metal, the fatty bodies which form the
design preserve this metal, in the parts which they cover,
from the corrosive action of the chemical agents ; thus the
engraving is obtained in relief. With that of M. Vial,
the engraving is immediately obtained in intaglio. A
similar effect takes place in drawing in chalk, blacklead
pencil, or pastel, or on allowing points of rust to form on
the steel.
*' It is scarcely possible to imagine a more simple pro-
cess of engraving. Let us endeavour to explain the
^ects produced. When a plate of steel, on which is a
drawing in greasy ink, is plunged into a saturated solution
of sulphate of copper containinu a small quantity of nitric
acid, that part of the surface which has not received the
greasy ink is immediately coated with metallic copper, the
partides of which have little adhesion between themselves,
in consequence of the combined actions of the sulphate^ of
copper and the nitric add upon the steeL The solution
penetrates at the same time, little by little, through the
fatty matter by imbibition, and reaches the metal by the
time that the voltaic pair, copper and steel, is constituted:
the copper already deposited is the negative pole, the steel
not yet attacked is the positive pole. The decomposition
of the sulphate of copper then becomes electro- chemical ;
the sted \b attacked by the sulphuric and nitric adds to a
depth proportionate to the thickness of the layer of ink;
the copper which proceeds from the decomposition is pre-
cipitated on the edges, and eventually raises the ink up
in such a manner as to form a design in relief in copper,
which is then dissolved by ammonia. The effects pro-
dnced have this remarkable feature, that the gradation of
the hollows represents exactly that of the tints of the
drawing, so that the engraving is a faithful representation
i thereof. Your commission are assured, and are satisfied,
I that the process of M. Vial when proved by competent
i artists, has appeared to them well worthy of attention in
I relation to art.
<' It is not without inte?est to remark that the lightest
lines in the ink, which are the first penetrated by the
solution, are those upon which the action has least energy,
and where it ceases soon after, when the copper deposited
on the edges spreads itself in such a manner as to cover
over the points attacked. In a word, the action is slower
to take place, and the effects are deeper, in proportion as
the layer of ink is thicker. It is in these eflects that the
efficiency of M. Vial's process of engraving consists, the
importance of which the Academy can appredate, on
viewing the proofs of a certain number of engraved plates,
several of which have been engraved in the presence of
your commission, and which have been deposited at the
office.
" Your commimion proposes to you, consequently, to^
thank M. Vial for his communication, and to give, ♦if ia
approbation to the application to engraving on »>*
182
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, February 6, 1864.
he has made, of a property the effects of which have been
hitherto unobBerved, and which is capable of reDdering
useful services to the arts.*'
The conclosions of this report have been approved by
the academy.
Since writing the above I have succeeded in transferring
some old prints, both of engravings and letter-press, on to
stone in the most perfect manner, by my nrocess. Some
proofs of the letter-press will be shown to tne society^ and
also the stone with the ttansfer of the engraving thereon.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Gbobgb Wallis said he could not but take excep-
tion to the term '* instantaneous *' as applied to this
process. In the first place, because they had had to wait
ten minutes while the plate was being prepared ; and
secondly, because he had the honour last session of bring-
ing a process before this Society which effected the
engraving of a plate in a few seconds instead of several
minutes. He would, however, at once say he believed
the process now brought before them was of an exceed-
ingly valuable character, and in many respects calculated
to be of great use in the arts. The fact that the artist
could make his own drawing on the plate, so that the
touch and spirit of the original should be reproduced in
the engraving, was in itself a most important advantage.
This was one of the merits, as he conceived, of the process
he had had the honour of bringing before them last
session, and be still prided himself upon that process as
one possessing many special advantages and conveniences
of its own, though he saw no reason to feel any jealousy
of the one they had just heai-d described. If a photo-
graph could be first transferred to stone and then
the photo-lithograph transferred by this process on
to a steel plate, a great advantage in an increased
power of multiplying proofs was obtained, inasmuch
as the lithographic stone became deteriorated in work-
ing in a far greater degree than the steel plate. He
thought, however, from the specimens he had seen, that
this process did not, in some respects, quite come up
to that of which he claimed to be me inventor, inasmuch
as by his plan the broader tints wei'e more readily repro-
duced. In illustration of his process, it would be re-
membered that a drawing was made in the room with a
bni6h ; it was taken from the table and placed in a small
machine, and in two or three seconds a plate was produced,
which was immediately printed from. He thought, in
point of refinement, the process of M. Vial was superior
to his own, as well as in its power to throw off a large
number of impressions, and therefore he hoped to see it
fully and properly developed. He hoped those interested
in such subjects would take this process up in a friendly
spirit, and try it. The difficulty which inventors met
with at the outset was to get people to try anything new.
The cry was continually for something new, and when it
was produced the remark was, ** Oh, it is not like
what we had before." This was especially the case in
inventions applicable to the fine arts, though it was also
the case with respect to manufactures.
Dr. Bachhoffneb inquired whether the surface of the
steel plate was not granulated in some degree in the first
instance when placed in the bath, inasmuch as there must
be an equivalent of iron dissolved for every equivalent of
copper precipitated.
Mr. Da VIES (who attended to explain the process on
behalf of M. Vial) replied that the surface of the steel
plate remaiuod as poli.^hed as before, and was not in the
least degree gianulated. The polished surface of the
steel plate was instantaneously protected by the slight
coating of copper deposited upon i* the moment it was
placed in the bath.
The Secbeiabt observed, tha^ 4rt what Dr. Bach-
hoffher stated must be chemi^ ' There must be
a^jnjinitesinjal portion of i' ^^ lived before the
The^nunlBS °^ <^opper i^*"^ inderstood that
practically that was so small as not to destroy the polish
upon the steel plate, the proof of which was thai when
it was printed from the whites showed no grimilation. '\\
Dr. Bacbhoffkkb remarked that the biting into the
metal must evidently be only to a veiy slight depth.
He wonld, therefore, ask whether any calcnlation had
been made as to th^ number of impressions that could
be taken from one plate, because in the case of an ordinary
engraved steel plate it wonld afford a vast number of im-
pressions. In this case the very small depth to which th<
pUte was bitten in by the chemical action, kd him tc
imagine that not many fine impressions could be taken
even with the most successfully engraved plates.
Mr. Da VIES replied, that M. Vial had communicated t(
him that he had never taken more than 750 prints fron
the same plate.
Dr. Baobhoffkeb said that number was saUsfactory
considering the facility with which the engraving coul4 b
reproduced, although, as compared with an ordmaty atee
plate, it was a very small number of impressions.
Mr. HsKsif AN said, that from the specimens he had see
he could but think that this process was one well worth,
of attention.
Mr. Gbobob Cbuikshane, responding to the inv
tation of the Chairman, said, from what he ha
been able to see of this process, and judging from tli
specimens exhibited, he considered it a very valuab
addition to the means of reproducing works of art. In
commercial point of view it was also worth consideratio:
for although it had been stated that only 760 impressioi
could be calculated upon from one plate, yet from tl
rapklity with which the plate could be reproduced, s
practical difficulty in this respect was removed, for tl
number of impressions was thus practically unlimite
Some of the specimens exhibited were exceedingly w<
executed, and ne should be much delighted to be allow
to make some experiments with this process himself. .
the same time he did not believe it would ever complete
supersede the etching tool ; for instance, such sm
faces as he put into some of his illustrations, he did r
think could be produced by any other instrument tli
the etching point. The fact was, however, that an art
who had the power of design did not often care to best
much time upon mechanical labour, and tlterefore such a p
cess as this would be valuable to him. It had been his n
fortune, perhaps, in early life to spend a great deal of
time in the manual operation of etching. He had the po^
of designing as fast as he could think, but it had been bis i
to employ many years in mechanical operations. For
own part he should never attempt to follow this process
with the idea of- entirely superseding nieclianical
graving, though, as he had already said, it would doi
less be valuable for many purpa^es. He was at the
sent time employed in preparing an engraving of his •
pksture of *' The Worship of Bacchus," and, in orde
preserve the character of the figures, he drew them 1
self in outline, and left it to others to fill in the dc
and shadows. With reference to this proceaa he
many advantages in it, and he believed, if introduced
this country, it would be largely and successfully
ploved for a great variety of purposes. The designc
making a drawing upon wood, put in the shadows
a dash of the brush, and left it to the media uical »k
the wood-engraver to produce those shadows in lines
was the same with mezzotint and other engravings,
repeated his opinion, that while this process of engra
would never entirely supersede the etching tool, it
neveithelesB, a most valuable addition to the mcai
reproducing works of art.
Mr. Joobebt raid the process which had been dc^c
to them this evening, and exeniphfied, as far as it
by the proof just printed, appeared to him to be a
interesting one, ana to be entitled to attention ^s pi 4
ing several novel features. Whether it was ca|^
further development, so as to produce results in ad
of what they had yet seen, time alone would i»Uow.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pebbuabt 6, 186^.
183
^bsracteristio feature of this prooeas was that it acted upon
Sq entirely opposite principle to that generally employed.
There was one thing in the details of this process which
ippeared to him very extraordinary, and that was that
fas stated l^ the inventor) the lines of the engraving were
Jhrmed of a V-shape, similar to a line cat with the graver,
although it was known that the effect of acids upon metal
was to bite in horizontally as well as vertically. If
thai were the case it was very remarkable, bBcause
it was an examine of eflfects produced by acids which
bad never been obtiuned before. He had himself been
ibr many years practically engaged in engraviog, and
be had always found that the great difficulty in
anychemkml process hitherto applied, either on copper
or steel, had been to prevent the acid running under
the lines and widening them at the bottom. This pro-
eesB, however, appeared to effect what they had been
trying to obtain ever sinoe the art of engraving was in-
vent^ Some of the specimens exhibited presented
features and qualities which had never been produced by
any previous prooess ; he alluded to the peculiar sharpness
of the lines displayed in the small architectural drawing
exhilttted, which were so dbtinct that they were almost
equal to lines cut with the graver. The faint impression
mjok the plate produced this evening, he attributed only
to the insufficient time of exposure to the action of the
adds. If this prooess could accomplish what they saw in
Ihase specimens, it was very valuable, and they were much
indebted to the inventor for having brought it before
iheou It, however, did not appear to accomplish one
ifajog, which was a desideratum in there production of
photographs, viz., the half-tone. Hitherto all previous
p c oe e ss es had stopped at that point, and in this re^ct,
although It was somewhat in advance of anything he had
yet seen, it was not altogether sucoeasfhL What they
wanted was to reproduce the half-tone of photographs so
thai the picture! might be printed Arom a metal plate.
Aa jet the intervention of photo-lithography was still
reqinred, and photo-lithograpns were always imperfect in
lliis respect. He hoped the inventor would be able to
eanry his process on so as to arrive at the result of pro-
ducing a plate direct from a photograph. If he succeeded
in doing that, he would indeed accomplish a great work,
but for what he had already done he well deserved the
thanks of all lovers of art.
Dr. Baobhopinkb said without depreciating the impor-
tance of the ioTeotion, it reminded him of similar results
obtained by Mr. W. bL Grove. In the pre) aration of the
ordinary daguerreotype the sur&ce of tiie plate was
oovered with a thin film of gold, and Mr. Qrove made the
ooaiiog of g(dd on the plate serve as an etching ground,
and tnr the action of nitric acid the design was bitten into
the plate, but the process was of slower application than
thai which had been illustrated this evening, and although
pioofii had been taken from the plate, the depth of the
etching was so ^ht that it was of no commercial value.
Xhe statement made with regard to the V-shaped line
produced by M. Vial's {»x)cess seemed to involve a devia-
tion from natural laws, for it was plain that acid solu-
tiofM, whether acting directly or by double decomposition,
would corrode the metal in a lateral as well as a down-
ward direction. If it could be shown by microscopic obser-
vation that in this process there was an absence of lateral
bitcw it was the most important invention that had been
brought forward for many years. That, he thought,
fltUl remained to be proved. He had no doubt, for
eet:tain classes of engraving, the process was of great
valoe, but the questioo he had raised in the first instance
aiill remained in hU mind, namely, the granulation of the
steely for he observed in some specimens that the whites
w«rB not perfectly clear, and this showed that the surface
of the steel was slightly acted upon. If it was the case
tbat the plato, before being printed from, required polish-
ii^ ov burnishing, it might deteriorate the fine lines of the
eo^rraving. With regatd to the number of impressions
which one of these plates would }it:ld, an ordinary en-
graved steel plate would produce many thousands, whereas
one of these plates would only produce a few hundreds, and,
before another could be produced, the intervention of the
artist would be again required, unless the electrotype
process was resorted to.
Mr. Cbuikshakk had understood that the original
drawing might be preserved and reproduced on fresh
plates as often ss was required. As to the V-shape of
the lines in the plates, that was a most interesting fact to
those who had never seen anything of the kind before.
He would ask whetlier the original drawing could be
preserved, so as to reproduce the plates continually ?
Mr. Davies replied that he did not think it possible to
use the original drawing again, but an impression from the
plate would give as many duplicate plates as were required.
Upon the question whether the hnes were narrower at
the bottom than at the top, and as to the lateral biting
of the acids, a microscopic examination of the lines would
settle the question.
Mr. Lock referred to a process of reproduction of en-
gravings brought out about the year 1845, illustrations of
which accompani^ one of the numbers of the Art Union
Journal of the time. Since that time he had heard nothing
more of the process.*
Mr. JouBERT Slid the process just alluded to was this —
The plate and engraving to be reproduced were prepared
with a certain solution, which caused the engraving to
adhere to the steel plate, the engraved portion being faca
to face with the plate. This being done, the paper was
removed from the back of the engiaving, leaving the ink
adhering to the steel plate. A certain varnish was then
spread over the plate, which adhered to it only in those
parts not covered with the ink. The plate was then
washed in a certain bath, and the varmsh adhered, while
the ink was removed. The plate was then treated
withacids, but the result, he believed, was very imper-
fect, owing to the lateral biting. To produce anything
like the original, the plate, after the above treatment,
required to go into the hands of the engraver, and be
almost engraved over again.
Mr. DicKES said that, in reference to the V-shaped
corrosion of lines in the steel by acid, referred to by a
Erevious speaker, we need not be incredulous, as if a new
iw respecting the action of acids had been alleged to
have been discovered. In the process before the meeting
there was no new law — there was simoly a taking advan-
tage of two well-known facts— one relating to the action
of acids, the other to the deposit of copper. When copper
was deposited it was not only thickened, but slightly in-
creased at the edge ; tliis increase would trench upon and
narrow the line in course of biting by the acid, and would
counteract widening or under-biting — the combined
action resulting in a line narrower at the b|we than at the
surface, in fact V-or shallow U-shaped. Our best thanks
were certainly due to our foreign visitor for his clear,
practical, and interesting paper, and we must heartily
wish for him the reward his thought and industry had
deserved.
Mr. Hensman suggested that practical proof as to tho
V-shape of the lines might be obtained by allowing a plate
to remain in the bath, so as to be bitten far loo deeply for
• This invention is described in the Art Union Journal for
Ist January, 1845, which namber contained a copy of a line
enfirarioK by Blanchard, after a painting by Delaroche. The
editor of that journal states that from the plate produced by the
inventor (in fourteen days from his having been supplied with
an impression of the original engraving, the plate oi which the
inventor had never seenT he had bad taken between 4,000 and
5,000 iropressinus, and that he bad no doubt it was capable of
yielding twice ihat number. Several engravers, to whom the
copy and ori;{inal were shown, declared they were so thoroughly
alike that any one might suppose the two to be from the same
plate. The editor further remarks that the original print was
returned uninjure-l. He also states that he had seen a plate
prepared from a drawing in little more than a quuter of aa
hour.
184
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP AKTS, Fbbbuaet 5, 1864.
use ; this would make the form of the lines qaite evident,
and capable of examination.
Mr. Went WORTH Soott suggested that a distribution
of plates should be made amongst such members as were
wifiing to make microscopic examinations, and the results
might be announced in the Society's Journal,
The CuAiBMAN said the pleasing duty now devolved
upon him of proposing a vote of thanks to a distinguished
foreign gentlemen who had come over to this country
himself for the purpose of presenting before them his
very interesting and ingenious process of engraving.
All the speakers had agreed in saying that the inven-
tion was a very valuable one. The specimens ex-
hibited were certainly very admirable, and though
the Ulus^tion which had been produced in the room
was not equal to former efforts, that, in fairness, might be
accounted for by the hasty manner in which the experiment
was conducted, from a desire not to keep the audience
waiting. This process had been honoured with the re-
oognition and thanks of the Imperial Institute of France,
but Art was of no countr}^ and, as Mr. Wallis had so
justly said, there was no feeling of jealousy on our part that
such a process should have emanated from a foreigner.
He was sure he spoke the feeling of the meeting when he
said they cordially welcomed this French invasion of Art,
and he was confident they would cordially i-espond when
he asked them to accord their thanks to M. vial for his
highly valuable and most interesting paper.
The vote of thanks was then pasMo.
The process desciibed in the paper waa practically illus-
trated by M. Vial himself, who produced a steel plate on
which a drawing had been made, immersed it in the bath,
and at the end of a few minutes took impressions from it.
These, however, had not quite sufficient depth, owing to
the plate having remained too short a time in the bath. A
number of prints from plates on which drawings had been
made by Gavarni and other leading lYench artists, as well
as transfers from engravings, were aLo shown, and appeared
to be generally very much admired.
The Secretary announced that on Monday evening
next, at 8 o'clock, Mr. Burges would commence his course
of seven lectures *' On Art applied to Industry ;*' and that
at the meeting on Wednesday evening next, a paper by
Mr. J. Beavington Atkinson, *' On Fresco-painting as a
suitable mode of Mural Decoration," would be read.
The following letter has been received : —
SiB,---Having arrived late, and only heard part of the
discussion* on Monsieur Vial's paper, I can but state my
opinion of the process from a conversation with the in-
ventor, and an examination of the specimens. I must
bear testimony to the great beauty of several of them,
the pi-ocess, like that of Mr. Wallis, being one that
renders with much truth the touch of the artist, and as
such gives the tmc spirit, so rarely rendered when the aid
of the [engraver intervenes. I do not think that it will
supersede the burin or the etching needle, though it is
capable of things they cannot produce, I ut in a lesser
d^ree, it being at present an untested process, for the
nventor informed me that it has not been applied to the
purpose of book illustration — the wear and tear of num-
bers—the point at which most inventions of this sort
break down. Isolated specimens, of great beauty, may be
obtained, but the great test is wear; and though I believe
M. Vial's process will give a greater number of durable
impressions than that stated hy his agent, I think, from
the nature of the incision, that number cannot be very great,
for, instead of the cut being like that of the burm, V-shaped,
it is somewhat as a shallow U, without the undercut-
ting effected by the acid. Of course, a great deal
depends on the strength of the h'ne to retain the ink and
then deliver it on the paper — ^things time and experience
alone can prove. That it is very beautiful, those who
have seen the specimens will not deny, and very simple-
just the thing for the artist, the amateur, and the forgen
who Wants to produce or re-produce a few choice impres-
sions. To the producer of spurious notes it will prove an
easy means of effecting his object.
I am, &«., John lasiaHTOK.
&RMINOHAM AND MlDLAMD InVTITOTS.— The F^OTt
presented at the anmial meeting, held Januuy lltfa,
William Scholefield, Bm., M.P., Prerident, in the chair,
■tatee that the extenal appearance of the building has
undergone a great change by the erection on the adjaoeat
land of the Central Beferenoe Library, which is now fait
approadiing completion. The exterior of the new bnUd*
ing follows, with but slight alteration, the original derign
of Mr. Barry, ao that the whole fa9ade will have a
uniform appearance. The interesting ooUeotion of works
of art whuA was opened for exhibition to the persooi
attending the last annaal meeting was, at the urgent re-
quest of many members, retained for two days fbllowing
the meeting, and proved veryjattractive, about 1,600 per-
sons visiting it during that time. The number of membera
of the Institnte is aboat the same as at the ooramenoe-
ment of the year. The number of guinea subcribers still
&lls short of 700, and the council are impressed with the
fact that that number is wholly disproporti<mate to the
population and wealth of the town. Thhiy lectures have
been delivered during the past year, as against twraty-
nine in 1862 ; among them may be mentioned two on
*« JBronauties," by Mr. James QlaisKer, F.R.8. ; one on
« Water and its circulation through Books," and one on
"Volcanoes and Earthquakes," by Professor Ansted,
F.R.S.; two on "The new applications of Science ilhis-
trated in the International Bxhibition," by Mr. Robert
Hunt, F.RS. ; one on " The Inner Life of the Hoose of
Commons," by Mr. Shirley Brooks; two on the " Life of
Dr. Johnson," by Mr. George Dawson, M.A. ; one on
"English Literature,",. by the Rev. A. J. D. D'Orsey ;
two on " The Progress of Civilization" (illnstwited by-
collections of coins) by Mr. H. Noel Humphreys ; one on
" Socrates," and one on " ^ Thomas More," by Mr.
Qeorge Dawson. There was a decided improvement in
the attendance. Believing that it was peculiarly within
the province of the Institute to call attention to recent
advances and discoveries in the application of scienoe to
manufactures, the council made arrangements for the
delivery in the course of last spring term of a series of
lectures on the Exhibition of 18G2. The subjects chosen
bore especial reference to the manu&cturee of the district,
and tiie lectures were designed to illustrate the procrees
made in those branches of manuikcture since the Exhibi-
tion of 1851 . These lectures were as follows : — " Mining
and MeUllurgv," by Mr. R, Hunt, F.R.S. ; " Chemisiiy
of the Exhibition," by Mr. W. Crookes ; " General Metal
Work," by Mr. W. C. Aitken ; " Works in Precious
Metals, Ecclesiastical and other Metal Work," hy Mr.
F. Skidmore ; *• Stained and other Glass," by Mr. John
Powell ; " Design as shown in Works exhibited in the £x-
hibition," by Professor Chamberlain. The couhcil secured
for this course the services of several gentlemen who had.
practical acquaintance with the different suljects to be
treated, and the series was consei^nently one of great
interest. Tickets were issued to artizans for the course at
a reduced charge, but the Council regret that only a Tery
limited number of tickets were sold. The number of per-
sons visiting the Museum during the past year has been
1617. The number of visitors to the Specification Llbranr
has increased, being 626 ui 1868 against 578 iu 1862.
The meteorological observations have been regularly con-
tinued during t)ie past year. A valuable ooUeetion
of works of srt, known by the name of the Warwickehh^e
Drawings, has been arranged and placed in the new&~
room, and has proved to be of great interest. All^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Pkbbuahy 5, 1864.
185
friends of the losiitotion will deplore the prematare
loss of Sir FrADcis Scott, who 80 energetically and faith-
fully served its cause, and has bequeathed to it his
valuable collection of Limoges enamels. The bequest is
accompanie I by a legacy of £50, for providing a suitable
case ** for the continued protection and public exhibition
of the said enamels." In the Industrial Department, several
changes of considerable importance have taken place.
The claM for practical mechanics has proved highly sue-
cessful. The German class, also, is a thriving and in-
creasiDg one. A change has been made with reference to
the chemistry class ; as the course of instruction in that
science extends over two years, it has been thought
desirable that a second class should be provided, so that
(he students in their first and second years should be dis-
tributed into two separate divisions. The result is at
present highly satisfactory, the number of chemistry stu-
dents being larger tlian at any former period. A class
on Saturday evenings for elementary singing has been
opened, the ad mission being a penny anight for each person .
This class has been in existence during the autumn term,
and has been very succespful. The attendance at the
penny arithmetic class has l>een, week afker week, so large
that the room has been most inconveniently crowded. In
order to afford increased accommodation for this class,
the Council have recently fitted up a second room,
which will be occupied by the more advanced students.
Following up the successful experiment which was tried
in 1862, the Council induced the president, Mr. Schole-
field, to inaugurat« the autumn term by an address to the
siodentsand members, of whom a large audience assembled
00 the occasion. The address was a very able and in-
teresting one, and the Council feel much indited to Mr.
Scholefield for the manner in which he carried out their
wishes. The Council announce with great regret the loss
they have snflered in the resignation of several of the
teachers of the classes, whose eflSciency they warmly ac-
Imowledge. The usual examinations by the Department
of Scieoce and Art and the Society of Arts were held in
the spring. A considerable number of students fh)m the ^
lostitate danes presented themselves for the former, and
the results are highly satisfactory. The Society of Arts
ezamioatiooawere attended by a smallernumber than usual
of the Institute stadenta. The income and expenditure
aoooonta show that the general financial result of the year
is an excess of income over expenditure of £22 9s. lOd . The
oompaimtively small sum of £81 88. 2d. would entirely
free the Institute from every existing liability.
HUVSLST MjCHAinCS' I W T i T U TIOy (TORKSHIRB UnIOM).
— ^The annual meeting was held on the 28th January ;
Mr. Aid. Blackburn, the president, in the chair. The
report gave a favourable account of the state and progress
of the Institotioo. The number of members had incrrased
from 305 to 864, and the attendance at the classes had
alio eoosidembly improved. The treasurer's account
showed that, notwithsitanding much laiver receipts, there
was a balaooe of £17 14s. ag^nst the Institute, owing to
an ootlay ibr repairs, fittings and furniture, and additions
to the libimiy. The debt on the building had been re-
dQoed from £588 Ids. to £500, and several promises had
been made for farther reduction.
Mbtbofoutait AiaoouTfOV fob Promoting the
EouoATiosr OF ADwn. — The fint annual meeting was
held OD the 29th nit., in the house of the Society of
Ait§, Vke-Chancellor Shr W. Page Wood in the chair.
Mr. Hanv Chester, ehainnan of the committee, read the
report, whidi stated that his Royal Highness the Prince
of Walea had signified his consent to become a patron of
the Awooiation, and to contribute to its frmds a life mem-
ber's payment of £10 1 0». Earl Granville, Lord President
of the Council, had accepted the office of president. The
qperations of the Aamciation embraced the whole of the
metropolis, and under the term adult comprehended all
those members of the industrial classes who have
reached the present ordinary maximum school age of ele-
mentazy aehools for the poor, via., the age of 12 yean.
The report, after describing ia detail the organisation
and machinery of the Association, reviewed its opera-
tions during the fifteen months that have elapsed since
the provisional committee, charged with the duty of
constituting it, and bringing the as.socialion into opera-
tion, was appointed, on the 2nd of November, 1862,
at a public meeting presided over by Sir W. Page
Wood. By the 13th of December, 1 862* the committee of
management was constituted, and begau to take measures
to set the association to work. The time was short, for
the earliest examinations were to be lield in the ensuing
March. Public meetings, at which dej>utations from the
association attended, were held, and various publications
were freely distributed, to make known to the working
classes, and to the friends of public education in the
metropolis, the existence of the new aj»ociatioii, its objects,
and its modes of operation. Notwithstanding the short-
ness of the notice, 229 candidates prei^ented themselves at
the examinations, and SO succeeded in obtaining certifi-
cates. The report touched upon most of the Institutes
connected with the Association. It mentioned the Youths'
Institnte, Bayswater, .is an institution of great interest
and promise. It was estaljTished in January, 1860.
It has a reading-room, a library, a penny bank, a
cricket club, a gymnasium, occasional excursions, lec-
tures, and concerts. It has also Bible classes, classes
for writing, arithmetic, book-keeping, and drawing.
Although these novel institutions hare stood the test of
experiment for only a few years, they api>ear to promise
excellent results; and the experiment of establishing
them may advantageously be tried in many other parts of
London. After referring to |)6lice instruction claues and
the various working-men's institutes, the report next re-
ferred to working-men's clubs, some of which may be
regarded as educational institutes, for they are places
where, with other advantages, systematic instruction is
regularly provided ; and even in inferior clubs where
there is no such provision, if thev are fairly conducted,
they tend with great effect towardls the improvement of
their members. The first established working-men's
club in London, the Westminster Working-men's Club
and Reading-rooms, is that which owes its origin and
its continued existence almost entirely to the benevo-
lent exertions of Miss Adeline Cooper. The Associa-
tion desires to encourage industrial instruction and
training, particulaiiy for females ; but this subject
is full of difiiiculties. The poor too often fail to ap-
preciate its importance. They look with disfavour on
attempts to give systematic and practk^l instruction in
industry to their children. Time thus devoted seems to
them too frequently to be time abatracted from mental in>
struotion, fix>m learning, and therefore time thrown away.
Here, as at every other turn, the promoters of education are
obstructed by diifficulUes arising out of the ignorance and
prejudices of uneducated parents. The remedies are to di-
minish the number of uneducated parents by extending the
means of education, and especially by extending the means
of educating adults, and also by inviting their co-operation,
as far as possible, in the work of educating then* ohildren.
The association desires also to direct the attention of
the managers of schools to the importance of physical
education. The games of the Einder-garten are useful,
not only in trainmg the eye but in increasing the general
intelligence, the cheerfulness, and the health of the child-
ren. As they grow older and stronger they should be
furnished with opportimities for playing at games and
exercises which not only train the eye and the nand, but
develop and invigorate the form, and promote agility,
stiength, and hodth. The annual account, comparing
receipts and payments, shows there is a balance of
£8 Us. 2d. in &vourof the association, but, taking liabili-
ties into aooount, it is £7 14s. lOd. the other way.
The committee eamestiy appeal to the friends of educa-
tion for funds to enable this work to be carried out. The
funds at the disposal of the committee have not hitherto
been suoh as to warrant the occupation of the whole time
186
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pebbuary 5, 1864.
of a paid officer. The sernces of Mr. Sales, as secre- I
tary, have deserved the hearty approval of the committee.
The Cbaibh AN, after the reading of the report, proposes
tliat they should elect his Royal Highness the Prince o*
Wales patron by acclamation. Trained and educated ah
few Princes of Koyal blood had been, he had ever showri
himself eager to promote all the educational and benevolent
efforts for the improvement of the people which were so
lai'gely patronised by his late lamented father. In re-
marking on the proceedings of the association he expressed
the gratification he felt at finding that it had been able
to do so much with so small a sum as £1 12, and hoped
that the slight addttion to that amount asked for in the
report would be forthcoming to enable the committee to
fulfil their deeires for the forthcoming year. He then
proceeded to address the pupils connected with the various
institutions to whom certificates and prizes had been
awarded by the examiners, for proficiency in religious in-
struction.— A cordial vote of thanks was given to the
chairman, who, in responding, warmly expressed the deep
interest he took in the success of the Association.
PlULICO LrTESABT, SCIENTIFIC, AND MKCHAyiOS* IN-
STITUTION. — This Instituti(ni is now in full possession of
the premises built for its occupation, and forming part of
the building known as the ** Pimlico Rooms." A public
meeting, at which Earl Grosvenor will preside, is to be
held on the 5th of February, to form a Local Educational
Board. Several now classes are projected, and, in addition
to those which have been formed now a long time, two
have recently assembled — the first for the study of book-
keeping, drc, under the tuition of Mr. William Vaughan,
winner of the Prince Consort's Prize in the past year ;
and the second for instruction in chemistry, by Mr. F.
Coles, a certificated teacher of the Science and Art
Department. The second series of lectures, Ac, for the
session is enriched by four to be given by Mr. H. F.
Chorley, on *• Music.**
im Jirts,
ART COLLECTIONS AT SOUTH KENSINGTON.
The Department of Science and Art have just iMued
their new edition of the ** Inventory of objects forming the
Art Collections of the Museum at South Kensington.**
The inventory has been entirely revised ami rearranged.
As nearly as possible, the price, size, and other details,
accompany each object. For the information of visitors,
*' an alphabetical list of artists, art workmen and pro-
ducers who are named in the inventory" b inserted in the
introduction, and, for lovers of statistics, '* analyses of
the art objects aiTanged under chronology, and under
countries, according to the present classification ;** a table
of the " approximate cost of each class,*' and an index
of the <* species of objects named." It may be interesting
to know something of the history and origin of this valu-
able collection, and the following is an extract taken from
the introduction :-^
«• 1. The commencement of the collections forming the
Art Museum dates from the year 1846, when a committee,
appointed by the Board of Trade, recommended that a
Museum should be formed in connection with a School of
Design at Somerset House, which should exhibit to the
students of the school, to inquiring manufacturers, artisans,
and the public in general, the applicatiou of the principles
of design in the graceful arrangements of forms, and the
harmonious combination of colours. Some few specimens
were procured in accordance with this recommendation.
" 2. Numerous objects collected from the Exhibition of
1851 were purchased with a Parliamentary grant of £6.000
made to the Board of Trade {the Right Hon. H. Jjabou-
chere. M.P., President, now Lord Taunton). The speci-
oiens thus obtained consisted of examples of furniture.
netal work, potteiy, and woven fabrics, and wcro selected
ly a committee consisting of Mr. Cole, C.B., Mr. Owen
fones, Mr. Pugin, and Mr. Redgrave, R.A., who, in form-
ing this collection, looked to its becoming the nucleus of
4 museum of ornamental manufactures.
"8. In 1S52. the Department of Practical Art of the
Board of Trade was constituted (the Right Hon. H.
Labouchere, M.P., President), and the collection already
made was publicly exhibited in the rooms of Marlborough
House ; and in that year the Bandinel collection, illustra-
tive of pottery and porcelain, was acquu*ed (the Right
Hon. J. W. Henley, President).
** 4. In 1854, Parliament made a vote for purchases from
the collection of Mr. Bemal. Upwards of £8,583 was
expended by the Department of Science and Art, under
the authority of the Board of Trade (the Right Hon.
Lord Stanley of Alderley, President), principally in speci-
mens of pottery and porcelain, majolica ware, glass, and
metal work, approved upon the recommendation of Mr.
Redgrave, R.A. The Gherdani collection of models for
sculpture was bought by the Chancellor of the Exchequer
for £2,110 (the Right Hon. W. Gladbtone, M.P.),and
placed in the Art Museum.
*' 6. In 1855, £3,500 was expended in purchases from the
Paris Exhibition, selected by Mr. Cole and Mr. Redgrave.
*' 6. The SouUges collection, which was especially rich
in majolica ware and specimens of Italian furniture, was
brought to England by means of a guarantee fund, headed
by the Prince Consort, in 1856, and finally deposited in
the museum of the department. Purchaises have been
made from it, amounting to upwards of £8,000 (the Right
Hon. the Marquess of Salisbury, K.G., and the Earl
Granville, K.G., being Lords Presidents).
** 7. In 1857, the Department was transferred from the
Board of Trade to the Committee of Council on Educa-
tion, and shortly afterwards the Museum and oflices were
moved from Marlborough House to South Kensington.
*< 8. 1858-9, Mr. Cole, being in Italy, made notes of
numerous objects worthy of purchase ; and in 1859-60
Mr. Redgrave and Mr. Robinson went to Italy to etfect
the purchase of such objects, and numerous purchases were
made.
*< 9. In 1860 the Gigli portion of the collection, made by
the Marquis Campana, consisting of examples of Italian
sculpture, was selected by Mr. Robinson, and purchased
for the sum of £6,000.
** 10. In 1861 the sale of the Soltikoff collection took
place in Paris, and upwards of £5,982 was expended in
the purchase of objects from that collection. Other addi-
tions were also made in that year from the sale of Mr.
Uzielli's collection.
••11. The International Exhibition of 1862 offered op-
poitunitie» of acquiring specimens of modem art manufac-
ture, British and foreign, and objects were thus obtained,
which cost altogether £3,947 (the Right Hon. the Earl
Granville, K.G., being Lord President).
•• 12. Such have been the principal sources from which
the collectioDB have been formed. In addition, nnmerous
other purchases have been made by means of annual votes
of Parliament.
••13. The present inventory contains all objects belong^ni^
to the Art Museum, registered up to the 30th June, 1863,
except casts and reproductions, which are separately !q-
ventoried. It is arranged in divisions, acconiing to the
nature of the specimens, such as sculpture, mosaics,
pottery, fumitui-e, &c. The first number is the findings
No., the second (within brackets) is the present namber ia
the Register of the Department. In cases in which a
price is not named, such specimens have been pnrchaeed
in lots with others or presented.*'
MODERN WOODCARVING.
A correspondent, who has studied the subject with care
and had many opportunities of attaining knowledge upon
it, sends the following remarks and suggestions on ih<
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Fbbbuaby 9, 1864. 187
natore of wood-carviDg, and ita appUcatioo to modem
It is an error, oommon to all profesMrs of modem art, to
look rather for the extreme of delicacy in execution and
fkithfol imitation of an original — whether in nature or not,
IhoD to the broader consideration of how best to supply
what is wanted for use. W ith some noteworthy exceptions,
oar exhibitors of wood-carvings at the Society's house
last summer seemed not a little at sea with regard to the
ends of their own art. We had tourt deforce of exquisite
workmanship in wood that should rather have shown itself
in ivory, the predous metals, or bronze ; we had elaborate
toys — fit onlv for boudoira, and toys in the shape of trivial
imitations of birds and beasts, such as offend against the
canons of decorative art in a lamentable manner. Most
imfortmiate of the whole gathering were the numerous
attempts at reproducing pictures in relief.
By way of exemplifying what is a legitimate applica-
tion of the art in question to decorative purposes, yet in
DO way asserting that the example should be mechanicallv
imitated, we may refer to the Gothic wood-carvings which
remain in oar cathedrals. We may turn to the mieerere
•eats, and, limiting the case to one instance, to those of
Wells Cathedral ; of these, Messrs. Cundall and Downes
have recently published photographs, to which we would
gladly apply for illustration. The Wells miserere soats
were produced in the best lime of English mediisval art ;
they are very slightly injured, some not at all ; they are
innocent of the restorer, have none of that archaism of
i^le which is popularly dreaded, and, with few excep*
tions, are so slightly " ecclesiastical" in character that they
might be turned, without offence, into wall-brackets for
modem domestic use.
Nothing could be freer in design, yet nothing more
admirably adapted to their uses than these works.
We find in them subtle illustrations of the applica-
tion of carves and the disposition of masses. It is less
to these qualities than to their exeeuiion — in the re-
stricted sense of the word — ^to which we call attention.
Variety is their law. Be the subjects oak-leaves, roses,
or what not, in symmetrically arranged rosettes, or more
canning combinations, their stems are crisp, as with life
zmming within, and really seem bent alive ; they are freely
rofonded and flow with rich modelling of the surface-
not at all like the mere pipes we meet with in modem art ;
their pedicels rise in the natural order from the bough,
being opposed alternate, or springing from one side only,
as toe case may be, and combine with infinite changes of
character. The leaves themselves are tme in every
fibroos band, in every form of edge ; and, be they ser-
rated, indented, of pointed, are such as nature makes.
With all their freshness, variety, and crispness they do
not in any case approach to imitation nor descend to
copying ; the leading natural expression of each example
ia seized and dwelt upon. In execution there is nothmg
which, when fairly considered, show them possessed of
subtle knowledge in art, and willing to bear their part in
one of the m^ complete schemes for decoration the
world has known. Fundamentally, their law forbad mere
imitation of objects as stringently as did that of the
Greeks. The latter carried their obedience still furtherthan
did the former, and often conventionalized natural forms
until they parted with resemblance to nature altogether,
and got a thing which was abstractly or geometrically
beautifhl, but void of suggestiveness, and not unfrequently
without appro^iate application. *' Our rade forefathers*'
stopped when it seemed good to them to do so, and ex-
hibited enough of the tme character of their models to
point out wherein lay the secret of their beauty. This
selection did not so much formaliu as it emphasized the
grace of nature, so that while, for example, the carvers
passed over the ultimate veins of a vine-leaf, they did not
omit to tell broadlv how greatly they enjoyed the rich
massing of its shaaows, the elegance of its outline, and
the grace of its far-shooting tendrils. They would some-
times, it is tme, represent accidental deformities and
specialties, but in so doing thev obeyed the mirU of the
law thev went by, and showed — as in the drooping or
insect-bitten vine-leaf— something of ita biography, so to
say, more pathetic than would appear in maintaining that
all flesh was not grass by for ever representing perfected
life. Down even to these little things does the ruling
spirit of Christian art pathetically declare itself to be
different from the glonously beautiful, but unpathetic
classic design. In respect to Art it will generally appear
that these abnormal incidents have value in composition
or anangement of line.
It is important to remind the producers of the numerous
copies in relief from pictures wnich found places in the
Adelphi, that justly to represent perspective views in alto-
relief is impossible; some of the greatest masters of ancient
art have faded in the attempt. Albert Durer's carving in
speckstein. " The Bu^ of St John," now in the British
Museum, is so complete a fitilore, and withal so beautiful,
that one regrets he did not make a picture of it. Qhiberti
endeavoured to evade the diflSculty by treating parts of his
sculptured pictures on the *gates of San Giovanni in dif-
ferent planes, and did not succeed.
There was a class of works shown in the Adelphi which
did not come under any of the heads above named. In
some respects this was the most meritorious of all. Its
examples resulted from an application of the principles of
sculptured art to the production of extrinsic ornaments,
I.*., decorations imposed upon and not developed from the
form or stracture of the object to be ornamented. The
very excellence of these works removed them from the
decorative class altogether, and ranked then as a low
kind of sculpture rather than a high kind of decoration.
Thus considered, the use of extrinsic ornamentation is as
legitimate as is the introduction of sculptures oer ee into
to be desired for sach works that may not be found } rooms, but it is not what is most required K>r seryioe.
bm.
It is this act of selection, which obtained no less with
tha Greeks than with the Gothic carvers, that we oom-
meod to modem crafUmen. The sin of roeoco, the phase
of art most opposed to that commended, lies in its having
BO meaning^ its Idiocy — so to say, is patent, and its ad-
▼ocatos, having abandoned nature for a wilful choice of
m«aoioglesB curves, find those forms to be so limited that
the art itself soon grows IHtle else than poverty-stricken
repetition, and the artist's interest in his work fades with
iti narrowed scope. Long ago rococo sunk into mere
flomiahing, triter than that our old-fashi<Hied writing-
masters delighted in. An attempt to revive rococo is to
begin at the wrong end, and much as if having power
to resoscitate the dead, we exercised it upon wom-out
and diseased corpses rather than those of the young.
We shall never do anything ia Art so long as we neglect
the intelligence of the workman, and C4ul upon him to
remct mere floaiishes, the aberrations of rococo.
The Gothic decorative carvers wronght upon principles
Such carving has a tendency to sink into miitation,
without design and without feeling. Done well, it must
be too costly for ordinary use. What is wanted for
general service is something which shall banish for ever
the hideous and unmeaning flourishes of modern rococo,
so common in our upholsterers' diops. The exquisite scuId-
tures in wood by Mr. Flipping—*' The fish and shell panels
for a sideboard" (GO), are worthy to be possessed by a
Raphael or a Shakespeare, but they will do nothing to-
wards introducing good decorative art among the people.
Judging these works by their own standard, they are in-
finitely troer than any by G. Gibbons, being more elegant
in form than are the works of John Evelyn's protigi, whose
feeling for form was a little Dutch, and needed chasten-
ing. Mr. Rogere's panel, •' Dead Game, Ac." (28) is a
superb piece of sculpture, bold as Snyders might have
made it.
Dublin Exhibition.— The Royal Dublin Society haying
resolved to include a gallery of fine arts in the Exhibi tkP
188
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, February 5, 1864:.
to be held during the Bummer of 1864, it is proposed that
the gallery shall comprise a collection ot modern paintings
in oil and water colours, miniatures, enamels, and similar
works of art. At its last Exhibition, in 1861, the Society
was honoured with contributions from the collections of
the Queen, the late Prince Consort, and the King of the
Belgians; also from the Hampton Court, Sheepshanks,
Vernon, and many other celebrated galleries ; while upon
that and on former occasions, the appeals of the Society
for the co-operation of aiiists and private collector^ were
most liberally met. The Society's last Exhibition was
attended by upwards of 208,000 visitors. The Exhibition
will open early in May, and wQl continue open for a period
not exceeding six montlis. Works intended for exhibition
must bo sent in before the 20th of April, 1864. Ex-
hibitors are requested to forward a concise description of
all objects contnbuted. No person will be allowed to
take copies, drawings, or photographs of the pictures or
other objects without the previous consent of their 1*0-
peciive owners ; and in all cases, contact with or measure-
ment by any instrument of the original picture, or other
object, will be strictly prohibited. The committee will
direct their earnest attention to measures for the protection
and proper aiTangements of the objects contributed on
loan; but they will not be responsible for loss or injury
under any circumstances whatever. The committee will
defray the charges for freight or carriage from any port or
railway station in the United Kingdom, upon works
Accepted by them, and transmitted according to their
instructions ; and in the case of pictures, and otner objects
■0 transmitted from foreign countries, they will likewise de-
fray the freight fh)m and back to the foreign seaports in-
dicated in such instructions. All works sent in without the
committee's previous instractions for their transmission to
the gallery, most be carriage paid. The committee reserve
the power of declining to exhibit works which they may
consider unsuited to the collection, or which cannot be
conveniently ananged in the^uilding. No pictui-e, or
tother work exhibited, can, under any circumstances, be
removed from its place until the final dose of the Ex-
liibition, unless by special* leave of the committee.
Distinctive labels will he attached to such works as are
intended for sale, the prices of which shall be entered in
a book to be kept by an officer of the Exhibition. A com-
mission of 5 per cent, on all sales shall be paid into the
Exhibition fund. The committee entrusted with the
management of the fine arts gallery solicit the loan of
paintings and other works suitable to the collection, and
they request that all offers to contribute may be sent in
at the earliest convenience of those persons who intend to
favour them with objects for the Exhibition. Com-
munications upon this subject may be addressed to the
Honorary Secretary, Fine Arts Department, Exhibition of
1864, Royal Dublin Society, Kildare-street, Dublin.
The Adornment of St. Paul's Cathedral. — A
meeting of gentlemen in the city of London, who have
formed themselves into a committee for carrying out the
interior arlomment of St. Paul's Cathedral, as originally
designed by Sir Christopher Wren, was held on the 27th
of January, at the Mansion-house, the Lord Mayor prc-
; siding. The work has been proceeding gradually smce
1858, and in the interval about £10,0(X) have been sub-
scribed towards it, exclusive of nearly £600, {which sum
has recentl3' been made up by guinea subscriptions alone,)
and of £760 given by the Corporation of London, £200
each by five of the City Companies, £650 by the Gold-
flmiths' Company for a memoiial window, £1,000 and
£100 by Mr. Brown (Longman, Brown and Co.) and
Mr. Buiterworth respectively for similar purposes, and
£400 by the Drapers' Company. The estimated cost of
the whole work is understood to be f^'om £60,000 to
£70,000, and it is now proposed to raise the remainder of
the money by a guinea subscription open to the whole
country, but will not exclude larger donations by persons
disposed to present them. Mr. Shone, the secretary to
the fund, stated that there were no revenues at the dis-
posal of the Dean and Chapter for the adornment of the
Metropolitan National Church ; and read a letter ad-
dressed to the Lord Mayor, by Mr. Francis Fuller,
of Comhill, to the efftjct that, if 400 gentlemen could bo
found to charge themselves with the responsibility of collect-
ing £100 each, the sum of £40,000 could be easily raised
within the next two years, and he should be willing to be one
of the 400 ; or, i f preferred, he should be willing to be one of
forty, who should in that case charge themselves with the
responsibility of collecting £1,000 each within the same
time. The consideration of Mr. Fuller's proposition was
eventually adiourned. The Lord liayor said the Dean
and Chapter did not share in the increased value of the
Cathedral property which had accrued by lapse of time.
Of that the Ecclesiastical Commissioners biid the ad-
vantage-
Wedowood iNSTrruTB AT BuBSLEx.^The competi-
tion designs for ornamenting this Institute are now being
exhibited at the South Kensington Museum, in the iron
building near to the works sent in competition for the
Art Workmanship prizes of the Society of Arts.
Piumfattttrts.
Dakoebocs Oil Lamps. — The recent destruction of
the vessel Lotty Sleigh^ in the Mersey, by an explodoa
of gunpowder originating in an accident with a petroleum
lamp, has forcibly directed the attention of the paUic
to the frequency of these accidents, and the questioa
is being constantly raised as to whether or not lamps
burning mineral or hydro-carbon oils can be nsed with
safety. The Ironmonger states that ** theso acddentfl havo
arisen from the employment of badly rectified and conse-
quently dangerous oils. An oil that requires to be
heated to 120^ before it can be set on fire, may be re-
garded as practically safe. Of course it is very desirable
that its inflaming point should be several degrees higher,
as in proportion as the point rises so does the oil beooniQ
more and more safe. It may be asked, why do not the
manufacturera issue oils from which the lighter spirit baa
been removed by careful rectification. The answer is easy,
the lighter spirits are not as valuable commercially as the
burning oil, consequently there is a larger amount of
profit if they are peitnitted to remain, and there is a
possibility of supplying the retailer at a lower price.
Hence it is to the desire of the consumer for a cheap oil,
to that of the retailer for a larger profit, and the aim of
the manufacturer to make cheaply, so as to sell cheaply,
that all these accidents may be attributed. Let it not be
imagined that the manufacturers are always to blame. In
one fatal case that came under our notice the dangeroua
character of the oil was due to the retailer, who bought a
quantity of light spirit at a reduction of 6d. per gallon on
the price of safe burning oil, and mixed the two together
so as to get an increased profit on the sflde. The reckless-
ness with which the lighter spirits are used is really a
matter of astonishment. An accident occurred recently to
a servant girl in the Brixton -road ; we obtained a sample
of the so-called p\Togen, and found tliat it ignited readily
at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere — givio^
off an inflammable vapour that could be ignited sever^
inches from the surface of the oil, at 64o Fahrenheit.
The oil that caused the fatal accident at Oxonhope, where
three persons were destroyed, ignited at OS*', and in no
case have we been able to trace any accident to an oil re*
quiring as high a temperature as 120^ for its ignition.
The remedy for these accidents is in the hands of the
consumers. There is an abundant supply of perfiectly
safe oils in the market, both parafHn and petroleum ; and
if buyers would refuse to purchase an oil, the igniting^
point of which is under 125®, there would be no more
fatal events of this kind. The Petroleum Act requlree
that premises where more than 30 gallon? of petroleum or
any product thereof are stored diould be aj>proved and
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, FaaauARY 5, 1864:. 189
Hoensed. It doei not Apply to coil-Ur, naphthA, benzine,
Bpini of tarpentine, and other equally dangerous and ex-
plonve liquids. Nor does it prevent any vendor selling
an oU or naphtha, however dangerous, and without any
Qftutioo as to its character, provided he takes care never to
have a atock exceeding 39 gallons on his premises."
Tbi PATBirr Law. — Mr. Bright, M.P., in his recent
1 peeoh bef<ve the Birmingham Chamber of Commerce, said :
** I ondentand that at Liverpool there are some influential
persona who think that patents ought to be altogether
abolished, and that inventors should be remunerated out
of a food to be awarded to them io some way by the
OoTenunent, and that, if possible, it would be desirable
to have an intoraational fund provided by the various
eoontriet of Europe and by America, out of which they
fboold receive a fitting compensation. On the face of it
this proposition looks extremely reasonable, but I believe
its oarrying out would be impracticable, and that it would
be Impossible to make any equal adjudication, because it
Is oflen many years before anybody can tdl whether a
patMst has really been valuable, and whether the public
have gained much from it or not. I am not very much
alarmed at the prospect of the total abolition of patents,
and I am not sare, after my experience, which, I am sorry
to say, has been comiderable, that the public would lose
anything by the abolition ; and, looking at all that is won
and lost by inventions among inventors, I am not certain
that iorenton would be the losers if there were no patents
at alL 1 believe that not one in twenty of them makes his
onwoMi, and that a good many out of twenty are nearly
rmoed. There is nothing to prevent the production of
nsefol Inventions; the fame attaching to them would be
quite a aofficient stimulus with many men to exert their
lalenta in Uiat direction ; but, leaving that point, there is
Iho questioQ of the existing law, and no man can have paid
great atteotloQ to the present law, or rather no law,
beoanse. Id point of fact, there is no law,— no man can
have azamioed that law without feeling that there is
mmide room for extensive alteration and amendment. In
Toy rauMOQ, patents are granted in many cases for very in*
sigoificaot things, and they are nothing but a nuisance to
ttie trade with which they are connected. Frequently the
improvemeota are so trifling, almost so childish, that it is
qaite abeord to give a man a monopoly which may be the
cause of harassing every extensive manufacturing opera-
tion. To my mind it would be a great improvement if
there were some previous examination of inventions, for
the purpose of ascertaining whether the invention is worth
a patent, and, i f it b not, the patent ought to be refused . In
addition to the drawings that are necessary, an exact
model of the invention ought to be furnished, so that you
might ascertain the exact invention for which the patent
was granted. I believe that the plan of models has been
adopted in the United States. I do not know much of
their law generally, but I believe that to be the case. I
think the jniesent system of drawing specifications to be
a syatom of fhuid to a very large extent. A mau attempts
to coooeal his invention rather than to explain it, and the
wording is so vague that when a conflict arises with some
one who he suppose] has infringed his patent, he dare not
tell tyoa what he claims, and his counsel will fight for
days to avoid telling you what the inventor claims and
what he has invent^^, and if it is said, < Tliia is old,' he
nys, *I do not claim that, that is not in my specification ; '
but if yon h%ve not proved it to be old, he will say, * That
n exactly what 1 do claim.' You are placed in a maze of
difficulties, aod may go on litigating for years, and it is
difficult to say whether yon are more near ruin when you
have lo0t than when you have gained your cause. The
present law is, in my opinion, so scandalous that it would
be better to have none at all. There are multitudes of
cases which it is impo.^ible to try in our ordinary courts
of justice, and if men oould only put aside their wish to
eooqaer, they would find it much easier to toss up for the
porpoee of ascertaining whether the patent is good, or
whether the alleged iufi-ingement is an infriugomont or
not. In 93 cases out of every 100 the decision would bo
as if a long litigation had taken place, and more money
would be saved by avoiding the costs than the whole
of the patent is worth. 1 have been, and am now, the vic-
tim of this law. Oliver Cromwell, when describing the
law in his time, said that it was a * tortuous ungodly
jungle ; * and I may say with regard to our patent law that
it U a disgrace to any civilized country."
Substitute fob Felt. — An improved drying fabric
for use in paper- making has been invented. It consists
in the substituting of a peqiiliar kind of doth, composed
of many threads and webs all bound together io the weav-
ing and forming one cloth, for the ordinaiy felt now
in use.
Paper-making Machinery. — An American invention
has recently been patented in tliis country, consisting
principally in the arrangement of two or mote cy linden
moved so as to deliver their webs of paper one upon
another, for being pressed together to form boards of any
required thickness, and apparatus for drying and calender-
ing such board in the continuous length, previously to
cutting into sheets, by wliich the board is made ready for
the market in one continuous operation, the object being
to economise room, save labour, and prevent waste of the
stuflf. There is a new system of troughs and spouts, con-
nected with pipes and valves for regulating the supply of
stuff to the machines, and a peculiar arrangement of the
press rolls and cylinders for drying and calendering either
boards or paper, and the combination of new cutting
apparatus, and a piling table.
(S^mmxct.
CoFFEB.-^The amount of coffee retained for home
consumption in the United Kingdom was, for the year
1862, 84,45 1 .766 lbs. It appears that the largest quantity
retained for consumption in an^ one of the fourteen pre-
vious years was 37,350,924 lbs., in 1854, and the smallest
31,166,3581bs., inl850.
Sugar. — There were retained for home consumption la
the United Kingdom in the year 1862, of raw sugar,
9,111,879 cwts., of which 4,651,762 were from British
possessions, and 4,460,117 foreign ; a total quantity larger
than in any of the previous fourteen years.
Tea. — The quantity of tea imported into and retained
for home consu nption in the United Kingdom for the
year 1862, was 78,793,978 lbs., buing a larger quantity
than in any one of thi preot^din < fourteen years; the
quantity in 1848 was only 48,734,789 lbs.
Timber. — The total quantity of timber, not sawn or
split, imported into and retained for home consumption in
the United Kingdom, in the year 1862. was 1,303,208
loads, exceeding the quantity in any one year of the pre-
.vious fourteen. The smallest quantity imported iu an}*
one year of that period was 842,877 loads in the year 1849.
Tobacco. — Of manufactured tabacco, cigars, aod snuff
there was retained for home consumption in 1862,
33l,5141bs., whilst of unmanufactured tobacco 35,093,444
lbs. were admitted for home consumption, a larger quantity
than io any previous year.
Spirits. — The quantities of foreign spirit retained for
home consumption in the Uoited Kinguom for the year
1862, were— rum, 3,319,579 gallon* ; brandy, 1,698,426
gallons ; and of other foreign and colonial spirits, 175,324
gallons.
' Methylated Spirits. — The quantity methylated in
1862 was 632,225 gaU.; in 1863, 748,164 gals. The
Commissioners of Inland Revenue, in their report, observe :
" It is scarcely too much to say that if this mixture had
not been devised for the relief of our manufacturers it
would have been almo.^t impossible to maintain the present
high rate of duty. Illicit distillation must have been
largely developed in all our great cities, which are now (in
iCngland and Scotland at least) very little infected by it
190
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTT OP ARTS, Pbbbuaet 5, 1864.
the nnscrapuloas traders woald have been the coatomerB
of the smuggler, thereby iDjorin^ both the licensed distiller
and their more honest rivals in trade; and those who
carried on their business by the use of the legal material
only, would have been so burdened by the duty as to
compete at a ^evous disadvantage with the foreigner.
Hence would have arisen a clamour against a tax fraught
with so many evils, which it would have been difficult to
resist. It is not surprising, therefore, that we regard with
unusual anxiety any attempts to neutralize the beneficial
effects of this invention by the purification of the mixture
so as to render it potable, mtherto no such attempts—
and several have been made— have proved successful. In*
deed they have only served to confirm us in the belief
that we have nothing to fear on that score. It is true that
some aproach to purification may be obtained, but then it
is by a process so expensive and so laborious that no one
in his senses would resort to it instead of making the
spirit at once from molasses, an operation which, while it
is in no respect more illegal and dangerous, is infinitely
less expensive and protracted."
Beet Root Smbit. — The experiments in this direction
in this country do not offer much prospect of success.
The distilleries have now dwindled to two. One of
these has worked only five weeks this season, producing
1817 gallons of spirits from 139| tons of roots, being an
average of 13 gallons per ton. The proprietor of this dis-
tillery has since left his farm, and sought to transfer his
license to his tenant, who was formerly his labourer ; but
as the licenses were originally granted only to persons of
responsibility, and for the purpose of experiment, the
Commissioners of Inland Revenue have not thought
proper to allow the transfer. The other distillery has
been at work during 19 weeks. The work has been
carried on slowly this season, and the produce has been on
the average about the same for each ton of roots as at the
other distillery. The quality of the spirit is still such
that it is almost wholly used for methylation.
Exportation of Bbixish Spirits. — It appears that
there has been a considerable increase in the exportation
of British spirits, compensating the distillers in some
degree for the deficiencies in the demand for the home
market. There appears, by the returns for the year
1863, to be a very large increase in the exportation to the
west coast of Africa and to Turkey ; indeed it may be
said that a new trade has been created in the latter
country. This, it is believed, is owing to the war in
America, which has stopped the supplies hitherto drawn
from that country. There is also a lar^e increase in the
trade with Italy, probably connected with the attention
which has lately been directed to the manufacture of wine
in Piedmont and Tuscany, as an article of commerce.
The total quantity of British spirits exported in 1863 was
4,410,948 gals., as against 3,926,242 in 1862.
The Ivory Trade. — At the close of the last century
England did not work more than 192.6001b. of ivory per
annum; in 1827 the demand had risen to 364,7841b.,
which supposes the death of 3,C4^ male elephants per
annum, yielding 6,080 tusks, averaging 601b. each. At
present England consumes 1,000,0001b. per annum, or up-
wards of three times the consumption of 1827 ; and there-
fore the number of elephants killed for Englwid alone
must be 8,333 or thereabouts. About 4, 000 men lose their
lives annually in the pursuit after ivory. A tusk weighing
701b. is considered by the trade a first-class one. Cuvier
made a list of the largest tusks found up to his time, and
the most conaiderable one registered by him weighed
3601b. At a late sale of tusks in London, the largest,
brought over from Bombay and Zanguebar, weighed from
1201b. to 1221b. Those from Angola averaged 691b.;
those from the Cape and Natal, 10«lb. ; from Lagos and
Eg>'pt, 1 141b. ; and from Gaboon, 911b. But these are by
no means the largest size to be found at present, for
elenhant hunters now penotiate further inward into Africa,
and therefore meet with older animals. A short time ago
an American house cut up a tusk which was not less than
9ft. in length and 8in. in diameter, and weighed 8001b.
In 1851 the same house sent over to the London ElxhibitioQ
the largest piece of sawn ivoiy ever seen ; it was llfL in
length and 1ft. broad. The dearest ivory is that which is
used for billiard-haJls. There are several kinds of ivory :
that which is brought over from the western coast of AfHca,
except Gaboon, is much less elastic than other scnts,
and not so eadly brought to perfect whitenefli by the
working; it is only used for knife-handles. Since the
conquest of Algeria by France, the ivory trade has con-
siderably increased in the NorUi of Africa, which receives
its supply from the caravans crossing the desert. The
hippopotamus also yields ivory, which is much harder and
less elastic than that of the elephant, besides being of
much smaller dimensions.
ftfflOKttS.
Weather at ADELAioE.^Last October was almost
the coldest and wettest October known at Adelaide.
Mines in Canada. — A Montreal paper states that a
short time since a resident in the township of Durham,
county Drummond, discovered a rock on his farm which
has since turned out to be an extensive and valuable lead
mine, clearly dlscemible throughout the whole extent of
a ridge of land reaching from the Grand Trunk Railway
to the St. Francis River, near the village of Ulverton.
The copper displays itself in the Lyster-hiU Mine, four or
five regular veins running parallel to each other, varying
from four to eight inches in width, estimated to possess at
least 30 per cent, of copper, interspersed with seams of
beautiful blue, purple, red, and grey ore, considered to
possess from 60 to 70 per cent* of copper. The rock also
contains innumerable iiTcgular veins, and indicatee in
every direction the peculiar green stain, showing an
abundant existence of the metal. Shafts are now being
sunk with the most encouraging i-esults. Such is the
richness of the ore on and near the surface, that ao
offer was made to the owner of the Lyster-hill Mine to
sink a shaft some thirty feet in depth for the mere ore
taken out in the excavation. The managers of the Monk
Mine, in sinking a shaft in order to reach a vein of copper,
have struck an exceedingly rich vein of lead abounding in
native silver.
Whaling. — Twenty-four of the Arctic fleet of whalers
have atrived at Honolulu, averaging each 1,100 barrels of
oil and 400,000lbs. of bone. Whales were very abundant
during the season.
Tue Dutch Colonies. — At the end of next June the
annual meeting of the Congress of Rural Economy will
be held at H&erlem. Among other subjects to be brought
under discussion are the application of steam ploughing to
colonial agriculture; the mfluence to be expected from
the railways in Java ; the importance of cotton cultivation
under the present high prices ; the necessity for manuring
the sugar plantations ; the superior properties of the bla<£
variety of sugar cane ; the importance of the cultivation
of indigo ; and an investigation of the reasons why the
export of the produce of the Klapperboom is not made
mora available and productive in Java and elsewhere.
Jamaica. — A notice of motion has been given in the
llon^e of Assembly : <* That an address be presented to
the Lieutenant- Governor, praying for a grant of £300 in
aid of agricultural and horticultural prizes and exhibi-
tions ; also for prizes for the more successful and the more
economical cultivation of sugar, cotton, ehinchona, cassava,
honey, wax, tobacco, and other minor products. This
sum to be appropriated and paid by the Governor to such
society or societies as may be established in furtherance
of these objects." The cultivation of ehinchona is still en-
gaging public attention. The House of Assembly has
ordered the distribution of such plants aa have been raised,
so that there mi^ht be a fair trial given the experiment.
The ti-action engine has been introduced into Jamaica, and
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTo, February 5, 186i.
191
two of these engines, maoufactared to order, are now em>
ployed in the transiit of proiuce frotu the estates to
Kingston. Cotton cnltivation is steadily extending among
the small free-hoMora in Berbice, an 1 the success of the
Hon. L. Porter at Eamore, has stimulated, it seams, other
proprietors of estates to try their hand in the same
direction.
New Zealand Flax. — A firm has been established at
Ghristchorch. in New Zealand, for manufacturing paper
oat of the Phormium Untu, Branch firm) are to be estab-
lished in every province. It is aati'>ipated that before long
paper-making will be a staple trade of New Zealand.
Thb Kasoaroo in Australia. — A Sydney paper states
that finom some cause or other, the kangaroos have of
late greatly increased. In some neighbourhoods they
are now lo plentiful that with some families their flesh
forms a staple article of diet. They are now actually
beoomiog a nuisance in one district, and it is becoming
apparent that some system of wholesale destruction will
have to be deviaed for checking their rapid increase, as
they threaten soon to overrun the district.
Jfort^cmning fnlrliciitions.
A Sbsi» of Mbtbio Tables, in which the British
fllandard weights and measures are compared with the
metric weights and measures at present in use on the
Continent, by C. Button Dowling, civil engineer, are an-
DOODoed by Messrs, Lockwood and Co., as to be published
at Easter, in demy 8vo, price 10s. 6d. It is thought that
such a aeries of tables for facilitating the ready conversion
of metric measures and weights into those of the British
standard, and vice versd, will render important service to
an engaged in manufacturing, mechanical, or commercial
IransBcttons with countries which have adopted the
metrical system. These tables were in part originally
cakolated by the author for his professional use ; so great,
however, has been the benefit derived from them, that ho
has been induced to extend them, so as to form a complete
oolleotion suitable to all branches of foreign commerce.
A Synoptic Table of the Measores and Weights
OF THE Metric Stttem, illustrated with diagiums drawn
to the natural scale, by the saftle author, is also pre-
paring for publication, by Messrs, W. and A. K. Johnston,
Edloborgh. Th^ size is 65 by 51 inches.
Prtts,
Revenue and Expenoitube.— The estimated gross
revenue for the year ending Mirch 81st, 1863, was
£70,050,000; the actual receipt at the Exchequer was
£20,603,561, shewing a surplus of £553,561. For the
same period the e6tima'ed expenditure was £70,0^10,000;
the actual expenditure £69,302,008. This amount is ex-
closive of the expenditure for fortifications, which was
provided for by the creation of annuities and not estimated
10 the budget.
Taxes. — There were repealed or reduced from the
jeara 1848 to 1862, taxes to the amount of £81,091,467,
whilst only £26,947,296 were imposed.
Imports and Exports. — The real value of the total
exports of merchandise from the United Kingdom was
increarod from £115,821,092 in 1854, to £167.189,398 in
1862, whilst the real value of the total imports into the
United Kingdom has increased during the same period
from £162,389,058 to £226,592,729.
Bbunabo Palisst. — It is proposed to erect a statue to
ibia famous worker in pottery, at Saintes (Gharente-In-
^rieare), his bnrthi^ce.
Education in France. — The Dibats says that the
aitnation of France as to primary instruction may be
•ommed up aa follows : — The number of schools 18 82,185,
or 16,156 moro than in 1848. The scholastic population
is 4,732.000, instead of 3,772,000, wliicli shows an in-
crease of nearly a million. The girls* schools form, but
little less than a thii-d of th<3 totality, or 26,592 ; the
number of pupils in these latter is in a rather larger pro-
portion; that is to say, 1,669,000, or 34 per cent. more.
There are besides a certain number of girls who frequent
the mixed school.'^. The infant asylums contain 845,000
children of both sexes. A rivalry has, as is well known,
arisen between lay teaching and that of the religious con-
gregations. The Livre Bleu gives some derails on this
subject; the 36,499 communes provided with means of
instruction contain 41,420 public free schoolft. for boys
only, or for both hexes. Of this number 37,895, con-
taining 2,145,000 pupils, are directed by laymen, and
3,581, comprising 482,000 scholara, have clerical masters.
The teaching in the girls' schools is much more in the
hands of the religious congregations than that in the boys,
the number of schools being almost equally divided between
the lay female teachers and the religious establishments.
The quality appears to be superior on the side of the lay
teaching, for all the mistresses of that order have re-
ceived certiHcates of capacity.
The International ExHiarrioN Doiluino. — The
scaffolding under the eastern dome of the International
Exhibition building is completed, and the visible taking
down of this large framework has commenced. On the
22nd ult., the gold ball and finial, which for the space
of two years have overlooked the metropolis, were lowered
to the ground b^* means of ropes and pulleys, and, in spite
of the high winds', without accident. On the best author-
ity it is stated that the entire dome will be taken down
and removed to Muswell Hill within six weeks. The re-
erection of those parts of the building which have been
removed, has already been commenced in the Alexandra-
park, under the immediate superintendence of Mr. John-
son, the architect, and Mr. Meesom, the engineer. The
design for the new building is light and elegant, and
appears well suited for the purposes for which it is intended.
The Pneumatic Despatch. — The report of the direc-
tors of this comprtny states that various difl&culties and
delays have arisen from the combined opposition of tenants
on the Bedford estate, and that, to avoid a protracted liti-
gation, the main works from Euston-square to the City
are being carried by the more circuitous route of Totten-
ham-court-road, about 800 feet of tube having been already
laid down. Other portions of the line are being com-
menced. The Commissioners of Sewers wish the company
to re -consider their route between Fleet- valley and the
Post Office, suggesting the desirability of carrying the
tube through the grounds of Christ's Hospital, to avoid
the obstruction of the traffic in Newgate -street. About
4500 trains have been regularly despatched through the
tube during the past half-year from Euston Station to the
district po6t-office in Eversholt-street.
Statue to Rossini. — The Marquis Salamanca and the
Chevalier Delahante, in the name of the Society of RomaJQ
Railways, have presented io the town of Pesaro a magni-
ficent statue in bronze of Rossini, designed and manufac-
tured by Marochetti. The inauguration of the statue will
probably take place on the 29th of Febroary, theanoiver-
sary of his birth, when he will attain his 72nd year.
Pboposbd International Exhibition at Vienna.—
It is stated, on good authority, that this exhibition is
abandoned for 1866, and proposed to be held in 1870. ^
Wedgwood Institute, Burslem. — At the first meeting
of the Working Men's Committee, on the 26th of January,
Mr. Enoch Bourne, from Longport Pottery, was appointed
secretary to the committee. The representatives from
several manufactories reported satisfactory progress of the
working men's subscriptions! From the Hill Pottery £72
was promised, though the canvass was still incomplete.
A meeting at Messrs. Elliot and Son's works had unani-
mously resolved that a day's wages, at least, should be
contributed. Progress had been made at Messrs. Davenport
and Co.'s works, and the workpeople of Mr. Beech, at the Bell
192
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Fbbruauy 5, 18Ci,
Works, had determined to contribute— in addition fo the
amount they had alreadv paid in — a penny in the pound
on their weekly earnings until the Memorial Building is
completed.
®0ms]|0n2iMt.
New Invextiokb. — Sir, — Two or thi-ee projects have
been much noticed in the papers of late, which are by no
means new inventions. The first is a proposal, by a
Frenchman, to add a certain combination of springs to
wheel carriages of all descriptions, in order that the very
load they carry shall help to drive them on after being
once put in motion ; an idea without any foundation, as is
well known to all mechanicians. I once knew a mechani-
cal genius who had a wheelbarrow constructed with a com-
plicated spring wheel, which he confidently asserted would
not only go on of itself when once put in motion, but
that it would pull on the man who held the handles.
After it was completed and tried, he was glad to have
his self-acting springs knocked off, and allow the machine
to be turned into a common wheelbarrow. Another pro-
ject is the old one of perpetual motion by means of a wheel
with heavy weights constantly standing out further from
the axle on one side than the other. This perpetual mo-
tion, as it is called, is accurately described in his '• Century
of Inventions," by the Marquis of Worcester, and, unlike
many of his magnificent foresights, is of course entirely
visionary. The centres of gravity of the weights on each
ddo of the wheel are both at exactly the same distance
from the axis in all positions, and the wheel is conse-
quently as immovable as a rock. The last I shall refer
to is the double-ironed skate, which is a mistake alto-
gether, for unless both the irons bear on the ice, the
support of the weight of the body is thrown out from the
centre of the foot, and therefore will occasion a greater
strain upon the ankle than the common single-ironed
skate.— I am, &c., Hbmby W. Revelet.
Reftdlng.
^attttts.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
MoK. ...B. Geogfraptaical, 8|. I . Dr. Haait, " Moantaini and Gla-
dera of Cuiterbnry ProTince, New Zealand.** 2. Don
Antonio Raimondj, ** On the Frontier Prorinoe of Loreto,
In Northern Pern.'*
Medical, Si. Dr. Glbb, *< On Sabglottic CEdema of the
Larjnx.'^
Tirss. ...Med. and Chimrgical, 8^.
Cirtl Engineers, 8. Renewed Dlraonion upon Mr. Redtnan*g
p«per on "The East Coast, between the Thames and the
Wash Estuaries."
Syro-Egjptlan, 71. Mr. W. F. Alnsworth, " On the Site
of Capemanm, or Oaphar Nahnm.**
Ethnological, 8. 1. Mr. Aogattns Oldfield, **0n the
Ethnology of Australia.*'
Eojal Inrt., 3, Prof. Tjndall, F.R.8., ** On ExperimenUl
Optics."
Wbd. ...Society of Arts, 8. Mr. J. Bearington Atkinson, " On
Fresco- Pdntlng as a suitable mode of Mural Decoration.**
Graphic, 8.
Microsoopjcal, 8. Annual Meeting.
Literary Fund, 3.
Archisologlcal Assoc., 84. 1. Mr. Wentworth, «* On Heath
Old Hsll.'* 2. Mr. Hopiier, " On an Inventory of a York-
shire Chapman." 3. Mr. Balgent, *» On the DlscoTOry of
•a Roman Leaden Coffin at Bishop«toke."
Tan. ...Royal, 84.
Antiquaries, 8.
R. Society Club, 6.
Royal Inst, 3. Prof. Tyndall, F.R.8., «* On Experimental
Optics.**
J^ J^ttronomlcal, 3. Annual Meeting.
^jf^ ^^'^;: ^' ,^^' Wanklyn, "On the SynthesU of
Organic Bodies."
Sat. ...R. Botanic 3f.
Rqyallnst, 3. Prof. FranUand, "On the Metallic Ele-
ments.'*
From Commi$9ioner* qf FatenU Journal^ January 29 «A.
Griwts or PaovisioxiL. Pbotbctiox.
China, Ac., packing for flring— 74— 8. Woolf.
Coflteo urns— 46— G. Mead.
Engines— 96— T. English.
Fibrous material— 80— W. Clark.
Flre-arros, breech- loading— 60— R. Adams.
Guns, Ac. - 85 — G. Ash.
Guns, brecch-loadlng— 94— G. WUkins.
Hoops, rails, Ao., cast steel— 48— J. Ramsbottom.
Horse shoes— 64— J. Coppard.
Iron ores, smelting— 58— B. Samuelson.
Mines, prercnting accidents in— 100— W. Denton and J. Whitaker
Motion, cwnmunfcatlng— 62 — A. J. S. Graham.
Motire power— U— A. M. Basset and L. N. D. Lamoreux.
Motive- power engines— 78— J. Lane.
Paper, drying— 56— P. McLaurln.
Pontoons— 68— W. H. Barlow.
Railway tarpaulins, Ac., rendering aon-combustible, Ac— 60 -
Gibbins.
Railways, remoTing obstructions on— 3299— M. C. E. lloudayer i
J. J. Cormier.
Roller blinds— 62- J. P. Culrer and R. B. Jarris.
Safety lamps— 54— J. Rees.
Scarft- 70— J. 8. Jarris.
Ships, sheathing— 88— C. Aikew.
Shirts— 92- P. Mclntyre.
Soap— 10— J. L. P. Duroy.
Steam boilers— 86— L. B. C. Martin.
Steam engines— 18 — W. Hall.
Steam engines — 76 — J. Coates.
Targets— 08— J. F. Bland.
Telegraphic apparatus — 72— H. A. BonnoTllle.
Water wheels— «2—W. E. i^ewton.
Wearing— 84— C. Little.
ISVKNTIONS WITH COMFLBTB SPECIFICATIONS FiLED.
Ships, steering— 193— E. Myers.
Ships, reooTonng— 204— H. A. BonneTlllo.
Patkkts Sralbd.
1921. G. Sterens.
2000. J. Edmunds.
2171. G. Alcan.
2827. B. Marriott and C. IUd<
1901. W. Cotton.
1902. R. A. Brooman.
1904. 0. Taylor.
1919. J. Abrahams.
From CommUiioneri qf PatenU Journal, February 2nd,
1929.
1933.
1937.
1939.
1940.
1041.
1944.
1945.
1946.
1947.
1949.
1952.
1953.
Patbhts
G. Clark.
W. Hodson.
J. E. Dowson.
W. P. 'Hodgson and J. V.
Woodlileld.
J. 1 enwlck.
J. Young.
G. E. Charageai.
E. E. Quelle.
J. Klrkham.
T. Slmmelklar.
W. Jones.
J. W. Slater.
J. H. Johnson.
Sbalbd.
1964. R. A. Brooman.
1069. J. Thompson, B. G. !
ton, and F. A. FIttosL
1960. N. Jarrie and W. MiUi
1964. H. R. Brown.
1966. J. W. Armstrong.
1967. J. A. Fnllartoa.
1979. W. B. Haigh.
1983. J. Wheeler.
2012. E. B. Wilson.
2016. N. S. RusselL
2066. W. Galloway and J. <
loway.
2068. W. Hamilton.
Patrkts ow which mi Stamp
212. J. H. Johnson.
244. A. Boyle.
248. G. T. BousfMd.
260. G. T. Bousaeld.
251. G. T. Bousfleld.
219. C. De Bergue.
289. J. Abraham.
228. J. A. Shlpton.
t.230. W. Wlnstanley and J.
Kelly, W. Payne and J.
Formby.
Dnr or eeo has bbbit Pa
246. B. Smith.
275. H. Bessemer.
279. W. Prangley.
291. R. Howarth.
301. J. Leemlng.
249. H. Phillips and J. Beni
263. J. ChattertOQ.
286. J. G. Marshall.
269. A. Crichton.
Patbkts on which thh Stamp Dutt op £100 has bbkk pa
278. L Holden.
279. L Holden.
380. I. Holden.
281. I. Holden.
r491. H. Y. D. Seott.
241. D. Y. Sttwart.
267. W. WeUd.
286. J.A.WUliamB.
— ♦
Le jupon Diane— 4616— Jan. 31— G. Boyle and; J. MiUs, 33, 1
street, Cheapside.
Wrapper for newspapers, periodJoals, *o.— 4616— Jan. 26 — ,
Wittenberg, 12, Clarendon-road, Nottlng-hlU.
A harrow tine -4617 —Jan. 29— Plenty and Pain, Eagle Iron "V
Newbniy, Berks.
Reliable safety aaehor— 4618— Jan. SO— S. R. C. Morgan^
Mumblei, near Swaafea.
^mxml d %
THE
ABD OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 1864.
[No. 586. Vol. XII.
Ilnniramtnents bs % Ctfuntil*
Adbbess to His Royal Hiohkess thb
President.
The following Address of Gongratolation has
been forwarded for presentation to His Royal
ELighness the President : —
To HtB ROTAL fllOHNE88 THB PrINOB OF WaLIS, E.G.
May it pleaoe Tour Royal HlghnesR,
We, the Society for the Eooouragement of Arts, Ma-
nufactures, and Commerce, respectfully approach Toar
Boyal Highneas, as our President, to offer our sincere coa-
gratolations on the birth of a son.
We tnut that this event will tend to enhance the hap-
piness of yourself and your Boyal Consort, and that the
heir bom under such bright auspices may prove an
honour and a blessing to his Boyal Parents, as well as to
the nation at large.
Sealed with the Seal of the Society, this 10th day ot
February, 1864, in the presence of
P. LE NEVE FOSTER,
L. S. Secretary,
Ordinary Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
Feb. 17. — "On Public and Private DieUries," a
sequel to the paper read on the 16 th December last. By
Dr. Edward Smith, F.R.S.
Fbb. 24. — **On Petroleum, its Economic Value, and
a Visit to the Petroleum Wells of Canada." By Da.
3£AHorr, F.R.S.
Maboh 2.—" On the Verification of Olive Oil, by
means of its Cohesion Figqre." By Chaqlbs Tomlikson,
Esq., Lecturer on Science at King's College School.
Cantor Lboturbs.
Oonrses of Lectures on the following subjects
Are arranged for the present Session : —
The Operation of the Present Laws of Naval Warfare
on International Commerce. By G. W. HAirriKOS,
Esq., Barrlster-at-Law (already delivered).
Fine Arts Applied to Industry. By W. Buboes, Esq.
Chemistry Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. Craob
Calvebt, F.R.S.
The second lecture of Mr. Burges's course will
be delivered on Monday next, the 15th inst. :—
Feb. 15. — Lbotubb XL — Olau. — Antique glass, Ve-
netian glass, modem glass (Powell, Chance, £c.) ; Me-
disBval stained glass; modern ditto; Media val enamels;
modern ditto ; (Legoste of Paris.)
Fbb. 22.^Lectobb lll.^ FotUjy. — Etruscan vases
(Wedgwood); Italian m^olica (Minton) ; Sevres china;
modem biscuit.
Feb. 29. — Lbotube IV.-* iron and Brats. — Antique
bronzes; Mediaval ditto; modem French bronzes (Bar-
b^enne;; Medieval dlnanderie; modem ditto (Hardman,
Hart, Sk.); Medisaval and Renaiaaance wrought iron;
modem ditto ; cast iron.
Mae. 7.-7-Leotubb V. — OM and Silver. — AnUque and
Medieval plate ; modem ditto (Ell^lngton) ; Antique and
MedisBval jewellery ; modem ditto; Antique and Me-
diasval coinage ; modem ditto.
Mab. 14. — ^Lbotubb VI. — Furniture. — ^Medieval fur-
niture, oak and painted; Renaissance; 16th and 17th
centuries; modem.
Mab. 21.— Lbotubb VII.— The Weaver's art; Me-
dieval, Eastern, modem.
The Lectures will .begin on each evening at
8 o'clock.
The Ohristmas subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Ooutts and Go.
»
CANTOR LECTURES.
Fine Abts Applibo to Imdustbt. Br W. Buboes, Esq.
FiBfT Lbotubb, Mobdat, Feb. 8. — Isttboduotobt.
Mr. Buboes, afler observing that the only way of
exercising an influence on the progress of art was the ap-
plication of it to objects made in great quantities for every-
day use, and after adducing the example of the Greeks in
this respect, proceeded to comment on the unwillingness in
certain quarters to make a legitimate use of machinery, one
great miasion of which was defined as the reducUon of
pounds to shillings, and of shillings to pence. This pre-
judice was referred to a misunderstanding of the tei^ing
of Mr. Ruskin and of the late Mr. Pughi, whereas the
real object of these gentlemen was the discouragement of
mechanical appliances to objects where life and variety
were particularly wanted. Afler bringing forward some
instances where, by a proper use of such applianoes, really
artistic objects might have been produced at a price ex-
ceedingly below their present cost, the lecturer proceeded
to congratulate the English manufacturers on the great
improvements manifested of late years. In support of
I this he quoted the opinion of M. le Comte Clement de Ris,
194 JOURNAL OF TfiE SOCIETY OP ARTS, February 12, 1864.
* genUemaD sent over last year by the French Ctovarnment
to Bta^ the Snoe Mosanm. M. de Bis advised " the
fVeoohflUMrafaatarers, if tbey^DOts^shio^aAiBK^yeaEi
time fxweifol fivals wheie liitheiio they kwe tnly iBot
hnmhleAribntcrieit by no Baeaaaio slaep lyeintheirlaiiicIsJ*'
This progreis was pronounced to he due to the general
development of art, and, above all, to the Schools of
Design and the admirable museum at South Kensington.
The principal impediments to our future progress were
then noticed, the most formidable of all being the want
of a distinctive architecture. This affected aU branches
of design, inasmuch as the student had to learn haK-a-
dozen ai&rent st^ka and their various ideAails, the conse-
quence bein^; that he mattered none of them thoroughly.
Want of ooloar in our costume was then hrooght forward
as another gveat impediment, ^e eye of the designer
being natundly influenced by the cofoars lie habiloally
saw around him. Lastly, the comparative great negleot
of figure drawing was noticed as a deficiency very much
to be lamented. The remedies for the present state of
things, in the lecturer's opinioo, were tlien enumerated.
These were the extension of the Government schools of
design, both in London and the pro^nces— the establish-
ment of local museums, the contents of which should be
Seriodically changed — ihe incorporation of the Medieval
epartment of the British Museum with the Kensington
collection, and the subsequent removal of the whole to
some central situation, say ChaHng-cron ; and, above all,
tlie bringing up a raee of designers and artisans who should
be, if posmble, as well versed in the drawing of the
human figure as those of the sixteenth centmy.
Ninth Ordinary MBsriKa.
Wednesday, February 10th, 1864; Lord
Elcho, M.P., in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of £ha. Society : —
OaroeroD, fiobevt M., <OiiiiiSag4iouse, Sdkibirj^.
Defaes, Dasiol £U, i», fiusieUiplaoe. Fitaroy^squaro, W.
Gcantt Albert. Boseau-houaa, Addison-road, W^
Huntsman, Henry, 126, New Bond-street, "W.
Kempton, Henry Tattenall Knowles, 17, Cavondish-
plaoe, W^
Travers, Archibald, 19, St. SwHbinVlane, £.a
Westmacott, Percy, Whickham, Gateshead-on-Tyne.
The following candidates were balloted for and
dnly elected members of the Society : —
Goodliffe, Francis Gimber, Cecil-house, Cheshunt, Herts.
Goodyear, Geoi^ge Edward, Club Chambers, 16, Regent-
street 'fi '^^
Grindlev, BototDotton, Cambridge-lodge, 8o«th Fields,
Wandsworth, S.W.
Kidd, John, 7, Wine OflSoe-court, Fleet-street, E.C.
Offor, George, jun., 116, Leadenhall-street, E.C.
Walmsley, Henry Benjamin, The Elms, Acton, W.
The Paper read was —
ON FRESCO PAINTING AS A SUITABLE MODE
OF MITRAL DEOCMIATION.
Br J. BEAViNaxoN Atkinson, Esq.
Twenty fwn ago the Royal Commissionen on the
Fhie Arts determined that fzesco painting might be
applied with advantage to the decoration of the Houses of
rarliameot. The benefits then promised fixMm the adop-
tion of the p rooe M have, either by fatality or fault, failed in
realisa^on. After laboon «ctending*well-nigh over a
quarter of a eentmy, the oommission is dissolved, the
n-escees are in decay, and a new method, imported from
Germany has obtained the ascendancy. The frustration
of hopes reasonably entertained, that in the revival of
fresco painting a new and great era was aboai to dawn on
our national 4uis, now comes as little less than a calaouty
<#ci the QftuotMr. Ithadheentiioughtthataniodeofamral
fainting which the pncfioe d iie greatest artists of the
•Mddle jigBs had pioved to he dtuable, etMnomioal, and
aichitectooio, might, with success, in these our modem
times, be applied to the internal decoration of public and
oaanicipal buildings in the metropolis and provincial cities.
I repeat that any disappointment of this well-grounded
anticipattion must be regarded by architects, painters, and
art workmen as no leas than a calamity, for it is mani-
fest that if we allow a hosUle verdict to be given against
fresco painting, a lai|^ field which was open to an art
development high in style and popular in the wide area
of its teaching and appeal, becomes practically closed. I,
for one, will rebel against any such fatal iudgment. The
hostile verdict, if verdict there be, has been founded on
partial and insufficient evidence, and I think that good
service will be done to the cause of noblest art by the
attempt whieh I shall now proceed tP make, to marshal
concisely and clearly the ftets of this fresco trial, just a&
they are. It will be seen that the experiment was not
made in England until after mature delibersAioo. 11
will be shown that any failure or decay in theliesooes eze
cuted at Westminster is partial, and within the reach o
remedy ; and the conclusion, we believe, will come a
irresistible, that the method which, in the hands o
Raphael and Michael Angelo was the vehicle for th*
noblest thoughts, is still an art fitted for all time, in whici
the arm that is strong will rejoice, and the mind that i
lM;ge must glory.
It is scarcely needful that the well-known process c
fresco should be described. In order, however, the moi
clearly to comprehend the fiiots of the case as they a
present stand, a short explanation may be desirable,
will call your attention, then, to three several importai
points in which frescoes contrast with oil painting ac
easel pictures. First, as to the material or surface up<
which the artist works. Easel pictures are painted up<
panel or canvas, the recipient surface being dry. In co
trast, frescoes are painted on a wall, the sorfiiAe of whi
is wet; hence the term fresco— fresh, or newly lai
This is the fresco buono or ^uro. However, the pract;
of the Italian masters admitted of certain latitvuie.
large composifioQ, for example, might, in the first pla*
be laid dowA, in its breadth and simplicity, upon 1
mortar while moist, and then touched up and finisli
when dry bv the secco or tempera process. And t
liberty which the artists of the middle ages were p
mitted, ought, I Uiink, to be, and indeed baa been,
tended to our modem practitioners. Aocordingly
I shall feel Justified in usmg the torm freeeo in ita ni
popular and extended senie— as a mural painting be)
upon the mortar while wet, but oft-times elaborated
finished after the wall has become dry. This, and ]
sibly other minor modifications, were in the original fr
eras of Italy, as in the modem and revived epoofc
Europe, matters of personal convenience and not)
more. Certain artists, of sure and rapid hand, had fc
themselves, even in the first sweep of the brush, certai
the desired result, and hence their works wonld nee
retouchinc;. But otiier painters, more sensitive and ti
discovered that it was needful to revise their oomptosit
even as an author his proof-sheet prior to pablica
By such retouohin|^ ana revbion, however, when
within legitimate hmits, the original thoughts and
of the pamter or writer suffer no absolute reversion
other words, the fresco, in its largeness of treainriei
its immunity from surface gloss or varnish, in its
lianoy and power to give off" light, is scarcely to an a
ciable extent prejudiced. But I think it is geut
admitted, that the less of secco retouching the bettei
I have no hesitation in saying that some of the fn
in the Houses of Parliament have, by the inor<
laying on, probably both in fresco and seooo, of o
body colour, lost the transparency and the pare
JOUKNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pibeuabt 1 2, 1864.
195
qiudity by which the lovely works of the beet Itallaa
masters are distiDgaished.
£aael ptctares, as I have said, are on panel or canvas ;
fresoo-paintings upon wall ; and this difference in first
foundatjon involves a corresponding contrast in the caases
which secore durability or accelerate decay. Canvas may
rot; worflQS eat away a p^el; and not less does the
mortar, in its constltaents of sand and lime, become sub-
jeei to chemical agencies which conspire for the picture's
overthrow; and these agencies, which were not in
abeyance in the middle ages, are of course active still.
They have occasioned, as we shall see, the partial destruc-
Hoo of the frescoes at Westminster, as they had idreadv
wrought the demolition of like works in Italy. But this
£ulure, when it overtook the painter of old, only served
«s a caution to greater care : never was it permitted to
smnul a method which in the hands of genius had been
X>roved capable of grandest results. A like persistency in
the punoit of a noble end would well become our English
artiata.
I have first spoken of the material or sur&ce upon which
the fresco is painted. I would now secondly, in few words,
direct your attention to a question no less viUd— with
what colours shall the fresco painter lay his palette?
Sir Joshua Reynolds said he was convinced the ancients
were great oolourists, because the colom-s they used
were few and simple. The same argument might be
adduced in fiivour of the Italian fresco painters. In
fiurt, the multitude of pigments which are permissible
in oik become Rr^tly circumscribed in fresco. The
oooditions indeea which obtain in the processes of oil
and of fresco are widely different. In mural paintings
the colours sink into the mortar, and ought to be
darable as the wall itself. In this amalgamation, how-
ever, th^ have to submit to a fiery test. The lime
Jays bold of the weaker sort and blanches their lustre ;
therefore is it necessary that unchanging earths and
minerals should be chosen, that vegetable and animal
dyes, however alluring, that artificial and compounded
pigments which may be subject to decomposition, should
oe discarded. It is desirable, in short, that the fresco
painter in simplicity should trust nature and not the
oolour-man, that he should take the earth from the
ground and the mineral from the mine. Just as the
rains of heaven may have washed them, or the fire of
the volcano may have tried them in the furnace ; and
the probability then is that the colours which have
eodived the heat and the cold, the wind and the rains
of ages, will not vanish when handed over to the con-
Teot cloister or the palace hall. Nevertheless, some of
the colourB adopted by the middle-age painters, though
wise in their generation, have gone, and some used by
our modem artists have in like manner perished. This,
in the imture of things, was to be expected. But such
small misfortunes shoudd, as we have said, impose greater
rfgilance, should nerve to effort, not enervate for defeat.
A greki art which has in past times been practised with
signal success, must not be abandoned with the timid
ory of surrender. For myself I do not join in the ofl-
repeated lament over the **lost arts." Assuredly with
tM manifold resources of science at our command, we
can find more than an equivalent for all that has been
lost The fresco painter need not fear that materials
will be wanting. No great art in the history of the
world has become extinct from the lack of paints or
brushes ; but many strong and noble schools have perished
from the incompetency m professors and from degeneracy
iD the taste of the people.
One more genenc distinction of the art of fresco paint-
ing I would mention before passing to the specific experi-
ments which have been made in this countiy. We have
noken of the mortar, wet or dry, which receives the
fsetore. We have insisted on the simplicity of the pig-
seDta suited to the fresco process. And now, thirdly, we
will my a word not oo the material, but on the location,
of these freaoo paintings. Easel pictures, whether oo
canvas or panel, are moveable and itinerant; mural
pictures are attached to the flreehold, and are thus fixtures,
and form part and parcel of the real estate. In the com-
merce of art, then, easel pictures may be deemed of the
nature of goods and chattels ; as personalty, whksh may
pass from hand to hand ; moveable stock, that can be put
m transit from town to town, seeking house-room any-
where and everywhere. But firesoo pamtings, in contrast,
as we have said, are inseparable from the freehold ; they
are heirlooms, which pertain to tenures and hereditaments ;
they are real property, which cannot be included in pro-
bate or touched by executor. And thus, in the com-
monalty of art, works executed in foresee stand in per-
petuity as the heritage of ancient families ; as a princely
or noble lineage, they have taken hold of castle precincts,
and abide from generation to generation. In hall and
banqueting room they maintain a stately presence;
tenants and retainers come and go, the flood of
life passes by, but as long as the lordly palace
lasts these memorials of ancient days depart not. And
therefore has it always been held that, over and above the
value which might inhere to easel painting, there was to
fresco something superadded of paramount nobility.
Fresco, as we have seen, is attaahed to the freehold, and
consequently is inseparable from architecture, the earliest
and the grandest of arts ; and this, its indissoluble union
with the stately art of construction, imposes severe condi-
tions and qualifies for highest functions. These require-
ments and prerogatives 1 can now stop merely to indi-
cate in fewest woras. SufiSce it to say, then, that fresco
paintings, like the architecture which is their framework,
should be simple in treatment, symmetric in proportion,
broad in distribution of distinctive members and masses ;
that the theme chosen should have the element of ^eat-
ness ; that the truths embodied should be as endunng as
the tenement they adora; that details small, that
thoughts trivial, and that methods meretricious, should
find no place in that high and ancient art which Giotto,
Orcagna, bignorelli, Midiael Angelo, and Raphael, have
raised to majesty and stamped with essential truth.
Such being the inherent dignity and worth of fresco, we
cannot be surprised that the Royal Commissioners of
Fine Arts, with the Prince Consort as their chief, should
have deemed the adoption of the process as singularly
suited to the decoration of great national buildings, a
method, let me add, which could receive no more timely
revival than at the period when arohitecture, taking to
renewed development, craved fh>m sculpture and painting
consonant aid — a style which by its lameness and by the
extent of its historic range seemed peculiarly fitted to
impart to our English^ school a much needed power,
mastery and grandeur.
Accordingly a trial of the ancient art of fVesco was, as
we all know, made under high auspices, in the Palace of
Westminster. I have just closed a rapid survey of the
process in general, and now proceed to the details of the
actual experiment which has been made in this country.
In the year 1841, a select Committee was appointed by
the House of Commons " to take into consiaeration the
promotion of the Fine Arts in this ooniitry, in connection
with the rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament." In
this same year the Committee stated, in their printed re-
port, that they hftd '* obtained the opinkms of some vexy
distinguished professors and adrnfrOTs of art, who were
unanimous upon one point, viz., that so important and
national a work as the erection of two Honses of Parlia-
ment afforded an opportunity, which ought not to be ne*
glected, of enoonraging, not only the higher, but every
subordinate branch of Fine Art in this country." The
Committee, writhig more than twenty years ago, say that
to one of the Fine Arts in partionlar, which indeed had
scarcely been known in this oonntry, they had directed
special inquiry. •• Fresco painting," they tell us, had
then <* lately been revived on the continent, and employed
in the decoration of public buildings, especially at Ma-
nkh." Sir Churles £astlake, Mr. I^ce, and others, hel^
196
JODRNAL OP IHE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, JFbbruart 12, 1864.
the opinioo that freeoo waa to be preferred to oil, from its
fliipeiUNr fitoeas to all situatioDa, from its peculiar power of
giving off light, and by virtue of iii greater durability,
ft was further the judgmeat of the highest authorities
that freaco paiotiugs would greatly enhaooe the decora-
tive beauty of the Houses of Parliament, and that the
acquisition of the process, hitherto unknown to our artists,
could searoely fail to impart to the English school power
io drawing, and grandeur in design and composition.
AooordiBgly, we cannot be surprised to learn frY>m the
wport, presented to the House of Commons on June 18,
1841, that ** your Committee having carefully considered
the evidence, are disposed to recommend that ^e style
of fresco painting should be adopted." In compliance
with a fut-ther recommendation of the Committee, was
iiMugurated in the following year the Commission on the
Fine Arts, appointed expressly to superintend the decora-
tion of the Houses of Parliament, and to assist the
Government in the oontfuct of all incidental investiRa-
tioBs. The subsequent line of action taken by wis
imperial body will be within the memory of most of
us. The Commisdooers, in the first place, wisely de-
termined to test the ability of our British artists by two
successive competitions— one of cartoon drawings, the
other of fresco paintings — ^the works executed being, it
iKll be remembered, submitted to public scrutiny in
Westminster Hall. The Commissioners in their third
Report, dated Whitehall, July 9, 1844, humbly state
to her Majesty that the exhibition referred to had taken
place, and that, consideriog the inexperience even of
the best artists in the practice of fresuo-paintiuff, tivsy
were saiisfiei with the promise of superior skill which
bad been afforded ; and they were of x^pinion that several
of the specimens of fi^esco-painting which had been so
submitted to them, taken together with the cartoons
before exhibited l^ the artii^ or with other existing
evidences of their talents, justified them in suggesting
fiffther meaaurea, with a view to the execution offresco-
paintings in portions of the Palace of Westminster.
Acoordmgly, we find, in 1845, the Commisuon for the
int fresco in the House of Lords-*-the Baptism of
Ethelberi— was entrusted to Mr. Dyw.
The OomDdMonafs, it is worthy of remark, proeeeded
with commendaUe oautioa. Bafecring to their next
report, dated 1846, we find them still apprehenaive that
want of experience on the part of British artists might
iovolfe the revived poooess in partial failure. "We
have, however," write the Commisskmersi ** the satis-
fiuitioD to state that the work entrusted to Mr. Dyce
presoBts no evidence of such imperfections; that, on the
oo&tzary, it evinces great knowledge of frssoo*painting
and great skill in its application ; that, further, as re-
gards the effect of fbesoo-painting in the loeility, we
consider that it nroaises to agree well with the
architectural and other decorations therein adopted or to
be adopted. We therefore b^ leave to confirm our
former recommendation, and to propose that the re-
Tnafniog five oompartmaats in the House of Lords shall
ke daoorated with fresoc^paintings when the several
designs for the same shall have been approved." These
ftve compartments were committed to Mr. Maolise, Mr.
Cope, and Mr. Horsley ; and the Commissioners, in their
•tgnth report, dated 18^, give the following testimony in
lavoor of the process they had sanctioned :— ** We con*
aider," write the Oommissioneit, " that the three works
already executed, the designa for whkh had been beforo
approved by us, are highly satislaotory as examples of
ftgaeo-painting ; their effect confirms us in the opinion that,
onder certain drcumstancea of light and distance, frsaoo-
paintiM is well calculated for the puipose of deeoration ;
while from requiring the preparation of careful designs,
the method reoomnieads ita^f as beii^ fitted to promote
the study of form." The two remaioing fl«sooes, com-
pledttg the series in the House of Lonls, were finished hi
the autumn of 1849, and << the exeontioci of diese
frMooes," again write the Commisaionenk ** appears to us
to bepyghly satisfrKstory, and to indicate increased skill
on the part of the artists in the management of the
^biaterial." In adducing these data 1 wish specially to
note, fijst, that fresco-painting has been proved, to the
actual experience of the Commissioners, suited to mural
decoration ; second, that the technical difficulties of the
process had been so readily overcome, that even the first
trial was to all outward appearance a success ; and, third,
that our English artists nave shown themselves fairly
competent to meet the conditions which the new method
imposed.
The series of eight frescoes illustrative of the British
poets, executed on the walls of the Upper Waiting Hall,
must next obtain our consideration, it appears that the
CommissiooeiB, in 1845, were desirous of a&rding oppor-
tunities for the execution of cartoon designs, and for the
fiirUier practice of fresco-painting, and that therefore they
set apart this waiting hall for the display of teutative
works. The paintttv selected for these labours were Mr.
Cope, Mr. Watts, Mr. Herbert, Mr. Horsley, Mi\ Tenniel,
and Mr. Armitage, artists who had already distinguished
themselves either in cartoon drawing or in fresco painting,
at some one or more of the competitive exhibitions.
After the lapse of five years, when four of the eight
illustrations of the British poets were complete, the Com-
missioners were able to pronounce that, " in all these
works, evincing various powers in the artists, we recognise
a satisiOuitory acquaintance with the method of fresco, and
in some, abilities of the highest order." In 1854, " these
experimental works" are reported as finished, and that ap-
parently to the entire satisfaction of the Commission.
I shall shortly return to these frescoes when 1 come to
describe and to discuss the causes of their decay.
The only remaining seriea which it is needful to include
in the present survey, are the historic uictui^es executed
by Mr. £. M. Ward and Mr. Cope in tne Commons' and
the Peers' corridors. The Commissioners, in their thir-
teenth and conoluding report, published last year, state that
** Charles West Cope, R.A., who has undertaken the
Peers' corridor, has prosecuted his work with equal ability
and industry. Five out of the eight paintings of which
the series is to consist have been already fimshed, and
the designs for the remaining three have been approved
Iry us. The Commons' corridor," continue the Commia-
sioners, " consisting of the same numbw of compartments,
has been allotted to Edward Matthew Ward, B.A., whose
name is so highly distinguished by his able treatment of
subjects from Modem History." It is well that we should,
just in psssing, note that in the pictures last put up in
these corridors, the method of finescohas been abandoncxl
for the new (German process termed water-glass. Of tho
merits of this Invention we have not time, at present, to
speak. Sufiice it to say, that the Conmiissioners, in this
their preference for the new discovery, passed a tacit,
though, perhaps, unintentional, censure upon the time-
honoured process of fresco. From any stigma which may
in consequence attach, it is our object now to exculpate
this pure and noble art. Other methods may possibly be
good. The more indeed that means can tie multiplied
whereby national and municipal buildings may be fittmgly
adorned, the b^tar. I do not wish to utter one word to
the prejudice of water-glass, in which, indeed, both at
Berlin and at Westminster, the grandest works have boea
executed. Only let this be clsorly understood that tho
merits of other methods, whatever be thefr name, can la
no way invalidate the approved virtues of Uie ancient and
well-tried Italian art. These virtues have been lauded
throughout the entire earth. These excellencies have
been extolled, as you have heard in the extracta read,
W the CommissionePB themselves. The reports of theae
Uommissioners indeed are occupied, as you wiU have
marked, with laborious eulogica on this middle-age pro-
cess restored for modem use. Every fresco was, aa we
have learnt, when finished, made the theme for exipreaa
jubilee. And, therefore, to the doud of witnesses which
for centuries have paid tribute to the freaoo art, muat we
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Phbeoabt 12, 18«4. 1»T
r^
add, lasl, tiiough ftu* flx>m least, the Royal Oommis-
Bionera of Eoghoid.
We mut DOW enter on the most difficult, not to say dis-
irearing portion of onr sabject, the decay of works which
had entered Tipon a life so bright in promise. It is best.
in the first place, that fleets should simply be stated, with-
ODt any conjecture as to causes.
We have spoken of three separate series of pictures,
eaich to be Umnd in a distinct locality. One gnmp is in the
Hoose of Lords; agalleryofhistoric works mns along the
oorridofB; thirdly, illustrations of the poets occupy the
Upper Waiting Hall. These last have suffered most
nnrerehr, and will therefbre best serve as examples for the
general deserlj>tion which I at once proceed to give. A
doee and detailed examination of these works wfll reveal
distinct stages and probably difibrent processes of decay.
An early and |M«monitory symptom of disease would
seem to be a blooming or frosting of the colours, which
thus become as if mildewed. This affection extends, and
bence the pigments undergo farther change, and begin to
Ikll from the surfiice of the plaster. Sometimes the pro-
OMB of disintegration would seem to have an external
ori{^, possibly arising fhnn the atmosphere. In other
instances the agencies of destruction appear to be internal,
dependent probably on the constitution and constituents
of the mortar. Ctftain portions of the fresco are upheaved
by some inner rebellious fbrce, as if antipathies had sprung
up between lime and sand and pigmentsi In ^is dump-
tton, as in in the ottier phenomena of decay, several
•lages may be marked. The incipient traits of the
dtaCemper come in mitigated fbrm. At firat the foresee
nay gWe signs of dissolution shnnly by the colours
Iwving lost their fixity to the walL The reds, the ydlows,
sad iHbe bhies will come off when rubbed with the comer
of a white pocket-handkerchief; spots or pimples may
here and misre be seen on the sumce ; these become
aggxBvated into blotches, extending into confluent sores,
■0 that the very tissues of the picture are eating and
lotting away. Then it is that large blisters heave
Uoatingly on the arms, neck, and face of the figures, tiU
•t length the pictured forms peal off bodily, and fall as
dust and aahee to the ground. Tet this destruction,
though terrible just where it sets in, is far from universal.
And this its essentially partial character we must in the
present inquiry never for one moment forget. Partial
effects point to like limitations in their causes ; and causes
which csn be staid in then* operation admit of counter-
action. Moet worthy, indeed, is it of remark that of two
adjoining pictures, one shall have suffered ravages, while
its aei^hbour diall be saved all but harmless. Further-
aiore, m the same firesoo some colours have stood, while
fiihers have fled, hi one picture, for instance, a blue
dress remains firm, while a patch of brown close by has
been dissipated. In another case, the light green sleeve
of a woman's dress is peeUng off to Uie thickness of
eamlnic, while the body of the same dress, being painted
with modified raateriah, lies hard to the wall. It is. then,
1 rmat, of great importance that we should mark that
the decay is, after all, but partial in its extent. Yet, after
making this fiidr coaeesrion, I am bound to say that of all
Hie sad cases in which premature death has overtaken
jootti and beauty thuiia one oi the most melancholy. In
Italy I have known fresooes which have suflered cruelly
ftom wind, rain, cold, and burning heat, or the i^ecklese
iPJolea ce of man. Still th^ struggled on, and have
SBvhred for eeoftvias. ^t these hapless olftpring,
emDed in an upper waiting-room, have barely entered on
Ibair teena; two decades are naS com{^te since they saw
IbeBght. Sordy we m^ well pause to ask by what
UmH thb IttdnneDi has fa&en on onr laboun.
The ealaadty which has overtaken the other freseoes
ia tha Booaee af Psrlisment w coasparatlvely so ineonsi-
daiable «faal smoifie det«ls are soaroely called for. In
the House of Lords I noticed that some of the coloass
wm looaa ea the wall, aad ia a §im places there were in-
dlealiooa of what aiay be termed mildew, with ineideotal
eruptions and excoriations. All this, however, even in
the aggregate, amounts to little. .The injuiy to the
frescoes in the corridors i» still leas. Indeed the only
suspiciotis sign I detected in these works was the lax
tenure of the'body colours to tlie stucco ; pigments whioh,
probably having been added in distemper, are reduced to
partial dissolution by the moisture of the atmosphere. Still
1 indine to think that in this or anv other inquiry which
may be instituted, it is more iust — that b, more oonsonant
with the actual facta — ^to throw all the freseoes in ^tt&
Hooses of Parlfsraent in the same category. Some m^
have suffered heavily, others more Kghtiy, even as, when^
an epidemic n^^, certain patients die whilto ethers auv
vive. STeverthelesB I believe it wili be fbund that tha
same seeds of decay are lurking in all the works, alike ia
their germs though greatly diTOrlng in their extent and
virulence. The same lime, the same sand, and probabiT
in great measure the same colours have been employed.
The same atmosphere, charged with the products of com-
bustion or with tne refhse of human reepvmtioa, comeain
contact with iQl the fi^ssooes more or less alike ; tAierefore
I say, that the decay of these works is not so much a
matter of the differing practice of individual ardsts, as it
is the result of certain paramount conditions over which
each psinter had' lltde or no control ; and upon thie I
insist, in order to free the Inquiry f^om all penonal and
invidious relations, and to reduce it directly to the strict
limits of scientific invefttigation.
As to the precise causes of decay, fittle,ntifbrtunately, is
known. A Committee was appointed early in 1862,
under thepresidency or the First Commissioner of Works,
to Inquire into the condition of some of the flrescoesi
This Committee consisted of Sir Coutte Lindsay, Mr.
Gambler Parry, the late Mr. Le Strange, Mr. Rui^ia,
and Dr. Hofmann. The paintings, not only in the Upper
Waiting Hall, but throu^out the building, were cara-
fhUy and repeatedly inspected, and various artists and
other compeitent witnesses examined. Yet» we ava
told, that the Committee ** have not been able to arriva
at any satisfkctory result." Rough notes were taken of
the proceedings, but no report has been issued, and the
Committee is now defunct, leaving as the only record of
its labours a well-considered letter from ita chemist. Dr.
Hoftnann. " The general theory," says Dr. HofinanDv
** of the fixMion of the firesco assumes that the surface of
the finished picture becomes coated with a pellicle of car-
bonate of lime, which protects the paintJing like a varnish.
Carbonate of lime being practically insoluble in water,
but soluble in water contstining free oarbo^ acid," the
questsoa was naturally suggested whether the cutode
acid and water generated by the combustion of coal gas
and by respiration might not have oocasioaed the deterio-
ration of the paintings at Westminster. Accordingly, by
way of experiment, a stream of water saturated with car-
bonic acid was allowed to run across the fltoe of a fbsssa
We are told that after twenty-four hours the etfsct beeama
very visible ; tha/t the colours grew paler and paler, and
th»t, al\er the lapse of some days, the pigaMuts were
actually oelourlees. Dr. Hoftaiann proceeds to remaili
that, though he was not in a position to ofS^ a defiaita
opinion regarding the true eauBe of deterioiatioa ia tha
freseoes generally, he has yet been led to the b^ief
•• that the injuries are partly attributable to the faot of tha
surface of the wall having, in too many cases, been too
long ei^NMed to the action of the air, aad thua beoone
carbonated before the paint was put om To use an intel-
ligible, ahhoogh not abscdutdy correct, modeof exprsshig
it, the pieture was pot tt^MWt instead of aadb* the prateotiag
p^Ude." This vahuble letter, then, from Dr. Hofmann,
whieh I riiall pioceed shortly to examhM, is, I repea*»
the only known result of the committee's labours.
This ooaamittea no longer ea^Ms ; tbe Boyal Conuniarion
Itself is dissolved; the frsseoea are allowad to praoead
steadily ia eoorse of deoay , aad the only remedy takea u
theabandoaaeaiof theprooesB. TMa, the areseai state
a# the case, I deem, as I have alvaady said, mast <ii •
198
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBXr OP ARTS, Pebruart 12, 1864.
Bstrous. DisooQiagement has thus laid hold of profes-
donal men and the general public ; and the progrees of
the arts I fear has thereby suffered material check. On
the purely chemical causes of the decay, which we all
deplore, 1 shaU say nothing, partly because I am wanting
in the needful knowledge, and also because the investiga-
tion whidi alone could give value to a Judgment stretches
far beyond the limits of private and individual labour.
The subject is of public importance and moment, and
ought to be undertaken on public grounds and at the
genttnl expense. I shall not attempt, then, to exhaust
this question, which is indeed inexhaustible. One thing
only I will do, which at this moment ought to be done
promptly and positively : I will endeavour to prove to
you that the reverse which has been sustained at West-
minster should in no way militate against the further
adoption of the fresco process, either in the metropolis ox
the country at large.
In the first place, it may be well that we should
mitigate our smprise that these frescoes have decayed at
alL It has been too much the fashion to hold the art as
indestructible, as if indeed any art could be imperishable.
Pictures of all kinds are endowed with constitutions pro-
veibially sensitive, and the utmost that can be hoped for
ii that a stamina may be gained sufficiently robust to hold
up in some degree against the ravages of time. But
absolute immunity from decay is obviously unattainable.
The mural paintings in Egypt, at Pompeii, and in the Baths
of Titus, in Rome, have suffered injury ; the mosaics in
front of the Cathedral at Orvietto, and in the fa^e of St.
Mark, in Venice, have fallen away Aid been restored ; the
panels and the canvas of oil pictures rot, and so in like
manner it has been always known that the frescoes executed
in the middle ages were amenable to specific agencies of
destruction. Mrs. Merrifield, in her carefully-compiled
Tolume, published eighteen years ago, has on this very
point the following suggestive passage: — ** The causes to
which writers on painting commonly attribute the
destruction of frescoes are damp, and the presence of salts
in the substanoe of the wall, or the plastering or intonaco,
or saline partidea denosited on the paintings by the
droooo and other winos which blow over the sea; the
injuries arising to the paintings from injurious attempts to
repair them, entire neglect, or wilful injuries. Instances of
the injuries to frescoes arising from damp are so numerous,
that it is useless to enumerate them." Accordingly every
traveller in Italy has to mourn over the decay or absolute
destruction of multitudes of these works. That in
England they should prove exempt can surely then be
neither matter of surprise nor cause for discouragement
Historic evidence only justifies this expectation, Uiat
fresco- paintings, when executed with due circumspection,
and when saved from unfair aggression, will endure as
lon^ as most other human creations. This assuranee,
which no existing fiusts materially contravene, is sufficient
fyt all practical purposes.
That English artists and English patrons need feel but
little discouragement from the failing of materials or the
fiiult of climate, it is easy to show. We have already said
that the fewer, the simpler, and the more natural the
colours used, the better. The paintexs of the middle ages
knew no royal road where pigments might be picked up
ready for their use. The practice of these men was the
growth of patient experience, their ultimate success was
purchased at the cost of repeated failure. The materials
they used are known to us, and lie within our reach, and
modem science, to boot, brings to our aid far-searching eyes
and wide-spreading hands. Any artist, then, who shall
be heard to utter complaints against his materials may be
at <moe put down with the workman who quarrels with
his tools.
As to faults in the English dimate, or the vicious
elements in our town atmo^eres, there has been more
talk than the &cts of the ease warrant. I have suffered
from oold and damp in the chapel of Qiotto, in Padua,
to an extent that oould not poonbly be experienced in
the halls and corridors of Westminster. I have seen
Pisa, f^^eecoes streaming with rain and condensed moistui
and yet some of the pictures executed by Benozzo Qozzc
about the year 1450, are as fresh as if painted yesterdi
In Munich, the centre of the German revival, the sdi
lies for thi«e months of the year, and the streets ]
traversed by sledges. Furthermore, we should bear
mind that in Northern Italy and Southern Germany
has been deemed no madness to brave the bold expe
ment of fresco painting in the open air. In England
have ventured on no such rash attempt. All the mu
paintings hitherto executed in London or the provio
have l^n safely housed. Our much-abused Eogl
^limate, therefore, which is usually made responsible
t^e sins of its inliabitants, offers no absolute impediment
the practice of the fresco art.
in like manner the injurious effects ascribed to i
noxious elements with which our city atmospheres i
loaded have been greatly oveirated. At all events,
may safely be asserted that the destruction of 1
frescoes in the Houses of Parliament is to no apprecial
extent to be ascribed to such agencies. Dr. Hofmai
in the letter already quoted, proves by experiment tl
a picture may be bleached by pouring a ** stream of wa
saturated with carbonic acid^' across its surface. I
most properly he appends the remark that "it c
scarcely be admitted that the frescoes in the corridors
the House are exposed to anything like this severe tee
And it is also most material to add that the actual
juries sustained have nothing whatever in common w:
tlie bleaching effects produced by Dr. Hofmann in 1
interesting experiment. That mural pictures, especia
when painted in secoo, or, to employ the graphic metapl
of the writer of the letter, when " put upon instead
under the protecting pellicle of carbonate of lime," a
to a certain limited extent, prejudiced by the obnoxi<
products of combustion and human respiration, cam
wholly be c^uestioned. Yet the inquines which hi
been fVom time to time instituted as to the injuries s
tained by the pictures in the National Gallery and
South Kensington, show that the fears arising from th
causes have been excesnve. Sixteen colour tests, consi
ing of surfaces covered with white lead and fugit
vegetable or mineral colours, were hung up for the spac<
two years in various public institutions in the metro^
It is satisfactory to know that these tests gave no m
cation of the action of gas, and the only chemical chai
that could be distinguished was to be ascribed chiefly
the want of ventilation. It is now generally admiti
that the pictures in the National Gallery are exposed
no specific danger. Probably, indeed, these works ha
in the earlier years of their existence, suffered m
severely from the fumos of incense, the smoke of cand]
and the dose and affectionate approach of devotees, tl
from the not very insalubrious breezes of the river Tham
The best, because the most practical answer, howe\
which can be given to these objections touching dim
and populous towns, is in tlie simple fact that cert
frescoes painted in the metropolis are still in a good st
of preservation. I have, for example, carefully examin
with a powerful opera glass, Mr. Watts's fresco in i
dining-hall of Lincoln's Inn, and find, with the except
of one or two square inches, that its vast extent of surf
is still intact. Mr. Watts has diown me frescoes execu
by him in Little Holland House ; I have also seen roo
of a mansion in Carlton-terrace decorated by the sa
ariist ; and the colours in all these examples are just as I
as when firsi painted. Again, Mr. Armitage some ye
sinoe painted a fresco in a ohapd at Islington, and tl
too, lies firm on the wall, and the colours are unchang
Such instances are sufficient evidence of the practi
knowledge of our English artists, of the sounonesa
materials at command, and of the benign temper of <
English climate.
The interest of high. art demands that some racogni
authority should put an end to the present state of 1
JOURN'A.L OP THE SOOIETf OP ARTS, pEBBaABT 12, 1864. 199
Oertainty , lo perplexing to pdnten and bewildering to the
pQblio at large. The maDlpnlatioa of freioo ia simple,
and the oonditions for eosoring its permanence cannot
guely be diflkuU to discover. And yet, in the absence
of any coDskitated tribonal entitled to pass a judgment,
the entire question of mural decoration is left in doubt and
coofbsion. The Boyal Academy has never in these
matters taken that lead which might hitve been reason-
ablv expected. The Royal Commission, as we have seen,
is dissolved; and yet there never was a time when know-
ledge and guidance were more needed. It strikes me
ftffcibly that in this state of interregnum the Society of
Arts could, with advantage, oome to the resoue. A pre-
limtoarv inquiiy, entrusted to a joint committee of men of
proved Knowledge in science and art, mi^ht be instituted ;
a report, decisive in its fiustsand definite in its conclusions,
should then, after due deliberation, be issued. But, in de-
&nltofaoy sudi ftirtber and final investigation, advanta^
might be taken of the accumulated material locked up m
Iwiamentary Blue Books, and l3ring dormant in the
scattered art-literature of the last twenty years. A
** Handbook to Mural Decoration " could thus easily be
compiled, which should give to the artist all needful in-
formation touching lime, sand, and the oreparation of the
mortar, together with well-authenticated fleicts relating to
pigments, vehicles, and modes of execution. Such a guide
would do much to prevent the recurrence of the blunders
iomdent to inexperience.
Many of the practical and merely technical impedi-
ments being Uius removed, the essential and artistic qua-
lities of fresco would scarcely fiul to win for it a way to
extended adoption. England has happily within the last
few years passed from the era of whitewash to an epoch of
eolonr. In architectural form and composition thead-
Tmoe made during the same period is almost without
nreoedent. The vast multitude, too, of buildinfs which
oave arisen in the land, ohurohes, chapels, schools, dubs,
sailway stations, almost surpass calculation or belief. Who
then ^11 venture to estimate the superficial area of wall
maee which is now ready to receive fVesco decoration.
One error, however, committed by our English artists
has, it may be feared, materially impeded the general
rooeption of these mural embellishments.
** I thhik,** said Sir Ooutts Lindsay, in his evidence be-
fore the recent Boyal Academy Commission, ** our artists
in England have misunderstood the proper d)ject of fresco
pointing. With a few exceptions, the frescoes that our ar-
tists have painted have been much too finished in detail,
and much too little considered in the masses. They have
pointed them in the spirit in which they would paint easel
pictures, the consequence is that they have cost them infi-
nitely more time than they could aflford to expend. Fresco
painting has been a losing concern to eveiy artist who
has Attempted it." Mr. Armitage has favoured me with
a Taluable letter to the same effect. Fresco ought not,
writes Mr. Armitage, to be an imitation ef oil painting.
No rivaliy should exist between the two branches ; their
oWectB are distinct, and so equally ought to be their modes
of treatment It is most important that the public should
clearly understand that fresco, when executed broadly
and simply, is an economic mode of decoration. A group
of half a dozen figures, highly elaborated, after the
manner of oil, might occupy a year and cost £1,000 ; the
same group, pitched in a monochromatic key and painted
broadly in freeoo, could be executed in three months,
at a quarter of the cost. •* It is," says Mr. Armitage,
*' astooishing how effective a mere outline design
fill«d in with flat tints and with the shades merely
ind i cated, may be made, provided such outline be of
a grand and impressive form." Mr. Armitage con-
elndeabis letter in these definite terms—** It would, there-
fore, be neoessary befcme tteaoo could become general in
the country, flnt, that the subjects selected fbr the
daooaastloo of buildings should be of a rimple nature ;
Mcoad^, that the execution should be broad and rapid ;
and tl^dfy, that the artist should be wtlUng to sacrifice a
portion of his accustomed remuneration in the service of
a noble art, and for the honour of his countiy."
That the art of firesoo is peculiarly noble, monumental,
andarchitectonic,allauthoritiesareagreed; that in its severe
and stately forms it is peculiarly calculated to bring to our
English school the discipline so much needed, all per-
sons conversant with high and historic styles readily ad-
mit. The very difficulties of fresco, says Mr. Watts, are,
in the present state of our English school, advantages.
The necessity of a definite plan, of a fixed and firm out-
line ; the need of architectural treatment, with its inherent
symmetry and severity, all these are not disabilities but
(^ments of power. Again, the demand for rapid execu-
tion renders simplicity imperative, and in simpUoity ia
grandeur. These things considered, it is not surprislnft
that many witnesses examined before the late Royal
Academy Commission — Mr. Layard, Sir Coutts Lindsay,
Mr. Watts, and others — ^look forward with confidence to
the time when the historic deeds which have conferred
honour on England shall shine forth upon the walls
of our nationid buildings and municipal institutions ;
when the beauteous thoughts of our poets shall adorn
our literanr clubs ; when the classic designs of Flaxman
shall ennoble our public sdiools ; and when the English
mindrwhich has spoken through Shakespeare and Milton,
and which responds to the choruses of Handel, shall
obtain, through the noble art of fresco, worthy pictorial
manifestation. In fine, that art which was so living and
so abiding a reality for Italy, cannot remain, as at present^
in practical Ensland a mere iUusive dream. The transient
dishonour which we have suffered in the too speedy decay
of the paintings at Westminster must be retrieved ; and
works, I trust, may shortly be executed in this country
which will prove, like the grand frescoes of the middle
ages, noble and enduring.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. BfSHOP remarked that on examining some paintings
in Pompeii he had noticed an appearance which led him
to the impression that the colours had been varnished
over with wax, which was apparently absorbed into the
mortar. With regard to modem frescoes, he thought it
was very important that the mortar should be made of
suitable materials. In one instance in Italy he observed
the operator making mortar of Garrara marble ; and at
Naples, on one occasion, he saw them making lime from
oy^er shells.
Mr. C. H. Smith observed that, with respect to mortar,
whether it was made of oyster shells, Carrara marble, or
chalk, it mattered not. In each case lime was produced,
with only a trifling addition of foreign matters.
Mr. R. N. WoBKUM wished to offer a remark or two
upon the statement of Mr. Atkinson with reference to the
alle^d durability of fresco painting, as illustrated by the
contmental specimens to which he had refen^ed. He be-
lieved that many of those pictures were not in reality
pure frescoes, for true f^resco painting was of a com-
paiatively modem date, and many of the old oil paintings
were of a date anterior to the frescoes. The Egyptians
never painted in fresco ; their pictures were all in tempera.
The Romans and Greeks likewise never painted in fiasco,
though they used it for colouring their wsils. All those na^
tions painted their pictures in tempera. The plaster was veiy
solid and hard, and the pigments were worked up with va-
rious materials, such as eggs, gum, and glue. The Egyptians
used hippopotamus glue, and the Romans varnished their
pictures with wax, which was bumt into the wall, and pro-
duced great durability. In the tempera pictures which
had failed, the fresco colouring of the walls, which was the
foundation of the picture, had not given way, but the po-
tures had fallen off, because they were not so thoroughly
attached to the wall as the original fresco colouring was.
With regard to the Italian frescoes, he believed there
were but few specimens of the pure fresco extant ; they
were for the most part secco and tempera, and he be-
200
JOUBlf AL OF THE SOCttETT OF ARTS, Pbbru4bt 12, 1864.
ietedit WM only St PiMtbsi genome old freiooasooold be
met with, the earliest of wbidi were the productioii ok
Pietro d'Orvietto, dating at the close of the 14^ centory.
Hr. Atkinson had dwelt apon the greater dmnbility of
fresco as oomparad with oil painting. That was not proveA
as yet, and oerteinly was not oorroboratsd by the speei-
m«Ds of the ait that were to be met wMi in many
parts of QemMoy, parttonlarly tt Monioh, where be
(Mr. Wormun) resided SO years ago, just ahoot the period of
the revival of fresco-painting ; aid on revisiting lately some
of the most magnifloent woxks execnted at that time, be
firand that lar^e padkohes had become destroyed. If it
answoied better in Italy he oould only attribute it t» the
d ry nes s of the dimate* that af Qermai^ baving^ pi'o^ied,
kk his opinion, unsuitaUe fior this prooess of paintlBg.
Them were in oor Katienal Gallery oil paintiags of
eailier date than most eausting frescoes, many of them
bemg still in a perfeot state. With regard to the cKmate
«f this eoontry these was not only the seeedty of the
weather, bnt, particnlarly in London and lai^ger dtiea,
there were the smoke and dirt tocontend against, in this
oountry the surtime of a pictaie mnst eithiar be smooth,
•0 as to allow of wiping, or eln it must be protected by
glass. It wonld not do to have a rough snriboe, becaose
of thaamoantof dirtandsoot that got into thecsevkses.
It was far easier to ke^ an oil painting clean in tins
ooontiy than a fueseo^ inasmnch aa the lattsr hrid mere
dirt, from its being of an naevea surfiKe. The amooatcf
dirt which ascnmnlated from the atmospheoe of the
metropolis wassooMthing astonishing, and the ai etm iee m,
ik» National Ghdleiy, wfaiob were not protected by g^ass^
required frequent wiping. For the reasons he had gfv«ny
he thought fresco paiatiog was not a system of maral
decoratioB suitable tor this country.
Mr. AimrrAGE remarked that he knew of no better
means of cleaning fresco pictarea than rubbiDg them with
stale bread, which removed the dirt most eflectuiJly.
His fresco pictures in tiie Roman Catholic church at Is-
lington, had not suffered in any way. Bt should like to
hear any opinMOs with respeet to the kind of sand to be
employed. The so-eallsd silver sand was used in the
Palace of Westminster, and whilst he was at work upon
one of Uie frescoes there, a German artist who was pvesent
objected to the use of ^is substance, and recommended
that powdered cianite should be used, as the only ma-
terial that would render frescoes durable. If, however,
the Munich frescoes bad all failed, it did not argue mndi
in favour of the superiority of granite sand. He had not
gathered from Mr. Atkinson what he considered to bethe
chief cause of the decay of fresco pictures. The deteriora-
tion in the frescoes of the Houses of Parliament was vexy
deplorable, but at the same time there were other frescoes
in London where that decay had not taken place. No one,
however, had yet explained why this had occurred in one
place and not in another.
Mr. J. M. Blasbfuclo said that during the early
operations at the Houses of Parliament, some inquiries
were instituted with respect to the lime to be used for the
frescoes. He received specimens of some of the various
kinds of lime, and he found one or two contained traecs
of perozyde of iron ; moreover, upon an examination of
the existing frescoes at Westminster, he had come to the
conclusion that the Ikne used in them must haveoca-
tained a small quantity of iron. He knew also that silver
sand contaiaed a conskierable quantity of iron, as he had
used it very largely, and in some cases the quantity was
00 laige that if the sand was placed over a fire it turned
a pink colour. There were other qualities of sand
whkh, before washiog, looked dull and brown, but
when waahed and dried were very pure, and f^om
aooh glass of excellent quality eould be made. It was
that sort of sand whioh he thought should be used
fin* frescoes. The calcination of lime was a matter to
which he thougbt too little attention had geDerally bean
(pveo, and the sources from which the lime was derived
al«o produced variations of quality. Borne chalks oan*
tained from one to two per cent, of perozyde of iroD,
whilst in otheis tiie proportjoo was very small. All
cfa^ks whieh contained iron formed lime more or leii
hydraulic; lime which was entirely free from iron had no
l^nkanUo chamoter, and would never set under water.
It was, therefore, an important matter to those eqgased
in fresoo^paintittg, that they ahonld thofOOgUy mitaw
stand the qnalitiei of the lima tbey em|doyed so aa to
prodaee the most dnrable wodc. The lime ohtainad
from marble was somewhat poroos when set. On tm^
amining a piece of nrasaio from Pompeii, be w«ft
stmcfc with the similarity between tha flne mortar
ia wUch tha small pieoea af moaaie wees imbaddad
and the gfound of the fresooei there diieovend. Both.
were poeous, bst very white and hard. It apj^etBed
to htm that something ISkepomioe or lava, partakum of
the pnoperties of the poanolana of Italy, had been m&ad
with the materials, whioh had given a certain amowil of
pocoiity while it aided in the hardening of the lime^ and
formed the groundwork of the fVosoo, making it mora
leady to imbibe tiie ooloon. He had caloined ItaHaa
marUe, and slacked ft with great can; but it did not
make a hard mortar. In bisoptnkm, in most cases Umo
wasnotslacdEedproperiyforaroliitectnrBlparpoaea. Wbev
it was properly slackedand well kept,after four or live vean
it beoane sa liard that it required great labour to bri^ft
it again into powder ; but when eac^^iUy treated and \M
on well with a proper quantity of sand, it would gradually
dry without cracks, while new lime was sure to crack and
blister. It waaalso most iasportant that tba bricks form-
ing the wall should be w^ burnt, otherwise the salts loft
in them wonki be sore to find tbeir way to the sorfoeo,
and ultiniately destroy the plaster. An iaatanoe had
come under his owa knowledge in whlsh 20,000 brieka
were bomt wiih only foor tons of coals ; whilst, in another
case, no less than sixteen tons were consumed in burning
4,000 books. If the bricks were propeiiy burnt, and if
fine sand properly washed were used in the mortar, bo
had no doubt fresco pictures wonld possess the same duvft-
bility in this country as that daimed for them in Itafy.
Profesior Kxaa would venture to submit one oth«
tfaeoty with regard to sand, whidi he believed was sop-
ported by the experience of very remote antiquity, vis.,
that the sand used should be stone-dust. Vitruvius, in
describing the materials used in fresco, stated that tho
sand used was made by pounding stone rubbish. Tbo
effect of that might not be apparent at first sight, but on
consideration it would be found to be an imp(^tant point.
The use of sand in plaiter was this— it supplied the strengtb
of the substanoe, the lime acting as the cementing mediun,
oooneetiog the grains of sand together. But the limo
which connected the grains of sand together was of itself
a weak material, and liable to decay. It was sknply
carbonate of lime, divested of its carbooie acid by burning.
Pure lime contained no carbonic add, but if they mixed
mortar with stone-dust, as was customary with masons fior
soose descriptions of wotk— 4tone-dust instead of sand — tbo
resaU was that the lime absorbed the carbonio acid in tbo
stone<4u8t, when it became restored to its natural ooodfi^
tion of carbonate of lime, and the prooess of hardemog
went on more rapidly. He thougbt these eonsideiatioBa
were of imcortanoe as bearing upon the preparatiOB of
the ground-work for frescoes with a view to durability.
Mr. J. G. Cmaok saki, although he wm a great lover of
fresco painting, 3^0 1, from all he had observed, he thought
he must eome to the conclusion that it would be a wasto
of valuable artiftic time to oontinna to carry on the nrao-
twe of that art in this oountry. In recent visits to Ita^
he had paid very particular attentien to this subject, and
had noUeed that in many of the freaeoes which worn
oxeottted by early Italian maaten some400 yean ago, tho
colours seemed to be perfieotly fresh and the ground wall
prsserved, but directly he quitted Italy and came into moM
uoeoogenial dimatee, be found that all works of thiaoh*-
raoter that had been carried out for some great length of
time, woremoraor less injured, and hethoughtit was onlgr
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, February 12, 1864.
201
andertheinfiatnoe of the peooliarly genial climate of Italy
that freaoo-paiotiog ooald be carried oo with safety. Of
the piontings on walla exposed to the effects of the weather
perlups the most remarKable were those of the Palaszo
Dona, at Genoa, exeonted neariy 400 years ago. The
figpuei appeared perfectly fresh aiid beaatilal, and in no
way seemed to ha^e lost the riobnessof the ooloaring, nor
did the lime soriaoe itself seem to have been acted upon.
Id those at Florence, which had been preserved by haring
been placed in the interior of the buildings, the colours
■eemed to be quite pore, fresh, and bright. He knew of
no mone beautiful example than that of Fra AngeUoo,
which was but imperfectly represented in one of the
diromo -lithographs exhibited this evening. It was most
beantifol in ooloor and simple in design and execution.
He did not, however, know, through the whole of the
OfOTth of Germany, in Bwttaerland, or in Belgium, a
dhigle example of a well-preserved fresco existmg. Of
late yeatB, he believed, that style of decoration had not
been attempted. In Cologne Cathedial the results of its
oie were most melancholy. He would now say a word
as to the various influences that were lilcely to injurioasly
aCTect any frescoes that might be executed in this oountiy.
First of all he would ask them to consider the external
effects of our climate upon stone buildings. Look at St.
Paul's or any other great building which had existed for
any length of time in London, and see what were the
efl^ts of the climate upon them. If this were so on a
plfuo, undeoorated sur&oe, how entirely would any tmioting
with a variety of colours be destroyed. Then, agam, there
were influences operating behind the picture as well as on
tile fiont. If the lime were not well mixed, it would throw
out an effloresoeoee which would cover the pictnre with a
tort of mildew similar to the effects that were to be witnessed
in the Houses of Parliament ; and if the sand was not of
the right description, the work was ^ure to be injuriously
acted upon. The question then arose, why should we
be bound to adopt fresco? He thought the step now
taken by the artists employed upon tJie homes of Patlaa-
meot was the right ooe, viz., ihe covering their pictures
with a Bubetance which prodoeed a sort of vitreous sar&oe
not likely to be aeCed inx)n by our climate. The
water-glass process no doubt possessed many valuable
maiUties, but the difficulty was to find a suriace which
uie salt employed would combine with properly. He be-
lieved the only surface yet known which united intimately
with water-glass, was sinmle whitening ; a lump of whiten-
ing, which would cminUe in the fingers, if dipped into a
■olotion of silicate of potash became as hard as slone.
As regarded eDcsnstic painting, be thought the altema-
tloos of heat and oold of omr climate would have a very
fMjodicial effect npon piottires executed in that style ; and
mire was the farther obiecUon-^hat they could not
cleanse wax paintings. Therefove, ackoowledging as he
did to the fullest extent, the beauty of the effects of
mnral painting, he felt that the great object to be attained
was, to discover sobh a protective sur&oe as would obviate
the destructive influences which he thought at present
fveolnded the employment of freseo in the arts of Uiis
•ountry.
Mr. C. H. Smith expressed his regret at ^lat must be
ngarded as the onsooosssful results which had attended
Ibe fresco decoraiioos at Westminster. With but £bw
«aBi6ptk)Qs the same fate had attended the works of this
cihaiaoter abroad. The picture of the *' Last Sapper," by
Xioooardo da Vines, was almost entirely gone [Mr.
PoaDiB said that was an oil painting], and the same
might be said of Baphael's beautiful ornamentations of the
Vatican. The great objection to fresco, he thought, was
iU uncertainty — a small experiment might sucoeM whilst
• large one mig^t iaiL Then there was the Airther
ofcjeotloo— that raal frescoes most always be copies from
mn original design. Tbe artist could only puspare hb ma-
terials for just as much work as he coald accomplish in a day.
Tbeo, aguo, a pore fresco eonld not be re-touched, and
he wtmU ask, was it posiB>lef<Mr any artist to paint a large
picture satisfiMStOrily piece by piece? It would scarcely
happen but that he would desire to retouch certain parts
and tone other parts differently ; and besides, the effect
of the colours when dry, was very different fit)m tiiat
produced when they were first laid on. He did not agree
with Mr. Atkinson in the opinion that valuable works of
art should be attached to a building so as to be irremov-
able. We were fortunate in having in this country many
piotorea in oil of great value, which we could not have
had if they had formed parts of mural decoration. He
entirely concurred with the views expressed by Mr.
Blashfield as to the effects produced by salts and alkalies
in imperfectly burnt bricks, and also in many descriptions
of buhding stone. When bricks of that description were
used in the interior of bmldings the effects were apparent
upcm tbe plaster, and.the salts left in the imperfectly burnt
bricks would penetrate through walls of great thiekne%.
He thought this was the cause of the destruction of
fresco more tlian anything else. The water glass process,
he thought, had not as yet been sufficiently tried to
warrant its general adoption.
Mr. PintniB, as one who had made a considerable
number of experiments with the various systems of fresco
as well as with water-glass, begged to offer one or two
remarks. Works of art like that refeired to by Mr.
Smith — the " Last Supper" of Leonardo da Vinci (which
was an oil picture), painted npon walls, were subjected to
two deteriorating influences, first, there was the conden-
satKMi of vapours upon their surface, and secondly, there
was the damp from the wall behind them ; and the more
impervious the surfiuse of a picture was, the more liable it
was to be afleeted by the damp from behind. The conse-
quence was that in the instance alluded to, the damp
from behind had carried away the surface of the pictm«.
With regard to tbe various methods of fresco painting, Mr.
Atkinson had described them as Imono and seeco, though the
name of the latter was contradictory to fresco ; then there
was a third process, whidi might be termed the Pompeian
fresao. H had been contended by one speaker that the Pom-
peian paintings were not frescoes ; but trom experiments
ne had recentty had to make, he (Mr. Pnrdie) believed a
great many of them were frescoes. The surface on which
the pictunss were painted was polished, but the picture
itseif was not so. It was supposed by some that the
pakiting had been executed in wax, whilst others sup-
posed it to be tempera. He forwarded a piece of the com-
positk>n to the Museum of Geology, in Jermyn-street,
and the result of analysis was that no trace of wax or
other binding substance was found it it ; there was nothing
whalever but the pigment and carbonate of lime. The
conclusion arrived at was that the pictm'e was executed
before the Ihne was dry. Wit^ respect to the issue raised
by the paper, whether or not it was desirable to punue
the art of finesco painting further in this country, he
would not, at that late hour, enter into that topic ; but he
would remark that whatever merit was claimed for frescoes
was ponessed in an equal, and even greater degree, by
the water-glass process. That syatem had now been
sabstitnted for fresco by all the artists engaged in
tbe Houses of Pariiament with, he believed, the single
exception of Mr. Dyoe. The difficulties under whfoh
firesoo decoration was carried out had been very aptly de*
scribed by the last speaker, especially with regard to the
difficulties of painting a picture in small portions from day
♦o day. It was, indeed, very rarely that any artist
could execute a satis&ctory work under such circum-
stances. With regard to the fresco works of the old
masters, he believed they had all been afterwards
tooohed up in tempera. Reverting to the subject of
water-glass, Mr. Purdie remarked that it was free
from many of the practical dilfficulties which were at
present inseparable from the fresco process; the whole
gromid-work was plastered over and allowed to dry
before the colour was put upon it. The painting was
executed with pure distilled water, and it was then
covered, by means of a syringe, with a solution of silicate
202
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETr OP ART3, Pbbbuart 13, 1864.
of potash, which bound the coloora to the sarface. This
uipeared to him to be a remarkably simple process ; and if
the same effects 'could be produced m in frescoes, why
should we continue to fight with difficulties, and why
should we strive to -attain by a mountainous path the
point which might be gained by a level road ? With
regard to rendering frescoes permanent on exterior walls,
he expressed his individual opinion that no attempt to
effect this would be successful, and he confessed he viewed
the external frescoes at Munich with anything but agree-
able sensations. He hoped such effects would never be
imitated in this conntiy.
The Chauman said that before moving the vote of
thanks to Mr. Atkinson, which he should do with the
Seatest pleasure, he wished to make a few objervations.
e was sure all present had derived the g^reatest satis-
faction from the very able and lucid paper that gentleman
had brought before them. When he was ask^ to take
the chair on this occasion, he thought the best thing he
oould do was to endeavour to elicit the views of artists
conversant with the subject, for what was really wanted
was practical and technical knowledge on the process of
fresco painting, and he believed he bad gone to the very
^est sources for obtaining the most valuable information.
He went in the first place to Mr. Watts, who sent him
to Mr. Leighton, and subsequently to that he saw
lir. Herbert and Mr. Madise; and he had before him letters
from most of those gentlemen which would greatly interest
ihose who had given attention to this subject. What they
wanted to ascertain was, what was the proper material to
be employed in this process and what was not. If he
might venture to ciitioise anything which had fallen from
Mr. Atkinson it would be this — that his paper showed a
foregone conclusion in favour of fresco painting in its pure
form, as practised by Giotto and the older Italian masters,
and that the failures in this branch of art which had
occurred in the Houses of Parliament ought not to induce
us to abandon the exercise of the old process of fresco.
Mr. Atkinson had pointed to the chromo^lithographic
prints exhibited. These had been brought out oy the
Arundel Society, which had a good object in view, but if
•he had been in Mr. Atkinson's position—- arguing in favour
of frescoes— he would not have pointed to those prints,
inasmuch as the object of the Arundel Society was
to preserve to afler ages some feeble record of those great
masterpieces of early Italian art, the originals of which
were mouldering and fading away. So far from appealing to
:these prints as evidence in favour of retmning to a process
which, Mr. Atkinson stated, had been abandoned by the
artists employed by the Government, he (the chairman)
would pomt to those chromo-lithographs as reasons for
Bot rushing to the conclusion that we could not in the
year 1864, find some better and more durable means
of mural decoration. The tendency of the discussion
was decidedly that fresco painting was uosuited for
decoration in this country, but while they admitted that
/re$co puro was imperfect in itself, let them not on
that account give up mural decoration altogether— he
meant high art on their walU— till they were assured
no good substitute had been discovered. He had
before him a valuable little pamphlet by Mr. Gambier
Perry, which showed that, while the most serious
effects had been produced upon the frescoes at Mantua
and other plaoes where they existed in damp cloisteTs, yet
in Egypt the colouring on the tombs of the Ptolemies
was as fresh and bright as if onl>r done yesterday. What-
ever might be the merits of this process, however, it was
dear from the experiments made in the Houses of Par-
liament that it was not suited to the climate of this
country. But of this he was certain ~they must not on
that account be discouraged from attempting mural
decorations in the highest style of art ; and there were
artists in England now who acknowledged that a
fitting substitute had been found in the water-glass
process, which was well suited to our climate. He
nad had a most interesting conversation with Mr.
Herbert on this subject. That gentleman told him
had nearly been driven mad by the trouble and annoyat
which the old system of fresco caused him. He tdc
that he never knew how his work would turn out.
colours being put on while the plaster was wet. in wh
state it remained for about eight hours, and h&v
finished a piece on one day he had to wait till tho n
to see whetnar it was correct. Bnt, in addition to t
there was another element of difficulty, tliat if
plasterer put a little more water into the plaster ona •
than the day before, although Mr. Herbert might use
same colouring, when it was dry the effect would b^ q>
different Thus with respect to the email fresco of h
Lear and Cordelia, which had stood the best (only
head having gone, owing to the uric acid from an adjoii
room hiving trickled through and affeoted tho colou
from the back) Mr. Herbert had cut out the head of Lea
times, and that of Oordelia five times, and there was no
of that picture which had not been cut out four tii
From what he had said it was obvious that the plast
must be as accurate in his work as the painter, ar
sometimes happened that the painter and the pl&s
were not on the best terms. It was a melancholy
that Mr. Dyce*s and Mr. Herbert's plasterers had
died mad-— one raving mad and the other melanc
mad— and Mr. Herbert attributed this, in a great i
sure, to the effect of the constant worry those men
shbjected to in their department of the process. H<
gratified to find that Mr. Herbert expressed himself f
ned with the water-glass system. He had asked
gentleman to put upon paper his opinions generall
this subject, and he would now read the oommunic
with which Mr. Herbert had favoured him : —
**I am quite convineed that however trae the the
freteo may be, the practice of it always has been, and wil
prove, next to an impoMibility, if indeed anv refinemei
sabtletles of art are attempted. I may be asked, h&Te n
Italian painters left evidences to the contrary of this aseei
I reply, using the words of Yatari, that in his time thet
but one *' trae fresco in Italy,** and the melaneholy cos
of frescoes throoghoat the ocmtioent shows farther p
Vasiri's statement. Almost all the really great eoloai
Italy abandoned it after a few trials, and the Mtehad A
held ap to at at marrelt of fresco have long ainoe bee
hopeless state of decay. The smallest work in genuine
carried to any point of excellence without cmployli
fugitive mode of completion, te., vinegar and white of <
freely used by Italian painters), would be an achievemen
to bo attained by saccewive obliterations and waste •
Fresco may do admirably well where a slight bravura
art is required, but this should be the puse-temps foi
whose aim b very moderate and whose employers arc
satisfied. Fresco has had a fair trial here, and is to gi
before something a thousand times better in ejcrf way.
Mr. Maclise had written to him as follows on the :
of the water-glass process : —
** I beg leave to send you a proof of a report I raad<
Roval Commissioners of Fine Arts, the late Prince
wished me to repair to Berlin to see the process an
formanee of the stereochromio method, as practiced bj
bach and others. You may not have leisure to look c
report, and therefore I must only ask you to receive tli
latest intelligence on the snbjeet of my daily practice
Kietiee with me is one of the utmost simpUeity, I ma
ve had a kind of pleasure in so simplifying it. On f
tablet of forty-six feet of pure plaster, spread at once,
in colours ground with pure water, my only vehicle being
water, and this simple proceeding (being indeed the pn
fresco seceo) becomes n«<^r]y indelible by the mere fac
colours being absorbed. This true water-colour paint i
what is eallra water-colour is in fact gam colour) Dec ^ a
maaently fixed by shedding over it a spray of wa<
through a syringe. The advantages of this method 01
of fresco are obvious. The couch of plaster it apread
over the whole surfiaee, and not laid in piooe by
each day*s work to be painted on while fresh, to aecare
Ibis old piece- meal process makes tbe work a kind oi
I and in a complioatea design beeomes a miracle of iati
JOUSJiAL OF THE SOCSEXT OP ARTS, Fbbbi;aa7 1% 186i.
203
Jti jtiMBgi, Mri , ■llhnngh a mkiij to 4li» fsinttr, w a petfect
triuBph to the pUttafer. In th« oew-proMM we aui proeecd,
If we like, with «■ maoh freedom m we ftpproech a canvaes, no
cantioai and cowardly preparation of iketches, and the cartoon
to he pnnctnred or styled on the waU and ilavkhlj copied,
whereby the Tigoar of the eaiioon ii lost, withnothing to oom-
imiMEte for'H. Am regarda my own practice jut now, I may
i«ply toyonr inqniry. which ie in ltaeir« flattery, that ahhoa|Eh
IhaTemadeavMvM ierign vT the aol^ tobepanteain
Aiapbae, wot I need not tete ^ooe ao, -and ai it i8« I pant
'dtet on^ watt aomtontly irom modela of all aoiti, eailara,
in a wn a i , gnae, tackle, rope^ .bbdM, and av hoarding ie a kiod!
•of moieam of ouurine storea, for which indeed I am originally
indebted to voor Lordship in having Twdift^ for me, at my
leqoeet, with the Seoretaiy of the Admiralty, by whose favour
I nave eecnred attention at the War-office and stirred up all
Unds of sympatbiee at Woolwieh and Greenwich. To get
Ifeleon's coat from He gla»«ase in Greenwich Hall -to my hooee
■tChdeea, where I«onld dojoetioetolihe details of its bnttoos,
nmiTCd, I do heUeva, the hrtetrentioii of the whole Board of
AiminJiij with the 'QwrmM. JOr. Hofinann Mid ibaX the
«ntui glasamaad over the pifOliMe onght to effloreeoeaaa
;pfoof of ita enioaoy. ^ I should peeler thia not to t«ke place ;
Mrhape yonr Loroehip may be able to leam something aboat
They had thna high toaiimMiiak in favour of the w«ter-
^aai system, which it appealed had stood the test of a
KPDd mai^ yean. The ezamplee of this prooess at
Mnaidi had stood irhile the iresooes had (faded. The
ghainnan then weot on to etote that he had reoelTed no
wilkteii eoBsmiiBieatioci from Mr. Watts, than whom, how-
aver, no man had moce enlarged views of art, or mere
4evDtioo to freseo-painting. In proof of thai, he might
aaoftioQ that Mr. Watte, during the time -G^eral Anson
«aa Chairman of the Loodoo and North- Western Bailway
Gompany, offered to deeomto in freaso the large hall at
BuMtoa Btotioii, the eompany mfy bearing -^e «ac-
peoae of ^okmn and the weiwary aoaffoldiog. U^hat
odhr -was not lideen advantage of; hot the libeml
^lirit of Mr. WaAto met with a more ready reepome
in the case of the hall of Liaooln's Inn, and when ihe
wotk was done the BendMie were so stmok (with the
haadiome eooduet of Mr. Watts that they voted him a
«BBof £600. No man had done more fior fresco panitmg
iban Mr. Watto, and that gentlwnan had ^ent fahn to
Mr. Leighton, for mfbrmation with legard to 'the new
pc ooesi of mm»l deoomtion diseov e m d hy 3fe. Qamhier
Fairy, who, however, wae not himsrftf a painter, hot had
employed Mr. Leigfaton to ezeeoto the deoorations of a
ehorch atLyndhnrstfinHanipshve. Mr. Parry had pab-
Udied a oommonication m the £uhMogiai, and the
estact he wonkl read from it he believed wonid be hi-
tetesting to the
**To meet all the reqniremento of wall-painting (where the
walls are drr) with llttie risk of injury from the action of onr
^OMte, avoidsBg the objectionB to other systems, and retaiuing
aB that b good and e fle c tife in them, I recommend the follow.
iogeehcnw. TlUa a mettnm compose d in these proportions-
Pore bleached was .... Soanoes 1^
Semi resin 1 •• ^^
QU of spike lavender .6 « 1 Uqnid
better than one. Oommon rough wall plaster will take two
doeea of the transparent wash, and two with the opaque white.
JBaoh wash should be allowed twenty-fours to evaporate. The
object of these washes is to key the prepved surface deeply
into the pores of the wall with a matenal which dries in tliem
as hard as stone, and leares a surfisce widte, solid, absorbent,
and of a good texture Tor psinting. IHien the cartoon is traced
on the wall, let a part of a design be ohoeen enough for a day*a
work, and washed over thinly with oil of spike or bjghlr recti-
fied turpentine, (the former is better, being a stron^r solrent of
the copal) the object being to open the surface which will then
be paintea into, and dry in one solid mass by the evaporation
of the Tolatile oils. The wash shmzld be tightly applied, befbre
she palette and colours are prepared for the da]r*s work ; the
'time thos employed will aUew the euf&ee ito dry just saffi-
cisBily to let the paiot be appliod withoat .dragging up and
mimeg wilh*lt.
** Vhe ▼chicle for painting in wbioh the brush should be
dipped most be either tlie same as tbe wall wash, only twice as
much diluted, or oil of spike alone ; or, when the cost of the
spike oil is «n objection, highly rectified turpentine. The
surface dries gradu«lly, not skinning over, as oil eolonrs do,
but equably throughout by evaporation.'*
On ^lis eolgaat Mr. Leigfaton had wriftton to turn ae fod-
18
i>
measure.
Viaest preparation of artist's eopal
which shaU be used throqghont from the first proparatioo of
the wall to tbe last touch of colour laid nponit, tnat the whole
mass may be perfectly homogeneous. AU eolonrs are to be
giwand vp in It, and wiay be kept in tubes, as oil colours are,
or in any other way. The same composition diluted in iwiot
«to hM of reetifted spirito of tarpeatiae makes the Kqnid
with which the pores of the wall am to be astnrated by coptons
w esh s is . The nnnber of these washes mast depend en the
absocbeney of the wail snrfiMS t and the men absorbent that
be the better. The hwt wash shoold be mised op with—
Best gilder's whithig well waehed aad 18 parte wft ftaUb,
bekeddrj. .... Jnotinwes^.
moke
water
rtrpSsji?.'T'^'"hp«'"««'»-
to the eonsistener ef thin cream ; the snrfrce should be well
covered with it i indeed, in niost eases, two coato of this are
" As I am, to the best Uf nay belief, tbe only p ro fessi onal
painter who has worked with Gambier Parry's spirit fresco, it
may be convenient to yon to refer to a»y unfioisbtd worlu at
Lyndhurst. I therefore send you two or three details wliieh
may iatcrsst yonr aud i e a ee. The merite of tkie material are
chieflytheae ;— G r eat aimilasity of nssoHto hoono freseo,which it
Ntpioaelies so nearly «• to deceive anyone not conversant with
the practice of painting. Great scope of colour, as it embraces
the whole oil palette, and is not subjected to any of tlie Umite-
tioQS which are peculiar to fresco. Great facllitv of manipula-
tion, admitting of washes, impasto, and glaaing within the space
of a very few hours. Little or no change in the diyin^, not more
than in water-colour drawing, on abMrbent aketelung paper,
Harding's, for instance. Tacility of re'<toathing,as the surfiuse
is alwa^ aoluble in spirit, t Iwugh proof against wsltsr. The only
point m which it ie inferior to real fresco, is in the absence
ef tlise pure -cry stalline qualtty of light so peculiar to the latter.
On the Qthsr hand, it hu, in a great degree, that other quality
of fresco, which is the Alpha and the Omega of all grand monn-
meotal work — ^gravity-— dignity."
The GhairmaD added that he had ventured to call the
attention of the meeting to these letters beoaose they
flowed there were other means of painting, which artiste
of great distinction believed-to be safe and satisfactory, and
by means of which great works of art for decorative pur
poses might be executed without fear of decay. He
thought the subject of suoh vast importance, i^at he
hoped this meeting would give attention to the ex-
ceUent suggestion of Mr. Atkinson, that some com-
mittee phoiUd be i^ppointed to inquire iutothe snlgeot.
The committee appomted by the government had ceased
their labours, but there still seemed to be so much doubt
on this question, that it would be a pity that fresco paint-
ing shoiUd be abandoned without a ftul and fiiir ioqniiy.
He would therefore enforce as far as iie was able, the
suggestion that this Society idiould appoint a good prac-
ticS^oommittee, in oodjunction with the Institoto of British
Architecte, the Boyal Academy, and other bodies, who
might go carefully into the sutgect. He concluded by
moving a vote of thanks to Mr. Atkinson for his paper.
The vote of thanks was then passed.
Ml*. Atkinson said he was prevented by the lateness of
the hour from making his reply. His review of the pre-
ceding discussion would be given in the form of a letter
in tiie Journal of next week.
The paper was iUostrated by cartoons and actual fresooeF,
executed by Mr. Armitoge, and kindly lent by that
^ntlraian ; also by a selection of reproductions of frescoes
m cliromo-lithography, produced for the Arundel Society,
as well as specimens of the various pigments and other
materials employed in the process of fresco painting.
The Secretaiy announced that on Monday evening next,
at 8 o'dook, Mr. Buigee would deliver the second lecture of
20^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pebbuabt 12, 1864.
bis course, od " Art applied to iDdattry ;*' and that at the
meeting on Wednesday evening next, a {Aper by Dr.
Edward 8mith, F.R.S., "On Public and Pnvate Diet-
aries" (a sequel to the paper read on the 16th December
last), would be read.
The following letter has been received : —
Sib, — ^Regarding frescoes and the materialB used, a
great deal might be said, even upon the Italian spedmens
and their decay ; yet it is marvellous how long some have
stood in exposed situations, where there is much damp,
as in the valleys near the Swiss mountains, not that the
dimate there is like our humid one, where the lichens
frow and decay so rapidly, eating their way into stone.
i-esco, in England, can only be used for interior decora-
tion, and even then the surface, so charming from its
quality of not absorbing light, becomes deteriorated im-
mediately by coal smoke, which it holds with great
tenacity, making the munil pictures of the British artist
•—who gives more efftscts of light and shade than are to
be found in Italian specimens — soon look black and dingy.
As the Italian developed and used a material well suited
to his climate, so ought the Englishman to find some-
thing better suited to his own^harder in surface, deeper,
and impervious to damp, without glitter or absorption of
light. The last and lowest school of art, the Dutch or
Flemish, matured chiaroeouro, depending upon it for
power ; pigments on plaster the^ let alone, having a climate
like ours. For colour and efijoot mosaic cannot compete
with fresh firesco, though the former is well suited to our
climate, being ten times as durable as the latter. Mosaic
is not skin deep, and can be often cleaned without detri-
ment. It has its drawbacks, but is capable of much
.grandeur and breadth of 'effect. The most enduring
works of art in England are those of the Romans in
mosaic — fresh and beautiAil. If some one, conversant
with the subject, would read a paper before the Society
<m mosaic as a mural decoration, he would confer an im-
portant benefit on the arts, and, perhaps, extend the use
of a material well suited to any and every climate. — I am,
ftc, John Lxiohtok.
Bbadfobd Female Educational Ihstttute (Yobk-
SHiRE Unios). — The annual meeting was held on the
^9th January; Mr. Aid. Brown, the president, occupied
the chair. The annual report says that during the past
year the total number of members has been 569, against
493 in 1862. This increase has been chiefly in young
women between the ages of twenty and twenty- five. The
members comprised 210 weavers, 201 spinners and other
ftctoiy workers, 95 nurse maids at home, 22 domestic
servants, 10 dressmakers, 2 bonnet makers, 7 sewing-
machine minders, 9 employed in bhops, 2 French polishers,
1 piece-board paperer. Out of the 207 new members en-
rolled in 1865, 73 could neither read nor write, 42 could
read and write very imperfectly, 67 cotQd read moderately
and write a little, 21 could read well and write moderately,
14 could read and write well, 170 had no idea of spelling,
115 knew nothing of arithmetic. Seven classes for
elementary instruction had been in operation. The needle-
work classes were in a very satisfactory condition. The
library exhibited a falling off in the number of volumes
issued, as compared with the three previous years ; the
greatest decrease, however, being in works of a light
•character. The financial statement showed an income of
£229 18s. lOd., and an expenditure of £217 8s. lid.
Fabnhax Youno Men's Assooiatioh.— On the 29th
nit. a lecture was delivered by the Rev. J. M. Sumner,
M.A., Rector of Buriton, entitled *< A Walk into Spain
as far as Madrid." The Lord Bishop of Wmchester pre-
sided. A vote of thanks was passed to the lecturer.
Favbbsium hi a ' ATiVA ' E . — Local Ck>mpetithre Exan
tions have recently been held, at which prizes of be
varying in value fh>m 20s. to 5s., were awarded in a
metic, English grammar, composition, English hisi
reading, writing, and other subjects.
GospoBT LiTEBABT InsTTruTiON. — The Bov. E
Berthon, Vicar of Bomsey, recently delivered a lectui
<« The Sun." The chair was Uken by Dr. Kealy,
president. The lecture was illustrated by diagrams o
subjects brought under the notice of the audience. I
conclusion, U. P. D. Cunningham, Esq., moved a vc
thanks, which was seconded by T. U. Field, Esq.,
passed enthusiastically.
Leeds Meohamios' Isstitutioic. — ^The annuil mec
was held on the 29th of January, Mr. Aid. Luccock,
president, in the chair. The report stated that all
departments of the Institution were in a satis&ctory t
and that there was an increase of twenty-five meoi
During the year there had been 40,970 issues of b
books, uid 8,797 of periodicals. Twenty-six leo
were delivered during the year ; nine were oo ge
literature and philosophy, nine on science, abitraot
applied, and five on the drama and music. The ati
ance on all occasions was good. In the boys' schoo
number of pupils had increased from 162 to 188. li
examinations by the Universities of Oxford, Gambr
and Durham, the Royal College of Smffeons, the 8c
and Art Department, and the Society of Arts, the re
had been highly satis&otory. Nine were suooessfi
the University of Oxford ; of these, three obtaine<
title of Associate of Arts ; twelve were suocessfb
Durham ; seven obtained the title of Literate of Duri
two were successful at the Rojiil College of Surg
and obtained the Diploma of Membenhip. Theresu
the examination of the Society of Arte have already
published. In the report of the Leeds School of A
was stated that the numbers of pupils, of all cl
under instruction had been steadily Increastng, and
risen from 8,166 in the year 1862 to 5,986 in 1868 ; v
tlie attainments of the pupils, as tested ia the ]
examinations, had increased in a still more &voa
degree. The above number included 6,001 child]
public schools; 587 pupils in middle class schools
teachers and pupil teachers; and 848 students o\
Central and Branch School of Art. During the pas(
two branch Schools of Art had been opened, und<
same management and masters as the Leeds School,
the annual public examinatkm of the pupils of the ]
School, held by an Inspector of the Science and Art
partment, at Leeds, Bradford, Huddenfield, Keig
and Keswick, 601 pupils passed a successful nxamia
Twenty-nine medals were awarded to Leeds, t
Holbeck, and six to Eeighley, making a total o
whilst the school also received a national medalli*
mechanical drawing at the national competition iu Lo
and one honourable mention for a chalk drawing fro
cast; 15 students also passed the Society of Arte e:
nation in freehand dniwing, and obtained certifi
The plans for the new School of Art, in conjnnotioc
the Mechanics' Institute, had been examined bj
Science and Art Department, and, with the except
a few trifling features, had been approved of. The ac
showed a balance in favour of the Institution of £25
balance in favour of the new building being £2,288.
T. Dawson mentioned some interesting facts as 1
financia l results of the operations of the various bn
of the Institution during the year. Upon the Ins
distinct from the other departments, there was a :
£74, but £42 of this was a loss upon catalogues,
was a profit of £17 on the girls' school, and £42 hj
been expended in fitting up the new sohool-roonv
profit would have been larger. On the boya' se^ool
was a profit of £106 ; whilst upon the School of Ar
was a loss of £88, but £73 had been cxusnd«d on
which would be available for the new Wiilding..
evening classes showed a profit of £4^
JOUJBNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Pebruabt 13, 1864. 20o
¥f»<M— i iM a Mmobamio^ l awi ro i 'ioar. — > A meeUng
h^d here oa the SOih Janoftry, to witoeflt Ihe
diftribatioD of the priies aod oerttBoates awarded by
the Society of Arta to the sueceaafol candidates at the
Uft ezaminatioo. The chair was taken by W. Fairbairo,
Esq., LL.D., F.B.S.. the president of the Institution, who
ezpnssed his satiafibction at the high position taken by
the students of the Institotwn. The prises were dis-
tHbated by Sir J. C. D. Hay, Bart., who sakl he felt H
to be a great honour to be permitted to present to the
iooQesifal students the priies which they had so well
deserred. The veiy high oharaoter which those candidates
had earned fix* themselves reflected the highest credit on
Ihmr teaehen, to whom the hearty thanks of even*
Bnglishman were due for the admiraUe manner in whkn
Ihey devoted thdr time, often almost gratuitously, to the
edooation of others. The prises whidi he was about to
give to tlie successful would be in days to come objects
which would rekindle feelinga of fond attachment to the
pboe where they had reoeivd their education, and would
M marks of honour to be handed down to their familicB.
The advantages generally which the country had gained
firom the bestowal of the prices of the Society of Arts
must be patent to all. The aecoracy of thought required
In the examination, by putting to the test of writing the
knowledge of each competitor, and the impartiality of
the examination, must be of the highest value to the
slodents.
liABLBonoooB Imtbovembvt Soomr. — ^A lecture was
reoeatly delivered by Mr Allen Curr, entitled, «* The
Sea a Highway, a BatUe Field, and a Grave."
BoTsrox U wi' iru T B . — ^The annual meeting was held
OD the 11th Jannary. F. N. Fordham, Esq., in the
«bair. The report stated that at the last annual
meeliiig oonsidemble alterations were made in the snb-
-teriptioos of the membecs, mainly with a view to the
Ineraase of the revenue of the Institute. The Committee
Ibwk the leenlt may be looked on as sttisiactory. The
teeme of the year, including a bafamce in hand at the
eomm«)eeni6nt of £11 9s. Id., amounted to £90 17s. 6d.
The expOTtditure amounted to £89 4s. 8d. ; thus leaving
a bakBoein hand of £1 18s. 8d. The members in 1868
nonsistnd of 31 life members, 6 honoranr members, 45
'Ocdtnary members subscribing for reserved seats, and 104
ditto subscribing for non-reserved seats; total, 186 — %5
M these memben also subscribed to the drawing danes.
Id 1862 there were 172 members and 57 subscribers to the
leetures and reading-room. The financial result of the
two yeari, so far as the nle of members' tickets and non-
•obeoiberi' tickets to lectures is conceraed, was— in 1862,
£57 9s. 5d. ; in 1668, £68 198. Id. Twelve lectures and en-
iertaiomenta were given during the year, among which
wen one by Mr. H. Coxwell, on ** His Sdentifio Ascents
with Mr. GUisher in his Mammoth Balloon;" one by Mr.
Waterhoose Hawkins, on " The Gorilla, &c, contrasted
with Man ;** ooe by Mr. Basil Toong, <* Shadows on the
Wall, or the Funny Side of Human Nature ;** one (gratui-
toosj by ihe Bev. W. J. Beamont, M. A., on ** Art, Artists,
aod Artisans ;" one (gratuitous) by the Rev. T. R. Birks,
M.A^ on ^ Matter and Ether;*' one by Elihu Burritt, on
** The Physiology of Nations ;" and ooe by George Dawson,
<m ** IM-osed Men ." The library has been increased by the
-addition oC 68 yolumes; 56 were purchased. The number
of volumes issued during the year was 1,797. The most
ampoftant step of the Committee during the year was
tima of mdon with the Cambridge School of Art, in the
tenation of classes for drawing, modelling, and painting.
TIm Committee hope the number of the members of the
^IrmwiDff claases will increase, so that the fees paid will
meet the demands of the Cambridge School of Art.
At the Tcoommendation of the Cambridge School, the
Conifnittee haye decided on collecting a fund for the
apecaal expenses of this branch of the operations of the
loetitotion.
lint ^s.
The Statite of Heb Majistt, to be erected at
Aberdeen, and placed near that of the Prince Consort,
is to be the work of Mr. B. Brodie.
Photoobapbio Exhibition.— The forthcoming exhibi-
tion of the Photographic Society will be held in the
Gallery of Female Arusts in Pall Mall, and will open in
the second week in May, closing in Aoguit. Members of
the Society exhibit free of charge, but non. members will
be charged a rent for space.
WooD-OABviNG.-^Mr. George Lock has addressed a
letter to the Building Newt^ m which he makes some
suggestions for the more general application of this art to
articles of eveiy-day use. He regrets that ** hitherto, in
the department of artistic and carved toys, ornaments,
and the articles of everj^'-day use before enumerated, the
French, Swiss, and Germans have, for taste and cheapness,
maintained for centuries a pre-eminence," and expreesea
his belief that '* the people of thb country are in every
way competent to execute what has hitherto been im-
ported fh>m abroad. If this were to be done, many
thousands would be pleasorably and profitably employed
in the production of carved works for the million. The
eflbrts made to meet the competition and demand hitherto,
have been solely of an iDaividual character, rarely at-
tended with even moderate success. This has resulted
from the exoeedingly cont<racted view taken of the matter,
and the limited pecuniary and artistic resources brought
to bear on the undertaking, which, had it been carried
out in the same manner as some manufactures have,
would, no doubt, have been equally as progressive and
Sofitable as china and glass making, or metal work-
g." He thinks •< there can be no reason why, under
proper guidance, large factories might not be solely oocu-
pieu in the producnon, by children, of simple carved
articles, whilst adults, male and female, might be
separately employed in the production of the endless
▼ariety of goods which the piesent markets call forth
firom fcacexga establishments. With adequate fimds,
moderate-rented workshops in the metropolis or the pro-
vincial towns, first-class management as regards the sub-
divirion and economic use of labour in adults and child-
ren, as is shown in the best-conducted mills, factories, and
foundries, a first-clsss artistic staff to .design and model
the patterns with which to start, some experienced fore-
men or workmen from the factories and rural districts in
which such a class of work has hitherto been produced
abroad, with a few of the best English carvers accustomed
to work for the commercial markets (like the knife-
handle and bread-platter carvers of Sheffield, and the bog-
oak jewelleij carvers of Ireland), likewise some of the
best-trained Parisian furniture carvers for the best kind of
work, many hundreds of hands mi^ht be immediately
taken into profitable trainini;, and an impetus given to the
art that it has yet never known in this country. Thon-
sands of our own female peasantry have been taught
straw-plaiting, lace>working, &c., which is carried on
daily in the villi^ homes of many counties, and much of
the artistic toy-carvings now supplied to our shops fVom
foreign parts might be produced by the same class of
workers."
Pamtfattms.
ELECTRO-METALLURGY IN PARIS.
It has been said of Napoleon III. that, like the Roman
Emperor, he found his capital of bricks and he led it
marble ; it may with truth be said that he found it of iron
and will leave it of bronze. Tliere is no feature in the
recent improvements of Paris more remarkable than the
substitution of the latter for the former metal, as far as^*--
eye can judge, and it is impossible that a carefhl ob-
ao6
^OURVAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ABTS, Fbbruaet U, 1884.
abonld have passed aocwM the beiutifal Place de la Oon-
oorde, or Place Loavdb, or along the principal streets and
the Champs Elys^es, wliho«t having noticed the change
in the appearance of the fountains and the still greater
one in the lamp-poets, or candelabra, during the iMt year
or two.
The whole of the changes are due to the exertions of M
L.Oudry,the principal of the UsineElectio-Metallurgiqiie feMUoa ketween tMr total eosi In M. Oudry's broD
braoMd laom-poit adepM fbr the ettjr of Fm is ab
siM Ibet high, weighs albont 000 Ibs^ and costs 95 o<
imes tlie ktJogamme, er about 4^. per lb., when fioiil
asd meontad; total, Biae pewnds steriinff; wherea
dmOar pillar in bnoBae, of kalf the weight, would
abeat thirty paunds. The muber of ihese pUlara t(
soppUed Ibr Paris aloae is flfteeo thomnd, and the
d'Auteuil, seconded by the approbation of the Elmperor
and the aid of the Prefect of the JSeine. The woilu in
question are situated in the Boute de Versailks, just'
beyond the bridge of Grenelle, and may be reached com-
fortably in a quarter of an hour by the American railway
troj^ the Place de la Concorde ; and a foreigner making
a propw application by letter would find little difficulty in
obtaining admission. M. Oudry's pBodnotions include
eveiT kind of deposit with Uie aid of electro^alvanism,
Imt his chief aim is the coating of objects in cast and
wrought iron with a thick and proportionably durable
deposit of copper. His experiments with this view oom-
menced in 1864, and in the following year he was
rewarded with a medal by the jury of the Universal Ex-
hibition.
At this time he had only operated on wrought iron and
small castinga, and when he attempted to put his method
into practice on a large scale he found that the presence of
&rei^ substances and other peculiarities of cast iron save
him infinite diflSculty. In fact, the same treatment which
■uoceeded with wrought-iron arddes totally failed in
practice with those of cast metal. The mode at first
iried by M. Oudry was to give the casting, after it had
l)een very carefully cleaned, a thin coating of copper in a
bath of cyanide of copper and potasaium ; l)ut the ooatiBg
thus obtained was not thick enough for practical pnrpoaes,
therefore the objects were afterwards treated in a
hath of sulphate of copper, and left under the influence
of the voltaic action for periods varying from five to
fifteen days. This plan answered admirably with
small articles, such as spikes for ship*building, and screws,
but failed completely when applied to large eorfaoes of
cast-iron. Cavities which were not completely coated by
the action of the first-named bath were immediately at-
tacked by the strongly acidified-aolution of the second ; and
this being the only kmd of bath that M. Oudry had found
capable of throwing down a thick deposit of copper on an
iron surface, he was driven to the conclusion, after months
of anxiety and a large expenditure of money, that the
direct de^t of copper on iron was, if not impossible, at
any rate impracticable. As an instance of the probation
through which he had to tdl, M. Oudry mentions a case
of three iron chimney-pieces, over which he spent stx
months' time and 17,000 fi:anca, and which he was obliged
to abandon at last.
The method which he finally adopted was that of
eovering the castings with two solid coats of oil-oolour
and then dressing them over very carefully with plum-
bago; and with this system, and without any preliminary
scraping or cleaning, he is enabled to obtain a coating of
copper varying from one to two millimetres in thickness;
the former, about one twenty-fifth of an inch, being con-
sidered sufficient for all ordinary purposes. The works
at Auteuil have now been in full action sinee 1860, em-
ploying constantly from a hundred to a hundred and
fifty workmen, and the reeuHs may be seen in any of the
great thoroughfares of Paris, as, for instance, the now
bronzed fountains of the Place de la Concorde, the
Place Louvois, and the Champs Elys^es, the large
rostral columns and candelabra of the first-named place,
and those around the Arc de Triomphe de I'Etoile, and
eight or nine thousand lamp-posts, of a new and elegant
pattern, to be seen on the boulevards and in the prin-
cipal streets of the city. The consumption of sulphate of
copper at this establidiment is said to be about 8,500 tons
per year. The two great fountains of the Place de la
Concorde alone consumed 850 tons. As regards cost, the
following are the figures funiflhed by M. Oudry : The new
koii and in troe brooae it set down at £317,100.
M. Oudry does set ooaftne his <^erstions entifel^
41m canting of onUBental eMtioga. fie is now engs
hi oovering smour plates fbr vesselaof the Imperial ta
wHhadepesit afeoppertbe twelfth «f an inch in tfa
Bess, and the small specnnens exhibited oertably proi
a ^ery lavoondile fesolt. Be has also nearly exeo
OBe of Hw most rematkable galvanoplasUo works yet
fonaed, namely, the Teprododioa m copper of the
reltefb of Tn^n% Column at Rome, ftom casts take
plaster at the cost of the Bmperor. This immense ^
is just oerapleted, and eonsists of nearly five hon
pieoes, preseatiog a sorfiwe of about seven hundred sq
yanis. It is said to be the 4ntentlon of the Empen
have the whole arranged in sectioBs, ea^ about tweli
#fteen feet high, in the Masenm of ^le Louvre.
M. Oudi7\i galvanoplastic works are very low in
as oompaied with the true bronae, bvt still they an
cheap enough for all purposes, and there is this diffic
that the work cannot oe done in situ. He has, there
invented another system, whieh dessrves mention,
has been applied, in many instanoes. In this and <
towns. It eoa rists in a new kmd of bronae paint,
posed of pore copper, thrown -down by the gal*
pr eoesB and afterwards reduced to an impalpable po
hy means of steam etampers, in a vehicle having bei
fiar its basis. It Is -tfeated hhe oiteary paint. an<
bronied effects are pcodueed by mesas of dressing
aoidlAed solutions and powders c o m p osed of pure oc
A good histanoe of its application may be seen i
baloonies of the Tfa^itre Fimn^ais, whieh were
painted about "fifleen months since. It is difficult t
tinguish at first sight this imitative work from M. Oi
gaivanoidaslic eoating, and it is caksukted to last
or ten years, while its oost Is not a sixth of that c
other. The expenseef painting one of the pillars £
mrationed is about one pound, and three years* ex]
in the open air dees not seem to have produoc
deterioration whatever in the appearance of the sur
It should be mentioned that M. Oudry not onl
Slqys^s benzine <dl, or medium. In bronze paintix
sail his work, and has also introduced it into th<
as a substitute for linseed and other oils to wh
declares It much superior, especially where there is •
from humidity, whether i^[>plied to metal, wood,
or plaster.
Cmmittrct*
Fbbioh Iifpoars amd Ezfobts.— The official
lately published by the Direelor*General of Oust
lating to the hnpoiis and exports of France dm
year 18<(8, show that the articles of whioh the ii
tion has increased are raw hides and skins, wo
served meats, silk, tallow, gaano, seeds ibr ci
sugar, oofiee, timber, woollen thread, and woolle
The importation whi^ has remained stationary i
such articles as cheese, butter, olive oil, ooooa, d>
cabinet work, and flax. There is a dimination in
feathers, rice, com, and, greatest of all, in cr»a
Talue of the raw cotton imported into France ii
esthnated at 177,000,000f., against 126,00O,OOOf.
and 270,000,000f. in 1861. English mano&ctore
which, according to the Protectionists, were
driven all others out of the French marketa, are l
less eveiy year. The cast metal imported iut
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pkbruiey 12, 1861.
207
from E^oglaod in 18(S3 wm esUmatod at a3,000«000r., and
in 1803 at only L8,000,000f. Iron in 1862, 22,889,000f. ;
in 1863, 4J09,000f. Cotton cloth in 1862, 14,000,000f. ;
in 1863, 7,92C,000f. WooUen doth in 1862, 40,96I,000f. ;
in 1-^63, 33,09 l,000f. Thera has been an increase in the
valoe of the following articles exported :—> Wrought silk,
woo len. cotton, linen and hempen cloth, wooUen and
flax en thread, dreoaed hidei, edged tools, toys, books and
engraNnogs, paper and pasteboard, china and delf, milli-
nary, wine, brandy, soap, sngar, fmit, eggs, com, wool,
dressed feathers, perfamery, ai^ silk. There was a dimi-
nation in the exportation of ohymical ingredients in 1868,
thOQgh the duty on salt employed in their preparation
was removed. The dnty paid on the merchandise im-
parted into bVance in 1861 amounted to 126,700,000f., in
1862 to 152.300,000f., and in 1863 to I66,200,000f. The
moat productive import duty is that on sugar ; the next
that on coal and coke. Next in suoceasion come woollen
doth, cast metal, fhiit, corn, linen doth, ooooa, and
machinery.
SuoAB STATi8noB.-~The production from all sources,
iodading beet, for 1863, was about 1,900,000 tons,
and it U thought that the aggregate deficiency for 1864
will not be less than 200,000 tons, or about ten per
cent, on the total production. The recent accounts from
the East show that large shipments are making at
Mauritius for Bombay, and that the Chinese are drawing
heavily on the Manilla crops. Still the stock in Jamaica
oontinoes in excess of previous years, being 192,000 tons
against 164.000 tons in 1862,130,000 in 1861, and 106.000
in I860. The ooosnmption is progreoing satisfactorily,
and there is a hu deniand for export for both the Con-
tinent and America. The following tabular statement
shows the export of sugars from producing coontriet in
1863, and probable production for 1864 :—
Probable ions, 1863-i.
.... 420,000
60,000
85.000
.... 100.000
18.000
116,000
••••••
• • • ••
Tool, 1862-3.
Cuba 450,000
Porto Kico 67,000
Brazil 115,000
French colonies 111,000
Dutoh Antilles 18,000
British West Indies 195,000
Eist Indies 22.000
MaurUius 59,000 69,000
Java 99,000 95,000
Manilla 85,000 25,000
Louisiana 115,000 25,000
Beetroot produce :—
Franco 144,000 180,000
Belgium 25,000 26,000
Zollverein 100,000 100,000
Rassh and Aosteia 90,000 60,000
The deficiency being very considerable.
While the East Indies, instead of exporting, will
import
Bombay and California will consume the more ...
England will increase her consumption owing to
lower duties on tea, by about
Deficit in stock in France
Deficit in stock on the Continent
horn by fire in the stores of Begia
TODf.
20,000
20,000
20,000
3,000
8,000
12,000
Total 83,000
Messrs. Corrie and Co.'s circular says :— >In our previous
statement of the probable defidency of some of the crops
this year, the estimate of the falliBg off in Mauritius was
put down as 30,000 tons ; but subsequent advices from
that island report the yield as not likely to exceed 100,000
tons in all, which is about 67,000 tons less than last year ;
and it is still expected that the production in Reunion
will be 40,000 tons short. The quanti^ at present afloat
to ^e United Kingdom from Mauritms is only about
7,000 tons against 17,000 last year, whilst from Manilla
there are only 5,000 tons now on the way, against 24,000.
The arrivals in Qreat Britain for the first month are very
small, being nearly 20.000 tons lei« than the landings in
January 1863. Deliveries for export shew an increase of
1,300 tons for the month, but for home consumption there
is a diminution of 7,400 tons. The imports, however,
being so small, there has been a considerable reduction in
the stocks, and the quantity now in the warehouses is only
about 11,000 tons in excess of the previous year, while in
the chief continental ports the stocks are veiy much less
than last year.
Mbtbofolitan Railway Schemes, 1864. — The Board
of Trade have just issued maps with a repoi-t on the pro-
posed metropditan railway schemes. In this report, after
noticing that in eight out of 30 cases the standing orders
have not been complied with, and remarking on the diffi-
culty of grouping the various bills for apportionment be-
tween the committees of the two Houses, the board suggests
that two select committees, one from each House, should
meet,in conference to consider together the matters referred
to them, and, if possible, concur iu a joint report. They
notice that in none of the bills is there a provision for
securing a month's public notice at the spot of the inten-
tion to take houses inhabited by the labouring classes.
There is no scheme to create a central station, though the
ereoUon of several stations is proposed. The report enu-
merates the various schemes designed to meet the recom-
mendations of the sdect committee of the House of Lords,
that thcfl*e should be a railway across the Thames on the
eastern side of the metropolis, to connect the railways
north and south ; and that additional railway communi-
cation should be provided in the densely-populated parts
of the metropolis, and a connection between the main lines,
where not aaready in existence, should be establbhed.
The report states that these objects would bo in a more
complete manner effected by certain schemes designed for
giving effect to the recommendation of the committee of
an inner and outer drcle of railway within the metropo-
litan district, communicating with the prindpal main
lines of railway coming into the metropolis for distribution
of the passenger traffic, the outer drde in its course inter-
secting and communicating with the principal lines of rail-
way iiorth of the Thames. For the outer cirde, the Metro-
politan District Railway seems well adapted to meet the
views of the committee. The circuit may be taken as com-
mencing at Battersea, by junctions with the London,
Chatham, and Dover, and the London, Brighton, a^d
South Coast Railway, whence it runs to the Thames,
which it crosses at Chelsea by a brkige. It then proceeds
to Brompton, where it joins the portion of this scheme
called the inner cirde, and throws out a branch to the
West London Railway. From Brompton it proceeds
through South Kensington and Kensington in a line
paralld to Church-lane, dose to which it crosses Notting-
hiU, and by Pembridge-gardens and Ledbury-road to near
Kensal New Town, where it throws out branches to the
Great Western and the Hammersmith and City Junction
Railways. The line then proceeds through Kilbum,
where it throws out branches to the London and North
Western Railway, and a little further on, to the Midland
and Hampstead Junction Railways, through Kentish
Town, where it again throws out a branch to the Hamp-
stead Junction, through Lower Holloway , where it throws
out branches to the Great Northern, through Stoke New-
ington, where it throws out a branch to Stamford-hill,
and through Clapton to Hackney- wick, where it throws
out branches to the North London. From Hackney-wick
it proceeds by Bow, where it joins the Great Eastern, to
the Thames at Limehonse, which it crosses by an arch of
760ft. span, and 130ft. above high water in the centre.
It then pasBses by the docks in Rotherhithe to the rail-
ways of the South Eastern and the London, Brighton, and
South-Coast Companies in the neighbourhood of New-
cross. The remainder of this outer dreuit between New-
cross and Wandsworth- road would be supplied by autho-
rised lines of the London, Chatham, and Dover, and the
London, Brighton, and South-Coast Railways. The
208
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OF ARTS, Fbbbuaey 12, 186^
Metropolitan District Railways, besidea Ibrming the outer
cjrcoit just described, propose to construct an inner line,
which, branching from the outer Ime at Brompton, and
proceeding through Pimlioo, passes near the Victoria
Station, and then along the Thames embankment, pass-
ing near the Gharing-cross Station to BlackfHars-bridge ;
thence near the intended Earl-street and Cannon-street
Stations to Tower-hill, where it is designed to form a
iunotion with the proposed extension of the Metropolitan
line to that place. The remainder of this inner cirouit
would be supplied by the Metropolitan Railway, and its au-
thorised extension to Fkisbury-dicuB, and its extensions to
Trinity-square, at the east, and to Kotting-hill and Bromp-
ton at the west, proposed by the Metropolitan Railway,
Notting-hill, and Brompton EkctensioD, and the Metropolitan
Railway, Trinity-square, Extmsion Bills. The portion
of the Metropolitan District Railways Inst deecribea takes
the same or nearly the same course with a portion of the
Metropolitan Grand Union, a line which, according to the
deposited plan, seemed also to have been designed to meet
the views of the committee by the formaticm of an inner
circuit. This line would commence by a junction with
the West London at Kensington, whence it proceeds in a
subway to and under Sloane-square, and so on to near ^le
Victoria Station. From the Victoria Station it runs
nearly parallel with Victoria-street to Westminster-
bridge, thence through the Thames embankment to Black-
fHars-bridge, thence in a line lying to the sonth of
Gannon-street, and passing near the Fenohurch-street
Station to a point near the Metropolitan Railway at Fins-
bui^-circus. The ciide is then completed by the Metro-
pohtan Railway, and its authorised extension to Finsbwy
with one exception. By the Metropolitan Grand Union
Railway Bill branches are proposed to the London and
Blackwall; the NOTth Lonoon Extension at Liverpool-
ftreet ; to the pr(^>09ed extension of the Great Eastern
line, a short distance north of Wormwood-street; to the
lines at the Victoria Station, Pimlkso, and ftora a point
near Tower-hill to the Soutti-Eafllem and the Brighton
Railways on the south side of the river, whioh is cpoased
by a bridge near the foot of Tower-hill. The Charinff-
croas Western and the Charing cross Northern, taken in
oonnection with eadi other, woold fai some degree serve the
onrposes of an inner circuit, by uniting Uie Charing-eroes
Railway with the Weat London Ri^way at Kaas>on,
pusmg near the Victoria Station, Pimlieo, at the west,
with the termini of the Great Northern, the Midland, and
the London and North- Weetem Railways at the nertli, as
well as with the stations of the MetropoUten Railway.
The connection so prcnxMed with the City, instead of being
iimned by a line running along the Thames Embankment
(north side), as in the case of the inner circuits prerionsly
xnentioiied, is effected t>y crossing the Thames at Lambeth,
and then by means of the portion of the Charfog-eross
Railway on the south side of ihe river, and its extension
across the Thames to Cannon-street It has been strongiy
pressed on the consideration of the Board of Trade, by the
DirectorB of the London and Nortli- Western Railway
Company, that the object aimed at in the snggestion by
the Lords Committee for the conBtruotieo of an outer
diele of railways wi^n the metropolitan district might
be accomplished by means of the lines already eonstroeted
or authonsed, if due fMsilities were afforded and armge-
nents made between the existing companies for that pur-
pose ; and they expressed their readiness to unite with all
the necessary parties interested in the interohange of
i^Msilities, on equal terms^ and in such arrangements as
may oondnoe to the pnbhc convenience and the mutual
advantage of the several companies. In this way it was
mged the unueoessary expenditure of a lam amount of
capital might be spared, and the extreme inconvenience
to which the whole neighbourhood is exposed during the
oonstrnction of a metrc^litan line might be avmded.
Alter enumerating the schemes which would eflfect com-
munication betwem railway termini, the report remarks
upon those which would tise new embaokments or streets,
block up those already in existence, or otherwise interrupt,
temporarily or permanently, the street traffic Oreat in-
convenience would, no doubt, be caused to the occapaots
of houses in the streets interfered with. The Board
' suggest that some provision should be made to compel the
removal of abandoned works, and that the deposit-moimy
shoiUd be applied for that purpofle, instead of being for-
feited to the Crown. The Institnaon of British Arcbi-
tects hove preparod a petition for presentation to Par-
liament, saying that they have observed with conader-
able alarm the schemes, nearly eighty in number, for
constructfaig railways and other important works in the
Metropolis and its neighbourhood, and pointing out that
few <)f these projects have reference to the general and
systematic improvement of the metropolitan lines of street
communication, but are chiefly propositions for the
junctions of certain lines of railways, originating in private
enterpdse for partial l>enefit. As no adequate street
thoroughAve communications have been or are pro[>09ed,
whereas it has long been felt by the commercial interests
and the public in general, that the atierial communications
through the Metropolis are no longer adequate, they desire
the appointment of a Parliamentwy Committee, or Royal
Commission, to draw up a comprehensive plan for efficient
and ample lines of street communication, and that the
oonsideration of all the railway schemes proposed be
deAstred until such a plan shall have been determined
upon, lliey suggest whether the railways in connection
therewith might not be called upon to contribute towards
the cost of carrying it into effect. The possibility of
rendering these various proifectacoiidacive to tho provkdoo
gf suitaMe dwellings for the labouring classes, and affording
ttiem better aooess to mote comfortable and healthy
residedoss in lieu of those destroyed by such operations,
as well as the domg aiway with all private bars or gates in
the streets and the buying up all bridges, now held by
companies or Individuals, and throwing them open for
public use^ are also questions brought forward for the con-
sidemtioA of any GomimissioD that might be appomted.
ToBAoeo Plants. — A Maitland paper states that mil-
dew has seoently made its afpearanoe m the tobacco plants
in sone districts to a damagmg extent.
Iboh ih New South Waub.— A bed of clay-iron ore
has leoeotly been discovered in the lUawarra district, be-
tween Belli and Coal diSL It lies horizontally embedded
between sandstone; and the regular WoUon^ng coal
measnres lie a few bundled feet below it. The bed o
iron ore is about twenty or thirty-five feet in thickness.
Coal.— A Sydney paper nye, the coal-trade of th<
Hunter is likely to be eonsiderably extended before Ions
A large firm have it in contemplation to extend their nu
as far as Morpeth, and to put some screw colliers on tli
oolonial line.
Silver in New South Walbb.— It is reported that
lich silver mine has just been discovered in the vicini^
of Reedy creek, at the base of the Dromedary mountaii
about six miles west of the river. The exact locality
kept a secret until the ground has been secured.
WiMB IN Canaoa. — The culture of the grape and tl
manufacture of wine are becoming most important branch*
of industry, not only in tho Western States of Amertc
but also in Canada. In the vicinity of Hamilton th<
have been earried on to a considerable extent.
Th« Olive in South Aubtbalia The cultivation
the olive tree is receiving more attention here ; it is oo
iidered that it ought to form a stated portion of the bn
BesBof manyof the fhrms. Rows of olive trees in the vir
yaids give useftd shelter, and add to the returns. Manyc
cellent examples already exist In the neighbourhood
Adelaide, and the oil produced is well fitted for cc
imi^tlon. Theeoilaadthedryatmo^^reof ihisoolG
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Fibruary 12, 1864.
209
warrant the expectation of considerable Bucceaa in the cul '
^valaon of the olive.
8o<3jrrr of Abts at Adbuaidb. — The Committee of
Management of this Society were to hold their Seventh
Annual Exhibition in December last. The priaas offered
this year by the Soeiety were to bt twenty-four in nooiAier,
the highest being £6 6fl. for ^e best oil painting, illostrai-
Un of an event in the hiitory of Sooth Aoatraua. Tha
Bobject was to be origiBal, aod paintad bgr a residtiU la
the colony.
Thb Blacks or Yicnmuu — ^An interesting woulk on
thu subject has been written faQf Mr. Jamas Borwicky
tomerly a resident in Ad^ide. It oonsiats pri anip ^Uy
of frets and theories respecting the Australian blacks, and
contains a large amoont oflnfonnatioB. It deserihaa
their early history, physical Mpearanoe, sbanKstsf , iotelli-
genoe, customs, superstitioDs, anguage, and several other
so^ecta
Kbw Pxm FoBBCT.^— A Hobart-town paper speaH of
the discovery of a new pine forast on the haidw of the
Forth. The timber is said to be of a ver^ snnerioc kind,
andanswersadfiMraUy fie boaida^inte which thatalraadgr
procured has been principally sawn. TIm only tesrbaok
is, that there is no load to the foreat* and that a dense scrab
interpoees between it and the pboa on which U wanld ba
deairable to have tha tiaiber sawn up and pepared for
flhipment. A tramwsy, or a cheap rattway, is spoken of
aa the likeUest method of overoosaing the diflSouUy.
WooL.'A Hobart-town paper states that the ** dip"
of 1863 is magnificent in j)nuirise. It wiQ be mnA
above the average of anythmg known in the colony for
many years past. Fee kmhing, toe* the season haa bees
in the highest degree favourable. The drop will be fhlty
fiffy per cent, above that of 1802.
Smartt and AlUn), This new serial, of which the first
number has just appeared, ** aspires," as stated in its
preface, ** to a place in the studio of the amateur and
professional artist, to proffer its aid in every branch of hla
studies, chronicle his progress, and afford him the means
of communicating with his brethren ; to unite and bring
together students in every branch of the arts, and pro-
mote that spirit of firiendly rivalry and mutual ha^
which always results in so much^real good to the classes
and interests coneeraed."
iflles.
IPoNirstibnis |sssdt«
The Useful Mktau iun> nnaB Allots. J9Mi<ofi
and WrigkU Thia work includes mining, vientilaitioD,
mining jurisprudence, and metallnrgic ehemntiy employed
hi the conversion of iron, oopi>er, un, ainc, antimony, and
lead ores; with their applications to the indualrisl arts.
The chwters on metallorgio chemistry and assaying are
by Dr. Scoffem. Those on mining, mhiing ventiUiion,
jmd jurisprudence, were written iior the work by a Govern-
ment Inq»eetor of mmes. The chapters on iron and tlie
several prooeases used inHs conversion, have been prepared
hv Mr. Tmran, aK, aothor of the •' History of British Iron
Bianufitctnre," and tot manyyears engineer at the Dewhds,
Hirwatn, and Forest Iron Works under 8)r John Goeet
imd Mr. Grawsbay. Mr. Olay, of the Mersey Iron and
Steel Works, has deseribed the processes and tools neeas-
nary forworiiing malleable iion m large masses, including
the details conneoted with the large wrooght-iron gun
presented to the nation by that company. The paper on
■ieel manofiMtore fa said to be t^ a gentleman of great
pnctical experience, who wishes to remain unknown.
Mr. Wm. Faiibaim, F.B.S., has contribnted valuable ia^
formation on the apphcatton of iron to the pnrpeees of
ordnance, machinery, bridges, and to house and sUp-
bailding. Mr. Vose Pickett has given a summary of
hia new system of iron an^tecture, a snfcject to whidi
pablic attention haa already been veiy considerably
directed. The chapters on fron working for use and
ornament, and the manipulation and oooetmction of
ornamental iron work, are by Mr. W. C. Altlrin, of the
Gsunbridffe Works, Birmingham. Those on copper, tin,
zinc, and antimony, are by Mr. Oxland, of Plymouth,
wiih the exception of the portions on copper and tin
mining, which an partly by Mr. Truran, and psrtlv by
Mr. Oxland. The work conftains Bsmetons ttkntrations.
Thx ABT-Srunairr, an illustrated Monthly Maga«
zine of the Fine and Industrial Arts, and Guide to their
Principles and Phwtiee. No. 1, Febniary, l9fM.^mil,
IxTEBKATioHAL ExHiBmoN BuiLDiMo. — ^It is Stated that
tha eoBtiMtors will have finished the boildiag which is
being eteoted in the Alexandra-park, at Muswell>hill, in
Manm, 1869.
Kaval AaaBrsaois^ iMBrmrioir. — ^The foorib anmui
congress of this Inaiitution will be held on the 17th, ISih,
and 19th of Marcii, at the House of the Society of Arts.
Two meetings wiU take place each day. Papers will be
read on the •* Friooiplas of Naval Coostraction," on
*« Practical Ship-building," on '« Steam Navi^tion," and
on the ** JBquipment and Management of Shipa for Mer-
chandise and for War."
Oomioffr.-^My this sessimi a Bill for the ** Oeis
solidation of the Acts relating to Literary Copyright,"
will be introduced by Mr. Adam Blade, who ins been
devoting mu^ attention to the sobject during the vaca-
tion.
OrnoAL lUiUKaiis. — Mr. Manning, connected with the
establishment of Carpenter and Westley,the well-known
opticians of Begent-street, has perfected some ingenioua
arrangements, founded on the principle of the Dircks and
Psffw'a Ghost, by whkh effsots of a novel and interest-
ing character are produced, showing how completely tho
senses of sight and hearing may be deceived. The spec-
tator ia introdnoed into a daric room, when preeently a
curtain rises, and a vase of flowers appears, which can-
not be distingnished from a real object until the ope-
rator, from bdind, passes his hand through and throng
it, showing at once that it is a mere phantom. To ren-
der the illusion more perfoet, a tuMid plucks a flower
from the vase, and throws it on the floor. Punch and
Judy next appear, the one a real puppet, the other a
phantom, but utterly undistinguishable from each other.
The weU-kaown hard knocks are given and taken by both,
and though the spectator well knows that there is
deception m the sound aa to one, at least, he still remains
absolutely puzzled as to which is which. Puneh in the
end exhibits his phantom character by bowing his head
to the ground and passing gradually through the floor,
literally sinkiog into the earth. A hand now appears
emerging from the darkness, takes up a piece of chalk,
and writes on a slate hanging on the wall, in characters
absolutely ineffiu-eable by the operator's hand, which is re-
peatedly rubbed over the'm, but which disappear when sub-
jected to the same operation by the phantom hand. A
variety of other illnsionB, which, like those above described,
are most perfect in their deoeptioo, are given. The whole
reflects great credit on the ingenui^ of Mr. Manning,
in turning to practical account the simple scientific and
optical priaeipies involved in the exhibition. It must be
added that the exhibition is not got up fbr profit, nor is
it open to the public, but is simply shown for the enter-
tainment of the private friends of the firm, exemplifying
what may be effected by the application of very simple
means, and that *< seeing" must not always be followed
by •• believing."
Somrririo AnanAncH. — A scientific expedition round the
world for BQtenttfic research has been organised in Austria.
The lC«rM Fdo wiU leave Trieste, on thedtholMart
March, with abont sixty passengers, and the voyage is ex-
pected to extend over eight months. Two hundred days
210 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, February 12, 1864.
wQl be spent on the sea, and fifty in yiiiting thirty porta
which are named as stopping places on the route. The cost
of the expedition is defrayed by the passengers, who pAV
J&400 each. The ship has been carefhlly rarnished with
instraments and apparatns of all kinds, under the advioe
of the consuls of the different ports.
Thb Sooikt* d'Enooubaobuent. — The City of Paris
has voted, out of the municipal funds, an annual grant of
£240 to this body.
MEETINOS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
HOK. ...British Archltectg, 8.
Medical, 8|. Dr. Edwwd Smith, F.R.8., *' The Rate of Pol-
•ation uader the Inflnence of nnmeroaa agendes ia Health
aad DlaeaM.'*
R. Asiatic, 3.
R. Academy, 8. Mr. R.Weetmaooit, R.A., '* On SoQlptore."
R. United Serrice Intt., 8i. Mr. H. D. Cunningham, R.N.,
" The AppIicaUon of Steam Power to the Working of
Hea^ Guni."
TciB....CiTil Engineers, 8. Mr. ThomM Sopwith, Jan., **The
Actual State of the Works on the Mont Cenis Tonnel,
Victor Emmanuel Railwnj, nnd Description of the Ma-
diinery emploved.**
Statistical, 8. Mr. W. L. Sargant, ** Some Defects and Re-
solts of the Registrar-General's Reports.**
Anthropological, 8.
Patholc^cal, 8.
Roval Inst., 3. Prof. Tjndall, F.R.S., ** On Experimental
OpUcs."
WiD. ...Society of ArU, 8. Dr. Edward Smith, F.R 6., ** Oa Poblio
and Private Dietaries.*'
Meteorological, 7.
London Inst. 7.
R. Society of Litemtare, 4|.
^Royai, 8|.
Antiquaries, 8.
Linnaan, 8. Mr. H. B. Brady, <*0n the RUxopodal
Ftiuna of the Shetlandi.**
Chemical, 8.
Numismatic, 7.
R. Society Club, 6.
Royal Inst, 8. Prof. Tyndall, FJI.S., ** Oa ExperlmsBtal
Optloi.**
nu«......Qeo]ogicaI, 1. Annual Meeting.
Philological, 8.
Roral lost., 8. Mr. Wm. 8. Saroiy, **0n Dreaming and
Somnambulism.**
R. United SerTice Inst, 3. Capt Artrackle, ** The Emrs
of the Rifle.**
Sat. ...R<^ Inst., 3. Prof. Frankland, **0n the Metalllo Ele-
ments.**
Tbvb.1
Fire-plaoea— 1S8— E. B. Wilson.
Fodder-eutting machine— 14— W. Clark. , ^ « ,
i^irtifieations, &c, protection from prq}eotUes— 177— J. W. Walton,
J . W. Walton, inn., and H. 0. Walton,-
GalTanic belt— 113— A. F. Henezy.
Gas lamps— 121— W. C. Rogers.
Grain, seeds, fto., macliinery for deaning, &e.— 17&-^. Mitton.
Hand stamps, self-inking— 113— W. E. Newton.
Healds, manulkctore of— 117— J. Ellis and J. Sladdin.
Heels ft»r boots, Ac, moTeable and a<UusUbl»— 102— J. Wadsworih.
Hydro-carbon oils, deodorixing— 183— B. T. Jarrold and G. J. Tattt.
JeweUery, Ac, flutenings fbr— 233— E. Atkins.
Lamps— 219— R. Martindale and J. Williams.
Lamps, construodon of— 107— G. Burt
Lamps or gas Immers, attachment for— 146— ^. H. Joluuon.
Lawn mowing machines— 187— J. Shaw.
Lightning arresters— 120— D. A. Burr.
Looms — 1— J. Holden.
Looms, mechanism of— 166— J. Bnrch and S. Feamley.
Looms— 231— J. Combe and" J. H. SmaUpage.
Metal, tool for enlarg^g lioles in — 166-^. Brown.
Money box— 143— B. P. G. de Thorey.
Motire power, combined— 125— J. J. S. Mountain.
MoUve power, steam. Ac— 160— G. T. De Kercado.
Mowing, Ac, machinery fbr-.213— A. Brown, L. G. Knifna, and
T. H. Dodge.
Musical instruments— 134— W. H. Marks.
Packing for steam engines, pumps, ac — ^132— H. Attwood.
P^>er, cardboard, Ac, omamenUnr— 197— T. Sterens.
Paper, process of bleaching— 203— W. Ibotson.
Pigments, manufiicture of— 131— C. Vogt.
Piles, machinery for drirlng— 116— L. Bory.
Pneumatic pump— 142 — ^E. J. Vinot
PrqiectUes, manufooture of— 217— H. Bessemer.
Railway br^es— 3083— J. Aubert ^ . ^ ..
Railway carriages, bearings for the axles of— 133— G. A. Beckman.
Retorts«nd fUmaoes, for aistUlaUon of coal, Ac— 109— J. £. Baker
RiTotting macbipe— 123— A. Slunks.
Sack holders— 164— J. Davies.
Shafting, Ac, oonstnu^on and lubrioation of— 116— C. ReysoUi wa
J. BarHngton.
Ships, ai^almtoi for'propelllng— 137— P. St O. Graeme.
Ships, combined iron and Umber— 118— P. Cato.
Ships, Ac, steering— 181— J. H. Johnson.
Steam bdlers, furnaces for— 190— J. E. Diz.
Stone, marble, Ac, cutting and workinr— 14S— J. D. Jobin*
Sugar, sawing and cutting— 144— R. A. Brooman.
Ti^lets, show-bills, Ac— 3436— B. G. George,
Tanning machines— 161— T.' Bayley.
Tilling land, steam engines, Ac» Cdv— 114-J. Howard, E. T. Boos-
fleld, and J. Puiney.
Traotion engines, Ac— ^1— W. Ctiapmaa.
Vehicles, apparatus for alighting from— 231— S. Grafton.
Vessels, navigable— 171— H. C. Bagot
Vests, Ac, knitted, mannfocture of- 147— 0. Billion.
Washing, wringing, Ac, machinery for— 211— T. Bradford.
Window sashes, lianging, Ac— 138— S. Wynn.
/V-em OommiuioMrt qf PatmU JomnuO, Fw^umry 6th»
Oramts or PnoTtsioirAL Photbotiok.
Aerated liquids, stopping bottles of— 226— J. H. Johnson.
Bags, Ac, locks for— 110— M. Wolftky.
Barouches, Ac, hinge for the heads of— 209— A. McKenile.
Boiler plates, shaping the edges of— 3001— J. Femle and G. Taylor.
Boots, Ac, securing trouier straps to— 136— £. Mainstone.
BottlM and casks, stoppers for, &c.— 179 — W. McAdam.
Bottles, jars, Ac, dosing— 173— C. T. Woodnum.
Boxes, flincy— 186— B. Greenwood.
Brewing copper, eteam- 101— W. J. Murphy.
Brushes— 167 -J. G. Hlnde.
Bulfort— 119— J. GUI.
Buttons, manufacture of— 223— H. C. Hnskinion.
Cannon — 141— D. A. Burr.
Carbonates of soda, formation of— 3131— E. StAnj.
Casks, Ac, stands for— 191— J. MeElroy.
Chaff, roots, 4(c, machine for cutting— 124— E. Whole.
Chlorine, manufacture of— 6— W. Clark.
Cooks or Ups— 136— R. W. Sierier.
Corn dressing and winnowing machines— 206— W. Taaker.
Cotton, Ac, opening and carding— 127— E. Lord.
Coverine land, Ac, with earth or soil, machinery for— 126— W.Wood.
Cultirating, apparatus for— 146— L. J. Cohen.
Curtain hoolu— 183— J. Edwards.
Daggers, a4)usting to rerolrers, Ac— 130— H. A. BonnerlUe.
Drays— 207— W. Tasker.
Elastic fobrics, ornamenting— 103— J. ConneU.
EngraTing— 71— H. A. Bonneville
Feathers, sortiar the down fhn, Ac— Ul-J. Hamer.
Fibrous materials, fixing ooloura on— 162— T. Lightfoot, G. P. Bamea,
and J. Lightfoot
Fibrous materials, machinery for combing, Ac— 111— W. Tongue.
Fire-arms, Ac, tubes and barrels for- 108 -J. Thompson.
IJre-arms, Ac, maaalkctttre of— 139— J. Thompson.
Fire-arms, bottles, Ac, stopping muzzles ^-106—1^. Th*-
IXTBNTIOSr WITH
Plou^ia, eonstruction ot—
COMFLSTB SPB0in04TI0X FlLtD.
-229— J. Gedge.
Patbiits Ssalbd.
2663. W. E. Gedge.
2716. David Davy, Jon.
2771. L. Barham.
2836. G. T. Boosfleld.
2837. T. Harrison.
2870. G. T. Bonsfield.
2924. W. E. Kewton.
2967. L. Accarain.
3998. M. R. PUon.
1970. R. Dickson.
1978. J. T. King.
1982. W. Clark.
2044. J. Broadley.
2080. R. Griffiths.
2096. F. R. Stack.
2114. J. H. Johnson.
2260. W. Clark.
2497. W. T. Bury.
2677. T. ResteU.
/Vom C^mmtisJofMrt qf Fatentt Journat, February 9th,
Patbhtb
1884. J. W. Branford.
1976. W. Knowles and R. Halli-
weU.
1985. Sir J. S. Lillie.
1986. G. Graham.
1989. L. R. Bodmer.
1990. R. Canham.
1991. J. Templeman.
1992. R. S. NewaU.
1993. R. Wappeasteln.
1994. W. Hudson, C. Catlow,
and J. Dodgeon.
1996. R. 8. Newall.
2008. C. Schiele.
Sbjubd.
2010. R.
2017. J.
2018. W
2021. G.
2022. G.
2023. E.
2027. F.
2032. R.
2036. A.
2037. A.
2077. R.
2097. H.
2119. D.
2148. J.
B. Greenwood.
Wain.
. Asbury.
Yates.
Davies.
Soott
FlaTell.
Lightbown.
WT Parker.
M. Deam.
Thompson.
F. McKillop.
BUke.
Dodge.
Patbmts o> whics Tax Stamt Dutt or £60 ilis bbbx P^c
461. C. Eyiand. 333. C. While.
484. J. Howard and E. T. Boos- 331. J. HIggins and T. 8. 1^
ieid. worth.
816. T. Blenid and J. Bleiard.
PATBSTS OS WBIOH TBB StAMT DtTTT Of £100 HAS BBEIT
331. P. Schafer and F. Schafor. 1 361. R. A. Brooman.
343. G. Wright
mxml rf %
THE
0rietg rf %xts,
AUCD OF
THE INSTITUTIOIfS m VNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1864.
[No. 687. Vol. XII.
Ordinary Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
Fbb. 24. — ^««Oii Peiroleam, its Eoonomio Value, and
a Viiit to the Petroleum Wells of Canada." Br Db.
Maboct, F.B.8.
Haboh 2.— « On the Verification of Olive OQ, by
meana of ita Coheaon Figure." Bv Chablbs Tomlinson,
Eaq., Lecturer on Soienoe at King's College School.
Mabob 9.— «* The Science of Fish-hatching." By
Vmkk Buokland, Eeq., M.A., F.Z.S., Ute 2nd LifeGuards.
Oaktor Leotures.
Oonrses of Leotares on the following subjects
are arranged for tlie present Session : —
The Operation of the Present Laws of Naval Warfare
on International Commerce. By O. W. Hastinos,
Esq., Barrister-at-Law (already deUvered).
Fine Arts Applied to Industry. By W. Buboes, Esq.
Chemistry Applied to the Arts. By Dr. F. Cbaob
Caltxbt, F.R.S.
The third lecture of Mr. Burges's course will
be delivered on Monday next, the 22n(i inst : —
Fbb. 22 — Lbctubb III. — PoUery, — Etruscan vases
(Wedgwood); Italian majolica (Minton) ; Sevres china ;
modem biscuit.
Fe b. 29. — ^Leotubb IV. — Iron and .SroM.— Antique
bronzes; HedUival ditto; modem French bronzes (Bar-
b^diennej ; Mediaval dlnanderie; modem ditto (Hardman,
Hart, ^); Medieval and Renaissance wrought iron;
modem ditto ; cast iron.
Mab. 7.— Lectubb V.—OMand iSflMr.— Antique and
Hedueval plate; modem ditto (Elkington) ; Antique and
HedisBval jewellery; modern ditto; Antique and Me-
dieval coinage ; modem ditto.
Mab. 14. — ^Lbctorb VL^^timiVur^.—Medieval fur-
niture, oak and painted ; Renaissance ; 16th and 17th
centuries; modem.
Mab. 21.~Lbotubk VII.— The Weaver's art; Me-
4]»val, Eastem, mo^em.
The Lectures will _begin on each evening at
8 o'clock.
Institutions.
The following Institution has been received
into Union since the last announcement : —
Banbury Soienoe School.
The Ohristmas subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
oflBee order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Ooutts and Co.
ItamJrtRjjs tA \\t ^zMi.
CANTOR LECTURES.
FiNB Abts Afplxbo to Industbt. Br W. Bubgbs, Esq.
Second Lbotubb, Monday, Fbb. 15.— Olass.
Mr. Bubobs, after explaining the trae uses of anti-
quarian study, proceeded to give a deeoription of antique
glass. It appears that, so far from the old Greeks and
Romans being ignorant of this material, they made vases
in great quantities, which quite equal if not^surpass what
we produce in the present day. Thus, vases are found
which are decorated with filagree ornaments, the crackle,
gilding, stamping, d»s., indeed, with every process which
we are accustomed to consider the peculiar invention of
the Venetians. The nunu&ctures of these latter peo-
ple were then described, beginning with the older ex-
amples, now so rare, and which sell at such marvellous
prices. The date of these must be placed at the latter end
of the 15th century, and they are, for the most part, blue
and ffreen, decorated with enamelled figures, and imitation
jewels and gilding, applied in the most artistic manner*
The other sorts of glass, more particularly the fila«;ree and
what is called the schmelz, were referred to and illustrated
by specimens of the actual old work, for the moat part
idndly lent by Mr. John Webb. Modem glass manu&c-
ture was represented by some excellent examples from the
manufactory of Messrs. Powell, Whitefriars. The next
application of art to glass, touched upon by the lecturer, was
its employment for stained glass windows. He first of all
definea the various methods in which the mediasval work«
men arranged their subjects, such as medallion, figure,
and grisaille windows; and then, in order to show why it
is so commonly asserted that the modem windows are not
equal to the old, went into a history of the numerous im-
provements of the modem stained glass, principally
brought about by the exertions of Mr. C. Winston. The
third part of the lecture referred to glass mosaic and its
modem revival. Attention was drawn more especially
to the difficulty generally found in preparing the gold,
which is placed between two thicknesses of glass, the
lower one having \ of an inch in thickness, while the upper
one is as thin as a hair. Dr. Salviati, however, appeared
to have perfectly succeeded, his specimens, more especially
those stamped into ornaments, obtaining a great deal of
admiration. Mr. Burges condudedwith a few words on
enamelling, also a branch of glass making, but which,
at present, appears to be but little employed except
for watch faces and jewellery, idthough anciently a large
trade was carried on in it at Limoges, to say nothing of
the immense quantities produced in China during the two
last centuries. Attention was called to the modern ^
ductiona ef Mr. Legoste, in which, by meansof cas^
212 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pbbruabt 19, 1864.
metal into the required cavitieB, instead of scooping them
out, he is enabled to sell hit works at a very reasonable rate.
The table and walls of the room were covered with choice
specimeos of ancient VeMtian «nd msdiasvul ^ain,
besides some beautiful moeaici of Dr. Sakiati and Mr.
Fisher, and some excellent cartoons of stained glass, by
Messrs. E. B. Jones and Holliday . The Society have also
to thank Mr. Eastwood for the examples of ancient glass,
Mr. John Webb, for the Venetian, and Mr. Wareham for
an excellent collection of Chinese enamels; and some
charming cartoons for stained glass were fumielied through
the kindness of Messrs. Lavers and Banaud, and Messrs.
Powell, the latter having also supplied a fine collection
of modem glass, suitable for every-day use.
Tenth OvmsAxr MBBmia.
Wednesday, Fel)ruai7 17tli, 1864; Edwin
Chadwick, Esq., O.B., in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election m members of the Society : —
Blackburn, Henry, 27, Victoria-street, S.W.
Smith, S. Pountney, The Limes, Shrewsbury.
Steele, Edwin Breare, Vauxhall-ootta^, Parkhall-lane,
Leeds.
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Bevan, Alfred, ll,Biyanston-iqnare, W.
Bird, Thomas, 106, King-atreet, Manoheater.
Busk, William, 28, Bonborough-gardeos, Pimlioo, 8.W.
Greig, Robert B., 4, Verulam-buiMings, Qray's-inn, W.C.
Hendiy, Gapt. Bobert GamarOD, Junior United Service
Club. S. W.
2?uon, Richard M., Gn^a,
The Paper read
ON PRIVATE AKD PUBLIC DIETARIES.
Br EowAHD Smfth, M.D., FJt.8, F.RXJ.P., AansrairF-
PhTSIOXAN to TBS HOOTfTAL FOB GoWfUIUVlOB,
BaoHPTON, Apo.
Ihtbouuotobt.
The amount of nouridimeot which a people obtains most
•Kertalargeinfluenceoverthenatiooalohaiacter. An ill-fed
nation can scarcely be a healthy one, and certainly it will
be deficient in bodily strength and enterprise, whilst a suffi-
oieotly fed peofde, having these charaeteristios in a high
degree, will be able to acquire wealth, which may be re-
ganied as the material fomidation for the stability of an
empire and for influence among nations. Here I regard
the sufficiency of food acUng upoo the masses of a po^ila-
tton-as the cause, not the eoasequenoe, of national great-
Bess, but in the difiosion of the blessings which flow from
wealth it may be expected that the oonse^aenoe may in
Us turn react as a cause.
We have the happiness to be oitiaene of a country
which equals, if it do not ezoel, any natioQ of andent or
modem times in the health and longevity of its people,
the distribution of bodily vi^ur and mental enei^gpr, and
the advantages of wealth with its attendant intelligence,
comfort, and influence ; and I have reason to believe that
<to this may be added the fundamental cause — the general
abundance of food among the people. Yet it does not
follow that these conditions have attained to their highest
development, any more than that fh>m them could be
inferred the state of any section of the community or of
any individual in a section. There is still doubtless need
lor progress in reference to the masses which constitute the
nation, as there are, and always will be, multitudes who,
in their individual relation, add little to the national
wealth, and need the aid of others to procure the means
whereby their own exiatenoe may be prokH)ged.
In the paper which I have now the honour to read t
you, I hope to include both those who are sufficiently an
those who are insufficiently fed— those who add to th
wealth (tf.and those who are a burden to, society ; and 1
show how the means of the one may be increased, ac
how the burden of the other may be lessened.
The principles which will guide me are to show in whi
way the large:»t amount of nutriment can be gained I
those who have money to spend in private dietaries, ai
npcm how little cost those may be supported who are f(
by public dietaries.
The communication which I made to this Society U
months ago, may be regarded as an^introduotion to tj
present one, since it gave the means of ascertaining t]
r^ation of the nutriment contained in various foods tc
given cost, and it remains now to group together tl
cheaper foods in such a manner as will maintain heal
and meet the tastes of the people.
It WAS shown that theyonly praottoable method
dealing with foods in relation to their nutritive value
a given dtetsry, is to ascertain the carbon and nitrog
contained in them, and estimate the cost of these elemei
at the market-price of the food. In reference to carb<
the cheapest foods were stated to be maize (or Indi
com), barley meal, rye meal, butter milk, peas, frc
vegetables (under certain conditions), oatmeal, boo
wheaten flour, and rice. As to nitrogen, the cheap
foods were buiter milk, skimmed milk, peas, skimmed-m
cheese, maiae, barlc^y and rye meal, oatmeal, liver, (n
herrings, wheaten flour, fresh vegetables when che
dried herrings and bones. Maize, barley and rye, but
milk, peas, fresh vegetables when cheap, oatmc
wheaten flour, and bones appear in both lists, and
therefbre the cheapest foods.
On the other hand the following foods are the deai
in reference to carbon i — Tea, beef, new milk cheese, but
dried herrings, mutton, skimmed milk (when dear), p<
fresh herrings, and new milk, and in reference to ni
gen : — Tea, dried bacon, green bacon, pork, mutton, i
milk (when dear), beef, and potatoes (when dear). 1
beef, mutton, pork, and new milk (when dear) appea
both lists.
The general result is to show that farinaceous foods
bones are the oheapest, wliilst meats are the dearest ; I
milk and cheese occupy one or other list according to
cost of the different kinds, and that sugar and fats ooc
a middle place.
When th^ hydrogen is calculated and reckonec
carbon the relative positions of some of the foods are slig
altered, but the extent of the change may be seen or
ference to the column which I have added to the t
which was printed in my paper on December 16, 186^
Pbivatk DlBTABm.
In proceeding to consider the private dietaries oj
working classes, we must distinctly recognise the fact
some persons can only afford such foods as will mail
life, whilst others are able not only to do this, but cc
tently with it to please their appetites and select a h
proportion of the higher priced and luxurious foods,
vtty desirous that this division should be borne in n
for it is manifestly the first dut>' of a man to provide h
mily with sufficiency of nourishment, and, if necessary
this, he should restrict them to dry bread, lafther than
the quantity of the bread by spending some portion c
money upon more costly foods. Inattention to this
ciple is, in fact, the radical source of error in the dietji
our lowest fed people, since they seek to obtain v
and eaoid foods at Uie cost of insufficient quantity
thus fall into disease ; and it is to this class that the i
mation whkh I desire to give is especially fitted.
This raises the question of the lowest amount an<
of food which is compatible with prolonged life
moderate health, it is a problem of complexity^
Stom the vaiyiog requirements of age, sex, and li
and from the diflference in the cost of foods in dif
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTB, Pbbbuary 19, 1864. 213
looalitiet, bat we may mike an estimate which shall not
be far (h>m the troth in reference to the majori^ of cases.
'When desired hy the Government to answer this question
in n^erence to the Lancashbe operatives, I stated tnat the
qnantity of carbon and nitrogen required daily by a man
in middle life, in good health, and making a moderate
amount of exertion (viz., exercise equivalent to stand-
ing 21 hours, walking at the rate of two miles per
hour during three hours, and at the rate of three miles
per hour during one hour), was 4,300 grains of the former
and 200 grains of the latter ; and this I derived ftt>m
Dumeroos n^periments, of which my own were by &r the
most extensive, showing the amount of these substances
which are emitted ftom the body. We have no data so
aoenrate and extensive with regard to women, but I was
of opinion, from a consideration of all the known facts,
that the diminution should not exceed 1-lOth. This
wooldgive an average weekly requirement of 80,100
grains of carbon and 1,400 grains of nitrogen for men,
27,100 grains of carbon and 1,260 grains of nitrogen for
women; and, when an average of equal numbers of
both sexes was taken, 28,600 grains of carbon and 1,880
grains of nitrogen ; and whilst I think this a sufficient
quantitv under the conditions named, it ought not to be
reduced. The cost at which this ooidd be fhmished at
the prices in the north of England, was 2s. for women and
2s. M. for men, but in order to err on the safe side, if err
at all, and to meet the extra cost of foods in other parts of
the oountiy, I advised that the minimum allowance for
Ibod for the two sexes should be 28. 8d. and 2s. 6d. re-
•pectively. When the dietary is intended for a &mily of
Afferent ages, the estimate must be of a more general
character, and the nearest approach which I could make
was to answer that a child over 12 years of affe would eat
as much as a woman, and . that 2s, a weex should be
allowed for it, whilst under that age an average of Is. 6d.
per week would doubtless suffice to cover the cost of
food.
This, then, is the bans which may be safely adopted
both in public and private dietaries, with the exception of
the cases in which the man makes more exertion than
OQcon in an ordinaxy trade, or where one idember of the
famQy is iU, and can only take the higher-priced foods.
I am precluded from quoting experience to support these
estimates, b«xt 1 may state that the information which will
probably be pubUdied by the government in a few months
will greatly add to our present knowledge. In reference
to the operatives of Lancashire, 1 find that their average
daOy dietary during the existing depressioB, included
4,5^ grains of carbon and 215 grains of nitrogen for men,
and 3,758 grains of carbon and 165 grains of nitrogen for
women, which, with an equal numhsr of the two sexes,
nve 4,173 grains of carbon and 185 grains of nitrogen.
This isalitue higher in carbon and lower in nitrogen than
my estimate, and upon it we have abundant evidence that
the health of this class of perscHis has not only been main-
tained but evidently improved.
Let us now see in what way the required nutriment may
bo produced at the price named. First, I will quote, ft'om
the tables issued by the government, the dietary of a few
persons, to show how far their own experience has enabled
them to do this.
No. 1. Male.— Carbon, 4,787 grains; nitrogen, 182
grams daily; coet Is. 11 jd. weekly. Bread, lOlbe. ; sugar,
lib.; butter, }lb.; and coffee, 2oz.; so that he lived on
bread and butter and eoSot.
Na 2. Male.— Carbon, 4,528 grains; nitrogen, 165
gr^Ds daily ; cost 2s. 2d. weekly. Bread, 8lbs. ; onions,
Slbs.; treacle, lib.; bacon, Jib.; cheese, }lb.; tea, }oz.
He ate bread and treacle, bread and bacon, bread and
ooionsi, bread and cheese, and tea without milk or sugar.
No. 3. Female.->Carbon, 3,801 grains; nitrogen, 164
nalns daOy ; cost Is. 9d. weekly, and out of 2s. allowed for
lood, Mvea 8d. weekly to reaeem her clothes. Bread,
lUbi.; treacle, |lb. ; bacon, Mb.; 8 herrings, and coffee,
loa. She obtained bacon or herring five days per week,
with much bread, and ooffee sweetened with treacle, and
was well nourished.
No. 4. Female. — Carbon, 3,011 grains; nitrogen, 109
grains daily; cost Is. ll)d. weekly. Bread, Slbs.;
sugar, Mb.; treacle, IMb.; bacon, 2 oz.: tea, 1 oe.; and
coffee, loz. She lived on bread and treacle, tea and coffee,
and bacon only on Sunday, and was ill nourished.
Case No. 5. Female. — Carbon, 8,777 grains ; nitrogen,
165 grains daily ; cost, 2s. 0^. weekly. Bread, 81bs. ;
oatmeal, l^lb. ; treacle, lib. ; bacon, ^Ib. ; meat, }lb. ;
skimmed milk, 2 pints ; and ooffee, loz. She had meat
or bacon daily, oatmeal porridge and treacle, or stirabout
with treacle, bread and coffee sweetened with treacle.
This was the best arrangement of food which 1 met with,
and she was abundantly nourished.
Case No. 6. Female.— Carbon, 2,882 grains; nitrogen,
117 grains daily; cost. Is. lOd. weekly. Bread, 81bs.:
sugar, }lb. ; treacle, lib. ; bacon, Jib. ; 1 herring ; and
tea, 2oz. This was an ill-arranged dietary, and she was
ill-nourished.
Case No. 7. Female. — Carbon, 3,597 nains ; nitrogen,
129 grains daily ; cost, 2s. weeUy . Bread, 81bs. ; potatoes,
51bs. ; sugar, }lb. ; treacle, {lb. ; butter, ^Ib. ; bacon, Jib. ;
and coffee, 2oz. She ate bacon three times a week, with
potatoes, and bread and butter with tea and coffee, but
was not well nourished.
Case No. 8. Female.— Carbon, 5,008 grains ; nitrogen,
156 ffrsins daily ; cost, 2s. 2d. weekly. Bread, 81bs. ; oat-
meal, }lb. ; treacle, l|lb. ; skimmed milk, 3 pints ; tea,
los. ; and coffee, 2oz. She ate milk porridge, oatmeal
pudding with tr«ude, bread and treacle, and tea and coffee,
and obtained an abundance of cartwo, but a deficiency of
nitrogen.
Case No. 9. Female.— Carbon, 2,963 grains; nitrogen,
164 grains daily ; cost, 2s. weekly. Bread, 61bs. ; oat-
meal, lib.; sugar, Jib.; bacon, Mb.; 4 herrings; butter-
milk, 6 pints ; and tea, loz. She obtained herrings or
bacon five times a week, and buttermilk with oatmeal and
bread daOy , but owing to the small quantity of farinaceous
food her dietary was deficient in carbon.
Case No. 10. Female.— Carbon, 8,851 grains ; nitrogen,
136 grains; daUy ; cost, U lOd. weekly. Bread, 81bs ;
oatmeal, 1 Jibs. ; sugar. Jib. ; treacle, Jib. ; butter. Jib. ;
and tea, Joz. She lived on bread and butter and bread
and treacle with tea, and oatmeal pudding with treacle,
and had a dietary very deficient in nitrogen.
Case No. 11. Female.— Carbon, 3,405 grains; nitrogen,
129 grains daily; cost, ls.7Jd. weekly. Bread, 61bs.;
oatmeal, 2 Jibs. ; sugar. Jib. ; treacle, 1 Jib. ; butter, Jib. ;
and coffee, loz. She lived on bread and butter, oatmeal
pudding and treacle, and ooffee sweetened with treide,
and her diet was deficient in nitrogen.
The most economical dietary was that of case No. 3, at
a cost of 3d. per day, and the selection made by case 5,
at a cost of 8Jd. per day, might be said to be luxurious ;
yet it is to be remarked that there was but little relation
between the nutriment and the cost in the different
dietaries, and in none was the quantity of nitrogen obtained
equal to the standard.
In drawiuff up model dietaries I have endeavoured to
obviate the aefects now mentioned, and to meet the re-
quirements of the system :—
1. By providing sufficient nourishment.
2. By selecting well-known foods.
8. By giving such vaiiety as would permit the meals to
be varied, and to correspond with that of the community,
and particularly, whilst not permitting a deficiency of
nourishment, to introduce almost dauy some kind of
meat for dimier.
4. By introducing firesh vegetables at a cost of 2d. per
week
The following are selected from those which cost from
less than 3Jd. to less thab 4Jd. per day, at the prices in
the North of England :—
No. 1. Carbon, 4,004 grains ; nitrogen, 201 grains daily ;
cost. Is. ll}d. weekly :— Bread, 91b8.; oatmeal, llb^i
214:
JOUKNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, Pibruart 19, 1864-
meat, }lb.; bacon, }lb. ; skimmed milk, 8^ pints; butter-
milk 8 pints; ind ▼egetablee 41b8. Tbis would give
milk-poriidge twice a day, with bread and vegetablefi
daily and meat fire times a week.
No. 2. Carbon, 4,122 grains ; nitrogen, 207 grains dailv ;
cost, 28. weekly :— Bread, 81b. ; oatmeal, l^lb. ; treacle,
jib. ; bacon, ^Ib. ; 3 herrings ; skimmed milk, 7 pints ;
and vegetables 41be. — This would give animal food and
vegetaUes daily, with milk-pomdge and oatmeal, pod-
ding, and bread and treacle.
No. 8. Caiton, 4,249 grains ; nitrogen, 184 ^ins dally ;
cost, 28.0|d. weekly :^Bread, 8Ibs.; oatmeal, 2tb8. ; sugar,
^\h. ; treacle 1 lb. ; meat jib. ; skimmed mflk, 7 pints ;
coffee, 2oz. ; vegetables, 21be. This gives bread and treacle^
oatmeal pudding and treacle, milk porridge, meat four
times a week, and coSoe daily, but by introducing more
sugar and the coffee the proportfonate amount of nitrogen
b lessened.
No. 4. Oairbon, 8,701 grains ; nitrogen, 165 grains dally ;
cost, 2s. Id. weekly :— Bread, 81bs. ; flour, }lb. ; sugar, }tb. ;
dripping, 2oz. ; meat, jib. ; bacon, jib. ; skimmed milk,
8 j pints ; coffee, 2oz. ; and vegetables, 41bs. This will give
meat and vegetables daily, with one or two plain puddings,
bread and dripping, bread and milk, and coffee.
No. 5. Carbon, 8,987 grains; nitrogen, 206 grains daily ;
cost, 29. 2d. weekly : — ^Bread 81bs. ; flour, 1 lb. ; oatmeal,
1 lb. ; sugar, ^Ib. ; dripping, 2oz. ; suet, 2oz. ; 8 herrings ;
liver, }lb. ; skimmed milk, 8 j pints ; cheese, }lb. ; coffee,
2oz. ; and vegetables, 21bs. This would give three or four
plain puddings with fat and milk, animal food four days,
and cheese two days weekly, with vegetables daily, milk
porridge, bread and coffise.
No. 6. Carbon, 4,798 grains ; nitrogen, 200 grains dally ;
co%t, 2s. 8 jd. weekly : — Bread, lOlbs. ; oatmeal, lib. ; rice,
lib.; sugar, ^Ib.; treacle, jib.; dripjAng, jib. ; skimmed
milk, 8 pints ; butter-roilK, 4 pints ; coffee, 2oz. ; and
vegetabkM>i, 41b8. This excludes meat, but supplies much
bread, with diipping or treacle, boiled rice or rice-puddlng,
with milk, vegetables, and dripping, milk-porridge and
coffee. It is deficient in the comfort of the dinner, bat the
whole nourishment is ample.
No. 7. Carbon, 4,488 grains; nitrogen, 198 grains daUv ;
cost, 2s. 4d. weekly : — Brad, lOlbs. ; oatmeal, lib. ; treacle,
jib.; butter, jib.; meat, jib.; bacon, jib.; Almmed
milk, 8j pints; and vegetables, 8ilbs. This gives no coffee,
much br(»d, with butter or treacle, oatmeal padding with
treacle, milk porridge, and meat five dftys weekly, with
vegetables daily.
No. 8. Carbon, 4,991 ; nitrogen, 221 grains didly ; cost,
2s. 4jd. weekly. Bread, lOlbs. ; oatmeal, 21bi. ; treacle,
jib.; meat, jib. ; bacon, Jib.; dcimmed milk, 8 j pints;
and vegetables, 41b8. This is an excessive dietary, and
differs from the last only in supplying meat daily, and
offering more oatmeal pudding.
No. 9. Carbon, 4,484 grains ; nitrogen, 210 grains daily :
cost, 28. 4^. weekly. Bread, 81be. ; oatmeal, 21bs. ; sugar,
|lb. ; treacle, lib.; skimmed milk, 8 j pints; buttermilk,
8 pints; coffee, 2oe. ; bacon, lib.; and vegetables, 41b.
This would give bacon, vegetables, and bread daily, with
oatmeal pudding and treacle, milk porridge, and coffee.
No. 10. Carbon, 4,714 grains; nitrogen, 265 grains
daily ; cost, 2s. 6d. weekly. Bread, 81bs. ; oatmeal, 21bs. ;
peas, 1 pint ; sugar, jib. ; treacle, jib. ; butter, 2oz. ; 4
nei-rings ; bacon, jib. ; liver, jib. ; skimmed mUk, 6 pints ;
coffee, 1 oz. ; and vegetables, 21bs. This is an excessive
dietary, and particular^ in nitrogen. It supplies animal
food SIX or seven days in the form of liver and bacon, with
boiled peas pudding, or herring, and vegetables, oatmeal
padding, with ti^eacle, milk porridge, coffee, bread and
butter, and treacle.
Such are examples of how much nutriment may be
obtained from food to which the people are accustomed,
and offering three meals a day with tiie usual variety,
and usually including 2oz. of some kind of meat, at a
cost up to 4 jd. per day. The articles selected are the
cheapest farinaceous foods, American bacon, which is the
cheapest fii^, and skimmed milk, whilst sparing use has
been made of butchers' meat, rjgara,and the dearer &t8.
Let us now look at the subject in another, and to my
mind more satis&otory light, and aeceitain how mudi
nutriment can be afforded at a meal for sums not ex-
ceeding 1 jd. for breakfast, 2d. for dinner, and Id. for tea
or supper, or a total cost not exceeding 4jd. per day.
For this purpose I will again turn to the dietaries which I
have prepared for the Gh^emment, and in order to appor-
tion the daily nutriment to the wants of the system at the
period of the three meals, I will state that the amooni of
carbon required is 1,500 grains at breakfast, 1,800 grains
at dinner, and 1,000 grains at supper, whilst that of
nitrogen required at those meals is 70 grains, 90 grains, and
40 grains, respectively.
Bbeakfast.
No 1.— Oatmeal brose. Carbon, 1,897 grains; niteogen,
74 grains; cost. Id. Oatmeal, 60s. ; treaele, loz. ; ritimmed
mi&, i pint; water, ^ pint.
No. 2.—- Milk porridge. Carbon, 1 ,800 grains ; nitrogen,
77 grains; cost, Ijd. Skimmed milk, 1 pint; oatmeal,
2oz. ; bread, 80s. ; £at, joa.
No. 8.-^Milk porridge. Oaitoa, 1,478 grains; nitro-
gen, 80 grains; oost Ijd. Skimnoed milk. } pint; oat-
meal, 2 oz. ; bread, 5J oz. ; ikt, j^ oa. ; water; j pint.
No. 4. — liilk porridt(e and haeon. Carbon, 1,564
grains; nitrogen, 69 gndus; eert, Ijd. Skimmed milk,
j pint ; oatmeal , 1 j oa. ; water, f pint ; bread, 4 oz. ;
bacoo, 2 oz.
No. 5.^ Rice, milk, and bread. Carbon, 1 ,551 gruns ;
nitrogen, 75 grains ; cost, Ijd. Biee, 2 oz. ; skuumed
milk, 1 pint ; tnacle, 1 oz. ; spiee; fat, ^ oz. ; bread, 4oz.
No. 6.— Coffee, bread, and batter. Carbon, 1,199
grains; nitro^^, 56 gmaivi; cost, Ijd. Coffee and
ohickory, ^ oz. ; skimmed milk, ^ pint ; flogar, j os. ;
water, j pint ; bread, 6 oa. ; batter, ^ oz.
No. 7. — Coffee, bread, and bacon.— Carbon, 1,528
grains; nitrooen, 58 grains; eost, Ifd. Coffee, joz.;
skimnied muk, ^ pint; aogar, ^ oz.; water, jpiut;
bread, 6 os. ; baoon, 2 os.
No. 8.— Oatmeal brose, bread and baoon. Carbon,
1,990 grains ; nitrogen, 88 grains; oosi, 1^. Oatmeal, 5
oz.; treacle, 1 oz. ; skimmed milk, ^ pint; water, j pint ;
breiMl, 8 oz. ; baoon, 1 os.
No. 9.— ^ce milk, bread, and baoon. — Carbon, 1,889
graina; nitrogen, 76 grains; eost, Ijd. Rice, 2 oz. ;
Skimmed milk, f pint; treacle, 1 os.; water, \ pint;
bread, 4 oz. ; bacon, 2 os.
No. 10. — Tea, bread, and batter. Carbon, 1,081 goains ;
nitrogen, 46 grains ; cost, Ijd. Tea, ^ oz. ; sugar, j oz. ;
skimmed milk, j pint ; water, ^ pint ; bread, 6 os. ;
batter, j os.
Nos. 8 and 9 show, in a striking manner, the amoant
of nutriment which can be obteined from the cheaper
farinaceous foods, cheap milk and cheap fist, whilst the
contrast between them and Nos. 6 and 10 ^ow how
wastefol is the expenditure upon the dietary when tea and
coffee are introduoed. With the two last-mentioned
exoeptfooB the qoantity of nitrogen is aoiversally soficieDt.
DunrEB.
No. 1. — Bread and idieese. Carbon, 1,150 grains;
nitrogen, 66 grains; cost, Ijd. Bread, 8 os. ; cheese, 1 oz.
No. 2. — Suet pudding, bread, and cheese. Ckofoon,
1,496 grains; nitrogen, 74 grains; cost, Ijd. Floor, 4
08.; «aet, }oz. ; skimmed milk, ^ pint; bread, 4 oz. ;
cheese, j os.
No. 8. — Bke padding, bread, and cheese. Carfooo,
1,678 grains ; nitrogen, 88 grains ; cost, l]d. Biee, 8
oz. ; skimmed milk, 1 pint ; suet, j oz. ; sugsr, } ok. ;
^ice and salt ; bread, 8 oc. ; oheese, j oz.
No. 4.— Fish. Carbon, 1^387 grains; nitrogen, 101
grrains ; cost, l}d. Fresh herrings, 9 os. (2) ; dripping,
j oz. ; potatoes, 8 os. ; bread, 8 oz.
I No. 5.— Baeon, vegetables, and cheoM. Gaibon, 1348
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Fbbruabt 19, 1864.
215
grains; nitfogeo, 69 grains; cost, Ijd. Bacon, 4 oz.;
potatoes, 8 oz. ; bread, 4 oz. ; cheese, | oz.
6. — ^Meai, padding, and bread. Carbon, 1,616 grains ;
nitrogen, 71 graiDs ; cost, 2d. Flour, 4 oz. ; snet, J oz.;
meat, 3 oz. ; oread, 2 oz. ; potatoes, 5 oz.
7.— Liver, pudding, and bread. Carbon, 1,734 grains;
nitrogen, 1 00 grains ; cost, 2d. Flour, 4 oz. ; suet, } oz. ;
liver, 4 oz. ; bacon, 1 oz. ; bread, 2 oz., or potatoes, 5 oz.
8. — Potatoe pie. Carbon, 1,778 grains ; nitrogen, 71
grains, cost, 2d. Flour, 3 oz. ; dripping, } oz. ; meat,
i^ oz., or potatoes, 8 oz. ; bread, 2 oz.
9. — Faggots, peas pudding, bread, and cheese. Car*
bon, l,5l3gFains ; nitrogen, 140 grains; cost, 2d. Liver,
3 oz. ; bacon, 1 oz. ; herbs and peas, 3 oz. ; bread, 2 oz. ;
eheese, ^ oz.
10. — tfeat, vegetables, brea*, and cheese. Carbon,
1,441 grains ; nitrogen, 75 grains; cost, 2d. Meat, 3 oz. ;
potatoes, 8 oz. ; bread, 4 oz. ; cheese, j oz.
11.— Irish-slew and bread. Carbon, 1,568 grains;
nitrogea, 72 grains; cost, 2d. Meat, 3 oe*; potatoes,
12 OS. ; onions, 1 oz. ; bread, 4 oz.
12.^Haaty podding, herring, and potatoes. Carbon,
2,144 grains ;nitrog«i, 119 grains; cost, 2d. Flour, 6 oz.;
akiouned milk, } pint ; water; treacle, 2 oa. ; 1 herring;
potatoes, Jib.
Two of theae largely exceed the standard quantity m
onhon, viz., Nos. 2 and 12 ; whilst four, viz., Nos. 2. 4,
9, and 12, exceed it in nitrogen. No. 1 is quite insufficient
ihr a man, whilst No. 12 is much more than oioagh.
SUPPKB.
L^-Oatmeal brosoh as at breakfastw
2.— Milk porridge. Carbon, 1,034 grains; nftrogen,
61 grains ; cost. Id. Skimmed milk, ^ pint ; oatmeal, 2 oz. ;
bread, 2 oz^ ; &t^ 4 oz.
8.— Bacon and bread. Carbon, 1,350; nitrogen, 48
grains; cost, Id. Baoon, 2 oz. ; bread, 5| oz.
4.— Tea, bread, and butter. Carbon, 670 grains ; nitoo-
gco, 29 grains; cost, Id. Tea, J oa.; sugar, } oz.;
*imn»ed milk, I pint ; water, 4 pint ; bread, 4 oz. ; Umer,
X OB.
5^-€offee, bread, and butter. Carbon, 925 grains;
nitzogeo, 4i grains; cost, Id. Coffee, f oa. ; sugar, A oz. ;
akimmed mOk, J pint; water, # pint; bread, 51 ob.;
butter, J OB.
In each of tha flnt three there is an excess of the
standard requirement, whilst the fonrth corroborates the
fiKt already mentioned, of the impossibaity of providing an
economical dietary where tea and butter are introduced.
Soch, then, are abundant and cheap dtetaries for our
working classes, at a cost within the reach of all in
England who obtain regular employment, or who are not
oppressed with a large family wholly dependent upon the
ncAd. There are, however, multitudes of persons both in
England, in our Stater Island, and on the Continent, who
from these and other oausea do not obtain sa mueh income
as would enable them continually to pmchase thiaquantity
of lood, and to such it is of the greateat mom«it that they
ahoold restrict themselves to the cheapest food, at Indian
oom, pease, bread, buttermilk, and skiuuned milk. I need
not, in this second paper, refer at length to tJie nutriment
to be obuined from theae foods, but a reforence to the
table will show that two pounds of Indian meal made
into stirabout will afford more than the required nutri-
ment at a cost of 2d. per day, and it cannot be doubted
that this, with 1 pint of buttermilk, costing Jd., or of
drimmed milk, costing Jd. to Jd., would, if the appetite
ft>r it did not fail, sufficiently nourish the system. Again,
in the ease of those who grow a large quantity of potatoes
at a merely nominal cost, there can be no doubt that they
mmy make them a principal article of food, and, taken ia
sofficient quantity with buttermilk orskimmed milk, would
maintain health at a cost much below that of the dietaries
which I have devised.
It is, perhaps, r^ht that here I should refer to the
economy in the food now afforded by that excellent in-
vention of the day, the dining-rooms for the working
classes ; but since the labour, house rent, apparatus, and
interest of money must be paid for, and since vegetables
cannot be grown by them, it is clear that a profit must be
made upon the food provided more than would equal the
economy in cooking and the purchase of the goods at the
wholesale price, and that the food supplied cannot be sold
at so low a price as it might be produced at the labourer's
home. The manifest advantage of these institutions is
seen by comparing their food and charges with those
of previously existing eating houses; they enable the
working man to obtain good food at a cost within his
means. They are not so fitted for the lowest fed as for
the dam who can afford to spend 4d. for dinner, unoe, as
I have shown, meat is a costly food, and potatoes are not
a cheap food ; and I may add that the broth ordinarily
oontains but little nutriment. Thus, if we take the
elements of an ordinary dinner of }d. of bread. Id. of
potatoes, 2d. of meat, and Id. of broth, we find the
amount (tfcarixm and nitrogen supplied is as follows : —
Oarboa. Kitrofsn.
OrmiiM. Gniuw
Bread 4 OZ 500 22
Potatoes 12 oz ^... 577 22
Meat 2 oz., reckoned aa 3^ oa.,
raw meat with bone 493 30
Soup, the meat liquor included in
the meat 300 12
1370
86
which will give only 416 grains of carbon and 19 grams
of nitrogen for Id., whilst the foregoing dietaries yield
fhmi 700 to 1000 grains of cartxm, and upwards of 50
gmins of nitrogen for the same money. The profit upon
the bread is 2Jd. to 3d. the ^b. loaf; upon the potatoes
\d* per ration ; upon the meat 4d. per lb. of raw meat,
and upon the broth nearly ^ths of a penny per ration, the
cost of the meat liquor being reckoned* in that of the
meat.
I wish here also to make the shortest possible reference to
the out-door relief provided throughout the country for
the poor. The largest portion of this is given in bread,
which is, BO doubt, the proper course, but when meat Is
allowed it is most rarely niat a useful part is selected.
I have found that the unal supply is the scrag end of the
nedc, or the breast of mutton; the former, consisting
chiefly of bone, and ifit ia to be profitable at all, there must
be a taste for broth, and oonvenieacies for making it ; the
Utter, containing more than half its weight of fkt, wiiich
is alinoit nniveisally rejected by the sick. Surely, in
such a case, beef should be usually given, and the part
selected should be the round, which oonsists of prime lean
meat without bona, or, if mutton be prefored, no part
could be so useihl as a pmiion of the leg, at the part
where that joint ia usually cut in two by the bnt<^er. I
know that the present system is waaleful and ine ffi c ien t^.
FuBUa DlSTABIK.
On proeeading to eonsider public dietaries I do not pur^
pose to enter into laige detail, but rather to content myself
with a stateaient of the general prindplea which should be
a guide in the selection of the particular food and in the
general construction of the scheme of daily dietary. Those
who are largely acquainted with the present dietaries of
our public bodies will think thai to merely indicate prin-
ciples will be of little avail* since it is in details that the
excellence or otherwise of the scheme must be tested,
but in truth, the real wants of a man differ but little in
any of the circumstances to which these dietaries refer,
and the vast diversity of detail which at present exists is
not due to any necessity, but to the absence of general
principles in the construction of the scheme, and the defi-
ciency of knowledge as to the particular food selected.
It is almost mcredible that in a country with so much
int^ligence and intercourse, there should be between 600
and 7(X) poor-law dietaries, including 40 in London, all
216
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pbbbuaby 19, 1864.
of which difier from each other, and that of couDtry and
borough priaona in England and Wales, not more than
one-half nave a uniform dietary. Surely, it is carrying
out our system of de-centralization too &r when there is
no common authority, established by law, which enforces
uniformity in subjects of such wide importance, and in
conditions which themselyes are so nearly uniform. If
the result of this discussion should be to draw the atten-
tion of our legislature to this patent evil it will have
conferred a great boon upon the whole community.
1. — PooB Law Dietabus.
The only principle which is acknowledged at present
in these dietaries is that the food provided slmll not exceed
in quantity and quality that of the ordinaiy dietary of
the same class of persons when out of the workhouse ;
and with this I cordially agree. The only source of
difference is in the fact that to this moment the ordinary
diet of the people has not been properly ascertained, and
hence each person and each board of guardians has
formed an estimate from general observation, but, as I
mentioned in my former paper, this information has now
been obtained, both from town and country, and will pro-
bably be issued in a few months, and pending that I must
be content to simply affirm the principle.
The other general principles to which I would refer are
these: —
A. — There must be a proper apportionment of the food
according to sex and age. This is a subject of much diffi-
culty, since there are no scientific data which refer to each
year of life ; and the relative wants of a man and woman
vary with the size and activity of their bodies, rather
than simply with sex, so that even a scientific man can
only make a near appreciation to the truth. At present
the reduction in the dietary for a woman, from the normal
dietary for men, vaiies from half to a quarter, and it is only
until a boy reaches the age of sixteen that he is considered
to need the dietary of tbe man, and in both, I think, the
dietary allowed is much under Uie requirement. From a
consideration of the products of nutrition which pass out
of the body, I do not think that the average dietary for
women ought to be lees than nine-tenths of that for men,
neither being employed at haixl labour.
The importance of the apportionment to age is exceed-
ingly great, for it is only during the period of youth that
growth progresses, and for healthy and suitable growth
there must be sufficient food, and hence if the latter be
withheld the former is deficient, and from the finality of
the period of growth the loss can never be regained.
Hence it is of far greater consequence that there should
be abundant food given to a youth than to an adult, smoe
the former can never regain his loss, whilst the latter can
tolerate, with comparative impunity, much variation from
his proper nourishment. I have entered at length into
this subject in my work on ** HealUi and Disease, as In-
fluenced by the Cyclical Changes in the Human System,"
which may be found in our library, and I shall now only
state that, in my opinion, above twelve years of age the
dietary allowed ought to be that of a man ; from the age
of ten to the age of twelve, that of a woman ; and that
below ten years and above one year of age, there ought
to be three scales of dietary, embracing the ages from
two to five, from five to eight, and from eight to ten, or,
as is &r more natural, the dietary under the age of ten
should be unlimited in quantity.
B. — The food supplied should be, in nature and variety,
similar to that which they will obtain in later life.
While it is a foct of the highest interest that the body can
adapt itself to a great variety of circumstances to which it
had not been accustomed, there can be no doubt that the
changes are attended by risks, and that there are those
who suffer from or sink under them, and in a wide point
of view are not desirable. Hence, I would train up the
body of the child as it shidl be nourished when it becomes
a man. I need not particularise the foods with which i
are familiar, but precise information on this point will soc
be supplied. As to variety of food, there can be no don]
that, within limits, it tends to improve the relish for ai
assimilation of food, and hence to increase nutrition, whi]
beyond those limits, as we see amongst the well-£
classes, it lessens the appetite and the quantity of fo<
that is eaten. Our ordinary habits do not seek for mu<
variety at the first and last meal of the day, whilst oi
unvarying food at dinner would soon become unacceptabl
Yet, even in that there is less diversity than at first sig
appears, since all the food may yet be wound up und
the terms, meat, potatoes, pudding ; and the only variati
is the kind of meat, and the components of the pudding
and the mode of cooking them. The dinner, then, shoe
be varied, so that the liame kind of meat shall not
always supplied, and that some change of food, or mc
of cooking shall occur daily.
C. — The last observation may be regarded as trite a
uimecessary, since it is admitted in most dietaries i
limited extent, but the next one, viz., that with vari<
in food there shall be uniformity in nourishment, is mv
disregarded. Thus, to select one from many dieUi
which have been sent to me for my opinion on their
ness. On four days a week children from the age of i
to the age of nine, have for dinner 3} oz. of cooked m
and 8 oz. of potatoes, which contain between 1,2C0 1
1,300 grains of carbon, and nearly 70 grains of nitrog
whilst on two days 10 oz. of suet pudding is alone allow
containing about the same quantity of carbon, but o
two-thirds of the quantity of nitrogen; but as the dig
tibility of the two diets must be very different, the del
of tho latter is doubtless much greater than the chem
constituents indicate. On one day in the week ther<
rice pudding, and if we add } pint of milk to each 1
which is no doubt beyond the mark, it will yield
than 800 grains of carbon and 27 grains of nitrogen, <
defect of more than one-third of carbon and nearly i
thirds of nitrogen. I mav also make use of the si
dietaiy to show another defect in the selection of i
in poor-law dietaries : 16 oz. of rice, potatoes, or of
vegetables, are allowed indiflerently at dinner, the amc
of carbon in the rice being nearly four times as grea
that in potatoes, and nearly seven times as great as i
in other vegetables, whilst the {uroportion of nitroge
potatoes and vegetables is only one-third and one-fift
that in rice. Thus, whilst the alternation of foo<
necessary, it is manifest that by the present system <
good guessing at truth is not effected, and that such
condite questions as the nutritive value of foods can
be answered by scientific authority.
D. — True economy consists in keeping the poo
health and strength at the least cost, and not simpl
finding the cheapest dietary upon which they may
Hence, 1st, a selection from the foods to which the;
accustomed, of such as will yield tiie greatest nntrii
at the least cost ; 2nd, the cooking of them so as to o1
the whole of the nutriment from them ; Srd, by snpp
proper kinds of foods with sufficient variety of flavour
well-ventilated rooms and by exercise in the open £
keep up the relish for foods, for under such circa mst
the food is better assimilated by the system (that is tc
less of it is wasted), and the cheaper and less savoury
are with equal chemical value equally nutritive
others of a more costly kind.
E.~Of separate foods, I will refer to only two or t
For all persons below adult age, skimmed milk or b
milk, oatmeal, and bread should be given twice a
The mid-day meal should always consist of meat
vegetables. The meat may be prepared as soup thi
week with advantage, and to it should be added
digested bones, pearl barley, and other vegetablef
cording to some of the numerous formulas publishi
the Ghovemment, and of which the following three
been qtecially arranged by me : —
JOUBNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, Fbbbuaby 19, 1864. 217
Soups.
OX-HKAD Socp.
Cost per rmtkn -Md.
Carbon ...^. 1,117 gn.
Kitrofvn •>• 49
It
Qciimn' PKB RinoH.
J(MtoffoxlMad« 2 oi.
Bonw do. 3^
Petri bari«7....^ S
OatBMftI M.... ..1
WftCer to make lipti.
Pepper, Mlt, and
kerbi.
PsA SOUF.
Coet per ration l*28d.
Carbon l,201'p«.
Nitrogen 68 „
Meat off neoka of
beef llQs.
„ pigs* heada 1
Bcaea<tf beef 1
Barley ^. 2
Split peaa 1
Peameal |
Onioni 1
Canota 1
Tomlpt M... 1
Water toniake...lipti
Pepper, ndt, and
lierbe.
Pba Sovp.
Cort per ration l*l«d.
Carbon 4,009 gn
Nitrogen ..„.. 61
ff
a 01.
4
Meat off leg of
beef
Bones di
Barlej „... 1
Split peas 1
Onions 1
Carrots (croihed) 2
Oatmeal l
Water to nukelipts
Pepper, salt, and
Tuioiu herbs.
Tbcra is alflo a formala for milk aonp, for which I most
refer to Uio report, p. 448.
It is desirable that dried herbs be used, and these,
with the other vegetables varied on each occasion.
This with bread alone, or, better still, with some kind of
padding, would saflBce for the dinner on the soup days.
The nse of tea and coflee should be restricted to the
aged ind the sick, or to special occasions.
In reference to ftesh vegetables, when they are bought,
it ihould be observed that, as they are dearer than bread,
their use should be limited, but when they are grown by
the labour of the paupers they promote healthful exercise,
uid supply food at a nominal cost. It is important to
bear in mud that the necessity for any given quantity of
fresh vegetables is relative only, whilst they maybe eaten
iHth equal advantage in large or in small quantities, pro-
vided there be a corresponding supply of other fresh food.
DUTABT AT PUBUO CHABmcS.
The subject of dietary in connection with our orphan
asylums and other public charities, well deserves scientific
inquiry under the direction of the Government, but as the
most rigid economy would be out of place Uiere, I do not
purpoM to include it in the present paper.
DiETAlIT IN FbISONS.
The consideration of the dietaiy in prisons is of greater
neeeestty than that in workhouses, not that the importance
of the latter is less, but that the difltolties of the former
are greater. Inhere is no reason whatever why the dietary
of oar workhouses should not be finally settled at once, so
that it might be uniform or equivalent everjrwhere, and
be so adapted to the wants of the system that our youth
should grow up healthy, and fitted for liard labour, and our
adults not be tempted to the workhouse by richness of
the food, and so that, whilst the food supplied is adapted
to the wants of the recipients, it shall be supplied on
principles of strict and true economy. But it is not so in
prisons. You are aware that a Royal Commission has
recently inquired into the present couvict system, and a
Committee of the House of Lords into that of county and
borough prisons, whilst a special inquiry in reference to
the lystem pursued in Hants has been made by the
magistrates of that county. All these have reported and
made various recommendations, but leaving the correc-
tioa of evils of the dietary to hirther inquiry.
In prison discipline there are but two circumstances
aflectmg the dietary which render it difiTerent from that
of workhouses, for in both alike it is a duty to sufficiently
feed the inmates, and to do this with the greatest
economy. These are simple confinement with its implied
restriction of fresh air, and exertion, and mental activity,
and the influence of the labour exacted under hard
labour seotencee ; and where these two influences have
been estimated in a Kientifie manner there can be no
dif&BuIty io eatabltthlng a system of dietary which may
»f
*i
meet the wants of the prisoners, and be everywhere
uniform or equivalent.
Now what is our knowledge upon these two subjects.
As to tho effect of seclusion, we know theoretically that
it would lessen the activity of adl the viUd functions, and
thereby in itself be attended by less waste of the tissues of
the body, and so far less food would be needed (as each of us
would find if we kept in our room for aweek), but practically
it has been found tliat the weight of the body is lessened in
confinement, a fact, resulting either from the deficient
supply of food which was obtained, or from a diminished
use made of that food, and hence, without proving eithes
alternative, it was concluded that more food was requited
in a state of seclusion than would have been necessary in
the ordinary circumstances of life. Upon this was based
a scheme of dietary which was accepted by Government,
in which the quantity of nutriment varied with the
duration of imprisonment, in the following remarkable
manner: —
Weekly.
Imprisonment. Carbon. Nitrogen.
Class 1, 1 to 7 days, 19,860 grains, 889 grain?.
„ 2. 7 days to 21 days 26,748 „ 1,211
„ 8, 21 days to 4 months, 29,588 „ 1,323
„ 4, 4 months and above, 38,782 „ 1,566
As the compilers of this scheme were instructed that the
dietary was not to be an instrument of punishment, it
follows, that, in their opinion, mere duration of seclusion
excited such an influence as to demand nearly double the
amount of food at one period which was required at
another, and that meat was required only in the conditions
of the 3rd and 4th classes. It is usual to say that accord-
ing to this scheme, the amount of food must be increase4
as the duration of imprisonment increased — or, in other
words, that the effect of seclusion is a necessity for in*
creased food, but in truth, if there be any logical sequence
in the scheme, it is the contraty, for it begins with an
amount of food which we have shown to be only about
half of that which is required by the system, and it is
only when the seclusion has continued 4 months that it is
thought necessary to supply as much food as the system
really requires. The truth is, that in ascertaining the
cause of the loss of weight by seclusion, there were
two valid agencies, only one of which was considered, and
absurd as it may seem, it was not seen that giving a man
only half the food which he required would lead to loss of
weight of body, apart from any other agency whatever.
But the recent experiments made by Mr. Milner and
myself for the British Association, by which not only the
change in weight, but the quantity of nutritive and effete
matters entering and leavbg the body was ascertained in
a scientific manner, it was proved that seclusion with
inactivity does lessen the vital activity of the body, and
causes a larger portion of the food to leave the body
unused than occurs under ordinary circumstances, and
hence that the ordinary diet out of prison would not
suffice for the same person in prison without labour. The
remedy for this is simple, and I shall a|;ain refer to it.
Then as to the relation of food to prison punishments.
It may be known to you that these punishments are
usually oakum-picking, turning a crank, or working a
handwheel, and to these are added in some prisons the
exercise of the shot drill, or various kinds of handicraft.
There is the greatest diversity in the labour exacted by
these methods, as I shallsubsequently prove, but in addition
to this, there is the greatest diversity as to the selection of
them and the rotation of their use in different prisons.
Thus, as I placed upon record more than five years ago,
we find that In our county prisons some find no labour
at all, others only that of ordinary trades, others have
crank labour alone, othera treadwheel labour alone, whilst
in many, one of the two, or both of the two latter forma
of hard labour are conjoined with some kind of trade<
In many the treadwheel and crank are unprofitably em-
ployed, whilst in others they are used as mills or pumps..
I In some, women even work the crank and the treadwheeL
218
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pbbruart 19, 1864.
In Bome the treadwheel and crank are exceptional em- 1
ploymeDts ; in others they are univerBally used, but for a
mall part of the sentence ; whilst in a third class they
are the constant employments during the whole term of
imprisonment. In most gaols they are chiefly employed
ibr short sentences, and ttierefore for small crimes, and
with insuflRcient food, whilst the light occupations are
reserved for long sentences, with greater crimes, or
frequent repetition, and excessive food. In some they
are worked for an hour without intermission ; in others
thirty, twenty, fifteen, ten, and down to four minutes
only. In some they are enforced for three hours daily,
and simply as exercise; whilst in others the labour
endures ten hours. In many, boys of fourteen years of
age work the wheel and the crank ; whilst in others, able
grown men make shoes or pick oakum only.
In some the ordinary rate of the ascent on the tread-
wheel is 6fty-Bix steps per minute, whilst in others it is so
low as thirty. In some the ordinary pressure on the
crank is seven pounds ; at others, twelve pounds ; the
pressure being certain, and demonstrated by weights in
one, and uncertain, depending upon the turn of a screw,
in another. In some we ordinary number of revolutions
per day is 14,400 ; whilst in others, in which the crank
IS still the chief instrument of punishment, it varies fram
18,600 to 6,000 or 7,000, at the discretion of the surgeon,
the prisoner being still without disease. In some the
day's work may be performed in any part of the twenty-
four hours with the index in sight of the prisoner ; whilst
in others it must be performed before the night, and with
the index outside the cell, and so that the prisoner is un-
able to ascertain, from time to time, how much labour he
has yet to perform. In some pumping is employed for
an hour only, and even during that short period, as at
Beading, there is no method of determining if any in-
dividual prisoner is labouring or not; whil^ in others
the labour is for the whole day pumping water into the
sewers.
Oakum-piddng is no labour in one prison, and hard
labour in another ; and in the latter it is two pounds for a
day's work at Wandsworth and Westminster, and three
pounds at the Coldbath Felds, whilst it is five pounds at a
workhouse. In some the prisoner by good conduct obtains
lighter labour, a commendatory badge, and a pecuniary
reward ; in others it is treadwheel from the first to the
last ; whilst in many, as at Wandsworth, the change of
labour is due neither to crime, sentence, nor conduct, but
to the number of prisoners.
With such diversity in the conditions upon which the
dietary must depend, the Cbvemment Commissioners did
not attempt to determine the true influence of each
agent, neither did they insist upon a uniform plan of
pnnishment being adopted before they prepared a scheme
of dietary to meet it, but simply by ascertaining the
effects of given dietaries upon the weight of prisoners
condemned to hard labour (no matter what and how
varied that labour was) they fhimed a scheme which
should not only meet the requirements of the labour
^cted (itself unknown), but be equal to the effect of
simple seclusion without labour,— that also unknown.
The result of puch extraordinary guessing was, as might
be expected, moat anomalous. Thus, during an im-
I^isonment of 7 day*", no difference of food was sup-
posed to be i-equitt'd, whether the prisoner performed the
most severe labour with which we are acquainted — tread-
wheel labour— or was entirely at rest. Under 21 days,
(tread-wheel, and other hard labour, being exacied,)
no obtained as an equivalent for each 7 aays* labour
over the requii-ements of rest, only 1 pint of soup (con-
taining 3 oz. of cooked meat, 8 oz. of potatoes, 1 oz. of
bariey-rice or oatmeal, and 1 oz. of onions, or leeks),
affordiBg about 1,100 grains of carbon, and 55 gndns of
nitrogen, or enough to meet the requirements of con-
tinued tread-wheel labour for about IJ hour only. For
l<mger terms haitl labour for 21 days was considered equal
to no labour for 4 months, and to need the diet, class 8,
which is lielow that of the unemployed Lancashire opera-
tives, and for 4 months to be equal to no labour for an
indefinite period, and to require the dietary of Class 4,
containing enough food to supply the wants of the system
on the ordinary conditions of out-of-door life. When the
term of hard labour exceeded 4 months, it obtained a
dietary of its own, in which 4 oz. of cooked meat was
given four times, and 3 oz. thrice a week with bread,
vegetables, gruel, and cocoa, containing 86,608 grains of
carbon, and 1,610 ^nAta of nitrogen, a dietary more ez^
pensive and luxurious than the others, bat not gieatly
exceeding No. 4 in nutritive value.
The utter insufficieney of the allowance made for bard
labour may be more strikingly seen when I quote the
effect of these punishments as experimentally proved by
myself side by tide with the requirements of the system
of the unemployed labourers.
Thus, the Lancashire operatives, when unemployed,
required 80,100 grains of carbon weekly. Average crank
labour requii'es 45,000 grains, and treadwheel labour
60,000 grains ; but the amount allowed to the prisoners at
hard labour is 19,860 grains, 26,748 grains, 29,581 grains,
88,782 grains, and 86,608 grains, quantities dSfering
among themselves to the amount of nearly double of the
least quantity, and below the maximum required quantity
from one-third to three- fifths.
Sorely no forther proof can be required to show that no
uniform dietary could be possible under so many varying
and controlling conditions, and that in providing this
scheme the information on which it was hised was moet
defective, and that guessing, in a great degree, took the
place of scientific deduction. Hence, in the absence of
evident and sound guiding principles, it is not to be
wondered at that the scheme was not accepted readily by
the visiting justices of prisons, and even now from one-
third to one-half of these prisons reject it, and adopt
schemes which themselves are even less based on prin*
ciple, and which exhibit the most astounding diversity.*
In the public inquiries in reference to Houses of Correo-
tion, before quoted, there was an evident desire to oorrect
this evil, and to propose dietaries which should mon
nearly represent the accurate scientific knowledge of the
day ; but the result showed that such a course waa im-
practicable.
In answer to question 914 of the Committee of the
House of Lords — '* Do you suppose that it would be poa-
sible, eventually taking into account the diflerence of
constitution, to frame a uniform table of dietary for all
prisons T* — I replied, *' 1 cannot see the least difficulty, only
that we should requue a large amount of certain kinds <^
knowledge which are necessary. For example, the points
upon which we are at present deficient in knowledge are
these : — We want to determine precisely the effect of
mere confinement upon the system ; wo only know in ^
general way that it does depress the system, but it must
be detei'mined precisely. Then we want to determine
precisely the effect of meat, as to whether it is necesaarv^
in any and in what quantity. Then whether fat, whicl^
is a dearer food than starch, but analogous in oompoeitioa ^
can be supplanted by starch, and in what proportion i^
must be given. We must aJso know what is the precia^
efleet upon the system of those various punish mentsi
which are to be recommended, and having first decidecj
upon the pnnishmentft, we must know what would be the
amount of food necessary to meet such particular case, sc
that we have many subjects about which we are at pre-
sent ignorant, and which are absolutely neceesary to !>«
understood before we can form a new scheme of dietary-
but all of which information can be obtamed by proper
experiments in prisons."
When this evidence was quoted by the chairman to I>'k;
* I oaonot on this occasion enter further into tkM qaeatio^
bat would refer to my papers pnUiihed in tbe PhiUmtkrcj^m^
fur 18^6, and to tbe evidenee given befrae the Boose ol Xof4 «
in 1863.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP AUTS, Pibruary 19, 1864.
219
Guy, and the question asked (No. 3,799), *' Would your
opinion go along with that view,** that gentleman replied,
** I think 1 may answer, that in a scientific point of view
it would be desirable to have such experiments made,
but I do not think them necessary in a practical point of
view. We do not want to ascertain those points with
mxch minute precision as the term scientific would imply —
we can get at them roughly. I repeat that I should
myself like to see the basis that I have mentioned
atlopted, namely, one pound of bread per day and one
pound of potatoes (that is what was given in the fourth
experiment at Pentonville), because &t potato element
is so essential to a sound dietary, and then vaiying the
quantities of other things. I should be satisfied with
making these experiments in the case of prisoners variously
employed within our own prisons; some with hard work,
■oine with a little lighter work, and some few could be
found with no work at idl, or such very light work as is
almost tantamount to no work, for instance, picking tow,
which ii very light work ; but I do not think it neces-
sary to make these experiments in so scientific a manner
as a laid down in that evidence." To the further ques-
tion. No. 8.801, ** I thinktheCommiileeanderstand what
your view U ; thai though it is not absolutely ne oeaiaiy .
in a prActical point of view, thai the point abouM be de-
termine I with eeientific pecisien aad miouteness, still
that it would be very desirable to go into these different
questions with a view to obtaining an ultimate finality,
so to speak, to the dietary basis, whatever it may be,
which may be hereafter adopted." The answer is, " It
would be desirable to make such experiments."
Hence it may be accepted that, before the present evils
oan t« corrected, there must be a Urge amount of infor-
mation obtained upon the most recondite questions to
which phymologioal and chemical knowledge can be ap-
plied, and whidi would require for its proper attainment
the greateat skill and famiiiari^ with the subject which
the present day can afford. But here arises the most
iaportant qoestionfl. Are we to be satisfied to *' get at
Ihem roagmy ; " and Do we *' not want to ascertahi these
points with soeh minute precision as the term scientific
would imply ?~ Are we to set aside the increased
knowledge of our day, with the improved means and
methods of inquiry which, if used, would conclusively
prove the (aets required, and fix the dietary upon a firm
«Bd final basis, or pursue the uusatisfactory course adopted
twenty years ago, taking weight of body, with its varia-
tioo in mere fluids and in fat, as an apology for a scien-
tific guide, and by making such so-cadled experiments
in a eoQviot prison, where Uiere are not the hard labour
of the crank and treadwheel, blindly guess at the dietary
neriMMiy m county priaona with their treadwheel and crank
Iftbior; or, worse still, will it suffice to ask the advice
of vintjng justices as to the value of the dietary under their
Bupenrisioo, and frame new dietaries upon their opinions ?
Sorely such a coune would not be creditable to our day,
and would lead to a conUnuation of the present evila. There
ia no clashing between experimente made " in a practical
point of Tiew" and got at roughly, and those made with
■eientifie precision. What is scientific precision but an
exact basis for practice? and what are results got at
nMghhr, tod In a practical noint of view, but those
arrfred at by a neglect of the only means by which
exaetitiide can be demonstrated, and therefbra only guesses
at truth? 1 trust that we shall agree that the national
importance of the subject demands that this question be
now 00 oonsidered that it may be finally settled.
Tbe following are the questions which, in my opinion,
now demand solution :—
A. — Shall the prineiple be adopted which was finally
laid down by Sir James Graham, that the dietary shall
meet the requirements of the prisoner under tlie different
eoodittons of prison discipline, and thus maintain his
baalth and strength, or shall it be made an instrument of
ponishment, and for any period be insufficient for the
wmnteoftfaesiyatem? Without this, no step can be taken
in the inquiry, and it must be for the legislature to
decide the question. It must, however, be borne in mind,
that if it be decided to give insufficient food, you take
the subject out of the hands of science, and must let
justice fix the amount of deficiency, for although it is
evident that deficient food must lead to injury of health,
as its action h slow and the different degrees of health
are not marked by clear lines, it is impossible to estimate
accurately the injury inflicted. It is a dangerous mode
of punishment, and particularly when it is often repeated.
B. — The system to l>e pursued in gaol discipline must
be fixed so that a sentence shall always and everwhere
carry with it an absence of labour or a definite kind and
amount of labour. Hence it must be determined whether
labour shall be a part of all gaol discipline or not, and certain
kmds of labour must be selected and prescribed, and thus
the sentences may be without labour, with medium
lidx)ur, and with bird labour. In my evidence before re-
ferred to (Question 842), I affirmed tlie principle that labour
should he a constituent part of every sentence, on the
ground which at first sight may appear paradoxical,
that, wiihin limits, it would allow the food supplied to be
less costly, for without labour it has been shown that
food is wasted, and either the system must be ill-nourished,
or the higher kinds and more costly food, as meat, must
be given so as to supply an increase of vital stimulant in
the form of nitrogen. In some cases, therefore, it may
be shown that the exertion supplies its own food, and as
this is a most important principle. I will quote the answer
which I gave to Question 827, **Would you explain to the
committee a little on wliat principle you would act in
that case T* "It would seem to me that the right course
of proceeding would be this, ti determine the amount of
food which is necessary to maintain a person in fair
health in the open air, and to endeavour so to arrange
that it shall also maintain the prisoner in health in a state
of confinement. The difference of the two conditions is
mainly, or perhaps entirely, this, that in confinement you
have less vital action in the body, less dig^estion of food,
and less assimilation or converaion of food into the tissues
of the body. The aim, therefore, should be so to arrange
the prinn discipline that there shall be such an increase
of this assimilation over the present amount, with ^ in-
action, as shall enable the cheap food, which is sufficient
for the support of an agricultural labourer, to keep
the prisoner in health. If that be not done, it will
bo necessary, as we do at present, to give more nitrogen.
With the deficient assimilation existing iu confine-
ment, you must increase the vital action of the body ;
but if you adopt the other course, that of giving,
exercire and fresh air, such as a labourer would have
you do not need to give a proportionate increase
of nitrogen ; you therefore assimilate the conditions of
the prisoner much more to those of an ordinary labourer,
either in quantity or in quality. I also give my assent to
the proposition contained in Question 836, viz., *' Whenever
you have a deficiency of labour you might make either
the labour or the open-air exercise, whichever it may be,
more or less a substitute for the amount of nitrogen which
otherwise would be supplied in meat"
Sir Joshua Jebb assented to this statement, when it was
referred to him in Questions 1,290 and 1,291. Thus he
answered : — '• I think that the fact of prisoners in separate
confinement requiring a very laiige amount of food to
support them against the depressing influence, as it is
termed, of separate confinement may partly arise from the
less amount of exercise they get, because it b really a
fact that though the men are not required to use great
bodily exertion in the trades which they carry on, they do
require more food than men would lequire out of doors."
And in answer to the following question : — *• So that if a
proper amount of exercise were ^ven to the prisoners,
with a proper amount of fresh air, they might still be
subject to the hard fare which you think is necessary as a
proper punishment without its exercising any deleterious
effect upon their system." Sir Joshua answered " Yes."
220
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Phbruart 1?, 18«L
80 alio when the statement was referred to Dr. Ouy, he
answered (No. 3,788), ** I think that (he exercise which
a man takes, whether you call it hard labour or any other
labour, tends to promote the assimilation of that food
vhioh he eats." Hence it is admitted that the plan pro-
posed by me would effectually dispose of the evils of
■seclusion, and would improve the nourishment of the
^stem, and so far allow of less expensive food being given
to maintain health.
When the several kinds of hard' labour have been se-
lected it would be easy to render their action nearly uni-
form, and their precise influence upon the body can be
determined and the amount of food to be supplied ascer-
tained. My own experiments on crank and tread-wheel
labour, and shot-drill are the only ones on record, and may
be found in the Report to the British Association for 1861,
bat it may be well to quote a part of the substance of the
4m8wer to Question 845 : " Crank labour increases waste
irom two to three times durins the exertion, and in the
whole 24 hours the increase is 1} time. Tread wheel
labour inci-eases it 5} times during the labour, and twice
when calculated upon the whole 24 hours. Shot drill
increases it four times during the period of exertion.
Hence the information is already acquired for the experi-
mental application of foods to labour.
C. — The mode by which the amount of food required in
these different conditions would be determined, and the
effect of various kinds of food is very simple. Besides the
evident effect upon the body, as shown by variation of
weight, colour, firmness of muscle, colour of blood,
strengtli, &c.t it would only be necessary to determine by
chemical analysis the amount of unused food parsing off by
the bowels. The general plan of procedure is stated in my an-
swer to questions 915 and 916. Thus — *' I should first take
41 basis dietary, such as is used by the agricultural popula-
tion, and such as I think would be suitable for persons con-
demned to light labour or not to hard labour ; with that
dietary I should think it necessary that they should have
so much exercise or so much labour in the o^n air as
should induce the whole of that food to be assimilated.
That is the great difficulty which must be overcome
by expeiiment, viz., to find out what amount of labour is
necessary, with a given dietary, to enable the whole food
to be assimilated. For that purpose it would be necessary
io'take five prisoners of average age and power, and place
them upon this dietary, to determine every day the effect
XD the weight of the body, the colour of the blood, and
the effect upon the excretions, that is to say, to prove
whether due assimilation occurs, by determining the
amount of food passing off by the fosces. That is the only
scientific inquiry whi(£ is necessary. If it be shown that
the whole of the evacuations were so reduced in nutritive
value as to be only equal to that of an ordinary individual
of the community, then we should suppose that a proper
proportion of the food was assimilated.'* '* Having first
of all settled this question (which might require a
great deal of variation in the elements of the food) with
regard to light labour, and having determined also the
proportionate effect of the different kinds of hard labour
upon the system, I should be able to devise experiment-
ally a scheme of diet which would meet the case. I
should take five persons upon each of the systems of hard
labour, and put them upon that dietary, and determine in
the same way the effect of this food upon them. In the
course of twelve months I have no doubt that a sufficient
number of expriments would have been made to settle the
whole of these questions."
D.— I think it is to be regretted that notwithstanding the
admitted necessity for the foregoing experiments. Dr. Guy
should luve allowed himself to present six schemes of prison
dietary in which meat and bacon are entirely excluded,
and more particularly when the real nutritive value had not
been ascertained and apportioned to the condition of
labour, and when no other conditions wore recognised
than that of duration of imprisonment. This seems to be
supported by the answer to question No. 5,825. •* Is this
diet one which you have drawn up in order to show how
a diet may be fhimed without the meat elenrent in it?"
The answer is, *' I have pvily drawn it up to show how a
diet may be framed without the meat element in it, but
at the same time I should be prepared to recommend it
for trial ;" and in answer to the preceding question,
" whether he would be afraid of employing a man npon
this diet, if the allowance of hard labour ran as high as 6 or
even 8 hours a day ? " the answer was, *' No, I should not
be afraid of it ; at the same time all these suggestions
require to be tried," shewing that, at the best, the dietaries
were but guesses, and coiUd not be adopted until that
which should have preceded them had been effected, viz.,
scientific inquiries into t^e subject.
On calculating the nutritive value of these proposed
dietaries with tliose so long in use by the Government, I
find very remarkable differences. Thus : —
PSOPOSIO DUTABISS.
Hoxs Ofrcb Dtn-
▲Bias.
Csrboo.
Nitrogen.
Carbon.
Mitrogom.
Class 1
18,980
546
19,860
889
2
16,625
630
26,748
1,211
8
22,525
875
29,588
1,823
4
86,884
1,755
38,782
1.566
5
41,979
1,932
; 86,608
1,610
6
48,412
2,852
1
• ••
The first three classes in the Government dietary have
already been shewn to be below the natural requirements
of the system, but in the proposed dietary the nutriment
is lower, so that the third class is only equal to the
Government first class, and the results at the end of
twenty-one daya must be deplorable. There is then a
sudden increase from the addition of Indian com and milk,
and an increased quantity of oatmeal quite disproportionata
to the progressive increase in the duration of imprison-
ment, and so ^;reat that the quantity allowed to the
preceding class is nearly doubled, whilst the whole of tho
2nd, 8rd, and 4th classes in the Government scheme are
passed over, and one bound made fixKU the lowest to the
highest class. The nutriment in the proposed 4th, 5th,
and 6th classes is much above that of the highest daas of
the Government.
E. — Is it not remarkable that at this day it is still
customary to compare dietaries by quoting the number
of ounces of fluids and solids which they contain, as
though there were no material difference between
loz. of potatoes and loz. of cheese, oatmeal, or tea,
and not onlv so, but to reason upon the results as if
they were all equal. This is illustrated by the propooed
dietaries just quoted, where the two first classes have the
same gross weight as those of the Government acheme,
whilst their nutritive values are so different. In this
mode no account is taken of the 2 oz. of oatmeal in
each pint of gruel, nor anything of the nutriment con*
tainea in the milk.
F. — In prison dietaries, suited to county and borougb
prisons, no unusual article of food should be introduced,
as, for example, Indian com meal, which is not thoaght
equal to wheaten flour by any people even in the Western
States of America, since a distasteful food certainly
lesions the appetite for food, and, being less perfectly
assimilated, will, for one or both of these reasons, increase
waste of food and less perfectly nourish the body, ^ence,
apart from the disgust of the prisoner, it is not sound
economy. It is, doubtless, possible to effect this in con-
vict prisons with long sentences, since in progress of time
the body will acquire the aptitude for a new food ; but
even then it has not been shown that the very Isu^e
amount of food which they are said to require may not
be due to the imperfect use of that which is adopted.
Q.^The necesdty for fresh vegetables daily is doobtlest
JOUBNAL OP THE SOOIETY OF ARTS, F«BBD4Br 19, 1864:.
221
much less now than fbrmor^, siooe there ib now abundance
of other freeh food. Conditions of prisoni which led to
fconry 30 yean ago, included many other elements be-
aides a Qirainished supply of fresh vegetables, and Uiere
IS DO instance to be found on record where, with an
abundant supply of fresh meat and bread, scurvy ever
appeared. £veQ in the Arctic regions, as Dr. Hayes and
Dr. Kane have abundantly proved, the necessity for fresh
vegetables never occurs whilst there is plenty of fresh
meat, and, indeed, the Greenlanders never suffer from
scurvy when their food it plentiful, although they never
obtain vegetables. Such conditions as those quoted^at
Millbtnk do not now occur in any part of Knglanii ; and
as potatoes are a much dearer food tlian flour or oatmeal,
their use ought to be restricted as much as possible,
provided there be a sufficiency of other food allowed. In
my inquiries in Lancashire and elsewhere, I have found
many who have not eaten fiesh vegetables for many
XQonths at a time, and yet found no evil to result.
H. — In conclu<Un^ this subject, I may vemaric how
fiilfle is the comparison which is made between prison
dietaries and those of workhouses, or those of oruinary
life. We have already seen that the three first classes in
the government scheme contain less nouii^ment thaa
that supplied to the Lancashire operatives ; and it is only
in the fourth and fifth that sufficient food is allowed. As
to the relation of these dietaries to that of the commuaity
cot of doors, the information about to be issued will sup-
ply abundant means of comparison. But with regard to
workhouses, there ean be no doubt that the three classes
referred to are below any workhouse dietary.
I have only one forther renuu-k to make, and that will
have reference to the unfair position in which medical
men are now placed in reference to this and other subjects.
it is expected not only that medical practitioners shall be
well fitted for the practice of their profession, but that
they shall also be authorities upon the various recondite
questions which are only accessory or incidental to their
practical knowledge. Hence upon questions of hwacy,
public health, poisoning, and dietary, it is expected that ai^
medical man who may be in any way connected withtheoase
imder investigation should give opinions quite in aoeoidaaGe
with the most advanced uiowledge of the day. This is
not required in other occupations m life. A graduate in
arts must be acquainted with mathematios, but is it ex-
pected that every graduate should be able to fill a pro-
feasorial chair, or to resolve the most abstruse problems
of the science ? Is a lawyer expected to be Cuniliar with
each department of the law, or an artist equally GSjpable
of excellence in nvery walk of art ? Why, then, is it not
well recognised, that the essenUal duty of a madioal
practitioner is capability for the treatoient of diMase»
and that questions on coUatend subjeots should be r».
garded as special ones, to be solved not by tdlie busy
pnclitiona', but by those specially given to such in-
yestigations. It is unreasonable to requiro a workhouse
or gaol surgeon to give a scientific opinion upon, and to
frame dietaries for those under his care if the aim is to
pass beyond the region of ordinary observation and to
establish something recondite, as for example a dietary
which shall sufficiently nourish the body at the least oost.
of prisoners, there were, exclusive of convict establish-
ments, 86 prisons, and in these there were altogether
878 dietaries. Four prisons had I dietary each ; 2 had
2; II had 8; I0had4; 57 had 5; 2 had 6. For the
sake of distinction he would call Sir James Graham's diet-
aries official dietaries, and those which differed, noo-Offioial
dietaries. Now, the official dietaries, as issued, were in
use in 80 prisons, and in 4 more, but with different periods.
In several others some of the scales were in use. The
oBse stood t^ua: —
Offldal
Dialtriflt.
The 1st Clasa Dietary in uae in 50 priaons
The2ad
TheSrd
The 4th
The 5th
tt
II
»»
ft
11
■>
II
II
**
44
ds
48
86
II
It
It
It
yoa-Ofllcba
Diatarlsi.
31
37
42
81
24
If
It
It
tt
With regard to the nonoffioial dietaries, it was diffi-
cult to find out the principle upon which they had been
framed — if, indeed, there was any principle in the matter
at all. The amount of nutriment was less in the second
class dietary than in the first in the prisons of Westinor-
limd and Huntingdon. It was less in the third than in
the second, in Devon, Cambridge, Spalding, Horse-
moQger-lane, Wakefield, Denbigh, Morpeth, Tyneraouih
and Hexham. It was leas in the fourth than in the third
in Durham, FaUongham, Cambridge, Monmouth, Usk,
Morpeth, T^emouth, and Hexham. It was less in the
5th than in the 4th in Anglesey, Nottingham County, and
Nottiagham Hotoe of Correction. All the dietaries pre-
scribed three meali a day, except St. Albans, where only
two were given, bi-eakfast and dinner. There was no
reason given for this arrangement. He supposed the
digestive powers of the criminals in this place were not
so active as elsewhere. Prisoners committed to Cumber-
land gaol for seven days got only i80B. of bread per day ;
while prisoners in Alnwick gaol for the same period (seven
days) got 16o£. bread, 12oa. oatmeal, and 1 pint of milk
per day. The amount of nutriment in the latter was
about three times that of the former. The weekly
quantity of food, inclusive of the ingrediantB in the liquid
food, in these dietaries was: —
OfBeiil IMetuief ...
AverMC* ofMon- Ofl-
dalOiatMiM
• ••
}
I.
Class.
Of.
n.
Glass.
OK.
23A|
m.
Glass.
oz.
269t
273i
IV.
Class.
OS.
2S9t
287i
V.
Glass.
oc
334
3271
Mow, measuring these dietaries aocording to the data at
the Keneington Museum, supplied by Dr. Lyon FlayCsir,
the amount of nutriment was : —
Glassss.
DISCUSSION.
Mc HABaraa (Poor-Law Boaid) said he rose to oBkt a
law observatioQS oa the very able paper of Dr. £. Smiths
Be hai a very large fiunily, numberinff somewhere about
IJBCVOOO, and tt aight no* be out of place to say a word
or tw» ittspcoting thia £unily-^tbe poor in workhouses.
Sir Jaiaea Gnihaoa, ia 1843, saootioned five scales of diet
for pdeoiieni and the aiBOont of food in each scale was
itgnlated aocording to the length of imprisonment and
ted labour. Priaooera imprisoned for short periods got
tba lowest dSetaiy, class 1 ; and those whose sottenoes
w^ra the loogeat tba haghest dietary, class 5. Inthepar-
I. Class.
Oflslsldietttriw
of
iimaBtefy pa|M«
hafaiff]
laancd
in IBSl^ oQutaiBiag the dietuiea
n. Class.
Offlcial dtttaries
Avtrsge cf xfeon-ottoUl dtotarios.
III. Class.
Oflldftl dlettriet
▲vtrsge of non-oOdal dIstisiM.
IV. Class.
OlBdsl dietarief
Ayvmgb of non-oAobd dletuitt.
y. Class.
Ofltelal dietarief "-•
Average of non-oflkisl dletwiet.
138*16
12t*10
133*22
I4S-60
IU'63
146*00
1S4'M
222 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pbbruary 19, 1864.
The weekly cost of these dietaries was—
I.
Class.
II.
Class.
III.
Class.
IV.
Class.
V.
Class.
KlfHciftl Dietttiet
▲rerageof Noa-Ofi- \
dal Diatariea f
8. d.
1 2*
n 6i
8. d.
1 91
1 11
8. d.
2 If
2 6
8. d.
2 9i
2 1
8. d.
3 0|
2 10
With regard to the dietaries of workhouses, able-bodied
paupers wero not dieted aocording to any uniform rule —
their dietaries varied in diflerent workhouses. The
dietaries of insane, too, in lunatic asylums varied con-
siderably. The average quantity of food for the able-
bodied man in the workhouse was 243} oz. per week ;
for the insane man in the lunatic asylum, 268} oz. ; for
the male prisoner, the average of the 2nd, drd, 4th, and
-6th scales was 269^ oz. ; for the male convict, the average
<tf PentonvUle, Mulbank, Chatham, Portland, ajid Ports-
mouth dietaries was 866 oz. A better estimate of the rela-
tive value of these dietaries might be formed by measuring
tiiem according to Dr. Playfoir*6 data. The amount of
Dutrimeot was : —
Able-bodied Msa \,
Insane «
Brisoner ....•..•
Contiot
Qiuuitttyof
NitroMn
Ingredtents.
01.
22*10
23*46
19*67
26*16
Qusntlty of
Subetonoes
free from
Nltvegen.
OK.
102-91
104*84
116*88
l3t*Vl
QnsnU^
of Minertl
Matter.
OK.
4*36
4*01
4*01
4*4T
The weekly cost of the dietary of the pauper was 2s. 8|d ;
insane man, 2s. 6}d* ; prisoner, 2s. 5d. ; and convict,
:8s. lO^d. The subject of the dietaries of prisoners had of
late attracted considerable attention; and during the
last session, the Lords appointed a committee on prison
discipline, and that committee received a large amount of
evidence in reference to dietaries. In the report of that
committee the dietaries recommended by Dr. Guy were
given. Now, to these dietaries there were dedded ob-
jections. The first objection was, they prescribed no
meat. The present dietaries allowed meat more or less,
and the average weekly quantity of the several scales
which allowed meat was 16| oz. , in a cooked state. In the
workhouses the average quantity to an able bodied man
was 16| oz. ; to a male lunatic in an asylum, 26 oz.
There was no doubt that the poor in this country did get
meat, but the quantity was very small in some cases. There
were, too, in these dietaries, objectionable articles of food,
viz., milk and Indian meal. Our knowledge in this country
of Indian meal was not sufiScient to warrant its use in
largo quantities in prisons. To milk there was no objec.
tion as an article of diet, but the poor of this country did
not get it in such large quantities as that proposed by Dr.
Guy, viz., seven pints and ten pints a wecK. Now if we
compared Dr. Guy's proposed dietaries with the official
dietaries (Sir James Graham's dietaries), the following was
the result:— Dr. Guy's 1st class dietary prescribed 28 per
cent less food per week than the official dietaries; the 2nd
class, 20 per cent.; the 8rd dass, 24 per cent ; the 4th
class, 48 per cent, more ; the 5th dass, 40 per cent, ; and
the 6th dass, 69 per cent, more than the 6tn. As regarded
nutriment. Dr. Guy's Ist dass dietary was 82 per cent.
less than the official dietaxy. The 2nd class, 89 per cent. ;
the 3rd, 24 per cent; the 4th, 25 per cent, more ; the 5th,
•33 per cent. , and the 6th, 45 per cent more. He believed
the Government had appointed Dr. Guy and two other
medical gentlemen to inquire into the subject of the diet-
aries of prisoners. Now, these dietaries of Dr. Guy's were,
he supposed, forecasts— if so, he had no faith in them.
7he important question to be considered was, ought
the dietaries of prisoners to be revised or not? In
answering this question, he would quote from a letter
he addressed last year to the Royal Commissioners
on pemd servitude, Uie reasons why he was of
opinion that the dietaries should be altered : — " I. Because
the labour exacted of the convict is not greater than that
performed by the agricultural labourer, and hardly in
excess of that required of the able-bodied man in the
workhouse. 2. Because the diet of the convict is much
in excess of the diet of the several classes mentioned. 3.
Because the convict is placed, in regard to food, in a
better position than it is pooible for the honest labourer
to attam. 4. Because this is a temptation to crime. 5.
Bettmse it is unjust to the convict whose physicsl con-
dition has been raised above its usual level, and hence he
is placed, on his release firom priscm, if unreforuied, in a
better pontion to commit crime again. 6. Because the
cost of the diet is greatly above that of the pauper, the
lunatic, and the agncultuiml labourer. 7. Because of the
ezpense-^t being unjust to the public to have to nay 4b.
a week for the food of the convict while the poor lunatJc
and pauper can be properly maintained at an aven^
cost of only 2s. 4d."
Mr. Mbbbt said, as an old visiting justice of one of the
model prisons in a neighbouring county, and having had
the honour of bein^ examined before the Lords' com-
mittee on the question of prison disdpline and dietary, ho
was desirous of making a few remarks on Dr. £. Smith's
valuable paper. If they wished imprisonment to deter
fh>m crime, they must cease to supply such an excessive
diet as to afford temptation to a poor man to commit
crime in order to get into prison. He held the opinion
that a man ought to be rndlv punished when he was
sent to a prison. He would not injure his health,
but he would take care not to give him an ounce
more food than his constitution required. In look-
ing at the question of food with regard to public diet-
anes. Dr. Smith's paper had taught him the value of the
quality of food rather than the mere quantity; and
he thought, with reference to what had fallen from the
preceding speaker, that it was impossible to lay down one
general dietary that would suit all counties and all popu-
lations alike. The diet of the labourer in Wiltshire or
Berkshire differed very much from that in Yorkshire.
He thanked Dr. Smith for telling him the value of a
pound of a particular artide of food, with reference to the
amount of carbon and nitrogen it contained ; and if the
ph^ological definition of man was that he is a *' cooking
animal," it was useful to know the nutritive value of the
food he was going to cook. The serious question affecting
the great bulk of the community was this, that upwards
of 100,000 criminals annually left the prisons of this
country, and it was important to consider what was to be-
come of that army of 100,000 enemies to sodety. If such
men had an abundant diet in prison, they got so accustomed
to that kind of food that they could not do without it
when they came out of prison. They were driven again
into crime in order to obtain it. To every thinking man,
therefore, the investigations of Dr. Smith on the subject
were of the utmost value, and might be considered of im-
portance in a national point of view.
Mr. Cabdwbll was desirous to ask a question upon one
point in the paper. He understood Dr. Smith, speaking
of private dietaries for the poor, to recommend Indian
com meal as a cheap and nourishing artide of food ; but
in speaking of prison dietaries he also imderstood Dr.
Smith to state that that artide would not do for a oon*
tinual diet, inasmuch as it was somewhat disgusting to
the appetite, and prisoners would not thrive upon it II
seemed to him somewhat anomalous to recommend, as
the continual diet of poor persons not in prison, that tipcm
which Dr. Smith had stated prison^s would not thrive.
Dr. Smith said in none of his dietaries had h« recom-
mended Indian com meal, but he had stated with regard
to private dietaries, in cases where peisona could not pro-
cure more food than was actually »ecessaiy for the eus-
tentatioD of life, that Indian meal was obviousliy the cheap-
mA. Ift proportiou to tho anuBiuil of il& natridive qu«Uti^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pebruary 19, 1864.
223
Upon thai principle it was largely used by the Irish, bat
when they coald obtain better food they invariably
abaodooed it as not agreeable to the appetite. In long
impriaonmenta in oonvict establiahmente the body might-
become used to Indian meal, and the distaste for it might
oease, but it waa not suited for short imprisonments.
Dr. Lankssteb, F.R.S. (responding to the chairman's
inritation), said he should be very happy to say a few
words on Dr. Smith's paper, but he had on this occasion
dealt more with details than in the previous paper, and
therefore it was more diflkult to follow him. At the
same tune he felt that these contributions of Dr. Smith
to the philosophy of diet were of very great importance ;
and even if he (Dr. Lankester) and others did not agree
with him in every point it was very desirable that the
poblio flhoold be led to dtacoas this <|ue8tion in relation
both to economy and health. He quite agreed with Dr.
Smith that the system on which our public dietaries had
been laid down was ewentially a bad one. On looking
at fooDe of those dietaries he found the estimate of the
diet was put down under the two heads of solid and
^uid. It waa impossible to come to a proper conclusion
upon diet so vaguely estioiated as that. Many liquid
iboda contained a large proportion of nutritive properties,
whilat many forma of solid food were almost destitute
of them. He thought the time was come when the
Qovemanent of this country, in constructing dietaries
for hnndicds of thouaanda of people, should resard the
aob}ect fincMn a scientific point of view, and it should not be
left to persons accidentally pUoed in positions of im-
Dortaooe to estimate what should be the diet of the people
m oar poblio establishments. At present they seemed as
ihcKigb they were coDstmcted in quite an accidental way.
Some reoommended rice, others substituted potatoes for
rioe, and in that wi^ they went on substituting one thing
for another without any definite system. Within the
last fow yean , as the result of carefbl investigation,
tbegr had been able to point out what really were the
raliuive nutritive properties of various foods. Dr. Smith,
in hla previous paper, called attention to the fact that the
two elemeots, carbon and nitrogen, as contained in
diffwaot foods, indicated their relative value. That was
a highly ncieotific posltioa when contrasted with the " solid
and liquid" dietaries of the ordinary Qovemment system.
He would say, however, that with regard to these
eoieotifio estimates of foods, they were not always to
t>e relied upon aa entirely correct, but this he would
add — that the erron of the scientific man were in-
finitely smaller than the errors of the merely prac-
tical man. Thoee of the practical man were some-
times of the gravest kind, while those of the sdentifio man
.allowed of correction by the very means which had
led him to his previous condosions. In the discussion
npon Dr. Smith's last paper, he took the liberty of saying
that he did not think some articles of diet had been esti-
mated at their proper value, in taking merely the quantity
of carbon and nitrogen they contained. Now nitrogen
waa oootaioed, not only in what were universally acknow-
ledged to be the nutritive constituents of food, such as
£bnne, albumen, and caseine, but it was also found in
another constituent, namely, gelatine. He thought suffi-
cient attention had not l)een given to this last mentioned
aabitanoe. Some 30 or 40 years ago the French govern-
ment directed an inquiry to be made into the nutritive
qoalities of gelatine, which entered largely into the
oottstituente of aoop, so much used in that country ;
and two membefa of the French Academy gave their
opinion that gelatine was not a nutritive element of
di^ and would not form the tissues of the body. Sob-
0eqnently» there appeared a report from the Belgian
Academy condemning gelatine as an article of diet, and
ftom that time a notion had very much prevailed
among physiologists that gelatine was not digestible,
and, Uke celloloae, was not a nutritive constituent of diet.
Cofseqa«ptlyr i^ * ^io^ containing gelatine, the quantity
of nitrogen ooold scarcely be taken to repreisent its
real nutritive value. He would ask Dr. Smith
whether he had given any attention to that point.
Recently it had been stated that gelatine, when
converted into albumen, was very nutritious. But of
this they had no proof, and it was a matter which
ought, if possible, to be decided. Another point was ti^at
cheese was an indigestible article of food compared wiUi
meat and bread, and therefore it would not be corre^ to take
the nitrogen of cheese and put it down as the true measure
of its nutritive value. It seemed to him that cheese wai
only a suitable diet for the hard-working classes of people
— persons who had a great deal of open-air exercise. A
hard-working man would find it more economical to
purchase cheese, if he had but a few pence to spend for Idi
meal, than meat ; but the question arose whether it wai
better for the wife and children indoors to have cheese?
whether it would not be better in their case to expend the
money upon some more digestible, though less nitrogenous,
article of diet? These were questions which must
arise at every point of the examinatfon of Dr. Smith's
dietaries, and they would only be determined by ex-
perience—and that not a limited experience. Then
again. Dr. Smith had constructed private dietaries and
said some persons had prospered on them, but prospering
thereon for a month or two was ditterent fi^m prospering
for a lifetime. He said this merely to caution people
against adopting Dr. Smith's private dietaries, upon the
notion that ^ey mi^ht do so with impunity. If a persoQ
wen restricted to living upon two shillings a week, it
would be better to give Dr. Smith's dietaries a trial than
to spend the money indiscriminately, as poor people who
had no knowledge of the subject were very apt to do ; bat
it mig^t become a question, when a person had to feed
others, whether these economical dietaries would be the
best provided he could aflbrd to spend more money upon a
greater variety of food. There was also another point with
regard to them, viz., that they excluded everything which
could be termed luxurious diet ; there was nothing for the
taste— tea and sugar, and those essences which flavoured
food seemed to be utterly excluded from these dietariei.
He did not think it was wise to do that.
Dr. Smra said he had not done so ; tea was included
in most of his dietaries.
Dr. Lankester understood Dr. Smith to say that tea
was expensive and might be dispensed with. He did not
think the highest estimate should always be put upon
that wliich went to form tissue, but they must appeal to
the palate as well as to the stomach, and they all knew
that pleasing the palate had a great deal to do with the
subsequent process of digestion. Therefore, agreeing
with these dietaries where the object was to save mon^,
he at the same time cautioned peopleagamst their use for any
length of time, except under circumstances of compulsion.
He felt this Society was much indebted to Dr. Smith for the
very able manner in which he had brought forward this
subject of diet, and he trusted it would raise a more
general inquiry as to the nature of food. He believed
the losses arising from the improper use of diet would
be more than enough to feed the whole population. Aa
to the dietaries of prisons, he did not think they ought to
punish people in their diet. To carry out any systematic
plan of limiting the diet to an amount on which human
life could barely be maintained would be to inflict a pun-
ishment whidi was never contemplated. Bather ttum do
that he would give rather higher dietaries than some had
declared were sufficient for the sustenance of the body. He
did not think thoee who watched the rations served out to
prisoners would be impressed with the idea that they were
living luxuriously, or that the most wretched amongst the
criminals would wish to remain in durance for the Mke of
the food they got in prison. That it was in many cases
an advantageous system, both of diet and disdpline, he did
not hesitate to say. Men who went in as emaciated and
enfeebled drunkai-ds, after they had submitted to this ad-
mimble system of diet and exercise, for a month or two,
came out strong men. He was almost inclined to "
224 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Fhbruart 19, 1864.
ihat there were piiaoDs for respectable people who coold
not restrain themaelves within proper limits, both in
eating and diinking. Six months at Cierkenwell or Pen-
tonvme would put them on their legs agaio, and enable
them to go on prospering for years without incuning any
doctors' bills.
Dr. DioBSOK, following up the concluding remarks of
Dr. Xiankeater, would state, for the information of those
interested, that in Gkrmany there were several establish-
aents called '* bettering houses," in which the benefits of
the description of diet and management, spoken of as
being beneficial to high livers, could be obtained.
The Chauuian wished, in relation to the fixed qoantities
in publb dietaries, to repeat the precautionary obeervatioo
•rising fiom the wide pbyaiologioal differences of assimiU
live power, and of hunger in different individuals, that
not only should the quantities of the various sorts of food
be left undefined for very yonn|r children, but, as ren>eots
Adultly that one simple and mam article of food should be
allowed without stint. Experience had shown that the
extra consumption by the few who ate more than ordinary
wa0 more than counterbalanced by the economy of the
nany who ate lesson this plan. This precaution ob-
ierved, there would be Uttie danger to health, or of
gaaking dietaries an undue punishment in prisons, nor
vould thore be any fear of their becoming too attractive.
Vo dietary should be adopted without due observations
im the health and the strength of prisoners, and such
i^bsarvaticms were in favour of the simple and siore
eoMiQBawal diets, which were the subieot of much
ilMorotical medical apprehension. He «ad heard the
medical mien who had charge of the prisons in which
^ simpler diets were in nse, and the peroonal deanlineas
And other sanitary conditions of the prisoners were waU
Attended to, often express a wish ihsti they had their
pci;iwte patients in those prisons, for if th^ had ihey
fould firequently save them and produce the best ^ects.
Whilst some prison physicians attributed a large part of
tiie extragtdinary improvement in health produced in
weH-jnanaged prisons, with the simpler diets, to the
teetotaliffln or entire exclusion from alcoholks drinks,
othen aaoribad the larger share to the abstinence from
the use of tea, as the improvement in the health of
females who were not given to drinking was as great as
that of the males who were. The observaticm of the
effeets of dietaries in classes of persons had, however, yet
to be closely made and systematised. The meeting
would gladJly give their thanks to Dr. £dward Smith for
this as well as the other important pa{>er he had laid
before them, and for the advances he had made in clearing
«p tiie medical and economical questions in relation to
the food of the people. It was to be hoped that his con-
iJBUAd laboun in this field would receive due public
•oppori.
The vote of thanks having been passed,
Dr. EnwiBD SiirTH said that Dr. Lankester had made
some valuable observations on this subject. In the first
place, as to whether all nitrogenous materials were equally
assimilated or digested, he would say that it was a great
question, which he was anxious to have thoroughly in-
vestigated. Let them consider what had be^ their
norition lately. Till the last few years nitrogen was
looked upon simply as the element which supplied muaole
or flesh to the frame, while carbon supplied the fat and
heat, but very curiously it was discovered by Dr.
Thompson, in his experiments in the feeding of cattle,
that the fatteuing properties of fodder were not in rela-
tion to the carbon in the food, but tp the nitrogen,
which was supposed to have nothing to do with the
formation of fat. In the course of the experiments
which he (Dr. Smith) began about six years ago, as to
the effects of different foods upon the body, he ascertained
that if a person took gluten or other nitrogenous matter
containing very little carbon, there was an increase in the
amount or carbonic acid evolved quite disproportionate to
the carbon sopplied by the nitrogenous food. Here, then,
they had another strong proof that nitrogen acted, not
only by becoming portion of the tissues or the body, bat
by promoting its vital actions. He had soggeated to the
Lords' Committee on prison diadpltne and dietaiy, that it
was not possible at present to decide whether meat ooold
be wholly dispensed with in prisons, and whether it could
be supplanted by milk, which contained a large amonnt
of nitrogen, or by cheese, which contained still mote
nitrogen. Those were mattefs which required fortfaer
inve^igation before the final settlement of the dietaries
ooold be determined upon. It was of the ^[reatest
meinent that a society Hke this should feel the import-
ance of the subject, and bring abont an inquiiy by
which these important qoestions might be fiiiaUy
settled. With regtfd to cheese, it had not as yet
beeo shown that only a certain quantity was digested ;
but he believed ibat if a person took a large portion
of cheese ft was not all digested. It did not, how^
ever, follow that the whole of a moderate quantity of
cheese was not digested ; and he had proved that on tiiung
a small quantity of cheese, nearly the same quantity of
nitrogen would be eliminated from the body, clearly
showing that a small quantity of cheese would be as-
similated. With reference to gelatine, he thought Dr.
Lankester was in error in saying it had been shown that
gelatine was not digestible. It had been satisfeQiorily
established that gelatine was rapidly digested, very
rapidly went into the blood, and very mpidly kit H. The
experiments of Professor Lehmann in Cknnany, as
well as his (Dr. Smith's), showed that gelatine, after
being taken four hoars, eliminated as much nitrogen as
was taken into the body. The only question in dispute
was that raised by Bisohoff and Voit, whether, as it left
the body so rapidly, it could have any thing to do with
forming the tissoes. In his previous paper he observed
that well-d%ested bones contained a large amount of
nutritive matter. With reference to the diettties he
had mentioned, they had not merely been in use for a
month or two, as Dr. Lankester had sapposed, bat they
were the aetoal dietaries in use in Lancashire. In the
same way dietaries had beeii collected from the food
Actoally eaten by all clasMS of the commanity. Dr.
Lankester had intimated that he thought these dielA-
ries had not been made soflRciently palatable and tasty.
Upon that he would say his object in constraoting
^m was to introduce as for as possible the osoia
food of the population with snob variations as economy
would admit of; he did not go into the qoestioKi
of how much nouririiment a man might obtain if he
were in a position to spend more money npon his diet.
Dr. Smith having enumerated the articles in his private
dietaries, and remarked upon their variety, went on to add
that there was nothing more importent to be borne In
mind than that there was a possibility of getting the
prison diet too low. There was a dimosition, at the
present time, on the part of a large and influential cIims tc
lower the diet of pnsons from its present scale. There
could be no doubt that the latge amount of mortality and
scurvy which formerly existed in the prisons of tiuj
country was owing to Uie amount of food being too litfle
The Earl of Carnarvon, whilst desiring to redtne the
dietaiy of prisoners as far as would be consistent witt
their health, had remarked upon the danger of the presen
reaction defeating its object by making too great a ledoc
tion and thus increasing sickness and mortality in prieoDa
and necessitating another change of the dietaries.
The Seobbtaby announced that on Monday evenioi
next, at eight o'clock, the third lecture of Mr. Barges'
course would be delivered, and that at the meeting o
Wednesday evening next a paper, by Dr. Marcet, F j5.S
" On Petroleum, its Economic Value, and a Visit to th
Petroleum Wells of Canada," would be read.
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETr OP ART3, Pebruary 19, 1864. 225
Unhnrrj,
WiLLtAM Hexbt Ha.Tr haa Just died in the faloMs of
life md honour, the mn of man's jreara, ihree-aoore and
ien« having been oompieted by him three years ago ; and
MM to earthly dUtinetioo, no man has received more of it
from his felloirs. As an artist Hunt was valued by
aU olasMs, although for different reasons. The learned in
Art priaed his productions, as perfect examphss of painting,
and disregarded the modesty of their themes in favour of
their uoapproached ezoellenoe. No painter surpassed
him in technical power applied to those themes Hunt
made peculiarly hts own, i^. fruit, flowers, and what is
oilled BtUUiife. As a painter of interiors he held a high
place ; as a humorist he his long been recognised. The
snleamed in art revelled in the fidelity and brilliancv of
Hunt's pictures, their homeliness and beauty, and asked
few questions as to their suthetie merits. We nrely find
a vervlMt so unanimously given in a man's favour at home;
still laser is it for us to know, as of this ease, what is
known — that a single painter became a member of a
foreign aeademy while not a member of that of his native
ooontry. Hunt was a member of the Academy of
Ameteniam — an honour most raluable to hold in the
land of flower-painters of old. In 1855, at the Paris
Exhibitioo, Hunt's works astonished all France, and every
oriticwas loud in expressions of delight. Eleven draw-
ings (Noe. 1031-41, Grande Bnlagne), hardly satisfied
tlM admiration of the French. The baptismal regis-
ter of St. Qiles'-in-the-Fields says the pamter was the
■oo of John and Judith Hunt, born March 28th, 1790.
His birth took place at the house No. 8, Old Belton-
•tvset, now Endell-street, Long-acre. His father was a
tin-plate worker and japanner, resident in that house,
whieh is still used for the same trade. Hunt was strongly
inclined towards art in his earliest youth, and, despite the
obJeotjoDs of his parents, persisted in following it. He
was literally apprenticed to John Varley, the £imons
water-colour pamter, for a term of seven years. At
Varley's house No. 16, Broad-street, Golden-square, Hunt
met Mulready, who induced him to enter the Royal
Academy and atndy in the schools of that institution.
This be did for some yean. In company with Mulready,
Hunt was a visitor at Dr. A. Muoro's house. No. S,
AdelphUterrace. next door but one to Qarrick's house,
Ho. 5 in the same row ; at this place he drew with what
might be called the little Academy, and met many men
of note. Hunt's fint appearance as an exhibitor was at
the Royal Academy, in 1807, when he contributed three
lan d sca p es, views near Hounsbw, Reading, and Leather-
bead. These were oil paintings and such as he exhibited
At the same plaoe in 1809, 1810, and 1811. In oU also
were probably his contributions to the Academy in 1822,
182d, 1824, and 1825. The suhjeoto were stUl-life,
portraits, and mteHors. Such subjects as the last-named
were oTidenUy to Hunt's taste in early life. We find that
he raoeired commissions from the £arl of £ssex to paint
•aome of the rooms at Cashiobury and part of the park
and grounds at that place. At Cashiobury he first
knew Dr. Munro. Hunt's fint connexion with the Society
of Painters in Water Colours (of which he afterwards
beoame so distinguished an ornament) was in the capacity
of *< Exhibitor," i.«., an artist invited to contribute to the
Bocieiy's annual gathering, but not otherwise connected
muh the body. His fint contributions, made to the tenth
eKhibitioo of the Society, 1814, were named ** View of
Windsor Castle," and *' The Bell-tower, Windsor Castle."
Heoootribated on this footing in 1815, 1819, 1824— where
be appeared as an associate exhibitor in 1825, 1826, and
1827 — when he became a full member. From this time
ho rarely failed to contribute, and his fame steadily grew.
His last works were piodueed not many days before his
death, on the 10th iost. He died of apoplexy, induced
hy a violent cold. His old friend and medical attendant,
Mr. Wade, of Dean-street, Soho, |)0S8es3es the finest col-
of the artifi's works, about thirty-nme in number. Hunt's I
contributions to the Manchester Art Treatures Exhibitkxt
were twenty-eight, to the International sixteen works.
I^olw.
The Rotterdam steamer, which lea that dty on Tuesday
evening, the 9th instant, brought the news of the total
destruction by fire of the Schieland Palace, the well-known
museum and picture gallery of that city.
Gbcat Eastsbst Stcamship.— This Tessel was oo
Wednesday last put up for unreserved sale, by auction,
at Liverpool. She was purchased by the Great Eastern
Steamship Company, a company which has recently been
formed for the purpose of again running this vessel. The
price at which she was purchased was £25,000.
([^mtv^mtxA.
FRESCO PAINTING AS A SUITABLE MODE OF
MURAL DECORATION.
Sib, — In the paper which I had the honour of reading
before your Society on the above subject, two distinct pro-
positions were enforced or implied. 1st. That muiml
decoration in general is in itself noble ; 2nd. That the
specific mode of mural decoration called Fresco, is prac-
ticable. In the discussion which took place after the
reading of the paper, the former assertion was in no
degree called in question. I had endeavoured to show
that mural decoration, of which fresco is a prominent. If
not indeed the meat approved method, possesses the
elements of greatness and grandeur; that mural paint-
ing, by virtue of its allegiance to architecture, is almost
of necessity ^mmetric in proportion and broad in the dis-
tribution of its distinctive memben and masses. 1 fiirther
expressed the opinion, of which indeed there cannot be
the shadow of a doubt, that at a moment when architec-
ture is obtaining renewed and extended development — at
a time when our buildings are paseiog from an era of
whitewash to an epoch of colour, the whole question of
mural decoration, whether by the process of fresco or
otherwise, becomes of paramount import. It is a satis-
faction to know that not one of these arguments, so far as
they touched mural decoration in the abstract, were by a
single speaker contravened. Fresco painting, as an indi-
vidual process, it was objected, may posBibly have proyed
imperfect. It may therefore be necessary to have resort
to some other expedient. *' But while" said the chair-
man. Lord Elcho, ** we admit X^mX fresco puro is imperfect
in itself, let us not on that account give up mural decora-
tion altogether — that is, high art on our walls— till we
are assured that no good substitute has been discovered."
Thus one important conclusion of this interesting ai^
valuable debate is, that mural decoration of some sort
England must have ; that she cannot get on without It In
one form or another. This is a valuable concession,
proving the vital character of the topics which my pajper
had brought into debate, and showing now urgent it is that
the conflicting merits of the rival processes shall receive
through the Society of Arts, or from some other competent
tribunal, speedy and final adjudication.
Among the several competing processes of fresco,
tempera, encaustic, and water-glass, I had intentionally
concentrated my attention on the first. It seemed to me
that the method of fresco, which had received in times
past encomium and honour, was at the present moment
falling under unjust obloquy. Furthermore, the dan^
appeared to be imminent that, in the somewhat Umd
impulse of the moment, a plunge should be rashly made
into the midst of methods which, however alluring at
first sight, had certatoly not as yet gained the adyantage
of long and tried experience. Such being the critical
position in which the whole subject o( muiml decoratioa
was placed, 1 deemed that good service might be done by
bringing clearly and prominently into view the htAM
226
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, February 19, 1864.
wluch foyoor the ft'eeco practice. In taking this course
no a^^ptemve attack was made upon what I have temed
the rival processes. On the oontraxy, I emphatically
stated *' tliat the more the means can be multiplied
whereby national and municipal buildings may be fittingly
adorned, the better." And, in I'etracing the line then
deliberately taken, I now fortunately find not one single
opinion to retract or modify. The discussion which
ensued I shall now attempt to pass in review.
In the first plaoe as to the durability of fresco. The
chairman, in his admirable speech at the close of the
discussion, observed that ** if he had been in Mr. Atkin-
aon's position — aiding in favour of frescoes—he would
Bot have pointed to the ohromo-lithographs published by
the Arundel Society, inasmuch as the object of that
ttdety was to preserve to after ages some feeble record of
those great masterpieces of early Italian art, the originals
of which were moulding and fading away.'* I fear
that this sentence casts, unintentionally no doubt,
suspicion on the fidelity of the Arundel Society's pub-
lications. These chromo-lithographs are either faithful
or fiklse. If faithful, they are trustworthy testimony to
the present condition of the Italian frescoes. Happily,
I know, from personal scrutiny, that these prints are sub-
etaotially literal; and, possessing this knowledge, I gave
Abem in evidence to prove the durability of the mediieval
originais. When I was last In Florence, Mr. Layard,
who was then taking an autumn tour through Italy,
•bowed me the drawings which Signer Martannecci had
just made of the frescoes by Masolino and Masaccio in
the Brancaoci Chapel. These copies professed to be
Aoonrate tianscripts, taken direct from the fhiecoes them-
•elves. Within a few days I revisited the chapel, saw
the artist employed by the society at his labours, and
am able to testify to the fidelity of his work. It was the
chromo-lithographs reproduced from these very drawings
to which I pointed in proof of the durability of Italian
fresooas. These great historic works, I then stated, bad
besn painted more than four hundred years, and yet,
sotwithstandhig that the Carmine Chnn^ was destroyed
by fire, this side chapel and its far^fkmed mnral decora-
tions stand intact. To this striking example many more
might be added. It is true that frescoes exposed to Uie
open air; that frescoes down the foce of which the rain
has trickled fhmi broken rooft; that fVeseoes which have
suffered actual outrage from soldiers or mobs of the
people, are more or leas in rain. How, indeed, could it
DO otherwise ? But, on the other hand, works which have
leeeived &ir treatment remain almoet in tht;ir original
brilliancy, even to the marvel of all beholders. There-
fore, with reason has the method of fresco been ever
dsemed in itself most enduring.
And in this place it may be well to say Just one word
by way of definition — fresco is a painting on a fi^^, that
is a wet, wall of mortar. Now, it was the practice of the
middle-age painters to re-touch their fremso walls and
works, when hard, by the secoo, that is, the dry process ;
therefore, say certain English objectors, these pictures,
when re*touched, are no longer f^^esooes. This conclusion
ktoosevwe. A picture origmally laid down in fresco
does not cease to be fVesco when it receives a few dry
touches. It is fresco still, and such it has been always
deemed ; therefore, all cavilling on this small point may
be silenced. But out of this objection one satisfactory
oonclusion can be drawn. Of the two processes — fresco
ttidsecco— fresco, by common consent, is the most en-
during. Therefore, if secco pictures, painted by E^ptians
in their temples, and by Romans in tlie houses of Pompeii,
have fairly held their ground, how much more stable
would these works have proved if through the manipula-
tion of fVesco they had been embedded in the very
■tracture of the wall. My reply, then, to these objections
is, that if secoo be good, fresco is still better.
That the restored process of f^^esco, as practised at West-
minster, does not prove so lasting as the original me-
thod of the middle ages is our misfortune, and possibly
our fault. The cause of the rapid decay of our pic-
tures is still a mydtery, chiefly, however, because we have
not taken the trouble to ini^uire into the facts of the case.
The process of fresco is simple ; lime and sand are the
only elements which go to make the mortar, and the
pigments med in the aetual picture should be limited
to a few uncompounded earths and minerals. Yet the
means, though thus simple, are apparently for us too
difficult. Surely it ought to be humiliating to find
that the comparative empiricism of the middle ages »
of more practical worth than the vaimted science of
oar own times. But modem fresco, unfortunately, does
not stand alone in fiailty. Our artists have notoriously,
in the matter of materials, eomniitted the most melao-
ofaoly Uunders. Many of the oil paintings of Sir Joshua
Heynolds are in rain, and the landscapes of Turner, when
touched by the cleaner, are in danger of falling to pSeees.
It surely then would be more becoming on our parte to
plead want of knowledge and experience, railier than to
presume to pass hostile judgment upon the noble art of
fresco, which, in ricilled hands, has won a victoiy over
time and secured an immortality of fame.
Our English climate, our town smoke, and the chemical
produots of gas consumption, are usually adduced as
reasons against the adoption of fresco in this ooontry.
These difliculties no doubt stand in the way of fi>:A!0,
and «o Itkewifte do they prejudice every form of
art reared in the Und — architecture through its stone
sculpture in its marble and bronxe, oil and water-coloar
pointings in the paper and pigments. But however fatal
these agencies may be in general — and I cannot bat
think that their destractivo action has been greatly ex-
aggeiated — ^it is important to mark that they hcve little
or no bearing on the foots now brought into discussioD.
The deatraction of the frescoes in the Houses of Pariia-
ment has not been wrought a*) roach by exteraal as by
internal causes. The atmosphere may not have been of
the purest, and yet can it safely be asserted that the ah-
which noble lords and honourable membov have breathed
with comparative impunity, has proved equally innoxioua
to the constitutions of the pictures. A close inspection of
these worics at any rate indicates, as I have said, internal
wther than exteraal agencies of destruetion . Acoordin^y
in the construction of the walls, in the constitution of the
mortar, in the quality of the pigments, and in the mastery
or otherwise of the manipulation, must we expect to find
the real eauses of premature decay ; and such causes, be it
observed, can scarcely be deeoied irremediable in the
inherent nature of things ; rather are they amenable to
inquiiy and susceptible of removaL Moreover, as stated
in my paper, though certain of our modera freeooes have
periled, others hAve eurvived. Even in the Houees of
Parliament some works and specific colours have alood
firmly. Again, frescoes execute in other parts of the
metropolis are unimpaired. The great mural painting in
Lincoln's Inn, and smaller works in Little Hollaud House,
all executed by Mr. Watts ; also a fresco painted by Mr.
Armitage, some years since, at Islington, are seveiaUy
uninjured. Consequently the causes of destracticm. whatf
ever they may be, are partial and not univeml, uid i
partial, then in some sense accidental; and if lx>th
accidental and partial, certainly not inherent in the con-
stitution of freeeo itself, but incident to tiie inability of
modern practitioners. Architects, stonemasons, plasterera,
colourmakers, and artists will probably have to share the
censure between them. Again, the oonclusion comes as
inevitable — ^we may foirly blame ourselves, but not wi^
justice fresco itself.
Having said thus much on the durability of freseo, I
would now add a word on the inherent facility or diCcnlty
of the execution. The statement that the nlaeterere oj
Mr. Dyce and Mr. Herbert died mad, as the result o\
the constant worry to which they were subjected, is, ]
believe, capable of another oonstruotion. The forthei
assertion, that Mr. Herbert himself " had nearly beei
driven mad by the trouble and annqyanoe which Uie ok
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, February 19, 1864.
227
Bystem of fresco caobed him," is for the world a more
serious matter. Still, against all suoh appeals to o«ir
sympathies, I may be permitted to say that as far
as the experience of past times has come down to
us, we have no reason to believe that any middle*
age plasterer or painter, having the advantage of a
aane mind to start with, was driven mad by the duties of
bis calling. Micltael Angelo, we are told, shut himnlf
up in the Sistine, and for months painted at the ceiling,
lying on his back, and then came out, the greatest achieve-
ment of his life aocompUshed,and gloried in fresco as the
grandest of arts. It is indeed astounding to observe with
what ono(m8cioufl simplicity our modem men, in their con-
demnatioo of fresco, furnish a scale whereby to measure
thor individual powers. But the artists of the middle
ages were giants. There are still, however, a few painters
among us who do not flinch from the arduous task which
brings its commensurate recompense. Mr. Armitage, it
is well known, is so enthuaiastio a diaeiple of the (ntoo art,
that he executed, at Islington, works at his own cost.
Hr. Watts, fired by like ardour, painted a noble picture,
without promise of reward, for the benchers of Lineoln's-
inn, and both gentlemen would, I believe at the present
moment gladly take a commission in ft-esco, without
fear of the calamities which have visited the mural
works at Westminster. In short, the difficulties vanish
befiore ezperienoe. The Italian painters, we well know,
were impeded by no discouragements, and their fresco
aobievenieDts remain as iho best mouunents to their
gsnius.
Lastly, a few lines must be devoted to the rival pro-
oesses; and fintfy, I will speak of the Oerman mettiod of
wster-glassk This is so completely a foreign inven-
tion, that the mixture "water glass," is imported in
bottles, filled and corked in Berlin. Should this manu-
fibctnre in the Prosiian oapital beeome, by any fittality,
dosed, oor British artists, it may be feared, would be pet
to their wits end. Such a position is rather un-English,
and has, certainly, not the recommendation of dignified
ftidepeDdeDoe. Compamtive^ little, indeed, is known of
the process any way. Dr. Fuchs wrote a pamphlet, in
Munich, nine years since, which is still a text-book to the
me^Kxl, yet since his time the manipulation, and probably
the ooostitnent elements of the new vehicle, have under-
gone modifioatkms little less than radical. For example,
at first the praetice was to mix the paints in the water
glass, but this *' Hqnid flint *' having dogged the brush,
the ** glass ^ or ** flint'* is now left out, and the decoction
simply used a» a lotion, whereby a fugitive tempera pic-
ture IS sought to be permanently fixed upon taie wall.
Again, Dr. fiofmano, a primo authority in these matters,
holds the opinion that the water glass, which is spread
over the picture, should effloresce, as a proof of its efficac; .
Bat, on the eontrary. Mr. liaclise, the sreat practical ex-
ponent of the system, writes to Lord Eicho, that he hint-
self pr^fon that this e£Borescence should not take place!
These diverrities of opinion and practice are sufficient to
show that this mucb-exdted method still rests in the
dubious and vacillating region of experiment. Well,
then, might Mr. C. H. Smith dose his practical remarks
by the decisive judgment ** that ihe water glass process
had not, as yet, been sufiiciently tried to warrant its
general adoption.*'
Then as to the questioD of the superior durability of
water-glass, we are as yet living in its early days,
and cannot possibly form ^j opinion which has the
advantage of experience. When a oentory, or rather
after four centuries, shall have passed away, our remote
deseendants may be able to determine which of the two
methods— fresco or water-glass— is best fitted to withstand
the ravages of time. Mr. Purdte, in the courae of his
eminently practtoal remarks, gave utterance to a sentence
which cerUinly sounds as the doom of the recent in-
vioiton. ** The more impervkras," said Mr. Purdie, <« the
sttifaoe of a piotars was, the more liable was it to be
afiected by the damp from behind. The consequence |
was that the damp from behind carried away the surface
of the picture." Now, in this ingenious method of
water-glass, the fixity of the work actually depends upon
making the surface of the picture impervious as by a
varoiflh. The danger of vamishiog an oil paiuting before
it is thoroughly diy is known to every artist. The like,
and, indeed, a tenfold gieater peril, attends the hermeti-
cally sealed surface of the pamted wall, which contains
within its substance salts, nuids, and gases, which, if
denied free escape, will make for themselves a road
through violence. As to yet another rival process, termed,
we may hope only facetiously, " spirit fresco," it surelv
is not necessaiy seriously to speak. The further, indeed,
we pursue this question, the more evident does it become
that in forsaking the ancient fresco, the arts are likely to
fidl the victims of a series of nostrums, each to be tried
in turn, seductive at the first venture, but abortive in a
dearly- bought experience.
Such bein^ the aul perplexities to which the practice of
mural painting is reduced, I deemed, as I have already
said, that some service might be done by onoe again re-
counting the evidence which favours the art of time-
honour^ fresco. The grandest works which the world
knows, such as Itfiohael Angelo's ceiling of the Sistine,
are imperishable in this process. The great artists
whom history deUghts to honour— Masaodo, Ghirlandajo,
Signordli, Raphael, Annibsle Carracci, and Domenichino,
found this noble method a worthy instrument for the
expressbn of lofty thought. Therefore I say, let us
pause ere we condemn that which the voice of history
has so Loudly and unanimously approved. The final
issue of the discus8k>n now commenced, it were, perhaps,
premature and presumptuous to anticipate. This, how-
ever, may with confidence be asserted, that to permit
questions so grave as those here in debate to remain
in their present absolute confusion, were on our part
little less than culpable. In condasion, it would surely,
in the words of Lord Elcho, " be a pity that fresco-
painting should be abandoned without a Ml and fair
mquiry." " He would , therefore," continued his lordship,
** enforce as far as he was able the suggestion that the
Society of Arts should appoint a good, practical committee,
in conjunction with the Institute of British Architects, the
Boyal Academy, and other bodies, who might go carefully
into the subject." When such a committee or commission
shall be constituted, the object which I had in view io
bringing my views before your notice will be attained.—
I am, d^, J. BEAvnroTov Atkikson.
Fbbsooes.— Sot,— I think it would be a good plan,
where the frescoes are quite destroyed, to cut out tlie
plaster a sufficient depth, and put up a sheet of plate-
glass, the size of the panel, ground, but not polished, on
the outer surface only. This would effectually prevent
any damage from the wall itself, and then the design
may be either executed in oil-painting, or tempera and
silicate of potash. I am satisfied, from the way my walls
effloresce, now afler four years, that there is great danger
from behind. — I am, &c., Hesbt 0. Laot.
M. Vial's Process op Emobavino. — Sib, — We thmk
it due to Mons. Vial to correct a misapprehension which
arose on the reading of his paper, owing to his neither
understanding nor speakina our language. When asked
how many impressions he had ever taken from one plate,
he replied truly, 760, but had he properly understood the
purport of the question, he would have added (as he
afterwards informed us) that he had never had any oooa-
sion to print more, but the printer tells him that the
plates will print many thousands, and that if submitted
to the " acierage " process they would yield from 10,000
to 20,000 impressions. The reason why the plates ex-
perimented upon before the Society would not yidd good
impressions at once was, that in his anxiety to get the
copper off the surface quickly, so as not to detain the
Society longer than necessary, he employed some emery
powder, which had the effect of filling up the lines, so
228
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, February 19, 1864.
that they would not hold the ink. On the printer'a
deaxuDg out the lines next morning with a brush, the
sketch was found to be faithfully engraved and the plate
gave very fair proofs, some of which we have forwarded
to yon. With regard to the question as to the absence of
lateral biting, we are perfectly willing to submit a plate
to any member who will undertake to make a microscopic
examination of the lines and commimicate the result to
the Society, as suggested by Mr. Wentworth Scott. — We
are, &c», Davies £ Hunt, Euglish Agents of M. Vial.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mov. ...B. G«ographioa], H. 1. Mr. OUford Palgntw, "Journey
through the Interior of Arabia, from Oaxa to El Kathif, on
the Persian Golf, and thence to Oman." 2. Mr. Geone
Clowet, Jan., ** Jonmer along the Western Shore of the
Dead Sea, frem Jebel-Uidam to Ain-Jkii."
Medical, 8^. Dr. Edward Smith, F.R.S., ** The Evolntion of
Carb<mlo Acid br the Lnnga and Skin, and other Pheno-
mena of Ezpiratton and Excretion, under the influence of
Tariom agenciei.**
B. Academy, 8. Mr. B.Weitmacott, B.A., ** On Sonlptore.**
Tvu. .. Jled. and Chirurgioal, 8|.
Ciril Engineer*, 8. Diacuidon upon Mr. Sopwith'f paper,
** On the Mont Cenis TunneL"
Zoological, 9.
Ethnological, 8. 1. Rer. T. W. Farrar, ** On Ethnological
Traditioni.** 2. Mutee Cumara Swamj, ** On the Ethao-
Wb».
logT of Cejloo.*^
Boral In«t., 3. Prof. Tjndall, F.B.S., ** On Experimental
Optica."
.Soeietj of Artf, 8. Dr. Maroet, F.E.S., ** On Petroleum, ita
Eoononio Value, and a Tisit to the Petroleum Wellf of
Canada.**
Geological, 8. 1. Mr. J. Wjatt, F.G.8., ** On farther Dis-
ooTeriei of Flint Implements and Fossil Manomalia near
Bedford.'* 2. Mr. E. Baj Lankester, ** On the Discorerj
of the Scales of PteratjpU^ with some Remarks on the
Cephalic Shield of that Fish.'* Communicated bj Prof.
T. H. Hoxlej. 3. Mr. G. E. Roberts, ** On some Remains
Of BothrioU^ fh>m the Upper Devonian Sanditonee of
Elgin." Communicated bj not. J. Morris.
Arohisological Assoc, 8^. 1. Mr. Cuming, " On a Seal of
the Crewkeme Granunar SchooL** 2. Mr. Wentworth,
•* On Heath Old HaU."
7bib. ..Jtojal, SL
Antiquanes, 8.
Philosophical Club, 6.
Artists and Amateurs, 8.
Roiral Inst, 3. Prof. Tjndall, F.E.8., ** On Experimental
I^ Bojal Inst, 8. Mr. J. Prestwich, F.R.S., " On the Quarter-
narr Flint Implements of Abbeville, Amiens, Hoxne, Ac,
their Geological PosiUon and Histovj/*
81*. ...Rojal Inst, 3. Prof. Frankland, **0n the Metallic Ele-
ments.**
• lattnfs.
From ComnUuiOMrt qf Patenit Jowmalt February li(h.
GRAirrs or Pbotisional Pbotictiox.
Animals, preparing food of— 60— D. Pidgeon and W. Muwaring.
Armour-plates— 265— U. Bessemer.
Belt clasps, bracelets, Ac, fastenings fbr— 273— J. O. Winklee.
Blinds, Ac, raifiog or lowering— 174— J. Sewell.
Beldng mills— 220^R. A. Brooman.
Bricks, Ac, preparation of clay for— 196- J. Piatt and W. Richardson.
Casting, moulds, &c., for— 190— D. Y. Stewart
Cast iron, manufacture of articles from— 163— N. McHaffie.
Charcoal, animal— 283— E. Beanes.
Clasps, Ac, belt— 184— J. H. Brierlej.
Clo(^ application of magneto- electridtj to— 160— F. J. Ritchie.
Clothes hanging apparatua— 289— A. J. Walker.
Coal, stone, Ac, machinery used in getting— 267— J. G. Jones.
Coal, stone, Ac, machinery used In gettin^l68— G. E. Donlsthorpe.
Coal, working of— 90— C. Bartholomew.
Colours, manufacture of— 200 — E. Lucius.
Drama, Ac, apparatus used in— 41— J. H. Weston and C. Morton.
Fabrics, spinning— 188— G. de Vansiaj.
Fabrics, wearing cut pile— 222— W. Morton.
Fire-arms, Ac— 267— J. C. Haddan.
«ve-arms, breech loading— 269— R. Brarier.
Fire-arms, breech loading— 271— E. Harrison.
Furniture, securing to floors— 172— P. W. Burton.
Gas, illuminating— 281— G. Hammond and J. W. Kemp.
Gauges, pressure and Tacuum— 169— H. Brockhurst and J. SuUiTia.
Glass, manufacture of— 277— R. A. Brooman.
Hammer, atmospheric— 206— W. D. Grimshaw.
Hate, Ac— 210— M. S. McCaUum.
Heating apparatus— 263— W. Clark.
Hinges, hook— 276- F. E. Martineau.
Hjdranlic machines, cylinders of— 269 — W. K. Hutchinson.
Malt, com, Ac, kilns for dryintr— 194— T. Bright
Materials, machinery for hoisting— 122— W. Balmforth and F. BobMiu
Metals, ftc, tools for cutting— 287— F. W. Webb.
Nails, horse-shoe— 232— F. Parkes.
Oil, Ac, presses for the expresrion (tf— 251— J. MarshalL
Organs— 216— J. Stuttaford.
Oigans, Ac— 162 — M. Henry.
Peat Ac, apparatus for treating — ^192 — F. North.
Petroleum, Ac, lantern and lamp fbr burning — 164 — J. T. Hall.
Prqfectiles— 261— J. Whitwonh.
Pumps, steam— 198— W. E. Newt<m.
Railway engines, Ac, wheels for— 180 — G. Smith, Jun.
Railway waggons— 239— J. Henson.
Rinn for scarft, Ac— 178— R. E. Eades.
Sewbg machines— 168 — J. H. Johnson.
Sewing machines— 176— W. Clark.
Ship-building— 224— P. Christie.
Shop fronts, protection for vtides in — 3239— H. Emanuel.
Spinnii^ ft-ames, Ac, spindle buds used in— 129 -R. Newtcm.
Steam engines, regulating the apeed of— 214 — W. E. Newton.
Steam engine, rotary— 228— W. E. Gedge.
Steam Tessels, paddle wheels for— 189— T. Markland, T, Williams,
and J. B. Sheridan.
Stays, mannlkcture of— 166 — C. Heptonstall and W. Lunn.
Straw, Ac, manulkcture of paper from— 202— J. Piddingtoo.
Sun blinds— 149 — G. Jenner.
Tables— 212— S. Yaile.
TelMrraphs, oovering wire for— 3151— J. A. Bailey and J. J. Speed.
Textile fabrics, proMing, Ac— 73— J. Clegg, J. Clegg, and J. Bowley*
Tobacco, machinery for cuttinr— 230 — TTButterworth.
Vessels, Jib crane for loading, Ac— 208 — S. Moore.
Water, apparatus for raising, Ac— 3162— V. De Stains.
Wines, spirits, Ac, preserratlon of— 249— B. I'A. Bromwidu
Wood, apparatus for cutting— 149— J. Hamilton.
Zinc white, manufkcture o<— 218 — G. Darlington.
iHTIimOlf WITH COHPLira SPBOirtOATIOM FtLSO.
Paddle wheels, foatherlng— 318— G. T. Boudleld.
Patkitts Sxalbo.
2014. M. H. Tilshman. 2233.
2026. E. Lord. 2330.
2043. J. S. Crosland. 2448.
2048. H. Robinson. 2597.
2049. T. Dobb. 2669.
2061. J. Tatce.
2053. R. A. Brooman. 2760.
2055. C. H. McCormick. 2809.
2137. W. Whitworth and J. 3810.
Wrigley. 3006.
2139. A. Agnew. 3113.
2147. F. A. Braendlin. 3183.
2169. W. Clark. 3198.
2192. J. Rowell.
From Commiuicner* nf Pattnti Jourrua, February 16IA.
M. A. Muir A J.MoUwbaaii.
H. Hutchinson.
E. Jones.
C. Fusnot.
W. Firth, 8. Firth, and J-*
Sturgeon.
W. D. Allen.
G. Haseltine.
B. A. Murray.
H. Wilde.
A. Reid and G. Rydill.
C. Humfrey.
H. A. BoBnerille.
P4TKirT8 SbILBO.
2036.
2042.
2062.
2068.
2070.
2071.
2073.
2078.
2079.
2081.
2082.
2084.
2086.
J. Smith.
T. Loftus.
R. A. Brooman.
C. Sonnhammer.
J. Piatt and W. Richard-
son.
J. Piatt and W. Richard
son.
C. D. Hammond.
R. A. Brooman.
W. Erans.
E. Pope.
J. B. C. Lange.
R. A. Brooman.
R. A. Brooman.
2090.
2100.
2119.
2122.
2168.
2181.
2277.
2047.
2798.
2920.
3076.
3100.
3241.
W. Benson and P. W-
Greenwood.
G. E. Lewis, H. Walker,
and J. B. Wayne.
C. Richard.
G. Daries.
E. Collier.
A. V. Newton.
J. MoEwen.
W. E. Newton.
F. Testuz.
G. S. Kirkman.
W. C. Page.
W. L. and T. Winana.
A. Turner.
PATBMTS OV WHIOH TBI STAXP DuTT or £60 MAB BBBV PAID.
334. J. G. Jennings. I 395. N. Nusscy.
346. N. Thompson. | 370. J. S. Blake, O.TC. Llnr-
361. W. Oldfleld. I ham, and J. Nicklla.
384. G. J. Wainwright C. T. 486. J. Touog.
Bradbury, A J. Lawton. 1
PATBKT8 OV WBIOB TBB BTAMP DOTT OP 1100 HAS BBBV PAID.
431. J. Lawson and S. Cotton.
Imirtial d %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1864.
[No. 588. Vol. Xlt.
Ordinary Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
MiiBOH 2.— *« On the Verification of Olive Oil, by
means of its Cohesion Fi^re." By Charles Tomlinson,
Eiq., Lectnrer on Science at King's College School. On
this evening Robbbt Bentlbt, ^q., Professor of Botany
in King's College, London, will preside.
Mabch 9.—'* The Science of Fish-hatching." Bv
Frank Backland, Esq., M. A., F.Z.S., late 2nd Life Guards.
Mabch 16. — '* On the Organisation of the Corps Impe-
rial des Ponto et Chauss^es in France." By Geoboe R.
BuBKELL, Esq.
natives believe that the tree is very poisonous, and dass
it among their virulent poisons, but Mi*. Ondaatjie stat^
that his experiments with the juice, Aic, have proved the
contrary. These specimens are sent in response to pre-
miums offered by the Society for the discovery of a sub-
stitute for gutta-percha.
Cantor Lectures.
The fourth lecture of Mr. Burges's course will
be delivered on Monday next, at eight o'clock.
Feb. 29. — Lbctubb IV. — Iron and Brcut, — Antique
bronzes; Mediaival ditto; modern French bronzes (Bar-
b^dienne; ; Medieval dioanderie; modern ditto (Hardman,
Hftri, Sk.); MedisBval and Renaissance wrought iron;
modem ditto ; cast iron.
Mar. 7. — ^Leotubb V. — Odd and SUver. — Antique and
Mediffival plate; modem ditto (Elkington) ; Antique and
Mediaval jewellery ; modern ditto; Antique and Me-
dijBval coinage ; modem ditto.
Mab. 14. — ^Lboturb VI. — Furniture, — Mediaval fur-
mture, oak and painted; Renaissance; 16th and 17th
ceDturies; modem.
Mar, 21.— Leotube VII.— The Weaver's art; Me-
disDval, Eastern, modem. I
Institutions.
The following Institution has heen received
into Union since the last announcement : —
Stockport Mechanics' Institution.
SUBSTITCTES FOR GUTTA PeBCHA.
Sir W. Holmes has forwarded to the Council, from Deme-
rara, aome specimens of a gum termed *' Balata," the pro-
dooe of theBuUet tree ( Sapota MulUri), which grows in that
oolony, and which, he states, possesses the properties of
irnttJk-percha, and may be used as a substitute for it.
The specimens include not only the inspissated juice, but
mlao » bottle of the juKe itself. Mr. Ondaatjie, colonial
surgeon, has forwarded to the Council, from Ceylon, a
sipecimen of the AUtonia Scholarit, which he states may
be luied as a substitute for gutta-percha. It is stated to
noMees the same properties and is as workable as the
.letter. It readily softens when plunged in boiling
waiteft is solable in turpentine and chloroform, receives
and retains impressions permanently, and is adapted for
seals to documents. The tree abounds with milky juice,
like ibe gutta-peroha, has a fleshy bark and porous
wood, and belongs to the natural order Apocynea. The
CANTOR LECTURES.
Fine Abts Applied to Industry. Bt W. Bobges, Esq.
Third Lecture, Monday, Fer. 22. — Pottery.
Mr. Buboes began by remarking that the history of
pottery had been so often written, and the art itself had
attained to so great a degree of excellence, that there was
very little to say about it that would be new ; the great
drawback being the high prices, which placed the better
sorts of majolica and pottery beyond the reach of the
public generally, while there was still a vast field for im-
provement in the pottery of every-day life. The lecturer
then went into the subject of the Greek painted vases,
distinguishing the dififerent styles and epochs of their
manufacture, and drawing attention to the lightness of
the material and the beauty of the drawing, especially
those of the beet peri^xl. Mr. Battam's imitations
were notk^, and a suggestion put forth that the ware
might possibly be advantageously employed for des-
sert services and flower vases. The Roman Samian
ware and the celebrated works of Wedgwood were the
next subjects touched upon, attention being called to the
more harmonious tints of the early specimens as com-
pared with the more modern productions. Mr. Burges next
proceeded to give a short history of the celebrated Italian
maiolica, more especially the productions of Pesaro,
Urbino, and Castel Durante, with short notices of the
works of Luca della Robbia, Bernard de Pallissy, and of the
Henry II. ware. These were compared with the modem
produotioDfl of Mr. Mtnton. This was followed by a short
notice upon tiles, more especially those commonly known
as encaustic, of which the Chertsey ones were pointed out
as the best examples of medioeval art applied to the
manufacture. Gkxiwin, of Lugwardine, near Newport,
in WalffS, was designated as the beet modem maker of
encaustic tiles resembling the ancient ones. The last sub-
ject treated on was porcelain, the name being supposed
to have been derived from the resemblance of the china
to a substance (believed to be mother-o'pearl) mentioned
in medisBval inventoiies. The new ware was introduced
into Europe by the Portuguese, in the beginning of the
16th century, but it was not nntil the middle of the suc-
ceeding one that it was first made at Dresden ; other
manufactories were then established at Sevres, in France,
and at Bow and Chelsea, in England. The lecturer con-
cluded by drawing attention to the beautiful colours of
the Rose du Barri and blue turquoise, as produced by
Minton and Daniell, and expressed a wish that means
might be found, by the application of printing, to reduce
the cost of all these beautiful manufactures. On the
230
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, February 26, 1864:.
table was a oollection of BpedmeoB illuatrativA of ihe
Tariotls branches of manufacture referred to by the
lecturer. Mr. Wareham lent some specimens of old
china ; Messrs. fiattam lent some EtruMan vases, ancient
and modem, ani some poicabdn, ivitattng ^e Lfmogoa
enameL Mean. PhiUips contrftuteA sDme motfein
majolica and porcelain; Menrs. Daniell some porcelain
from their manufactory, known as that of Bose of
Ooalport ; Messrs. Ooode lent some specimens of modern
majolica and porcelain, of various kinds, manufactured
by the Messrs. Minion ; also some ancient mi^olica from
the private collection of Mr. W. J. Goode, and some
drawings on poroelain by the latter gentleman, after Hol-
bein and fiartolozd. To all these contribotors the thanks
of the Society are due.
Elbtbmth Ordinary Mbktihg.
Wedneeday, February 24:th, 1864; Dr. A.
W. WilliamBon, F.R.S., Professor of Ohemistry,
University GoUege, London, in the chair.
The following candidates wore balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Cameron, Robert M., Canning-house, Edinburgh.
Defries, Daniel N., 6, Russell-place, Fitzroy- square, W.
Grant, Albert, Roseau-house, Addison-road, W.
Huntsman, Henry, 126, New Bond-street, W.
Kempton, Henry Tattersall Knowles, 17, Cavendish-
place, W.
Travels, Arohibald, 19, St. BwithinVlane, E.C.
Westmaoott, Percy, Whickham, Gateshead-OD-TyiM.
The Paper read was —
ON PETROLEUM. ITS ECONOMIC VALUE, AND
A VISIT TO THE PETROLEUM WELLS OF
CANADA.
Bt Wiluam Mabokt, M.D., F^£.
While irar^ng through Cana(k,'dQring the months
of AogiMt and S^ember of last year, 1 Tidted the
petroleum welk of that couniiy, and availed myself
of the opportunity to obtain all the infbrmalion I could
about them. Sh(»:tly after my letum, I leqoested to
have ^M hoDoor of communicating a short aooount of
these obserratioDs to the Society of Arts, when H was
suggested that I should treat the sobjeot at somewhat
^(reater length. I aocordinglv entered upon an inquhy
mto the present state of the petroleum, or rock-oU
trade, and its prospeots, and I also undertook a swies of
experiments on the illuminating power of this substance,
with a view to endeavour to contribute thereby to our
knowledge of its economic value.
Irrespective of my own observations and inquiries,
^e lf<e% FhOade^ia CodL-ml Circular, contoining a
digest of all that is published in America on the subject
of petroleum, has a»>rded me an important means of in-
ibrmatioB. My distinguished friend. Professor Lesley, of
Philadelfdiia, has recently issued an elaborate essay on
petroleum, to which I shall have an opportunity of
referring ; and many other of m^ fHends engaged in
bunness in London, have kindly am>rded me their assist-
anoe on the present occasion.
Petroleum has been known from a very remot# period ;
Herodotus* describes a bitumen sprmg in Zante, one of
the Ionian Islands, which was probably used for embalm-
ing. Diascorides informs us that rock-oil was collected in
Sicily, and burnt in lamps at Agrigentum. The famous
petroleum springs of Baku, on Uie shores c€ the Caspian
lake, have been known from the time of Zoroaster. In
Italy, the oil wells of Parma and Modena date back nearly
two centuries, the year 1640 being assigned to their dis-
covery. The springs of Amiano have long lighted the
• Bsok VL, Chap, odx*
streets of Qenoa. In France, oil springs have been known
from time immemorial at Clermont and GUibian, South
of Vesuvius, a spring of petioleum bubbles up through
AIM sea. In -the islaad of Trinidad, iu the West Indies,
ipetroleun Indulges in atiange fimks ; it aot only exaies
irom wells aad aprin^i In the asual way, botil has foraied
a lake between two and three miles in circumference,
warm, and liquid in the centre, where it is always slowly
boiling, l>ut thickening as it recedes from this point, till
at the margin it is sufficiently cold and solid for persons
to walk upon it at pleasure wlien the weather is cool;
and when the weather is hot they have an opportunity,
as stated in the PhiladelphM Cbal-^ Oireuhr, of learning
by experience how flies feel in molasses. Masses of bitn-
men are scattered over the ground iu the vicinity of the
lake, and stand oat amongst the foliage like rocks of
brilliant jet.
We are principally interested in the American petro-
leum, as hardly any other Idnd has been hitherto con-
sumed in England. Although it was ascertained that
this oil was known to the aborigines on the inva-
sion of America, it was not until after 1853 that it
came into general use ; there was then a well, or pit, on
the premises of Messn. Watson and Co., lumber dealen,
in Titosville, on the surface of which from time imme-
morial oil had been floating ; this was oolleoted for
medicinal purposes by absorbing it in blankets. Dr.
Brewer conceived the idea of using this oil for
lubricating and illuminating purposes. This was the
b^inniog of a business which now amounts in value to
several millions of dollan per annum. Dr. Brewer in-
duced a company of gentlemen to take an intevsst in the
undertaking, and the Pennsylvania Rock-oil Company was
formed in the autumn of 1854, with a nominal capital of
800,000 dols. ; this corporation was regarded, however, as
a fancy aiock conoem, and the aharse soon declined to a
merely nominal value. In the winter of 185i Profeasor
Silliman analysed the oil, and reported so finvourably
thereon, that hirge investments were made in the stock of
the Pensylvania Company ; but the enterprise langmshed
for several yeare, until In 1858 Mr. Bowditt^ and Ocd.
Drake, who had been sent out to work the property, ooo-
ceived the idea of digging a well on the lands which had
yi^ed so promisiog a surface show of oil, and were
rewarded l^ pumping first 400 and aftmrards 1000
gallons of oil fwr day, as stated by Professor Ledey.
Since that time adventurers flocked to Oil Creek. Some
were snceessfbl, while ottien, exhausting all their funds,
were compelled to relinquish their hopes. One spring was
sunk, in 1850, from which flowed, without pumping, aboot
fifty to sixty barrels per day ; this was ooosidexed our-
vellous.
In 1861 the first laige flowing well was struck, whidi
ran about 1000 barrels per day, but before arrangements
could be made to seeore this source of wealth, the well
caught fire, and tweaty-two peraons were Immt to death.
Shortly after a well was dug on the land of Brew^-,
Watson, and Co., which yielded the enormous quantity of
2,500 barrels per day. Another, and another, flowing well
was struck, untd the produce became so large, that the
market, in the infancy of the trade, was ovei^ocked. It
was estimated that the production in the winter of 1861-2
was 15,000 barrels per day, and the price of the oil
declined to ten cents (5d.) per barrel at the wells. Tho
consequence of this was, that the low price favoured thc^
introduction of the oil into domestic use, and has created,
an export demand which has constantly been increasing,.
Thousands of wells have been bored in the Oil Creels
Valley, Pennsylvania, but it is estimated that not mor^
than 15 per cent, have been productive. One was bore<^
to the depth of 1006 foot (the deepest well of all), bot i-^
produced no oil. Boring for oil is, in fact, a lottery ; aom^^
obtain rich prises, but more are ruined ; and the valley t^
dotted with dilapidated derricks — the melancholy monu ^^^
meats of departed hopes and ruined fortunes.
In ilustration of the nncerUiuities attending the
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, February 26, 1864.
231
after oil, the following incidents are related in the
PkUade^fkia Choi- Oil Circular, from whioh the above has
becA extracted: — One well was bored with the usnal
oentrebit, to a considerable depth, without any oil being
found ; on withdrawing the bit and putting in the rimmer
to widen the well, a vein was struck at the side — ^the bit
had hist missed the vein — and the well would have been
a fiuiure had not Uie orifice been enlarged. A well was
at one time bored which promised to be very productive,
flowin|f a large amount of oil ; the owners of the well
not being ready to collect it, a plug was driven into the
pipe, upcm the removal of which, when tanks had been
built, the 00 had disappeared, and the hopes of the
proprietors fiided away ** like the baseless tabrio of a
vision."
The result of an inquiry into the prospects of the
petroleum wells, although in no way diaooun^|ing, is not
•o promising as might have been expected. The follow-
iDg is extrMted fh)m the Pkiladilphia Coal- Oil drcular,
for September 21, 1868 :— '' It is but natund that a feel-
ing of doubt, oo the present supply of petroleum lasting,
should exist in the mmd of all those engaged in the trade
— • short flix to eighteen months has, with a few ex-
ceptions, .been the average life-time of flowing wells;
the latter portion of their time of running is also marked
hy a decrease of at least three-fourths of the original flow ;
this, and the fact that all the wells struck have shared
the same late, is what tends to impair the confidence of
many ; nowithstanding this, we can see but little material
difiRneooe in the amount produced 12 years ago and now ;
old wells have been abandoned and new ones struck; the
iwolt at Oil-creek, so far this season, has been three first-
daas wells ; in the second class may be counted two yield-
ing about 500 barrels a day, and several others approxi-
matiM to that figure ; others have been struck averaging
from 75 to 150 barrels per day ; in addition to this may
be mentioned many new putnping wells, and many of the
old abandoned ones that are now pumping or flowing
from five to twentv barrels.
*' The boring of wella is at pi^ent nearly confined to a
nazTow bann, iSx>ut 80 rods wide ; probably not less than
500 wells have been sunk during the pi*esent season in
this toritory. It is estimated that the total number of
wella now down, or in process of being sunk, will average
three to an acre. This process of honey-combing the land
lets out the subterrannean gas, which gradually faUs to force
up the oil; it also admits water into the wells, effectually
stopping or drowning them. In many cases water hia
flooded good flowing wells, thereby rendering them
worthless."
Although this report does not exhibit the Pennsylvanian
wells in a condition of increasing prosperity, they keep up
their supply, and the writer expresses a confident hope that
mn improved method of going to work will increase the
produce.
Let us now consider the state of the petroleum trade in
our own country. Both the total exports of rock-oil from
America, and the imports into this country, have increased
in a remarkable degree in the year 1863. The following
statement respecting petroleum appears in Messrs. Rose,
Graham, and Wilson*d annual market report for this
year.
Actual export from America to all
parU (1863) 27,139,467 gals.
(1862) 10,318,668 „
Import into London (1863) 98,000 barrels
M (1862) 28,335 „
„ Liverpool (1863) 145,000 „
„ „ (1862) 80,000 „
Presont stock in London (refined)... 23.164 ,,
M „ (crude) 8,199 „
„ Liverpool (all kinds) 70,000 „
Average prioes of refined in London :— January, 2s. 5d. ;
February, Is. lid.; March, Is. 6}d.; April, Is. 7^d.;
Hay, Is. lOd.; June, Is. lid.; July, 2s. 2^.; August,
8Ad.; September, 2s. 6^. ; October, 2s. 4^.; Novem-
, Is. 11^.; December, Is. lid.
2s
ber,
In addition to the above these gentlemen observe that
the idea generally entertained of petroleum ultimately
becoming an important article of commerce, has been
more than realized during the past year. Not only has
the consumptive demand steadily increased to the extent
of its now being greater than that of any other burning
commodity, but the great fluctuations in prices have laid
bare a field for speculation which has been eagerly
embraced.
A firm of London brokers Informed me that during the
end of November and part of December last they sold no
less than £100,000 worth of petroleum, for consumption
and speculation.
Since last month a new supply of rock-oil has found its
way to our market, as we are informed, in the Times of the
6th January, that 280 tons of this substance had just
arrived from Wallachia,on account of the Earth-oil Import
Company, who had contracts extending over this year for
the delivery of about 20,000 tons, of a quality guaranteed
to be at least eaual to that of Pennsylvania.
Again, a Wallachia Petroleum Company has just been
advertised, who have entered into arrangements with the
Euth-oU Import Company for the purchase of their
plant. Thus it is, that even should the American supply
of rock-oil diminish, our trade will probably in no way
suffer from it.
Petroleum, when burnt in one of the lamps, which I
believe to have hoen orig^lly patented by Toung, gives
out a fine light with a tinge of yellow in it, and is not
nearly so dazzling as gas. The products of the com-
bustion of the oil nave no perceptible smell, indeed, they
are less deleterious than those of any other illuminating
material. Petroleum, as stated by Dr. Frankland in a
lecture at the Royal Institution, gives ofi* less carbonic
acid than other lighting bodies, and much less than coal-
gas ; the amount of light emitted varies in great measure
according to the surface of the flame ; if the wick has
carefully been trimmed, the flame spreads out much like
that from a fish-tail gas-burner, but as the oil bums off
the flame becomes smaller and duller, giving out less
light, till finally the wick begins to char, and the light
emitted is much diminiahed.
With the view of undertaking some experiments on
the lighting power of petroleum, I had a photometer
made by Mr. Sugg.
The instrument consists of a Iftrgo box, divided by a
sciieen into two compartments. There is a moveable
stage in each compartment, on which the lights are
placed. The screen consists partly of a disk of paper,
plain in the centro, with an oiled zone roimd it. when
both lights shine with an equal power, on both sides of
the disk, the centre becomes invisible, but if the lights
should be of unequal strength the centre is clearly seen.
By moving the stages, both sides of the disk can be
equally illuminated, and the rolative distance between
the lights and the screen, will show their relative illu-
minating power ; bearing in mind that the intensity of
light varies with the squaro of their distances. Two
mirrors are placed at a certain angle behind the disk,
enabling the observer to view both sides of it at once,
and judge with great accuracy of the relative power of
the lights under trial.
It must not be supposed that I claim the merit of
being the first to inquire into the illuminating power of
petroleum ; a very interesting and elaborate paper on
this subject, by Messi^. James Booth and Thomas Qarret,
will be found ^n the Philadelphia Ooal-oil Circular of the
18th April, 1863 ; and another by Mr. Charles Wetherell,
is published in the same journal of the drd January, 1863.
Dr. Frankland has also made experiments on this subject,
and his results wero communicated last year to the Royal
Institution.
The petroleum and lamps I used, were procure
the Metropolitan Light Company, in the Strand.
232
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pbbroab* 26, 1864.
was provided, with a flat wick six-eighths of an ioch
broad ; it was filled with petroleum^ and lighted. I asoer-
taioed the li^ht to be equal to 6.5 sperm candles ; one
half of the oil was now removed from the lamp and the
lighting power of the flame again tested, when it was
foond eqaal to 6'8 sperm candles ; finally, the remaining
balk of oil was again reduced to one half, when the light-
ing power of the flame was diminished to four candles* or
only about two-thirds of that it possessed when the lamp
was full. With this small quantity of oil the wick
rapidly charred, and the flame assumed an irregular
shape.
From this experiment it may be concluded, that a
petroleum lamp must not be much leas than half fnll to
give out its best light.
The shape and surface of the flame was also found to
aflect mat^ially the amount of light emitted, the best
sKape being that expandbg like a fan, and flat at the
top ; when tapering into a point at the top, the light was
not nearly so good. The shape of the flame depends on
the trimming of the wick, the best mode of toimming
being to cut the wick straight across, and bevel the edges
laterally, so as to give the top of the wiok a lightly
convex shape laterally ; with a wick an inch broad, the
comers may be Just cut ofi", to prevent the ride of the lamp
chimney breaking ; a little practice wiU quickly enable
anybody to preuare the lamp in the proper way.
The light or different lamps varies according to the
size of the wicks. I am inclined to think that lamps
with wicks six-eighths of an inch tvoad will be mostlv
used, as the light emitted is a good one, and fit for aU
practical purposes; when properly trimmed, with a full
supply of oil of an average quality, and the wick tcuned
up as high as possible without smoking, thtfe lamps will
give a light equal to six and a-half sperm candles, with a
name one and five -eighths of an inch broad near the top,
and as high as it is broad.
If, instead of placing the broad surface of the flame
opposite the disk of the photometer, the narrow, or side
surface, be turned towards it, the light emitted is found
to be only equal to five candles instei^ of six and a-half.
I next examined the light of a smaller lamp with a
wick a little over half an inch in breadth ; the light
given out under the same conditions, as in the former
experiments, was equal to 4.8 sperm candles ; this is a
good useful light, and for the sake of strict economy, is
preferable to the other,— it is, at all eventa, infinitely
better than candles.
Let us now proceed to compare the light ^iven by a
petroleum lamp, with a wick six eighths of an mch broad,
and that given by tallow candles, composites, sperm
candles, and oil.
The results have been arranged in the form of the
following table, on which I shall make a f^w remarka : —
Lifht emitted ...
weifffatbnrnt')
In 3 boon 18 >
mlniitea j
Price of mate-)
rlftl burnt in 3 T
honn 18 mi-f
antes )
PetTo*
kUBI.
Gm.
Tftllow Com-
eudlM poattc
10 6.3
Spciin
eaadl**
Oolsa
OIL
0.61
I.
1 to 1.3
6.6
1,38S
grains.
12.7
oobiclt
408
6.60
4.80
2t01
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Ud.
24d.
s
'£S
0.66
3.260
6d.
From six experiments, where the amount of petroleum
burnt varied from 393 grains to 466 grains per hour, the
average quantity of the oil consumed was 4^ grains, the
price of which, at Ss. 8d. a gallon, would be three- tenths of a
penny, and consequently an amount of petrol&um worth only
one penny will burn fbr three hours and eighteen minutes ;
now two toUow candles, burning for three hours and eighteen
minutes, will cost about one penny, and, as according to
my experiments, petroleum gives about ten times as
much light as a tallow candle, it will follow, that the
expense of burning petroleum will be the aame as that
of burning two tallow oandlea, and there will be no k
than five timet at modi light oblaiaed fScoax the oil as
from the two candles.
In addition to the above advantage of petrdleam over
tallow, I may observe, that from the year 1860, the
arrivals of tallow into London have dinainished every
year: the delivenea have also MHea oS nnee 1861.
This scarcity of tallow in the market must neoeesarily
enhance the importance of petroleum. I am indebted to a
friend for the accompanying table, which ahowa vary
clearly the state of the tallow trade sinoe the year
1869:—
Pabtioulavs or Tallow (in London)*
Stock on the Itt June,
Tons*
18» 12,081
1860 27,094
1861 65,555
1862 38,304
1863 37,812
Arri9aU, — IH Jum to 31jI May.
1859-60 94,625
1860-61 117,982
1861-62 100,122
1862-63 78.579
1863-64, to 13th February 799.87
Ddiwertet. — 1«^ June to 9lH May.
1859-60 ; 79,612
1860-61 .^ 79,524
1861-62 118,678
1862-63 79/)71
1863-64, to 18th February 64,968
Messrs. Bose, Graham, and Wilson, in their annual
market report for the present year, inform us that the
consumption of tallow has been much interfered with,
through immense quantities of lard being imported ftt>m
Amenca, (which, but for the war, would have ^ne to the
Slave States), and the substitution of petroleum m the place
of common candles.
In comparing the expense of burning petroleum with
that of consuming coal-gas, by measuring the amount
of gas consumed, -with a verv accurate eaa meter, it will
be found that the quantity of gas burnt, by a good fish-tsil
burner, in three hours and 18 minutes is 12.7 cubic feet,
which, at 4s. 6d. per thousand feet, will cost six -tenths
of one penny, or,'in round numbers, a trifle over one half-
penny.
With respect to the light given out, that of gaa sup.
plied as above is generally a little less powerftil than thjit
of petroleum, but for all practical purposes both lights
may be considered equal ; consequently gas in London, at
4s. 6d. per 1,000 cubic feet, is naif the price of petro-
leum, but the oil presents many advantages over gas,
whk:h will make up, in a great measure, for the extra ex-
pense, as, for instance, the portability of a lamp, the
pleasant subdued light of petroleum, instead of tho
dazzling brightness of ^, and also the fact shown by Dr.
Frankland, that there is less heat given out by petroleum
than by gas, and less products of combustion injnriooa to
health. Then, in many small towns gas is veoy dear, and
houses are but indiffiurently supplied with it; in other
places, such as villages, countiy houses, there may be no
gas at all, and in these cases rock-oil becomes an in-
valuable boon.
Where gas is very cheap, as in coal districts and mana-
iacturing towns, it is probable that there will be bot little
petroleum consumed.
The following is a list of prices of gas for 1000 cubic
feet in several towns in the United Kingdom. In thoee
in which this commodity is dearest the oil will be moat
welcome, and vice vena : —
JOURNAL OF THE BOOIBTY OF ARTS, Pibbuart 26, 18^4. 2^
Walton-os-Tlunifli .
SoitOD ..«
• #»r»> •••««•>••
Bdokiiigiiiai
W6yiMIQlll«.
AberdMO .«..»
.«««. .vv »«^
■. d.
7
7
« 8
6 6
5 «
ff 5
•.«•-*. *•• *••
BiriLOMfand...
W^tiJlbf ......
Stftllbrd
doAfboroiii^li
Pataiixjfoiigli
Dublin
Balbsm
Filaumth
IVaston ...
Ednibai^
Ok wgow ...
Bagl^ ...
Xxmon ..
• •• • •••« *•
CJambridge..
CheHenlutni
-• .«. •.«
5
5
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
9
9
9
9
7
7
7
6
e
6
6
6
Horafbfd .«».*v
Looghlen
Stoke-«ixm-TraBt ...
Leiceiler
Hull
Oxftipd ...„..,..,..,.
Sondeiiand
Bel&st
Birmtnghmn
Wakefield
Bristol
LiBcdfai
Darham ^
Manchester
Leeds
York «
Derby
Liverpool
Carliue
Newcastle (Tyne) ...
Bradford
Nottingham
Cardiff
WalsaU
1. d.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
2
9
9
9
9
9
9
6
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
8
2 6
I have bat a few remarks to offer on the expense of burning
oomposites, sperm candles, sperm oil, and colza oil, com-
pared with that of petroleum. One pennyworth of com-
posites, while burning, will last as long as one penny-
worth of petroleum, butthe petroleum will give out 6*8
times as much light. As for sperm candles, the weight
bariit in 8 hours 18 minutes will cost l}d., or 1.8rd of a
peony more than the petroleum, and the latter will give
OQt 6*5 tiroes as much light, consequently, there will
be a considerable saving by using petroleum instead of
^wrm candles; the economy will be stiU greater if pe-
liolenm be consumed in the place of sperm oil, as the
amount of this agent burnt by a very good moderator
lamp, in 8 hours 18 minutes, will cost 5d. (at the rate of
lOs. a gsllon), or five times more than petroleum, but
then the light emitted from sperm oil will equal that of
twelve sperm candles; a moderator lamp, with sperm oil,
will therefore bam as brightly as two petroleum lamps,
with a wick 6-8th9 of an inch in breadth.
There are petroleum lamps made provided with wioks
over an inch broad, and giving a light nearly, if not as fine,
as that of roerm oil, and the use of these will cost much
less than 5d. for 3 hours 18 minutes.*
The obfections to the use of petroleum are, its smell,
the danger of the mi taking fire under certain circum-
stances, and being explosive where its vapours are mixed
with air, and also its effects on the health of those
engaged in the refining and wholesale trade of the
suMtance. Petroleum, as extracted from the earth, cer-
tainly has a venr unpleasant smell, but it is never used
tmless previously refined, when its odour is thereby
greatly diminished. A petroleum lamp burning in a room
does not, as far as my experience goes, give any smell,
altliough a number of lamps, kept fiUed and ready for use
in American cars and steam-boats, certainly do emit a
^ght but unpleasant odour. It is, however, principally
when the lamp has just been put out, or whilst it is being
trimmed, or tilled afiesh, that the smell is perceived ;
this odour is slightly unpleasant, but not unwholesome,
except perhapfl in the case of individuals en/^aged in the
wholesale trade of the oil, as, for example, sailora on
board ships laden with it, and workmen in refineries.
The danger of using petroleum from its being an inflam-
mable, and, under certain circumstances an explosive sub-
* I have also examined the inaminatiog power of colza oil
cooipared with that of p«tro1enm; the Hgbt emitted is not
ealtc twiee m strong as that of petroleum, and its price is a
tittle mQtt tha» dnuble tkat of pctreleam. Oolsa oil is. in
•viiy mpwl, aocb aheapsr than s^n oil.
stance, most not be exaggerated. It should be remembered
that when ooal-gas was first introduced most serious objec-
tions to its use were entertained from its explosive power,
but this opposition has not prevented gas from being, at
present, the most extensive means of obtaining artificial
light.
Most deplorable accidents have certainly happened from
the use of petroleum, and it is of the highest importance
that eveiybody who employs this substance should do so
with due care. If a lamp containing properly refined
petroleum in a receiver made of earthenware or any other
non-conducting substance, be allowed to bum undisturbed,
I cannot think there is any fear of an explosion ; indeed I
am at a loss to onderstand by what means the oil otn
become sufficiently heated within the lamp to give out
inflammable vapour. It is only with petroleum of bad
quality that such accidents may occur ; 1 mean when the
oil gives out inflammable vapoors below the temperature of
128^ Fahr. To guard against this cause of accident I should
advise people to test their petroleum before burning it.
Mr. Young has recommended lately, in the Timet, a
method to effect this purpose, which is applicable to both
coal-oil and petroleum. His plan has the advantage of
affording the required information without the use of a
thermometer.
The Daily News of the 2l8t inst. states, that at a meeting
of the Association of the Medical Ofiicei-s of Health, held
on the 19th inst., Mr. Tegetmeier exhibited a very easy
and practical mode of detecting dangerous oils. Two tea-
cupfuls of boiling water and one of cold water were mixed
together in a small basin ; a cupful of the water was then
taken, and a tea-spoonful of the oil to be tested poured on
Its surface ; in a few seconds a light was applied to the
oiL The dangerous oils, those capable of igniting below
120®, immediately took fire, whereas it was shown to be
impossible to ignite those that were of a safe and non-
explostve character.
By increasing the heat of the water, and testing the oil
at every 10**, tne temperature at which it will take fire is
easily ascertained. It should be remembered, however,
that the oil evaporates very quickly, so that a small
quantity of the substance, say a tea-spoonful, should be
added, now and then, to the portion left in the water ; if
the oil takes fire at a temperature below 128'' it should be
rejected.
The most frequent cause of accident is owing to the
upsetting of a lamp, when the oil flowing out becomes
kindled ; great care should therefore be taken to place a
petroleum lamp in some spot where it is not likely to
be upset. 1 would, for instance, object most decidedly to
the use of petroleum on board sliips ; the confined state of
a cabin msdiing any article therein, liable to be thrown
down by an accidental back stroke of the hand, or some
similar cause ; but a still more serious objection applies
to the pitching and rolling of the vessel at sea, which is
likely to capsize any arlide that is not a fixture.
To avoid, as far as possible, accidents from the upsetting
of lamps, where petroleum or hydro- carbons are burnt, I
would suggest that lamp-maken should never turn out a
lamp as fht for use unless the foot, or the part under the
oil receiver, on which the lamp stands, be a good deal
wider than it is generally made at present, and unless ihe
weight of the lower part of the lamp be increased, by the
addition of lead or some such metal. Many of the cheap
glass lamps, used at present ftomcwh^t extensively, for
burning such substances as petroleum, are more or less
top heavy, and a trifling additional expense would make
them much steadier and much safer. Supposing the case
of a lamp upsetting and the oil taking fire, prompt
measures will easily put out the flame, if the person on
the spot does not lose his or her presence of mind ; after
placing the lamp upright, by throwing a cloth over the
oil, or covering it with anything flat, to keep off contact
with the ah-, the object will be speedily attained.
In order to obviate every risk of accident, as well as
the smell, on board ships engaged In the petrolcir
234
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Fbbbuaby 26, 1864.
a new plan has been adopted and carried out, on board
the ship Jane, the property of the Liverpool and Bamsay
Oil Refining and Chemical Works. The oil is stored in
this ship in iron tanks, hermetically closed ; the whole
operation of tiansferring the oil from the vessel to the
premises of the company has been effected without
causing any nui£ance whatever, as no smell of the oil
could be perceived in the neighbourhood of either the
vesfiel or the works.
My information as to the effects of petroleum on the
health of those engaged in its wholesale trade is not suffi-
ciently extensive and positive to allow me to enter into
this part of the subject. I shall presently allude to the
enormous quantity of sulphurous acid gas given out during
the process of refining, which must affect more or less the
lungs of those engaged in this business.
I have not attempted, on the present occasion, to estab-
lish the relative merits of retined petroleum and coal or
paraffin oil. as more time should be devoted to this
subject, to do it justice, than I could possibly command.
A Visit to thb Petboleum Wells op Canada,
IN September, 1863.
The rock oil or petroleum weUs which I visited in
Canada, are situated near the southern extremity of Lake
Huron, at a spot called Black Creek, in tlie district of
Enniskillen. The town neaiest the wells is that of
Samia, built in a very picturesque bay of Lake Huron,
and opposite Port Huron, in the state of Michigan. I
stopped at Samia, with the express purpose of going over
to Black Creek. A branch of the ureat Western Rail-
way of Canada connects the town of Samia with the
village of Wyoming, sixteen miles distant, in a due east
direction. From thence there is a high road proceeding
nearly due south, by which Black Creek may be reached
in a coach in two hours and a half, the distance being
twelve miles. The state of this road, cut out through a
dense forest, is still most primitive, and much difficulty
IB experienced in conveying in drays the barrels of oil to
Wyoming. Suddenly a gap in the forest makes its ap-
pearance, the road turns to the left, skirting a pool of dark
and stagnant water, and the adjacent village of Black
Creek comes Into sight.
The place has the appearance of being a rough clearing
in a forest, crossed by a high road, on both sides of
which are scattered a number of 6mall wooden houses,
containing a population of about 1,500 souls. In the
intervening space between the houses and the wood,
turf and stumps of trees may be seen; the Creek
lies in a hollow, close to the village on its north side ;
its banks are now mostly barren of vegetable life, and
here and there are felled tmnks of trees, blackened as
if by the action of fire, but on a closer inspection they are
found to be covered by a black gummy coating of tar.
The soil about these banks is black with the same mate-
rial, and on the stagnant water of the pool floats a layer
of a black oily substance, emitting a smell of naphtha, and
on a bright day exhibiting a remarkable display of colours.
Several rock-oil refineries have been erected on the banks
of the Creek, into which they discharge the impurities of
the crude oil.
The existence of liquid bitumen in the limestone of
Western Canada was pointed out as long ago as 1844 by
Mr. Murray,* and in the year 18C0, or iSortly after, this
gentleman described a considerable deposit of solid bitu-
men, or mineral tar in Canada, extending over about half
an acre ; it was not, however, till 1867. that the distilla-
tion of this substance was undertaken, and I conclude that
the account of the discovery of the petroleum springs
which 1 heard related at Black Creek refers to that
period.
This event occurred quite accidentally, as follows : —
For some time previously a masi of semi-solid tar-like
substance had been found in the forest, which on being
•PhOaddphia Coal Oil Cireular, 2od Sept., 1862.
refined yielded a small quantity of oil ; it had been
thought worth while to establish a refinery near this 0|K)t,
and with the view of obtaining water for the steam-engme,
a well was sunk, when suddenly, instead of water, astream of
petroleum burst forth. The second spring was discovered
about a mile further ofi", on a farm, where I understood pigs
had been burrowing. Scwue oil had oozed out of the ground,
and a well being dug there, it yielded a full Bupply of
this valuable substance. Since then no less than from
200 to 800 wells have been sunk upon an area of about
two miles in length by one mile in breadth. At first oil
flowed freely \Tom these openings, but the supply
gradually diminished and then ceased being yielded
spontaneously, when it was found necessary to pump up
the fluid. For about a year none of the wells oaTo
yidded spontaneously flowing oil. A number of wella
have been recently abandoned, as not worth working,
so that at present there are not more than about 100 wells
from which petroleum is obtained. I walked into the
forest, and presently came to a steam engine, placed
under a shed, and used in boring a well. I was told that
the depth then arrived at was 347 feet, and, so far, little or
no oil had been found. When a well is about to be sunk,
a convenient place is chosen, but there are no indications
whatever to be adopted as a guide for the selection of the
spot most likely to yield a good supply of petroleum.
A shaft is first vunk through a layer of day from SO
to 70 feet thick, then a layer of limestone rock is reached,
and the boring effected by means of a steam drilling
machine. The diameter of the pipe is about 3 Jin. $ several
intelligent well-owners, whom I heard discussmg the rate
at which the boring operation is cairied on, concurred in
the opinion that from 1^ to 2 J feet was the depth attained
every 24 hours. I was told, by a competent judge, that
the sinking of a well costs about three dollars per foot,
and that there is no certainty as to the result. The ope-
ration may be a complete failure, or prove a very lucrative
one ; but the probability of success is much less now than
formerly. On one occasion it took nine months to drill
through 650 feet of rock, at an enormous expense, and no
oil was found. The deepest well which is now being
worked attains a depth of 250 feet in the rock. Host of
them are from 150 to 200 feet in the rock. The pumps
used to raise the oil out of the wells are genexally worked
by steam-power ; but sometimes the operation is carried
on by means of horses, and occasionally by hand. The
object of pumping, besides that of raising the oil, is to
remove the water which continually accumulates in the
well. Where a steam engine is continually kept at work ,
oil and water are raised together ; but if the operation be
discontinued for any length of time, it will be found
necessary to pump out water alone, before any oil can be
extracted.
In my ramble through the forest I saw two men en*
gaged in pumping a well by hand ; they told me that
after pumping up water for a whole day, about a barrel
of oil (or 40 gallons) rose to the surface during the night,
this they ladled out the following morning, and then
proceeded again to pump out the water. The men in-
formed me of a very ingenious method which they
adopted for measuring the thickness of the layer of oil
in the well ; for this purpose they let down into the oil
an empty bottle, fastened to a string with the opening
turned upwards. The depth to which it was necessary
to lower the bottle in order to fill it with water indicated
the thickness of the oil stratum. It will be tmderstood
that when the bottle was immersed into the petroleum it
became filled with this substance, but as soon as it reached,
a spot below the oil, the water of the well, on aocoont of
its greater weight, displacing the oil from the bottle filled
it at once. I visited several weUs where oil and water
were pumped out together, by means of steam power ; a
black stream issued from the ^ut, the depth of colour
of the fluid continually changing according to the pro-
portion of the oil nreaent ; the liquid was received into a
iai^ wooden tank, first falling on a ^)lashiDg bovd.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Fbbbuaby 26, 1864.
285
which afforded better means of jadgiog of the colour ol
the atream, and thereby ascertaiDing roughly the quality
of the oil ; only 1 per cent, of oil gave the stream a very
dark colour. I myself collected a specimen of the fluid in a
botUe by placing it under a pump spout while water and
oil were being raised out of the well. The tank was
generally about 10 feet diameter by 7 feet deep ; its upper
part was occupied by a layer of crude oil, which, being
much lighter than water, had quickly risen to the sur-
&ce. This crude oil presented an intensely Mack colour
and a thickl&h consistency. I was informed that when it
has reached a certain height in the reservoir it is let out
by a side pipe, by which it passes into a smaller cask,
which contains nothing but the oil ; by opening a tap at
the lower part of the tank the water is alJowed to escape.
This simple method effectually separates, without
Ixouble, the petroleum from the water with which it was
originally mixed. The crude material is let out from the
smaller cask into barrels, each containing 40 gallons.
The pump I have sketched raised the oil from a well 246
feet deep from the surface, 196 feet of which are in
the rock. I observed two wells close to each other, and
fmmped out by one steam-engine ; they were both sunk to
a depth of 225 feet through the rock, and 270 feet from
the surface. I was given to understand that the pump-.
BhaiU (H>ened at about 30 feet from the bottom of
the wells, but there is no rule as to the distance in-
tervening between the end of the ^ump pipe and
the bottom of the well; this vanes in different
wells (torn (en to thirty feet. My attention was
directed to the escape of gas occutring at the mouths of
the pipes through which the oil was pumped out of the
two wells I was observing. This gas imparted to light a
peopliar oscillation, which revealtd its presence. No
pontive information can be obtained as to the distribution
of the oil in the bowels of the earth ; it is invariably found,
at Black Creek, in limestone rock ; and we may surmise
that in order to yield oil a well must stiike one or more
fiflores through which this fluid is slowly flowing. The
petroleum appears to be washed out of the fissures by
water, but I am not aware of any evidence showing that
water does not enter the well through other channels.
Thepreasore exerted on the openings mto the oil-bearing
fitsnreeby the colunm of water which accumulates in the
well is a great obstacle to the flow of oil ; and on this
accoont it is important to keep the pumping-engines at
work day and meht. If the operation le discontinued,
even for a few hours, it will be necessary to pump up
water for a still longer time before any oil can be obtained.
^ I have j»«vioua]y stated that when the springs were first
discovered a large quantity of rock-oil was dischargtd epon •
taneously. This phenomenon appeared due to the pressure
exerted by a certain quantity of gas confined in a cavity
between the surface of the fluid and the rock, the oU
being thereby pressed out with much force through the
fiasnres existing in the rocky reservoir ; from the remark-
able circumstance that the wells all ceased flowing
apontaneonsly at about the same period, it does not appear
Improbable that the yarious springs issued from one
original ma«B of the substance in question ; the oil ceased
flowing apparently because the gaseous pressure in the
oil-troagh became relieved from the gas escaping through
the wells.
There is much uncerfainty as to the origin of petro-
leum. Professor Lesley* observes, ** that oil is not found
In immediate contact with coal t)eds made of land or
fresh water-plants ; but, on the other hand, coal oil regions
are geographically connected with coal bed regions
whether of Devonian, carboniferous, oolitic or tertiary
a^e.** Another statement of Professor Lesley appears to
■bow that petroleum may also have an animal origin, for
be obaervet, *' The coniferous limestone next above the
Niagara has the cells of its fossil corals filled with
« • ^ Coal Oa," b^ T. P. Lesley, Professor of Mioiag, Uoirer-
mty aCPcoBsylvanta.
petroleum, the remains of the gelatinous coral animals
which inhabited them.*'
The ciude oil is conveyed at once to the refineries,
many of these establishments being close to the wells at
Black Creek. The object of the operation of refining is
to separate the oil from the tar, and to remove from it
certain volatile constituents, among which is a compound,
very combustible and explosive at comparatively low
temperatures. This oil is also discolouied, and in a
great measure deodorized before leaving the refinery.
The usual mode of proceeding is to commence by sub-
mitting the crude oil to distillation ; the first poition of
the flmd which distils over contains the dangerous com-
pound and is set a^ide ; the residue is pumped up into a large
vat, where by means of steam-power it is briskly stirred
with Bulphuric-add and water. During this operation a
large quantity of sulphurous acid is formed, and the fluid
assumes a white milky appearance. The amount of
sulphurous acid evolved is so great that none but men
accustomed to the work can remain in the room where
the operation is being carried on. This 1 had an oppor-
tunity of ascertaining to my own discomfoii ; and I feel
assured that this part of the business of refining rock-oil
must be very unhealthy. After a certain time the stirring
is discontinued, when the liquid divides into two layers, a
lower layer, exhibiting tho appearance of a white emul-
sion, and a liigher one, consisting of pure oil. The lower
portion is now diawn off by opening a tap at the bottom
of the vat ; more water is added to the oU from above, and
the stining rod is again set in motion ; this operation is
repeated several times, until the whole of the sulphuric
acid and impurities have been washed out of the petroleum.
It is now nearly colourless, and its smell becomes much
less perceptible. 1 witnessed the various processes carried
on in petroleum refineries at Black CreeK, but never saw
any kind of alkali used. I believe, however, the final
treatment with some alkali is frequently if not always
adopted.
Before barrelling, the oil 1b usually tested, to make sure
that the temperature at which it takes fire is sufficiently
high. Mr. Price (who I believe was formerly chemist to
the now dissolved Oil Well Company of Canada) kindly
supplied me with much interesting information on the
refining of crude petroleum, and presented me with a
specimen of refined oil, which, he told me, could be
heated to 180*' without taking fire. I sincerely regret
having just heard that this able and obliging chemist died
at Black Creek in November last.
The supply of lock-oil in Canada has considerably
decreased of late. While at one time one spring yielded no
less than about 2,000 barrels in 24 hours, in September last
the whole quantity of petroleum extracted weekly from
the Black Creek wells did not exceed from 700 to 600
barrels.
1 have attempted, gentlemen, in this communication, to
show you the present condition and prospects of the petro-
leum trade. 1 have directed your attention to the economic
value of rock-oil ; and my description of the Canadian
wells may have given you an idea of the aspect and mode
of working of all other petroleum wells. 1 must apologise
for bringing forward so little new matter, but 1 am glad
to have had this opportunity of introducing to your notice
so valuable a substance as petroleum.
DISCUSSION.
The Cbaibjian said the meeting must have been
deeply interested by Dr. Marcet's very lucid account of
tiie method of obtaining these valuable oils, as well as by
the results of his experiments respecting their \*alue for
illuminating purposes. There were several other appli-
cations of these oils which, no doubt. Dr. Maroet's time
had not enabled him to enter into. It was a matter of
great wonder that such exceedingly useful materials ai
these should have remained unnoticed for so long a
period of time, for they already represented a oonsidr*
amount of wealth ; and, if contmued supplies w
286
JOtTENAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Fmbuart 26, 1864.
teliMd, would form la Important article of eommeice,
especially when they coDndered the great falling off
which tuid of late taken plaoe m tlie sapplies to this
coantry of animal fats, from the whale fisheries and other
Bomx:es. It was not uninteresting to notice that in this,
as in other cases, men only foond what they sought for, for
although these oil-springs were known to exist, they were
only turned to account when a necessity arose for dis-
coveringnew sontxses of supply of materials for iUnmination.
Otis of this character had been manufactured by Mr.
Young and others in great quantities before the notice of
the public was attracted to these oil springs ; and being
thus made aware of the immense value of these products,
men came to direct their attention to their importation faito
this countiy. It was to be lamented that the supply of
this oil was so intermittent, which would soem to point to
the artificial preparation ofparaffin oils as a more per-
manent source of supply. He would now invite discussion
on Dr. Marcet's paper.
Mr. Teobtmbieb remarked that with regard to the use
of these oils for lighting purposes, he was happy to see that
the standard of safety was placed by Dr. Marcet as high
as 128^. In the discussion which had recently taken place
on the subject in the newspapers it had been asserted that
this might with safety be brought down as low as lOO'',
but he regarded that as a mistake. He had with him a
sample of oil that had caused a dangerous accident at
Bethnal-green, when an explosion of the oil took place inside
a lamp merely owing tea person attempting to extinguish
it by blowing it out. The point of temporary ignition of
that oil was 112^, and of permanent ignition 114^, and not-
withstanding that fact, per^ns were not wanting who
asserted that 100^ was a sufficient standard of safety. He
had also brought with him a sample of the oil which had
caused the lo&s of three lives in Yorkshire, and the iu-
faming point of that oil was as nearly as possible 100^.
If, however, oils of a sufficiently high standard were em-
plo>*ed, the danger was inconsiderable, for in the report by
Capt. Shaw, for 1862, upon the fires in the metropolis,
124 fires were attributed to gas, and only two to mineral
oils of all descriptions — petroleum and paraffin. Samples of
these oils were, however, frequently met with which would
inflame at a point below 32^, the freezing point of water.
Some might say these were not oils, but spirits ; they
were, however, unquestionably hydro-carbons, and were
used for burning. For instance, he held in his hand a
specimen of the oil used to light the Warrior, and this
would ignite at ordinary temperatures, and if alight were
even brought near to it, it would inflame without actual
contact. [This was shown by experiment.] He thought
it a matter of grave importance that millions of national
property and thousands of valuable lives should be thus im-
perilled. The mode in which it was used on board this ship
was this : — Atmospheric air was driven through reservoirs
of it, and the vapour thus produced was distributed through
pipes, and burnt with ordinary burners, like gas, the
absurd title of ozone-gas being given to it. It was, he
said, impossible to overrate the danger of that commodity ;
gunpowder was safe in comparison with it, because a light
must be placed in contact with gunpowder to cause it to
explode, whereas this vapour was so subtle that it would,
in fact, run to the flame. He thought it was impoasiblc
to overrate the extreme danger of such a method of light-
ing on board ships, and the importance of the subject was
his apology for having lirooght it before the meeting.
Dr. Baubhoffner said the views of the gentleman who
had just addressed tho meeting appeared to be opposed to
those enunciated by Dr. Marcet, inasmucli as it was
urged in the paper that petroleum oils could, with ordi-
Bary care, he used with perfect safety. The vapour used
on board the Wtxrrior in the manner described, was neither
mote nor less than Mansfield's patent, who unfortunately
lost his life in experimenting on these substances. His
method of driving atmospheric air through a highly
volatile hydro-carbon, was a veiy dtflerent thing ftom
burning that liquid in ordinar>' lamps ; and it was used
under very different ooDditioni to being Btorsd aboard
the ship in bottlea or other receptacles. At the
same time he waa not prepared to say it was a inam
thing to cany so dangerous a commodi^ as this had
been shown to be on board of one of Her Majesty's ships.
Upon the subject of petroleum generally, he would re-
mark it was merely another form of the well-koowa
eamphine. But Dr. Marcet had stated two or three flhcta
which somewhat astonished him ; one was — thai petro-
leum was less deleterious in combustion than any known
combustible oompoimd used for lighting — also, that it gave
off less heat. He hardly knew by what standard those
two qualities were to be judged. They knew thai the
illuminating power of any substance depended upon tbe
amount of carbon consumed in the flame, and therefore
it struck him as singular that the petroleum oils, which
were so rich in carbon, should have less heating powers
than other oils. There was one point with regard to the
use of rock-oil to whk^ allusion had not been made — thai
was its emplojrment, underc ertain conditions, as a substitute
for vegetable turpentine. He believed that substitution was
carried on to a considerable extent, but he also believed
that fractical painters and builders adways found that paint
prepared with it was subject totackinessand never presoited
*the dry surface which was obtained by the use of the ordinary
vegetable turpentine. Dr. Marcet had stated that there
was less danger in the use of petroleum than ooal-gaa. The
latter was certainly a very explosive commoditv, but with
the exercise of due precaution he did not see mucK difference
between the one and the other, and he apprehended the
large number of casualties arising from gas were attributable
to the fact of its being so extensively used, whilst lighting
by petroleum was very exceptional. He believed the
majority of accidents with petroleum oils arose from the
careless practice of trimming the lamps while bumin^.
The test of these oils had b^n described as a very simple
one, only requiring two cups of water, hot and cold ; bat
while aidmitting the simplicity of this, he questioned
whether one person in a thousand would take the trouble
to apply that test each time he got in a stock of oil ; and
until the sale of this article was so regulated that the
persons who used it were perfectly safe from danger, ha
thought it was not to be recommended for general ue in
private houses.
Mr. MiLDDBN took exception to the statement of Dr.
Marcet in attributing the invention of the lamp used (or
burning these oihi to Mr. Young. It was, he said, origin*
ally the invention of Wagenmano, a German. At the
expiration of the three years' protection of the patent it
was not renewed, and it was then that Mr. Young took it
up and introduced it extensively. The average lightings
point of this oil would not be higher than 114*» or 115**,
and in some cases 125° : at 18(r he thought the illumi-
nating power would be very small indeed. He had used,
petroleum since its intioduction, from having seen it
employed in Qet nuiny, where it was first introduced. Hq
believed with ordinary care it might be used with as much,
immunity from danger as colza or any other oil.
Mr. B. H. Paul, having expressed his thanks to Dr.
Marcet for his able retuni of the known facts with re-
gard to the 6ourees of petroleum, and the purposes to
which it had been applied, remarked that no mention
had been made of ono of the most important instances of
the introduction of peti*oleum into this country — viz., the
petroleum of Rangoon, a preparation from which wss first
used under the name of fielniontine, which was perhapia
the best material ever produced for illumination, when itfi
safety and freedom from pernicious properties in combus-
tion were considered. Having himself taken some pari
in the newspaper discussion referred to by Mr. Tegetmeier^
he would say a few words in reply to what had been stated
by that gentleman this evening. It was always desirable
in the case of a new material like petroleum, where tHo
opinions of scientific men could be of use in guiding
the pablio, that such opinions should be fiiirly and freely^
expressed: and that where warning was necessary rt
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Fbbhuaby 26, 1864.
237
■hould be at fredy giveo : bu% at the same time the pod-
tioD of acJeDlifio men ought not to be taken advantage of
to excite a fear in the publio mind for which there was
DO ibundatioa. For some reason, which he was at a loss
to tiodenUnd> it had been put foi-ward, and to a great
extent recognised — more, he believed, from ignorance of
the real facts than any thing else—that the characteristic
of safety of these materials was that they should not bum
at a temperatore below 130^. He had no hesitation in
aaying that was an indication which had no kind of value
whatever ; and as a proof of that he would state he had
been in the habit of burning in his house — not oil — but a
spirit made from petroleum, which would ignite at the
Oeezin^ point of water. He had burnt that spirit in a
lamp, m a room the temperature of which was from 65°
to 70®, and he burnt the lamp the whole evening without
any tendency to accident.
Dr. BAcuBOFrNER inquired what was the boiling poiut of
that liquid.
Mr. Paul replied 70° Fahr., and the igniting point was
82o Fahr. It was an extremely volatile spirit prepared
from pelrolenm. Having enumerated some of tne aoci-
deots whieh had occurred in the use of paraffin and
other oils, he remarked that the conclusion he had arrived
at was, that the danger di<l not consist in tlie material itself,
bot in the folly of those who used it. With reference to
tha strong point which had been raised by Mr. Tegetmeier
as to the employment of so extremely volatile a material
for lighting the Warrior, he would remark that the ex-
treme volatility of the material was the greatest security
against risk in its use, and against the possibility of its
ezDlosion.
Mr. E. V. OiBoxsa said he should be glad to know
wkether, in the instances of accidents alluded to, the lamps
were made of metal or not ? because he had found from
ezperimenta that petroleum could not be used in metallic
Umns without risk. From the conductivity of the metal
the lamp became so hot that gas was generated, and there
mm danger of explosion ; but he had never heard of any
aocidaot occorring where due caution was used, and where
the lamp was made of a non-conducting material. He had
experimaated very largely with these light oils or spirits ;
he saw no objection to their being called spirits. Spirits
of wine and ether were not so very iar removed from this
species of petroleum, bat they differed in one important
dujacterisiic, via., that it was almost impossible to get an
explosion by mixing the vapour of petroleum with atmoe-
pherto air, whilst with ether or spirits of wine this could
easily be done. The fact of its being possible to bom the
vapour of these oils mixed with atmospheric air, using
tha burner eaip]<)yed by Hansaeld, which had nothing
aboot it approaching the safety prineiple of the Davy lamp,
was avideoce of non-liability to explosion. Catuphine
lamps had been in use for a long time, but they did not
bear much about the danger of them, and camphine in
itaelf was rery mnoh more dangerous than petroleum,
mod its ignitinff point was lower than that of most
paraffins. He believed most of the accidenu that bad
ooonrrod were in a great measure owing to the want
of oara and presence of mind of those ooooemed. He
did not believe there was more risk with these light oils
than with any other mode of illumination ordinarily
employed. Another fact had not been noticed. Some
of these parafl&n compounds had a pecuUar way of creep-
inig, l^ c^Mllary attraction, out of the lamp and down
the sides of it, and drops of oil were found trickling on
the ootside of the lamp. That oil might beeome
r«d, and, if not soon extinguished, it would so heat
lamp aji to cause explosion. He was quite certain
pazaffin ooold be prepared without the cdightest smell,
and without danger as to its igniting point ; at the same
time, if these oils were improperly distilled, they always
ooDtained within them an element of danger.
Ur. O. F. WiLsov, F.aS., said, as Air. Young had
been denuded of the honour of the invention of the paxaf-
fin lamp, It would not be fair to derive that gentleman
of the credit to which he was entitled of having been the
first to introduce mineral oils ibr lighting purposes. Mr.
Plftul had alluded to the Belmontine oil, which was the
result of Mr. Warren De la Roe's chemical investigation of
the Rangoon petroleum ; though those experiments had
been known (or a long time, the oil '.which was the prac-
tical result, was not introduced into commerce till after
Mr. Young's paraffin oil had been brought out. With
regard to the point brought forward this evening by Mr.
Tegetmeier, as to the dangerous character of the material
used for lighting the Warrior, he (Mr. Wilson) was
well acquamted with that very volatile liquid; and,
at first sight, it would appear to be a somewhat
dangerous element to carry on board ship. It had,
however, been stated that the liquid was so secured that
it could not come into contact with flame ; at the same
time, it might occur to many present that a valuable
Government ship was hardly the proper place in which
to try delicate lighting experiments, whicli, to say the
least, this appeared to be. With regard to what Dr.
Marcet had stated, as to the economic value of petroleum,
and the statement of the Chairman — that this mineral
had come i>i the place of the partial failure of other means
of lighting— he (Mr. Wilson) thought th^ hardly did
justice to the importance of the subject, for it was not
only in sperm and other mineral oils, but also in vege-
table oils that the supplies were not nearly keeping pace
with the existing demand for such materials. As people
became more civilised they wished themselves more, and
the demand for soap was greater ; as the people became
more educated they read more, and there was a greater
demand for artificial light ; and it was evident that, if
the diminution of the supplies of these substances, aniuud
and vegetable, had continued to the same extent as at
present without these valuable mineral sources being
made avaiUble, we should have had to pay very dearly
for our lighting materials.
Mr. Pbiup pALMEa mentioned that a friend of his sus-
tained the loss of a very valuable portfolio of engravings
through their being set on fire by the upsetting of a lamp
upon them through the men idamming of a door. He
thought accidents from these lamps might in a great
measure be obviated by there being a larger base for the
lamp to stand upon, and also by weighting it to a con-
siderable extent, so as to increase the steadiness.
Dr. Mabobt, in reply upon the discussion, said with rogard
10 Mr. Young having been the inventor of the lamp, he
stated he believed tliat was the case, but if he was in error
on that point he was happy to stand corrected. With
regard to the Rangoon oil, he fully admitted its importance
— the mote so from the very able investigations of Mr.
De la Rue and other gentlemen. With res^t to the lamps
being constructed of non-conducting materials, he attached
the highest importance to this. Lamps of metal were cer-
tainly more or less dangerous, and he could easily under-
stand that the oil, volatilised by the heat of the metal,
would be liable to take firo and explode. With regard to
the less degree of danger with petroleum than with coal
gas, remarked upon by Dr. Bachhoflfner, all he said was
tliat on the first public introduction of coal gas it was re-
ceived with great alarm, and a strong opposition was
raised up against it, but that opposition was overcome, and
gas was now the most extensively used method of light-
ing. W ith regard to petroleum giving out less deletenoos
matter than other lighting M;ents. he made that assertion
upon the authority of Dr. Fiankland, who was known to
be a most careful and trustworthy experimenter, but he
(Dr. Maroet) had not made any personal invesUgation into
the matter.
The Chaibman said he would now propose, what he
was sure would be very acceptable to the meeting — via.,
a vote of thanks to Dr. Marcet for his admirable paper on
this subject. One point he begged to submit to the con-
sideration of the meeting in relation to the question of
danger—It seemed to him that the properttea of a sub-
stance, irrespective of the manner in which it was r
238
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, February 26, 1864.
really did not enable them lo judge whether it was
dangeroos or not. The only way in which we could form an
opinion of the danger of any operation would be by knowing,
not only the materials used, but also the exact way in
which they were used. It would be readily assumed that, on
board a ship like the Warrior ^ there was more perfect disci-
pline and system in everything than in ordinary households,
■and, Uierefore, if any place were safe for the introduction
of such a system of lighting as had been alluded to, this
was BO. Probably the generator was stowed in some out-
of-the-way part of the ship— it might be far below the
water line — and the vapour was conducted by pipes to
the parts of the vessel where it was burnt ; under such
-conditions the element of danger might be reduced to
its smallest possible limit, and the use of that volatile
fiubstance under such circumstances was far more safe than
in the hands of careless servants or other persons in
ordinary households. He kne«r personally nothing of
^e particulars of the lighting of the Warrior, but he
thought the meeting would agree that to condder the
Dature of the sub^nce alone, without knowing the
manner in which it was used, was not sufficient to form a
oorrect opinion on the subject.
A vote of thanks to Dr. Marcet was then passed.
♦
Bbomsobovb Lttebabt and Mbohanios* Ikstitution.
— The report for the year 1863 speaks of satisfactory pro-
gress. The adult evening classes have been successfully
carried on, and to the superintendent, the Rev. R. Mum-
ford, and the voluntary teachers who have so kindly aided
him in his zealous endeavours, the committee have to
express their thanks. These classes meet twice a week.
The working men's cricket club has also been carried
on with success. The school of art in connection with
the Institution, has continued in a satisfactory state,
and now numbers about sixty pupils. The French class
has not been so well attended as could be desired.
The class for instruction in vocal and instrumental
music U at present in abeyance. The committee regret
^e loss of the services of Mr. Marcus, as honorary secre-
taiy, as he has ever been most active in furthering the
objects of the Institution. The number of members
is now 835, being a rather smaller number than last
year ; of these 114 are working men. The issues of books
and magazines during the year have been 6,300, instead of
4,400 the previous year. The funds of the Institution
are in a satisfactory state ; the receipts were £204 18s. ;
the balance against the Institute is £9 10s. At the recent
examinations in connection with the Worcestershii-e
Union, various members obtained prizes. The annoal
8oir6e was held in the Com Exchange, on the 8th of
February, under the presidency of Viscount Ingestre,
M.P. On the platform were the Earl of Shrewsbury and
Talbot, Lord Lyttelton, the Hon. and Rev. J, W. Leigh,
the Hon. and Kev. H. Douglas, H. F. Vernon, Esq., M.P.
(the president of the Institution), Rev. G. W. Murray,
and othere, many of whom addressed the meeting, which
was largely attended.
Ebbw Vale Litebabt and Soientipio Institution.
— Prizes are offered for essays on the following subjects: —
English. — 1st. The advantages to be derived by working
men from their connection with well-constituted benefit
i^ubs. 2nd. Self-dependence. Welsh.— Ist. Y mantei-
eion deilliedig i'r dosbeirth gweithiol oddiwrth gyra-
deithasau darbodus o gyfansaddiad da. 2nd. Hunan-
ymddibyniaeth. First prize for each suWect, £3 ; second
ditto, £1 10s. The adjudicators are— English, the Rev.
Evan Lewis, M.A., At)erdare ; Welsh, the Rev. Dr.
James, Santeg. The conditions of competition are :— All
compositions to be those of peiwns who maintain them-
selves by manual labour, and who have been members of
he Institution during 1863 and 1864. The length of
the essays not to exceed 600 lines of foolscap paper, and
to be written in a legible hand on one side of the paper
only : each paper to be distinguished by a motto, and the
real name of the author to be written on a blank leaf,
folded and sealed. All quotations to be distinguished by
inverted commas. If the committee so decide, the 8uc«
cessful compositions to be read at the annual soiree, or on
some other convenient occasion. Air compositions to be
sent to the honoraiy secretary on or before the 3rd March,
1864.
Fabnbam Yocnq Mbn's Association. — On the 1st of
February a lecture was delivered, ** On the Sources of the
NUe," by Rev. T. D. Wickham, M.A., of Holmwood,
Dorking. The lecture was illustrated with diagrams.
The Bishop of Winchester occupied the chair.
im ^xti.
SCHOOLS OF ART AND INDUSTRY IN FRANCE.
In the Journal for the 25th of December last was pub-
lislied the decree containing th^ regulations relating to
the recent re-organisation of the Schools of Art in France,
and it may now be interesting to trace the origin of this
important movement. It appears that in July last M.
Rouher, the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and
Public Works, addressed a letter to the Emperor, in which
he submits for His Majesty's consideration the subjoined
facts and propositions : —
I* *' The results of the International Exhibition of 1862
proved that, if new and rapid progress was not made in
art education, France would be surpassed by her rivals.
This fact, the French section of the International Jury
considered of sufficient importance to draw the partica-
lar attention of your Majesty to it, by which means it is
intended to develop artistic and professional education in
this country. The time has now arrived when measures
should be taken, and a special commission of inquiiy
should be named.
•* France is not entirely without professional studios
and schools of art, but their systems are so at variance
with each other, that they do not afford any means of
giving gradual and methodical instruction. For instance :
The Central School of Arts and Manufactures offer* in-
struction applicable to all ; the Imperial schools of mining,
of bridges, and construction, however, are only open to free
students, who apply themselves simply to mining and
construction. In taking count of the number of students
who go out each year ft^m these establishments into active
service, it is found that they bear but a small proportion
to those in the same profession not so educatcSi ; never*
theless. in reality this number would suffice for all wants,
and at first sight it would not be deemed necessary to in-
crease the number of these schools; but though the sub-
jects taught in these establishments are useful auxiliaries
to industrial work, they are not numerous enough,
and a demand should be made for the etjtablishment of
other schools for instruction in other subjects. It is neoes >
sary, then, in establishing these schools, to consider how
they should be organised, and the commission will there-
fore have to make a programme of proposed rules, dec,
for their administration.
'* One of the chief points to be considered is instruction
in drawing as applied to industry.
♦* A committee, formed from the French section of the
International Jury, laid great stress upon the subject of
industrial education; and M. Merim^e has, with the
unanimous consent of the committee, called the serious
attention of the French Government to the necessity of
proper measures being taken to protect the interests of
the country. * Since the Exhibitions of 1851 and 1866/
their report says, ' immense pix>gre8s has been made
throughout Europe ; and although it cannot be said that
we have remained stationary, yet we cannot deny the (act
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, PaBBUiLBY 2S, 1864. 2i9
^Ml the advance we have made is not so great as that
made by other natioos. Beriewing the reo^it suooesses
obtained hj oar manofactiirera, we oaght still to remember
thai defeat is possible, and that the only way to guard
agaioat it is to preserve oar soperiority and persevere
in hrmging ow works to the ntmost perfection.' The
oonunittee say fiirtlM»>, that the instmotion, saeh as it is,
ia the 8(^iool at Paris, and in the seoondaiy schools in
the rest of the empire, is not soch as to supply the
wsBit feH by the middle and working classes. These are
the principal points into which the commistton would
ha;^ to inqirire.*
M. Koaher then proceeds to nominate the Commission,
which loclndes H. Michel Chevalier, Senator; M. Le
May, Counsellor of the State ; General Moriu, Director
of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers; M. Tresca,
I]BDd«'-Director of the Conservatoire doi Arts et Metiers ;
M. PSedmoiit, Direntor of the Imperial Central School
of Arts and Manofactures ; M. Arl^s-Dufoor, Member of
tile Chamber of Commerce at Lyons; and other dis-
tfog«nshed names.
Thc late Euoene DaLAOBOix. — ^An interesting sale
is now going on in Paris consisting of a lai^ number of
original pictures, replicas, cartoons, nearly 6,000 sketches
of various kinds, lithographs on the stone, etchings on
■keel and copper, and miscelhmeoas productions o7 the
Iste Eugene Delacroix, together with a small colleciion
•f the works of other artists in the possession of the
deceased, and the utensils and materials from his
atoKer. The catalogue contains no less than 858 lots,
being divided into three series. The first of these
hiohides a large oollectioo of the sketches and cartoona
of the numerous and remarkable decorative works of
axt executed by Delacroix in Paris and other plaees.
Con^cuous amongst these are the works in the
Chamber of Deputies, the Palais de Luxembourg, the
oeHing of the Gal^rie d'Apollon in the Loapro, that
of the Hotel de Ville, and the mural paintings in the
chonshee of Saint Sulpice and Saint Denis du Saint-
Saerement, most of which are well known to all lovers
of art. Next come nearly fifty original paintings, with
a few finished sketches of his lai|^ works, including
the Battle of Nancy; the Battle of Failleboni|(, won
b^ Saint-Louis, now at Yeraailles; and a variation of
his famous work, the Assassination of the Bislrap of Li^ge
by the Wild Boar of Ardennes. The origUial pictures, pio-
perly so called, inclnde " La Sibylle" and other wodcs,
exhibited m 1845, and again in 1855, at the gieat Paris
exhibition. After these come no less than thirty-
two onfinisbed woiks, the subjects being priooipally
acred or mythologicaL The next division of this first
part cooaists of twenty smallar sketches, like all the pre-
oeding, in oil ; many of these have never been executed
as finished pictures, and of those which have been so carried
oot, the sketch, or rather variation, of his well known
MSd6e fhrieose, in the Lille museum, and that of the
Ghaase anx Uono, at Bordeaux, are^the most remarkable.
Following these are from twenty to thirty copies and
studies, liy Delacroix, from the great masters, Raphael,
Pliul Veroneae, Qioi^one, Rubens, and others. Some of
these, especially the last named, are charming works.
The next divbion contains a large number of delightful
studies from nature, many of them of considerable dimen-
sions, and exhibiting the beauties, and in some cases the
defect, of the artist in a remarkable manner. The first
part of the catalogue oondudes with a number of paint-
mgs by other artists, those of his friend G^ricanlt being
the most numerous, and oonosting principally of copies from
the old masters. There is a forost scene by Diaz; a
young Greek, by Louis Boulanger ; a bust by Jorda^ ;
and a -opy, by Planet, of Eug^e Delacroix's own picture
of the Jewish Wedding, now at the Luxembourg. The
teooitd part of the sale consists of water colour and other
'drawings, and sketches of all kinds, and presents almost
more attnustioo to the connoisseur than the former. This
portion of the collection may be described as jvesenting
almost a complete history of Delacroix's artist fife, of his
various styles, and of his aspirations as well as of his
attainments. It includes a large number of decorative
works, the sketches, in fact, of almost every important
one that he ever executed, together with many never
carried into execution ; sketches for his Dante, Shake-
speare, Goethe, and Byroo pictures ; bis delightful studies
in Spain, Algeria, Morocco, Arabia, Turkey; seventeen
water-colour drawings, and twenty-two sketches taken ia
England in the year 1826, principally from the banks of
the Thames, and on the sea coast ; landscapes, fruit and
flowers; and a large collection of studies of animals,
especially lions and tigers, for which he seemed to take a
special liking, and which he drew with an amount of
animation and savage grace and beauty that has certainly
never been surpassed. Lastly, in this series are no less
than fidy-seven albums and pocket-books crammed with
sketches and notes, in colours, sepia, pencil, and pen and
ink, from his early youth down to the last years of his
life. The third portion of the sale consists of en-
gravings and lithographs, the most remarkable being
the series of thirteen stones with subjects firom *' Ham-
let," executed by Delacroix between 1834 and 1843;
three others also from *' Hamlet," unpublished; and
four firom ** Gostz de Berlinchingen." The pictures and
sketches are fetching enormous prices. The following
are a few of the most noticeable items : — The original
design for the grand ceiling of the Galerie d'Apollon in
the Xiouvre was withdrawn by the representatives of the
deceased, and a replica fetched no less than £206, while
the first drad of the same, in oil, but measuring only
about 2 feet by 18 inches, produced £40. The original
sketch of the ceiling at the Hotel de Ville fetched
rather moie than £50. The sketch for the pictore of
King Jean at the Battle of Poitiers, produced £138;
that of the Battle of Nancy, £180; of the BatUe of
Taillebour^, the large work at Vemdlles, £300; the
Sybille, exhibited in 1845 and at the Paris Universal
Exhihidon of 1855, £134; the Wounded iCuiimssier on
the field of battle rising between two dead horses, a very
small but most remarkable picture, £124. Four lar;^
pictures of flowers, which attracted great attention m
Paris in 1849 and 1855, fetched together £1,020. A
copy by Delacroix of the portrait of the Youth in
bladiL by Raphael, in the Louvre, fetched £130 ; one of
the Belle Jardini^e, £200 ; and one of the Miracles of
Saint Benott, of Rubens, 1260. Two days' sale, 249 lots,
caalued between £7,000 and £8,000.
National GAUiSBY of Ibeland. — This gallery, which
was formally opened to the public on January 30th, is
bmlt on the lawn of the Royal Dublin Society in DubUn,
and forma a pendant to the New Natural History
Museum. It has been constructed on the principle of
top lighting, so successfully reali&ed in the gallery built
for the Sheepshanks ooUection. This principle is equally
applicable to private as to public galleries, to large as
to small rooms. It requires that the width and the
height of the room should be the same, and the space for
the skylight half the width. Thus, if the width of the
floor be twenty feet th^ height should be twenty feet, and
the skylight ten feet in the centre. A picture properly
hung in such a room cannot have any glitter and most be
perfectly seen. Mr. Sheepshanks very nearly arrived at
settling this principle in his own private gallery at Rutland
Gate, from which he himself assisted to cart his pictures
to the South Kensington Museum. But it was Mir. Red-
grave, R.A., who reduced the principle to the simple
formula, and Oapt. Fowke, R.E., who successfully earned
it into practice at the South Kensington Museum, at the
Exhibition of 1862, and now in the National Gallery
of Ireland.
The Hotel Cluhy.— A new room has just been
opened in the museum of the Hotel de Cluny, in Paris,
which is devoted to French faience, the production of the
old potteries of Nevers, Rouen, Marseilles, and Stcr '
240
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, February 26, 1864.
and which contains akeady more than six hundred speci-
mens of yarious Idnds. The most striking objects are :—
A magnificent Bonen chimney piece, ornamented with blue
designs on a white ground; a small circular table or
gu^ridon, of the same ware, in one single piece, richly
ornamented in the style of Louis XIV., with medallions
and arabesques; a large inkstand, with Chinese orna-
ments, an early attempt to imitate the porcelain of
Asia ; and a stove in form of an ancient altar, of Nevers
make, ornamented with rams' heads, and otherwise
decorated. The cases are filled with a numerous collec-
tion of objects ; enormous tureens, flower vases of most
eccentric forms, fancy ornaments in the form of children,
fruit, a cobbler at work in his stall, a small sedan chair
bearing the arms of the Dauphin, and many more.
Against the wall are a number of fontaines, or small
tanks, of various forms, some of them very elegant, and a
clock of Strasbourg ware, of the time of Louis XV. In
another part of the room is a stand, on which is a curious
collection of specimens ; plates with fruit, asparagus, and
other objects in relief, tureens, and other articles in the
form of turkeys, fowls, pheasants, and other biids, in some
instances exhibiting brilliant colours. Two plates of
Bouen ware are decorated with sonnets, music as well
as words. This new room adjoins that which is called
the Gal^rie des Couronnes, on account of the nine golden
■crowns contained therein. These nine crowns were
found, in 1858, by a Fiench oflBcer, at Fuente de-
Guerrazar, near Toledo, and are said to have belonged to
the Princes of the Goths, and to have been buried pro-
bably in the commencement of the eighth century, or
about the time of the invasion of the Peninsula by the
Arabs. They are massive objects, and in excellent pre-
servation. As to the ornamental earthenware above re-
fen-ed to, there ia a perfect fhrore for it in Paris at the
present moment ; a soup tureen aud stand of Rouen ware
fetched 4,000 francs the other day, and a plate of the
same fabric 1,200 francs. But the most remarkable in-
stance was that of a candelabrum, forming part of tlie
celebrated service of " Henri II.," from the collection of
Madame de Sayette. This cijrious piece is of a monu-
mental form, is richly decorated with arabesques in
enamel, figures supporting the arms of Henri, human
masks, heads of cherubim and lions, and garlands of
flowers, and fetched the enormous price of 18,500 francs.
There are feven pieces of this service in the museum of
the Louvre and that of the Hotel Cluny. Baron Roths-
child and M. de Pourtales each possess one sample. It
will be remembered that about twenty pieces, all the rest
known, were exhibited at the Kensington Museum in
1862. At the same sale an enamel cup, bearing the
monogram of Leonard Limousin, and ornamented with
the arms of L^on and Castile, fetched 10.650 francs.
CoPYBiGHT. — On the 3rd instant Mr. Black obtained
leave to introduce a bill for the consideration of the acts
relating to copyrights in works of literature and the fine
Arts, and the bill was brought in and read a first time.
Steam Boileb Explosions. — The ninth annual report of
the Mnnchester Association states that at the close of the
year 1863, there were under inspection, at 652 factories and
other works, 1,458 boilers and 1,090 en^iDes. The gross
indicated horse-power of all the boilersunder inspection may
be stated approximately to be 131 ,014. The defects dis-
covered in toilers are mainly of two distinct classes— one
relating to their construction, and the other to their con-
dition. Under the first head, that of construction, numerous
recommendations have been made ; in many boilei's the
internal tubes have been recommended to be strengthened
by hooping ; in others it has been suggested that the shells be
strengthened at the steam dome, by stays of angle iron » dec. ;
hers, that the shell be strengthened at the ends ; in others
the load on the safety-valves has been recommended to be
reduced. The defects appertaining to the second head,
viz., that of condition, were fracture of plates and angle
irons, blistered plates, furnaces out of shape, conosion,
defective safety-valves, defective pressure gauges, defective
water gauges, defective feed apparatus, defective blow-oat
apparatus, over pressure, and deficiency of water. The
defects not actually dangeroos, were fracture of plates and
angle irons, blistered plates, furnaces out of shape, corrosioD,
safety valves out of order, pressure gauges out of order,
water gauges out of order, feed apparatus out of order,
fusible plugs out of order, over pressure, and deficiency of
water. Corrosion and f lacture are among the most im*
portant defects met with, and there were as many a<« 202
cases of corrosion, 22 of which were dangerous ; and 62 of
fracture, 11 of which were dangerous. Surface blowing-
out has made considerable progress during the past year,
and is now adopted by 58 members, and applied to 129
boilers. Very many of the applications of the surface
blowing-out apparatus have been attended with great
success, while some have not fully answered the expecta-
tion formed. The success has been greatest with muddy
and sludgy waters, while common soda continues to
be used with great and considerable advantage, and is
found to loosen the old scale, as well as to prevent the
formation of new. The number of explosions which came
under notice during the year 1863 was 47. During the
year there were 76 persons killed, and 80 others injured.
All these accidents have happened to boilers not under the
inspection of the Association, with the exception of one
instance, in which case it appears, however, that focilities
for thorough examination were not afforded. The causes
of the 47 explosions which occurred in 1863 may he olasai-
fied as follows: — 14 were due to defective construction; 4
boilers failing in the shell, and 10 collapsing in the far«
nace tube, not from over-heating, but simply from weak-
ness of the flue. 7 were due to defective condition of the
boiler. 6 to failure of the seams at the bottom of exter-
nally flued boilers, over the furnace. 4 to shortness of
water, occurring through neglect. 2 to overheating of
plates, consequent upon an accumulation of sediment.
2 to excessive pressure. 1 was purely accidental. For
every explosion that occurred through immediate neglect,
at least four arose from the weakness of the boilers them-
selves, or insufficiency of their arrangements. The whol«
of the explosions caused by the collapse of internal flue
tubes might have been prevented by the adoption of the
approved means of strengthening them, such as water-
pockets, flanged seams, or hoops, as well as by other well-
known means. Attention is called to the large number
of explosions found to result from *< failure of the seams at
the bottom of externally-fired boilers." Several causes
combine to produce this effect. One, to which especial
attention should be directed, is the admission of fe^-
water. This is sometimes allowed to impinge immediately
upon the plates over the furnace. To prevent this,
the feed pipe should be carried along horizontally for
several feet and at a few inches below the surface of the '
water, being perforated with small holes throughout its
entire length, so that the feed may be dis^^rsed on its in-
troduction. A second cause is the imperfect way in which
these externally-fired boilers are too frequently i-epaired.
One-sixth of the whole numl)er of explosions appears to
have been due to corrosion, by which the plates were
eaten away until their thickness twcame so reduced that
rupture ensued. Of these cases, 6 were external, and oc-
cuired in stationary boilers, while 1 was internal, and
occurred in a locomotive, so that no instance of an explo-
sion happening to a stationary boiler on account of internal
corrosion was met with during the year. A very general
impression exists, that all explosions arise either from ex-
cessive presBui-e, induced by a reckless tampering with the
safety-valve, or else from the shortness of water. This
opinion appears to be incorrect, for out of 36 exploaiona
only 2 arose from exv^essive pressure, and 4 from shortness
of water. The position at which rupture in the shell of a
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, February 26, 1864. 241
boiler commences on the oocarrence of exploiion is a
matter of iotereet, and ii has been thought by some to ex-
ercise an important influence on its destructive character.
In the 36 explosions accounted for, the rents of five boilers
commenced above the water line ; in a sixth, the boiler
was 80 completely destroyed that it was difficult to deter-
mine which of the rents was the primary one ; in a seventh,
the boiler exploded while under test by steam alone,
without water, so that consideration of this case may be
dismissed ; while in the 29 remaining ones, the boilers all
rent primarily below the water line. In conclusion, the
report says that the experience of the past year affords
additional evidence of the soundness of the system of
periodical boiler inspection, which this Association has
both inaugurated and maintained, as well as of its suffi-
ciency for the prevention of boiler explosions. Of this,
many special illustrations were met with during the year,
in which impending explosion was averted, the boilers
being found, on inspection, to be in a most dangerous state,
although the fact was entirely unsuspected by their
owners.
CoppKB Pawt. — The Mining Journal states that a new
pgment, calculated at the same time to increase the re-
•ources of the decorative painter, and to afford a ready
means of preserving iron and other metals, has recently
been introduced at Paris by Mr. L. Oudry, of the Auteuil
£lectTO'Metallurgic Works. He first obtains an abso-
lately pure copper by throwing down the metal by the
galvanic process ; he then reduces the precipitate to an
impalpable powder by stamping. This powder is then
combined with a particular preparation of benzine, and
used in the same way as ordinary paint ; beautiful bronzed
effects are produced upon it by means of a dressing with
addified solutions and pure copper powder. The articles
piinted with the new material have all the appearance of
electro bronze, while its cost is less than one-sixth ; it will
last from eight to ten years. Mr. Oudry also proposes to
Bobstitnte benzine oil for linseed and other oils, over which
it possesses great advantages.
Colotms.
a system of emigration to New Zealand, with the view of
giving, to its members the benefit of co-operation in
emigrating to a special settlement. The society haa
availed itself of the land- order system of Auckland, and
the authoiities of that province have promised every assist-
ance. A block of land in the north of the province,
where the natives are not in rebellion, has been reserved
for the Society's emigrants.
Dutch Tbadb with Australia, &o. — During the last
year nine vessels from Holland arrived at Melbourne,
bearing 86,300 cases of Geneva, 87,744 boxes of candles,
6,945 quartera of oats, besides other goods ; and there
were still, at date of latest letters, 7 vessels on voyage to
Melbourne, with 135,954 cases of Geneva and 22,002
boxes of candles; one vessel for Sydney, with 15,600
cases of Geneva and 5,250 boxes of candles; also one
vessel for Otago, with 4,830 cases of Geneva, 750 quarters
of oats, and other goods.
Staves fob Casks. — It is said that a new kind of in-
dustry is likely to spring up at Hobart-town, in the
manufacture of staves for casks. These staves are of the
silver wattle, of which there U an abundance in eveiy way
adapted to the purpose. Some beef sent home from
Victoria and brought back again in casks made Out of
old wine casks with oak staves, was found to be far
inferior to that in which the silver wattle was used. The
Eickle in the former was discoloured, but in the latter
right and clear, and the beef far superior as a merchant-
able article.
Export of Gbaik fbom South Australia. — The ex-
ports of flour and whe^ from Port Adelaide and the out-
ports during the first three quaiiers of 1863, compiled
ftom the returns published in the Government OateUe,
were 32,280 tons of flour and 106,619 quarters of wheat,
showing an increase upon the exports of any similar period
since the formation of the province. Calculating 45 bushels
to a ton of flour, this would make the exports of bread-
stuff;!, up to the end of September, equal to 51,234 tons
of flour. The entire whea^ crop of last harvest was
supposed to be equal to 85,374 tons of fiom*. The
demand for local consumption would leave the quantity
available for export about 60,000 tons.
Thb Customs Kbtubns at the port of Sydney show a
considerable falling opf in the revenue from July to October.
As, however, there was in the first six months of 1863 a
great increase, as compared with 18G2, there is still a
satisfactory increase of 5 per cent, on the ten montlis
ending October, 1863; the amount of revenue being
£545,809 8s. against £519,401 da, 8d for the same period
of 1862.
Thr Post Office Money Obdeb System in Sydney
appears to work well, and each mail shows a steady increase
in the issue of mone}' orders upon the United Kingdom.
*rhe money orders sent by the September mail were 489,
the amount being £2,093 6s. 7d. By the October mail there
irere remitted 591 orders, amounting to £2,233 16s. Id.
Adelaide Labour Market. — The wages now ofleiing
to female domestic and dairy servants are — Barmaids, £28
to £30; dairymaids, £19 to £23; general servants, £18 to
£23; good cooks, £26 to £30; housemaids, £21 to £2o;
kitchen maids, £19 to £22; nurses, £15 to £26;
laundresses, £26; superior general servants, £26 per
annum, with board and lodging.
Gold. — A private letter from Vancouver's Island, dated
November, says that busine^a lias considerably improved
in the last few days on account of the discovery of some
promising gold fields within ten miles of Victoiia, which
haa created a general rush on the part of all the min-
ing population. It is calculated they will realize, on an
average, at least 5 dols. per diem.
BaiiOBATioM TO New Zealand. — A pioneer party of
emigrants, in connexion with the Chim:h of England
tkiiigration Society, left England lately. This society
Itoa been established for the purpose of superintending
©bitaatg*
William Dyob, B.A. — The year has begun badly for
the Royal Academy, bereaving it of one of its most active
and valuable members, one of those highly-educated
painters whom it could ill spare, and will not readily re-
place, either in regard to his work in the council, or that more
important part of an Academician's life which appears by
its results on the walls of the exhibition rooms. Dyce's
services to the Academy were considerable, and often
timely ; it was he who proposed the institution of that ad-
mirable safety-valve — the class of retired Academicians,
— which, by creating vacancies in the more active section
of the body without diminishing the honour due to those
who entered the new giade, enabled the association to add
men to its ranks who must otherwise have waited until
death created vacancies. It is not too much to say that
Dyce, although not a prolific painter, did, by the usually
high character and aims of his works, much more to
maintain the position of the association than it is the
fortune of most of his brethren to be able to perform. The
Royal Academy Exhibition contained, in 1844, that
picture which may be considered, on the whole, as the best
of Dyce's works, " Joash shooting the Arrow of Deliverance,"
showing how the dying Elisha guided the hand of Joash,
King of Israel, in shooting the arrow of the deliverance from
Syria. Notwithstanding the dry manner of this picture,
which was to a certain extent the inevitable outcome of the
painter's system, it possessed qualities of design, drawing,
and expression such as it is to be ho|>ed we shall often
see in the English school of art. It is precisely in this
242 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, February 26, 1864.
severe direction of study and execution that our artista need
pnotioe. It is underetood ihat Dyoo contemplated to ex-
tend the subject of the above-named picture, so as to form
a series of compodtions, having the deatb of Eliaha for
oenlral porot, and to comprise the vkit of Joash weepmg
fat the ** chariot of Israel and the horsemen thereof,*'
to Elisha, the taking of the bow, the smiting of the
arrows, that remain^ after ^at of deliverance had
been shot, upon the ground, whereby the triple victories
of Israel were Msured ; and, lastly, the recallmg to life—
at the touch of Elisha's bones — of the dead man whose
body had been cast into the tomb of the prophet; a
grand series of subjects. That period of Dyce's life
which was employed in the production of this picture was
undoubtedly his prime; to it were due the design,
at least, if not the execution of his •'Baptism of
Ethelbert," now a fresco in the House of Lords. In
tlds period was begun "St. John leading home his
adopted mother,*' which, at its late exhibition in the
Boyi^ Academy (1860), somewhat re-established the pro-
ftssional position of the painter, who, soon after its com-
mencement in ] 844, seems to have felt the earliest signs
of the disease which, after sappm^ his energies for years,
terminated his life en the 14th inst In the meantime
be h^ carried on a large series of works successfully,
althongh he was not at last able to complete the largest,
If not the most important of all, i.«., *' King Arthur's
Court," in the Robing-Room at Westminster. William
Dyoe was bom at Aberdeen, in 1806; he was the son
of a physician, and educated at Marischal College. At
about seventeen years of age lie became a student in
the Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, having shown
some signs of ability in art before that time. Three
years after this he came to London, and entered the
schools of the Royal Academy as a probationer, but, dis-
liking the system of education — ^then, we believe, nn«fer
the charge of Henry Thompson, R.A., he went to Rome,
without becoming a student. At Rome Dyce studied the
works of those masters whose tastes and methods of execu-
tion most happily assimilated with his own predQections,
ejp., the painters of the Tuscan and early Roman schools.
The bravura of the later Romasis was not more to his
taste than were the mildness and genial affectations of
Henry Thompson. In 1826, Dyce returned to Scotland,
and soon afterwards sent his first picture to the Royal
Academy ; this was, ** Bacchus nursed by the Nymphs."
Again he went to Rome, and from thence sent to the
same exhibition **The Madonna and Child." In two
years he was at Edinburgh, and painting portraits — in
which, especially those of women and cMldren, he ex-
celled — but at the same time endeavouring to make his
way as an historical painter by contributing pictures to
the Royal Scottish Academy's Exhibition. In 1886 he
sent to the Boysl Academy^ Exhibition <* The Descent
of Venus," from Ben Jonson's Masque, '* Love's Tri-
umph through Ckllipolis." The strong point of Dyce's
character, appearing even in his practice of art, was an
intense feeling of order, or logical arrangement and
system. This qualified him to deal with many literary
subjects, and made him ;powerftil with his pen and in
debate. The most effectual result of this faculty was
a pamphlet on Art-education, which appeared in 1887,
and procured Dyce the offices of superintendent and
secretary to the committee charged with the manage-
ment of the Schools of Design. While in this ofiice lie
made a report on the Continental systems for diffusing
Art-education among the people, which remained for some
time a text-book in thiscountrv. In 1844, Dyce resigned
his connection with the schools of Art. He was elected
A.R.A. in 1844 — the year of painting " Joash shooting
the Arrow of Deliverance" — and Royal Academician in
1840. In 1846 he began the fresco, " Neptime aligning
to Britannia the Dominion of the Seas," a sufficiently
alisurd subject. In 1847 he began •' The Baptism of
Ethelbert." In 1848 the series of frescoes in the Robing-
Boom at Westminster, from *' The Legend of King
Arthur," was begun; and about the same time the
painter was, with others, commissioned to execute a fresco
m the Summer-house of Buckingham Palace, the subject
being from " Comus." About 1850, the paintings in
AH Saint's Church, Margaret-street, were begun. Dyoe
wrote several pamphlets on art subjects, and was an
active champion of his own views in art, which had, to
say ^e least of them, a strict logical consistency, and
if men would but be bound by logic only, were abso-
lutely perfect. He was founder of the " Motett Choir,"
now merged In ^e Eoclesiological Society, and intended
for the revival of ancient church music. The mest
vaduable of lice's works, excluding those above named,
are as follows: — "Titian and Irene da Spilembergo"
(1840), " Madonna and Child" (1846, Manchester, 1857),
" The Meetmg of Jacob and Rachel" (also at Manchester,
1867), "King Lear and the Fool in the Storm" (1850),
" The Man of Sorrows," and *' Pegwell Bay" (I860).
llnUicstnms Issue).
Statistiob asd Obsbbvatiomb on thb Musbs op Gou-
WALL AND Devon, illustrated by maps, plans, and seotioiis.
By Thomas Spargo. ( Vmeenl and Oreen.) The statistiQal
statements are framed to elucidate the products and
realised prices of the ores raised in the respective
mining districts for the years 1860 to 1862 inclusive. A
classification is made of the various mines in each dis-
trict, illustrated by ground^plans, distinguishing the
mines in each class ; and in many instances the obeervatioiis
of the writer embrace an account of the condition and
prospects of the mine to which the reader's atteatioe
is called. The tables are stated to be iounded on data
frimished by each mine, and show the quantity of tin,
copper, and lead ore raised in the respective distriota,
and of the lead yielded and silver extracted in eadi lead
mine.
|l0tes.
School of Naval Abohxtbcttubb. — For the first time
since Sir James Graham was First Lord of the Admiralty
a vote is to be submitted to Parliament for a School ol
Naval Architecture. And at p. 28 of the navy estimates foi
the year 1864*5, recently laid before Parliament, appean
a sum of £2,800, *' for School of Naval Architecture anc
Maintenance of Students in the same." The dlscusaoni
which have taken place in the house of the Society o
Arts have provoked this result. Government has not ye^
furnished any further particulars of its intentions in thii
matter ; but a report is current that the school will Im
opened, not merely for the use of the navy, but also fo
the mercantile marine, and that it is to be organized on i
self-supporting system as fiu- as practicable. It is said tbi
the students not paying fees will be admitted by ope
competition.
£higbation fbom Gbbmant. — During the year 186
the number of emigrants from Hamburgh was as follows >
To New York, 15,692 ; Quebec. 2,674 ; Australia, 2,5SJ
Brazil, 799 ; Chili, 170 ; and 2,815 went indirect ; toU
24,681, against 20,077 in the year 1862. From Breme
the emigration was: — To New York, 16,373 ; Baltimoi
1,086; Brazils, 86; Chili, 408; total, 17.962, agaii
14,710 in 1862.
Tbade Mabks. — The Board of Trade have publish
in the Oaaette of the t2th of February the foHowi
translation of Article 258 of the Saxe-Coburg Penal Coi
relative to trade marks, which has been recently adopt
by the Duchy of Nassau : — " Whoever imitates stan
or particular marks by which wares or manufacUiree o
particular house of business, or of a particular manafacto
are indicated, and whoever uses them or the label c
bouse of business for the purpose of deceiving the trade
I subject to a punishment of imprisonment for a period i
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Februaey 2(5, 1S64. 24*]
3z:
exceeding two months, it being aoderatood that the pro-
secution be infititated at the instance of the hou40 in ques
tion.** This decision applies not only to natives but also
to foreigners.
SuBMABiNE VESSEL OF Wab. — Experiments were
recently made in the port of Rochelle to test the
qoalitiee of a submarine vessel of war, the invention of
Captain Boargeuis, of the French navy. The vessel was
etated to be so constructed as to admit of being almost
instantly submerged by compressed air and a peculiar
mpparatos with which it was provided. The only part
th%t '^mvn- v'mH.- * a small tower, whence the com-
.- position and motions of the ship
. <)ct his men which way to steer
.o [' i> .i< '1 with the formidable spur which
:'*.•*.• ■ ins of attack of the new contri-
> s were not satisfactory, but the
., . t ' .' * ' . licence from the spectators, it being
' Mi:i present that, with some improve-
..,.'. . /<.r<e might become a terrible engine
•'* .-li'EP. — Mr. Lowe stated in the
' ' . ' • Tuesday evening last, that the
. :* ' j.» been instituted by the Govem-
r • » '.ii ;• i f. that the result was not satisfac-
V I? Tj'Oi* '.' " IJ be ready by Easter. The
viV- . . '■'' ''^"**' "' *^ * kinds. In the one the sheep
,-r. > : *'AAt'-<i ^i''» J'- 11 ph taken from the human sub-
met!! » n . -icceeded up to a certain point.
^c, ;noLgh in an irregular and
lo . ,et, they came to te^ the
' »;»cotcd, it was found that the
.'•idii- jwards, either by inocu-
ini'ii ^rom other sheep. The
■ Ml' date with matter taken
*n' pox, in order to produce
(' ( iM .tand in the same relation
*> t! . ii ;nan subject. They had
e-.t ,-, ■ :. A .t) V'o " ' '--' ''• ' ^i®«»^ i» ^^^e cow.
.1.': ' i,' iixuiiii'' '^' ^ ''^ arrangements for the
I ' ,** L\'j.>ilIoii I *' th'^ ^.>uth Kensington Museum
s ilh ' ii. f.dNaiM'U ^^ ^ . ble it to be opened to the
t ■.. . ^a Mftlu , Oi9 » '-^'' March. The private view
^ - 1.1. •" • :' the I '^' ^*y (Friday). Great
j\< Us'i fiho'':i ^'- ' '^ proprietors of Mr. Mal-
,c . ,. k \ \ h\\ \* ^ " Majesty and H.R.H. the
t , ,t-.,t r < . iii ..r'^'* ^^S *o Ic^d them for exlii-
i . .; a' d .. lij ".. '. ii<. ' ' of his finished pictures,
iw* •. ^:•^^ ^.f)J , ' >8» arranged as far as pos-
. 11 be displayed on tlie walls
,' lilerios.
lY »•
a
tc -i'.
I- •1.'-' ^ Ml
■-* ^ ; .it»''i ol ii'* M t-»' . ^'
' a . ENSUING WEEK.
' 'ua* , ^j/f • •^'' ''^°» " ^'^ the Dotermluation and
f '.-*»' u T oV Js "^^ "
•: -O'cV - *! i»t. r ' ^ ' * :^iniU», F.R.S., •* The Emiasion of
I'fM* . i
; ; "K M-r Products, under the ioflaence of
tl«UT*»- Ij^i (J
A'T mr a r ' '■-- «^ •'** Shlpi: their AdvAotagcs and
i.*A»^i!''^- ^- ^ l:.'\^'o«tinftcott,R.A.,"On8cttlpturo."
^ iiV ) ' tf^ji r ' **' " '*' '"^^^ dijcussion apon Mr. Sopwith*i
Wit- "i*^' '*" '*' ''^ Uenis Tunnel."
i-j'iivi I.' **^''*'*'"'^' ^« Annual Meotin*.
l.\jJL' i!l' ' •^"- * "'''• ^lM^l»aU, P.R.S., " On theXMorpho
' w «!• ' '*' ''***^* * "' Animal Life."
. MT^Gi , f ^\,.. . .. oharlei TonUinson, " On the Veri-
^L ^ .or* t ' ^^i.t" ' )ii I, means of ita Cohesion rigure.**
• SI
.^A©, •* I i J. ^fooker, "On the Identity of Pimu
.j^-v'.^A©, H I J r. ^(ooker, "Un the idenUty of Fimu
""/• n.-<? <if MoTiv,. tuA with P. exeeha of the Himalva>" 2.
\tr *». Wwii, "On the Double Cocoa-nut of the 8ey-
^belic«. :^. L" ir Criger, "On the FecuodaUonof Of-
cbKu ' 4. Wrt.M J. Derkelejr, " On the FmotificaUon
/Rl.
Sat.
Chemical, 8. Prof. Abel, " On the Nou-MetaUic Impuri.
lie» of Refined Copper."
R. Society Club, 6.
Royal Init., 3. Trof. Mar»hall, F.R.S., " On the Morpho-
logical Phenomena of Animal Life.**
.Philological, S.
Roy.nl Inst., 8. ProfessOT Stokes, "On the Discrimination
of Or^nic Dodies by their Optical Properties."
B. United Serrice Inst., 3. 1. Lieut. A. U. Gilmore, R.N.,
" The Applicauon of Eloclric Telegraph to the Steering
and General Management of a Man-of-war." 2. Capt.
H. F. McKillop, R.N., '' Flexible Cofler-dams for Clean-
ing and Repairing Ships afloat."
Arcbseologicfll Inst., 4.
.Royal Inst., 3. Prof. Frankland, "On the Metallic Ele-
ments."
R. United Service Inst., 2. Annual Meeting.
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL PRINTED PAPERS.
Par.
Numb.
Delitered during the Vacation, 1863.
486. Transatlantic Telegraphic Communication — Return.
45 (VI. ) Trade and NaTlgation AccounU (30th June, 1863).
487. Ordnance — Report from Comnuttee.
3S3. Poor Relief— Kep<M-t from Committee.
431 (A 1). Poor Rates and Paui>eri8m — Return (A).
463. Army (Clothing Factories^— Returns.
466. Shanhai— Return.
468. Naval Prize Money, &c. — ^Account.
476. Canada (Military Equipments)— Return.
479. Friendly Societies (Scotland) — Report by the Regiitrarw
497. Army ( Commissions V—Return.
611. Local Lighthouses— Paper.
604. Emigration— Return.
608. Colonial Governors— Return.
495. Dublin and Edinburgh Corporations— Return.
617. Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum— Paper.
632. Holyhead Harbour— Return.
432. Church building and New Parishes Acts Amendment Bill-
Report from the Select Committee.
424. Inland Revenue and Customs Establiahmenti— Report.
494. Public Imtitutious- Return.
610. Goodwin Sands -Return.
626. Income and Properly Tax— Returns.
639. Ecclesiastical Revenues (Durham)— Return.
642. Kingstown and Holyhead Mails — Return.
128. Highland Roads and Bridges— Final Report of Commissioners.
473. East India ( Public Works Department)— Returns.
480. Rajah of Coorg — Correspondence.
603. Fines and Penalties ( Ireland )— Abstract of Accounts.
623. Oude Claims Inquiry— Copy of Letter.
661. Jesuits — Return.
446. Holyhead Harbour — Report.
469. Imports and Exports, ice. — Returns.
478. Gas (Metropolis) -Accounts.
489. Lancashire, &c.. Unions— Returns.
493. Railways— Return.
493. Import and Export Duties— Return.
612. Abcokuta— Letter from the Reverend H. Venn.
619* East India (CapUln Frith)— Papers.
621. East India (Lieutenant Torckler^— Papers.
624. Oude Claims (Asoph-ul-Dowlah) — Memorial.
625. Stornaway Foreshore— Petition by Sir James Mathcson.
630. Vessels and Tonnage, X c— Return.
536. Navy (China Soasjh-Return.
649. Metropolitan Rates — Return.
65'i. Coast Guard Stations— Returns.
655. RaUway Trains (Ecdhill)— Returns.
45 (VII.) Tnide and NavigaUon Accounts (Slst July).
161. Public Health— Fifth Report of the Medical Officer of the
Privy Council.
431 (A II). Poor Kates and Pauperism— Return (A).
464. Thames Conservancy, &c.— Report.
470. Sugar— Copies of Letter, 4c.
600. Metropolitan Railway Communloation— Lords (Bnt Report).
500. „ „ „ ,, (Second Report).
616. Standing Orders of the House of Commons.
163. Navy ( Pay of Officers) — Return.
260. County Treasurers— Abstract of Accounts.
600(11.) Metropolitan Railway Communication— Lords (Third
Report).
602. Cloone Loan Fund- Correspondence.
643. Mail Service (Australian Colonies) — Corrospomdenoo.
666. Bankruptcy Court - General order.
310. Assurance Companies— Return.
467. Ecclesiastical Commission- Report.
522. East India (Army)— Return.
271. East India (Progress and Condition)— Statement.
499. PrUcn Discipline— Lords Report.
627. Savings Banks (Ireland)— Returns.
488. Timber in Dockyards— Return.
161 (I.) Rotherbam Sanitary Condition— Report.
206. Grand Jury Presentments (Ireland; — Abstract of Accounts.
244 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Pbbroary 26, 1864.
264. Pilotnge— Abftract of Returns.
641. East IndU (Tringana)— P«pers.
648. Metropolitan Aiscannenta — Returns.
46 (nn.) Trade and Narigation Accounts (31st Aagnst).
431 (a III. ) Poor rates and Pauperism— Return (A).
487. Ordnance — Report and Eridence.
613. China Indemnity — Statement.
646. Militia and Volunteer Officers — Return.
647. Armji Lieutenant- Colonels) — Return.
644. Census of England and Wales — Returns.
431 (A IV.) Poor Rates and Pauperism— Return (A).
629. Admiraltj Droits— Return.
660. Circuits (England and Wales)— Return.
491. Lighthouses, Ac. (Cejion)— Return.
493 (I. ) Import and Export Duties— Return.
498. Banda and Kirwee Boot/— Correspondence.
100 {u) Poor Relief (Lancashire, Ac.)— Return.
402. Woods, Forests, Ac— Fortj-flrst Report of Commissioners, & c.
496. Local Taxation^Retums (1863).
46 (ix.) Trade and NaTigation Accounts (30th September).
449. Friendlj Sodetits (Bnsrland)— Report of the Registrar.
601. Navy (Promotion and Retirement) — Rep<»t.
63!i. Licences (Ireland) — Return.
467. Ecclesiastical Commission— Report from Committee.
271 (t.) Bast India (Progress and Condition)— Paper (Part IL).
133. Health of the Nary— Sutistical Report.
490. Local Lightho u ses Returns.
463. Newcastle-upon-Tjne Trinitj House— Hetom.
431 (a V.) Poor Rates and Panperlam— Return (A).
416. 8heriffCourU( Scotland)— Return.
483. SpiriU and Wine— Return.
618. Roman Catholic Pauper Children (Scotland) — Retnm.
635. Exchequer, Ac. — Accounts.
46 (x.) Trade and Narlgation Accounts (31st October, 1863).
431 (AVI.) Poor Rates and Pauperism— Return (A).
637. MalU New Dock— Return.
664. Bankruptcj— Return.
634. Supply- Return.
646. MadajMscar— Return.
46 (XI.) Trade and Navigation Accounts (30th November, 1883).
620. Poor Removal — Returns.
431 (A vn.) Poor itates and Pauperism.
493 (ii.) Import and Export DuUes — Return.
99. Cost of Relief (Lancashire, Ac.)— Returns.
614. Ditto ditto Return.
507. Vancouver Island — Correspondonoe.
631. Savings Banks — Return.
221. Bill— Court of Session (amended).
Census of Ireland for the year 1861, Vol. II.(Area, Population,
^.), Part I.
Brasil— SUtement of Owners of the Veswl " Prince of Wales.*'
Census of Ireland for the /ear 1861, Vol. II. (Area, Population,
Ac), Fart I.
„ Vol I. (Ages and Education)
Vol. III. (Area, Population,
Partn.
f t«
tftc), Part I. (Armagh).
It
»♦
I*
tf
»t.
•f
»»
iCavan).
Donegal).
Down).
Inland Revenue— Seventh Report of Commissioners.
Tarift-^Return.
EMlish and Irish Law and Chancer/ Commission— First
Report.
Manufkdures, Commerce, Ac. (No. 6)— Reporta bj Her
Majfittj't Secretaries of Embats/.
Greece— Correspondence.
North America (No. 14)— O>rrespondeno0.
Poor Law Board — Fifteenth Report.
Census of Ireland (1861), VoL III. (Area, Population, Ac),
Fartl. (Monaghan).
„ „ „ (Londondorrj).
•' . _. V « __. »' (Fermanagh).
Greece— Correspondence with Russia.
Census of England and Wales (1861), VoL II. (Ages, Civil
Condition, Ac).
Census of Ireland (1861), Vol. III., Part I. (Area, Population,
&c) (Count/ of Antrim).
(Count/ of Tvrone).
VoL IV., Part I. (Area, PopulaUon, &c.) No. II.
Chimne/s, euro of smoky— 255— N. Fellows.
Colouring matters, violet- 329— F. A. Laurent and J. Casthelaz.
Colours, separation aad purification of— 301 — E. Ladus.
Egg-boilingapparato»— 290— J. Durraat.
Filtering, apparatus for- 307— U. Owen.
Fire-arms, breech-loading- 297— T. Newton.
Frilltngs, manufacture of— 323— S. W. MuUoney and O. Johnfon.
Gas burners— 2»4— J. W. D. Brown and J. Williams.
Gold, Ac, separating from quartx, Ac -3483 — R. A. Brooman.
Gun carriages, &c— 363— U. D. P. Cunningtiam.
HarrovrS— lb6— J. Shaw.
Insects, destroying— 226— J. Zscherl.
Instruments, writing— 291— H. Gudner.
Iron ships. * c, protecting from corrosion — 336— J. C. B. Salt.
Lirtlngjnck»— 282— A. B. Chi ids.
Liquids, separation of, from solid substances -260— T. M. Heathom.
Metals, moulds tor casting— 234— W. T. Bury.
Metals, wood, Ac, composition for coating, %c.— 276— W. H. B. Castle.
Motive power ene^ncs— 345— J. H. Johnson.
Oil cans— 317— J. Kaye.
Paper, manufacture of— 333— J. Easton, jun.f'and T. Leigh.
Pavement, artificial— 268— A. Prince.
Percussion caps, tc— 293— G. T. Key.
Pictures, coins, Vc, apparatus tor viewlnr— 270— C. J. Ro^sell.
Pictures, mounting— 305— J. Leo and J. Thomson.
Piers, embankments, ^c, piles for— 268— J. Phlllipa.
Printing— 248— U. A. Davis.
Printing rollers, maundrills for— 319— C. Mather.
Pumps, 1 c— 264— A. To«er. ^
Pumps, rotary— 2tf4—E. Myers and H. D. Gloag.
Railway breaks— 282— W. Clark. ^
Railway carriages, springs for— 266— D. A. Burr.
Railway rails, manuflictui-e of— 343— F. W. Webb. ; '
Rings, A c, manufacture of— 274 - D. Anderson.
Sa|M>naceoas oompounds— 2689— W. Cooke.
Screw steamers for naval warfkre— 326— R. H. Napier.
Shaping machines— 240— W. Winter. y
Soap, manuftMJture of— 238— W. E. Newton. /
Suys, Ac— 262— P. A. L. de Fontainemoreau. ^
Steam engines— 313— B. Lupton, S. Whlttaker, J, Whittaker, and
E. Hartley.
Steam engines, valve gearing of— 288— T. Boamj(^
Stonograpnic apparatus— 296— R. A. Brooman^
Sunken ships, «c, apparatus for raising— 236t_e. W. Jamca
Tar, treatment of— 170— G. Lander. /
Telegraph cables, Ac, covering— 241— N. J^- Holmes.
Tobacco cutting machines — 331 — E. Welch/
Weaving— 272— J. Clegg, J. Smith, and WJ Caroelly.
Weaving, take-up apparatus used in— 246-- j Kerduw.
Weighing machinefr-2585— 0. Haseldne.;
Wire, bending and cutUng-3214--l. Coo^^^^ ^^^ j. j. Pendlebnrr.
Yarn, sizing and drying— 303— J. C. Dlckf^^^^
>*
»»
(County of Leltrim).
f»
(County of Mayo).
it
»
No. UI.
lattttts.
IirVBimON WITH COMPLBTB
Motion lever— 349— J. B. BotfaiXSL.
®^,ECiriCATIOai FiLKO.
2085. A. Watson.
2088. S. Moore.
2096. A. Capello.
2098. R. A. Brooman.
2104. T. Hopkins, Jun.
Patexts Sejiusd.
21 ^,
O. Lowry.
J. H. Banks.
S. Flexen.
J. Steort.
£. Darwca and J. Haddoo.
2099.
2102.
2103.
I^'om Commis$ion€rs qf PaUtUt JQuyf^^ February 23nl.
Patikts Sba
2K
A. Hett and F. W. Basset.
J. W. Friend.
J. Thomas and W. F. Mar-
shall.
2106. J. L. Kessler.
2109. R. Johnson and O. Bcdson.
2111. J. PlaU and W. Richardson.
2116. T. Bourne.
2117. J. Clark.
2118. J. Ward.
2123. R. Bell.
2130. J. Walls.
2131. H. C. Pennell.
2138. D. Speirs, A. Bo/d, and J.
Klrkwood.
T.
LID.
-:j6. H. E. Kramer.
2Jj7. N.Bailly.
^*' 7. F. Mills, T. Booth, and
J. B. York.
G. W. Billings.
J. H. Johnnn.
P. A. Le Comte de Fon-
tainemoreau.
fN. F. Taylor.
w K- Q^y^j^
n * . S. Newton,
g- fe. Vaa B
A* Wl 'T'y^^
2198.
22681'
22864
2342.;
I
2582.
2H35.
3039.
3244.
3289.
3296.
lirom Oommiuioneri qf PateiUt Journal, February 19th,
GRAirrs OP Pbovisiokal PftOTBonoir.
Alarum, Ac— 244 — G. Canouil.
Aluminium, manufkcture of— 266'— W. E. Newtoo.
Anchor*— 242— H. A. Bonneville.
\nimal substances, oils fhun- 167— R. Irvine, T. Bichardson, and
J. J. Lundy.
tteries, submarine— 260— E. T. Huffhet.
nnets, Ac, manofkiotare of— 30f— H. A. Brocnun.
Patbkts oh which thb
465. R. Mttshet.
473. R. Mushet.
399. J. H. Johnson.
430. J. J. MiUer.
422. G. Parsons.
.\
STAMP DCTT OF U0\^^ „^ p^^.
667. W. H. Ilv.„i--
469. L. Pohl. >*««*«^-
436. D. Evans. ^
460. W. Walkert
463. A. Barclay. \
CM which TBI Stamp Dctt op
467.
T. W. Davenport and 8.
Cole.
630. C. H. Mum/.
930. A. Paget.
PATBMTfl
488. T. Clayton.
477.
£100 MAS » „, ^^^^
F. B. Hottghtoxa
479. D. Cheetham. \"
635. J. Milnes and ly Thomp-
son.
624. J. Brown.
Imirnal d %
THE
Qtvtb d %xts,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IX VNION.
IIOth Session.]
FRIDAY, MARCH 4, 1864.
[No. 589. Vol. XII.
Ordinary Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
Maboh 9.— •• The Science of FiBh-hatching." By
Frank Dockland, Eeq., M.A., F.Z.S., late 2nd Life Gaarda.
On ihia evening Professor Owen, F.Ik.S., will preside.
Mabch 16. — '* On the Organisation of the Uorps Impe-
rial des Fonts et Chaoss^ in France." By Gsobgb B.
BcBMELL, Esq.
Mabch 23. — Passion week. No meeting.
Cantor Lectures.
The next lecture of Mr. Burges's course will
1)6 delivered on Monday next, at eight o'clock.
Mab. 7. — Lbctubb V. — Gold and Silter, — Antiqae and
Medieyal plate; modem ditto (Elkington) : Antique and
Mediaval jewellery; modem ditto; Antique and Me-
dijBval coinage ; modem ditto.
Mab. 14. — ^Lbotubb YI. — Furniture, — Medisaval fur-
nitore, oak and painted; Renaissance; 1 6th and 17th
centariea; modem.
Mab. 21.— Leotube VU.—- The Weaver's art; Me-
dittvid, Eastern, modon.
Malta Exhibition.
The Marquis Testaferrata Olivier, the Presi-
dent of the Society of Arts of Malta, has in-
formed the Councfl that it is intended to hold,
in Malta, in April next, a general Exhibition of
the Arts and Industry of the Islands of Malta
and 6ozo. The nobles and gentry of Malta
have guaranteed the expenses, and the Govern-
ment have granted the use of a magnificent
Public Hall for the purpose.
SuBSTITCTEfl FOR GuTTA-PeRCHA.
The following particulars in reference to the
JBalata, stated in last week's Journal to have
been sent over by Sir W. Holmes from British
Ouiana, have been received. Sir William
Holmes says : —
By the last mail I received your " Subjects for Prp-
iniaros^ for the se^ion of 1863-64.
My object in addressing you is to advise, that by (his
packet I forward a box containing samples oiBalala in its
milky state, and also dried or coagulated. 1 entertain
the hope that these samples fully meet the requirements
of the 77th Section of your list of pi*emiuros, in reference
to a snbstitnte for india-rabber or gutta-percha, but I
also tmat it wiU be fi>and more valuable than india-rubber
or ^tta-percha by themselves, possessing much of the
elasticity of the one and the ductility of the other, whilst
it requires a much higher temperature to melt or soften it.
After these preliminary observations, I must go some-
what into detail. I was Commissioner, representing the
colony of British Guiana, at the International Exhibition
of 1862. Amongst the vaiied contributions from the
colony was a monel of the dried milk of the bullet tree
{Sapola MuUeri'Miq?) ; it weighed perhaps half a pound.
Amongst the numerous individuals who vu^ited the
Guiana department was Mr. Chas. Hancock, who is well
known in the gutta-percha trade. This gentleman was
strack with the appearance of the specimen, and obtained
a ^rtion for experiment; he repoiied favourably as to its
utility and value, a result most gmtifying to me, as I had
reoeived adverse opinions from less experienced persons.
This happened, 1 think, in July, 1862. From that time
to the raesent I have been engaged in investigations how
to produce the material cheaply, and how to dry or
coagulate it rapidly. In both particulars I believe I have
succeeded so far as to warrant the importation of steam
machineiy to be applied to its exU'action, and by a fortu-
nate accident I have discovered how to dnr or coagulate
it, preserving the characteristic of elasticity at a single
operation, by the addition of a simple ingredient not very
costly.
The samples forwarded consist of— Istly, a bottle of
milk, as extracted from the tree by tapping ; 2ndly, of
lumps or cakes, weighing together five lbs., of this milk
prepared for the market ; and 3rdly, some balls to show,
by the result of the process discovered by me, that this
material is nearly as elastic as india-rabber ; indeed, as far
as I can judge, Balata cannot be rivalled by either that
material or ^gutta-percha, possessing, as I before stated,
much of the elasticity of the one and the ductility of the
other, without the^ intractability of india-rubber or the
brittleness and friability of guttapercha. Amongst the
useful properties possessed by BakUa, I believe the fresh-
milk of the bullet tree to be the beet waterproofing
material yet discovered, and further, that Balata^ as pre-
pared by me, will supply the great want of the day, as a
good insulating medium for telegraphic purposes.
The bullet tree is a magnificent timber tree, often
squaring 30 to 40 inches, and is much used, especially
in Berbice, for building purposes. The milk, when quite
fresh, is so bland that it is sometimes used as a substitute
for cow's milk, and the frait is delicious.
The bullet tree aboitnds in many districts of the colony ;
indeed, I may say, throughout this part of South America,
and I trust that Balaia may ere long be added as an im-
portant item to the exports of the colony, and tend to
prove that the International Exhibition of 1862 has in
this instance also been productive of practically usefhl re-
sults, not only to this community, but to the interesta of
science and art generally.
I annex a letter from the Honourable Will»m Walker,
Government Secretary of the colony, and Chairman of the
Correspondence Committee of the Royal A|Tiooltural and
Commeraial Society of British Guiana, which is affiliated
to the Society of Arts, in order to fulfil the condltiona
specified in the proqpectus.
246
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, March 4, 186*.
froittliings at lire Sodets.
# ,
CANTOR tBCTffUS.
Fins Abts Applied to iNDuerrBY. Br W. Borqcs, £iq.
FouBTH Lkotubs, Mondat, Fb9. 22.^Ibon iND Bbaw.
The first point notioed by the lecturer was the great
employment of bronze in the olaisical era, it being naeid for
most of the articles that we oommonly mannfiKsture in iron.
Bronae stataes were also nomereust although Tery liable to
be melted down if the persons to whom thegr were ereoied
became unpopular. Mention was made of the celebrated
bronze colossi at Rhodes and Athens, as well as of several
other eheff^auw of aadeat art. Attentian was dnmai to
the yarioos methods employed in tiie deooraiion of bronae
statues in the olasdotimei, such as damascening, gilding, and
the substitution of silver, ivory, and other subsiuinoes m the
eyes. Asra^mrdamedtsKvalbronaeegreatstresawaslaidupon
ourown itenes at Westmmater Abbey, so much being known
of the artists andoftheir rate of pajrment ; and after noticing
the great antiquity of bronae castings in the East, and the
great skill of the Japanese in this art, the leetofer refened
to the present state of these manufactures in Franoe and
England, very little being done in our own eoontry. In
France, M. fiarbMienne deservedly holds the first rank, (or
the extreme care displayed in the casting, although some
doubt was expressed as to the expediency of copying
works in marble by reducing them as bronzea. After
describing the Damittoened dinanderieproduced atMossol,
in the 12th and 13th centuries, and OMt's and Harding's
imitations of that of the middle ages, the leotorer
referred to the prevalent nse now made of iron, both
wrought and cast, observing that at present we had no
very good means of judging whether structures bnih of
this metal were likely to be permanent, and adding that
there was very great room for a much more extended
application of art to engineering works than had
hitherto been made. The ironwoi k of the twelMi mnd
thirteenth centuries was pointed out as models to be
followed in the designs for elaborate works for doors,
screens, and other small objects, the ornament being ob-
tained by means of iron stamps, wliile the practice of the
14th and 16th oentuiies, of getting the effect by placing
thin perforated plates one beliiud another, was by no
means to be so much approved. A screen, however,
execu'od by Hardman in this manner, and placed in the
late exliibition, was mentmned with great praise for its
delicate workmamAiip. Mr. Surges couclmled by strongly
advocating the ap]dicationofartto woi'ksm cast-iron, and.by
suggesting several methods whei^y this might be deco-
rated. The table presented a most interesting snow of woriEs
In bronae, Messts. Jackson and Qraham bavmg kindly lent
a selection of the best productions of M. BarbMienne;
Messrs. Aubert and Linton also lent some fine bronzes and
specimens of or-molu work. Mr. Warebam contributed
some very curious Chinese aond Japanese figures and vases,
while Messrs. Hart and Son and Messrs. Hardman contri-
buted some fine specimens of modem ornamented brass
and inlaid metal-work. The specimens of cast-iron were
due to the foundry of Mr. Miicfarlane, of Glasgow, and
Bedford -street, London ; and seveial bronzes and electro-
types had been kindly lent by Messrs. Elkington and Co.
Twelfth Ordinary Mbbtino.
Wednesday, March 2nd, 1664 ; Robert Bent-
ley, Esq., Professor of Botany, King's College,
London, in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Benham, Edwaid, 18, Essex-street, Strand, W.C.
Tioxell, Thomas, 48, King's-road. Brighton.
Groi^, Robert, 8S, The Cedars, Putnev, 6.W.
Morun, Claude, Park-coUage, Acton, W.
Parry, Robert Beaton, Balham Hill, Sarrey, 8.
Jiobinson, 8^ 60, Choroh-gata, Stockport
BoddodE, fiamnel, S2, BloonsMd-tanac^ Mwlksa, B.W.
The fdLkwring caodidaiter were biflgted for and
duly elected members of the Society :-^
Blackburn, Henry, 27, Victoria-street, S.W.
Smith, S. Pountney, The Limes, Shrewsbury.
Steele, £dwin Brearo, Vauxhall-oottage, Parkhall-kne,
Leeds.
The Paper read was —
ON THK VERIFICATION OF OLIVE OIL BY
MEANS OF ITS COHESION FIGURE.
Dr CHAin.E8 ToMUMsoN, Esq., Lbctubbb om ParsxcAi.
SoisNoa, Kino's CoLuioa Sqhool, London.
Piobably at no period in the world's history has the
olive tree been unimportant. It is meutioned not far from
the first paoe of Saowd History, and again not far from
the last. It fhmisbes many of the Inspired writers with
metaphoric iUustratioiis ; and we gather firom St. Paul's
writings that in his time the wild olive tree was dis-
tinguished from the cultivated variety, and that the
practice of giafl'mg was well known. In all ages the olive
tree lias been a souit^e of wealth to the temperate
regions where it flourishes. Italy ezporta vast quantities
of olive oil every year ; Tuscany to the value of nearly
£80,000; Lucca, £40,000; the Neapolitan Provinces to
the value of £740,000. In 1862 we imported 21,095 tuns
of olive oil, of the value of £1,211,806 sterling, and in
1806, 19,866 tuns. The oH is conaamed for the purposes
of eating, for peifumery, soap-making (the finest Castile
soaps are from olive oil), for the woollen and other manu-
factures, and for lubricating machinery.
Connoisseura in olive ou admho the ihiity taste, for
wluch pnt'poae tlie Fi'ench growtn in Provence gather the
olives shoiily before they have arrived at matnriW. If
the ihiit is left till it is quite ripe it yields an equally fine
oil, but has no taste of the olive. U the fruit ia too lipe
the oil b fatty and liable to become randd. For the
finest or vii^giu oil the olives are placed under ahelter, in
thin layei-s, for fiom twenty-four to foity-eight hours, unto
they begin to shrivel, but for the ordinary oil they are
left in heaps for weeka, and even months, in the course of
which fermentation sets iu, whiuh, it is supposed, increases
the quantity of oil or enables it to separate more easily
from the vegetable mucilage. If the olivee get mouldv,
or stick tog-ether, or discharge a reddish liquor, or riae in
temperature to nearly 100^ F., an aoiid oil is produced,
fit only for soap-making or the woollen manufacture.
For getting out the oil the froit is citished under edge
stones, put into bull-msh mat bags, and slowly preeeed in
a sci'ew pi^ess ; the oil is received into casks or stone daieama,
filled about two-tliirds with water. This is the finest or
virgin oil. The contents of the bags are mixed with boil-
ing water, turned once more into the bagH, and preeeed
again. As the oil accumulates on the suiface of the
water it is skimmed ofi* with flat ladles; it forms a good
eating oil, but is apt to become rancid. The water aUo
contains a quantity of oil entangled with the mucilage.
By long repose in a lai:ge cistern it giadually parth with
it, the water is drawn off at the bottom, and the oil Ibat
is colleoted is used in manufactures. The ma&s ia next
crushed at the mill, ti-ealed with t)oiling water, and ejL-
pressed, when a still coaiser oil is pi*oduced. All iUe oIIa
are fined by keeping about twenty days in dean taiwt, at
a tempeiature not under 60^. llie oil is then tun o^
into strong casks, left to cool in cellais, and is iisaOy lor
the market.
It is calculated that lOOlbs. of olives will yield 821U.
of oil, 21 lbs. of vhich are fivm the pericarp, fomiM^
the fioefet oils, 41bs. from the seeds, and 71li«. fi-om ibe
woody matter of the nut; but the latter o'ds li.we an
unpleasant flavour, and both soon become lanc'd. Tijt*
oil of the skin resembles that of the flesh, l>ut c%4>lalas an
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Maboh 4, 1864.
247
ettenlialoil in adiiiUoiii so that iho olive, when i^e/iectiy
mature, ooDtaias no less ihaa Tonr different oila.
In Sp&iQ the olives are led a consluerable tioie afier
gatberiQg, and hence the oil lias a greeQi%h colonr and a
BlroDg tasie, vhlch, iu(!eei1, the Spaniau^a ivefer. The
olives are fi^^t pressed beLweeu conical rollers, Ve(ii a ce/>
tain distance apaH io prevent the kernel f.Dui beiog
ii^ared, after \vhich the oil is ihawn by pre»n:'e.
Italy and the llalian i:»].uids may be consiJe*^ as the
dasic land of the ol*ve. The trees grow to a large size
and the cnltivated varieties aie numerous. The ciimale
is well adapted to the plant, which requires a mil J winter
for its safety, and a liot summer and autumn for matui ing
its fruit. The finest oil, known as sublime and estiti-sob-
lime, is prepared Aom perfectly sound olives, gathered
by band, instead of the rude method of beating them
firom the trees, as in Fi-auce, and they are not allowed
to fermenl Such an oil is perfectly transparent, of a
deep rich yellow colour, with much body, moving slug-
giddy when shaken, and keeping two or three years
without contracting a ditagroeabltt taste or smell. The
Italians prefer the oil with a fruity taste ; eon tnulto fintito
as they call it, or as the French say qui unU son f, uil.
For the English market an oil is prepared with very little
tAste or smell. It is i-emarkable that new olive oil has a
pungent taste, like that of pepper, a property common to all
the best oUs; it goes off in ftom three to sixweeks, and is,
I imagine, due to the essential oil of the skin. StiJl, how-
eTer, the oil of Bari has a pungency which is not only ex-
cearive, but permanent.
The finest oils aie produced, perhaps, in Tuscany, but
once in about four years Bail fut-nishes oils equal to those
of Tuscany, but differing from them In four particulai'S : —
(1) In being paler ; (2) in being more pungent and the
pungency permanent ; (3) in having less body ; (4) in
not keeping so long. Tuscany pitxluces a variety known
a« white sublime oil, wliich is mostly sent to Paris. In
There is an fdea io the trade that fiozen oil should be
thawed by puttmg the vessel in hot water, because a dry
heat near the fire has a tendency to tu.ti the oil rancid.
The plant is subject to the attacks of insects, in which
case the oil will not readily become b-ight, and the
flavour may be roUen and unpleasant. F^'ost is a great
enemy to the olive tiee, as it makes the fruit fall before
it is matured.
A large part of the old Neapolitan kingdom, forming
the heel of the boot, is all but one continuous olive
grove, but the quantity of fruit vai'ies coDsidei-ably in
different years, so much so as to affect the very idiom of
the language, so that one in a gay humour is said to be
as meiry as if he had la huon* annaia, or the "good
year of olives;*' so a man in a bad humour has had
laeailiva onna/a, or the "bad year of olives.*' Indeed »
the short words yes and no {si e no) have reference to
good and bad crops. The great dep6t for oil is at the
seaport of Gallipoli, which has given its name to the
oil which is so largely imported for manufacturing
pu;T)oses, especially in the woollen trade. The town ia
built on a rock, which is cut into huge cisterns for the
reception of the oil, where it clarifies, and can be kept
for a long time without turning rancid. A Gallipolitan
warehouse is usuallv on the ground-floor, and, on enter-
ing, one is struck by the appearance of circular holes in
the floor about two feet in diameter, like the moutlis of
wells. These are the mouths of separate cisterns in
which the oil, in its different stages, is preseiTed. In
fact, a turbid oil, almost as black and thick as pitch,
becomes bright aud yellow in these cisterns. The oil is
brought in sheep or goat skins on the backs of mules,
from the different towns and villages in the Terra
d'Otranto, or the more distant province of Bari. When
the oil is to be shipped it is drawn off from the cistern
into skins, and so conveyed on men's shoulders to a small
house on the sea-shore, and discharged into a large open
extra sublime oil the qualities of the sublime are carried I basin or measure. From this a tube communicates with
out to a veiy high degiee. The Tuscan sublime oU may
be regarded as the type of the eating oils. There are
other qualities obtained by a second pressure of the pulp,
known as superfine and fine. These do not depai-t so far
from the type as to prevent them from trktng I'ank as
eating oils. O'ds from Genoa and the Riviera are inferior to
those of Tuscany, and are known in commerce as No. 1,
No, 2, and No. 3 ; but No. 3 scarcely takes rank as an
eating oil. Some of the inferior oils, produced by treat-
ing the pulp with boiling water, are used for burning,
■cap making, <&c., and tl^ last yield is a graen, half-
ooocrete oil, used in manufactures. The oil-cake is used
for feedu3g cattle.
Tuscany oil is ahipped from Leghorn in pipes of about
110 gallons ; in hogsheads of 60 gallons ; in quarter casks
of 30; in Jars of 20 to 21 gallons; in half jars of 10; and
in quarter jars of 5 gallons. The jars aie glazed on the
inside, but there is a considerable absorption of oil, often
amounting to 2 gallons per jar. The jars are packed in
basket-work or coid netting. The oil is also imported in
half-chests, containing 2} gallons, in 35 flasks, and also
In square boxes. A plain flask* of oil, with its straw*
covering, weighs 14 ounces, but there is a smaller kind
weighing 12 ounces. The pipes on board ship leak some-
what, but a leakage of two gallons per pipe is not com-
plained of. The half* chests and boxes suffer from the
deptedatk>ns of rats and mice; they nibble away the
bladder and wool that stop the flask, and get at the oil by
ineeriing their tails in the neck.
The oil contracts considerably in freezing, so that a pipe
of froaen oil will gauge several gallons less than when
quite liquid ; sdlers aie sometimes cheated in this way.
* There arc seveial kinds of flask, known as plain, faney,
TQAoMd, deeanters, pyramids, and iqnats. The last three
eerts ar* packed in sqoare boxes ; the first three in balf-chests,
ehapcd Kke a Noah's irk.
a cock outside the house, fi'om which the casks aie filled
for the sliips' cargo.
The olives which furnish the Gallipoli oil are allowed
to mature on the tree, and when they have fallen aie
picked up by women and children. The machinery for
pressing and crushing the oil is of the rudest kind, but it
is hoped that the improved political condition of lUdy will
rapidly extend to the south the various improvements
which* have already been or are being made in the north.
An oil that fetches a wholesale price of from 6s. to
7s. per gallon offers many inducements for admixture
with cheaper oils ; and there are two oils which are chiefly
employed for the purpose ; the first is sessame oil, which la
largely crushed at Maiaeilles from seeds chiefly obtained
from the Levant, and much used for food in the south of
France by the lower oiders.* It is usually mixed with
olive oil when the latter is dear. But the best substitute
for olive oil is that obtained fix)m the seeds of the iaXL
white poppy ; this is extensively prepared at Lille in
the north of France, and also at Marseilles.f
There is no good method of detecting these ad-
mixtures, and, indeed, few things are more difficult than
the determination of the purity or want of purity of any
given fixed oil. I am told that an easy method of
diicriminating between different oils in common use,
• Aceorduig to Liodley ('* The Yegetoble Euigdom, 1846,")
the seeds of sesamum are expressed in B^ypt in great qaan titles.
The oil is sometimes called aingUie or gwgtlly (»{,ana if of vexy
good quality is used for adolterating oil of almonds. It is as
tasteless as olive oil, hot is apt to b^ome rancid.
t The seed of poppy is generally in no degree narcotic.
According to Lindley, " the oil obtained from the seeds of
Papaver somni/erum is found to be perfectly wboleeome, and
if, in fact, consumed on the continent in coorideraUe quantity.
It is also employed extensively for adalteratin g <^ve oiL Its
use was at one time prohibited in Prance by deerees issued in
compliance with popular cUmour, but it is aow opaa^ sa''
the government and people having growa wiser.
248
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Maboh 4, 1864.
with a view to the identificttioQ of pare tvpei, as well
as admlxtares, woald be a great booD to the oil trade.
Such a test I venture to propose to-Db;ht. It is a
physical test, based upon the two forces ofoohesioa and
adhesioD. If, for example, we gently deposit a drop of
oil on the surrace of chemically clean water in a chemi-
cally clean glass, the adhesion of the sur&oe spreads
the drop of oil out into a film ; the cohesion of the oil
attiTes to resist tlus difiosion, or, yieldiof ibr a moment,
the cohesion re-asserts itself, and the oa gathers itself
np in opposition to the adhesive foixse, and the result
of this struggle is a figure, which I name a oohesion
figure. I believe that every independent liquid, that is
not a eoluiioo, has its own peoultar cohesion figure.
The figure may be represented by the functional equa-
tion F = / (.0 A a), in which F is the figure, G the
cohesion, A the adhesion, and { the difiusibility. If
two or more liquids could be found of difiisnent chemical
cooipofdtion, but alike in their physical ohanuiters. such
as tlieir specific gravity, molecular attraction and re-
lations to heat, where£^ at a given temperature th^
are equally fluid, limpid, or viseiil, then doubtless the
Gohettiui) figures of those two liquids would be identioaL I
have succeeded in bonveiiing the oohesion figure of one
essential oil into that of another, by dissolving camphor
in one of tlicm, but in such case other chaiaciers were
ioii-oJuced wliich disturbed the oompariton.
As the cohesion figure of a liquid depends essentially
on the adhesion of the surface, it is quite necessaiy that
that surface be chemically clean. The water need not
be distilled; the New Biver Company's water being
well adapted to the purpose, but the vessel nuist be
specially prepared. All vessels exposed to the air oon-
traot an organic film, from the condensation <m their
surfaces of the breath of animals, d;o., and also other
impurities arising from the products of oomlrastion, dust,
dec. If we attempt to dean the glass with a duster, how-
ever well we may satisfy the eye, we do not remove this
organic film ; or if we remove one fUm we substitute another
from the cloth we hold in the hand, so that when the
glass is filled with water, the film in question is detacdied,
and spread over the liquid surface, eflfeotually preventing
adhesion.
The plan I recommend is to appropriate certain ghssos,
about four inches in diameter at the mouth, to tn« pur-
pose; to wash them out occasionally with comnMreial
sulphuric acid, to rinse with water, and after every experi-
ment to wash out the glass with a solution of caustic potash,
and to rinse with water before filling up again. The
water must be allowed to come to rest before the drop is
deposited. The glass rods kept for the purpose should
be of the same size, and these may, for oonvenienoe, be
kepi in the caustic potash vessel. Wheu one is taken ont
ibr use it should be shaken in water and wiped dxy on a
dean doth. On dippine it into the oil, Ac^ it may be
stirred round to mix the layers, if any, and then allowed
to drain until the drone UJl slowly, and the eye most
determine when the roa is to be earned over the water so
as to deposit one and only one drop, neatly and gently,
without any disturbance. In this, as in all other matters,
doubtless each operator will have, what the astfonomers
call his ** penonal equation," so that one man*s result may
not be as neat as that of another ; bat if the direotions
be attended to, sufficiently good eohesioo figures will
be ptoduoed. GenUemen have oooe to me and have
oomplained of their ioabilitT to get consistent figures, but
on inquiiy I have found their glasses not dean, or the
mode of deporfting the drop unsteady. I have even seen
an operator let the liquid fall from a height of ten or
twdve inches. Of oourse, in such a case the remit is un-
satis&ctory, and with liquids somew*hat heavier than
water, such as oreasote, eartnlio add, oil of ok>v«s, and the
heavy oil of dnnamon, sooh a medb wo«ld simply send
then to the bottom cl the vessel, whereas, if genUr
deposited, these Uquidi, ibengh heavier than water, wiU
form good figftres on its wmU^n, I may farther remark
that in the case of fixed oils it isof no use plaekigasssood
drop on the surface should the first one £ul, because the fim
drop forms a film, whether visible or not, quite sufficient
to destroy the adhesion between the snrflKe and theseeeod
drop. This remark does not, however, apply to sooe of
the essential oils, where a second drop will often displaoe
the film formed by the first ; but even with other esmmlsl
oils, such as turpentine, a second drop wiU roll sboot on
the film fcnrmed by the first drop, aflbidin^ a good illns-
tration of the spheroidal condition of liquids al common
temperatures.* In the case of the ethera, aloohols, ^,
their diflusibUity is so great that the oohesion figure pro-
duced by them lasts omy a fraction of a seeond. Hence,
in order to study these figures with advantage, they must
be repeated in rapid suooession, fbr which purpose the
liquid is to be taken up in a pipette or dropping tube, and
so delivered to the surfaee of the water in sucoessive drops
as fast as the figures expand, contract, and disappear.
Oreasote is a very good liquid with which to begin the
study of oohesion figures. A single drop delivered to the
surfiice of water may split up into a number of ssparate
cohesiou figures, or, in a warm room, form one figure about
the size of a sixpence. This will last several minotes,
sailing about on the surface of the water, struggling with
the adhesive force which is constantly tearing from its
limiting edge small portions of its substanoe, while the
flattened drop is all the time seeking to resist this attack.
It gathers itself up all round, and the result of these two
actions, the adhesion of the surface which tends to ^iread
out the figure, and the cohesive force of the oreasote whidi
tends to gather it d^, gives a characteristic figure with a
pulsating or cri^tmg edge. This figure, however, is
not altogether peculiar to oreasote, but its duration is
peouliar ; for while a drop of oreasote on the surftoe of
two ounces of water goes on crispating for about seven
minutes, until it is disposed of by solution (or in other
words, when the adhesion of the water has entirdy over-
come the ooheskKi of the liquid), a drop of oil of doves
will go on crispating a mocm shorter time, and after an
hour or more a portion of the drop will be left, that is,
the adhesion of the water is much sooner satisfied in the
ease of oil of eloves than in that of oreasote. There are
also other diflferenoes in the appearances of the fSgnre, as
will be seen by referring to the diagrams on the walL
It is obvioiMly of no use to plaoe a second drop of oil of
cloves, or of oil of pepper, which behaves somewhat like it,
on the sur&oe, seeingHhat the first drop more than satis-
fies the adhesion. We mi^, however, plaoe a aeoood
drop of oreasote on the snrraoe after the first haa diatp-
peared, when the stru^le between oohesion and adhesion
recommences in a mitigated form. The first drop ia dis-
posed of in two ounces of water in 7 minutes ; the aeoond
drop disappeaes in 12^ minutes; a third drop in 25
minutes, but the fourth drop gives no eohesioo figure at
alL These two ounoes of water are now satnratad ; that
is, the adhesive force of the water for oreasote is destre7«d.
Incnaae the quantity of water and the adhenve fbtoe is
restored in proportion to the quantity, and* the atraggle
between the water and the oreasote sets hi again, aooom-
panied by the characteristic figure of the oreasote. Here
IS a spedmen of earbdio add. Its fi^re is very difll^reiit
fVom that of oreasote, and its duration very mneh less.
It is distinffuishaUe in this way in a moment frooa orea-
sote, and this may be of importanoe when it is neBMoi-
bered that much of the creasote of ooBuneroe is nothing
more than carbolic or phenie aoid.
With respect to the duratfon of cohesion figoraa the
results are very variable, ranging from the fradbkm of a
second, in the case of other, alcohol, wood spirit^ Ac, to
some hours in the ease of some of the fixed oiki. And
among the volatile oils the characteristic portions of some
of them are verv permanent. Thus oil of tarpentine
flashes oat Into a beautifhl film covering nearly the whol<
* The aathor has a paper on this subiectia the PhikMM&kal
Magasine for December, 18«3.
JOUBNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTB, Mi«o» 4, 1861.
toriaca of tlu water, a double row of bonei of unequal
(Ue forma at tha edge, the imoller bo«ea oulilde, baodiof
IrideiceDt eolonr form on the mrfaoe, the film then open*
into Dumennn snail boles, and the final result ii a net-
work of great delicacy and t>eauty which u vary peniateot.
(Hb in the torpentine wHei, such as jmiiper, laviii,
o^Dpat, bergamat, Ac, pass through theoe [bur phoMs
with diffareoces ohanKsleiutia of etclL oil, often prodaaiog
fonna and combination! of eolonr of extreme beauty ; and
I cannot help thinking (hat tba pattem designer might
obtain bints from man; of the cohadon figure* for new
Mid striking pattents.
Id Uia production of thoa figures tome attention to
temparattm !s naceaniy. Many of the fiiad oils are
MOHlire to the cold, so tbat If a drop be placed on tba
■uhm of water from a cistem, ny of 40°, it may be
ehHled, and tbe experiment fail, wheieaa, it may be quite
MKOeafu] if the water be left for a time in a roooi at
about 60° F., whiob may ba takao asthe mean temperature
oF an inhabited apartment in Uut coonli7,balb in winter
Another pracootloD refen to exteat of sorfaoa. By
fBcraasing Uiis wa increass tha adbeBive force, and the
flguret majr be poor and thin, and even torn ap befbie
tocirebanctertcan beatndied. I have found a surface of
fMirorfbor-Wid-a-lulf inofaeaweUadaplad tothisinqaii?.
I have also procured a number of shallow glasses, two of
whicli Me on the table ; they hold only a imall quantity
of water, but ^re the required extent of sar&ce. Tbe
item and foot raise them to a coDTeniaot height, and tha
tbe glass. An opaque Tenel, sncb .._ .. _ , .
adapted to these figures, which are difficult to see iaan
^qoe vessel.
1 nave detained you thus long on the subject of co-
lieaion flgores in geDeral, In order to show (he fitent
of tbe applioafion of this pbyiical test. I come now to
q^Iy it to olive oil. When a drop of this dH is placed
on the nrfsce of water it spreads out slowly into a large
dU with a raised edge. Thecobesiooof theoilsoonbeEiTis
tote-ossertitKlf; the film retreatsupon itself; the raised
edge *l firn sbows symptoms of the retnminz fo;i:e of
eoneelon ; a niunber of dots appear at tha edge, like beads
itrung npoD a thread, the ■paces between the beads open,
and tha edge becomes deeply serrated : separate portions
of the fllm gather tbenuelves op siiDullBneoosly, leaving
pc^gooal spaces, boonded by strines of bouls or IxKees,
and filled wllb ao exceedingly mmote dew or qiray,
which requires aiharp eye to detect. All these change*
ecBupy about SB secwic]*.
OStt Oil . Zrinc AnKiW
about 75 seconds. A specimen, marked " Tuscany,
Fine," opened with a display of iridascaot lings, a not
uncommon phenomenon ; these soon disappeared, and
the film gathered itself up somewhat after tlie msmier
of the other two specimens.
0^ Oil
2Ws«wi y -.Wa«.
XmM.
In Iheee and other trials with oils bom other psrta of
ttaly, Boob as Oenoa, Uari, Naples, Ac., slight dilTereDoea
oould ba noticed by the practised aye, and it is quit*
possible tbat aoy one interested in the subject might ha
able to distinguish between olive oils of diflerent growtha
ud degree* of finenees. This, however, moot be a work
of time and patieoce, oad tbe comparino of « krga
number of specimens, in order to complete tbat eduoatim
of the qje wbich is mote eloquent to the opeialor than
written descriptions ar pioloiial designs.
Ur. Edgar, being Interested in the olive oil tradai,
came to me and inquired whether my metkod wonlil
enable him lo distinguish between olive oil aod aessama
seed oil, which is odaa substituted for it or mixed largely
with it. After one ex two meettnga we were sufficient^
agreed that olive oil had it* own cohesion figure, and thit
oil of ssssame has also its figure, which could not for a
moment be mistaken for that of olive, or, indeed, tot Att
of any other oQ with which I am acquainted. Tba
specimen tried was marked. " Beaaame lead oil, No. S,
preited at Maneillea, April, 1862." It farms a laiipe,
well-shaped, and well'developad film, and .when eobeoKM
rf**nrln itself, it retrsals inwarda wiUi a daaply-scolloped
edge and radiant line* of dots, leaving a pretty cobweUy
figure reaambling lines of oobwebe eoverad with daw;
""sephuiomeDa Usb ^ut sixty seeoBda. The diagram
the wall will convey, perb^, a better idea cf tbe
figure than my description.
artt)
The above deecriptlon refers to an extia sublime ofl,
marked '■ To»eany, November, IBGl." fiimishedme by
my frfeod, Mr. Udgar,lo whom we ate indebted to-night
Aft B«aM of the stotktki of the olive oil Irada tbat I have
kU hefeteyoii.
A«ain, pop^ seed inI is oOek osad, espeaially on tke
CoBlinent, to mix with olive wl, sod i* even a better nb-
slitBto for it than sssssiiii A ipaclmm funithed to on
JOURNAL OP THE 800IETT OP ARTS, Mabob 4, 18«i.
qnickly Into a fllm, ihootbg ont aa It were Email dlsIiB
npoD the Hii'hce, and fbiiDiiig irideK«at rings, in the
midat or which a perroraled patleta opena, which I have
attempted to npreseot in the diagnun,
Ihppjf
Now, BDppoie olive oil to be mixed with Maaame aeed
oQ. — I do not contemplate tbe case of aeaaama sanl oil
being palmed off Tar olive oil. lince that would be in-
(tantljr detected bv its cobeaton figULs— but aappoae
Koamo Wei's mixed iii variDus proportiooK with olive
C^, the reaulling figure woald be neither tliat of olive
nor that of aessanie, but a compound or the two, Itie
cbaraclera of the lieare iDcliiiiiig to that of the oi! in
ezceaa ; ao that it is qnite ponible, rioui an inipectiOD
Of the figure, to aay which oil is in excess, and by a
few trials to produce a mixtore identical witli that of
the fabricatM apecimen which waa fi at >ubinilt«d to
eiaminalion. I need not aav that this smcies of analyaU
may come to be of great vuue in the oil triile. Indeed,
a gentleauu in this tilde, wbo, I believe, Iub IjDg
occupied a post at the Council Boaiil of this Society,
Inquired of his BcientiSc chemiit whether my method
waa capable of distiogtuahiog between the oleines of
beef lallov and_ mutton tallow? "If it can do that,"
he remarked, "it will be a giand tbingl" The chemist
In qaeation prepared hia own specimens, auil watched me
while I perfonaed the eipeiiment, aod the result ir
before you in the diagrams on the wail, by which il
will be seeo that the cohesion Ggures of these Iwc
oleinee are eesentially dilfersnt, although the subsLances
that produoa them ai-o appa:«nt!y eo much alllte.
I need hardly say that mixture of olive and poppt
■dnit of easy detection, for, a> Mr. Edgar remarked i
tbe close of our eiamioatioo of hia epeclmena, •' Tbe oils
write their oamea on the auriace of the water I"
^ When I brought thia subject before the Brlti^ Asso-
ciation at Manchester two and a-balf yeats ago, my oinect
waanther acientilic than practical. I wblied to establlflb
ibe ^principle that cohesion asserts itself in the case oi
liquids in the production of deSuite figures, as it does in
the case of solids io building up crystals. The principle
faaa, I believe, been admitted ; but I have made no great
progreaa in ita practical application, partly from the diffi-
culty 1 luve bad in procuiing pure specimens, and partly,
I suppose, from my preference tor bcJentlGc inquli; rather
than practical application.
The d irectioD that this subject ought to lake ia towardi
the production of standard Bgurea, and Uieee can only
RWult from experiments on perfectly pare speclmena. 1
do not iunst on the absolute con-eutneas of all Ibe figures
exhibited to-ntght, becaose I have had to depond iipi
Others for the integrity of my samples, and, in li!
mamier, the gentlemen who have luppiled me may,
their turn, have had to depend on others ; so that the
production of an andoubted sample ii not always easy.
At the International Exhibition I often watched the p;-o-
eess of crushing linseed and expressing tlie oil, and ob-
tained apecimens of the results, inchidliig the seeds. I
ttioDght 1 had thus obtained an undouhteil specimen of
ImTCed oil ; but oo esaniinlng the xeeda they were (oimd
to be mixed with aboat one-Bflh of other seeds, so that
my apedmen of linseed oil from this sonrce could not be
relied on. Other circnmstanceg may modify the coheiioa
figure, auch as differences in the climate or in the sessoa
under which the crop is gathered. Thus, oil of lavender
varies somewliat in apecibc gravity in difierenl years from
the same (arm, and I have observed that the beautiful
Carrigeen moaa pattern produced by this oil ia more
inute in some ipecimena than in others ; but the pattern
atill the same in the sense that the Qaeen's head ia the
me, whether seen on a sovereign or on a balf-sovercign.
In the foregoing details I have leferred to water as the
adhesion anrrace, and the figures exhibited were obtained
00 auch aurface. Of course, if the figui-ea Ije produced on
another liquid they will vary as the force of adhesion varies.
1 have obtained some very atiiklng figures on the surlace
of sulphuric acid, of acetic add, and of mercury. The
last LB ti-oublesome to dean, and the two acids are spoiled
in the e:tperiment. Except as a matter of scientific
iater^t, and as a test of the truth of the theory of tbeao
figuraa, there is no adrantaga in employing tlisse various
liquids as surfaces of adhesion. Common water, aa de-
livei'ed by the water companies, if contained in a chemi-
cally clean vessel, is itself chemically clean, and , well
adapted to the purpose.
In conclusioo, I would invite the altenlion of gentlemen
interested, whetlier sdentt Really or practically, in oils
and the great variety of llquida iu common use, to
examine this physical test, and deteruiina for themselves
whether it may not afford a ready off-hand method of
ss^ertaiulng the purity or the kind of admixture in tbe
liquids which are daily brought imder their notice.
DISCD8SI0K.
The CBAiBMan said he thought it advisable, in tha
first place, that gentlemen present who had any know-
ledge on the Buhjecl, should mform the meeting as to the
various modes of expressing tbe oil from the olives in
different countries, bwause he found, from Hr. Tomlln-
Bon's paper, that dliferent oila varied in their cobeum
figures. That might be important for future invBstig&-
tlon. A atill more important point was to consider the
different SQlxlancea which were used for the adulleratioQ
of olive oil ; and, following upon that, would be the
means of detecting tliis ailulteration. Tbey had fre-
quently heard of the struggles for Ufa amongst the mem*
bers of the organic creation, bub on this occasion they hard
had brought before them, iu a very beautiful manner,
struggles of a dif&rent kind in inorganic matter ; and ao
beautiful were some of the forms presented by tlieee phe-
nomena, that he agreed with Mr. Tomlioson that they
would probably be tateu advantage of io the dengning
of patterns for fabrics.
Mr. ViBLEv inquired whether any attention had been
paid to the various phenomena produced by diSereot oila
in the process of congelation and freezing. He thought
it highly probable that another test might be found in
the varymg character of the crystals formed in diSerent
oils in the process of fi-ewing. Mr. Varley added that
soma years ago he sent a communication* to tha SoeieCy
on " Circulation in Oil of Turpentine, Spitita of Wine,
I mad* the obierri
: of his aDimalcula-
nch fi>CDI. will slioiT tL> drculalioD, As the putidec of
■ban liqatil sic tnnipareat in tlieir pure state, sod coote-
ntty not ts bt distinguiitird one frooi anDiher, the ciicnla-
iOD offoreigD miDale pirliclei Hoaliaji in tbe tiooid, and of
■1^ the tame spteiGc Eniity with il. If the iiqnid to be
raiDed is qnite dear, it may be fitted for obsrarmtioo bf
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OF. ARTS, Mahoh 4, 1864. 261
Dr. Baobhoffnbb said he remembered perfectly well
the experimento of Mr. Tomlinson many years ago, on
Tudble vibratioDB, and in reference to the subject now
before him he would ask that gentleman whether any of
ihese cohesion figures might not be considerably modified
Ir^ any tremulous motion to which the vessel might be
liable. Although the vibration might not be suflScient to
destroy the figure, it might, nevertheless, mislead the
judgment upon the figure formed.
Mr. Bishop remarked that at Malfi, in the Bay of
Naples, the olives, immense forests of which existed there,
were of very small size ; and all round Naples they were
not 80 fine as in many other paiis. Those of Tuscany
were superior, but it was in Spain where the largest olives
were to be seen. Judging from the appearance of the
fruit, he shonld have thought the Spanish oil would, under
proper manipulation, be the best that could be obtained.
The olives of Spain and those of Northern Italy were very
different in flavour. Those of Alicante po^^essed a
finity flavour, whereas those of Malfi had a peppery taste,
and were altogether of an inferior quality.
Mr. G. F. WiLsosf, F.R.S., said one point had struck
him on hearing the paper read, that Mr. Tomlinson had
Again illustintM what had often been seen in that room,
]^w researches, begun in the interests of pure science, had
ended in eminently practical results. Mr. Tomlinson's
object had oiiginally oeen rather scientific than practical,
but he had arrived at results promising to be of g^at com-
mercial value.
Mr. Edgab (responding to the Chairman's invitation)
said the discussion of this subject was at present prema-
ture. It had not, as yet, been sufficiently ventilated. The
time for discuissing it would be after more extensive experi-
enoe had been had of Mr. Tomlinson's process, and a larger
number of facts had been ascertained. He had seen the
experiments alluded to, and had repeated a great number
of them, and he fblly agreed as to the practical value of
this discovery.
Mr. John Johbs remarked that the quality of olive oil
Taried very much fix>m.one year to another. He would
ask Mr. Tomlinson whether he was able to point out fi*om
the fruits of different years which oil was likely to remain
good the longest ? liecause in certain delicate operations
of machinery it wis an object to get the very best quality
of oil which would last the longest time without oxidis-
ing. Some qualities of oil would remain effective in
machinery four or five years, whilst others would oxidise
in less than twelvemonths. Persons who desired to send
oat their work very accurate, gave their personal attention
to the selection of the olives from which the oil they used
^ras extracted. They picked out only the fruit that was
perfectly ripe, and thiey took only the first flow of the oil.
Mr. HiLTox presumed the object of Mr. Tomlinson's
grinding wi^ it a few particles of common coal, so as to render
it ilifhUy tnrbld. 1. A drop of spirit of wine, or of naphtha,
placed as above men^ned, exhibits two, three, or four, Tortices
or eentrea of circaUtion, aceordiog to the sise of the drop ; and
if these vortioes are viewed latenuly, the lines of particles will
be seen forming obliqae eurres from top to bottom of the drop.
3. (Ml of torpeattne shows a rapid cireuiation in two eontinnoos
fmlrnU, one to the right, the other to the left, aronnd the drop.
OQicse meet in the opposite diameter, from which the particles
axe alowly carried across the diameter to the place of startiog ;
and this eontinnes while there it floid enough to let it be seen.
3. If, however, the drop does not exceed one-tenth of an inch
in diameter, it presents the appearance of particles continually
tbiof op in the middle, and radiating in gentle curves to the
eireunference. 4. If the liquid be put into a very small vial,
rimilar motions are perceived ; the particles, when they have
Rached the side of the vial, going down, to rise up afterwards
in the cenire or axis. 5. If a bubble of air be enclosed in the
liquid, motions similar to those described in Ko. 2 are olnerved
in the pait immediatelv in contact with the bubble. 6. In a
flat drop of new wine, laid on the tablet, but not compressed
by the mica, the motion was a regular uniform circulation ; the
pattacles riaiug from below at one end of the drop, then passing:
straight across on the surface, and deicendbg at the other end."
experiments was to point out to the members of the oil
trade a method of discovering for themselves perfectly
genuine olive oil. He (Mr. Hilton) knew, from past expe-
rience, that perfectly genuine olive oil was an article of
very limited supply in this country, but that of late years
a very considerable improvement bad taken place in the
article of sessame oil. As there seemed to be no indica-
tion of an increased export of the finer eating oils, he
would take this opportunity of asking whether sessame
oil, produced from highly cultivated seeds, and deprived
of all impurities and odour by refinement so as to make
it almost tasteless, large quantities of which had been
sent from France — whether there was any real objection
to the use of that oil for eating purposes ; because, if it
were shown that sessame oil would serve the same pur-
pose as olive oil, it would be a knowledge worth possess-
ing, and would encourage a trade capable of being deve-
loped to an almost unlimited extent. With regard
to the Spanish oil, it was well known to the trade
to be unfit for culinary purposes in this country.
The only oil used for those purposes come from Italy
alone, and the quantity was not increasing. When
there was a slight frost or a bad season the pnce of olive
oil rose from £10 to £20 per ton. There had recently
been a rise of £10 per ton in Italian oil, and though they
mi^ht be highly delighted with these very beautiful ex-
periments, still he was afraid, commercially speaking,
they would find it difficult to procure really pure olive
oib. For that reason he would ask whether there was any
real objection against the use of properly refined sessame
oil for the purposes to which olive oil was usually applied ?
Mr. W. Ha WES said the object of the present paper was
not so much to introduce new oils as to teach the means
of ascertaining the purity or impurity of those which were
now in use. It appeared, judging from the statements in
the paper, and the diagi*ams exhibited — and on this point
he sought for information— that there was great uncer-
tainty m the figures produced by the same description of
oil under different circumstances : for instance, they were
told that in one specimen of olive oil the change occupied
35 seconds, in another as long as 75 seconds, and in a
third that iridescent rings were formed. It was clear that
while one specimen of oil p^ave iridescent rings, other
specimens gave a figure without them. Were they
from that to understand that the oil which gave the
iridescent rings was the pure oil or the reverse? or
if the one was pure and the other was impure, what
was the latter mixed wli h ? He would ask Mr. Tomlinson
how he accounted for the presence of iridescent rings in
one figure and not in another, both figures being deiived
from olive oil. With regard to tallow oil and beef oil,
Mr. Tomlinson, in pointing to those figures, stated that
there was a similarity between them. He (Mr. Hawes)
confessed he could not trace that similarity, but he
should have liked to have seen the figure that would
be produced by those two oils mixed together. As
had been said, they had not knowledge enough of the
subject yet, and they ought to feel obliged to Mr. Tomlin-
son for bringing these facts before them ; and this might
lead others to make experiments and thus to a further
increase of knowledge.
Mr. Lamgdalb suggested that it would be veiy valuable
to the trade if Mr. Tomlinsou would publish these various
figures. With regard to the sessame oil, no doubt it
was now being produced in a very pure state, and entirely
devoid of taste and odour, and under such circumstances
he thought there could be no objection to an admixture
of that oil with olive oil for eating purposes. Sessame
oil could be produced very pure at 4s. 8d. per gallon,,
while the finest sublime olive oil was about 6s. fid. per
gallon. He saw no objection to the use of sessame oU, so
long as it was sold as such. - . ,.
Mr. Hilton remarked that the value of sublime od at
the present time was quite 6s. Sd. per gallon.
Mr. Tomlinson, in reply upon the remarks that had
been made, said, in appearing before the^Society thir
262
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETT OF ARTS, Maboh 4, 1864.
iDg with a new test for the yeri6catioii of oils in general,
and of olive oil in particolar, be did not do so with that
kind of finished knowledge which would enable him to
pnt his hand on a particmar specimen and say where it
was grown, the siae of the olives from which it was
drawn, and similar particulars which required long prac-
tice and experience with a great variety of olive oils. If,
for instance, a chemist presented a new mode of determine
ing the per-centage of copper in a given ore, and that test
were snpenor both in accuraay and brevity to the aTJuting
modes, it would not be fair criticism to turn round and
say his test was not worth anything because he had not
tried it on all the copper ores in the world. In like
manner he offered to tnem a physical test for determining
the puribr or state of adulteration of a given oiL It was
for gentlemen interested in the subject to try it for
thoznselves. It was no answer to say that these figures
did not agree with specimens which persons had tried
for themselves: of course they varied. He had
laid down the conditions of this test that the resulting
figure was a function of the cohesion, the adhesion, and the
dmusibility ; vary these ever so slightly and the resultant
would vary ; but he did not think any one could look at
the various figures from the various specimens of oUve
cSl without seeing a family resemblance. That was all
he claimed. Supposing the specimens furnished to him
were commercially pure olive oils, he got a certain figure,
and he ventured to say any other commercially pure olive
oil all over the world would give, not perhaps identically
the same figure, but a figure of the same character, and
that they would not mistake the figure given by another
oH, such as iessame or poppy, for that of olive oiL In oils
of the same name there is that fkraily resemblance whioh
would enable a practised eye to say liiat is the figure of
olive oQ, that of sessame, that of poppy, and so on. The
gentleman who sent various specimens of oil to him
stated he oould not answer for their purity, as he did
not express the oil himself. As he had stated in hb
Mper, he thought he had got a specimen of pure
linseed oil ih>Di the press which was working in the
International Exhibition, but on looking at the seeds
which had I>een operated upon he found an admixture of
from one-fourth to one-fifth of other seeds, so that even in
tiiat instanoe he was baulked in procuring a pure sample.
The sum of the objections was simply this — in order to give
a standard fiaure they must define what they meant by
their oil. In olive oQ there were certain difficulties.
There were no less than four diistinct kinds of oQ obtained
from the olive : — An essential oil from tlra skin, an oil
from the kernel, there was the oil from the pulp, and an
oil fh>m the stone. As one gentleman had remarked, if
the oUve had arrived at maturity it was pressed betweoi
rollers a certain distance apart, so as cai-efhlly to avoid
emshinff the seeds, and this produced the oil from the
polo only ; he believed they got in such a case eommer-
oiaUy pore oil, but even that was a complex product.
There was in the skin of the olive an essential oil,, and
U 9am that, he believed, which produced the hot, peppery
ta^. If the oil were kept for some weeks, this vola-
tile oil disappeared, and with it the taste also, and they then
got an oil which he believed was a fair exponent of olive
oil. But supposing the olives were erushed beneath edge
roUen, and the stones and kernels were crushed also, then
they got all the four oils mixed together. A gentleman
had fhmished him with oil extracted entirely from the
stones of the olive; that produced a difierent figure as
compared with that of sublime e^ive oil. It was a green
viscid oil, difierent in texture tcom the oil of the pulp.
If they got all the oils mixed together, then they had a
composite figure, and they could tell after soow practice
what were the constituents that made np that figure.
With regard to the experiments alluded to by Mr. Vuhy,
tliey were new to him. He had himself been working
In the same direction without knowing that that gestleman
A*d preceded him. He had often observed a similar
action, knowing that there was no such thing as inert
matter in nature, and he had contrived experiments ia
which the particles chased each other almost like water-
insects chasing their prey. There was one other rerolt ha
might mention. When a surface of aoeUo add waa
obtained, a single drop of oil of camphor or oil of lavender
deposited on that was exactly like a live thing moving
about with waving cilia. As he had already stated, hit
sympathies were with the scientific part of the subjecfc
rather than the prMtical. Another gentleman had re-
ferred to a juvenile work of his on ** VisCble Vibration,'' eat-
periments which he performed many years ago ; but fa
answer to the question put as to how &r vibraHon afiaeted
these figures, he would say that it interfered veiy mnelL
with them. His house was sitoated within a few hun-
dred yards of a nilway, and when experimenting in hit
private laboratory he was sometimes obliged to wait soma
minutes till a heavy train had gone by before he cooU
go through an experiment. Certainly npose waa neoa^
sary for these experimenta on cohesion ngwes, but ha
hoped they would give him credit for beioR too old
an experimentist to SiXow his cMidusiona to be Infloenoed
by an aooidentid source of that kind. A gentlemao
had spoken of the various species of the olive. Now, the
characteristics of the figures would doubtless vary in the
case of the wild olive, as con^«red with the ciidtivated
varieties; but his position was this, tiuU if the oil were
olive oil, it must have a certain cohesion, a certain adhe-
sion with reference to water, a certain specific gravity,
and a certain moleeular condition, whether viscid or fluid,
which were all characteristic of olive oiL At preaoDi
olive oil was commonly recognised by the tasAe, the
colour, or the smeU. With regard to his test, it waa
found that olive oQ, whether from wild or cultivated frud.»
would always yield a figure distinct from that of other oila.
Each oil had a figure of its own, with variation in detail^
while there was a general characteristic overruling tha
whole by which to judge of the oils in (question. Ha
begged to thank Mr. Wilson for the testunony he had
bwne to his experiments. With resard to the difforeooa
between the two oleines of beef and mutton, Mr. Hawea
had remarked that he saw no resemblanee betweea tbo
two figures, but he (Mi. Tomlinaon) thought these wera
veiy distinctive features in each case ; in the one instanoe,
the drop spread out into a thin film,and then opened Into
cracks in close contiguity with each other, the cra^
radiating towards the centre ; in the other inatanra tba
eracks vrare few and far between. It waa this reaistaiioa
in both cases to the force of adhesion that caused tha
eracks, and constituted the general rasemUaBce between
the two figures. He had not mixed those two oleinea
together, but that was an experiment which any one might
peirform for himself. He fully agreed with the observa-
tions of Mr. Edgar, that the subject was quite new, and
that more observation was necessazy. He waa, how-
ever, quite convinced of this, that to get standard fignrv
there must be a careful exaniaation, not only of one oJIva
oil, but of many vaiieties; the oils of diffacest yeacs» and
of dilferent paita of tha world, so as ta satiib% Iks eya and
the mind ef the observer mtereatsd in the sol^eei, aa to
what really waa the oolwBioa figareef eltvaoH. la laply
ta what had fallen from soother speaJcer he woold m^
he eoald not tell by the figures whether the oO wooM
keep good or not, but he could tell this— tiiat if the oH
was old and organic changes had set in there would ba
certain additional phenomena in the developement of
tiie figure in thii test. Ooe of those waa the prodoetaon
of iridesoent rings. Whenever there was an approa^ to
fermentatiatt there waa a lighter oil predueed, and tharo
was a l%hter film fonned en the sarfece, which l^lrtar
film overrode the other and ptoduoeda sae c eas iu n of rtegi»
a pheooiaenen Aat sometimes acoompaBied some of £a
fixed oils. In some oils, such as eaator and ctoton oiJ^
these iridescent rings were characteristio phenomena.
Dr. BaoBBomrsa ioquiied whether the preaenca of
resinous matter in oils would inierfeie with &e prodoa-
tion of the iridescent rings.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, March 4, 1864.
2£d
Mr. ToMLixsosr replied, the presenoe of ratiDous matter
was indicated by the formatioa of a net- work. Thia
was the case in oils of the turpentine series. Another
gentleman had remarked that the Spanish oil was unfit
for eating, and it was qnite certain people of refined taste
ooald not tolerate the rancid oil, which was due to the
olives being kept in bulk for so loog a time that they
Duderwent the process of fermentation. As to whether
ihwe was any objection to the -use of sessame oil, that was
a question he was scarcely competent to answer, but he cer-
tainly thought there was great objection to the selliog of
one oil under the name ofanother. He had brought this
subject forward, thinking it would excite interest and
inquiry, but he had no intention of working much at it
himself. His object was a scientific one, and having
attained that he must leave it to otheis practically
interested in the subject to carry it further t but if gen-
tlemen would send him specimens of what were considered
commerciaily or chemicslly pure oils, he should have
pleasure in communicating the results of his experiments.
The Chaibman said the time had now arrived for him
to discharge the pleasing duty of proposing a vote of
thanks to Mr. Tomlinsoo for his very interesting, in-
structive, and able paper. The subject was one of special
interest, not the least of which was its novelty. Mr.
Tomllnson had very fairly stated that he had not brooght
this subject forward a^ one which had been thoroughly
investigated, but he certainly had done well to bring it
before a society composed of men eminent both in
science and practice, and ho was sure the question,
introduced m the able manner it had been, would be
taken op by those interested in it, and further results
might be expected to follow. Mr. Tomllnson, in his reply,
had gone so fully into the snhject that little was left for
Yum to remark upon. He could corroborate what had
been stated with regard to linseed oil. He believed it
was next to impossible to get a pure specimen of linseed
oiL The detection of this adulteration was an important
thing In an article which was so largely used by paiotecs,
because mileas the linseed oil was good the paint did not
harden or dry properly. So far as his own experience with
linseed oil want he could fully coiroborate what Mr.
Tomllnson had stated. There was another branch of the
mbject to whioh he (the Chairman) had paid more atten-
tion. Mr. Tomliason recently read a paper before a
society with which he (the Chairman) was mtimately con-
nected, on the verification of medicinal oils, one of which,
castoroil, was Bttbjectto a large amount of adulteratk>n. He
had been surprised at the remits of his experiments, and he
had no doubt the matter was capable of being brought to
great perfection by means of the tests now introduced.
One thing he had found to be very important in oondnot-
iDg these e^ieriments : that was strictly to follow out the
directions laid down as to having clean glasses and clean
water. He would remark that Sie best olive oils he had
seen were those &om the south of France : and he beUsved
the secret of the purity of olive oil was that the olives
should not be too npe, and should be pressed immediately
ihey were gathered. He believed the secret of the excel-
lence of the oil of the south of France to consist in that
mode of opecatkm, while the best Spanish oil, as had
been already stated, was most unpleasant to the taste,
azkd coold not be used in this country for culinary
purposes. The reason for the rancidity of that oil
was properly stated to be that the olives were
sllowed to renuun in heaps until fermentation was
Bet op, by which a larger quantity of oil was obtained,
whilst the quality was deteriorated in a correspondmg
degree. With regard to sessame oil, Mr. TomUnson, in
his remarks just made, had fully expressed his (the
Chairman's) own views. He was not at present prepared
to say whether that oQ ought or ought not to be used for
the ])Drposes for which olive oil was genenlly employed.
It m^ht come to be merely a matter of taste. It was
▼eiy desirable to have new oils introduced ; and if sessame
oH were sold as such, and were tasteless snd good, he
knew no reason why it should not be used. With regard
to the tests for olive oil introduced this evening, there
was no necessity to make furtiier allusion to them, bat
reverting to the sessame oil there was a very distinctive
test that ooald beiipplied to it to detect it from olive oiU
If they mixed equal weights of olive oil and of a mixture
of nitric and sulphuric acids the result would be the pro-
duction of a yellow colour, while, if the same mixtore of
acids were applied to sessame oQ, the result would be a
bright green colour. That test had been intixiduoed by a
French chemist, and ho had recently verified it himselL
He thought they were much indebted to Mr. Tomllnson
for biingmg this subject before them. He had veiy mo-
destly told them it was still in its infancy, but the having
brought it before this Society was the proper way to get
the matter more thoroughly investigated. He was sure
he spoke the feelings of uie meeting when he asked them
to give a vote of thanks to Mr. Tomlinson for his very
interesting paper.
The vote of thanks was then passed.
Favsbsham iNSTrruTB. — Prizes were recently dis-
tributed by S. Q« Johnson, Esq., to the successful candi-
dates who had obtained prizes at the local examina*
tkMt. The awards consisted of educational and other
works. Mr. Johnson congratulated the manager and
committee on the great success which had attended their
endeavours to extend the influence of the Institute in a
new direction. This was the first time that an examina-
tion had been tried, and the result showed the fore^hi
and pmdenoe of the committee in its establishment. The
prises wOTe for arithmetic, Elnglish history, writinjj^»
English grammar, reading, and geography, and varied in
value from £1 to 6s.
HoDOBBSFiBLD Mbohakxos' iHSTrTDTioN. — The anooal
business meeting of this Institution was held on the 30th
January ; the attendance was not large. The chaur was
occupied by Mr. James Dodds. The 23rd annual report
congratulated the members on the success of the Institu-
tkm. During the past year the different branches of edu-
cation had been maintained in their wonted eflSksienov,
notwithstanding that there had been a decrease in the
number of members. The issues from tlie library show a
decrease of 828 volumes. The fortnightly meetings, one
of the most interesting features of the mstitntion, had
been a great success, and a source of much pleasure and
instrucuon to the members and their fnends. The
classes, 90 in number, have met five evenings in the week,
and have been instructed by a veiy efficient staff" of paid
and voluntaiy teachers. The attendance was in 1862,
1,141 ; in 1863, 1,164. The drawing classes had
been largely attended, and the results bore favoocable
comparison with those of any previous period* Tht
average monthly atteodidice had been 368 ; an increase
of 44. The progress made by the bookkeeping dass had
been very gratifying, and increased accommodation had
had to be provided. The attendance at the loom dass
had been (^ throughout. Of the singing class the
teacher reported that the senior pupils had made consider-
able progress. A larger number of students had attended
the mathematical class than in the preceding year. The
French class had increased in numbers, and was in a very
efficient state. The slide rule class had passed through
a veiy suooMsful course and had again commenced. The
chemical class had recommenced its studies, and was well
attended. The Penny Bank again showed an increase in
the amount deposited. The financial sUtement showed
that the Institution commenced the year with a balance
in hand of £38 17s. 7Jd., and concluded it with one of
4s. The annual subscriptions amounted to £289 16s.,
and the subscriptioiMi of fortnightly memben to
£315 Is. e^d. ; the totad mcome of the Institoie amoont*
2S4:
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, March 4, 1864.
ing to £738 14fl. Id. In reference to the Penny Bank, it
If as stated by Mr. J. Brook, when referring to the resigna-
tion of the manager, that during the last 6ve years there
had been, in connection with it, 85,633 separate cash
transactions, involving the exchange of £11,222 7s. 5}d.
MossLE? MECHJkMios* Institote. — The annual tea
party and soiree of this institution was held on Saturday
•evening, the 20th instant. The tea was provided and
^served by a number of ladies of the neighbourhood, and
after tea, Gborge Andrew, Esq., of Apsley House, occu-
pied the chair. Tlie report was read, by which it appeared
that the funds of the institution are ia a prosperous condi-
tion, and that there is a steady increase m the number of
ihe members, which in some degree may be attributed to
the reduced charge for membership. The classes in
existence are — ^writing and arithmetic, having 95 pupils,
with an average attendance of 63 ; the English grammar
>cla8s, comprising 40 scholai-s, with an average attendance of
^ ; the vocal music class, having 13 pupils, and an average
attendance of 10. There are also classes for the study of
geometry and book-keeping, conducted on the mutual
improvement principle, with an average attendance of 6.
In the library there are 950 volumes, and the issues during
ihe year have been 2,600, being an increase of 747. Since
the last tea party there have been seven lectures delivered.
The meeting was addressed by the chairman, the Rev. H.
Walthew, Dr. John Watts, Rev. E. Merton, Rev. J. P.
Hopps, Rev. T. Smith, Rev. Geo. Fox, Mr. R. H. Buckley,
Mr. It. S. Buckley, and Mr. Geo. Mitchell, Junior. The
speeches were Interspersed with songs and quartetts.
Otlet Mbohakios' Institution. — The annual meeting
>was held on the 29th January. Mr. Jeremiah Gamett
occupied the chair. The report stated that the members
now numbered 265, which was a decrease of 67, but this
was partially owing to a careful revision of the old list.
The receipts for the past year were £114, and the dis-
bursements £106, leaving a balance in the treasurer's
hands of about £8. The statement of the Penny Savings
Bank was highly satisfactory, and showed that, exdnsive
Of withdrawals, the deposits now exceeded £300. An in-
teresting paper giving the daily readings of the meteoro-
logical instruments in connection with the institution,
which showed a rain-fall of thirty-one inches, and that
the temperature contrasted favourably with other inland
towns, was also read.
Potteries Meobanios* Institution. — ^In the report
presented to the annual meeting held at the latter end of
January, the general committee states that for the first
time during many years the institution was free from debt
on account of its funds for woi king expenses. The income
for the past year had been in excess of the expenditure,
■and had there been no special effort for the liquidation of
the debt, the institution would have been in no better
pecuniary position than it was a year ago. The number
of members at the period of the last general meeting was
431, and at the present time it is 471. In reference to
the lectures, the committee had made arrangements for a
larger number than usual during the present winter.
About one half of these had been already delivered, and
while the attendance had not on the whole been com-
mensurate with the excellence of the entertainments, the
pecuniary deficit liad been but small. Even this triflmg
loss had, the committee believed, been rather apparent
than actual, as they considered that the privilege of at-
tending at reduced rates a series of first-class lectures, <&c.,
was an inducement to persons to join the institution,
while in the case of some of the members, it formed
almost the only return they receive 1 for their subscrip-
tions. The fiinglish, French, and chemical classes were
going on as usual. The average number of pupils during
the half year was : Engli^ class, 25 ; French class, 10 ;
chemical class, 7. The Art Workmen's Guild continued
their meetings, which had been attended on an average
by eight members. The bagatelle club was still very
popular, but the chess club had latterly been inoperative.
During the half year fifty-five volumes had been added to
the library. Various contiibutions had been made to the
museum. The committee believed that at no period in
the history of the institution had its prospects been fairer,
or its meau<i of usefulneHS more efficient.
South SrAFroRDsaiRE Association fob the Pao-
MOTioN OP Adult Eddoation. — A conference of this
association, in connection with the district association
of tbe Church of Eugland Schoolmasters, was held
on the 9lh of February, at the new Mechanics' In-
stitute, Dudley, under tlie presidency of Lord Lyttelton.
The Rev. H. B. Bowlby, of Oldbury, read a paper on
'* Ni^ht Schools from a Manager's point of view.** The
peculiar advantages and disadvantages attending night-
school work were noticed. With regard to finance the
paper urged the desirability of keeping the day and night
school accouu|8 together, and as far as possible under ihe
same management and staff of teachers, and supported by
the same pecuniary resources. A second paper was by
Mr. F. C. Hoton, of Wolverhampton, on " Night Schools
from a Teacher's point of view.** The paper advocated
regular and punctual attendance of teachers and scholars,
as without tnis no lasting success could be expected. He
regarded much of the irregularity as owing to the fact
that working men were frequently engaged in overtime
at night-work. Voluntary teachers should be employed
as helps to tlie regular teachers. — Mr. Talbot proposeid a
resolution to the effect that it is extremely desirable to
have a full and well-digested report of the state of edu-
cation of the juvenile working population of the district;
of the circumstances which tend to hinder or promote the
progress of evening school instruction amongst them.
He expressed his belief that more should be done in the
district in the way of systematic and dose inquiry.
During the past year he had passed through a phase of
most valuable experience in connection with the evening
school which he superintended. At the beginning of the
year the school was attended by about lOD or 120 boys
who were just such boys as were found all through the
district voluntarily attending such schools. But in the
early part of the last year a change was made ; Messrs.
Chance ordeted an examination of all the boys employed
in their glass works, and on the completion of the
examination, the Messrs. Chance had brought their in-
fluence to bear upon the boys, and had ordered all who
were found to be below a certain standard of intellectn^
attainment in the examination to attend the evening
school. The result had been that for some time the
former discipline of the school had somewhat suffered, uid
the difficulty of controlling and teaching the large number
that attended had been great ; but the plan had upon the
whole worked well. This was the sort of thing that was
wanted throughout the district. — The general conference
commenced at seven o'clock, when LoM Lyttelton agaia
presided. The Chairman briefly opened the discosslon
of the question, " Bow the masses of working men
in South Staflfordshii'e may be successfully approached in
making effbits to improve their social, nioral, and intel-
lectual condition. — Mr. Wells, the Chairman of the
Bilston Town Commissioners, thought that if the work-
ing people could be impressed with a desire to improve
their houses, there would be enkindled a desure to obtain
better clothes, and they would be more likely to find
their way to church on Sunday than to the public -house.
Mr. Beard, of Bilston, thought that the elevation of the
working classes depended a good deal upon the employers
themselves. There were two classes of men connected
with the iron works who were very difficult to deal with,
and those were the puddlers and the miners. He had
found that in Yorkshire, Derby^ire, and other parts of
the country, there was less difficulty in this respect. He
accounted for this by the f^t that, in the latter place, the
employers establish large works, and are very careful
whom tkey employ, and will not even take on a puddler
unless he can produce a character from his previous msuster.
It is not BO in this district. If a man is discharged trom.
a firm one day he knows he can get on at another the
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, Maeoh 4, 1864.
2S6
SMd, and no one liki him why or «nder wbftt oiraitm*
nt>irnti be Ult hk pi»?ioiit worik. AAoAber ^j^aton whieh
{■•vijlad 111 this disirkt ui<n» tbao obben m oouieotioo
with mioiog, » the eygigeiiMat of the wocking ooea by
foraneo, or middleiiMii* on whom they Are to a ceriaiu
dag^9ed(^^mi49mi, ukd there is do direofc ioieratft betweeo
the employer end the employed* Many of ikm» foeemeo
ere owaeis of beershope, tommyshops, ifec, aud the impo*
sjta'ons end ezeotions wfakh ere put upon the wockmg
mea by this system is one of the gr e a t est evils of the
distaniiit This would not he the case if there was a direct
eagsgemeftt betaseea the employer a»d the workman;
and if the fiormer wonld look moi« to the ioterest of those
whom he employs, and take none bat those who eoold
nodooe a nharaeter from thetr prevjoos master, the con-
dition of the woikiog men iu this neighbourhood would
be very mnoh improved.-^Mr. Hague (Bilstoo) suggested
that the payment of wages a little earlier in the week
would oouier a gesat boon on the working daasss. He
read a oommunieation from a laii^ ironmsker, who had
tried it in his works aud fouud it to answer admiraUy,
for the wives were able to make their poiicihsHSH before
the ariioles beoame a drug io tbe market, and get
home at a reasonable hour ou Satuiday night, and
not on Suuday moAuing as formerly. The men were
ahfe to attend the night sohooL ilany lai^KC employers
had adopted the movement, and amongst the men
and their wives it was highly appreciated.— The Bev.
J. H. lies (Wolverhampton) entwed at length on the
anlgect of dubs and institutions by which working
naan n^ght enjoy that agreeable intercourse which at one
time eonld only be found at a publichonse. He sng-
ggat ed the formation of a nrovideat associatkm, fonnded
on the best priuciples and guaranteed by some of the
most influential names in the district of 8ou4h Siaffovd*
shire. He thought such a scheme might be made to wotk
with s a ti bfa ct o iy resulti, for it wouhi oheok the pcsaent
mnl s)rstem of public-bouse lodges, and offer beaefiia on a
finner basts. — Mr. Talbot mentioued that aoeh an as-
sooiation was in ej^isteoce in Birmingham, and was in a
'very flomishing oonditioo.-**Mr. 8. Lloyd (of Wednes-
bniy) coidially seconded the |Mt>position of the Bev. J. H.
Una, and enieied into the subject of Uie peesent evils
Qonnected with the eoga^pomeut of workmen by foremen,
AcL, instead of by the master, atui ibe entire separation
which there is between the employer and tne em-
ployed. With n^^afd to the ojuly payment he lAid
he had tried it with sncoeas for many yeam, and he
found his men liked it much better.— -Loixl Lyttelton
expressed himself in &TOur of thn proposition. — ^Mr.
Yeomaos, a pnddler, then lead a paper showing the
practical difficulties in the way of educating adnltoi, and
apeaking of the good which might result if the men were
approached la a kindly Christian manner. — The Hon. and
Bev. W. H. Lyttelton advocated the establishment of
wocking men's dubs and penny readings. A vote of
thanks to the chairman brought ihe praeeedingstoa close.
SOOTH LONDON WOBKING CLAB8fiS
INDDSTBIAL EXHIBITION.
On Toesday, the 1st instant, a new exhibitiou of
interesting cliaracter was added io the numerous coUec-
The haU is filled with artides of every vaiiety, whkdk
show the intelligenoe and the ingenuity of the woiking
men. The objects are stated to bs the bringing to Ughi
the ingeniotts oontiivanees of working men; to show that
hours well improved (instead of being spent in id le ness, or,
wone still, the pttblic^use) may produee residts astonish*
ing to the woriuag men th ems d ves; to call attention, if
posiible, io the patent laws by which maoy of the usdul
inventions of poor inventors are to them ahnost useless,
notwitintanding the thought, time, and toil spent in theur
prodootion; and to give ao im|petu8 to theholdmgof
similar ^ibitions to the pveeent m different paits of tbe
ooontfy. The plan pursued was to go to as little expense
as possible, and io try that, whatever the expenae, it
may be met b? Ihe exhibitioQ. The number of exhi*
bitocs was stated to be 125, and artides exhibited 600.
and these are dasufied under seven heads. 1. UsefuL
2. Ingenious. 3. OmamentaL 4. SdentiBo. 5 and 6.
Artistic and Literary. 7. Guiioos aud Amnslog. A cata-
logue is sold for one penny ; the admiadou is two-pence
each person. A memento of the exhiUtion is to be given
to each exhibitor, and piiJseB to the most meritorious..
The exhibition is to be considered in the light of an ex^
psriment, which, if successful, will be repeated in subse*
quant years. It is hoped that the money taken for
admissions will repay the expenses. The exhibition
was insugurated under the presidency of the £arl of
Shaftebbury, and the meetbg was add re sse d by his lord-
ship, the Bev. 8. Newman Hall, 8ir Samuel Morton Peto,
Bart. M.P., Mesai*. J. Bright, M.P., Warner, M.P.,
S. Morley, Johnson, and Burgess. The exhibition will
remain open till Saturday, the 12th of Ifaroh.
an
THE METBOPOLITAN BAILWAY SCHEMES.
The following is the report of the joint committee of
both Houses of Parliament appointed to consider the best
method of dealing with the railway sehemes proposed to
be aanetioned within the limits of the metropolis by biUa
to be introduced iu the present sessioo, and to report their
opinion whether any, and, if ai^, what schemes should
not be proceeded with during the present seision :—
** Ordered to report that the committee have met, aad
having jointly considered the matters referred to them, and
having taken evidence of such agents and engineers of the
sevend schemes as it appeared to them material to ex-
amine, have agreed to the following report, viz. : —
'* The railway schemes that have been referred for the
consideration of the joint committee, are of extraordloaiy
magnitade for so limited an area as the metropolitan rail-
way d'lstrict, extending over a length of 174 miles in the
Aggregate, involving the raidog of capital of nearly
i^,000,000 in shares, and of £11,000,000 by loan, creating
alum among the holders of a vast amount of property,
and interfeiing, during the oonstmotion of the proposed
works, with many important public thoronghfiures. They
include the construction of not less than four new railway
bridges across the Thames, two of them of gigantic size,
bdow London Bridge. It is stated by the surveyor to the
Commissioners of &wera for the City of London that the
lands and buildings scheduled in the City of London for
the proposed railway schemes comprize about one- fourth
tkMM whicti alfeady exist in the metropolis. The South of the entire area of the City.
London Working Classes Industrial Exiiibitton was ** The committee are of opii
formally opened, m the presence of a number of distin-
gni^ied visitors. The exhibition, i!ie contents of which,
as iti name iodicaies, are almost exclusively supplied by
vrorkitig men —is held In a comroodious hall at the
Lam-jeth Baths, Weslminstei-roaJ. The hall, on the
occasfon of the inagnratfon, was gaily decorated with
flags.
Tlie exhtbiiion has been g-ot up oTilefly under the
auTiHcea of the Bnrrey Chaiiel Souihwaik Mission, and
the Woi-king HenS Committee of the Hawlsstone-hall
pinion that the following bills
or parts of bills should not be proceeded with during the
present session : — Victoria Station and Thames Embank-
ment, Oxfoi-d-strcet and City, London Blaln Trunk,
Underground Metropolitan Grand Union (the portion
south of Thames-street), Charing-cross (Northern),
Charing-cross . (Western), London Union, Metropolitan
District (a portion forming the outer circuit), Tottenham
and Farringdon-street. i_. t^ %.
•* The committee recommend that the fees which have
been incurred in respect of the said bills be remitted.
Wftnmg Be^iee, Mr. G. M. Murphy aoimg as secretary. 1 " The two first-named of these lines are pror
256
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 4, 1864.
worked od the pnemiiatio principle— « principle hitherto
uniried as applied to railway paaaenger carnages, and it
Bcems undesirable that the experiment should first be made
in an important public thoroughfare. They are passenger
railways, and are intended to relieve the streets of omnil»U8
and cab traffic The neoemty for any such lines has been
to some extent lessened, supponng the railways forming the
inner circuit scheme referred to in a subsequent part of this
report be sanctioned.
** The Lohdon Main Trunk Underground Railway pro-
poses to provide a more central station for the (ireat
Eastern, an object whidi is also sought to be accomplished
by the Great Eastern itself, by the Great Eastern Metro-
politan Station and Railway Bill. The select committee
of Uie House of Lords on metropolitan railway com-
munication of last session recommended that the Great
Eastern should be allowed to establish a more central
station than it has at present.
<* The portion of the Metropolitan Grand Union south
of Thames-street, which the committee recommend should
not be proceeded with, involves a high-level bridge ovw
the river below London-bridge. The connection between
the railways north and south of the river at the east end of
the metropolis might, it appears to the committee, be
better effected by the East London, through the Thames
Tunnel and the proposed abandonment approved by the
promoters; and the committee recoqimend that they
should be allowed to amend their estimate, and be per-
mitted to withdraw a portion of their deposit.
** Three schemes on this list, the Gharing-cross
^Western), the Lc^on Union, and the portions of the
metropolitan district railways proposed to be postponed,
in addition to other objections, require the construction
of bridges across the Thames, one of them being a high-
level bndge below London-bridge.
*< It is nirther to be observed with reference to these
•schemes that railway communication between the lines
north and south of the Thames already exists on the
Westminster sideof Uie metropolis by means of the West
London and West London Extension Railways, and
another line is in course of construction through the
•centre of London by the London, Chatham, and Dover
Railway, which when completed will unite their south
London system with the Metropolitan Railway at the
Farriogdon-street station, thereby giving them a commu-
nication with the Great Northern lines, and thus of
necessity couDccting the Charing- cross and South-Eastem
Railways at Charinff.oross with any of the main lines to
the north. Therefore the communication, as proposed
f)y any of the last-mentioned schemes, is not urgent.
«* The Tottenham and Farringdon-street Railway, by
which it is proposed to connect the Cambridge line of the
Great Eastern with the station at Farringdon-street, is
open to the same objection urged against the Charing-
cross (Northern) and the Tottenham and Hampstead
(extension to Charing-cross), in that it tends to create a
great central stotion, inasmuch as the Great Northern,
the Midland, and the London, Chatham, and Dover
Railway, are already brought in direct station communi-
eation with the Metropolitan Railway at Farringdon-street.
As the Great Eastern Railway has another scheme for an
improved station, which the committee recommend should
proceed, it appears desirable that this bill should be post-
poned, at all events until it can be known by expetieuce
whether any inconvenient amount of traffic will 1>e con-
centrated at Farringdon-street by the lioes already to
meet there.
** The estimated capital required for the construction of
the schemes above proposed to be postponed amounts to
£18.600.000 in the affgr^ate, exclusive of what was pro-
posed to be raised by loan for the purpose of the under-
taking. The remainder of the sum of estimated expendi-
ture above referred to may be expected to be reduced by
the rejection of some of the schemes allowed to proceed.
'* Withoat expressing any opinion as to the merits of the
Allowing bills, the committee recommend that they shall
be proceeded with in the ordinary course, being only
imjnovements of existing lines or works coonecttng Hub
of a very limited extent, for enlargement of stations in no
way conflicting with any comprehensive system of Metro-
politan railways— viz.. Great Northern and Victoria Sta*
tion ; London and Blackwall (Extension) ; London, Brigh-
ton and South Coast (new lines in Battersea); Great
Northern (No. 1 Bamet Branch); London and North-
western (additional powen) ; London and South- Western
(additional works); North London (additional powers);
London, Chatham and Dover (No. 1); London, Chatham,
and Dover (No. 2); Great Eastern (Junctions, except
Junction No. 8); Midland and St. Pancras Branch;
Metropolitan (additional powen).
** The committee also recommend that the Metropolitan
and St. John's-wood should be allowed to proceed, as it is
a line that passes through a not very populous but in-
creasing dis^ct without interfering with much property,
and in no way competing with any other scheme. The
committee may here remark that it is proposed to be
as a single line only.
** The committee also i^ecommend that the Hamp-
st«*ad, Midluid, and North- Western and Charing-cross
Junction shall be allowed to proceed. This scheme is in
some degree open to an objection already referred to, that
it tends to create a central station at Charing-cross. ^ It,
however, proposes an addition to the railway, which is to
be constructed wholly in tunnel, to form three new streets,
one of them of a very important chaivcter, in continuatioa
of Tottenham-court-roaa from Oxford-street, in a direct
line to St. Martin's-lane, near Aldridge*s repository, and
from.thence to the Thames Embankment, near the Chariog-
cross Railway stetion. This new line of thoroughfare,
which would be a substitute for the present oHectionabls
road through Seven-dials, and High-street, St. Gilo's,
would be a great public improvement. The combinatioQ
of new streets in crowded parts of the metropolis, with the
construction of new railwavs, was recommended in the
report of the Lords' committee last session. The com-
mittee are of opinion that if the select committee to whidi
the bill for these schemes may be referred should see fit
to sanction the scheme they should do so only on condtlioQ
that the new streets above referred to should be ood-
structed contemporaneously with the railway, and that
provision should be made in the bill for ensuring its
oom^etion.
** The committee concur in the opinion expressed by the
select committee of the House of Lords on metropolitan
railway communication of last senion, in their third re-
port, that with a view to the distribution of passenger
traffic arriving by the main lines of railway coming within
the metropolis, and also the relieving the crowded streets
by the absorption of a lai^ portion of the omnibus and
cab traffic, the completion of the inner circle of railways Is
desirable.
'* It was estimated by the evidence before the committee
that great additional accommodation, especially for the
labouring classes, is daily becoming more necessary, while
there is no prospect of the present ordinary means of oon-
vsfrance being at all adequate to fature wants, and they
are of opinion that the following schemes, which contri-
bute towards the formation of such a circuit, may properly
be proceeded with —
" Metropolitan District Railways (the portion forming
the inner drouit 32, S3, 34, and junctions 7, 8, and 9).
" Metropolitan Railway (Trioiiy-square Extension).
** Metropolitan Railway (Notting-hill and Bromptoa
Extension).
*' Metropolitan Grand Union (portion north of the
Thames).
<* The committee are also of opinion that the following
schemes^viz., the East London, Great Eastern (Metro-
politan stotions and railways), Great Eastern (Junction
No. 8), North London (Kingsland and Tottenham line)*
Walthamstow, Clapton, and City, may be property pro-
ceeded with; and as these schemes more or leas oiter
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 4, 1864.
267
into oommnnicatioQ with or compete or conflict in leyela
with the schemes above referred to, bm deaigued to form
the umer circuit, and with each other, the committee
are of opinion that all the above schemes may with
advmotage be grouped together, and be referred to the
flune select committee.
*■ In making these recommendations, the committee are
of opinion that the greatest accommodation to the pnblio
will not be secured by treating the two schemes which
porsne almost the same line from Kensington to Brompton
to the City merely as competing schemes, one of which
is to be pceferred to the exclusion of the other. The
oommittee are of opinion that the promoters of these
schemes should be recommended to communicate to-
gether, and with the surveyors of the City and Metro-
politan Board of Works, and devise the most perfect
line which their several plans wUl admit of. By a
relaxation of the standing orders such revised plan
may be embodied in one bill. The Metropolian Hail-
way (Trinity-square Extension) and the Western branches
of the East London Railway should also be part of the
proposed consultation. By such a cou^w much useless
expenditure would be saved, and the interests of the
metropolis £ur better secured than by taking the chance of
selection of one among the competing lines.
'* The committee ooserve with regret that two of the
schemes which they have recommended should be al-
lowed to proceed pass through Finsbury-drcns in open
eutting. They are, however, informed that the pro-
moters of both are willing to substitute a covered way for
the open cutting. In the event of ^e select committee
finding it de8irjd>le to adopt either of those lines in pre-
ference to those which do not interfere with the circus,
the committee recommend that effectual provision shall
be made by which the time to elapse between the break-
ing up of any part of the garden and Uie completion of
the works there and the proper restoration of the eodo-
sore shall be as short as possible.
''Although the oommittee have recommended that
those portions of the metropolitan district railways scheme
which are designed to form the outer circle shall not be
proceeded with, they concur with the House of Lords*
oonunittee of last session in thinking an outer circuit de-
sirable, and Uiey are of opinion that this object might be
acoomplijihed hf uniting the existing railways on the
eastern side of the metrq>olis with one another, and con-
necting those of them which are situate on the north side
of the Thames with the railways on the south side,
makincc use for this purpose of the Thames Tunnel. For
this purpose it would be necessary for the East London to
be in connection with the North London, the Great East-
em, and London and Biackwall Railways. This combi-
nation, taken in connection with the existing lines on the
west and south of the metropolis, as suggested by the
secretary of the London and North- Western Railway
Company in his evidence before the committee, would
oomj^te the outer circuit, but it would be further neces-
sary that mutual fiudlities to be secured by legislative
enlistment should be aflbrded by the several companies
for the interchange of traffic.
** In order to ^ve the public the full extent of the system
of intercommunication such as tliat which has been sug-
gested, it would be desirable that the select committee to
whom the metropolitan schemes in question may be re-
ferred should require that such modifications may be made
in the schemes that may be sanctioned as may be necessary
tar eflecting the proposed combination, and also that a
clause should be insOTted in the bills of all railway com-
panies having termini within the metropolitan district for
secariog a mutual interchange of facilities for working the
tiaffic upoo railways in that district on equitable terms
among themselves, and without any undue preference, the
terms to be settled in case of difference by the Board of
Trade, or an arbitrator to be appointed fay that depart-
ment. A dause should also, they think, be inserted in
«ach of the bills providing Uiat nulways having ^termini
within the metropolis shall be subject to the provisions of
any act to be passed in the present or any future session
for the regulation of railways within the metropolis.
** The committee are of opinion that some of the provi-
sions of the Railway Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845,
require pro>nsions in relation to the metropolitan arrange-
ments, and they recommend the introduction of a bill for
that purpose. They desire also to direct attention to a
suggestion in Colonel YoUand's report to the Boiurd of
Tn^e as to the expediency of requiring all plans for rail-
ways within the Metropolitan Railway district to be
drawn to the same datum line.
** The committee are of opinion that in the present ses-
sion such of the bills proposing to sanction railway com-
munication within the limits of the metropolis as are to be
proceeded with should commence in the House of Com-
mons."
The report concludes by stating that a map, showing
the existing and proposed railways in the metropolis, ac-
companies the report, and that the committee have directed
the minutes of evidence taken before them, together with
the appendix, to be reported.
gin ^tts.
Pabis Finb Abt ExHiBmoN. — Artists who intend to
send works to the now annual exhibition, which is to open
in Paris on the 1st of May, should remember that they must
be sent in between the 10th and 20th of March. In con-
nection with this subject it may be mentioned that
exhibitions of works of fine art are* expected to be shortly
arranged in three of the most important provincial towns of
France, of which Rheims, it is understood, is one. The
matter is not yet definitely settled, but is expected to
be so veiy soon.
Cabbon Photogbaphs. — At the last meeting of the
Photographic Society of London some carbon prints, by
Mr. Swan, of Newcastle, were exhibited, which gave
greater promin thim anything hitherto done in this
direction. The description of the process by which they are
produced will form the subject of a paper, to be read
at the next meeting of the Photographic Society, in
April.
»
Solid Metal Tubikg. — Anew machine for drawing
solid metal tubes has lately been tested in London with
considerable success. The system was originally intro-
duced into England by a French gentleman, about tea
years ago, but in consequence of defective mechanical
arrangements was at that tiooe unsuccessful. The
Stephenson Tube Company have lately erected extensive
works at Birmingham for the manufacture of brass and
copper tubes on this principle, but the new machine is es-
pecially adapted to the formation of tubes of steel, and
other hard and close-grained metals. The ordinary
method of forming wrought iron tubes is by bending round
a long narrow plate of the metal so that the edges meet,
and then having reduced them to a welding heat, to join
them together by drawing the tube through a die made
for that purpose. The machine in question entirely
differs from this, and its action may be described as
follows: — It consists of two large cast-iron cylinders,
11 feet long, placed opposite each other, and connected by
a ram of 10 feet travel, which is driven out of the one and
into the other alternately. On each end of the cylinders
is a maasive flange, pierced with eight holes, some four
inches across ; on the ram is a similar flange, but double,
offering eight holes to each cylinder. The diameter of
this hydraulic ram is 16} inches, and the force obtainable
upwards of 600 tons. A draw-plate or die of peculiar
I form is placed in one of the holes in an inner flange of one
ass
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETY OF ARTS, Maeck ^ 1864.
«f tb« cgrlloderi, and the iabe to be drawn sUghUy U|)ered
at the end, to allow of its pawing into the die, 10 {daoed
thei eio, haviog previooely reoeiFed aateel-lireaded maadiil,
inteoded to act on the interior of the tube. The tabe is
fixed on the flanged the ram by means of a screw pin pro-
jecting through the flange of the cylinder, and the stem
of the mandril is fastened to the finiher end of the
cylinder. The water being forced ioto the cylinder the
cam is driven forward, and the tube is drawn bouily
thvongh the die, or draw-plate, and over the mandiil, the
head of which, inside the tube, is fdaoed within the drole
of contact of the die outside. By this means the tube is
drawn externally and internally at the same time, and an
eighth of an inch of steel may, at a time, be displaced from
the surface, the tube being elongated proportionately ; but
in mactice it is found more convenient to take off less at
each pass in order to avoid fatiguing the metal overmuch.
It is stated that two liars of rough iron, as delivered
ftx>m the forge, 3} inches diameter and 4 feet long, were
placed in the machine and drawn through the die, Uie
drawing occupying some five minutes. The bars issued
from tne die with a surface finer than can be obtained at
present by any known mechanical means, except continued
friction, and iufiuitely truer than any turning-lathe pro-
duces. It would take a man at a lathe two days at least
to turn these bars, and he would then produce inferior
results to those obtained in peihaps a quarter of Hn hour,
if the time employed to fix and un6x the bars in the
hydi'aulic drawing beneh be included. It will scarcely
be necessary to remark, in conclusion, that should this
machine fulfil the expectations of the inventor it will
cause a complete revolution in the manufacture of gun-
barreU, hollow shatUog, axles, piston cods, and such-like
artides.
Band Saws. — ^A correspondent asks how ii is thai these
saws are not manufactured of good quality in this
country, and why the only band saws that a^-^ foaod to
■land are made and imported from Franoe? Why is
Sheffield beaten io her own walk ?
Natube Fbintikq from Stjwl. — Mr. H. C. Sorby,
F.R.S., whose researches into the microscopic character of
the internal structure of steel are well known, has brought
out an ingenious method of lowing this structure, by
making the steel become, as it were, its own block for
printing on paper its peculiar chaiacteristics ; in fact, a
species of nature printing. When iron is converted into
steel by cementation, three distinct ctystallhie compounds
are formed, two of which are readily dissolved by diluted
nitric acid, whereas one is soaroely at all affected bv it.
If, therefore, a piece of steel be ground flat and polished,
and then placed iu the acid, aner a suitable amount of
action this constituent retains its ongimil surfiice and
polish, whereas the other two are so much dissolved that it
stands up ia sufficient relief to allow of the block being used
for surface printing instead of a wood cut, so as to exhibit
the sti-ucture of different varieties of steel, and such is Mr.
Borby's mgeuious process. Printed illustrations of the
process were exhibited by Mr. Sorby at the conversazione
which lately took place at Sheffield, under theauapkesof the
Leeds Literary and Pliilosophical Society. TJiese con-
sisted of a " square bar of iron once conveiied, tiunsverse
section, showing Iron lemaining in the centie ;" a " flat
bar of iron, slightly converted, the crystals being small;"
a " square bar of ii-on, twice conveited, tian6\'erse section,
ehowuig the centre incorouletely converted ;" a ♦» flat bar
of iron, highly conveited, the crystals being rather large;"
a *' round barof' homogeneous metal,' converted, Irajisveise
section ;" and a " flat bar of hammei-ed cast steel, re-con-
vei-ted, the crystals very large." Mr. Sorby has sent
specimens to the Society of Arty.
a genei-al crisis, the end of which it is difficult to iitteiM.
The American conflict was almost su^cient to shake cot^
6dence at Lyons, and the events in Geimany have ia*
creased the disaster. Unfavour^e advices are being
received from the neighbourhood of Aubenas, and a laiy
number of silk-dressers have determined to dose thor
mills, in consequence of the impossibility of §kiynDg aoy
longer against a disastrous situation. The ffm-ftmwt of
the general trade in 40k for the year 1863 gives a total U
SM7J50 pounds against 6,098.148 poundsm 1 862L TIw
effects of this situation are naturally felt at SaintrEtienoe.
Our ribbon manufacturers are indeed producing a (aw
plain and fimcy articles, but ordera are scaixse. As to vsl'
vets, they are passing through a crisis which pr^judiov
our interests lu a serious manner."
The Geneva Watohmakinq Teads. — The BuiUg
says that this trade has been much disturbed of late yean,
and is still depressed. The number of watches myj^ at
Geneva has always been over-stated; many of thfr
watches made at Neuchitel and other parts of S«ita«c»
land, where are produced enormous numbers, being attri.
buted to (Geneva. In 1858 political events paialyaad ths
trade. In 1851, the Great Exhibition year, it wvived,
and it is calculated that about 65,000 watches weie made
in the twelve months — a number which may be taken as
the annual aveiage of Geneva's best time. In I860 the
number turned out was about 40,000, and in 1861, 10,000
less. There is a law iu Geneva which prevents the sale
of a watch whereof the gold is not of a certaia high
degree of purity, and this of coui'se gives au advantage to
the less scrupulous makers in other parts of SwitBenand
in markets where iuferiorlty is not discovered : but it is
thought that in the end the guarantee which the law in
question thus affords tJie purchaser of a genuine G^eva
watchi will bring back buyers aud restore prospeiity to the
trade.
SoRAT Cotton. — Messrs. H. Glaaon St Co.'s Market
Report, dated Bombay, 12th Januaiy, says : — " The [xos*
pects continue highly favourable, and moet estimates of the
shipments from the ports of India for 1864 are 1,600,000
bales. The crop of 1802, which was shipped in 1863, did
not exceed that of the previous year, because of the eiUlre
failure of the crops in several dlstiiots, and the additional
soil put under cotton cultivation only just sufficed to make
up for the deficiency thereby created . However, it is Aot to
the old cotton district that we have to look for largely in-
creased supplies — their powers of production have already
beeu pretty well taxed — ^but to new lauds, or *^v^ parii as
have hitherto grown other crops. Amongst the latter the
district of Sind is likely to take a prominent rank. The
crop in this district is generally put down at about 300,000
bales, which is more than double the previous year's yield.
Although blight and clean, there is, however, no improve-
ment whatever in the real value of the cotton, the staple
remaining so short and curly that it must be next to im-
possible for mill-owners to use it. This kind of coUoo
not being appreciated in Europe, there is only a small pro-
portion of it shipped direct ; it is mostly putx^haaed at
Kurrachee by the natives, and sent to Bombay, and her^
large quantities of it are employed for mixing with bettef
descriptions of cotton, thereby reducing the piioe of tbs
latter. This short-feighted and fraudulent practice ii
carried on openly and by many native weichante, who arB
considered first among their class, and it cannot bat react
unfavourably on the trade of Bombay."
^fiuiijien^
The Silk Tiuob in Fbahce.— *' The silk trade," says the
Qmri'iei de SahU-MimMt '* appears to be now undei^iog
tffilotiits.
Tub RcycNua of New Sooth Wjilbs for the quarter
ending Scth September. 1868 was £3tt7,923 ISa. 9d..
riiowing a decrease of £88,719 19d. lOd. m i^omnared with
the conespondiflg quarter in 1862.
JOURN'AL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, March 4, 1864.
2u9
LufEYTONG vx QuF.BHSLAND. — It is Baid tliak a very
valoable 11me«*loae quarry has beea opeoed near the river
bank, th-ee or four miles a->ove HockhampiOi), possessinj?
all the pro>)erii<;8 of the lias I'lnestone fjoud at Cardiff.
It IB also re;X)i te^ that marble of a very superior d«»c»-lption
is kaown to ex^st in the same lo:nlity.
ErrocTS fbox Sooth Australia. — The ex{)orts of
colooial prodace, for the quarter ending 30lh September,
are valued at £299,016. The chief items are breadstufis
and copper, the wool shipmenU of the season not being
included in the September returns.
"WESTiaw AcsTBALiA. — The news foom Nicol Bay and
the Da G^ey are satisfactory. A cotve9i>oiideut from tiie
De Grey states thai he can immediately lind pa^tiKe for
20,000 sheep withiu a radius of 20 miles from hi4 slatloo,
and so rapid is the gtx)wLh of grass, tliat in five days the
spring of feed from freshly burnt gi-ound was soi'Bcient to
aflbrd his sheep a bile. Specimens of hay made from the
natural grass have been prououoced excellent, and there
is DO doubt that if brous^ht to Freemantle it would sell at
a profit above the cost, labour, and freight. The spinifix
gmss which was lately considered all but U'^less, is pre-
ferred by the sheep of Mr. Harding to the other grasses,
especially the young spinifix sprina^ng f«x>m burnt ground.
The Aborigines have continued friendly, but the gims of
Ihe pitf ty and their watch-dogs seem to have a material
Id flaeDce upon the nati ve mind . Mr. Taylor, on h Is return
to Perth, reports that he had proceeded up the De Qrey
to within a few miles of the Oakover. There was pleuty
of feed and water, but no high land fitted for a station.
SupPLT or Labour in Wksthon Australia. — A Perth
paper says : — '* By the arrival of the Tartar, after a passage
of 107 days, we have received a welcome addition of free
laboar, and especially of domestic servants. That vessel
broaght 129 Qoremment immigiants, iucluding 33 Bingle
women, bat labour is still wanted for public works. The
road at the foot of Mount ^iza, or Bazaar-terrace, having
been puiially formed, appears to have been abandoned,
and all the available laboar employed upon an imperial
work, the Pensioner Barrack. A large party is now em-
picked making bricks for that stmclnre, and how long it
will be before labour will be available for colonial works
H is difficult to say.**
The Qlesxlo Settlbmbnt.— The time of departure
of the Victoria pioneers has been postponed until April,
but Sir Oeorge Grey, the original explorer of this district,
has expreesed his belief that, independent of its undoubted
character in other respects, it possesses mineral resources
Of value. He enomerales gold, copper, and lead.
The Gold Fislds, New Sooth Wales. — In the
flOQthem districts the success of the miners has not been
Tery encouraging. The Eiandra diggings now exist only
in name ; the severity of last winter drove away many of
the miners; local jealousies and official mismanagement
have finished the work of depopulation. In the western
and northern districts the miners have met with varyine
ffoocesa ; on the whole the yield of gold has been a fufi
average. The Old Ophtr diggings have been again
broaght into note by some very good finds. In one claim
twenty-five ounces of gold were washed from a bucketful
of dirt from the gutter. At Bargreaves some new reefs
have been opened; from a block of stone thirty-six
ounces of gold were picked. The quantity of gold dust
delivered by the escorts during the month of September
last from the several gold-fields has amounted to 33,288
ouDcea; in September, 1862, the receipts reached 44,803
oaoces. For the first nine months of 1862 the quantity
waa 483,313 ounces; during the same penod of 1863 the
receipta have been only 327^09 ounces, which is a decrease
of So per cent. The falling off may be traced to the
anaall amount now received m>m the Lachlan and Burran-
pong fields, bat from some of the minor gold-fields there
b a steady increase.
FuraKOE ni New South Wales. — The Colonial
Treasurer, in his recent financial statement, estimated the
dc6cii at the end of last year at £534,539, which, how-
ever, might be reduced £100,000 from savings. The
proi)oaed expenditure for the service of the year 1864
amounted aa i>er estimate to £1,926,457, and the amount
of expeoditure to be covered by loan was £451,127 ; total
£2,912,123. On the credit side the estimated revenue
for 1864 was £1.556,130, and the amount to be raised
by loan was £151,127, leaving a balance deficiency at
the end of the year 1864 of £904,866 S». 6d. His
scheme of taxation to meet this hrge deficiency was as
follows: — fitst, stamp duties, estimated at £55,000;
secondly, an equal ination of duty on spirits to IC^. per
gallon, which would bring in £60,000, and an increase
on the doty on wine to 3?. per gallon, £20,000. He also
proposed advaloiem duties landing from 5 to 10 per cent,
on all articles except the following: — ^animals (living),
passengers' baggage, printed books, coin and bullion,
cotton (raw), flax, hemp and fibre, flour, meal, and bread,
gold in its natural state, grain of all kinds, guano and
manures, hides and skins, dried and salle^l military and
naval stores, ores (unsmelled), plants, trees and shrub
roots (esculent), salt, specimens of natural history, tallow,
and wool. This scheme of taxation caused much oppo-
sition in the mercantile and trading community, but after
some articles had been added to the free I'lst, and others
reduced from 10 to 5 per cent^, the premier (Mr. Martin)
subsequently announced the intention of the government
to abandon the ad valorem duties, and in their place
specified rates on particular artk:les have been proposed,
the duties to be levied upon some articles by weight, and
upon others by a eharge upon packages. The amended
tariff is said to be almost as much objected to as the
first, as in some instances the duties are heavier and they
operate very unfairly. The equalisation of the spirit
duties is also thought likely to encourage illicit distilla-
tion.
<Bhikmu.
C. F. Bielefeld was bom in February, 1803, and when
quite a ^boy turned his attention to modelling. He was
self-taught, and at the age of eighteen he obtained a
medal, which was presented to him by the Duke of Sussex,
for modelling a bust from life. He continued to follow
the art for a short time, but curcumstances caused him to
enter into commercial life, and he always regretted that
he did not follow the profession of a modeller or sculptor.
He was the first to introduce papier mdcb6, as manu-
factured by him, and applied to architectural decorations,
&c. By great perseverance he gradually got together a
few patterns, ail of his own modelling, and he moulded,
cast in metal, and chased with his own hands a large
number of valuable metal dies for manufacturing papier
m4ch^ for architectural and other decorations. The diea
in his possession at the time of his decease amounted to
some hundreds, and weighed about fifty tons. They are
composed of brass, lead, iron, and mixed metal. He took
out several patents for artides connected with architectural
and other decorations. His patent slab was used, under
the direction of Mr. Sydney Smirke, for the lining of the
large dome of the hew reading-room of the British
Museum. In 1832 he modelled and executed in papier
m4ch6 the decorations of the Pantheon in Oxford-street,
Qrocers' Hall, &g. He died on the 10th of January last.
Buokmasteb's Elbmemts op MEcnANioAL Physics.
{C/uqmum and Mall.) —Thm little book is intended for
instructing an intelligent, but not highly-educated mmd
in the rudiments of physics, and professes to enu-
merate, wiih clearness and simplicity, the prioMiry baaefl
on which to build the knowledge requii^ by a me-
chanic, in enabling him to pursue hia craft. The
260
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 4, 1864.
mathemfttics of the book are not very high, bat the
aathor had evidently no irish io enter deeply ioto his
subject. In teaching artisans, one of the greatest errors
would be to complicate a subject, and the one great step
to be attained, especially in physics, is to establish a
simple outline bearing on those points iKith which a
woi'kman has most to deal. Me. Buck master's work is
intended as a guide for such elementary education.
Thb Statesman's Teab-Book ; a Statistical, Genea-
logicsl, and Historical Account of the States and Sove-
reigns of the Civilised World, for the Year 1864. By
Fr^erick Martin. {MacmiUan and Co.) — The informa-
tion about each of the 78 States is divided into a series of
heads, which are repeated with legularity in each par-
ticular case, and statistics which were previously wiaely
scattered are here brought together and tabulated in a
oonvenieni form. The facts concerning reigning sove-
reigns sre arranged in such a manner that the dynastical
relations which play so important a part in modern history
may be easily seen. Notices of the origin and history of
the reigning houses are given, with lists of the successive
sovereigns. Under the head of " Constitution and Qovem-
ment " a division appears, in which a sketch is given of
the constitutional organisation of the different states, and
the proscribed action of the legislative and executive
anthorities. For every State a list is ^ven of the chief
officers in the executive departments, including the pre-
sidents and VKe-presidentfl of Republics. The most im-
portant features of representative forms of Qovemment
are explained. "Church and Edocatlon** are treated
briefly in the more important States. ** Revenue and
Expenditure** are fully given. The increase and decrease
of the national income and expenditure are exhibited,
together with the sources of revenue and the objects for
which it is applied; and the origin, growth, and actual
state of the public debt of the various countiies are ap-
pended. Under the head of *• Army and Navy," there
18 an account of the aggressive and defensive powers of
the States. Under the head of " Population,** are included
notices regarding the increase of population, the division
of the soil, the oocopation of the people, criminal returns,
and similar matters; and, under the head of " Trade and
Commerce,'* detailed aocoants are Ainiished of the im-
ports and exports and the shipping of all the States in the
world, with particular regard to the commerce of this
eoontry. The manuflKstaring industry of the chief natioiM
IB given in its principal outlines, together with their
mineral wealth.
Mavoal or THE Metalloids. Bv James Apjohn,
M.D., F.B.S., Professor of Chemistry m the University
of Dablin. With 38 Woodcuts. * { Longman aitd Co,)
This is the third of a new series of manuals of the Ex-
perimental and Natural Sciences, edited by the Rev. J. A.
Oalbraith, M.A., and the Rev. S. Haughton, M.D. In a
preliminary ohapter the laws of combination are laid
oown, and applied to the construction of a table of equi-
Talent nnmbers. The atomic theory is here brought
mider discussion, and the hypotheses pointed out through
which equivalent numbers may also be viewed as atomic
weights. Chemical symbols and notation are next ex-
plained, afW whkh the subject of atomic volume is taken
pp. A socoinct account is next given of the doctrine of
isomeric and isomorphous bodies, and of the method by
which the formula of a compound may be deduced from
the resolti of its analysis. Attention is directed to elec-
tive affinity, in connection with which subject the views
of BerthoUet are considered and explained. Tlie elements
which constitute the Metalloid group are then taken up
in suooession,^ beginning with oxygen ; and here the de-
scriptive portion of the volume commences. Throughout
this the method adopted is to begin with an account of
the processes by which each element may be insulated,
and then to ffive in detail its leading properties and re-
actions, toother with the economic and other applications
of which it may be susceptible. The oompounds formed
^y each element with those which precede it are next
examined, and to many of these a considerable develop-
ment is given in consequence of their being judged inte-
resting to such as ai-e engaged in some branch of manu-
facture, or in the study of medicine or engineering. The
volume closes with an account of the analysis of gafies by
eudiometric combustion.
iotes.
PfiiZB HiSTOBY OP Germany. — The quinquennial ,
prize of 1,000 thalersin gold, founded in 1844, for the best
work on the history of Germany, has been this year
recently awarded to Mons. Haeusser for his history of ihit
country rince the death of Frederick the Great.
Coffee as a Disinfectant. — This berry has long been
known as a disinfecting agent, but the two following ex-
periments illustrate a mode of using it not generally
adopted : — A quantity of meat was hung up inaroom which
was kept closed until the state of deconipoBition of the
meat was far advanced. A chafing dish was then put i'l,
and 600 gramuios of half-roa*ted coffee thrown on tlie fire.
In a few minutes tlie room was disinfected. In another
room sulphuretted hydrogen and ammonia were developed,
and 90 grammes of coffee destroyed the smell in about half
a minute. The best way to effect this ihmigation is to
pound the coffee in a mortar, and then strew it on a hot
von plate.
Alexandra Paqk. — Messrs. Kelk and Lucas, the con-
tractors, are getting on steadily with the removal of the
Exhibition building to Alexandra-park, where tlie works
are making satisfactory progress. A cricket-groand is
being laid out, and will be i-eady for play early in June.
Two Swiss ^vilions are oi^dered fo»* the players, and
another pavilion will be erected close to the Wood green
station with a view to the accommodation of 8,0% or
10,000 peoitlt'. A gymnasium is also contemplated ; but
the central attraction of the park will be the new building,
to be erected at once. Of this building a chromo-Ittho-
graph has been issued by Messrs. Day and Son with the
sanction of the company. The building will be 900 feet
long and 85 wide ; one transept of 480 feet will cot the
nave in the middle, and each half will be again bisected
br a shorter tiunsept of 820 feet, all the transepts being
the same width as the nave. Over the centi*eoftbe
building will be ope of the Exhibition domes, bat this
will be covered in all round except at the top. Two
octagonal cupolas will surmount the junctions of the nave
and the shorter transepts. The terraces will be laid out
on a most extensive scale. That on the north-western
side will measure 1,000 by 160 feel, and under it will be
formed a railway station, to which passengers may
ultimately be brought fVom all parts of London. A
concert-room, a theatre, a grand orcliestral platform,' a
number of dining and refreshment rooms, picture galleries,
reading-rooms, &c., are all contemplated.
FwsxtcB SciBNTiFio ExPEDmoN TO Mexioo. — ^Ths
Imperial Government has issued a commission — the
memt>er8of which include the Ministersof Public Instructkm
and of Fine Arts ; Baron Gi-os, formerly Minister Plenipo-
tentiary in Mexico ; M. Michel Chevalier, Senator ;
Admiral De la Gravi^re, who commanded the French
naval expedition to Mexico; Messieurs Mauiy, MilDe-
Edwards, Quatrefages, SaiuteClalre-Deville, and other
members of the Institute of France; Baron Larrey,
PhvsiciaD-in-Chief of the French Army ; M. Violet-le-Duo
and Cesar Daly, architects — to prepare the organisation of
a scientific expedition to Mexico and to fouow out its
results, and a credit of 200,000 francs is to be opened to
meet the costs of the undertaking. The repoi-t of the
Minister of Public Instruction commences with a reference
to the famous cohort of Savaos that accompanied Napoleon
to Egypt—to the " Institut de Cairo "—the ** I^escrfDtion
of Egypt** — and to the discoveries of ChampoUion,
who, says the Minister, could neither have omoeived
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETT OF ARTS, March 4, 1864.
261
nor carried out hk interpretatioD of the hieroglyphiee but
for the great work just named — ^to the diBooTeilee and
consequent labours, of Geoffiroy Saint-Hilaire and his
companions ;| and iwyB that the Eknperor, inspired by
these s e a ^ enirs , has willed that what Napoleon I. did
for the banks of tile Nile should be accomplished in
Mezioo under the auspices of Niqyoleon III. The sohesse
is a grand one, comprehending soienoe in a wide aceepta-
tioo of the word, and including geography, geology,
botany, natural history, anthiopolo^, and arch«ology,
in short all that refen to the history of nature
and of man, in the once fiunons dominions of Monte-
auma. The duties of the Ck>mmissioa are given
as follows : — ** To furnish the explorera with necessary
instruotioiis, to follow the progress of the expedttioD, and
to prepare, for the learned world, the publication of a
won whidi shall be a worthy moauaent of suofa am
aiterprise." Mexico, as the report says, does not possess
the historical interest that hangs around Egypt and the
East, but certainly there is no part of the world, at tiM
present day, at once so liitle kncmand so foil of interest,
and the expedition, if ooodpcted with comm<»i aUUty,
cannot finQ of a rich harvest.
CoLLMUB or PaaoBFTOBs^ — ^It §ffms9 by the report of
file Ooundl that the afiilrsof thn Corporation are in a
most prosperous and promising cooditioa. Forty-four new
membeiB nave been elected since June, and the diploma
of licentiate has been granted to ive gentlemen, and ^at
of associate to three. The pupils* examination has been
thrown open to schools io general, and at Olvistmaa 630
pipila were ezaraiaed. The movement m behalf of
silastic r^istratibn is I'i^pjjdly advancing, and appears
to be generally supported. The Council trusts that before
long such practical steps mayhaive been taken as wfil
render it posrible to submit to the legislature a measue
containing provisions identical in the main with those
whieh have already reeelved the sanction of the profession,
and which are impeiatively required, not less for the pro-
tection of the paUio than for that of competent educators
of all classes and denominations. It is worthy of remade
that mere membershipof the College is not co ns idered by
the Council to be any guarantee whatever of attainment,
or of abUi^ to instruct, as is stated by the pcesideBt, the
Bev. B. H. Kennedy, D J>.— << It is impertant that the
only titles which ioaply either examination, or any re-
cognition on the part of ihd College, of ascertained
professional competency, are fellow, licentiate, and
associate." The object of admitting persons as members,
without compelling them to undergo examination, is to give
all bond JSdiMBd respectable educators the opportnoity ofco-
operating with their brethven in the eflbrt to ** advance
the cause of edncatton, or the interests of the scholastic
profceBion," in accordance with the powers granted to the
Collie by itsBoyal Charter.
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL PRINTED PAPERS.
Nmh.
EojidAoedniiy Commiidon— Appendix sad ladsx to
Ceamo? Irelrad (I8S1). Vol IT., Part I. (Area, Popalstioo,
Ae.) (No. IV.) (Coan^ of Rotoominon).
„ (No. iy.)(CoD]ityaf BUgo, Ac).
Tol.I.,PaKni.(YiteI8tatlities).
M Vol. lY., Pftrll. (Area, PopolAtioa. fte.) (No. I.)
ICoo^f aai towm of Galway).
ColoDlia Tim mHom B oportt (North Amerlesn Ooloale*)
PlMt II.
Gotoalal and other Poitoniou of the United Klntdom—
StatletiMi Tibtoe. Part VIII.
Trade and NarlgaHen of the United Klsfdom (1862;— Ananal
Briliih North Amerlea (BxylotatiOA)— Oaptain FalliMr^e
ne., *e.
81S810V i8e2.
an (a r.) Voor Batoi and PanperlMi— Return (B).
im. Poor Law UaSoae— Retorn.
307 (01.) Poot Ratal and Paaperfam—RetDra rev
307 (I.) ,. „ Return (E).
488. fliirional Printed Paper*— Numerical List and ladex.
JMi9erti on 6th Ftbntmy, 1864.
AftiM in Ja p a n Correepondenee.
Ssssiov 1863.
481 (A vm.) Poor Rates and Pauperism— Return (A) J
Geasoi ef Eaglaad and Wales, VOL III.— General Report.
J>tH9mr§d onUhamdSth FOrumy^ 1864.
!». Rathray and Caaal, kc BiUs— Qeiieral Report of the Board
of Trade.
FHnoe.'^CerreBpeadenee roipeetlair the proposed CdBfrssi to be
held ai Paris.
Italjr— Treaij of Commerce and Nariffation.
Tunis— Conrention relatire to the holdingof Real PNferf^hy
British bottlects.
Ionian Islands — Treatj.
615. Poor Rellel (Laaoashlre, &o.>— Return.
Ddittred o» 9tk Ftbnmy^ 1864.
15. Bastard Children— Return.
18. Vaccination— Retvm.
Greece (Accession of Priaes William of Denmark to the
Throne)— Treatj.
PolNtd — Correspottdenoe.
Belfiom (Redemption of the Scheldt Toll)— Trea^ and Coo-
TMiion.
China (Ifr. Laj*s Memorandum)— Correspondeaoe.
Edncation— RoTised Code of Regulations.
North America (No. 1 ) (The ** Alabama **>- Cerrespondence*'
LeUnnd on lOih and llA F^bmaty, 1864.
7. Sardinian Loan— Aoeouat.
S4. Oeaeral OommMtae of Etacttaas Mr. 8peaksr*e Wsrtaiit.
1. PabUe Income and Expeaditmre— Aeeount.
4. Lioenoea (Wine and Beer, Ae.)— Retom.
6. Greek Loan— Account.
6. Russian Dutch Loan— Aocooat.
26. PoUce (Counties and Boroochs)— Reports ef laspsslOKi.
1. BUto— Rents (Iniaod).
3. „ JaSfOMats, Ac, Law AmendmenS.
t. ff hisMo Prisoners Act Amendmeol.
e. „ ssase mr \^ssue.
7. „ Colleetlen of Taxes.
Hum — k and Germaaj (No. 1)— Correspondenosrespectini
the M s inta ns n e e or tko Us^ritr of the Danish Monardiy.
Poor Relie f (Scotland; Mj ^t eenth Bepost of the Board of
Bupei^iBion.
Manepolttan Ralhraygehemes(1864)— Beard oCTrade Report.
IkKMorod on I2ih Fobnuir^ 1864.
17. Chelsea Hospital— Return.
tS. East India (Council)— Return,
a. Billa— Chain Cables aadAnohort.
10. „ Sir John
37.
47.
6.
U.
37.
SO.
28.
a.
8.
13.
14.
16.
16.
18.
48.
la.
19.
30.
55.
61.
IS.
31.
32.
16.
21.
29.
33.
36.
**
SXSSIOV 1863.
Fropsrlf saA Ineome-tax (Special CcnokisslOBSiiV-Rstimf.
Js K ssis d on 13M tmd isa Admanf, I8I4.
Ce on e Victor Townley— Co n esp o nd e ooe, fte.
NaN7 Estimates.
Bills— Con?ej*aeers, Ae. (Ireland).
,, Goremment Annuities.
Irish Fisheries— Report of the Special CoamlsrioBetB.
MetropoUtan Railway -Colonel Tolland's Report.
Geotse Vtoter Townlo^— Corrected Pafos of CcrrespoBdeacs.
DiM mr t A on 16M #c&nMry, 1864.
Armj Estimates.
Arm J Estimates— Explanations, Ac.
BUls-Lanied Property Impeovement (Irelaad) Ast Amend-
ment.
Church Rates Commutation.
TreqpasB ( Ireland ).
Appeal in Criminal Cases Act Amendment.
Vestry Cess Abolition (Irehmd).
Bank Acts (Scotland).
Tests Abolltloo (Oxlbrd).
Dthteroi on llih Fobruarf, 1864.
Navy ( Ships i— Return.
Bill— County Courts (Ireland).
Indian Offloers' Memorials— Report of the CommJiriflii
IMkooroi on lUh F^brmarp, 1864.
Ralhvay and Canal, Ae., Bilk— Board of Trade Reports.
Manufkcturing Districts Act (1863)— Report by R. JtewUaiga*
Eiq.
RaUwaj and Caaal Bills Committee First Report.
Penal Serritnde— Copy of C os i e epo nd e n ee.
Bills— WsMhoaslnf of BrHfsh Spirta.
Forfeiture of
•»
Lands and Goods.
Watchiaf of Towns (Ireland).
/>««««r«f on I9th Fdbrumy^ 1864.
Flogglnf (Army and MlUtia)— Return.
Flogginf (Nary )— Return.
M int^ Account.
Public Income ;and Expenditure (1861^ sad 186a-C3)-«
Account.
Bast India (CirU SerTice)-Reraatloni.
262
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ABT8, Maboh 4, 1864.
41. Ofwea Anne'i Bounty— -Acoomit.
46. Nai7 ( 1862-63)— Statament of Barlngt and Deflotencief.
62. Committee of Seleetkm — First Beport.
19. Bailwty and Canal, Ac, Bill* (1. Charinc-oron Rallwar; 2.
Charing-croM (Morthern) RaUwar ; 3. Cnaring-oross ( Weti-
ern) Riulway ; 4. Eaft Londim Railwio' ; 6. Great Eastern
Railwaj (Junctions); 6. Great Eastern Rail^Agr fMetoopo-
litan SUtion, Ac.) ; 7. Great Northern and Victoria SUtion
Bailwaj; 8. Great Korthem Railwar (No. 1) (Bamet
Branch, Ac); 9. Hampstead, Midland, North Western, and
Charing-crois Jonotion Railwaj ; 10. London and BlacliLwall
Railway; 11> London and North Western Railwaj (Addi-
tional rowers); 12. London and South Western Railwaj
(Additional Powers)— Board of Trade Reports.
DtU9tr*d on 7fHh and 22nd February, 1864.
32. Clerical Subscription— Cop j of the Commission.
40. (^arluble Funds— Return.
60. Cotton Manufacturing Districts— Reports bj H. B. Famall,
Esq.
67. Narj (Steam and Sailing Ships)— Retnm.
49. Navj (Labour Charts)— Return.
MEETINGS FOE THE ENSUING WEEK.
Hex. ...Entomological, 7.
Medical. General MeeUng at 7 ; at 8|, Dr. W. LTilbwj
Fox, *' On the CLusiflcatfon of Skin Diseases.**
Asiatic, 3.
Rojal Inst. 2. General Monthlj Meeting.
R. Academy, 8. Mr. R.Westmacott, R.A., " On Sculpture."
TuiS. ...MedicaJ. Annirersarj at Willis's Rooms. Oration bj Dr.
Thudichum at 6. Dinner at 6|.
Civil Engineers, 8. 0>ntinued discussion upon Mr. Sopwith*s
paper, *' On the Mont Cenis TunneL** And, time per-
mitting, Mr. G. H. Phipps, *'0n the Resistance of Bodies
passing through Water.**
Med. and Chlnu^cal, 8^.
Zoolog'cal, 9.
SjroEsyptian, TJ. Dr. John Irwine Whitty, C.B., " The
Water Supply of Jerusalem, ancient and modern.*^
Ethnological, 8. 1. Mr. John Lubbock, "On Andent
Britbh Tumali.'* 2. Mr. Thos. J. Hutchinson, ** On cer-
tain Native Tribes of BrazU and Bolivia.**
Royal Inat., 3. Prof. Marshall, " On Anim*l IJto.**
Wx2>. ...Society of Arts, 8. Mr. Fxaak unokland, M,A., "The
Science of Fioh-hatobinc.**
Geological, 8. 1. Bfr. E. Ray Lankester, ** On the Disco-
very of the Scales of Pteratpis, with some remarks on the
Cepbalic Shield of that Fish.^ Communicated by Prof.
T. H. Huxley. 2. Mr. G. E. Roberts, " On some Remains
of BoUtriolepii £rom the Upper Devonian Sandstones of
Elgin.** Communicated by Prof. J. Morris. 3. Dr.
J.J. Bigsby, "On Missing Sedimentary Formations fkwn
Suspension or Removal of Deposits.**
Graphic, 8.
Literary Fund, 2. Annual Meeting.
ArchseoJogical Assoc, 8|. 1. Mr. Cuming, "On Archers*
Badges.** 2. Various Exhibitions of Roman, Saxon, and
MeduBval AntiquiUes, by Mr. Taylor, Mr. Irvine, and Mr.
Brent.'* 3. Mr. Planch;*, *• On an Efll|cy of one of the
Markenfleld Family in Ripon Cathedral^
Tb«u ...Royal, 8|.
Antiqnai ies, 8.
R. Society (;iub, 6.
Royal Inst, 3. Prof. Manhall, *♦ On Animal Lift.** '
Fhi. Astronomical, 8. '
Royal Inst., 8.
Books.*'
8ir. R. Botanic, 3f.
Royal Inst., 3.
ments.**
Rev. W. H. Brookfleld, "On the Use of
Prof. Frankland, "On the Metallic Ele-
iattnls.
Frwi C<mmi$iioneri qf PatenU Journal, February Kth.
GniBTS OF Protisiokal Pbotkctiok.
Additions and multiplications, apparatus for maklog— 243— H. A.
Bonneville.
Aeroetation, apparatus for flsciliUting— 298— G. Davies.
Afriooltural implement*— 413— R.Homsby, J. BonnaU, and W.
Astbury.
Air, apparatus A>r inhaling^— 340— W. Clark.
Armour-plates, fastenings for— 411— C. P. Coles.
Atmospheric pressure, propulsion by— 310— Sir J. S. LiUie.
Barley, Ac, apparatus fbr screening— 341— T. 8. Cressey.
Barometers— 373-J. Hicks.
Blocks, Ac, for printine— 294— G. H. HoUoway.
Bone, horn, Ac., softening or dissolving— 403— V. Wadsworth.
Bread, Ac, manufacture of— 393— S. Darby.
Brewing, Ac, masbinr process— 236— J. Fry.
Cast wheels, manufacture of— 328— N. McEIaffle.
Cement, Ac, manuAusture of— 339— J. Toussaint.
Coke ovena— 338— W. C. Stobart.
Cotton, Ac, machinery for combing— 365— I. Dtoioek.
Cotton, flsjc, Ae., apparatus tor cann>ing— 336— J. Smith.
(3owls Ibr chimnies, Ac— 389 — O. Bohn.
Crinolinee— 3078 — J. Fleurman.
Cylinders, steam engine — 326 — T. Snowdon.
Doors, aic, rendering water-tight— 265— J. Smith.
Earthenware, Ac, saddles Ibr supporting— 296— I. Edwards.
Engines, Ac, deadening the noiae produoed by— 352— 8. Middlston.
Ether, methylic— 387— P. A. L. de Fontainemweau.
Fabrics, looped, Ac. — 360— W. Carnelly.
Felting, wool and hair— 2697— H. B. Barlow.
Fire-arms, &c, construction of — 109— J. Aisthorpe.
Fire-arms, breech- loading— 3253— W. E. Newton.
Fire arms, breech and muzzle-loading— 397— R. St. L. Pigoi
Fire-guards— 311 — H. Gumej.
Furniture— 375— F. W. Burton.
Gaseliers, slide for— 300— S. BarX and T. Attwood.
Hinges— 312— M. Runkel.
Lace, imitati(ui— 279— S. Ferguson, Jun.
Liquids, apparatus for measuring, Ac. — 369— J. H. Johnson.
Locks, Ac— 379— J. RedTord.
Metals, Ac, machines for punching, Ac— 383— W. Krotxsch.
Mill straps, Ac— 306— J. Lee.
Paints, Ac, preparation of— 332 — J. Webster.
Power, machinery for transmitting— 377— T. Smith and T. Liiter.
Power, obtaining and transmitting— 348— A. V. Newt<».
Printing rollers— 391— J. HuPtingdon.
Pullies, AC- 367— J. W. Wetherell.
Railway rails— 369— J. Henderson, S. C. Child, and W. L. Dmcuu
Reapingmichipcs, Ac— 327— D. Pidgeon and W. Manwariag.
Rooms, Ac, warming— 342— A. M. Perkins.
Sewing, Ac, machinery for— 334— V. De btains and T. Bofen.
Sewing machines — 302— M. A. F. Mennons.
Sewing machines— 304— J. Ck)Oper.
Ships* cable*— 3144— R. Saunders.
Stays, Ac— 245— S. Dixon and J. Calvert.
Sleam, Ac, application of, to circular moUon— 381— G. Fln^
Steam boilers, Ac, securing tubes in— 34 7— A. V. Newton.
Steam boilen. Ac, vertical— 324— J. T. Cakley.
Sulpho-cyanides, manufacture of— 346— P. Spence.
Swings, cradles, Ac, oscillating motion in— 401— J. Deavii, IL
Deavin, and J. H. Sutton.
Vessels of war, Ac, construction and equipment of— 316— A. UcLuae.
Water-closet and urinal, combined — 385 — J. Denoe.
Wheels, axles, &c., construction of— 237 — J. Rogers.
Wheels, breaks for— 308 — R. A. Bxoomaa.
Wxndmais— 314— T. Ecdes.
2140.
2141.
2149.
2153.
2156.
2158.
2160.
2163.
2164.
2170.
2175.
2182.
2184.
2187.
2194.
2195.
2196.
2204.
2208.
2211.
2215.
2222.
2271.
F. O. P. HoAnnnn.
W. Welden.
B. L. Burnett.
J. MUes.
J. Snider, jaa«
G. Russell.
P. Joyoi, Jun.
T. Erich.
G. W. Ewens.
Fi-om CommSttUmert
Patekts Sbalxd.
2166. J.I^ewis.
2167. E. Toong.
2186. T. Fisher.
2213. W. H. Tucker.
2252. J. A. Whipple.
2266. O. LewaL
2779. O. Haseltine.
3007. P. G. Gardiner.
3261. 8. 8. Oraj.
<tf Paientt Journal, February 2W.
Patbkts
C. H. Corleti.
A. A. Beaumont.
J. Loebl and I. Pick.
C. G. Kelvey and W. Hol-
land.
W. Lorberg.
R. Bait.
C. H. Adames.
O. B. Rennie.
J. H. Cutler.
T. H. Baker and G. Friend.
J. D. Jack.
W. H. Hawksworth.
W. Chirk.
B. Latchford.
8KALSD.
2281. A. ChMltn.
2285. J. G. Ulrich.
2290. J. AUen.
2293. G. Davies.
2359. A. V. Newton.
2739. R. Smith.
2800. W. B. Bowditch.
2910. J. Colling and D. G. Pbb
ney.
2939. D. W. Hamper.
3016. £. A. Inglefield.
3077. C. Brown.
3181. A. V. Newton.
3231. W. L. WinaM sad "
Winass.
PATEHTS oh which TBI STAMP DUTT OP £60 HAS BUI FlO^*
470. T. Spencer.
616. J. Wilson.
492. W. H.James.
620. W. Rose and T. Cxowder.
500. W. WhaUey.
606. J. Taylor, Jnnr.
513. W. J. Hi^.
518. C. Bealay.
483. L. A. Bigelow.
PAnifTS OV WHICH TBI StAMP DdTT OP £100 HAS BIB9 f^^
547. W. Wood.
568. W. Mills.
632. T. Brown.
671. W. MacfSu>lane.
696. B. D. P. CunninghMn.
597. T. H. Jennens.
^tpttrelr gtsigns.
Rack pulley— 4619— Feb. 4— W. Tonks and Sons, Birmingham.
A portable folding whatnot dinner vraggon or sideboard — 4620— F
18— John Mead, Abridge, Eseex.
The Alexander drag— 4621— Feb. 27— Jas. Evans, LlveipooL
mxml d %
THE
AKD OF
THE INSTITUTIONS m UNION.
IIOth Session.]
FRIDAY, MARCH 11, 1864.
[No. 590. Vol. XII.
* Ordinary Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
March 16. — *' On the Organisation of the Corps Impe-
rial des Pootset-Ohauss^es in France." By Geobob R.
BtJRXELL, Eeq.
Maboh 23. — Passion week. No meeting.
V, ABcu 30. — '* Artificial Light and Materials Used for
Liighiing.** By B. H. Paul, Esq.
Cantor Leoturbs.
The next lecture of Mr. Burges's course will
l)e delivered on Monday next, at eight o'clock.
Mar. 14. — ^Lkotdre VI. — Furniture, — Medinval fur*
niiure, oak and painted; Renaissance; 16th and 17th
oexitariee; modem.
Mar. 21.— Lkctubb VII.— The Weaver's art; Me-
dJATal, Eastern, modem.
Dwellings or the Labouring Classes.
The Council have passed the following resolu-
tions : —
'* That a Conference of the Society be snmmoned to con-
sider the causes of the present unsatisfactory condition of
the Dwellings of the Laboaiing Classes, and whether there
axe any remedies which can be advantageously adopted."
** That, beeides inviting the attendance of any members
of the Society taking an interest in the subject, the co-
x>peration of such as are members of the Legislature as well
as of the Presidents of the Institutions in union, be especially
requested."
»• That the Chairman of the Council, Lord Henry G.
Lennox, M.P., Mr. Marsh, M.P., Mr. Cole, C.B., and
Mr. C. Wren Hoskyns, be a committee to make the
mrraogements for the Conference, and to invite thereto any
other persons whose presence they may think desirable."
Prizes for Art-Workmen.
The Council of the Society of Arts hereby
offer prices for Art- Workmanship, according to
the following conditions : —
I. The works to be executed will be the property of
the produoere, but will be retained for exhibition, in
London and elsewhere, for such length of time as the
CoaneQ may think desirable.
II. The exhibitors are required to state in each ease
the price at which their works may be sold, or if sold
prvnona to exhibition, ai what price they would be willing
a0iirodiio«aeopy.
III. The awards in each class will be made, and
the sttina specified in each class will be paid, provided the
works be considered of safficient merit to deserve the
payment ; and, further, in cases of extraordinary merit
additional awards will be given, accompanied with the
medal of the Society.
IV. Before the award of prizes is confirmed, the candi-
dates must be prepared to execute some piece of work
sufficient to satisfy the Council of their competency.
V. Bona-fide Art-workmen only can receive prizes.
VI. All articles for competition must be sent in to the
Society's house on or before Saturday, the 26th of Novem-
ber, 1864, and must be delivered free of all charges. Each
work sent in competition for a Prize must be marked with
the Art-workman's name, or, if preferred, with a cypher,
accompanied by a sealed envelope living the name and
address of the Art-workman. With the articles, a de-
scription for insertion in the catalogue should be sent.
VII. Although great care will be taken of articles sent
for exhibition, the Council will not be responsible for any
accident or damage of any kind occurring at any time.
VIII. Prices may be attached to articles exhibited and
sales made, and no charge will be made in respect of any
such sales.
IX. All the prizes are open to male and female com-
petitors, and in addition, as regards painting in porcelain,
decorative painting, and wall mosaics, a second set of
piizes of the same amounts will be awarded j^mong
female competitors. If a female desires to compete in
the female class only, she must declare her intention ac-
cordingly. The originals of the works prescribed may be
seen at the South Kensington Museum, in the gallery at
the entrance to the Sheepdianks pktures.
Casts may be seen at the Society of Arts, Adelphi,
London, and the Schools of Art at Edinburgh, Dublin,
Manchester, Glasgow, Birmingham, and Hanley in the
Potteries.
. Photographs, engravings, &c., may be purchased at
the Society of Arts, John-street, Adelphi, at the prices
named.
*^* The Council are happy to announce that several of
the works which received first prizes in the competition
of 1863, have been purchased by the Department of
Science and Art, to be exhibited in the South Kensington
Museum and the Art Schools in the United Kingdom.
IsT Division.
Works to be Exeouted from Prescribed Desioms.
For the successful rendering the undermentioned
designs in the various modes of workmanship according
to the directions given in each case. Chromolithographs,
woodcuts, photographs, and casts of such designs, will be
sold at the Society's hoose at cost price.
Class 1. — Carving nr Marble, Stone, or Wood.
(a.) The Human Figure.—OM prize of £IB for the best
and a second prize of £7. 10s. for the next beet work
executed in marble or stone, after the Boy and Dolphin
cast from a chimney-piece, ascribed to IkmateUo, Onginal
in the South Kensington Mosenm. So, 6,896. Dimei^
sions to be one-eighth Jess than the cast.
[Cast— FiOeen ehillings. Photograph— One shilling.X
264
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 11, 1864.
(5.) Ornament. — One prize of £10 for the best and a
second Prize of £6 for the next bert work executed fn '
marble, stone, tfH* wood afler a carved ckair-back in the pfis-i
semon of Gemty VaaghaB, Beq. Dinenaoiui to tt #w»-
tUrdsof tf)e«ast
' [Cast — Twelre shillings. Phot<^graph— One shilling.]
c, OmamerU.'^One Prize of £10 for the best, and a
second Prize of £5 for the next best work executed in
stone, after a Oothie brmchd in the Architectural Museum
Dimensions the same as the cast. In this design the de-
tails may be improved by the introduction of small ani-
mals, and the human head may be chai^ged according to
the taste of the art-workman.
[Cast — Ten shillings ; Photograph-^-One shilling.]
{</.)— One priae of £20 for the best, and a second prize
of £10 for the next best, work carved in wood after a
design by ffolbeint as an Inkttand or WiUeh-Hoider on three
fset. Diameter of body to be eight inches.
[Wood EDgraving — Sixpence.]
(«.)— -One prise of £16 for the best, and a second prise
of £7 10s. for the next best, work carved in wood after
the Bead of a Harp of the period of L<Miis XVI., in the
South Kensington Moseum, Na 8531. The head and
bust only need be fully comfdeted. Dimessions the same
as the cast.
[Cast^Tfavtyahilliogf; Photogiaph— OieshilliBg.]
</.) OmammU-'OiM prise of £10 for the best, and a
second prise of £6 for the next best work carved in wood
after an Jtaliam pktun frame in the pos se ss i on of Heniy
Yanghan, fieq. DimeBsiooa— Twelve inches htg^ sight
measure.
{Pfaotagiipli— One ahOMng.]
Cum 2.— Bbfoossx Work nr ant Metal.
(£) The Human Figure ae a bae-rdief — One prize of £10
for the best and a second prise of £5 for the next best,
work exesQted after Rapkati^i ** Three Oraeee." Dimen-
fioBs— The figures to be six iodiee high.
[Photograph— One dbdUing.]
{h,) OrmameiU,'^ Ont prise of £5 for the best and a
second prise of £8 fw the next beet, work exeooted after
a Flemish salver in the South Kensington Museum, date
about 1670, No. 1168. Dimenrions— Twelve inches in
diameter.
[Photograph — One shilling.]
Class 6.— Chasimq in Bboxsb.
(a.) The Human Figure.-*-One prize of £10
and a aeoMid prize of £5 for the oest iMt, « '
after areAvoed copy of** C^ylK.** AtoiighicaF
OQ whkh llie chasiag must be «xiattie4» v
by the Society, price, 12s.
A. plaster cast may be obtained from P
Kussell-street, Co vent-garden, W.C, pri
(6.) Ornament, — One prize of £10 f
second prize of £7 lOs. for the next !•
after Cfouiier^ f^om a cabioet in the po'
Jesty the Queen. A rough casting ^
the chasing must be executed, will b-
ciety. Price 28. 6d.
[Plaster Cast— One p1
Class 6. — Etohimo and KNOBAvi
Womx.
Ornament* — One prize of £10
prize of £5 for the next best,
besques by Lucas Van Leydeii
South Kensington Museum,
of the photograph, and, if roui
so as to be not le» than :
stretched out.
[Photograph
Class 7.— Enamkl Pai
(a,) The HHman Figure
and a second prize of £5
after Raphat^e design of
oriaaUU, Dimensions—
high.
[Photoi-
Class 8. — ^Hammbbxd Wobk, in Ibok, Brass, ob Cofpbb.
Ornament. — One nrize of £7 10s. for the best and a
second prize of £5 for the next best, work executed after
the portion shown in the Photograph of the Pediment of
a Gate (German work, date about 1700,) in the South
Kensington Museum, No. 5979. To be adapted for use
as a bracket. Dimensions — 12 inches deep.
[Photograph — One shilling and threepence.]
Class 4. — Cabvino in Ivobt.
{a*\ Bmman Figure m Ihe rmmd, — One prize of £15 for
the best and a second prize of £10 for the next beet,
work executed after an Ivory^ by FiandngOf io the pos-
session of John Webb, Esq. Dimensions — the same as
the cast.
[Cast-<^ Shilling.]
{b.) OmomeRf.— One prise of £7 10s. for the best and
a second prise of £5 for the next best, work execated after
a pair of TabteU^ in the poesessioD of John Webb, Esq.
Dimensions — the same as the oast.
[Cast— One Shilling.]
(5.) Ornament.
second prize of £3 i
a Gemsan arabesqi:
South Kensington
the E2ngi'aviug.
Class
{a) The Hv
and a second |>
after Raphael
"Lyetra," I
This work i
the painter.
(5.) Orr
second pr
arabesqi •
the So\
to the t
of the
icl tjrur-
•ropoaed 'lor
. *
J
- ;>Uoe,
-, Highbary, K-
•vMriiaa, Meariey^ Btr-
lETT OP ARTS. March 11, 1864.
2&
the following fish. To begin with the salmon, these
aboat 1,000 ^gs to a poand of their weight, so
~"it a fish weighing twenty-five pounds we have
'^''.OOO eggs, that is to say, about as many
"ing the population of the city of
mon, gives 1,000 eggs to
" '^Uowing table will give
^^ 'ication in fish : —
Yalueifthtj
nm1>«r all became
nurkeUbtoflih.
.^ £40,000
6
to
.20
200'.
^,000
oketsanda
I caviare.
1. each.
£96,800
£6,250
«v selling at fbnr shillings
e salmon, weighing^ 20lbk
. ice, and they all eventually
h would be in three or four
. thai the eggs of thi* one
v4 than 178 tons 11 owt. of
supposing we poi this dotwD
be worth £40,000, and at
)roester, 4fl. per lb., the pro*
len fish would be worth £80,00Qi.
quarter of the yonn^ fish ever
il this one fish would yield a v»lae*
uthout cofitiDg any humaa being a
, therefore, what beoomes of all the
1, troot, &Q,7 The same thing thai
iiimon fowl eggs happens to the fish.
* fowl, we ourselves eat many thousands
<^ know how good they are for vadoua
cd ; and aa in the case of the fowl, so also
^gg* t thero are enemies innumerable who
\' them ; even the water itself is occasionally
.0 their well-being.
.1, then, many of the ] fish's eggs do not get ai.
.ated, or, not becoming properly buried in the
' washed away by the stream. In proof of this I
ution the following : — There are no good spawn-
^ in the Thames; the fish — and the Thames trout
V fine fish — Are therefore obliged to deposit their
1 the rapids in the centre of the stream. Some of
<;Mtd where trout had been actually seen to deposit
oggs have lately been carefully examined, and not a
lecgg could be found — they had all been carried away
die stream, or devoured by insects, of which thousands
-re found iu the nest. A friend, writing from Ham[)6hire,
vs that he has examined the nests where the salmon
tb
ion,
.incn,
, then
,g8, tai
I bey all b«eome quite detached from the membrane and swim
aboQt in the water, loose like mafblos ; if any adhere to the
mombrsDe they shoold be gently removed by a short brush, or
by shakiiwi ia tke boiling wotsr. I theiif wMn all . the eggs art
quite loose* poor off the water aod po«r the e^ into a aaeat
dlab^ dryiag them slowly either in the sun or in the oren, the
door of which is left open to prevent their becomlog baked into
lamps. I then weigh the whole mass of the eggs, and pat
down the total weight on. paper. I then weigh oat five gtaw
from the mass, and get tncm eoanted over carefully wtff^
magnifjfing hand-ghws, on white papers this is ladles* wor
266
JOUKNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 11, 1864-
depftrtment strongly recommended to the notice of hit
grace the Seoretoiy of State for the Oolooles. The Dake
of Newcastle was pleaaed to iqpprove of ihe seheme, and
caused a letter to be written to the direotors, and a copy
forwarded to the local government.
I have the honour to enclose yon likewise the pro-
gramme of oar exhibition, put forward in May of last
year, as well as a list of the sections into which the in-
dustry of the place has been divided, and ihe rules framed
for guidance.
The nobles and gentry of Malta have guaranteed a
sufficient sum to cover all probable expenses.
The Government having been able to grant a magnifi-
cent public hall for the exhibition to be held in, one of ihe
greatest causes of expenditure, viz., building, is removed.
I also have the honour to endoee extracts f^omthe
local journals, in which the first general meeting of the
heads of sections is reported, and which will enable your
Council to Judge of the reasons which the Dtreoton of
^e Maltese Exhibition have to look forward to a good
succors.
It would xHmduoe highly to this most desirable end, if
the Council of your bociety oould anmage to have sent
out to Malta for this £xhibttion, on loan, some articles
likely to be adopted by Maltese artisans, and which oould
improve and facilitate their works; amongst others,
the Directors would be gratified to receive tools for
carpenters, blacksmiths, &c. ; materials used for staining
and varnishing wood, planii^ instruments for smoothing
the surface of soft stone, trowels for plastering walls, and
some models of machines for cleaning cotton and preparing
it for spinning.
Arran;:rements have been made wfth the P. and O.
Steam Navigation Company to forward any packages
directed to the Maltese Elxhibition. The Directors would
undertake to have all articles returned to the Sooiety
after the Ebchibition is closed.
I have the honour to be, Sir, &c,
Marquis P. TssTAFsaBATA Ouvibb.
TotiiB O e ci t Ufy of theflodt^of Arts.
P.S.~It is intended that the Exhibition should be
opened about the second week of April next.
The Council have applied to the Ootton Sup-
ply Association of Manchester to contribute to
this Exhibition, and they have pleasure in stating
that that body has consented to forward gins for
cleaning cotton of the most approved construc-
tion, and these gins are offered by the Associa-
tion as prizes to the most succeaaM growere of
ootton in that district.
The Council will take steps for getting a good
representation of the tools and materials referred
to in the letter, and they hope that members of
the Society who may be manufiEtcturers of such
articles will assist in this matter.
plate and jeweUery hae oome down to our own day, to
say nothing of the numerous and ourioos inventories so
frequently met with; the most initrootive of these
latter being that of Louis, Count of Anjou, taken some-
whei6 about the year 1S60, and which has been published
in the work of M. de Laboide, on ** The Enamels in
the Louvre." The various processes applied to the working
of the precious metals in the middle ages were then
describea, and a abort list given of the prindpal vasesand
omamentfl demanded for the deooration of the Chmoh and
for aeeular uses. Much regret was expressed at the wantef
art ednoatioD, not only among the workmen, but among
the tradesmen themselves; the old silver and goldsmiths,
such as Cellini, beinff both tradesmen and artists. The
next part of the suqjeot touched upon was jewellery.
Great praise was given to the ornaments of the ancient
Btrascaas, which were literally *' jewels of stiver and jewels
of g<M." The higher sort of medisval jewellery appean,
OB the eontraty, to have consisted almost entiraly of
precious stones, only such an amount of metal being used
as was nec es sa ry to bind them together. The jewellery of
the renaissance formed a third variety, being distingui^ied
by the little *6gures and ornaments ooveied with enamel.
The lectorer then drew attention to ihe modem reviv^
of Etruscan work by Signor OasteUani, of the medieval
by Messrs. Hardman and Co., and of the renaissanoe
by Mr. Hancock and Mean. WiddowMn and Veale.
Mr. Green's jewellery ^raa also noted for ihe good
taste generally displayed. Finally, a few words were
added on the coinage and the necessity of a groat
improvement with regard to that in present use, the
example of the Greeks being adduced, whose ooins
were objects of the highest art, and the dies for whioh
are supposed to liave beoa made by the same artists
who engraved gems. The Italian money of Louis XII.
was also brought forwud as a most excellent example,
exhibiting, in its way, nearly as good art as the Greek
oofais, whue it possessed the great advantage of being
easily piled — the want which, in the present day, would
be considered a great defect in the antique examples.
The lecture was illustrated by some very excellent
examples of plate and jewellery. Thus Mr. Eastwood
contributed some chokw specimens of Eltmscan and AnglO'
Saxon jewels — among the former was a bracelet, which
contained beads frosted with minute gold dust. Mr.
Boore contributed some curious ancient chalices. Mr.
Gkeen sent a case of very exquisite modem jewellery,
and Messrs. Hardman and Co. of modem medisvid,
while the display of diamonds and precious stones was
due to the courtesy of Messrs. Widdowson and Veale,
and of Mr. Lambert, the latter of whom was a most
liberal contributor of 16th and 17th century plate, among
which a figure of Vulcan (in silver) demands ipecial notice.
Mr. Pairpoint lent two esoelleot bossed-up figure medal>
lions, ana several other beautiful works in silver were con-
tributed by Me«n. EUdngkon and Co.
CAISrrOR LECTURES.
FiNB Arts Afflod to IimoaimT. Bv W. Buboes, Esq.
Fifth Lbotubb, MoiinaT, Maboh 7^— Gold and SiLvnu
It app^trs that, slthough considerable documentary evi-
dence exists as to the excellence of the antique works in
gold and silver, the vsOue of the material has caused an
almost complete destraetion of the objects themselves, and
^e have, consequently, but little to leara from this quarter ;
on the contrary, a comparatively large quantity of med i©val
Thi&tbbnth Obiunabt Mbbtino.
Wednesday, March 9tli, 1864: ; Samuel Gur-
ney, Esq., M.P., in the ohair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Barber, Thomas Archer, 2, Scott's-plaoe, Lower-ix>ad,
Islington.
Oheesewright, Charles, Alma>ienace, Highbury, N.
Hales, £dward, Dover.
Salt, ThoAM Btftridge, Ariiteo-vflla, Moeeley, Bir-
mingham.
Blee, fidwvrd, Ghmofa^itreet, Honelydown, B.E., aDd
Glapham-park, &
The Paper read was —
JOURNAL OP THB SOCIETY OP ARTS. March U, 1864.
26'
ON inSH HATCHING.
By Fbavk Bbqklaxd, M.A., M.R.O.8.. F.Z.S.
It is wHh very great pleasure T avail myself of this
op^rtunity of addressing you on the subject of the
artificial breeding of fish, and I trust that when you
hare heard what I have got to tell you, you will
agree that it is one of the most practical applications
of the study of natural history that has been brought to
notice of late years. The mode of hatching viQuable
feh, Boch as the trout and salmon, by artificiia means, is
no longer an experiment. It has, I have been pleased to
see, been lately gazetted by public consent to the rank of
scienoe, which is every year attracting more and more
attention. I shall not weary you by entering into
the histoiy of the art, suffice it to say, that the
first diacovererB were two poor French fishermen, Gehin
and Remy — all honour to their names for the great good,
thw have done to their fellow creatures.
You will find in books a statement repeated over and
oyer again— a fault very common in treatises on naiuial
^wwy — that the Chinese were the first to practice piad-
cnlturo, but let me tell you what their pisciculture
consists of. They have no idea (I have it from the best
anthonty, viz., of officers in the army who have travelled
mere) of hatching fish in troughs, such as we see in
European esUblishmeots, nor have they yet arrived at
toe practice of impregnating the eggs arUficially. What
they do is this:— they observe the spawn of fish, as you
yourself may also do this spring in the Thames, hanging
about the bushes, having been placed there by the fish
themselves ; they collect this spawn, hang it up in tubs
and ponds, and let it hatch out of itself ; but though they
have not the scteoce that we have, yet they are piscicul-
tttmitain a most practical manner, for I have it on the
anttiority of an ^re witness, that when the Chinese flood
their paddy or rice fields, with water, they turn out into
these flooded fields large numbers of fish, which feed upon
the worms. Insects, Ac., which they find in the mud, and
tms without injunr but rather benefit to the plants them-
selves. When the fields have had enough water the Chinese
water-fcrmer opena the hatchways, catches what fish are
fat enoogh, and sends them to market; the others he lets
oat into anoOier freeh-flooded paddy field for another
P«*«re. In fiict. the Chinese herd their fish and drive
tnem from one pasture to another, just as a shepherd
tfrtvee his ^eep from one turnip field to another. These
nan are, I believe, great, coarse things, and appear some-
thing between a chub and a tench. There are, I believe,
no representatives of the Salmonids in China.
Lreaving the histoiy of the subject at this point, I would
now proceed to the practice of the art. There may be
?2™? Y^^ »»J why not let the fish breed fur themselves?
DonbtlesB. if left alone in a perfect natural state, they
would multiply themselves to an enormous extent^ as is
the cafe, I am told, at Petropaulouski. where the salmon
jreoccasiwially left high and dry by the subsiding of the
floods, and ench numbers of them perish in this way at to
*^* P^fi^ by the putrefaction of their bodies.
When we consider the vast number of eggs which
nature has given to fish, it is a wonder, indeed, that aUthe
world IS not fish.
The ^t of fish are airaply the hard roe of fish ; and if
JS 21*"**°® **** "*^* red herring for breakfast you will
tod that the hard roe is composSi of a large number of
mtle balls, each of which might possibly come to a fish.
Tou will find in books on natuial liistory the number of
«gp in fish. Not trusting altogether to these statements,
I have been at some cousiderablA pains to count the eggs*
* Iha way to cooot theegp is tbii :— Make a hw cats with
a knife in the membnuie whicU containt the roe, and then
plunge iheni into water wbiebi*. at the moment of inunerMon,
positirely at the (foiling Doiot ; being compoicd of albumen.
die em obey the oatmvl law tad coagulate in an instant, then
add alHtls eoBSOMo salt, aad c— t i au e to boil the eggs, till
of the following fish. To begin with the salmon, these
fish carry about 1,000 eggs to a pound of their weight, so
if we can get a fish weighing twenty-five pounds we have
no lees than 26,000 eggs, that is to say, about as many
eggs as persons composing the population of the city of
Oxibrd.
The trout also, like the sahnon, gives 1,000 eggs to
eveiy pound of her weight ; the followrag taUe will give
you some idea of the powers of multiplication in fish : —
Value if ths7
Weight of Total number all became
Mb. ^H9^ marketable flih.
Salmon ...20 lb. at 28. per lb. 20,000 « £40,000
Trout 1 lb 1,008
Jack 4^ lb.... 42,840
Perch I lb 20,592
Boach flb^ „.... 480,480
Siftelt 2 02....^ 36,662
Lump Fish. 2 9) 116,640
Brill 4 B> 28»,776
Heniog ... ^9) 19,840
Mackerel... 1 h 86,120
Turbot 8 lb. at 6b. each... 366,200... £96,300
Cod 20 lb 4.872,000
Sturgeon .- 4owt. Three buoketsanda
half of caviare.
Qyater 1,600,000 at Id. each. £6,260
Salmon, at Worcester, are now selling at four shillings
a pound. If, therefore, a female salmon, weighing 20lbk
deposited her eggs in some safe place, and they all eventually
became marketable fish, wMch would be in throe or four
years' time, we should find that the eggs of this one
salmon woold yield no less than 178 tons 11 owt. of
salmon fit for food; and supposing we pot this down
at 2s. per lb., it would be worth £40,000, and at
the present price at Worcester, 4s. per lb., the pro*
doct of this veritable golden fish would be worth £80,000i.
Even supposing only a quarter of the yonn^ fish ever
became marketehle, stiU thia one fish would yield a value
of £10,000, and all without oostiog any huoaan being a.
halfpenny for food.
It may be asked, therefore, what beoomes of all the
eggs of the salmon, trout, &c ? The same thing thai
happens to the common fowl eggs happens to the fish.
In the case of the fowl, we ourselves eat many thousands
of eggs, and we know how good they are for various
culinary purposes; and as in tl^ case of the fowl, so also
with the fish eggs ; there are enemies innumerable who
seek to destroy them ; even the water itself is occasionally
antagonistic to their welL-being.
First of all, then, many of the [fish's eggs do not get at
all impregnated, or, not becoming properly buried in the
gravel, are washed away by the stream. In proof of this I
would mention the following : — There are no good spawn-
ing places in the Thames; the fish — and the Thames trout
are really fine fish — &re therefore obliged to deposit thedr
eggs in the rapids in the centre of the stream. Some of
the nests where trout had been actually seen to deposit
their eggs have lately been carefully examined, and not a
single egg could be found — they had all been carried away
by the stream, or devoured by insects, of which thousands
were found in the nest. A friend, writing from Ham])8hire,
eays that he has examined the nests where the salmon
they all b«eome quite detached from the membrane acd swim
aboot in the water, loose like marblea ; if any adber* to the
membrane tbay shoold be gently remarcd by a thort bru*a, or
bjFshakimeiatheboiiiiigwAtsr. I then, when an.tktfggsare
qoite loose* poor off the waUr aod peer tbe cgg^tato a msas
diah, dryiag them slowly either in the s«n or "»."» •;*;•. ™
door of which is left open to pre^t their becoming baked into
lumps. I then weigh the whole maw of the eggs, aod pot
dowb the total weight on paper. I *ben ^^^^ **"/,?'!i7^
from the mass, andl get tllem ooonted •JT .^("H>L^" *
magnifying hand-ghMS, on white papers tbis is ladiea work.
268
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Maboh 11, 1864.
have been seen to spawn, but no eggs oould be found.
Even supposing the eggs have been properly deposited in
the nests, down come the floods and overwhelni the place.
Thus, my fiiend Mr. T. Ashworth informs me that at the
beginning of the season over 275,000 eggs were taken from
salmon and placed in his hatching boxes. Immediately after
this was done down csme the floods, and of the eggs which
had been exposed to their violence hardly one could have
survived. Then again, we have the reverse of floods, t.e., the
droughts, which leave the eggs expoeed ; or, as it happens
in Hampshire, the fish lay their eggs in what is called
** the drawings/' the water is let off them, and the eggs,
of course, periih. Fish, again, are great enemies to their
own eggs. I have frequently seen mynelf two or three
small trout hiding behind the nest, and as the female
deposits her eggs* swim after and eat them up as they go
along in the stream. Trout have also been ofien observed
with their tails in the air robbing the nests. £ven females
will eat their own eggs. What wonder then that trout
should be so scai-ce when both father and mother devour
their offspring. I myself have frequently taken eggs
which they tuid stolen from the spawning-beds, from the
maws of fe*out, and my friend Mr. Ashworth teUs me
that he has actually hatched out 600 eggs taken from the
mouth of one fish robber.
Supposing the eggs to have been properly laid in
th«ir nests, they be^me the prey of pests innumerable.
The larva of the may-fly and the dragon-fly (justly
called the river tiger) act the same part to the fish eggs
in the water as do the hedgehogs and other vermin to
the pheasant eggs on land.
The common water shrimp also has been accused of eat-
ing the eggs of fish, but I am beginning to think, from
experiments I have made, that he is harmless^ and purely a
vegetable feeder. The Caddis worm has also been accused
of eating trout eggs, but Miss Smee, the daughter of Mr.
Alfred Smee, surgeon to the Bank of England, has tried
ezperimenta with the Caddis worm. Causing them to
build their houses with coloured glass, amethyst, gold,
silver, brass, &o.. Miss Smee gave her Caddis worms some
trout eggs, to see what they would do; they did not
attempt to eat them, but simply made use of them to
build their houses. Curious sight it must have been to
flee a Caddis in a house made of fish eggs.
Among birds the eggs have many enemies as well as
friends. The chief of the former are common ducks,
which, with their spade-like bills, soon get all the eggs
out of their nests and devour them. The swans, though
very graceful ornaments in a pond, do a deal of mischief
to the fish, especially in the Thames. Two birds, the
water ouzel and dabchick, have been accused as poachers
after fish eggs.
I have examined the crops of several of these birds, and
have invariably found them to contain the remains of in-
sects, but no fish eggs. This matter was fully discussed at
the Zoological Society, and the verdict first arrived at was
*' not proven," and on second consideration the water ousel
was '* fully acquitted from the charge of eating spawn.*'
True it is he is ever feeding upon the spawning beds ;
he goes there to eat the insects that are devounng the
eggs, but he does not touch them himself at all, and to
accuse the bird of this fault upon mere circumstantial
evidence, is about as good logic as to accuse a swallow —
seen flying over a turnip field for the purpose of catching
the turnip flies-~of eating the turnips.
The moor hens, however, I am pretty well sure, will
eat the eggs of the fish ; a good observer tells me that
one morning the moor hens got to his hatching boxes and
cleared all the eggs out of them. There is another bird
which does a great deal of harm to the fish hatcher. The
Earl of Mountcharlee hatched several fish last year, and
placed them in a brook running through his garden, and
thouffh the trout were oontinuallv looked after they
lapidly disappeared ; another friend also writes to me to
say that he has killed several kingfishers under the wbes
where his fish were confined. Herons also are terribly
destructive to the fish in the spawning bods.
We have seen what becomes of the fish's eggs if
they are left to themselves. It is necessary, therefore^
for man to interfere, and take the eggs from the fish and
keep them under his charge. In all matters of iuterferenoe
with nature we cannot do better than take nature herself
as a guide. We observe the fish makes her nest of her own
acco^ in a rapid, shallow, and gravelly stream. We there-
fore must put the eggs in an artificial nest where tiie-
following requisites are present — a stream more or lesa
rapid — ^gravel — darkness — and perfect quiet. This stream
must be allowed to run over the eggs perpetually, day and
night, until the young fish are hatched out, just as it
would do in the brook.
At the piscicultural establishment at Huningue, in
France, the eggs are placed upon glass rods, such as I
now show you, during the time of incubation. I would*
however, most humbly beg to diflier from the great authoa
rities who use the glass bars, for, in the first place, the fish
do not find glass bars at the bottom of the water to deposit
their eggs, but they always find gravel ; in the second, it
is absolutely necessary that the egg should be perfectly
motionless for some 85 or 40 days. If you place a round
eg^ against two glass bars which are also round, the whole
bemg under water, you at once get the best possible con-
ditions for motion of the egg on the glass bar at the
slightest touch, and you certainly do not get what you
chiefly want — perfect immobility — for if the water be turoed
on from the tap a little too hard, or you happen to touch
one eg^ with a camel hair brush, all the eggs in the box
immediately mn against each other and begin to danoe
and roll about. ^ Again, when the young fish begin to
hatch out, their umbilical bags very often get caught
between the bars, and then they perish ; or if they fall
through, they get into water which is much too deep for
them, and whence it is very difficult to extract them with-
out disturbing every egg in the box. This is done in tho
French plan, by taking a cork out and letting the water
run off from under the bars.
By placing the eggs on gravel, on the contrary, as yoa
see in the boxes before you, all this difficulty is obviated.
The eggs can be placed so that they do not touch oae
another, so that the dead ones do not contaminate their
live neighbours, and may be easily picked out by the in-
genious pair of forceps which I have now in my hand, so
that the mequalities of the gravel will keep them perfectly
steady, so that the young fish when coming out of the egg
— like the young snake casting his skin in a furse bush —
may have facilities aflbrded^him to get rid of his shell, and
be not like his neighbour on glass bars, who slips about
thereon like a clumsy skater upon well-swept ice.
You will observe, of course, when you examine the
fish-hatching boxes now in the room, that we do not in
one respect adhere to nature, that is, we do not cover the
eggs with gravel, as does the parent fish. The only
reason why the parent fish buries her eggs is because of the
light, which is unfavourable. All roots and seeds of
plants, we may observe, are buried in the ground; it
would appear, therefore, that at first darkness is abso*
lutely necessary for the development of the first germs of
life. Again, if the eggs are exposed to the light, a nasty
white fungus immediately appears upon them. All thn
is obviated in a moment by placing wooden covers on the
boxes, for these keep out all the light, and obviate all
the inconveniences of bringing the eggs where you cannot
see them, and cannot watch their progress.
Apfabatub.
Now, there are two kinds of hatching apparatus which
may be used— one out of doors for carrying out onerations
on a large scale, and the other for use on a smaller scale
in-doors.
I far prefer the indoor apparatus, which is very siniple
in construction, more certain of sucoess, cleaner, neater,
and at the same time affords the great pleasure to the
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Maroh 11, 1864.
269
owner of b«ing able to obsenra the progreis of the eggs.
The slate boxes en the taUe are those osed by my friend
Mr. Pooder, at Hampton, in which he has hatched so
many thousands of fish, paying for the boxes oat of his
own pocket, and giving his time gratoitoosly for the
Thanies Angling P i ee erva tkm Society ; they are 8 feet
loog and 8} inches deep; they should be placed one
aboTo the other, after the manner of the steps of a stair-
ease, and so arranged that the water runs through them
all in axigxag manner ; some gravel, about the siae of peas,
moat be obtsmed from a gravel nit, not the river side ; it
moat be boiled well to destroy all the seeds of vegetation,
be washed perfectly dean, and then placed in the troughs,
io thai there should be an inch of gravel, an inch of
water, and an inch above the water ; place in the eggs-
pot on the wooden covers — see that the stream rous
properly, and leave them entirely alone in the 26 boxes.
Boon as those have this year, at Hampton, hatched out and
are etill hatching out no less than 124,700 fish and eggs.
Whereas, it requires a Isige number of eggs to fill
these boxes, and there are many private gentMmen who
wish to hatch a few eggs, say about 5,000 or 10,000, Mr.
Kiog, the aquarium naturalist, of 190, Great Portland-
street, has devised, with myself, the troughs which
Sn now see upon the table in AiU operation,
e call* them the rustic pottery troughs; and as you
see* tbcy are easily fitted upon a stand, after the manner
of a geranium stand.* Besides looking neat and orna-
mental, they can in the summer be used as flower-pots.
They are, too, very suitable for hatching fish in London
hooMS. All that is requisite is a gentle and incessant
flow of water, and what is water enough for one trough h,
as a matter of necessity, enough for half-a-dozen or so.
In London houses the supply of water Is often limited ;
it ia a comfort, therefore, to know that the same water
oan be used again twice or three times. In my own
small front kitd&en, at 156, Albany-street, Regent's-park,
for fnstance, 1 have utilised an old regimental hospital
bath, which 1 fill when the water comes in of an afternoon.
The water will not last me nearly all day, so it is con-
Tejred out into the area, runs through a second lot of
tioogha placed along the area wall, then into two
large oommco tubs ; when the bath gets nearly empty,
my servant boy numps all the water bMk again, by means
of a hydiopolt,f a most useful instrument, almost indis-
pensable to a penon who wishes to hatch fish in any
looality where the water supply is limited. I can only
my that I shall only be too delighted to let any one in-
teiested in the sulject see my apparatus ; it shows how
moch oan be done by the simpfost means.
If yott wish to hatch your fish in boxes out of doors,
yoo must adopt the same principle as that applied to in-
door boxes, recollecting the requisites — a clear running
stream, clean gravel, and darkness. Full details of both
in-door and out-door apparatus, and also the proper mode
of working them, can be found in my little book4 Both
modes of operation oan, at this moment, be seen in full
operation — the one at Mr. Pender's house. Elm-grove,
Hampton ; the other at the Christian Spring, in the vil-
lage at Hampton ; and both of these seU of boxes Mr.
Ponder will, I am sore, be glad to show to any of my
aodience. At Twickenham, the Acclimatisation Society
have also erected an apparatus, which is now in full work ;
Mr. Fancis Francis, who has full charge of this establish-
ment, will, I am convinced, be pleased to show his mode
of operation to visitors. These two societies, I would
venture here to remark, at Hampton and at Twickenham,
are by no means in opposition to each other. The Thames
Angling Society hatch fish for the Thames only ; the Accli-
* Tbe set of boxes now exhibited will be pUoed in the
Beyal Uorticttltaral (Hrdeot, South Kendogton, in tbe coarse
of the week.
f Mr^ Betton, maker, 27, Leadeohall-ttreet.
^ Jwh-halctog. Tisslcy Brothers, Ostherine-street, Strand.
matisation Society for the distribution of eggs and young-
fish at a price, to those who wish to re-stock their waters.
The eggs having been placed in the boxes and left
totally undisturbed, in course of time the eyes of the
young fish will be seen like two black spots in the egg.
The time required ior this appearance to exhibit itSf
depends entitely on the temperature.
The proper temperature* of the water, both in and out
of doors, ought to range from 40* to 60*. Mr. Pender's
observations tell him that at this temperature it requires
thirty-five days for the eyes to appear (•'.£., that the fish
is formed in the eye), and that they hatch out fourteen
days afterwards ; the same result has been obtained by
him for two seasons following, with very little variation.
Again, he has observed that when the temperature was
60^ (in the spring of the year) the eyes of the fish were
visible in twenty -six days, and that he hatched them out
in ten days afterwards. Lay it down, however, for an
axiom that the higher the temperature for the egg tbe
weaker the fi&h produced from the egg ; anything above
50** is weakening.
The first fish hatched out from a batch are the
weakest, the last are the healthiest ; when, however, they
once begin to hatch they will come out all in a mass, two,
thi>;e, or four thousand of a morning. The proper
temperature for trout and salmon eggs is 40^ to 50^, and
again 1 repeat it, anything over 50^ is weakening.
Grayling, however, appear to be an exception to this
rule. Mr. Ponder has obtained a fair supply of the ova
of these fish, which the Thames Angling Preservation
Society are introducing in Uie Thames. The quantity-
obtained amounted to between fifteen and twenty thou-
sand, and though several of these died, for they are most
delicate things to csrry, the remainder did very well;
they are much more delicate than trout ova, both in ap-
pearance and hatching, and seem to die at the least
provocation ; they are beautifully transparent, and, when
viewed in the sun, of a lovely opalescent hue. He has
discovered about these a most interesting, and, I believe, a
novel fact. The body of the fish is perfectly visible in
nine days, and the fish will actually hatch out of the egg
in fourteen days.
All difficulties and trouble with the eggs having been
overcome, we are at length rewarded by seeing the young
fish begin to come out of the egg ; at this time the tail
of the fish may be observed moving from side to side with a
rapid vibratory movement inside the egg. The young
fish, when hatched, increase in size dally, and the
darkening of the transparent substance which would
eventually be the body, and the development of the
fins, have already proved one fact, and this (as the
question has frequently been put to me) 1 shall venture
now to mention. The eggs do not grow — i.s., they do not
increase in circumference or in diameter — ^but the fish
inside the egg most ceitainly increases in bulk, till at last
it becomes so large that the egg-shell suddenly bursts, and
out comes the young fish.
I have never yet seen a more beautiful sight than the
^padual, development of the young salmon and trout. We
begin with a globule of albumen (or white of egg) ; we
see within it a faint line, and two black spots; day by
day these become larger, till the young fish is born.
Time goes on ; the umbilical veeide is absorbed, the
eolour appears on the scales, the long single crests, which
one observes at birth as running down the up^r and
lower parts of the body, resolve themselves, as it were
by magic, into the vaiious fins distinctive of the adult
creature, and we have a perfect fish before us. Nature,,
ever wonderful in her works, surpasses herself in the
beauty and minuteness of the finish of the little fish.
It is most interesting to watch an egg at the moment o£
hatching. If you have luck you might happen to be ^^ng
on a particular egg, when of a sudden you will see it split
in twain, at the part corresponding with the back of the
* I here quote from my book.
270
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF AETS, Makok 11, 1864.
fish ; you will thoD see & tiny head with black ey«s and a
long tail pop out» and you will see the new-bom creature
give several convulsive shnddera in his attempts to
nee himself from the now useless shell. Poor little
fellow I he can't manage to get out — the shell is too
tigiit for him . Take, therefore, a soft hair pencil, press
liffhtly on the egg-shell— he seems to know you are
his friend — he gives another vigorous kick or two, and
presto ! he is free, and has commenced life. If we judge
from his motions, he must enjoy life, for a;way he swims,
as fast as his tin^ and wriggling tail will carry him, round
and round in a circle, and then plump down he goes to the
bottom of the tank, and reclines on his side, breathing
freely with his giUa for the fii^ time in his life.
It would appear that it is not possible for the fish to
remain long enough in the egg to come out ready to eat
food at once, as is the case with ovo-viviparous oreatores.
They have, therefore, attached to their belly a bag, which
contains the nourishment which the young fish must
absorb into their system before they are able to shift for
themselves. The moment the contents of the bag are
gone, the^ at once begin to feed with the mouth.
In vanous creatures the progress of development is
different. Thus, for instance, in the human baby, the first
portion of the body developed is the lower jaw, and this
tor an obvious reason, because the most material want of
the baby is to obtain the mother's milk by suction. Now,
if the lower jaw were not solid and firm, in vain would it
try to suck.
Kow, in the case of the fish, nature has kindly packed
1^ all the nourishment that it will want for some six or
eight weeks in a neat little bag or parcel, which she has
affixed to the body of the fish in such a manner that it
shall be abeorbed into the general system ; the fish does
not suck milk like a warm-Uooded animaU m ita lower
jaw M not developed.
Wliat is, then, the most important organ to the young
fish ? He has numerous enemies, and it is his first object
to get out of their way. The eyes, therefore, are the
organs which first arrive at perfection, and they are indeed
perfection in this minute, jelly-Uke creature. The eye
IS in perfect working order at the moment of birth, though
the rest of the body is far from complete.
It has long been supposed that there was a duct or tube
which conveyed the nourishment from the bag to the
body of the fish. My friend, Mr. H. 6. Hancodc, has
carefully examined on this point. He reports as follows: —
" On examining into the course of circulation I find
that the blood is conveyed from the heart (which is visible
just under the gills of the fish) into the liver by a branch
of the large trunk artery, which, after giving out branches
to the intermediate spaces between the ribs, to the kidneys,
^., is finally lost in the muscular fibre of the tail ; that
from the liver, part proceeds from the large vein straight to
the heart ; the remainder, after ramifying over the umbi-
lical vesicle of the fish, is finally collected in the large vein
(inferior vena cava?) bordering the front part of the vesciole
and returned to tne heart, takine with it a portion of
the contents of the vesicle received by absorption, which,
being transmitted to the liver, is there assimilate, and*
again conveywl to the heart by the large vein for circula-
tion in the body of the fisli."
One of my many visitors to the tanks at the Field oflSce.
where 1 exhibited the process last year, was narrating to
me how he once caught an enormous salmon in the Tay,
weighing some thirty odd pounds ; this immediately put
the idea into my head to weigh one of my salmon. He
has, poor little wretch, a deal of way to make up before
he anives at tliirty pounds, for at present (four days old)
he hardly turns the scale at two grains.
By the kindness of Mr. Ashworth, of Cheadle, near
Manchester, 1 am enabled to show you a drawing of the
young fish who weighs about two grains, and about two
days old. He has also given the following observations
as regards the increase of weight in the young salmon : —
The fry at three days old is about two grains in weight;
at sixteon months old ife has inoreased to imty oanota, ct
410 times iu first weight; at tcpeniy months old, aA«r the
smelt has been in the sea, it baa besome a grilid of •ig^
and a half pounds; it has increased aixtMn tiniM in. thvae
or four months; at two yean and eight months old ii
becomes a salmon of tweLve to fiftaan pounda in weighi;
after yrhich its inoveaaed woight of growth, haa not btitt
asoertaloed, but by the time it boaemea thirty pooisda in
weight it haa inoreaaed to- 1 16,200 times the weight ii waa
tkt&ai.
Among the nameioua fkmiliaa which fiihea beaiv it
could hMdly be eKMOted thai all of them woold bor
straight-limbed and healthjpi; we find%. tharafon, oom^
skmiuly, but not veiy commonly, cripidad and deformad
fiuBh. Thus I ahow yon, this evoning.diafimma and living
specimens of a fish of a cocksorew shape, also of a fiib.
with four eyes and one headt also of a saimnn and of m.
charr with two haads and one body. Itakethagreateslciitt
of these fish and tniii th^ will live, Mid should thaj be
caught hereafter by any angler they wvmldi aatonish hiiB.
As regarda the praotioal treatmoitoftihe young fish, and
the question aa to when they should be turned oat inti^
the stDeam, as well as many other points, I would like
to mention if time and si>aee would peimut* I must b^
to refer again to my litUe book on. Fish^Hatehing Exptsa^
ments.
Having had now two yean' praelioai ezpeneoaa in
hatching fish, I bethought me whether this year I oould
not somewhat add to the science- of the maUer^ and haw a ,
therefore, instituted several experimenia as regarded tba
duration of the vitality of the milt and ova, wbetfasc
kept separate in bottles, or taken from dead fish. Tfais^
I am convinoed, ia a most important point, and it ma^
possibly lead to many practical sasulta* The first expen^
moat which I tried was with afish found deadin the
river, having been killed by a heron, and which had pro*'
bably been dead 24 hours.. The egos, whioh I impinge
nated with fresh milt, are now in my boxes^ and vecy finr
of them have died.
I have alio tried a series 4>f e^qpenmenta aa rsgaids
keeping the milt and ova separate m bottles froaa tiowa.
varying from IX) minutea up to 68 honrs* The l e en l t a
hitherto have been &voirable, but 1 cannot be oerlain tfaaik
fish will hatoh out of these eggi. Should, however, tbe
experiment succeed, the important paaotiual beanng of
thu will at once be peroeptit^ Thus, for instanna
1 impregnated, at Worcester, seme salmon ova fieah ttam
tha fish with trout milt, which bad bean 68 hours in a
bottle, but very few of thesaeggsare a*y^ dead. AgmOi
I brought some salmon eggs from Wovoester, and im»
pregnated them with fresh trout milt at Mr. Samvel
OumeyVGarshalton. The egga in this case weee 29
hours old. 1 here beg to thank Mr. Guitiey for his great
kindness and liberality in placing his trout at my diipesal
for experimental purposes.
It is generally a difficult matter to get the eggs, whether
of trout or salmon, properly opemted upon, and then sent
from a dirtance to the hatching boxes ; it, thereibre* oo-
curred to me that if 1 could possibly get the eggs from
dead fish to hatch, out equally as well as from live fiah, it
would save a great deal of tame, great expense, as well as
trouble. Fish, therefore, have t>een sent up to me by
Mr. J. Bt Bruce, of Woolstou Lodge, Faringdon, and also
from Mr. Gumey's, dead, pack^ in wet moss, and I
have taken the eggs fit>m them at 12 hours, 24 hours, and
80 hours. U is almost impossible to tell, from any test
that I know of, whether thcM eggs have been propedy
impregnated. Time alone will prove this. If the ex*
periment suooeed, we shall be able to write to our &ieoda
in the extreme north of Scotland, or the furthermost
part of Ireland, and ask them to catch the fi&li and said
them to London, where ihey can be operated upon, just
as well as though an express messenger had been sent
many hundred miles to do it
Those who have experienced the sad disappointments
'that I have with eggs sent even from short dlatanoai^
JOURNAii OP THE SOOIBTT OP AKTB, Maboh TlL, 1864.
-271
■smMd to bwe be« •pnpedy *opeMi6d oo, mbkh
aiRTB ^oUe hud, while, and wtqae, «iid» of «oane, cUid
(tiM OMM of thii hftJBg fMHfftiby the Aiidot of thetaOl.
way or olber foimof bid paokiBg)roeD ejppnM^
Bionee ed w iaii gc of o p e r i tio g op deed aih. Now, if we
nerer imiMok the eggs at all, and leave them asaalare has
banelf anaoeed, tlwtw»whan^-Bd ItyBkyoawfllagree
with mo-xhsve BK)io ehaooeof mooewthan by Ihedoflwy
altempiaof hnsiaD hands toaead ihem inaiftiii or gian
eHTier. The only olijeetion ioihe plan is, that the pareat
fiah are of a na e aa sit y dealrayed, whiefa is not the case
idien they are opa aa tad oo to the naaal manner.
I havo often been aaked if opeiatinff on fiah and taking
thair eggs fiom them killed them ?— My anawer ia-*tiMt
wo have this year taken over one hundred iboosandrtiont
2s, aad have not killed, to my knowledge, one single
• male or lemale. Shaae gentleoMn, tbafafoM, who
hnva been good eooogh to allow aato operate oo theirfiab,^
wfaodher aalmon or tsrat, need not be in the least fioar that
any ioforr has been done to the fish, who, for aoght 1
knosr to ihe oootmiy, may really fealaaoh obliged to os
tor the troable we bave asfved them in makmg their
oam neats and depontang their egge on their own aosoant.
It has been ok^aoted by soom that theae rinwiinauts
with dead fisb^aad with milt aodova taken from fiih, and
kopt asparate many boats, have been tried befoee. 'In>the
ndd of Feb. 27, J864, ««the Ghraoioler" qaotaa fsom
M. Ooale, the emiBeni4Hid learned professor of eortviidogy
ia the OaU^ de Fvanee, « etatenent that milt wlil
vanain alive ter B4 honai. I have, h ow e v e r, oarried -my
OBpeihnenta Awther on this paiat, and have asoertateed,
thnoagh the kindness of my friend, Mr. H. B. Han-
ooek, that the spermatozoa in the fish would live for so
lopgapeiiadaaiil boars, that .is to say, six di^ all bot
three hoars, li moat, however, be remarked that both M.
Coateand myaalf haveeapaiately eome to the aame oendo-
aion, vis^ that water most not be added to the dead tfiah
tOl themomeat that it isiaqttired for nw, for itmppeais
that the s|iaiinah »uo aaaMse their peanliar vibratory
qniek aetion when water is added to them, otherwise
thayareqaitaqoieaeent. Thia isamoatimpattantpofait
aaragaida the aetaal hriagfaig the theory into paaetiee.
Ih0redaBuetoalaite,onoe (bsall, aa I wirit every one to
f imao A a i , that I doneiaay that my eaperioMat in keep-
iag the miH aad ova ■■pasalo for ao long a time will
aaeaead, and that healthy yoang fish come from the egg,
BoragainamlataUaiBe that fish will hateh frome^s
taken from the dead fish, bnt there is, however, ao
nason why the wpsrisrasntahookl notbe tried, for natmn
haa many choiee aeoeata in her laboratory whieh ahe has
yea withheld Atan as, and -whksh ahe wUl oidy diadoee
tons by aaking her in ihe foim of eocpeEiBianta, varied
aad rapaated in «veqr poMJble'maaaer
Paooana, aho what BaiiinM vo aa Dona.
Thos hr I have attempted to show what becomes of the
eggs of thefish in their natural state ; how they may be
taken care of, and what great results may be, with good
hiek and carefttl management, obtained. I would ven-
ture now to report progress and the result.
The (hst originators and supporters of the important
adeoce of fish hatching for the public good were the
French Uovemment, who, with that liberality which en-
oonrmges any pHvate efforts for thefpublio good, have,|a8
moat of you are aware, ereoted a magnificent, series of
tiQfldfngs, which may be foirly denominated a fish manu-
Mory, at Hunlngue, near Basle.
Wnh the energetic and talented engineer of this estab-
liiiuueul, my fHend M. Coumes, I am proud to say I am
penonally well acquainted, and through his liberality I
am DOW enabled to show a series of photographs of this
• There is a^pedal daoss ia the Act of Psrlismeat whieh
dosi awiy whh the illegality of taking fpswalng fish with the
net for the UmaJUU pnrpote of taku|^ tbeir eggs for te pur*
beantifol ^eatabli dia aent The femlta obtaoied are aoma-
what stnpendoos. By the kindness of M. Coumes, from
whom 1 rhave joBt'ieeeived the latest news, I am enablad
to give the following tables of fishes' eggs hud down in the
troughs, and for partioulars would refor to the oflldal
report, *« Notkse Histari^ao sur rfitablissemeat de Pirnksal-
ture de HuDingne.*^
HUM SdfaMB.
Og»mtLik»TwoiaL
Commoa Tnwt.
Sftlmoa TiMt.
Ooibr* CkcnUar.
884-S... l,fa4,tS0
i,iaA,sos
3,784,030
3,149,643
4,631,700
86S-7...
867-8...
8se>f...
8dS**S0.
8S0.1...
8ol~*2...
8«a-3...
863-4.
?W»orl4avtict.
1864-«...
1866-S...
1866-7...
1887-8...
1868 a...
1866..
1866
1867..
1868..
4,283,8001 U6a-«0.
6,72MM 1860-1...
6,382,9001861-3...
4,408,000 1863-9...
7,163,680 1863-4...
2,687,000
660,000
3,471,000
3,673,600
4,8S0«O0Oll86e.
3,869,00011860.
8,997,000 1861.
11,995,000,1663..
16,130,000;1863.
Ombn Commsa.
.143,000
.341^6401
.367,900,
. 80,600,
. 80,000
.114,000
. 43,500
. 66,000
1865...
1866...
1867...
1858...
1869...
1860...
1861... 1
1863...
1863. ..•
113,600
369,600
105,460
64,760
57,000
336,000
,038,000
444,000
63-4... 7,163,680 1863-4... 8,960^000:
; Gfsnd Total 110,738,103
<• The aombfrof Daaato SaliiMii'aai Oatbie OooMkon, U 1863,
together, were 353,000.
.For paiticulam as to the onaaber of deaths, dFc., I
waold refor *to the publiahed report above-mentioned.
Over SO peroeot. in the 10 years of •theae eggs were dia-
tribatedand hatohed oat.
Beaides these, large numbers of young fish are distributed
t^lkr they have absorbed the umbilioal bag, and aie fit to
be turned out to shifi for themselves. M. CkMimes* report
shosM -that in ISfiii, 97^460 tmat, aalmon trout, and
ombre ehevalier were distributed ; io 1863, of Danube
salnmn aad ombre ooBuaun,61,000 ; in 1862, 18,000; in
1868,5,000.
M. Coumes, in his letter to n%e fromBtraabourg, dated
March 5, 1804, deaitas ne to anooonoe ** thatibe French
Qovemment have juat inatitutod a commission (which
appuaatly oerresponda to our fiaberies oommisrions) for
the purpose of dmwing up laws aad regalationa relative
to the salmoo and trout fiaberies in Fmnoe,and to procure
for ihe fiah a free passage in the rivers, and also to
determine uniformly through the empire what engines
fco* the poijose of taking fish may be lawful and what
illegal." This is a great and important step in the right
dirMtion.
Through the libaraliiy of the Frentdi government, many
thousands of the ag^ of aalmon, trout, ^.nearly ready to
hatch, have been diatribuied all this year and last year
thronghont England. Some of theae very fiah are now
in the boxes before you. These diatrlbutions are made
gratuitous^. to the inhabitants of both Fmnoe and England
alike, the only stipulatioo made being that thoae who
shall reoeive the eggs shall duly Mod properly return
the forms of what 1 may call *« births and deatha."
I hope and tmat that the day is not far distant when
oar own Government will*see the importance of foundiog
a similar satablii^mant for the public good.
1 muat now mention what has been dooejui her Mi^Jesty'a
dominions. The first place estabUBhed (that I know of)
was at Perth, where thousands of salmon are hatched by
arttfieial means annually. In Mr. W. Brown's admirahlo
little bookf will be found details as to the number of eggs
laid down, die. One of the cooMqueixses of this artificial
hatching, Mr. Brown informs us, is as follows :— ** We find
that .in the year 1828, the year of the passing of Homo
Drummoad's Act, the rental of the salmon fisheries of the
Tay was £14,574. .It gradually fell off eveiy year after-
wards till 1852, when it reached the minimum, amount-
ing to £7,973 5s. In 1858 the artificial rearing com-
* StMsboiug, Imprimerie de Yenice Berger LcTsnlt, 1802.
t The Stormontfield ISiperfmeikt on the Sslmon. Qlasgow :
Morcsv and Son. Loodon : Arthur Hall, Virtne and Co.
Prioeis.
272
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Maboh 11, 1864.
meooed ; aod in 1858, when the statement was printed, the
nntal was £11,487 2s. 5d. ; it has now reached what it
was in 1828." Mr. Brown has been kind enough to send
me the latest news as follows : —
*<The number of ova deposited in the boxes at
Stormontfield in November and December, 1862, was
aboat two hundred and fifty thousand; in 1868 (last
spawning) about eightj thousand. The reason that so
few eggs were got durioff the last spawning season was the
unfavourable state of the river for netting operations.
There never was such a good show in tlie rearing pond
since the commencement of the experiment as there is
this year. Peter Marsliall, the keeper, says that he has
lost almost none since the hatching of the ova of 1862,
and the raring pond is at present swarmbig with young
fnr, the half of which will, as usual, become smoults in
May next. None of the ova of November last have
hatched as yet, the low tempHrature of this winter will
retard them for a fortnight past the usual time.
«* CroA CoU«g«, Psrth, Stk Msrek, 1SS4.**
Secondly. One of the greatest results in practical fish-
lutching has been obtained by my friend Mr. Thomas
Ashworth, and his brother, for they have Mually
peopled with salmon Loch liask and Corrib, an area of
lakes containing tiilrty-ilve acres of water. In 1861,
Mr. Ashworth laid down 659,000 salmon eggs, he being,
in his oim words, ** confident that he could breed salmon
much easier than lambs.** In December, 1862, he deposited
no less than 770,000 salmon eggs, maldng in the two yean
1,429,000. Mr. Ashworth telU me that the total cost of
doing this has been exceedingly small. In order that
the public may understand what a vast number of fish
770,000 would be, I would mention that it has been cal-
culated by ** the chronicler,*' Mr. James Lowe, that the
number of human beings assembled to welcome the arrival
-of the Princess of Wales was 700,000— imagine a salmon
for each human being-^and you will have an idea of the
number of fish Mr. Ashworth has hatched out as a stock
for his fisheries. This year Mr. Ashworth informs me
he has deposited 820,000 over and ab6ve Loch Mask,
under the most favourable circumstances. We must wish
him every success in his laudable efforts.
We must now go nearer home. About three years
«go the Thames Angling Preservation Society instituted
« " SitlMXNnmittao of Pisciculture," of which I have the
honour to be a member, with a view to stock the river
with valuable fish, by means of the artificial process of
hatching. We first began by placing boxes in the meadow
in the spring, but a flood, upon which we did not at all
calculate, suddenly came on and endangered the eggs.
Mr. Ponder and mjrself, therefore, determined to put
np fish*hatching boxes in a situation where they would be
out of danger. Mr. Ponder erected ttiis apparatus entirely
«i his own cost in his own greenhouse, and he gives gra-
tuitously his valuable time and experience to the manage-
ment of the boxes, the Society paying the wages of the ser-
rants and the aottud expenses incurrd collecting tfaie em.
During this present season Mr. Ponder has again added,
At his own cost, a considerable number of boxes to his
apparatus in the sreenhouse, and he and I, with the able
assistance of Andrew, the keeper, have been very busy
the last two months collecting trout eggs from the pre-
serves of gentlemen who have kindly given us permission
•0 to do. The living result of our labours may now be
«een in these boxes, which have become so crowded,
that we have been obliged to lay some of them down in
the meadow in the Christian ^nring. The following is
• list of eggs now hatching out: —
EnglSh trout 97,000
French trout ., 4,800
Salmon trout 900
Great Lake trout 2,500
Ombre Chevalier 4.000
Rhine salmon 15,500
124,700
and I hereby invite all who have heard my paper oi
read this report, to go aod aee Mr. Pender's apparatus
at his house, Blm Orove, Hampton, about a mile from
Hampton-court Station, and in the course of a few weekt
will be seen over 100,000 young fish swimming about in
the boxes.
During the colleotioD of the English trout eggs I bav(
been enabled to make many interesting remarks oo thi
habits of spawning fish, which will be found recorded in th<
Field. 1 regret much I cannot mention them in this [dace
The funds of the Society are not over abundant ; if the}
were we could do much greater things. All anglers ii
the Thames ought, therefore, to suppcxi, by their sub
scriptions, our efforts to attempt to introduce salmon
om&e chevalier, and to multiply the number of trout
and other fish in the Thames for the public good. Mr
Ponder and mjrself, moreover, in our official capadiy as
sub^sommittee of Piscksulture for the Thames AngUns
Preservation Society, have petitioned the Lord Mayor and
the Court of Common Council of the City of Londoo.
They have been kind enough to favour our views, and tc
look upon our project with a favouraUe eye.
I wiU not now go mtothe question as to whether the sal-
mon we turn out will return to the foul waters of the Thames.
We are in hopes that when the main drainage works oooie
into action the waters of our noble river will be deai
enough for the salmon to run up— at all events, it is quit«
certain that if we do not turn fish into the Thames %ht(y
will not be able either to run up or down ; now it is moti
interesting to know that young smelts have been caught
in smelt's nests at the mouth of the Thames, aod those 1
have every reason to believe are of the young fish hatched
in our apparatus at Hampton.
Some three years ago, Mr. Thomas Oamett, of Cli-
theioe, mentioMd to me the posnbility of making i
hybrid between a salmon and a trout, and this year I havi
been able, luokily, through the assistance of Mr. AlUei
at Wonssster, and the Worcester Fisheries Preservatioc
Society, to impregnate salmon eggs with trout milt, and
also to reverse the experiment, in one instance taking the
small trout to Worcester alive, and there operating on th<
salmon ens, and in the other bringing the ova of Um
salmon toLondon, and there operating oo them with trout
It is impossible to say what the result of this expenmeoi
will be, as the eggs have not had time to develope thmB<
selves. Should it, however, be snoeeesftil, I have greal
liopes of obtaining a fish in which a non-migrating wSl Im
predominant over the migrating instinct. Should agair
these fish prove capable of bearing eggs, I would propose t<
cross them ogam with the common trout, so as to obtair
a fish which shall be two parts trout and one part salmon
Anyhow, should my experimeots this year prove wofth<
less, I certainly iutend to prose cu te them again tha
year, as we know not whero nature's law of hylmditstlor
commences and where it ends.
The observations drawn, and the results, be they gooc
or bad, obtained from these experiments, both as regardi
the eggs from dead fish and the hybrids between the troQ^
and sumon, will be recorded ih>m time to time in th<
colun[ins of the Field newspaper, to which I beg to refer
as it contains many articles relative to fish-hatching b}
myself and other observers of nature's operation.
This Acclimatisation Society, of which I am one o
the honorary secretaries, being desirous to spread fish inU
waters where they are getting scarce, has taken uj
the matter, and the council have voted a sum of moDe^
for building an apparatus ; the management of this the}
have entrusted exclusively to Mr. Francis Fraods, o
the Firs, Twickenham. A full account, with pUn
thereof, appeared hi the Field, Na 588, February 27
1864, from which X now quote the following par
ticulars : — •« The operation of laying .the ova in thi
apparatus was commenced on the 24th of Deoembe
last. Shice that time 186,000 ova have been placed ii
the apparatus, and of these 40,000 have been diatributec
to members of the society (indudfaig a number of salmoi
JOfUBKAL OF THE SOOIBTT OF ARTS, March 11, 1864. 27 8
sadwatkirofA ovm sent io^lhe HoniBgoe afUbliahmeoi),'
and ttom 5,000 to 6^000 have perished in the proeen.
This aokoaot of km shews nthere saiill anteiage. Qn
.Sfttardey 9O<00D ova and alevms {ywmg fry) weie in the
trufs, TUB., ■slmoD, 6,6000 ; fahnoa trout, 6,000 ; eommon
itnmt. 67,000; great lake trout, 7,500; oharr (ombre
obevalier), 4,000. The ^freat hoik of Ihese ova have
•bsoB takeo ior the esoiel^ •out of English waters, nnder
ihe dirsotioQ of Mr. Fianek, hot fortthe ombre ehevaUer
sad great lake treat the soeiety is indebted to the
Hanininie establvhrnent, the 4iieetor of whieh (M.
Coomes) has most .geDoronsly esctemled as mnch ^as was
MouiMd to enable the soeie^ .to meet all demands in
this its first eoason of carrying en its operations. The
#ea and fry eent from the sooiety's estsblisbment are
purehi sed only by aDemben at the .prieee*fiaed by 4he pis-
flloiillcBaldireottMr. Tiieoepnoeeareforthe|veteoteo*ifely
.•Kperimeotali; ihsy sa oi k w d at the lowest -rates possible.
Xhe paoBS vary fiom diOB. per thoossud lior trout ova, >to
Ms. forealaon, adth an aAditioa of f^om 80 to 40 per
for fty, Vitalisad eira can be eent fay railway, or any
r mode of sonvagFanoe^ bat iry reqaire attention
dadng the jeomey, and ithese memben who pordhase
Umbi are e«peetsd 40 send penoos to4he sooiety's eslab-
VwIm i to leeeite ^bsm, aad eonv^ .them to 4hair
d^sfinaticn.**
Ms. Franois would doabUe« Iks plassed <to A^w Iris
iBode of opetatidtt to may one erho 'would teaar Um
frilhaoalL
Besides the abare^nentiined pobliB estaUashmeBts
Hmso an, I am pleased to report, aeveml privMto CMS <Daw
•i Ikill work in vacifias pacto of 4he kingdoak I oaaaot
mantioo all of them, hot, at the same time, eanaot omit
ihase bekM«ing io Lord OhoMhiU, of Comhory-puk,
lOsfioid; to the ilail -of Mooattdunlaa; do Yimeaat
B«woBBsoait; to .itaiiioel •Gaiaey^ 4£sq^ ILP.:; 4o
.AUked JBamB, iBso.; ito fitted Bmc, Smi^ 4)f iddsr-
Witnnpsrfr; to T. Ball, fisq., of Famingham, to J.
£ing, &q.. of Vatfonl, baridea seveHd iladMB (for i am
to sse that they also ^Mwe taken np the sol^jeot)*
oUkt gsDtfeaMB. Mr. ffigiM Bmr and Mr. lUl,
isf Faadngfaam, tere derirnd moiA inganioos metheds
^ eombining the iadoor wUh the ootdaor ^ppasatas,
ihe one ung the eiater ftom a spring In •his park,
4he other the water ftam a mOl-bBad, both idaoss
how 4irater a ih siw i s e idle oan be made to
a geed'snd osaAd .porpQse. Inerareabatit toyoa^a
detailed and careiiilly drawn plan of Mr. flairsappsnatas,
-w^ wortlqr of being adapted % all who hatve pramtsee
aidted to this paqMSB.
We, in this ftivoned land, who hasve, oompandi^Fely
apea lci ng, abondaaoa ef salmon and tront, should net be
awfish, bat ehonld lather do oar best to give eor relations
and irieods, now in onr eolonies, the 'beneflt of ** home
pcoduetk** Ton have doubtless read and heard mnoh of
perimeBta of itakfaig a^faaon to Attdmlis My
Mr. J. Yenl, who <haB Aakeo the lead in this
great eMdlt tisidae tohim for his eneff|^ and
-tei given ma ^he very kst news on ihis im-
portant sabJectas^iBllonraj-^C^waidsof 100,000 ssOmon
~ aboot 9,000 tooat ova wese sent oat to AostaaUa in
Not/aUt. The o«a wese nioaaied from tiie Tweed,
Bevem, -the BibUe, -and the Bevey nvan, thns
BhMpBDd, Bootland^and WiAse oootrlboted toifaispreoioas
dMght. 164 •boxes, eontaining abont 90^000 ova,'were
^laead at the tattosn of ihe ioe^honse, with a asUd oBaas
«r ise nine feet thick on the ttop, ao that every partiole of
ttsssMSB mast melt before the eaa would soffer. Biateen
bOBieB, containing aboive 18,000 ova, were plaoed in other
yasto of tlie ioehoaw, witti ioe Mow, above, and sdl
Toaad the bones. The oiva were taken between the 19th
aad 15th Jaooaiy tet, plaoed on ^oard ihe ship on the
lBth,aiidtbe Jrof:^left the ^oein on the mealing of
ibe 21st, and Plymoath on «ie iOth Jannary. Tharfy
•BttUbt (^Mm,JaBuiiy90,VebraaryS7,MarBb6.
tons of Wenham Lake ioe were used, and 1 am in good
hopes twenty tons will remain when the ship arrives at
Melbourne, which will beoo or about April 8ih i we shall
have news back on or about the 12ih of June.
Last year I had the honour and pleasure of aisisting
Mr. Youl in his experiments, and we found that we
could keep salmon eggs io ioe (through the kind awistaooe
of ihe Wenham Lake Ioe Company) from periods vary-
ing from 57 to ] 44 di^s, and that the young Gsli would
kuUoh out of the egg. Tbe>detaih of these experiments
are recorded in my little book on tishthatohing.
The Norfolk has run from Pi^mouth to Australia in 71
days, and ehe has made this short passage no leea than
three times ; we have therefore great hopes that the pre-
sent OKpedment will suooeed. I am sure all my audience
as well as -all my readeie will wish this also, and that they
will, both as regards this and also our former endeavours for
the publio good, with one aoeord unite .in the joyful cry
of " Vive la Pisciculture."
I cannot conclude this paper without reminding you of
another lesson which we ought to learn, and which we
should by no means neglect. The science of fish-liatohing
is (as 1 tmst you will admit now that you liave heard my
stcffy) both interesting as a study, ^od also likely to be
prodnctive of much public good. In it, moi cover, we can
have under close observation one of nature's moat mys-
terions and wonderful works, which, if taken in hand by
snob a master-mind as that of my lato lamented father
(the Dean of Westminster), would, indeed, form a new
and most valuable addition to the " Bridgewater Trea-
iises," in whksh .the ** Power, wisdom, and goodness of
Qod, as manifested
forth.
in the Oreation," are so ably set
BISCUSSIOK.
The OHaiaasw 'imitod ihe meeting -to discuss this
Siper. fie miiglit aigr that for feorteen or fifteen jFears
e bad boM tpcaotising this fish-iiatohing, and coald
entirely eoofiraa every word Mr. Buokland had said.
Mr. PaaMBLL (Inapestor of flsberiea) said every one
psessni mast be eonvmoed ihat ihe coantry was ander
great obligations to Mr. Bnokjand for the way in whioh
he had earHed on expeiimeDtswhioh were likely to become
of ihe grnatast use ; sooh a aaan the world had long
wanted. iHe (Mr. Feonell) had for naaiqr shears past been
anxious that ibis ealjject ehould beiaken op by scientific
men. fie had faiaieau ^besa phMied in a position in which
he had bean called upon officially io oo-operate with other
persons 4n propesinp'to the oonsideration of the legislature
sooh regulatiooB with legaid toilie fisheries of this king-
dom as srere in eonformity with the iaws of nature and the
habits of the fishiheaioohas. Be had never professed to
enter into :Mie ssientific part of ihe eobjeot ; he had had
opportunities fordose obsersration, bat that was not enough.
In the investigataan of tins question hitherto, there eoold
be no donbtihat antagonistic int e rest s had operated to a
very great extent against oreper legislation on the suligeet of
onrfiataeries. Inan officisl investigatieo in Irdand in whiish
ho waa«eooaeined,an important question in natoral histoir
arose. The parties iotenated were refnesented by oounsd,
by whom il» most opposito eoientifio theories as to the
habits and properties of fish were advanoed, so as to suit
as far as possible the interests of their respeetive dienls,
•ontn at lengtti an a dj onnMnent of ihe investigation was
agreed open, ia orier that ihe questions raiMd io the
course of the inquiry might be lefoned to certain mem-
bers of <the KaUwal Baitary Seoiety there. It wm,
however, foond that they vreie not able to give any in-
foimation with regard to the sole, the salmoo, or the
tufbot, wfakdi would assist -the Commi«ion in coming to
a decision. It was, therefore, quito apparent that scientific
investigatfon of this subject was warned, and they must
fed greatly indebted to Mr. Buekland for the seal with
irhi& fae bad oome forward in this matter. It was very
for from his (Mr. Fennell's) wish or intention, in the few
reauffka he would ofo, to throw cold water upon
274
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, March 11, 1864.
snyihiDg connected with tiie piacicuUttral movement
that had lately taken place in this country, bat he
would refer to a few plain facts for the future
Siidance of those who were interested in the subject,
r. Buckland had spoken offish as being great cannibals,
and had referred to the immense amount of destruction
that took place in the ova, particularly of the fresh water
sp&AeB, Even those fish which did not depart from their
Dative streams were liable to considerable destruction, but
with regard to the migratory species, when they reached
the sea they had to encounter enemies of the most for>
midable kind, and suflered still more seriously. To men-
iion a practical fact on this subject^ he would take the
case of the Tay fishery, which was ^e most extensive
and valuable fishery in Scotland. The annual catch of
salmon from that fishery was of the value of £30,000, and
taking the moderate calculation of four salmon as repre-
senting a value of £1 sterling, that gave a total numb^ of
only 120,000 fish — adult salmon— out of the vast number
-that were annually propagated in the Tay, and that yield
of fish was only equal to the produce of twelve salmon of
.10 lbs. weight each ! They need not go fhrther than that
for proof of the immense destruction which took place,
twth in the spawn and young fry of this valuable fish.
Allusion had been made to the fisheries of Mr.
Ashworth. At the time that gentleman entered upon
"the occupation of his fishery, he found it in a very ex-
hausted state, but since his occupancy he had brought up
ihe annual catch of salmon from 500 or 600 to 14,0%, and
yet he began with the produce of only one pair of salmon.
He (Mr. Fennell) had brought forward these facts with
the view to show that if any great commercial results
were to be obtained from the artificial propagation of these
fish, they must be tried not only by thousands, but by
millions, inasmuch as their enemies, both in fresh-water
«nd in the sea, in the early stages of existence, were
greater than coiUd be conceived, which accounted for the
^ery small per-centage of actual production. Upon a
moderate calculation, he believed not one fish out of a
-hundred bred was available for use. He hoped these few
observations would by no means disooorage those who
engaged in pisciculture, or deter others f^om entering into
it, but the object of his remarks was to point out the ex-
-iremely large scale on which the propagation must be
^sarried out — far beyond anything hitherto attempted —
4o enable it to be brought to commertnal importance.
Hr. HiGFOBD BuBB said he had made a great many
experiments on a limited scale in this direction, and was
•gratified to find that as far as he had gone his proceedings
had met with Mr. Buckland's commendation. As far as
-his own experience went he could state that the system
explained by Mr. Buckland answered extremely well, and
with a proper amount of attention could hardly fail to be
suooessful. He had received salmon's eggs from France,
which had been transmitted in 40 hours, and also from
Clitheroe, which were 72 hours in transmission. As far
as his experience went the latter breed of fish were of
delicate constitution, and not so hardy as the naturalised
salmon trout : but he hoped to be able to rear a sufficient
number to ascertain this definitely. He had tiied the
experiment of crossing trout with perch, and had succeeded
in obtaining and hatching spawn of the grayling crossed
^ith the pike.
Mr. Hall mentioned that at the temperature of 87* to
43^ he had been very successful in hatching, and had lost
6nt few of the young fry.
Admiral Sir Eowabd Belobkb said the Chinese had
been in the habit for a long period of rearing fish pre-
cisely in the manner descrifcied by Mr. Buckland, but they
also reared frogs in the same way, and these were re-
garded as a very choice article of food. The catchmg
of the fattened frogs was effected by baiting with a smafi
frog, in the same way as a small fish was used as a bait for
pike, dm. He could confirm to the fullest extent the
statement of Mr. Buckland as to the great abundance
of salmoin in the Axctio legions. & had himself
assisted in catching immense quantities or those fist
there. The natives cured them, and the American
whalers took large numbers away for their ooniamption,
He found there were at least a dozen varieties of salmon
in those latitudes, some being more of the trout species
others with green transparent noses, which he believed
were not found elsewhere. Going further northward t<
the arctic circle, these fish were found in immense numbw
at the mouths of all the estuaries which sent down mndd^
fresh water; so thick were they that in the shallow
waters they could almost be caught with the hinds, an<
this was actually done when Parry and Ross were there
Mr. Buckland had spoken of oar having introduce*
the blue-bottle fly into some of the colonies. It migh
have been supposed that flies belonged to sny country
but tMs was not the case, for wheu the mutineers of th
Bounty ran away to Pitcaim's Island, they remained fo
some years without ever seeing a fly, and their food ws
safe from the attacks of those insects, but when they wer
visited by two frigates frt>m England, flies were then intrc
duced. There was a species of reptile not yet mentioned
which was very destructive to fish, namely, the fishing
snake. This reptile formed his circle round and round tli
fish, and then taking hold of the fore fin with his moutl
landed the fish on shore, and made it his prey. Wit
regard to the salmon spawn being preserved in cold lat
tudes, he might state that as the rivers became frozen i
November and remained so till May, there was a period <
181 days during which the spawn remained in the ice i
those regions where salmon most abounded, so that 1
thought hii friend Mr. Buckland need be under o
apprehension as to the safety of the eggs that he had mei
tion^ as being now on their way to Australia, packed
ice. There could be no doubt that that spawn wou
reach its destination in perfect safety. As a method •
preserving the young fry after hatching he would sugge
thata space should be allowed them in the stream where tl
water ran shallow, and that brushwood or something
that kind be laid down, so that the young fish might r
main unmolested by their numerous enemies till th*
were able to work themselves out with the tide, and oou
take care of themselves. Means might also be taken
prevent the fish from going out into deep water in tl
sea. In the case of feeding and rearing trout, he thong
if the water were carried from one reservoir to anoth<
and made to tumble in its progress so as to impregnate
largely with air, it would be attended with very benefici
results to the fish.
The Chairman mentioned, as a fact of interest, that
had in his possession a letter of Sir Humphrey Dav;
respecting the property of which he (the chairman) t^
now t^e owner. Sir Humphrey was anxious to hire t
river for the sake of carrying out the experiments, t
successful prosecution of which they had heard of tj
evening.
Mr. BuoKLAND remarked, with regard to what h
MLea from Mr. Fennell as to the necessity for carrying
these hatching and rearing operations on a more extend
scale, it could be done by millions as easily aa by th<
sands ; it was only a question of having more luttchi
boxes or troughs. FoUowiog the remarks of his galb
friend (Sir £. Belcher) with respect to securing t^e '6ah
their migrating to the sea. he would say there were eev«
large inland Imecs which could perhaps be made availal
for the purpose, for instance, an arm of the sea b^ind i
Chisel bank at Weymouth. The fish would then not
out of reach, and at the same time they would be p
tooted in a great measure fh>m their destructive csneini
With respect to what had been stated by Mr. Borr,
would add that he had received a letter from Dr. Ghenzl
of Lintz, Upper Austria, stating that he had suooeeded
procuring a hybrid between the charr and the tcx>ut» s
it was difficult to say where nature^ laws in that reap
t)egan and where they ended. With respect to the reari
and breeding of ftt^gs as an article of food by the Chinese
appewwd that several yean ago the Italian Pxt>fe88or S|
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, March 11, 1864.
275
ImaQi bred frogs artificially by way of experiment, bat he
oerer hit off the Idea of applying the proce« to fish , other-
iriie he would have anticipated the discovery of the French
fiihermen. He was extremely delighted to hear the state-
ment of Sir £. Belcher, with respect to the length of time
the spawn remained in ice under natural conditions in the
northern regions, which strongly sustained hit hopes with
r^gmid to the Australian enterprise, upon which the hopes
of Mr. Youl, himself, and many others were so ardently
fixed. He was also pleased to hear Sir Edward's oonfir-
matioQ of there being such a quantity of salmon at
Fetropanlouski. With regard to the fishing-snake, the
iQrdrophis, he recommended a wide berth should be given
to them, as he believed they were very venomous. Admiral
Sr H. Keppel told him of a midshipman having died
almost immediately after a bite in the finger fW)m one
of those reptiles, which he had caught when fishing for
him with a nook baited with a fish.
8ir EowAxo Bblchbr was understood to say that the
sea fishing-snake was venomous, but the fresh water species
WAS not so.
The Chairman then proposed a vote of thanks to Mr.
Buckland for his highly interesting and valuable paper,
which was carried by acclamation.
The paper was illustrated by an exhibition of live salmon
and trout, and also double-headed fish, and other mon-
fltrontiee, by means of the oxy-hydrogen microscope, under
the management of Mr. Q. H. King ; also by a cast of fish
by Mr. Ward, and drawings and diagrams by Bfr. W. H.
Briseoe and Mr. Searson. The whole process of fish-
hitching was shown in the room by means of the arrange-
ment of earthenware troughs described in the paper.
$t0m)ihu)8 at InstUntumSi
Bacup MiBOBAHios' Instxtotiok. — On the 2nd March,
Mir. Benjamin Brierley, author of '* Sketches of Lancashire
Obaraoter," Ac, read selections from his writings at the
Mechanics' Institution. Mr. Kelly performed select f>ieces
of music on the accordion. Mr. Brank Hunter presided.
Camtbrbuby Church of England Young Men's
LrrsBART AftsocuTiON. — The committee, regarding the
reading-room and library as most important parts of the
association, have endeavoured to increase their usefulness
1^ keeping a good supply of newspapers and periodicals in
the reading-room, and by making additions, from time to
time, of instructive and interestmg books to the library.
The number of volumes at present in the library is
1218, making an increase of 36 during the past year;
the number issued was 1936. A desire having been
expressed that a French class should be established,
the committee appointed Mr. Maitinet as instructor,
and are making arrangements for the re-opening of the
ola0. The committee desire to express their high sense
of the efficient manner in which their late secretaiy, the
Bev. E. Gilder, ftUfiUed the duties of his office, and offer
to him their very best thanks for his valuable services.
The treasurer reports that the receipts have been
£142 3s. Id., and that the balance in hand is £47 Ss. 7d.
Farnham Young Men's AfisooiATioN. — On the 26th
February, a lecture was delivered by the Rev. Canon Cams,
theBi^iop of Winchester, president of the association,
oocopying the chair. The subject was ** Science; its
fidlures and successes." A vote of thanks to the lecturer
was proposed by the Archdeacon of Surrey, and carried
mammously.
OfiASOOw bnmruTxoN. — In the fifth annual report the
dheciors regret that they cannot speak of an increase of
otodenta, as on every former year since its commencement.
When they consider, however, the severe privations to
which the working classes in seversi branches of industry
bare been subjected, they have no reason to feel unduly
depressed, more esjpecially as the attendance has really
been mch as still to maintain the Institution self-support*
ing in its own proper expenses. The numbers on the rolls
of the evening and other students' classes on May 10,
1862, was 238; admitted during the year ending May 10,
1863, 508; total, 746. In the juvenile day classes there
were on the rolK May 10, 1862, 143; and admitted
durinjgf the year, 99 ; total, 242. The total number of
individuals who received instruction in 1862-63 has there-
fore been 988. The number of tickets sold was 1,546, ex-
clusive of those on the rolls at the commencement of the
year. The number of individuals who have received in-
struction in the Institution since it was founded, in 1858,
has been 3,186. The numbers on the rolls for the sum-
mer season are, evening and other students* classes, 116 ;
juvenile day classes, 129 ; total, 245. The average num-
ber annually for five years has been, evening classes,
686*4; day classes, 218*6 ; avenge of total numbers, 905
annually. The average length of time which scholars
attend in the day classes is 2 years ; of students in the
evening classes, 6} months; but as students attend irregu-
larly, or remove before their terms expire, the real length
of time they attend to receive instruction is much re-
duced — perhaps to an average of 5 months. Of students
of brancnes not recognised by the Society of Arts, or too
young (below 16), who came forward for Local Board
certificates, 12 came forward to the preliminary exami-
nation, of whom 2 were rejected ; and to the final, 10, of
whom 3 were rejected. The Local Board, as inspectors
of all the classes in the Institution, appoiu ted a committee
to examine such of the juvenile day classes as might be
thought competent for certificates from the Local Board.
44 appeared, and to them were awarded— 14 first-class
certificates; 13 second; and 15 third. The financial
statement shows that the receipts were £342 158. Id., and
that there is a balance against the Institution of £48 5s. lOd.
In conclusion, the directors strongly draw the sttention of
students to the great advantages of the examinations of
the Society of Arts. They say :— ** A certificate from it
marks a man for life in the branch or branches certified as
effiectually as M.A. or M.D. marks him in the learned
professions. Indeed, it would be a very great advantage
to the passed candidate, if the Society would grant certaia
initials to those who obtain first-class certificates for a cer-
tain number of branches— say five or six."
Sloogh Meohanios' iNBrriTUTB. — The annual soii^e
was recently held, when upwards of 200 persons were
present. The chair was taken by Captain B. B. Harvev,
M.P. The proceedings were enlivened by music. Air.
Brown, hon. sec., read the annual report. The committee,
after congratulating the memben on the satisfactory
position of the Institution, stated that the accounts showed
a total of receipts amounting to £122 2s. 5d., of which
£5 14s. 4d. was referable to the soiree held last year, and
£23 49. 8^. to the rural fSte in Stoke-park. The whole
expenditure for the same period reached the sum of
£88 9s. 9d., leaving a balance of £38 128. 8d. in favour of
the Institution. The sodefy consisted at the present time
of 13 gentlemen who paid a guinea a year, 44 tra^iesmen
who paid 12s. a year, 50 tradesmen's assistants paying Ss.,
and 26 youths under the age of 18 years paying 4s.,
making a total of 133 members. A marked aid had been
given by the continued kindness of the president. Lord
Taunton, in extending the privilege of holding the
annual fi&te in Stoke-park. 1,196 volumes had been
issued from the library during the past year. From
40 to 50 membera daily used the reading room. The
drawing class had been very successful. In May last,
the most advanced membera of the class were examined
bv the Society on Arts. The examination resulted in
eight certificates — four for geometrical and four fur fiee-
hand drawing. The examination by the Committee
of Council on Education was held also in May, when
seven of the junior members of this Institution passed
very creditably. In November an examination was held
at South Kensington, in which one student gained a
first^ass certificate for geometrical drawing, and two
others had their certificates raised, and also gained a oer-
276
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Mahoh 11, 1864.
tificate each in building constraction. The clan nombered
86, with an avenge attendance of 28. The arithmetic
clan consisted of 28 popUs. There was an average
attendance of 16. The lectures during the year were
well attended. — The Chairman then delivered the certi-
ficates awarded ^by the Society of Arts, the prizes pur-
chased with the subscriptions of friends connected with
the Institution, and the certificates awarded by the
Science and Art Department. A vote of thanks was
passed to Mr. Chapman, to whose exertions the success
of the drawing class was mainly owing. Other votes of
thanks was also passed.
Southampton Athenjbom. — The fifteenth annual
soiree of this society was held on the 8th ultimo, when
the members of the Institution gave their earnest co-opera-
tion to the committee to produce an excellent entertain-
ment, at which about 4(X) persons were present. The
meeting (which was held in the Victoria Assembly-rooms)
was opened by a short address by the Chairman, con-
gratulating the members on the improved financial and
useful position of the society. The band of the 2nd Hants
Volunteer Rifles performed during the evening. There
was an excellent collection of photographs and stereoscopes
on view, and a number of antiquities, specimens of
pottery, ore, china vases, coins, and ivory carvings. There
were also a large number of microscopes. The comic
scene, *' The Haunted House," was enacted. The dramatic
class gave the comedy of *' Diamond cut Diamond,** and
the farce of "A Fish out of Water," the whole of the
characters being sustained by the male members. 1*he
lady members assisted by arranging a post-office, and
various other amusements were given during the evening,
which appears to have been most successful.
jfiw ^tt$.
Abt ExHiBiTiims IN Fbahob.— These are muHiplyiug
OD every side, in the provinees as well as in the capital.
Exhibitions are now open at Bordeaux ^nd Lyons ; the
SoeiStS Lorraine da Ami$ det Artt amiounoes another at
Nancy, to open on the KHh of May ; Angers holds its first
public exhibition in the «aiiie month, and the artistic taste
of the people of that locality gives promise of considenible
success ; and even Melon is about to add a collection of
pioturea to its usual agrioaltwal exhibition. A eommission
has been appointed, with the Superintendent of the imperial
department of Fine Arta aaits president, and Iftie grandsons
and nephew of the late Horace Vemet as members, to
collect as many worics as possible, not only of Hora«^, but
of his father and grandfather, Carle and Joseph Vemet,
with the view to their exhibition in the Palais de rlndustrie,
in the Champs E^ys^es. It is expected that the number
of paintings and sketohea will amount to more ttian a
thousand. Lastly, the 8oeUU Nationalt det Bemux Arts
has just opened its first exhibition, with about three hundred
pictures, statues, bronses, Ac. The exhibitors' list includes
some of the best artists of the day, and Gustave Dor6 has
contributed more than a hmdred works. This society is en-
tirely independent, and presentscertain remarkable features.
It includes, at present, as members, about two hundred
artists, besides a large body of amateur members. Each
artist candidate must present a work for examination by
the committee, which, at present, ineludes the names of
Tli6ophile Oautier, Millet, Baodiy, Hubert, and other
well-known artists and critics, and his election depends on
their judgment ; and each member undertakes to send at
least one work to each annual exhibition, and is at perfect
liberty to contribute as many more as he may thmk fit. | heath Park" (1862). Tlie exhibition is open to the pal
discusdons or persond altercatioDS.** This new so^
has been talcen up very warmly by many persons, I
some people go so far as to pr^ct that in a few yd
there will be no public exhibitions upon any other ]|
than that above described.
Sale of Chinese and Japanese CiTBiosrnBsJ
Pabxs. — ^The sale of the collection Louirette has dn^
hU the amateurs to the Auction Mart for several da
and extraordinary prices have been obtained. Two I
perfume burners, in incised enamel, fetched 14,000 frsi
(£480), and a small vase off the aame character brou|
8,825 francs. The rage for Chinese and Japanese i
in Paris, is also exhibited by the opening of a number
shops, one at least containing a magnificent collection
all kinds of wares ; and in the adoption of the Chin<
style of ornament by the manufacturers of yuvms obje
of art and luxury.
The Delaoboix Sale in Pabis. — ^The fntereat excH
by the sale of the works of the late Eugene Delacr
has been maintained to the end — the last of the sketd
having fetched enormous prices. A small pen-and-i
drawing of a man attacked by a lioness, in the ani
beet maimer, realised 1,000 fraiKss; and a water-col
drawing of a horse overthrown by a tiger, 1,220 frai
The total proceeds ef the ten dmpf ale amount
868,079 franoB— more than £14,7i!8.
MuiiRBADT Exhibition. — The example set by i
(Society of Arts in 1848 has been followed, with grei
opportunitice, on a lamr scale, a(n4 in a more comp^
(manner, at the South Kensington Mtneam. A coUecti
believed to be complete, with tiie exoeption of tb
pictures, ef which the only important item is ** 1
Widow" (exhibited at the Boyai Aoademy in 18^
of the works of William Mulready, opens to-mon
(Saturday), in two ef the rooms 'OO the upper floor
the museum named. In one of the rooms are ali
one hundred and ten pictures in oil, the outco
so far as the public exhibitk)iu were ooneemed, of
life of the painter. The other room contains ne;
onethousand drawings, compriidng studies in water-colo
pen and ink, red, white, and black chalks, and pencil,
considerable proportion of the woito executed in chalk
studies fh)m the nude life— drawings which, without
chance of question or denial, are afllrmed not to have been
passed for beauty, completeness, or knowledge t hey di«p
by the productions of any masters,livxn^ordead. Oneti
strikes the visitor, t.«., the perfoot chastity and purity of
mass of works ; the figures are as purems ^e spectator's w
Some of the studies sf foliage, etc., ^ow the indomit
artisfs method of working, and his extraordinary «
Among the oil pictures are some of his first-exhit
works, " The Crypt of KirkstaU Abbey" (1804), and
Peter's WeU, York Minster'* (180«). One of the interei
characteristics of this exhibition is the fact that sever
the examples have not been seen pabliclr for fifty y
Bee " The Rattle- (K.A., 1808), •«The Carpenter^ I
and Kitchen " (British Institution, 1809), ••Boys Fish
(R A., 1814), a beautiful work; see also •• Punch."
will now nnme the most important examples, in
chronological order — **The Hall, Kesraigton Gravel
(1812), " The Fight Inteirupted," " The ViUage Buff
(diploma picture at the Royal Aoademy), " The
and the Lamb." ** The Convalesoent from Watei
" The Travelling Druggist," t« The Cannon.* " The
of Two Minds," " The First Voyage," «« The Law
*' A Brother and Sister," <* All the World's a St
" Bob Cherry." " First Love," " The Sonnet.'* " Tra
a Child." " The Ford," " The Whistonian Contiw^
" Choosing the Wedding Gown,*' " Haymaking," •
Butt," " Women BaOimg," " The Bathers," and «' I
The public forms the sole jury. The society is, moreover,
an artistic club: it has its morning concerts, which have
already become famous, and in the evening the rooms are
thrown open for reading, convereation, music, and amuse-
ment, the only rule being that there shall be '* no political
the same manner as the South Eensliigton Mnseot
free, from 10 a.ffl. till 10 p.m., on Ifondays, Toe
and Saturdays; for sixpence, od Wednesdays, Tbur
and Fridays, from 10 a.m. till 5 p.m.
BoTAL AoAnBMY.— On Wednesday last the
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIBTy OP ARTS, March 11, 186i. 277
AfwiftfniffW*^ met and finally pMsed their report in
fiiToar of Lord Elcho's oommiauoD last year. It will
be forthwith aabmitted to the Queen, and then published.
It is Mkid that the memben were unanimoas in rejecting
the propotttion of introducing lay members to advise
and control the Academy in exerdsing its professional
AiDctions. It is the business of the painter to paint, and
the layman to pay for the work if he pleases.
Coal akd Ibox ih Fbahobamd othbb Couhtries.—
A work on |.<Toperty in minerals, by M. Edouard Dalloz,
was preaented a ibw days sinoe to the Academy of Moral
and Political Sciences of Paris, by M. Wolowski, who read
a rapori on the book in question and on various matters
cooneoted with the subject on which it treated. M.
Balloa treats espectally of mineral legislation in France
and Belgium, bat touches incidentally on that of other
nfttiUi^ And njjo upon the statistics and economy of the
mineral question in general, its bearings and influences.
In connection with the statistical portion of the question,
M. Wolowski was able to avail himself of more recent
reoocds than those used by M. Dalloz, and made an
aLaborate report to the Aoadeniy, from which the follow-
ing ia eztraded : — In 1789 France used only half a
million tons of coal a vear, and of this little more than
<Hie-balf was raised at home ; but in 1830 the production
had jmwn to 1^800,000, and the quantity imported to
600.000 tons. The progreas made sinoe that time is as
follows >—
FkedueCioe. loiMrtatloa. Coasamptlon.
Tons. Tons. Toss.
1885 2,000,000 800,000 8,300,000
1840 8,000,000 1,290,000 4,290,000
1845 4,000^)00 2,200,000 6,200,000
1847 6,400,000 2,600,000 7,600,000
Daring the four foUowins years political events stopped
the growth, both of production and consumption; the
quantity raised in France fell back to four millions of tons,
ud the imports to little more than two millions. Since
1862 the progress was great and constant-*
1868 5,900,000 8,500.000 9,400.000
1854 6,000,000 4,000,000 10.000,000
1855 7,400,000 5,000.000 12.400,000
1856 7,900,000 5,000,000 12,900,000
1857 7,900,000 5,195,000 18.095,000
1858 7,858,000 4.840,000 12,200.000
1859 7,488,000 4,900,000 12,400,000
In 1860 came the change in the tariff, and the following
aie the results to the present time : —
1860 8391,000 5300.000 13.600,000
1861.^... 8,400,000 5300,000 13,700.000
1862 9.400,000 6300,000 14,600.000
1868 lOfiOOfiOO 6300,000more than 15,000,000
The return for last year being an approximate estimate
made by the Imperial Administration of Mines. By these
fignres it will be seen that France raises for herwlf at
p i f e nt as mueh aa she ooosnmed in the whole of 1854;
and thai the consomption itself has doubled since 1847.
It will be o baerye d also, a fiict not noted in the report,
thsft sinoe 1860 there has soaroely been any increase in the
imports, while the home production has'grown about 20
per cent. Side by side with these facU M. Wolowski
drww special attention to the fact that the quantity of
<30tl brought to the snrfiMe in England had grown firom
tsranty-stz miUiooaof tons in 1887, to eighty-four millions
in 1862, and that she produced fiir more than the half of
all the ooal raised in the world. The prodooe of America
wMgiTen at fifteen, that of Belgium at nine, and of Ger-
taaof at apwards of iborteen millions of tons per annum.
Aa regards iron, the whole of the furnaces in France only
pvodmd 69,000 tont of pig iron in 1789, 115,000 tons in
1812, and 1 12,600 tons in 1819. Since that time there
has been a great increase, and it is iuiporfcant. says M.
Wolowski, to see what has been the effect of the com-
mercial treaty of 1860. In 1830 the quantity of pig iron
had risen to 347,773 tons and that of wrought iron to
237,379 tons, and in 1847 it liad grown to 602.772 tons of
the former and 376,686 of the latter. In 1848 the totals
had fidlen off to the extent of 60 per cent. No reaction
occurred till 1864, but in 1859 the toUls were 866,000
and 620,000 respectively, rather less than those of 1868,
and considerably below those of the previous year.
During the years 1860-1 a great increase took place, and
in 1862 the amount of pig iron produced rose to 1 .053,000
tons, while that of 1863 is estimated at 1.180.000 tons. Of
the last total, says M. Wolowski, 280,000 tons were
charcoal iron, the remaining 900,000 tons having been
produced with the aid of coal alone or mixed. As regards
wrought von the report gives the following return for the
year 1863 :—
Tons.
Charcoal iron 76.800
Coal iron 606,000
Mixed fuel 22,700
Total 705,000
The production of charcoal iron has fallen in the last three
vears from 90,655 to 76,800 tons, while that of coal iron
has risen fh>m four to six hundred thousand tons. In 1847,
mora than half the iron produced in France was charcoal
iron. The total product of all Europe in 1806, according to
M. H^n de Villefosse, was only 826,000 tons of pig iron,
while the quantity now made is about seven millions of
tons, of which England produces nearly four ; and in 1862
France, 1,180,000; Germany, 591.598 ; Sweden, 143.000;
Austria, 270,000 ; and Belguim, 161,000 tons. After such
totals as these it b curious to note that in 1740 England
made none but charcoal iron, and only produced 17,600
tons in the year.
Mttbio System of WBtOHTs a:io Mbasubis. — ^Mr.
Ewart's Permissive Bill for the introduction of the metric
sjrstem into this country passed the second reading in the
House of Commons on Wednesday, by a majority of 90
to 62. Mr. John Bennett, in a letter to the Morning
Star, says :^-** How strange it is that, though the
value of the decimal system is well understood on
the Continent, its adoption should still romain un-
cared for by our Parliament! As a watch and oLoot
maker I have to lament the iailnro of our productive
powers in competition with the French, the Swiss, and
even the Germans. They beat us by their better system
of education, which throughout Switzerland is universal,
gratuitous, and compulsory. Another great element of
Uieir success lies in thehr enlisting Uie delicate and
patient fingers of their female population. But vrith
these advantages their superiority would not be so com-
plete if they had not everywhero the practical benefit
of an uniform metric system of weights and measures
as the only legal standard for guidance in their manu-
factures. The manufacturer of watches in a Swiss
viUage can thus act through orders he may send for a
few pence by telegraph to workmen and workwomen,
at their own homes, a hundred miles away from him,
for by the decimalised metric standard every workman
can set his tool with such mathematical precision that
the part upon which he is engaged cannot &il to fit in
the machine which is laid down in corresponding siaee.
Thus our rivals have a great advantage over us, in a
more minute subdivision of work, in the ability in*
fidlibly to hit off dimensions with such exactness that
they want no cobbling into shape in order to fit them
for their work ; and, lastly, the manuikoturer is in «
position to select the best hands, whether they live far
or near from the spot where his central operations ara
carried on."
Tbb BarrisH Hoboumiioal I wh tdt b oflbra a prize of
thh*ty gubeaa for the best •* Treatise on the Detached
Iiever Escapement and iU Varieties." To MSI the
278
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS. March 11, 1«W.
object of the prize-dooore, it is desirable that the treatise
should embrace the history of the various improvements
in the *' Lever Escapement^ to the present time, pointmg
out the advantages said to be obtained by each, together
with practical directions for securing the action sought by
the inventor. It should also treat of the subject gene-
rally, giving tables of proportions of the .various parts for
the ordinary coostmotions, and explaining the effects of
vibration in these proportions. It is also extremely de-
nrable tint the procedure followed by an expert escape-
ment maker, in making a first-class escapement, should
be dearly described. To make the essay still more prac-
tically useful, it should notify to the examiner the |M>inte
to be especially tested and the best means of rectifying
any discovered error. Various tools for effecting the
several measurements, and for facilitating the completion
of the escapement, should also be described. The text
would be more readily understood if illustrated by simple
diagrams. The competing essays must be delivered in,
on or before the 8rd September, 1864. The Prize-Fund
has been raised by subscription, and there will be three
judges — two of whom have been nominated by a majority
of the subscribers, viz., W. Hislop, Esq., F.R.A.S., and
A. Walsh, Esq., M.In6t.C.E., and the third is to be
nominated by the authors of the essays.
esE
(Joranum.
PansBVATiON OF M&4T. — The pfeservation of meat,
whMher for the use of our sailors on board ship, or for
other purposes, has loog engaged the attention of scientific
and practical men, and various ways of effeoting this object
have been from time to time devised. The methods
hiUierto adopted on a large scale have been the packing
of cooked meat in air-tight oases, or impre^inating it with
salt and keeping it in barrels immersed m brine. The
fiM, though effectual for preserving the meat for almost
any amount of time, leaves the flah, even when the ut-
most oara is taken in the process, more or lees insipid and
tasteless ; the second, though also praservative for a con-
siderable time, renders the meat not only flavourless, but
absolutely extracts from it, as Liebig tells us, nearly all
its nutritive properties, as well as those peculiar qualities
which are necessary for keeping the body in health. It
is well known that a long continuance of stich food, thus
prepared, engenders scurvy. The Admiralty are now
making experiments with a process devised by Dr. Mor-
gan, an Irish gentleman ; and a few weeks since some
animals wera slaughtered, and their oaroasses subjeoted to
this process in the presence of officera of her Majesty's
Victualling Department at Deptford. A bullock having
been killed in the usual way, the chest was immediately
opened, and a metal pipe with a stop-cock inserted in
oosnection with the arterial system. This pipe was con-
nected, by means of elastic tubing, with a tub filled with
brine placed at an elevation of about twenty feet above
the floor. The stop-cock being turned, the brine foitsed
itself through the arteries of the animal, and, passing
through the capillaries, flowed back through the veins,
canying with it all the blood, making its exit by means
of an incision provkled for that purpose. About six gallons
of brine passed thus through the body, washing out all the
blood from the vessels. Having thus cleared all the
vessels, the metal pipe was connected with another tube
similarly placed, containing the preservative materials to
be injected, and at the same time their exit, after traversing
the body, was prevented. On communication being made,
the liquid becamtie forced into the vessels, and, by means
of the pressure, it penetrated into every part of
the animal, and might be seen exuding at any point
where an inciskm was made. The liquid used on the
occasion of the late experiments consisted of six gallons
and a half of brine, 10 lbs. of sugar, f lb. of saltpetre,
with half a bottle of catchup and an infbsion of cloves and
ptpper. The whdle process is very rapid, and is extremely
sim]^ reqnifTtog nothing that can be'tatmad mabhtooisr*
It took no longer than three minutes to send the first aix
gallons of liquid through the animal to wash out the
vessels, and about three minutes more to inject the animal
with the preservative liquid. Indeed, so rapid is the
whole proceeding, that, even on the ooeasion above refarrad
to, where the men were unaccustomed to the work, and the
arrangements wera necessarily imperfect, the time oooo-
pied was only twenty minutes from thakilling the animal
to the complete infiltration being made. The beast is
then skinned, cut up into pieces, lai;ge or small, as may be
required, and taking to a drying room, whera it is hung
until thoroughly dried, after which it is packed in boxes
with sawdust and charcoal. It is confidently believed
that the meat treated in this manner will stand any
climate, and the flesh is free from the iaeipidity of that
ordinarily preserved in tios, and its goodness is sot
destroyed by havmg nearly all its vidoable propefiiea
drawn out by immersion in brine. So far as its present-
tive powers have beet) tested in this oooatry, the proeeas
is stated to answer the purpose. A purveyor «t Ports-
mouth has for some time past treatea meat in this ws^
with success, ami sells it iu the ragolar eoane of trade.
It is obvious that any variety of liipiids, chemicals, er
condiments may be thus injected into the animal, and the
meat flavoured in any way that may be thought desirable ;
the meat may also be dried or ourad like ham or bacon, if ao
wished. Indeed, it would seem that the method is peon-
liarly fitted for this purpose. In hot oonntriee, and in
countries whero animl^ are abundant, and where umr
they are inred almost entirely for their wool, fat, and hidoa,
the process seems especially valuable, as by It the meat,
instead of being thrown away, might be rendered available
for export for food to other oouutries. The Victualling
Department have had a few animals thus prepared for
experiment, and it is intended to send the meat out oo
voyages to various parts of the world to test its keeping
qualities. So little machinery is required, that a shipi*s
crew could readily carry out the process at any place
where they could land and animals were abundant, and
thus lay in a store of meat which, although, no dooht,
salted to a certain extent, would not have the aame dis-
advantages in a sanitary point of view as meat preeerfod
in brine-pickle. Some lengths of india-rubb^ tuMng,
pieces of metal tube with stopcocks, and tubs for holding
the liquid, are all that is required. In hot climates the
drying may be efiected in the ofien air, and in other
cases there would be no difficulty in arranging a room for
the purpose, either on shore or on board ship.
Cotton in Pabaouat. — The cultivation of cotton in
Paraguay last year has^actually exceeded iu extent that
of tobacco, one of the principal staple products of ttie
Republic ; and there is every reason to believe that the
plant will be still more geneiuUy grown in the present ami
future years. Intelligenoe had arrived that the a^gr^rl^w of
Paraguayan cotton sent to Manchester had been valued at
a good price, and been pronounced to be of fair quality ;
and there can be no doubt that a knowledge of this fact will
have a stimulating influence upon the a^icultural clamoB
of that country. The movement is being warmly pro*
moted by the Government, and praiseworthy efforts are
bemg made for the di&tiibutien of seed and the dissemina-
tion of information.
Colomts.
I
Flood at Mrlbouhhb.— A flood ooeorred about the
middle of December last, whkh is admitted to be theimMt
formidable visitation of the kind which has been exjperi-
enoed since the foundation of the ooloov. Melbourne was
entirely surrounded by water. The Yam rose in lome
places fViUy iO fbet ; in other parts, wfa«re the banks «re
low, the river disregaided its natural sinuosities, and
rushed along, a turbid torrent. At Prince's Bridge the
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, MaboA 11, 1864f.
279
Tarm is oidlnsrily about two ohains wide. During the
hrifl^t of the flood the water extended from the Saborban
BaSway on the one side to the Immigrant's Home on the
other, a diatanoeof aboot a third of a mile. The soathern
approach to the bddge was completely hid in water,
which dashed over Uie roadway like a cataiaot. All the
low land, bounded by the city, Emerald Hill, and Sand-
hill, was hid in one large sea, and the water was up to
the eaTes of every house and store in that locality.
Emerald Hill Ux^Led lika an island, and the road to Sand-
ridge coold be traced onlv by the tree and fence tops.
Traffic had to be suspended for several days on the Hob-
too't Bay BaQway, and people who had business between
the city, and Emenld Hill, and Sandridge, had to be
coovvyed to and fio by boat& Stores and warehouses
were under water, and publicans had to establish lines of
bottle to avoid loss of customk Steamers and sailing
)1b, though ready to leave harbour, had to remain at
the wharves, beeaosethe flood would not allow the Tarra
to be tnoed, and the works of the Melbourne Ghis Gom-
puiy were inandaled^ and, in consequence, the eity was
m partial darkness for sevenA nights.
Tasmasiah FuaviTORB. — The City cfLouneeston, which
was to leave for Melboome on the 15th December last,
took, amongst other cargo, the first shipaient of Tasmaniaa-
made foroitiire which left ttie port of Launeeston. It
eonaiated of abent seventy packages of chairs, tables,
Ssoit ali made of Tasmanian'Woedst ddefly light-wood,
and produced at a steam manu&ctory. A hope is ex-
pressed that this vtttore will meet with success, and be
the means of opening up a new braneh of trade with the
Deighbooring c<uoniss.
The ** LiGHTHiNo Book** (ViotobuJ, so named ftt>m
the droomstanoe of its discovery, will not probably be
much longer d aa gewos to inward or outward-bound ves-
sels paanng through the ** Bip." The Vktoria has lately
been employed in the work of its removal, so far, at least,
as to pot it beyond the beonds of possibility that ships of
ev«r the very heaviest tonnage should strike upon it
under any circmnstanoes. So great a mass of tlte rock
has already been removed l^ blasting as to render it
harmlefls, bnt H is intended that the operation shall be
continued until a great deal more of it has been detached
from the main body, which has many iathoms of water
upon it, even in the lowest tides.
Caowir Lands at Melboubnb. — A series of sales of
Crown lands were held in Melboome during the month
of December, consisting of town, suburban, and country
lands in various dlstmts of the colony, whi<^ have at
most times found* ready porehasers at prices mostly in
advance of— «nd in many mstances at rates considerably
above— ap>set priess. Amongst other lots offered were
sections of land at Echoca, the' crossing place of the river
Murray, on the confines of the colony of Victoria and the
ultimate terminus of the Government railway. The
prices obtained will give some idea of the importance of
the locality with a view to fhture business sites. The
totol amount realised was £18,788 6s. Id., of which
£8,913 was the proceeds of 47 acres 1 rood 19 poles of
town allotmenU; £1,746 Ids. 5d. the return for 684 acres
1 rood 14 poles of suburban lots ; and £8,128 12s. 8d. the
produce of 2,682 acres of country Isnds.
A New MiMKBAL, says a Melbourne paper, has been
discovered in the neighbourhood of the Upper Yarra. The
mineral resembles Uist well known as sapphirine, and
is harder than topaz, which it scratches. It will be prin-
c^Ally x-aluable for the lapidary, polishing other stones,
dKx Although it has as yet only been found in the
portioo of the oolooy above referred to, it is lik^y to be
> met with wherever the granite formation predominates.
XsTAL. — ^This colony is making rapid strides. The
year's crop of sugar is estimated at 8,000 tons, and the
uices are iM)w such as to put the growers into high spirits.
The increase in the number of banks has materially re-
duced Uie price of moi^.
YzBiFiOATioN OF OuvB OxL. — SiB, — In the very
able papei' read by 'Mi, Tomlinson, on the 2nd in-
stant, great stress was laid on the importance of
chemically dean water being employed, the success
of these experiments on cohesion figures depending
mainly on the absence of any organic deposit which would
spoil the surikoe contaof. And I should be led to infbr
that chemically clean water, by a parity of reasoning, was
equally important, but he previously stated^ that the
ordinary water, such as supplied by the New Biver Com-
pany, was sufficiently pure for the purpose. I reoolleol^
some few years since, submitting samples of water
frota various sources to mioroscopio test, that of the
New Biver amongst them,- and the result showed minute
organic matter in large quantities, especially in those pop-
tions taken from the stream near town. I should think it
probable that in such a case, on the contact of the drop of
oil, there would be a local attraction of such orguiio matter
which would in some way disturb or influenoe the character
of the figure. In an experiment in which so much depends
upon the delicacy of manipulation, would it not be better
to filter and distil the water so as to ensure iU purity as
far as possible ? I would also beg to suggest to any mem-
her who may enter on these experiments, and possess
the apparatus^ the employment of the osy^hydrogen
microscope — a very high power need not be used. By
these means I think a series of experiments might be con-
ducted which would result in a definite classification of
cohesive figures, which could not fail to be interesting to
scientific, and useful to practical society. — ^I am, &c,
MOWBBAT WaLXEB.
Steel Tubes by Cold Deawino. — Sir, — ^My attention
has been called to an article in your Journal of the 4th
instant, on the new method of producing steel and other
tubes by cold drawing, which attributes to a Frenchman
the introduction of this system some nine years since. I
claim your indulgence, in order to correct the misappre-
hension to which this sUtement may give rise, in not
distinguishing more clearly between what has been and
what w now the process of manufacture. The patentees
of the new machinery claim to have first applied hydran-
lie power to the drawing of tubes in any metal. The
brass and copper tubes that have hitherto been drawn
solid have been so drawn by steam power, and over a
matidril the length of the tube. A method of producing
tubes in which hydraulic pressure is employed was intro-
duced some years since by a French patentee, but in this
instance (the only one with which 1 am acquainted) a
dise of metal was taken and cupped up so as to form
first a saucer, then a basin, and gradually, by pressure on
the bottom, a tube with one end closed ; by openmg this
end the tube was completed. The many difficulties of
this process are readily seen, and 1 believe it has never
been made of commercial iroportaix)e. By the new
method eight or more hollow castings of steel, or threo
times as many of brass, can be drawn at once over a bulk-
headed mandril, and through a die surrounding it, so
as to reduce them to any degree required, improving
the metal at each pass. The machine erected will draw
eight 8-in. tubes in steel. The patentees claim, Ist. The
madhinery by which these tubes are produced and trued.
2nd. A method of cold-welding them together. 3rd. Of
drawing tubes of any length over a mandril. (This has
been tested to the extent of fifty feet in steel.) 4th. Of
producing Upers of any size or section. The whole by
cold solid drawing. There are; of course, many snaaU
deUils, important in their bearings on these results, but
with which I will not occupy your space, as any of your
readers shall have every facility afforded them fbr view-
ing the machine in operation, on applying to the Secretary
of the Hydraulic Drawing Company, as below.— I am, dw.,
Q-. P. Haboiho.
3, Bank-lmildiiiffB, E.G.
280
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Maboh 11, 1864.
«^M
MEETINGS FOB THE ENSUING WEEK.
U<m. ...8od«t7 of Arti, 8. Cantor LectWM, Mr. W. BnrgM, "On
Fnrnitare.**
B. Oeognphioal, 8|. 1. Dr. C. Forbef, "Notes on the
Phjcioal Geography, Climate, and Mineral Reaooroef of
Vaaconver*! laland." 2. Lieut. Palmer, B.E., **The
Dpper Waters of the Ftaser and Peaoe Rivers, with re-
marks on the Gold Fields of British Columbia."
BritiBh Architects, 8.
MedicaL— Clinical Discussion.
R. Academy, 8. Mr. R.Westmaeott, R.A., '* On Scnlptnre.**
TuM. ...Ciril Engineers. 8. Mr. G. H. Phipps, ** On the Hesistanoe
of Bodfoi passtng throiwh Water" (oondadlog part).
Statiitical, 4. Annual Meeting.
Pathological, 8.
Anthropological, 8. •
RojrsI Inst., 3. Prot MsrshaU, ** On Animal Life.**
.Meteorological, Y.
Sodetj of Arts, 8. Mr. G. R. Bnraell, ** On the Otganisa-
tlon of the Corps Imperial des Ponts-et-Chanss^es in
FVance.**
London Inst., T.
.Rojral, 8|.
Antiqoaries, 8.
Linnasan, 8. Mr. A. R. Wallace, ** On Variation and Geo-
graphical Distribation, as Ulustiated bj the PapnUmida.'"
Chemical, 8. Sir Bei^Junin Brodie, ** Theory of Organic
Peroxides.*"
Philosophical Club, 6.
Knmlsmatio, 7.
Rojai Inst., 3. Prot MarshaU, •* On Anioul Lift.**;
yUk......Philologlcal, 8.
Roval Inst., 8. Prof. Tyndall, ** Cootribations to Molecolar
Physics.''
R. United Serrioe Inst., 3. Lieat.-Col. A. C. Robertson,
" The Art of Command considered with reference to the
daties of Regimental OiBoers."
Am. Royal Inst, 3. Prof. Frankland, **0n the Metallic Ele-
ments.**
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL PRINTED PAPERS.
Par.
Kmsb.
Dfttosrcd on %0(h tmd 22nd February.lWA,
49 (1). Kary (Labour Charti for Dockyards and Steam FMtoHesH
Return.
69. General Committee of Eleotioat— Mr. Speaker's Warrant.
36. Conricts— Return.
43. East IndU (Loan)-Retnm.
44. East India (ReTonnes)— Return.
61. Railway Trains (RedhiU)— Returns.
62. Casual Poor ( Metropolis >— Return.
63. Bank of England - Annual Accounts.
19. Railway and Canal, Ac, Bills (13. London, Brighton, and
SouUi Coast RaUway (Additional Powers), New Lines in
Battersea); 14. London, Chatham, and Dover Railway
(Mo. 1) ; 16. London, Chatham, and Dover Railway (No.
2), (New Lines, Ac); 16. London Main Trunk Under-
ground Railway; 17. London Union Railways; 18. Metro-
politan and Saint John's Wood Railway; 19. Metropolitan
District Railways ; 20. Metropolitan Grand Union Railway;
21. Metropolitan Railway (Additional Powers), ( Notting-
hill and Brampton Extension), (Trinity-square Extension);
22. Midland Railway (Saint Panoras Branch); 23. North
London Railway (Additional Powers), (Kingsland and Tot-
tenham Line); 25. Tottenham and Farringdon-street Rail-
way ; 26. Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railway
(Extension to Charing-cross); 27. Victoria Station and
Thames Embankment Railway ; 38. Walthamstow, Clapton,
and City RaUway)— Board of Trade Reports.
23. Bills— Penal Servitude Acts Amendment.
Cattle Diseases Prevention.
Cattle, Ac, Importation.
27.
28.
>t
»»
SB8810M 1863.
Delittnd on \9th FtXfnutry,
Census of Ireland fbr the Tear 1861— Report and Tables, Vol.
1. (Part 4).
DOittred m 23rd Febnuny, 1864.
46. Army (1862-63)— Sutement of Savings and Deficiencies.
66. Trade and Navigation Accounts (3Ut December, 1863).
19. Railway and Canal, ftc, Bills (24. Oxford-street and City
Railway; 29. Abemtwith and Welsh Coast Railway; 30.
Alford and Mabletherpe Railway; Alton, Alredtora, and
Winchester Railway; 31. Anglesea Central Railway; 32.
Aylesbury and Bnekinghsm Rallwur ; 33. Bedford and Cam-
bridge Railway; 34. BelflMt and Northern Counties Rail-
way ; Belfktt, Ballymoney, and Ballyoastle Junction RaU-
way ; 36. Blackpool and Fleetwood KaUway ; Blockley and
Banbury RaUway ; 36. BJyth and Tyne Railwv ( A<l(Utioaal
Powers) ( New Works) ; 37. Bourton on the Water RaUway)
—Board of Trade Reports.
26. Bills— Land Drainage (Provisiooal Orders).
26. „ Inolcsure.
Convict Discipline and Transportation— Further Papers.
DeUv^rei on 2ith Ftbrumy, 1864.
8. Irish Reproductive Loan Fund— Acocront.
22. Telegraphs (India, Singapore, and Australia)— EetnrB.
26. Court of Chancery— Return.
68. BuUion— Return.
63. Augmentation of Benefices— Retom.
64. Theatres (Precautions against Flre>^Retam.
71. Bolllon— Return.
Ipattnts.
Fircm Commiuiontrt qf PaUnti Jotmua, Marehim.
Gramts op PsonsioirAL Pbotbotiov.
Artifksial foel, cylinders used in the manuHsctnre of— 390— H.W.Wood*
Bacon, manuCsotnre of— 361— A. and B. M. Denny. ,„„_,.
Boots, shoes, kc, manufacture of— 362— J. Keats and W. 8. ClarK.'
BooU, shoes, Ac, uniting the soles and uppers of— 368— T. Wbit«.
Braiding machines— 380— T. Jackson.
Bread making, saperphosphates for— 360— J. H. Johnson.
Brewing utensils— 322— W. R. Ti^lor.
BuUdings, &o., flre-proof- 376— W. Riddle.
Cement manufisctare of— 414— H. Y. D. Scott.
Chandeliers, lamps, Ac, manufacture of— 104— J. Reonle.
Cranks, apparatus for forging, Ac. — 366— R. Smith.
Doors, Ac, rendering water tight— 396— W. C. FuUw.
Envelopes, letters, Ac, fiutenlng and securing— 2704— J. H. Bto«&.
Fabrics, apparatus for tentering, Ac— 382— W. Whiteley.
Fibrous materials, machinery fbr preparing, Ac— 384— W. Anderton>
Filters-^64— J. Slack.
Garments, &c., attaching buttons to— 394— H. and J. Andzewa.
Gas purifiers, hydraulic valves for -166— J. Wilson.
Grain, apparatus fbr drying— 374 — W. Sontham.
Hydraulic presses, pumps of— 412— W. Hawkins.
Iron, manufteture of— 372— W. Drake.
Land, apparatus for oultivating^-392— W. Hen s m a n .
Parasols, Ac— 410— J. Weeks.
Photographic apparatus— 363— P. A. L. de Fontatnemoroaa.
Power-looms— 378 — W. NcMrton.
RaUway signal— 406— W. Hobbs.
RaUways, permanent way of— 398— W. Clark.
Smoke, apparatus fbr consuming— 196— R. A. and E. Wright.
Steam apparatus for ships* use, Ac— ^0— W.Winstanleyand J.KaUy.
Steam engines— 400— A. J. Joyce.
Sulphuric acid, manufiscture 01—368 — G. Davies.
Threshing machines— 366— J. David.
Windows, apparatus for cleaning— 396— J. B. Tnchet.
IHVSHTIOKS WITH COKFLSTI SPBOinOiLTIOKS FlLXD,
Artificial granite, Ac, manufacture of— 488— W. E. Gedge.
Spine- b a^ 604— J. Chapman.
Patixts Sbalh).
2202.
2203.
2206.
2207.
2209.
2210.
2220.
2229.
2231.
S. Gerish and J. Weston.
L. Mond.
W. A . WUson and J. Smith.
J. Buroh.
R. A. Brooman.
W. Hewiu.
E. T. Hughes.
J. H. Wilson.
W. W. Greener.
H. Crichley.
2261. D. S. Sutherland.
2263. H. Riviere.
2282 P. Cowan.
2367. G. bplU, T. J. Briggs, tad
D. SpUL
2447. A. Johnston.
2266. H. Clayton.
2892. E. C. Nicholson.
3066. W. Firth, S. Ftrth, an! J.
Sturgeon.
iVom CommUiionert qf Patenit Jowmal, Marth 8/A.
Patbhts Sbalbd.
2232. H. Wright, J. Mf. Wright, I 2260. C. Battock.
and w . Clough. ' 2262. W. Thompson.
2236. J. Hartshorn AW. Redgate. 2272. B. J. Webber.
2238. L. Desens.
2240. J. Rhodes.
2242. J. Dobbie.
2246. J. Crellin.
2247. J. King.
2380. J. T.and E. Harlow.
2450. E. Leek.
2604. G. Monntibrd.
2661. T. Grasoa.
2746. H.
PATBKTS OS WHICH TBB STAMF DDTT Of £60 HAS Mmn PAID.
626. G. Smith and J. Carrick.
634. T. Haigh and R. A. Ro-
bertson.
641. S. Botturl.
643. E. Sabel.
672. G. Eskholme.
669. H. A. bUver and H. QtlfllK.
679. T. W. Kvans.
604. J. Hirst, Jon., and J.
liagworth.
PATSVm Oir WHICH TBB STAMP DUTT Of £100 HAS BBBS FAISl*
667. C. LuBgley. 824. 8. Fox.
729. H. bridges. 663. R#M, Oi«sh.
730. J. P. Gates.
^mxml 0f %
THE
mkk rf %xts,
AKD OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, MARCH 18, 1864.
[No. 591. Vol. XH.
Ordinary Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
Habch 23. — Paasion week. No meding.
Vaboq 30.^** Artificial Light and Materials Uaed for
Lighting." By B. H. Paul, Esq.
Cantor Lectures.
The concluding lecture of Mr. Burges's course
will be delivered on Monday next, at eight o'clock.
Mar. 21.~LBcn7BB YII.— The Weaver's art; Me-
dinyal, Eastern, modem.
Six lectures on " Chemistry applied to the Arts'
will be delivered by Dr. F. Crace Calvert,
F.R.S., F.C.S., corresponding member of the
Royal Academy of Turin, of the Soci^t^ In-
dustrielle de Mulhouse, of the Soci^t^ Im-
periale de Pharmacie de Paris, <&c., on Thurs-
day evenings, at 8 o'clock, as follows : —
March 31. — ^Leoturb I. — ^Bones. — Compodtion of raw
and boiled hones. The mannfacture of superphosphate of
lime. Application to affncnltare. Bone-black or cnar, and
iheir nse in sugar refining. PhosphomM^ its properties,
extraction and employment in manufacture of matches.
Bom and ivory^ their composition and applications.
Apbil 7. — Leotcrb II. — QELATim, Glue, Bone-size
OHOHDamEt their fucparation, chemical properties, nutritive
value , and application to arts and manu ractures. Artificial
torioiseshell. Itinghus^ \\» adulterations and adaptations
to clarification of fluids. Skins and the art of tanning.
April 14.— Lectture III. — Leather. — The art of the
cnrrier. Morocco. Russia, and patent leathers. The art
of tawing skins. Chamois and glove skins. Parchment.
Hair^ its composition and dyeing. Woclf its washing,
perties, falsification, and preservation. A few words on
putrefiiotion.
Dwellings of the Labouring Classes.
The Council have passed the following resolu-
tions : —
<* Thai a Conference of the Society be summoned to con*
aider the causes of the present unsatisfactory condition of
the Dwellings of the lAbouriog Classes, and what reme*
dies can be advantageously adopted.**
*' That, besides inviting the attendance of any members
of the Society taking an interest in the subject, the co-
operation of such as are members of the Legislature as well
as of the Presidents of the Institutions in union, be especially
requested."
** That the Chairman of the Council, Lord flenry G.
Lennox, M.P., Mr. Marsh, M.P., Mr. Cole, C.B., and
Mr. C. Wren Hoskyns, be a committee to make the
arrangements for the Conference, and to]invite thereto any
other persons whose presence they may think desirable."
ftomMngs lof tjre S^m%
CANTOR LECTURES.
FiiffB Abts Afplibd to iMDUffrar. Br W. Bubobs, Esq.
Sixth Leotuee, Movoat, Maboh 14. — ^Fubmitobe.
The lecturer said, that under this very comprehensive
title he would not confine himself to what is generally un-
derstood by furniture, but would enlarge upon the general
deoorationa of the interior of oor domestic buildings. He
first of all called attention to the way in which this matter
was arranged in the 13th and 14th centuries, showing
from the extracts of the public records, published in " Par-
ker's Domestic Architecture," how the ceilings were
boarded and painted ; and how the walls afforded endless
subjects for the invention of the artist, while the better
aoooring, bleac'King, and dyeing. ^SUkt its adulterations I sort of furniture was also historiated with colour and
and conditioning.
ApaiL 21. — Leotube IV.— Animal Fattt Matters,
the various processes for liberating them from the tissues
in which they are contained. Their composition and con-
version into soap. Composite candles. The refining of
lard. Chd'liver, tperm^ and other oils. Spermaceti and
ApBtL 28. — Lecfure V. — Flesh, its chief constituents,
boiUng, roasting, and preservation. Animal blacky its
manunctore and applications. The employment of
animal refuse in the manufacture of ^rtiMuU0o//>oto«A.
PruMfiam Hue, Manufacture of artificial animal manures.
Mat C.^Leotube VI. — Animal Liquids. — Bile, its
fxnlAcation and detergent properties. Blood, its applica-
tion in the refining of sugar and the manufacture of
albomen. Albumen, its use in calico printing and photo-
graphy. Ufine^ its uses. MUk, its composition pro-
gold. Some curious extracts, fVom Ouillabert de Metz,
and Vasari, were Immght forward to show what were the
domestic arrangements of the 15th century in France
and Italy, the first extract being the description of a
citizen's home in Paris in 1409, and the latter contain-
ing a lonff account of the works of Dello Delli, who
was especially famous for his paintings on furniture.
The next portion of the subject was the various modes
in which articles of furniture could be ornamented. Thus,
if the wood be made to show, it can be inlaid with mar-
quetry, buhl, mother-of-pearl, ivory, or be partially
covered with more valuable wood, or have ornaments in
the metals, in marbles, and enamels. Again, when the
wood is intended to be entirely covered, it can be decorated
wiUi various sorts of gilding, as in the coronatfon chair at
Westminster; or have paintings in certain parts, as in the
presses a\ Noyen and Bayeux ; or it can be painted and
282
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 18, 1864.
oovered with varnish, like the Japanese work. The
lecturer then observed that, although ^t was impossible
for any one man to give the age a distinctive architeo
ture or a new and picturtsque costume, vet in his own
house be oould do completely a» he lihed^ asd if Uft-{'
rooma wen ftunished ia bad ttiite the faultt moif
resi with hioMrif. A aariea of wg^fasitaiM* then*
fidlowed for the decoration and fumithing of our rooms,
great stress being laid upon the desirability of giving
some sort of decoration to our flat white ceilings, and of
substituting wall paintings for paperhan^ingi. The prac-
tice of filhng the windows with one immense piece of
plate glass, thereby depriving the house of all scale on the
outside, and giving the room a cold appearance from the
inside^ was aSio r^^iobated ; and several snggestioni pat
forward I'especting the treatment of the floon, and of the
furniture generally, moveable divana being recommended
instead of the multiplicity of aoiks and chairs. A few
words on ecclesiastical decoration concluded the lecture,
attention being especially called to the beautiful stalla at
AmieiMc and n^ara pMPtkalarly to tUe treatnent of the
moulding and carviag. There were same very excellent
specimens of fhmiture exhibited by the more prominent
decorators and upholsterers. Thus, Mr. Grace contri-
buted an oak cabinet, witk a brais grille, designed by
the late Mr. Pugia« Meaara. Trollope sent an eboi^
cabinet in the cinqoe-centa stgrle ; while several aiticlas,
more particularly a table in poi-pla wood^ wera dae to the
courtesy of Messrs. Jackson and Graibam. Mr. 0. Seddon
contributed an escritoire in oak, deeorated with mar-
quetry, from the deigns of his brother, the vell^ known
architect, besides sevenU chairs; and Mr. fillia, of Bedford-
street, a curious example of the employment of nataral
foliage (ferns, &c.) in the daoaration of paaels. There were
alio one or two speoifneiis of fbmitiire painted after the
manner of the thirteenth cantoty by modem artists.
FOURTBBBTH OrDIKART MbBTIIIO.
Wednesday, Mttroh 16th, 1864 ; G. F. Wilson,
Esq., F.R.S^ Member of the Oouncil, in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Nelson, Thomas James, Guildhall, E.C.
Paraey, Saontel, r?-). Little Brf^n, B.e^.
Stanfotd, Edward C. C, 63, Lincoln's-inn-fields, W.O.
And as Honobart Cobbe8fo:idino Mbmbsb.
Romake, Joseph, Admiralty, Trieste.
The following camdidaiee wieFe balloted for and
duly elected memben of the Society : —
Benham, Edward, 18, Eesex- street^ Strand, W.C,
Bozell, Thomas, 48, King'siaad, Biighton.
Greig, Robert, 33, The Cedars, Putney, S.W.
Martin, Claude, Park-cottage, Acton, W.
Parry, Robert Seaton, Balbam Hill, Surrey, S^
Robinson, S., 60, Church- gate, Stockport.
Ruddock, Samuel, 22, Bloomfield-terrace, Pimlico, S.W.
The Paper read was —
ON THE ORGANISATION OF THE CORPS
IMPERIAL DES PONTS-ET-CHAUSSEES, IN
FRANCE.
Bt Gbobob B« Bubvell, Esq., C.E<, F.G.S*
As England is approaching the time when the services o^
the state are destined to be more or less centralised, it seems
to me necessary for those who are charged with the superin-
tendence of the various offices of the government to ac-
quaint themselves with the principles upon which foreign
nations have organised the bodies to whom they have en-
trusted th^ peculiar duties connected with the vario«is
branches of the administration. There is, ioo,a tendency
on the part of some of our statesmen of the present day
to praise everything that emanates from the Frendi
government, pariicuUrly with respect to the administra-
tion of public works; and as the Corps Imperial das
Pbnts-et-ChausB6e8 is the most important body tha4 tho
Ministaa oi Public Works emplays span tians, it seamed
to me that it would aflbid the sabieatof m aWnhig'a dis-
cussion Chat would he fVaught with ftit^resf tb yon, wen I
to i*elate succinctly that which I know with respect fca
the organisation of that body, and of the education thai
the members of it are obliged to go through.
The public works of France constitute the object of a
separata (tepartment of the administration of the country,
under the control of a minister, who is responsible to the
Emperor for the manner in which he discharges his datiea.
These consist of the maintenance and the perfection of the
means of internal communication, both by laodsad water i
the providing for the safety and convenience of the traffic
with foreign oeontries, by the docks, river navigation, the
lighthouses, and beaeooaof llie eoast ; the works that are
undertaken for the improvement of agriculture, such aa
draining and irrigation works, Ag, ; the mining operatioDa
( by the way, these opecationsai-e conducted under the super-
intendence of a special body of engineers, called the
Ing^nieurs dee Mines, with respect to the organisatton of
whom I read a paper at the meeting of the Royal Coro-
wall Polytechnic Society, in the month of September
last) ; the conditions that are to be observed with regard
to the exercise of aoheaitliy* and dacgerous trades ; the
working of steam engines ; the erection and maintenance
of the buildings of the state, beyond those that are
comprtsedl wi^in the fhoetioea of the* other raioia4ero7
but in many cases the Ingdnieors des Fonts-et-Chaii8s6ea
enter into the service of the State under the difiaraai
branches of the administration, as en terviee diiaehi. The
Minister of Poblio Works has also to prepare and; pro-
pose the laws for the nogulation and control of private
eommenoe; fbr the encouragement of arts, so &r
as they aas affisoted by the pr ooe weo of manufaetiiie.
Ha has the oontlDl of the industrial sdaoals, the foid
for the superannuation oi government em^o$6s^
the savings banks, the joint stock companiesv the
private banks; and the superintendence of the service
of weights and measafes. He is also ofaargad with assar-
taining the changes in foreign legii^ation on the subjecto
that are likely to interest frenoh eomniLeroe, aod it hia
duty either to publish them, or to send them ronnd to
those that nuiy be affected by them; aocording to the
regulations that prevailed some time since, he nad the
superintendence of the general statistics of Franee. sad oC
the government stations for breeding horses. Ia the
discharge of these duties he is assisted by the Ingdniema
des Ponts-et-Chauss^es, for all that relates to the servieea
that come within their functions : thus there is a Direolk)ii
of Roads and Bridges, that is charged with the servioa of
the highways, and the departmental roads, and with the
nolice of the traffic upon mem. There is a Direetioo of
Navigation, that is charged with the service of the ports and
the canals, with the rivers, both navigable and floatable, on-
derstanding by the latter word such asare capableof floating
down timl^r, but are not suited for navigation, either oo
account of their velocity, or their shallowness, or irregalar
volume ; with the police of these rivers, and with the
arrangements for their improvements. There is a Direotioo
of Radroads, divided into two sections ; of whkih the fint
undertakes the regulation of Uie lines and their concessioiis;
and the second undertakes the works, and the direction
of the working of the railroads, and the collectioa of the
statistics of that means of locomotion. The Minister is
assisted by the Ing^nieurs des Mines in their departmaBt,
but they are immediately under the ocdera of the
secr^taire-g^o^ral of that body ; in the other branohes
of his duties the minister is assisted by a numerous atafl
of officers that relieve him of the care of the details, and
allow him to concentrate bis attention upon the broad
principles involved in the policy he himself is disposed to
carry into effect. It ia probable that in the rapidly
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, March 18, 186^.
283
changing ^item that now prevatli in France, some portion
of the duties that are above enumerated, as, for instance,
the euperintendeoce of the horse-breeding establishments,
may be withdrawn from the functions of the Minister
of Public Works, Agriculture, and Commeixse ; but the
list given of the minister's duties was the correct one
some time since, and it contains, at any rate, a correct state-
ment of the fimctions that the French authorities con-
sidered to fall within the limits of that officer's occupa-
tions.
The Administration des Ponts-et-Chaoss^es, it is thus
seen, forms one of the most important branches of the
service of the Minister of Public Works, and is organised
in the mo^t 8>*stematic manner, according to the French
point of view, to secure the effective discharge of the
serrtoes entrusted to it. The date of the creation of Uiis
body is rather remote, and it is another illustration of
the manner in which Uie Ancim Ri^ime had prepared
the way for the Revolution. As far back as the time of
Henry IV. there existed, in fact, a government
lody of engineers, under the direction of the Grand
Yoyer of the Kingdom. Louis XIV. gradually increased
tiie power of these engineers; and in 1722, the Regent
instituted the Corps des Ponts-et-Chauss^es, under its pre-
sent name, and with nearly the same functions that it
has at the present day, for the purpose of executing the
system of public works that Franoe had then determined
upon. MM. Tmdaine, fikther and son, were the heads of
this organisation, and they were succeeded by Perronnet,
in the direction of the Eicole des Ponts-et-Chauss^es at any
rate, about the year 1750 ; at the same time the local
governments of Langnedoc and Bretagne established their
sepnrato bodies of engineers, on the same footing as that of
Paris for the rest of the kingdom. In 1791, the Cod-
sUtoent Asiembly passed a decree, maintaining the or^pm-
ization of the Ponts-et-Ohaufs6es, but they introduced into
it the system of management that now prevails, and they
only recognised <Hie school for it, viz., that of P^. There
have been some changes, without importance, since that
pwiod, as in the years 1804, 1817, 1886. 1839, 1853, 1855 ;
but substantially the organization of the administration
remains the same as it nad been settled by the Con-
Atituent AsKmbly. The acts that have been referred to
only made some alteration in the ministry that they were
under, and a little difference in the authority of the sous-
secretaire d*etat that was specially charged with the
directioo of the united bodies of the Ing^nieurs des Mines,
et des Ponts-et-Chausiees.
The minister, then, under the present system, approves
the projects of the new works submitted to him in the
regular course of his business, and those of the great
repairs of the roads, bridges, canals, and harbours ; he sees
to the regularity of the contiacts that are taken ; he
divides the credits allowed by the legislature ; and he
prepares the decrees regulating the position of the
engineers from the 2nd dass, observing in all cases the
regalar system of promotion, unless there be some
very peculiar circumstances connected with the case.
The directeur-g^n^ral has the superintendence of the
correspondence with the pr^fets of the various depart-
ments and the engineers ; he presides over the meetings of
the conaeil-g^^n^Fal in the absence of the minister ; and
he prepares all the details of administration that the
minister is required to sign. The conseil-g^neral is
composed of the engineers of every degree that may be
proeeot at the time in Paris ; it is presided over by the
minister ; in his absence, by the directeur-g^o^ral, or by
an iDspectcur nomioated for the purpose by the minister.
It has to pronounce upon the projects and plans of works,
and all the questions relating to construction that may
arise ; upon the questions of accounts, and upon those
that concern the legal rights of the state, arising out of
the property that it has in the works executed ; and, finally,
it decides the questions that are connected with the duties
of the engineers, that would have to be brought before
(He council of state or the minister ; for in France no
person in the employ of the government can be prosecuted
for the acts that he may commit in the couise of thu dis-
charge of his duty, however gross they may be, without
the permission of the conseiT d'etat, before whom the
actions that may arise must be tried.
The whole of France is divided into eighteen districts,
each of which is under the inspection of an engineer, who
receives the title of inspecteur-g^n^ral de 2nde clabse ; the
in^>ecteurB-g€neraux de Ire dfssse being honoran* mem-
bera, and without any definite functions. The inspecteurs
are obliged to visit their districts every year, for the space
of three months, and they render an account to the
conseil-g^n^nd of the state in which they have found every,
thing in the course of their visit, either with regard to the
composition of the staff, the manner in which the accounts
are kept, or the conditions they may observe to prevail
in the works, such as the roads, budges, rivorj, canals,
harbours, railways, factories, ferries, drainage operations,
^. TtUs report must be prepared on paper that allows
the engineers in charge of the various parts of the public
works to append their remarks to it ; or rather the latter
have to make a report that is transmitted to the conseil,
approved and commented upon by the inspecteur ; the
reports of the latter dass of officers, however, that relate
to the staff of engineers, are sent directly to the minister,
on account of the confidential character of the communi-
cations. The service of the departments is divided be-
tween the inff6nieur-en-chef de Ire dasse and the in-
S6nieurB-en-chef de 2nde dasse ; the ing^nieurs-ordinaire
e Ire, 2ndei et de 3me dasse ; and the conducteurs faisant
fonctions d'ing^nieur-ordinaire, or of the various brigades
of the officers of that rank. The ing^nieur de Ire classe
is charged with the preparation of the projects for
the improvement of his district; the demand for,
and the opening of, credits; the execution of works
either by competition or by r6gie, which means
that the state emplojrs the workmen and engages the
timdeamen to ftimish materials on its own account ; the
number of people employed in the offices ; the payment
of the accounts, and the delivery of the certificates and
orders upon the treasury; the dvection of the law pro-
ceedings ; and the movement of the employia of the office.
The ing^nieur-ordinaire presents to the ing^nieur-en-chef
the accounts of the measurement of the works executed,
and the various conditions of the reception, and the state
of those worics ; he is idso chained with the examination of
the projects that it may be considered advisable to under-
take, which are then submitted to tiie ing^nieur-en-chef,
and by him are transmitted to the ing€nieur>inspecteur, to
be by him co-ordinated with the general projects for the
whole kingdom. The ing^nieursordinaires are likewise
charged with the duty of following the inquiries before
the local authorities, into the propriety of establishing
certain trades in the localities, that may give rise to
questions de cwmodo H incommodo, as the French style
the questions that are connected with the establish-
ment of unhealthy trades, and the regulation of the lines
of buildings on the public roads ; the police of the roadways
is also within the jurisdiction of the mg^nieurs-ordinairee,
who are, however, obliged to conform to the orders they
may receive from the higher authorities in these
matters. It is the duty of the ing^nieurs-ordinaires to see
that the various contractors execute their engagements
with the State in tiie strictest manner, and they must
personally superintend the measurement of the various
accounts they certify; they are assisted in the perfor-
mance of their various duties by the conducteurs, who may,
on some occasions, be promoted to the fulfilment of the
office of ing^nieur-ordinaire ; but the rule of the pro-
uiotion in the Corps des Fonts- et-Chauss^es is very much
opposed, as we shall see hereafter, to the irregularity of
this movement of the last-mentk)ned body of men ; they
only are allowed to perform the functions of engineer,
whilst they remain conducteurs to the end of their lives.
The ing^nieurs des Ponts-et-Chause^es are admitted
into that body in the following manner, that is never de-
284:
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, March 18, 1864.
parted from, let the osDdidate for distinctkm display ever
80 mach knowledge that woold beoome usefal in the pro-
femoa of a civil engineer. The candidate for adininion
must first of all prove him«elf capable of going through
the examination of the Eoole Pol}rteohmqae, and if he
support that ordeal, he must study in that school for the
space of three years, passing through the examinations
that the pupils of the ^le are subject to every year.
He then, after going through another examination, pro-
ceeds to the special school of the Ponts*et> Chaos wes,
where he follows a course of education that is ccmsidered
to be such as to qualify him to practise as a civil engineer.
He has to go through various repetitions and preliminary
examinations, that in their variety of subjects, and the
profundity of the scientific information that they require,
would sorely puzzle the English engineers in the majoiity
of cases ; and finally, at the end of three yean, the can-
didate is allowed to pass the final reception, and to be
classed as an aspirant-ing^nieur, or an ing^iieur de 3me
classe. The pupils who go through the last examinations
with particular distinction are sent abroad to study the
pe<aliaritie8 of foreign practice; and wlicn they return
their notes are published, for the most part, in the *' An-
nales des Ponts-et-Chauss^es." They are then sent with
their colleagues to the various places that may be in want
of an engineer ; but their special talent is hardly con-
sidered in the choice of their pursuit, either in their first
nomination or in their subsequent promotion, which
follows the regular steps, and leaves little room for the
display of origin^ talent of any kind. The conse-
quence of this organisation of the school is that the young
men leave it with a vast amount of undigested kaowlodge
that would enaUe them to pass the examinations io the
various branches of their profession ; but they rarely pos-
sess any practical knowledge whatever. " They are," as
M. Etex said in his lectures *' On the Fine Arts applied
to Industry," " capable of anything sad fit for nothing ;"
and the fact that their protnotion in after-Hfo depeods
upon the mere principle of their seniority, tends very mueh
to perpetuate the sort of feeing which the popili of the
Ecole des Ponts-et-Chausste have when they leave that
institution. This may be said to be a perfect self-satis-
faction with themselves, sndi as always aeoompanles the
possession of theoretical, as oontnoted with practical,
Knowledge, and a contempt for all who may not be so
well acquainted with the class of information that they
have been enabled to obtain ; and there is this peculiar
disadvantage attending the kind of preparation for the
ftittire exercise of then* profession that the young men
who leave the Eoole des Ponts-et-Chaosste are exposed
io, that they are obliged to rely greatly upon the oon-
ducteurs of that body for all tiiat may relate to the
practical details of the porsoit.
When the Ecole des Ponts^et-Cbauss^es was first insti-
tuted, hi 1747, by M. Trndatoe, on its present footing, and
Perronet was appointed director of it, the class of ^uca-
tion was more general and mere decidedly practical than
it is now ; and the eonseqoeDoe of this was that the pro-
ductions of t^e fini engineers of the Ponts-et-ChaoiB^es
were characterised by much greater taste than those of
their succes^rs. It happens in France, and has been
observed to take place in England, that the new inventions
mod the new processes that are introduced into the build-
ing trade are all of them of a nature to require the know-
ledge by those who employ them, of the powers of rsrist-
ance of materials ; and as architects are seldom disposed
to study the scientific part of their profession (which would
be required in the case •f these new processes), it follows
that the engineers are always consulted when they are to
be employed. The inconvenience of the course follow^
in the education of yonng engineers is beginning to be
felt in the supreme ugliness that they give to the monu-
mmits they are c411ed upon to design ; and there are
serious questions whether it would not be worth while to
change the system of education, in order to introduce
some principles of taste, such as had marked the prodac-
tions of the earlier engineers. Perhaps this might be
effected, if the knowledge of free-hand drawing from the
figure were made an essential part of the course of exami-
nation, and proof were required of the attendance of the
pupils at courses of lectures in architecture and irctmo-
logy ; but this is at any rate certain, that the engineers of
the Ponts-et-Ohauss6es invariably s^il the opportunities
that are afforded them to erect dvil buildings, and that
the various bridges that they are employed to execute are
very deficient in the monumental grandeur that character-
ized the productions of Huppeau, ritrou, Perronet, Ohmcy,
LsmbUraie, De Prony, &c. This is, after all, a qiKstion
that interests the lovers of esthetics, and may for the time
be set aside, the more especially as the tendency o:
everything that is happening iu England and America
is towards the same state of indifference to the efiect of
the great works entrusted to the engineers ; provided the
workis satisfy the conditions of stabUity that are required
in them, the public seems contented to set aside the con-
sideration of their beauty in France as well as in Bkiglaod ;
and the accusation against the engineers of the Ponts-«t-
Chauas6es, that their productions are deficient in taste,
must, at any rate, be shared by their colleagues in other
countries that pretend to as high a state of civilization as
France.
The engineer^ however, after leaving the school, are
sent, as was said, to the place that may be vacant, what-
ever the nature of the occupation may be there ; they are
then promoted, as was before said, m the order of their
seniority, unless there be some very strong grounds fcr
making an exception for or against them. They sre
expected to observe towards one another the kind of
respect that is always obseived in a military organizatioQ.
ana to exact the same respect from their subordinates; so
that the conducteurs are always treated with the same
kind of distance with which an officer would treat a com-
mon soldier. There are three kinds of service— the service
ordinaire, the service extraordinaire, and the service
d^taob^. Of these, the service ordinaire comprehends
three classes— the service g€n^ral, that includes all
the ordinary kinds of works that fall within the duties
of the Pont8-et-Chauss6es; the service qi^ial, that
embraces the direction of the works that are separated
from the state budget, and are paid for by the departments;
and the service desconseilsg^neraux, that comprehends the
general administration of the body, and the service of the
Eoole des Punts-et-Chauss^es, and of the dep^Vt of maps
and plans. The service extraordinaire includes the
superintendence of various works that are paid for by the
state, but do not enter into the ordinary occupations of
the engineers; such as the serdce of the lighthouses, the
works against inundations, the reclamation of the
SolQgne, &c. ; whilst the service d6Uuix6 comprehends
the works that are executed for the depaKments of the
state that are not included in the budget of the Mimster
of Public Works ; such as the harbours of Brest, Cher-
bourg, L'Orient, Rochefort, Toulon, the colonies, the
expeditions to foreign countries, Algeria, and the mmd-
dpal service of Paris, Lyons, and^ other laiige towns.
The salaries paid to the various grades are— for the
inspecteurs^generaux de Ire classe, 12,000 flraiics per
annum ; of the 2nde classe, 10,000 francs per annum ;
ing€oieiDS-en-chef de Ire classe, 6,000 or 5,000 fhuics
per annum ; of the 2nde clane, 4,500 francs per annum :
'tngenieurs-ordUnairee de Ire classe, 8,000 francs per annmn ;
ditto of 2nde classe, 2,500 francs per annum ; ditto of
8me classe, 1 ,800 francs per annimi ; the pupils of the Ecole
des Ponte-et-Ghauss6es receive 1,200 fiancsper annum, and
when they are employed on mission they reoeive 1 ,800 francs.
The engineers are, besides their salaiy, entitled to charge
their office expenses, which are fixed by the minister; but,
with this exception, and the exception of some works that
the engineers are allowed to undertake for the aoooont of
the communes, they are strictly limited to the appoint-
ments allowed them by the government. I can mjrself
vouch for the fact that the engineers, notwithstanding the
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 18, 1864.
285
moderate amoonta of these salaries, are almost univerRally
pure and hoDest, in the noblest degree ; they acorn to re-
ceive bribes; and the tone of morals that prevails amongst
them in all that relates to pecuniary affairs might serve
as a useful lenon to oarselves. This is, perhaps, aided by
the convictioii that thev cannot be discharged from their
ibDotions, or debarred from their promotion, unless under
veiy peculiar circumstances of misconduct. They have
also a retiring pension in their old age, and their position in
society is about the highest in the French administration,
from the esteem and respect that Mways attaches itself to
the posBSssion of the class of knowledge that they must
attain. The influence of the money-ouU^ing tendency of
the age may be detected, perhaps, in some oases, but
Cerally speaking, every one that has had occasion to
w the ing^ieun des Ponts-et-Chauss^es must bear
the highest testimony to their profound sense of honour
and delioa<^ of feeling.
One great cause of the efficiency of the service of the
engineers is, however, to be found in the body of con-
ducteurs, or clerks of the works whom they employ,
aod who are engaged upon the field operations, the
mperintendence of the workmen, the measurement of the
works done, and the preparation of the drawings that are
sent out from the engineer's office. The nomination of
these xnen is rather singular, and takes place somewhat
after this fiuhion : — The engineer receives a young man
into his office, without salary at £i«t, aod he briogs him
up to the details of his business ; at a certain time the
men present themselves for examination as oonduoteura,
and they become embrigad^ if they can pass that (»deal,
which is made to embrace the whole range of sciences
that are coooeraed with the practice of civil engineering,
aoch as geometry, the theoiy of ndtnbers, lo^srithins,
the drawmg of {dans, levelling, taking out quantities,
measuring work, the superintendence of it, and generally
sU that would be required for carrying works into effect.
They become then oonducteurs emhrigad^ de 4me cUsse,
and they pass through the ranks of the third, second, and
fint classes, in the order of their seniority generally;
hot they may mount in grade more rapidly, in proportion
to their merit or their patronage. By the law of SOth
October. 1850, it was provided that the sixth of the
places of the engineers should be reserved to the
condncteaiB that had been in the sei-vice for Uie
space of ten years, and who could then pass the
examination that the engineers were subjected to ; but
this provision has hitherto been perfectly nugatory, lor
rinoe its promulgation there has not been a single pro-
motion from the body of conducteun. The utmost they
can asphe to is to be allowed to perform the functions of
• dvQ engineer, whilst they retain their old rank. They
would be regarded as intruders if they forced themselves
Into the society of engineers, as the equals of the latter, by
takii^ advantage of the letter of the law. The conse-
fnence of this state of affairs is, that the pupils of the Ecole
'olytechnique have practically the monopoly of the
government employment in the place of the Ponts-ei-
Chanss6es, for the oonducteors do not aspire to that title,
let them be ever so learned or ever so capable ; and thus
the French revolution has perpetuated the inequality of
conditions, by giving the monopoly of the profession to
those that can afford to pay for the education that is giv«D
in the schools — a strange ooounentary upon the dootrmes
of equality that the revolution was intended to inaugurate.
There is a very great inconvenience arising from the
stnctly theoretioal style of education that the young
enginem are called upon to go thiough, that oonaists in
the denre the bulk of them possess to distinguish them-
selves by the constfoction of works of a monumental
character, without any regard to the oonditions of economy
that would be appli<able in the majority of eases. The
principle of the French law is that the arvbiiect is
responsible for the solidity of the building that he nay
pot up, against any defects of consti-uction or erectu>n, for
the period of thirty years ; and though the Ingtfoieurs
des Ponts-et-Chauss^es do not come under the strict ap-
plication of the law, owing to their not working for a
commission, yet the tendency of the law is to produce a
great degree of strength, and a solidity of execution, that
may be traced in all the woiks they execute. The
administration requires, in addition, that no work should
fail ; the engineer that risks much is looked upon as a
dangerous and troublesome man. There is every indnoe*
ment, therefore, for the engineer to ereot *' monuments,"
and the character of the works of the Ponts-et-Chausste
is madced with the grandeur and the ma^ifioenoe that wae
formerly the distingnishingiAaiik of the Boman engineen ;
but the cheap ana expeoitiooB q«tems that prevail in
England and America are regard^ with dislike and con-
tempt. One other objection may be made to the Frendi
System, in the total absence of original thought that it
evelopes. The best sobieots, as they call them, are
obliged every year to travel in foreign countries, and the
works that are done in Fanoe are generally the pro-
ductions of civil enffineers and the somewhat despised
race of architects. The Ingtoieurs des Ponts-et Chaosste
do not attempt to prodnoe any oiew styl e— they only
seek to eoostruot "monuments" that shall last for ever
regardless of ooet. The tendency of the body of the
Pont8«etX/hauss6es to this style of work is also, io a
great extent, assisted by the publication of the journal
of the body, that appears about six times a year,
under the name of the " ArmaUs dn PimU-H'OhamUn^^
and is oharactorised by the excessive love of tlieory, and
the abuse (if I may aay so imdh) of mathematical and
other scientific knowledge, thai may be reproached to the
whole ofthe present school of French engineers. Themeaa-
bers of that profession who communicate the information
that is inserted in .this journail, are, in faot, obHged to treift
every aubjeot which they undertalse in the most abstract
manner, ae though they constnioted or dengned works for
the sake of reviving prohlems of science, instead of
endeavouring to answer the questions that might arisa,
with the purpose of coostrueting the works econo-
mically; tiiey cultivate soienoe as the end of their
labours, — they do not Xook upon it as the means to the
end. The same observatiflB m^ be extended to the
bulk of French scientific works, whether they be brought
out b^ the Ii^6nieun des Ponts^et-Chaossto or by the
ing^nieurs dvils, for the latter are obliged to follow
the example set by their rivals, and to employ a great
amount oif science on the simplest operations of their
pm'suit. Yet there is a great advantage in thus substl-
tnting the indications of theory for the rule-of-tbumb
prooeaaes that are still too prevalent here ; and the con-
trast that is presented between the Freneh engineeriof
journals and the English produetians of the same kind,
is but little to the credit of our adentificaad practical men.
The ultimate oonaequenoe of the strict system of pro-
motion that prevails in France is, that all that relatesto the
general direction of the publie works of that country is
obliged to be transacted tbrouph the body of the Ponts-eA-
Chause^ ; and the eivU engtneen are there reduced to
the rank of oondoctora of the industrial establishmenta,
that ore stiU allowed to be free from state control,
although the civil engineers have proved themselves
to be cspable of directing the railways and other
public works, with at least equal ahilirt^ with ^mIt
more fortunate rivals. The railways seemed, for a time,
to be destined to form an exception to the general body of
the works, for the late llr. Lodce and the Kaglish coo-
tractors were entrusted with the exeoutien of the Paris and
Havre aod the Cherbourg lines ; but it was found that
the relations between the Minister of Public Works and
the company were so numerous, and th^ ^^^F***—?^
so many questions which involved the rights of the
Ponts-et-Chauss^ to letorfere with the working of the
lailways, that even npon these lines the government
engineers have been emjdoyed. Indeed it ia diftoult
to imagine anv other course being long adopted in
Fiaooe; the whole service of that eountry is so der
286
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Maboh 18, 1864.
rately centralised that the interventioa of the State is
felt ID all things. Thus, the body of the Ponts-et-
Ghaofis^, being always upon the spot, is necessarily
employed in making the surveys for the lines of rail-
way, roads, and canals, that may be thought necessary ;
and the oiganisation of that body provides It with
ample means of carrying out the projects that it con-
ceives. It may be that the nation gains in the unity
of views that is thus produced, and that many cases
of competing lines may thus be avoided; but this
advantage seems to me dearly purchased, when it is
only obtained by the annihilation of the private enterprise
of the whole country, which is the inevitable result of
the French system. It has been pretended that the
estimates that are prepared by the French engineers are
better and more trustworthy than those that are made by
their English brethren, and that a contractor would be
more indined to risk his fortune on the French prelimi-
nary surveys and estimates ; but if we set aside the
greater faoilitieB that the French euffineers have for
making their calculations for the works that they are
employed upon, the superior correctness of their estimates
in works that are at all out of the common run may be
very much questioned ; and certainly they design their
works in a manner that English engineers would consider
to be very extravagant, owmg to the traditions that pre-
vail in the body of the Ponts-et-Chauss6es, who pride
themselves rather upon not considering the commercial
view of the question in their constructions. It is, how-
ever, to be observed that much of the merit that is thus
due to the engineers of the government is owing to the
admirable system upon which their accounts are kept;
and the merit of the ** oomptabilit^" that forms, so much
and so justly, the boast of the engineers is, after all, due
to the conducteuTB, whom the regulations of the body
consign to perpetual inferiority. The engineers, in fact,
content themselves with the duty of oi|;anisiDg the man-
ner in which the estimates and the definite accounts are
to be prepared ; they leave all the details to be worked
out bpr the conducteurs, who fill the position of the Soo-
dras m the ** hierarchy" in which their chiefs play the part
of the Brahmins. There is much more truth than appears
at first sight, in this obmparison with the Indian social
arrangement, for the dasBes that are thus formed in the
French body politic are as strictly defined as those of
India, and there is nearly as much diflSculty in passing
torn one rank to another. The distinction between the
ing^nieurs des Ponts-et-Chauss6es and the conducteura is,
however, a permanent and inefiaceable one, that will
always be a standing reproach to the system that would
prevent a man from rising by his own merits to the fore-
most ranks of his profession.
Yet, although i am myself fully aware of the incon-
veniences of the French system of organising the public
works of that country ; though I know the great expense
that the nation is put to on account of the want of prac-
tical knowledge, and ftx>m the deficient technical education
of the engineers that the government is obliged to employ,
fit>m the fiut that no man can there rise from the ranks,
let his merits be ever so great, and from the mania that
the ^stem fosters for constructing monuments that
should last for ever; yet I have seen such confusion
and such waste occasioned by the qrstem that pre-
vails in England, especially in the appointment of
ffovemment officials in similar matters, that I should
be almost indined to prefer the French system of the
Ponts-et-ChauBs^es to the ignorance and incompetence
that prevail here in government offices. The engineers
of the Ponts-et-Chau8s6es are thoroughly acquainted
with the subjects they have to pronounce upon, and
they all feel as though the reputation of their body were
entrusted to their safe keeping; whilst in England the
nomination of the engineers of the government is en-
tirely reguUted by favour and caprice. Fortunately, the
mfluence of the authorities that are appointed by the
•Ute IS very small in England, for we still reUin so
much of the independence of habits and modes of
thought that are the essential characteristics of local
self-government, that the engineers named by the
government can do little; but if the circumstances
fliiould change, and if the influence of the central
government should be increased, it must become a
serious question with us, whether the organization of
the Ponts-et-Cbause^es, that does not admit the nomina-
tion or the advancement of the &vourites of the minister
of the day, may not be the best that can be devised in
the interest of the ratepayer. In a highly-centralized
fovemment, like that of France, the organization of the
^ont8-et-Gbau886es no doubt produces excellent results.
It would be out of place here, as long as we retain our
self-dependence and that love of true equality, thait
enables any man to rise aocordiog to bis own merits ;
but it is the best system that has yet been thought
of for securing the talent of the men and the iiide-
pendenoe of their judgment from the theories or the
passions of the moment. There sre several details in
the organization of the service which might easily be
altered (as, for instance, the fact that the engineen are
only responsible for the acts that they may do in the
discharge of their duty to the Oorueil d'Etat^ and the
fact that the conducteurs cannot rise to the superior
ranks of the profession), but, with these exceptions, there
seems to be no reason why something like the organi-
zation of the Ponts-et-Chaus86es should not answer very
well with the gradual tendency to the devdopment of
centralization that is so manifestly gaining groond
amongst ourselves. It would secure for the public at least
the services of educated engineers, and put a stop to the
ciuious nominations that we have sometimes witneaaed
in our public offices; added to which advantage would
be the mcidental one of raising the tone of the profes-
sion in matters connected with their own emblomentB,
which recent events have shown to be very low in
England. Perhaps there is something that is opposed to
the English notions of government in the existeoce
of a body that is composed of officials, who are tiot
in any way liable to the influence of the miDisters of the
day, either for Uieir nomination or for thdr advancement,
and there may be danger in thus creating a body thai
should have the control of the fUnds of the nation to the
exclusion of the rest of their profession, and to the
perpetual interference with the ingenuity of the great
body of the public ; but this is counter-balanced by the
advantage of the absence of the influence of the minister.
There is, of course, the disadvantage of having to do
with a board of theoretical men, who are likely to in-
sist upon the observance of the strict scientific con-
ditions that they conceive to regulate their pursuit,
as was the case with the Ing^nieurs des Poata-et-
Chauss^es in the matter of the rate of the iodines for
railways, which they for a long time insisted should be
made with an indination of I in 200, when the Englidi
engineers had proved that they might be executed
at 1 in 60 without inconvenience. This is a drawback that
will always attend an organized body of such a natore ;
but there must be set against it the advantage that this
body procures in controlhnff the action of the government
in the details of the practical application of the scieoce.
The minister is, indeed, quite powerless in cases which
strictly belong to the carrying out of works that may be
ordered ; the Ing^nieurs des Ponts-et-Chauss^ alone can
regulate the manner in which they are to be executed.
The fact that the Ministry of Public Works is a political
appointment, and therefore is subject to the caprice of the
parliamentary government, throws a great power mto
the hands of the Ponts-et-Chauss6es, who are always ia
possession of the influence which they may derive from
their position as distributors of government patroifia^^,
and as executing the works that the state may, throu^^h
thdr advice, undertake ; and this they have shown thsct
they know how to use for securing their independence.
It is desirable here to mention that the course adopted
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Maboh 18, 1864.
287
io the execution ofpublio works in France is for the
Minuter of Public Works to submit to the legislature a
project of law for their establtahment, if they are of a
nature to require a concession from the state, or to give
rise to a large advance of public funds, or if they should
require the application of the law of expropriation; in
other caaes, they may be the subject of simple ordinances,
$B io the case of municipal or departmental warks. The
projects for all of these undertakings must be accompanied
by drawings, specifications, and estimates, which must be
apfffoyed Sy the conseil that is specifically concerned in
their execution, and they give rise to the production of a
mass of papers and reports Uiat are produced for them, and
which are themselves perfectly bewildering. The worst
of this method of entrusting the public works to the care
of the state is that there is no security that they shall be
finished if once begun, provided the state be in want of
funds, or it should have been found advisable to appropriate
them to other uses. This Isst contingency has, it may be
observed, already happened in sevenu remarkable cases.
For instance, the breakwater of Cherbourg, which cost the
total sum of £2,400,000, had been mounted by the simple
interest of the money during the time that it was in hand,
to the sum of £8,400,000. The cost of the canals had
been just tripled by the interest that had accumulated
upon the sums invested in them before they were inaugu-
ated throughout their length. Besides this there is
always the danger and difficulty of the works being
ezarated in an official manner, that gives rise to the in-
ooovenienee of reports and reference to the various offices
of the state, in case there should be any reason to change
aoy of the details of the system that may have been
agreed upon at the first conception of the scheme. All the
aoeatioo} must be decided in the Conseil des Ponts-et-
Chausioes of Paris, and, setting aside for the moment the
ahseooe of local control that must thence ensue, there
most be a tendency in that bodv to impose their own
fltjle of work and their own modes of thought In the
cases of the works that are conceded to TsTge pubUc
oomnanies it might be supposed that the admistrations of
the latter would have sufficient power and influence to re-
duce the interference of the bodv of the Ponts-et Chans86es
to their legitimate bounds, but in all the concessions
hitherto given there is led so wide a margin for the action
of this body that they are practically all-powerful. The
works are to be executed to their satisfaction, and thev
have a control over the workmen, the materials employed,
and the manner in which the work is executed, so that
th4By can stop the companies at any stage of their progress.
Hitherto the foroe of public opinion has kept the engineers
within the bounds of what may be considered their duty.
It remains to be seen what will be the effect of tMs system
wh^ it is applied to a country fully accustomed to cen-
txalization, and debarred from the control of a free press,
such as France is at the present day. The tendency of what
is now pasring in that country is to introduce the control of
the engineers independent of the ministers of the day ;
to establish the system of the monopoly of classes that is
perpetuated by the necessity for the pupils passing throogli
the Ecole Poly technique ; and by the exclusion of the con •
doeteurs and the civil engineers, to concentrate the money
and the patronage of the state entirely in the hands of
the engineersof the Ponts-de-Cbaussto. I think this must
eventually prove to be a wrong policy, though it certainly
tends to raise the character and position of the engineera;
and that France will, sooner or later, find herself, in t}iis
respect, in the trammels of a system of castes that will
eflectoally destroy all originality of thought and action.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Haywood (Engineer to the City Sewer Commission)
said he did not gather from the paper that Mr. Bumell
held any conclusive opinion as to whether the system in
Fiance was better tham that in England, or the reverse.
With a great deal Mr. Bumell had said he fully con-
curred, but the root of the whole question of the organi-
zation in this country of a corps corresponding to that of
the Ponts-et-Chausse6s lay in the political condition and
habits of the people. Whether it would be desirable or
not, there was little probability of its being done in our
time. He must confess that being tolerably well acquainted
with France and her institutions, he never went there
without regretting that some system could not be estab-
lished in this country by which more unity of action in
engineering matters could be obtained, especially with
regard to w metropolis ; but he could not see any inter*
mediate condition between the present local-government
system and the institution of a corps somewhat similar to
that of the Ponts-et-Chanss6es. If that corps was tested by
the grandeur of its works, it was far in advance of the
English ; on the other hand, if the results were tested by the
activity of commercial enterprise, then the French system
was far behind ours. They had then to choose between
the two. With regard to the works of the engineers in
France, his conclusion was that their aqueducts, docks,
high roads, and canals, were laid out better than our own,
and also that the workmanship in them was superior to
ours. With regard to the ori^oality of their works he
did not feel he could give an opmion. As to their scien-
tific investigations he was inclined to place a higher value
upon them than Mr. Burnell had done. Undoubtedly
the first series of engineering publications he was
acquainted with was the AnnaUs aea PonU-et-ChaustStt,
He knew nothing in this country approaching them, and
they formed a scientific literature of which any nation
might be proud. Thero was one thing he could fully
endorse, — that was the very high tone of honour
amongst the engineers themselves. Their official pay
was exceedingly small, but he believed a body of
men with a higher professional tone did not exist. They
did not aim at acquiring large fortunes, inasmuch as
scientific men generally got in France that which they
could only obtain here by becoming wealthy — they got
high honour and social position. He happened to be at
the New Year's lev^e of the Emperor, and he then inquired
what was the precedence of the Corps des Ponts-et-
ChausB^es on such an occasion. He was told that the
engineers took rank before colonels in the army, which
was an evidence that their standing was fully ac-
knowledged. But that was not the case in this country.
There wera brilliant exceptions, such as Faraday,
and some others who, althouffh they never sought for
wealth, were still so distinguished that they could not be
overlooked ; but the great mass of professional men in
this country wero genendly measured by the depth of their
pockets. That was wliy they struggled to make money
as quickly as possible, biacause money was the passport
into society. The enghieers of the PonU-et-Chau8s6e8
had an entirely different tone of feeling. He knew many
of them personally, and could speak of them in the highest
terms. There was one romark in the paoer about the
architects which struck him. He understood Mr. Bumell
to state that they wero responsible for what was called the
well-designing of their work for a period of thirty years.
The peri^ was a long one, but he thought it would be a
wholesome thing if some such rale wero acknowledged
in this country. It was true, a man was responsible for
what he did, because, if he did not perform his duty,
romedy miv|;ht be had against him at law; but most
persons would rather bear the loss than have recourse to
the romedy. Then, again, the French system had its
disadvantages. All those who practised as engineers in
that countiy must have gone through the Ecole Polytech-
nique, and thus have been in some measuro educated by
the State, and so became naturally subject to State control.
After all he felt that he could not say with oerUinty
which system he preferred, there wera so many elements
involved in the question ; but he would say he never went
to France without coming back bitterly rogrotting that
our present system did not, with our huge wealth and «»»-*4
oommeroial enterprise, produce results moro wort^
288
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Maboh 18, 1864.
nation. If a few remarks on a subject, now becoming one
of great interest in this country, were not out of place, he
would say a few words as to the system of subways formed
in Paris, which would serve as an illustration of the great
care with which such works were carried oat in France.
His remarks would apply to Paris, Lyons, and other large
towns. In the whole of the internal arrangements of those
towns the French were beating us hollow : they were boild-
ing better houses, forming better thoroughfares, potting up
better lamp^posts, giving more light, and in all arrange-
ments which affected the health of the oommunity they
were considerably In advance of this country. With regard
to the main sewers of Paris, they were built In a style of
magnificence which might be expected from a body who
were not limited as to expense. He was one of ihose
who thought the public works of large cities ought to be
monumental, and not merely for the present generation.
Bmrely it was an unworthy feeling that it was sufficient
to carry out works which would ]Mt our own time, and to
leave posterity to take care of itself. That was part of
the money -greed of the age; and in that respect our
public works contrasted nnfavourably with those of Paris.
The large intercepting sewers of the French capital were
made with footways on each side. Those along the Hue
Rivoli and the BouWvart-Sebastopol were so lai^ ibat a
fuU-sisDed man could walk on the footway on either side
with his hat on, so ample were the dimensions of these
sewers. They were ke[A in a state of deanliness that was
surprising. The entrances were made highly ornamental,
which he thought superfluous; the steps which led down
to them were wide enough for two persons to descend side
by side. A railway ran along the edge of each of the
footways of the Urge sewers, and below that was the in>
vert forming the sewer proper. An eaceedingly well-
devised apparatus travelled up and down this railway,
and mechanical scrapers were used by which the bottom
of the sewer was constantly cleansed. The whole of the
gas and water pipes were covered with a black Tarnish or
bituminous compound ;.it was true there were leakages,
but very few. The smaller branch sewers weie most of
them six feet in height, and on each side of them might be
seen porcelain figures marking the hoosedrains,withasinall
piece of white enamel about an inch square, whioh indicated
that the proprietor of a particular house paid three francs
annually for keeping his private drain dear. Bverythinff
was carried out on the same scale. When they oontrastea
this with the way things were done in London, without
entering into the political question, with whksh he had
nothing to do, but looking simply at the material resolts as
they were presented in the capital and lai^etownsof France,
it made ns ashamed on looking at our own metropolis; and
when one knew as much about the ^cpendHnrein London
as he did. as compared with the wealth, he must oome to
the conclusion that there was no town in France in which
the inhabitants relatively to their means spent so little in
keeping their city in decent and proper order as they
did in London.
Mr. £. C. I'vpNELL remarked that the direetloB of the
observations just made was altogether to depreoicte Eng-
lish engineers below the French. He did not agree with
that position, because there were many facts whioh wen*
in contradiction of it. When the French desh^ to
introduoe any new engineering practice they almost Ib>
variably came to this country for the assistance of
engineers. When Tailways were first connnenoed in
France they sent for Locke and other English eogineen
to carry them oat We were the firirt country to intro-
duce suspension -bridges. The French sent a deputation
to this country from the Ecole Polyteohnique to inspect
what we had done; they returned to France, issued an
elaborate report, statmg that our suspension- bridges were
erected upon wrong principles, ana deviling (as they
thought) better ones. They erected a aospeMion-bridn
in Paris on their principles, bnt hnmediately opon its
eoBuiletion it tambled down. Then, agate, with regard
to the Sues Canal, n«jt withstanding the predominance of
French influence In Egypt, the Pacha sent to this coontiy
for engineering advkse with regard to that project, and Mr.
Hawkshaw went out to that country to make a ^oto-
sional report upon that great undertaking. Lookmg wk
these facts he could not at all reoonoile them with the
views expressed by Mr. Haywood.
Mr. Fbbdbbio Lawbshob did not feel the same <fifi-
colty that Mr. Hinrwood felt, as to which system he pro-
ferred. As an Englislnnan he approved of a system wnftob
allowed talent to develop itself— by itself-*4atlier thm
a centralised system which tended to cramp the eoemoi
and fetter the originality of those employed; andlia
thought If they oompared the engineering works of tlilt
oountry with those of Fraaoe, looking at &e woifa tiwm-
selves, they would see at onoe that our system was hy te
the bMt Gould the Frendi engineers point to a Britaanm
Bridge ? or if they had anything resembling it did they mA
QOipy it firam us? Was not every lai^ engineering waft
in Franoe a copy or modification of something previou^
done in Englaiid ? He was stu'prised to hear Mr. Hay-
wood speak so approvingly of the sewers of PaiiiTrt
might be that the sewer along the Rue Rivoli was better
than anything we have in London, but why was ft bettort
Beoanse the French engineeis came over here and saw what
we had done : they adopted what we had done well, and im-
proved where they felt they oouldimprove. Itwas, however,
only recently that sewers had been introduced into Paris,
and if that system were carried oat all over the capital —
as was ststed regardless of ^cpense — Paris might eventa*
ally be a better drained oity than we could boast of. WfCh
re^i^ to some of the details, he did not think Mr. Hay-
wood, with whatever staff lie could command, would csm
to have put noon him the task of fixing up the tablets be
had spoken of, in the city sewers, indicating the namben
of the drains, and the sum paid by each private individnal
to have his drain kept clean. He had no hesitation in
sajing that, in his opinion, however admirable an instiCotlan
the Corps of Pont-«t-Oh«oss6es of Franoe was, it bore no
comparison with the engineen of England ; because, wheo
he looked roond, he saw the names of engineers who had
carried oot'works which the Corps of Pont-et-Ohausito
dared not have attempted. He therefore differed from
Mr. Haywood, and had no hesitation in pronouncing the
English engineers the first in the world ; for, when any
country was in difficnUy, England was applied to for that
valuable engineering counsel which could be obtainnd from
no other country.
Mr. Haywood explained that his remarks had bea
misunderatood. He had dealt only with the broad fbatoim
of the paper, and he had made no comparison betwecti
English and Frendi engineers, as regarded their profea-
sionalskiU.
Mr. Lawbbmoe understood Mr. Haywood to refer to the
question of the two sjrstems, and they must judge ftotn
file results whether one was better than the other.
Mr. Bobukll said he had carefully guarded himsrif in
what he had said against drawing comparisons between
Ko^ish and French engineers. Upon the question of the
relative merits of the two classes it was a singular fact that
the French engineers had almost invariably consulted the
English, and all the inventions that had altered the fMse of
engineering science had arisen either in England or America.
WHh regard to railways it was well known they originated
in England, and the same thing occurred with referenoe
to suspension bridges. The merit of that form of bridge
they knew belonged to Telford. Steamboats, the eleetnc
telegnpfa, and man^ other inventions, which had tended
to advance civilisation, were the results of the fV ee^ ti mde
principles which prevailed in England, taid of which he
was a cordial supporter. The ot^t of the paper was to
call attention to the organisation of the corps of the
Ponts-et- Ch an ss des , which he thought, for carrying out
WMics necess ari ly In the hands of the QovemineDt, wis
superior to our s]^stem of appointing Qovemment oflSoen.
The CnAiEMAir, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr.
Bomeil, said he thooght they must all, to a great extent,
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIEXr OF ARTS, Mjlrqu 18, 1864.
289
partioiiAte in the feeling expressed by Mr. Haywood, oq
oompariDff the style of the pablic works in Paris with
tlioae of Loodoo ; and with regard to the sewen, if any-
thing was calculated to mitigate that feelmg, it was, as
£ar as he was penonally conoemed, in the visit he paid to
the great brick tank at Barking, covering an extent of
eleven acres, which for strength and excellence of execution
ooold hardly be surpassed, and which showed what could
be done in England in the way of first-rate brickwork.
He was afraid thay could hardly expect to settle the
question this evening as to tlie comparative merits of the
i?ro plans, and he thought they must be content with
iopposing that each nation had settled down instibctively
into the particular system which beet suited its own
peculiar oons'titation. He was sure they would pass a
oordial vote of thanks to Mr. Bumell for his able paper.
The vote of thanks was then passed.
^mttl ttngs a t ^niM im,
Famxbah Yoomq Msn's Assooiatiox. — The lecture
sesuon of 1863-64 was brought to a conclusion on Friday
evening, the 1 1 th instant, by the delivery of a lecture on
•» FiguTfe of Speech." by the Rev. W. L. Blackley, of
Frenshav. The Bishop of Winchester occupied the
chair, and said it was no ** 6gure of speech" when he
expressed his regret that this successful session was over.
MjBTBopoLrTAN ASSOCIATION. — His Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales has been pleased to accept the office of
patron, and Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales the
office of patroness to this association. Her Royal Highness
has also annooooed her intention to give annually a Bible
aa a prixe to the female candidate who, obtaining a certi-
ficate of profidenpy in needlework, obtains the highest
marks in the elementary eraminations held by this
•Mociation.
SzocKFOBT Mbohamigs* Institdtioh. — T*he twenty-
iiinih annual report oongiaiulatee the members on the
fheering ptospecta of the Institution. Notwithstanding
the QontiiMianee of oommercial depression, and aS
the disadvaatagea of removal, every department of
the Inatitutioo has been more ssocessfol this year
than in any previous ooe. The year 1862 closed with
504 memben, bot last year gave an increase of 861,
making a total of d6£;. The average number of members,
since the establishment of the Institntion in 1884, is
about 528. The total income of the past year, exclusive
of donations, has been £406 16s. 9d. This is £150 more
tiian the average of previous yean. The members' snb-
aeriptioDs amount to £207 14s.; those of 1862 were
£117 17b.; and the average of previous years has been
£148 3s. lOd. The lettmg of the hall has been a source
of oonridenble income, amouBtiog to £86 6s. 6d. At the
doae of the year 1862, the library was reported to be in a
▼eiy dilapidated condition ; and the directors, on their
oomiQg into office, after a careful examination of the
books* removed 188 volumes as unfit for further circulation
CO that acooont ; and they have, during the year, pur-
«baaed and added 293. In addition to that number
fltirteeo volnmea have been presented, and the President
kas porohased ibr the library 112 volumes of the best and
most popular works of the day. The library now oontahis
4,888 vohimee. The books issued in 1862 were 5,100;
in the past year, 8,532. There have been, during the
year, three lectures, ooe concert, and three readings, in
oODDection with the Institution. The Mayor of Stodc-
port (£^>braim HalUun, Esq.) has invested £100 as an
iodowment of the Institution in perpetuity, the interest
to be appropriated annually m priaes for the most success-
Ihl oompetitors in examinations of the aiithmetio and
drawing classes. These classes are now in so high a state
of proncieopy as to occupy the fiitt position in the
Laocaahire and Cheshhe Anociation of Mechanics' In-
ititittesi hi GOoneotioQ with whksh certificates for proficiency
in alg^tra, mensuration, oompoatfon, French, and other
subjects, have been gained by students of this Institution.
The credit of the Institution has been fully sustained, this
year, in themeohanical, architectural, and geometrkud draw-
ing dasB, in connection with the Science and Art Depart^
ment of Government. The Government returns show that,
ooinpared with the number of pupils who attended the ex-
amination, a greater proportion of them have received
Queen's prizes than the members of any other Institute in
LAUcashireand Cheshire. In the reading classes the teachers
report considerable general proficiency. The writing classes
are overcrowded, and the students are making rapid pro-
gress. The arithmetic classes are well attended. About nine-
teen members meet for the study of algebra. There aie also
a grammar class, one for geography, for modern languages,
for phonography, for elocution, for tonic sol-fa singing, in
reference to which the local examiners report favourably.
Five years ago the directors, seeing the great necessity for
female education, decided upon the establishment of
female classes in i-eading, writing, arithmetic, and sewing.
Some difficulties presented themselves, in the want of
room and suitable teachen. Tliese, however, have been
overcome, and the result has more than realised the Com-
mittee's most sanguine expectations, as testified by the
number of female members, which increased in 1858 from
28 to 47. This year they number 243. The directors
have made arrangements with the Bntish and Irish
Magnetic Telegraph Company to open an office in the
Institution for the transmission of mes<«ges to all parts of
the (Jnited Kingdom and the Continent, and for the
supply of such daily telegrams as are posted in the Ex-
change and other public buildings in the City of
Manchester.
THE MONT CENIS TUNNEL.
A paper was read before the Institution of Civil
Engineers, by Mr. Thomas Sopwith, juo., on Februair
16, on the actual state of the works in this tunnel, with
a description of the machinery employed.
The author said that during the last twenty years
Hiany routes had been surveyed and recommended for
crossing the great barrier of the Alps. Of these, that
by the Mont Cenis was generally considered the most
feasible ; and it was only a question, whether the moun-
tain should be crossed by a series of inclines, or whether
a tunnel should be made. In 1857, Messrs. Sommeiller,
Qrandis, and Orattoni, brought before public notice a new
system of boring by machinery, instead of by hand
labour. A Qovemment commission was appointed to
examine and report upon it, and to see if it could be
applied to the boring of the tunnel under Mont Cenis.
Their report was &vourable, and M. Sommeiller and his
partners were shortly afterwards chaiged with the execu-
tion of the work.
The ends only were available for attack, it being im-
posnble, as was known firom the first, to sink shafts. It
was feared that the ventilation would seriously retard, or
altogether prevent, the completion of the tunnel ; but
this fear was uncalled for, as the artificial ventilation in
coUieries overcame greater natural difficulties, and the
ventilating current passed through a longer distance than
could possibly be required in this tunnel. M. Sommeiller
also proposed to use compressed air for driving the
machinery, and calculated that on its escape, a volume ot
fresh air would be supplied, adequate to the requirements
of the workmen. The tunnel at the Modane, or French
side, was of the following d infusions : — 25 feet Sjf inches
wide at the base, 26 feet 2| inches wide at the broadest
part, and 24 feet 7 inches in height ; the arch bein^ a semi-
circle nearly. At Bardonn^he, the height was increased
11} inches. The exact length between the ends was
7*5932 miles. The present ends wonld not be the per-
manent entrances, as it was intended that a curved
gallery should leave the tunnel at the north side, 415
yards from the end, and at the south* side, 277 yards.
At Modane, the tunnel was built entirely with stone ; at
290
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Maboh 18, 1864.
Bardonn^che, for the greater part, the side walls only
were of stone, and the remaloder of brick. The Bai'don-
n^he end was 434 feet higher than that at Modane.
For one-half the length of the tannel, therefore, from
Modane to the middle, the gradient woald be 1 in 45^ ;
the other side being driven with only sufficient fall, 1 m
2,000, to allow of the water escaping. At Modane, the
entrance of the tunnel was 328 feet above the bottom of
the vaUey, where the workshops were placed, with which
there was a communication by means of an inclined plane,
worked by a water balance.
Different systems of tunnelling by machinery had been
tried, amongst others one by Captain Penrice, B.E., in
which it was intended to drive a gallery about 4} feet
diameter, and by means of repeated blows from a heavy
frame loaded with knives, to reduce the whole of the
excavated materials to small chippings and dust. It
seemed, however, to the author, that any system of
tunnelling must be deficient which did not make gun-
powder available ; and that by the trituration of the
rock to such small particles, as in Captain Penrice*s system,
a great amount of work was unnecessarily performed.^
In M. Sommeiller*s system, whilst machinery was em-
ployed for accelerating the progress usually made by
hand labour, gunpowder was also available. He had
succeeded in producing a compact machine, not weighing
more than 6 owt., which could pierce a common borehole,
about H inch diameter, and 3 feet deep, into a rock in
twenty minutes, where two miners would have required
two hours. Further, he had arranged a moveable
support capable of carrying eleven such machines, any
one of which could be worked at almost any angle, and
of allowing the free action of each, in a gaJlery 10 feet
square. This support could be removed when it was
necessary to explode the holes bored by the machines.
The machine consisted of two parts ;— one, a cylinder for
propelling the borer asainst the rock ; the second, a rotary
engine for working tne valve of the striking cylinder,
turning the borer on its axis at each successive stroke, and
advancing, or retiring, the striking cylinder, as occasion
required. It gave 250 blows per minute. The effective
pressure on the piston in striking was 216 lbs. ; the length
of the stroke was from 2 inches to 7} inches. Although
simplified as much as possible, they were liable to frequent
derangement, and a large stock was kept on hand. The
compressed air was used at a {uressure of five atmospheres
above atmospheric pressure, and was conveyed to the
* fore-head* of the advanced gallery by a pipe 74 inches in
diameter. The advanced gallery was the only place where
the machines were used ; the enlarging of the tunnel to
the full size, walling, &c., being performed by manual
labour. The system of working was to bore eighty holes
in the fore- head of the advanc^ gallery. The frame and
machines were then withdrawn, and a set of men charged
and fired the holes ; these were afterwards replaced by
another set to remove the diUais. Two descriptions
of machines for compressing air were in use, — one on
the hydraulic ram principle, the other resembling
a pump. In the first, the water was admitted, with
a pressure of 85} feet, into a column, or vessel, con-
taining air, about 14 feet high and 2 feet in diameter.
The water by its. momentum rushed up the column, com-
pressed the volume of air, and forced it through a valve
into a reservoir. The pressure valve being closed, the
exhaust valve was opened, and the water fell in the
column, at the same time its place was taken by air, and
the machine became ready for another stroke. This
machine made 2k strokes per minute, and was capable of
supplying about 20 cubic feet of air, compressed to five
* One of Oapt. Penrice'f machines is now at work in a rock
tannel on the Levanto and Spessia Railway, and recent letters
from July state that it is cattinff the gallery, 7| feet in diaoie.
ter (not 4| feet), at the rate of about 14 feet run in the 24
honri. ^e gallery is afterwards enlarged by blasting or other
eans.— Ed.
atmospheres, per minute. The other machine consisted
of a. horizontal pump and two vertical branches. The
piston was surrounded by water, which rose and fell alter-
nately in the two columns: when it rose, compressing the
air, and forcing it through the outlet valve ; and when
it fell, creating a vacuum, which was filled by air at at«
mospheric pressure.
The tunnel, on the 30th June, 1863, had been driven (in-
cluding the advanced gallery) at Modane 1092*25 metres,
and at Bardonn^he I450KX) metres. The advancement
in June last, at Modane, was at the rate of 4*719 feet per
day. At this rate of progress at both ends, (he tunnel
would be finished in 9 years 2} months from that time.
It was not, however, too much, in the author's opinion, to
expect a progress of 2 metres per day at each end, seeing
that machines had only been in use at Bardonn^che aboat
two years and a-half, and at Modane half a year.
The result of a rough comparison was to show that, in
the present- development of the Sommeiller system, an
advancement three times quicker than by hand-labour
might be effected, but at about two and a-half times the
cost ; judging rather of places where it might be generally
applied, than by the Mont Cenis only. In the case of
a tunnel through rock, costing, when completed, £30
per yard, the two 8}*stems might compare as follows : —
an increased advancement in favour of M. Sommeiller's
machinery of 3 to 1, at an increased cost of 4 to 3.
im ^s.
The Fihe Abts in Pabis. — ^A veiy important step in the
way of artistic education has been taken by M. Nienwer-
kerke, the Imperial SupMsrintendent of the Fine Arts. The
galleiy in the Louvre, in which the Sauvageot collection
was recently placed, has been converted into a studio,
where artists and amateurs will be admitted shortly to
sketch the vases, jewelled cups, bronzes, and other worka
of art belonging to the various collections in the museum,
under the superintendence of an officer of the establish*
ment. This will be a great boon to designers and orna-
mental artists of all dames, who have heretofore had little
opportunity of practically studying the finest products of
modellers, carvers, and chasers of the best periods. The
auctioneer's hammer has disposed of a large number of fine
works of art during the last week, but the Delacroix sale
has taken the cream off the bowl. At an important sale
which occurred on the 9th instant, »' Clorinde," a fine
work by the painter last named, was sold for 7,500 franca,
to the astonishment of all who had watched the collective
sale of his works ; some of Decamp's pictures fetched fair
prices ; the well-known •• Turkish Guard" fetched 3,700
francs, and "Diogenes throwing away his Cup on
seeing a Boy drink out of the hollow of his hand,"
by the same painter, was withdrawn at 10,000
francs. A picture by Prudhon and Maver, •' A
Nymph attacked by Cupids," was also withdrawn at
16,000 francs. The «* Two Foscari," by Robert Fleury,
fetched 7,200 francs. M. Alaux, the painter, formerly
master of the French school at Rome, recently died at
Paris, at the age of 79 years. M. Vital Dubray, the
sculptor, had an unfortunate accident the other day.
He had just completed an equestrian statue of Napoleon
I. for the town of Rouen ; a commission had seen and
highly approved the work, which was about to be delivered
into the hands of the moulder, and M. Dubray was in the
act of turning it about to exhibit his work to some im-
portant visitors, when the central support gave way, and
in an instant the labour of a whole year lay, a confused
heap of clay, on the floor. M. Hennin, lately deceased,
has bequeathed to the Imperial Library a magnificent
collection of engravings and sketches relative to the
history of France. It fills a hundred portfolios, and
includes 20,000 engravings, many of them of gr^at
rarity. Amongst other curiosities are five hundred of
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIEXy OF ART8, March 18, 1364.
291
llanufactttTts.
Tow AMD WAstu or Vuix. — The p«per ouaurao-
toran of (tie North of Viuice propose to addnai a pelUian
to tbe MioUter of AKTiaulture, of Commerce, and Public
WMrk» ha object a, to demand from Govanunent that
tbe vaate of Sax, oommoB tow, and refose, nov fi*e for
vcport, should ba ia futim aMimilatsd to rage, and mibjeot
to tho nme Uuliw. The petition, of whioh aD itbstiaot ii
grvtm in the Paper Trait Rteiea, Btatta that flax waate,
oammoa low, ot) tofiue, forma an Jmpottant part in the
mkkiw af paaer in Fiance. In Iha treaty of oommeroe
with Biiglud, ths Oavemment, acknowledging the occta-
rilf of protecting tha faper-trada, maintained [oo.
tMing taritTjj for raga ; bat on one ^e it declared free
ta Alport Sax and tor. II would aeem natural thai flax
wiMtat unfit for apinniDg, and entering into the claM of
mgt, riuuld be aoiaiilated to them. It h«« not been ao;
tbey have been, and are Mill, free from all aiport daty.
However, <br some time, and until the month of Aaguit,
1SG3, the idministiatitn of ciuloma had stopped Uteir
exportation in some places, considering them aa rag«.
Bdton Augnat 25, 1868, the I^rtntor-Ouiaral of Customi
iofonned the Director of Donltirk that, in answer to itito-
raatod merchants, expert! bad declared that, altbouoh
WMt» can be used (br paper-imkiBg, it is b1k> uaed for
the malting of coarse (^oth packing, and for stnfilng for-
■ilure or leata ; thit the oootultiog committee of arts and
manafacturca had conaidered the question, and that the
'menta of commerce and fi nance bad. on itaadvice,
1 (o pemnt its free exportation. The coosaltiog
ttee [tbe pelitionen go on to say] might, indeed,
■ly that oMUM cloths can be made from, and (liraiture
■ta&d with, tow ; bot, in reality, their use for thia pur-
poM is Belgium is small, and the oommongat aoTts, neb
at dried Qai waste, are completely unfit for that. It can
even be i»aTed that all exported in Belgium was baogbt b;
tile Belgian paper-makera. These hare cauaed the rise ir
mioB of which the northern manuCaatnren now oomplaiB
The angmentalion of their fliM matter Imi rinn from
tbn-e (o four francs tha cwl. (100 kits.), which
diflereoce of sii or seven franea the cwt. of mai
Eper. However, the prodocta of tlie Frensh paper-trade
ve undergone a depreciation equal to tbate QgOTM.
There has resulted such a aituatim aa many paper-
maker* Donld not resist Tbe DOrtham ps^ter-maken ask,
conaaqueotly, that the decinon of tha commiUea of atti
BOd mannCiicturea should be dianged, and conslode that
the refuae and tow sboald bereokoaad aa lagi.
Cabptt UinuvAOTCBa. — The action comm
31jt September, 1869, \yj Mean. CiomW and Sooa, the
well-known carpet manoTaetarer* at HaliEix, agaiatt
Heatfs. Bright siod Co. of Boehdale, f<ar an allied infriDgB-
tnent of a patent granted on 28lh Beptembar, 1650, to
Meeers. Crostiley. Collier, sod Hudson, for " improvements
in printing yams for, and in weaving carpete, and other
bbriea," has just terminated, the arbitratoc't award is in
ftvoarofMcHrB.Urightend Co., the defendants; tlie arbi-
trator having found that the plainUfia were not the firit
and true inv^tora of the improvements in printing yams,
and tlut the derendants hani not infringed tbat part of
the patent which relates to impmremanta in weaving car-
pets and other fabrics. Tbe general coala of the refa^ioe,
and award, are to be paid by the plainlitt. Theae must
be veiy great, aa, in addition to tJie wilnesMS examiDed,
the models on both sides were extretnely numeroua, and
in tha ooune of the proceedings the plaintiffi sent up to
London, and worked by steam-power at their warehoose
in the city, a loom containing the improTemeiitB in weav*
isg alleged to be infringed. The dafendanta alM had
two looms let up, and walking; by steam-power in the
neighbourhood of Westminiter.
NiTUBB Printino mon Stkbl. — Below aie given
prints from steel blocks, piepii-Bl by Mr. Sorby, as de-
scribed in the Journal of the 4tli init., p. 'ia8 . —
Sqnara BlMk of Inm En
ce iacampleulj conieilvj.
K Kction ihewlug th*
Commeircc.
CorroH in Uaxioo.— A French veaeel hss arrived at
Havre with a cargo of satisfactory cotton grown in Meiioo.
There is DO reason why cotton culture should not tie ex-
tended ici Ceatral America. An eiceilcnt speoimeo was
^owB in Honduras, and was shown before the memben
of the Society of Aits by Mr. Temple some yvars ago ;
•ad txcellant samplee from VeiWMiaU and olhar State*
at tiui Intemalional Exhibition.
Thb Fruit Tbuni.— The imports of curraoti last year
narkad the birgest amoMit known, upwards of 46,000
tou, of which 3U,4O00 ware taken for conaumpIioD, and
abont 5,000 toss exported. Of raiain* the imports have
bean larger. Of 21,000 tons received, IS.SOO were taken
for home consumption, and 2,000 tons re-exported.
T&i.— The Bhipriiente from China to Ureat Britain, in
tha twelve montlis ending May. 1S63, marked the large
amount of l21,2T3,GtiO lbs., and la the eight montha and-
ingJanuary last. yi).7T6,2261bs. had been shipped.
TiMssB. — The quantity of wood and timber imported
last year (eictusivo of mahoganv and other liard woodH,
and dj-e-woods), was »,437.91S loads, an excess of hull' a
million loads on the previous year. The duty received
by Qovemment on this wood, ia lSi:3, was nearly
£272,000.
17tHB.— The wine tcado doee not sliow that expanrion
which wsa anticipated from the reduced duties, for tha
quantities tiUien for consumption last.vearwae below those
of 1661. Of ten millions and a half Rations which paid
dnty, aix millions were white nines, and four millions and
a half red. The total importD were about two million
galloM in exocM of those of 1862.
292
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Maboh 18, 1864.
Pboposkd New Wbiohtsand Measdbes. — The weights
and measares to be authorised by Mr. Ewart's permissive
Bill, if it should pass, will be as follows: — Instead of the
yard there will be the ** metre," which will be about a
yard and a tenth, 89*371 inches, the other measures of
length to be it« decimal multiples or divisions ; thus, on
the one hand, there will be ten metres, called the *' deka-
roetre,'* and on the other, the tenth of a metre will be the
*' decimetre," and so on. 1,000 metres, a kilometre, will
be the nearest approach to the old mile ; it wil^ be nearly
two-thirds of a mile, 0-621. For square mea<«ure the
unit will be an <* are," which will be about 120 square
yards, 119-603 : a " centiare," the hundredth part of an
are, or a square metre, will be the nearest to our square
yard, b^ing one-eighth more, 1*126. 100 ares, a hectare
are 2*471 acres. For measures of capacity the unit will
be the ** litre," about a pint and three quarters, 1*761.
Ten litres, a '* dekalitre," will be two gallons and a fifth,
2-201. The small drinker may take his ** decilitre,"
about the sixth of a pint (0*176), or his '* centilitre," which
is a tenth part of a decilitre. For weights the unit will
be a "gram," nearly 16 grains, 16*433 ; 1,000 grams, a
'* kilogram," will be about two pounds and the fifth of a
pound, 2*205; 1,000 kilograms, 2,204*714 lbs., will be a
ton. The double and the half of all these measures and
weights may also be used.
Mami.
Colonisation of North Australia. — A colonial paper
fiays that the temporary cession to South Australia of that
part of the contment that lies between the northern
boundaiy of that colony and the north coast, seems to have
awakened much enthusiasm on the prospect of founding a
new settlement. Practically, the new territory is isolated
from the old government, and though Stuart has passed by
land from Adelaide to Van Dlemaa's Gulf, it is very doubt-
ful whetlier stock could be sent across the continent by
his route. In coarse of time the central tract may become
pastorally tenable, but an abundant water supply must
be first discovered or provided. This would probably be
a wodc of great difficulty and expense, so that it appears
that a considerable time would elapse before the squatters
of South Australia could spread northwards in sufficient
force to occupy the new terntory, more especially as there
are vast areas of land of superior quality more conveniently
atuated, as respecU seaports and markets, and which will
first attract attention. The better plan would be to com-
mence on the north coast, to found fresh settlements
there, and, whilst maintaining a sea communication with
the parent colony, to work gradually southward, so as to
meet the advancing settlers of South Australia, for the
basis of fresh colonisation must be pastoral occupation,
and the first thing to be done is to induce squatters to take
their flocks and herds to the new country. The chief
difficulty will be want of money. The sale of land will
yield something, but it will not be wise to stimulate
speculative purdiases simply for the sake of getting
money. The value of the land will depend upon the
prosperity of the settlement, and the Government of South
Australia should not expect the new colony to pay its wav
from the very first, but there is every prospect that, with
l^ood management and liberality on the pait of the South
Australian Government, the work of colonisation may at
no distant date make rapid progress, and that by the
establishing of stations at intervals along the already par-
tially explored track, the difficulties of the land route
to the northern coist may be overcome, and the interior
of this vast continent be gradually opened to civilisation,
and ultimately afford an enlarged field for British enter-
prise. Central Australia is divided by Mr. Waterhouse,
the naturalist, who accompanied Mr. Stuart in his last
«xpedition across the continent, into throe zones — the first
he describes at the district of saltbuih and springs ; the
second is characterised by the presence of mulgaahrub;
the third is the tropicid district of Arnheim's land. The
abundant and apparentlv permanent supply of water — in-
dependent of rain — ^renders the first zone very suitable for
pastoral purposes. The springs mostly appear in hollows,
emerging from small boggy mounds which they overflow,
and seem to be of volcanic origin ; there is evidence of a
large tertiary drift, and Mr. Waterhouse is of opinion that
many springs may be obscured by this drift and will be
disclosed as the country becomes examined. The second
zone extends from latitude 27} to about 17} ; the land is
not of promising quality, alternately stony and sandy ;
the sand yields only mulga shrub, spinifix, or porcupine
grass, with a little grass thinly scattered In small patches ;
permanent water is hardly to be found; here and there,
nowever, are patches of better country : to make this belt
of country habitable it will be necessary to store the water
carefully. The third zone, from latitude 17} to the
northern coast, has the characteristics of a tropicafclimAte,
the grass and timber improve, and at places the vegetation
is luxuriant. In re^rd to the climate, Mr. Waterhoose
says that even in winter they found the heat very oppres-
sive, and he fears that in summer, especially near the
coast, the climate will be hardly suitable for Europeans;
this, however, is to be tested by experience ; and it may be
mentioned that only a few years ago the neighbourhood of
Rockhampton was erroneously thought to be too tropsoal
for European settlement.
The Nbw Zealand Exhibition, 1866. — The decisioos
and regulations of this exhibition, proposed to be held at
Dunedin, in Otago, in January next year, were published
recently in the Journal. For the information of mteoding
exhibitors it may now be stated that applications for space
and all other information should be addressed to Jtiitai
Morrison, Esq., the government agent for the colony of
New Zealand, 8, Adelaide-place, London-bridge, who
has placed the whole correspondence and business details
of London management in the hands of Mr. P. L. Sim-
monds, who, with Dr. Lindley, had the superintendeoos
of the colonial department of the International Exhi-
bition of 1862. The enterprise is being carried out with
great spirit and energy by the colonists. The various
Australian colonies will take a prominent part. The
intercolonial steamers have agreed to convey goods for
exhibition to and from for one rate of freight, and the
English shipowners have very generally reduced their
charges on goods intended for the exhibition.
The Bengal Aobicdltoral ExHiBmoN is over. The
attempt to induce native ladies to visit the Elxhibidon
utterly failed.
South Australia. — The total imports at Port Adelaide,
from the beginning of the year 1863, to December 19th,
have amounted to £lJ8l5y5C8t and the total exports to
£1,848,849. The value of the cereal exports from all ports
in the colony during the same is £718,561 12s. 9d. The
customs* receipts have amounted to £158,861 8s. 2d.,
and the railway receipts to £94,694 lis. 4d. The land
sale receipts from the beginning of the year to December
24th, have been £190,648 ISs., the quantity sold beii^
167,582 acres. The accounts of the crops continue to be
favourable, and the average yield of wheat and barley is
larger than has been had for many years. The accounts
from the mines continue to be favourable ; the increased
value of copper tends to increase workings in some mines
whose returns are small. The reports from the Camp-
belVs Greek Lead Mine are highly favourable. The
wines of last vintage are fast being brought into con-
sumption, more especially the medium and inferior
qualities, which pay the growers better by an early nie.
Roads and Military Settlements ik the Nobtksbx
Island of New Zealand. — A memorandum of a pro-
posed SjTstem of roads and settlements for the defence
ot the provinces of the Northern Island of New Zealand,
has been under the consideratian of the Miobtry in that
colony. This document points out that the most obviooa
means of preventing future wars would be the making of
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF AUTS, March 18, 1864.
293
V)ad8 that could be used by the military everywhere
Jironghoat the countty, and the introdaotion of such an
imoant of armed popiuation, formed into defensive eettle-
nents, as would overawe the native tribes, or at least be
ilways ready and able to check or punish their depreda-
ions. Both these measures have been commenced. It is
HToposed in this memorandum to extend and continue
•hem as ftr as appears to be practicable in the present
iirouinsUnces of the colony. The first consideration is
—what line^ of road to make, and where to place the
eitlements? Spealdog in general terms, the Northern
aland may be described as one entire expanse of forest
lod mountains, with the following exceptions: — A broad
»elt of country, generally open, stretching from the
^aikato river on the one side, and the mouth of the
Thames river on the other, and running all the way
o Napier, forty or fifty miles wide at one part, and
larrowiog gradually southwards down to the coast at Cape
rumagain. All round the Gape Tumagain to Wairapuni,
md up to the west coast, runs a comparatively narrow
>elt of open ground, runniog up occasionally some dis*
imoe into the interior, and forming rich values fit for settle-
nent. Near to the shores of Ijake Taupo, on the west,
Mat, and south, are plateaux or terraces of some extent,
irooded or graasy, which form a sort of elevated table
land in the middle of the island, interspersed with dusters
3f high mountains, but soon descending, except on the
Hawke'a Bay ride. Into rougher ranges and gullies,
forming, especially on the west, tracts of difficult country,
separating these central terraces from the available
valleys and flats round the coast. Now, the most ready
way to overcome this country by means of roads and
settlements, at first sight, would he to strike through the
centre of the land from Auckland to Napier, and fh>m
the Bay of Plenty to Wanganui or Rangilikei, with
bfaoches through the heart of the tracts intervening.
The coat of the 1,000 mUes of roads proposed may be cal-
culated at an avefage of £1,500 per mile, or £1,500,000.
The introduction and settlement of immigrants, and the
making of roads as above proposed, would cost in all about
£2300,000. but as money will be wanted for the heavy
expenses of the war during the present and probably the
tiext year, which cannot 1m estimated at less than a mil-
Lion, it is proposed to add this sum to the existing loan.
The total coat of the present scheme will be £3,500,000.
©WteatB.
The late Sir William Bboww, Bart., wa? bom in May,
17&4. at Ballymena, in the county of Antrim. His
father, Alexander Brown, was engaged in the linen trade,
which was then carried on mainly as a domestic, manu*
Eacture. The regular employment thus afforded, and the
itmid and thrifty character of the people— rather Scotch
khan Irish^^nd commonly Presbyterians, gave to the
Locality an aspect widely different from that of the central
Kr>d sonthem parts of Ireland at the same time. Toung
Brown wai sent to school in Yorkshire, but his health
was weak ; an affection of the eyes interfered with his
edncation ; and it is not improbable that the lack of physi-
cal power which he displayed later in life was traceable to
the management of his boyhood. When he was about
sixteen his father went to the United States, and settled
at Baltimore, starting as a Inerchant, with good connec-
tions in the linen trade, and taking his sons into his
eouottn^-hoose. The time was favourable, and the man
was well fitted to use the advantages it offered. Prudent,
patient, and moderately pushing, he had but to hold his
Sound and grow with the city and the state. In 1800
tronbles left by the revolutionary war had vanished,
11i9 new Oovemroent was settled, and the centres of com-
merce, of which Baltimore was one of the chief, were
becoming yearly more and more busy and prosperouR.
Cotton, the first bags of which coming from the
United States, had been landed in Liverpool in 1785, and
there seized by the customs* officers as not being the
produce of the States, was already becoming an im-
portant article of export. Upland cotton, nearly worth-
less till Whitney's saw-gin, in 1798, began to aoper-
sede hand -labour in discarding the seed, was, in 1800,
creeping rapidly over large districts in the Southern
States; and the cotton planters were coming into existence
as a thriving and powerful class. The States were idready
sending more cotton to England than were the West
Indies. But the trade was hampered by want of capital, dis^^
tance of market, and alow communication. Men who
could be trusted, who knew the Ehiglish markets, who had
connections there, who could open channels of trade with
Europe, and insure the returns, and, especially, who could
make advances on goods ready for shipment,, were much
sought for, and could make their own terms. Amonj;
such men was Mr. Brown. The young house, as it
few, was extended to New York and Philadelphia,
he business, sm^l at first, was soon extended. They
seldom bought or sold; finding more profitable use
for their capital in conducting, and making advances
on, the transactions of others: taking ample security,
and realising a moderate but certain profit. Bank-
ing was little understood, and still less relied on, in
the United States. On a large scale, its facilities were
more used by politkdans than applied to trade ; and where
knowledge of markets, and of men, could be had together
with banking accommodation, customers were never want-
ing. As Mr. Brown's sons grew up they were taken into
partnership ; and soon it was determined that William,
then approaching twenty-five years of age, should retum
to the old country, and open an office there. He did so,
early in 1800. and, having married a Miss Gihon, also a
native of Ballymena, he went to Liverpool ; and was soon
established there, in correspondence with the house in
America. Again the period of starting was favourable.
The years 1808 to 1808, Inclusive, had been years of
depression in the cotton trade. With 1809 came better
times, and nearly thirty years expired before a similar
period occurred. Also the banking system of the United
States was, for some years after this date, in such a con-
dition as greatly to favour the operations of those who,
having capital and credit in both countries, could use them
with competent knowledge and discretion. The first
"Bank of the United States," got up by Alexander
Hamilton, when Secretary of the 'Treasury to the Federal
Government, and opposed by Jefferson and his followers,
had, from the first, been used by the " Federal" party aa
a political instrument. Its charter was to expire in 1811.
The proposal to renew it brought on a party contest. It
was negatived by a narrow majority. "The advocates of
state banks being in the ascendant, a large number of such
banks were soon chartered. Then came the war with
England. The government determined to meet the war
expenditure with loans. Those could be had easily only
through banks; and banks were further multiplied as
feeders to the public treasury. In August, 1814, specie
became alarmingly scarce. The banks were authorised
to suspend specie payments, and, with few exceptions, they
did so. The war was closed in les« than six months ; but
the flood of inconvertible paper was then, as now, found
so agreeable to all parties, that the suspension was con-
tinued, and new banks formed, so that every part
of the conntry might share the new-found benefit. The
New England Banks, to their credit, strove hard to maintain
cash payments, but the only apparent result was to drive
trade to Baltimore and the more southern ports, where
debts, and even import duties, could be discharged in
a depreciated currennv. Also, at this time, 1810-12,
transatlantic produce, especially coffee and sugar, abundant
in England, and there selling at sixpence a pound, was
selling on the greater part of continental Europe at eight
and ten times that price. There were high risk and large
profit, but for tho^ie who avoided the risk and took only a
moderate share of the profit, the gains were great. The
294
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Maboh 18, 1864.
Ameriotn and Liverpool hooset held oa their coarse, on
Dew and more exteuded ^uods; indeed, but in doie
aUianoe, under the seme principles, and, in fact, under the
same supenotendence (for Mr. Alexander Brown died only
in ]i8&4;) till the sona were some fiffcy years of age, and till
the ft-ra of Brown, Shipley, and Co., of Liverpool, became
known wherever the American flag was seen. The house
never enoountered but one severe triaL That came when
ila strength was fully developed ; it came, probably, from
BO wantof mercantile skill or foresight; and it wsseoaverfted
as to attract the attention and confirm the respeet of the
entire mercantile world. The oireumstaDces are worthy
of remembrance, even apart from their oonneetioa with the
life of WiUiam Brown. The yean 1832-3884 wece,
ia Eogland. years of gradually increasing commercial ease
and prosperity. The prices of com and provisions were
Sadually declining through the whole period, and
e low level thus reached in the ooi* of food was for
some time maintained. From October, 1834, to February,
1836, the official monthly average price of wheat ranged
between 36s. 6d. and 41s. per quarter. Capital had accu-
mulated, and the rate of interest had &lleo. From July,
1832, to July, 1834, the minimum Bank of England
rate was 3 per cent., without change. The demand for
cotton, woollen, and linen goods, and generally for all tbe
principal articles of British manufacture, was inoreaeing,
both for home consumption and for exporL New factories
were being built, and wagea were rising. Money being
abundant, a disposition to speculate in joint-stoek companies,
and especially in joint-stock banka, became prevalent; and
several new banlu, with numerous branobes, were opened
in the North of England, to sopply the growing demand
for banking accommodation. But there was somethiug
underneath, not seen. The ordinary course of trade was
being interfered with from without to a dangerous extent,
both in England and in America. When, in 1832, it
was deternuned that the trading monopoly of the East
India Company should ceaee, the company began to
realise its commereial asseta ; and pending the ultimate
disposal of the money, paid it into the Bank of England.
The Bank privately lent it to the bill-brokers at 2^ per
cent. Shortly afterwMrdi, the payments on aocouni of
the loan contracted by the Government to pay compensa-
tiott for ths slavee in the West Indieaalso began to aocup
mulate at the Bank, and this sum, a very lai'ge one, the
Bank also lent in like manner. At the same time the
second Bank of the United States was coming to the end
of its charter, and the Government was determined not to
renew it. General Jackscm wished to restore the use of
«)ld and silver coin in the States, and in order to do this,
Congress had, in 1834, prohibited notes of less than five
dollars, and, by reducing the fine gold in the eagle from
246 to 232 grains, and so raising the value of the English
sovereign as measured in dollars, by more than eight per
eeat., had prepared to draw gold from Europe. The
United States Bank was called upon to pay in specie the
amount it owed to the Qovemment, and had to borrow in
Europe to do this. The State Banks who were to receive
the Government deposita were so favoured on condition
that they should hold large reserves of specie. Then, at
the end of 1835, our stoc^i of American produce proved
very low. Large orders went out for fresh supplies ; but
before they could arrive the drain of gold from this
country had gone so far, in spite of a considerable rise in
the rate of interest, as to alann the Bank. In December,
1835, it held in bullion £7,595,000— in November, 1836,
only £3.840,000. The draft had been madechietly through
the American houses, and was set down to excessive specum*
lion iu American produce, fostered by these houses. The
Bank began to refuse their acceptances. Already, by the
arrival of large quantites of produce, ordered in the first
months of the year, which had come to falling markets,
the weaker of theeo houses were pressed to the full extent
of their means. They, in turn, had pressed their debtors ;
and now, their own creidit failing, they became desperate.
Produce was forced on the market, and signs of a panic
began to apprar. In November, 1886, the AgricultunrT^
and Commereial Bank of Ireland stopped pa3nnent, aafr^
the Northern and Central Bank at Manchester would favr r ;
been stopped had not the Bank of BngUnd fbr a tioi "^^
supported it, in view of the probable eoneequences. Bf *^~
several months after this, under increasing pressure, mi ^"-^
BOoh pressure as probably no private fiim had ever beka ^^^
soslained. Brown, Shipley, and Ca, of Liverpool, slorf ^^
before the storm, and so stood till the worst of it watoi« y
Theo, laden with obligatioBS involving the probabili^ tlar 'f^
they would have shortly to provide about two milliar.*^
sterling— with a general suspeoskm of ^e banks of fte *^'
United States crippling thev powere iu thai diredii^ '^
amply secured, indeed, by the poMsssfon of produce, IT '
unable to convert it into money^-they laid their afM| f
before the Treasury Committee of the Bank of Eogltai 'J
It waa a case of even national hnpert. The fkcts wtnr ^
dear. The aid asked waa very huige. But the evil to li ^
averted was ^reat, and the ultimate ri.4t was not ft'l^
The aid was given. It waa diaoreetly applied. Its f^kdt^'
was all that had been hoped for; and the tiansaotioB wm k'*^
closed to the entire satisfactkm^of both pairties. Further, *'
it carried with it no refieotion upon the ruling virtue— tSa ^
prudence— of William Brown ; and it placed him at oner '^-
m such a position, with reference to the American ta^ ' ^
aa no man had before oeeupied* Mr. Brown hadnsl'^
down to this date (1837) taken a veiy aetive or pronoi^ ' ^
Krt even in the public affiurs of the town of LiveipoolT ^
It that, afterwards, having a decidedly liberal beol r^
politics, he should be drawn Into the free trade pait^^
should be borne with it into Pariiament, and should bsi^ ^
opened to him every avenue to puUie dietinetion in whidC^
a princely income could be used, was to be expected. B/ ^
was not without a relish for such distinction, but hs wtf f^
ill.fitted for it. He had but litUe physical power, ffl^ }*
mental power was not great ; and the sedulous mppAalaaf^
of a long and uniform life had fixed its action to a 8oei»^^°
what narrow round of thought. His sti^ength 1^ if ^
moderate abiUty , closely aWei with and governed by tfa^ ^
prodential virtues, and steadily applnd toadefinite pnrpon^ ^^
He did not attract others; though he readily woo tbsff f^
confidenoe in his probity and stability of purpose. Bmtat ^'■
he commonly acted alone. His means enabled him t^Fl
m*ke large gifts to public uaaa; and in hisohotoooftiM^^'
uses he strongly marked hia sympathy wiA paitkot ia> ^
dustry, looking, through small beginnings, up to weahli^ '
and the consideration that wealth brings with it. W' 'i
gifts were made with sound judgment — with the «mt ^
balancing of the power to be expended against the assured '
value of the object to be attained, whence had sprung hu
own success as a mercantile man. Hence they are Ukely
to realise his intentions. And, regarded aa a whole, \at
career may be said to exemfdify better, perhaps, than thil
of any^ man who has died m England for many yecn^
because more singly and clearly — the net value of
prudence, patience, and perseveranoe, as promotert of
commereial success. In Janoaiy, 1863, Mr. Brown i**
oeived a baronetcy ; the same honour bein^, at the ttsia
time, conferred on one or two other men distinguished in
commerce. He survived hia wife and nine children, sad
is succeeded in his title, and the bulk of his property, by
hia grandson, now Sir William Richmond Brown, Bart
He was elected a member of the Society of Arts in 1853*
and more than onee served the office of Vice-President.
Ilous.
National Mosbuus. — The following petition of tli«
delegates of the trades of London, has been presented to
the House of Commons by Sir John Shelley : — " Tour
petitioners, representmg the following trade societies, via. :
carpenters (6 societies) ; painters {4 societies) ; tailors
(3 societies) ; carvers and gilders (3 societies) ; Freiicla
polishers (2 societies) ; bootmakers (2 aodetiee) ; cabinet
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 18, 1864.
295
fckei? ( West and Easi End societies) ; goldsmiths and '
velleri (Weat End and Clerkenwellji ; silversmiths
nited branches) ; eDgine-taraers ; eng:raver8, and dial
lishers ; coachmakers ; coaohmakers, United Kingdom ;
ach painieis; coioh-lace weavers; women's shoe-
akers; brass foonders; brass -mouldeiV firemen ; brass-
Dulden* finishen ; plombers ; plumbers' brass finishers ;
iplata workers ; stove makers ; plasterers ; stone-
ASions ; bookbinder! ; letterpresa printers ; smiths ;
achinists ; fanieis ; carriers ; wire weavers ; plain and
^y sUk weavers ; umbrella and parasol silk weavera ;
•holsterers ; and dyers ; would earnestly solicit the
tention of your honourable House to their case, as
ibodied in the following i-esolutions, unanimously
opted : — I. This meeting of delegates of the trades of
Midon, specially appointed and convened to give expres-
m to their views and desires on the opening of the
.tional museums, galleries, and libraries on Sunday
temoons, hereby declare and make known that, with the
eatest unanimity, the various trades for which they
tpear have eapressed their strong desire for the same, as
measure of right and justice, and of social and art cnl-
re, for U>e people. 2. The said opening of the
itiooal institutions on Sundays is uot urged fVom
\y anta^gonism to religion or the established forms
' worship, but with a sincere conviction that, in the
terooon ^ improvement of man's nature and intel-
ctoal capacity a religious duty perfectly in accordance
ith the morning worship will be fulfilled. 3. We, as
racticftl working meo, regard the assertion that the
Mniog of th^ national museums, dec, would convert
unday into a working day aa fallacious and erroneous,
)d as being made by parties unacquainted with the
iudeocy of the opening of such places, which is to cause
len who now work at home on that day to abandon it,
ad Uke recreation. That we, as working men, would
3 the last to impose any injustice upon the attendants of
]c^ places, and conadentlonsly believe that such public
rvice will be oheeHhlly and voluntarily rendered by
le payment of a fair remuneration. 4. The concession
r the opening on Sunday of the National Gallery of
-eland warrants the hope of the same privilege being
Torded to the people of London ; and the Qovemment
Q the person of Lord Palmerston as Premier) will be
aited upon by the delegates in deputation, to urge the
ptening of the National Qallery and other institutions,
3d also the carrying out the strong wish of the late Mr.
tieepshanks, of liis pictures (the gift to the nation) being
pened to public ini^jection on Sunday. 6. A petition to
1 drawn up io accordance with the above resolutions, and
itnwtcd to Sir J. V. Shelley, Bt., for presenUtion to the
ousc of Commons. Your petitioners therefore, on the
iri of the large bodies of working men they represent,
oet eamejitly pray your honourable House to extend the
(iociple established by the opening of Hampton Court
klace, Kew Gardens and Museum, the National Gallery
I Ireland, the Picture Gallery of Greenwich Hospital,
ta., by the opening of the remsining nationsl institu-
IDS paid for out of the taxes of the people on Sunday
Lemoons. And your petitioners will ever pray.— James
LAVriobt, Chairman.
AoBiccLTURAL Mebtinos. — The following agricultural
toetings and shows are announced to be held befora Mid-
mm<»r :— Kelso Agricultural Society, at Kelso, on the
kh March; the Royki Dublin Agricultural Societv's
pring meeting, at Dublin, on the 29th March and thfoe
Alowing days; the Lauderdale Agricultural Society, at
aader. on the 2nd April ; tl»e Boyal Jersey Agricultural
llticty, at St. Heller's, on the 6th April ; the Wharfdale
^ieoltural Society, at OUey, on the 15tk April ; the
iKat N.^tional Horse Show, at Dublin, on the 15th and
ftb April : the spring meeting of the Ayrshire Agri-
itoral Society, at Ayr, on the 26th April ; the Inter-
ttkoal Steam Ploughing Match, at Roanne, France,
Vra 27th to May 7th ; the Royal Jerwy Agricultural
octety'd second meeting, for cows and implements. May
25th ; the Royal Cornwall Agricultural Sot^etyV meeting.
at Saltash, Plymouth, June 1st and 2Qd ; the North
Hants Agricultural Society's meeting, at Basingstoke,
June 2nd ; the Bath and West of England Agricultural
Society's meeting, at Bristol, June 13th to 17th ; the Nor-
folk Agricultural Society's meeting, at King's Lynn, June
15th; the Oxford and Ban^>ury Agricultural Society's
meeting, at Banbury, June 2l8t; and the E««ex Agri-
cultural Society'? meeting, at Harwich, June 2Srd. The
following meetings will be held in the Netherlands : —At
Harlinger, FrieeUnd, June 8th, for sgricuUural imple-
ments and machinery. At Zieriksee, Zealand, a port
near Rotterdam, June ISth, for agricultural implements
and machinery. The great annual meeting or congress of
Dutch agriculturists at the Like of Haarlem, June 23rd,
with a market for implements.
Railways. — ^Mr. Thomas Brassey, the railway con-
tractor, is said to have entered into contracts with the
Russian Government, amounting to £24,000,000 sterling,
to construct railways from St. Petersburg to Odessa, and
from Odessa on to Sebastopol, in the Crimea.
The BRmsH Association will hold its next meeting
at Bath during the week commencing Wednesday, the
14th of September, under the presidency of Sir Charles
Lyall, F.aS.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING TTEEK.
Moir. ...Sodetyof Arts, 8. Csator Leetnref, Mr. W. Barges, ** On
the Wesrer'i Art."
ActnmriM, 7. Mr. Samuel Brown, ** On Friendlj Societies."
Medical, 8|. Mr. Jabes Hogg, ** £70 DlieaM* u determined
by the Opthalmoscope, more etpedallj in relation to the
Diagnode and Surgical Treatment of Glauooma.*'
AaiaUcS.
B. United Serriee Inft, 8|. 1. Dr. W. L. Maclean, ** On
the Inflaenoe of the preaent Knapsack and Aooontrementa
on the Health of the Infkntrj Soldier." 3. Dr. Bichard
Domeniohetti, ** On Sickness CharU, Ulostrating Diseases,
ftCfOfthe Armj."
B. Academy, 8. Mr. B.Westmacott, B. A ., ** On Scnlptw^.**
Tubs. ...Ethnological, 8. 1. Mr. Thos. J. Hotchlnion, ** On Certain
Maa?e Tribea of BraiU and BoUtU." 2. Professor Bosk,
** An Account of a Haman Skeleton Discorered under a
Bed of Peat on the Coast of Cheshire." 3. Dr. Kirk,
** A Description of some Crania of the Mangaojo Bace of
Negroes on the Biver Shire in South Africa, with an ac-
count of the Tribes."
Medical and Chlrurgical, 8|.
Cirii Engineers, 8. Discussion on Mr. Phipps* Paper **0a
the Beslstance of Bodies passing through Water."
Zoologi(»], 9.
WiD. ...Geological, 8.
B. Sooletj of Literature, 4|.
Archaalorlcal Aasoc, 8|. 1. Mr. Clarence Hopper, "On
some Particulars relating to Bogo de Clare." 2. Mr.
Cumlnr, *' On Mediisral Bepresentations of Grotostiue
Animals.**
Sat B. Botanic, 3f.
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL PBINTED PAPEBS.
Par.
Numb.
Deti9er§i on 2Ath FAruary, 1864.
19. Bailway and Canal, Ac, Bills (38. Brecon and Merthjr Tjdrll
Junction Bailwaj (No. 1 ) ; 39. Brecon and Merthyr Tjdril
Junction Bailwaj ( No. 2) ; 40. Brecon and Merthjr Tjdril
Junction Ballwaj (No. 3); 41. Brecon and Merthjr Tjdril
Junction Bailwar (Purchase, &c.); 42. Bristol and South
Wales Union BaUwaj ; 44. Caledonian Ballwaj ( Bred Isholm
and Tennochside Branch), (Glasgow Harbour Branches);
Calne Ballwaj; 45. Carmarthen and Cardigan Bailwaj ;
Carmarthenshire Bailwaj ; 46. Camarron and Llanberis
BaiIwaj(Nos. 1 and 2); 47. Cheadle, Didsburj, and Man-
chester Ballwaj; 48. Chichester and Midhurst Bailwaj
(Nos. 1, 2, and 3)— Board of Trade Beports.
I>elitered on 2&fA FAruary, 1864.
2. East India (Mr. Burgaas)— Bctum.
54. Ionian Islands— Correspondence.
68. Portsmouth • 'ockjard Extension — Cdpj of General Plan.
19. Bailwaj and Canal, Ac, Bills (49. Chipping Norton and Baa-
burj Ballwaj ; Cljde Narigation Rallwaj ; 60. Corris Ball-
waj or Tramroad; 61. Crjstal Palace and South London
Junction Bailwaj; 62. Denbnrn VaUej Bailwaj; 63. Dorer,
Deal, and Sandwich Bailwaj; 64. Drajton Junction Ball-
waj; 66. Dublin and Meath Kailwaj; 56. Dublin, Wick-
29G
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 18, 1864.
low, and Wexford BaUway; 67. Ea«t and Wett Junctton
Railwaj ; 58. Ea«t Gloucertorthlre Railway ; 69. Eait Nor-
folk Railway; 60. Edfwaro» HIghgate, and London Rail-
way; 61. £dlnboreli and Olaagow and Alva Railway ; 62.
Edinburgh and Olugow Railway ; 63. Ely, Uaddanham,
and Sutton Railway ; 64. Farnham, Aldershot, and Woking
Janotion Railway ; Flnohley, WUlesden, and Acton Rail-
way : 65. Garttang and Knot End Railway)— Board of
Trade Report*.
29. Bills— Railway GonstmctioB Facilities.
30. „ Railway Companies' Powers.
Denoiark and Germany (No. 2)— Correspondence respecting
Holstein, Laaenborg, and Schleswig.
Deiitered on 26th F$bruaijt l^M*
74. Samuel Wright— Papers.
19. Railway and Canal, &c.. Bill— (67. Glasgow and Paisley Joint
Line of Railway; 68. Glasgow (City) Union Harbour Tram-
ways; 59. Glasgow (City) Union Railway; 70. Gloucester
and Ledbury Railway; 71. Great Eastern Northern Junction
Railway; 72. Great Eastern Railway ( Highbecch Branch >,
(Saint Ives to Ramsey); 73. Great Northern and Leeds,
Bradford, and Halifax Junction Railways Amalgamation ;
74. Great Northern and Western (of Ireland) Railway (Nos.
1 and 2); 75. Great Northern Railway (No. 2) iLlncoln to
Bourn), (No. 3) (Doncaster to Gainsborough): 76. Great
Northern of Scotland Railway ; 77. Great Western Railway ;
78. Greenwich and South-Eastem Docks; 79. Halifax,
Hnddersfleld, and Keighlev Railway; 80. Haoiilton and
Strathaven and Caledonian Railway; 81. Hammersmith and
City Railway)— Board of Trade Reports.
Session 1863.
493 (3). Import and Export Duties— Return (Part 4).
493(2). „ „ (Corrected Pages of Part 3).
Census of Ireland for the year 1861— Report and Tables,
Vol. 2, (Part 4).
Ddivwd on 27M and 29<ft Ftbruary^ 1864.
Bankruptcy — General Returns.
Duchy of Lancaster— Aoooont.
Exeter Dtooeae — Copy of Corresponddnce.
Duchy of Cornwall— Aoooont.
Hops— Rfltom.
Newspapers, ^bc — Retom.
Bills— Court of Justiciary (Scotland).
-^ Penal Servitade Acts CduoUdatton.
„ Malt for CatUe (amended}.
Austria, Prussia, and Denmark— Gorrespondenoe 1851-52.
Danish Crown— Accessions to the Treaty of London.
China (No. 2) -Correspondence respecting the Anglo-Chinese
Fleet.
North America (No. 9>— Oorrespondenee respectlngthe capture
of the " Saxon."
Denmu-k and Germany (No. S)— Corre^KMidenee respecting
Holstein, Lauenburg, and SohMswlg.
31.
72.
75.
76.
81.
27.
31.
36.
37.
S
H^nitvis.
From Commiisioneri qf PalenU Jovtiud, Match 11 (A.
GSANTS or PBOTUIOaUL Paotiotion.
Adds, &c, concentrating and distilling— 454 — ^B. A. Ck>telle.
Bobbing net, manuftu^ture of— 448 — J. Drabble.
Bottles, Ac, rendering alr-Ught— 431— J. J. Chidley.
Buttons, studs, Ac, manufecture of — 450 — S. S. Maurice.
Cask cleansing machines — 426 — J. B. Jude.
Clay, &o., preparation of, for manufacturing purposes— 435— R.
Scrivener.
Cotton gins — 125— E. Butterworih.
Cmshlnff machines for washing ores, Ac— 399 — F. 0. P. Hoffknan.
Desk, church seat, &c, convertible — 166— J. C. Whittenbnry and
J. C. Whittenbury, Jun.
¥1ro-arm and prq|eodle— 371— W. E. Gedge.
Fire-arms, projectiles and wads o#— 445 — J. RIgby.
Fire-wood, Ac, rendering more combustible— £24 — F. M. A. de Tre-
raln.
A. Wall.
Oaa burners, intensifying the light of— 386— A. Steinmeti.
Qns, manofkctnre of— 280 — J. uid G. Hawkins.
Gaa, regulating the flow of— 467— O. Esplin.
Gas rei^ilator— 452 — J. Sanders, Jon.
Gases, produdng and burning— 432 — F. J. Am(M.
Hats, apparatus fbr stretchine, Ac— 422 — J. W. Harold.
Horse-shoes, clog to be applied to— 461— H. Batt.
Lace machines— 42S—W. Hlckling.
Lace machines, Jaoquards for— 449— J. Oldknow and J. Wood.
Lace-making machine — 67 — W. E. Gedge.
Lighthouse towers, Ac— 430 — G. H. Johnson,
Liver pills— 408— H. Newman*.
Looms— 459— R. T(Mige.
Metals, casting of, aroond oyllnd6ri-466— F. 8. GUxton.
Mine shafts, saflstyapparatui for— 160— N. J. Le Bran.
Ordnance— 437— W. Hale.
Fhotography— 446— A. V. Newton.
Pipe stick— 2916— E. Pezold.
Ploughs, manufacture of beanos, ftc, ^ — 420- R. C, R. J., i4 |
J. B. Ransome.
Power looms— 456 — H.<P. Delannoy.
Power looms, * temple ' used In— 464— E. BatoUffe and J. reuso.
Printing machines— 421— A. Applegath.
Railway brake, Ac— 404— P. Testox.
Railway carriages, Arc, lamps for— 442— F. R. Mosler.
Railway spikes, rivets, Ac— 417— E. Watteen.
Railways, construction and protection of— 438— J. Hayworth.
Railways, metallic permanent way for— 444 — W. Brookes.
Railways, securing rails on— 407 — H. A. Jowett.
Run-away horses, to release firom any vehicle — 115 — J. R. HoAom
Seeds, machinery for unhusking— 3138— J. C. Wilson.
Sewing, Ac, machinery for— 447— G. P. Gee and W. H. Goaliaj.
Sewing machines— 2774 — A. Prinee.
Sowing machines— 2845— E. T. Hughes.
Shades for gas lights, Ac — 162 — L. A. Durrieu.
Ship's boats, apparatus for loweriiuf, Ac — 143 — H. C. Gam^U?.
Ships* bottoms, coating and sheathing— 461 — T. J. Hughes.
Ships' bottoms, oomposition tor coating— 436 — ^W. O. Pagv.
Silver, ^c., composition for soldering — 418 — L. S. Naodin.
Springs, coiled or hellcil— 433— T. Jackson.
Stays, manufacture of— 416 — C. Held.
Steam, apparatus for condensing 4 1 J . Gerstenberger.
Steam boilers, &c., preventing corrosion in— 419— J. TravU.
Steam engines — 158 — W. Rowan.
Steam- engines, regulators Ibr— 434— W. Jones.
Surgical bandages, nuuiutecture of— 406 — E. Moore.
Warping machines — 153— J. Howard, J. Bullough, and T. Wats<».
Water economlser used with fish ladders— 455 — J. II. H<a%/^1I.
Weights, apparatus for raising, lowering, Ac. — 129 — E. J. Leororl
Windows, Ac, excluding dost, wind, Vc, from — 1^37 — J. W. Brovv
Invention wrra CoMrLGn SpBcinoiTioy FiLti*.
Furniture, sc,~bAi—D. Slater.
Fais»b Sbalbd.
2261. G. HowelL
2264. J. Fox.
2267. J. Cox.
2268. J. Rahlll.
2269. A. Watson.
2276. J. M. Tate.
2294. W. Lorberg.
2305. V. Houghton.
aa06. L. F. Checaod and H. ;
Christen.
2321. W. B. Robins.
2326. R. Wallis.
2327. R. Ridlev and J. G. Joaa
2333. J. Rensbsw & J. Uawtk
2343. W. and J. Gallcyay.
2405. F. Reid.
2901. I. Francis;
2283.
2291.
2292.
2295.
2297.
2299.
2303.
2315.
2318.
2325.
2328.
2329.
2334.
2336.
From CommissioMri nfPixUMi Journal^ M<xrdk nth.
PlTBNTS SbALKD.
J. Piatt.
P. de WUd6.
J. Roberts and R. Naylor.
R. D. Dwyer.
I. Baggs.
J. M. Cook.
H. W. Hart.
W. Smith.
T. Richardson , J. J. Lundy,
and R. Irvine.
J. Farmer and C. Hadfleld.
F. A. Chatel.
G. T. Bousaeld.
C. T. Burgess.
G. M. de Bayelt and J. E.
Vigoolete.
C. Maitlnnd.
2341.
2371.
2373.
2385.
2471.
2611.
2623.
3038.
3209.
46.
114.
213.
J. Speoce.
L. H. Norris.
F.Preston.
J. Spencer.
T. C. Craven.
W. E. Newton.
G. CamueU and T.
Cromptoo.
G.Bolton.
G. Mead.
J. Howard, G. T. BoacMl,
and J. Plnn«T.
A. Brown, L. G. KniftB,
and T. H. Dodge.
Patents on which thb Stamp Dutt or ttO has ukn
593. J. Jacob. I 637. E. T. Traman.
597. J. Bunnett. | 638. E. A. Pontifex.
608. A. Aeris. I
Patrnts on which thm Stamp Dutt or £100 has iksn r^m.
675. C. Sharp.
694. F. A. Fitton.
717. W. E. Newton.
698. W. C, Di^.
702. R.L. Jones.
liepstNTtlr fesigns.
Spring joint for tha fimmei of pnriea, bags, and shnilar artigtcs
4622— March 7— Measn. Wagner and Gnstley, 31, LcvrenfiiJ
lane, E.G.
Caae or holder for a hair braeh— 4633— March 6— Walter T. ^
Jones, 22, HoUfa-ttreei, W.
Combined tobacco stepper, pricker, and dgar bolder— 4624— MarcA
— Wm. and Cornelius Devoni>ort, Birmingham.
Qu globe expanding clip— 4625— March 9— Jno. J. Taylor, JB, X^
Bridge^streei, Man^estnr.
Shaft guards -462»— March 11— Wm. Fdley, Btotohlsw, B»e]cti«
hamshire.
^mtml uf %
THE
0deto d §.rtB,
AMD OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Sbbsiom.]
FRIDAY, MARCH 25, 1864.
[No. 592. Vol. XII.
^Udtoinutnititts
Ordinary Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
Vaboh da-*« Artifidia Light and Materials Used for
Liigbtiiig." By B. H. Paul, Esq.
Apbil 6. — ** On the Principles of Imitation as Applied
to the Decorative AriB." By Thomas Puboxe» Esq.
Cantor Lectures.
Six lectures on " Chemistry applied to the Arts"
will be delivered by Dr. F. Oraoe Calvert,
P.R.S., F.C.8., corresponding member of the
Hoyal Academy of Turin, of the Soci6t6 In-
dustrielle de Mulhouse, of the Soci6t^ Im-
periale de Pharmacie de Paris, <fec., on Thurs-
day evenings, at 8 o'clock, as follows :-^
Mabcb 81.^-Lscn7BB I. — ^Bonbs. — Composition of raw
■Dd boiled booes. The manofiustnre of saperphon>bate of
lime. Apfdioatioo to agriooltare. Bone-black or char, and
their use in sogar refining. Fkoaphonu, its properties,
extraction and employment in mannfactore of matches.
Som and tvory, their composition and applications.
ApaiL 7. — Leotdbb II. — Gelatinb, Qlub, Bonb-bizb
Cboudbim B, their preparation, chemical properties, nutriti ve
▼alne, and nplication to arts and mannfactures. ArtificiU
tortoiseshell. Itinglau, its adulterations and adaptations
to darifioation of fluids. Skint and the art of tanning.
Afbil 14. — Lbotubb III. — ^Lbathbr. — The art of the
cmrier. Morocco, Rossia, and patent leathers. The art
of tawing skins. Chamois and glove skins. Parchment.
i7citr, its oomnosition and dyeing. Woclf its washing,
BcooriDg, bleacning, and dyeing. 8Uk, its adalterations
and cooditloDing.
Apbil 21. — ^Lbotubb I V.—Akimal Fatty Mattbbs,
the various processes for liberating them from the tissues
in which they are contained. Their composition and con-
veiaioo into soap. Composite candles. The refining of
lard. Ood-UveTt tperm, and other oils. Spermaeeli and
Afbil 28. — ^liBcrruBB V. — ^Flbsh, its chief constituents,
boflinff, roasting, and preservation. Animal blacky its
mannractnre and applications. The employment of
animal refuse in the manufactore of prustiate of potash,
blue. Manufactore ofartificial animal manures.
Mat 5, — ^Lbotubb VI. — ^Animal Liquids. — BiUt its
poriAcatioo and detergent properties. Blood, its appiioa-
tioD in the refining of sugar and the manufacture of
albumen. AUmmiH, its use in calico printing and photo-
graphy. Ufine^ iU uses. MUk, its composition pro-
partiea, falaflcation, and preservation. A few words on
pQtrefiHtioo.
Imtelrings itrf t(re S^aattisi.
CANTOB LECTURES.
FiNB Abts Applibd to Imdustbt. By W. Burobs, Esq
SBVB3ITH Lbotubb, Monday, Maboh 21. — The Weavbx's
Abt.
On Monday night, Mr. Borges, in delivering the con*
duding lecture of his series, began Instating how diflferent
costumes required different treatment in the designs of the
fabrics which composed them, and after giving a short
account of the principal features of the costume in the
middle ages he showed how, in spite of the perishable nature
of all fabrics, we had sufficient materials for the history
and for the illustration of those of the middle ages, thanks
to the mass of documentary evidence and to the custom
of burying distinguished persons in their official robes, and
of wrapping up reliques in precious stuffs. It appeared that
ia the first instuice the production was monopolised by
By2santine and the Eastern nations; it then extended
to Sicily and Venice, to Italy and the rest of Europe,
thus accounting for the prevalence of entire inscriptions
on earlier specimens, and for the imitation of them much
later. The gradual increase of the diaper or pattern
was anotlier curious peculiarity, the stuff composing
the robe of the Emperor Henry VI., preserved in the
duomo at Palermo, exactly resemblins the Indian kiooob.
Allusion was made to the very excellent series of speci-
mens of ancient stufis at South Kensington, where the
increase of the patterns was distinctly shown from the some-
what large diapers of the 14th century down to the great
pine patterns of the latter end of the I5th century, re-
splendent with gold thread and crimson velvet. The
lecturer next touched upon the Indian productions, of
which some choice specimens had been lent by Dr. Forbes
Watson , fh>m the Indian museum . Attention was particu-
larly directed to the beautiful kinoobs, the Delhi
embroidery, and the exquisite combinations of colour in
the Cashmere shawls, as well as to the excellent work
about to be produced by Dr. Watson at the government
expense, which would contain specimens of a great quantity
of Indian fabrics, each copy consisting of no less than 20
volumes. The Persian and Turkish carpets formed the
next part of the subject, and were commended for their
colours as well as for the exoeUenceof the materisis; and
a reproduction of a medisBval carpet by Mr. Fisher, from
a pattern of Van Eyk's, was favourably noticed as giving
us a great addition to the floor coverings of our apart-
ments. With regard to our modem productions, regret
was expressed that from the nature of our present costume
there should be no better scope for the colours in the
fabrics made for our dresses, but at the same time it was
remarked that thero were stuffs devoted to other usee,
which offered an almost unlimited field, such as damasks,
chintzes, brocades, stuff for the table, as napkins; and for
the beds, as counterpanes ; coverings for chairs and other
furniture, to say nothing of carpets and rugs. Mr. Crace
waf fortunate enough to secure the services of the late
298
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Maboh 25, 1864.
Mr. W. PagiDt and some of the fabrics made from his
designs, more especially what was called the tapestry, left
very little to be desired ; the only fault that could be
noticed being the animal on the chintaes, whick had
been conventionalised ailer the fashion of the \5i>i
century, instead of that of a purer period of art. The
lecturer concluded his task with a few remarks concern-
ing our Aiture progreas in art According to him the
development will probably arise from our domestic
an^itecture, political drcumstanoes rendering it doubtful
whether eiUier public or eodesiastical architecture will
again exercise so much influence as they have done in
other periods of the world's history. The great helps to
improvement were then enumerated. 1. The better educa-
tion of the designer bpr a more extended teaohioe of the
figure. 2. Of the publicat large, by bringing art collections,
if not to their doors, at afi events within their daily
walks. 8. A wiser system of expenditure with regard to
our public monuments. 4. A greater encouragement of
the nne arts of painting and sculpture in our ecclesiastical
buildings ; and 5. the abolition of the law of leasehold.
The wiUls of the room were covered with a large collection
of modem fabrics, lent by Mr. Grace, with sundry pieces of
embroidery and carpets by Messrs. Harland and Fisher ;
and finally, some exquisite specimens of Eincob-Indian
embroidery and Cashmere shawls, most kindly lent from
the Indian Museum by the courtesy of its curator, Dr.
Forbes Watson.
The Chaibman (Mr. Hawbs), after noticing the very
crowded attendance at Mr. Burgee's lectures, and inferring,
therefore, that the members of the Society approved the
mode in which the Council had appropriated the proceeds
derived from Dr. Cantor's legacy, said that this being the
concluding lecture of Mr. Burges's course, he would ask
the audience to thank the lecturer for the careful manner in
which he had brought before them so interesting and im-
portant a subject as *' Art applied to Industry," though
with some of the views exprened as to the inferiority of
modem as compared with ancient art industry, he (the
Chairman) could not himself agree. He particularly
wished, on behalf of the Courxsil, to thank the gentlemen
who, by the loan of many very valuable illustrations for
each lecture, had contributed so much to increase the
interest of the course.
$t0mlmtgs at |R8tMons«
EXAMINATIONS, 1864.— LIST OF LOCAL
BOARDS.
* The Boards marked thus have been formed this year .
Abebdebn. — ^Mr. W. Brebner, Chairman; Mr. H.
Ambrose Smith ; J. Cruickshank, LL.D., Prof, of Mathe-
matics; J. S. Brazier, Prof, of Chemistry; R. Beveridge,
M.D.; Messrs. W. Rattra^s, D. Maver, and P. Cleiaod.
The above constitute the working Local Board. The
fcdlowing are also ex-offido members : — The Lord Pro-
vost of Aberdeen ; the Senior Baillie of Aberdeen ; the
Dean of Guild, Aberdeen ; D. Thomson, M.A., Prof, of
Natural Philosophy ; Baillie McHardy ; Rev. J. Longmuir,
LL.D. ; Messrs. J. Duguid, Milne, J. Westland, J. Miller,
James Matthews, W. Ratnase, T. Melville, W. Fraser,
J. Berry, A. D. Milne, J. Bulloch, J. Gray, R. Leys,
R. Middleton, and J. Sinclair, Secretary,
AcoBiNOTON. — Messrs. T. Holgate, W. H. Herald, D.
Tunks, J. Bogle, W. Dewhurst, and H. G. Duffield,
Seeretary,
AiBDBiB. — Revs. J. McGown, President ; B. C. Brown,
W. Jackson, A.M.: R. W. Lawson ; W. RoberU, M.A.;
and D. McNab; Messrs. T. Torrance, J. Patt(jrK)n, J.
Dalziel, J. Boswell, A. Altken, J. Forroster, J. Mac Arthur,
T. Martin, J. Thomson, J. Shaw, J. Wat«on, T. Wat-
son, W. Baird, and Boyd M. MoOra«, Secretary,
Aldkbshot and Fabkham, Capt. E. E. MaDglee.^ —
Chairman; Mr. R. O. Clarke; Rev. J. Dennett; Messrs.
D. M. Dewar, Dewdney, F. %gar, T. Fabian, J. Gxmot,
W. Eer: Oapi G. Newcome; Mean. M. Kiekolfl and
H. PopfOeton, t.C.P. ; Rev. Pr, Rule a W. i, aeymoor ;
Dr. J. Shoolbraid, M.D. ; M<Mrt. ftkratan and C. Stroud;
the Ven. Archdeacon Utterton ; Mctsrs. T. White, W.
Holiest, Treasurer, and Barrow Rule, Secretary.
AsHFOBD. — Mr. R. C. Mansell ; Revs. J. P. Alcock and
R H. Wright, MJl, ; Messn. J. J. Cudworth, T. H.
Vie, J. Keener, R. Rabson, and F. Garaway, Secretary,
^AsHTOM AND DuKiNFiKLD. — Uugh Masou, Eso., Chair-
man J Means. J. R. Coulthard, William Mankall,
William Bass, H. T. Daraton, R. B. Onne, John Lees,
Edmund Salter, and James Gould, Secretary,
Baoup. — ^Messrs. T. Aitken, Chairman ; H. Maden, J*
H. Worrall, M.R.C.S. Eng.; CapUin Aitken, JP.;
Messrs. J. Howorth, J. P., S. Hall, G. C. Harrison, J.
Redman, J. Harris, J. Greaves, and T. Newfatgging,
Secretary,
Banbbidok (Ibeland). — Messrs. W. Waagfa, J.P.,
Chairman* R. McClelland, Vice- Chairman, J. W. McMastsr,
J. P., D. Leonard, J. Hawthorn, M.D., J. Smith, jun.,C.E.,
G. G. Tyrrell, W. Walker, G. F. Long, H. Finlay, J.
Noble, and A. Black, Secretary,
Banbuby. — Rev. H. Back, Chairman ; Messrs. T. W.
Barrows, T. Beesley, F.C.S., R. H. Brooks, W. Johnson,
F.R.A.S.. D. Pidgeon, and R. H. Rolls ; Rev. T. Bossell,
M.A. ; Messrs. A. B. Rye, F.R.C.S., J. Stockton, and J.
H. Beaie, Secretary.
Babhbt.— Revs. F. C. Cass, M.A, Cftotfrmoii, T. a
White, M.A., and J. D. Bell ; Messrs. C. T. Carter, S. J.
Baldock, W. Baldock, and John Thimbleby, Secretary,
Brlfast. — Messrs. J. J. Murphy, Chairman, and T.
M'OUoton ; Revs. J. S. Porter, S. Faweett, and I. NelsoD ;
Messrs. R. Peterson, T. Morrison, 0. Berinle, and F. A.
MsdtUnd, Librarian; Rev. W. C. M'Cullagh, Secretary,
BiBMINOHAM AND MlOLAMD INSTITUTE. — ^The Rt. HOO.
C. B. Adderley, M.P., Chairman; Mr. H. Wiggin; Rev.
J. 0. Miller, D.D. ; Mr. R. Wright ; Revs. 0. Evan,
M.A., and Chancellor Law; W.Holliday.Esq.; Mean.
Alderman Sturge, Councillor Avery, Councillor Phillipi,
Councillor B. Smith, W. C. Aitken, B. Fletcher, MJ)., J.
B. Gausby, J. B. Hebbert, J. S. Hopkins, J. Jaffray, W.
Kenrick, W. Mathews, jun., M.A., C. E. Mathewt, A.
Ryland, A. Cress well, S. Grove, and T. Martineaa,
Secretary,
Bishops' Stobtpobd.— Rev. T. T. L. Bayliff, M.A.,
Chairman; Mr. J. Bell, M.A. ; Rev. W. J. CopeUnd,
B.D. ; Mr. E. M. Dillon, M.A. ; Revs. G. Goodman, J.
Menet, M.A.; Messrs. G. A. SUrling, M.D., L.R,C.P.,
and F. W. Nash, B.A., Secretary,
Blaokbobn. — Mr. Ellis Duckworth, Ch&irmm ; Mr. J.
Booth, Vice- Chairman ; Messrs. J. Brandwood, R. Davies,
R. H. Hutchinson, T. Hand, D. Leach, G. W. PrabUe,
J. Seed, W. Dean, J. Ingham, J. Kenyon ; Messrs. W.
Gourlay, and J. H. Margerison, Secretaries,
Blavdfobo.—- Messrs. S. Abbott, CSuUrman; E.Fiabar,
W. E. Groves, and J. B. Green, Secretary,
♦ Bolton.— J, Hick, Esq., J.P., J. R. Wolfaoden, Esq.,
J.P. ; R. Haywood, Esq., J.P. ; J. Gordon, Esq. ; BeriL
J. Lowe, M.A. and T. Berry ; E. Barton, Eaq,, J.P., A.
Fer^fuson, Esq., T. Holden, Esq., and Mr. W. H. T.
Traice, Secretary,
BBADF0B9.~Revs. D. Fraser, L.L.D., Chairman; and
J. R. Campbell ; Messrs. T. Clark and D. J. Or«bbai ;
Rev. 8. G. Green, B.A. ; Messrs. Ghxiwin, J. Haosoo, J.
Hey, J. M. Jacques, Kenion, Law, and C. Lund ; Rev.
W. Mitton ; Mr. J. T. Newbolt ; Revs. J. H. Ryland and
W. C. Shearer; Messrs. A. Smith, S. Smi^, B.
\ Wright, and R. WhiUker, Secretary,
fij^
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OF ARTS, Maboh 26, 1864.
2d9
Bbmbtoh, fobSubbsz. — The Minror of Brighton, Cftatr-
flMM ; Mr. J. White, M.P. ; Mr. J. BnchADaii ; Ber. J.
W. Oarj, D.D.; Mr. H. Elphinttooe, M.A.; Ben. J.
Griffith, M.A., J. D. Mod^y, B.D., J. AUen, AJB., A.
Creak, M. A., B. W. Harvey, W. Kelljr, M.A, W. Porter ;
Heam. W. King, M.D., W. Alger, J.P., W. B. Bany-
more, T. Btmee, M.A., T. Barton, S. Bastick, P. Capon,
C. Carpenter, J.P., A. CobbeU, A. Cox, T. H. Cross,
B.A., S. Erershed, T. Page, W. H. Harper, H. E. Harris ;
Dr. Lowe; Messrs. W. T. Loveday, A. Martin, H.
Moor, W. Olding, T. Page, O. de Paris, J. Peto,
F.B.A.a, M. Penley, W. P^e, M. Bkaido, P. 8. Bick-
arda, W. D. Savaoe, J. H. Soott ; Dr. White ; Meors. W.
Sleight. H. Treacher, and W. J. Williams, W. W. Pyne ;
Soott and Sleight, ^iM^t^f; T. W. Wonfor, Trtaturer ;
and Barday PnillipB, SecrMary,
Bamou — Ber. Canon Qirdlestone, M.A., Chairman;
Meesn. 0. C. Ashmead, O. H. Bengongh; Bevs. T.
Bowman, M.A., C. Brittan, MJk.; Mr. F. N. Badd,
If. A. ; Bey. J. Border, M.A. : Messrs. I. A. Cooke,
J. D. Corfe; Earl of Dude ; Mr. P. H. Edlin ; Bev. G.
Elliott, D.D. ; Sir A. H. Elton, Bart. ; Mr. J. 8. Fit
Bev. Professor Gotch ; Messrs. F. W. Griffin, Ph.D.,
J. S. Harford, F.8.A. ; Bev. N. Haycroft, M.A. ; Messrs.
F. Hasledine, B.A., M. D. HQl, C. T. Hudson, M.A.,
W. H. G. Langton, M.P., H. Brittan ; Bevs. A. Poole,
M.A., J. Bobertson, A.M., D. Thomas, 6.A. ; Messrs. F.
F. Tnckett, B. fl. Webb; W. C. Seaton; Bev. J. B.
Wpsibrd, D.D.; Messrs. M. Whitwill, J. P. B. Daniel,
and F. W. Cro», Secretary,
BaoMPTON (VBAB Chatham). — Bov. D. Cooke, Chair-
mem ; Lieiii..Col. J. W. Lovell. BJ!., C.B. ; Capt. H.
Schaw, B.E. ; Lient.-Col. H. T. D. Scott, B.E. ; Rev.
J. H. Lang ; Mr. J. Greenleaf, Secretary.
Buoxs AND Bbbks. — The Hon. and Very Bev. Dean of
Windsor, M.A., Chairman; the Hon. and Bev. Lord W.
Boswll, M.A. ; Viscount Kirkaldie ; Revs. H. J. Ellison,
M.A., W. C. B. Flint, M.A., and C. D. Goldie, M.A.;
Mr. J. A. Gilliat ; Bevs. E. Hale, M.A. and H. Hawtiey,
M JL ; Messrs. W. Johnson and C. T. Philips, Treaaurer ;
Meoffs. T. H. Stevens and H. Passmore ; Bev. T. Booke,
M.A., Secretary.
BiTBY (Lajtoashibi). — Bsvs. £. J. Hornby, Chairman;
C. F. Hildyard, and W. R. Thornbum, M.A. ; Messrs.
J. Stockdale, T. Etheriagton, and M. Bunting, Secretary,
BmiT St. Edmuho's.— The Hon. and Venerable Lord
A. Bervey, FreiideiU; Sir C. J. F. Bunbury, Bart.;
J. W. Goodwin, M.D. ; Bev. A. H. WratisUw, M.A. ;
J. Green, R F. Aldridge, B. Craske, and J. Jackson,
Secretary.
CairrcaBURT. — The Very Bev. the Dean of Canterbniy,
D.D., Chairman; Mr. J. S. Linford; Bevs. J. Mitchinson,
M.A., A. P. Moor, M.A., M.B.A.S., F.B.G.S., and E. B.
Ofger, M.A. ; Moos. L. L. Baa6 ; Bev. J. C. Bobertson,
M.A. ; and W. D. Fnrley, Esq., Secretary, '
Cabldlb (MJ.,) R. Feigoson, Esq., Chairman; A'
Davidson, Esq. ; Messrs. C. P. Haxdv, J. Sewell, W*
H. Nutter, T.H. Hannah, W. Constable, and Miss Jane
Williamson, Secretary,
* Chatbam, Boorbsteb, Stbood, Aim Bbomfton. — C.
Dickena, Esq., Chairman; Drs. W. Bams, LL.D., J. D.
Bums, M.D., Messrs. E. A. Bemays, H. G. Adams,
Dadsoo, and Mr. F. Butler, Secretary.
CBeLMsroan. — Rev. C. W. Arnold, M.A., H. Piggot,
Esq., J. A. Copland, Esq. ; Meenrs. T. Moss, Hunt, J.
Chuieb, 8. H. Sharman, G. Seaton, and C. Pertwee, and
Messrs. W. Cutts and Jesse Garrood, Se cretar i ee,
CaorooK. — Rev. J. G* Hodgson, M.A., Chairman;
Beva. I, P. Blalleaon, R. C. S%11, J. W. Flower, £.
Westall, A. Crowl^, W. RobiMon, A. Twentyman,
A. B. Cowdell, 8. L. Bymer, E. Hughes, G. K. Prioe,
Esqs., and Mr. F. Warreo, Secretary.
Dablinqton.— Mr. J. W. Pease. J.P., Chairman;
Dr. F. G. Clarkson ; Mr. D. Dale ; Dr. W. Hazlewood ;
Mr. C. Jackson; Rev. J. Marshall, B.A. ; Mr. F.
Mewbum, jun. ; Bev. W. H. Stephens, B.A. ; Messrs.
W. Salkeld, C.E., H. F. Pease, W. Clapham, R.
Mackay, F. T. Steavenson, Secretary,
DarayoRO. — ^Bev. C. F. 8. Money, M.A., Chairman;
Bevs. F. Chambers, D.D., W. G. Laoey, M.A., A. J.
Myers. B.A. ; Messrs. J. J. Bennett, F.R.8., H. £. Mont-
gomerie, F.8.A., J. West, and T. Earland, Secretary,
Dbbby.— Mr. W. T. Cox, Chairman; Rev. E. H.
Abney ; Messrs. A. Butel, J. Davis, J. Gadsby ; Dr. H.
Goode ; Mesvs. F. M. Haj^ood, A. J. Henley, A. £.
Holmes, J. Hudson, M. Kirtley; Bev. T. H. Leary ;
Meam. J. Ives, C. Pratt, J. A. Warwick ; Revs. J.
Walker, W. F. Wilkinson ; Messn. W. Woodward, N.
Greaves, C. Holmes, and H. M. Holmes, Secretary,
DsvovFOftT. — ^Mr. C. Row, Mayor, Chairman ; Messrs.
E. St. Aubyn, Jun., A. Norman, J.P., I. C. Radford,
P. W. Swain, R. C. Rogers ; Revs. M. B. Hutchison,
G. Enowllng, J. Stock; Capt. G. Biddlecombe, B.N.;
Messrs. F. Burt, M.B.C.P., C. Croydon ; Moos. P. De-
larue; Messrs. W. Hannaford, U. H. King, RM.T.I.,
T. W. Miller, T. Miller, B. Oram, B. H. Rae, F. Row,
M.D., J. W. W. Ryder, J.P., J. H. Shapton, R. C,
Smith, R. Townshend, T. WooUoombe ; W. Mogg and
8. Chappie, Secretariee,
*£dihbuboh. — L. Schmitz, Esq., LL.D., Chairman;
R. Ferguson, Esq., G. Bickerton, Esq., W. M.
Begbie, Esq., W. Smith, Esq., M. Lothian, Esq., W. A.
F. Browne, Esq., M.D., R. Cox, Esq., W.S., F. HalUrd,
Esq., D. B. Hope, Esq., T. Ivory, Esq., W. Seller, Esq.,
M.D., B. M. Smith, Esq. ; the Very Rev. Dean Ramsay ;
Revs. R. Lee, D.D., and W. Hanna, LL.D. ; Protessors
P. Kelland and A. C. Fraser ; A. K. Johnston, Esq., F.W.
Bedford, Esq., D.C.L., E. Woodford, Esq., LL.D., T.
Murray, Esq., LL.D., A. Fiodlater, Esq., and H. Bowie,
Esq., Secretary,
Favirsham. — 8. G. Johnson, Esq., Chairman ; Rev.
J. R. Cooke, M.A. ; F. J. Giraud, Esq. ; Messrs. G.
Robinson, W. Cowper, J. A. Anderson, Paul, Batterbee,
C. Smith, and F. W. Monk, Secretary.
GiLFOBD (Ibcland). — J. W. McMastcr, Esq., J.P.,
Chairman; J. Dickson, K: , : B. Dickson, Esq.; Rov.
W. Gk)rdon; Messrs. D. LeOiiard, James Hall, Thomas
Frazer ; Dr. H. MsBride, M.D., Secretary.
Glasgow Athsn^oum.— The Very Rev. T. Barclay,
D.D,, Chairman ; Bevs. P. Fairbaim, D.D., J. Eadie,
D.D., LL.D., J. Ker, M.A.; Dr. E. W. Pritchard,
F.R.S.E. ; Messrs. J. Gourlay, A. H. Dick, M.A., J.
Mcintosh, J. Seligmann, J. Mayer, W. Neilson, J. J.
Muirhead, W. McOnie, J. Macin^rre, J. 8. McGill, A.
K Dick, A. H. McLean, J. Bunn, and M. Provan,
Secretary.
Glasgow IiisTmrnoN. — A. Strathem, Esq., Chair-
man; Revs. W. Fleming, D.D., D. M'Gregor, M.A.,
G. Jeffrey, DJ>., P. Napier, D.D., Vtee-Chairmen ;
Messrs. G. Anderson, H. Campbell, J. Cochrane, W. Cross,
R. Dalglish, M.P., J. Dickie, F.E.I.8., D. Donaldson,
F.E.I.S., F.C., D. Fletcher, F.E.I.8., D. B. Hotcheon,
F.E.L8., F.C., H. A. Lambeth; Rev. W. Leggatt;
Mr. J. McHarff; Rev. N. McLeod, jun. ; Messrs. T.
Menzies, F.E.I.8., J. Meickleham, T. Morrison, J.
Mossman, D. Murray; Rev. G. A. Panton ; Dr. F.
Penny, M.D., F.R.S. ; Measrs. A. 8im, F.E.I.S., D.
Smith, J.P., R. Somers, D. Stow; Rev. A. Wallace;
Dr. T. Watson. M.D.; Mr. J. Wilkinson, and J.
Craig, F.E.I.8., Secretary,
Glasgow Mbohahios' iHSTrrurioN. — Dr. T. Ander-
son ; Wm. Thomson, LL.D. ; Dr. A. Thomson, Rev. J.
Caird, D.D., J. Niohol, Esq., B.A.,— G. A. W. Amott.
LL.D.,— J. Bryoe, LL.D. ; J. Toung, Esq. ; Bev. D
300
JOtJRNAL OP THE fiOOIETY OF ARTS, Maboh 26, 1864.
Taylor; H. A. Lambeth, Esq. ; T. McFarlane, Esq. ;
J. Couper, Esq. ; D. More, Esq. ; Mr. J. Inglis ; Mr. B.
MclDtyre, Secretary,
Glasgow Pofulab Evening Classes, Ahdersonian
University. — W. M. NeUson, Chairman ; Dre. A. Thom-
son, H. D. Rogers, F. Penoy, G. Bochaoan; Messrs.
G. C. Foster, B.A., M. Fryar, A. Laing, K. Heimedy,
C. H. Wilson, A.R.S.A., R.I.A., J. Taylor, M.D., A.
Harvey, A. Hastie, J. W. Guild, J. McClelland, Jan.,
R. S. Cuoliff, G. Lang, J. Thomson, W. Anderson,
A. Jaokson, and G. MaSrtin, Secretary.
GOSPORT AND AlyERSTOKE LiTEBABT AND SoiEN-
Tino iNsrmrriON. — J. R. Kealey, Esq., M.D., A.K.C.L.,
Chairman ; Rev. W. T. Matson; H. D. P. Conningham,
Esq., R.N., J.P. ; E. L. L. Shewell, Esq., M.A.; Messrs.
B. Nicholson, C. Mumby, A. Knight, G. B. Irons, and W.
Short, Secretary,
Greenwich. — Mr. J. Bell, B.A., Chairman ; Messrs. D.
Bass, W. S. Browning, N. Crosland, H. Divers, E. J.
Reed, M.I.N.A., J. Swift, and J. Spencer, Secretary,
Halifax Mechanics' iNsrirorroN. — Dr. Garlick, Chair'
man ; Rev. R. L. Carpenter, B.A. ; Messrs. W. Corke, J.
D. Hutchinson, B. Musgrave, and A. C. Foster, Secretary,
Halifax Working Men's College. — E. Akroyd,
Esq., Chairman ; Rev. C. R. Holmes, M.A. ; H. A.
Ridgway, Esq., B.A. ; J. W. Garlick, Esq., M.D. ;
Messrs. L. H. Child, J. Barrowby, T. Midgeley, T.
Cordingley, E. Taylor, 8. Hartley, J. Wainhouse,
Middlebrook, W. Longbottom, G. L. Parker, and G.
Gibb, Secretary,
Hartlepool (West). — Mr. W. W. Brunton, C/iairman ;
Messrs. R. Oldham, J. I. Carson, T. Caseboume, C.E, J.
Salmon, J. Barugh. W. Homer, C. T. Caseboume, R.
Murray ; Messrs. T. P. Brunton and J. T. Belk, Seeretariet.
Hertford. — The Hon. and Rev. G. Hastings, M.A.,
Chairman; R. Dimsdale, Esq., Vice- Chairman ; Revs.
E. Bartrum, M.A.,and Canon Blakesley, B.D. ; the Hon.
n. Cowper; Mr. Y. Crawley; Rev. C. Deedes, B.A. ;
Messrs. S. H. Errington, J. L. Foster, H. Gilberteon, J.
W. Grove, G. Hancock, J. T. Hannum ; Revs. R. Hig-
gins, N. Keymer, T. lender, B. A., and T. L. Lingham,
B.A. ; ; Mr. J. Marchant ; Revs. H. H. Minchin and T.
B. Moore ; Messrs. D. Pierson, H. Robins, and H. Squire;
Revs. C. Thornton and H. S. Warleigh; Mr. J. L.
Foster, Secretary,
HrroHiN.— Rev. L. Hensley, Chairman; Messrs. W.
Dawson, D. Lloyd, F. Lucas, J. Morgan, A. Ransom, W.
Ransom, F. Seebohm ; Rev. G. Short ; Messrs. J. Sugars,
J. H. Tuke, and J. Pollard, Secretary.
HoLMFiTH. — Messrs. J. Hixon, Chairman ; T. J. Brook,
H. Brooks, J. Harpin, J.P., J. Moorhouse, J.P., J.
Bbothroyd, J. T. Taylor, and J. Batley, Secretary,
Hull. — Revs. R. A. Redford, M. A., L.L.B., Chairman ;
A. Jukes, B.A. ; Messrs. J. H. Gresbam, T. D. Ball, G.
Raven, and P. Blackmore, Hon. Secretary,
♦Hyde.— T. Ashton, Esq., J.P., Chairman ; C. Hibbert,
Esq., Treasurer ; Revs. A. Read, B.A., C. Beard, B.A.,
and T. K. Elliott ; Messrs. S. N. Brooks, J. Burgess,
T. K. Walton. R. Evans, Thos. Wimhurst, R. Marshall,
and W. Gee, Secretary.
Inorow-cum-Hainworth. — Rev. W. C. Mayne, Chair-
man ; Mr. A. Ambler; J. Bulterfteld, Esq. ; Messrs. J.
Haggas, D. Whiteoak, and J. Jackson, Secretary.
Ipswich — T. S. Gowing, Epq., Chairman; Revs. J. R.
Tumock, F. H. Maude, T. M. Morris; Mr. J. E. Champ^
ncss ; Drs. E. Christian, Drummond ; Messrs. J. Evans,
C. Sulley, H. Footman, J. Ridley, jun., T. P. Howe, A.
Lambert, C. F. Gower, R. Everett, J. Mylne, W. Gill ;
E. Barrett, aud H. Wright, Secretaries,
Kino's Lynn.— Messrs. H. Edwards, Chairman; L.
BeK, W. Moyse, F. R. Partridge, J. Kerkharo, J. J.
Coulton, E. L. King, H. Wells, J. C. Wigg, W. Cooper,
D. Ward, J. Nurse, W. Burkett, F. Keodle, J. Lowe;
Rev. E. F. E. Hankinson, T. White, W. Leeper, J. T,
Wigner, J. F. James, and Mr. T. Bdrton, Secretary.
East Langashirb Union of Mechanics' iNBTrruTca
(Burnley).— Sir J. P. K^ Shuttleworth, Bait, Chatr-
man ; Messrs. J. Binns, J. S. Booth, T. Newbiggiog,
J. Rawsthoro, B. W. Briggs, Cwt. J. T. Dugdale;
Messrs. W. F. Ecroyd, Cunliffe, J. Howarth, R Howartb,
J. Pollard, J. Rogerson, J.\p., Scott. J. Waddiogton, J.
B. Whitehead, R. Whitaker, T. T. Wilkinson. F.R.A.S.,
R. Thompson, T. Hull, U. J. Kay Shuttleworth,
W. Robinson, J.P., Treasurer, and J. Sutherland, Sc'
eretary, ffadij^den.—B»Y. R. Thompson, Chairman:
R. n[. Townsend, Esq.; J. Bawsthorne, Esq*; Mesare,
G. Poskett, J. Rishton, A. Howarth, H. Hargreaves,
J. G. Dean, J. Furaivall, and J. Binna, Secretary,
*EawtenstaU, ^ R, H. Hardman, « Esq., Chairman^ D.
Whitehead, Esq., J.P. ; J. B. Whitehead, Eaq^ J.P. ,
Messrs. J. Barlow, J. S. Wardleworth, and T. Thomas;
Secrstary.
Leeds (West Ridivo Umion).— The Mayor of Leedi
((). Nussey, Esq.), Chairman; Messrs. E. Raines, M.P.,
G. S. Beecroft, M.P. ; Revs. Canon Atlay, D.D., W. G.
Henderson, D.C.L. ; Messrs. J. Hole, J. Kitsoo, Jan., T.
Dawson, S. Hick, J. H. Shaw, P. 0*Callaghan ; Rev. C.
H. Collier ; Messrs. G. Toung, J. Woolley, Alderman
Blackburn, Alderman March, Alderman Kitsoo ; Rev. J.
H. F. Kendall ; Mr. J. G. Marshall, Rev. A. F« A.
Woodford ; Messrs. J- Gott, T. Wilson, T. P. Teak,
jun.; Revs. G. W. Conder, T. Hincks; Mean. W.
Bames, W. B. Denison, Treasurer, F. Jacksoo, Auttiior,
and B. Blake, Hon, Secretary,
Leeds Young Men's Christlan AasoouTtov. — Rev.
J. Bloraefield, M.A., Chair^nan ; Revs. J. R. Stratteo,
M.A., Dr. Brewer, E. R. Conder, MJL, W. B. Pope;
Messrs. J. Braithwaite, M.D., E. Duis, Ph.D., J; Ham-
mond, LL.B., J. M. Raby, B.A., E. BuUer, J. Barnes,
jun., W. H. Tetley, J. H. Hall ; M. Cianawick and W.
H. Clapham, Secretaries,
Leicester. — ^Rev. D. J. Vaughan, Chairman and &-
crelary ; Rev. R. J. Allen ; Mr. C. H. P. Bankart; Revs.
W. Barber, T. Jones, J. O. I^ton ; Messrs. W. H.
Marris, T. North, J. Sarson.
Lichfield.— Rev. G. H. Curteis, Chairman ; Revs. R.
W. Essington, S. Andrew; Messrs. A. Hinckley, W.
Browne ; Rev. J. Graham, M.A. ; Rev. R. M. Qrier, B.A.,
Secretary,
Liverpool.— Rev. J. S. Howson, D.D., and Mr. J. T.
Danson, Vice Chairmen ; Aldermans W. Bennett, 8.
Holme, Mr. D. Buxton, M.R8.L., Messrs. A. Cariss, P.
G. Heyworth, J. R. Jeffery. R. A. Macfie, C. S. SamueU,
T. C. Donkin, B.A., M. E. Husson,Mons. Dubonrg, Revs.
J. Jones, C. W, Underwood, M.A., Professor Cttaibnok,
A. Hume, D.C.L., and LL.D., Secretary,
LocKwooD.— Bentley Shaw, Esq., J.P., Chmirwian;
Revs. J. Barker, T. B. Bensted ; Messrs. J. Brierley, C.
Kaye, J. W. Spedding, and Alfred Lee, Secretary,
London, Metropolitan Association. — ^Baysvater. —
Major-General Sir F. Abbott, C.B., Chairman ; lJet..Col.
Fyers ; Revs. C. E. Donne, M.A., J. A. Foote, M.A.. J,
P. Gell. M.A., R. J. Knowles, M.A., F. S. May. M.A.,
W. A. Newton, M. A., J. Robbins. M. A., and C. Walsbam,
M.A. ; Messrs. T. Brodribb, J. S. Gilliatt. J. Heywood,
F.R.S., F.S.A., W. J. Paton, J. D. Padgett, and C.
Baker, Secretary. ♦ CTopAam.— Rev. W. H. W. A. Bowyer,
Oiaimum, Rev. J. Wallis; Messrs. J. W. Smith and T.
Heller, Secretary, Hackney.— Mr. B. M. Tite, Chairman ;
Messrs. R. C. Clements, J. G. Martin. J. Saondern, W.
Slater, and H. Gray, Secretary. X<im&<A.— Reva. J. Ling-
Ijm, Oflirmon; R. Gregoiy and E. Green ; Dr.Piix^ea;
T ^n.^* ^2i^' ^' Kershaw, fl. Longley, J. Wataoo,
J. WUlums, W. BaUey, and T. HeUcr, Secretary. Zm^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 25, 1864.
301
don Mtckmat InttittUicn, — ^Bfr. O. Barnard, Chairman ;
Bev. O. H. BoaCell, M. A. ; Messra. J. Gowland, J. Rttntz,
8. ValeoUiM, and T. A. Beed, Secretary, * NoUing-kUl,
—Mr. J. P. Gray, Chairman ; Revs. J. Gell, E. Kendall,
W. G. Lewis, J. Bobbins and W. Roberts ; Messrs. W.
Bailer, W. Barber, — Davey, T. Harvey, G. C. Hicks,
W. Newmarch, F. Radford, and — Timson, Secretary,
*• Padduiffton^—Sii W. M. Farquhar, M.P., Chairman ; The
Vioe-Cbanoellor Kindeisley ; Rev. A. Boyd ; Messrs. W.
Ewart, M.P., F. S. Powell, M.P., H. Merrivale, J. Merri-
vale, G. J. P. Smith, a Gedge, H. R. Price and B.
Shaw, Secretary, * I'imlieo. — ^viscount Ingestre, Chair^
man; BIghi Hon. Sir J. Pakington, M.P., G.C3. ; Sir
G. Bicketts, Bart. ; Hon. W. Brodrick; Hon. and Rev.
B. liddell ; Revs. X H. Hamilton, B. Belcher, J. Rash-
dale, J. Walker, A. H. Williams, B. Alford, and G. G.
White; Messrs. J. J. Briscoe, M.P., J. Locke, M.P.,
H. A M. W. Sibthorpe, A. W. Jaffray F. Gaossen. J. C.
Oolqohoan, W. O. Meates, E. Ryde, J. M. Macklebridge,
and C. Thompson, /Sfer^tor^. Saint James's, Westminster. —
Sir W. Farquhar, Bart. ; Rev. J. E. Eempe ; Messrs. G.
G. Ash and W. Gee; Revs. J. Oakley, F. Pigoa, W. J.
BkiiaidsoD, G. Smith, and J. Daval; Mr. J. Randall,
Secr^ary. Saini Stephen% TTet^mmiter.— Rev. W. Ten-
nant, MA., Chairman ; Revs. P. Leonini, E. G. Han-
cock, and J. W. Hunwo«ihy ; Capt. H. Wallack ; Messrs.
W. Bennett H.Bragg, J. Feetham, W. F. Tripp, R. H.
Bi^iop, S. Elliott, B.A., and J. Cowood, Secretary.—
Saint l%omas% Charterhouse, Svening Classes.— BevB. J.
Bodgers, M.A., Chairman; W. Jowitt, M.A., and T. J.
Berwick, B.A. ; Messrs. O. Gordon, W. Cutler, T. Hill,
and G. Phillipson, Secretary. Spitalfields and Bethnal-
frmn.^'^T, B. Hanbury, Chairman ; Revs. J. Patteson,
A. B. Suter, J. Colboume, and J. Reynolds ; Messrs. T.
King, J. Maier, T. Whittii^n, J. Northey, and T. N.
Day, Secretary. — * Stepney Deanery. — Mr. E. fl. Currie,
Chairman ; R^vs. A. Biomfield, C. H. Carr, A. B. Cotton,
A. G. How, F. W. Nowell, and A. B. Suter ; Meamrs. C.
Jefienr, T. B. Spence, R. Wigram, J. Haysman, T. Wild,
and W. F. Ives, Secretary.
Lomxnr, Cittof London Collbgb. — ^Rev. C. Macken-
zie, Chairman; Revs. B. Whittingham, J. W. Laughlin,
J. MaakeQ ; Mean. T. Brodribb, J. Charles, Jun., E. G.
Clarke, D. Elder, T. B. Howard, C. W. Price. F. Bey-
nokls, G. War'mgton, T. Whittmgton, J. Boskilly, and
H. W. Hansen, Secretary.
LosDOV, PdLrrsoHNio iKSTrrnriOM Classes. — Rev. C.
Mackenzie, A JeL, Chairman ; Rev. J. W. Laughlin, A.M.,
Messrs. F. Gaussen, C. C. Chapman, Longbottom, J.. P.
Bidlake, F. Reynolds, J. H. Pepper, T. Broadribb, F. Las-
celles, and James Cousens, Secretary.
LouTB.^Messn. W. T. Kime, J.P. Chairman;
Meisn. A T. Rogers, G. Dixon, J. Bogg, T. W. Bogg
M.B.C.S., and L.A.S.; Bev. W. Orton; Messrs. H'
Sbaipley, C. Bogers, C. M. Nesbitt, and B. Crow, Secretary
•
Maoolesfibld.— Messrs. W. Bullock, Chairman ; T. U.
Broeklehorst, M. Clarke, B. Higson, S. Rushton, T.
Smith, S. Greg, C. Pickford, G. Bai-ton, W. Bamett, W.
Reddish, G. Stewart, J. Chadwick, J. Jackson; Dr. Ger-
land, and Mr. J. O. l^icholson, Secretary.
Mavohcstkb. — J. M. Bennett, Esq., Mayor, Chairman ;
A. HejTWOod, Esq.; Professor J. G. GK^enwood, B.A.;
Bevs. Canon Biehson and A. Newth ; Professors T. Hall,
M.A.,aDd Bowman, M.Ak ; Messrs. W. Fairbaim, L.L.D.,
KJLS., H. J. Leppoo, J. Curtis, R. M. Pankhurst,
L.L.D., A Banaome, M.A., M.B.C.S., G. T. Lnnd, J.
MaDchesCer, H. Bawson, B. Bumney, J. Watts, Ph.D., E.
Simpson, and A. Jarrott, ffon. Secretary.
« MooBLBT. — ^W. Andrew, Esq., Chairman ;J. Kershaw,
R. S. Buckley, Nathaniel Buckley, Esqrs., Rev. G. Fox,
and Mr. Aaron Tetlow, Secretary.
2!fxwBUBr.— Bevs. J. L. Randall, MA., Chairman; W.
Cole; Drs. S. Palmer, M.D. ; J. Bunny, M.D. ; Messrs.
J. Vines, F. Talbot, and T. Gumey, Secretary.
Nbwoastlb ON-TrNB Church of England Institdtb.
— Revs. J. Snape, Chairman; W. R. Burnet, MA. ; J.
Henderson, A.B. ; W. Spencer, BA. ; G. S. Gmggen,
M. A. ; Mr. J. Forster, Secretary.
NBWoASTLE-oN-TrNE Mechamios* iNSTrroTE. — Rev.
J. Snape, Chairman; Messrs. J. W. Kirk, L. Goodchild,
W. Lyall, T. Harbottle, J. Pattinson, J. Kilgour, Rt.
McCulloch, and A. Carse, Secretary,
Nottinohau. — Messrs. E. Patohitt, Alderman Heyman
J.P., R. Enfield; Rev. J. Matheson; Messrs. T. B. Gill,
L. Leipman, R. Birkin, J.P. ; Dr. W. Tindal Robertson,
Secretary.
Oldham Ltoeuv. — Mr. J. G. Blackburne, F.G.S.,
Chairman ; Revs. J. Bumstead, M.A., R. M. Davies, C.
W. Robberds; Messrs. F. Bromley, M.U.C.S., J. Taylor,
F. Hughes, S. Broadbent ; Rev. J. Hodgson, Secretary.
Oldhau Soibkob School. — Mr. T. Croxton, Chairman ;
Messrs. J. G. Blackburne, J. Bamford, W. Blackburne, J.
Dodd ; Rev. J. Gomall ; Messrs. J. Hardmau, G. Hey-
wood, G. H. Lees, G. Murray, S. R. Piatt, J. Rowland,
jun., W. Simmons, J. A. Schofield ; Bev. D. M. Alexan-
der, Secretary.
Paislbt. — ^Mr. T. Coats, Chairman; Messrs. W.
Philips, J. J. Lamb, D. Murray, W. Mackean, A. R.
Pollock, J. M. Symington, J. Reid, T. MacRobert, P.
Kerr, R. Wilson ; Revs. A. Wilson, W. Frazer. J.
Brown; Messrs. J. Lorimer, W. Gillespie, W. Porteous,
L. McTavish, A. Foulds, W. Brunton, LL.D., R. Craw-
ford, J. Hay, and C. D. Wason, Secretary.
Pbhbbokb Dock. — ^Mr. W. E. Seccombe, Chairman;
Messrs. J. A. Long, W. Mitchell, J. Richardson, W.
Jones, W. Jones, and T. H. EastUke, Secretary.
PETBBBOROuaH.— Rev. W. Cape, Chairman ; Messrs.
H. Porter, M.D., F.G.S., T. J. AValker. M.B., J.
Whitwell, J. Sturton, PoUai-d, J. Speechley, F. Bentley,
and C. T. Cotton, Secretary.
PooLB. — Revs. A. Wilkinson, Chairman ; li. T.
Verrall ; E. Lacy, Esq., J. Marker, Esq. ; Mr. R. Belben,
Secretary.
PoBTSMOOTH. — Rcvs. T. Msiu, Chairman; W. S.
Phelos ; Messrs. H. Cradock, R. Rawson, T. Brown, and
A. Murray, Secretary.
RiOHUOND. — Rev. H. Dupuis, Chairman; Dr, J. Ellis;
Rev. J. B. Fiench ; W. J. Maxwell, Esq. ; Rev. J.
WUkie ; W. A. Older, Esq. ; Revs. W. Rigg, M.A., and
W. Bashall, A.M., Secretary.
RoTHBBHAM. — MessTS. J. Yates, Chairman; J. W.
Brooks; Rev. F. J. Falding, D.D. ; Messrs. E. A. Fcw-
trell, J. Gray, J. Guest, M. H. Habershon, J. Ha^-
wicke, M.D., R. A. L. PhUlips, MA., S. B. Poles, H.
Wigfield, F. Edwards and W. Unwin, Secretaries.
RroB. — ^Rev. J. S. Barrow, M.A., Chairman; Revg.
G. C. Colthard, C. A. Bury, Messra. J. Paul, J. Burgess,
J. Jenkins, B. Kent, M.D., T. Treakell, H. Pullen, and
B. Barrow, F.R.C.S., M.B.M.S., SecreU0y,
Salfobd. — ^W. Pearson, Esq., Chairman; Revs. W.
W. WooUcombe, J. Clark,] J. B. Kennerley, Messrs. T.
Davies, 1. Gregoiy, A. Jones, W. White, 1. Rowland, J.
T. Pellett, T. Barlow, G. Brett, H. Knowles, J. VV . Hud-
son, Ph. D., F.S.A., J. Plant, W. Hindahaw, W. C. Wil-
liamson, W. H. Noar, and W. Noar, Secretary,
Sblby.— Mr. C. Twist, Chairman ; Messrs. C. Hutchin-
son , G. Jones, W. Grant, and W. Allison, Secretary.
Shbffibld. — The Rev. Canon Sale, D.D., Chairman;
Mr. E. Thorold, M.A; Rev. Dr. C. Ebert; Dr. Bingley,
F.C.S. ; Messrs. E. Birks, R. Leader, and T. Rowbotham,
Secretary.
302
JOURNAL OF THB SOCIETY OF ARTS, Maboh 25, 1864.
Skiftoh.— Mr. 8. B. Hall, Cfkairman; Mean. J. B.
Dewburat, O. Bobinsoo, and G. Kendail, Sur^Ury,
SiiOVOH. — Rer. J. A. Oree, B.D., OhMtrmtm ; Rev.
A. G. Begbie, M.A., MeMra. E. Brown, W. BoDiey,
W. Deverill, G. Eerehaw, E. A. Layton, A. Merrie-
leee, H. F. Naah; Revs. A. W. R. QeinlaD, M.A.,
G. Bobbin*; Measrs. F. R. Saye, B. Smith ; Rev. F. G.
Sykes, M.A. ; Menrs. F. Chanley, and J. Chapman,
Secretary,
Southampton. — S. Hacnaghten, Esq., J.P., Chair'
man ; Dr. F. S. Bond, B.A., F.C.S. ; Revs. M. Cooper,
M.A.; J. HiU, M.A., E. KeU, M.A., F.S.A. ; Dr.
Eveleigh ; Messrs. D. Cnuckshank, F.R.G.S., M.C.P.,
and W. Johnson, Secretary.
South STAFroaDSHias Assooiatioh* — Chairman^ Right
Hon. Lord Lyttleton; General Secretary^ Mr. Jones.
WdverhampUm.—Bw^. J. H. Bes. F. Willett, H. W.
Wood, T. G. Horton, Messrs. G. Bidlake. W. Y.
Bievitt, W. M. Fuller, H. Gibbs, A. Herridge. F. C.
Horton, and J. N. Langley, Secretary, Button^ including
EttinyshaU, Coteley and Moxley. — Revs. A. H. Hodd, C.
W. RicbaidB. T. Slater, J. W. Bain ; Messrs. W. Hatton,
E. Pugh, J. Hague, D. Kendrick, J. Bradbury ; Rev. H.
F. Newbolt, Secretary, Walttdl, including Bloxwich, —
Revs. J. H. Sharwood, J. Bradley, Dr. Gordon ; Messrs.
H. Eagles, T. Hill. J. Vaug^^an, J. Pritohard ; Rev. A.
C. Irvine, Secretary, Wedneebury.^BAv, R. Garland,
Messrs. S. Lloyd, S. Z. Lloyd, W. Lynes. R. Williams,
R. Brown, T. Sothem, J. Connell, and C. Britten, Seretary.
Weet JSromiMcA.— Revs. J. Bradshaw, F. B. N. HuUod,
C. Massey ; Messrs. G. Thompson, W. H. Bagnall, J.
Haines, T. Davios, J. Cooksey, J. Hall, T. Crabtree,
Rev. J. Whewell, Secretary, *Handsworih,—Bav%, H. R.
Peel, J. Guest, C. J. SneM>, W. StraSen, and G. D.
Boyle, Secretary. Smethunckf including Spim Lane and
Oldbury. —Revs. H. B. Bowlby, T. G. Simcox, R. Ferguson,
J. Sheppard, J. Cumming ; Meam. H. and J. Chance,
C. HickB, E. Tunstall, T. Mallln, 8. Hanson, and F. Tal-
bot, Secretary CradUy^ tnduding the LyCi Oonareaoee^ and
HaUecwen. — Revs. J. Bromley, H. Fisher; Messrs. J. P.
Hani, N. Hingley, J. Feonell Fox ; Rev. J. H. Thomp-
■00, Secretary, Stourbridge^ isicluding Ambleeote, — ^Revs.
H. Sherrard, J. Williams, J.Welsh, J. Rlchaitla, Messrs.
W. H. King, W. Akroyd, W. Goddard, J. Gething T.
Wood, S. Brooks, W. England, J. Maorice ; Rev. J, W.
Grier, Secretary, WordeleVt including Kinaewir^ord. — Revs.
R. Girdlestone, S. Franklin, S. Downmg, E. Stevens;
Messrs. Hill, Price, Bill, H. Newman, Abbot ; Rev. J.
Boultbee, Secretary, £imMr.->Revs. G. Wharton, J.
Richards ; Messrs. W. O.Fostar, W. G. Bennitt, T. G. Lee,
J. Williams, T. Holyoake, and T. Bolton, Secretary,
Willenhall, including DarUukon, — ^Revs. G. H. Fisher, J.
Stephens, M. Hathawi^yiMessra. J. C. Tildesley, L. Chap-
poUe, W. Parkes, J. Webb, G. Dawes, and J. Bennitt,
Secretary, Dudley ^ indudingPenenettt Netherlony and Tipton.
— Revs. J. C. Browne, J. Davies, E. H. L. Noott, 0. J.
Atheilon, G. Lewis, T. W. Toser ; Messrs. S. Rudge,
E. HoUier, R. Houghton, E. Willetts, and J. Stokes,
Secretary.
SOUTHIBN COUNTIKS AoULT EDUCATION SOOIETT. —
Revs. T. Bacon, D. O. Wilton, W. F. Tregarthen,
M. Wilkinson, D.D. ; C. Raikes, J. Floyer, Esqrs,;
Revs. N. Ridley, and G. Fits Gerald; Hon. and Rev. S.
h9%ii Secretary,
Thibsk.— Mr. J. Rider, Chairman; Revs. E. Jowett,
H. Ho^yard ; Messrs. T. Alderwick, R. Ashman, W. A.
Bourne, R. D. Carter, Doncan, P. Davidson, C. Fisher,
J. Hardisty, G. Nicholson, T. Scott, and J. G. Baker,
Secretary,
Wakbfibld. — Dr. S. Holdsworth, M.D., Chairman ;
Bev. G. Barmby ; Messrs. J. Binks, T. W. Giasing, and
W. S. Banks, Secretary.
Wabuimsi'kb — Rev. T.E. Challan, Chairman: Messrs.
Farmer, G. T. Vioaiy, Criij^aDd F. Morgan, Secretary.
Waxswobd.— Dr. J. Cavet, M.D., Ohairmm ; Dr. J. F.
ScoU, M.D. ; Meavs. D. Keogh, J. Fisher, J. Dowling,
and J. Budd, Secretary.
WELLiMaBOBOuoH. — Mt. B. Dolloy, Chatrman ; Mr. E.
Sharman; Revs. J. F. Poulter, M.A., H. V. Broughton,
M.A., H. M. Roxby, M.A. ; Measrs. W. A. Rabbra, M.
R. Sharman, W. DuUey, jun., W. B. Harringtoo, and T.
S. Curtis, Secretary,
WiOAH.— N. Eckendey, Esq., Chairman ; Major-General
Hon. J. Lind»y, M.P. ; H. Woods, Esq., M,P. ; T.
Byit>n, Esq. J.P. ; T. Fisher, Esq. ; Messrs. R. Lea, W.
Hardy, T. Shaw, S. Royle. J. Wilson, R. Dailington, J.
Seddon, W. Roocroft, and J. Seward, Secretary.
WiBKswoaTH.— Dr . W. Webb, Ckairman ; Rev. F. H.
Brett; Dr.Cantrell; Rev. H. Harris ; Mr. W. Tomlinaoo,
Secretofy.
WOBOBSTEBSHIBE UnIOV OF EnUCJLTIONAIi iHRTrUTBS.
—J. S. Pakington, Esq., president: the Rt. Hoa Lord
Lvttelton ; the Hon. and Rev. W. H. Lyttelton ; the Bt.
Hon. Sir J. Pakington, Bart., G.C.B.. M.P. ; Sir E. A.
H. Lechmere, Bart.; T. B. L. Baker, Esq. ; E. Holland,
Esq., M.P. ; H. F. Vemod, M.P. ; S. 8. Dickinson, Esq. ;
Rev. E. W. Isaac; Messrs. E. Ball, J. Hyatt, J. Darke,
J. 8. Issac, F. Marcus, H. New, W. Allen ; Revs. W.
Lea, D. Melville, G. Lewis; Messrs. Hollier, Stokes;
Rev. W. A. Strong ; Mr. W. Smith; Revs. W. SvmoDds,
G. Swinden; Mr. C.J. Pace: Rev. W. WaterworUi;
Messrs. F. Reeve, R. Linford, Holyoake, LanghtoD,
Gibson, W. Causier, H. Lamsdale, A. Shewell, J. Green-
wood, J. MitchelL J. Edwards ; Revs. W. R. Churton,
E. J. Bengough, £L. Sherrard ; Messrs. Hackwood, Bodeo,
Smith, Moore ; Dr. Hitch ; Messrs. J. P. Sai^eaunt, J.
Morgan ; and Rev. W. Widters, Secretary.
York.— Rev. H. V. Palmer, Chairman; W. North,
Esq., M.R.C.S.; Mr. W. Tomlinson. F.B,A.S.; Bjbv.
Q. Rowe, M.A. ; A. Ball, Esq., M.R.C.8. ; F. Needham,
Esq., M.D. ; and Mr. C. Cumberland, Secretary,
ToBKSHiBB Union, — * Acomb^ near York. — The Rei^
L Spencer, M.A., Messrs. P. Hague, G. Culleo, aiKl T-
Copley, Secretary. * JShdeehill.'-^eua. B. Taylor, S-
Smith, and B. Baxter, Secretary, Eeton Mimee {MiddUr-
trough), — Revs. T. Irvin and tf. Greenwood ; Messrs. A.
Keith and W. Spenoer, Secretary, Fareley, near Leede.-^
J. Cockshott, Esq., Chairman ; Messn. J. R. Hainsvorth,
J. Rose, T, Jackson, A. Keighley, W. Burfield, J. Horn,
W. France, J. Wslker, B. Andrews, J. Sunderland, P.
Mar&all, and D. Hahisworth, Secretary, Hebden Bridjfc.
—Rev. H. Thomas, M.A., Mr. W. Pktman, and Rev.
W. Baldwin, M.A., Secretary. Hun8Ut(Leedt).'^'hiesBS,
C. F. O. Glassford, W. Child, and W. Cox, Sxretary.
Idle, near Zseii.— Reva. S. Dyson and W. Hart; W.
aarke, Esq., Mr. J. Hall, Seerkary, « Keighley.^UBm9,
J. SummeiBcalea, W. Naylor, and C. D. Hardcastle, iSecn-
tary. Mareke, near Bedcar, — Bev. E. A. Lane, Ckairmem;
Messrs. W. H. Walker, T. Marley, Middleton, and J.
Elstob, Secretary. 3fiddle9broughon'7ie$,—MT,E,Qiik»,
Rev. R. Bradl^, Rev. A. C. Smith, Messrs. J. Jordison,
E. Groves, I. Wilson, J. T. Wilson, G. T. Boddington, H.
T. Craggs, and W. Taylor, Secretary. Scarborough, —
Rev. B. Evans, D.D., Chairman ; 8. Bailey, Eeq., Rev. &
Balgamie ; Henry Walker, Esq. ; Measn, R. Huie, Jan.,
W. Rowntree, J. D. Hall, and W. B. Richardson; Revs.
R. M. Taylor, M.A., C. Shebbear, M.A., C. Johnstone,
M.A., and T. N. Jaokaon, M.A. ; Messrs. J. Richardson, B.
Tumbull ; Messrs. T. Shields and J. Ejdmond, Secrtiariee.
*Slaidbum ( OZteAerw).— Rev. J. EUerbeck, Mr. T. D.
Jackson, and Rev. D. Jones, Secretary, StockebriebM
{Sheffidd).'-Ueem, W. MUnes and J. Milnes; Bov. H.
Rob^tshaw, Secretary. QVitrek. — J. Rider, Esq.; Rev.
E. Jowett ; Messrs. Ashman, Nicholson, Doncan, Haidisty,
Fisher, Soott, Alderwksk, Davidson, and J. G. Bakiar,
Secretary. Wileden (near Braefford).-^^ . Claphara, Eeq.,
Ohairmm: Mesars. F. Butt«rfield, A. Amlder, and T.
Wadiwortli; Bev. 3. Pamaby ; Mr. O. Fdtty, Sterttaru*
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Makoh 25, 1864.
808
INSTITUTION OF NAVAL AB0HITKCT8.
The annual meeUng was held at the House of the
ScMde^ of Arts, oommenciog on the 17th inst. The pro-
ceeding! opened by the annual report of the Council being
retd bj the SeoreUiy.
Sir JoHV P^KixaTOir, the Preeident, then addressed the
meeting. After some congratulatory remarks on the
sailsfaciory character of the report and progress of the
inttitntion, the right hon. baronet paid a deserved oom-
pHnent to the foresi^t of the gentlemen who chiefly
a«isted in the foundation of the Society at a time when
the introduction of a new class of ships was changing the
adeoce of naval architecture to its veiy foundations. The
president then adverted to the important PAper read last
▼ear by Mr. Scott Russell, on the re-estaoltshment of a
cd&ool of Naval Architecture, especially contrasting the
advantage possessed by Frenchmen over the English
Bftodent of this subject, so important to a maritime country.
Sir John went on to describe the communications which
had pasMd on the subject between himself and the Lords
of the Admiralty, and spoke with great satisfaction of the
oomparative certaintv which now existed of the establish-
ment of a School of Naval Architecture, in which the con-
structors of the Royal Navy and mercantile marine should
be fetrly represented, both in the direction of the institution,
and in the benefits to be derived from it, while the general
presidency of the school would remain, as it ouffht, with
that department of the State which (as the chief ship-
builder of this maritime country) all must acknowledge
as the most fit and proper to take the control and to
exercise power and superintendence in an institution of
this kind. The president had been requested to put a
question to the government in the House of Commons on
the subject, but aftrr he had given notice of it, he received
a most satisfiu3toiy letter from the Committee of Council on
Education which rendered it unnecessary to put the ques-
tion. In compliance with the request contained in it, the
Council had re-appointed the gentlemen who formed the
committee on thte subject last vear, to enter into commu-
nication with Vt. Woolley and Captain Donnelly. The
next question allnded to was that of the building of iron-
clad vessels of war. The right hon. gentleman took the
opportunity of emphatically contradicting certain state-
ments whk^h bad been imputed to him, to the effect that
he had boasted of the Warrior on the express ground that
that ship was imperfectly and partially plated. He thought
no one would give him credit for being so absurd as to
sappose that ships completely plated were not preferable
to vessels iroperMctly protected. But he pointed out that
at tlie time ihe Warrior was laid down there was no cer-
tainty that a seaworthy vessel could be constructed with
complete plating ftom stem to stem, and in so novel,
antnena, and costly an experiment, the designers had not
ventured to risk the snocess of the trial by loading her
stem and stem with heavy armour. But while there
was no certainty that this could be done, the r^t hon.
bsronet had never ventured to prophecy tiiat no com-
pletely plated ships oonld ever be constructed. His im-
pfenon still was, however, that this is a very doubtful
pnUem, and he was disMed, even at this moment, to
liUnk it likely that the mtimate sdution of the problem
wooiid be thai ships might be plated throughout, but that
the plating of the stem and stem would probaUy be of a
lighter character than that of the central parts of the
sliip. Sir John Pakington then gave a most emphatic
dlsekumer of having ever spoken witli any intentional
slight of his friend Mr. Reed. If there were any slight
wbatafver to that genileman, it was due to the accidental
o&ffenmstaooe that Sh John did not allude to him at all.
The rig^t hon. baronet added a compliment to the
mseni Board of Admiralty on the couiage which they
had ibown in not (riuinking from experiment on account of
the risk of fidlare. The President then called attention
to soine reaolntioftB of the Council psssed with a
view to legnkte the businesi of the meeting in noh a
manner as to ensble ^e great number of papers com*
municited to it to be satis&etorily read and discussed in
the limited time at its disposal, and ended b^ moving the
re-appointment of the officers of ^e institution.
The motion was put and carried unanimously.
Then followed the reading and discusnon of the papers.
Abstracts of some of these will appear in a ihture number
of the Journal, At present the abstract of one of them only
is given, the subject having occupied so prominent a place
in the President's address, and being one of special
interest, owing to the proposal on the part of the Qovem-
ment to establish a School of Naval Architecture.
On the Eduoation or Naval ABOBiTxcrrs. Br thx
Bav. Joseph Woollby, LL.D., YioB-PBismuiT..
After giving a brief account of the early history of the
first application of scientific education in this country to
the art of naval construction, from the time of ** Master
Phineas Pett,** in the beginning of the 17th century, and
oalline attention to the marked superiority of vessels of
French build over those of English oonstraction, due to
the superior csre taken by the French Qovemment to
employ the highest scientific skill in the construction of
these great works of art— quoting the statements of Mr.
Crease, in the "Encyclopedia Britannica,'* that this
superiority was so well recognised that vessels captured
from the French paned at once into the English navy,
while those of English build captured by the French were
thought too bad ror theirs. Dr. Woolley spoke strongly
of the ill effects which had resulted from the instincnve
heWng so long prevalent in this country against the ap-
^ication of theoretical knowledge to practical oonstmction.
He then proceeded to give a brief account of the two
Schools of Naval Architecture, one of which had been estab-
lished hi 1811, and abolished in 1882, and the other estab-
lished in 1848, and broken up in 185S. Discouraged and
eventually destroyed by the dislike and suspicion of the
uneducated members of the profassion, these estaUishments
had turned out scholars whose thorough profossional
training and theore^cal knowledge had enablM them, in
spite ot every drawback, to take leading positions both in
tne yards of private builders and even in the public service,
among those very men whose jealousy had brought about
the discontinuance of the system which had produced
them. It was on the scholars from the eariier of these
sehools that the Admiralty had to depend in the re-con-
straction of the navy, consequent on the introduction of
steam ; and pupils of the later establishment were now
among the foremost in the buildioff of those iron-dad
vessels which now seemed our most reliable defence at sea.
Dr. Woolley mentioned that in the school of naval construc-
tion of 1848-58, of which he was the head, he attempted to
open the whole range of mathematical and theoretical
studies, so far as they could in any degree have a bearing on
the problems to be solved by the naval architect, and the
school was, to all intents and purposes, a school of naval
architecture. The study of the prsctical parts ot a ship-
builder's work was, of course, placed in other hands. Of
this he would only say that the opportunities obtainable in
Portsmouth dockyard were such as should have turned out
accomplished practical shipwrights — but Portsmouth and
all other dockyard towns were and still are wanting in one
great requisite — efficient practical instruction in physics,
chemistry, metallurgy, and the like, which require an
ample supply of expensive material for their illustration.
Dr. Woolley then reverted to the absolute necessity of
using the highest scientific skill in the constraction or our
ships. *' No doubt," he said, *• other thmgs being equal, the
courage and pluck of the British seaman may be relied
upon to ensure success, but since the application of
steam power to the propulsion of ships, and the
mechanical inventions of all kinds which have been intro-
duced, it is not, I think, too much to assert that the
country whidi in future naval wars shall possess ships on
the best models, with the best sea-going Qualities, the most
seomvly defended agahist attack, and the most powerAiL
804
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Maboh 26, 1864,
in the meant of ofiencei will poflsess adyantages which no
amoont of skill and courage will be able to countervail."
Dn WooUey then proceed^ to describe the kind of in-
stmction which the modem students of naval architecture
needed (o receive : — A thorough grasp of all those mathe-
matical and physical studies (many of them of a very
high order) which enter into the principles of the con-
struction and behaviour of vessels— not a superficial
acquaintance with rules and formlm, and a trick of apply-
ing for their own purpose the result of other men's work,
but a thorough comprehension and command of their sub-
ject, 80 that they might be able to think independently
upon it, and make this thought take a practical form in
their designs. On the other hand, it was no lees indispen-
sable that they should have a thoroughly practical training
in the actual work of a dockyard, so as not only to gain a
complete knowledge of the nature and use of the tools
employed, but also that they should learn how work
should be begun and carried on, so that they might both
direct others how to set about it properly, and might know
what m»y and what may not be expected from Uiose em-
pl^ed under their superintendence. They must also be
skilful draughtsmen and expert calculators. Dr. Wool-
ley pointed out that by the plan proposed, of pursuing the
theoretical studies during the winter in London, and then
giving the scholan some months of unbroken practical
work in the dockyard in the summer, when the hours of
daylight and of work were longest, and the season of
the year most fitted for out-door labour, they would
have really better opportunities of learning practical
shipbilding, and would be more useful in the yai^ than
by the daily alternation of labour and study fol-
lowed in the former School of Navid Construction.
For all the theoretical part of this instruction Dr. Woolley
remarked that there was no place in this countty where it
could be obtained so readily and so cheaply as in London.
In no other town were there such facilities for attending
lectures on physics, frequently needing expensive materials
for their illustration — nowhere else was it possible, at any
reasonable cost, to secure the services of the ablest men
of the day as lecturers and teachers. In Dr. Woolley *s
opinion these considerations were conclusive in favour of a
metropolitan school, to say nothing of the accidental ad-
vantajg^e of breaking the monotony of a dockyard life—
bringing the student into an atmosphere charged with
8cience,whera he would be surrounded on all sides by objects
which appealed to his sense of the beautiful,wherehemiglit
spend his leisure moments among the models of former
patented inventions, and make himself acquainted readily
and in the most effective manner with their several con-
trivances and uses, where he might almost unconsciously
imbibe the best practical lessons in machinery, and the
adaptation of simple mechanical means to desired ends.
SOUTH LONDON WORKING CLASSES INDUS-
TRIAL EXHIBITION.
The distribution of prizes to the successful competitors
at this exhibition took place on Thursday evening the
17th of March. The chair was taken by Mr. Samuel
Morley, who opened the proceedings by calling on Mr.
Murphy, the secretary, to read the report. From this it
appears that the exhibition has been most successful, both
as to the number of exhibitors and tlie attendance.
During the nine days it was open it was visited by no
less than 30,000 persons, and the money taken at the
doors is said to have been more than sufficient to cover
the expenses. The entrance fees and the sale of a few
small articles have realised the sum of £288.
The Chaibmait congratulated the exhibitors on the
success the scheme had met with. He felt assured from
what he had seen that there was a large amount of latent
intelligence and genius among the masses of the popula-
tion, which only wanted bringing out by means like the
Pfo»«Jt. The temperance movement had a great deal to
do with the soooeiB of this exhibition, for the tioM whkk
the men had hitherto sprat in pubUchouaes was now
devoted to the designing and manufaotore of the osefiil
and artistic objects with which they were sonoaiided.
Numerous well-meant attempts had been made to focos
on the working classes schemes with which they conU
have no svmpathy, but the numerous articles exhibited,
and the Wge number of visitors plainly showed that
this was a matter into which the working meo threw
themselves heart and soul. He concluded by uigiiM; tiie
exhibitors to exert their influence on their frMods^ to
induce thf.m to join in similar occupations.
Mr. Washington Wilks, in referring to the veiy
gratifving experiment that had been made, said that the
self-elevation of working people was promoted by the
useful or thoughtful employment of their qwre time.
Habitual work did not require much thought, and it wu
only when a man employed himself at some oocupatioo
to which he was totally unaccustomed that his mind
became expanded. The articles exhibited were not all
first-rate, but they had not been made with the idea of
being exhibited or rewarded. Now that the idea wis
fairly started he expected that when the men knew that
the artidei they made would be submitted to the scniti-
nizing gaze of the public, and to the competition of their
fellow labourers, they would take infinitely more paini ia
perfecting them.
The Cliairman proceeded to distribute the prises
which consisted of chromo-lithographs, framed and
glazed, inscribed with the name of the exhibitor, and
giving a short description of the articles for which the
award had been given. They were divided into four
classes of merit — first-class, second-class, Mghly com-
mended, and commended. When the whole had been
distiibuted the chairman said he had the satisiactioo of
informing them that their good example had already
been followed, for the working men of the east end of
Londou had commenced a similar industrial exhibition.
The proceedings concluded by the presentation of an
address from the exhibitors to Mr. Murphy, the secretary.
It was written by James Durrant, a tinplate-worker.
During the evening a large chamber organ, the work of
Charles Meachim, a journeyman carpenter, performed a
number of popular airs.
RESULTS OF POSTAL REFORM.
As Sir Rowland Hill has just retired ftom his duties as
Secretary of the Poet Office, it would appear to beafit^
time to call attention to the results of those reforms which
he was so active in introducing, and the more important
organic improvements which he effected, as follows :—
A very large reduction in the rates of postage on all oofres-
pondenoe, whether inland, foreign, or colonial. As instanoss
m pohit, it may be stated that letters are now conveyed
ih)m any part of the United Kingdom to any other part-
even trom the Channel Islands to the Shetland lalea— at
one- fourth of the charge previously levied on letters passing
between post towns only a few miles apart ;* and thai the
rate formerly charged for this slight distance— viz., Ibor-
pence — now suffices to cany a letter fh>m any part of the
United Kingdom to any part of France, Algeria indnded.
The adoption of charge by weight, which, bv aboliahh^
the charge for mere enclosures, in effect lai^gefy extended
the reduction of rates.
Arrangements which have led to the almost univeffnl
resort to prepayment of correspondence, and that by means
of stamps.
The simplification of the mechanism and aooounts of
the department generally, by the above and other uu
• When Sir Rowland HilVt plan was pebUrfied the iewoft
general pott rate was fbarpeoee. bat while the pUa was voder
the consideration of Qovernment the rate betwaeo post
towns not more than eight milee asonder was Rdoeed mm
fourpenoe to twopence.
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, Miboh 26, 1864.
305
The eiUbliahmeni of the book-pott (incliidiDg in its
opecition all priotad and much MS. matter), at veiy low
nUea« and its modified exteosion to our coloniei, and to
many foreign coontries.
Increaaed aecnrHj in the transmission of valoable letters
afifbrded, and temptation to the letter-carriers and others
greatlf diminished, by redocing the registration fee from
Is- to 4d., by making registration of letters containing
coin oompolsory, and by other means.
A reduction to about one-third in the cost — including
poatag©— of money orders ; combined with a great exten-
sion and improvement of the system.
More fteqoent and more rapid communication between
the metropoKs and the larger provincial towns; as aUo
beMeen one provincial town and another.
A vast extension of the rural distribution — many
thotnands of places, and probably some millions of inhabi-
tanta, having, for the first time, been included within the
poetel B3rstem.
A great extension of free deliveries. Before the adop-
tion of penny postage many considerable towns, and por-
tions of nearly all the larger towns, had either no delivery
at all, or deliveries on condition of an extra charge.
Greatly increased facilities afforded for the transmission
of foreign and colonial correspondence; by improved
treaties with foreign countries, by a better arrangement ot
the packet service, by sorting on board, and other means.
A more prompt despatch of letters when posted, and a
more prompt delivery on arrival.
The division of London and its subnibs into ten postal
districts — by which, and other measures, communication
within the twelve miles circle has been greatly facilitated,
and the most important delivery of the day has, generally
speaking, been accelerated as much as two hours.
Concurrently with these improvements, the condition
of the employes has been materially improved; their
labours, especially on Sunday, having been very generally
reduced, their salaries increased, their chances of promo-
tion augmented, and other important advantage afforded
them.
Sir Rowland Hill's pamphlet on *' Post-Office Reform "
waa written in the year 18S6. During the preceding
twenty yeara— via., from 1815 to 1835, mclusive— there
was no increase what ever in the Post Office reveuue,whether
gross or net; and, therefore, in all probability, none in the
number of letters : and though there was a slight increase
in the revenue, and donbtlMs in the number of letters,
between 1885 and the establishment of peony postage,
early in 1840— an increase chiefly due to the adoption of
pari of Sir R. Hiira plan, viz., the esUblishment of
day mails to and from London — ^yet, during the whole
period of twenty-four years immediately preceding the
adoption of peony postage, the revenue, whether gross
or net, and the number of letters, were, in effect, sta-
tionary.
Contrast with this the rate of increase under the new
system which has been in operation during a period of
aboal equal length. In the first year of penny postage the
letters more than doubled ; and though since then the in-
crease has, of course, been less rapid, yet it has been so
steady that, notwithstanding the vicissitudes of trade,
evety year, without exception, has shown a considerable
advance on the preceding year, and the first year's number
is now nearly quadrupled. As regards revenue, there was,
of cooraa, a kige foiling off — about a million in gross, and
stUl move in net revenue. Since then, however, the
rerenoe, whether gross or net, has rapidly advanced, till
now H even exceeds its former amocmt ; the rate of in-
creaee. both of letters and revenue, still remaining un-
dtmtoished.
In ahort, a comparison of the year 1863 with 1838 (the
last complete year under the old system) shows that the
uum bci of ehjogeable letters has risen from 76 millions to
S4S mflliont; and that the revenue, at first so much im-
I, hat not only recovered its original amount, but I
risen, the gross from £2,846,000 to about £8,870,000, and
the net from £1,660,000 to about £1,790,000 *
The expectations held out by Sir R. Hill before the
change were, that eventually, under the operation of his
plans, the number of letters would increase fivefold, the
gross revenue would be the same as before, while the net
revenue would sustain a loss of about £300,000. The
preceding statement shows that the letters have increased,
not fiveiold, but nearly eight and a half fold ; that the
gross revenue, instead of remaining the same, has increased
by about £1,500,000; while the net revenue, instead of
falling £300,000, has risen more than £100,000.
While the revenue of the Post Office has thus more
than recovered its former amount, the indirect benefit to
the general revenue of the country arising from the
greatly increased facilities afforded to commercial transac-
tions, though incapable of exact estimate, most be very
large. Perhaps it is not too much to assume that, all
things considered, the vast benefit of cheap, rapid, and
extended postal communication has been obtained, even
as regards the past, without fiscal loss. For the future
there must be a large ever-increasing gain.
The indirect benefit referred to above is partly mani-
fested in the development of the Money Oitier system ;
under which, since the year 1839, the annual amount
transmitted has risen from £313,000 to £16,494,000;
that is, 52 fold.
An Important collateral benefit of the new system is to
be found in the cessation of that contraband conveyance
which once prevailed so much that habitual breach of the
postal law had become a thing of course.
It may be added that the organisation thus so greatly
improved and extended for postal purposes stands avail-
able for other objects ; and passing over minor matters,
has already been applied with great advantage to the new
system of Savings Banks.
Lastly, the improvements bnefiy referred to above,
with all their commercial, educational, and social benefits,
have now been adopted, in greater or less degree — and
that through the mere force of example— by the whole
civilized world.
Steam Boiler Explosions. — The chief engineer's report
to the Manchester Association, for the months of January
and Febiiiary, says that the ordinary viidts of inspection
have been made, 2 boilers tested by hydraulic pressure,
and 307 defects discovered in the boilers examined, 10
of which were dangerous. A blister, measuring 24 inches
by 12 inches*, and three- sixteenths of an inch in thickness,
was met with inside an intemally-fired boiler, 8 feet in
diameter, and working at a pressure of 451bs. on the square
inch. In two boilers, though only eighteen months old,
the plates, which had been seven-sixteenths of an inch
thick originally, were found to be eaten half through,
while the rivet heads also were attacked. The feed water
used was drawn from a well. In another boiler, which
was of Lancashire construction, and fed from the Rochdale
canal, the furnace crowns presenled a spongy appearance,
and channelling had set in at the transverse seams, which
is unusual in internal flue tubes ; also the rivet heads and
angle irons were attacked. Internal corrosion had been
successfully arrested, in many cases, by the use of carbonate
of soda, introduced in small and frequent quantities with
the feed water. Two waggon boilers were found to be so
corroded along the brickwork sealing that holes could be
* In thi< eompariioa of revenoe, the mode of calculatioa in
Qfe before the adoption of penny postage has of course been
retained — that is to lay, the cost of the packets on the one
hand, and the prodace of the impressed newspaper stamps on
the other, have been excluded. The amounts for 1863 are, to
some extent, estimated, the accounts not having as yet been
folly made op.
806
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Makoh 25, 1864.
scraped through the plates. Two Lancashire boilers, set
upon side walk, were found to be seriously corroded at the
seating, in consequence of water, arising from the discharge
of the safety^ valves, &c., being allowed to fall upon them.
Two other instances occurred to Lancashire boilers, in con-
sequence of their being set upon mid-feather walls. Four
cases of external corrosion occurred at the bottom of the
shells of internally-fired tubular boilers, on account of the
unequal expansion of the metal, consequent on the imper-
fect circulation of the water. The constant straining
induced by this unequal expansion had produced leakage
at the transverse seams, and thus oorroled the plates.
In such cases caulking is of little use. The only radical
cure is to maintain the whole of the shell at an equal tem-
perature, and this, in many cases, has been found to be
sufficiently accomplished by carrying a return flue under
the bottom of the boiler. Two other cases arose from
leakageatthetubeends of multitubular boilers, from which
the pUtes at the bottom of the combustion chambers were
nearly eaten through. Some instances of pressure gauges
out of order, and giving wrong Indications, were met with.
From the commencement of the present year up to Feb-
ruary 19th. six explosions had occurred, from which
twenty-five lives had been lost, and many persons injured.
Not one of the boilers in question was under the charge of
the Association. In one instance the feed pipe was found,
upon examination, to have become choked with ice. This
cut off the supply to the boiler, and it consequentlv ex-
ploded from shortness of water. In another case the iwiler
was 6 years old, the length being3lft. 8in., its diameter
7ft., and the original thickness of the plates from three-
eighths to seven-sixteenths of an inch, but considerable
corrosion was proved to have taken place. In a third in-
stance the water in the pipes had frozen, and thus the out-
lets became choked, and the steam pressure bottle«l up, so
that on the fire being maintained for a sufficient time ex-
plosion became inevitable from accumulated pressure.
Every boiler employed for heating and ventilating public
buildings, as well as those for household purposes, should
be fitted with an efficient mechanical safety valve, which
would remain unaffected by changes of temperature. The
importance of this with regard to domestic boilers is too
apt to be overlooked.
€mmxtt
Pattbbn Post to Malta, Qibraltab, Albxakdbia,
Oairo, Suez, and Comstamtinople. — On the let April
next, and thenceforward, patterns of merchandise, similar
to those already transmissible by post between any places
in the United Kingdom, at reduced rates, may be trans-
mitted by po^t l)etween England and Malta, Gibialtar,
Alexandria, Cairo, and Suez, by packet, rid Southampton,
at the following rates of postage, which must in all cases
l)e pre-paid by postage stamps, viz. i—Not exceeding
4oz9.,3d. ; above 4 ozs. and not exceeding } lb.,6d. ;
above } lb. and not exceeding 1 lb., Is.; above I lb. and
not exceeding 1} lb.. Is. 6d. ; above lA lb. and not exceed-
ing 2 lbs., 2s. ; every additional } lb., 6d. Similar arrange-
ments have been made between England and Constanti-
nople, vid B'rance, the rates of postage being as follows : —
Not exceeding 4 ozs., 4d. ; above 4 ozs. and not exceeding
J lb., 8d. ; above J lb. and not exceeding 1 lb., Is. 4d. ;
above 1 lb. and not exceeding 1} lb, 2s. ; above 1^ lb. and
not exceeding 2 lbs., 28. 8d. ; for every additional | lb., 8d.
Canals in Amebioa.—A New York paper states that
the estimated cost of the ship canal aronnd Niagara Falls
is five millions and a-half dollars. It is proposed to build
it with locks 300 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 10 feet deep.
In addition to this, three millions and a-half dollars will
be asked for the Oswego and Erie canals, and four nullions
for a canal from the St. Lawrence over to Albany, vid
Lake Champlain, and thirteen million dollars for an
enlargement of the Illinois canal from Keokuk to Chicago,
so that vessels of 600 tons burthen can pass.
Cotton Cultivation in Italt. — A letter fixHn Turio.
in a Marseilles paper, says that the exhibition of Italian
cotton, recently opened at the museum of that city,
deserves to be pointed out to all friends of economic pro-
gress in Italy. Notwithstanding the short time which the
minister of agriculture and commerce and the oommis-
sionera appointed by it had to organise this exhibition,
the results obtained show in the most convincmg maimer
that this valuable production needs not henceforward to be
wanting in Italy. The number of exhibitors amoonts
to 208, divided over 38 provinces, and repreaenUng
113 communes extending from Como, and Brescia,
as far as the most distant ones in Sicily. Each lot of
cotton is accompanied by an explanatory note showing the
name and address of the exhibitor, the name of the com-
mune and of the province, the nature of the soil, the mode
of cultivation, and the agricultural implements made
use of.
Petroleum. — The I'eport of the Commissioners ap-
pointed by the Navy Department of New York, con-
sisting of three chief engineers, who have made careful
experiments for five months, as to the practicalnlity
of usin^ petroleum or hydrocarbon oils for the purpose of
feneratmg steam, has been issued, and proves satisfactory,
t is alleged that its use will be a great saving, not only
fbr merchant steamers, but that a naval steamer nsiDg it
can keep the sea under steam three times as long with
less labour and greater economy as compared wHh an
eqnal weight of coal.
Folding Boat. — A partial trial was recently made at
Portsmouth dockyard of a folding boat, intended by the
inventor for use with troop or emigrant ships. The boat
is flat-bottomed, with pointed ends, and will carry fi%-
people at a very light draught of water. In receiving
passengers from any ship under circumstances of abandon-
ment at sea, it would be required to be heavily weighted
in addition to its human freight, in order to make it
safe. Its principal merits appear to be the very small
space a number of boats would occupy when folded up,
and stowed away on board ship, and the large amount of
boat accomodation which would thus be available in the
event of dissster.
Silk. — The exports from China are falling" off; from
the great seat of export, Shanghai, only 39,245 bales were
shipped last year against 84,983 bales in 1862.
Paper. — The supplies of foreign paper are largely on
the increase since the abolition of the duty — 133,401 cwt.,
valued at £288,761, were received last year, against
61,106 cwt. of the value of £96,660 in 1861. BYaooe
last year supplied us paper of the value of £49,609, and
Belgium 159,000. The import of rags for paper-making
last year was 45,448 tons, or nearly double the amount of
the previous year's imports, besides the enormous quantitie s
of Esparto fibre, tow, and waste of flax, jute cuttings, and
other substances, brought in for the use of the paper-
maker.
An Eb^HiBiTiOK of manufactures and arts has been held
at Lahore, and with great succcess.
An Act for the prevention of the Adulteration of Cotton
in the Bombay Presidency came into operation on the
1st of February.
The Exports from France during the month of Jamuuy
last exceeded those of the preceding January by upwards
of 34,000,000f., of which a great part was supplied by the
manufacturers of Paris and the neighbourhood. The
diminution in the exports to the United States ia mors
than compensated for by the increased deniand fVom almost
every other country. Great activity prevails throughout
the ironworks, manufactories, and workshops of Paris.
Woollen Trade in FnANcs. — Since raw cotton has
attained so high a price, and the import duty on wool has
been reduced, but particularly since the commercial treaty
with England and other countries has opened new n^arkets
for French industry, the woollen trade has greatly in-
creased in France. In 1861 France exported ODly
188,000,003f.>worth of woollen cloths. The exportatioD
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, March 25, 1864.
307
TOM to 221,500,000f. in 1862, and last year the woollen
doths exported amounted in value to 283,000,000f., being
an increase of 61,500,000f. over the year 1862, and of
96.000,000f. over 1861. Of 241,000,000 kilogrammes of
wool impcnied into France last year, England supplied
17,349,604 kilogrammes; Rio de la Plato, 8,289,690;
Turkey, 8,831,671; Germany, 5,703,459; Belgium,
3.648,282; Spain, 1,727,705; Algeria, 5,143.476; the
Coast of Barbary, 8,454,101 kilogrammes. The export of
wodUen &bric8 continoes to increase. It amounted in the
month of Janoaiy last to 22.300,000f., against 17,300,000f.
in January, 1863.
Thk Tbadb AMD Navioation Acooomts for January
laat show that during the month 2,924 vessels, with a
ionnage of 725,975 tons, entered our ports, and 2,762,
with a tonnage of 769,210, cleared outwards. The
tooBige in the corresponding month of 1863 was, inwards,
689,084, and outwards, 694,274. There were exported
568,851 tons of ooal, valued at £270,160; cotton yam,
4,748,064ft, value £630,211 ; cotton manufactures to the
value of £293,314. The imports of cotton were 81,639
cwta. ; tea, 7,694,539]b. ; sugar (unrefined), 553,145 cwta.
€;Olatdtt,
Thc Bun IK THE Wbkat, at one time considered to
be confined to the coast territory (in New South Wales),
hat made its appearance inward. The exact cause of the
blight is still a mystery, but the upper lands are more
free from it than the lower. It has been almost universal
along the coast.
New South Wales. — The estimates of the probable
expenditure have been lately laid upon the table of the
Assembly. The amount required for the year 1864, to
defray the expenses of the Schedules, the Executive and
Legislative, and the other departments of the Government,
is £1,584,957; for special appropriations, £341,500—
total, £1,926,457. Under the head of loans, the sum re-
quired is, £451,127, £234,827 of which amount is to cover
excess ou votes taken in the years 1855 and 1857, 1858,
and 1860, tor the extension of the northern, southern, and
western iMlways to Singleton, Pioton, and Penrith. The
balance to be raised by loans is for harbour and naviea-
tioo, roads and bridges, public works, and electric tde-
graphs.
Stdhet Fees Teade and Dibeot Taxation League.
— An association under the above title is in progress of
formation in Sidney, by several intelligent mechanics.
At an early date their pnnciples of action will be laid be-
fore the public, and lectm'es upon free trade, as opposed to
protection of native industry, will be delivered in Sydney,
and ultimately in other parts of the colony.
Sydney. — Bab Ibon. — A quantity of bar iron, the finest
of the Fitzroy Iron Works, at Mi'ttogong, has arrived in
Sydney.
Indubteial League in Sydney. — A meeting, called
by the secretaries of the League for the Promotion of
Colonial Industry, was held in December last, in the
Masonic Hall, for the purpose of expressing approval of
the proposed new tariff recently submitted to Parliament.
There was a numerous assemblage.
ExPLOBATioN IN New ZEALAND. — A discovciy has just
|>een made in the middle island of New Zealand which
is likely to be of considerable value in aiding the develop-
ment of the resources of the Otago. Everything that
tends to facilitate communication between the principal
places of settlement must be regarded as a gain to
the community, and though existing interests may suffer
ior a while by the diversion of traffic in the opening up of
new routes, the result, in the long run, must prove bene-
ficial. Dunedin, Invercargill, and Uiverton have hitherto
been the rival ports which sought to obtain the trade of
the lake district, this being the most important part of
tb0 trade, inasmuch as it includes the gold brought down
from the gold fields. If the discovery ivhich Dr. Hector
has made should be verified by subsequent researches, it
will be found that the gate to these gold fields will bo no
longer by the ports just named, but that they may be
reached with greater facility from the west coast. Ou
some of the maps of the middle island the course of a
river is traced from the lakes to the sea in the neighbour*
hood of Milfurd Haven. A native track is marked whicli
had been, no doubt, used at some time or other by the few
natives who still linger about the west coast, or by theii*
forefathers. There is good i*eason to believe that this
river andlhis track have been now traversed by Dr. Hector,
but be this as it may, there is no doubt that the auriferous
lands on the borders of Otago and Canterbury, and along
the line of lakes that extend thence southwardly by west,
can be readily approached from the west coast. If tliis be
so it is more thaii probable that a rival port will sprmg up
either in Milford Haven or Martin's Bay, at the mouth of
the river, which the explorer has named Kadaku, or on
the lake, to which he has given the appellation of Kakapo.
Such a port would be within three or four days' steaming
from Melbourne, and in a track less subject to violent
winds than the course through Foveaux Straits. Some
time since Dr. Hector sailed from Port Chalmers in a
small coaster, accompanied by a little band of explorers,
to examine the west coast. It has long been supposed
that one or other of the little known and seldom visited
inlets of that unpeopled coast, if not a river, at least a prac-
ticable track would be found to the gold fields' of the lake
district. On his return from his explorations on the
northern border of the province, this gentleman was
chained with the attempt to discover whether such a
means of access did really exist. According to advices
recently received his efforts have been crowned with unex-
pected success.
Wool Tbade in New South Wales. — It is well-known
that the high rate of freight renders it necessary to com-
press the btles into a much smaller snace than is poEsible on
a station. Formerly this was done by manual labour, the
wool being stored in tents, and there being consequently
delay and frequently injury. A leading firm at Sydney
have recently erected stores capable of holding 5,000
bales, with five hydraulio presses, each working to a
pressure of 200 tons, driven by a steam engine of about
10- horse power, and capable of turning out 500 bales a
day in each store. The wool, after being pressed, is
simply rolled and hoisted on board at once, by steam
power, as in most instances the veoels go alongside the
quay, but, should it be necessaiy, there are two lighters
with steam lifting apparatus to take it out into the stream.
These stores are each capable of pressing for six ships,
and employ upwards of a hundred men.
Areowboot in New South Wales. — A Sydney paper
states that a very superior sample of arrowroot has been
grown at Tomago on the Hunter. It appears that it
has been manufactured in small quantities for the last
four years. It was awarded the prize at the late jMaitland
Agricultural Show. This season between three and four
hundred weight have been soM, some of which has been
sent a considerable distance into the interior. Next
season the growers expect to have a considerable quantity
for the market, as they have now between eight and
nine hundr^ plants. There seems to be eveiy probability,
from the improved machiiierj' in use and other causes,
that this article, which is at' present largely imported,
will, before long, l^ome an export of the colony.
Co-operative Societies in Queensland. — Co-operative
societies continue to prosper in this colony, and promise
to become great social institutions thei-e. One has
lately been formed under the name of the Queensland
Co-operative Cotton Growing and Manufacturing Com-
pany. It lias lieen sUrted under very favourable
auspices, and already the company has purchased 640
acres of land. The Lancashire Co-operative Cotton
Company have as yet faithfully carried out the promises
made to the portion of the public that assisted them ;
310
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Maroh 25, 18M.
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL BPINTED PAPERS.
Par.
Numb.
19. RailwajUMi Canal, &c., BUla (43. Bromlej Rallwaj; Book-
flwUelgti, TotJiea, and Sonth DeTonRidlwayi; 82. Hammer-
■mith and Wimbledon Railway; S3. Haylinc RaihraTi;
Tleltton and Pennm Railway ; 84. Henlej in Arden Railwi^;
t5. Hereford, Haj, and Brecon Railwaj; 89. Holjwell
Railway; 87. I«le of Pnrbeck Railway; 88. Kent Coast
Railway; 89. Kew, Tnmham Green, and Hammenmith
Railway; 90. Kinnton, Tooting, and London Rallwi^;
Kington and EardiBley Railwv! Knightabridge Railw^;
91. Knotaford and Warrineton Railway; 92. Lancaduve
andTorkihire Railway (Additional Powen), (Blafdcbnm,
&o., Linea); 98. Lanoaahire Union Railwaj ( 94. Laadi,
Bradford, and Haliflix Junction Railway (Noa. 1 aal s) ; 9S.
Lirerpool Central Station Railway; 96. LlaneUy Railway
and Dock (No. 1) (Capital), (No. 2) (NewLlne); 97.
Llanidloei and Newtown Railway ; 98. L<>ndon and Sooth
Weitem Railway (Chertaey Extenalon); 99. London aal
South Weatern Railway (Kenaington, Ac); 100. L<»dan
and South Western Railway (North Devon Extenilon) ; 101.
London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway (Kemp Town
Stations and Lines), (Ouse VaUey Line), (Tunbrldge WeUa
and Eastbourne Line); 102. Macclesfield and KnutsAeld
Railway; Macclesfield, Bollington, and Marple Railway;
103. Maidstone and Ashford Railway; 104. Manchester,
Sheffleld, and Lincolnshire Railway; 105. Market Har-
borough and East Norton RaUw^; Market Harborough and
Melton Mowbray Railway ; Marple, New Mills, and Hay-
field Junction Railway; 106. Midland Railway (Bath and
Thombury), (Chesterfield to Sheffield), (New Lines, Ac);
107. Mistley. Thorpe, and Walton Railw^; Monkland
Railways; 110. Newcastle under Lyme Canal and North
Staffordshire Railway; Newquay and Cornwall Junction
Railway; 111. Newry and Greenore Railway; 112. North
and South Junction Railway; 113. North and South Western
Junction Railway; 114. North British Railway (Abbey
Holme and Leegate Branch), (Carlisle Citadel Station
Branch), (Perth Branch); 115. North Durham Railway;
116. North Eastern, Lancashire and Tcrkshlre, and West
Yorkshire RaUway; 117. North Staflbrdshire Railway (New
Works), (SilTerdale, Madeley, and Drayton); 118. North
Western Railway; Okehampton Railway ; 119. Oswestry and
Newtown and other Railways (Amalganuitlon, Ac); 120.
Ofwestryand Newtown, London and North Western, and
other Railways) —Board of Trade Reporta.
79. East India (Education )— Copy of Despatch.
20. Bill—InaolTent Debtors.
Ddicertd on 2nd Mareh^ 1864.
34. Naval Receipt and Expenditure -AooooBt.
39. Mortgaged Benefices— Return.
86. Metropolitan ImproTements (Advances out of the Conaolidated
Fund )— Statements.
19. Railway and Canal, Ac Bills (163. Wood Qreen and Enfield
Railway; 164. Worcester, Dean Forest, and Monmouth
Railway; 166. Wrexham, Mold, and Coonah'sQuay Rail-
way; 166. Bangor and Llanberis Direct Railway; 167.
Bodmin, Wadebridge, and Cornwall Junction Railway ; 168.
Cowea and Newport Railway; 169. Crieff and Methven
Junction and Branch Railway; 170. Erith Tramwayi ; 1^1.
Flintshire Railway ; 172. Grand Western Canal and Bristol
and Exeter Railway ; 173. Halifiax and Orenden Junction
Railway)— Board of Trade Reports.
38. Bill— Bills of Exchange and Promisaoiy Notes (Irdand).
fattttfs.
From CmmitHmmv qf Patents JaunuO, Match isth,
GKAKTS of PBOnSIOHAL PBOTBOnOV.
Artificial marble, manufkcture of— 485— H. A. BonnerlUe.
Artificial stone— 490— F. Ransome.
Atmospheric engine— 513— L. E. Mouline.
Balloons, &c — 591 — R. A. Brooman.
Bricks, 4c, preparation of clay for— 579— A. V. Newton.
Buflbr»-512— J. Woodward.
Capillaiy filter, endless spouting— 472— J. P. Rlrler.
Casks, ftc— 551— S. Bourne.
Centrlf^igal machines— 528— F. P. Langenard.
Coal, Ac, production of oil, 4c., fh)m— 621— J. P. Raebnm.
Cotton, Ac, machinery for opening, »c- 520— W. Noton.
Cradles, Ac, inodorous apparatus appUoable to— 500— W. E. Qedce.
Cutters f« Aicing up wood— 533 - E. H. Bentall.
Drilling machines — 171— J. Buokton.
Dumb Jockeys for breaking horses— 599— S. BlaokweU.
Dyeing— 505— 8. Cooper and J. M. Worrall.
Dyeing, Ac, green colouring matters for— 474— H. Carter.
Dyeing looped cut pile fttbrics— 583— J. M. Worrall.
^brics, braided or plaited— 489— O. B. Braid and R. FumlTal.
*J5fo«» materials, apparatus for ginning, 4c— 587— C. BrakeU.
Jibrous materials, preparing, Ac— 478— E. Calrert and T. Edmestoo.
Fibrous matteia, dma&g o?Ul8-L. A. Lanlel.
Files, maauflsotnre of— 065— C. Jorten.
Filtering apparatua— 482— A. Prince.
Flre-arma, breedi loading— 492— E. 0. Shepard.
Flre-ariDu, breedi-loading— 623— O. Dariee.
Floor, i^paratna for manubotoring— 601 — W. B. Ctoige.
Fuel, oomp ro sse d - 479— J. Grantlxam.
Olovea— 539— S. Pritohett.
Grain, machinery for dxytng, 4c— 546— B. T. Hughes.
Green coioorlng matter— 649— R. A. Brooman.
Hay-m^dng machines— 555— T. Graoe.
Bides and skins, stretchingand dresdng— 693— W. Clark.
Hoop skirts— 476— W. E. Newton.
Iron, Ac, faging, rolHiig, Ac— lOi— T. W. Phm.
Iron for ironing 48 4 — E . Rolila.
Linen, 4c, mucUaginoos matters for dressing — 681 — ^L. A Laaid.
LocomotiTe and potable engines — 439 — ^B. £. Allen.
LooomoClTe engines— 559 — W . G. Beattie.
Locomotive englnea, 4c — 321 — H. A. Fleteher.
Looped M>rio»— 488— J. Thornton and J. Higtoo.
Malt liquors, fermentation of— 607— W. H. Mellar.
Manure fipom woollen rags, Ac— 697— J. T. W^.
MemonuMlnm book— 499— C. Hibberd.
Metal sheathing, yellow 491— P. H. Mnats.
Money tills— 527— G. (3aze.
Motire power, apparatus tar obtaizdnr— 636 — H. Bennbon.
Ovens, oonstmcuon o^-653 — F. Smith.
Perenasion pouch— 624— A. Y. Newton.
Ploughs— 477— J. H. Jirimson.
Pontoons for building structures in water— 576 — J. Symea.
Railroad bars, 4c, machinery for rolling -610 — J. ReUnaon.
Railway breaka— 467— A. and F. laerable.
RaUway carriages, &c, aaoertainlng the weight in— 617— W. Bmagm.
Sliaking, riddling, 4c, mechanism for— 486 — T. Bradfovd.
Silk waste, machmery tot dreasing— 689— T.Greenwood and H. BaSkf,
81ag, treatment of— 476 — G. Parry.
Spc^ral Images, 4c, on a atage— 498— J. H. Pepper.
Steam boilers— 509— T. Rickett.
Steam boilers, heating the feed water of— 567 — A. Y. Newton.
Steam engines, rotary— 502 — ^W. Sontham.
Steam generate — 494 — H. BarwelL
Textile materials, 4c, roving, spinning, Ac— M8 — ^W. CcK.
Tin, Ac, obtaining impreadonson — 571 — W. E. Gedgc
TraveUlng baga, Ac— 493— E. Bingham.
Tubes, rods, Ac, manufooture of— 641— O. P. Harding.
Twin screw propellers — 514 — E. Humphrys.
YelTcts, <sc., colouring the cotton or back of— 496— J. P. WorraU.
Yelreta, 4o., manufiwture of— 611 — W. B. Newton.
YelTets, Ac, treatment of, previous to dydng black — 495—4. M.
Worrall and S. Cooper.
Walkinc stick handlea, Ac, bending wood for— 561— W. Dangerfle&L
Walls, 40. , sea and river embankment— 52t—B. P. BtodEsian and
J. S. Soott.
Waste steam, heating water by means of— 586— D. Brodit.
Watw prenure enginea— 573— W. Clark.
Weaver's harneas— 515 — ^E. T. Hughes.
Weights, break apparatus for raking, Ac— M7— W. B. Wanton.
Windlaases, Ac— 667— L. HiU.
Wool, machinery for deanfaig— 523— E. F. Pastor, Jon.
2322.
2323.
2337.
2338.
2345.
2346.
2347.
2361.
2364.
2350.
2357.
2370.
2374.
2377.
2378.
2379.
2382.
2392.
2410.
2456.
2468.
A. A. Downei.
G. Alcan.
J. Bond and J. Bond.
R. A. Brooman.
W. Glbb and J. HoUaad.
W. T. Eley.
A. ColBngndge.
W. Woofe.
W. G. Helsby.
Panim Ssalbd.
2409. P. Leslie
2433. J. W. Gnllmette.
2656. p. B. 0*NellL
2676. O. C. Evana.
2677. J. R. Johnaon.
2699. S. H. Parkes.
3034. T. Harrison.
3060. 8. Smith.
30i»3. T. Harrison.
I^wn Oommietionert qf Patents Journal, March a9n<2.
Paniras Sbalbo.
A. E. Ragon.
J. Sturgeon.
W. Clark.
W. Malam and W. Tiee.
L. J. J. Jean.
P. BourchanL
P. Cato.
J. H. Johnaon.
P. and J. LlewtlliA and
J. W. James.
T. Horsley.
C P. Button,
E. Blaoghter.
2490.
2520.
2673.
2681.
2731.
2747.
S.
159.
204.
J. W. Goondry.
W. J. Rideout.
J. W. Nottini^unB.
C. Sohiele.
J. A. Banal and U A
CoohexT.
R. T. Tall
J. W. NottfagnMlt w. B«
Poitletlnniln,* A. H. A
Durant.
H. Brockhuret and J. Svl-
livan.
H. A* TtoninfUla.
Patbmts ok which thb Stamp Dutt op £60 hib bu» Pin.
642. J. A. Phillips. }
662. F.Trachsel and T.Clayton.
705. M. J. F. Chappellier.
670. W. F. Henson.
664. J. Holden.
678. C. N. Kottula.
891. J. Lanoelott.
687. B. west.
693. T. Brooke.
701. N. Idoyd and J. O. DaitL
710. W. Andrews.
795. R. Ridley and J. RoCbacy.
843. W. E. Newton.
J-^*f "21 ^^ WHICH TBI Stamp Ddtt op £100 has huks PAin-
X!* i» ?•* •fl^- W*^«^ "«• T. S. AdsheMl and J. Hol-
791. W. Moxon, J. Clayton, and 807, H. and S. T. Dolby.
S. Feamley. ™-v
THE
mk td %xts,
AHD OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 1864.
[No. 593. Vol. XII.
Jlniwrnnttments bg i^t ^mntii.
Ordinary Mebtings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
April 6. — *' On the Principle of Imitation as Applied
to the Decorative Arts." By Thomas Purdie, Esq.
April 13.— "On a New Process of Preserving Meat."
By Dr. Morgan, Professor in the Royal College of Sur-
geons, Ireland.
Cantor Lectures.
The next lecture on "Chemistry applied to the
Arts** will he deliveredhy Dr. P.Cracb Calvert,
F.R.8., P.C.8., corresponding memher of the
Royal Academy of Turin, of the Soci6t6 In-
doBtrieUe de Mulhouse, of the Soci4t6 Im-
penale de Pharmacie de Paris, <fec., on Thurs-
day evening, at 8 o'clock, as follows : —
April 7. — Leoturb II. — Gelatins, Qlub, Bone-size
Chondboie, their preparation, chemical properties, nutritive
value, and application to arts and manufactures. Artificial
tortoiseeheir. InnglaUt its adulterations and adaptations
to clarification of fluids. SJcim and the art of tanning.
April 14. — ^Lboture III. — ^Leatheb. — The art of the
carrier. Morocco, Russia, and patent leathers. The art
of tawing skins. Chamois and glove skins. Parchment.
Hair^ its composition and dyeing. Woolt its washing,
scouring, bleaching, and dyeing. SUkt its adulterations
and coDditioning.
April 21. — Lboture IV.— Animal Fatty Matters,
the various proceases for liberating them from the tissues
in whidi they are contained. Their composition and con-
version into soap. Composite candles. The refining of
lard. Cod-liver, tperm, and other oils. Spermaeeli and
April 29. — ^Lsoture V. — ^Flesh, its chief constituents,
boiling, roasting, and preservation. Animal Hack, its
manutacture ami applications. The employment of
juilmal refuse in the manufacture of /?rtiMtato<>/'^7oto«A.
PrcMstan Hue. Manufacture of artificial animal manures.
May 6. — LsortrBE VI. — ^Animal Liquids. — BUe, its
pfurification and detergent properties. Bloody its applica-
tion in Uie refining of sugar and the manutacture of
albumen. Albumen, its use in calico printing and photo-
graphy. Urine, its uses. MUk, its composition pro-
Iperti^B, falsification! and preservation. A tew words on
f tomirings nf tire ^amtu.
Fifteenth Ordinary Meeting.
Wednesday, March SOth, 1864 ; Thomas Sop-
^th, Eaq., F.R.8., Member of the Council, in the
ohair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Dircks, Henry, 16, Bucklersbury, E.C.
Gladstone, Thomas Murray, Lloyd's Proving Works, E.C.
Hodson, Francis, 6, Fumival's-ino, Holbom, E.C.
Keeling, E. Bassett, 4, Verulam-buildines, W.C.
Peterson, Charles, Newport, ble of Wight.
Slade, Jeremiah, 102 and 108, St. John-street-road, E.C.
Turner, Qeorge, Northfleet, Kent.
Ano as Honorary Corresponding Member,
Fowler, John Townshend, Madras.
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Barber, Thomas Aixsher, 2, Scott's-place, Lower-road,
Islington.
Cheesewright, Charles, Alma-tenaoe, Highbury, N.
Hales, Edward, Dover.
Salt, Thomas Partridge, Ashton-villa, Moseley, Bir-
mingham.
Slee, Edward, Church-street, Horselydown, S.E., and
Clapham-park, 8.
The Seorbtary called attention to new forms of baro-
meter and thermometer, manufactured by Mr. Hicks, of
Hatton-garden. Descriptions of these instruments are
given at page 323.
The Paper read was —
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AND LIGHTING
MATERIALS.
By B. H. Paul, Esq.
The use of artificial light being one of those appliances
which belong to an advanced state of civilisation, it has
naturally undergone that kind of progressive develop-
ment which is characteristks of such arts. There has
been, within the last 100 years, not only an immense im-
provement in the methods of obtaining artificial light,
but idsoan equally important change in the sources whence
lighting materials have been derived.
Towards the end of last centmy the only materials
used for lighting were animal fats, such as tallow and
fish oils, the former being used as candles, the latter burnt
in lamps. Improvements were, from time to time, made
in the preparation of these materials, by the introduction of
new substances, and also in methods of using them ; but
those improvements, though highly advantageous, sink
into insignificance when compared with the introduction
of coal gas as a lighting material. In towns, the use of
gas soon prevailed over the use of other lighting materials,
but in the country, and especially in remote places, candlea
and lamps still continue to be largdy used. The advan-
tages of gas are indeed of such a nature as to require a
thickly-populated town or district in order to be f^ly
realised.
One of the materials formerly used for Hffbting, io a
small extent and in a few looalitiea, was petxoleom ; and
some years before the introdootton of gas» aitwnpla were
312
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 1, 1864.
made to prepare artificial petroleum ih>m various bitu-
minous minerals, in order to use it as a sooroe of light.
These attempts were progressing fairly, when the dis»
coveiy that the inflammabfe gas obtainabje from coal by
heat, could be used for lightiigpurposes, waa made kaotr^
by Murdoch, aad this new UAthod of li^tipg baoame,
for a time, sJmost the sole object of Attention in regard to
artificial light. The manufacture of artificial petroleum
was, however, continued to some extent, in a few places,
where circumstances were unfavourable for the introduc-
tion of gas lighting. About the year 1 880 works were estab-
lished in France for this purpose, and have continued in
operation to this day. Somewhat later, other works were
started in other parts of the continent as well as in this
country ; about the year 1863, the earth oil of Bangoon
was examined by Mr. Warren De La Rue and Hugo
Mailer, with a view to its application for lighting pur-
poses, and about the year 1860, the extraordinarily
abundant supplies of petroleum in America became the
object of special interest as materials for lighting.
Chemioal Natubb of Htdbo-cabbon Ous used fob
LlOHTIMO.
It is mainly to the products of natural and artificial
materials, known under the various names of photogen,
paraffin oil, &c., that I bow beg to request your attention.
WheUier these materials be of natural or artificial origin,
they all appear to agree in posnoiing the same general
character, and in being of the same chemical nature. The
ohemieal history of thei>e materials is still very incom-
plete; but aoeording to the results of the bast chemical
mvestigations, they appear to consist, for the most part, of
mixtures of a considerable number of hydro-carbons, which
differ (rom each other by small degrees in physical cha-
racter and chemical composition, but at the same time
present a general analogy among each other, and with the
gaseous hydro-carbon known as marsh gas. This sub-
stance constitutes the initial and typical member of the
series, while, at the other extremity of the series, are solid
hydro-carbons, resembling wax or spermaceti in appear-
ance, constituting a number of substances known to
diemists under the colleotive name of paraffin. Between
these two extremes there are a great number of
other substances, solid, liquid, and gaseous, some of
which have been separated and examined ; (kfaers have
not yet been obtained in an isolated state.
In addition to the hydro-oarboos above enumerated,
some others, belonging to other chemical series, have
been detected, in smaller and varying proportions, both in
the various kinds of natural petroleum, and in the tarry
oils obtained by diatiUiag mtomioous minerals, peat,
wood, &c., at a temperature not exceeding dull redness.
These latter also eontain a considerable proportion of
oxygeaated oils, which partake in general of the nature of
creasote. In the natural petrcdeum the amount of these
oxygenated oils is very much smaller, and it is only in
some few instanoes that their preseooe has been recognised
with any degree of certainty. Both in the natural petro-
leum and in the oils obtained by destructive distillation,
there is always more or less of a kind of pitchy substance
in solution, which gives to these liquids their chaiaeteristic
black and tarry appearance, and there are likewise small
quantities of stronf-smelling substances, to which the
peculiar and generally offensive smell of these materials
is due.
Obiqin of Natubal Htdbocabbon Matebials.
The very intimate chemical relation between native
petroleum and the oily products of dry distillaticm, is
nlghly interesting from tiie probability which it appears
to suggest, that these materials, whether natural or arti-
ficial, have a common, or at least, a closely analogous
origin. The close resemblance between petroleum and
the oily products of dry distillation has long been recog-
nised, and the actual tdentity of a great many of their
several constituents which has been only recently asoer-
taSned, is but a more detailed elucidation of tlie obvious
analogy between these materials. Guided by this analogy,
many naturalists have come to the conclusion that jpateo-
leum, in the various ttates inwhish ii is fmi',9Uh, la the
product of a kind of mtural distiUation thai Wa taken
place, or may ha still going oo, in the iotapiar^ 4m eartk.
Whether or not this speculation be strictly correct, it
undoubtedly presents a high degree of probability. All
organic substances which are not themselves volatile, sacfa
as wood, flesh, and other vegetable and animal substances,
yield, when subjected to the influence of heat below doll
redness, tarry oils, which have in all cases the same
general character and similarity to petroleum ; difieriog
only aooordiog to the specific differences in the naterials
from which they may have been obtained.
The various kinds of bituminous minerals met with
chiefly in the coal measures, and to some extant in other
geological situations, also yield, under similar conditions,
oily products of the same general character. This fact
at once becomes intelligible when it is remembered that
the bituminous portion of the minerals from which such
products are obtainable, has originated from the same kind
of vegetable and animal substances that are now met with
in nature, flence, whether it be supposed that natmal
petroleum has been produced by an actual distillation of
bituminous minerals, or by some other process, different,
and slower in its operation, though effecting the same
result as distillation, it is not the less evident that the
ultimate sources of the minerals which serve for the mana-
ftcture of tliose lighting materials to which I am now rs*
feiriog, are in all eases the same — naoaely, oiganic sab-
atancea, and thoae, in all prabability, for the moat part of
vegetable origin.
There is, however, an important difiEarence between tkese
bituminous minerals and unaltered organic subalaneea, ia
reganl to their fltneas ibr yielding by diatiilatiaD aatb pro-
ducts as are suitable for the mamifactnre of hydro-carboa
lighting materials. This is the difference that exists be-
tween Uie composition of unaltered organic substances and
tho composition of those remains of organic sobstanoes
belonging to former epochs, which constitute the bata-
mhious portion of the minerals to whose formation th^
have partly contributed.
Taking, for the aake of illustration, diy wood aa repre-
presenting the composition of the organic substanoea, whidi
are the primary sources of bituminous minerals, and com-
paring it with the average composition of the bttnminoas
portion of coal, it appears that for a giv^ peroentage of
hydrogen the relative amounts of carbon and oxygen are
widely different.
Wood. OmL
Carbon 5000 8816
Hydrogen 5*56 5*26
Oxygen 44-45 6-59
100-00 100-00
Thia difference arisee from the alteratioo the oigaoio
substanoea have undergone during their passage into that
bituminous portion of minerals by whidi they are now
represented. This alteration consists in a pro g na s i ve
elimination of the oxygen, either as water or carbonic
acid or both, and the consequent concentration of carbctt,
as may be seso from the following representation of thb
change: —
tionof
wood.
Carbon... 50-00
Hydrogen 5-55
Oxygen... 44-45
Compoii- Cooipoti-
UonoT
wat«r.
1
8
RMidoe.
50-00
465
86*45
Compoiitioa
or Rocidae.
csrbonlcMftd.
- 6 = 44-ro
455
- 16 = 30-15
100-00 - 9 = 91-00 - 22 = 6900
This change Ib analogous to that which takes place in
decaying or^mic substances, and is, in fact, a t-low carbon-
iaation. Its effect is of considerable importance as regavda
the artificial production of hydro-carbons for lighting por-
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 1, 1864.
313
poses, inisimK^ is the value of any material for this par-
pose locreases with the increase in the amount of hydrogen,
and Uie decrease in the amount of oxygen they contain.
It is on account of the large amount of oiygen in wood
and peat, as compared with coal, that those materials are
less sQitsi>le for the manufacture either of illuminating
gas or hydro-carbon oils. In the former case the gas pro-
duced from them contains such a large amount of
carbonic acid, that its illuminating power is very slight,
and in the Utter case, the oils produced by distillation,
are contaminatad with oxygenated oils and resinous sub-
stances, which render their purification more troublesome
than that of the oils obtainable from bituminous minerals,
in which the amount of oxygen i-emainingis so much less.
But there is another feature in this alteration of the
organic substances from which the bituminous portion of
the minerals in question has originated. By referring to
the abowe comparison between the composition of wood
and that of coal, it will be seen that not only has the
oxygen been, to a great extent, eliminated, but there
has been an alteration in the ratio existing between the
hydrogen and carbon. Instead of being, as in the case
of wood, in the ratio of 1 hydrogen to 9 carbon, it is in,
coal in the ratio of 1 hydrogen to 17 carbon. This clr-
onmstanee is indicative of the separation, during the
change that has taken place in the conversion of decaying
organic remains into the constituent bituminous minerals,
of aoompooDd of carbon and hydrogen, such, for instance,
as marsh gasL
This gas, consisting of carbon and hydrogen in the
ratio of 3 to 1, is always produced in putrenction, and
by the action of heat upon organic substances. It also
oocnrs natoraUy in connection with the coal measures,
^ooakltatiDg, together with small quantities of olefiant gas
and mtrogeo, the main portion of the fire damp of coal
mines. Carbonic add gas is also of frequent occurrence
in coal mines. These facts, together with tlie close
chemical relaticmship between marsh gas and the various
constituents of petroleum, all agree in adding to the pro-
bability of a very dose connection between bituminous
minerals and the various kinds of petroleum ; a connection
of such a nature, in all probability, that they should be
regarded as of simultaneous origin, in the same way that
thecarburetted hydrogen or marsh gas of coal mines, has
most likely originated, not from the decomposition of
coal itself, but conjointly with coal, by the progrdsslve
alteration of the organic remains whence it and other
bituminous minerals have been formed.
Exhalations of marsh gas almost always accompany
the discharge of petroleum from natural springs, and in
most of the American petroleum it is possible to recognise
the presence of small portions of the other substances,
ranging next to marsh gas in the above series, and gaseous
under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure.
Chabaotebs of Htdbo-oabbon Lamp Oils.
In the absence of any important difierence between
those constituents of natural petroleum and of the oils
obtained by distilling bituminous minerals, which are
capable of being employed as lighting materials, it will
be unnecessary to draw any special distinction between
the oils manufactured for that purpose firom different
materials ; and, in considering tHe characters which are
requisite in these products, they need be contrasted only
in regard to certain minor details, that are more conse-
quences of the methods of manufacture practised, than of
any more essential difference.
By examining the tabular statement of the composition
and characters of the various substances constituting both
petroleum and the so-called coal or shale oils, and con-
sidering what are the conditions under which the oils
prepar^ from these materials are to be used for lighting
1 Methyl-hydride C, H. (marsh gas).
2 Ethyl-hydride c' h! ;.....
3 Propylhydride C, H°
4 Butyl-hydride C, H,,
5 Amyl-hydnde C,<>Hi,
6 Hexylhydride C,, H,.
7 Heptyl-hydride C.. H..
8 Octyl-hydride C.. H "
9 Nonyl-hydride C,, H,'
^1 »» C,, H,^
If .. c,. h::
** »» c,g H3Q
16 Cetyl-hydride C,, H,^
1* ,» ^S4 ^se * ****
13 I, C,^ Hjg
20 „ c"h^;
*^ »» ^48 H44
25 Candle paraffin? C^^ H^,
27 C«yl-hydride C^^ H,,
30 Myricyl-hydride C.^ H„
Oleflantgas C^ H^
I
7600
8000
81-81
82-76
83fc3
83-72
84-00
84-21
84-50
84-61
84-78
84-84
86-00
85-10
85-23
85-31
85-71
26-00
20-00
18-19
17-24
16-67
16-28
1600
15-79
15-60
15-39
15-22
15-16
15-00
14-90
14-77
14-69
14-29
OQ
0-628
0-669
0-699
0-726
0-747
0-757
0-766
0-776
0-792
0-800
0-825
0-870
0-890
Iba.
5-233
6-9
6-787
7-022
gss
i»
ft
»>
86
168
198
243
278
321
359
408
423
460
496
527
It
?
•Sis
7-41
jMclttiifffotat.
130
136
143
0-564
1-04
1-62
2-01
2-49
2-97
3-46
3-94
6-85
7-825
8-37
12-19
14-61
0-97
2-6
3-0
3-5
40
4-5
5-0
5-5
6-0
6-6
7-0
7-5
8-0
8-5
9-0
9-5
10-0
10-5
12-5
13-6
15-0
1-0
10
70
15
314
JOUBJTAL OP THE BOOIJSTT OP ABTB, Afro* 1, 1864.
parpoMi, it will be •▼iiaai UmI tiMm is only- a portion
either of the iMtinal or artiicsiAl material thai it applicftble
aa oil for bamiag in lamps.
Leaving oat ot oooBideraikm the first four members of
the series, which are gaseous at ordiaaiy temperatmes, it
will be seen thai the remainiiig members of the series,
which are liquid at mxliDaiy temperatores, gvadnally in-
crease in speoifie grarity, varying in this respeet to the
extent of 6} poonds per gallon to abevt 8| ponnds per
galk». Beyond this latter point the other members of
the series are solids, and oome nnder the general denomi-
nation of paraffin.
Another important point of difierenoe oonsists in the
boiling point of the individoal members of ^le series.
Tbtfl varies from 9!** F. to opwvpds of 600^ F. It is to
this character that attention raqnires to be chiefly directed
in regard to the dfi«;ree of sa&ty with which these sab-
stanoes can be used mr boming in lamps. I say the dtgrm
of safety, because I am far from being disposed to agree
with the opinion that has been pat fbrward that the use
of any of these substanees is necessarily attended with
danger. On the contrary, I am strongly inclined to think
that all or any of them may be used without any neces-
sary risk being incurred. Of coarse, doe preeaotions most
be observed in the use of these sabstanees, and those pre-
caatiens must be greater than are requisite in the case of
the oils that were formerly used as lighting materials,
via., the fat oils obtained from animals, fish, and plants.
Hyjdro-carbon oils are, by their natore, nmoh more com-
bostible than fat oils, at the same time that they possess
higher illuminating power, and it weald be by no means
prudent to deal wiib the one in the same maimer as with
the other.
The outery that has been raieed against the dangerous
character of hydro-carfooo oils is, however, in no degree
more deserving of respeet than that which was raised on
the same visionary ground when the use of gas was first
introduced. All that is really necessary to avoid accident
with the hydro-carbon oils is, that those who use them
should be properly instructed as to the way in which they
should be storad and used. By this means it will be £u*
more likely that the desired resolt of preventing accident
may be seooTOd, than by exciting a vague and onreasonable
apnrehension of danger.
In regard to the safety of hydro-carbon oil used for
burning in lamps, the main consideration is Us capability
of giving off vspour spontaneously at the ordinary tem-
perature, or when the oil becomes slightly warmed. In
regard to this character the various liquid members of the
substances given in the table differ considerably. Taking
the first of those that are liquid at the ordinary tempera-
ture, it will be seen that its boiling point, whidi is the
thermometric indication of its degree of volatility, is
S^^ Fahr., a temperature so little above that which may
exist in a room where lamps are used, that it would be veiy
objectionable to use such a liquid as a lighting material
in that way. The tem^ratures given in the table as the
boiling points of the individual oils are not by any means
the lowest temperatures at which th^ evolve vapour, and
for this reason, if we fix 9(y* ot 90^ Fahr. as the highest
temperatnre to which the oil in a lamp is capable of being
raised, even in an extreme case, the boiling point of a liquid
that would be suitable for burning in lamps, under sudi
conditions, ought not to be less titan 20CP Fahr. above that
temperature.
With the lamps now generally in use for burning
hydro-carbon oils, it would be only under very ex-
ceptional and improbable oivsamstances that the oil in
the lamp could become heated to a temperature so
so high as 80 deg. Fahr., and even then some of the more
volatile portk>ns of these oils, boiling at about 160 deg.
Fahr., might be bomt without any danger.
But the hydronmrbon lamp oils are never distinct sab-
stances in a chemical sense, like the several substances
whose characters are d'sscribed in the above table. They
are always mere mixtoies of a somber of tboao substances,
and conseqaently they do not pr sBsn t any eoBitant point
of ebullitkm, wk^ the specific gravity and other eharac-
ters are the mean of those appertaiaii^ to the sevoral
substanees present in the mixture, and thai OMan also
varies aooording to the relative proportions of the mixed
substanoes.
The absolute separatkm of these sobstanees ie, indeed,
a matter almost of impossibility, and, so far as relates to
theur prsoticid application, not by any means reqalnte.
It is, however, esaential that in preparing hjrditMatfboo
oil for uoe in lamps, the msonfiMsture shoold be con-
ducted in soch a manner as to secare the separation of the
move volatile portions, to such an ^tent, thi^ the oil, when
finished, may be heated to 100^ Fahr. without taking fire
when the flaaae of a match is brought into contact with
its surface, in an open veieel snoh as a saooer. Oil that
will bear this test is, I believe, perfectly safe for all
reasooaUe use ; and I am of opinion that this simple test
is by for Uie best criterion of the proper charaotsr of such
oils. While, of the oils constituting petroleum and ooal
oil, those which havea boiling point below 280° Fahr. wool^
be too volatile for ordinary use la lamps, on the other
hand, those which have a boiling point above 600 dsig.
l^ahr. are also unfit for this purpose, but for very different
reasons. It has commonly been supposed that the reason
why these latter oils do not bum well in the ordinaiy
lamps is, that they are too thick, and have not saffideot
capillarity to rise in the wick and feed the flame. I am
disposed to think that this view is erroneous, and am mere
indined to the opinion that their defocta,as lamp-oils, are
to be ascribed rather to the hi^ temperature rsquisitefor
their volatilixation, and also to the greater denaty of
their vapour. The chief difficulty that is experkoced in
the use of theee oils of high bmling point, whioh are
generally known as heavy oi&, ii the charring of the lamp
wicks, and the small flame they give.
By reference to the table it will be seen that the oil
which has a boiling point of 627° F., affords a vapour that
is twice as dense as that of the oil boiliog at 243^ P., or,
in other words, a given weight of the former oil occupies
in the state of vapour only half the balk of an equal
weight of the latter also in a state of vapour. This cir-
cumstance alone will, to a great extent, account for the
smaller flame of the heavier oils as compared with that of
the more volatile oils, whose vapours are less dense. Then,
in proportion as the volatility of the oils decreases, or as
the temperature requisite for their volatUization increases,
at the same time a greater degree of heat is necesnry to
effect that decomposition of the vapour into ^as, which is
an essential step in their combustion for lightmg porposes.
The temperature neoesmiy to dOfoet these changes is so
high, that at the same time the wick itself ^admilly
becomes charred and incapable of exercising that capillary
action by which the flame can be fed with oil. InaddiUott
to these circumstances, it must also be remembered that in
proportion as the density of the oil vapour increases, so
does the amount of carbon in the vapour in<»ease, and, at
the same time, there is a proportionate inca^ase, both in
the heating power and the iUominating power of equal
volumes of the vapoor. Coosequttitly, in using heavy
oil of high boiling point in a lamp, the result is that ji
very small, intensely hot and highly luminous flame is
produced at first, and after a very short time the wick
becomes charred and inorusted with the surfAos caihoD,
separated in the flame, to such an extent that it sooa
beffins to decrease in siae and to lose brilliancy.
It appears, therefore, that the oils at either extremity-
of the series are equally unfit for use in the ordinary
hydro- carl)on oil lamps. But in practice it never happens
that any one of the several substances described in the
table is used for lighting purposes. It is always a mixtare
of a number of them that is used. Still, the facta that I
have just pointed out in regard to the extreme cases»
exercise their influence in the same manner with r^pard
to this mixture. On the one hand, it must not contain
any such amount of the more volatile members of ihA
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY 0P.>IITS, April 1, 1864.
815
tenm, a* will conier upon the mixture ibe property of
giTiDg off ioflMnmable yapoor when heated to 100^ F.»
or enable it to become permanently inflamed when brought
in oontaot with a lighted match while at that temperatore.
On the other hand this mixlare mnit not oontam sooh a
proportion of the heavier and leas volaiQe oils, as would
render the vaponr forming the flame too dense and too
highly carbonaceous, and necessitate too high a tempera-
tore for that decomposition of the vapour wbich is essential
to the production of light.
The due proportion of these various conditions is se-
cured in practice by collecting the oils during distillation
in fractional portions: that which distils over first contain-
ing the oils that are too volatile for use in lamps ; the
seoond portbn that distils over being the burning oil, and
the third portion containing the heavy oils and paraffin.
The precise points at which this separation of the oil into
these three portions, takes place, wul depend very much
upon the nature of the material operated upon. In this
respect there are great differences in the various materials
now used as souroes of these lighting oils. American
petroleum generally requires the separation of some 20 or
25 per cent, of its bulk, which is too volatile for use in
lamps. Canadian petroleum does not require more than
10 per cent, to be separated on this account. Coal and
shale oik also vary much in this respect, according to the
material they are produced from, and the temperatore at
which the cnide oil is distilled firomthe coal or shale. As
a general rule, the crude oil of coal or shale contains a
grenter amount of the volatile oils, the lower the tempo-
ratare those materials are distilled at. This, however, is
not a disadvantage, since the amount of crude oil obtain-
able i* greater, the lower the temperature of the distilla-
tioQ. Qenerally speakiog, coal or dule oil does not require
that more than 5 to 16 per cent, of the bulk should be
separated as too volatile to be mixed with the burning oil.
At the other extreme there are also differences between
petroleum and coal or shale oils. The burning oils manu-
&otured from the latter sources, as generally met with,
have a qiecific gravity of about 0*825, while the specific
gravity of those made from petroleum is rarely above
0-800, and sometimes as low as 0*780.
1 do not believe there is any really sufficient reason why
there shonld be Uiis difference in the case of petroleum,
which, as I shall afterwards point out, involves a serious
diaadvantage as regards its illuminating power compared
wHh that of coal m. The manufacture of these commo-
dities, however, is still carried on so much more bpr mere
role of thumb, than under the guidance of sound pnnciples
hnsed upon kiiowledge of the materials dealt with, that
defects of this kind cannot be wondered at, and it will
probably be some long time before these processes come
to be carried on in su<Si a way as to secure the best results
hfAh to the producer and the consumer.
Illumihatimo Powia.
In the case of all kinds of lighting materials, the light
prodooed when they are burnt, is due to their containing,
or yielding when heated, olefiant gas, or other hydro-
carbon gases, which are equivalent to it as regards the
production of light. In the production of artificial light
by any of the means that have been hitherto commonly
<iaed, it is always the resnlt of tlie intense ignition of solid
psurtkles of carbon. Luminiferous hvdro-caibon gases
and vapours, whidi, for convenience sake, may be collec-
tively repreeented by the term olefiant gas, iii agree in
the character of being decomposed at a temperature higher
thnn that requisite for their production, in such a manner
that the greater part of the carbon they contain, is set free
in a state of very minute division. This is an essential
character of these lomtniferous substances. In any ordinary
Innainoiis flame the particles of carbon so separated become
jntecMely heated, and emit light while being burnt, giving
to the flame its whiteness and brilliancy.
The production of heat is, therefore, an essential pre-
llmioaiy to the production of Ught, and it is also equally
necessary for the prodoetioB' of light that the heat pro*
doced should act upon some solid substance. The separa-
tion of minutely-divided carbon (torn the luminiferoas
hydrooarbons, whOT they are heated, provides thisesBential
conditiMi for the production of light. Gases or vapouft
which do not yield any solid sabstuioe wh^ bumty do not
afford a luminous flame, or at most, only a feeble light.
Thus, for instance, hydrogen and manh gas, or sulphur,
bum without evolving any considerable ligh^ Olefiant
gas, on the contrary, bums with an intensely white
luminous flame. At the same time it is indisoensable that
the solid particles separated in an ordinary flame shoeld
not retain their solid state, but should, by combustion, be
converted into gas. The carbon sepamted in the flame of
ordinary lighting materials, bums and is converted into
carbonio add gae. If this were not the case every flame
would constantly produce a shower of dust.
The greater the number of solid heated partidee in a
flame, the greater will be the light it evolves, eonse-
quendy, the amount of light capable of being produced bjr
various hydro-carbon gases and vapoors^ or their ilhimi*
nating power, is directly proportionate to the amount of
cai^bon oontained in a given volume of the gas or vapour,
and capable of being separated during combustion.
Taking olefiant gas as the standard of comparison, and
refSsrring to the table of the several hydro-earbon oils
constituting petroleum and coal oil, it will be seen that
the individual members of the series differ very con-
siderably in this particular, and the figurea expressing the
relative amount of carbon also express the relative illu-
minating power of equal volumes of their vapours.
It is probable that in burning the vapour of any one of
these substances the general nature of the decomposition
which takes place consists in the production of marsh
gas which bums, and the separation of all the caibon over
and above that requisite for the formation of marsh ga&
Consequently, in the flame of the substance, No. 4 of the
table, Uiere would be nearly twice as much carbon separated
as in the flame of olefiant gas . Serration of carbon to such
an extent would be more than sufficient for the prodnelioii
of light under ordinary circumstances, and would be accom-
panied by a tendency to the production of smoke, in con-
sequence of some of the carbon escaping combustion. This
tendency would of course be greater in proportion to the
increased amount of carbon in the vapour, and althongh
the illuminating capability would be greater in the same
proportion, it would not be possible to realise that capabi*
lity except mider speeial conditions.
There is, therefore, a praotioal limit, in regard to the
mode in which lighting materials are generally used,
beyond which an increase in the amount of caibon in the
material would be rather prejudicial than otherwise. ^
In the case of gas, it is never anything like an approzi-
DMOion to pure olefiant gas that is used, but only a ma*
ture of it with other gases, containing from 6 to upwards
of 20 per cent, of olefiant gas. The foUowtog gives the
composition of coal gas in various localities : —
Olftflant fw 8*8^
MftnhgM ........ 34*90
Hjdroge]i......iMM> 46*68
Gftrbonio oxide ... S*64
Carbonic aeid ' 3*^7
Mitrogea I 2'4S
Snlph. lijdrOfOD.. 0*29
NewcMtle.
h
T. BlcbardMii.
s^
10*19 9*86
27
31'36
36*06
• ••
28*80
30*17
• ••
16*28
11*42
•••
• ••
■ ■«
■ •«
t««
• ••
•••
• ••
•••
• ••
Of these gases, the first three after olefiant g^, are ttie
only ones that take any part in the production of light,
the others being mere impurities. Those gases, however,
do not contribute directly to the production of light to
any extent, but being themselves combustible, serve in
part, to produce heat requisite for deoompoaing the olefiar
816
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 1, 1864.
gis, and rendering the particles of oarbon separated from
ft luminous. They also serve to prevent the flame fh)m
smoking, by diluting the olefiant gas, and thus admitting
of its beine brought more intimately in contact with the
air required for perfect combustion. They also give bulk
to the flame, and thus diminish the concentration of the
light which would take place if the olefiant gas were
burnt without any admixture.
In all these respects each one of the three gases
answers the purpose required of it equally well or nearly
so. There are, however, other particulars in regard
to which there is a very considerable difference in their
fitnea for these purpose's. This difference consists in the
respective capability of these gases for producing heat
ana carbonic acid by their combustion. Any amount of
heat produced by burning any lighting material, over and
above that requisite for giving the necessary temperature
to the flame, is obviously dbjecti<>nable, since it would
have the effect of heating the atmosphere of the space
lighted and rendering it oppressive. Since all lighting
materials contain car&n, and by their combustion abstract
oxygen from the air, the production of carbonic add is,
to some extent, a necessary result of the use of any such
material ; but, on account of the prejudicial influence of
this gas, it is highly desirable tliat the quantity produced,
for a given quantity of light, should be as small as possible.
In both these respects there is a very wide ditference
between the efiects of the three gases which are generally
contained in coal gas as the dilutants of the olefiant gas.
This will be seen from the following table : —
Heating
power for
equal
volumes.
RelatiTe Tdnme
of Ozjgencon-
fumed.
Volume of
Carbonic
acid
produced.
Tempe-
rature of
Flame.
Hydrogen
Carbonic oxide
Marsh gas
Olefiant gas ...
4299
8284
14,684
• ••
Air.
0-6 = 2-6
0-6 = 2-6
20 =10-0
3 =16
1 •
1
2
Fahr.
4966*'
66190
494(y»
• t •
•
This comparison serves to show that although hydro-
Stn produces more heat by combustion, and gives a
wer temperature in the flame, than carbonic oxide,
■till it is the best substance to be used for diluting the
olefiant gas, since it afibrds no carbonic acid. On the
oontrary, marsh gas is worse even than carbonic oxide, on
account of its producing mudi more heat and carbonic
aoid. In regard to the amoimt of carbonic acid gene-
rated,^ and the heating eflect produced for a given
quantity of lieht, gas, however, has a great advantage
over any of the lighting materials formerly used. As
compared with tallow, for instance, gas produces only
one half or less than half as much carijonic acid, and
little more than one-third the heating eflect. But it
would be a very great improvement in the manufacture'
of gas if it could be produced with hydrogen alone as
the diluting substance. Many years ago an attempt
was made to effect this by Selli^e in Paris, and sub
sequently the same thing was tned in this country by
Professor Donovan and Mr. White, under the name of
water gas ; but both projects proved unsucx^essful, owing
to a variety of adverse circumstances.
It will be evident fVom what has already been said with
regard to the dependance of the luminosity of a flame
upon its temperature, that it is desirable to produce the
highest attainable temperature in the flame, and that any
means of increasing that temperature would have tlie
effect of increasing the illuminating effect. A very
elegant contrivance for this purpose, In the case of gas,
has been devised by Dr. Frankland. It consists in heating
the air consumed in the combustion of the gas, by means of
the waste heat radiated firom the flame, by making it pass
down along the side of the chimney before entering at the
Dottom of the burner to supply the flame. In this way
the air is heated to 000^ or 600^ F., and there is, of course,
a corresponding increase of temperature in the flame. Dr.
Franklajid has ascertained that by this simple appliance
the same amount of light may be obtained with a saving
of 49 per cent, of gas, and that for a given consumption
of gas there is an increase in the illuminating effect to the
extent of 67 per cent.
Returning now to the liquid hydro-carbon oUa used
for lamps, 1 will endeavour to point out how the principles
1 have described in reference to gas, obtain in the applica-
tion of those oils to lighting purposes. In this case the
hydro carbon vapour is not mixed with any diluting sub-
stance, as in gas, and all of these oils would give off a con-
siderable amount of smoke if burnt in the Fame way as
fat oils, by reason of the highly carbonaceous nature
of their vapours. This circumstance was one of the
most serious impediments to the introduction of these
oils in the first instance, but eventually a lamp was
devised which satisfSod all requirements, and which is
now largely in use. To understand the way in which
the combustion of hydro-carbon oils in these lamps is
effected without production of smoke, it must be re-
membered that m ordinary cases the flame of any
lighting material, being for the most part gaseous
and in contact with atmospheric air, there is, in ac-
cordance with the well-known laws of gaseous diffusion,
a continual intermixture of air with the gaseous sub-
stances in the flame, and the extent to which this inter-
mixture takes place is determined by several conditions,
which may be regulated at pleasure. To take the simplest
case, that of gas ; the rate of intermixture will be propor-
tionate with the rate at which the gas issues from the
bumer, and to the velocity of the current of air passing
along the sides of the flame. When gas is burnt with a largo
argand eas burner it is very liable to smoke, but when a
glass cylinder is placed over the flame, the gas bums with-
out smoke, in consequence of the greater intermixture of
air with the flame, caused by the draught of the chimney.
The degree of draught, and consequently of intermixture
of air with the burning gas will depend upon the height of
the chimney. With a very high chimney and powerful
draught the intermixture may be effected to such an extent
as to neutralize, almost entirely, the illuminating power
of the flame. In order, therefore, to effect perfect com-
bustion without loss of lighting effect, it is necessary to
proportion these determining conditions of the intermixture
of air with the flame, according to the nature of the
material to be burnt.
It is in this manner that the combustion of the hydro-
carbon oil in lamps is effected. By means of the chimney
a strong current of air is produced, and by means of the
perforated cone, immediately over the wick, that current
of air is made to impinge upon the ascending vapour, and
mix with it so as to enable it to bum without smoke. In
this case, therefore, the air, by means of which combustion
is supported, is made to serve the purpose of the diluting
gases in ordinary coal gas, giving greater bulk to^ iho
gaseous contents of the flame, and effecting such a distri-
bution of the ignited particles of carbon, as to admit of
their being perfectly burnt.
The necessity of this admixture of air with the vapour
of hydro-carbon oil to enable it to bum without smoke. Is
of course greater in proportion as that vapour is denser
and more highly carbonaceous. In this respect it will be
seen that the several me:nbers of the series of subetancea
constituting these oils differ materially. For instance, the
vapour density of No. 16 is twice as great as that of No.
4, and there is the same difference between the amounta
of carbon in the vapours. The former vapour would also
have double the illuminating power of the latter ; bat
the tize of the flame of No. 16 would be proportionatelr
smaller, and owing to these two circumstances, the ignited
particles of carbon would be so crowded together that a
^eat deal of smoke would be produced unless a copious
intermixture of air was effected by means of a very
vigorous draught.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS. April 1, 1864.
317
Practically the diflereDcet between the several eab-
itanoes here referred to, compeDMte each other in con-
sequence of their being mixed together, in the various
kinds of h/dro-carbon oils. Thus the higher illu-
minating power of the denser vapours is to a great
extent rendered available by the more bulky nature of
the less carbonaceous vapours, and in this way a mean
result is arrived at, of both characters combined, which
answers all desired purposes.* Everything depends upon
the due proportionate mixture of the different substances.
From these considerations it will be seen that there is
a positive disadvantage in canyiog the separation of the
more volatile portions of the oil beyond such a point as is
indispeosably requisite for its being used with safety;
for the more those substances ai-e separated fiom the oil
intended to be used in lamps, so much the more must the
least volatile portions, at the opposite extremity, be sepa-
rated from it, in order to obtain a material fit to bum
without smoke, and with a sufficiently larare flame.
It will now be necessary to consider briefly the appplica-
bility for lighting pirposes of the hydro- carbon oils which
are too voiatQe to be used in the ordinary lamps. It is a
(act that will be familiar to many of the members of this
Society, that the idea of apply wg such highly volatile
hydro-carbons as lighting materials is not, by any
means, a thing of yesterday. It was first conceived, I
believe, long before the year 18S0, by a gentleman who
has occupied, and still occupies, a most prominent position
among those who have contributed to the successful esta-
blishment of gas lighting. Mr. Lowe's original proposal
was to use the volatile hydro-carbons obtained from the
tar of gaa works in the place of water in gas meters, so
as to serve the double purpose of measuring the gas
supplied to consumen, and of augmenting its illumi-
nattng power. Next to him came Professor Donovan, who
proposed to make water-gas the medium for vaporizing
these liquid hydro-carbons; and he appears to have
formed this idea independently of any knowledge of Mr.
Lowe's plan of naphthializinggas. However that may be,
the OTiginality of the project in point of time certainly
belongs to Mr. Lowe. These projects attracted very
great attention at the time ; but they never came into
anything like general application. It may be that on
reflection, the gas companies did not esteem very highly
a plan for doubling the illuminating power of their gas,
ODce that advantage was not necessarily accompanied by
a demand for twice as much light as was previously
used.
Some y^rs afterwards another attempt was made to
employ these highly- volatile hydro-carbons as lighting
materials, by the late Mr. Mansfield, to whom we are in-
debted for a Very excellent investigation of the chemistry of
gas tar. His plan was to use atmospheric air as the
medium for volatilimng the hydro- carbons, chiefly with the
view of applying them in this manner for the lighting of
conntry- houses or other places remote from gas workR.
The material that he employed for this purpose was the
more volatile portion of gas tar, now known to chemists
uider the name of benzol; it possessed a character,
however, which proved fatal to the undertakmg — ^it was
that of becoming solid when considerably cooled. In con-
sequence of this the reduction of temperature produced by
its own volatilization rendered it solid, and stopped its
further evaporation.
Strangely enough, this very same plan of using atmos-
pheric air saturated whh the vapour of a volatile hydro-
carbon has quite recently been put forward with much
pretence, as a totally new invention, notwithstanding the
tact that Mansfield's patent entirely covers this applica-
tion of these substances, and that as this patent has ex'
|Hrcd, the process is now public property.
The nabpthalidng of coal gas, though still older, has
also been brought before the public lately, under a new
name, as being a new invention.
It now only remains to consider how far it may be
practicablo to use the highly volatile hydro-carbons of
petroleum and similar materials for lighting purposes, by
diffusing their vapour through atmospheric air. These
liquids are free from that prejudicial character of solidify-
ing when cooled, which renders benzol obtained from
gas tar, inapplicable for the same purpose. They are now
obtained in tolerable abundance in connection with the
manufacture of hydro-carbon lamp oils, and they are to a
great extent still mere waste produota, since they do not
answer well as a substitute for turpentine, which is the
chief use they have yet been put to. It is, therefore, pos-
siblo that these liquids might be obtained in sufficient
quantity and at such cost as would admit of their being
used as lighting materials.
By a reference to the table it will be seen that, as com-
pared witli olefiant gas, their illuminating power is consi-
derable. Taking the substance No. 7 as representing the
available volatile portion of petroleum, its vapour has 8 J
times the illuminating power of olefiant gas; in other
words, gas containing 3J per cent, by measure of this
vapour would have the same illuminating power as coal
gas containing about 12 per cent of olefiant gas, and with
7 per cent, of this vapour it would be equal to the best
cannel gas.
There is one impoi-tant point, however, in regard to
this application of the volatile hydro-caibons which
cannot oe overlooked, and which requires to be thoroughly
examined before any attempt is made to use them in this
way. it is well known that hydro-carbon gases, such as
olefiant gas, or marsh gas, the representative of all
these hydro-carbons, when mixed with air in certain
froportions, form a mixture that is violently explosive,
t, therefore, becomes a question of very serious moment
whether this fact presents any real or insurmountable
obstacle to the use of atmospheric air as the medium for
using these volatile oils in the condition of gas.
Whether, in fact, under the conditions to be observed for
such a use of these oils it would be possible to get a
mixture of the vapour and of air that would be explosive
when brought in contact with a flame. If that be possible,
even in some extreme case, that may be of unlikely
occurrence, then there can be no doubt that the use of
these oils in that way would be highly objectionable.
It cannot be doubted, looking at the mere possibility of.
the matter, that with these vapours, just as with marsh
gas, an explosive mixture might be produced. There ia
no question as to that. The question really to be con-
sidered is, whethei' such a result could take place imder
the conditions for using these oils.
It is well known that the explosibility of a mixture of
marsh gas and air, depends upon the relative proportionof
the gas and air. For its perfect combustion marrii gaa
requires 10 times its volume of air. Such a mixture
is explosive when brought in contact with flame, and the
explosive character stiU continues when the proportion of
air is not more than six or seven times as great as the
marsh gas. But when marsh gas is mixed with only
three or four times its volume of air, the mixture is not
at all explosive, but will bum like the unmixed gas. In
the same manner, other hydro-carbon gases require to be
mixed with a certain propoiiion of air to form explosive
mixtures ; and with regard to the vapours of the volatile
hydro-cartx}ns, this is equally the case. In consequence
of the density of these vapours being so much greater
than that of their representative — marsh gaa— they
require much larger proportions of air for their combus-
tion. Thus, for instance, the vapour of the oil No. 7
requires 70 times its volume of air for combustion. In
all probability such a mixture would be explosive. But
a mixture of this vapour with air which would possess-
an illuminating power equal to cannel gas, would not
contain more than 27 parts of air to one of the vapour.
Such a mixture, 1 believe, would not be explosive under
any circumstances that require to be taken into account.
Then as regards the possibility of an explosive mixture
being formed, it appears to me highly probable that the
extreme volatility of these liquids would m itself constitu'
318
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, ApBtt 1, 1864.
a most effeciual HLfegotrd agAioti the formation of anezplo-
sire mixture. To ensare the efficacy of this character of the
oils, however, it would he iodispeiiBahle that arrangements
shonld be made for securing the intimate contact of the
air with the hydro-carbon to be volatilised, and likewise
tibe constant maintenance of a fresh supply of hydro-
cartxm. All these points, however, are mere matters
of detail, which would acquire importance only after
the determination of the fact that, with a sufficiently
volatile oil. its vapour mixed with air might be burnt
like gas without any danger of an explosive mixture
being formed. If that were satisflMstorily proved to be
the case, it is likely that this mode of using those
portions of hydro-carbon oils that are still without any
satisfactory application, might be introduced with ad-
vantage in many cases. Among others I may mention
the lighting of railway carriages, and of houses or
public institutions situated at a distance from gas works.
DISCUSSION.
Dr. Mabobt, F.E.S., understood Mr. Paul as directing
attention to the heating action produced by various lighting
agents. This property, no doubt, varied very much in the
different agents used — some gave out more heat than others,
and some evolved more carbonic acid gas than others.
Coal gas produced leas carbonic acid than petroleum and
other substances of that kind. This subject was important
in connection with the effect of artificial light upon health.
No doubt in rooms where lights were burnt for a con-
siderable time, unless proper regard were paid to ventila-
tion, a large amount of noxious gases were evolved. These
gases consisted of carbonic acid, sulphurous acid, and
others of a more or less pernicious nature. In some cases
in rooms where lights were burnt in which the combus-
tion was not complete, there was a formation of carbonic
oxide which was most poisonous. When explosions took
place in mines not only carbonic acid was formed, but also
carbonic oxide, and these were both destructive of life in a
very short time, but each separately had a diflerent action
in the destruction of life. Carbonic acid sas destroyed life
comparatively slowly, while carbonic oxide immediately
struck down any one who breathed it. In the case of the
lamentable explosion at the Hartlev colliery, which was
attended with so large a loss of life, he had no doubt that
a mixture of carbonic add and carbonic oxide was formed,
and he hoped, for the sake of the victims themselves, that
the latter predominated, inasmuch as their sufferings
would be less protracted than under the influence of car-
bonic acid alone. The action of these gases produced
such diflerent appearances after death that it could be ascer-
tained by which of them the death had been caused.
Carbonic acid gas rendered the blood left in the veins of a
dark colour, while in cases of death fhmi carbonic oxide ^e
red colour of the blood was heightened. The fkot of
these gases being generated by the combustion of the
agents used for lighting purposes made it necessary that
the utmost attention should be paid to ventilation. He
thought the plan of Ughting adapted in the room in
which they were assembled was so perfect that it was im-
possible there could be any accumulation of noxious gases,
while the light itself, by being conoentrated into one large
focus, was of a very efficient character, and ventilation
was greatly promoted. The subject of lighting bv petro-
leum having been alluded toby Mr. Paul, he could have
wished that some further information had been given
with regard to the Bangoon petroleum. From that
material had been manufactured a veiy perfect lighting
agent under the title of Belmontine, but he was afraid
the supply of that petroleum, as indeed of many other
kinds, was considerably on the decrease, bat he had no
doubt that other sources of supply would be obti^bed as
the original ones failed.
]^. BAOHTroiTif BB ssid on a recent occasion when they
were favoured with a paper on an analogous subject to
this, he expressed a somewhat strong opimon with refer-
ence to the use of hydro carbons as lighttog agents, which
opinion he saw do reason to retnei. He still m^nt^^f^
that for the ordinary oils of oommense a suflfeieoi
guarantee should be given as to their non-inflammafaOit^
at a temperature below a certain fixed standard ; olhff-
wise there was danger in their use for domeatio pnrpoiSi.
He did not dispute the ocvreetness of Mr. Paul's atato-
mentthat, if these oils were used under proper preeaa*
tions, they would be safe enough : but the great difficult
was to ensure those precautions in ordinaiy honeeholds.
Moat of the lamps at present in use required to be trimmed
and lighted in a peculiar way, and with greaft care, and
this could hardly h9 trusted to servants. He had no ob-
jection to offer against the use of these lighthig agsoii^
provided a satiiAoUxy guarantee were given by iSb»
retailers of the article that it would not explode at
a temperature below 100<^ at least, though he woaUl
rather have a margin of 20^ or 30^ degrees above that.
There was at present a certain amount of danger in tba
use of these hydro-caifaon oils. He was aware that tha
same objeotions were raised against ordinaiy gas on its
first introduction. He had no doubt th^ could eas^
blow up a house with gas if they were so dispoaed, but tmi
would only result in most cases from great rarnlrisimii
The peculiar odour of gas was a great safeguard in ita
use, for any escape was at once detected. He remembered
there was once an attempt made to deprive coal gas of ita
odour, but he regarded that as the greatest security they
could have against accidents, for if they allowed the t^
to be turned on they were apprised of the fact throng
the medium of the olfactory sense. With rsgard to
petroleum, until there was a satisfactory guarantee whaB
hydro-carbon oils were purchased, that they were not ex-
plosive at a temperature below something like 130^, he
considered they were not safe for general domestic osa.
Mr. BoBiKsoM, as one who had h^l some expericnee in
the use of paraffin oQ, fhlly confirmed the views expreaad
by the la^ speaker, as to the necessity for a snflfeient
guarantee being ^ven as to the temperature atwhieli
these oils would inflame. Without tbat guaraniea ha
considered their use objectionable and dangerous. Tha
system under which they were at present tM waa ex*
tremely unsatisfactory. A short time since he purcbasad
some paraffin ml which was guaranteed not to ignite upon
the i^lication of a match Ur it in a saucer ; but iqioa
testing it he found it ignited vei^ readily. He thought
it worthy the consideration of this Society bow lar petro-
leum oils might be employed for the purpose of heating
steam boilers, instead of as a lighting agent. He thou^
the use of paraffin and petroleum oils highly dangerooi
with the present tall lamps, which were liable to be i^sal
by the smallest accident, when the most serious codso-
quences might ensue. He fully concurred in the yitm%
of Dr. Bachhoffher as to the desirability of a more eaii^
factory ffuarantee being given of the dogrt^ of inflaBva^
bility of these oils.
Dr. Baohhoffnkb said petroleum had been uaad in
America to a great extent for generatmg steam in steam-
boilers, and a report had been issued showing that it bad
been attended with certain advantagea.*
Mr. Wahkltn thought too mach importanoe waa
attached to the compar^m of lighting materials as re-
garded the relative qualities of carbonic add produced in
combustion. Ordinary air contained from three to fiv«
parts of carbonic acid gas in 10,000 parts of air. Experi*
ments made upon air taken from the most crowded
theatres of London showed it to contain not more than
fifty parts of carbonic acid in 10,000. If they oonsideted
the immense quantity of air there was in a room, and
made a simple calculation, it would appear tbat no
description of lighting material they oomd have ooold
E reduce an amount of carbonic add that waa likely to
ave a smious effeot upon health. He believed it bid
never been established that the difference between o parts
and 50 parts in 10,000 had an injurious effect upoo the
• SeepBgs834,<*UieofPattolenoiia
JOURNAL OP THE BOOIETY OP ARTS, Apeil 1, 1864.
319
health ; and the ymhthlSiy was thai the iojorioiis effeeta
of doae air were dae to something else, rather than to
the slight additkmal qoantitj of carbonic acid gas.
He believed the amount of carbonic acid present under
soeh ciromnstances was practically of no moment whatever.
With regard to the danger of explosion, petroleum had
only recently come Into use, and he believed one of the
most efleotoal wavs of guarding against this was to nse
lamps holding only a small portion of oil. To caose an
explosion they required air to be mixed with the vapour
of petroleum, and it was only when this vapour was pre-
sent in a laige proportion that explosion was possible.
When the lamp was full of oil tnere could be no ex-
plosion ; the accidents occurred for the most port when
the lAnnip was nearly empty.
Mr. Tkoetmrikb said, having investigated the circum-
stances of a great many accidents alleged to have been
occasioned by the explosion of paraffin lamps, he had
only met with one genuine instance, which occurred at
Bethnal Green in the autumn of last year. In that case
the lamp was a cheap and badly constructed one ; the oil
used was inflammable at 110^ (disposing of the alleged
Mfety of oil at lOCP), and a woman in attempting to put
the light out blew down the chimney, which ignited the
oil, and the burning liquid was scattereJ over her, occa-
sioning a considerable amount of injury. With regard
to the inflaming point of oil he understood Mr. Paul to
pot the point of safety at 100^. He (Mr. Tegetmeier)
thought the inflaming point should be pla^ some
decrees higher. He had never traced an accident to oil
inmuniog at over 120^; therefore he agreed with Dr.
Baohhoflner that they ought to have a guarantee of safety
up to about 130^. As to danger in the use of really
good oil, he believed it was practically nil ; and with oil
oninflammable up to about 130^ ; they might use the
lamp in the roughest manner, and even spill the oil, with-
out the sl^test danger.
Mr. Pitn,, in reply upon the discussion, said withreferenoe
to the remarks of Dr. Marcet, as to the relative amount
of carbonic acid given out by different lighting materials,
it was only necenary to say that as the illuminat-
ing power of these materialB entirely depended upon the
amoont of carbon they contained, it followed that for a
given ^[uantity of light they must yield a given quantity of
carbonic acid. In Sie table given in the paper the various
materials mentioned were seen to contain carbon in slightly
different proportions, the greatest amount being contained
in olefiant gas, which was about 86 per cent., while marsh
flas oootaloed about 79 per cent., and the latter had no
ulominatrng power, while the former produced a brilliant
naht. It was a mistake to suppose that petroleum had an
advanta^ over coal gas in producing less heat : for the
production of heat as well as of light depended upon the
amount of carbon ; the more light, the more heat and the
more carbonic add they had. The only room for improve-
ment in the ease of gas, as far as he could see, was with
regard to the dUniing agents of olefiant gas ; these were
of three kinds— catfoonic oxide, carburetted hydrogen, and
bydn^gen. These differed in the amount of heat they
produced, and carbonio oxide was objectionable from its
poiioooafl propertlei. The improvement would be to
subttitnte Dydrogen for marsh gas or carbonic oxide : still
he repeated, for a siven quantUy of light they must have
a given raantity of carbonic acid and a given quantity of
heal. TYMb produetioQ of carbonic oxide under the cir-
cumstances in which* gas, petroleum or candles were
burned, seemed to him to be be3rond the range of poari-
bOiW. Carbonic oxide could only be produced by the
Qombustion of carbonaceous substancss wnere there was a
deilden^ of osnrgen. When a light was burnt with
fnsnffirfant air the oonsequoice was smoke, which pre-
ceded the production of carbonic oxide, and gave suf-
ficient wamtDg of tiie risk. There was a method of light-
ing whfcii had been tried, whidi he had no doubt would
eventually be successful, and would be largely used, in
which the Hght was obtained without any carbonic acid
being produced. He referred to the lime light, in which
the soud substance, instead of being carbon, was a piece of
lime. Intensely heated by the flame of oxygen and hydro-
gen. The possibility of using that plan of lighting for
ordinary purposes rested upon one cireumstanee, viz., the
production of cheap oxygen. If this could be eheaply
supplied there would be no further difficulty about thie
lime light : but under present circumstances the improve-
ment that could be made in the existing methods of light-
ing consisted in better nsodes of ventilation, such as were
a£pted in this room — a principle first introduced by Fara-
day, and one which might be regarded as perfect in all re-
elects. With regard to the Rangoon petroleum, the history
of it was veiy simple. It was an extremely good material
for the manufacture of hydro-carbon oils, the best of the
kind being that known as the Belmontine, of Price's Candle
Coy., but the cost of Rangoon petroleum in this country
was from £20.to £25 per ton, while the American was sup-
plied at from £12 to £18. It did not therefore require many
words to say why Rangoon petroleum was not used. With
reg^ud to American petroleum be was far from enthusiastic
alraut the future of that. He was disposed to think the
oil distilled flrom coal and other similar minerals would
become the staple material for the production of these
iUuminsting oils. With regard to ttie alleged danger
attending Sie use of these materials, he must say he
could not agree with the apprehensions entertained by
genUemen whose opinions, however, were deserving
of great respect. The idea of being limited in the
use of these materials by the stupidity of domestics
was a thing he did not like to submit to. The probability
of a gas tap being left with the gas escaping was quite as
great as that of any blunder through which an accident
might be produced by the use of petroleum. Of course
in the use of all these materials a reasonable and proper
amount of care must be exeroised, and, as with ordinaiy
gas, they must have proper apparatus for burning these
oils, which apparatus must be carefully managed. The
fact that these oils could afford light in country places,
where gas was not obtainable, at a price of little more
than half as much again as gas, was sufficient to prove
that they were a considerable boon to the great ma« of
the people. There was another fact which was not
sufficiently attended to--that was the enormous aggregate
consumption of these oils. There were several fiustOTiea
which turned out 80,000 gallons of oil per week, and the
number of accidents they heard of was infinitely suiall when
oomnared with theextent to which these materials were used.
At tne same time it was quite proper that it should be
settled by competent authority what should be the standard
of safety in these oils. The Act of Parliament, passed
some time ago, unfortunately only applied to the storing
of petroleum and other inflammable substances, and left
out of consideration other important points. The Act
merely provided that not more than 40 gallons of oil,
lighting at a temperature below lOO*', should be stored
within aeertain distance of a dwelling bouse ; but less
than 40 gallons of such oil, if ignited, might ooaasionvery
serious damage. With regard to the temperature of
igmtion, if it were possible to use oil that would light
at 100^ with perfect safety, provided they used
proper lamps in a proper way, it was desirable that
no impediment should be placed in the wav of doiiu
so; at all events, the question should oe settled,
imd i^e absolute degree of safety established. With
regard to the use of these materials for fuel, that
admitted of verv simple comment. He was aware they
had been tried m America, but a slight consideration of
the composition of petroleum would show that this was
not likdy to answer commercially. The heating power
of petroleum was not more than \\ times that of coal,
and while the price of petroleum in this country was
about £18 per t(m, coal was about ^1 per ton. From
this fact alone they might judge how far the appluatioQ
of petroleum to heating purposes in manufaotoras wis
practicable.
320
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 1, 1864. .
Mr. Stmons said that the assertion of Mr. Paul — ^that
heat bears a constant proportion to light, did not agree
with the experiments of Dr. Frankland. According to
the published tables of those experiments, the heat pro-
duced did not bear any constant propoi-tiou to the amount
of light evolved.
The CoAiBMiN thought they could not but feel obliged
to Mr. Paul for the mteresting paper he had brought
before them this evening, and also for the further observa-
tions he had been kind enough to make on matters
arising out of the discussion. The subject of lighting
was a very interesting and important one, both as re-
garded the lighting of towns and the interior of dwell-
ings. Those who had been in any of the towns of
the East, which were entirely unlighted at night,
except by the small lanterns people carried about
with them, would not be surprised at the fact,
that when the Turkish Ambassador came to London,
he thought the city was illuminated in honour
•of his amval, though the only lights used at that period
were oil lamps. He might mention, that long after the
introduction of gas into Newoastle-upon-Tyne, he saw a
house there blown up by gas. The singular fact connected
with this occurrence was, that in that house Ho gas was
daid on ; but the pipe for the public lighting having
burst, the gas found its way into the house, and the ser-
vant, ^oing about with a lighted candle, produced the
explosion, which was attended with very serious conse-
•quences. That accident, at the time, was very likely to
lead to a supposition that gas would prove a very dan-
gerous thing, and that accidents of that kind
'would be of frequent occurrence. Yet it was
the only instance of the kind he ever heard of, and
40 years had passed over without the repetition of such
an occurrence, showing how erroneous a view might be
entertained as to the question of danger. Reference had
been made to the application of these oils to heating
purposes. That was a subject well worthy of most care-
nil consideration, because everything that tended to
economise coal must tend to the duration of this country
as a great and powerful nation. The Chairman concluded
by moving a vote of thanks to Mr. P^.
The vote of thanks having been passed,
Mr. Paul, in reply to what had fallen from Mr. Symons,
said he thought Dr. Frankland would be the last person
to dissent from the view he had put foi'ward as to the
amount of light, and consequently of heat produced, being
in direct proportion to the amount of carbon contained in
the vapour burnt. As to the reason why the oxy-hydrogen
blow pipe did not give light in proportion to the heat, it
was simply from the &ct that the gases burnt contained
no carbon, and yielded no solid product.
ftirmMngs at |nstMon8»
ASHTOK AND DUKINFIELD MCOHAKIOS' INSTITUTION.—
The report for last year congratulates the members upon
the prosperity of the Institution. The number of mem-
bers is now larger than at any previous period in its his-
tory, although it is far below what it ought to be. There
is ample accommodation for double the present number of
members. The list of honorary members, although
laiger than at any previous period, is not commensurate
with the wealth or intelligence of the town. During
the past year two lectures have been delivered in
the Institution, in both instances free of charge. The
committee suggest the desirability of inaugurating a
course of lectures with occasional meetings of a more
social and entertaininff character. The chess and
draught rooms are well attended. During the past
year a Discussion Society has been formed, and has
proved a decided success. Papers upon various interesting
subjects have been read and discussed. The meetings of
the society are held in the winter months, and it num-
bers fiftv-five members. A ** Field Naturalists* Society*
was projected rather late in the season, but several very in-
teresting excursions were taken in the immediate neigh-
bourhood, and the natural history of the district investi-
gated. Combining both pleasure and profit — the study
of natural history amidst natural scenery — this society has
many points of attraction. To ladies it offera, in con-
junction with the library, opportunities for mental culture
and recreation which no other department of the Institu-
tion possesses. The number of member is 520, being an
increase of twenty-nine on the former year, seventeen of
whom are factory operatives. The partial improvemeot
which has taken place in the staple industry of this dis-
trict since the last annual meeting has resulted in an in-
crease in the class of factory operatives of 33 per cent
The classes now in operation are, writing, arithmetic,
grammar, geography, and mathematics, meeting four
evenings in the week; French, meeting once a week;
mechanics, architecture, and free-hand drawing, meeUng
once a week . In the library, the present number of volume*
is 3,470» being an increase during the year of 130. The
total number of issues was 7,225.
Gbkville House Working Mbn*s Librabf and
Rbaoino Room, Paddinoton. — Tnefceventh annual report
says that there is a circulating library of nearly 1,300
volumes, an increase of 100 over last year. The numbtf
of members on the books at present is about 230 (about
the same as last year), of whom about 10 pi^ extra, and
avail themselves of the classes, or some of them. The
numberof books taken outof the Hbrarv during theyearwas
about 3,500. The last twelvemonth has witnessed a great
movement for the promotion of clubs for working men
Mr. Gladstone, in a recent speech in Flintshire, had said,
much on the advantages of institutions of this kind.
Greville House has for several vears exhibited a practical
example of the working man's library and reading room, in
conjunction with educational classes. As the "Club**
feature of such institutions is just now attracting attention,
it may be mentioned that coffee is to be had on the
premises, and that a smoking-room is provided. The ooa-
tinuous steady work of the dassee, the examinatiaiw
for prizes, and the other educational machinery, prove,
that the means of moral and mental improvement
are afforded, while the agreeable scenes presented bj
the soirees of the members, and the pleasure afforded 1^
an occasional lecture or other entertainment of an avowedly
amusing character, show that innocent recreation is not
forgotten. Last year's report contained the usual notice
that prizes had been offered for the study of works of use-
ful information,, and it was mentioned that the sal>iecii
then proposed were, ** Lessons on Morals," and ** The
Science of Health.*' As on former occasions a smaller
number of competitors came forward than could have been
desired, but those who did so acquitted themselves well.
The prizes were awarded as follows : — '* Morals,'* W.
Peters, 1st prize, G. Anderson, 2nd prize ; ** Sdence oC
Health," Mr. Burch, 1st prize, Mr. Carrier, 2nd prize.
These prizes were distributed at a public meeting, when
Lord Ftbury took the chair. The subjects for examina-
tion for 1864 are Blunt's « Sketch of the Beformation in
England," and « The British SettlemenU in India," a
work published b^ the Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge. During the past year the Institution has been
brought into union with the Metropolitan A&<«ociation for
Promoting the Education of Adults. The Bible dass ^oes
on steadily. During the last suo^mer some disappoioi-
ment was felt from the utter failure of every attempt to
obtain a cricket-ground. It is much to be n^etted that
in the present state of London it is next to imposKUble for
the working-man to share in recreations of thia kind.
During the summer evenings the Greville House band
performed every Saturday evening on Paddington-green.
During the autumn months a gymnastic class has beui
held in the large room of the Institution. Lectures havie,
as heretofore, been regularly given every week, daring
spring and winter, and the committee express their great
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETr OF ARTS, Aphil 1, 1864. 321
oUigitioiii to the friends who hAve kiDdly oome forward
to tftke p«rt in the ooone. The ADnaid loir^ of the
nMmbeci took plaoe, and wia moii soooeflsfiil.
THE ART.WORKMANSHIP PRIZES.
The fc^owiog is horn a correspoDdent : —
In cooadering the second aeries of priaes which is now
offered by the Society of ^Lrts fiar the best, and the second
beat, specimens of ** Art- Workmanship," it is important
to reoollect that the pprpose of the Society ia not, in the
first and Uigeet division of the seriea, to call for what is
oommonly styled *' design/' even in its humblest form of
adapting existing materials, bat for workmanship per m.
An app^ is made to those mimeroas classes of skilled
aitizans whoce crafts are exercised in the debateable land
that lies between art and labow. The Society acts on
the coovictioo, which has long been entertained by those
acquainted with the subject, that our skilled workmen
raraly have opportunities for studying, in the practical
BMODer which a competition involves, those admirable
examples of successful production in their respective crafts
which the paat has storod up for us. It ia denrable to put
models of perfect workmanship before men whose powers
are frequently limited in scope, and whose knowledge is too
often technioU. or, to speak strictly, merely practical in its
nature. ^ By doing this the technical ability of every com-
petitor is worthily tested, and even those who are'unsuc-
oenful in the trial most profit by a noble kind of practice.
These are the general and direct objects of the Society.
The system by which it is attempted to carry out those
objects has several points which we would commend to
workmen :->l. The prizes are liberal in amount, ranging
from £3 to £20 ; the scale in each class being carefully
adi^ted to the nature of the work required, the cost cf
ptodoctioo. Ac 2. Competitors may execute their tasks
after workmg houn, so that they need not interlere with
Qurrent duties of the workshop. To this end ample time
is given for production, and tnat time which is most con-
Tflfiient for the tasks, t.«., the season of long days has
been designated. Works are not to be sent in to the
Secretary of the Society of ArU till the 26th Novem-
ber next. 8. The works produced are to remain the
eraiUman*s own, whether premiated or not; and the only
condition attached to the competition by the Society,
with regard topossession of the same, is advantageous to
oompetitors. This is, that all specimens shall be retained
a reasonable time for exhibition. This exhibition will pro-
baUj take pbce at the South Kensington Museum, or else in
the House of the Society of Arts. 4. Models, either in the
form of casts or of photographs, are obtMuable at the mere
OQsA of production. 5. AU the models selected bv the com-
mittee of the Society appointed to deal with Uiis matter
are moh as admit of the works produced from them beii^
faroo^t into use so as to have a commercial value of their
own in each instance, indqwndent of that attaching to
the ofaaraoter of examples which have been honourably
diitioguiBhed. With a view to enable oompetitors to dis-
pose of their works the Society calls upon the makers to
state the price at which they may be sold, or, should they
be sold beibre they are sent in competition, that at which a
eopy may be had. It is needless to point out to workmen
or employers the advantages attending success in competi-
iioiis such as these. In point of fact the Sociefy of Arts
undertakes all the expense and trouble of gettinj? up an
exhibition of competing works, rewards the skilnil, and
makes their names known over the length and breadth of
theland.
The second division of the series of prizes is for works exe-
eoted without prescribed designs, and embraces in its subjects
the human figure, animals, foliage, fruit, grotesques, etc
The first (riae in this division is uie Society's silver medal
and £25, Of course its subjects involve '* design" as well
aa execution. The Society, with great consideration for
the peculiar circumstances of those whom it invites to com-
pete for its prizes, has Instituted a second set of prizes, of
the same amount in each class, for female competitors only,
although all classes are open to them. The additional set
of prizes comprises painting on porcelain, decorative
painting, and the production of wall mosaics.
From the list of examples set forth by the Society I
propose to select such as appear to admit of special re-
marks upon their character, their history, and those points
in their execution which deserve particular consideration.
It is difficult to conceive a finer example of execution,
or one better fitted for application to modern uses, than the
beautiful group of a boy and dolphin, which is offered as
the theme for the first prize in Class 1, carving in
marble, stone, or wood. Such a work may be employed
as a bracket, as a console, or cantflever; it might be placed
over a fireplace, underabalcoov, or in any other similar situ-
ation. The subject is one of those spirited themes so often
adopted with perfect success by the gieat Italian sculptors,
who gave their attention to the production of decorative
works. A winged boy is placed astride of a dolphin, and
guides it by reins held in the right hand, while with the left
he grasps a flag and waves it behind him. An appearance
as of rapid motion is imparted with admirable skill, by
the flying hair of the child, by the full-blown character
of the burner, and, principally, by the plunging attitude
of the dolphin; note also the clinnng of the thin
drapery that clothes the part of the boy's body as an
exquisite example of drapery employed so as to become
expressive in itself. Every part of the execution of this
work is worthy of careful study. Even the subordinate
parts of the scroll which form the console itself are
designed with perfect taste. See the bold, yet graceful,
curve given to the mouldings, the fine treatment of the
line of decorations on its front, composed of a modifica-
tion of the " egg and tongue " ornament, showing
scallops and tongues placed alternately. No carver who
loves his work wul omit to deal carefully with tho beautiful
** rosettes " of open lotus- flowers which, on the sides of
the model, form the eyes of the scrolls. Competitors who
use the full sized cast of this sculpture which the Society
supplies will have a decided advantage in dealing with it.
Good as the photograph is, much of the detail is out of its
range. The dolphin, the filmy fins and almost animated
tail of which are remarkable for design and treatment,
deserves special attention. In the latest edition of the
inventory of the South Kensington Museum the original
of this work is numbered 5 ; its " Register," or permanent
number, is 5,896. It is ascribed to Donatelio (?), the
sculptor of the famous " David " and '' St. George," a
Florentine, bom 1383, died 1466. Competitors who may
resolve to work from the photograph only, and not to
avail themselves of casts from the actual object, are
earnestly recommended to examine the casts, which will
be deposited at the house of the Society of Arts, Adelphi,
London, at the South Kensington Museum — ^where also
the original is readily accessible— and at the Schools of Art
in Edinburgh, Dublin, Manchester, Gla^w, Birming-
ham, and Hanlev in the Potteries. This recommenda-
tion applies to all the other works, copies of which may
be seen at the above-named places.
The second example to which I shall call attention is
that proposed as the model for the prize offered in class 1
for ornamental work. In this case, as in the last, copies
will have to be produced in marble, stone, or wood. The
model is a carved chair-back, dating from about the end
of the fifteenth century, copies of which may, however,
be adapted to uses other than that of the original, 0.y.,
the work, if reproduced in wood, might he applied
as a panel on the door of a wardrobe, or other
similar office admitting of flat decoration. Some parts
of the example have, as far as regards art-value,
much greater interest than others. The head oi a ter-
minal-winged figure is surrounded by frsloons, fVom be-
hind the pedesUl of the figure i«ie some beautifUl acjrolls
of natural foliage, beneath is a cartouche, having in iU
centre a lion's head. The treatment of the body of th«
322
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 1, 1864.
tenpintl figure is highly ohjectionable, not to My bad, in
mrt ; the head of the Bame has not much to recommend
it, the festoons, of which there are several subordinate
repetitions, are good, but rather commonplace. The car-
touche, notwithstanding that it offers, in the bold and yet
precise characters of its elements, many opportunities for
the display of skill in carving, cannot be quoted as valu •
able in its designs ; few cartouches of this date have any
pretension to be ranked as works of art. The admirable
part of the composition, and that which will try the skill of
competitors, is the foliage, of very simple and elegant
character, which issues fix)m behind the pedestal, and
spreads itself over the flat ground of the object in exquisite
sph^l forms. Hero, indeed, is a model worthy of study, and
of the most thouehtful imitation. The round and firm, vet,
so to say, fleshy branches, which hold the leaves and their
berries, can hardly receive too much attention. Thtf skil-
ful union of the stems with their adjuncts, the modelling of
the crisp leaves and of .the dexterously-placed berries is
delightful. That valuable element of ornamental work,
the grotesque, is here represented by the lion's head, and
IS a most unfortunate example, its sole merit being that of
flatness, which is estimable in a work of this class, and
susUins the style of the whole.
The second example offered for reproduction in the
section of ornament (class 1), although a much less
elal)orate one than that last named, is wholly satisfactory.
It is a fine bracket, or corbel, made to receive a vaulting-
shaft, an example of " stiff leaf foliage" of transitional
character, approachmg to the style of the Decorated
pbwe of Gothic art. It suggests nearlv all the beautiful
design and execution of the similar works in Wells
Cathedral (south transept). Although it is suggested by
the committee that " the details of this model may be im-
proved by the introduction of small animals," it cannot
be averred that the work is not perfectly adapted for its
original use as a corbel, and to be seen at a considerable
distance above the eye. In accordance with its situation
^5®-*!?'^®'' arranged an interval between the two masses
of foliage, and, in order to get richness and lightness of ^
appeaipce, as well as depth of shadow, he cut away
"that mterval boldly, leaving only the stems of the
upper mass of foliage marked between the two ranges
or crowns of leafage. Considered in its proper aspect
nothing can excel this work in spirit or beauty of
composition. The treatment of deUil is admirable.
The human head— which has been introduced with
thoughtful appreciation of its position in a building,
in which place probably the whole was carved— is
an excellent grotesque, and the intelligence displayed
in Its production is infinitely superior to that which con-
tented itself with the inane lion's head of the last ex-
ample. Time, neglect, and the white-wash brush have
done their worst upon the original ; the mould from
which the copy m the Architectural Museum was
taken was doubtless a mere "squeeze." We
have, in the cast before us, a mere translation,
yet the work will arrest tho attention of all stu-
dents, and raodeUers may be able to restore the damaged
surface m their reproductions, but they must think deeply
w they will be able to introduce new elements into the
design which will not do more harm than good. If such
Dew elements are introduced with beneficial effect the
work will be fitted for other uses than that of the original.
• Design " wUl be called into play here by competitow who
Attempt to improve the model; probably on this account
the committee makes its reference to such "improvements "
permissive only, and not conditional.
This subject will be resumed in a future number.
jfiitt ^S.
thf worki^Jf iH PABis.-The exhibiUoD, now imrnal, of
the works of hving artists, which is to open on the first
of May, is attracting nnosoal attention, although only
half the usual time has elasped since the last talon. The
cause of this is in the changes that have bewi made in
the constitution and direction of the Imperisl Schools of
Art, and with respect to the prizes for the exhibition
itself. This year, for the first time, the greater portion
of the jurors, three-fourths of the whole, are named by
the body of artists who have received medals or decora-
tions. The election took place some days since at the
Louvre, when the following were selected r—MessieuiB
Cabanel, of the Institut, Professor of the Imperial
School of Fine Arts ; Robert Fleuiy, also member of
the Institut and Director of the Imperial School;
G^rdme and Pils, Professors of the School; Bida,
Franoais, Fromentin, Corot, and Meissonier, of the
Institut; with H. Flandrin, Gleyre, and Leon Cogniet,
the first and last members of the Institut, as supple,
mentary members. The list of names selected by the
artists exhibits a good understanding between them and
the Imperial establishment on the one hand, and the
Institut on the other, and sets at rest all fear relative
to popular election of the juries. The memben elected
in the section of sculpture are, all but one, memben of
the Institut or of the Imperial Schools ; and the selection
in the case of the other juries is equally remarkable.
Since the election referred to took place, the Admlnia^
tion has nominated the remaining quarter, the list being
as follows:— In painting— Due De Momy, M. Tb6ophile
Gautier, and M. Beiset, one of the Conservatora of the
Louvre. In sculpture and medal engraving — BL de
Longpdrier, of the Institut and a Conservator, and M.
Paul de Saint Victor, a literary man. In engraving—
M. Henri Delaborde. Conservator ; and in architecture—
M. du Somm^rard, the Director of the Mus6e de Clony.
A jury thus selected ought to give satisfaction, and to
prevent the necessity for a painful exhibition of the rejected
works like that which took place last year. At any rata
the working of the new System will be watched with
great interest as an important experiment, not only by
Frenchmen but by foreigners. Juries are irresponsible
tiibunals entrusted with serious duties, and it certainly
cannot be said that the world has yet arrived at any veiy
satisfactory opinion respecting either the method of their
election or the principles of their action. Almost at the
moment of the election of the juries in question, one of
those named, and one of the best artists of France of the
present day, M. Hippolyte Flandrin, expired suddenly at
Rome. M. Flandrin's minor works are well known
abroad as well as at home, and amongst these, the most
prominent, perhaps, are the portrait of a " Girl with a
Poppy," and that of Prince Napoleon ; but his highest
claim as an artist rests on his religious works, including,
amongst many others, the mui-al pintings in the churches
of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul and Saint- Germain-desPr^s,
The latter include no less than twenty principal subjeete
and forty separate figures; and, unfortunately, the work
is left unfinished. M. Flandrin was a pupil of M. Ingres,
but he had entirely quitted the path of his master in the
matter of colour. ** The camp of coloui and the camp
of form," said Th^ophile Gautier the other day, " have
each lost a chief." ITie Government has given M.
Benedict Masson a commission to decorate the walls of
the cloisters which surround the Court of Honour of the
Hdtel of the Invalides. The fonr walls measure etch
about 150 feet long by 16 feet high. M. Masson
has selected for subjects— the ages of Charlemagne,
Saint-Louis, Louis XIV., and Napoleon. The vaultings
of the ceiling are also to be decorated. The walls have
been scraped and primed, and are now ready for the
artist. The Chemin de Fer du Midi has performed a
graceful act towards art by reducing the charge for oanv-
mg pictures and other works for the exhibition, to be held
at Toulouse in the month of May. to one half the usual
prices. The Im^Msrial museums have received a lar^e
number of presents of late, some of great valoe ; amongst
the most recent are a bust in marble of the Coontea d^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 1, 1864.
323
U Fort6, a very oihanniog work, attribated either to
Oemudn Pilon or Jean Goageon ; and a bas-relief repre-
wnting the Virgin and Child, by Mino de Fi^lle, who
died in 1486. There has been a rery remarkable work
of gold lately exhibited at the entrance of the choir of
the Cathedral of Kotre Dame. It is a new reliquary,
manufiiotored at the expense of the chapter, after a
dea^ prepared by M. Viollet Le Dae, and contains an
immenfle number of diamonds and other precious stones,
the resuU of pious offerings. St. Louis is represented
rittlng on a throne, wearing a crown of rubies and
emeralds, and holding the crown of thorns in his liand.
St. Helena, with the Holy Cross, and Baudouin XL,
£mperor of Constantinople, are likewise seated on thrones.
There is a platform over the head of these three person-
ages, resting on the top of the thrones, of which the disc
is sorrofinded by a river of diamonds. Tur<]^uoises are
scattered over the surface, and in the centre is a pillar
formed of enormous emeralds, which bears a crystal
lantern, round which are the Twelve Apostles. The
reUqaary, which is silver gilt, cost X2,200. The diamonds
and precious stones are estimated at £8,000.
Fbmulc Abt Students. — A memorial, bearing the
signatures of twenty-three female students connected with
vSo Sonth Kensington and other art schools, who purpose
to become professional artists, has been presented to the
members of the Royal Academy of Arts. The
memorialists state that it has long been the custom of
the Royal Academy to admit into their school new
stodenta to supply vacancies, and that the students have
been usually selected by means of an examination of
works executed for the purpose ; that for some years
past, and up to the year 1863, it was permitted to female
stodiente to compete at these examinations, but that in
Jone, 1863, two female students of the Soutli Kensington
School of Art sent in to the Royal Academy drawings
execoted by them for the {mrpose of competition, when, by
a resolution of the Council, it was determined that their
works should not be submitted to competition, and ihat no
more female students should be admitted into the schools.
The memorialists complain of that resolution, urging that
the current of opinion and feeling of late years, on the
part of the edncated public, has been strongly in favour
of the introduction of women to such callings and pursuits
as are suitable to their sex, capacities, and tastes, and that
one channel which has in mcnlern times been opened for
the enterprise of women is the pursuit of the arts of
«nilpture and painting, and tliat many women have
availed themselves of that opening, and are at present
earning their livelihood as artists; and that many other
youn^ women are preparing themselves by study and
practice to follow their example. The memorialists,
therefore, urge that with the view of their becoming
really good artists, they ought (o receive the best art
odocation compatible with the circumstances, and that
this is only to be had in the schools of the Royal Academy,
which are the only free art schools in this country. The
only reason alleged by the Academy authorities for ex-
cluding them was that the accommodation for students
was limited. The memorialists, however, urge that they
do not ask that any favour be extended towards the
female competitonB at the entrance examination, so that
the entire number of students will not be increased. They
merely desire '* a fair field and no favour." In conclusion,
they "pray that liberty may be restored to female students
to compete for admission into the schools of the Royal
Academv, npon the same terms and conditions as male
etodentsV'
Pitimfattitrfs.
♦■
New Babomctcb. — This barometer consists of a column
of mereory placed in a glass tube, hermetically sealed at
the top, and perfectly open at the bottom. The lower
half of the tube is of larger bore than the upper. If
a column of mercury, of exactly the length which the
atmosphere, at the given time, is capable of supporting,
were placed in a tube of glass, hermetically sealed at the
top, of equal boie from end to end, the mercury would be
hdd in suspense ; but immediately the pressure of the at-
mosphera mcreased, the mercury would rise towards the
top of the tube, and remain there till, on the pressure de-
creasing, it would fall towards the bottom, and the por-
tion which the atmosphere was unable to support would
dropout. If, however, the lower half of the tube be made
a little larger in the bore than the upper, then, when the
column falls, the upper portion passes out of the smaller
part of the tube into the larger, and, owing to the greater
capacity of the latter, the lower end of the column of mer-
cury does not sink to the same extent as the upper end,
and the column, as a matter of course, becomes shorter.
This falling will continue until the column is reduced to
that length which the atmosphere is capable of supporting,
and the scale attached thus registers this fall, or what is
ordinarily termed the height of the barometer. From the
above description it will be evident that, by merely vary-
ing the proportions in the sizes of the two parts of the
tube, a scale of any length can be obtained. B or example,
if the tubes are very nearly the same size in bore, the co-
lumn has to pass through a great distance before the
necessary compensation takes place, and a ver}*' long
scale may thus be obtained, say ten inches for every
one inch rise and fall in the ordinary barometer. But
if the lower tube is made much larger than the upper,
the mercury passing into it quickly compensates, and
a small scale, say from two to three inches for every
inch, is obtained. To ascertain how many inches this
rise and fall for an ordinary inch of the barometer would
be, the inventor, Mr. Hicks, of Hatton-garden, attaches
his barometer with a standard barometer to an air pump
receiver, and thus ascertains the scale for every inch,
fiom 31 to 27 inches. On the same principle, as regards
the tube, the inventor lias constructed an absolute
standard barometer, graduating the scale from the centre,
and reading it off at each end of the column with two
verniers, to the one-thousandth of an inch. To ascertain
the height of the hu-ometer graduated in this way, ha
takes a reading of the upper surface of the column of
mercury with one vernier, then of tlie lower surface in
the same way with the other vernier, and by adding the
two readings together, he gets the exact length of the
column of mercury supported in the air, which is the
true height of the barometer at the time. Qay-Lussao's
pipette is introduced into the centre of the tube to
prevent the possibility of any air passing up into the top.
Such a barometer is convenient for measuring mountain
heights, beinflf very portable and getting rid of the
cistern, and the corrections necessary when this Is used.
New, Maximum Thermometeb. — The novelty in this
thermometer consists in the addition, near the bulb,
of a small tube at right angles to the tube of the ther-
mometer, and in connection with the bore ; and when the
thermometer is placed horizontally, this tube stands
perpendicularly above it. On an increase of temperature
taking place, the mercury will rise in the small bore, as
in an ordinary thermometer; but on the temperatui*e de-
crea<ting, instead of receding, in the small bore, as in an
ordinary thermometer, the mercury in the bulb, on con-
tracting, draws with it the mercury from the small side
tube, and the then column of mercury in tlie small bore
registers the maximum temperature. To reset the ther-
mometer for future observation, lower the end near the
bulb, and allow the mercury to fall until it fills the small
tube at the side, then the thermometer shows the tem-
perature at the time, and is set for a future observation.
MoNBTBB Steam Hammer. — ^Messrs R. and W. Mor-
rison, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, have just forged what is
believed to be the largest and most powerful steam ham-
mer in the world, for the Uusdau Government. The
piston rod, to which the hammer is attached, weighed no
32^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Apbil 1, 1864.
less than 42 tons in its rongh forged state, and now, when
dressed down to the required dimensions, it has only been
reduced to 85 tons. The length of the piston rod is 88ft.,
the diameter 2ft. 4 in., having a stroke of 14(t. 6in., the
piston being 6ft 8ia. The forging of this mass of metal
oocnpied 44 days. The cylinder for this hammer was cast
at the ElswicK Engine Works. Its diameter inside is
6ft. 8in., its weight upwards of 40 tons. The two stand-
ards weigh nearly 40 tons each.
Indian Cashmebbb. — Baron Charles Dapin has just
Siblished another section of his voluminous report on the
reat Exhibition of 1851, being a continuation of that
division of the work entitled, " The productive force of
nations," and having reference to India, its population,
society, and raoductions. ** Of all the textile fabrics of
India,** says Baron Dupin, ** the cashmeres made from the
* iilky down* of the goats of Thibet have, at present, the
greatest interest in European eyes.** During the past half-
oentuiy the influence of European commerce hu worked
a great change in these rich productions ; an examination
of those manufactured, say in 1800, will ehow how un-
pretending they were in comparison with the rich and
•omptuouB articles seen in London in 1851 ; the former
were generally simple as regards decoration, with narrow
borders and light embroidery. Baron Dupin says, that
if he were engaged in the commerce of cashmeres, he
would send out, not designs, but designers to India,
and would say to them : — ** Contemplate, study the bril-
liant nature to be found there ; compare the marvellous
effeots of h'ght on the plants of Asia, at break of day. at
mid-day, in the evening even, when the sun has dis-
appeared ; acquire the taste, the genius of oriental artists,
and then you may design cashmeres which will charm at
once both east and west.**
Museum of Patents, Eemsikotom. — It is highly
desirable that this museum should be so constituted as to
become an historical and educational institution for the
instruction of skilled workmen. Amongst the various
things necessary to be done in order to accomplish this
object it is considered to be of importance that machines
and exact models of machines, in subjects and series of
subjects, showing the |»ogresBive steps of improvement
in each branch of manufacture, should be exhibited.
For example, taking the case of steamboats ; in order
to show the rise and progress of this invention, it is
intended to exhibit in a series of exact models of maohines,
or by the machines themselves, each successive invention
and improvement in steam propellers, from the first
engine on the paddle system that drove a boat of two
tons burthen (now in the museum) to the powerful
machinery of the present day. Various interesting original
machines and models of machines have lately bc^ added
to tlie museum. Amongst them may be mentioned a
msdel of Trevethick's locomotive engine, the first that
ran upon common roads, in 1808 ; an original stationary
and pumping engine made on Newoomen*s principle, to
which Watt applied his important invention for conden-
eing, by the means of a separate vessel and air pump,
the steam that had been used and formerly condensed
in the cylinder ; the original fixed engine made by Watt
in 1788, for converting rectilinear into circular motion;
the very early original locomotive engine, brought from
the Wylam Colliery in Northumberland, the first engine
which moved by the contact of smooth wheels on smooth
raiU ; the original ** Rocket** locomotive engine, made by
Stephenson and worked at the opening of the Liverpool
and Manchester railroad in 1829 ; the original paddle
wheel engine known as the ** Comet engine,'* constructed
and worked by Bell, on the Clyde, in 1811, the vessel
worked by it being the practical commencement of steam
navigation in Europe. Any patentee or other person
desirous of assisting in furnishing complete series of models
of machines, cither by making a gift of a machine or
model, or by the loan of a machine or model to be used
as a pattern, is requested to communicato with the curator
or the superintendent, at the museum. A collection
of portraits of inventors hat been made, and plaoad
in the Museum of Patents. All persons poseeMed of
portraits or busts of inventors are invited to contrfimte
to this collection, either by gift or loan. All expenaes
attending the removal, carriage, or repairs of any macbinti
model, or portrait contributed to the moseum, will be
paid out of. the funds of the museum.
^BWltttt.
Use or Petroleum fob Stbambbs.— Further ii
tioH has been received of the results of the inquiry of the
commissioners appointed by the American govemoMBt
with regud to the use of petroleum for steamers, recently
referred to in the Journal. The commission consisted of
three persons, including the chief engineer of the United
States Navy^ and their investigations extended over five
months, the process for adapting tha oil for thu purpose
having been patented by Shaw and Linton, of Philaaelphia.
They were instructed to report ** the relative evaporative
powers of the oil as compared with anthracite coal, the
practicability of its use, if unattended with danger, and to
set forth its advantages, if any." As regards evapocatioo,
the reply was that it is 103 per cent, superior in power to
anthracite coal, while the time required for genetaiiag
steam to 201b. pressure was only 28 minutes against 60.
The commissioners aocordingly recommended U\e Becre-
taiy of the Navy to introduce the oil on board one of the
Government steamers to determine practically its eeoo-
pmical efficiency. The advocates for its introduction con-
tend that in a vessel like the Cunard steamer Persia Out
saving, taking into account the smaller space required,
and all other advantages, would amount to £2,400 each
trip. Experiments on a large scale, it is added, wiH
speedily be made in an ocean steamer by a company to
whom the present patentees are about to transfer thek
rights. In addition to the discovery of extensive deposits
of the oil in Southern Russia large quantities are alleged
to have been found on the Pacific in Calilbmia. The cal*
eolations as to economy, however, seem to have been based
on the assumption that the price would remain as now
after the increase of demand, and also upon the cost of
coal in America, and not in England. Should the resolU,
it is added, ** equal what may be fairly anticipated, steam
navigation will be revolutiiAiiBed. A war steamer with
oil fuel could hold the sea twice as long as now, and haas
of commercial communication now too fuc apart, from the
difficulty of carrying sufficient coal, would then be formed
with ease. Direct lines from New York to Australia aod
between California and China would be of easy acoom-
plishment.'*
RoTAL National Life-Boat iMsTrruriOH.—The annoal
general meeting of this Institutifxi was held on Tneaday,
the 15th ult., at the London Tavexn, Sir J. S. Paking*
ton, Bart., M.P., in the chair. The meeting was inflneo-
tially and numerously attended. Mr. Richard Lewis.
Barrister-at'Law, Secretary, read the annual report,
which stated that on this, the fortieth anniversary
of the Institotion, the committee had once men to
Elace on record the success which had rested on their
ibours, and to express their gratitude to a liberal
public for its continued generous support. Perhaps the
most striking featore in the history of the Institution
during the past year was the large number of noble gifts,
in the shape of the entire cost of twelve new life-boats,
which had been presented to it by philanthropic in-
dividuals. The committee had the gratification to know
that the Lords of the Admiralty were taking steps to i*o-
vide every ship-of- war with an efficient life-boat, their lord-
ships having paid the ln8titutk>n the compliment to consBlt
it on that important sul^eot. The Committee propose to
build and place at some of the principal fishing statiODs
model or standard insubmeigible fiBhing4x>atB, from
which, after sufficient trial, others might be built in the
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 1, 1861.
325
BOYeral localities ; and thus a permanent improvement be
establishedi which might lead to the saving of many lives
on occasions of such boats being overtaken by gales of
'wind when at long distances froo^land. During the past
year the institution has been enabled to send no less than
] 5 new life-boats to the coast, and numerous others were
in course of construction. The life-boats of the institution
nnmbered 132 ; and some of them were the means of
saWng no less than four hundred and seventeen lives and
aeventeen vessels during the past year, nearly the whole
of them under dangerous circumstances, amidst high surfs,
when no other description of l>oats could have been
laancbed with safety. For these services — and for saving
297 shipwrecked persons by fisliing and shore boats or
other means — the Institution had granted rewards amount-
ing to £1,351. On occasions of service, and on those of
quarterly exercise of the life-boats, about 6,000 persons
were afloat in them, yet not a single life had been
lost. Transporting carriages and boat-houses had been
piovided for most of the said new life-boats. The com-
mittee reported that the number of wrecks during the past
yemr was veiy large. During the time, however, that these
storms lasted, the life-boats were providentially the means
of rescuing no less than 385 shipwrecked persons. 1,602
casualties took place last year on the shores and in the seas
of the Britbh Isles, accompanied with loss of 568 valuable
liTee. During the same period 4,565 persons were rescued
by life-boats, the rocket-^p^ratus, shore-boats, and other
means. The number of lives saved during the forty
years from the establishment of the Institution in 1824^
to the end of the year 1863, either by Its lifeboats, or by
special exertions for which it had granted rewards, was
13.568. During the past year fifteen silver medals,
twenty-nx votes of thanks inscribed on parchment, and
£1,29^ in cash had been granted for saving the lives of
714 persons by life-boats, shore and fishing-boits, and
other means, on the coast and outlying banks of the
United Kingdom. Since the formation of the Institution,
it had expended on life-boat establishments nearly
£100,000, and had voted 82 ^old and 738 silver
medaJs for saving life, besides pecuniary awards, amounting
together to £17^0. The Ck>mmittee referred to the
ccnrdial co-operation of the local Branch Committees, the
Board of Trade, the Coast Guard, and the Railway and
Steam Packet Companies. The expenditure of the In-
stitution in the year 1863, on its life-boat establishments, was
£11,877 14s. Id; £1,351 6s. 4d. in rewards for services to
shipwrecked crews; and £2,441 9s. Id. for coxswains*
salaries, and the quarterly practice of the boats* crews.
CoDsiden'ng the magnitude of the operations of the Insti-
tution, embracing the whole of the coasts of the British
Isles, a large permanent annual income was indispensable
to enable It to maintain, in an effective state, its one
hundred and thirty- two life boats, and to increase their
number, should circumstances render it desirable to do so.
The report was unanimously adopted.
Colflitus.
Kailwats in New South Wales. — The plans and
working sections are finished for a farther length of fifteen
miles on the Great Northern Railway, and tenders will
shortly be called for the formation of the line. The
estimates for the extension from Blackheath as far as
lithgow's Valley on the western line, are in a forward
state, and they will probably be laid before Parliament
this session. The Government were lately taxed
in the Assembly with not having placed on the
estimates for 1864 a fhrther sum for the Great
Western Railway Extension, as the completion of the
fofftf miles contiacfed for will, at the engineer-in-chiefs
estmiate of £10.000 per mile, considerably exceed the
sum YOted for the Western Extension— £250,000. It
was, however, explained that there would be no use in
obtaining a further vote at present, as it would le several
months before the contracts were fiuished, after which
the lines would have to be ballasted anl the permanent
way laid. The works on the Western Extension are
steadily advancing towards completion.
Tasmanian Ageiculturc. — Ascompared wiih January,
1863, the present season opens witli better prospects for
the farmers, and the new crop promises to be at least an
average. This colony has hitherto been free fiom rust,
which has all but destroyed the crops in New South
Wales, and all the grain that can be spared from this will
be required for that colony. Victoria will also be a large
importer, as its own produce will not nearly supply its
consumption, wliilst New Zealand, having, in consequence
of the war, produced but little, will require to import
largely. Labour is not so abundant as is required for tlie
harvest, and no desire has yet been shown to use the
reaping machines, of which there are a few in the colony.
These machines are now general in Adelaide and Victoria.
Sheep-shearing is now all but finished, and with satis-
factory results. Fat stock from Victoria continue to come
over by every steamer. Some of the settlers are now
directing their attention to the breeding of rams, for the
purpose of supplying the northern stations of New South
Wades and Queensland, where it is found that the climate
deteriorates the quality of the stock. There is a general
desire for an intercolonial show of sheep in Tasmania
this spring.
Tasmamian luM iobatiox. — ^Tho want of female labour
is now much felt throughout this colony, especially
in the country districts. Male farm labour is also getting
scarce, but the cry for it is not so great as that for female.
Coal in New Zealand. — At this moment the con-
sumption of coal in Now Zealand is not less than 00,000
tons a year, costing the colony something like £150,000.
A colonial journal says :— ** 'fhere is no doubt that we
can supply a better coal than any imported into New
Zealand, and at 25 per cent, less cost, and this with a
profit suflSciently large to the holders to compete with any
ordinary investment. What is wanted is a company
started on a sufficiently broad basis, and we are certain, it
this can be done, all the necessary capital can be raised,
if not in Nelson, in the other provinces."
DsMBRABA.— During last year some progress has been
made in the cultivation of cotton, and that shipped from
here has realized a good price, giving a good return to the
growers. Before another twelvemonths have passed the
cultivation of the leading staple is likely to be extended
over the length and breadth of the colony. For some
time past expeditions have from time to time been
undertaken by private individuals in search of gold, but
at length a favourable locality has been found, and in the
latter end of October, the ** British Guiana Gold Com-
pany " was formed, the capital being fixed at 75,000 dols.
m 1,500 sltares of 50 dols. each, all of which were taken
within the time specified.
©bitaarj.
Lord Ashbuiton. — The death of the Right Hon. Wil-
liam Bingham, Lord Ashburton, took place on Wednesday,
the 23rd of March, at his country-seat, the Grange, near
Alresford, Hants. His lordship had b^n seriously ailing
for some time from pulmonary complaints, but he was
suddenly cotofl*by an attack of heart disease, to which he
had been subject from his youth. His lordship was bom
in the last year of the last centuiy, and was consequently
in the 65th year of his age. He was the son of the well-
known Alexander Baring, the prince of English mer-
chants, who for BO many years took a conspicuous paii io
the Hou«e of Commons, and was eventually raised to the
peerage by Sir Robert Peel, who afterwards employed
him m the negociation of the celebrated treaty which
bears his name, for the adjustment of our north-eastern
326
JOURNAL OP THE SOCflETT OP ARTS, April 1, 1864.
bo u n da ry with the United States. The confidence which
8ir Robert reposed in the fitther was also extended to the
son, and though the deceased peer had been a member of
the House of Commons from the year 1826, on coming
into office on the overthrow of the Whigs in 1841, he
gave the Hon. Mr. Baring the post of one of the Secreta-
ries to the Board of Control, an office that is now repre-
sented by the Under-Secretsryship for India. He con-
tinued in this office till 1845, when he was advanced to
the more lucrative if not the more important office— now
abolished — of Paymaster of the Forces and Treasurer of
the Nav3'. This post he did not hold long, however, for
in the following year Sir Robert Peel introduced his bill
for the repeal of the Com Laws, a measure in which he
was zealously followed by his subordinate, who went out
with him at the dose of that struggle. This may be said
to have concluded Lord Ashburton's political career. He
remained in the House of Commons for two years longer,
when his father died, and he was summoned to the Upper
House. When at the University he took high honours,
and through life he had a warm appreciation of all that
related to science and literature. The hereditary interest
he took in commercial a^rs was acknowledged in 1855
by the Emperor of the French, who decorated him with
the rank of Commander of the Legion of Honour in
commemoration of the services he had rendered to
commerce. In 1860 he was elected President of the
Qeographical Society, a post which he resigned from
ill-health sometime previous to his death. Bat while he
occupied himself with these questions they did not divert
him fix)m a question which ever lay near his heart — ^the
moral and social elevation of the working classes. In
their cause he was a practical philanthropist, and he
possessed one of the true qualities tor success m that field ;
he had a high opinion of their capacities while he was
not blind to their defects. At the dinner of the Royal
Agricultural Society held at Windsor in 1851— the year
of the Ghreat Exhibition, when the Prinoe Consort gniced
the meeting with his presenoe^to Lord Ashburton was
entrusted the toast of the agricultural labourer. On that
occasion he spoke with an eloquence which surprised every
one, and with a good sense which seems to be a hereditaty
qualitjr of the Baring family. He lamented the limited
spread of education among the rustic classes ; the inability
to read and write was by far too much the rule among
them, but yet he would not allow that they should be
called uneducated. It could not be said, he argued, that
that was an uneducated man who by the trained use of his
eye alone was able to drive a ftirrow in a line of mathe-
matical precision from one end of a field to the other; or
who, with a calculation that looked like intuition, could
tell to a handful how much seed was required to be put
into a given area of soil. These, he said, were qualities
that were too apt to be overlooked in the rage for making
leading and writing eveiythbg, and other accomplish-
ments nothing. The same principle he developed more
fully a few years afterwards, when, in order to counteract
what he believed to be the injurious tendency of an ex-
clusive devotion to mere »?hool education, he offered a
series of prizes to the scholars of our national schools for a
knowledge of *' common things,*' a step the nature of
which has since been fully recognised by other educators,
but of which he was the first to set the example. His
lordship was twice married, but he has left only a daughter
by his second wife, the daughter of the late Right Hon.
James Stewart Mackenzie. He was elected a member of
the Society of Arts in 1864, and was a Vice-President of
the Society.
Jambs Pillans, M.A., LL.D., die., was bom at Edin-
burgh in 1778, being the son of aprinter there, and was
educated at the High School and University of that city.
He died at his house, Inverness-row, Edinburgh, ^e 27th
J^uch, aged eighty-six. Among his early associates and
feUow-students were Heniy Brougham, Fraods Homer,
Francis Jeffrey, and other names, which afterwards be-
came celebrated. He also made the acquaintance of
Thomas Campbell, in London, aboat 1797. Mr. PfQans
began active life as a tutor, first in a private family, and
afterwards at Eton ; and in January, 1810, he beenoe,
at the suggestion of Francis Horner, a candidate for the
rectorship of the High School of Edmborgh, then vacant
by the death of Dr. Adam. To this office, which he filled
for ten years and a half, he was elected by the Town
Council. In 1820 he was unanimously chosen Professor
of Humanity (Latin) in the University of Edinburgh, and
filled that chair for forty three years, having retiz^ only
last year in consequence of failing strength. He last
appeared in public at the meetings of the Education Sec
tion of the Social Science Congress held in Edinburgh
last autumn, though then unable to take any part in the
business. Throughout his long and temperate life he had
scarcely ever known a day's sickness, and he only soo-
cumbed at length to the advance of years. For aboat
fifty years his name has been widely known as an earnest
and enlightened instractor of youth, and he was, in his
earlier years particularly, a strenuous advocate of the
cause of popular education. His career was marked both
in the High School and University by great suooess in
the cultivation of ancient literature, and particularly
Latin verse. He was the author of several woila, both
on elementary and classical education, on ancient geo>
graphy and Roman literature. As a teacher it was hia
boast that he had lessened the frequency of oorpoieal
punishment in the Blfh School, and substituted the
supremacy of honour, pnndple, and.affectioo for the reign
of terror and the pro^ration of fear. He enjoyed in no
common degree the regard and gn^tude of his pupils, the
list of whom included hundreds of the best educated and
most successful of his countrymen.
jttl rlifatiffnt I ssued,
Thc VnrB and its Faurr, especially in relation to the
production of wine ; embracing an historical and deecrip->
tive account of the grape, its culture and treatment m aU
countries, ancient and modem. By James L. Deomaii.
Crown 8vo. pp. 858, price Ss. 6d. cloth. (LcngmimM.) Ths
work is divided into sections, the first portion being
devoted to the history and early origin of the vine, ita
characteristics and general diflfiijuon ; the most anit^ble
soils, and the usual mode of culture ; its natural twAi*i^VM f
and numerous enemies; its popularity and utility.
Another section treats of the system and practice pur^
sued by the ancients in the management of thetr vum
grounds, their superlative wines and their curious treaU
ment of them. This is followed by a minata aocooni
of the character and qualities of modem winea, iUue-
trated by statistical facts and historiod incidenta. The
vintages of all the principal wine coontriea are then
separately discussed, a separate section bcdng given to
each class. The chapter on Portogal eq>eoially demanda
attention, as showing the artifices there resorted to fiar
changing the natural charaeter of its staple prodnet^
with the sophistications pracUsed in supposed deferanoa
to English taste. The particulars connected with the
Hungarian vine grounds show their almoat unlimited
powers of production ; whilst the natural and historioal
facts given relative to the Grecian Arohipehigo will be
new to most English readers. Other sections of the
work fbmish information req>eoUng the more distant
and tropical regions, and the work condudee with eema
practical remarks on the choice and preservatioa of
wine ; hints for judicious selection and cellar manage-
ment ; chemical analysis of alcoholic liqnofs; tte
hygienic properties of wine, and its use in the mod«ii
practice of physic. A short appendix gives the renlti
of the Govemment commission of inquiry iveentfy insli-
tnted for asoertainin^ the natural strengthBof wine in thd
principal wine-growmg countries of Europe, together with
i tables of the average strengths of the mvoellaneous wines
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETT OF ARTS, Apbil 1, 1864.
827
snbmiHed at the IntCTnatioD*l Exhibition of 1862, m
aftorwaidt detemined by the analjtical labonn of Mr. J.
B. Koeno, to whom the task wm iotnuted by govemment
authority.
jf0rt|ft0miR|} Isblicatiofiis.
Tbb Lm, TiiiESi AKD SonaiTiFio Laboubs of thb
MABQun ov WoBCBfTiB. — Mf* Bemord QuariUh, of
Piccadilly, u aboot pobliBhiDg a *< Life of the Marqais of
Woroeater," with a rejnint of his •* Century of Inven-
tSoDs," and with a commentary thereon by Mr. Heniy
Dirckfl, Civil Engineer, whose antiquarian taste will find
ample soope in ilustratingboth the memoir and the noble
aatiiof*s ^ Century." The work derives a further in-
fereat from its being the first attempt to arrange a com-
plete biography of the illustrious inventor of the steam-
engine in its primitive form.
iotes.
FiBB BsoAPE Laddbbs. — The Town Council of Tyne-
mooth have lately had a set of soaliog-ladders presented
to Uiero by Mr. Ueorge Fawcus, sfalp- builder, of North
Shields, one of the^ number, who is the inventor, and
who now gives up his patent right to the public The
peculiarity of the invention consists in having a steel
wpttog to fasten the ladders together, acting like the spring
of an umbrella or a sword-bayonet oatoh. There is also
a small iron half-button to keep the springs back when dis-
connecting the ladders, or at other times when necessary.
There are two ladders eleven feet long, and two six feet
long, which all join, the heads of all the ladders fitting
alljthe feet indiscrimately. The ladders are now fitted to
the fire-engine at North Shields, to which they are
atladied by straps and tackles, readily diioonneoted when
required.
SnoKAD ov Eduoatioh. — ^Boswell, in his life of John-
SOO9 mentions a reply made by the latter to a gentleman
who was mutttaining that a general diflnsion of know-
ledge among the*people was a disadvantage, for it made
the vulgar rise above their humble sphere. Dr. Johnson
replied, *' Sir, while knowledse is a distinction, those who
are possessed of it will naturiuly rbe above those who are
not. Merely to read and write was a distinction at first,
but we see when reading and writing have become general
the common people keep their stations. And so, were
higher attainments to become general, the efflsot would be
the same."
Abomatic Tbebs. — ^A very common tree in the Ilhas
do Mata is the Breio bruaco, which secretes fit)m the
inner bark a white resin, resembling camphor in smell and
appearance. The fruit is a soudl black berty, and the
whole tree — fruit, leaf, and stem— has the aromatic fra-
grance. By loosening the bark and allowing the resin to
flow freely 'a large quantity may be collected, and the
aothor of ** The Naturalist on the Amazons" found it of
grsai service in preserving insect collections from the
attacks of ants and mites. Another tree, much rarer than
the Brcoo branoo, namely, Uie Umiri (Atimtruim flori-
btmdum)^ growing in the same localities, distils in a
similar way an oil of a most tttkenhk (higrance. The
^i^, however, is vety sikiall. The native women esteem
It hijghly as a scent. To obtain a supply of the precious
liquid, larffe strips of bark are loosened and {Meces of
cotton left in soak nndeineath.
Wobkmxk's Sroan.— The eighteenth half-yearly re-
port of " Price's Workmen's Stores Industrial Society,
Ltmtted," states that the result of their transactions has
been very proq>erons, the profits made since the last half-
yenriy report betog £172 19b. 2d. This sum, less
U»U* fisr intetest, and £41 8s. 5d. for the 5 per cent. OB
tlM fixed stock aeoouni, kavw £112 5s. 8d. to be divided.
In dividing this amount the oommittee recommend:*—
That a dividend of one shilling in the pound sterling be
declared on members' dealings who shall be free of arrears,
and sixpenoe in the pound sterling on non-membera'
dealings, and if any surplus remain it be placed to the re-
duction of the fixed stock account. That the interest on
the mmnbers' shares and dividend on their dealings, be
paid on two fixed days, between the hours of sbL and nine
m the evening. The committee mention that nearly all
the members of this Society have received more money
fix>m than they have paid to the funds of the Society,
besides which their shares have considerably increased,
£1 having advanced to £5 19s 6d. The amount re-
ceived for goods sold during the last half-year was
£S,tl2. The committee think that the statement of the
above fkcts should recommend the society as a safe and
profitable means of investing savings, as well as of ob-
taining genuine articles at the cheapest rate.
Thb Folding Boat. — SiB,^Much has been said of late
about this supposed new invention, notwithstanding that
folding boats nave been exhibited and experimented upon
for at least the last forty years, while, by the descrip-
tion, this last proposal seems to be particularly crude
and imperfect. It is flat-bottomed, and therefore quite
unfit to live in a raging sea, and requires an enormous
ballast, and it is rather surprising that the reported ex-
periment should have been made in the face of the
&ct that the Bev. Mr. Berthron has for years past
constructed and exhibited folding boats up to one hundred
tons burden, and capi^le of canyinff heavy ordnance.
His mode ef construction admits of the adoption of the
finest form of body for sailing qualities. They are in-
deirtructil^ on rodu, can neither be sunk nor upset, require
no ballast, and are, in fact, perfect life-boats. Thepr can
be lowered in their collapsed state, as thev immediately
expand on touching the water, and inflate the air compart-
ments at the same time, so that the men can instantly
jump into them and get off, for the oars and traps are
always in them. The same gentleman has also constructed
a very simple perpetual log, which has the further merit
of always indicating the exact lee-way ; aJso, a perpetoil
sounding lead, by means of which an accurate secUon of
the bottom may be readily obtained. The Bev. Mr.
Berthron has, of course, patented his inventions, and ex-
pended between two and three thousand pounds without
the slightest prospect of any return. His first application
was to the gentlemen who form the Board of Admiralty,
when he was informed that the Lords considei-od his in-
vention to be of a most perfect and beautiful description,
but declined adopting it, as men-of-war were never per-
mitted to take on board anything in the shape of a Hfe-
boat, because all the men would desert. They recom-
mended him, however, to lay his invention before the
commercial marine, but the reply he obtained from char-
terers and shipowners was, that the commercial conscience
did not permit the slightest extra outlay for the mere par-
pose of saving human life, excepting so far as they were
under the regulations of Parliament, but that if he ooiUd
procure an Act to be passed they would, of course, submit,
and adopt his folding boats, which they so much admired.
— ^1 am, &c., Hknbt W. Revkley.
BMdlag.
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL RPINTED PAFEBS.
Pat.
Numb.
DOhered on l</ </ March, 18S4.
a. B«dor the 8m, Be— B«tam.
10. Bagiftan of Votw-lsiwM.
S28
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 1, 1864.
19. Railwaj and Canal, fto. BiU 1(121. Otwtairj and Newtown an^
other Companie* ( Anangementi ) ; 122. Pembroke and Tenbj
Railwaj; 123. Petersborough, Wisbeach, and Sutton Railh
way ; 124. Portpatrick Railwaj ; 125. Redrnth and Falmoat
Junction Railway ; 126. Reigate and London (West End
Junction Railwaj; 127. Rhjmnej Railwaj (Extensions);
128. Riddleadale Railwaj ; Rickmanswortli, Amersham, and
Chesham Railwaj ; 129. Rojston and Hitchin Railwaj ; 130.
Salisburj and Teorll Railwaj; Salisbury Railwaj and
Market House Companj; 131. Scottish Central Railwaj
(Dundee and Newtjle Extension), (Stations, Ac); 132.
Scottish North Eastern and Al jth Railwajs ; Soottith North
Eastern, and Perth, Almond Taller, andNethven Railwajs;
133. Scottish North Eastern and Scottish Central Railwaj ;
134. Scottish North Eastern Railwaj; 136. Sevenoaks,
Maidstone, and Tunbridge Railwaj ; 136. Sheffleld, Chester-
field, and Staffordshire Railwaj; 137. Shrewsburj and
Weldipool Railwaj; 138. Somerset and Donet Ridlwaj
(Cheddar Vallej and Yatton). (Extension to Shepton
Mallet) ; 139. South Eastern Railwaj (Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4) ;
140. South Wales Mineral Railwaj; 141. South Yorkshire
Railwaj ; South Yorkshire Railwaj and Rirer Dun Compao j
(Transfer, Ac); 142. Stonehouse and Nailsworth Railwaj;
143. Sunxdngdale and Cambridge Town Railwaj ; 144.
Sure J and Sussex Junction R^waj; 145. Swansea Yale
and Neath and Brecon Junction Railwaj; Swansea Vale
Railwaj; 146. Tamar, KitHlU, and CaUington Railwdj;
147. Tendriog Hundred Railwaj ; Tewkesbnrj and Malvern
Railwaj ; 148. Tooting, Merton, and Wimbledon Extension
Railwaj ; 149. Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railwaj
(Alexandra Park Extensions); 160. Trent, Ancholme, and
Grimsbj Railwaj ; Tunstall Railws^ ; 161. Wallingford and
Watlington Railwaj ; 162. Watford and Edgware Junction
Railwaj; 163. Wensum Vallej Railwaj; 154. WestDrajton
and Staines Railwaj ; 165. West Grinstead, Cuckfleld, and
Hajward's Heath Junction Railwaj; 156. West Norfolk
Junction Railwaj ; Weston super Mare, Axbrldge, Cheddar,
and Wells Railwaj ; 167 . West Riding and GrImsbj Railwaj ;
158. West Shropshire Mineral Railwaj (Hranc^es, ftc),
(New Lines); 159. West Sunex Junction Railwaj; 160.
West Yorkshire Railwaj; 161. Wilts and Gloucestershire
Railwaj ; 162. Witnej Railwaj)— Board of Trade Reports.
Delivered on 3rd Marchf 1864. t
19. Bailwaj and Canal, &c. Bills (174. Aberbrothwick Harbour r
175. Hubberston Docks; 176. Hull Docks; 177. Lancaate
Canal Transfer ; 178. L&unceston, Bodmin, and Wadebridge
Junction Railwaj ; 179. Londondeny and Lough Swill
Railway; 180. Newrj and Annagh Railwaj; Newrj anj^
Armagn Railwaj Extension ; 181. Newtown and Machjiillet'^
and Abei^stwith and Welsh Coast Railwajs ; 182. Paraons-
town and Portamna Bridge Railwaj; 183. Petersfleld and
Bishops Waltham Railwaj ; 184. Pulborough Storrington,
and StejnlDg Railwaj; 185. Severn Vallej RaUwaj; 186.
Staioes, Egham, and Woking Junction Railwaj; Stamford
and Essendine Railwaj; 187. Torbaj and Brixham Railwaj ;
188. Wellington and Dngrton Railwaj; 189. Wolverhampton
and Bridgnorth Railwaj)— Board of Trade Reports.
80. Coal — Return.
87. Railwaj Schemes (Metit}poIis) — Report.
Denmark and German j (No. 4)— Correspondence reipeoting
Holstein, Lauenburg, aad Schleswig.
Delivered on Uh March^ 1864.
12. Deaths— Return.
55. (1). Railwaj and Canal Bills— Second Report from General
Committee.
77. Reiffate Borough — Return.
92. Police (Ireland)- Return.
95. Armj— Supplemental Estimate for 1863*4.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mom. ...Entomological, 7.
Medical, b^
British Architects, 8.
Rojal Inst, 2. General Monthlj Meeting.
TuKt. ...CivU Engineers, 8. Renewed Discussion upon Mr. Phipps's
Paper, |' On the Resistances to Bodies passing through
yv ater.
Pathological, 8.
Photographic, 8.
Anthropological, 8.
Rojal Inst., 3. Prof. Holmholtx, F.R.S., " On the Natural
Law of the Conservation of Energj.**
WlD. ...Sodetj of Arts, 8. Mr. Thomas Purdio, " On the Principle
of Imitation as applied to the Decorative Arts.**
Pharmaceutical, 8.
Tuva. ...Societj of Arts, 8. Cantor Lectures. Dr. F. Grace Calvert,
" On Chemistrj applied to the Arts— Gelatine, Glue, &c
Rojal, 8|.
AnUquaries, 8.
Lionffian, 8. Mr. Daniel Hanbuij, *' On the Oarcinia jield-
log Gamboge in Siam.*'
Chemical, 8.
R. Societj Club, 6.
Roral Inet., 3. Prof. Helmholti, F.R.S., »» On the Natural
Law of Conservation of Energj,"
FM.....«»Afltronomioal, 8.
Rojal Inst, 8. Dr. John Pen^, F.R.8., " On Iroa.**
Sit R. Botanic, 3|.
Rojal Inst., 3. Prof. Frankland, **0n the Metallic EIe>
ments.**
iitttnts.
Firom ComrmsHoners qf Pe^ents Jowmalt March 2&tk.
Qraxts or Protisiokul Pbotxctios.
Baking oatcake— 532— J. Wright
Barjta and strontia, production of— 580— W. E. Newton.
Boat-detaching apparatus— 468— W. M. Van Wagenen.
Bottles, closing or stoppering— 588— F. Spiers and C. Pood.
Bottles, Jars, &c., apparatus for stopping— 594 — N. Thompaoa.
Brick-moulding machine— 473— A. JuUienne and J. E. de la Combe.
Casting metals— 566 — H. Cochrane.
Cloth— 660— R. A. Brooman.
Collisions on railwajs, apparatus for preventing— 569— J. Prloe and
R. E. Donavan.
Corn-reaping machinerj — 564 — J. Backhouse.
Drjing grain— 678— J. II. Johnson.
Djeing textile fabric*— 584— J. P. Worrall.
Excrementitious matter, drjing— 592— E. Bbhop axkd W. Dall«j.
Firearms and cannon, breech-loading— 469 — ^B. Barton.
Garden rollers— 629— G. H. Ellis.
Glass-polishing— 538— E. Hall.
Gunpowder, manufacture of— 292— H. E. Drajson.
Hjdraulic power— 686 — G. Davies.
Lamps, paraffin, Ac— 470— T. Rowatt, Jnn., and A. Lighbodjr.
Looms — 648— F. Lepoutre.
Manure — 596— J. L. Norton.
MetalUc coating of metals— 497— F. Weil.
Millinerjtrimmings, machinerj for manufHcturlng— 506— C. G.HilL
Needles for sewing machines— 596— W. E. Brodorlck and W. Bew.
Oil-cans and lamps— 666— J. Revell.
Packing cases— 402— J. A. Llojd.
Paper manufacture— 542—W. Ibotaon.
Photographj— 503— J. W. Swan.
Puddling furnaces— 315— W. Tajlor, W. Molineux, andH. Hanteoft.
Rollers for spinning nuohinerj- 598— G. T. BouafleM.
Sack-holder— 546— J. Spencer.
Ships, apparatus for propelling— 660— M. Henij.
Signal apparatus for steam-bdlers— 474— J. Lawrence.
Sixinff cotton and other threads- 631— W. WUIUnion.
Sofk or transformable bed— 576 — ^E. Cowles.
Spring tension regulator — 600— G. Haseltine.
Steam engines— 590— W. Hutchiaaon.
Sugar, glucose— 662— A. Bianbre.
Sugar manuflacture— 619— W. Miller.
Sugar -reflnlnff— 568— W. E. Newton.
Thread -winding apparatus— 536— J. Crutchett
Utilizing refuse tinned iron, &c.~634— W. Clark.
Vulcanising india-rubber— 562— C. Humphrej.
Washing bluea— 682— F. Tolhausen.
Weaving— 658— W. Milligan and B.'.Dutj.
Wood -boring machine— 487— T. C. Barradough.
iKVEimONS WITH COMFLITB SPKQlFlCkTlOV FtLSD.
Circular sawing machinea— 709— A. B. CliUd«.
Yeast presses— 701— J. B. Jude.
Pateiits Skjllxd.
2376. T. Lowe.
2383. J. Bailev, G. W. Blake,
and W. H. BaUej.
2386. F. G. Mulholland.
2387. S. Mendel.
2391. J. Cooper.
2393. J. J. Chidlej.
2398. G. Elliot
2399. B. Browne.
2408. G. Dickej.
3189. J. Astburj.
I^om CommisMotteri qfPatmU Journal, Jiardt Q9th.
PATKMTS oil WHICH THB BTAMT DuTT OF £60 lUS BBCt PAHI-
718. T. 8. Truss.
719. J. Victor and J. Polglase.
729. A. Hale J.
738. T. CardweU and D. Camp-
beU.
759. T.Davison and R.Paterson.
716. W. I. Cranston.
773. P. M. Parsons.
851. B. Know^es.
753. J. Chatterton & W. Smith.
780. G. M. Coppo.
741. P. R. Hodge.
749. W. Brookw.
769. J. G. Willana.
788. W. D. Napier.
1039. S. Fox.
1163. J. Willis.
778. W. Sorrell.
817. W. Clark.
PinHTS ON WHICH THB STAHP DUTT Or £100 BA8 aSUT fAlD,
834. R. Simi.
827. W. B. Collins.
838. R. CaaseliaadT, Morton.
663. W. Boot.
^mxml d %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1864.
[No. 694. Vol. XII.
^iraottttttments frj t}it CiranciU
Ordinary Mbbtings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
Apbu. 13. — ** On a New Procefis of Preserving Meat.'*
By Dr. Mobgan, Professor in the Royal College of Sur-
geons, Ireland.
April 20 —" On the Patent Laws." By Thomas
W«B8TEB, Esq., F.R.S.
Cantor Lectures.
The next lecture on "Chemistry applied to the
Arts" wiUbe delivered by Dr. F.Cracb Calvert,
F.R.S., F.C.S., corresponding member of the
Royal Academy of Turin, of the Soci^t^ In-
dustrielle de Mulhouse, of the Soci6t6 Im-
periale de Pharmacie de Paris, (fee, on Thurs-
day evening, at 8 o'clock, as follows : — -
Apbil 14. — LccTUBE III. — ^Leather. — The art of the
carrier. Morocco, Kumia, and patent leathers. The art
of tawiiig skins. Chamois and glove skins. Parchment.
H'tir, its composition and dyeing. Woolt its washing,
scouring, bleacliing, and dyeing. Silk, its adulterations
and conditioning.
Apbil 21. — LectobeIV.— Akimal Fatty Mattbbs,
the various processes for liberating them from the tissues
in which they are contained. Their composition and con-
vention into soap. Composite candles. The refining of
lard. Cod liver, sperm, and other oils. Spermaceii and
tfltfX.
Apbil 2S. — Lecture V. — Fle^h, its chief constituents,
boiling, roasting, and preservation. Animal black, its
manulactuie and applications. The employment of
animal refuse in the mainuCaciuTe of prusMiale of potash,
Prusnan Hue. Manufacture of artificial anhnal manures.
May 6. — Lkctdbe VI. — Animal Ltquios. — Bile, its
purificalion and detergent propeilic!!. Blood, its applica-
tion in the refining of sugar and the manufacture of
albumen. Albumen, it^ use in cali'^o printing and photo-
graphy. Urine, its uses. Milk, its composition pro-
j>ertien, falsification, and pretiervation. A few words on
putrefaction.
Institutions.
The following Institution has been received
into Union since the last announcement : —
Clay Cross Institute and Public Hall.
The Lady- day subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messn. Contts and Co.
ImttMngs 0f lire S^atitt]^.
Cantor Lectures.
The first two lectures of Dr. Crace Calvert's
Course " On Chemistry Applied to the Arts,'"
were delivered on Thursday evenings the Slst
March and 7th April. A full report of this
course of lectures will appear in the Journal at a
future time.
Sixteenth Ordinary Meeting.
Wednesday, April 6th, 1864 ; William Hawes,
Esq., Chairman of the Council^ in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Bourne, Stephen, Examiner's-oflSce, H.M. Customs, E.O.
Croskey, Joseph Rodney, Warwick-house. Maida-hill, W.
Lawson, Archibald Scott, 1, John-street, Bedford-row,
W.C.
And as Honobabt Cobbbspokdiko Mbmbebs.
Lancia di Brolo, Le Doc, Palermo.
Venturini, Le Commandeur Charles, Ancona.
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Nelson, Thomas James, Guildhall, E.C.
Parsey, Samuel, 77J, Little Britain, E.C.
SUnfoid, Edward C. C, 63, Lincoln's-inn-fields, W.C.
And as Honorabt Cobbbspondino Mbmbeb.
Romako, Joseph, Admiralty, Trieste.
The Paper read was —
ON THE PRINCIPLE OF IMITATION AS
APPLIED TO THE DECORATIVE ARTS.
Br Thomas Pubdie, Esq.
The reaction which, within the last thirty years, has set
in and run with so strong a current in favour of medisaval
architecture has been accompanied by a taste for a similar
style in furniture and decoration, in painting and in the
forms of worship. The question of rituals is altogether
foreign to our province. Nor is it my purpose, in the remarks
which I have to bring before the Society of Arts, to discuss
the relative merits of Classic and Gothic architecture, of
post or pre-fiaphaellitism in painting. It seems to me
that no man can be a faithful apostle, or even a true loving
disciple of art, until he has become truly catholic in his
taste and tolerant in his practice ; until he has seen the
vision of the sheet descending from above, and is prepared
to find beauty as well as pleasure in every style of art
which has exercised the taste, the skill, and the ingenuity
of man. But as the waves raised by thig emption o'
medievalism into our times hav^ Ctpwod. laow-widenin
330
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 8, 1864.
drcles, over the feelings of the age, they have left their
impress on objects which, it priori, no one could have ex-
pected they would reach. In the discussions which of late
years have been carried on, on the subject of art, language
has been perverted from its original meaniDg, ethics and
sBsthetics have been jumbled together, bM taste has
become confounded with moiml turpitude, stuoco, when
employed to decorate the exterior of a building, is
denounced as an unprincipled sham ; an ornamental casting
as a falsehood, because it may resemble a carving ; a com-
position or painted imitation of a wood or a marble, as a
downright and inexcusable lie.
It is my oipect, by a candid examination of the subject,
to try to educe some principle, — ^to ascertain in what
cases ornamental oaitingH and composition or painted imi-
tations of material may be employed, without infringing
the laws of propriety or good taste ; or whether the use of
such appliances belongs to the same category and is to be
subjected to the condemnation generally awarded to such
practices as the wearing of false jewellery, or the restor-
mg by means of rouge the tfaits of the roae to the cheek
of the faded beauty.
As the text of the {veaent disoiiaHOQ,aiMl a* repreMotkig
that view of the (question from which, after a full and I
trust a fair considetation, I venture to differ, I shall quote
one or two passages from a celebrated author, who is
Generally considered one of the soundest art-critics of the
ay. Between the principles of mediavalism and the
practice of those imitative arts which shall come under our
notice there is no absolute or necessary antagonism. I
trust therefore, it may not be supposed that in supporting
tiie one 1 must he held as condemning the other. In
urging the toleration of certain decorative appliances, I
yield to no one in admiration of the glorious structures of
the middle ages, in which our fore&thers have left,— in a
fossil form, for the study of the geologists of history ,~a
record of the taste, the q>irit of self-sacrifice, and the
religious sentiments of the age in which they lived. In-
deed, it will be found that I shall arrive, in numerous
instances, at the same practical conclusions with my oppo-
nents, although we may have taken difierent roads to get
there.
Touching the false representation of material, says the
talented author referred to, in one of the eloquent denun-
ciations for which he is famous, *<The question is in-
finitely mote simple and the law more sweeping ; all such
iniiutions are utterly base and inadmissilue. It is
melancholy to think of the time and expense lost in
marbling the shc^-fronts of London alone, and of the
waste of our resources in absolute vanities, in things
about which no mortal cares, by which no eye is ever
arrested, unless painfully, and which do not add one whit
to comfort, or cleanlmess, or even to that great object
of commercial art— conspicuousness. But in architecture
of a higher rank, how much more is it to be condemned.
I may perhaps bo permitted,** he continues, "while I
express my sincere admiration of the very noble entrance
and gencTal architecture of the British Museum, to
express also my regtet that the noble granite foundation
of the staircase should be mocked at its landing by an
imitation, the more blameable because tolerably successful.
The only effect of it is to cast a suspicion upon the true
stones below, and upon every bit of granite afterwards
encountered.**
And again, at another part of the same book : —
** The worth of a diamond is simply the understanding
of the time it must take to look for it before it is found.
Exactly as a woman of feeling would not wear false
jewels, BO would a builder of honour disdain false orna-
ments. The using of them is just as downright and
inexcusable a lie. You use that which pretends to a
woith which it has not ; which pretends to have cost, and
to he. what it did not, and is not — it is an imposition, a
vulgarity, an impertinence, and a sin. Down with it to
the ground, grind it to powder, leave its ragged place
upon the wall rather ; you have not paid for it, you have
no business with it, you do not want it. Nobody wants
ornaments in this world, but everybody wants integrity.
All the fair devices that ever were £u)cied are not worth
a lie. Leave your walls as bare as a planed board, or
build tbem of baked mod and oboppi^ st«»w, if need be»
but do net rough cast them with fabwlvKxiU"
I cannot agree with those who think tilere is no forot
in these aiguments. They seem at first sight not a lit-
tle convincing; and, coming to us with the sanction of
a great name, they would have been worthy of our best
attention, although they had been possessed of no other
claims. But I believe that they are fallacious notwith-
standing.
It will be observed that the sin is held to lie in the
deception. I shall not be suspected of an intention to
argue that there is no harm in a moral deception, but it
may perhaps be asked on what authority the principles of
ethics are in this case applied to ssthettcs. The prin-
ciples of ethics are found^-d (leaving revelation out of view)
on the primary convictions of mankind, and I may assume
that no one will commit the absurdity of claiming for
esthetics a higher authority. The very fact, then, that
these imitations are so generally used and so much ad-
mired among an educated and a moral people, certainly
aflbrds the strongest possible presumption in trieir favour.
As these primary convictions mainly lead men in the paths
of morality, it is surely a sound conclusion that they
cannot lead us far or permanently wrong, where any
essential principle is involved, in matters of taste. But
we shall pass from this point, and ascertain, as careful
judge« ought to do, on what side the best precedents can
be quoted.
Now it is not unusual in diipated questions of taste —
which means of course in all questions of taste— ^ appeal
to the authority of the ancient Greeks, as the court of last
resort, and I should be sorry to depart from a custom
which, if not yet venerable from its antiquity, had at
least the merit of being the fashion, until ihe taste for
medisBvalism to some extent supplanted thai for daasic
art. In appealing to them we may congratulate our-
selves, and perhaps the ancient Greeks too, that they
do not live in moaem times, for one of two things must
have been the result of such a misfortune }— either we
should have wanted that authoritative tribunal^ — the
wisdom of our ancestors — ^before which we could bring oar
cases for ultimate decision, or they, the ancient Greeks,
must have had an accmnulation of suits which wonid
have left the Court of Chancery altogether destitote of «
reputation.
Did the Greeks then allow the principle of deception in
art?
It is recorded of Zeuxis, one of the greatest painten of
ancient times, that the birds came and pecked at the froit
on his^canvass, while one of his rivals asserted that the boy
who Held the basket coiUd not be e<}uaUy well paluted,
else the birds would have been frightened away ; of
Apelles. that he painted horses so truthfully that animals
of their own species greeted them by neighing. Whether
these stories be more worthy of b^ief than that of Arion
and his Dolphins, we know not, but the &ct of their
being related, suflSciently proves that the wonderful people
whose support we claim were not less alive to the power
of painting than of music, and that the deceptive character
of the former was reckoned one of its chief merits. In a
trial of skill between Zeuxis and Parrhadus, the vietory
was adjudged to the latter, when his opponent, entering
his studio, detdred him to withdraw the curtain behind
which he supposed his rival picture was concealed, the
curtain itself being the picture ; and Zeuxis gracefully
acknowledged his defeat, saying his own picture had
merely deceived birds, while the other had deceived men.
But we can appeal to an authority which many will t6-
gard with greater veneration than that of the ancient
Greeks. Ornamental castings in bronze, iron, and other
materials were universally employed during the middle
ages, while the first use made of oil painting after ita
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 8, 1864.
331
discovery in the early agea of the Christian era was to
paint iniitatioos of marble.
The work of Heradiiu, a compendiam of the arU as
practised previoos to his time, ia supposed to have been
written in the seventh century. In it we find elaborate
ioatructions for preparing the surface of columns, and
painting them in imitation of marbles, as if, too, this were
the only artistic use to which theoil vehiclecould be applied.
In fact, precedents of all ages may be adduced to sanction
the practice which our modem authors condemn. But it
is not enough that we produce strong presumptive evi-
dence, however conclusive that may be, m support of our
views. Nor is it enough that we can appeal in their
mipport to the practice at once of ancient and modem
times. We must also show that thej/ are just in them-
selves or tliat they rest on right pnnoiplea. This we
propose to do by the following method :^
1st. We shall shorUy advert to that love of imitation
in which the fine arts have their origin.
2nd. We shall state some cases in which deceptive
imitations are admissible, as contrasted with those of a
different class.
3rd. We shall name the qualities which give value
to decorative appliances, and illustrate the subject by
showing how far some of these fulfil the conditions re-
•c^ired of them.
4th. We shall conclude by pointing out and illustrating
the conditions which ought to regulate the use of suriace
<aoatinga.
First, then, as to that love of imitation which lies at the
root of the fine arts. All decorative art may be divided
loto three kinds with reference to its subjects, or the
mode in which they are treated.
1st. The geometrical.
2nd. The conventional.
did. The purely imitative*
Examples of the first-class are to be found connected
with every style of architecture. Almost all moresque
omamention is geometrical, and the Greek fret may be
named as affording an example of the style.
The second-class, or conventional, takes its place mid-
wav between the other two. It is imitative after a
fii^ion, through which— although natural forms are not
directly imitated— the spirit of the form imitated is re-
tained, as a melody in music, in the variations which are
eomposed upon it. The most perfect examples of con-
ventional ornament are, perhaps, the lotus of the
Egyptians, and the honejrsuckle of the Greeks. All
architectural ornament may be said to be either geo-
metrical or conventional, or a combination of the two.
The third, or purely imitative art, includes the painting
of the human figure, of landscape, fruit, flowers, and all
oases in which a direct representation of the object is
Attempted.
We cannot afford time to treat this subject fully, nor
have we anything to do in the present discussion with
geometrical or conventional ornamentation. Our attention
wiU be restricted to the third class which we have named,
as it is only in the exercise of purely imitative art that
the questions now proposed for discussion can arise.
To make a great artist, the head, the heart, and the
hands must combine. He must be possessed of the three
great qualities which give power over the imagination,
the emotions, and the understanding. He must be pos-
sessed, first, of imagination or fancy, the power which
oreates, invents, or suggests, which is common to the
painter, the poet, and the sculptor. Second. He must
possess a sympathetic nature — that power of sympathy
which teaches the heart to vibrate m unison with the
true, the beautiful and the good. In simpler language,
he mint be poaseased of taste, which has been well styled
the science of the emotbns, a faculty which — according
as it is considered passive or active in its nature — signifies
on the one hand susceptibility to the emotion, on the
other, the knowledge intuitive or acquired, of those
qualities in external things which are fitted to excite it in
others. Third. He must possess technical knowledge
and skill to enable him to express by means of foroi and
colour the ideas which the mind has conceived. Now
these three qualities of imagination or fancy, taste, and
executive skill, must be found, lees or more, in every work
of art. Not equally.
It is only in the liighest rank of art, where human
life is the subject and human form the mode of expression,
that the highest faculties of the artist are called into
exercise. This rank is the highest, for the simple and
obvious reason that it does so employ these powers that
it deals with the noblest subjects, and addresses itself
to the most profound emotions of the human mind.
It is in the field which these faculties open to us that
art must operate if it is to assist in the great work of
cultivating the intellectual powers or the moral senti-
ments, and in reaping the rich fruit they are calculated
to bear.
But at the root of all art lies the love of imitation. To
this feeling the fine arts owe their existence. Without
some notice of it, therefore, it seems, no theory of the
fine arts could be perfect. This love of imitation, or of
representing objects by their images, whether exemplified
in the tendency to imitate or in appreciating works
of imitative art, is, no doubt, an original powerful
sentiment or instinct of our minds. We love imitation
for its own sake — not only as a means but as an end.
Apart from and beyond the pleasure which we receive
from such an object,' for example, as a portrait, in recalling
Uie features of the " distant or the dead, the loved or
the lost," there is a pleasure in observing the resemblance
between the original object and its image; a pleasure
which may be traced to the same source, whether it be
found in poetical imagery, in a dramatic representation,
in a picture, a statue, or a simple imitation of marble.
But this love of imitation is not always associated with
the highest qualities of the mind. It may be indulged
in numerous instances where no original idea is expressed,
or where that idea is to be found in the subject of the
imitation. All such examples employ the mechanical
more than the intellectual powers, and cannot therefore
rank so high as works of art. They do not suggest
great thoughts, but they may possess great beauty, and
they may yield a rational pleasure in suggesting interest-
ing relations between the imitation and the thing imitated.
Now, this imitation ia the fine arts must bo dis-
tinguished from reproduction, as well as from imitation
effected either by organic or mechanical means. One re-
ceives no impression of beauty from the resemblance which
the apples on a tree bear to each other. Nor would hs
be struck by seeing a table with a vase on it reproduced
by another Uble and another vase. But let a painter
produce these objects on his canvass, they would receive
a new virtue, which, to use a popular phrase, would
attract and please the eye. Where the deception is com-
plete the pleasure is gone, because there is no image —
nothing to judge of— nothing to compare.*
Havmg thus indicated what imitation in the fine arts
means, we come, as proposed under our second head, to
state some cases in which deceptive imitations are admis-
sible as contrasted with others which belong to a different
class.
But 1 must first explain that when, in the course of
this discussion, I employ the terms deceptive or decep-
tion, they must be understood in a qualified, not an
absolute, 'sense. Where an object is an actual deception,
it can obviously afford no pleasure as a work of art,
although it may give pleasure from its intrinsic beauty.
Suggestion, not deception, is the object even of that art
which is purely imitative. Some objects, however, admit
of, or demand, more perfect imitation than others.
We purpose now to test, by a few illustrations, how
far we are justified in making these imitaUons actually
• See ** Bisai sur rimitation dans les Beaux Arts' '
Quatrem^ft de Qaioey.
382
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Apbil 8, 186*.
deceptive in their oharaotaTi or bo deceptive me to produce
an Uliuion.
Such deoeptiooi in that highest art which adopts
human life for ite subject, can scarcely be said to be
possible, and so far as possible would, if practised, meet
with universal reprobation. The technical and merely
imitative elements would be found to obtrude themselves
offensively in works where they ought to be kept in a
subordinate position. But there are other and more
palpable reasons for our dislike. You cannot certainly
imitate a living, breathing, sentient being so as to deceive
permanently, but you may succeed m prodnoing a
momentary illusion. You may model a figure in wax
to imitate, with tolerable exactness, the human form
and featui'es. You may colour the skin. You may
cover the lay figure with clothes. The finely-moulded
contour may charm for an instant, under the belief that
3^ou look at real fiesh and blood. You approach — ^you
touch — the spell is broken — ** you start, for soul is want-
ing there." It is a corpse— a coloured piece of oorruption.
This is no subject for a vulgar deceptive imitatk>n truly.
The nearer the approach made to the reality in such
instances, the more offensive. Our dislike to such
objects is fbunded on the same principle of our nature
which makes us consider the ape as the ugliest of animals,
because it most resembles man. The wax figure is too like
life, for it only awakens a painful sense of its absence.
The general condemnation awarded to coloured statuaiy,
although partly due to habit and fashion, may be attri-
buted to the feeling called foith by the test which we
supply. A deceptive imitation should not be attempted
where, from the nature of the thing, or the impuri^ of
the material, it cannot be rendered perfect. I may men
tion, as examples of this principle, the coloured frifzes in
the Greek court of the Crystal Palaoo; the coloured
carved Madonnas one meets in all Ronum Catholic
countries, with which few of our countrymen will be
found to sympathise. I can hardly exclude from the
catalogue the tinted statuary shown at Kensington in the
late exhibition. Of course no attempt was made with
these statues to imitate nature, but what was done, if
not a step in that direction, seemed to reduce the marble
to the level of wax. No doobt there are other reasons for
the feeling which we assume to exbt, of which two may be
stated. 1st. The colouring of statuary is an application to
one art of the resources which properly belong to another ;
and 2od. Sculpture has held the highest place in art be-
cause it appealsto intellect alone and not to the senses. The
colouring of statuary, by introducing a sensual dement,
at once degrades it fh>m its high position. We not
merely tolerate, but admire statuettes in china coloured
to the life with tolerable exactness. These, however,
cannot produce an illusion, so there is no chance of their
creating the feeling of disgust engendered by wax figures.
But this disgust and annoyance at the dinippearance of
an illusion are not always felt, even where the human
figure is concerned.
Did any one ever feel disappointed at disooveifog the
figures on the ceiling of the Parisian Bourse to be paintings
merely ? Did any one ever experience other feelings than
those of admiration at the inventive talent displayed in
those designs, the marvellous imitative power and com-
mand of the materials of art which could produce such
works. The means in this case are equal to the end.
These pictures are, however, imitations, not of men, but
of sculpture, and as such succenful. Great as designs,
and executed with such exquisite skill as to fblfll all the
conditions required of the material which they are in-
tended to represent.
Such works as these, the numerous painted baai rilievi
and other similar works in the Louvre and elsewhere,
the paintings of De Witt and his followera. receive from
the world generally, notwithstanding the denunciations
under which they labour in common with all deceptive
imitations, the meed of ^probation whidi they so fully
deserve.
How stands the ease as to landscape? Framed pic-
tures we may pass over as afibrding no illustration of
our subject. It would be a imre talent which wocdd
enable one to paint a landscape so as actually to pro-
duce an illusion when placed within a few yards of
the spectator. But no illusions are more perfect thoo
those of the scene painter. Are panoramic painted
views, such as those of London, as seen from the top
of St. Paul's, or of Paris, as seen from the Pantheon, to be
forbidden delights in order to satisfy the requirements of
this new theory, because possibly the spectator may have
difiiculty in persuading himself that he is looking ob
a fiat surfiskoe ? 1 have seen, as every one may have seeo
who has visited sunny Itady, what might have been a
dismal court-yard changed into a paradise by the skill of
the painter. In the foreground, instead of a blank dreary
wall, wood and water and green fields. In the distance
a picturesque range of mountains, with the sunlight
striking through the gorges and tipping the far-olT
summits with its golden radiance. But who, on walking
towards those mountains and finding they were merely
painted on the boundary wall, not fifty yards distant, the
wall itself being built so as to form then* iiigged silhouette,
experienced other emotion than that of pleased surprise
at the skill which could produce so marvellous an erfirct
by means of painting. And are we to be told that all
such art is base and inadmissible. " What ! beoaiue
thou art virtuous shall thero be no more cakes and ale*
and shall not ginger be hot in the mouth.*' Must the
pent-up denizens of our cities be compelled to gaae on a
blank dreary gable or into a dismal court, when he has a
desire to look on brighter and more lively things, or to
dwell among the horrors of Brebus, when the painter's
brush, like the wand of a magician, may transform the
scene into the EUyeian fields ?
Now I know it will be asserted that such art oa I
describe is not high art. Let me admit the truth of the
assertion. I have already said that art is great only as
it employs the intellectual faculties. The laws of per-
spective are now well known, and the application of them
is so far mechanieal. But aU men are not Wilkies, nor
Paul de la Roches, nor Turners, nor Eoberta, luckily, or
else we should have everybody producing works of high
art, with nobody to buy them. It is to be feared that in
such circumstances the only employmentforan artist would
be akin to that of Vishnu — the contemplation of his own
perfections, an occupation, profitable it may be, for gods
m whom humility is no virtue, who neither eat nor wear
clothes, nor beget children, but not for men who do all
three, and who, to be estimable, must be humble withaL
But no reasonable man would deny to an artist the rig^ht
of exercising, for his own profit, and for the pleasure of his
fellow-men, such talents as God has given him, merely
because they are not so tiunscendant as those of the great
masters we have named.
The fact is, as I have already indicated, this cmsade
against deceptive imitations, though neither essentially pre-
Uaphaellite nor medisBval in Ito character, is a phase of the
fashion which has exhibited itself, and is running its course
in architectore, painting, and religion. Strange practical
paradoxes into which tiieorists are sometimes aragged,
into what adhesive and traitorous quagmires of delusion
and absurdity are men frequently carried when they take
to ride stiff- necked hobbies. I have seen pictures of the
pre-Rapbaellite school in which the imitotion was carried so
far as to be startlingly deceptive. An imitation of what?
Literally of withered leaves and strews, painted with a
f greater amount of care and finish than had been bestowed,
n the same picture, on the human face divine, to startlingly
deceptive that it seemed as if the straw had been packed
in between the glass which ooveied the picture and the
panel on which it was painted. Yet men who denounce
all imitations as sinful, who cannot find terms suflicienily
strong in which t» condemn the man who spends hi^ time
and gains his livelihood by imitating the delicate veining
or the rich and varied colouring of a marble, exluiust the
JOURNAL OF THE BOOIBTY OF ARTS. Apbu, 8, 1B64.
833
Sn^lidh language for words to soand the praisee of a school
which admits of iach poeriliUee.
Bot deception is allowed in many casee beeidee painting.
What is that which forms the chaim of novel-writing bat its
deoeptiTe character ? It would be a new style of objecttion
to Robinson Crusoe, that no one could read the book with-
oat feeling persuaded that it narrated facts, or to Sir Walter
fioott's d^oeations of BaiUie Nicol Jaryie and Dominie
fiampsott, that through their Tertsimtlitude, they, the crea-
tures of an imaginauVe brain, had taken their place as his-
torical personages. What is the source of the delight we
take in dramaoo representations ? Amongall the objecttona
which have been urged against the stage, did anyone ever
bear it asserted that actors in their professional capacity
•re deceitful above aU men, and desperately wicked?
Could it be saki that Macready was an unprincipled
•ooundrel, because no one could see him perfbrm without
believiog him to be animated by the paaNons which his
words expressed ? Over and above the interest of a drama
wiiich, although badly performed, may to some extent
away the feelings, the deceptive character of its represeota-
tioo forms its cliief interest, and in its appeal to the
imagination constitutes the performance a work of art We
admire the acting of a man who personifies a passion,
while we might disregard or despise one actually under
ita influence.
Wliat would Carlyle siy if arraigned before the bar of
EiiUo opinion for the form which some of his great works
ve taken? If he were charged with imposing on the
public the belief that his Sartor Resartos was founded on a
volume he had received of Professor Teufelsdrttekh, from
the press of StiUsweigen und Geschellschaft, of the town of
Wewiiflhtwo ; if it were stated in aggravation of his crime
that he wasan old offender ; that the effect of the deceptkm
whksh in this case he had practieed — ^to use the identical
words employed in denouncing that daas of imitations
which we are now engaged in defeadinp-*waa to east a
■Dspfcrioo on the existeooe of his Abbot Sampson and the
aeooine Chrooioa Jooelini de Brokelooda, sjid on every
bit of genuine history afterwards encountered. Do not
lot it be suppoaed that these oases are frr^vaot. They
m tndy in noint, and they are fair illustrationB. The
iin which is denounced is the so^Alled deception, common
to them all, and the consideration of it as exemplified in
foeh oases may prepare us for its admisnon in those others
which are to come more immediately under our con-
aidermtion. It must be observed that these dramatic
reprssentatiooB and these works of fiction, like painted
■l a rbles, deceive only those who have not knowledge or
veneration enough to detect the imposition. In this case,
if tlie deceptioo be the crime, the balance of arguoient,
accordiog to the views of our opponents, is in our favour.
The painting eontains internal evideooe to reveal its true
nature, while the real character of the acting, or of such
writing as that in which Oarlyle indulges, most be asoer-
tained from certain oooventiooalities known only to the
faiitiated, or from extraneous sources.
Immediately we shall come to some cases where the
deception is not so admissible. But before doing so let us
take an examjde from the highest and noblest of all
the fiiie arts — that art whkih appeals nut merely to our
bo i ioess and our bosoms, but to that region of man's
nature which forms the seat of his most exquisite delights
—4he stomach. It has been well remarked o( gastrosnony
mad astronomy that the former is the more n<^e scienee,
that a philosophic cook who discovers a new dish is a
greater benefintor of his species than a man who discovers
» new star, because we have more stars than we can ever
make use of, while it is impossible ever to have too great
ariety of dishes. We require, therefore, no ap^ogy
«U4 drawing an illustration from so noble a soiunoe.
Let m suppose that QoldsmiUi's country parson, " pass-
ing rich on forty pounds a year," frem the produce of his
gafrfeo to manur'aoture an effervescing beverage and
dignify it with the name of champagne. I apprehend
be wnnld not be guilty of a sin either against morality
or good taste, in partaking of it himself, or in sharing
it with his friends, if it pleased thdr palates. But woe to
the nobleman or wealthy merchant who should attempt
to palm such an article on his guests. They would re-
ceive it as a villanous oompoond, suspect their host of
poisonous designs, and take care to have " unfortunately
contracted a previous engagement" on all tuture oeoa-
sions when they received his invitations. Moek turtle,
though utterly destitute of the dignity which apper-
tains to the original dainty whose noble name it
bears, and in foot, without aristocratic pretensions of
any kind, and it may be even somewhat plebeian and
vulgar in ita origin and connections, is not yet wholly
proscribed, and may be met with occasionally in respectable
society. But let any one conceive, if he can, the posi-
tion which a Lord Mayor would occupy, who, to save
the contents of his purse or the d^sestive organs of his
guests, should supply the sham mstead of the real
article at his inauguration banquet.
There is here, however, not a question of sin or no ^,
but of oonsisteney or inoonsistenoy, of propriety or impro-
priety. In furnishing an imitation, instead of the genuine
article, there is, in the case 1 have supposed, no in-
tention of deceiving any body. The original delicacies
are used for certain good or pleasing* qualities they pos-
sess ; the same good qualities you simply reproduce in the
imitatioa, for good qualities are real things and cannot be
imitated. It is even so with imitations of materials, for
the same or similar motives eodst for tniog them.
What, then, is thecoaolosion of the whole matter? The
sin or offbnce, where it exists, is ever to be found in the
motive. Thus the host who passes off his gooseberry and
mock turtle as genuine ; the novelist and essayist who
writes with the actual design of falsifying liistory ; the
citiaen who paints his garden -wall to make believe that
he is proprietor of a vast demene; the henseholder
who decorates his halls in painted marbles to impose on
fads firiends and acquire a cheap dignity, is guilty of
telling or aeting a 1m. But everyone knows that such
oases do not exist In dramatb representation, in works
of fiction, in all examples of imitative art, although the
intention is not to deceive, the deceptive nature of the re-
presentation forms a legitimate appeal to the imagiaa-
tfon. In imitations of favourite dishes, prepared to
(Aease the palate, and in imitations of materials to
please the eye, the one class is used on account of tlieir
beauty, the other on aooount of certain good qualities
which render them desirable. In this view neither can
be considered deceptive, nor even imitative, for the beauty
of the one olass of object and the good qualities of the
other are undeniable realities.
We have thus considered a few oases in which the
deceptive character of the objects seems to be unobjection-
able. But when we come to discuss the question of folse
jewdlery we find that it stands on altogether a different
foodng.
Precious stones are worn not for their beauty alone.
If they were so, then the false would serve the purpose
equally well, and no stigma would attach to their use,
for they are quite as beautiful as the real, and, indeed,
it is difficult to tell the differenoe between the two, for
even connoisseurs are apt to be deceived in such matters.
Qems are wore on aooount of the dignity they confer
as objecu of cost. Hence the counterfeit meet with con-
demnation from all persons of edncatiim and refinement.
A wouian who wears false jewels intends that they should
pass for that which they are not. She is a pretender
to a rank and position to whioli she has no claim. She
is guilty of a vulgarity— an impertinence^ jin if yon
will— from which everyone with aenseand propriety would
instinctively shrink.
Theie is a palpable ialkcy contained in an argument
which plaees in the same category imitations of objects
which are used solely or obiefly on aeoonnt of their
<Mauty, and those which are used solely or chiefly on
aocooat of their snggesting ideas of eost. A fanoy -"^^
334
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 8, 1864.
or marble is ad example of the former — a predoos Ntooe,
of the latter. Toa may deceive by makiog an article
whioh posieBBee little real value resemble a costly one,
but to speak of deoeiviog as to beauty is a simple ab-
surdity. The appearance of cost and value may exist
without the reality — the appearance of beauty and the
reality are one and the same thing. ,
Such a thesis as that which we have been disputiog
could not be maintained consistently throughout, so we
find it stultified by the admissions of its author.
** Qilding," he says, *' has become, from its frequent
use, innocent. It is understood," he says, '* for a film
merely, and therefore is allowable to any extent." I
cannot admit the abstract justice of the doctrine con-
tained in this passage, for it would go far towards
justifying any practice, however absurd, which might
happen- to have the sanction of antiquity, and it is cer-
tainly altogether at variance with the principle on which
imitations are condemned by the same author. Accord-
ing to this doctrine, gilding must at one time have been
wrong. But that which is originally wrong can never
be made right by repetition. On the contrary, it is
common to hold that what is here advanced as a pallia-
tion can only serve as an aggravation of the otfence.
It is hoped that we have already found sufficient
justification for usinff imitations of materials, such as
fine woods and marmes, in all legitimate situations ; but
this passage, if we could avail ourselves of it, and if
justification were needed, would afford all that could be
desired, for the use of these imitations has been for a
long period so common, that however deceptive they
may be, they will seldom, if ever, pass for aught else
than what they are.
These remarks on gilding betr^ a total misconception
as to what decoration really is. Decoration is a thing of
surface not of construction, although the construction will
frequently indicate what the decoration ought to be.
You have no more reason to suppose that a thing is solid
gold because it is gilded on the surface, than to suppose
that a lady is silk because her outer garment is composed
of that material, or that you would find the downy sur-
face or the delicate tints of the peach at whatever point
you mif ht intersect it. The apology, therefore, tenaered
for gildmg is not only superfluous, but of a character which
could not have been accepted had an apology been
necessary.
This brings us to point out, as we proposed to do
under the third division of our subject, the qualities
which give their value to decorative appliances. These,
whioh we name in the order of then: importance, are—
Ist. Beauty.
2nd. Durability, and
8rd. Costliness.
We have just been speaking of gilding. For its em-
ployment we require no other apology than the possession
of the above-named qualities, and in this respect it stands
on precisely the same footing with almost all other
decorative appliances, cement or plaster, metallic coatings
of bronze, silver, or gold, faint, silk, veneers in wood,
marble, or free-stone. Our priuciple is of universal
application.. A lady makes the dress which is to be seen
of silk, her under gsrments of a cheaper and less showy
material. You veneer a plain, inexpensive wood with one
of a richer hue and of a more expensive quality. You
coat you brick or rubble walls with cement, with paint,
with ashlar stone, or with marble. They are under-
stood to be mere coatings, thicker or thinner as the case
may be. Zinc is coated with Lronxe, bronae with silver,
and silver with gold, and in doing this we simply follow
a natural instinct, and the example which nature herself
has given us.
We shall now try how du stucco and scagliola, or
painted imitations of marbles, possess these three qualities
of beauty, durability, and exprersion of cost.
First, as to stucco. It seems to be felt necessary that
some expedient should ba adopted for adorning the un-
sightly brick buildings of which such a town as London
is chiefly composed. This is effected by the materud
under discussion, either by an entire coating, or by means
of projecting facings, thus adding force to the outlines
and principal features, and contributing to the composi-
tion, those elements of light and shade so essential to the
beauty of architecture, and in which brick build ings
are generally so deficient It certainly ia not the fauU
of bricks that they are not ornamental, seeing they
can produce such buildings as the Ospidale Maggiore
of Milan, the Certosa of Pavia, or even such ex-
amples of stieet arcliitecture, as those recently erected
in Cheapside, which are now daily arising around
UF. But the ornamental bricks, or terra ootta, osed
in the construction of these buildings, being simply
moulded as is the stucco or cement, are liable to
precisely the same condemnation. Brick architecture of
such a character would leave nothing to be desired,
but it is to be feared the expense will interfere
with its general adoption. The expedient usually
resorted to for getting rid of the dull uniformity and
flatness of brick erections, that of bands, lozenges, and
squares of various colours, seems to me as barharoua as
the tattooing of the savage and of precisely the same
nature. The lines and forms seem to destroy the contour
of the building by substituting strong«^r markings than
those which are presented by the solids and vacuities,
they withdraw attention from the principle architectural
features — from the form and outline of the building
which give it character and expression, and in whioh,
as in a face, the beauty ought chiefly to be found.
Stucco, then, supplies a want — in cases where stone is
not to be had or where it is too expensive for general
use. In regard to its possession of the three qoalttiea
we have named ; in beauty it is nearly equal to stone,
because it admits of the same identical forms, and if
properly treated the difference between the two turfaoet
is scai^y appreciable ; in durability it is, of course, in-
ferior to stone. But such beauty and such durability
as it does possess are absolute qualities, and in regard
to these stucco does not ooccupy the position of an imi-
tative material, for it is obvious that beauty and duraknUty
do not admit of imitation. As to expression of ooil,
stucco expresses more cost than plain unadorned brick,
and less than stone. It im, therefore, a less noble material
than the latter, so that iu use will be restricted by the
conditions to be afterwards stated.
We may here remark, in passing, that so long as
stucco remains unchallenged as a decorative apuliance for
interiors, it will be difficult to show why it should not
be employed — subject, of course, to conditions — on exterion
also.
Scagliola and painted imitations of marble stand on
precisely the same footing. Their beauty arises fcoui
various sources. One of these is inherent, due to the
colour shades and veining, which, constituting the loveli-
ness of the real object, are found, only in a less degree
beautiful, in the representation. The second souroe of
beauty is the taste, skill, and ingenuity displayed in the
execution of the imitation, which the practised eye at once
detects, while a third class of beauty may be discovered
in the deceptive character objected to, and which forms, wo
hold, a legitimate appeal to the imagination. No doubt
such imitations are wanting in beauty of the highest class;
they do not engage the greatest faculties of the artist,
they do not suugebt great thoughts, but such beauty as
they do possess is derived from sources which are quitQ
legitimate.
In durability they are, of course, much inferior to real
marbles, although greatly superior to most other styles of
painting in use for internal decoration. From the smooth-
ness of the varnished surface they are easily cleansed,
and at the end of thiity years will be found to have
suffered less from tear and wear than plain paint would
have done in a third of that time.
As expressive of cost they are of no mean value, though
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, Apbil 8, 1864.
335
firom their inferiority in this respect to the origiuals, they
will be excluded from use in many cases by one of the
conditions 1 shall specify.
I now proceed to lay down and illustrate the last
division of my subject — the conditions which ought to
regulate the employment of surface coatings. These
aie —
1. That they be not employed to imitate a material
where the original itself would be out of place.
2. That no object be painted or otherwise made to
imitate one material which, from its form, construction,
or. application, is obviously or necessarily composed of
another.
3. That no inferior surface coating be employed where
we should expect one more expensive, aud no imita-
^n where we are entitled to find the real material, or
where the diiKOvery of an imitation would create disap-
pointment.
Everyone may supply himself with illustrations. For
example; as to the first condition. Imitatioo marble
should never be used on such positions as ceilings,
where the construction is obviously a wooden one ; nor
on shop- fronts in crowded thoroughfares, where the real
material would be destroyed as soon as exposed, and
where it would therefore be out of place.
In illustration of the second condition, wo may men-
tioa that elaborate delicate carvings should not be
painted to represent granite, nor iron columns lilce
wood or marble where these materials are unfit for the
duty in the way of support or otherwise, which the iron
has to perform.
In regard to the third condition. We have said that
decorative appliances are valued for three quaUtie-s — their
beauty, duiability, and expression of cost. We may
Asauuie that the rank or wealth of the person who owns a
work of art, or who makes use of a decorative appliance,
will not alter our estimation of its value or fitness, so tax
MB these are imparted by the two first-named qualities,
beauty and durability. Our ideas on these points may be
said to be absolute, except in so far as they are liable to
be changed with regard to beauty by the influence of
fashion.
But the third quality we have named is to be considered
in a dififerent light. The fitness or unfitness of a work of
art or of a decorative appliance, considered with reference
to expression of cost, falls to be determined by the rank,
wealth, and social position of the person who owns or
makes use of it.
The question involved, then, in the discussion of the
third condition, under which we assert that imitative
appliances may be used, is perliaps, in this view, not
strictly issthetical. We shall give one or two illustratioas
of our principle.
If we should find in the cott^e of an agricultural
labourer a figure, say of the "Dying Gladiator." wo
should receive it as an evidence of great taste, althougii
the statuette should prove to be ot zinc electro-plated
with bronze. Such an object would be out of place in
the possession of a rich collector ; but, if 1 mistake not,
few connoisseurs even would be sufficiently purist in their
tastes to object to the same figure in bronze plated vith
oxydised silver. If 1 might venture to express an in ti-
vidual opinion, I should say there is no more beautiful
appliance in use at the present day for coating bronzes.
Probably even a zinc bronze electroplated figure, if large
and applied to a useful purpose, such as holding a light,
niigtu l>o found unobjectionable in a similar situation, in a
nobleman's mansion, or even in a royal palace, our feelings
would not be shocked if we were told that the gold diniur
service we were admiring was not solid gold, but silver gilr,
while we sliould feel it to be the essence of meanntss if
the noble or royal possessor had resorted to the cheap ex-
pedient of having dishes only plated on nickel inbtead of
genuine silver. One admires the beauty of the colossal
atatoes which adorn the throne room in the Re^iJenz of
Hunich without regarding the material of which they are
composed. No doubt our respect for them would be much
enhanced, whatever we might think of the wisdom of the
monarch who had them cast, if we were made aware that
they were solid masses of gold. But as no one probably ever
indulged in this belief, so nobody was ever disappointed
when told that the substance is bronze, and the gold which
meets the eye a superficial coating merely, rerhaps the
mind may be the better prepared for the gilding of bronze
by the knowledge of the fact that its colour is but a lao-
quer, the bronze itself but a hollow sham, a pretender to
solidity, representing bones, flesh, and skin ; when it is
skin etpnUisrea nihil. If the idea of a figure being mere
skin and bone exp>ses it to contempt, what is to be said of
one which is skin only without even the bones.
I have thought it necessary to direct attention pointedly
to this custom of coating acommon cheap metal with metal
more atUactive, as well as more expensive in the view of
ascertaining whether it is a pi actice which can be indulged
in with propriety, and on what principle; because it is
not merely an important branch of the general question
we are consideiing, but because it involves important
material interests and has been treated at considerable
length by various modern writeis on art who are recog-
nised as authorities, and who have arrived at what seem
to me to be talse conclusions on the subject.
The third condition which I would impose on the use
of deceptive coatings, and which I will now repeat, seems
entirely to meet the case.
That no inferior coating be applied to a suiface where
we should expect one more expensive, and no imitation
where we are entitled to find the real material, or where
the discovery of an Imitation would create disappointment.
This mode of viewing the subject brings us t>ack to the
question which we have already so far discussed — of
worthiness or unworthiness, of propriety or impropriety.
We have 4 right to expect that every one will support
with dignity the rank and position which God has assigned
him in the world. No man can do this who resorts to
shabby and cheap expedients in his ordinary business
even, muuh more m matters of taste and ornamentation.
But shabbiness and cheapness are relative terms. We
do not expect our bourgoisie to veneer their walls with
real marbles, although we have all seen such finishings.
In king's houses in all paits of Europe they exist. The
interiors as well as the exteriors of the old Venetian
palaces were so decorated. In the residences of many
even of the smaller German potentates, and in the
mansions of the wealthier of our own citizens, a few
examples are to be found. One has therelbre a right
to expect our own roysl residences and public mouo-
ments to be decorated with the noblest materials. One
could scarcely be reconciled to the idea of having the
noblest apartments in the padaces of the Queen of Eng-
land decorated with painted imitations of rich materials.
Our opponents may condemn such incongruities wherever
they are found, and in any reasonable terms they choose,
for there is no doubt in such positions they would be
worthy of all condemnation. If costly materials and
costly works of art are to be found anywhere, surely
it ought to be in the palaces of that monarch on whose
dominions the sun never sets. Genuine goosebeny and
mock turtle at a lord mayor's feast would seem absolutely
virtuous by the comparison.
Even these rules, however, will not admit of too rigid
application. In many instances the work, from want of
previous aiTangement, is put into the hands of the decorator
in a state which leaves him little choice in the matter.
Besides, the use of such decorative appliances as a painted
imiUtion of marble frequently affords the means of intro-
ducing a mass of rich broken colour in situations where a
flat uniform tint would be ruinous to a composition. Of
these means even Raphael did not scruple to avail himself
in the decorationsof the Loggie. The use of such appliances
may therefore be occasionally justifiable, whore too rigid
an application of our rule would exclude their use.
In fact, we cannot, in all matters of taste, establUh r
336
JOTJRNAL OF THE BOOIBTY OF ARTS, April 8, 18W.
QDohADgeable cmoons as those which settle the pttnciples
of morality. Id matters of taste there are maiiy things
esMDtial, and there are many thloge of Httle moment.
Within the region of esthetics there is a vast dehateaUe
land where individoal preferences have free scope for exer-
cise. Within this region it is impoeiible to ignore or set
aside the influence of fashion, whose code, for the time
being, is as inexorable as the laws of the Medea, though,
unlike those laws, it is ever inconsistent and ever changing.
In matters of personal adornment deceptive expecHents
have always been leas or more in vogne. The Qntk
ladies, jealous, it may be presomed, of the beanty which
they discovered in the low foreheads of certain of the
interior animsls, and anxious to rival it in their own
persons, invented a spedes of wig to conceal the upper
part of the forehead, and brine the hair as nearly as
possible down to the eyes. The faces of the Roman
ladies, having been properly softened and prepared by
means of a bread poultice plasteied over their features
St bed time, were daily, after it was washed off with
asses milk, brought by means of paint to rival the hues
of the lily and the rose. In these days of outs we com-
placently accept the improvement in our personal appear-
ance etfected by the operations of the dentist, and do not
grumble at their deceptive tendency. Perhaps their
manifest useftilne« may in some degree leaven the vanity
which fluently induces the patient to submit himself
to the operator, in the style of dressing her hair,
although woman has found out many inventions since the
time of the Greeks, still must her flowing locks be
rendered fuller and more flowing by foreign aid. Fiction
has still to be added to fact that she may realize her
ideal, though that is not the ideal of 2,000 yean ago.
We are not so tolerant of paint. It is not easy to define
that principle which admits of one lad^ making herself
more charming by adding pounds of hair to the supply
whiah Datm« nas bestow^ upon her, and which denies
lo another, animated by precisely the same amiable
motive, the privilege of making up for nature's deficiencies
by the use of rouge. Perhaps if the paint were applied
after tlie manner of the Cherokee Indians, ao as not to
deceive any body, it might satisfy the asthetical scruples
of some of oar friends of a certain school.
Bir Joshua Reynolds says in one of his Royal Academy
discourses, ** If a European, when he has cut off* his
baanl, and put false hanr on his head, or bound up his
own natural hair in regular hard luiots, as unNke nature
as he can possibly mue it, and after having rendered
them immoveable by the help of the fat of hogs, has
covered the whole with flour pat on by a machine with
the utmost regularity ; if, when thus attired, he issues
forth and meets a Cherokee Indian, who has bestowed as
arach time at his toilet, and laid on with equal care and
Attention his yellow and red ochre on particular parts of
his forehead and cheeks, as he Judges most becoming;
wlioever of these two despises the other for this attention
to the fashion of his country, whoever first feels himself
provoked to laugh, b the barbarian."
Now, no doubt tiiere is a right and a wrong in roost of
these matters, which may be discovered when the search
is worth the trouble, but it does not follow that what
is right now must be right in all time. We speak not
here of fiMhions which change without apparent reason.
Ten years hence it is poml^e that gold and silver, now so
highly prized as decorative appliances, may, in conse-
quence of a depreciation in the value of the precious
nttals, have become vulgar and commonplace; but the
great principles which ought to guide the artist or deco-
rator will ever remain the same.
In the region of man's inner nature lies a mine, inex-
hamtible to him who can tnoe the deep workings of the
human soul and embody them in visible form. There
inust the artist seek the principles which are to guide him
™ *•>« ««rBise ot his profoaeion. •• Custom, the Queen of
the World," has a vast dominion, and her sobj«ots aro
aiaves. But these are the unthinking and vulgar The
man of original independent genius will disdain to
her fotters, or to sacrifice essential principles at her eam-
mand. Somewhat he may concede, in matters non-
essential, out of deference to the powers that be. But ai
'* deep answereth unto deep,** he will ever intaitiyely
recognise permanent and intrinsic excellence, and in aU
matters where essential principles are infiringed, wiD
akjure the transieat ftshioos of the day.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. J. O. Cbaob would preface the few observmtiona he
addressed to the meeting by statins the great pleasare he
had derived from the paper that Mr. Purdie had read to
them. He thought it not only reflected great credit upon
that gentleman, but upon the profession to which Mr.
Purdie and himself belonged. It was very gratifying
that a gentleman so employed could bring to bear on aact
a sut^t so much research, intelligence, and knowledge
as he liad displayed. He had made the subject both
interesting and instructive to them, and tiiongh he (Mr.
Crace) might not quite agree with all that liad been
brought foi-ward, he thought thehr differences would not
be material. First of all, he thought he might allude to
a little confusion in Mr. Purdie's argument with refer-
ence to imitation. The true object of art he took
to be imitation; the right application of Imitation
was another matter. The more perfectly a paints
represented the subject of his picture, the more teal
and perfect would be his excellence in his art; but
in using imitations the question of appropriatenea
and suitability must be borne in mind. He would
begin with the use of stucco on the extericn* of buUdinga.
He thought, as influencing the progress of art, its use had
been pendcious. It certainly afforded great advantages
in the preservation of the exterior of buildings, but it
also furnished such facilities for false represenutioos and
bad construction, and for hiding so many faults, that wliat-
ever its advantages might be, he considered they weie
neutralised by these objections. If there had been no
stucco, long beforo this our artists might have introduced
the beautiful forms and decorative features to which bcii^-
work could be so well applied. He mabtained that,
in our street architecture, we were only now beginning to
realize the beautiful forms, colouring and architeetonl
features of wldoh brickwork was susceptible. Mr. Purdie
had instanced some glorious examples in the buildingi
which abounded in Milan and other parts of Lombardy,
where the most l)eautiful forms, with good effects of light
and shade, were produced by the employment, not (^
moulded bricks alone, but by the proper applicatiaB of
ordinary bricks, placed at certain angles and depths. If
buildings such as were now designed had been erected in our
country 20 or 80 years ago it was absolutely certain that
architects would not have attempted to conceal the brick-
work by a covering of stucco, so as to make it look Hke
bad stone, in addition to which a row of buildings
monotonously alike were oflen painted a variety of shades,
utterly destroying all harmony of effect. He thought
that in arehitecture the mode of construction should be
apparent, and as much as possible of the real material em-
ployed should be displayed, aixi made to form the orna-
ment of the building. He now came to the interior.
Stucco in the interior of buildings assumed a different
position altogether. It became then a legitimate cover-
ing to the construction, imparting a surtaoe to a rough
material. In ceilings, cornices, and walls such an appJi-
cation was useful and legitimate, unless they were content
to have the brickwork shown inside, which he did not think
would be satisfactory. They covered it with a material
which could be made to assimie any required form and colour.
He thought, however, the great sin of oruinary house
decoiators was to tise their paint when it was not wanted.
In build ins a house, instead of leaving the wood vrork to
sliow itself, which he thotight a legitimate plan, they pot
on several coats of paint, destroying the sliarpneas of the
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, April 8, 1864.
337
mouldings. If the wood wera plain deal, and if a littlo
more money were spent in the preparation of it, and then it
weroaimply vamUhed and allowed to pass for deal, it would
look infinitely better than half the elaborate colouring and
graaoiog pot upon it. The wood itself mi j<ht he legitimately
deoorated by light or dark lines of oolour«or by gilding.
On one occasion he was called in to decomte a building in
Scotland, where he found the wood work of pitch pine,
beautifully executed, but they had begun to paint it. He
stopped this, and merely had the wood varnished, and
though this was dont) many years ago it looked as well as
ever. Then again, with r^ard to graining, he thought
this vfAs too freely used. A whole tint worked up
with vai-oish would look better and last as long
as imitMions of maple or other fancy woods, and the idea
of a bham would be got rid of. The same remarks ap*
plied to imii>ition of marble. A corri«ior might often be
made lar more tasteful and equally durable, with plain
colour properly applied. MarbUng was perfectly oosuit-
ahle for the style of houses ia which it was frequently
applied, though, if a hall presented a fair architeetm^l
appearance, he had no objection to imitation marbling,
where the real marble would not have l>een out of place.
Then again, with regard to gilding. He thought
" white and gold " was a perfect god-send to ordinary
hoQBe deeoratora. They took no trouble to exerone taste
or jodgoient by deoorating witli harmonious arrange-
ments of colour, which presented considerable difficulties
to looooH^eteBt persons, but felt themselir<ee safe in r*;-
oommeodiog white and gold, it was sure to look simple
and beautiful » but it prevented the march of taste
in the deooMtive «rta Sometimes a delicate tint of green
waeMggfrted, bat there appeared to be no desire to get
beyoodthe haoknied style which prevailed too much in
the present day. He thought men should endeavour
to iokprove upon what had been done before. Mr.
Pofdie in bis paper had coodeoroed the improper
aptrticatioa of imitation, in which view all persons of
soBBd taste must agree. Mr. Fardie had also remarked
that they would, o£ ooune, espeot in a nobleman's house
tb«4 stiver or gilt pkite wnold be genuine ; but that in
mora humhle houses imitations were allowable. He
could net agree to that. He thought that in a humble
hoooe it was bad tMie to ape the splendour of royalty or
ZkobSUtf, however cheaply gUt ofcjeols might he produced.
Silvar wae beiter than gilt braM. It was more satisfao-
factory to use a material which waa what it pretended to
b«i» rather than an imitation of something else.
Hr. J. BcAviNOTOM Atkinson said they ought to feel
gtwmHy indebted to the author of the paper for drawing
the very important distinction which existed between ethics
tuad Mthetkss. No donbt mneh confusion had of late years
boflo thrown into the sphere of the fine arts by mingling
losether ekmenta which belonged rather to the sphere of
ethioB than to that of ostheties. The danger of this was
tho gmier because mere rhetoric was eaoeedingly
trnkiog with the general public. A critic, for exam^e,
wteo ihoald write that a picture had thrust a dasger at
tho moral sense of the public would probably find
an eoho in many drawing rooms in this country, and
yet he believed persons acquainted with the soMect
would know that such a criticism was in all probability
little hotter than nonsense. While he spoke thus strongly
he yei was one of those who firmly believed that there
weteoertain fundamental principles which governed the
oOMrtstntion, and, if he might say, the morality of the
ftne aits; and the first and most essential princfpU was
this, that the idea sought to be expressed, the essential and
oBlitiml thought to be embodied, should be of the noblest
fciiid^ and that being established and fairly rooted in the
tBiDd of the artist, he thooght Keo^mdly would come the
oooaideratioo by what instmments and by what
rm a TH the artist might best incorporate and express
iliat idea. Those two principles he believed constituted
tbe troth, the probity, and the parity of the fine arts.
2Sow, m to the meaoa which an artist had to employ, he
really knew of nothing more praetioal or anything better
than the doctrines of old laid down respecting drawing,
composition, light, shade, and colour. He believed in
these would be found the true decalogue of the arts. As
for the material, this, as he had already indicated, must
be subordinate to the intent. A statue might be executed
in day, terra cotta, plaster, marble, or gold, and he
ventured to say of all those materials the gold would be
the least admirable. The heroes of the world were not
accustomed to be clothed in gold. They spoke for whati
they were, for what they had done ; and the expression,
the intent of the work constituted in fact its true nobility.
Now, as to the subject of imitatioa important and
he thoaght true distinctions had been laid down by Mr.
Purdie. He would add to what that gentleman had said
that perhaps the primary question, after all, was what
should be imitated ? A brass kettle in a Datch picture
could not have much dignity, but if they took Holman
Hunt's picture of the •* Finding of Christ in the Temple,**
and if they observed the fidelity with which the artist had
there imitated the traniiparency and the expression of the
eye of the Saviour, he thought there they would find
that imitation bad attained to something like divinity.
Imitation, therefore, was not an evil, but it was a means
to an end. That was obvious : and he thought it was
undeniable that the more perfect the imitation the
better. With regard to the perfection of that imita-
tioa ami the mode of its application, much depended
upon what fhe artist ^ould emphasise and what he
should leave out. If he directed his attention to whit
was really great, that imitation would then attain a great
and dignifiMl end ; but if he descended to what was small
and paHry, then his work was so far marred, and the imi-
tation, whioh as he had ssid, was in itself a worthy instru-
ment, then became degraded. So far for imitation and ita
worth, and the mode in which it should be employed. He
would now say a word upon what had incidentally fallen
from Mr. Purdie, on the subject of coloured statues. He
might state upon authority, for he had often conversed
with Mr. GifaaoQ on the subject, that the purpose of*
that great seulptor in colouring stotnee was not to
attain to naturalietio imitation, but rather to con-
ventional treatment. He (Mr. Atkinson) was not an
advocate for the colouring of statues. It was a most
difficult question ; but it was, perhaps, right to put in thie
plea — that statuary, when coloured, be^me the sister of
coloured architecture. Mr. Purdie would allow that it
was possible to decorate the interior of a building to such
an intensity of colour, that white marble would appear
cold, crude, and inharmonious. That this had been felt
in all countries, and in all ages, was manifest by the uniform
practice of artiste. Bronze was, in fact, a colour. The
employment of o<doured marbles was of course the
adopti<m of colour; so that, independently of the mere
question whether they would colour white marble, which
in itsdf was a lovely material, they could scarcely resist
the oonolosioo that, under certain circumstances, coloured
statues become inevitable. He need not say the detailed
and varied management of colour in such cases was
most delicate and difficult, and must be a question of
subtle artistic treatment. What was the conclusion?'
He thought it was simply this — that a work of art de«
ponded for ito worth principally upon the idea which it
expressed; secondly, upon the aptness of the instmmento
employed as the language for expressing that idea ; and
thirdly, that the material might be valuable on many
aocounta, for durability and for other qualities, but that
all Huch questions of material should be kept subordinate
te the idea %o be expressed, and the thought and purpose
which the artist endeavoured te embody. Reverting ti>
the distinction which had been justly drawn between
ethics and astheties he would say that works executed
on the principles he had ventured te inculcate, though
not falling directly within the sphere of ethkjs. were In all
points consonant, and might be made cooperative with
true moNdfl and pore reUgioo.
338
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 8, 1864.
Mr. Vaslet remarked on the subject of imitation, that
the failures of great men were lessons to those who came
after thenu He mentioned that Sir Joshua Reynolds
repeatedly failed to convey to canvass a correct likeness
of his friend iohn Hunter wlien in his own studio. The
subject was out of place; but when he painted the great
anatomist as engaged in his avocation, he sucoeeded in
producing a marvellously life-like portrait, which was the
admiration of all who beheld it in the present day. Mr.
Yarley alluded to what he considered a great defect in
portrait painting, viz. treating the subject with sombre
tints instead of those bright colours in which Sir Joshua
Beynolds delighted, and which served to bring out the
delicate tints of the flesh with greater brilliaDoy and
effect.
The Chairman, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr.
Purdie for lus highly interesting paper, remarked that
he could not agree with some of the observations that had
Alien from Mr. Atkinson. He was startled to find that
that gentleman justified the colouring of statues, and not
only justified it, but did so in terms which appeared to
contradict ihe conclusions he subsequently arrived at.
Mr. Atkinson had said that, in colouring the statuet at
the late Exhibition, there was no endeavour strictly to
imitate nature— not to produce the most perfect imi-
tation possible, but merely to conform to conven-
tional ideas— to lower high art to tha conventional taste
and tone of the da^, and to attract admiration from
ihose whose education had not taught them to ap-
preciate the highest style of art. The essence of
scolpture was form, and marble was a material which was
specially suited for conveying the true spirit of sculpture
to the mind. Ck>louring took away the effect upon the
imagination ; it destroy^ the great principles upon which
sculpture was based, degrading it to a lower class of art.
Another branch of the subject was what should be under-
stood by the legitimate use of imitation. There was a
Treasure to be derived from the contemplation of the
imitation of the beautiful objects of nature, apai*t from
the gratification afforded by the objects themselves.
The works of Barry, on the walls of the room in which
they were assembled, were an imitation undoubtedly, and
the perfection with which the objects were represented
was in itself a source of pleasure. Tills was an instance
of an appropriate employment of imitation. He was
obliged to Mr. Grace for the suggestion as to the inore
extended applfcation of the oiilinary woods in the fittings
of rooms. At the same time, as the practice of painting
and varnishing seemed to have been almost universally
adopted, it was only fair to infer that there were some
good reasons for the universality of this practice, and that
by some means the conclusion had been arrived at that
painting was the best mode of covering defects and giving
durability. It was, therefore, reasonable to suppose that
the practice was supported on some grounds of public
utility and economy. With regard to another branch of
imitation which had been so thorougly anathematised by
Mr. Grace — stucco, he would say that the reason why orna-
mental brick buildings had not been erected in this
country, as in Italy or Flanders, had been mainly owing
to the fact that, until the last few years, the manufacture
of bricks was under the control of the £xcise, by whom
the size and mode of manufacture were restricted within
certain defined limits, which might not be departed from.
But when they got rid of the excise, and were allowed to
make brkks as they pleased, it had already been seen how
such materials might be successfully used in the ornamen-
tation of our street architecture. If they were to decry
all imitation, they would deprive themselves of some of
the highest pleasures they had. The drama had
been referred to ns an imitation, as it undoubtedly
was;^ but although the drama at thi.s moment might not
flourish as it did a few years ago, yet those who recollected
the elder Eean,Kemble, Young, and Macready, must feel
that but for the existence of those men the country would
have been deprived of a high and legitimate source of
pleasure ; and they could only hope that by some change
of circumstances the time might again come when greater
encouragement would be given to that branch of art. He
now begged to propose a cordial vote of thanks to Mr.
Purdie for tho very interesting paper with which he had
favoured them.
The vote of ^thanks was then passed.
IromMngs al |nstM(ms.
BlBMISOHAM AND MiDLAND iNSTlTITrS. — A COUrse Of
thrae lectures on '* Light" was delivered by Mr. James
Phillips, in January and February last. Mr. H. Noel
Humphreys delivered a lecture on the 5th February, on
*• The History of Writing." The Rev, C. P. Wilbiaham,
Rural Dean of Newcastle, delivered a lecture on the 15th
February, upon *' Iceland and its Oeyseis." On the 22od
and 29th February, Dr. Alfred Hill, the borough analyst,
delivered two lectures on ** The Ghemistry of Explosive
Gompounds," illustrated by a series of exp^ments. On
the 7th March, Mr. William Willis delivered a lecture
on " Siemens and Qore*s Furnaces." On the 14th and
21st March, two lectures ** On the Grave and the Oay in
Art, as illustrated by the works of WQltam Blake, the
visionary, and Qeorge Oruikshank, the humourist,** were
delivered by Mr. Sebastian Evans.
Gbkwb Mbohanios' iNSTrroTioN. — The eighfaentli
Annual Report states that, although a considerable
amount has been expended in the enlargement of the
Hall, additional anterooms, coffee and smoking room,
increase of library, dsc, the retiring cotmcil has tne aatis-
faction of announcing a balance of £90 to the credit of
the Institution. The maximum amount of any prerious
year's receipts has been £375, while the last year's in-
come is no less than £576. In the educatioaal depart-
ment the past year has been one of the greatest sncoes.
The classes have been more nimierously attended, and
have afforded 280 youths and females means of extending
that education, the foundation of which was laid in the
elementary school. During the summer two pleasura
excursions took place ; one to Windermere, the other to
Birkenhead, to visit the channel fleet. These were a
source of profit to the amount of £24. A new feature in
the year's programme has been the establishment of
cheap concerts on Saturday evenings, which have met
with Budh encouragement as to augur a much greater
success for the future. They have been self-sapporting,
and have proved, not only a considerable stimulus to th%
amateur musicians of Grewe, but also means of innocent
amusement to the people of the town and neighbourhood
at the close of the week's duties. The committee
thank those ladies and gentlemen who volunteered their
services, and without whose help they could cot hope
for a continuance of these entertainments. With re-
ference to the educational department, the council ny
that, while deeply sensible of the many advantages which
a well-conducted institution offers, they are unanlmoos
that " the one thing needful " for a permanent saocesi
is the good management of the Evening Glasses. Up-
wards of six pounds was granted by the council, to be
divided amongst those students who successfully passed
examinations in the various branches of education taught
in these classes. The local examinations included Me-
chanical Drawing; Free Hand Drawing; Reading,
Writing, and Grammar; History and Geography;
Mechanics and Euclid; Algebra and Mensuratioo;
Arithmetic. Prizes wei*e also given for Sdence and
Literature, the examiners being Sie Rev. A. F. Ohater,
M.A., Rector of Nantwich, and the Rev. Arthur Kigg,
Principal of the Training GoUege, Ghester. IhcBe
gentlemen expressed a very favourable opinion of the
proficiency of the youtlis. A supplemental prixe was
given for Political and Social Economy. Glanes in the
several branches of mechanical, figure, and ornamental
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Apbil 8, 1864.
339
drawing, still oontinae in oonoeotion with the Institotiou,
undflrthe iDstructkm of the Head Master of the Govero-
xaant So&x>l of Art At the Qoveromeot ExamiDaiioD,
ooodjioted by the Qovemment Inspector of Schools of
Alt, thro* medals aod three second grade, or highest
priae*, were Awarded. During the past year upwards of
£20 has been expended in new books, adding lOb volumes
to the former stock ; thus making the total number in the
lifacaiy 2,504. The number of volumes issued during the
last twelve months exceeds, by 1,200, that of any oorra-
wpiMv^Ing period. Plans and specification of patents still
oontinue to be received, and have been much referred to
on a variety of subjects. A smoking-room has been
opened, and receives a fair share of patronago; it is
intended to open it as a coffee-room also. A chess-
room has also been added since the last report was issued.
The cheat elub numbers upwards of 50 members. The
gymnaaiam is in a flaurisbing condition. The principal
eotertainiaeot during the past year was the twelfth
anonal MaiN$t held in June.
ABT-WORKMANSHIP PRIZES.
The correspondent who addressed us on the subject of
the Art- Workmanship Priaes, thus resumes his remarks
of last week.
I cannot hot recommend to those who compete for
the first prize of the current series to use the cast from
the object itself; by aid of the photograph alone, they
cannot perfectly see even one face of the model, and the
side-view of it — which shows an exqnimtely beautiful piece
of decoration in the volute and its eyes, composed as the
latter are of full-blown lotos-flowers — is, one might ven-
tare to say, inexplicable, or, at any rate, so presented as
not to give a ftill idea of the theme. It is not im-
poa^ble that in some districts oi the country, where
naiotal or commercial facilities exist, day might be
cheaper than either of the materials designated for this
Babject. We are very mach In want of workers in clay ;
aliDOSt all carvers are--and every one of them ought to be
— ^posseMed of some skill in manipulating that material ;
their skill may be cultivated bv such a series of prizes as
that now in question, and it is probable that a larger
maritet exists for works in day than can be expected with
regard to such as are executed in the comparatively costly
mvble or stone. Upon the use of wood as a material of
decoration onr people seem to look with unaccountable sus-
piduo. Englishmen were once almost at the top of the tree
m wood- carving, yet how rarely do we see a modern ex-
aoaple of thiscrafl, exceptsome wholly foolish and clumsily-
ajiiiaied bit of *' upholsterer's" work. The main obstade
with regard to the use of clay by the competitors in such
a case as this b probably the difficulty, in some localities,
of getting it formed, so to say, into terra-cotta. Qood
kilns and careful burners are, neverthdess, rife in some
Crts of the country, and accessible from others. Pro-
bly the Society of Arts may, at some future period, offer
a separate price for design ax!d execution in terra-cotta.
A certain amount of mvention, or rather of that power
which stands next below it in art, adaptation, will be
exerdsed by the comjpetitors for the prizes offered in the
fourth division of the first class of the series now iu question.
This is for wood-carving, to be rendered in the solid, from
a drawing attributed to Hdbdn, of a design for what
app^trs intended as an hour-glass stand. Tins is an
admirable work, and may readily be applied to modern
usee, as a watch-holder, or an ink-stand, according as the
carver may please to employ its faces or its upper surface.
The object rests upon tluree feet, and has figures of fauns
at its angles, while on each of the faces between those
figures appear disks, or rather shields, any of which, if
made opeik instead or closed, would serve to hdda watch.
The vigorous and expressive attitudes of the figures
will commend them to the careful study of the carver.
Their arms are raised above their heads, and bent back
towards the body of the work itself. Above these figurea,
in the drawing, a tall stem rises, this is furnished with
doors, which, on being opened, display %hfi hoor-glasa
itself. Between the body and the stem is a nuuM
of beautiful mouldings, but the most efl^ive sectioQ
of the design is its superb top, whereon stand figures
of boys, each holding a scroll spread out, ditpU^fedt as
heralds say, and inscribed on its surface. A compass
card seems to have occupied the upper surface of the body ;
this is invisible in the design, but is sufficiently indicated
by a supplementary illustratioa that is placed by its side.
The spirit of this work is such tliat no one endowed with
artistic feeling will overlook it. In almost every section
genius is evinced. Ttie designer was a master of his
craf^ and could as well give expression by the subtle
curve and springiness of the scioils forming its feet as by
the graceful poising of the boys and the elegance of the
fauns. As produced in the ** romantic" spirit of the
German Renaissance style, the ooupoaition is beyond
praise. The exeoutioB of the figures and their perfect
combination with the minor elemenca of the work are un-
challengeable. The whole fonns a modd for the wood-
carver's art. Whoever wins the first or the second prizes
offered for this artide will deserve great praise. All who
compete will profit by studying it.
The next theme for competition that presents itself as
calling for special remark is, if possible, supcorior to the
last. It is so inasmuch as it is designed in a style
that is wholly pure and unmixed with the qtuui-gco'
tesque motives of Oerman Renaissance art. Probably
for modem uses the latter is perfectly auitable, but, to ao
eye trained by long contemplation of severe inodels,
there is something surpassingly attractive in the thorough
degance and spirit of the former. This is a picture frame,
to be carved in wood, after an Italian work, probably exr
ecuted in Venice about 1550, and now in the possession of
Htioi-y Vaughan, Esq. With all the richness of this
work the character of grace predominates. Grace is,
in all decorative compositions, the supreme quality. The
frame itself shows a "flat," upon which is placed an
infinite variety of lovdy scrolls and foliage, in the knots
and on the bianohes of which little boy-genii are sport-
ing with that life-like vigour and spirit which dis-
tinguished the best days of Italian desijgn. The anklet
of the frame are partioolarly worthy of attentioo,
because that portion of sooh a design as tlus is the test
of power in treatment. A sorolT will, if dexterously
managed, almost compose itadf ailer its dements are
decided upon, and, with due care, variety enough may
be imparted in minor parts, while the scroll of foliage
proceeds onwards to its end. At the angle the difficulty
ocoun of happily uniting two lines which are perpendicular
to each other. In the work now under consideration this
difficulty has been triumphantly dealt with. The ex-
quisite carving displayed in the small figures of lizards,
peacocks, and other birds, such as cocks and partridges,
IS surprisingly full of beauty and faodfulness. A very
pretty point of design, which is thoroughly Italian in
character, is observable in the middle of the lowest side of
the frame. This is filled by a springing fountain ; on each
side of it an degant grotesque demi-figure, whose tail
runs into the foliage, [presents itself. The crispness and
deamess of the leafage, no less than its tender and pure
elaboration, are beyond praise.
By comparing the last-named example with that which
immediately precedes it in the order of the programme
of prizes, the student will discover a marked disdnction,
not alone in their design, but in their execution. I refer
now to the head of a harp of the period of Louis XVI.
or, to speak more correctly, that of Louis XV. (1715-
1774). The latter was, with all its shortcomings, the
better and nobler period of French de«ign. Anyone can see
that between the periods of the Italian pictui'e- frame and
that of the head of the harp, something had come into
play which was potent enough to change all men's ideas
of art If I were addressing a technical audience it would
340
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, April 8, 1864.
suffice to say that art had, in the interval, lapsed into
" decoration." Bold, and in many respects beantiful, as is
the head of the harp, it lacks the exquisite refinement,
the perfect elegance, and vigorous grace of the foliage and
animals on the picture-frame. It is not because one is
more elaborate than the other, for this is hardly the case ;
nor because the object upon which the artist had been
employed is in the former superior to that of the latter
as a field for the exercise of decorative power. The truth
is, that to an able designer the harp-head supplies by far
the noblest opportunity ; indeed, there are few finer
themes in the reign of ornamental design than such a
one, yet, with this singularly gp*eat advantage to help him,
the Frenchman has not even approached the Italian who
went before him. Into the history of the great change in
the well-spring of modern art this is no place to enter.
Let it suffice that the ** naturalistic " spirit of times
later than those which produced the Venetian work
wrought so effectually upon design that artists sought to
imitate all thev saw before them, and in the effort
abandoned mucn that had been learnt by their pre-
decessors. The most valuable thing thus abandoned was
the right of selection or choice of beautiful elements of
natural forms. Had they given, as many of the Germans
-did, unflinching obedience to their own law of imitation, the
French artists of the period of Louis XV. might have
done better, but decorative design, ihs in the harp-head
before us, presumes a departure from nature, accordingly
that depaiture should be thorough and free of mere
imitation ; if it is not so, the clash of two principles of
art is, as here, painfully obvious in a single figure. How,
for example, shall the figure of a genius whose body ter-
minates in foliage be treated as a simply natural object?
The harp-head now in question is composed principally
-of the figure of a boy-genius, who seems to balance him-
self at the highest point of the instrument. His action,
although beyond certain limitations of art, is full of vigour
and grace. Its fault is in an exubei-ance of unchasteued
form. The circle predominates in all its elemenii,
whereas, in the decorations of the picture-frame, the
elemental line is flowing and flexible, and, so far, better
adapted for decorative service. The tail of the boy forms
a scroll of rich but rather ornate character. Festoons,
which are elaborately wrought, form essential features of
the design, but, as they are merely imitative in execution,
they cannot be very highly estimated. The festoon is, in
its very nature, but a poor and somewhat vulgar substitute
for the ever elegant scroll or running foliage. Beneath the
'figure of the lx>y, and as if suspended over the top of
the harp, is a satyricmask with the usual accompaniments
of Pandean pipes, wreaths, horns, fruit, flowers, &o. The
whole forms a composition rich and varied enough to
please the untaught eye, but, inasmuch as it indicates a
return to the Roman manner of copying natural facts, in
preference to an intelligent dealing with them in the
power and spirit of the Greek, Gothic, and true Renais-
sance caivers, it is inferior to the works produced by those
masters of design. It will be obvious to everybody
'that the intelligence called into play by the execution of
a festoon copied from natural flowers, is inferior to that
•exercised in the mastering of the elemental forms of those
flowers, and composing a new thing out of them. 'I his is
the difference between the arabesques of the Italian work
and the bunches of fruit, &o., of the French one.
No question of styles or schools is involved in the next
example I select fiom the list of prizes. Haphaers
** Gitices" is too-well known and too beautiful a theme
to need praise of mine. As a study for repousti work
In metal, as well as for enamel painting, it is perfect. Its
adaptability to processes depending on pure form in the
one case, and on pictorial treatment in the other, is worthy
of note. With regard to the theme of two boys selected
from Bsphael's cartoon of ** The Sacrifice at Lystra" as
the Bubject for the first prize for painting on porcelain, it
sei»ms to the writer much inferior in value to that of the
" Graces/' inasmuch as it is xather pretty than beautiful,
and whether such was, or not, the character of the car-
toon in its original state, that famous work is certainly
not now beyond challenge in execution. It does not seem
to be generally known that there exists in the library of
Vienna a group of antique female statues, undoubtedly
representing the Graces, Aglaia, Tlialia and Euphrosyne.
This group is nearly life-size of three beautiful females,
of an earlier and less developed period of life than that
Raphael depicted, but so nearly resembling, in their
attitudes, those in the design before us, that there can
be little doubt that the artist availed himwlf of the an-
tique conception. There are many similar vonions of
the theme in existence.
I ventured to enter freely upon the subject of the true
and the false arabesques, as displayed by the Italian
picture-frame and the French harp-head, because the
spirit of the remarks upon the former may be applied
to the Flemish salver — designated as the model in the
second section of Class 2 (Repotiss^ work). The same
may be said with regard to the arabesque after Lucas
Van Leyden — used for the clam of etchmg and engrav-
ing on metal, and of the German work of a later date,
which supplies a theme to the second sections of the
enamel painting and porcelain painting classes, as well
as to the class of engraving on glass. It would be
hard to find nobler subjects than these.
On another occasion I may be allowed to offer some
observations upon the themes chosen for the classes of
chiselled iron, ivory carving, bronze chasing, cameo
cutting, die sinking, gem engiaving, &c.
Jfint ^rts.
Fbenoh Opinion op English Art. — M. Ernest CH«»8.
neau, a writer on art, has recently attracted considerable
attention by two small books on the art and arttst«of
France and England. The first of these works is en-
titled, *< Les Chefs d*Ecole— Painting in the Nineteenth
Century," and treats of David, Gros, G^riciult, Decaiops,
Meissonnier, Ingres, Flandrin, and Delacroix. It his
reached a second edition, if not a third, and has arotued
attention by the freshness and originality of the tone of
the criticisms. M. Chesneau belongs to what is called,
in France, the romantic, but which would be more fairly
designated the natural school ; he is severe on the quasi
classicality of David and the colourless character of K.
Ingres's works. His chief admiration is reserved for Gros,
Flandrin, Meissonnier, and, especially, Eugene Delacroix.
It is only from a critic of this school that English art,
peculiar as it is, and resembling none other, could po^^nbly
obtain anything like due appreciation. Any French
critic looking at the works of English artists, and mea-
suring them by the artificial niles which guide the
majority of painters on the Continent, would infallibly
arrive at the conclusion, once dmwn in Fran e with i-espect
to Shakespeare, that although there might !« much evi-
dence of natural genius, there was no art in the true sense
of the word. M. Chesneau is not of this school, and
therefore his recent work, entitled, ** L'Art et les Artistes
Modernes, en France et en Angleterre,"* will l»e read
with interest by all who take an interest in the mbject.
The author takes for his text the English works ex-
hibited in Paris at the universal Exhibition of 1855, and
in London in 1862. The first smtcuce reveals a curious
fact with refeience to the acquaintance of the Continent
with the painters of England : — •• There is an English
school," and, M. Chesneau adds " it has existed fbc
more than a centuiy, and yet is unknown in Europe."
He describes the astonishment created in Franco by the
appearance of a long series of pictures in that ExhiMtfon
which evidently came from no school with whfch Frenrh
criticism was fhmiliar. " Up to that time," he Fay!», " wo
* (Paris, Didin iod Co.)
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Apbil 8, 1864.
ZH
had refiiBed to acknowledge the possession of any artistic
quality in the English mind; then, by an unreflecting
impalse, the result of surprise, it was lauded far too highly.
This infatuation.*' he adds, ** which is not yet quite
passed away, would have been more marked, and more-
over excusable if, in 1855, as now (186'i), the works of
the English priint -rs of the eighteenth century had figured
At the Exhibition.*' M. Chesneau will not admit that
Hogarth was, in the high acceptation of the term, an
artist; he denies him drawing, colour, composition, and
style, bat he acknowledges that his pictures, when once
seen, are not easily to be forgotten for their originality.
fbroo, and satirical humour; and of the pictures by that
artist, exhibited at South Kensington in 1862, he says: —
'* The attitudes, the action — astonishingly true and
infinitely Tarions — are not only always lifelike and just
in their triviality, but are sometimes noble and touchmg.
In some of the figures of women and children there is
elegance and ndiveii that perhaps even Reynolds and
Lawrence could not have expressed — as, for instance, in
the ' Bfarriage \ la Mode,' the girl who is drying her
tears at the quack-doctor's, and the young person in a
rose-coloured skirt and black mantle, in the picture of the
* Conversation.' " Reynolds and Gainsborough diaw fortli
earnest admiration from M. Chesneau, who says, " that
if British art had produced many such painters as these,
the French school might really feel some alarm." His
appreciation of these artists well deserves attention ; his
criticism is careful and discriminating, and few will differ
with him when he says: — *' The talent of Reynolds
exhibits a magnificent conquest over the will; that of
Gainsborough, the spontaneous opening of a flower going
tfarough its natural formations to the production of its
fruit. This fruit is of an exquisite flavour.** M. Ches-
neau criticises, at some length, most of the principal
works, both of Reynolds and Gainsborough, with an
affectionate admiration. Lawrence charms him by his
preity graces ; he admits his fascinations, but he cannot
overlook his want of force, trath, and firmness. For
West, Fuseli, and Etty he has but small admiration.
Wilkie can scarcely be appreciated by a foreigner ; and
M. Chesneau. while admiring his originality, does not,
evidently, fully appreciate his intense humour and power
of observation aiKl reproduction. John Constable stands
higii in the estimation of M. Chesneau ; but the artist
tiiat interests him most deeply of all, perhaps, is Turner,
of whom he says:—** He had but one desire— a dream of
prodigious audacity — ^he would paint light." It \% a bold
and a happy stroke of criticism. M. Chesneau is as severe
as roost critics on what he calls the madness of Turner's
last works ; but he says : — ** It is imponible to give, in a
few lines, any idea of the imagination of this artist;
the analysis of his works would require a volume." And
further :— *• Turner was an artist of genius, too rarely
complete, but often sublime." These few notes will be
sufficient to recommend M. Chesneau's work to the
attention of English artists and amateurs, but it is evid^snt
that he has not yet become intimately acquainted with
the whole school of British art. Mulready is among the
artists of whom his knowledge is undoubtedly but small,
but at the same time the spirit evinced in his criticisms is
so clear and honest, that it may be taken for certain that
he will seize fre^h opportunities of enlarging hia ohserva-
tion, and thus aiding in the diffusion of a knowledge
of Einglish art and artists on the Continent.
CoprsioHT. — Mr. Black has withdrawn his Copyright
Bill, and obtained leave to substitute for it a bill for the
consideration and amendment of the law on this snbj ^ct.
Bale op iLLUinsiATED Majiusciiipts. — The recent sale
of the famous mann%ripts belonging to the Duchess de
Berry drew all the Quartior St. Germain, as well as all
the artistic and antiquarian world, to the Pans mart, and
the prices obtained exceeded all expectation. The chief
loioonsisted of one of the most famotn books in Europe, the
" Livre d'Heures of H«»nry II. and Catherine de Medicis,"
a little volume, not more than four inches long, bound |
in red morocco, and bearing the monograms of the king
and queen. The manuscript is illustrated by fifty-five
miniatures of the royal family of France, executed with
great ability. Part of these portraits were executed
specially for the work, the rest having been since added
as illustrations ; they include, amongst others, likenesses
of Henry I., II., 111., and IV., Francis, I. and 11. ;
Charles IX., Louise of Savoy, Margaret of Orleans, two
of Mary Stuart, Elizabeth of France, and Catherine do
Medicis. The little gem was put up at 25,000 francs,
but the biddings soon reached 60,000, when the last com-
petitor, an Englishman, gave in, and the Emperor was
announced to be the purchaser. It is understood that the
manuscript will be placed in the Louvre. The sale con-
sisted only of twenty-five lots, which, however, realized
the sum of 103,000 francs (£4,120). The other principal
items were :— A book of pmyers, written before 1231, for
Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I., ornamented with
miniatures, purchased for the Mus^e des Souverains, at
3,210 francs; *' Liber de vit&Christi" (de Ludolphe le
Chartreux), illustrated by many exquisite miniatures,
15th century, 8.800 francs; ** Gaston Phcsbus's Book of
the Chas^ ; and **The Book of Medicine for all kinds of
Birds," by Jean de Franchiere, I5th century, 5,000 francs.
These two manuscripts are illustrated at almost every
pap^e with scenes of the chase. A magnificent manuscript,
** Heures Satines," of the 15th century, illustrated with
107 large miniatures and twenty- four vignettes, recalling
the style of Fouquet, and supposed to be by a pupil of
his school, brought 8,050 francs. Several of the lots were
purchased for the Imperial Museum.
Stained- GuLss Exhibition. — The arrangements for
this exhibition, which is to be held in the South Ken-
sington Museum, are now neatly completed. The
exhibition will open very shortly.
Florbntine MosAiosare now used with good effect in
ornamenting the binding of books. The mosaics are let
in either as a centre-piece or in the comers, and the idea
might be carried out very well with the earthenware
tessera made in England.
The Ghibkbti Gates. — .Arrangements have been made
by the South Kensington Museum fur taking casts of these
celebrated gates, and also of the Perseus, by Cellioi,
from whish copies are to be reproduced in metal for the
collection at the Museum.
Taylob Prizes (Ireland). — It is knoirn that the sum
of £2,000 was bequeathed by the 1 itc George Archibald
Taylor, of Dublin, for the promotion of art in Ireland.
This has been applied to the establishment of a perpetual
endowment for the encouragement of art students, the
management of the scheme being entriwted to the Royal
Dublin Society, in conjimction with the trustees of the
will. For the year 1864 the trustees offer the following
prize*, open to art students of Irish birth or attending a
school of art in Ireland, to be awarded at an exhibition
to be hell on the 23rd November, 1864, at the house of
the Royal Dublin Society. 1. For the best Drawing or
Cartoon in Chalk, the figures to a scale of three feet
(two or more prizes each), £10. Stibjects — "The Good
Samaritan." »* The meeting of ^neas and Dido, after the
Shipwreck." 2. ¥ot the bear Landscape in Oil Colours,
£20. To be increased or lowered in amount or wholly
withheld, accordin;^ to the merit of the works. All works
must be delivered before two oVlock on the I4th of No-
vember, 1864, at the house of thi? Royal Dublin Society,
Killare-street. Dublin. Th3 prizes are op-m to all stu-
dents of art, of either bpx, who shall have attended for
two yeai-s at least a school of art in Ireland, or who, being
of lri«*h birth, shall have a» tended for a like period a
school of art elsewheie, and who nhall produce works of
ai t displaying conspicuous merit or high promise of future
ejccellence, at an Exhibition to he held annually in
DuWin. When high artistic talent shall be manifested,
a Tnylor Scholarship will he awarde I, which may be held
for a second and a third year, provided the student shall
produce in each year a work of sufficient merit. Thfi
342
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 8, 1864.
prizes are awarded upon the report of judges, one of
whom it ohoaen by the Council of the Royal DuWin
Society, another by the Royal Hibernian Academy, and
a third by the Governors and Guardians of the National
Gallery of Ireland . Last year the judges awarded to Mr.
J. Fergus O'Hea, for his picture, " Revenge and Pity"
(Collins* •' Ode on the Passions"), a premium of £10, but
their report on the competition is not favourable. They
** expren' great regret that the expectations of the judges
of last year, in recommending a defined and simnle snl^ect
for competition, have not beeia realised. In ea<m of these
pfoducUons they have sought in vain for examples of
correct proportion and accurate design ; and it is obvious
that while the youthful students have been tempted to
indolge largely in the attraction of colour, they have dis-
regarded the more important requirements of patient and
conscientious study of the living models." To the work of
Mr. J. Fergus O'Uea, in which these deficiencies sre, per-
lu4)8, the least conspicuous, they recommend the awara of
the above named premium.
of coals, and by the incroased value of borax and aorenl
other articles used in the manu&cture.
Cornish Minks.— The annual consumption of timber in
Cornish mines amounU to nearly 100,000 load, and involves
an expenditure, for Norway timber alone, of about
£200,000. Largequantitiesof American timber are also
used, averaging in value about £40,000.
PmuifattrarM*
♦
Gbathitoijs Sohools at Mulhou^b. — Many depart-
ments are just now taking up the question of establishing
communal libraries for the use of the industrial and rand
population of their districts, and it is interesting to know
what has been done by eight industrial establishments at
Mulhouse, in the way of providing instruction for their
workpeople. In three of these establishments schools
have existed since 1848, in three others, schools have been
formed in 1864 and 1856, and two have opened schools
in 1863. In six of these schools the lessons are given in
the day, during the hours of work, and in two others
during the evening, after work is over. In all the schools
reading and writing in French and German, and the four
rules of arithmetic are taught. Four of these establishments
have libraries attached, and the books consist chiefly of
voyages and travels, history and moral tales; periodicalsand
newspapers are taken in, but all publications of exti^eme
viewsin religion or politicsare excluded. In one of the estab-
lishments there is joined to the school and libriiry a work-
room for the girls, under the direction of the wife of the
manager of the factory. AU the girls under 16 are
assembled twice a week in this workroom, and are taught
to sew and mend their clothes, so as (o fit them in due
time for their duties as mothers of families.
TuBiN Cotton Exhibition. — An exhibition of the
various kinds of cotton cultivated in Italy has been
organised at Turin, by the exertions of M. Devinoenzi,
Member of the Italian Parliament, and who represented
Italy at the Elxhibition of 1862, as Commissioner- General
for that country*. The number of exhibitors is 207, coming
prmcipally from the Tuscan Maremme, Sardinia, Sicily, the
Campagna of Rome, and the Neapolitan provinces. The
number of different cottons shown is 685 ; of these 806 are
Chinese (white), 48 Chinese (brown), 82 of the herbaceous
species, 7 of the hairy species, 80 of New Orleans, Louisiana,
and Noiih Carolina. 110 Sea Island, and 62 of other
qualities. This enumeration shows how seriously cotton
cultivation has been taken up in Italy, and the quality of
the cotton exhibited is highly satisfactory. All that is
wanted is to familiarise to a greater extent the Italian
cultivators with industrial processes. The prospect is most
encouraging. A company has just been formed in Milan
for the cultivation of cotton, on a large scale, in Sardinia.
The company has already purchased machines and im-
plements for its operation.", which will commence upon
250 hectares of lattd in the territory oi Oristano.
Pbices of Eahthrnware. — The earthenware manu-
facturers of the Potteries have advanced the prices of
earthenware 6 per cent, on the net value in the foreign
trade, and from 5 to 7 J per cent, in the home trade. This
rise is occasioned by several recent advances in the price
Coal Fislds nr Bbaeil. — A few years ago repotii
were current respecting a vast ooal-field, sixty sqoaro
leagues in extent, lying about forty miles from the coaet
of the Atlantic, in the province of Bio Grande do Sol,
hot nothing precise or definite as to the truth of the
statement was known. Within the last year or two,
however, Mr. Nathaniel Plant has been surveying the
southern province for the Brazilian Government, and his
official report confirms the fact of a valuable and extensive
coal field existing there, of whioh full details were recently
laid before the Manchester Geological Society. The
locality is on the extreme south, just on the border lands
between Brazil and Uruguay, at a distance from the
coast in a direct Ime of about sixty miles, but an extensive
shallow lake intervenes, and the sea-board is made op of
a vast extent of dangerous sands and low hanks. The
nearest point to which the coal approaches a port of
embarkation is about twenty miles above the mouth of
the Jaquaro, so that water carriage exists from the
Atlantic port almost up to the coal-field. The area of
the coal-field is conjectured to be about 160 square mQes.
An engineer is at present surveying the district for the
purpose of estimating the cost of a single line of tram-
way, an item of expense whioh must be compratively
small in going over a countty which is described as being
as level as a billiard table. The principal features of
this coal-field, as far as it has been examined, cousiii in
the great depth of some of the coal-beds and the facilities
which it presents in a long escarpment for getting the
coal by open quarrying. A second ooal-field lies awi^
some hundred leagues to the north, near Potto Al*'^Te, the
capital of the province. A third coal-field has been dis-
covei^ in the small province of Ban Catharine, lying N.E.
of Rio Grande do Sul ; it is reported to be a deposit of about
80 square miles, and lying far from the coast in a range of
hills It appears not to be so readily got at, nor is the
coal so good and abtmdant as it is in the greater deposit
of Canriiota. These are the first instances of coal having
been found and examined in the great empire of Brazil,
with its three millions of square miles of country. It is
a most valuable thing to the Brazilian Govemraent, who
annually import for gas and steam purposes 250,000 tons
of coal at 49s. per ton. The Brazilians, if they are wise
enough to open these fields of coal, will be enabled to
supply themselves with coal at 18s. per ton, and also to
form a profitable depot for the supply of the great ocean
steamers to India, China, and Australia. It seems to bo
a bituminous coal and well adapted for Rteam purposes
and smelting; it has also been suooessfully tested in the
Rio gas works. The probability is that this is only the
commencement of many discoveries of the kind in Hrazil.
The fears that have so recently been expressed that we
shall exhaust our British coaJ-field*, will be vety mu<^
diminished if we discover a few more coal -fields like these
in South America. The latest advices by t) e recently-
arrived Brazil mail report that the explorations of the
coal mines at Candiota, Jaquaro, and Chi«'o. had, in
every instance, confirmed the statements as to tlte extent
and richness of the beds.
Jute. — The supply of the better qualities of this 5bre
continues limited, and prices have advanced, but with
common the market is superabundantly supplied. The
stock in London and Liverpool at the close of last montk
was 12,259 tons, and there are also 51,412 tons afioat.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, A^ril 8, 1864.
343
or mora than double the qoantity at sea this time last
year.
ExpoBTS OP FuBNiTUBB. — The value of the exports of
oabinet and upholateiy wares of British manufacture has
aTeraged during the last five years about £270,000. Last
yearitwa8£302,016; in 1862*£2d9,156. The largest quan-
titiessent to particular iooalifeies were, to Australia, £82,000 ;
to the Channel Islands, £37,000; to the Cape and Natal,
£27,600; India and Ceylon, £17,000; China and Hong
Kong. £17,300.
IvoBT. — The quarterly sales in London in February
comprised 100 tons, of which about 45 were East Indian.
The whole met with good competition. The large teeth
mliaed an advance of £2 to £4 ; cut hollows £1 to £2 ;
and scrivelloes, lOs. to 20s. per cwt. in comparison with
last sale's rates; cut pieces for billiard balls, and ball
aarrveUoee, went off steadily, and in some instances
higher.
TAinnNO Matbbi4ls. — The imports of foreign oak bark
faito London last year were 1,620 tons: — of Mimosa, or
Wattlo bark, 2,940 tons; of Valonia, 7,160 tons; of
*Tena JaponicA, or Ghimbier, 7,000 tons; and of Cutob,
862 tons.
€iAtndts.
SiERBA Leonb. — A committee of gentlemen, presided
over by the governor, have decided npon holding an in-
dnstrial Ezhibiiion here, of native art, roana^tures,
agricaltore, live stock, and African produce of every kind,
at the end of the year. Such exhibitions have been con-
sidered very effective in Liberia, and if the colonists of
Siena Leone can be thereby stimulated to a healthy
emulation, something like a development of the natural
resonroea of the colony may speedily take place. At
preieot coffee is quite wild, in the bush, but not thought
of. The sugar cane, arrowroot, ginger, the ground nut,
and every kind of fruit and vegetables would flourish in
abondanoe, if the natives would till the ground find give
it even common attention, but they will not. preferring
to idle their time away in useless absurdities. Sierra
Lieone is the great nucleus of education and intelligence
Id Western Africa, and if she once really casts off her in-
doatrial sloth, agncultuial industry will be stimulated in
tXi oor colonies, posts, or settlements, on that coast. The
Airioan Aid Society, of London, has set on foot a subscrip-
tion to assist this scheme, and £400 has already been
raised in the colony, but £1000 was wanted to carry it
oat effectually.
Thb Pacific Stbam Route to Australia, which lias
been so often agitated, is at last to be earned ont, the
Intttoolonial Royal Mail Steam-packet Company having
nndertaken the contract with the New Zealand and
Australian Governments, commencing from Panama.
The voyage thence to New Zealand and Sydney i^
stipalated to be made in thirty-seven days, but is
expected to be performed in thirty- five, so as to bring
the coarse of post between Austi-^ia and England within
fivor months. By Panama New Zealand is 2.000 miles
nearer to England than by the present overland route, and
4/)00 miles nearer than hy the Cape of Good Hope.
AasTBALiiN Wool. — The progress of the occupation
of sheep farming and the rate at which the flocks have
UMveased and spread throughout the Australian colonies
is remarkable. In 1810, when Germany and Spain were
the only countries producing merino wool, Australia ex-
ported its first bale of 160 lbs. ; but in 1860 it sent to
the mother country not lesstlian 60,000,000 lbs., of which
the Qemuns were large purchasers. There was in 1810
an experimental dip of 160 lbs.; in 1820 the export had
reached 99,416 lbs.; in 1880, 1,%7,309; in 1840.9.721,243;
in 1860, 89,018,221; in 1860, upwards of 67,000,000;
aad in 1868, the largest retom, 76,000,000. Great as
has been the increase throughout Australia, the progress
in Queensland has been more rap' d than any other portion
of the colonies. The miUnesa of its climate and the
richness of its pastures have contiibtited to this result
while the wool produced there realises the highest price
in the London markets.
Railways in New Zealand. — The Moorhouse railway
tunnel was lately thrown open to public inspeciioif. The
length of the excavation is 2,102 feet. A brick lining,
6 bricks thick, extends the whole length of the soft
ground, a distance of about 160 yards. The tunnel was
visited by 2,000 persons.
New Zealand Cottage Boildino Company. — A
meeting of gentlemen interested in the project of building
cottages, for the better accommodation of the labouring
classes, was held on the 11th January, at Canterbury.
They reported, as the result of their inquiries and calcula-
tions, that the average cost of seven detached cottages, of
from three to six rooms, to be erected in the neighbour-
hood of Christchurch, would range from £800 to £500 per
pair. The land is to be obtained within the town belt, in
the town reserves, at prices varying from £300 to £600 per
acre. The committee recommend that a com))any be
formed, with a capital of £16,000, of which £6,000 be in.
vested in building twelve cottages, of three rooms each, at
£300 per pair, on one acre of land costing £400, and twelve
cottages, of four or five rooms each, at £400 per pair, on
one acre of land also costing £400. These cottages would
let respectively for 12s. per week, and £40 per annum.
The committee also recommend that a lodging house for
single men should be erected, at a cost of about £2,000,
accommodating about 30 or 40 persons, each of whom
would have a separate bed room, with the use of a dining
hall and reading room.
The Imports into Vanoouvbb Island during the year
1863 amount in value to 3,623,063 dols. Of th^e goods
to the value of 1,880,117 dols. came from San Francisco;
from England, 1,432,621 dols.; from Oregon, 100,604dols. ;
from Pnget Sound, 242,781 dols. — the remainder from
China, Sandwich Islands, <kc. Compared with the year
1862 there was an increase of iuiporiatioiis from England
10 the amountof 738,243 dols. ; from Portland, 33,2S4dols.;
from Puget Sound, 17,988 dols.; but there has been a
falling off from San Francisco of 464,949 dols. The
total diminution of imports from America amounts to
413,727 dols. The total increase of imports from all
sources for the year 1863 amounts to 260,273 dols. During
the year 1863 there were exported from Victoria to British
Columbia, goods to the amount of more than 2,000,000
dollars. Within the last six months Vancouver Island
has sent to San Francisco merchandise to the value of
143,879 dols. ; to Puget Sound, 46,176 dols. ; to Oregon,
9,367 dols., and 348 dols. to other American settlements,
making, in all, for six months, 200,761 dols. Of the
3,600,000 dols. imported into Victoria, about 2,600,000
are re-exported. Every white person appears to consume
about 116 dollars-worth of imported goods annually, two -
thirds from or through America. The yield of the gold
mines of British Columbia during 1863 was about
6,000,000 dols. About 22,000 tons of coal were taken out
of the mines during the same period. Victoria is assessed
at 6,000,000 dols. Many lots sold in 1858 for 200 dols.
now realize 20,000 dols. Mining fiourishes, agriculture
languishes. About 1,100 vessels entered Victoria harbour
during 1863, tonnage, 171,777— half British— the rest
chiefly American.
Emiorationto Australia. — ALaunceston paper says : —
" The chief thing that appears to be wanted is additional
hands to fell the forest, clear the scrub, and till the soil.
No system of immigration yet devised has proved equal to
the supplying of the requirements of the colonies. The
attractions of gold have lured many from abroad, but a
considerable percentage of these immigrants constitute a
floating population that flocks from one gold field to
another, but never Fettles down to steady industry.
Hitherto the plan adopted has been to sell the public lands,
and apply part of the profits to immigration, whic>»
344
JOURl^AL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Aphil 8, 1864.
thus been carried oo by fits and sUrtfl. In many cases the
immigrants have not been of a desirable character, and
evenlnally, from a restless disposition, have left the colony
at whose expense they weie brought out to Australia. It
appears, however, that a much less expensive plan could be
adopted, and one which would not only secure a supeiior
class of immigrants, but would fix them to the soil, and
ensure the gradual settlement of the countr>\ It simply
consists of surveying blocks of land into, say twenty-acre
sections, with a road frontage, and immediately behind
sections of the same size, to whicli a presumptive right
should accrue to the occupants of tho road . If these allot
ments were numbered and reserved exclusively for selec-
tion in England the desire of possessing a freehold is there
so strong that many with some means and young families
would be induced to avail themselves of the same. Every
pei-son paying his or her parage should be entitled to a
twenty-acre section, with the right of purchasing other
twenty contiguous acres at a moderate price. I f some such
method were adopted Australia might be colonized more
quickly than in any other way, without any risk to the
several goveniments. and with the certainty that the im-
migrants would be of a superior class and would become
attached to the soil.*'
©tritaarj.
^ John Lawton, prinHpal partner in the well-known
firm •* the Executors of the late George Lawton," woollen
maDufactorers of Mwklehurst, was bom in Mo^ey, and
at an early age evinced a degree of intelligence as re-
markable as it waR unusual in boys of his years. He was
gifted with a retentive memory and observant mind. His
advancement in intellectual studies was both rapid and
aatisfaototy . He became a staunch promoter of mechanics'
institutions, and of every other kindred society that had
for its object the social and moral as well as mental
advanoemeat of the working classes in his neighbourhood.
Ere he had atUined his majority his father died, but so
much confidence had he in his son's ability, that, some
tmie before his death, he unhesitatingly placed the chief
managemeDt of the business in his hands; and those who
have marked the progress which has attended that im-
portant manufactory know how truly just was the opinion
whkjh the dying father formed of his youthful son.
•* Young Lawton,** as he was calle<l in the markets— for
be was a mere boy at this time— not only bought the
wools, a business which required the nicest judgment com-
bmed with great caution, but he also, aided by his brother's
naore practical experience, superintended the manufecture
of Uiem into flannels, and finally he soil them; so that
m fact, he performed successfully the duties of three in-
dividuals, and continued to do so till within a short period
vf If 1 *^' '^*** breaking out of the American war,
which closed so many cotton mills in Lancashire, pre-
sented a favourable opportunity for the display of that
Chnatian charity which formed a marked trait in the
character of Mr. Lawton, and he at once, with the ready
incurrence and assistance of the other members of the
firm, engaged as many hands as he could find room for—
"^Ifw l*^®ToTi"? °'>*^* *"^ ^*y- H« d»«d on the 8th
of October, 1868. m the 28th year of his age, and was
interred in the family vault in the church of his native
^*H^o ^" elected a member of the Society of Arts
in 1862.
^atti.
T*"^- '^^ ovEB THE Snurrs of Messina, according to the
ItaUan journals, U in contemplation, for uniting Sicily to
the mam land. The bridge proposed would be a suspen-
eion one, on a new system, the chains being of cast steel,
and strong enough to support the weight of several railway
tiains.
Improved Dwellings fob thb LABOusDia Clawcb.—
The corporation of London has authorized the expenditure
of nearly £30,000 in the erection of a number of improved
dwellings for the labouring poor in Clerkenwell, on the
plan lately adopted with great success in a crowded part
of Finsbury, by Mr. Alderman Waterlow. Having
regard to the demolition of houses in the City, chiefly
occupied by this class of the community, caused or
threatened by various public works and railway under-
takings in progress or m contemplation, the corporatioo
have determined to make an effort to compensate them
for their loss, and to assi/^t themtoc^tain healthy separate
homes, and that without overtaxing their means or com-
promising their independence. Acting under a power
conferred upon them by the Clerkenwell Improvement
Act, they now contemplate the erection, on a plot of
vacant ground on the west side of Farringdon road,
of three separate blocks of buildings fronting Farringdoa-
road and Ray-street, at an estimated cost of £28.600.
Accommodation will thus be provided for 160 families,
80 of them having three rooms, and 80 having two roema
each, with all suitable conveniences. In the general
aiTangements eveiy care will be taken to ensure the
domestic and family comfort of the occupants, and by
having a direct access from the street to each set of rooms
the privacy of distinct dwellings will be secured. The
basements of the various bloebs will be used for ware-
housing purposes, and the ground ioor as shopa. They
are of opimoo. however, that dwellings of this class should
under no circumstances wear an appearance of exdosiv^-
ness, but should harmonise to some extent with Uie
general character of the surrounding property. A d^ign
for the buildings has been approved by the CommoM
Council, and the erection of them will be commenood
forthwith.
Cambridge Local Examinations. — By the sixth amraal
report on the Examination of Students not members of the
Univrsily , it appeal^ that the looal examinations were held
last December in the fourteen places in which they were
held the previous year, and alio at one new centre in Eog-
land, namely Torquay. But the most remarkable dixsom-
stance connected with the last examinations waa the
extension of them to the colonies, by the auooeasAil
examination of ten candidates at Trinidad. Tlui saooen
has been owing to the removal of all the difficulties which
might have arisen in communicating with so distant *
centre ; partly by the great assistance rendered by the
governor of the colony, and the gentlemen he appoioled
to superintend the examination ; and partly by his Grace
the Secretary of Sute for the Colonies, the Duke of New-
castle, who permitted the examination papen to be eeot
in sealed parcels to the Governor through the CoVviOal
Office. The whole number of candidates entered was 629 •
614 juniors, and 116 seniors. This number of joniora ia
67 more than the number last year, and 183 more than
the number in 1861. The increase over last year in Uie
case of the seniors is 8, 7 of whom are accounted for aa the
candidates at Trinidad. The increaae of the jun'iom,
however, is not owing to the new centre, Torquay, lor
this centre only just makes up for the diminution of the
number at Exeter and Plymouth ; it is rather due to a
decided increase at Bristol and Cambridge, and aleo to a
small mcrease at most of the oUier centres, except at
London and Sheffield, where there is a slight deeraaae.
There appears to be a slight inoease in the total numlw of
both seniors and juniors who have passed the examinatioD,
but the per cenUge of juniore who fiuled in the preliminaiy
part of the examination, which has for two yeare been
IM, IS this year 18-6, and the percentage of oenion ia
double that of last year.
Education in Fbanob.— The French Goverranent haa
during the last few years made most laadable endeavonre
to extend the benefit of education, and to raise the
character of the public schools, and the present
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 8, 1864.
845
lor Inatniciioii eeems to mrpaBB bis predeoenon in his
endeavours to cany oat these important objects; the
oommoD schools, those for instruotioo in matters relating
to the fine and indostrial arts, and those for technical
training have all in torn engaged his attention, and have
been benefited thereby. A bill has just been presented
to the Corps Legislatif for the organization of what is
there called special secondair education. According to
the terms of this draft law, the instruction to be given in
future in schools coming under the above head, and being
dependent on the minister of public instruotioo, wiU
include the following subjects :— Moral and religious
iostructioo, the French language and literature, living
foreign languages, htstoiy and geography, the outlines of
legislation and of indus^ial, rural, and sanitary economy.
Implied mathematics, physics, chemistry, and natural
history, with their application to agriculture and industry,
commercial aiithmetio and book-keeping, lineal and
oniamental drawing, imitative art, vocal music, and
gymnasticf. The progress that has been made in England
of late, especially in artistic and middle-class edncaition,
has attracted great attention in France, and several
Imperial oommlaiioners have crossed the Channel and
made careful inquiries into the systems in operation and
he results obtained therefrom, and it is evidently im-
portant that the friends of education in Great Britain
should study with attention the coarse which is being
adopted by our nearest neighbours, and the progress that
is being made by them in such matters. The miniifter
has also just appointed a special oommission to inquire
into the condition of musioal eduoatioo, and to draw ap
a scheme for accommodating it to the system of instroetion.
The commission consists of M. Bavisson, Inspector-
General of the University of Bans; F41ioien David and
•Latirentde Bille, oomposen ; M. Marmoniel, professor of
masio at the Conservatoire ; Georges Haine, conductor at
the Opera ; with the aecretariea of the Minister ot PaUio
Initniction and of the President of the Corps Legislatif.
SooTB KcvBuiOTOH MosEUM. — ^Tho followiug is a com-
parative return of the visitors daring £aster week for
seven years, from 1858 to 1864, all the days being free
days : —
••••••«•••
18S8
18S»
isse ..........
18S3
1SS4
*••*•»••••■
f.Ul
6,000
9,S4S
7400
10,332
T,32S
SiiiO
S,OM
0,307
7,63ft
0.017
0,969
6,078
0,9S8
Wed.
1,219
2,933
4,107
3,206
6,276
1,609
3,238
Thnt. Fri-
988
1,809
3,627
2,846
4,326
1,003
3,032
1,014
2,610
1,706
2,002
2,703
1,403
2,402
Sat.
2,200
1.393
1,486
3,090
4,461
3,001
6,307
Total.
16,218
20,020
28,108
24,919
39,048
20,070
27,618
AOQUMATUATIOH SOOISTT OF QftEkT BbITAIN. —
A meeting of this Society was held on Monday, the
4th of Afunl, in the Oreat Room of the Society of Arts
(lent for the purpose by the Council), when several
papexB were read on the productions of the various animals,
hirda, fish, and plants in the colonies that could be aooli-
matised in this ooontry. Mr. Higford Burr occupied the
chair. The fim paper was by Mr. Frank Buckland, *< On
the E^rts received from Hong Kong, Labnan, Tasmania,
and Western Aastraha, relating to Fauna and Flora,
suitable for Acclimatisation in Great Britain.*' Mr. Lowe,
the joint secretary of the society, then read a paper on the
coltore of oysters. He traced the history of the oyster
fkom the times of the Bomano, and referred to the history
the elder Fliny had written of the habits of that ftsh.
If anjrthing were necessary to prove the importance of
cultivating the oyster, it would be found in iu market
value. Two years ago they were worth 408. per bushel,
and now they fetch 7Us. per bushel. Common oysters,
whksh fetched 12s. to 16i. a fow years ago, were now fram
ISe. to 24s. The price of nativeo used to*be 4d. per
doMBi bat they were now 6d., 8d., lOd., and in some
places la. per doaen. He ttien gave some very interesting
details respecting the oyster, and urged that manv mileo
of our coasts which were now nnproduotive would make
admirable oyster beds. Mr. Arthur Crichton read a
paper ** On the Game Birds and Animals of Canada,*'
which led to a short discussion; after which votes of
thanks were given to the gentlemen for their valuaUe
papers, and the proceedings terminated with a vote of
thanks to the chairman.
€mts$miiitm,
Abtifioial LiOHTiifo. — The observations 1 made In
the disoossion on Mr. Paul's paper, on the 1st inst.,
were in reply to his statement—'* It was a mistake to
suppose that petroleum had an advantage over coal gas
in producing less heat, for the production of heat as well
as of light depended upon the amount of carbon ; the
more light the more heat;" '* for a given quantity of
light they must have a given quantity 4U carbonic acid and
a given quantity of heat." There appears to be a mis-
apprehension of the generally received theory of the cor-
relation of physical forces in these assertions ; a definite
quantity of force will no doubt be given out in the forma-
tion by combustion of a certain quantity of carbonic acid,
but the fol towing table, from Dr. Fraokland's lecture at
the Royal Institution, in February 1868 (on which my re-
marks were founded), shows that this foroe may be given
oat in largely varying proportions of light and heat. In
connection with the subject under discussion, the taUe
may be otherwise intereotmg to some of your readers who
may not have seen it. It shows the amount of carbonic
add and heat ^[enerated per hour by varioos fUominating
aganto, each giving the bght of 20 sperm candles : —
Cost.
i. d.
8
8
H
10
Tallow
flpofmseotti
Wax
Ccrboolo
aold.
10*1 feet 100
HeoU
...*••
i
8-3
8-8
Paraffin 6*7
Coal gas 5*0
Cannel gas .- 4*0
Paraffin oil... 80
Rock oil 3-0
»f
tt
It
,f •«•*•.
I*
ft
82
82
66
47
82
29
29
2
6
7
8
I*
5
It will thus be seen, at least according to Dr. Frankfand's
experiments, that for exactly the same amount of light,
tallow emits nearly four times as much heat as panZflln
oil, and more than twice as much as coal gas. — I am, Arc,
W. Stmons.
PARLIAMENTARY REPO RTS.
SESSIONAL PRINTED PAPEBS.
Par.
NiBb.
32. Bill— Sammarr Prooedure (SootUad),
Barraolu and Hotpiulf ( Madltemuieui 8t»tloM>->B^srt So
tke iaaitvy condlikw and in^roi
Deliver^ on 6M mnd 71% Monk.
19. BaUwaj and Canal, ac BlUt (66. QIaagofw and North British
Ballwaj ; 190. Aldboroogh Pier and aaUwaf ; 191. Oofwui
Dooki; 193. Forth Brldfe RaUway; 193. MM WalM BaU-
way; 194. Neath aod Brecon Uallwaj (Ezteaiioii, Ac.),
(Mew Linei, Ac.)— Board of Trade Beteraf.
14. Metropollun Board of Worke— Aoooont.
66. Eatabllahed Chnroh, ao. (Ireland)— Ketoma.
83. Charitable Estate* and Tnuta Acta— Return.
96. Colonel Crawloj— Copr of the Prooeedlngi of the CMrt
Martial.
69. RaUwar, Ae. Schemei (HetrtmoUi)— Report of the Bmlassr of
the Metropollun Board of Works.
97. Colonel Crawlej— Copj of an order or Memorandom.
98. Colonel Crawley (Expenses of the Court Martial)— Bstatn.
101. Dr. Tomboll— CopTof Letter.
63. (1 ). Ccnunlttee of Selection— Seoond Report.
34. Bills— Welfhu aod Measures (Metric S/sfeem).
33. „ Coon^ Fhuichlse.
43. ,, Metropolitan iMmt^
New Zealand— Farther Papers.
North America (No. 3)-Oortetpoadsnoe retpectiff
*»
846
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 8, 1864.
f Cffrrts^onlrtnts.
Ebbatvm. — In last cumber, p. 318, col. 1, line 6, of Br.
Marcel *fl ipcccb, for '* lees carbonic acid," read *' more carbonic
•dd."
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING ATEEK.
MOK. ... Geogrspblcal, 2}. 1. Mr. Arthur J. Soott, " OrerlADd
Expeditiou item Port Denison to Rockingham Bsj
(Qaeensland)." 2. Communicated bj Sir George Boven
** Proposed Kew Settlement at Cape York." 3. Rer.
Julian Moreton, ** Geograpbj of Newfoundland.**
Medical, H. Dr. Palter, *' On Tracheal DjnphagiA."
TuiB. ...Medical and Chirtirglcal, e|.
Ciril Engineers, 8. Continued discussion upon Mr. Phipps,
Paper, ** On the Resistances to Bodies passing -through
Water ;" and, time permittinr, Mr. WiUiam Lloyd, ** De-
scription of the Santiago and Valparaiso Railway."
Zoological, 9.
Syro-EgypUan, 1. Anniversary Meeting. 8. Mr. Charles
£. Harle, ** On the Giants of the Bible."
Ethnological, 8. 1. Dr. John Campbell, " On the Celtic
Languages 'and Races." 2. Mr. John Crawfurd, F.R.S.,
** On the Early MlgraUoni of Man."
Royal InsL, 3. Prof. Helmholtz, ** Conserration of Eneify."
Ws]>..MSociety of ArU, 8. Dr. Morgan, " On a Mew Process of Pre-
ser^ng Meat."
Geological, 8.
Graphic, 8.
Microscopical, 8.
Literary Fund, 3.
R. Society of Literature, 8|.
ArcbsMlogioJ Amoc., 8|.
Coll^^e of PreceptcMv, 7. Professor Buckheim, of King's
CoUege, ** On the History of Education."
Tb9b. ...Society of Arts, 8. Cantor Lectures. Dr. Grace Calyeri,
<*0n Chemist applied to the Arts— Leather."
Royal, 8|.
Antiquaries. 8.
B. Society Club, 6.
Royal Init., 3. Prof. Helmholtz, " Conserration of Energy.**
rn.......E<ma lost, 8. Prof. Abel, "On Chemical Histoiy of Gun
Cotton."
PhUdogical, 8.
R. United Serrico Inst., 3. Mr. Archibald Madaren, ** The
Chief Features of the Gymnastic School at Chatham, and
the Progress made in the Extension of the System of Gym-
nastic 1 raining in the Army."
Bat Royal Init., 3. Prof. Frankland, *'On the Metalllo Ele-
ments."
^attnts.
From C<nnmis$ioners qf Patents Journal, April Ist,
GllAlSTS OF PK0VX8I0KAL PBOTKOTIOK.
Aerated bread— 677— J. DaugUsh.
Apparatus for securing furniture on shipboard— 703 — P. J. Riboulet
aiid C. Lapelouic. '
Brakes applicable to carts, A c. — 253— R. B. Thomson.
Bristles, machinery for dragging— 631 — A. 6mlth.
Candles, manufitctore of 645— W. E. Gedgo.
Carding cotton, ac— 614— F. Wilkinson and W. Rosietter.
Carding wool, apparatus for— 642— U. Eastwood and B. Matthews.
Cartridges— 337— R. J. Cunnack.
Chinmey cowls— 707— H. Steele.
ClimbiI^: and elevation of weights— 428— R. S. Symington.
Corkscrews— 480— C. Hull.
Cupolafumaces— 665— A. y. Newton.
DiningUbles— 649— C. R. Broadbridge.
Doors, Ac, fastenings for— 633-H. Hancock and W. H. Vickers,Jun.
Drawing rollers— 6&5— J. Bleasdale.
Drdng and printing, colouring matters for— 3,307— J. Dale.
Electric telegraph cables— 637— F. H. Needham.
Endless trareUing woU. regulating of— 647- C. Anderion.
Fences— 662— J. Uowell.
Fire escape— 641— J. Kewey.
Floor cloth— 543- A. Ford.
Furnace bars— 640— W. A. Martin and E. Wylam.
Gas and lamp fittings- 739— F. Tyerman.
Gaseliers— 653— £. BaUer.
Gridiron— 729— H. De^forges and E. C. Sonnet.
Guns, Ac., construction of— 625— G. Clark.
Guns, manufacture of— 610— J. Shnrtridge and J. B. Howell.
Hats, capi, Ac, application of leather— 660— A. Geber.
Heat, appAratus for generating— 721— J. Leslie.
5f*c"' *nd melting iron, &c— 606— J. Clayton.
High-preMuro steam boilcrs-643— E. Rowing.
Hoods, TenUlators for— 666— R. Holt.
Hone shoes— 687— W. Ci*rk-
Hot blast ovens— 609— H. E. Clifton.
Hot water, apparatus for supplying — 613 — ^W. Wilson.
Iron, preserving o — 695 — F. Tolhausea.
Laced boots, corstruction of— 619— W. T. W. Jones.
L^umps — 644 — 8. Holmes.
Lubricating machtneiy- 601 — J. H. SchcAeld.
Mahogany chairs, manufacture of— 711— J. Reilly.
Malleable shot, apparatus for manufacture of— 481— C. Shaw.
Miners' safety lamps — 620 — F. Foster.
Motive power— 630— W. E. Gedge.
Moulding— 646— J. PlaU and G. Little.
Mowing grass — 650 -B. Browne.
Ornamental paper — 606- H. A. Bonneville.
P^or- hangings— 658 — A. N. Saleres.
Paper hanging varnishing of— 636— R. Fletcher.
Paper, manufacture of— 627— R. H. Collycr.
Pens— 676— J. Laverty.
Pile fabrics— 673— J. Moore and W. Gadd, jun.
Portroonnaies, &c, locks for — 617— C. J. Sharp.
Power looms— 667— G. H. Openshaw.
Projectiles- 663— H. Caudwell.
Puddling furnaces— 31 — J. Williams and G. Bedson.
Railway carriages, regulating gas in— 615 — W. R. Bowditch.
Railway carriages, roof lamps of— 737 — J Straiford.
Railway springs, conitrucUon of— 733— W. K. Winby & W. WhtttOB*
Railway trucks, apparatus for oovering--673 — R . Howarth.
Rai^g and lowexing bodies-622— J. Taylor.
Raising water, machinery for— 612— F. Walton.
Reaping machines — 602--J. Wallace.
Relief plates— method of producing— 664 — B. Day.
Revolving fire-arms— 624— C. E. Wallis.
Rotai7 eagines— 655 — J. Empson and H. von Hartz.
Rotary steam engines— 672— H. Bateman.
Sailing boats, masts for— 638— J. Symes.
Scarfs— 657— H. Tucker.
Scarfs, fastening of— 628— E. Walton.
Ships* sounding rods— 666 -M. Montgomery.
Signals, marine and land— 661— E. F. Ruffin.
S(Mip, manufacture of— 632 — J. H. Johnson.
Spinning frames— 616— W. Cockshott.
Spinning wool, apparatus in— 669— A. H. Martin.
Steam boilers, construction of— 671— W. S. Longridxe.
Steam plouglu, construction of— 683— J. Jarman mxA S. Bharpe;
Steering ships, Itc— 604— T. Banks.
Stoves and furnaces, smoke consuming— 621— H. SlnOfeetcr aad.J*
Bainbridge.
Street railways-^64—T. P. Tiegaakis.
Suet, machine fbr cutting— 717— J. McMorran.
Textile matters— 674— R. A. Broonaan.
Xunnelling, machinery fbr— 611— H. N. Penrioe.
Ventilating hats, apparatus employed in— 608->J. V. N. Baalgette.
Vessels, propelling— 616— J. Wild*
IMTENTIOXS WITH COMPLSTB SPBOinCATIOim FCLCD.
731. A. Morel.
I 732. A. Morel.
Patskts Sbalso.
2309.
2423.
2426.
2429.
2431.
2436.
2437.
2439.
2442.
2474.
2476.
R. Conchman.
J. Schofield, J. Kirk, and
W. Spivey.
E. B. Wilson.
W. H. C. Brakell and W.
Gnnther.
J. M. Stanley and J. Stan-
ley.
B. G. George.
r. Ivery.
R. Pepper.
£. Wbitchouse.
J. Wood, J. Whitehead,
and T. Tetlow.
J. Elsom.
2493. P. R. Jackson.
2613. J. Fowler.
2616. J. Rowlej.
2617. E. P. Colqalioui and J. P.
Ferris.
2644. W. Clark.
2646. L. R. ChesliroQgii.
2672. G. Davies.
8699. F. Bnllook.
2601. C. Parker.
2694. G. F. Bosbridge.
3230. A. v. Kewton.
43. J. B. ElweU.
217. H. Beuemer.
218. e. Darlington.
From CommiMsioners qf Patentt Jovmal, AprQ $0L
Patskts Sealbd.
2601. W. B. Gedge.
2438. J. Towlson.
2444. R. A. Brooman.
2446. O. Dyer.
2460. O. Whight.
2467. W. Lorberg.
2468. J. D. Dou^.
2489. D. Proadfoot.
2491. T. Hughes.
2503. R. Aitken.
2607. G. Morgan.
2509. J. Place.
2653. H. Oilbee.
2711. W. E. Newtoa.
3253. W.E. Newtoa.
Patkhts oir wmcH thb Stamp Ddtt op £50 nia bckh Pad*
786. J. Cms.
784. J. Rattray.
819. W. Crigbton and F. W.
Crighton.
825. J.O.N. AUcyne.
816. J. Sickles.
820. M. H. Blanohard.
833. W. E. NewtOA.
877. F. Ransome.
933. R. Ransome.
829. R. A. Brooman.
832. A.V. Nowton.
Patbhts om whiob tbb Stamp Dutt op £100 bas bkxx pais.
911. G. Lowfj. I 946. R. Bp-kin, Jan., and T. I.
filrkia.
^mxml d %
THE
0cietg 0f §.rf5,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Sbbbiok.]
FRIDAY. APRIL 15, 1864.
[No. 595. Vol. XII.
^nnintiumntts bs i^t €tmai.
Ordinary Mbbtinos.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
Apbil 20.—** Od the Patent LtwB." By Thouis
WsBBTBB, Elsq., F.B.S.
Cantor Leoturss.
The next lecture on ''Chemistry applied to the
Arts" will be delivered by Dr. P. Cr aob Calvbrt,
F.R.S., F.C.S., corresponding member of the
Royal Academy of Turin, of ike Soci^t^ In-
dusirielle de Mulhouse, of the Soci6t6 Im-
periale de Pharmacie de Paris, Ac, on Thurs*
day evening, at 8 o'clock, as follows :—
Apeil 21.^ — LBOTOBalV.^AmicAL Fattt Mattbbs,
the various prooenes for liberatiog them from the tiwoes
10 which they are contained. Their composition and con-
verrioo into soap. Composite candles. The refining of
lard. Obd-lwer, tpttmt and other oils. Sp^rvMetti and
Apbil 28. — ^Lbotube V. — Flbkh, its chief constitaents,
boiling, roasting, and preservation. Animal Uack^ its
manauctore and applications. The employment of
-aoimal refhse in the manufactnre of /)rtisnateo/^)ota«A.
Prunian blue. Manufacture of artificial animal manures.
Mat 5. — Lboturb VI. — Animal Liquids. — Bile, its
ptorification and detergent properties. Blood, its applica-
iioii in the refining of sugar and the manuftoture of
albumen. Albumen, il* use in calico printing and photo-
graphy. Urine, its uses. Milk, its composition pro-
perties, fiUsifioation, and prettervation. A few Words on
patre&ction.
The Lady- day subscriptions are now due,
and should be forwarded by cheque or post-
office order, made payable to the Financial
Officer, Samuel Thomas Davenport. All cheques
and post-office orders should be crossed through
Messrs. Coutts and Co.
^tomMngs of t|re Sotiets.
Sbvbntbbnth Ordinary Mbbtino.
Wednesday, April 13th, 1864 ; Dr. Edward
Smith, F.R.8., in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Farriea, R. Spearman E., 13, George street, Mansion-
hooae, E.C., and 40, BasinghaU-street, E.G.
Moetyn, Charles, 8, Comwall-villas, Wettboome-
park.W.
Yeats, Anthony George, CoUinBon-honse, Effra-road,
Brixton, S.
And as Honobabt Cobbbsfohdiho Mbmbbb.
Menu, Charles, Secretary of the Instttate of Science,
Geneva.
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Dircks, Henry, 16, Buoklersbury, EIC.
Gladstone, Thomas Murray, Llovd's Proving House,
West India Docks, E.
Hodson, Franois, 6, Fumival'a-inn, Holbom, B.C.
Keeling, E. Bassett, 4, Vemlam-buildings, W.C.
Peterson, Charies, Newport, ble of Wight.
Slade, Jeremiah, 102 and 108. St. John-atreet-road, E.C.
Turner, George, Northfleet, Kent.
And as Honobabt CDBBBSPOHnnro Mbmbbb.
Fowler, John Townshend, Madras.
The Paper read was —
ON A NEW PROCESS OF PRESERVING MEAT
By John Moboan, Esq., F.R.C.S.I., Pbofbssob of Pbac-
TIOAL AND DeSORIPTIVB ANATOMT » THB ROTAL
COLLBOB OF SOBQBONS, IbBLAND.
Before entering on the subject of my improved method
of preserving meat for navy, marine, and other purposes,
it may be desirable to allude to some of the processes at
present in use, which can be put under the head of—
1st. Enclosing in canisters, so as to exclude air.
2nd. Encrusting with varnish of different kinds.
8rd. Salting, whether in tanks of brine or dry salting.
As to the first, the practical result is, in a great degree,
that salted provisions are preferred by the seamen, as re-
marked by one of the oldest and most accurate
observers, Sir G. Blane.* who says *'Tbat men are
very apt to tire of a long continuance of fresh pro-
visions, but never of what is salt.'* The meats pre-
served in tins are mawkish, and taste of the metal,
besides that they are costly in preparation and carriage,
and not applicable for victualhng on a large scale, are
not capable of extempore preparation, and require ex-
pensive apparatus. If the meat be previously parboiled
or soaked in water, the fluids are extiaotnd, some of the
most important nutritive elements being thun lost.
2nd. As to encrusting with vamiMhes — This method is
imperfect, from the difficulty of thoroughly coating over
the chinks and inpqualitles of the flesh ; the risk of taint,
when suijected to damp, or when any >pot is exposed,
are great objections, as well as the expense and labour
of covering ea»«h piece, though where this is not any
great object, and the mateiials to be preserved small in
bulk, the plan might be found appUoable in a financial
point of view.
• *« Diseases of Stameo,** pegs SM
348
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 15, 1864.
8rd. As to salting. The method nsaally practised at
all caring establishments is as follows : — Aller killinguihe
aniiniUio the usoal way, it is cat ap4n twenty- four hooss
(io 81b.' pieCM if beef;in 4 Ib.ppteces' If fOT\)*far mavy
stores, nibbid with salt, aod then 'pliced in tiuika of dry
salt for a certain number of days — bight to twenty-
one, or even more, according to jadgment. A brine
is formed, containing, as Liebig* expresses it, "the* soup
or a concentrated infusion of meat.'* **Al80," he adds, ** in
salting, the albumen is separated from the flesh, as well as
the phosphoric and lactic adds, potash, and kreatin, dec.
It i» easy now to understand that in the attUing of meat,
when pushed so far as to obtain the brine just mentioned , a
nnniber of substances are withdrawn from the flesh which
are essential to its consthution, and that it therefore loses
iDDOtritrre quality in proportion to this kbetraetaoo. If
the^ subrttances be not supplied from other quarters it is
obvioM that a part of the flesh is eonverted into an
element of respiration, certainly not oondoctTe to good
health.
*' It is certain, moreover, that the health of a man
etrniot be permanentiy supported by means of ssfhed
meat if the quantity be notgreatly increased, inasmuch as
it tfasnot perleetly replace, 'by the sobstanocs it oonuins,
those parts of the body which have been expelled in con-
sequence of change of matter, nor can it preserve in its
normal state the fluid dietriboted in eveiy part of the
body, namely, the juiees of the flesh. A change in the
quality of the gastric juice, andxoQSeqaeotly io the pro-
ducts of the digestive process, must be regarded as an
inevitable result of the long^oontinued use of salt meat."
The meat, now depriv^ of its albumen in a great
degree, of its pho^horio and lactic add supply, of its
potash, salts, &c., isf^ naivy •porpoass or for oseked
provisions, packed in bairek of large ciystallised salt (St
Ui»es) and pickle— a head or overplus of the salt being
placed at each end. The tesult is, that in process of time,
a still further abstraction of the nutritive material takes
place; the large crystallise salt, being purer, efl^sots
ibia<ioora perfectly; eo that in some months the reourk
of Sir G. Ulane and others is not, perhaps, exaggerated,
•• that the meat has no more nutrition than saw-dnst or
the I ark of a treef." " Ornaments may be cut out of the
meat, resisting the knffe like wood.^f
Dr. Hammond, fivgeon-Qeneral to the United States'
Army, 1883, in his treatise on Hygiene, page 491,
remarks, •» Individuals Iherofore sub{«oted to a diet con-
siniing mainly of salted meat are not properlv nourished,
and hence the constitutional disturUnce (which, under
such ommmstanees, is always manifested) is due not to
the dUt^t action of the salt, but to the absence from the
food ofmatters which are essential to the well being of
the organism. It is suffident in this place to state, that
scurvy and other forms of cachexia whksh follow the
prolonged u»e of salt meat, are not the direct consequences
of the large quantity of nit invested."
It is evident that by the usual process the meat is dete-
norated to a very great extent, more so perhaps than is gene-
rally supposed, and that the evils attributed to the taking
in ot Mle are not due to its action— but to the removal
from the system of the constituents natural to muscle
juHje. It will be interesting to inquire how far this de-
pn^-ation injures the meat. As remarked by Liebiir
r Lettem on Chemistry," page 446). ••fler.h by salting
loses in point of nutritive value, in consequence of the
removal, soluble and insoluble, of the salts iudlKpenitable
to ssntjuification, in the same way, if not in the same
degree, as that whfeh is well boiled ; of three cwt of
meat, by the full action of salt, one cwt. may, be rendered
ii«-l»-89 for the vital process" ; that this is the case the fol-
lowing analysis will prore : —
• " Cliemiiitry of Food," page 135, Liebig.
T pi-e««.. „f 8e««en, p.442.
Z Arm»trong, Naval Hjgieoe, p. 80, 1858.
Of Salte. Oralas.
10 Ibi. of fresh meat give 2} ox. or 662*8
10 lbs. ** *' tthausted by lixtva-
«foo and bSHpg, gi?e to thvrfOfp ..«../ 5^-7
Remairf in tho fio^ odly ...#•......«.«•.• *•• 118*1
Wheo boOsd thsre enter Sonp. Remain bi
Phosphoricadd 26-24 10-36
Potash 86-42 4-78
EMnh^andmn ^. 8-16 2-54
Sulphuric acid ^ 2-95
Chlorkle of Potassitun 14-11
81-87 17-6 >
The fbUowing oelefacated experiments of the French
academkdans amply prove that meat deprived of its
soluble matters cannot efficiently support life, A dog,
weighing 121b. 6oz., was fed-daily with }lb. of boiled fteah,
softened in water, thoroughly expressed and freed from
fat as much as possible ; he lost in the course of 43 days
one-fomrth of hisiweight; after 56 days his emaciatioQ
•was extreme ; be could hardly eat the fourth of his ration,
and his utter exhaustion was evident to the eye; the
animal continued lively, his hair was shining, and he
showed in no respect the symptoms of consumption from
disease, but rather look^ like an animal which had good
(bod, but in quantity far inferior to his wants. On the
other hand, dogs M. daily with the same weight of raw
flesh, which contained more water and less solid matter
than the boiled, and of the poorest quality (sheep's heads),
exhibited, after 120days, no signs ot dtsttuhanee of heahh,
and sastained their full weighu The loss of mUritiva paver
in thn flesh was obvioiBly oaused by the removal of the
ingredients of the soup — what perhaps oooors even in a
greater degree in ordinary curing.
I would here 8ali)oin, and request aH^BUon to the
oompoiltion of ftesh, aooording to Liebig :*-
(Water, 76 to 79 per eent.
Albumen, 2 to 14 „
Phosphoric add.
iMciic aoid.
Phosphate of potash.
^^^ Chloride of potassium.
Ereatin and kreatinine— fioaiid in all higher
animala.
Inoeinic acid.
^ Fibrine, 70 per cent, of dried flesh.
Having thus shown that the deterioration of the m<ttt is
caused not by the prssence of salt, whkh we all know b
instinctively sought after, but by the taking aw^ of the
several mgredients Minded to. I propose erplAhiing the
means, mechanical and scientific, 1 adopt for the retention
or addition of these substances, and offer for inspection
and tasting by the members present the sevml specimens
on the tabJe, kindly allowed me by the Comptroller, eared
for navy stores at "the Royal Victoria Victoalling Yard,
Deptfujd, in piesence of the comptroller and ofi&^ers of the
yard. The^e operations were necessarily carried on with
extemporised arrangements ; nevertheless, as can be testi-
fied by your secreUry, amongst others, in six minute* or
less the entire aniuial was " cured" and ready for cariLing,
no materials being abstracted from the flesh.
In the method which 1 desire to bring before you pre-
f»ervatrve fluids are injected into the tissues of the meat hv
means of the circulation, so that every particle of the fle^h
is reached ; these means, being already formed and used ly
nature, are of nece««Bity complete and perfect, if pioperlv
taken a^^vantage of, hut this has hitherto not been done.'
1 shall first detail the modus mrandi of my proeef*.
The animal is killed in the usual manner by a blow on
the head, caoning insUnlaneous death. It is then tum^ni
on the haek. the chest opened, the bag or periwduim.
containing the heait, opened. The richt side of th©
heart, into which all the venous or returning blood ei»ter^.
IS seen distended ; the ear or right auricular tip, aa most
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF- ARTS, Apbil 16, 1864.
849
•oonvenient, is opened, or its tip cut off, or ao incision made
into the right ventride, another also directly into the left.
The auioial is tamed on the side to let the blood mn out.
A pipe, furnished with a stop-cook and coupling at the outer
end, is now introduced into the incision made in the left
ventricle, and makes its way at once into the aorta. The
£ngert, holding a piece of stout cord, are now passed round
ihe aorta, close to the heart (including at the same time the
pulmonary arteiy), and the cord is tied strongly over both,
80 that the pipe is fixed in the aorta firmly. To the outer
end a coupling, connected with an india rubber or oUier
tube, three-fourths of an inch in diameter, 18 to 20 feet
long, joins this to a vessel or tank elevated to the height
of the length of the tube ; brine of ordinary strength, with
a little saltpetre dissolved in it, is let on; it directly
(under fifteen seconds in most cases) rushes out at the
incision made either in the right auricle or ventricle, before
aieotioned. About five gallons will suffice. This clears
the smaller vessels for the next stage, which is the
68j>entiAl one. The brine so used can be recovered if
desired by adding a little old brine and heating. The
inaterialB to be ultimately used are now put into the tank,
taking care that they are strained, and a stout dip or
clamp is put on the incision in the right side of the heart.
The fluid is then turned on and directly makes its way
to the right side, as before, but its exit being now pre-
vented, and its admission into the smaller vessels being
secured by the first process of dearing Uiese vessels,
as mentioned, the fluid, by the pressure and the capillary
attraction of minute vessels and muscular fibre, preoolates
through every particle of the animal, and can be
«een at the moment diffusing itself in any part, by
making incisions in the hide, horn, bone, and flesh, or any
other parts. Tiie quantity I use is about one ^lon of
brine to the cwt., a quarter to half a pound of mtre, two
pounds of sugar, a little spice, sauce, &c, to taste ; also
^oz. of the mono-phosphoric acid, which, having the power
of coagulating albumen and forming a compound with
it, retains this very desirable element in the flesh, and
gives an extra supply of phosphoric add, which is of coarse
at present denied the sailor, as above stated. The use of
boiling brine in the second stage I also advocate, as it
coagulates the albumen or gives a set (as it is called by
cooks) to the meat It is needless to remark that the
entire animal is cured almost instantaneously.
I would now draw attention to the fhrther treatment of
ihe flesh, referring to
1st. The method scientifically used ;
2nd. The advantages attained ;
drd. The mechanical advantages ;
if we now consider the first part of the process complete.
The animal is in a few hours cut up into the 81b. pieces
required by the navy, and is ready for casking in the
usual way, or in diy salt (all expense of preparing being
done away,) or for drying by being tiansferred to a
drying-house (as in the spedmens for inspection). It
is obvious that it loses none of those materials abstracted
by the present method of salting, so that the meat
is absolutely perfect, as in fresh meat without water,
having, as 1 hold, the additional advantages of salt* which
the weight of authority is in favour of rather than against,
and of sugar, now issued to the navy, along with the lemon
Juice ; the use of sugar Liebig shows plainly is for the
formation of lactic acid, (which, as mentioned before, he
has found abstracted by the brine), and a most essential
compound not only of muscle juice, but of gastric juice,
as well as an important re^iratory fbod. I would suggest
the use of ** sauer kraut," or some other vegetable pro-
duct containing lactic acid, or lactic acid itself. Sugar is,
in an economic point of view, spedally advantageous, as
it is about two- thirds the price of meat, or less, while it
improves the flavour and keeps soft the flesh, aiding also
io the preservation.
*8e« trtiele Scurvy, ^Llbrarj of Mcdicinf," voL 6, page
S3, hj Dr. Bttdd.
Phosphoric acid, abstracted by the same plan, I propose
to add to the meat used for the navy, to make up for the
deficient vegetable supply, a material eminently usefhl,
especially in its monobasic form, as recommended by Prof.
Galloway from its various qualities of coagulating albumen
and retaining it in the flesh, from its known utility in the
system, as an essential in musde juice, also for the
formation of phosphate of soda in the blood, this
salt performing an office essential to life, in holdmg
carbonic acid in solution and carrying it to the longs.*
Gastric juice also contains this acid io health ; it has no
means of getting it from the flesh prepared in the ordinaiy
way, but it must be supplied by vegetable substances, as
by lemon juice. An analysis was recently made by Pro-
fessor Galloway of two specimens of lemon juice, one
bought at a druggist's, and the other supplied by the
Admiralty ; they were found to contain a very consider-
able quantity of phosphoric add, the sample fh)m the
Admindty giving the following results : —In one gallon
of lemou juice, phosphoric add equal to 91 grains of
anhydrous phosphoric acid, and this equals 458*5 grains
of ordinary phosphate of soda (2 NA O, HO PO^ 24
HO). This acid is not ^ven in the usual tables of the
components of lemon juice, nor has it, I believe, been
before looked for, as the other adds contained are dtric
and malic in small quantity, and as these have been given
medicinally with but little benefit for scurvy, it is sufficient
proof that as the seaman is deprived of this important
element of the body m his meat, he derives benefit from
its bdng added artificially in lemon juice. I am here
again desirous of quoting the words of Liebig with regard
to this component, bearing in mind that it is found in
some form
In blood
In musde juice
In gastric juice
In bones
In nervous matter
In viscera, as liver, kidney, lungs.
He remarks (** Letters on Chemistry," page 409), ** In
the present state of science it is not possible to express a
dedded opinion as to the mode of action of the phos-
phoric acia in the organic process, and we must for the
present be satisfied with deducing from its constant
presence in all the juices and organized tissues of
the body the conclusion that it is indispensable to
the vital process." Musde juice is also found to con-
tain this acid largely, and as Liebig supposes, probably
by the acidity of muscle juice and the alkalinity of blood,
a* modified galvanic action is kept up, preventing in
health the filtration of one fiuid into the other.
The potash salts found in flesh juice, and abstracted by
the brine, can be added as found desirable. I have used
the nitrate, but the phosphate or other forms are equally
manageable.
I may be allowed here to suggest the probability of the
cause of scurvy being chiefly the want of supply of
the lactic and phosphoric acids as well as of the PoUuih
salts ; hence the early symptoms of dusky hue of skin,
breathlessneas, palpitation, and symptoms of imperfect res-
piratory process from want of the neoessaiy salt, phosphate
of soda, in the blood, and the more early appearance of
scurvy in cold latitudes, where the respiratory process
should be more energetic ; the defidency of lactic acid
and other elements is shown by the early muscular debility,
and the endosmose and exosmoae of the blood and muscle
juice. All authorities agree in the altered condition of
the blood, which I believe depends on the want of phos-
phatic supply, the action between blood and musde juice
(as alluded to above by Liebig) being abnormal, the extra-
vasations take place fh)m altered specific gravity and
reaction, hence the solutions of bone and separation of
the epiphyses in extreme cases tnm the avidity in tho
system for phosphatio supply.
* ''Lieblg's Ohemlstiy of Food.**
350
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April U, 1864.
That the want of acidity of the musole jaioe and altered
oonditioDB of the blood are the causes of Bcarvv, is also sap-
ported by the fact that ** saaer kraat," molasses, wines,
&Ct are antisoorbatics.
The nervous depression may also be explained by the
want of phoflphatlc supply to the nenroos centres.
The retention of the albumen I attain apart from the
addition in some cases of the mono-phosphoric acid,
by the use of boiling brine ; as its temperature is higher
than that required to coagulate albumen, I diffuse it
by my process, through every part of the flesh, where this
material can be seen around the muscular fibres like milk.
As flesh contains about one ounce of albumen in every
three pounds weight, and this weight is made of 72 per
cent, or more water, the advantage of retaining the albn-
men can be easily seen. By the retention of the albumen
the meat is also kept more tender and ** short,** and is
consequently more easy of digestion.
Its importance as an element of food cannot be overrated
when we reflect on the composition of the egg, and ob-
serve that everywhere throughout organised nature where
animal life is developed, we find the phenomena of life
depending on its presence.
How far I have succeeded, the analyses I now give will
explain : these have been made by R. Qalloway , F. lt.S. , Pro-
fessor of Practical Chemistry, Museum of Irish Industry,
the meats, except the first part, being supplied by the Ad-
miralty for analysis — though the complete investigation
of them has not been concluded.
Fresh beef, about 4 years old, killed 23 hours, gave—
1. Water ^ 73-18
Solid matter 26-82
100-00
Beef oared by my method, Febroary 2, 1864, and
casked as usual —
2. Water 56-61
Solid matter 48*89
10000
Beef oared at Deptfwd by the osoal method, Febroaiy
2,1864—
8. Water 61-75
Solid matter 48-26
100-00
Per oentage of albumen of meat dried at 212 <»—
Per eent. Per eeat. Per etnt.
No. 1 816 I No. 2 9-24 | No. 3 5-49
Shewing, that in the meat prepared by my process, the
qaantitv of albumen rather exceeded that in Ko. 1.
(probablv from the feeding and age), and that the ordinary
process lost albumen largely.
The operation, though soientific, and based on anatomi*
cal principles, is sim^e, and pniotioal in the extreme;
it can be learned and pfactised by any ordinary hand
after one or two operations. No maehinery is Beeeasary
beyond the pipe and stop-oock, conpling and clamp, in all
coating about 12s., some tubing, and a barrel or tank.
No rubbing or farther manipalation is required, this being
hi itself a vast saving of labour and ume ; as, in my
opinion, the sooner the flesh is pat to diy, the better, and
if to be casked it may be packed directly ; the albamen
bein^ coagulated, and sugar being already added, (phoe-
phono acid if desired, but for the navy recommended) and
nitre. I prefer the meat being put in dry salt, to the
ordinary method, but this is nearly immaterial.
The process occupies three minotee for the first stage,
and a little less for the second ; the entire period from
kflUing the animal till lianging it up flayed and disem-
bowelled, being twen^ minutes, and this by men nnac-
customed to the work. The danger of taint is obviated,
J^canse the cure takes place from within out, and not aa
in ordinary oaaes iha Mvarae.
It is allowed (I believe and am so iaformed) that when
the meat, salted by the ordinary means, is weighed far
meases, it is found to have lost in weight. By my method
there is no loss, save water in the case of dried meat, and
if the meat be casked, the sugar being added, the material
is kept soft, and does not lose nutrition. Spices, flavorings,
antiscorbutic remedies, if desired, can, with ease, be added
and proportioned ; the spices would, in a great measure,
supply the place of salt
A most important element in my method alao ia its
simplicity, so that in case a ship touched at land where
animals were abandant and cheap, a stock coold be ex-
temporaneously prepared of dried or casked meat. I
would propose that an officer be specially instmeted in the
application ; and weather or climate would be comparatively
no difficulty— sheep, swine, and all mammalia being
suitable.
I farther draw attention to a fluid for preservative
purposes, made of a solution of mono-phosphoric acid.
The meat should be soaked some time and washed before
boiling; of course it must retain all the elements natmal
to it.
Having thus put before you the chief ftsatarea of my
invention, I shall be happy to give any farther informa-
tion. I believe improvement is required in the meat of the
sailor and soldier, as too easily proved in the late war, and
specially for that moch-ne^lected and ill used section of
society — the merchant marme, some portion of it at ietst.
I have, I trust, succeeded in at last accomplishing a simple,
efficient, economical, rapid, and scientific method of jn^-
serving meat for such purposes as are required.
The victualling department of the navy have had a
number of bullocks prepared by this method, and have
shipped them to various climates to teat the efficacy of
the proceas.
I subjoin a rough list of the improvementa to be attidned
by thia proceaa : —
1. No rubbing with aalt.
2. No patting in tanka of aalt, or labour.
8. The operation requires foraboilook only an extra
time of five minatea or thereabouta.
4. No machinery required.
5. No loss of weight.
6. Diminution of taint.
7. Cure possible in other than the winter months, when
meat is cheaper.
8. Not increasing the market price by parchaaing so
many animals together.
9. Making dried meat containing all the natriment
without extra expense.
10. This dried meat will mike soap, and
11. It can be carried conveniently.
12i Two or three days* supply would be portable (if
dried) bv each man without difficulty.
18. Being parboiled, or •• set," it can, when dried, be
eaten without cooking if need be.
14. Spic«s and flavours can be added economicaUy.
15. Anti-soorbotic remedies or vegetable prodacts like-
wise.
16. Applicable to extemporaneous oae.
17. The hideand every part of the animid iacored at once.
18. Every part of the animal is cured so that the abina
head, ^., can be uaed.
DISCUSSION,
Admiral Sir Edward Bblobbb considered thia proeesa a
very valuable one, aa dispensiDg with the aever«i mmwr^ i
labour of aaiting provisions by the ordinaiy means. As
much as 70 years ago, however, meat was cared with
sugar, though a difK;rent proceas was adopted to that de-
scribed this evening. Meat had been sent from Nova
Scotia to Jamaica in treacle, or cored with aagar, and it
remained perfectly good. He considered Sir Q'dberi
Blanc's idea with regard to scurvy quite erroneous. Very
few peraons had investigated the qoeatioa of
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 16,. 1864
sa
amoogpt
nioro oArafully thAO he (Sir E.Balober)
had done. For 26 yearsi be took care of his owa ahip'a
coinpaoy wilhoat the aMuUnoe of a medical man, and
duriog thai period he dinaoted hiaatUotion to seounngfur
hit Boameo everyibiiig which was supposed to teod to the
preveotioii of this disease. As Uras lioie-juicewasoon-
ceroed, he discarded it altogether from his regimea.
Daring one of his Arctic voyages he gave this to the
moD, because they were not aUow«d to drink the ice-
water, bat he believed the anti-acorbutio properties were
in . the sugar mixed with the lime. juioe^ rather than in
ihe juioe itetlf. It was quite tme, aa stated by Mr.
Horgan, thai aeameo preferred salt provisions, and ihat
the dislike to turtle was geoeral amongsi them. An
fj^lishmao, attempting to eai turtle by itself, would be
disgusted with it, however much it might be priaed in
this countiy, where it was a mere vehicle for other oondi*
xneots that were added to it. With regurd to Sir
Gilbert filane'a idea as to drinking sea*water, if he had
atudied the efftfcts of sea^water upon the human frame,
he would have understood thai he might have given his
men as much salted provisions as he pleased, without
producing disease; but if only a very small qoaoilty of
sea-water got into a tank of the fresh water used for
drioking, many varieties of di se as es would be produoed.
From ezperienoe he had had with ships' oompaoiea on
the coast of Africa he found thai fresh provisions with
frmt added did not prevent scurvy, which prevailed to
such an ezieDt thai he had to come to England fora fresh
crew. Thai disease, in the case he referred to, he believed
to have been occasioned by the men wearing dampolothiog*
but as soon as he discovered what he believed to be the
cause, he inmited that they should be eJtanined every
night to see whether they had dry flannels on them*
Scurvy, moreover, was known in England quite apart fhxu
salt proviaiooa, particularly in gaola. When the espedi-
tion under hia (Sir £. Belcher's) command waa about to
proceed to the Kerth he obtained permission from the
Admiralty to have a oonaiderable porikm of the proviaiona
cured in hia own way, viz., with aogar. The meat waa
rubbed with augar till it abaoi bed it to a great extent, and
a ooatiiig like varnish was formed on the svface. Itwasalso
robbed with salt, and packed dry. He had eight casks
ipnptnd in this way in February, 1852, and in July of
the same year, he gave his oflfcen good beef-steaks from
that meat. On the two following Christmas days, they
had roast beef from it ; and after five years and eight
moQths, he sent a round of beef to the Admiralty, which
waa in good fresh condition, with sood fat on it. He
therefore advised Mr. Morgan to add a little more augar
to hia mixture. With respect to dried meats, he
would mention that about the year 1^0, a method
of preserving meat with pyroligoeous acid was adopted.
Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane sent out a qoaa-
titj of provisions so prepaied to Barbadoes : and two
yean aftar he (Sir C. Belcher) ate some of that meat at
ihi admiral's table at Bermuda. He, however, strongly
approved of the sugar curing^ because it preserved the
jmioes of the meat better than any thiuff eltie. With regard
to the oeoessity of meat as a food m hot climates, he
would remark that in the islands of the Pacific the
naiivea did not eat meat at aU, and if they did so they
were viaited with violent cutaneous eruptions. The Ad-
miralty were so satisfied with the superiority of the sugar
prooeaa thai on his (Sir £. Belcher's) return' in 1864, they
applied to him for his recipe, but he was not awase that
it had ever been used in preparing the navy provisions
Mnee that time. With respect to the remarks as to the
inferior victualling of the roeichant marine he could not
a^ee with Mr. Morgan, his (Sir £. Belcher'a) opinion
boog thai the meat supplied to the merchant seamen
was superior to thai which they got in the royal navy.
In conclusion he would say he fuUy appreciated the value
of thia prooeaa, but he atrongly adviaed Mr. Moigpui to
Gva the meat in dry salt inatead of wet piekle.
Sir ioasTH Paxtov, M.P., was quite sure the meeting.
must have been exoeedingly ffratified. at the very able
manner in which this subject Uad been treated by F^fessor>
Morgan. He (Sir J. Paxton) had not looked at it quite
in the same point of view as the gallant gentleman who
had Just addreaaed themr but he bad regaled it more in
a commercial and sanitaiy light. This was a subject of
much interest, aud there was a bill now before PaiUament
with respect to the examination of meat unfit for human
food, but the question waa so difficult to deal with that
he believed Parliament would be able to do little in the-
matter till they were better informed on the subject. It
stcuok him that this ingeoioua prooeaa would enable
persona in diatant parts of the world to send meat to thia
country, in veiy large quantities, in a better state than
hitherto we had been accustomed to receive it in.
London from the more distant parts of England, and
probably it would be found better for us to import
meat from different parts of the continent cured in this
manner, than for the cattle to be sent alive, causing in
many instances a great amount of suffering to the aoimaU
in the passage, as well as injuring the qualii^ of the
meat.. Begavdioff the present veiy high price of meat in
this ooimtry, he looked to a more extended field for the
supply of thai ariide, and it appeared to him thai it waa
only by the application of the moreaaed chemioal know^
ledge of the present day thai we could hone for an
adequate supply of meat to he brought to this large con*
suming nuurkei. In some parte of South America cattle
were slaughtered to a large extent merely for the sake of
their hides, while the disposition of the rest of theoarcaae
was a matter of serious diffioulty« Seeing, therefore, that
the length of passage by steamer would not be more than
about a month, a. prooesa by which not only the hides but.
the meat could be made available for our market would
be most valuable in every point of view. Although thia
prooesa might not be new as regarded the materials em*
ployed, yet the mode of their employment was so, and the,
efleei appeared to be remarkably saiisfaetofy. He bad
no doubt a little more suoar would do no hamivand there
was no difficulty in addmg that if it was found to be
wanting. He could not but tender to PreHsssor Mocgen
his eeriial thanks for the admirable wi^ in whieh he had.
introduced and illostraied his suliject.
Mr. WiMKwoBTH said that he did not rise to enter
into the diaouarion, but to ask a questkm of Professor
Morgan, which was suggested to him by something which
had fallen fiom Sir Joee|.h Faxton. He wished to in-
quire whether the process had been tested in tropksal
climates. He aaked this because it was known that in •
some parts of South America, and elsewhere, cattle were
bred solely for the purpose of curing and transmitting
the skins to Europe, as a valuable article of commerce,
while the denuded carcasses were left to birds and beaata.<
of prey, or otherwise disposed of, but not always in time
to prevent that offisnsive decomposition whioh must im-
DMdiately ensue in such hot oouniries. Even in other
remote spots, such as the Falkland Islands, which en-
joyed a temperature similar to our own, the spaoseness of
the population, and the imposaibility therefore of dis«
posing of the meat, rendered the application of a prooesa
of preservation like that which Mr. Morgan had brought
so giaphically before the meeting, most important.
Dr. Baorhoffhbb said, although the process oould not
be regarded as a new discovery, he believed it would be
most valuable. Some years ago Moos. Gannal, of Paria»
introduced a process of embiauuag efi*ected in a some-
what similar manner to that descnbed by Mr. Moigao.
It was true that the one was for the preservation of a dead
body— the other, the rendering of a carcase palatable.
The materials used by M. Gannal were poisonous, but
they rendered the body iocormptible. In the prooea
exhibited to-night, he thought there were certain poiiita
which required a liule more explanation. In the firat
place, with regard to the '* wssluog out," it waa a quee-
tion whether ikay were not taking awjMr valnable aub«
stances whioh nature had ioppUed. Thia ** washing-
852
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OF ARTS, April 15, 1864.
oat" WW very rnuoh like bleeding an animal to death,
by which they loat much of mat natritious matter
which otherwise^ would remain io the carcase. Then,
again, there were introduced certain saline matters,
not 80 much for the sake of preservation as to add that ot
which it was alleged Nature gave an insufficient supply,
such as phoephoriu acid, &c. As regarded the sugar which
was to furnish the lactic acid he could not conceive that
by introducing sugar into a dead carcase it could be con-
verted into lactic acid. That was a result produced only
in a living body. It would answer as well to eat the
sugar apart from the meat. He remembered a few years
ago a patent was taken out for the preservation of meat at
Barbadoes, where it was required to be eaten very soon
after it was slaughtered. That process consisted in forcing
brine into the meat, after it was cut up, by hydraulic or
Eneumatic pressure, but it failed. By Mr. Morgan's process,
oweyer, the brine was introduced into every part of the
flesh in the most perfect manner, but with respect to a
portion of the ingredients injected, some people mig^i
prefer to have the meat in a state more allied to its
natural condition. He believed this process to be a most
valuable one, and he hoped it would relieve seamen from
the necessity of eating such strongly salted provisions as
they were now often compelled to consume. He had seen
** salt junk " so hard that when it was polished it looked al-
most hke mahogany. With regard to preservation in tins, he
had tasted meat that had been preserved for twenty years,
but he did not consider it palatable.
Mr. JoHK Bbthxll said that about twenty-two years
ago a patent was taken out in which a process was described
which appeared to be very similar to that which had been
lust brought before them. He knew himself that sheep
had been thus prepared in Smithfield, and a great deal
of trouble was taken bv persons interested to introduce
the process commercially, but it failed—- for what reason
he did not know. He agreed with those who had pre-
ceded him that this process was most useful, and he
should be sorry to say one word derogatory to it He
agreed with the last speaker on the subject of the
"washing out." He imagined the intention was to
wash the remaining blood out of the veins, which was
similar to bleeding to the last drop. He believed it
was considered that that iniored the nutritious qualities of
the meat very much, and he should not have thought
there was any necessity for it. He thought the vessels
might be impregnated with the saline matters or sugar
in solution without getting rid of the blood.
Some ycani ago it was advanced that the meat would
be better if the animal were killed without bleed-
ing; death by suffocation— by puncturing the chest and
pumping in air so as to compress the lungs— was recom-
mended. He thought it would be a great bene6t to
Bailors if this ^stem were introduced. He was perfectly
aware of the difficulty there was in getting the Admiralty
to move in matters ot this kind, having himself, during
the Crimean war, introduced a process of preserving meat
in small pieces, dried at a temperature below that at which
the albumen was coagulated, and when soaked for a time
in cold water the original properties of the flesh were
restored. 8ome of the meat so prepared was sent out to
Africa, but it was said the sailors did not like it, and the
process was not continued.
The Cbaikiian said the meeting could not fail to have
been interested and much instructed by Mr. Morgan's ad-
mirable paper and the discussion upon it Borne present
might not be aware that the Society had offered a large
prize for the best method of preserving meat, Ac, and
the communications sent in on that subject remained to
be refien^ to a committee to decide upon, and the Society
did not commit itself the merits of any process— the
Fi^^"°^ before them— or any other. It was necessary
tftat th(^ should keep the practical part of the paper se-
parate from the speculative. He thought it was the for-
mer that this Society had more particularly to deal with.
inotUeones advanced by Mr. Morgan as to the causes
and prevention of scurvy might be oorrect or not, bat tho
discussion of them would hardly be desirable on this occa-
sion, as they did not affect the merits of the process. A
question hsid been raised as to what they should intro-
duce into the flesh as the curative mateiial. He had no
doubt sugar was a good preservative, and it was com-
monly used for the best hams and bacon. He thought
that with regard to the effects of the ordinary sitt-
ing process, Mr. Morgan was borne out by scientific
facts. If meat were salted in the ordinary way there waa
no question that a large portion of the fluids was extracted,
while salting from the inside, as practised by Mr. Morgan,
preserved most of the nutritious juices of the meat, al-
though when cut up into joints a certain portion of those
juices would no doubt exude. With reference to the
phosphates he considered they were important, as they
were found in nearly every description of food, and to
persons in a position to obtain a sufficient quantity of
mixed foods the natural supply of phosphates would be
sufficient, but the cases now in question implied circum-
stances in which a mixed diet could not be obtained.
Then it became a question whether a small artificial
admixture of phosphates was not an advantage. He was
struck with the importance of this process in connection with
the importation of foreign meats into this country. No
less than 2,000,000 of cattle were said to be slaughtered
annually in South America, for the sake of their hides and
hoofx alone. He was not certain whether even the hi was
made use of. Therefore, in a commercial point of view,
this process promised well. Meat was greatly wanted in
this country at a less price than it could now be obtained.
The great question was what would be the fnture of this
process. He apprehended as yet sufficient time had not
elapsed to test it thoroughly, and they had to find out by
experience whether it was as efficient in preservative
power as the system at present in use. With reference to
the bleeding he confessed, consulting his personal feelings
in the matter, he approved of the Jewish mode of
slaughtering, by cutting the throat and bleeding, and no
better meat than that killed on the Jewish plan oould be
obtained. He was quite sure the meeting would authorise
him to tender to Mr. Morgan their grateful thanks lor hia
very interesting paper.
Mr. MoBOAN, m replying upon the discussion, said with
regard to what had fallen from Sir £. Belcher, he had
not brought forward the process of curing with sugar as a
new thing. He would prefer a larger quantity of sugar :
but even 10 or 12 lbs. of that articSe as applied by him,
was rather an innovation as far as it went. He was quite
aware that meat had been preserved for a very long time
either in treacle or glycerine, both being materials
which excluded the air. With regard to Sir Gilbert
Blane, he had referred to him merely as a practical man,
and an old authority on the subject of scurvy, which he
believed was only another name for a certain degree of
starvation. As to the effects of drinking salt water. Sir
£. Belcher had correctly described the symptoms o( men
dying of thirst, which proved that the blood refused to
take an amount of valine matter beyond its natural OOQ-
Btituents. If a number of glasses of water were taken by
a person at short intervals, the kidneys would secrete the
water in the proportion in which it was taken, but if salt
to even a small per-oentage were added, after the second
or third glass the stomach revolted at it, and the
blood refusing to take it in, the effects mentioned
would be apparent. With regard to damp clothing, it
was injurious, hiasmuch as it hiterfered with the respi-
ratory powers of the skm, which was, in fact, a great lung.
With regard to the question of removing the blood, he con*
fef«ed he was not an advocate for keeping this in the carcase.
The Jews might be regarded as great flesh-eaters, and, con-
sequentlv, a vigorous and enduring race, and under the
Levitical law they were forbidden to eat the Mood, and
under thier system of slaughtering animsls for food great
care was taken that all the blood was extrsoied : there-
fore, according to the Divine authority of the Levitical
JOURNAL OF THE 800IETT OP ARTS. April 15, 1864.
353
]aw» which At leaat mmt beadmittad as emloenily hygienic
he oonridered the blood ought not to be retained in
the naeat, seeing it was inculcated from the time of
Koah, to the " necessary things" of the Apostles. Such
» practice certainly would not be favoured by butchera
themselves, because the blood was a gi«at decomposing
agent, and remaining in the vessels would disgust the
ooofiumer. They must also recollect that a diseased con-
dition of the blood must first be supposed to exist before
Us effects were seen in the system, and even the mode of
d^th altered iu ooudition and possibly even composition.
Od the question of the quantity of blood in an animal,
ho believed very erroneous notions were enteruined.
In the sheep which they saw before them they
had seen that before a quart of the fluid had
been injected by his process, it began to issue freely
oat of the opposite side of the heart. It had been
aaid that the human body contained about 26 Jbs. weight
of Wood. If that were the fact, a person would hanily
bo affected with fainting on losing 10 or 12 ozs. of blood ;
yo4 such was usually the case. He hoped on every ground
Uiat the blood would never be retained in meat used for
food. As to the temperature at which the drying process
waa ene^d, Mr. Morgan pointed out some specimens
which had been dried in the biscuit loft over the bakery
at Deptford, at a heat from 104^ to I20*». In dividing
the cMcase for drying, discretion should be used as to the
BiBe of the pieces and the temperature ; if the pieces were
too large or ihe heat too great, before the water could be
Kiven off decomposition would set in. He hoped to see a
laiiger use of dried meats than was now the case, as they
weseoted so many advantages. With regard to the ap-
plication of this process in very hot climates, he would
mentum that an agent had been sent out to practice
thia method of preserving meat in Monte Video, and
he hoped soon to see some saUsfactor>' specimens. With
loferenoe to the preservative process of M. Gannal,
menUooed by Dr. Bachhoff^ner, it consbted of the
mjection of poisonous materials, and of chloride of
aluminiom. by means of a force-pump, through one of the
lai^ blood vessels of the neck, which had the effect of
slowly mummiiymg the dead body. Of couree. where
wnaonous solutions could be used, there was no difficulty.
In reply to the speaker who suggested that the quality of
tho moat might be deteriorated by the ingredients used
m the cunng. he wished it to be understood, that
he used those materials which were ordinarily employed
in CTnog meats, and he preferred to use them in a boUing
condition, because this caused the albumen to "set "at
onoe, which had the effect of making the meat more
tender when eaten, and preserve better. He did not say
»J^^" essential to " doctor " the meat, though he believed
the addition of a certain small proportion of plio^phoric
acid was of great imporUnce, for seamen who could not,
mider ordinary drcumsUnces. be supplied with the requi-
nte amount of that material to be derived from other
articles of food. As to the preservation of meat with
sugar, if they used sugar alone, the expense would be
very great, and Baibadoes would not supply enough tor tlio
Luge scale on which the curing wascarried on at Deptford ;
but he thought there was an advantage in using sugar as an
mgredient, to the extent or even more than he suggested.
With regard to the objection that his plan was not
new, he would say he had paid some attention to the
different methods that had been adopted, and amongst
others, to that of Mr. Long, to which he believed Mr.
Bethell referred. The plan of operation in that case was
to fill the vafsels with forcing machinery, introduced into
tho ventricle of the heart of the animal, and this to bo
held by a man's hand, and that as soon as the fluid flowed
back the operation was complete ; but he questioned
whether any four persons in the room could, with their
hands round the ventricle of the sheep before them, hold
it so aa to inject all the arteries and capillaries in the way
be had done this evening. He held it to bo a totally
different procesi to his own. There were not two open-
mgt made in the heart, or two stages; the theory and
pnnciplea were not the same. Injection for subjects for
dissection had been practised for more than a hundred
years, but the process alluded to was merelv a bad and
unskilful way of doing it.
Mr. Bbtbbll said he referred to the plan of Mr. Perks;
Mi^ MoBOAK believed that to have been Mr. Long's
patent One argument in favour of his (Mr. Morgan's)
plan as against that mentioned by the speaker, wasTthat
the latter was admitted by him to be a fiulure, whereaa
ms was not. He hoped before many months were past
they might have meat from South America and ai
home of good quality and at a cheap rate.
The author illustrated his process by showing its appli-
^tion to a sheep recently slaughtered. A bucket of
bnne was raised to a height of about twelve feet, and a
tube connected with it inserted into the heart of the
animal, as explained in the paper. The vessels were
thus washed out, and the preservative fluid was then
injected, the whole operation occupying but a few minutes.
Specimens of meat prepared by this process, that had
been kept some months, were on the table, and were
tasted by many of the members.
ImuMngs 0I Institntions.
Chatham, Rochbstkb, &o., Mbohanios' lNaTiTDTs.-i^
The twenty-seventh annual report stotes that the receipts
from ordinary sources have considerably exceeded the ex-
penditure, and that a very large sum besides has been
realised by the reading given by the President, Charles
Dickens, Esq., to whom the committee take this opportu-
nity of i-eturning their very sincere and heart-felt thanks..
But for the generous aid which has been rendered on
former occasions, there is little doubt that the Institution
must have been dosed long since ; his name has given to
it a prestige which it could not otherwise have obtained ;
and the profits derived from his readings have enabled
former committees to meet their heavy responsibilities,
to add from time to time largely to their lil^ary, and in
other ways to maintain the efficiency of the InstitutioD.
They purpose devoting a sum of about £50 out of the £73
derived from Mr. Dickens* last reading to the purohase of
new books for the library, deeming it most prudent to
keep a portion in reserve for future contingencies. During
the past year the number of volumes issued has been
4,396, being a considerable increase on the issue of the
year before ; and there have been added during 1863,
nearly a hundred volumes of popular works, and boiMid
and repaired about 80 volumes, a great part of the expense
having been defrayed out of the proceeds of a sale of
AihenaumSt Art JournaU, and other books, not adapted
for circulation. The ordinary sources of income to the
Institution may be placed under three heads, viz., sale of
tickets, money received from non-members on leotmre
nights, and s^e of old newspapers; from the fint of theee
the receiprs during the year 1868 were £198 15s. ; from
the second £83 ; and from the third £4 10s. An analysis
of the ticket account shows that during the year ther*
were sold 84 at one guinea ; 70 at 5s. 6d. ; 81 at 48. 6d. ;
318 at 38. 6d.; 223 at 29. 6d. ; 2 at 38.; and 140 at
Is. 6d, ; the two last of these are summer quarter tickets*
the aggregate sale of which was 142, being but 71 for each
quarter, and these at a very low price ; by this decrease in
the number of members during the non-lecture season, a
heavy loss is entailed on the Institution, which only a
lecture season of extraoixiinary success can make good. The
sale of tickets admitting to lectures only has been 304, of
quarterly members' tickets of all kinds, 530 : making to*
gAther834; an average to each quarter of 208 ; adding
the 84 guinea ticket holders, the result is 292, the average
for the whole year. The balance sheet for 1863 shows
that the receipts were £302 18s. 2d., and that there iaa
balance in the treasutw's bands of £27 lis. 4d.
SSk
JOURNAL OP THE SQOIBTY OJF ABTa, Ahol 15, 1864*
i Ni rr i TOTB. — The r«pori<>f th© past year saya that the
comiDittee, having devoted their priooipal eflbrta to placing
the fiiianoea of the Inatitution in a aoand oondiuon, and to
the neoeesary iroprovemeote of the boilding, are glad to
be able to report a fair meaanreof sacoess. A conaiderahb
amount hat been expended in rendering the building mpre
commodiona. The Leotuee Hall haa been decorated, and
the lighting and warming improved. Arrangemeota have
been made with the Rotherham Literary and Scientific
Society to locate itaelf in the Inatitution ; also with the
Coort of Foreaten to have ita meetings in the Lecture
Hall. The number of the members at present ia aa
follows: — Male subacribers, 184; female subscribers, 17;
boys, 31; girls, 9. Total, 191. Lectures have not been
supplied because they were not in demand to an extent
that would warrant the invitxtions of unpsid lecturers, or
guarantee the funds fVom considerable loss in the employ-
ment of paid ones. Pursuant to the report of the previous
year» and to a resolution of the general meeting, the com-
mittee sought to initiate a movement towards the estab-
litthment of a Workmen's Club. As a first step they en-
deavoured to gain the co-operation of those for whose ex-
clusive advantage the club was intended, and invited
representatives from the various works in the immediate
vicinity to meet them in furtherance of this obj«K!t, but
met with no response. Consequently nothing more was
done ; for although still convinced of the threat utility
of such institutions the committee did not feel called upon
to take all the trouble and expense of au enterprise for the
benefit of those who can and ought to aid them in this
and all similar efforts. They venture to aflBrm, however,
that their successoi-s will be veiy ready to offer a co-opera-
tive hand to the workmen, whenever they shall awake to
their true interests in this direction, and evince a desire to
help themselves. In the report of the classes connected
with the Institute regret is expressed at the smaU number
of those who have availed themselves of the opportunites
affbrded them, and the great irregularity in attendance.
The night-school for boys has had 19 names, whilst the
average attendance has been barely 9 ; and in the girls'
night-school, 2 only have attended. In the class for
advanced reading there has only been an average of 6 ; in
that of drawing, the average ia 8}; in the advanced
arithmetic class the average is 5 J ; whilst in that on the
philosophy of common things, it is very little over 8. The
balance-sheet shows that the expenditure of the current
year had been £263 38. ^d,, leaving a balance due to the
treasurer of £13 60. 9^.; by the general account it was
seen that the liabilities were £1,472 4s. 6d., leaving a
balance against the Institute of £1,867 18s. Oj[d. The
transactions in the Penny Bank have considerably increased
during the past year, as the following table wiU show :~
Deo. 1892. Deo. 18S3.
No. of accounts opened since ") oq^t aoajt
oommmencement, Oct, 1866/ ^*' ^^
Benaining open ^..« 802 887
Number of payments 9602 .^... 10064
Average of each 8f
AoMmnt received £326 £887
Amount paid £884 £870
Amoant in the Sheffield ) /.,o»/v. oj ^^.vo.rv «j
Banking Company „ } £18608.8d. £19810s.8d.
ART-WORKMANSHIP PRIZES.
Our correspondent on this subject thus resumes his re-
macks. He wiislies to correct an error of the press in his
seeoQd article, which attributed the locality of the antiqme
poap^of the '• Oraoee" to the library at Vienna ; the work
l^.'jv^^ioii is in the library at Sieua; ita ongin is, he
g^I^ unknown, but the figures are doubUesa of Greek
®^2j?*»**^nHm workmaoahip of the best penod.
iierore whoUy quitting the aubject of arabesque, as ia-
volved in the artieleaaeleeted for the cuzreni oompetilioOt
ii is advisable to point out the distinctive ditfereooea ob-
servable in the treatment of the same, aooordingly aa H is
applied to subjects wrought in stone, or marble, and ia
metaL The chair-baek adopted for the first secttoa of
ornament in Class 1, Carving ia Marble, Stone, or Wooda
seems fittest for either of the two former materials; it i,
certainly lens suilabLs for. reproduction in the lask sa,
wood ; whatever might have been the original nee of this
model, its whole chMoter seems proper to stone, and ttnm
stone originals the details of its design were profaaUy
borrowed. The Gothic bracket, third eeotion of Class 1,
although, of course, derived from a stone antitype, hta
more than enough of the fleshiness and freedom, the
emboHjfomtf as the French say, and exuberance, whioh are
desirable and best reproduced — where repcoductioD in
another material is allowable — in a woodea one. The
student of carving in any material, who desires to exaoJne
admirable examplea of decorative design and execotkn,
will find a splendid series in the casta of Venetian aeulp>
tures — principally from the Giant's atainoaae and the Moo^
nigo palace in that city — deposited by the late Prinee
Consort in the South Kensington Museum, and now placed
against the wall of the east cloister of the north ooaii
Many of these examines are the work of Sanaovine,
the famous sculptor, and supply instances of per-
fect combination and design, admirably adapted to
modem uses. On the whole these are the finest aia«
basques yet known to me* Their execution leaves
nothing to be desired, and, to those who do not appre-
ciate the productions of the great Gothic soolpton, ofe
perfect models. They are almost as tit for application to
wood*earving aa to their original material. Graoeand
delicacy are their characteristics. Antique arabesques
require a severer order of feeling and a graver kind of
training to be obtained by our people, ere full justioe wOl
be done to them by the world m general.
It would occupy too much of my space to dflate upon
the subtle but apt distinctions in the treatment of arabesque,
which are, to the expert, palpably existent between its oae
in stone and in wood. The differences which present them-
selves between designs proper to metal and stone are mora
easily defined and more to the present purpose. Iftheteaehor
takesup the arabesque designed by Luoas Van Leyden, and
propoeed as a model for the prise in Class 6, Btotitng
and Engraving in Metal, or that whioh supplies the su^
for the section of ornament in Class 7, he will find
arabesques proper for reproducticHi in metal. The Flemiik
salver, to be used by competitors in the second seodoo of
Class 7, Repoua»6 Work, offers to this end, however, by far
the best example of its kind in the series before us. It
has been chosen for a model with consummate knowledge,
not alone of its art-value, but of the material to be em-
ployed in its reproduction. With all its grace and
richness, and the splendid wave>like sweep of tiie
lines of foliage whicn compose it, there is in those
lines, aa well in the exquisite details of the flowers
and leaves of this example, a certain firmness and
rigidity of form and relief which diflbr exceedingly
from the fleshy character and rotundity of the scrolls in th«
chair-back, or the sculpturesque beauty of the Venetian
arabesques just referred to. In the salver the very
inequalities of the ground, peciiHar to, and desiiable in,
repousB6 workmanship — inasmoch as the efiisct of the
rich cokmrof the meUl itself is thus insured, and endlsss
variety in the play of light upon its surface obtained—
have an apt display. The ancient workman was as
thoroughly aware of the advantagea of the seeming rough-
ness derived from these inequaUties, as it is certain that .
our ordhiary modem crafUman is ignorant or thought*
less of the same. The slave of his labour, and narrowly
taught, the latter aims at finish before all thingi,
and seems as if he were loth to leave his work
thus apparently unfinished. CoosequenUy upon this,
narrowness of view, almost all modem repouss6 works
look as if they were maohine-mado, and dedva little sd*-
JOXJRNAL OP THE 800IE1TY OF ARTS, Apkil 15, 1864.
355
TEDtago from the peoali&r material employed. The
prodaoer-^D the sUffoeflB of his intense conscientiousness,
fear» to wrong his employer by leaving even the appearance
of inoompleteoesB upon bis work. The great thing to be
ooosidered with regard to the employment of splemlidly-
hued metal is the display of its colour ; nothing does this
80 perfectly as the wavy and beaten surface of a fine piece
of old repooss^ work in gold, silver, or brass. In stone, of
coarse, this aid to effect is not looked for, and it is not
desirable to leave the *' flat*' or ground of a carving in
the material so uneven as it may be in repousis^ work.
The graceful but ^extremely rigid forms of the piece of
chiselled iron, which served for a model in its class in the
former competition, showed an admirable application of
design to a material far less tractable than the softer
metals. Some of the French and Qerman works now in
the South Kensington Museum are perfect specimens of
chiselled iron. In the Hotel de Gluny, Paris, are many
more. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries produced
the finest examples of skill in this matter; they are to be
considered as wholly distinct from engraved works on iron,
and are sculptures in the true sense of the word. Much
armour of the sixteenth century combines repouss^ with
chiselled work. In these, no less than in the greatest
statues, the material has its proper form of expresmon ;
the kind of arabesque that suits production in wood differs
as greatly, or should do so, from that required for the
decoration of stone, leather, or metal, as the materials
themselves from each other. Experts are able to detect
a certain inappropriateness of design in those antique
statues which have been copied from bronze originals. It
is hardly too much to say that no severer censure of a
work could be pronouooed than to say, justly, that its
style resembles that of one produced in another material.
A stone house built to look, as far as is possible, like a
brick one, is never satisfitctory to the eye of an artist ;
vet, to produoe something of this resemblance seems to
be the objeet of the elabonte ehamferings of the edges of
buildiiig-stooee in debased architeotore.
I was soixy to observe that the invitation of the Society
of Arts with regard to the productioo of woriu in
c hi s ell e d iron — for which the above-named example in
that metal was salacted as the model— was responded to
inanfikieotly. Doobtlesi this kind of work is nowadays
little used, bat it aught well be r&4ntrodaoed ; there are
ample opportnoities for its ose in modem domestic arrange-
meots. The beaotiAil example set before oompetiton in
Glass 3, Hamoiered work in Iron, Brass, or Copper, needs
no oommeodatioo of mine. It is a German production,
dated 1700. In the South Kensington Museum are
some noble s|ierimens of English work of this kind in
the gates removed from Hampton Ooart, and now placed
in the temporaiy or *• boiler" building. Hammered iron
work is, as may be seen on examination of the specimens
reiorred to, totally different from that which is properly
styled chiselled. r- r- .r
The next set of examples to which I propose to refer
is, that of carving in ivory. Mr. John Webb has liberally
allowed the Socioty to ose, as models, two works in his
possession. One of these isan exonisite little stataette,
attribated to a iamoos native of Flanders, who worked
at Borne, and is known by the name of Francois
Flamand, sarnamed Fiammgo; his true name was
£^an9ois Du Qnesnoy. He was born in 1694, and of all
the minor sonlptofs of modem times he is probably the
best known. A considerable namber of txyys, in all
varities of spirited actions, and in many that represent
deep, are attriboted to him. Few excel the one before us
in basnty, faithful design, and delkaUe execotioo. The
natnxalism of the 16th eeatory did its best in the latter.
The little fellow lies upon his bsck, one arm is thrown
above his head, the other lies by his side^ rslaxed in com-
|deto repose, one leg b crossed over the other. The face
u eharmiogly ptetty* and nothing can exceed the freshness
and eUboiaatioo of the body and Hmbsu Few soalpten
of aagr age have beaa so ■aisarfal as Fiamingo in
treating the fhll and rounded forms of early child-
hood. It is worth noting how ably the artist has,
in the work now in question, given the naturally char-
acteristic proportions of the human fonn at the period of in-
fancy ; the body, as that part of ilie frame which is most
in use to supply the limbs with the materials for develop*
ment, is then far greater in pioportion to the others than
at any other stage of existence. His legs are hsrdly
to be considered as locomotive organs ; the head is com-
paratively immense; the chest undeveloped, because no
great vitality has yet to be sustained by rapid breathing ;
and physical exercise has not yet ciUed upon the lungs to
perform their office to the full ; the arms are almost as
subordinate as the legs. The baby sleepi that it may
frow. The surface of the model is exquisitely wrought ;
need hardly point out how lovely are the formii of the
elbows, especisdly where the bones of the fore -arm are
cunningly indicated through the soft and almost pulpy
flesh. The markings on the chest deserve heedful
attention.
The second example to be employed for ivory carving
has great lieaoty of its peculiar kind. A singular interest
attaches to the history of works of its class. The models
in question ai« the two covers of a tablet, carved in
meMMO-relievo with the figures of females, which may, for
want of better titles, be said to represent War and Peace.
Each is enclosed by a sort of tabernacle, such as was so
common in Italian works of the later half of the 15th
and the I6th centuries. In each, two columns support
canopies of different character ; the figures stand upon flat
bases, which have arabesques delicately wrought upon
their fronts. The works are probably Italian or French,
and of about the beginning of the 16th century. They
formed the coven of a tablet which might have contained
wax, and was used as a sort of note-book, the soft sur&ce
of the wax being written upon with a silver, ivoiy, or
gold point or stylus. Such things had been in use
among the ancient Romans, and we find Martial and
Juvenal, in the age of Augustus, referring to their emplov-
ment in various ways and to their having been siven by
friends as keepsakes. At a later date sach articles were
distributed somewhat in the fashion of our times, when a
member of Parliament gives to his best sapporters
at an election lithographed portraits of himself. This
dasB of works forms one of the most important and
historically interesting sections of minor Roman scnlptores
which has come down to us. The articles were sometimes
styled pygiUares, because they were earried in the fist or
hand. Bribery and corruption of electors took eff^eet by
means of them ; and so late as the fifth century after
Christ we find the Emperore prohibiting such gUts by
any bat officials of the h^hest rank.
A noble subject has been given for a model to the class
of chasing in bronae, the section of the figure, by a
machine-rednced cast fh>m the well-known antique
Roman host generally styled ** Clyiie," but also nioog-
nised by the name of " Isis." This sculpture repressnts
the features and the form of some long-dead lady, it may
be so empress, and, independently of its artistic value,
oflen some curious points for oar consideration. Judging
from its style it woold seem to have been exeooted in the
firat century of our en, and to be the work rather of a
Roman or Alexandrian sculptor, than one of those Grseks
who were settled in Rome, or whose works were imported
to that dtv. Beyond all question it is a portrait, some-
what idealized in treatment, but still preserving all the
chaacter of a bkeness. After the Roman fMhioo the bnt
grows low upon the forehead, is parted in the ">>^^*f^
flows in crisped waves, to be gathered at tbeb eek etf^
head and drop ito ends upon the peck. '^^** ^^7'^5 ^
maible M perfoct, and »*» ^^J^ *~?;;?l*r*M*
docers a beaatifol tboogh n ot sevete»e*»^ m
of " aytie" or •• Isis" «» "S^T^^IjlSi T
who accept the P*«*1,«J • TT ^^ , * ^*^ >fc«
ksnes. either ssthsssef t he ^■^ ■;^J^^^«WkC
the nymph who ^amd -U' ""^ IT
356
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS. Apbil 15, 1864.
compelled her, when transformed, to follow with her
face the daily course of the god), or of a lotus, the
flower that waa sacred to the Egyptian goddess Isis.
It is nevertheless simply a portrait in character. I
do not know where it was discovered, but the original
is now in the British Museum — where I beg competitors
to study it — numbered 79, and was originally part of
the famous Towneley collection. Towneley bought it
at Naples of the Laurenzano family, and set so great a
store by it that — when he conceived his house to be in
danger from the "No Popery" mob of Lord George
Goi^don*8 Kiot, 1780 — he chose it, of all the treasures he
possessed, to be removed out of harm's way by himself,
m his own carriage.
THE BRADFIELD RESERVOIR.
The following is from a correspondent : —
There are two or three points which attracted my atten-
tion on visiting the broken embankment at Bradfield, and
the first was, that the place was not suited for the forma-
tion of a reservoir at all, on account of the absence of a
position on which a ^ood retaining embankment could be
built. It is at all times difficult to obtain a water-tight
junction between clay and rock, and this circumstance has
already given great trouble in forming embankments, as
in the case of Doe -park Reeei-voir, near Bradford, where
the ends of the puddle wall had to be turned and carried
up the interior slopes of the reservoir until the clay
gradually merged into a stiff argillaceous soil. How
much more, then, was it a difficulty at Bradfield, where
the puddle had to be abutted on a loose porous sandstone,
alternated with layers of friable shale?
^ The difficulty of obtaining a proper, sound founda-
tion for the embankment, more especially for that part of
it which was composed of puddle, gave rise to one of the
weakest points in theBradneld Reservoir. The materials
used in the oonstruotioo of this work have been largely
abused, but I think that their inferiority has never been
exaggerated.
A mixture of large stones, about one cubic foot in size,
and masses of the porous shale obtained fVx>m the slope of
the valley, seem to have been aggregated together in the
rudest manner possible It would be easy to understand
why this mass, used as the material for construction,
wanted uniformity in its composition, if, as is said, it was
similar to that used in the Ogden Bank. There the
materials are certainly the same, and were being heaped
up to form a bank, about the time of the inundation, by
means of " tips," some being placed about fifteen feet high,
near the centre of the bank.
Not only is it impossible that a bank constructed in
this way can settle equally, but the very mode of making
it, viz., * tipping' the material from either end, and gra-
dually approaching the centre, renders the section at this
part the weakest of all. And it is to be noticed that it
was at this part of the Bradfield Dam that the rupture
took place. So porous did the bank seem that there can
be little doubt that the water could easily ooze through
it, saturating it and brining up<m the inside of the
puddle wall almost the entire pressure of the water stored
in the reservoir. This appears to be corroborated by the
fact that near the top of the inside slope of one of the
parts still standing there is a longitudinal depression, in-
creasing in depth towards the gap, and indicating that
when the bank gave way the water in the inner half was
drained off from the two ends towards the centre, carrying
with it part of the material, thus causing the subsidence
referred to. The puddle also, though in some cases good,
appeared to be occasionally not quite free from shale ;
ooupled with which, the outlet pipes were carried in a
very loose way through the materials spoken of.
It is difficult to determine, after the accident, which of
all these weak points was the proximate cause of the
failure of the dam, but it is probable that it occurred in
some such way at the foUowing :—
It has already been said that, up to the puddle wall,
the bank must have been saturated, which would cause
a subsidence of material to fill the interstices, and bring
on every point of the wall particles of water, having a
pressure corresponding to their depth, and searching for
means of escape through the bank. This means the
water appears at last to have found, either through
a slight fissure caused by unequal subsidence, or most
probably along the outside of the outlet pipes. Having
once got to the other side of the wall, a similar subsidence
would have been formed on the outside of the hank. In
this way the first crack, probably, originated. The settle-
ment on each side, then, would leave the top of the
puddle wall unsupported to any extent, and it is easy to
understand how the wave>force of the water would over-
turn the top of the puddle, and break it transversely. Ac-
cording to all accounts, the waves on the dam, at the
time of its bursting, resembled those of the sea, and broke
against the bank with such force that the spray rose high
above the top of the embankment. When the water had
thus acquired a passage over the ridg^ of the bank, it
rapidly destroyed the outside, and cut its way down to
the bottom of the gap. Once through this, its velocity
increased with fearful rapidity — it carried destruction for
many miles— accounts of which we have all read with
horror.
Such, perhaps, was the manner in which the Brad-
field accident occurred, and this would show the necessity
of making a reservoir embankment water-tight altogether,
and of protecting it from the action of waves by means of
traverses built iu the dam.
Jfine ^i.
MiBKrr Pbiob of Works of Abt in Fbahob.-— The
enormous prices which have of late been obtained in Paris
for pictures and other works of art have given rise to much
discussion, and to many comparisons with the results of
the sales of former times. It is difficult to ettahltsh an
exact table of the fluctuations in such matters, for more
reasons than one ; in the first plaoe, there is the diminished
value of money to be taken into account, and, in the
second, the comparison most often be made not on the
same pictnro, but on pictures of the same clan by the
same master, betwe^i a special case on the one hand and
the average prices on the other; or, lastly, between the
average prices at the various periods. Still, allowing
for all the difficulties and the amount of uncertainty
resulting from them, the increasing value of pietm*es it
so marked, and, with some exceptions, ragular in its coarse,
that it furnishes a very curious study from more than one
point of view. At the Sireul sale, in 1781, a charming
portrait of the Marquise de Pompadour, in pastels, by
Boucher, sold for 900 francs ; at the same sale an ad-
mirable picture by Terburg went for 702 francs. In the
following year the **Serinette Player" of Chardin waa
knocked down, at the sale of the pictures of the Maravia
de Menars, at 631 francs ; and three portraiti of Louis Xl V.,
at different ages, enamels, by Petitot, with chased gold
frames, only fetched 399 livres and 19 sols. At the
Lancret sale, in the same year, the best pietores hy
the deceased artist fetched only 201, 250, and I IB livrcfl
respectively, and another only 19 livres or francs. In tha
same year, at the Nogaret sale, Rembrandt's *' Good
Samaritan" was bought for 900 francs, while nol
long sioce an artist's proof of the engraving of tb«
same picture, by the painter himself, fetched 2,400
francs. An excellent picture by Watteau was allowed
to go for 200 francs, at the B^lisard sale, in 1783; and all
the Lebrun f>ale, in 1791, Holbein's large picture of th«
** Court of Francis II.," went for 40 franca; Poossin'W
** Alexander and Diogenes," fbr 240 francs; and a bronx^
sUtuette of a " Woman Bathing," Igr Jean Qc^o, noW
worth at least its weight in gold, 20 franos I In 1797, «
JOVBSAL OF qCHB SOOnHTYfOF ARTS, April 15, 1664.
457
good fktme,bj LMoenr; lold for 161 tenet; and two
works of Lanoret, for 84 fnnoi I In ISOl, tbe^we of
Gooadte Coqiwfl. wfaioh at the Patorean aale falobod
46,000 ftanct,'CO«ld not find a porehaKr to bid nrore tlian
8,000 6moca at the. Bobit lale. in 1908 the portmit of
the BorgoouBter Six, by Bembnmdt, was cold pob-
Ifdj for J ^10 fraooBf and one of CMkm's^faamdng terra-
oottas Ibr 160 francs. In 1809, a oharming piotorer by
Watiaan, ftnir oharacters in Italian comedy, was only
'vidDed at 70 ftrancs; and in the following year a fine
portrait of ** A Lady," by Vandyek, went for 481* fimnos.
The Ibllowing table, exhibiting the unashmmi priee oh-
iained for the efrnfi dTcrnvre of Hubberaa, will illoatvate
the riling of the ssale id a still morealriking'mannar 'w—
1789... 800 llvres Tronchin- .skle.
1802 ... 4,200 fhtncs Helnlonter .
1808 ... 1.8y9 „ «. Robert ....
1809 ... 860fr., 1200fr., 682fr., Schwanberg
1810 ...119fr. 96c D'Oi*ay - „
1812 .
1814 .
1817 .
1821 .
1882 .
1841 .
f»
it
11
fnncB Villere
Paillet
»t
It
>•*.....«
1860
1852
1867
Lapeyrifere
Latbntaine
Erard
Heiii
«. Perrtfganx
florins Guillautne
francs De Moray
„ Patureau
11
11
u
II.
>. >•«..•
II
II
t»
fl
II
11
II
It
. 1,000
. 2,400
. 7.100
. 11,900
. 7,210
. 30.000
. 28 000
. 27.000
. 72.000
. 96,000
At the last-nanied sale the *' Two Coories," by Wa«teau>
fealieed no less than 66,000 francs ! The valae of china*
and other oijects of art or cariosity, ha» kept paoe with
that of pictures and sculptore ; in faot, in the case of
Bonen, Nevers, PaliMy, and other wares of that class, and
of Limoges enamel, the increase has been even .greater
than that which has taken place with respeet to pnCnres.
In many coses the lapse of half a centory or more has | Sritish
oaltumily increaiied the value of the object, hot this will
not aoQonnt fur the tithe -oi the diflefeooa batwaaii.old.and
present prices.
IxTsaHATiovAL EzoBJUMa OF CofoaoF Woasa op
FniK Akt.— The committee of the Cooooil of Education
have laUsly approved of tlie following msmorandom on
the Interuatiooal Exchange of Copies of Works of Fine
Art — 1. The ooUeotions at South Kensington [now
poascss many examples of works of fine art exeonted in
yariona kin«is of materials which are unique for their
beauty, excelleooe, and rarity. 2. in like manner meat
of the Art M seoms of the Continent contain similar
works. 3. isuoh objects must always lomain permanently
aa national treasures of the respective country ponessing
them. 4. Although the originals cannot be acquired,
vazioas modes of reproduction are now .matured aud em-
ployed, such Ma electrotyping, photography, elastic mould-
ing, do., whereby admirable substitutes may be easily
obtained with perfect seciuity to the ori^insls. 6. The
important National Art Museums at Pans, Berlin, Dres-
den, Monioli, Sio., already possess plaster csats of ancient
marbles, representing originab which are not in their own
possesion. But no comprehensive system appears yet to
have been mutured of employing electrotypmg or photo-
graphy to obtain copies of ol jeuts. 6. A commencement
of issuing duplicates of fine objects useful in general art
instruction, however, has-been made by the South Ken-
sington Museum. For example, through the intervention
of His Royal Highness the Prince i^'onsort, copies have
been obtained of the numeroua works of fine art in the
poeteesion of U^r Majesty the Queen. Through the
liberality of His Majesty the Emperor of the French, the
Science and Art Department was enabled, in 1866, during
the Paris Exhihi<ion,to obtain eleotrotypesandphotogrspbs
of numerous objecttt in the Louvre and Mos^e d'Aitillerie,
at Pari*. Photographs aluo have been taken of the
most important ol»jects, which for public instruction and
giatification were so liberally lent to the Department by
privale proprietors during the InterBational ExhihMou of
1862. The University of Oxford has unreservedly per-
mitted photographs to be taken of its original drawings by
Michael Angelo and RaffieUe. Arrangements now exist
at the South Kensington Museum by which every ohj«^
of the- art colleotioes may be copied by some one of the
many prooemss. 7. The period, tlierefore, seems to have
arrived when friendly relations might with reciprocal ad-
vantages be established between foreign museums and the
^oiMh Keiwington Maseuro for the purpose of organising
eome syatem of international exnhange of copies of the
finest works of art whkh each museum possesses, through
Her M^^y's Seeretary of State for Foreign Aerairs, by
eorrespondenee - with the governments of the various
eoontries wbwh possess museums and works of art.
8. TheaooompaBTing art inventory of the South Kensington
Maseom ehows the nature of the ol^eota already the pro-
perty of the^Musaum. Many objeota of exeeptional beauty
and rarity might be copied, and the nature of the copies
has been indicated in the inventory. These might b
deemed -worthy of the acceptance of the museums of other
eonntries. At the' same time it may^>be observed that
every object named in the inventory might be copied if
desbed. 9. A copy of this catalogue-ehould be forwarded
to Her Majesty's Mmisters abroad, through the Foreign
OflBce, to tie delivered to the various governments. A
reqoest should ^ made to such governments to forward
to the Sooth Kensington Museum any printed or MS.
eatalogoes of their own mttseums in whfoh the oljects,
exoeUent and rare, might be deaoled in a similar way.
Oppoftnnity might be Uken to inquire if the respective
govammentawould be disposed to entertain the idea of an
exohange of copies of objeota* and, if they should ooncor in
the idea, to aak them to authorise the^ariou'i Directors of
Moseonis to eommunieate dh-eotly with the Lords of the
Committee of Oonnoil on Education, at the .6outh
Kemtegton Museum. Copies have been sent to the
abroad.
THE PBESENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE m
REGARD TO GON-COTTON.
At SI time when the chief nations of the dvilised worla
aro-ooeopied in experimeming on the arts of attack and
defooee, it will be consid^eil neither nninstrticive nor
unuitereoiing to the scientific world, to consider the state
of knowledge in regard to what may become one of the
most pciweHul engines in human warfare.
Thedisoovery by Sob«nbein,in 1846, of pymxylin, or
gBo-cotton, was pradnted by Pdonae in 1888, who found
that cotton, hemp, linen, paper, dK.. when immersed for
aome minutes in nitrioaoid, sikI then well washed, beeame
Bobetanees of great oombostibility. In the brief hiatoiy of
the SQbstaiv*e, vartoo» have been the changes to which it
haa been subjected in scL mifiu and professional opinion on
the practicability of its application to warlike purpeses.
From time to time, certain acquired knowledge has
kyrought to light the various properties of gun-cotton,
known under the names of pyroxylin, nitro<^lulofte,
die, but since the report of the French Commission,
the record of whose experiments was published in
1862, and whose decisive verdict was that, ** Dans
I'^tat aotuel, il n'y a pas lien de eontinucr les exp^riene^
au point de vue dti leur emploi dans les armes de guerre,"
the subject msy be considered to have been set aside untU
within very lately.
The revival of the qneation may be fairly attributed to
the increased attention fiaid by scientific snd military men
to the arts of war in all countries, and to the labours of
continental itheniijits, the latter bfing evidenced in the re-
port of Jnne. 1863, on Baioii LenkVgun cotton, presented
to the Piesident of the Austrian Imperial Commission on
Gon-ootton.
358
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTT OP ARTS, Apeil 15, 1864.
The meibod ptmoed by SchSnbein was to stoep finely
divided ligneous matter, as ootton-wool, for a few minutes
in a mixture of nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric
add, afterwards squeezing, washing, and diying it ; this
substance being found to ignite at about 40U^ F. or
even lower. Gun-cotton has, however, been manufactured
by various persons by acting on cotton with mixtures oi
nitrate of potash and sulphuric acid, but these prooenes
have been so varied in detail as to result in an infinity
of substances known under the general name of gun-cotton.
The usual preparation of i^un-cotton is by me mixture
of three volumes of nitric acid with five volumes of con-
oenti-ated sulphuric acid ; tliis mhEtore having been
allowed to cool, the diy cotton is immersed by degrees in
the fluid, remaining therein 15 or 20 minutes ; it is then
compressed, freely washed, and dried l^doths, or a current
of air at a temperature of 90^ F. The reaction of the
nitric acid on the cellular substance of woody fibre may
be stated in tlie following equation : —
Gim>€Otlon.
JU.
0.4^.00.0+6 (NO.HO)=8 H0+C;4H„0,,+6 NO,
The explosive force of gun-cotton manufactured in the
manner above described being much p^reater than that of
gmipowder, the instantaneous strain u too great for the
metal of the gtm to withstand, and hence one of the
reasons for the non-substitution of gun-cotton for gun-
powder.
The objections to the use of gun-cotton thus manufiu^-
tured may be briefly stated. Firstly, the low temperature at
which it explodes, 400^ F. and even lower. Se(X>ndly, ita
facility of explosion by percussion. Thirdly, the aqueous
character of its products after explosicm. Fourthly, rapidity
of explosion. Fifthly, its liability to spontaneous explo-
aioD, and the production of gelatinous matter.
Its advantages consist in the obvious fiEUiilities of packhig,
-transport, and employment, besides its compresidbility and
Its not being injured by exposure to the action of water.
The fact of caibonio oxide, one of the chief products of
its combustion, being a poisonous and inflammable gas, has
prevented gun-cotton from being used in military mining
when galleries are used in the operations. A remedy has
been proposed by combining gun-cotton with nitrate of
potash, by which carbon is changed into carbonic acid, the
Other chief products being nitrogen and water.
The experiments of Baron Lenk, at Birtenberg, have
occupied many years, and although we are not warranted
in accepting every statement which has been made with
reference to the gun-cotton manufactured by him, it is
right that we should admit the advance in knowledge
which has attended his assiduous researches upon this
aubject. The Austrian Commission has proved, at least
as far as its conclusions go, that one part of gun-cotton
is equivalent to three parts of gunpowder, and that, as
prepared by Baron Lenk, it is more uniform in explosion.
The process, as far as we understand it in this country,
is as follows '.^-Cotton yam twisted into strands is
flteeped for a few minutes in nitric add and washed;
it is then left for forty-eight hours in a bath con-
taining equal volumes of sulphuric and nitric acids
After being squeezed it is exposed from four to
eight weeks in a stream of water, and then dried and
finally soaked in a boiling solution of potash in order to
render it slower of combustion, and non-explosive by
Ssrcussion. The distinguished chemists, who report upon
aron Lenk*s gun-cotton, argue that in consequence of
the difference of detail in the processes of the experi-
menters upon the subject, but little value can be attached
to the past experience of gun-cotton. The variations in
detail may be stated to be variations as to strength of
acids, temperature, duration of chemical action, removal
of free acid, and conditions of mixing. When we con-
aider the little which has been done in this country on
the Buhjeot, it is consolatory to know that the French
•OotnaiMon, after six years' labour, flailed to arrive at any
definite result, and, according to the Austrian report,
neglected not only to ascertain the true composiliOB of
gun-ootton, but also whether the substance upon which it
experimented was the same, in a chemical point of yiew,
aU through the series. It is certainly fair to inmt upon
the fact, that the method of preparation in the French
experiments ii very difierent to that employed by the
Austrian Commisrion. In the analysis of the Leok gim-
cotton b^ the Austrian Imperial Engineers' Committee in
1861, it IS shown that it is almost entirely composed of tri-
nitro cellulose, while it should also be stated that experi-
ments in this country do not agree in the impoctanoe
attached by General Lenk to his treatment of gon-eotton
with soluble glass. With referenoe to the statement
made in the report, complaining that if a eompariran be
instituted between gunpowder and gun-ootton, then the
diflerenoe in the true composition of the charcoal used
should be appreciated, it is sufficient to reply that in thb
country, at all events, the preparation of wood-charcoal
for the manu&cture of gunpowder is conducted in such a
manner and by such a process as to ensure a high degree
of uniformity, and that the manufacture of gunpowder,
so fiir from being in the hands of ignorant persons, as ii
stated by the report to be the case in Austria, has almost
attained with us a climax of scientific ingenuity and
accuracy.
Notwithstanding the assumptions and arguments used
in the report with regard to the unalterable quality of the
Lenk gun-cotton, and also a statement tu the efl^t that a
quantity of cotton was exposed, after lying in a pond for six
weeks, to a stream of water, then to the air for one month, and
failed to redden litmus paper, it is considered that proof hai
been obtained by experiments carried on in this countiy
that an acidity will become manifest in the Hirteobefg
gun-cotton during the diying process, and that thu
acidity remains after storing in wooden or metal-lined
cases, even if these are kept ventilated. It Is posnlble that
high^'r nitro-compounds, which exist in minute qnantltkB
in Lenk's gun-cotton, are decomposed, and the acid ob-
served — ^the result of their change — while there u gromid
for t)elleving the tri-nitro eellultm to posseas greater sta-
bility. The apparent argument that the acidity obeerred
in stored gun-cotton is or no more value than the minute
changes which occur in gunpowder, is not to be enter-
tained for an instant, b^use the evolution of heat in
the case of gun-cotton is hr greater than in that of gun-
powder, and sufficient to lead to the i^ition of the ma-
teiial. The statements which the Austnan chemists make
in regard to the unfitness for ballistic purposes of gun-
powder which has been exposed to the action of the at-
mosphere, are sufficiently contradicted by Mr. Abel, the
chemist to the War Department, of all persons the most
experienced on such a subject. In the report of Lieut-
Colonel Baron Von Kbner, the lowest explo^ve tempera-
ture of the Uirtenberg cotton is fixed at 276^ Fahr., but
there is nothing contained in the Austrian report which
can be admitted to support the assertion that the cotton is
not spontaneously explosive, while it is fair on the other
hand to publish the fact, that only one seemingly spon-
taneous explosion of Hirtenberg cotton has occurred in
ten years. There can be no doubt that the assertion
in regard to the safety of the process employed at Hirten-
berg is perfectly correct, and that as the material acted
upon is in a moist or wet oondi^on during the operations,
it is of course non-explosive. In the magssine at Hirten-
berg not one explosion has occurred in the space of twelve
years, while there has been only one explosion in the
manufactory, and that resulting from improper lipeed in
the working of the machinery. The theoretical proofs
offered in the report against the spontaneous explo«iibiUt.v
of the gun-cotton are, that the atoms of hydrogen, which
m ordinaiv cotton are acted upon by the atmospheric
oxygen — heat being generatQ>l-x-are disposed of by
** azotisation," that by the long acid-steeping nothiog
remains for the oxygen of the air to act upon, and, finally,
that slow decay cannot affect the gnn-cotton. The /otxt
briiotUe, or vU viva, of gun-cotton being far greater than
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, April 15, 1864.
359
tbtl of ganpowder, ii follows that the strain upon the
metal of a gun is proportionately increased, and hence
.greater danger of bursting. The proposal in this report
to constroot gnns specially adapted to bear the enormous
strain of the ezplo&on of gun-cotton, will be received with
considerable caution in this country, a feeling which the
obvious fact of the greater amount of heat generated, and
consequent action upon the metal, will not tend to
remove. It is stated, however, that the oxidation of the
metal of the gun — if there be any — will be less than that
of gunpowder, when the products of the combustion of
gnn-ootton are considered.
The following analysis was made by Lieut. Yon
Karolyi, in the Chemical Laboratory of the Engineer
Corpe Committee :—
GaBIS or OOMBUSTIOK.
Yolume per cent
Nitrogen I2a7
Carbonic acid 20*82
Carbonic oxide 28y6
Bydrogen 3*16
Marsh gas 7*24
Carbon 1-82
Aqueous vapour 25 34
10000
Whether it might not be possible to employ elongated
caririd^ of gun-cotton for artillery purposes, thereby
spreading over a greater surface the instantaneous ex-
plosive force, is a question worthy of consideration b}'
practical men. The gases of both gunoowder and gun-
oottOQ are irrespirable, but it may be safely asserted on the
^e of gun-cotton that the gaaes produced being lighter,
Aud not containing the solid particles of sulphide of
potai»ium, as is the case with gunpowder, are more easily
removable by ventilation. A consideration of the report
induces attention to the following chief statements:—
7hat the Lenk gun-cotton almost entirely consists of nitro-
cellulose, and as manufactured at Hirtenberg, one invari-
able product results. That it is not subject to notable
alteration, nor is it prone to explode spontaneously. That
the temperature of ignition is sufficiently high to remove
fears regarding its ordinary usage. Ttiat the Jotu bruante
43an be moderated; this latter statement, however, re-
quiring full experimental investigation, and that the
dangers in military mining from the irrespirable nature
of the product of the combustion, are fully as great in
j^unpowder as in gun-cotton. It is scarcely necessary to
add that these assertions can only be accepted witli re-
servation, and that it is to be hoped the attention of
chemists and military men will be turned to a seai-ching
Aod rigid examination of their truth, with a view to our
rortber enlightenment on so important a subject.
A Kew Gon has recently been invented by Mr. James
Mackay, of Liverpool. The principle in all rifled cannon
appears to have been to allow as little windage as possible,
and to make the shot fit the grooves of the piece, taking
from them a rotation in its flight. Mr. Mackay, on the
other hand, has conceived the plan of having the grooves
0O arranged that, while the shot flts closely to their outer
edge, the grooves are left open for windage. By this
arrangement the gas has to travel some feet further than
tlie shot, and in doing this is said to impart a rapid and
perfect " spin" to it. The shot are of cylindrical form,
soiootli, witli conical heads, and cupped at the other end
in. proportion. Mr. Mackay also claims a peculiarity in
the wadding, which is of sawdust^ and at the niovecnent of
tlie firat ignition of the powder the elasticity of the wad-
ding moves forward the shot slightly ; the effect is that
tti 9 whole of the powder is stated to he burnt, and the
abock on the breech of the gun is considerably le^f*ened.
JL ^n on this principle has been made by the Merney
8f«el and Iron Works Company. It is of wrought iron.
^reighs nine tons, has a bore of 8*12 inches, and in other
rcapocCA corresponds with the geneial featurei of the
ordinary 68-pounder. There are 12 grooves, and, as
the shot do not enter these grooves, it idlows of a much
sharper twist than in ordinary rifled guns. The velocity
has been found to be 1,640 feet a second. Messrs.
Laird and Company, of Birkenhead, are now building
an armour-plated venel called the Agincourt, for the
Government, and the gun has been tested against a
section of the side of that vessel. This target consisted
of an outer plate, 7 feet square and 6} inches thick, of
rolled iron; next came 9 inches of teak, then an inner
plate or skin three-fourths of an inch thick, then angle
iron and ribbing, and finally a backing up with timber
balks and supports 18 inches thick. The gun was
charged with 80 lb. of powder and a cast steel shot,
weighing 167 lb. The range was 200 yards. At the
point of impact a perfectly drcular hole was cut. The
shot then powdered the teak, passed through the inner
skin and the angle iron, shattered the timber balk, and
was picked up 82 yards beyond the target, together
with a circular piece of the iron armour, about §0 lbs.
weight, it had carried with it through the back supports.
The sand showed that it had spun to the last. The shot
when found was reduced from IS inches to II inches in
length, and increased about an inch and a half in diameter
at the end which struck the target. The other end was
uninjured. The whole target was forced back about six
inches, and so much deranged that more shots were not
fired.
CoppBR MmiNQ nr Lakb Supkbiob. — The total amount
of capital invested in the fee-simple and development of
the mines now working, not including the value of the
metal produced, is estimated at about 6,000,000 dollars,
while their stocks are worth over 15,000,000 dollars.
The aggregate amount of copper produced in 1863 was
not less than 9,000 tous of stamp work, barrel and mass,
or about 7,500 tons of ingot, worth at its present value
over 6,000,000 doUan, or the total sum of money thus
actually invested; but as the largest portion of it was
probably sold at an avera^ of 85 cents, per lb., the aggre-
gate receipts of sales will not be much over 5,000,000
dollars, from which about 1,000,000 dollars has been, or
Will be, divided among the shareholders, with still full
treasuries, so far as most of the mines are concerned.
PaoocoTioN OF OzTQBN Gas.— lu a paper vtfad before
the Pharmaceutical Society a short time since, Blr.
Bobbins described a new, scientific, and cheap method of
producing oxygen gas. After adverting to the various
methods hitherto employed, he says: — *'lt will have
doubtless been observed by you that in all the processes
hitherto known a high temperature is necessary, and until
that point is reached, no product whatever is obtained ;
this &otwe may consider as the chief difficulty expeiienced
in the preparation of oxygen, and more especially so when
sulphuric acid is used. If, for example, by the mere
addition of sulphuric acid to bichromate of potash in the
cold we could get the same results which are obtained by
the application of heat, this process, instead of being
thrown in the rear, would have taken front rank. Oxy«
geunesis therefore stands alone as a novel and the only
mode we possess for producing oxygen without the appli-
cation of heat. The mode of using this com{)ound is
extremely simple. We have only to take some of this
powder, place it in a glass flask or bottle provided with
an exit tube, pour on either of the dilute mineral acids,
and we have Immediately oxygen evolved in a similar
way, and with as much facility as hydrogen is obtained
from zinc, or carbonic acid from a carbonate. The compo-
sition of this compound is extremely simple, merely a
mixture of peroxide of barium and bichromate of potash ;
not so the chemical changes resulting from the addition
of an acid. Peroxide of barium on addition of sulphuric
acid is resolved into sulphate of baryia and peroxide of
hydrogen, and it is from this sometimes so-called oxy-
genated water wo get this curious and interesting chemical
reaction. Whenever peroxide of hydrogf* in
acid are brought in contact with each oth
360
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Afbil 15, 1864.
deeomposHion iaihe resalt ; the chromic acid is reduced
to M0qoioz]de of cbromiaiD, and the peroxide of hydrogen
to water, at the same time pure oxygen derlTcd from iM^th
thoae eobetanoes is diieogaged. ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ We are not com-
pelled to use predeely the iogredieDts mentiooed, but
may sulviitote analogoai compoonds. Peroxide of barium
might be replaced by any other peroxide capable of form-
ing binoxide of hydrogen* of which there are several, — per-
oxide of potaidam, a^ium, ■trontium, and calcium, but all
theee at the present time are practically useless, peroxide
of barium being the only one that can be easily and
eheaplv prepared. Bichromate of potash may be suhsti-
tnted by manganate or permanganate of potash, binoxide
of manganese, or binoxide of lead ; the cost of the two
first-mentioned foibids their present use, and the one
selected is by far preferable to the others. With regard
to the acids, either of the mineral class will do, but I
prefer sulphuric acid. The next question demanding our
notice is, in a commercial point of view, a most important
one; hoivever much this method may be admired for its
■impUdty, and the ease with which the operation may be
oonducted, its ultimate suoceiw or failure must depend on
the coKt. Can the oxygennesis therefore be manufactured
•ad sold at a price sufficiently low to make it an artide
of commerce? I believe it can be made available
for all purposes whenever oxygen is required to the extent
of some gallons. One of tiie ingrecfients of this com-
pound, peroxide of barium, has never yet been produced
. and sold as a commercial article, and from the trouble in
making a small quantity, but few, even practical chemists,
care to prepare it for themselves. It can hardly therefore
be expected that a compound of this nature can at once
be manufactured and sold at a price it most ultimately be
reduced to, if extensively used and produced in quantity.
Five shillings per pound, the price hitherto charged,
would, 1 admit, be a barrier to its general adoption ; but
I am happy to say we have now made the neoesHsry
anangementa to lessen the cost of production, and have
at the same time reduced the price to three shillings for
the <Hie-ponnd bottle, and le»t if a laiiger quantity is
required. Some of the baryta compounds aie ftmnd
abundantly in aatiire, and are but of small value in the
market, but up to the present time bat few usee hare been
made of them ; they now promise a mnc^ more extensive
application. Mr. Kuhlman has perhaps done more tlian
any one else to develope their usee and value in the artn."
The Miohigak Pxtbolbum, lately discovered, has been
analyzed, and found to be of a very superior quality. It
is said to have less odour than the crude Pennsylvania oils,
and will yield 20 per cent, more of the refined article
than the former. Its specific gravity is 40 deg. Tha^of
the Pennsylvania oil ranges f^m 46 deg. to 47 deg.
tf0lDmt8«
MiiOBiNE FOB Ship Pdhpiko. — A Hobart-town paper
speaks of a new machine (the invention of Gapt. Christie)
for working the pumps *of a ship in the event of h«r
making a large quantity of water. The machine is on
the principle of a child's roundabout, but where the horses
Are placed in that apparatus masts are fixed in this, which
are six in number ; sails are attached, so arranged that
three must always be full of wind whatever direction it
may blow, the other three being edge on and consequently
powerless. A strong motive power is stated to be thus
obtained, which causes the centre shaft to revolve, and
this in turn works cranks communicating with the pumps.
The machine can be constructed easily out of inch
mateiials as are ever to l>e found un board a loaded
ship. Capt. Christie alro thinks of applying his idea
for the purpose of raising water on the farm for irrigating.
Canadian FiNASor. — The public accounts for the year
1S63 exhibit a more favourable balance than has been the
case for several years past. The five great sources of
revenue — customs, excise, public works, post- office, and
territorial revenue — have produced 7,662.490 dolUn,
which exceed the receipts from the same sources in 1862 bj
1.104,961 dollars; the minor revenues of the consolidated
^and have realised 914,821 dollars, being an increase apoa
1 862 of 1 1 9,835 dollars ; and the receipt of the trust fundi
and other open accounts have been 1,183,004 doUan,
which is an increase of 127,676 dollars. While tl»
revenue has thus increased in the aggregate 1^1,671
dollars, there has l»een a diminution of expenditure t«
the extent of 228.873 dollais. making a toUi of 1,680,741
dollars; but in spite of this great impit>vement upoi
1862 there is still a serioun defidency, although very
much less than was estimated. The expenditure, \m
redemption of debt, has been 10,742,807 dollare, tb<
receipts, less sale of debentafes and sinking fund,
9,76^«,816 dollaia. leaving a deficiency of 982,941 doUart.
Lar^e as ia the deficiency in this balance sheet, it ii
an iimnense improvement on the deficita of the lait
ten years. Of the deficit more than half is accounted
for by extra militia expenditure and extra legislatirs
expenditure.
Jamaica Con«ON.— The reports fVom the oottoo fieldi
belonging to the Jamaica Cotton Company say that thingi
are there looking very well. There are well establith^l
and bearing fields of 350 acres out of 560 acres fini>t put io,
from which, with average weather for gathering in the
crops, shipments should be made this year, at di^frest
periods, of 350 bales of good marketahle cotton. The
district is well supplied with labour. The sugar planter
is equally as anxious as the cotton grower for the suooesi-
ful cultivation of cotton in the district.
Elbctbio Telegraphs in New Zbalakd.— £160,000
has been set apart by the Geneial Assembly from tha
£3,000,000 loan lately sanctioned, for the purposes of
telegraphic communication, and £75,000 has been allotted
for telegraph works to be cairied out within & period ex'
tending to March. 1865. The first poition of the main
trunk line is now nearly completed, and noessages will
shortly be tiansmitted along that section.
New Zealand. — A Lyttelton paper says : — »• Ganterboi)
is a noble estate. Let a little capital and a httle laboui
be properly expended upon the soil, and every acre ried
steadily to at least ten times its original value. If ii
could be clearly explained in England that all who canM
to Canterbuiy became at once on landing joint proprietor
in a valuable estate, valued at some ten million steiliD|
we cannot doubt for an instant that a lai^ and aostaioe
immigration would spontaneously spring up. The peofJ
of Canterbuiy may well hug themselves on the value <
the possession which has fallen to them. Scairely a till
of their inheritance has been realised, and already th<
can point to well-made roads stretching far into the plain
to rivers bridged over here and there, to innumeiafa
creeks made pasf^le, to cities cleansed and beantifie
and, more important than all, to a commencement of
system of railways. Long before the last acre of Cant4
bury has been disposed of, it may be made a thick]
pe< pled, settletl, cultivated land, intersected with laUwi
and telegraph:*, its rivers bridged, its towns conned
with the principal city, and that city connected with
port furnished with all that is needed to make it a peif
harbour. Nothing has been done towards forwarding; 1
harbour works at Lyttelton, or extending the rail*
system, or bridging the rivers. If the country meam
have these works carried out it must stir itsrlf up a
iuhist upon pioperst«'ps being taken. Everyone kiMJ
that the continuation of the land sales depei»d« upon i
opening up of the countiy, and that the rivers that
tersect the plains offer most serious obstacles to i
object being cairied out."
8HtpBuiLi>iNo IN New Zbalano.^ — This branch
trade in securely establthhing itself in this colony. £i
shipwrightH have ai rived by the City of JhtnediRy
immediately found employment at the yaund of lit
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, April 15, 186i.
361
Wilaoo, who has two vessels OQ the stocks and a large
pant nearly read/ to launch. At another yard a schooner
has b^en recently Uaoched.
i ttWitatiffnslJsaeJ.
ELBUB>rrs OF Phtsics, or Nataral Philosophy, written
for general use in plain or non-technical language. By Neil
Arnot, M.D., BMLS. Sixth edition, thoroughly revised* and
containing in ths second part (to be published in October
next, price lOj. 6d.) the new completing chapters on Electri-
city and Astronomy, with an outline of Popular Mathe-
matlcs. Part 1. 8vo. pp. 430, price 10s. 6d. cloth. (Lona-
ma/u, ) In the preface the author explains that after publish-
ing the first volume and half of this work, successive editions
of the unfinished book were rapidly called for, but that after
the fifth he would not print it again until he should be able
to complete it to his satisfaction. In the meantime, besides
his direct professional business, he could not avoid ^ving
aasistanoe in some parts of the public service where it was
requested — as by the General Board of Health in regaM
to sanitary affiurs, and when the government honoured nim
hy appointing him a Member of the Senate of the New
University of London. Such engagements have delayed
the completion of this work, until by withdrawing from
profeoional labours, as now, he has full oommand of his
time. In the introduction the author says, in relation to
physics, '* In the course of the procedins disquisition, we
have seen that physics or natural philosophy, the sub-
ject of the present volume, is fundamental to the other
parts of science, and is therefore that of which a certain
mmount of knowledge is indispensable in a sound education.
Bacon truly calls it * the root of the sciences and arts.
That its importance has not been marked by the place which
it has held in common plans of education is owing chiefiy
to the inisooooeption that deep knowledge of technical
mathematics, which only a few have leisure to acquire,
was only a neoesaary pieliminary." In relation to mathe-
matics he says, ** Now it is true that a certain amount of
mathematical knowledge is necessary to the student, but
it is equally true that the mathematical knowledge
aoqnired by individualB generally, in the common ex-
perience of early years, is sufficient to enable students,
with a little help, to comprehend the fundamental laws
of nature ; nearly as the knowledge of language obtained
at the same time and in the same way is sufficient, with-
out the previous study of abstract grammar, to enable
persons to understand conversation on all common subjects.
Few persons in civilised society are so ignorant as not to
know that a square has four equal sides, and four equ^
'Corners or angles, that every point in the circumference of
a circle is at tne'nme distance from the centre, or who do
not inunediately oisoover whether a tree or pillar observed
etands upright or leans, whether a table is level or inclined,
whether two lines are parallel or not, and so forth. Now
these are fundamental mathematical perceptions, and it
will be shown in the mathematical appendix to this work
that sQch truths reach far in explaining the great phenomena
of nature." In relation to the importance of physics to
medical praotitionerj, he says, ** Physics is also an im-
portant foundation of the healing art. The medical man,
Indeed, is the engineer pre-emmentlv ; for it is in the
animal body that the highest perfection and the greatest
variety of mechanism are found. Where, to illustrate
mechanics, is to be seen a system of levers and hinges, and
moving parts, like the limbs of an animal body ; where
each an hydraulic apparatus as in the heart and blood-
vessela; such a pneumatic apparatus as in the breathing
' chest ; toch acoustic apparatus as in the ear and larynx ;
inch an optical instrument as in the eye ; in a word, such
variety and perfection as in the whole of the visible
anatomy? Ail these stractnres, then, the medical man
•hoold understand, as a watdimaker knows the pans of
a time-pieoe which he is entrusted to repair." And in re-
lation to the importance of physics to persons generally, he
says, " The laws of phy«iics having an influenco so extensive
as appears from these paragraphs, it need not excite sdrprise
that all classes of society are at last discovering the deep
interest they have to understand them. The lawyer finds
that in many of tho causes tried in his courts, an appeal must
be made to physics,— as in cases of duiputed inventions ;
accidents in navigation, and travelling; disputes respecting
steam-engines, and machines generally ; questions arising
out of the agency of winds, rains, water-currents, &c. : the
statesman in Parliament is constantly listening to dis-
cussions respecting bridges, roads, canals, docks, tele-
graphs, and the mechanical industry of the nation ; the
clergyman finds everywhere among the factn of nature
the most intelligible and striking proofs of God's wisdom
and goodness ; the sailor in his ship has to deal with
one of the most admirable machines in existence; and
jBoldiers, while studying how to defend their country, find
its safety and its rank among the nations to depend
greatly on the perfection to which their knowledge of
physics has brought their rifled artillery (as made by
Armstrong, Whitworth, and others), their iron clad ships,
and other parts of their military engineering ; the land-
owner, in making improvements on his estates, buildings,
draining, irrigating, road-making, &o. ; the farmer,
eaually in these particulars, and in all the machinery
of agriculture ; the manufacturer, of course, to the widest
extent; the merchant who has to purchase and dis-
tribute over the world the products of manufacturing
Industry — all these are interested in Phyeics; and
even the man of letters, that he may not, in draw-
ing illustrations from the material world, repeat the
scientific heresies and absurdities which have hereto-
fore prevailed, and which, by shocking the now better
informed public, would lower the estimation in which
literature would be held : and, lastly, parents of either sex,
whose conversation and example have such powerful effect
on the character of their children, quickly rising to be
their successors; — all should have knowledge of physios,
as one important part of their educational acquirements."
|(otts.
Omnibuses. — The importance of omnibus locomotion
to Londoners is illustrated by the fact that an average
of no less than 137,000 passengers peV day are carried by
these vehicles. The statistics of metropolitan omnibus
traffic are, for the half-year ending December, 1863 :—
Average number of omnibuses working daily, 583 ; of
horses, 6,189 ; total number of miles run, 6,004,782 ;
of passengers carried, 20,592,544; average receipts per
mile run. Is. ; average fare per passenger carried, 3^4.;
gross earnings for omnibus per day, £2 16s. 6d. ; gross
receipts dunng the half-year, £302,895 7s. 5d.; gross
expenditure, £278,788 Is. 8d. ; net profit (after allowing
for a reduction in value of horse stock), £24,107 5s. 9d.
The General Omnibus Company runs vehicles over
12,000,000 miles, and carries upwards of 41,000,000
passengera a year.
A Tbavellbb in Italy writes : — " Obtaining refresh-
ments when travelling is always attended with difficulty
and discontent, even by lail ; but always on Italian roads, by
diligence or vetturino, it becomes moat serious. I send
you my experience, as it may be useful. Before leaving
London I had an ordinary pkmic basket, made of wicker
work ; in this was a tin box big enough for a chicken, a
bottle of wine, tumbler, knives and forlw, and a tea-
making apparatus, the whole very oo npact, about 12
inches by 9 inches, and 6 inches deep ; not at *Jl^ *<w
large to carry pver one's shoulder. Where I slept, before
retiriog I ordered a chicken to be ready, cold, the next
morning ; and with this, wine and bread, a very fair dinner
may be made on the road, — certainly immensely superior
to the dirty, greasy, mutton oatleta which are the usoal
fiire obtainable at short notice at a wayside inn."
362
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 16, 1864.
Memorial Tablets. — Sib, — I would sabmit, as a
Bubjeci for a prize or prizes, to be offered by tbe Society
of Arts, designs for memorial tablets to distingmshed
persons, to be affixed to houses in which they were
Dom or dwelt. Records of this kind have been publicly
mentioned several times of late years, and the public
probably would now like to have the opportunity
of seeing what could be done in this way, and the cost at
which Uiey could be obtained in different materials, as
mosaic, majolica, metal, terra cotta, &c. Mosaic
especially might seem promising in effect, having the ad-
vantage also of affording a test on a small scale, not only
of its appearance in exterior decoration in London, but
also of its duiability in the London atmosphere. A
public portrait in mosaic with an inscription would
form a simple and interesting record, and such as people
might be ready to erect if they knew the cost and
saw the effect. In Kensington there is a house in which
Sir Isaac Newton lived, which might well receive such a
recording tablet. — I am, &c., Epsilon.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING VEEK.
If OK. ...Medical, 8|. Mr. Teerao, " On lome lAjurlet to the Skall. *
Britbh ArohHeoti, 8. '
AfiatiCjS.
Tins. ...CiTil Engiaeen, 8. Mr. William Llovd, ** Description of
the Santiago and Valparaiao Railwajr.*^
Statlitieal, 8. Mr. James Herwood, ** The Resources of
BraiU."
Patholofloal, 8.
AnthropiDlofical, 8.
Rqral Inst, 3. Prof. Helmholts, F.B.S., **The Natural
Law of Consarratioa of Entrfj."
Wed,.,. Sodetj of Arts, 8. Mr. Thomas Webster, F.R.S., " On the
Pattnt Laws.**
Meteorological, t,
R. Society of Literatore, 4. Annual Meeting.
TBva.^8ooie^of Arts, 8. Caator Leotnres. Dr. Craee CaWert,
(« On Chemistiy applied to the Arte—Animal Fattj Mat-
ters, fltc.**
Royal, 8|.
Linnoan, 8. 1. Dr. W. Baird, **On New Spedes, Ac , of
Annelids In the Collection of the British Muaeom.**
Rer. T. A. Marshall, ** On the Eumolphidaf a Group of
PhjtophagOQS Cleoptera.**
Ohemioal, 8. Mr. J. T. Way, "PhUosophj of British
Africoltore.**
Numismatic, Y.
R. SooietjClub,6.
Bojal Inst, 3. Prof. Helmholts, ** Natural Law of Oouer-
Tation of Enetnr.**
Vai......Jl07al Inst, 8. Prof. Blackie, »• On Lrcurgus.**
R. United Serrice Inst, 3. Mi^r Talbot Hartej, «* The
ProgresslTe and Posdble Derelopment of Inlkntry Drill
and ManceuTret.*'
Bat ......R. Rotanic, 3f .
Royal Inst, 3. Prof. F^rankland, ** On the Metallic Ele-
ments.**
Antiquaries, 2. Annual Meeting.
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL PRINTED PAPERS.
Far.
Numb*
SESSION 1863.
i»1. New Zealand (Natlre AAiirs)— Return (dellTered 4th Marok)
Ddhermi on 8th March, 1864.
19. RaUwaj and Canal, «c. Bills (196. Shrewsbury and Potteries
Junction Railway; 196. Teipn VaUey Railway; 197,
Ardrossan Harbour; 198. Bute Doclis (Cardiff;: 199. Exe
Valley Railway; 200. OlouoeMerabire and Wiltshire Rail-
way; 201. LlaneUy Harbour Improvement; 20t. South-
ampton and NeUey Railway; 203. Waterfbrd and Limerick,
Limerick and Foynes, and Rathkeale and Newcastle Junction
RaUwars; 204. Weald of Kent Railway; 205. Western
super Mare Pier; 206. Whltl^ Water; 207. Hartlepool
Port and Harbour; 208. Commercial Docks and Grand
SurrcT Docks and Canal; 2U9. Dublin and BalUnglass
Juncuon Railway ; Dublin and Belfkst Junction Railway)—
Board of Trade Reports,
to. Oeoeral or Quarter Sessloiis (Middlastz, 4o.)~R«tom.
Ijo. Kertch Orant^Retum.
«. Central Asia— Mr. Datlei Report.
Ddhered m 9th Mmreh, 1864.
19. Railway and Canal, he. BUls(210. Ilfracombe Railway^ Slti,
Llynri Valley and Ogmore Valle/ Railway ; 212. Mandittd
and Milford RaUway; 213. Much Wenlock and Sevuf
Junction and Wenlock RaUway Companies A mal g a m atio a i
214. Rhymney Railway (Cardiff to Caerphilly, ««.); llC
Swansea Harbour Trust; 216. Valeof CrickhowellRailv^j
217. Workington Harbour)— Board of Trade Reporta.
intents.
/y-om ComnduioMrt <tf Patents Journal, AprQ itt,
ORASTS or PBOnSIOHAL PaOTBCTlOX.
Axles, lubricating of railway— 753— W. A. Torrey.
Coal, hewing of ~ 607— W. W Burdon.
Engines, mc^re power — 735— W. Home.
Oasellcrs, &c., additions to— 751 — I. Barnes.
Mashing, apparatus (br— 745 - C. Garton and T. Hill.
Scum, remoring of— 699— C. Heywood.
Sewing, &c., machinery for— 215— L. Lindlejand F. Taylor.
Ships, coating of— 351— M. C. de C. Sioibaldl.
Sizing, dressing, &o., apparatus fbr— 639~T. Parkins<m, F. Taylor,
and T. Burton.
Smoke Talve — 603 — T. Boyle.
Spinning, machinery for— 699— J. H. Albinson and J. Collier.
Woollen fabrics, «c, clearing blemishes from— 639— L. A. DurIa.
iKVEiniOKS WITH COMPLSTB SPKOTPI0A.TIOHS FlLCI>.
Railways, ooostniction of— 789— H. A. BonneriUe.
Railways, &c.— 832— C. D. TIsdale.
Patints Sialso.
2478. J. Molnnes.
2484. G. W. Reynolds.
2488. W. B. Fairbanks, J. La-
vender, and F. Lavender.
2496. J. Heap.
2498. T. Browning.
2500. T. Fox.
2505. J. J. Anderton.
2506. J. Dodge.
2508. J. E. Poynter.
2512. T. Scott.
2519. J. Milton.
2638. S. Berrisfocd and W. Aiai-
worth.
2539. J. Shanks.
2540. W. Hampsoft,jna.
2664. J. Vaaghan.
2772. W. Clark.
/V»m OonmniitUmertqf Pattnt* Jammal, AprU SA.
Patkhts BSALaD.
2S24.
2627.
2629.
2531.
2534.
2536.
2650.
2554.
2565.
2566.
2668.
2579.
2580.
2583.
2688.
2596.
R. Bewler, jun.
S. R. Smith.
B. F. Weathardon.
J. Polfflase and J. Cox.
F. A. E. O. de
S. Jay.
F. de Wylde.
W. Fletcher.
A. Bttdenberg.
W. Snell.
M. Petteakc^Br.
T. C. Clarkaon.
J. Hinton.
G. Howell.
Z. Colbom.
A. A. CrolL
2602.
2623.
2638.
2638.
2669.
3686.
9696.
2704.
2884.
2927.
34.
142.
166.
318.
360.
John Weems.
W. Betts.
F. B. Bakar.
F. Parker.
M. Henry.
W. Oadd,Jun.
J.BriffhamaadB.
ton.
J. H. Brown.
J. H. Johasui.
J. H. Johnson.
. T. Bonsiwld.
. J. Vlnot.
J. Wlbon.
O. T. BowiaU.
T.
g
PATins on wmoH Tsa Stamp
841. R. B. Greenwood.
876. F.TVlor.
909. J. Silrester.
854. J. H. Johnson.
858. H. Wilde.
1009. E. H. Bentoll.
1027. E. H. BentaU.
1106. P. Wright.
872. J. Hlg^sandT. S. Whit-
worth.
DuTT OP fiO HAa mmmm Paid
908. J^ Cooper.
910. JZ. F. DelaaMqr.
911. O. Graham.
892. T. Dob, T. Smith, aai L
HoriAald.
899. J. M. Doalop.
903. J. Ward di R. QtmmmwA
906. J. C. Rlvett.
978. J. WhHahoQM.
PaTIMTS CM WHICH TBI STAMP DUTT OP £100 MAS BKKV PAItk.
961. 8. Clarke.
1896. J. J. H. Briancihon.
1046. P. MoFiarlane.
1061. J. Rubery.
1028. T. N. Pengelly
Porter.
1369. C. BartholooMw aad
HeptlaataU.
^pttre2r §ta^s.
Sash EMtene r 4 627— March 17— Hammond aad Pmrott, CpMdfla.
Shooting Jacket and Vest— 4628— April 4 —John Q. Bled, i
R^fent- street, W.
RetolTine apparatus ftnr Wasiking or Disofaarging Chemloate tn
Photographic Prinu or Pictar«s—4«ao— April •— 4a«or
Williams, 1, Rhode-plaoe, HoUowaj.
Perambulator and Sun and Rain Shade— 4630— April 9 Hea
Lloyd and J. H. Milee, Birmingham.
^mxml d %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, APRIL 22, 1864.
[No. 596. Vol. XII.
Ordinary Mbbtinqs.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
April 27. — 'Adjourned Discotsion on Mr. Webster's
Pftper on ** The Patent Laws."
Oantor Lboturss.
The next lecture on " Chemistry applied to the
Arts" will be delivered by Dr. F. Grace Calvert,
F.R.S., F.C.8., corresponding member of the
Royal Academy of Turin, of the Soci6t6 In-
dustrielle de Mulhouse, of the Soci6t6 Im-
peri&le de Pharmacie de Paris, (fee, on Thurs-
day evening, at 8 o'clock, as follows :^
Apbcl 28. — LBonniB V. — Flesh, its chief constitaents,
boiling, roasting, and preservation. Animal black, its
manufacture and applications. The employment of
animal refuse in the manufacture of prussiate of potash,
Prussian blue. Manufacture of arti6cial animal manures.
May 5. — Lscturb VI. — Animal Liquids. — Bile, its
puriftcaiion and detergent properties. Blood, its applica-
tion iu the reBning of sugar and the manufacture of
albumeo. Albumen, iti use in calico printing and photo-
graphy. Urine, its uses. MUk, its composition pro-
perties, falsification, and preservation. A few words on
patreikction.
Albert Medal.
The Gk>ld Medal established by the Society
in memory of its late President, the Prince
Consort, to be called the " Albert Medal," and
to bestowed, from time to time, "for distin-
gnished merit in promoting Arts, Manufactures,
and Commerce," has been adjudged to Sir Row-
land Hill, K.C.B., in recognition of his eminent
services to all classes of the community in the
creation of the Penny Postage System and other
Postal reforms.
Dwellings of the Labouring Classes.
Referring to the resolutions passed by the
Council, on the 16th of March, and printed in
No. 591 of the Journal, the Council have fixed
the Conference on this subject for Thursday and
Friday the 26th and 27th of May, at 11-30
each morning, and the following letter of invita-
tion is about to be issued : —
Sib, — The Council have recently been invited to turn
their attention to a subject of the gravest importance,
viz., the present condition of the Dwellings of the Labour-
ing Glasses. At a meeting of the Society, held on Wed*
nesday evening, the 9th December last, Mr. J. C. Morton
read a paper on " Agricultural Progress ; its Helps and
its Hindrances." During the discussion arising upon this
paper, the subject of Labourers* Cottages was touched
upon, but it was thought to be of such great importance as
to demand the special oonsideration of the Society, and
the Council have since given their anxious attention to the
consideration of this matter at several of their meetings.
During the past century the Society has frequency
occupied itself with questions of a similar character,
has, on more than one occasion, offered prizes for designs
and estimates for Dwellings for the Labouring Clasaes,
has collected statistics connected with their construction,
and has now before it sets of plans sent in, in competition
for Mr. Denton's and the Society's Prizes ; but the im-
proved and cheaper construction of dwelliugs is only a
small portion of this compUoated 8ubjei.>t. The Council
therefore propose to submit this subject to discussion at a
Special Conference, to be held here on Thursday, the
26th of May, and the following day.
To this Conference the Council invite all those mem-
bers of the Society of Arts who have seats in the Legbla-
ture, such other members as are known to take a special
interest in the subject, the Presidents of the Institutions
in Union with the Society, and other noblemen and gen-
tlemen whose oo-operation may be deemed important.
The Conference each day will be opened at 11 '30 pre»
cisdy, and closed not later than 4 o'clock, the chair being
taken by the Chairman of the CounoiL
The discussion will be taken : —
1. On the insufficient number of habitations for the
Labouring Classes in Town and Country.
2. On the badness of the existing accommodation.
8. On the effects arising from thii state of things,
viz. : —
(A ) Religious, mood, and social.
{B) Sanitary.
{C) Economic.
4. On the causes to which these evils may be, or have
been, attributed, such as —
{A) The Law of Settlement.
\B) The Poor Laws.
( C) Tenure of Property, such as mortmain, leasehold
system, tenancy for life, &o.
(D) Legal difficulties affecting the Transfer of Pro-
perty.
(E) Difflcultv of providing proper Dwellings at a cost
which will be remonerative to Capital in Town
and Country.
6. Remedies: —
{A) What can be done by Legislation ?
\B) What can be done without Legislation?
\C) What aesisUnce, if any. can the Sooieiy give *"
either of these direotiona?
364
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 22, 1864.
The Council hope to hear from you that you will attend
the Conference, and take part in it« deliberaiionfl.
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your obedient Serwnl,
P. LI NEVE FOSTER,
The Council have appointed the following
Committees : —
A Committee to consider and report what
memorials should record the sites of the Exhi-
bitions of 1851 and 1862, which were originated
by the Society, such Committee to consist of —
The Chairman of the Council ; Earl Granville :
Sir C. W. Dflke, Bart ; Sir J. Paxton, M.P. ;
CaptFowke, R.E. ; Messrs. H. Chester ; H.Cole,
C.B. ; Warren De la Rue, P.R.S. ,- G. Godwin,
F.R.S. ; P. Graham ; Owen Jones ; John Eelk ;
F. Lawrence ; M. H. Marsh, M.P. ; Marsh
Nelson; S. Redgrave; Gilbert Scott, R.A- ;
Sydney Smirke, R.A. ; T. Winkworth, and M,
Digby Wyatt.
A Committee to consider and report how the
Society may promote the erection of statues or
other memorials of persons eminent in Arts,
Manufactures, and Commerce, and whether it is
desirable that the Society should contribute to the
monuments of distingmsfaed individuals, members
of the Society ; such Committee to consist of —
The Chairman of the Council ; Earl Stanhope ;
The Right Honourable Wm. Cowper, M.F. ;
Lord H. G. Lennox, M.P. ; Sir Joseph Paxton,
M.P. ; Messrs. Bo^in ; H. Chester; H. Cole,
C.B. ; C. Wren Hoskyns; Edward Hamilton;
P. Lawrence ; S. Redgrave, and T. Winkworth.
The Artistic Copyright Committee met on
Tuesday last, to consider what steps should be
taken in reference to Mr. Black's Bill for the
consolidation and amendment of the Acts re-
lating to Copyright in Works of Literature and
the Fine Arts. The Committee approved gene-
rally of the objects of the Bill, but considered that
the details required careful revision, and they
directed a communioation to be made to Mr.
Black to that effect, with a request for an in-
terview with th4t gentleman, to which he has
consented.
The following Institution has been received
into Union since the last announcement :— >
Hundet (near Leeds) Mechanics' Institute.
Prizes for Art-Workubn.
The Council of the Society of Arts hereby
offer prizes for Art- Workmanship, according to
the following conditiona : —
I. The works to bo executed will be the property of
the producers, but will be retained for exhibition, in
London and elsewhere, fbr saoh length of time as the
Council may think desinible.
li. The exhibitore aro required to itate In each caee
the price at which their works may be sold, or if sold
previous to exhibition, at what price they would be willing
to produce a copy.
ilL The awards in each class will be roado* and
the sums specified in each class will be paid, provided the
works be oonsiderad of sufficient merit to deserve the
payment ; and, further, in cases of exte'aerdiiiar^ merit
additional awards will be given, accompanied with the
medal of the Society.
IV. Before the award of prizes is confirmed, the candi-
dates must be prepared to execute some piece of work
sufficient to satisfy the Council of their competency.
V. Bona-fide Art-workmen only can receive prizes.
VI. All ai'tides for competition must be sent in to the
Society's house on or before Saturday, the 26th of Novem«
ber, 1864, and must be delivered free of all chargev. Bach
work sent in competition for a Prize must be mau-ked with
the Art-workman's name, or, if preferred, with a cypher,
accompanied by a sealed envelope giving the name and
address of the Art-workman. With the articles, a de-
scription for insertion in the catalogue should be sent.
VII. Although great care will be taken of articles sent
for exhibition, the Council will not be lesponsible for any
accident or damage of any kind occurring at any time.
Vill. Prices may be attached to articles exhibited and
sales made, and no charge will be made in respect of any
such sales.
IX. All the prizes are open to male and female com-
petitors, and in addition, as regards pointing in porcelain,
decorarive painting, and wall mosaics, a second sat of
piizes of the same amounts will be awarded among
ftimale competitors. If a female desires to compete m
Ui<) female dasi only, she must dadare her intentJoo at-
oerdingly. The originals of the works prescribed may be
seen at the South Kensington Museum, in the gallery at
the entrance to the Sheepshanks pictures.
Casts may be seen at the Society of Arts, Adelphi,
London, and the Sdiools of Art at Edinborgh, DuhtiD,
Manchester, Glasgow, Butningham, and Haniey in the
Potterie?.
Photographs, engravings, &c, may be purchased at
the Society of Arts, John-street, Adelphi, at the prices
named.
*4,* The Council are happy to announce that several of
the works which received first prizes in the competition
of 1868, have been purchased by the Department of
Science and Art, to be exhibited in the South Kensington
Museum and the Art Schools in the United Kingdom.
IsT DrvisioK.
Works to be EUioutsd fbom Pbbsobibed Dbsigns.
For the snccessfol rendering tlie vndemMntioned
designs in the various modes of workmanship acoonling
to the directions given in each case. Chromohthographe,
woodcuts, photographs, and casts of such designs, will be
sold at the Society's house at cost price.
Class 1.— Cabvino in Mabble, Stoke, ob Wood.
(a.) The Human Figure. — One prize of £15 for the beat
and a second prize of £7. lOs. for the next best work
executed in marble or stone, after the Boy and Dolphin
' cast from a eh imney- piece, ascribed to Dtmateih. Original
in the South Kensington Museum, No. 5y696. Dimen-
sions to be one-eighth less than the cast. '
[Cast — Fifteen shillings. Photograph — One shilling.]
(ft.) Ornament. — One prize of £10 for the best and a
second Prize of £5 fov the next best work executed in
marble, stone, or wood after a carved chair-back in the pos*
!«eaf)ion ot Henry Vaughan. Esq. Dimensions to bo two-
thirds of the cast.
[Cast— Twelve shillings. Pholognph - On« ^iiliog.]
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 22, 1864.
365
c. Omament,~~One Prize of £10 for the beet, and a
second Prize of £5 for the next best work executed in
stone, after a Gothic bracket in the Architectoral Musenm.
Dimensions the same as the cast. In this design the de-
tails may be improved by the introduction of small ani-
mals, and the human head may be changed according to
the taste of the art-workman.
[Cast — Ten shillings ; Photogr^h — One shilling.]
{d.) — One prize of £20 for the best, and a second prize
of £10 for the next best, work carved in wood after a
design by Holbein, am an Inkttand or Watch- Bolder on three
feet. Diameter of body to be eight inches.
[Wood Engraving — Sixpence.]
(s.) — One prize of £15 for the best, and a second prize
of £7 lOs. for the next best, work carved in wood after
the Mead qf a Harp of the period of Louis XVI., in the
^Qth Kensington Museum, No. 8531. The head and
bnstonly need be fully completed. Dimensions the same
as the cast.
[Cast — Thirty shillings; Photograph--One shilling.]
(/.) OmamefU. — One prize of £10 for the best, and a
second prize of £5 for the next best work carved in wood
aAer an Italian picture frame in the possession of Henry
Yaughan, Esq. Dimensions — Twelve inches high, sight
measure.
[Photograph — Two shillings.]
Class S.^Bspoussie Wobk in ant Mvtal.
(a.) The Human Figure ae a bas-relief, — One prize of £10
for the best and a second prize of £5 for the next best,
work exesnted after Baphael*e ** Three Oraeet,'* Dimen-
siona— >Tbe figures to be six inches high.
[Photogniph — One shilling.]
(&.) Ornament. — One prize of £5 for the best and a
second ^rize of £3 for the next best, work executed after
a Flemish salver in the South Kensington Museum, date
about 1670, Ko. 1158. Dimensions— Twelve inches ih
diameter.
[Photograph — One shilling.]
Class 3. — ^Hammsbed Wobk, in Ibon, Bbass, ob Cofpib.
Omament.^ODQ prize of £7 10s. for the best and a
second prize of £5 for the next best, work executed after
the portion shown in the Photograph of the Pediment of
a Gate (Qerman work, date aU)ut 1700,) in the South
Kensington Musenm, No. 5979. To be adapted for use
as a bracket. Dimensions — 12 inches deep.
[Photograph — One shilling and threepence.]
Class 4. — Cabvino nr Ivobt.
(a.) Human Figure in the round, — One prize of £15 for
the best and a second prize of £10 for the next best,
work executed afler an Ivory, by Fiamingo, in the pos-
■ession of John Webb, Esq. Dimensions— the same as
the cast.
[Cast— One Shilling.]
OR which the chasing must be executed, will be supplied
by the Society at cost price.
[Plaster Cast — Three shillings and sixpence.]
{b.) Ornament, — One prize of £10 for the best and a
second prize of £7 lOs. for the next best, work executed
after Ooutier, from a cabinet in the possession of Her Ma-
jesty the Queen. A rough casting in bron^se, on which
the chasing must bo executed, will be supplied by the So-
ciety at cost price.
[Plaster Cast— One shilling.]
Class 6. — Etching and Enobavikq ov Mbtal — Nibllo
Wobk.
Ornament, — One prize of £10 for the best and a second
pize of £5 for the next best, work executed after ara-
besques by Lucas Van Leyden, 1528. No. 18,968 in the
South Kensington Museum. To be engraved the height
of the photograph, and, if round a cup or pfoblet, repeated
so as to be not less than nine inches m length when
stretched out.
[Photograph — Sixpence.]
Class 7. — Enamel Painting on Cofpkb ob GoLn.
(a.) The Human Figure.—One prize of £10 for the best,
and a second prize of £5 for the next best, work executed
after RaphaePe design of the ** Three Oraces,** executed in
grisaiUe, Dimensions — The figures are to be four inches
higli.
[Photograph — ^One shilling.]
(6.) OmamnU. — One prize of £5 for the best and a
second prize of £3 for the next best, work executed alter
a Qerman arabesque (16th centur}'). No. 19,008 in the
South Kensington Museum. Dimensions — ^Tha same aa
the Engiaving.
[Photograph — Sixpence.]
Class 8. — Painting on Poboblain.
a) The Human Figure, — One prize of £10 for the best
I a second prize of £5 for the next best, work executed
after Betphaei's ** Two Children," in tlie cartoon of
**Lystra.*' Dimensions — ^the same as the Photograph.
This work is to be coloured according to the taste of
the painter.
[Photograph — Ninepence.]
(5.) Ornament, — One prize of £7 10s. fcr the best and
a seoood prize of £5 for the next best, work executed after
a pair of Tablets, in the possession of John Webb, Esq.
Dimennon*— the same as the cast.
[Cast— One Shilling.]
and
snd
Class 5.— Chasing in Bbonzb.
a.) The Human Figure.^One prize of £10 for tlie best
' a second prize of £5 for the next best, work executed
SQSJ of ** CVy^.** A roogh casting in bronze,
(5.) Ornament, — One prize of £5 for the best and a
second prize of £3 for the next hes%, work executed after
arabesques by Lucas Van Leyden, 1528, No. 18,968 in
the South Kensington Museum, and coloured according
to the taste of the painter. Dimensions— Double the size
of the Photograph.
[Photogr^h — Sixpence.]
^ N.6. — See conditions, Section IX.
Class 9. — Droobativb Painting.
(a.) Ornament, — One prize of £5 and a s cond prize of
£3 for a work, executed after an ornament, from Uastel i?.
Pandino, near Lodi, from a drawing in the South Ken-
sington Museum, No. 1150. Dimensons— length 4(t.~-
width, enlarged from the print in the same proportion.
[Coloured Print— One Shilling.]
(5.) Ornament. — One prize of £5 and a second prize
of £3 for a work, executed after a PJ^l^^^ frame, in the
South Kensington Museum, No. 7S20, Dimensions— 5
feet by 3 feet 11 J inches, outside measure. The works
to be executed on canvass, either with or without stretchers
in cool colours. Some lines of the mouldings may bo
gilt.
[Photograph— One shilling and sixpence.]
N.B.— See conditions, Section IX.
36G
JOURNAL OP THE SOGIBTr OP AUTS, April 22. 18&4.
Clam IO.^Imlats in Wood (Mabqustby, ob Buhl)«
IVOBT OB MrPAL.
Ornament, — One prize of £6 for the beet lod a se«
coud prize of £3 for the nsxt beet, work executed after
a specimen in the poweeeion of the Hon. John Aihley.
Dimeoffions— one-tnird larger than the Lithograph.
[Outline lithograph — One ehilling.]
Ola« 11. — Cambo CUTTINa.
(a.) Human Head. — One prize of £10 for tlie best and a
second prize of £5 for the next b^t, work executed after
Wyon't heads of the Queen and the Prince Consort, on the
Juror^e medal on861.
(b) Animal. — One prize of £10 for the best and a
second prize of £5 for the next beet, work executed after
Wyon*$ " St. Oeorge and the Dragon^" on the PriBce C«i^
sort's medal. Dimeneiona the same at the oaeto.
[Gasts^— Sixpenoe eaoh.]
Glass 12. — EireBAvnra mr QtAse.
Ornament, — One prize of £5 for the best and a se-
cond prize of £S for the next best, work executed after
arabesques by Lucas Van Leyden, 1528. No. 18,968 in the
South Rensinffto 1 Museum. To be engraved the height
of the engraving ; and if round a glase or goblet, repeated
so as to be not leas than 9 inches long when stretched
out.
[Photograph — Sixpence.]
Class 18. — Wall Mosaics.
Humam Dead. — One prize of £15 for tin b«l and a
eeoond prize of £10 for the netct bestv work executed after
Betlinita^ BTilan. A preparatory dnvwing must be made,
ooloarad, after the lithograph, on which the linea aod
disposition of the TessersB must be marked. The dime»^
sions of the work to be regnkted by the size of the
Tesseras proposed to be need, which size may be left to
the choice of the artist. Allhoiigh desirable, it is not
neoeeeary to exeente the wholo Kib|ect in aotual momio,
but if 1^ pai't only be done, the eye muet be in eoch por-
tion. A coloured drawings with TeaKr», ro*y be seeD ai
the Society's house, and io the Se«th E«naiogton MoMam,
and TtfwrtB of two sizee mmy be obtained from Meian.
Minton, Stoke-upon-Trent, and Messrs. Maw ami Go.>
Broscly, ShropsMre.
[Lithograph Outline Ooloored — Two Shillings.]
N.B. — See conditions, Section IX.
Glass 14. — Gbm EveBAViiro.
(a.) Human head, — Okie prize of £10 for the best and a
second prize of £5 for the next best work executed after
an origmal in the poweseion of John Webb, £sq. Dimen-
sions—the same as the cast.
[Cast — Sixpence.]
(b,) FuU'Ungik figme.^One prize of £10 for the best
and a eeeond prize of £6 for the next beet work executed
after an original in the poesession of John Webb. SkK).
DM&enaioDs — ^the same as the cast.
[Cast — Sixpence.]
Glass 16. — Die SiNKmo.
Human head. — One prfzv of £10 for the best, and
a second prite of £5 for the next best work exeented
after the head of the Prince Goneert, by IKyofi, on the
Society's medal. Dimensions half the size of the original.
[Cast — Sixpence.]
Class 16.— Glass Blowing.
Ornffiawrt,— One prize of £7 lOi. for <he best and a
second puze of £5 foi- the next be•^work exe "
an original in the South Kensington Museum, No. 1813.
— ^Dimensions as given in the wood engraving.
[Ettgniving — One shilling.]
Clam 17. — Bookbdcduco and Lbatheb Wobu.
(a.) Bookbinding. — One prize of £7 lOs. for the best and
a second prize of £5 for the next best work executed in
bookbindmg, after an Italian specimen in the South Ken-
sington Museum, No. 7,925. Tlie work to ba bound should
be some olaiwical author of the siae given. Dimennons —
the same at the photograph.
[Photograph— One shilling.]
(6.) Leatherwork.—Ofvb prize of £7 lOs. for the beet, and
a second prize of £5 for tlie next Itest work of boiled and
cot leathor?pork for the outside coverinii^ of a jewel casket.
Original in the South Kensington Museum, No. 77(»8w
DimeoaionB— ooe-lhird larger than the photogrmpb*
[Phot(^graph— One shilling.]
Glass 18. — Embroioebt.
Ornament. — One prize of £5 for the best and a eocood
prize of £3 for the next best, work executed either after a
Qerman example in the Green Vaults at Dr«»dcn, or an
Italian Silk in the Sonth Kensington Museum, No. 7458,
which may be adapted to a screen. Dimensions, accord-
ing to the taste of the embroiderer.
[Photograph — (Jernian, Sixpence ; lulian, One shilling.]
♦** The plaster casts may be obtained from D. Bruoctaui,
89, Uussell-street, Covent-garden, W.C.
2nd DrvisiojT.
WOBKS TO BE ExEOOTED WITHOUT PbESCBIBBD DbSUMS.
Wood Cabving.
(a.) Human figure in altoorbae relief, AnimaU or natural
foUage tnau be need at aeceeeoriee, 1st prize of £26 and the
Society's Silver MedaL 2nd prize of £15, 3rd prize of
£10.
(b.) Animator ttiUlifi, Fruity flawert, or natural foliage
may be used ae aceetsoriet, Ist prize of £10. 2nd prize of
£7 10s. 8rd prize of £5.
(e.) yalural foliage^ fruit, or flowere, or conventional orna-
ment in which proteaque figures or animals may form aceeeeoriet,
preference being given where the work ieo/an cjfptied eka-
faster for ordinary decorative purpoaee^ as representing com-
mercud value, Ist prize of £10. 2nd prize of £7 /Oi.
Srd prize of £6,
(By Order)
P. LE neve foster, Secretary.
I
ErOHTBBHTH OrDINART MbBTING.
Wednesday, April 20th, 18G4 ; Sir TkoHMs
Phillips, F.S.8., Vice-President of the Society,
in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as memhers of the Society : —
Oatliff, Charlee, 19. Coleman street, E.G.
Heinrich, Johann, 36, Lower Keonington-lane, A.
Stokes, Charles, 65, Brook-ttreet, Hanover-square, W.
The following candidates were halloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Bourne, Stephen, Examinefs-ofBce, H.M. CantoaiiS E^C.
Croskey, Joseph Rodney, Warwick-house. Haida-hill, W.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Afril 22. 1864
367
Lavson, Archibald Soott, 1, JohD-street, Bedford-row,
Atf9 AS HoWOBABr OOBIBSPOKDIMO MbMBBIA.
Laocla di Brolo, Le Due, Palermo.
Venturini, Le Commaodeur Charles, Ancona.
The Paper read was —
OK THE PATENT LAWS.
Br TmotUB Wwanm^ M.A., F^S., BAaawTEa-AT-LAw.
The OoimcU of tiie Society having suggested that a
dSaonafiioD on the Patent Laws might be of serrice during
the present session, I hare much pleasure in preparing a
eommunication for the purpose of facilitating the fall eon-
eidcrmtion and discussion of the subject.
It is one of the peculiar characteristics of this andent
Society — the Brst and for a long time the only representa-
tioD of practical sdenee-^hat its eomprehenslTe charaeter
permits it to take the lead in any morement relating to
the Arts, Manufactures, or Commerce of the oonntiy . The
eommittee to which ** The Patent Lmw Amendment Act,
1852 ** is due met first in the house of this Society. Other
committees of the Society have from time to time reported
on this subject in the years 1860, 1851, and 1662, and the
reeent communication of the chairman of your Council to
the Social Science AsM>ciation, at its meeting last year, at
£dtnbBrgh, is a valuable contribution to the history of the
progress of opinion on this suljeot.
It is not my intention on the present oooasion to treat of
the general Jnrivpnidenoe of the subject, by entering on ao
elaborate discussion of the origin or groonde of the
principles upon which property in the exhibitioa of mind,
as embodied in material forms, may be considered to rest.
The origin of such property, the grounds upon which it
rests, wlM)th» on natural right, on policy, or expediency,
the protection of fuch property by laws of the land, wlth-
eot whi^ the name of property is but an empty sound,
have been repeatedly treated of.
My efcjeci on the present occasion is to treat the subject
practically in reference to the general policy of the patent
laws, and with the view of ascertaining facts and eliciting
opinions on certain questions which the ooniideration of the
policy of those laws involves. That the subject has difi-
cnlties peculiarly its own is not to be denied ; whether such
dlflk:ulties may be greatly modified and lesMned, if not
altogether removed, is one of the questions at i«ue.
Hitherto no attempt has been made to grapple with these
difficulties, the provisions for this purpose contained in the
Patent Law Amendment Act having remained in abeyance.
Considerable differences of opinion may be expected as
to the most appropriate remedies for the admitted
grievances, but I believe that should the discussion of the
subject be fully exhausted there will be a great prepon-
derance of opinion in fsTour of the views with which the
Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852 was proposed and
supported.
in entering on this subject it will be convenient to
premise that the real question at issue may be considered
under the foUowmg heads: — 1 . Whether inventions should
be encouraged and inventore rewarded. 2. Whether any
more practicable meann of encouraging InvenUons and re-
warding inventors exist than a system of patents. 3. The
best means of creating and protecting such property. No
ooe, to my knowledge, has yet advanced so far in liberalism
as regards the rights. of property or the encouragement of
invendons, as to deny or seriously dispute all those pro-
positions. Sooh heresy, so to speak, has not broken
out into open flame, however it may be sraoulderiag, and
appear to be involved in the ashes of doctrines wMch have
eeearionally been announeed, or underlie the nufMe of
opinloBB which have been advaneed, and will come under
diseuarion en the present oceaMon. The Preiideiit of the
Briti^ Assooiatkm (Sir W. Armstroag), at Neweasde,
«Ml yom OhainBan of Couaen^Mr. Hawes), in the paper
already refeited to, give expression to the opinion that the
seeds of invention strewn broadcast ovei' the world by the
previous iovestigationa of learned men, are published and
given to the world, ready to germinate in due season when-
ever the oooanon or neoessity may aiise, and that legislative
interferenoe wiU neithw produce them nor stimulate their
growth. This opinion, proceeding from, or endoi-sed by»
soeh authority has been, and will be, often quoted as con-
demnatory of all views favouralde to property in invention,
and in support of the views that invention does not
require the stimulus of the reward or remuneration which
the Patent Laws are designed to confer. From these
premises it is oontended that new processes or new
mechanical contrivances, derived from information t^ua
freely and gratuitously published, are public property, and
eaonot belong to those who merely give such knowledge a
■Tactical form. But is not this to beg the whole question ?
Is there not also some confusion arising from the use or
imperfection of language ? Is a proper distinction always
maintained betweendiscovery and invention in reference to
these questions? A law of nature, as gravitation, or a
madiine, as the steam-engine, or a process, as vulcanising,
are spoken of indiSerentl/ as discoveiies or inventions.
This confusion of language is fruitful of difficulty in
the subject under consideration. We nieak of discovering
a law of nature, asg^vi tation, cohesion , elastici ty ,a ttraction«
heat, atomic theory, equal transmission of pressure in fluids
elastic and inelastio; we discover (Fr. d^ouvrir) that
whioh has a prior or actual existence in nature;
we do not invent such laws. In the proper sense of
the term, invention is moM in the nature of creation
than of discovery. We invent or find out a mode of
doing, that is, of producing a particular thing ; eveiy new
ma n ni aoture is in that sense a creation. To call it a
discovery is to introduce a confusion in the use and
applieatMMi of terms; or« to add ooe further illustra-
ticii, we ^>eak of the discover)* of vaccination and of
the invention of tlie penny postage, neither of which
could be the subject of the patent laws. The in*
veotor applies the lasrsof nature ; invention oonsisis in the
application of such laws. For instance, Watt's invention
tji the steam engine was an application of the laws of
heat ; Dollond's achromatic object-glass, of the laws of
light; WoUaston's camera4ucida, of the laws of refraction
and total refleotJQO. Vukajuiwd rubber was a new orea«-
tion ; such a thing had never existed before, the inventioD
OQBsisting in the a^licatien of heat and sulphur toxulber
under certain conditions. Photography was an invention
in the stiiet sense of the term ; sueh a picture. i,e,, a
picture so produced, was a new creation, a new rasnufao
ture. The self-acting mule, the product of the genins of
Bichard Bobert«, whose loss we ao recently have had
occasion to deplore, the regenerative furnace of Siemens,
the automatic stilf-reoording telegraph, the last production
of Professor Wbeatstone, the various forms of tel^raph
or telegraphic cables, may with propriety he called new
oreations, or, ia the language of i he Patent Law, new
manutactoreiL Seeing, then, that invention consists in the
application of the laws of nature to the matter provided to
our hands, and in giving to such laws a practical form, hoar
can it be said that property cannot be acquired in the appli-
cation of knowledge given to the public ? That is the very
AMindation of the lyrstem. The distinction above adverted
to is more important than may at first si^ht appear.
The correct and appropriate use of terms is a matter
at all times deserving consideration, but especially so
when it is the foundation of distinctions in reference ie
the subject under consideration. Thus, for example, M.
Legcand, indsting on the di(»tiuctk>n between patent right
and oopyrig^, on the incontestible ditference between the
work of the writer or author of a literary composition and
the inventor, says, *< If Massillon had not written Le Petit
Cbriaie no other person could have done it. If,ontheooB-
traiy,Niepce had notdiseovered photography, someo— *
would have invented it. What do we say ? An
invented it. Daguene has had the tame idea
368
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Apbil 22, 1864.
really create something, they produce work which no other
would have produced. In tne domain of inda<«tr}% on
the conti:ary, the inventor is not, properly ^)eaking, any
more the creator than he could be the ezdusiye poneseor.
He finds; he discovers; but he does not create."*
The confusion of the above needs little comment ; an
idea not carried out is no invention. It is matter of law
that a patent cannot be granted for a principle or an idea,
but only for its application or embodiment ; thus there
could be no patent for the discovery of a law of nature
or property of matter, unless applied or embodied in a
manufacture. In liUgated cases the question whether the
subject of the patent is a principle or a manufacture, not
onfrequently arises. The mllowmg observations of a highly
scientific and most learned man, Mr. Baron Alderson, are
worthy of special attention ; ** I have always thought that
the real test was this, that in order to discover whether
it is a good or a bad patent, you should consider that what
you cannot take out a patent for must be considered to
nave been invented pro homo puUieo — that is to say, the
principle must be considered as having had an anterior
existence before the patent. Now supposing in WatVs
case it had been known that to condense in a separate
vessel was a mode of saving fuel, then Watt certainly
could have taken out a patent for carrying into effect that
principle by a particular machine ; but then his patent
would have been for a machine ; and if I invented a
better machine for carrying out the principle I should not
infringe his patent unless my machine was a colourable
imitaUon."
The distinction now insisted on is little regarded by
many who speak of patenting ideas and principles, 'and
derive an argument from the abuse rather than the use
of the system, and assume that to be part of the system
which l^ law is illegal.
But it is said that inventors need no such encouragement,
that invention is a real pleasure; that true inventive
genius labours on involuntarily ; that the gloiy of a great
Dame or the possible reward of a grateful nation is a suffi-
cient stimulus; that the philosopher, physician, and
chemist give their results to the public, who appreciate
originality of mind, and do not fail to reward it. All
this may be true, but it applies to the labourer in the field
of discovery rather than of invention . I remember on one
occasion, at a meeting at Manchester, when this doctrine
was propounded, that Richard Roberts replied: **The
patterns of that paticular invention cost me £500 ; they
would have been • colted ' (that is, copied) the next day
but for the Patent Laws." The gratUude of the public is
soon exhausted when the benefit is reduced into possession.
However great may be the stimulus of the pleasure of in-
▼entk>n the advocates of this view would appear to lose sight
of or disregard the fact that the invention and the public
require adaptation to each other ; that the introduction of
an invention involving any material change is a constant
struggle with the existing state of things, and in a large
dass of cases is as much an education as the training and
introduction of a child ; that it is a contest with existing
practice, in which contest the inventor has to struggle with
all the prejudices, capital, and influence of the existing
trade and established manufacture. The history of the
struggles of the introduction of new mventions, as detailed
on the hearings before the Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council in cases of application for the extension of
the terms of patents, can hardly fail to produce the oonvic-
tron that these struggles would never have been undergone
but for the expectation of the reward. Many inventions
are wholly in advance of the age, and would fall still-born
but for the r-etum anticipated on the capital embarked in
their introduction. There was, it is said, no patent for
paper (a.i>. 1200), or for oil (1297), or for glass (1800), or
lor the mariner's compass (1802), or for printing (1480),
or tor gnnpowder a4fiQ). or for many other useful inven-
at Edmburgh Meeting of Sodal Science, 1863,
papers
tions of world-wide utility, and therefore it is left to be in-
ferred that encouragement to invention or reward to the
inventor in the nature of the patent system is unneoesaaiy.
Until the wants of mankind or the isolated efforta of
mighty minds in the progress of civilization had formed
the alphabet, so to speak, or laid the foimdation of practical
arts, there was nothing out of or upon which the sop^-
structure could be ratsed. Because skins or the hand-
made fabric once served for clotlung can it be contended
that the progress of industry aird of the practical arte has
not been most materially stimulated by the expectatioD,
howeverdelusive, of reward and pecimiary remuneration 2
Books were compiled and writt^ before and without any
copyright laws, but does any one adduce this aa an argu-
ment against the justice or expediency of these lawa, the
analogy of which to the patent laws can hardly be denied,
notwithstanding the distinctions which may be drawn
between them ? It is said that things belonging to the
province of copyright are an embodiment of the individual
mind, which noother mind would have made, whereas things
belonging tothe province of patent right are capableof being
made by many minds, of being originated in the same
identical form by a plurality of persons — ^that the inventor
has, in fact, only forestalled time, and that it may be pre-
stmaed that the invention would have been made at some
time by some other person, and would certainly have been
made so soon as the want should arise— that to infringe
copyright is slavishly to imitate, whereas patent right may
be infringed without such imitation. The suoject oi
copyright is one specific combination of words, lettcn, and
lines, u this respect similar or analogous to the qpediic
combination constitutinga machine, or to elements arranged
in a certain order, whereas in many cases inventions may be
exhiUted in various material forms, carrying out or subsv-
vient to <me leading idea. Difierent minds do not hit on the
same means for carrying out the same idea or of attaining
the same object. Invention is one continuous mooes of
simplification, as the histoiy of invention clearly shows. In
cases of copyright the identification is easy, speaking to the
eye or the ear, whereas in casesof patent right the identifica-
tion ia sometimes difficult, inasmuch as, to the eye, the ma-
terial forms ma^ be dififerent. These diatinctions point onlv
to the difficulties of the subject, and must be dealt with
accordingly ; but the principle of property in both ia the
same, namely, a recognition of right in the product of
the brain, as embodiM in a material form. Invention
being one continual progression, each stage in advance of
the preceding cannot fau, in many cases, to provoke the
opposition of the capitalist, who may look with little
favour on the changes which a great improvoBent ne-
cessitates ; his old mill may have to be refilied with new
machinery. Again, the capitalist in mind, who can
devise an expedient for overcoming any difficulty ao aooQ
as it arrives, may not be pleased by finding that he has
been forestalled by some other person ; that he must
reroect the property whicli the law gives to possession,
and adopt some other, and perhaps inferior, means of at-
taining the same end, or come to terms with the owner
of that property. Hence, patents have been called ob-
structive, likened to toll-bars on the highway. Authentk
instances of such obstruction would be a great boon, and
contribute much to the history of the subject ; they have
been often asked for, very few have ever been even pointed
at. If such exist to the extent contended for, or to any
extent, the remedy is very simple— make a lioenae under a
patent a matter of compulsory purchase, to be settled by
arbitration on a review of all the circumstances of the case.
If the owner of land or houses has to restore to the
public a portion of the ancestral property acquired
from the public in former times, there can be no
great injustice in requiring a patentee, on fair and
proper terms, to admit others to share in that which
be may be regarded as having acquired from the public ;
in this sense that same other person, it may be pre-
sumed, would have made the invention when the
emergency arose. The patent might be granted on thii
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Apbil 22, 1864.
869
oonditioo, and the effect of aach a syttem imme-
diately tried. Bat philanthropic and moral ooosideratioDa
are iDtroduoed. The ayfltem is deooonoed as a lottery,
and injurioot to the personal interests of the inventor, who
rmrely obtains the reward which he expects or to which
b« may be fairly entitled. Is this not part of the lottery
of Hie? The race is not always to the swift nor the
battle to the strong. The very objection assames an ex-
peoditore of time, labour, and money in prodncing a
reaolt beneficial to the ^blic though not to the individual
author. Let such an individual be rewarded out of the
<* Inventon' Fee Fund," the surplus fund to which he has
oooinbated. Let this blot be removed. Let it not be
•aid that a great bene&ctor to the public has been unre-
warded, when ample funds exist of the inventor's own
oreatioo, oat of which he may be amply compensated.
Let it not be said that the name of one of our greatest
inventors, just removed from amongst us, Kichard
Boberts, shoald be without a national tribute for the
emancipation and development of industry of which the
self-acting mule was the pioneer, or that the family of
the man should be permitted to want in the midst of the
nntold millions which his inventions have added to indi-
Tidnal and national wealth.
Bat the principle of patents is said to be inconsistent
with the principles of free trade. Here agam, I cannot
hot think there is some misconception and confusion in
the use of language. The theory of the patent law is
the creation of a trade, or, as expressed in one of the
earliest reported cases, **when any man, by his own
ohaige and industry, or by his own wit or invention, doth
bring any new tnuie into the realm, or any engine
tending to the furtheiance of a trade, that never was used
before, and that for the good of the realm, the king may
grant him a monopoly patent for some reasonable time
notil the sabjeots may learn the same, in consideration
of the good that he doth bring to the commonwealth,
Otherwisa not."* It has been said that these principles
are not now applicable ; that all trades are established
and that the reason does not apply, there being no necessity
for the instruction ; but such an observation is made re-
gardless of the fact that knowledge and invention are pro-
gressive ; that if there be not the same ignorance as in
^e-gooe centuries, there is a special oppoeitioo, which our
Tery oiviliaation has created, rendering the special
BTopertr in an invention the best means hitherto desired,
u not the only means, for ensuring that progress which all
profess to desire. It may then be assumed, that new
trades, or improvements in existing trades, which, for the
qoestioo under consideration, may be regarded as new
tiades, are still to be created, and that it is the object of
the patent laws to foster inventions constituting such new
tiade. The fostering care of special property in the in-
vention is continued onlv for a limited and reasonable
period, untUthe trade shall have been established; during
that period the particular trade is not to bo practised or
roal property shared without its owner participating in
proceeds; when that period has expu?ed, the trade,
whetoer established or no^ is open to all, with this further
advantage that a description of the manner of practising
the invention is open to all ; the requirement of such
a deecriptioo— call^ the specification — having been sub-
stituted in the reign of Queen Anne, in lieu of a proviso
appearing in some private Acts for patents requiring the
patentee, during the latter half of the term granted, to
take apprentices and teach them the knowledge and
mystery of the said new invention .f
The principles of tree trade can have no application to
a trade whicn is non-existent or which has to be created.
If, as the theory assumes, special property in an invention
be esMntial or materially conducive to the creation of the
trade, to prohibit such property is to prevent or delay the
• 8m 1 Webster, ** Patent Cases,** p. 0.
t Bee Act for Bank's InventioD, AJ). 1651, e. 2; 1
ITabaler, *• Patent Oasaa,* p. 85.
eatablishment of the tiade. The supporters of this ob-
jection would appear to confound patents for inventions
with the exclusive privileges declared to be illegal by the
SUtute of Monopolies (21 Jac. I., c 3, a.d. 1624). It is
contrary to the principles of free trade to restrain any
person from, or subject him to a tax for practising, any
existing trade as a baker or brewer, or buying and selling in
the cheapest market, but it can hardly be said to be contrary
to the principles of free trade to give exclusive privileges
for the creation of that which does not exist, for a trade
to become free as soon as established.
The real question would appear to be as to the terms or
conditions upon which such privileges should be granted,
and not to the principle of such privileges. If patents
are granted improvidently, there is an abuse of the
system ; remove the abuse, but do not found on the abuse
an argument aflainst the use of a system, unless such
abuse is incurable and inevitable.
The abolition or diminution of secret practices, with
then- long train of attendant evils, has frequently been
relied on as an argument in support of the patent ^stem ;
end the freedom with which the knowledge of inventions
is now given to the world, has been rehed upon as one
of the great improvements due to the PASsiog of the
*< Patent Law Amendment Act, 1862.*' This, however,
in the able paper of the chairman of four Council on the
economical efl'ect of the patent laws, is objected to as in-
ducing the circulation all over the world of the best
possible descriptions of our most recent improvements for
the benefit of our rivals. Is thb generosity reallv
detrimental to our national interests? Can any well-
authenticated instances of that detriment be adduced?
Isolated cases may exist in which some particular interest
may, under special circumstances and for a limited time,
be prejudiced. Thisisapractical test, and capable of proof;
and if it should appear that in some few cases the result
may be that the foreign manufacturer, by means of such in-
formation, may be enabled to compete successfully with the
home manufacturer, either at home or in the markets of
the world, are not the compensating advantages such as
greatly to outweigh or overbalance the supposed detri-
ment ? Is such detriment in any respect comparable to
the evils of the secret system of the guilds of our fore-
fathers, when art was a mystery and trade a protected
monopoly?
Are not the objections, when thoroughly examined,
directed to the administration rather than to the principle
of the system ? Is not the proper course to reform the
system, at least to make the attempt?
Time will not permit me to pursue this part of the sub-
ject in detail on the present occasion ; it may be sufficient
to point to the proposals which have been made for re-
moving or miUgating the admitted evils of the present
s^*stem, and which may be classed as follows : —
1. That patents should not be granted as of course, but
that some check should be placed on their indiscriminate
issue by a preliminary inquiry and report, by which the
applicant would receWe the benefit of the accumulated
experience of the office of the Commissioners of Patents
in consideration of the fees paid.
2. That the validity and infringement of patents
should be tried by a iudge, assisteid by two or more
assessors conversant with the subject selected by the
parties or by the judge, from a panel provided for the
purpose.
8. That the owner of a patent should be required to
grant licenses, or to sell the whole right for the benefit
of the public, on adequate consideration.
4. That the fees paid on patenta should consUtute an
" Inventors* Fee Fund,** to be applied wholly to inveutora*
purposes, to the reward of meritorious inventors, to the
repurchase of patent rights, and the advance of practical
science.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. RoBxaT Wilson would say a few words on the im-
870
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Apeil 22, 1864,
provement of the existing patent laws, rather than go
into the more abetract question whethw those laws were
expedient in themselves. For his own port he could not
see how they could expect to maintain invention if they
deprived it of its reward. In his opinion the first question
to be considered was whether they could amend the exist-
ing laws : and he thought it possible to do so in many
important respects. Oiie great improvement would be to
enforce precision in the specification of the invention. It
was a condition in every patent that the 'patentee should
within six months file a speeifteation describing his inven-
tion, and the manner in which it was to be earried into
effect. But how was this complied with? In a large
number of cases at the present day patents were taken out,
not for things entirely new, but for modifications of existing
inventions, and in such cases he submitted the description
might clearly dbtinguish what was new from that which
was old. But those who were conversant witii tlie
subject knew that such was not the case, for it constantly
happened that patentees put in descriptions which did not
distinguish clearly the new from the old, but left it to ^e
public to pick it out themselves, instead of saying ** the
old machiae is defective in eertain points, and I have
introduced a ceitain improvement,*' and then described
the whole machine, pointing out distinetly the improve-
ment which he sought to iiHroduce and make the subject
of his patent. Patentees, however, generally l>egan with
an obscure description of the machme as a whole, and
then referred to the alteration or modification proposed to
be introduced ; tltey so worded this description as to cover
any possible combination or arrangement in which this
might be carried out. They then waited to see what other
people were doing. After a time they attacked some man
for mfnngement, and endeavoured to show that what he
WAS doing was covered by the words of the speoifioation ;
an action was then brought, able counsel engaged to describe
the combination, beautiful models were prepared to ex-
hibit these combkiatlons, an array of witnesses were called
to say that such a combination was found in the spectfSea-
tion. Such a state of things was most injurious and dis-
honest, and this eould be remedied by compelling every
patentee to describe distinctly and elearly the exaet
liature of his invention. Again, it frequently happened
that much collateral and irrelevant matter got into the
case — the case went to a hearing before a jury, and the
heads of the jury, and even the iudge, were so'full of the
plaintifTs good deeds, as detailed by his counsel, and the
defendant's iniquity, that it was next to imposrible to
divest them of that pr^udice. The ease went on, perhaps
for weeks, and in the end the jury found for the ^intiff.
The defendant, no doubt, eould and did apply for a new
trial, which might or might not be granted, and if it was
a case of great importance an appeal might bs made to
the House of Lords, and after two or three years litiga-
tion it might be, and frequently was, disoovered that
the thing which had been the subjeet of the con-
test was not in the speci6cstion at all, and had not
been claimed as the subject of the patent. In the
end it was found that the patent was bad, and the
defendant gained the day, but at a heavy expense, a
portion only of which he could recover from the plaintifi*,
and this only if the latter was capable of paying it.
Such, he believed, was not an over-ooloured history
of a great many patents. What was the remedy fin*
this? It seemed to him that it should be the duty of
the jaJge, in the flrait instance, to see what was in the
specitication, and what the patentee claimed for his in-
vention. If the patentee had not stated this so distinctly
that people eould undei'stand what the invention clearly
was, and how it wai to be aflected, the plaintiff should be
consented, and the defendant should not be called upon
to defend himself. He would give a case in illastration
of this. It was well known that litigation Iiad been going
on for a long time relative to the patent rights of a certain
sewing machine. A gentleman, of whom he desired to
speak with all respect, had purchased the patent rights in a
certain sewing machine in America for £60. and thisof oootm
he had a right to do, and, if the patent were good, to have
the benefit of it. An action was brought against his {Mr.
Wilson's) client for infringement, and the plaintiff was
nonsuited. He tben brought an aotkm against the mme
party before another judge, and at the end of six days the
special jury, not being able to agree upon a venSct,
were discharged. The same plafaitift then brought an-
other action, which lasted three or four days ; and at the
end of that time the defendant, though advised that the
patent was bad, was induced to submit to a verdiet on osr-
tain terms. The [daintiff havfaig so far suoeeedod, then
attacked eveiy one who he considered was infringing hii
patent, and filed a separate bill in Ghanoeiy against mem,
somewhere about 1 80 separate Chancery suits. An applica-
tion was made to one of the VioeChanoellors to cooiolklate
this litigation, and to decide the case in one trial ; bot
this was refused, and if it had not been fior the Lord
Chancellor, who would not allow such a seandal to bs
perpetrated, thsre would probably at this time have been
180 suits in Chancery goin^ on on this matter. The
Lord Chancellor, however, insisted upon having the whxAb
thing tried in one suit before him, and at ones called at-
tention to the specification, sitting day after day in order
to give the plaintifi's counsel full opportunity of showing
that what was relied upon was covered by the specification.
It turned out, however, that the invention claimed waa no-
where to be found in the ^>ecification at all, and ^le
Chancellor upset the patent. These facts went to show
the necessity for explicit description. There was, how-
ever, another matter to which he desired todrawattentioe.
When the defendant In a patent case put in his pleas bo
was bound to deliver a statement of his objections to tho
validity of the patent. Those obfeetions generally oon-
ststed in the recital of a mass of spedficatiofis of a nunher
of other patents alleged to have anticipated the invention
in question, and counsel Itad to sift from this mass of
matter what was really of value to the case, wheroas the
defendant should be required t«> point out and define what
particular parts of these specifications he rriied on fot his
objections. There was another point to whSek he iroold
refer, and this affected the principles on which a patent '
granted. At present a patent was granted for any
manufacture. If a man took out a patent fbr a mac
that would not work, or for a candle that wonld not bum,
the patent was void, because they wore not saanafiKtaref
at all ; but suppose a man tockout a patent fbr a maehina
which would work, or for a candle which would prodnsa
light, he apprehended the patent was in itself good,
thouflfh the machine might be lees effective, or thn
candle less brilliant, but at the same time more costly,
than those formeriy in use. In other words, the
ektent law required absolute and not relative ose fnin sas.
e could not conceive on what principle a man dhonld
have the right of shutting out other people for thre^
seven, or fourteen years, unless the invention conferred
some benefit upon the nation by publishing it. Them*
fore, he contended, a change was required in the principle
of the patent laws from novelty to actual merit, ue
thought it would be found it was not imposrible to
work this out. Suppose they had first of aH the applica-
tion for the patent as it was at present : the patent would
date from that time. Then suppose the speeifieation was
filed : then the third stage would be the sealing of the
patent. At this stage ti>e specification would hav« been
printed in detail, and the patontee should then make a for-
mal application for the sealing of the patent, and this mi^tiL
come on to be heard in public l>6fore tho new Intent
Court, or some such tribunal, and the patent ooold
be sealed or not after hearing all that could be urged in
favour or against it, and thus an immenw amount sf
rubbish would be got rid of, and people would be moie
careful in applying fbr useless and obstructive patoota.
This plan would efleet what had bean soggestod in
the paper, vis., a preliminary iovestigidion, the only
diflerence being it would be done pobliely insteed it
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 22, 1864.
371
privately, avoido^ proceedings liable to mucli abase.
At the same time he would reserve the right of appeal tt>
a higher court, although under soch circiiiastaDjes he
thought the appeals would not be very frequent. Such a
proceeding would be very analogous to the applications made
to the Privy Council for a prolongation of the term of a
patent. U had been objected to this course that a poor in-
veotor would thus be led into litigation before he could
have made any thing by his patent. The answer to that was
tliai there was no reason why it should cost the patentee
anything. He might go before the lower tribunal, or
oven the Privy Council, and describe hb patent himself,
then there would be no cost. Then it might be said that
a proceeding of that kind would shut out many good patents
and let in many bad ones. It might be said sncii
inventions as gas and the screw propeller would
never have passed through such a preliminary inves-
tigation. Tlie answer to that was, that when an
invention was laid before a body of scientific and com-
petent men it was not likely to be pooh-poohed, if it
was a valuable invention. Besides that, the necessity for
merit would be less in the case of an invention of that
kind than in the case of an invention which dealt with
an existing manufacture: If a man now applied f >r a
patent affecting an existing trade, it should be shown that
the invention was a good one: but if it did not interfere
with others, as in the case of the screw propeller, it might
pan with mik^ less belief in its merits on the part of the
court of infestigation than in the other case, or the
bearing might even be postponed, and the patentee might
come again. He thought it was impossible to defend the
patent laws as they existed, and the system was getting
worse. They mast either improve this system, which he
thought might be done, or make up their minds to give
op the nitent laws altogether.
Dr. CoLLTna thought the sobjeet of patents admitted
of may and mmpie eloddation. Men who had money
did not, as a rule, devote themselves to invention. To
be an inventor neoesntated a pr'ior education and intelli-
genoe. There were exceptional cases; but almost all
the great inventions had been accomplished and perfeeted
stage by stage, and yetf by year ; and those who were
moet conversant with inventions and ini^entoni, knew
very well that inventkm begat invention, and in the
■y^ritj of cases it required a k^ge expenditure of
money to pnt them into mctkal execotion. Defects
had to be remedied, and it was only after many
years that an invention was perfected. At the same
time there bad been valuable inventions, no doubt, whksh
had not gone through these stages. The steam engine
of Watt had to pan through all these stages, and even
now improvemente in the steam engine were daily going
on ; and were it not for the protection which the patent
Inws affatdedt yer^ few men would devote their time and
intelligenoe to invention. Many men were ealled in-
fnotoia who had no right to that tiUe. A host of
pntenii existed which were the cause of the objections
oimd 80 constantly against thepatent laws. This would
be met, as so^iiested in Mr. Webster's paper, by a pre-
timinary enminalion. That plan had been very sno-
csssfully carried out m America. With regard to the
value of an invention to the authors, that could not be
ntScipated. The value of it could only be determined
hy the working, after a sufficient time had elapsed.
He had himself taken out no fewer that fifteen patents on
one subject, and he believed he had now arrived at some-
thing like perfection. He would like to see the patent
kwB revised. They all felt the difficulties that had been
pointed out by Mr. Webster, but he would say, as an in-
ventor, he hoped that these diiBculties would not deter
wem from endeavouring to amend the system, and
>«Uin the patent laws, to abolish which would be to rob
t man of the fruits of his mtelligence, honest perseverance,
ipd induBliy, and be a disgrace to the advancement of
cWiiatkm.
Dr. BaoBBorFNiB, u the proprietor of several patents,
had no hesitation in stating that the present law was a
delusion and a snare. But, though much might be s%l\
against the system itself, much more miglit be said again^it
inventors. The gentleman who first atMressed theui had
given a graphic description of the intricacies of the hw.
One of the most ticklish things of all was the provisional
specification, and next the final specification. Uo would
appeal to Dr. CoUyer whether the objdct of the iuventor
was not to disguise as much as possible what was inteuded
to be done, and to tell the public as little as possible tor
fear of infringement. A man might invent, or fancy he
had invented, something that had not been invented be-
fore, and the difficulty was to know wliether any one liad
invented such a thing previously A cautious patent
agent would advise him in his specification not to claim
anyCliing specific, bat to leave it open to his opponents,
if he Yuid any, to find out what he did claim. Ti>at was
the state of patent specifications generally in i\m coun-
try. He fiilly concurred in the view taken by Mr. Webster
as a tair and proper one, but there werj great difficultien
connected with it. It had been suggested that Uiere
should be a judicial council to investigate the cUiais to
patents ; but in the case of a chemical patent, how could
a fair decision be arrived at when the process doiU witii
was an entirely new treatment or combination of chemical
dements? If thepatent were gpranted, it must be on tiie
^Me dixit of the applicant, and rights would tlms Im
created with possible inlustice to others, because a
patent when thus granted, to be of any valuj at all.
must be one that could not be overturned. Ati the law of
patents new stood, when an inventor ha*! paid the money
for thepatent, all he got was the privilege to go to Uw (o
defend it. The subject was one which it well became
this Society to grapple with— how he scarcely felt com-
petent to suggest— out it was important that something
should be done to wipe away this great disgrace from tha
laws of the country.
Mr. Paul remarked that before they could consider
how invention was to be encouraged and inventors re-
wairled, it was necessary to define what was an inventian.
No doubt many of the patents granted were not valid, and
the majority of them were neither novel nor useful. Mr.
Webster in his paper had pointed out what he consklered
a distinction between diraovery and invention. He mast
say he could not altogether realise the distinction which
had been thus dmwn, and he regarded many patented in-
ventions as essentially disooveries. It was difficult to
assign to each particular individual the degree of credit
that belonged to him, and that remark applied to
almost all the subjects for which patents could be
obtained. As the knowledge of scientific principles
became enlarged the area of novel invention became
more and more narrowed. That was particularly the
case in the matter of chemical patents. It was
almost impose^ible to say with regard to chemical patents
where the novelty of the invention was, what particular
portion of it that was essential to the process was new, and
what portion though essential was old. It occurred to him
that il might be of great advantage if the character of
novelty in these matters were somewhat less strictly in«
sisted upon or limited, so as to admit of retrospective appli.
cation. In the distinetions drawn by Mr. Webster between
discovery and invention, vaccination had been adduced as
an illustration of the argument. The novelty as well as the
utility of that {oictioe had been establislied, but yet
vaccination was stated to be incapable of reward as an
invention; at the same time patents were granted for
medicines that were to cure all imaginable dishes.
There appeared to him an inconsistency in thi*. With
regard to the reward to Inventors and the property in
inventions, the inventor was not always the person
rewarded by the operation of the Patent Law.
Lord Auraco Chubohill, M.P., said that the patent
law of this country was in a most unsatisfactory condition,
and that amendments in it should be made was almost
universally admitted. The great difficulty was to discover
372
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 22, 1864.
the direction in which the amendmeDt should take place.
They could not diaffuise the fact that in the opinion of
many poraons it would be best that the patent law should
cease altogether, but he for one could not admit that,
until some other means were adopted for giving a fair
rewMtl to inventors for what they produced. The propo-
sition he thought deserving moat attention was the third
which had been submitted by Mr. Webster in his paoer,
viz., that the owners of a patent should be compelled to
grant licenses, or to sell the whole right, for the benefit
of the public, on adequate consideration. Now the
very same idea occurred to him, and he had embodied
that principle in a skeleton bill, which he had submitted to
the consideration of his friends. The object of that bill
was that a patentee should not possess an exclusive or ob-
structive monopoly in the use or manufacture of his invention,
but that he should have full claim to a royalty from other
persons for making use of his invention. He proposed in
this skeleton bill, first, that no monopoly clause should be
introduced ; secondly, that parties obtaining patents should
declare what royalty they considered would be a fair re-
muneration to them ; thirdly, that the amount so declared
should be advertised in the most public manner; and
fourthly, that at the end of six months or any other
fixed period the public generally or any manufacturer
sliould have power to object to that royalty, and
that then the amount should be decided by arbitra-
tion. He thought if these points were well considered
they would find that inventors would obtain ample re-
muneration. He could imagine no greater misfortune to
a man without means than to be an inventor. He knew
of thousands of cases in which men had been ruined by
their own brains. If they could have the means of
placing their inventions before the public in some such
way as he had pointed out, with the certainty that they
would obtain a royalty proportionate to the value of
the invention, they would not be induced to follow the
course mentioned by Dr. Bachho£fuer of drawing out their
specification in such a way that nobody could know the
meaning of it. On the contrary, they would be anxious
to state the nature of the invention as clearly and fully as
possible, in order to obtain the royalty which attached to
it. He was glad to find that this idea had been enter-
tained by Mr. Webster, and he had no doubt that gentle-
man, with his large knowledge of the subject, would be
able to apply it in a practical and useful manner.
Mr. Peter G bah am said he would offer one or two
observations on the general policy of granting patents.
The broad principle to be considered wa? this, viz. —
whether the granting of patents conduced to the progress
and improvement— and thereby to the benefit — of the
public? It had been lost sight of so far, that something
more than mere invention was re(|nired — it had to be
brought into practical use. An mvention was often
attended with many trials and difficulties, and in some
cases thousands of pounds were expended before any
practical results were arrived at. Men would not be
foolish enough to waste time and risk capital unless there
were some chance of ultimate advantage from it. Hence,
he contended that the principle of the patent law was
iust, and tended to progressive improvement and public
Denefit. With regard to the application for extension of
the term of patents, he thought this was necessary ; when
a man brought forward a new invention, affecting an
established manufacture or trade, he had all prejudices to
contend with before he could bring it into use, and unless
he was in a position to carry it out himself, he must find
persona willing to bring it foiward, and great sacrifices were
frequently necessary for tliis end. He recollected when
the power-loom was first adapted to the manufacture of
Brussels carpets. The inventor in the first instance took
it to Kiriderminster, the great seat of tliat manufacture.
The answer given by the manufacturers was, first, that
they did not believe that it was practicable, and secondly,
if practicable, that they did not desire any change or im-
provement in the carpet manufacture. In another in-
stance, in which an ingenious man invented a new thing
in connection with the same branch of manufacture, it was
agreed to put the thing to work, but the parties after-
wards paid the forfeit of £200 and gave it up. How-
ever, the invention was subsequently applied by the in-
ventor himself, and it had been the foundation of one
of the most colossal manufactures in this country. Would
any one tell him that the inventor would have spent hi i
time and money in that way if his invention had not been
protected by a patent, and if he had not had anticipations
of reaping the reward of his invention ? With regard to
the means of obtaining patents, he thought at present
they were obtained with too great facility. The sugges-
tion of Mr. Webster, with reference to that point, was a
good one ; but with regard to Mr. Wilson's propositioo,
he did not think it prActicable, for a poor man would not
have the time and money to do it, and, as had been re«
marked by a previous speaker, rich men were not gene-
rally inventors. They mund capital to perfect the inven-
tions of others, but they were not the real inventors. They
had large manufactories or warehouses, and they were, in
many cases, content to continue as they were, and did not
encourage inventors to come amongst them. No doabt
thousands of patents were perfectly useless, and in like
manner there were a great many laws on the statute books
which might be abrogated with benefit to the commu-
nity. He thought the suggestions of Mr. Webster far
the improvement of the patent laws were valuable. Ha
thought the public, and particularly the Society, were
indebted to that gentleman for the manner in which he
had brought this subject forward. He agreed with every
principle laid down, and with every opinion expressed in
the paper, having for the last twenty years had much to
do witn many patents.
Mr. Wm. Ha WES said at present the diacusmon had
gone entirely in one direction. Nearly every gentleman
had, to a certain extent and in various degrees, sapported
the present system of patent laws, or rather the pnaci|des
on which they were iNued. He would in the first place
reply to the observations in the very able and modest
paper of Mr. Webster, because that gentleman, while
criticising severely the arguments contained in a paper
which he (Mr. Hawes) read before the lart So(nal
Science Congress at Glasgow, he had done it so in go
agreeable a manner as to make it a pleasure ra'her to hear
himself criticised than to raise a word of complaint as to
the manner in which the freedom of criticism was exer-
cised. They must allow him to say that he thcmght the
paper they had just heard grappled with only a small
portion of the subject. Mr. Webster treated the patent
law as an inventors' law only. He did not touch
the patent law as a public law, affecting public and
national interests, but he had laid down the propositions
that invention was entitled to protection, and that tbers
was a property in inventions ; and having stated these two
propositions he went on to defend them, and to show how
that property should be protected and how that piiociple
was to be supported. He (Mr. Hawes) would not gunsay
that there was a property in invention, but he would say
the patent law by which they attempted to maintain thj^
property was injurious to the nation, was not on the whole
beneficial to the inventor, and led a larger number into
difficulty and ruin than to fortune and soooess. Mr.
Webster had drawn a very interesting distinction between
invention and discovery. It was a distinctifm which
might be drawn in a paper of this kind, read before an in-
telligent body of men, but it did not apply to the great
practice of the world. It was impossible by law to define
the difierence between invention and discovery, and so long
as there was that undefinable difference there would always
be peat difficulty in practically separating them, and in
mamtaining that some of the greatest discoveries were not
inventions; for what discovery did more good, or luui
saved more lives, than the discovery of chloroform ? and
yet the men who discovei^ed that agent, by Uie rule now
laid down had no right to reward or to have th^
JOURVAL or THE SOCIETY OF ABT9, April 22, 1864.
373
MTvioM acknowledged by the nttion. He said it
wma taking a wrong Tiew to endecrour to eatabliflh such
m diBtinetioD. Ther coold not maintain it in practice,
and H would confuse instead of elacldate ike qaestion.
It was a dininction witliont a pmctical diflfiorence, which
be ooold not admit as applicable in this case. Reference
bad also bern made to the protection afforded by copy-
rilgfat. He was told that the copyright protected one man
tjpily and one work only, whereas the patent right went
be^oDd that, for it not only protected the inventor bat
protected his machinery and property, and prohibited others
ttom OBing that machinery and property without Ms leave
and liceoee. But a book, a picture, or any artistic work was
only 80 far protected by copyright as to secure the indi-
vidual producing it aginnst the exact reproduction of that
whkrh he had produced, and the worm was allowed to
benefit by that work, and to use It as they pleased, im-
proving upon it, using the same materialB or arc;uments,
BO leng as they did not copy or sell that whicn was an
exact copy of another man's mind. There was protection
to intellect, and property in it, and when they went
beyond that, and preventeii men applying anv portion of a
previooB invention without the leave and license of the
patentee, they did an injury to society, they obstructed
progreae, they increased the cost of production to the
public, and delayed rather than increaasd the progress of
mventioo. These distinctions were worth bringmg for-
ward by the author ; they were interesting, and deserved
consideration; bnt they did not meet or grapple with the
real question — What was a patent? what was it sprantod
for ? for whose bem^fit was it granted ? and did it & good
or harm materially ? A patent right was a monopoly ; it
was a remnant of the laws of olden times. It gave a man
a right for years, to the exclusion of afl othen. It pre-
^rented other men fW>m using, by directly improving upon
it, that which another had invented. It was miginaHy
intended, no doubt, for the benefit of the individual, and
not for the benefit of the country, for the registration of
■ peci6oations was originally intended to prevent the loss
of inveotionii, or the means whereby new things ware pro-
duced. H ) disputed the priaciple on which patents were
founded. He repeated that ft was fbr the benefit of the
individual that certain reatrictiona were enforced, and not
for that of the countiy. For inatance, the re ^i stia ti on of
the qwoilScation wis considered to be for the benefit
of tiie patentee as well as of the public, and as the beet
means of perpetuating the discovery. The principle on
which that rvgistration was founded was not applicable to
the prrsent time. Every patent law was a prohibition to
the world. When a specification was taken oat, it was
not, he apprehended, with a view of concealing the object,
but rather of announcing the d i sc ov er y to the world. It
was a publication of what had been done, but whidi the
inventot^s own countrymen could not use without his
license, though the rest of the world might use it with-
out any citarge whatever. His friend next him (Mr.
Graham) reminded him that the patent might be taken
out abroad. They might take it out in many countries,
tet what dieck was there against the use of it compared
with that in onr own ? Some few patents were secured
abroad, but with the great mass very little good was done
to those who invent^ their money in foreign patents.
The evil of the publication of specificadons in the present
time was that It was the means of assisting our rivals
abroad gratuitously to that for which we obliged our
own countrymen to pay a royalty, so that while we sent
them onr inventions broadcast over the world to be used
in other countries by our rivals, without payment, we
taxed our own industiy. Was that Just to ourselves,
and was it the means by which the patent law upheld
the great mantifoctures of this country, and rewarded
inventors? He said not only was ihe patent law
injurious, but it was also detrimental to the pro-
gren of our own manufoetnren, because it held out
a premium to tlie manufacturera abroad to reproduce
our best preduotiona. Look at it in another point of view.
What was the number of patents taken oat annually in
this country ? There were about 8,000 new inventions
patented per annum ,* this had gone on year by year rinoe
185?, so that between 25,000 and 80,000 patents had
been granted during the last ten years. Where, then, was
the progress of discovery by which Ihey eould mark the
beneficial effect of these 25,000 or 80,000 patents? What
was the cost of them ? A mtllion of money had been
paid in oflicial fyea. How much more would have been
paid in law to protect them, if each had Inul to be
defended in 150 Chancery suits, might be more easily
inmgined than coireetly stated. There ooold be no
doubt litigation was a matter which added oonstder-
ably to the charges for those patents* Tlien how
did they test the results obtained fhmi these 80,000
patents daring the last ten years? If they looked to
the Jurors* Reports of the Exhibition of 1862— aot the
opinion of one or two of them merely-^bnt of nearly all,
they would see the opinion expressed thai the results of
new invention in the previous ten years were not such as
might luve been anticipated, notwithstanding the large
number of new patents taken out. That was the result
of a million of money spent on patents ; that was the
result of investments, many times greater, in the experi-
ments, labour, and machinery required to justify takii>g
out a patent, and ih law expences to defend them. Then,
to go a little forther, let them look at the amount of
property in these patents. He had said on an average
there were 8.000 patents taken out annually. There
were 8,200 patents taken out in 1862. Of these 8.200,
1,200 died a natural death before having arrived
at the great seal, £5 in fees, besides other expences
being paid on each. That was the flrst instalment
under this law — 1,200 out of the 8,200 were not con-
sidered worth the £20 to wcure the flrst step. The
expenditure on these 1,200 was all lest. That left
them 2,000 yet to be dealt with. Of that number only
about 650 paid the £25 necessary to get an extension for
three years ; thcefore there were alxmt 1,500 of the 2,000,
every one of which was impeding progress, and was a
fetter upon some other genuine inventor; 1,500 ssiik and
died rather than pay the £25 to contimie the proteetloD
for three years. Then what became of the other 650 ?
£50 mast be paid at the end of the third year to con-
tinue the protection for seven years, and otay 100 got to
that stage, so that out of the whole 8,200 patents the Aill
fees were a.ly paid upon 100 for the extensioo of the ex-
ddaive right tor another seven years. If they wanted
stronger fkctsthan these to prove the absurdity of the Patent
Law they had only to loc* at the records of the Patent
Office to satisfy themselves that whatever of good there
might be fn the principle of patents, it was not to be found
in the patent law as ft existed in this country, but having
these facts what coiiM be said in support of protection to
property in patent-*, if only 100 out of 8,200 were worth
£100 at the end of two years. We might be told that the
argument he had used, that they were beneficial to foreign-
ers while nseli'SB to ourselves, was of little value, because
inventors might take out patents for foreign countriee.
That appeared at first night an answer to the aiigmnent,
and he was anked by Mr. Wefcster to show them an in-
stance in which an invention of this country bad been used
to otir disadvantage abroad. How could his friend expect
him to show an instance of that kind ? All he could »ay
was if the patents were so useless to foreigners that they
rarely or never used them, when they had no fees or law
expenses to pay, when they could get them ^»*"-
out labour, without anxiety, without taxation — it
they were useless to them what use could they bo
to this country ? If these patents were of so little
value that they might be thrown broadcast among our
great manufacturing rivals all over the world, could tboy
believe tlie maintmante of the law under which they
existed, and which involved taxation of the public to a
great extent, and which pretended to foster invention ai»d
reward the inventor— could they believe it was of
874
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 22, 1864.
eervice to this country ? Let them look at the reward if
fave to iDventon — how was ii tested* where to be foand?
Ivery speaker had referred to the loaees which inveDtors
encountered. It was notorious that the great bulk of in-
ventions had not rewarded the men who had produced
iheni. Undoubtedly men had been rewarded who im-
proved upon the inventions of others. The men who
invented the beautiful dyes from a waste and almost
noxious product — the two distinguished men who
discovered the existence of those dyes, never received
a penny for their services ; while a comparatively
obscure chemist — a man having no right what-
ever to claim reward for the invention — took out a
patent founded unou the skill and reseaich of Faraday
and Hofmann, ana that man and others were making
large fortunes from the results of the labours of those two
great philosophers. Qe said, as against the country, that
right ought not to have been granted. Then Smith, the
inventor of the screw propeller, was not adequately
rewarded; others had benefited largely by additions
made to that great discovery, but the man who devoted
his life to the subject got nothing for his patent. There
were plenty of patents, extending over a long range of in-
ventions, which had not been profitable to tlie patentees,
which had, on the contrary, ruined the inventors, whilst
the rewards had been reaped by a c\^ of men who did
sot deserve the name of inventors, who would suc-
ceed whether they had patent laws or not; but who,
out of a bad protective system, had derived large for-
tunes, and, therefore, were the supporters of these
laws. The same language might be uised with regard
to the great originator of the Penny Postage; and
the corn laws were at one time regarded as ne.:essary
for the protection of the interests of the British farmer ;
■but he would say the abrogation of the patent laws,
instead of defeating invention, would be a great stimu-
lus to it, and they would never, under the present
law, do so much for this country or for individuals as
they would by allowing eveiy man to win the laurels
oamed by his own brain, and allowing the country to
reward him for his labours. They did not find that the
philosophera, the physicians, the surgeons, or the great
artists and authors of this country, were deterred in their
oareer of usefulness or of invention by want of patents ;
yet they were not wanting in discovery, which they applied
to the benefit of mankind at large. No countiy poKessed
greater philosophers, greater physicians, greater surgeons,
or greater artists than this, from Sir Humphrey Davy down
to Faraday and Hofmann, and yet all had worked on
without the stimulus of the patent law. This was his view
of the patent law; but while he was entirely opposed
4o the present law, he did not say there should not be
some system by which real inventions, such as those of
Rowland Hill, Smith, Hofmann, and James Watt, should
meet with some reward. He believed there were means
■to be discovered by which great inventors and great in-
ventions — he did not mean mere additions and changes
hii by bit, which he did not call inventions— might
■meet with a suitable reward. Means might be found
by which great inventors — men whose genms led them
.con amore to pursue researches for the benefit of man-
kind — might be honoured as well as rewarded, and to
that extent he desired to reward invention and the
individual talent which had led to invention, fie would
in a few words just call attention to the extraordinary argu-
ments that were used in support of t)ie views that were
brought forward by various speakers. They were told that
the best mode of remedying these abuses was to have a
•committee of experts, to whom all inventions were to
be submitted, by whom it should be determined whether
a patent should be granted or not. Would a man who
knew anything about inventions submit to have his plans
tested by those who were in arrear of him ? because the
essence of invention — ^the position a man placed himself
in as an inventor, implied that he had more knowledge
uian Ills neighbours, and was in advance of the ex-
perts to whom it was proposed to submit his loveDtioo ;
and, taking mankind as it was, a man who was an
inventor, and was in possession of a new principle, woald
be unwilling to submit it first to such a body of men and
then be found to give up hb idea because those men said
it was not new, or it was not likely to be a profitable
patent. An inventor must be a man in advance of hii
age, and yet he was to be asked to submit his plans
to those who were behind him, and who, perhaps, coold
not thoroughly estimate the value of the new prindple
brought before tJiem. Let them imagine Mr. Winaor,
the inventor of gas-lighting, submitting his plans to those
who would have been the experts upon public lighting in
that day — the great oil merchants — and asking them to
decide whether gas was capable of giving as much light
as the old oil lamps. Did they think they would ever
have had gas ? In 1814 the idea was ridiculed of pamng
gas along the streets in pipes like water. Then again,
the idea of submitting to such a body the question
whether a wheel shomd have 20 instead of 30 cogs,
or a particular fix of gearing — it was nonsense to
call that invention — or whether a lever should be 10
inches long instead of 16 ? or whether a sewing machine
should have one shape of needle instead of another, or this
or that kind of stitch? — to call those inventions was an
absurdity and an abuse of terms. Patent ri^ht, if he under-
stood it rightly, was to protect that which was entirely
new and useful — not to protect those things which were
a necessary consequence of the application of a man's
ingenuity with hundreds working at the same thing day
by day. There was one remark of his firiend (fifr.
Graham) he must notice, that was with respect totbe
reluctance of great manufacturers to encourage new
inventions in their own branch of trade, and he illus-
trated his view by one case in which the inventor
brought his own designs into operation and made a
large fortune thereby. His friend also said that
very rich men never troubled themselves about new
inventions, but he would say if there was one man in the
metropolis more ready than another to ad^'ance capital in
the promotion of a really good invention, that man waa
his Mend Mr. Graham, and he thought that was the best
answer to his friend's argument. The inventor must have
a capitalist with him, l^ecatise it was said not to be in the
nature of things for an inventor to be rich. Many great
inventors were comparatively poor men. Roberts, the
inventor of the self-acting mule was a poor man ; and pro-
bably a few days hence this room would be appropriated
to a meeting for the purpose of providing a subscription for
his daughter, who was left in bad circumstances. Hit
principle was ifthere were inventors — ^if they acknowledged
them as such, they ought to find some means by which
their talents should be acknowledged by a grateful country ;
but he did not apply that observation to a host of men
who had no right to the protection which they sought, and
he denounced the present system as tmtenable upon any
sound principle.
Mr. Newton Wilson expressed a hope that as there
were many gentlemen present who were desirous of speak-
ing on this subject, the Council would consent to the dis-
cussion being resumed on a future evening, and he there-
fore moved that the discussion be adjourned.
Mr. Spencbb thought there was a great mistake in the
nature of this discussion. They were going into details,
and no one looked at the great principle at stake. Sir
William Armstrong, the Times newspaper, and all who
advocated the abolition of the patent laws, went into
matters of detail, which, when investigated, came to thk,
that the patent laws were not carried out as they ought to
be; that patents which ought to cost only £5 coet'£lOO ; and
that the large sums annually expended on that account
were owing to so-called inventors being allowed to protect
their inventions. He thought that was wholly beside the
question. He thought, with all deference to Mr. Hawes,
that he entirely misapprehended the question. He did
not think they could judge from fiu^ts, for facta had been
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 22, 1864.
376
wrongly applied, becaiue wrongly brought about. If they
liad an institution so badly oonduotod aa to check inven-
tion rather than encourage it, and from thence it was
argued that the patent law was wrong, ho thought tiiat was
no argument whatever. He ( Mr. Spencer) considered there
was a right in the individual as well as in the public?
There was an undoubted property in invention. Mr.
Hawas said he appreciated the inventor, but could
not appreciate the man who went on step after step in
the improvement of an invention. He would refer that
gentleman to hU own case of James Watt, and he asked
where would have been the splendid results now realised
in oar great commercial steam marine if there had been
no improvements made upon Watt's discovery and in-
▼entloa ? Where they to keep the ashes of the dead for
hundreds of years and say that no benefit should accrue
to the man who brought the results of improvements
before the public? What was the test of the value of an
invention? It was the benefit the public got from it. If
they could now get the same amount of horse-power from
an engine with 3 lbs. of coal that Watt got with 8 lbs., he
tiiottffht that was a bond fide advance, the merit of which
was due to later invention. But that was attained step
by step, and yet this was what Mr. ELawes had depreciated.
He thought in the matter of property in an invention
there could be no misunderstanding. A mau liaving a
small cottage was as much protected in his rights as
the man of large estates. He said if a copyri»<ht was
allowed, and if a man was allowed to print his thoughts,
and give them to the public as his own, the man who in-
vented ought to be allowed to do the same ; and of the
degree of merit in invention he did not think they were
fair judses. If such a Board as Mr. Webster had sug-
gested had existed, nineteen-twentieths of the present
patents would not have come into existence. He was not
argaing so much upon the present state of the patent
laws as the state they might be in if the suggestions of
Mr. Webster and others were carried out. That was the
question now before them. It was the question whether
^dividual risht was to be respected — whether a man had
a right to hold his own invention as a property. If not,
what was the use of discussing the matter? He hold
that on every ground there was a right The man
who invented had a property-right in the thoughts
he had worked out into a practical form, and unless that
right were acoonied, invention would go down. They
were arguing as if capitalists were the most liberal and
appreciative cla« of men — as if their langusge was,
" Come to me with your invention, and I will pay you
handsomely for it;" whereas he believed the rule was
(though there were noble exceptions), *' 1 will get as much
as I can for myself, and will pay as little as possible for
it." So far, therefore, from holding the views of Mr.
Hawes, that invention would go on better, he believed it
would not go on at all. He spoke as a patentee himself
— one of the step-by-step men. He had spent his life in
doing certain things, and he believed he had done good
in a small way ; and if inventors did not look for money
reward, they looked for large results in another way. But
it was the case with some men that the genius of inven-
tion was within them and it must come out, and when it
came out they were justified in keeping it to themselves up
to a certain point. If they admitted that a man*s thoughts
were beneficial to the public, he had a right to the same pro-
tection, that he might receive the value of them in return,
as he would receive in the case of hb cottage or his houses
and lands.
The Chaibmas announced that the discussion was
adjourned to the next meeting.
a more flourishing condition, whether reference is made to
the attendance in the news-room, the circulation of the
books, or the subscriptions of the members ; the number
of the latter being greater than on any previous period.
The prizes offered by the committee for the Ist and 2nd
best essay on physical education, and the first crusade,
called forth nine competitors, four for physical education,
and five for the first crusade. The adjudicators deemed
it advisable to withhold the first prize in one case and the
second in the other, awarding only a first prize for the first
crusade, and a second for physical education. Mr. White-
hcnn was the writer of the successful essay on the first
crusade, and Mr. A. Buller of the one on physical education.
The committee regret the continued want of interest
manifested by the membera in entertainments. The
public readings have not this winter been given so
frequently as m former seasons, in consequence of other
societies catering for the public in a similar manner ; but
they have been a decided suocess whenever given.
Throughout the past winter a chess club, in connexion with
the Institute, has held bi-weekly meetings.
Llanbllt Mkohanics' Institution. — A fine collection
of geological and mineralogical specimens has been pre-
sented to this Institution by £arl Cawdor, aud they are
now being classified and arranged by Mr. F. Bodkin.
Mr. Bodkin recently delivered two lectures on geology and
mineralogy, having reference more particularly to the
collection at the Athennum, specimens from which were
handed round to the audience. The chair on both occa-
sions was occupied by the President of the Institution, W.
H. Nevill, Esa. At the dose of the second lecture a vote
of thanks to Mr. Bodkin was moved by Mr. Buckley, and
seconded by Mr. B. T. Howell, and in putting it to the
meeting the chairman expressed how much pleasure he
had derived fVom Mr. Bodkin's lecture, and referred to the
great diflloulty of arranging the large collection of speci-
mens so liberally presented by Earl Cawdor. These
specimens were idl valuable, and had been arranged by
Mr. Bodkin, and he most cordially agreed in the sentiments
t of the mover and seconder that the thanks of the meeting
were due to Mr. Bodkin. The motion was then put, and
carried with applause.
^mctMngs 0t Institnturts*
Bajtbubt MEOHAinas' lOTrrruTE. — The report of the
secretan', adopted at the half-yearly meeting on TueiKlay,
22iid Bfarob, states that the Institute has never been in
im §xis.
New Fresco. — ^Mr. E. M. Ward, H.A., has recently
completed another picture for the decoration of the walls
of the palace at Westminster, one of the series of fresco
paintings for the execution of which he holds the royal
commission — the landing of Charles II. at Dover on bis
restoration to the English throne. This picture has been
painted in the new water-glass medium.
|[lanttfatt«tts»
Chatham Dooktabo Maobinbrt. — The Lords of the
Admiralty have sanctioned an expenditure of between
£16,000 and £17,000 for new machinery at Chatham
Dockyard, the whole of which is to be forthwith erected.
The new machinery ordered includes a hydraulic press of a
new description and of a size larger than any now in use
at either of the Royal dockyards, for bending the 6-in.
and other iron plates intended for the BdUrophon and
Lord Warden iron-cased frigates. Four thousand pounds
is also to be expended in the erection of six additional
overhead travellers beneath those sheds where the iron
vessels are to be built, to be used in armour-plating the
ships. They have also decided on laying out £10000 in
the erection of new and improved spinning and other
machines in the rope-makhig establisliments at Chatham
Dookyud, where the largMt cables are now manufac-
tured by steam.
Pbeventino Ihorubtation IX Steam Boilers.^ Mr.
W. C. Page has put forward an invention which is tc
S7S
JOURNAL OP THB SOOIETT OP ARTS, Awm 22, 18^4.
fnmat/i the oedtfrnenCary depoeitu in 6te«ii<boa«rs iVora
finming » hard crust ai the bottom and sides, aad also to
remote such xncrosta^ns when formed. To this end he
employs a sokrtioB prepared by heatiDg togeither, in an
nroD pot, creasote, or any Yegetable, animal, or mineral
dl, with chlcnride of anraiomana, earbonale of soda,
oansiic soda, or potai^, or anj soluble chloride cf car-
bonate, in the proportion of about 1^ ooneea of creasote
te one onnce of the other alkalies mentioned. The solu-
tion thus prepared is introdoced hito the boiler through
the feed-pipe or otherwise ; about one pini to each
horse-power being sufficient for about eight weeks ; at the
end of this time the boiler is blown off from the bottom,
and fresh solution added. After continuous working
for some months, the onlj operation necessary is to
blow off the boiler and remore the sediment by hand.
When the inorastetion has already formed, the solution
is introduced into the boiler ; it is then put into use for
two or three weeks, and the deposit, which was hard be-
Ibre, caa now eahily be removed by hand. The compo-
sition may be OMule either liquid or solid.
Glamftiho Wnfn.^-The number of eggs employed
for this purpose in Paris alone is stated to m about four
millions and a half. By this means a wholesome and
nourishing article of food is taken away from public con-
sumption, and its price considerably increased. To avoid
this, certain kinds of powders aro now beginning to be
employed, by which wines may be clariHed with equal
fiEKiltty and at a smaller expense.
AoiicuLTOBAL Show nr Frawob. — The agricultural
Show of the Loire distnet is to be held in the flrat fort-
night of May, and the landed proprietors of that and the
adjoining departments have taken the opportunity of
inviting all makers of steam ploughs to eempete ibr prizea
in money and medals offered to the soocessful competitors
by them and the Minister of Agricnlture. The ploughs
aro required for deep ploughing, ordroary ploughing,
cultivators, grubbers, StQ. The prises aro three in
number ; the Ist priae is £100 mm a gold medal ; the
2od, £80 and a silver medal ; and the 8rd Is £40 and a
bronze medal. Besides these there is a fbod of £160, to
be divided eqaally between foreign exhibitors, towards
payment of their expenses, and the French railways will
carry their implements at half-price. The ploughs are
required to be on the ground by the 27th of Aniil, and
the trial will take pla^ from tha 28th of April to the
7th of May inclusive. The place of trial is fioanne, in
tlie demirtment of the Loire, about twelve hours' journey
from Paris by the Lyons railway. A jury will decide oo
the merits of the competing ploughs. This jury is com-
posed partly of French and partly of English members,
the English being Messrs. Wilson, Fisher Hol>bs, and
T. J. Thackeray. The object of the competition Is to
introduce steam ploughs mto the department of the
Loire and the adjacent departments, the ordinary ploughs
having been ineffid^t ibr the stubborn soil of the
country.
with 5,479 bales; the W^6oh, wHh 4,2«2 bsto; tht T
Jhydm, with 8,186 bales; the Atrnk Arckbdl, wHh 4,«fl^
bales ; the Akhifnatl, with 4,662 bales. From Tokeium
the Vem^ire, with 800 bales, had sailed, and from EMm-
gawa, the Fortrvimm, with 4,728 bales, aad the Ahamin,
with 4,538 bales.
Coal w the Poti jaub.— A vein of coal or ligmte, li
to be inexhaustible, has been opened in the PoDJMk
It has been tried by the Punjaub Railway Compory ftr
its locomotives, the chief engineer pronouncrog ftvoonMy
on it. The discovery has caused conakierable tntarei* te
the Punjaub ; for if i* prove to be, as it is described, <i
a quality equal if not superior to that found in Bengal
it will secure the profitable working of an extenaion <rf
the railway. The discovery of this vein has been BMd«
about 150 miles northward fh)m Lahore, on the bank»e<
the Jhelum, a little to the west of the ofdinaiy road fo
Peshawur.
WiJiB Statistics.— The quantity of wino hspevfed
into the Unhed Kingdom in the year 1863 was 14,186,1»
gallons, whereof 5f railltens were red, and nearly Nr «3-
ffons white. Compared with the suppHcs in 1861 the
above total is t\ million gallons In excess, of which ^laa
contributed 1,350.»18 gallons, Portugal 6463M ^ifons.
and Italy 165,642 gallons. The only decrease of any wrte
is 58,026 gallons from France. In the subjoioed ta^
are given the exact quantities imported from
in the years 1862 and 1868, showhig the
decreases thereon respectively :—
(JuMMrrfc
Cotton fbom China.— The following is the export of
cotton fiom tlie China seaboard from January ist to
February llth. For Liverpool from Hong Kong, the
Kohinoor, with 7,958 bales ; the Dclf^et^ with 2,676 bales ;
t!\e Cornelia HendTika^ with 3,456 bales; the Devonthire,
with 0,368 bales; the Bella, with 4,274 bales; and the
Norwood, with 4,000 bales. For Liverpool from Shanghai
there had mailed the Spirit ofih$ Timet^ with 5,840 bales;
the Vdoz, witli 4,072 bales; the Ralston, with 3,841 bales;
the Alice Painter, with 4,343 bales; the Qu^ensberry, with
4,3G8 bales; the Thomas Hoyden, with 5,892 bales; the
Isabtuta llercue, with 3,840 bales ; and the Comtaniia, with
3.G42 bales. For London from Shanghai we have the
SlraihaHan, with 4,123 bales; the Lamdowne, with 4,577
bales; the Oliver CromtoeU, with 3,300 bales; the Oithona,
Countries.
Tean ended Deo. 31.
18«2.
1863.
Britiih Poasenions—
Ronth Africa
Oali.
«9,4fi5
7,W7
314,238
2,244,Y27
3,S4S,491
47,iaa
6,365,647
19,484
211,489
652,066
GalB.
106,165
7,310
363,867
2,18S,70t
3,604,686
30,460
6,716,560
10,068
377,131
786,061
Gall. GalL
6»,T1* —
0«h«r Drttkh Pomw-
•i«Bf
From Holland ... .m
49,619 —
Ftt>ni France
— ft8,ei8
From Portugal »
Fk^iu Madoira ..»•«•.••
From Soain ............
i49^|M
1,350,913
l«5^64t
133,99t
9.«ta
From Canariei
t,<15
FroBH Italy ........ . ...
Pram other CoOBtries
Total! »
11,660,676
14,186,189
2,301,273
76,700
76,700
Incrssiein
18V3*a»»**»*«
3,226,613
The quantity entered for home consmnptioa last yesr
amounted in round numbers to 10} mflHoD ffalioB»--an
increase, in comparison with the returns m 18^, of
675,373 gallons. Of the aggregate, 4} rafflioii galkna
were the produce of Spain, 2| milfions of Partngal^ 2
millions of France, 321,485 gallons of Holland, 276,^^
of Italy, 108,951 gallons of Briti>h possessions in Sooth
Africa, and 2,849 gallons of the Canary Iriands. Spun
shows an increase of 576,000 gallons, Portugal of 268,2^13
gallons, Italy of 60,777 gallons, France of 38,855 galloo*,
Holland of 5,312 gallons; while South Africa and the
Canaries have a diminution of 67,784 gallons, and 656
gallons respectively. The total revenue derived frtun
wine imported in 1863 was £1,214,762, an amount bevond
that in 1862 equal to £91,159. In 1863 the exports of
wine slightly exceeded 2J million gallons, or 189,131
gallons more than those in 1862. The average prices in
bond In the latter yearwcre : — French, 4s. 8d. ; fWtngal,
fs. 5d. ; Italian, 2s. ; and Spanish, 28. od. )>er f^Ucn ; bat
recently the last mentioned mne has considenldy in-
creased in value. The quantity in bond on the 3lst Dec.,
1863, was upwards of 12} million gallons, or 1} minion
gallons more than at the same date in 1862.
tDfllom
Prpsebvation of Meat. — ^The Sydmey Mwwing ^f^id
referring to the pi'omiuma offered by tiie Society of Art^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 22, 1864.
377
says — •* The Travelyan prize of seventy pounds ia oJFered
for the discovery of a process for preserving fresh meat
batter than by any method hitherto employed, applicable
to the presirvation of meat in countries where it is now
alciHMt valueless, so as to render it an article of commerce,
and available for stores on shipboard. If any one will
thoroughly d&serve this prize he will benefit Australia not
ooly to the extent of £70, but to an untold amount. To
find out & foreign mirket for our beef would be to add
to our coiTimerco prodigiously. Notwithstanding pleura
pneumonia and drought, our cattle are increasini^ now at
a rate foster than our power of consumption. List year
at one time they fell in price so low as to be scarcely
saleable. The price has improved since then, owing to
various circumstances, but the multiplication of sto^k has
alirays a tendency to bring the price down to a point
which makes it a puzzle for the stockholder to find his
profit There is, of course, always the last resource of the
boiling pot, but a for better resource would be a satisfactory
invention for preserving fresh beef. Such an invention
woold at once establish a permanent article of export of
more value than tallow, and would give still greater
encouragement and greater security to pastoral pursuits."
Sugar is Aust&alia. — Referring to the premium just
iMaed by the Society of Arts, the Sydney Morning Herald
Btates— '* A medal is offered for the production and manu-
fociure of not less than one ton of caue sugar, the produce
of any of the Australian colonies. That the north-
eastern coast of Australia is destined hereafter to produce
a large quantity of sugar, we look upon as certain. Queens-
land, perhaps, will be the chief seat of this industry, but
sugar may be grown to a profit within New South Wales.
That this industry has not already taken root is owing
partly to the vit inertiot whioh seems to oppose itself to
all new enterprises out of the common track, and partly
to the steady absorption of accumulated capital in pastoral
extenaiofi. The wealth that grows out of squatting is
naturally invested in more squatting, and there is no
prospect for a long time to come of this outlet for surplus
investment being closed. It might seem to be equally
natural that the profits of agriculture should be invested
in more agriculture, and such would have been the case if
there had been any such proportionate profits to invest.
In some isolated cases it has been so. But, as a general
mle, agriculture in this colony has not been so prosperous
aa its admirers could wish, and more people have been
deterred from prosecuting it than have been attracted to
it. The bounty of cheap land has been lately applied to
give this jaded industiy a fresh fiUiPi but at present not
with any distinguished success. Tropical agriculture,
however, has always been more remunerative than cereal
agricalture, and if the experiment were tried with skill
and energy, backed by adequate capital, the coast lands to-
wards the north would pay for sugar for better than our til-
lage has yet paid in wheat or maize. A gentleman long
resident in one of our sugar-growing colonies, who has
recently inspected some of the Queensland experiments
in sugar growing, has expressed to us the strongest con-
viction that success is inevitable in this branch of Industry
if the operation is conducted in the right way."
Qkowth of Flax. — The ffobart Toion Mercury, 22nd
January, 18G4, in speaking of the prize offered by the
Society of Arts for the production of fiax, in any of the
Australian colonies, of a good marketable quality, says: —
" It is, however, very doubtful if a bale of Tasmanian
flax can be |jrooured, as the whole of last year's crop is
said to have gone into consumption. A fine sample of
flax, the growth of Tasmania, was sent to the London
Sxhibition in 1861, and carried off a prize medal, of
which the holder is very proud. Much of the crop
from which this sample was taken was manufactured
into twine and plough-lines, in Hobait-town ; and
many Tasmanians can boast of having driven their
horses at plough in beautiful flax lines, made in
eokmial rope walks, out of fibre produced from seed
grown by their own^hutds. Flax grows wild in this part
of the world, and only requires knowledge and culture
to make it a valuable article of export ; and it is to be
hoped that our farmers will be induced to give increased
attention to flax-growing. Seed, however, is a great
object in this case, and though a supply of the best
quality was received some time since, it is doubtful if a
sufficient quantity ia now obtainable in the colony." The
Sydney Herald says: — " New Zealand would seem to
have the best chance of producing this commodity, as the
flax grows there wild, but hitherto nothing effective has
been done to make the article merchantable. Perhaps
the larffe immigration which it is proposed to introduce
in the form of military coloniiiation may have some in-
fluence in stimulating this branch of industry. The new
settlers mu*t turn their land to some account, and as it
is very doubtful whether they will be able to grow wheat
at a- profit, they may advantageously turn their attention
to flax. It is an undeveloped resource for New Zea-
land, which will be of great value the moment it can be
turned to account. In the western states of North
America great attention has been paid, during the last
few years, to the growth and preparation of flax, and with
every prospect that this remunerative branch of industry
will be permanently naturalised."
AooLiMATisATioN SooiBTY. — An acclimatisatiou society
has been formed in Otago. In Victoria and other Austni-
lian colonies such so^neties have for some time existed, and
have proved themselves of unquestionable public utility,
and in New Zealand the provinces of Nelson and Southland
has each its acclimatization society. They have not as
yet done much, but it may be hoped that now something
like unity between the three will lead to something being
done. If these bodies could achieve ooly the introduction
of the salmon and its acclimatisation they would confer a
very great boon on all the Australian colonies. The
Taibu River in this provinoe has been specially designated
by a competent authority as the most naturally fitted
stream for the experiment which exists in New Zealand,
and there can, be no doubt that the climate of the province
is the nearest approach to that of England which can be
found here. The provincial council has voted £500 to
be applied in aid of any experiment which is proposed to
be made under favourable circumstances, and tnis money,
as the superintendent has f irmerly stated, will be at the
disposal of the Otago Society whenever the committee
may determine to set about the work.
fottj.
The Royal Hobtioultobal Society has just issued
thE following annount'ement : — On the Queen's birth-
day, Tuesday, 24th May, 1864, the gardens at South
Kensington will be opened to the public from 12 to 6,
admission. Is. Fellows may obtain any number of tickets
at 6d. each. An exhibition will be held showing the
various uses of flowers for the decoration of halls, draw-
ing rooms, balconies, churches and buildings generally,
dec, also dinner and supper tables, hand bouquets, gar-
lands, and floral devices of all kinds, for which prizes will
be awarded. Provided a sufficient number of works of
merit are sent in competition, one prize of £5, 3 prizes
each of £3, 6 prizes each of £2, 12 prizes each of £1, and
20 prizes each of 10s., with an unlimited number of
honorary certificates will be given. Lady amateur artists
and Royal Academicians will be associated with the
judges. Spaces for large decorations will be assigned to
each exhibitor who fills up a printed application before the
16th May. The objects must i-emain for two days on
exhibition. The swags, wreaths, devices, and garlands,
may be composed of cultivated or wild flowers, sprays or
leaves, or branches of any description separate or com-
bined. The swags, or garlands, must not be less than
eight feet long. Artificial flowers for bouquets, &c., may
be used, and with these there is do restriction as to uzr
S78
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 22, 1864r.
and separate certificates given. All oljects mnat be de-
dolivered carnage free to the gardens ; thwe ccmposed of
artificial flowers on the 2drd, all others t>efore 9 a.m. on
the 2Mh. All the cascades and fountains, and Minton's
majolica fountain, from the International Exhibition of
1862, will be played. Three military- bands will perform
during the day, and assemble to play •• God save the
Queen" at six p.m. — On the evening of Wednesday, 25th
May, the Conservatory of the Horticultuial Society will
be lighted for the first time, and there will be a Conver-
sazione exclusively for the Fellows and Debenture Holders,
who will be received by the President, his Grace the Duke
of Bncclouch, K.G. Hours, from 9 till 11, when a military
band will perform.
Commissioners FOR tbb ExHiBmoN of 1851. — At the
last meeting of the Commissioners the Earl of Derby was
elected President, in the place of the Prince Consort.
This election has been delayed in order that it might be
seen how far the execution of the Prince's plans at South
Kensington would recover the shock of his death. The
eale of 16 acres of land to the Government places the
commission out of all difficulty as respects finance.
Desiqn.h for the New Mcseum at South Kbnsino-
TON. — About thiity two designs and plans have been sent
in for competition, and are now exhibited in the royal
gallety at the palace of Westmineter. They were first
opened to the public on Thursday, 21st April, the exhibi-
tion having been hitherto limited to members of Parlia-
ment. The judges are said to be five, and that Lord
£lcho is the chairman, the others being three architects,
Mr. Tite being one, and the fiflh a painter.
Sir Humpbbet Davt. — A committee has been organized
at Penzance with the object of raising a monument to
^e memory of this celebrated chemist.
Action of Light on Honey.— Honey fresh from the
comb is a clear yellow syrup, without a trace of solid
sugar in it, but upon straining it gradually assumes a
crystalline appeai-ance, and ultimately becomes a solid
mass of sugar. It has not been suspected that this change
was due to a photO|n'aphio action, but this appears to be
the case. M. Scheibler has enclosed honey in stoppered
flasks, some of which he has kept in perfect darkness,
whilst others have been exposed to the light. The in-
variable result has been that the sunned portion rapidly
crystallises, whilst that kept in the dark remains perfectly
liquid. It is thus seen why l)ees are so careful to woifc
in perfect darkneas, asid why they obscure the glaas
windows which are sometimes placed in their hives. The
existence of their young depends on the liquidity of the
saccharine food presented to them, and if light were
allowed access to this, the syrup would gradually acqnue
a more or less solid consistency and would seal op the
oells.
BioHABD Roberts. — A committee is in eonrse of for-
mation for raising a f\ind for a memoriiJ to that gentle-
man, the money in the first place to be applied in making
a competent provision for his only daughter, and, if any
remain, a bust or monument is propo^ to be erected.
Mr. Bazley, M.P., has consented to be chairman of the
committee, on which the Duke of Sutherland, Lord Alfred
Churchill, M.P., Admiral Sir Edward Belcher, and many
other gentlemen of influence, have already undertaken
to serve. The first meeting of tho Committee will take
place at the rooms of the Society of Arts, on Wednesday
evening next, at four o'clock.
reluctant. The rooms, indeed, applied to the exhibition of
this art in this building are a national disgrace. If more
worthy accommodation cannot be found for s^^ulpture it
were better that phe should be an absentee altogether,
and that the roomsapplied hitherto to her disservice fehouM
be turned over into the charge of Mr. Farraoce, ortr the
way, or some other restaurant of that class, who wouM te
ready, probably, io pay a handsome honorarium to the
academy for the privilege of there supplying cake*, ices,
<fec., to the wearv and thirsty lovers of pictures. The so-
called cellar would be much more frequented when applied
to this purpose than to its former one. It would be a boon
to the lovera of pictures to give thetn, within the walls of
the building, the opportunity of refreshment, and the
change would at least be a negative honour to sculpture
as sparing her her former disgraces ; and, moreover, the
sum paid for the above-mentioned privil<*ge might perhaps
go towards a fond for eventually building a better j«toj,
and providing better accommodation for sculpture hewclf ,
— I am, &c., Efsilon.
^mtiytmmt.
vRoTAL A0ADEM7. — SiB, — It is uudcrstood that very
little sculpture has been sent in this year for exhibi-
tion at the Royal Academy, Trafalgar-sqnare. When
the Royal Academic sculpt<"»rs themselves are not sony
*i k^*^^** "^' *^ contribute, there is little marvel
that the outside members of the profession are equally
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING VEEK.
Men. ...R. Oeographteal, S|. 1. Mr. Pether1ck*t BrnMrt en hW
Ezplonitioni in the Regions of tho Upper ^ue. 2, Mr.
Kirk. " On Fo«til Bonei from the Ranks of sn AlBoent of
the Zambesi.*' 3. PIr R. I. Mnrchison, •• Oa the Aatl-
qvAtj of the Phjrioal Geogn^b j of AMcm.'*
Actntries, 7.
Philoiophical Clnh, 6. Annual Meeting.
Medical, 8|. " Clinical IHscaision."
B. United Serrioe Inst, Si. 1. Mn^>r SoottPUm^ " Heir
form of Paddle Wheelt workinc; under the Oountir.* 2.
Mr. Charles Phelps, " Mont-Storm's System of Rreeeb-
Loadlng.*
TuES. ...Medloal and Chimrgloid. S}.
CItII Enirlneerv, 8. 1. Diacntaion upon Mr. Lion's F»P«r.
** Deaeription of the Santiago and Valparaiso Raliwmf;
with remarks upon Resistances from Cortes ea Rallvnji,
and upon Coal- burning Locomotlres." 3. Mr. Jaa. Oow,
*< On the Straotm^ of LoeomotiTe Engines for aneadlBs
Steep Inclines, especially when In cnnlanrtion with 8bar{r
Curves on Railways." 3. Mr. W. Brldcea Adwna, " Oa
the Impedimental Friction between Wheel Tff«s »<
Rails, with plana for LmproTraaent.**
Zoologtoal. 9.
Ethnological, 8. 1. Mr. John Campbell. " On the Celtte
Languages and Races.** 2. Sir John Shiel. on the
sulUect. 3. Mr. John Lnbbook, ** On the I>Mlik
finds."
Royal Inst, 3. Prof. Blackle, " <>n Homer.**
WiD... Society of Aril, 8. Adjourned Discosiion ** On tht
Laws.**
London Inst., 11 nooa. Annual Meeting.
ArdbiBologlcal Assoc, S|. Mr. Geo. Ormerod, «*Oa the
Hut Circles on Dartmoor."
Thvx. ...Society of Arts, 8. Ckntor Lectures. Or. Craoe Calserl,
**Chemiflti7 applied to the Arts— Fie*.**
S^7al,8|.
Aiitlqvaries,8.
R. Society Club, 6.
Royal Inst, 3. Prof. Biaekie, " On Homer.**
FaL.....JU^ Inst, 8. Prot Wllliaauea, "On the Eik taaa i ef
Atoma.**
B. United Serrice Inst., 3. Major Talbot Harrey. ** The
Progftftsire and Posslhle Derelopmene of lafuitiTlMtf
and M an oB u vre s .**
Sat ......Royal Inst, 3. FroL Fnutklaad, " Oa the MeteUio £1»-
ments.**
PABLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
PSET.
Numb.
67. National Debt— Accounts.
60 (1). Trade and Nayfgatloa Aoeoonta (31st January, 1S<4).
•6. ,. „ (Site Deconber IMS) Cor^
recied Pages.
78. Lighthouses (Isle of Man)— Correspondence, &o.
IM. Quit Rents (Ireland)— Return.
111. <;iTil Serrioet— Supplementary Estimate, Cia« t (febeUl
Toll).
39. BiUa— Karal Agencr and Dittrlbotion.
40. ,, KaTal Prtxe Acts Bepeal.
Aorth America (No. 4) — OommanicatioM re o^ e ctta g IkiS
Vessel " Gibraltar."
North America (No. 6>— Corre^ondenco respeetlng
Yessels.
JOURNAL OF TEE SOCIETY OP ABTS, Apbjx 22, 1864.
879
DeHffered ca IQth JJ/orM, 1864.
19. BftUw«j and Canal, Ao. Billa (318. B«lftstand C«&tral BaU-
way ; 219. CiTstal Palaee 2itw Railwi^ii 220. Dnraftiiwihiw
and OmnberlaMi (Soiwaj) Jaa^tioa Bailw^l 321. Utrm
Baj, Hampton, and Eecnlrw FUhtrji 222. Hoylak« BaU^
wy; 933. Kilkenny Jonftion Railways 224. Scarbcroocli,
Whitby and ikatehet RaUwij ; 226. Swaniet and OjHer-
month Raiiw^)— Board of Trade Report*.
108. FiMlng laiiitite (WaiTford)— Return.
Captain Grant ^CocJOj^ ApparaAiu)— R«port of a Camiaittot
on hla olaiaw lor rtmaiMnliQn.
Betimtr^d <m 11 A Mmrk^ 1M4.
1. Welsrl&U and Moajores (Metropolis) Return.
•2 (1). Committee of Soleetioa— Second Report (a eocreeted «opy).
TO. Salmon Fiiher(et<8eotland)—Retom.
4. Derby Coaaty Union— Retara.
iT. Bill*— Election PeHliona.
41. Naral Prixe.
Ddittre i m Utk mtd 14M March, 18«4.
73. Poor1^w(WorkboaMDietariea)--Retam.
87. Railvv 6etomM (Metropolif)— Report and Evidence.
H (2). RaUwi^ and Canal fiUla^Xlkird Report from Goatal
Committee.
62 (21 Committee of Selestion— Third Report.
108 (2). Civil Serriceg, Eatimatee— CiaM 2.
114. CivU S«rvtoee ( YotM ** on AcoMint "h-Eatimatea.
109. £ -
Denmark
fhm
•emoee \. toum " on Aooaunt j— £«sunate>.
India (Paper Currency, ^.>— Retorn.
mark and Oarmany (SehlMwif and HoliielnV-^Eeportf
n Mr. Ward aad Vica^Conaol RainaUa.
•AeKMnad en iMk Mmtek, 1864.
19. Railway and Canal, Ac . BiUa (226. Korth Baatem Railway
(AtUitional Powers); 227. North Eastern Railwi^ (York
aad Doacaater Branch)— Board of Trade Reports.
103 (6). Ctvll flerriees (Esttmates)— Class 6.
110. Sugar Duties (&(fturitins;— Copy of Despatch.
lit. Oenitabalary (Ireland)— Betorn.
120. Saperannoation ^Sir Rowland Hill— Treasury Mnvtes.
Bd o cation (Endowmenu>— Minolt of the Committee of FlIiT
Council.
Vosth America (No. f)— Cotrespondenet respecting 0ie
** Tnscaloosa.'*
DtHttrtd en 16<A March, 1864.
12 (1). Population and DaaUuH-Roturau
01. Hlgbways Aa— Return.
lU. VfkX Harbong^-CoraamoBdanoe.
49. BM»ladte<aodasb^HariMnr)^Ra4anu
CeMos of Scotland (1861)— VoL 2.
JMiMTtd on tt Ift Jforch, M64.
19. Railwi^ AiMt Canal, ftc BMs (228. Korth Easten BaBwty
(Laeia FrtrtensJonj; 999. Blyth Dock ; 239. Cannock Chase
and Wolrerhampton Railway; 231. Central Wales and
fi laifci itshli-e Junotion Railways ; 232. Bxmonth Docks ; 233.
Falmouth Doekst 294. OuiMftvd and Leatherhead Rsiknv
—235. Irish North Wcifeom Railway; 236. Llandlto Md
Teifl Valley Railway ; 237. Lymington Harbour and Docks ;
338. New Brighton Pter ; 239. Stokes Bay RaUway and Pier ;
240. WestLoodottDoakiand Warehouses)— Board of Tnd6
Reports.
13;. MetaDpolitaa Board of Woriu— Report.
42. Banda and Kirwee Boo^— Return.
44. BU|a— iiktoxlcatin; Liquors.
50. „ Union Relief Aid Acts Continuance.
PuhUc Schools and CoUaces— Report, 4ui., &o.. Tola. I., U.,
HI., and iV.
China (No. 3)— Papen.
Dcbvtrai on 18M March, 1864.
86
89. Lifhthouses, &c— Report to the Board of Trade.
121. Public Parks, 6cc—ReU»n.
103(5). CivUSerrices (Estimates)— Class 6.
103(7). „ „ Class?.
116. Onion Aasessmoni Ccmntttee Act (1862)— Rotum.
36. Billa— Onwid J «ries( Ireland).
47. ., BoMfUgh Fcanohiso.
SEdSIONAL PRINTED PAPERS.
DtHpered m March 19, 21. 22, 28, 24, 26, 31,
April 1,2, and 4, 1864.
19. Railwi^y and Canal, &c. Bills (241. Albert Bridge and
Approaches; 242. Bembridge Railway, Tramway,aaa Pier;
243. Edinburgh and Leitn Sewerage; 244. Fleetwood
Docks ; 245. ilUlwaU Canal, Wharft, and Graving Docks ;
246. Nawcastle-upon-Tyne and Gateshead Gas; 24T. North
DcTon and Somerset Railway ; 248. Port Glasgow Harbour ;
249. Traloe Canal; 250. Victoria (London) Docks; 251.
Wandtworth and Fulham Bridge; 252. Waterford and
Wexford Raiiw^ and Rosalare Harbour)— Board of Trade
Reports.
88. EcclesiasUcal Cemmissloa— Copy of Two BeporU by Estates
Malt and Boer— Rttums.
128. Lunatic Paupers — Itetum.
129. Registration of Works of Literature, &c.— Return.
197. Metragoiiian Board of Works— Return.
134. Roman Catholic Durial Ground (Sydenham)— Reinn.
84. West Ridii^ of S'orluMr9 A»iws-Rntiira.
151.
93.
102.
139.
146.
154.
119.
122.
127.
137.
138.
140.
156.
123.
130.
82.
123.
126.
135.
141.
147.
160.
116.
133.
66
142.
156.
15Y.
103
131.
132.
46.
48.
52.
53.
64.
49.
55.
56.
47.
68.
Ha ib a ia of Ra ft ige Omrii a pn ad anf ie.
Holyhoad Hachow (CewBaalealiona, aM.)-R«t«im.
Holyhead Harbour (Vessels Wrecked, &«.)— Rotan.
Chain Cables and Anchors Bill— Roped of Seloet Coaunittoa.
Sir Rowland Hill— Copy of a Lottery Aa.
I>iera4Mi Harbouaa (PfoiiaieMl OMaci}— Beptftof t]MBM»
of Trade.
MetropoUtan PcUce (1863)— Aceowita.
Rogal Dublin Soda^— Return.
Berwick-upon-Tweed Election— Minntea of IMtUnm*
Shipping— Retnrna.
RegistnSion of Designs -Return.
StandlngOrders- Report (Shefleldy Chefterfleld, and 8ta|toifl>
shireRailway).
FViendlr Societies— Account,
(i). Sanngs Banks— Return.
Soirits— Return.
East India (Native Princes)— Retonu.
Saving Banks — ^Accounts.
Gulf of St. I awsanns, Ira Raima.
Poor Law (William Adey)— Return.
Railway Companies* Powers— Report from Committee.
Highway Officers and Highwi^ Act— Return.
Salmon Fisheries (England and Wales)— Third Annual Report
of the Inspectors.
Stfndard Weights and Measures— Return.
East India (BulUon)— Return.
(II). Trade and Navigation Aoooonts (29th February, 1894.
Grain — Rep<wt from the Commissioners of Customs.
Cashel, Emly, Ac, Diocesea— Return.
National Education ( Ireland)— Rotur*.
(I). Civil Services, BatiBates— Class L
Doekywds (Tlaiberaad Timber Materials and Stevea— Rotna.
Dockyards ( Aoconnts) — Return.
Billa-Chaln Cables and Anchors (aMOMied by Ihe 8«li«
Conunittoe).
-* Jersoy Court.
— Chief Rants (Irohnd).
— Bank Notes (Seotiand).
— WarahoBsing of BriUsh Splrlla (noMadid).
— Eegistnttion of Cooa4y Yeten (Ireland).
— Factory Acts Extenrion.
-i- LUbAnnaitieaandLiliBAflBnraBflei.
««• Oe l lee ti on of Taaes (amoaded).
~ Costs Security.
Chancery Fnnda C mnml aa l e a R opa rt .
Korth AaMfka (Mo. 7) (Bnlistmont of BrMsh
Queenstown on board the J T sa riap s)— Correspondonce
north AflMiiea (No. 8) ( Btia id tiMint In
New Italian TarMT— Rates of Cnaleas Dalies, 4be.
Iron Structure*— Report by Mr. Falrbaim to the Board of
Trade.
China (Mo. 4)-Ooisnar6lal Reporta.
Japan (No. 2 h- CctreapoBdMee.
North America ( No. 9 ) -Papers relating to the Srf j o ic of the
Cbuapitke.*
Deuaark and Getauny (No. 6>-*OoffffespoBdoDia r eigei ttn
Holstein, Lauenburg, and Schleswig.
Attain at Denmaric (l8 6»43)-C orrespondan<e.
•BtSION 1889.
640. Union Aaaaaamont Cow aas l tt ei is Be tn ni .
Differed on Uh Aprd, 1864.
124. Court of Probate (London and Dublin)— Acoonnt.
Church Estites Commissioners— Thirteenth Report.
Barrack and Hospital Commissioa— Report on YcntUatioiLOf
Canary Stables. ^. ^ « _
Eceledastical Comminioners for England— Siztoenth Report.
iMiasrad on 6iA AprH, 1864.
49 (1>. Navy (Labour CharU)— Return.
148. Prisoners, ^.— Retnm.
151. HarhoursofReltage— CopyofCorrespoodanee.
Polyn<4sian lalands— Correspondence respocting
habHaatatoPera.
Delvfcnd m 1th April, 1864.
163. Sugar— Account. , ^ .
United SUtes— Treaty for the Settlement of the Claims of the
Hudson's Bsy and Puget's Sound Agricultural Companies.
DsfMMrad on Hth Apr&, 1864.
104. Revenue Deyartaae n ta— F .s ri au l a s.
59. BiU— Copyright (No. 2).
Ddivtred onfthamd llth April, 1864.
19. Railway and Canal, «cc. BiiU (253. Bristol Central Station aad
Railwi^: 254. Bristol Port and Channel Docks ; 265.
Bristol Port Extension RaHways; 256. Dublin Gran4 Jimo-
Uon RaUway; 267. DubUn Metropolitan Rjfl^J >*••
DubUn Railway; 269. DubUn, R*thmines, Rathgw"! «J-
BaUways; 260. Dublin Trunk Connecting g™S^»J?l-
Great Southern and Western and Midland OreJ 7 ™^
JuncUon RaUway; 262. Harwich Corporatfon; 263. ifoOxi^
Docks, Saint Katharine Docks, and Victoria {^f^oa)po^
Amalgamation; 264. Oswestry, Ellesmere, and Whitchurdi
EdlwaFTNo. 2); 265. Regent's Canal (Limehoose Basia);
256. Saint Helen's Canal and RaUw^)— Board of Trado
Reports.
RMMwalofla-
S80
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 22, 1864.
118. PdUoe (CoantiM uid Boroagh0>--Oopi6t of Mamorialf.
43. Edaeatioa (EzmdIoaIIoo U the TnialBr OoUegM)— R«tarM.
Itl. Spirit— Returni.
IM. P»p«r, *o.— Bvtarot.
1«6. Paridi A«MRneatt (MlddleMa^ fte.)— Returns.
1T6. Kitchen and Refrethment Roonu ( Hoqm of CoauDOiif>— Report.*
11%, North America (Mnnitioni of War)— Aocoont.
If 1. Armr (Yeomanry OaTalnr)— Sapplementary Eitimate.
Paulo General Acte— Cape. 1, a, 3, 4, 6, and 6 (deUvered on
eth April, 1M4).
JkHMTtd on 12M Aprils 1844.
145. Kagoeima (Armetrooff Goni)-— Admiral Kqper*! Report.
60. PriMU (England and Wales)— Retom.
lYT. Capital Conricttona—Retnm.
lYS. Training and Model School! (Ireland)— Retom.
188. Spirits, Wine, Sugar, Ac— Retom.
189. Printing of Paper*— Copj of Trearanr Minute.
Penia ^Construction of a Telegraph Line)— Correapondenoe.
firwn Committiaiurt qf PaUnU Jom%di, Aprtt 16(A:
Obahts or PnonsioBAL Pnoraonoir.
Aerial machine— 748— W. E. Gedge.
Air, apparatus for heating— 7M—T. Waller.
Alcohol, registration of— 864— E. T. Hughes.
Animal black, apparatos for reTiTiOring— 764— R. A. Brooman.
Armour plates, constmctioo of— 76«— E. Hill.
Armour plates, manuAtotnre of— 810 — C. Sanderson.
Artificial fhel— 848— R. A. Brooman.
Boots and shoes, apparatus for polishing— 704— T. J. Soarle.
BooU and shoes, manufkcture of— 714— C. HiU.
Braiding machinery— MO— G. T. BoosflekL
Bricks, Ac, polTerising day for— 434— J. Plati and W. Richardson.
Bricks, tiles, ftc, apparatus for making— 720— P. Efllwts.
Cables, <c, chains tor— 844 J. Roberts.
Calendering, mangling, Ac, apparatos tor 864 D. Stewart.
Cannon, &c, hoops used in the manuikotnre 0^—787-0. TreadwelL
Carding engines— 770 — E. Orether.
Chiomej tops and TentUators— 684— O. F. ChantrelL
Clocks, ftc, spring berrels for— 603— J. QeneTrier and P. B. Bidanz.
Combe and brushes— 793— R. Douglas.
Cotton seeds, treating a product from the oil of— 783— C. Dmoghtj,
Dyeing, Ac, blue oMour for— 286— W. and W. H. Watson.
BM;ines, traction and hauling— 760— W. Roberts.
Ikbries, dyeing of— 690— L. A. Dnrrier.
Fibres, machinery for combing— 757— A. Staples.
Hbroos materials, engines tor carding 8 08— J . Blcktttoiu
Fibrous materaials, ft«mes used in preparing— «oa— J. Prestwidi« Jun.|
and W. Brooks.
Fibroos materials, machinery for spinning— 684— J. and J. Horrooks.
Fibrous materials, mules tor spinning, Ac— 850— J. Piatt and E.
Spenoer.
Fibrous materials, presses tor paoklng— 734— W. Rontledge and F. F.
Ommanney.
Fibrous substances, apparatus for preparing, Ac— M6— M. J. Roberts.
Fibrous substances, preparing and spinning— 742— J. and J. Wild.
Fire-arms— 670— P. A. L. de Pontainemorean.
Fire arms, breech- Ioeding->752— S.Matthews.
Fire-bars, mounting and giring motion to— 706— W. A. Martin and
E. Wylam.
Fire grates— 777— S. Harrison and W. Clements.
FUx and henip, heating the contents of Tats Ibr steeping— 716— O.
and C. Firmin.
Gasaliers, slides for— 746— S. Bark,T. Attwoed, and J. D. Robinson.
Gas burners— 755— v. Dubourg.
Gas generating apparatus— b06—R. A. Brooman.
Gas lighting and Tentilating apparatus— 675— E. T. Wakefield.
Grain, machine for hulling— 779— W. E. Mewton.
Gun carriages, apparatus used with— 722 — G. T. Boosfield.
H^ brushes, rotatory— 794 — R. Douglas.
Hair brushing, apparatus for— 804— W. Hdbrook.
Hair-cutting apparatus— 864 — R. Douglas.
Hats, Ac, manofocturc of— 756— W. Clark.
Irons, smoothing and prening— 730 - F. Tolhausea.
Knitting machines, circular — 814— T. Coltnoan.
Land, machinery for coItlTating— 818 — A. Ma<vae.
Looms— 682— D. Dalglish.
Looms— 688— ^. Edmondson and T. Ingram.
Looms— 724 — S. Bcrrisford and W. Ainiworth.
Looms— 760— H. Hdden and £. S. Forahaw.
Looms— 788— T. Allan.
Looms— 810 — J. Bullongh.
Lubricating apparatus— 686— W. Clark.
Macerating ressels— 698— G. Kershaw.
Marine steam-Umers, self-acting apparatus for— 696— J. Botrtil.
Marine steam engines, condensing the steam of by external surfoce—
743— R.H. Wright.
Matches, manufkcture of— 766— E. Pace.
2*f^rw, sounds. Ac, apparatus for conducting— 741— B. Leak.
{;2*iS® P*«klngs— 3088-T. A. BUkoley.
metauic nirniof s, &c., plastic compound for the protection of— 728—
F. L. Rons.
Military knapsacks, Ac— 638— T. Brofwn.
Mines, Tentilatlon of— 763— E. Lever.
Mines, ventilation of— 786— J. Lang.
Mining, Ac, blasting for— 775— I. M. Evans.
Monldlng-736— T. H. Head and H. Smith.
Music printing, Ac— 774— T. B. Harpur.
Paddle-wheeb, oonstmction of— 840— W. E. Kewton.
Paper, mannflseture of— 834— L. Cooke.
Piers, sea walls, Ac, foundations for- 836— G. R. StephensoB.
Plates, tubes, Ac— 320— M. C. de Casteias SinlbaldL
Pneumatic railways and tubes— 758— T. W. R ammell.
Propulsion, mechanism applicable to— 860— H. G. Fuller.
Pumps— 708 — ^E. Borrows.
Railway carriages, Ac— 652— T. Chamberlayae.
RaUways, Ac— 572— W. Molr and C. E. Se^eant.
Reaping and mowing machines— 726— D. H. Barber.
Reservoirv, constmcuon of— 830— T. H. Head.
Respiratory apparatus— 668— J. Carrick.
Rerolver flre'arms— 760— G. T. Boosfield.
Ribbons, manufacture of— 710— P. Berghans.
Rooks, Ac, apparatus tor borlnr— 795 — W. B. Newton.
Rods, bars, Ac, bending or straightening of— ^718 — J. Bennle, jiB*
Rollers. Ac, coating the surtooes of— 843— E. K. Dutton.
Rotatory-engines— 862— G. Smith.
Rudders— 824— J. T. Fltimaurice.
Sails, reefing and stewing— 761— M. Clongh.
Scenic eflbcts, apparatus for producing— 836— W. Calleott.
Ships, construction of— 771— M. ScoU.
Silk waste, Ac, preparation of— 759— J. Warburton.
Smoky chimnles, apparatus for curing — 822— J. Cspper.
Steam engines - 798 —W. Martin and J. Hodgson.
Steam generators, feeding of— 828— £. U. Pared.
Steam, means of generating— 812 — A. Prince.
Steam ships, Ac, propelling of— 554— J. Lookwood and J. WethierilL
Stocks, neck-ties, Ac, tosienings for— 740— G. Coochman.
Stoking shovels, Ac— 852— J. H. Johnson.
Stones and minerals, machinery tor breaking— 784— H. Sarithnad B.
Roberts.
Sugar moulds— 700— D. Jones.
Table covers. Ac— 793— J. Williamson.
Textile flibrics, apparatus tor tentering, Ac— 769— J. Coslter uA
J. A. Barber.
Textile fobrics, beetling or finishing— 796— R. Fefgoson nad W.
Lattlmer.
Washing machines, Ac— 623— J. Crompton.
Watchee— 570— C. E. Laederich.
Water, supplying air to persons employed under— 7T0—M. Htm.
Wood, Ac, nuchinery tor turning, Ac— 797— H. BtijUj, I«. H«v>
ton, and J. Greaves.
Woollen flibrics, maehinery tor cleansing— 713— F. T. Molsoiu
Woollen shirts, Ac— 702— C. Billson.
Tarns and threads, composltioa tor slxlag— 783— A. Heald.
IinmMnoxt with Complstk Spioitioatioxs F^lo.
Gunpowder, manutootore of — 900- B. Dronke.
Sewingmachlne— 921— W.N. Wilson.
PAmnm SnALio.
2661.
2552.
2559.
3561.
2575.
2578.
2585.
2587.
2595.
F. de WyldC.
J. Champion.
J.Tajlor, and J. and J. Lees.
W. Ingham and I. Wood.
C. Carton and T. HilL
W. HartclUto.
G. Haseltlne.
R. A. Brooman.
J. Craren and S. Fox.
2608.
3620.
2630.
3641.
2716.
2778.
2896.
R. BridsoB and J.
J. Parker.
W. Locke, J. Wi
W. B. Carrett,
Marshall, and J.
M.VIan.
J. Madntosh*
M. Mellor.
W. B. Adama.
. E.
iVoai CommMoHtn (If Patmii Jaanml, AprU ifA.
PlTRXTS SaAUCD.
2590.
2592.
2598.
2603.
2604.
2605.
2606.
2607.
2611.
2613.
2616.
2617.
2624.
J. Dodd.
O. Cutler, jun.
J. W. Friend and B. F.
Weatherdon.
A. Kinder and J. Inglis.
B. Noakesand F. J. Wood.
C. J. Pownall.
W. W. Burden.
R. A. Brooman.
J. L. Jxirgens.
M. A. Boyle.
J. T. Webster.
J. Ronald.
E. S. Crease.
2625.
8689.
2631.
2657.
2670.
2682.
2692.
2697.
2710.
2854.
3062.
430.
433.
J. Daridsoa.
J. Brown, J. T. Wv» •>&
T. M. Evans.
L. J. Hannari.
E. R. HoUaada.
W. Nail.
J. Haworth.
W. Verran.
H. B. Barlow.
F. J. Vai^enTinae.
J. Lewis.
J. H. Johnson.
G. H. Johnson.
T. Jackson.
PATtHTi Oir WHICH THE STAMP DUTT OF £60 RAH BKHV FaD.
1006. P. Ward.
981. J. B. J. Noirot
993. E. D. Bourne and P. Davis.
927. F. Oye.
943. W. A. Dixon.
966. A. V. NewtOB.
973. W. Hudson and C.
Pathitb oh WHICH rai Stamp Dott op £100 has bhbh paio.
1064. B. O'N. Strattord. 1 1070. J. Safhm.
mxml d %
THE
mk d %xts,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Sbssion.]
FRIDAY, APRIL 29, 1864.
[No. 597. Vol. XII.
^nnomutmtnls bs tl^t Cmtncil*
Obdinart Mbbtings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o*clock.
Mat 4th.~'* On the Testing of Chain Cables.*' By
Fbbderick Abthite Paget, Esq., C.E.
Cantor Lectures.
The concluding lecture on "Chemistry applied
to the Arts'* will he delivered hy Dr. P. Grace
Calvert, F.R.S., on Thursday evening, at 8
o'clock, as follows : —
May 5. — Leotubb Vf. — Animal Liquids. — BiUt its
parifkation and detergent properties. Blood, its applica-
tion in the refining of sugar and the manufacture of
albumen. Mhumen, iU use in calico printing and photo-
graphy. Urine, its uses. Milk, its composition pro-
pertien. falstfioation, and preservation. A rev words on
putrefibction. ^
Albert Medal.
The Gold Medal estahlished hy the Society
in memory of its late President, the Prince
Consort, to he called the " Albert Medal," and
to be bestowed, from time to time, '' For distin-
guished merit in promoting Arts, Manufactures,
and Commerce," has been adjudged to Sir Row-
land Hill, K.C.B., in recognition of his eminent
services to all classes of the community in the
creation of the Penny Postage System and other
Postal reforms. The following letter has been
received from Sir Rowland HiU : —
Humpttead, N.W., April 22, 18S4.
8iB, — I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of
your letter of ye^rday's date, informing me that the
Coancil of the Society of Arts have awtrded to me the
** Albert Medal," in recognition of my services in con-
nexion with Postal Reform.
I beg you will do me the favour to express to the
Connctl my grateful acknowledgments of the honour
which they have been pleased to confer upon me— an
bonoar which, whether with reference to the high character
of the Society in whose name the award is made, or of the
lamented Prince in whooo memory the medal has been
ettablisbed, will ever be held by myself and my family
in the highest estimation.
I have the honour to be. Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
ROWLAND HILL.
P. Ls Ntt« Foeter, Esq.,
he, ite^ ftc.
|t0mlrtiigs jof Ijre ^nattu.
♦
Nineteenth Ordinary Meeting.
Wednesday, April 27th, 1864 ; Sir Thomas
Phillips, F.Q.S., Vice-President of the Society,
in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Buss, Thomas O. L., 88, Hatton-garden, E.C.
Chifleriel. Frederick, Dulwich, S.
Clarke, John Joseph, 54, Chancery-lane, W.C.
Hook, A. Clarke, Worcester park, Kingston, S.W.
Hook, F. C, 18a, Great George-street, S.W.
Jeffries, George, Woolwich, S.E.
Kirkman, Gardinelli S., 27. Claremount-terrace, Fenti-
man's-road, South Lambeth, S.
Lefeuvre, W. H., 18, Great George-street, S.W,
Martin, Charles Wykeham, 25, Cumberland-street, Hyde-
park, W.
Ordish, R. M., 18, Great George street, S.W.
Parkyns, Sir Thomas G. A., Bart., 9, Glouoester-sq., W.
Reibey, Archdeacon Thomas, 88, Gloacester-terFaoe,
Hyde-mrk, W.
Smith, W., 11, Staple's-inn, Holbom, E.C.
Stephens, Gilbert, 18, Northumberland-st., Strand, W.C.
Thompson, Charles Edward, 8, Colet-place, Commercial-
road, E.
Webb, Francis, 81, Southampton-buildings, Chanoery-
lane, W.C.
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Farries, R. Spearman E., 18, George street. Mansion-
house, E.C., and 10, Basinghall -street, E.C.
Mostyn, Charles, 8, Comwall-villas, Westboume-
park, W.
Yeats, Anthony Goorge, CoUinson-house, Effra-road,
Brixton, S.
And AS Honor AST Cobscspohdiho Member.
Menu, Charles, Secretary of the Institute of Science,
Geneva.
The adjourned discussion on the paper *' On
the Patent Laws," read by Mr. Thomas Web-
ster, F.R.S., at the last meeting, was resumed by
Mr. Kbwton Wilson, who said it had been a matter
of some surprise that the principle of the patent law
should, at this stage of our natiomd history, be called in
question, while it was a thing which had been admitted
by, he might say, every civilised nation in the world, and
by almost every semi -civilised nation, as a necessity of ad-
vancing civilisation. He took it that, as a nation advanced
in civilisation and in arts, the necessity of giving some
encouragement and some protection to the products of in-
I ventive genius was absolutely necessary. In what th*
882
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 29, 1864.
might call temi-civUised nationa, such as Brazil, Chili,
aod Mexico, pateota were given without any governmeot
duty whatever ; and why ? becauae they found it necea-
sary to give asi^tance to eoterpnae and encouragement lo
the introdoctioQ of new inventiona in thoae oountries.
Ctentlemen who objected to the patent law on principle
might, with equal jiiatioe, object to the legislation re-
cently adopt^ for the aeourity of trade marks. On
the same principle, he could imagine objections to
the law of copyright and the registiuiion of designs.
He believed (hat nme- tenths of the members of this So-
ciety, if not ninety-nine hundredths of the manufacturing
oommum'ty, would endorse the principle of the patent
law, though perhaps they would say it was objectionable
in many of its details. There were unquestionably many
anomalies in connection with that law. We demanded
from the poor inventor a larger sum than was called for
in any other part of tlie globe for what was called the pro-
tection of his primitive efforts. If it paid France or Bel-
gium to take a small annual payment, in the one case of
£4 a year, and in the other of only 10 francs, surely it
would be sufficient for the purposes of this country if a cor-
responding scale were adopted, and he thought it would
be found desirable to adopt — not the scale they had now
of instalments, which prevented so large a number of pa-
tents from reaching the maturity of the final specification
and the Great Seal. He thought that system would have
to be considerably modified. The payment of a single
£5 ought to be quite sufficient to complete a patent, and to
meet aJl the demands of the government, and if an annual
payment of a similar amount were adopted, he believed
It would bring a larger amount of revenue than at present,
while it would be exacting from the inventor a continuous
myment for a continuous interest which he derived from
his patent. A particular feature in Belgium was that the
patent fees ixka-eased year by year on the principle that the
patentee was deriving a yearly benefit from his property.
He would refer to one or two anomalies in connection
with patents. They had at present an arrangement by
which it was presumed patents were examined, and it
might be imagined that a patent which was not good
would not be granted, seeing it had to pass through the
hands of the Attorney or Solicitor Qeneral, and fees had
to be paid ; but this practically afforded no actual check.
A large amount of the fees paid by inventors went into
the pockets of the Attorney and Solicitor Generd, for
inch services as, he maintained, were totally inadequate.
What, then, did they want? He maintained that they
wanted a Board of Examiners, who should reallv
examine into the invention and decide whether it
was really new, and so avoid the granting of useless
patents. They would also be able to tell whether
the specification was sufficient. If that were done we
should be saved from much uncertainty and litigation.
The next point was the mode of trying patent cases. It
appeared to him that for this to be properly conducted
witli advantage to both sides, there mnst be a special
tribunal. He would have no juries in this court, for it
was one where special knowledge was required. There
was another point. It would appear that the preaent patent
lawa were enacted with a special view to guard the public.
It waa aaid by a very able speaker at the last meeting—
the Chairman of the Conncil — that the public were not
considered in the provisions of the patent law. He (Mr.
Wilson) maintained that they were far too mnch con-
sidered, and that the interest of the inventor was too mu9h
disregarded. He maintained that the patent law was so
constructed that if an inventor made a mistake in his patent
he had the utmost difficulty in correcting it. There was
DO provision for revising his patent. There was a provi-
sion of disclaimer, but that was at the option of the At
tornej-. General, and, as Mr. Webster knew perfectly well,
the Attorney. General might refuse a disclaimer, and then
where was the inventor ? But the very provision of the
disclaimer as it at present existed waa defective. It pro-
vided that certain words might be struck out, but it al-
lowed the insertion of nothing that would clear the patent
of the mystery that previously surrounded it. Another
point of importance was patents of importation. In many
countries of Europe, and m some of South America, patents
of importation were allowed, but the ianie privilegee did
not extend to them as were allowed to patents of absolute
invention. Here, however, the rights were the same, and
the importer might prevent the real inventor from after-
wards obtaining protection for his own invention. He
knew cases in which the grossest injustice had been Id-
flicted on inventors in that way. He had even known
instances in which the inventor had been obliged to pur-
chase the patent back at an enormous cost. Such a state
of things, ne said, ought to be remedied. It was alleged,
at the previous meeting, by Dr. Bachhoffner, that in-
ventors often made it their business to obscure the specifica-
tion, so as not to allow the real objects of the invention ta
be clearly shown. From his (Mr. Wilson's) experience
this rather arose from the shortcomings of the patent
agents, and he thought that if they had such a court of
examiners as had been suggested, it would lead to mach
gi-eater care on the part of patent agents, and he thought
that patent agents themselves should be bound to pass
through some curriculum before they put themedvas be£oro
the world in this capacity. One other point of importance
was the necessity for a Patent Museum in this country.
Why should we not have something like whatUiey had In
the States of America? He conceived the Society of
Arts could not do better than to appoint a comaiiitee to
confer as to the best means of introducing an improved
patent law, the provisions of which should, far more than
the present one, meet the wants of inventors, mannfao-
turers, and the public
Mr. Steebb remarked that the word *' patent" sog-
gested many points for consideration ; one was that every
patentee was iprievously oppressed by law proceedings, as
was alao the mfringer. Now, what was tne question to
be tried between the parties ? It was sunply a mere
matter of fact, which should be tried before a tribunal of
experts (say a committee of the Society of Arts), aod the
only parties examined should be the patentee and his
workmen on the one side, and the alleged infHnger ai^
his workmen on the other. But, as it now stw>d, the
lawyer intervened, and, putting aside matten of fact,
argued upon matters of law. It was then often discovered,
upon legil reasoning, that the specification waa lOMiffi-
cient. So little value did he (Mr. Steere) attach to
the specification that he would abolish it altogether.
The simple fact to be decided was, whether an invention
was an infringement of a former patent, and to determine
that question what consequence was it in what terms the
invention was described ? By some such plan as he sog*
gested they would relieve both parties of the enormoos
expenses which attached to the present system of UtigatloQ.
The case of " Young and Fern ie" was a remarkable in*
stance. He would offer another suggestion, which was,
that the word " patent" shpuld be dropped altogether,
inaamuch as so long as it waa retained they never would get
rid of litigation. He would piefer that the term *' licence**
ahould be used. He contended that the present system of
litigation of patent rights required to be placed upon a
totally difierent footing.
Mr. MuBoooH said it would take up too much time if be
were to attempt to answer the arguments of those who
opposed the patent system, or to unravel the intricacy of
the statistics which they brought forward. He would,
therefore, restrict himself to a few remarks respecting the
means proposed for the remedying of evils atten<^ant on
that system. He entered upon the subject with diffidence,
as he should have to call in question the policy and pc^-
ticability of the course advocated in Mr. Webster*^ able
paper, respecting the mode of granting letters patent. It
was proposed to subject all applications for patents to a
preliminary inquiry, made by a tribunal having power to
refuse the patent in the case of want of novelty or merit
in the invention to be protected.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Apkil 29, 1864.
383
Mr. Websteb said he did not intend that the question
of merit should be submitted to sudi a tribunal.
Mr. McRoooH continued : Now, it seemed to him that
such a tribunal would, both in its principle and practical
working, be in direct opposition to the spirit of patent law,
the chief merit of our present system consisting in the fact
of itfi being an equitable arrangement between the in-
ventor and the public, by which the reward received by
the former was in proportion, in some oases, to the benefit
conferred by his mvention; in all, to the oommercial
value which attached to any new means for supplying the
wants or contributing to the luxuries of society. Further,
if property in inventions was to be protected at idl, it
inuat be placed upon the same footing as other property,
and be secured to its possessor without reference to its
value. Every new invention, whether of great or small
importance, was deserving of State protection, and the
moide of conferring that protection l^ letters patent was
the fairest both to the public and the inventor. If his
invention were valuable, it was but right that he should
enjoy the profits resulting from its use. These the law
aecnred to him. If, on the other hand, his invention were
of trifling value, the liardship (if any), suffered by others
in being forbidden to exercise it, was but smalL But if
the invention were useless, there were provisions of the
law which wonld meet the case by rendering the patent
void, although the patenting of even a useless mven-
tion was attended by this beneficial result, that it
placed upon record that which had been done in
a noanufacture, so that that which had been a stumbling
block in the path of one inventor often became a stepping
«tone by which subsequent inventors attained success.
But if the expediency of making the proposed distinction
between inventions were to be n-anted, be did not see how
the principle ooold be carried mto practice. Nine out of
ten of the inventions which annually became the satjeot
of patents were necessarily in a state of infancy when the
patents were applied for. This fltctwas recognised by
the law, which granted an inventor provisional protection
for six months, in order that he might make such trial of
his invention as should satisfy him as to its value, and
enable him to describe his invention in its most perfect
form in his final specification. If, therefore, Uie utility
of an inventioo were to be inquired into before the Rrant
of protection, the inventor would be under the disad-
irmntage of having to submit his invention for examina-
tion with all those imperfections which could only be
removed by reputed experiments, and it wonld be Judged
of theoretically instead of npon its practical merits. The
examiners, also, however capable and impartial they
might be, wonld, owing to deficiency of evidence, find it
difficult to do justice to the oases submitted to them.
They would have to try questions of far greater import-
ance than those which were tried by our present tribunals,
for, whereas these decided whether an asserted right
should or should not be maintained, the examiners would
have to decide whether a man should have the power of
aasertiug his right at all, and in doing this they wonld be
without the facilities which were now afforded in our
coortfl of law by the examination of witnesses conversant
both with the old methods of practising a manufkcture
and with the new method in dispute. Mr. Murdoch
instanced the well -known case of Betts v, Menzies in
illustration of this part of his ailment. In this case it
was contended that Betts*s patent was bad because the
invention it protected was described in the specification of
a prior patent, and it was not till the case had gone from
court to court that Betts's patent was decided to be good.
Now, all this liti^tion arose from the similarity of Betts's
and Dobbs's specifications, which was such, that if Betts,
in order to obtain his patent, had been required to
sobmit a description of his invention for preliminary
examination, the patent would, in all probability,
have been refused, on the groond that his inven-
tion |had been aoUcipated by Dobbs ; and although the
practical difference between the two inventions was
exactly that between success and failure, he would have
been deprived of his reward. This was but one of many
cases which might be cited, to show the injuatioe which
would be inflicted upon inventors, and the loss which
would be sustained by society, if the novelty or merit of
an invention were to be investigated before the grant of
the patent, although he was willing to admit that, in
some cases, the difficulties which he had suggested would
be met by the plan proposed by Mr. Wilson, which he
took to be this — that the usual provisional protection (six
months) should be issued, but that the novelty and
utility of the invention should be inquired into previously
to the sealing of the patent There were cases, however,
in which years elapsed before the invention was brought
into satisfactory operation, and to such cases' Mr. Wilson's
proposition would not apply. It had been said that the
action of the preliminary tribunal would be analogous to
that of the Privy Council in prolongation cases. There
would, however, be this difference— the Examiners would
have to decide on such evidence as might be collected
dming a period of a few months, whereas the Privy
Council based its decisions on evidence that had be^
accumulating during the whole term of a patent. He
did not think, however, that we need trouble ourselves
to devise any system of preliminary examination, as the
part of our patent system requiring reform was, not the
mode ofgranting patents, but the mode of trying patent
cases. The trial of a patent caae was now so tedious, so
expensive, and so uncertain, that men would often suffer
wrong rather than go to law to obtain redress. The
consequence of this state of things was, that inventors
often took out patents without maldng due inquiry respect-
ing the novelty of their inventions, and filed vague
specifications, relying on the reluctance of others to contest
their claims in a court of law, whilst, on the other hand,
patents were often infringed by manufacturers and others,
who hoped to wear out the patentees by the help of a
long purse. In both cases capital became but too fhsquently
a means of oppression. There were provisions of the pre*
sent law whicn, if they could be readily and effectively
administered, would be amply sufficient to meet mim
oases. There were remedies of the patentee against the
public, and vke verti. The difficulty was that in applying
these remedies the whole case turned npon the cod-
straction of the specification, which was a duty to which
our courts, as at piesent constituted, seemed to be unequaL
The remedy was to be found in the strengthening of the
court, as set forth in Mr. Webster's second proposition,
viz., ** That the validity and infringement of patents
should be tried by a Judge, assisted by two or more
assessors, conversant with the subject." He thought it
would be very advantageous to extend the fhnctions of
this court to the gnniing and extension of patents. The
court would then perform the duties which were now
performed by the law officers, our courts of law, and the
Privy Council. The advantages of this arrangement
would be that those who examined applications for
patents would not go out of office with each change of
ministry, by which system their experience in matters of
patent practice was at present lost to the public, and the
court would be fully acquainted with the history of each
patent granted.
Mr. G. W. Hastings had listened with interest to the
opinions that had been advanced on this subject by prac-
tical men who had taken part in the discussion. He con-
fessed, as far as he was personally concerned, he had noother
pretension to speak upon the matter beyond that of strict
impartiality. He had no peieonal interest in it whatever,
and he simply represented the interestwhich after all would
have to finally settle this great question— that was the
interest of the public. He thought it rather unfortunate
that one or two of the speakers had, probably in the heat
of argument, thrown some doubt on the right of the public
to have any interest in the question. Now he had everv
respect for the interests of patentees, but he thoui
the public had a right to be heard in the mat
384
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Apbil 29, 1864.
It Memed to hav« baeo a8Bam«d bjr the gentlMnao (Mr.
Speooer) who od the last oocadoo spoke in reply to the
very admirable speech of Mr. Hawet, that if they onoe
coooeded that there was a property in inventtoo, they at
once fettled the whole question, and that tberelbra the
present patent law was always to be maintained. He
oegged to deny in the moflt explicit manner the force
of that argument He was folly impressed with the
feeling that thers was a property in invention, and that
that property ought to be maintained. He thought
when a great inventor gave to this country the benefit
of some discovery, he was deserving of very high rewaid,
and his merits ought to be recognised, but he did not
see, while acknowledging that, UuU there was any neces-
sity to maintain the present or any patent law at alL
Let them go for a moment into this question . The gentle-
man who opened the disoustion this evening told them
that the patent law and the oopyiight law stood on pre-
cisely the same grounds. Now, he (Mr. Hastings) could
hardly ima,^ine two things more diverse, and it was from
that misapprehension partly that so many errors had crept
into the subject. He would give them an instance of the
difforenoe between copyright and patent law. When
Sir Walter SocU wrote his " WaTerley," he introduced
into this country an entirely new species of literature —
historical romance — and he obtained the copyright of that
work, and it would have t)een piracy to have reprinted it
iMi3$imui>erbi$; but they did not by that grant to Sir
Walter Scott a monopoly in the printing of histodoal
romances. They did not say that for a certoio numb^ of
years he should be the only person in this country to pro-
duce novels of that description. They allowed any one who
chose to write historical romances ; but the principle of the
patent law was that they should confer upon one man who
had invented a particular thing an absolute monopoly in it.
The point he arrived at was this— granting there was a
nroperty in invention, was the present system of patent
law the best system for securing that property either as
rejgarded the inventor or the public? He would deal
with the question first as regarded the public In ancient
times it was considered that if an enterprising navigator
discovered a new country, the only proper way to reward
liim was to make him a grant of that coantiy ; but in
process of time it was discovered that the better plan of
reward was to give a raitable recognition of the discovery
and throw the land open to public use and occupation.
Much the same question was involved in the patent law—
whether ther« was not a better way of rewarding than
giving a monopoly ? The argument on public grounds
pad been that by granting patents they encouraged
mvention. But what did one speaker say?— That
under any circumstances they would have invention
—that invention, once in the head, it must come out.
He quite subscribed to that. He believed the fiunilty of
invention was like the faculty of poetry, or of art. and if
a man had that genius within him he was sure to invent.
If that were true, as the gentlemen in favour of the
patent law had informed them, it seemed that the case
of the pateut law, as far as the publks was concerned, fell
to the ground ; for it was clear the public had the benefit
of the invention, whether they rewarded the faiventor or
. X ^^J^^^ ^"^ ®^*^ shilling paid in fees to the
patent oflBce was so mnch useless burden upon the
public, for, after aU, it came out of the public purae.
It seemed to him, as far as the public was concerned, the
Stent law, on ito present footing, was wholly indefensible,
e would now consider the question fW)m the faventors*
point of view. Was the granting of a monopoly the best
means of rewarding him ? If there was any truth in the
^J^ figures of Mr. Hawes it seemed a bad way of
^^^^g him. It seemed to create a lottery in which
very often the best man lost and the worst man won. It
•wwjed a mode of rewarding which might not only fail
IL«^ K'^°*V^,*"'*«^* 1««* *h« unfortunate inventor to
jend his whole iite in an idle pursuit of riches. He
tlwight, as far as the inventocjWf concerned, a moro
satis&ctory plan would be that each invention should be
valued by a competent tribunal, and that it should be
rewarded by a certain sum at onoe ftom a public fund,
upon iu being declared to be a true and resJly good in-
vention. That would surely be a more cerUin and, he
apprehended, a moresatisfactoiy plan than the present sya.
tern of patents, and he thought this the more, because he
could not help feeling how inadequate had often been the
rewards to really great inventors ot t^is country under the
pfesent patent law. Large fortunes had often been made
by men whom it would be ridiculous to term inventors-^
men who had made some trifling modifications, while
those who had conlerred illimit«ble advantages, not only
on this country but on the world, had someames been lefl
to die m poverty. He trusted he had demonstrated first,
that the present system was not satisfaotory to the public,
and secondly, that it was not so to inventors. If that were
the case, he thought the legislature of this country,
enlightened by the assistance of this Society, should take
the matter into consideration, and enact for the benefit of
inventors, as well as the community, a system which
would be satisfactory to both, which would give the beet
roward to genius, and would not deprive the public at
large of the &ee Use of the invention.
Mr. Walter Hanoook said that the policy and oper*.
tion of the patent law had been forced upon his attentioil
by an experience of its working for nearlv twenty years.
No one could deny that that working was' unsatisfactory,
sometimes grossly unjust ; so much so, that it was even
possible (as was suggested by Mr. Hawes) for a mao to
liave his invention snatehed away from him, and if he
neglected to follow it up closely to the doors of the
Patent-oflSce to see, by operation of law. the legal title to
his property conferred upon another. But this manstroua
scandal, although within the letter of the law, was dia-
metrically oppcwed to ito spirit; it was an evil not neces-
sarily inherent in the law, but possible only from its
present lax and clomsy administration. To an enter-
prising mamifiiotnring country like ours, the subject was
one of ^rreat importance and of great difficulty. The views
entertained as to the policy of any law for the protectioo
of patent right were as wide asunder as the poles, for in-
yentors too oft«n insisted that it was the doty of the State
to estoblish a system for their especial and ample pro-
tection, overlooking the fact that the law owes duties to
the public as well as to the inventor ; on the other haod,
persons entitled io great weight mamteined that the
policy of patent right was essentially vicious, and opposed
to the principles of a sound economy, inaameoh as it
created a monopoly. Between these two extremes
there was ample room for a sound and henefieml
law. The staunchest opponents of patent right would
not deny that the inventor of a new and naefiil inveaUon
was entitled to a substantial rewaid of some kind. We
were told, indeed, by a few that tevention, like virtue,
would prove its own reward; this would only apply to
the pure philosopher, who pursued the study of science
for ite own sake. We were told that the stote should
reward inventors, but what was to be the nature of this
state reward ? A deooration, a riband, or a nominatloa
to a legion of honour ? He did not wish to undervalae
these acknowledgments, but they were not the consldera*
tions that would weigh with the body of our oountrymen
as a stimulus to invention. Then we were told that the
state ought to give pecuniary rewards. He maintained
that it would be impossible to work out such a problem
either satisftctorily or economically. How difficult it was
now to get the Admiralty or any Government body to
appreciate or take op any new invention, however valu-
able. If a department of the stete were charged wHh the
duties of examining and dispensing rewards for new
mventions, was it not probable that instead of 8.000 we
might have 30,000 claimants per annum ? And shoald
we not require for this purpose a machinery and a body ci
experts more extensive and costly than that which was
advocated for the preliminary examinatioo of patents?
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, April 29, 1864.
885
Another wfioiiB objection would be that theie rewards
would be a heavy charge upon the State, whereas
the present law was not only self-sopporiing, bat
left a surplus, which, as Mr. Webster justly said,
ought to he applied wholly to the enoouragemeot
of invention. He could not but come to the ooi^usion
thai for the people of thisooaotry, who appreciated every-
thing by its value in pounds, shillings, and pence, the only
feasible reward was the oommercial one, such as was con-
ferred by patent right; because such a reward would
usually be as nearly as posnble equivalent in value to
the benefit which the public themselves (by the pur-
chase of any patented article or process) considered that
the inventor had conferred upon them by his invention.
Kow it was easy to ** ^ive a dog a bad name," to raise
an unfair prejudice against patent right by stigmatising
H as a «* monopoly," as a remnant of the laws of olden
times. He considered that Mr. Webster had demolished
the sivument that patents were monopoUes, by showing
that they deprived the public of no existing right or
benefit, because they referred only to new trades or
processes created. He fMr. Hancock) must demur to
the proposition of the cnairman of the council, that
«* patent right was a remnant of the law of olden
times." Placed side by side with invention, patent law
was of comparatively recent date. In olden tames there
was no patent law; there was no necessity for it; nor
was there any necessity for copyright. Inventions were
« few and far between," and it was while in the actual
enjoyment of that reward for whieb the author or in-
ventor of the present day had to strive so hard, that
many of the great works and inventions of old were
completed. To what higher reward could Vii^ aspire,
when engaged upon his j£neid, than the patronage and
bounty of Augustus ? Or Horace than that of Macenas?
Wm8 It not at the court of Hiero, of Syracuse, that Archi-
medes made the great discovery of specific gravity ?
But, if the proDOsition were correct, that patent right was
a remnant of the laws of olden times, that alone would be
no argument for its abolition. If we wished to descend
from the proud position that we occupy of being the
greatest, freest, richest nation in the world, we could not
do better than begin by abolishing some of our laws of
the olden time,such as tiial by juiy, which was said to have
existed about 1,000 years. Magna Chsrta for about
650', and Habeas Corpus, which might be said to date from
the same century as our patent right. He contended that
what was vicious in the olden laws of monopolies was
ahdidied by the Act of 1624, and that the legidature
exercised a wise discretion when they excluded from its
operation the patents for inventions. So far, therefore,
from regarding patent right as a law that ought to be
abolished, he loosed upon it as a necessity of the present
time. This subject had been fully discussed at the meeting
of the Biitish Association at Manchester in 1861. Mr.
Curtis (then Blayorof Manchester) gave a striking instance
of the necessity of a patent law. His firm had spent up-
wards of £10,000 in the perfecting and introducing a new
machine; without a patent right it would have been
open for any engineer to have availed himself of all this
outlay, snd actually to have made and sold the improved
machine, and got a profit, at a price at which the in-
ventor himself, with this outlay to make up, could
not possibly compete. If the opponents of patent right
chai^ged its advocates as monopolists, surely their own
principles too nearly approximated to those of the
communists. He (Mr. Hancock) could give a more
atrildng instance, drawn from his own experience, of
a new invention and nianufscture that would not have
been prosecuted but for the patent law. About twenty
years ago there was introduced into this country and
to this Society, a substance new to us— gutta percha —
and for the introduction the Society rewarded Dr.
Montgomerie with its ^old medal. It was introduced as
a scientific curiosity, m tlie hope that means might be
devised for rendering it a useful material in the manufac-
tures of this oountxy. Hitherto it bad answered no sudi
purpose, although it had existed for probably 5,800 years,
it could not be obtained without great difficulty; it
was necessary to penetrate tropical forests, innabited by
tigers, at a distance of 15,000 miles from home. It was
not, therefore, without ooosiderable labour and enterprise
—it was not, in^fact, until after the undivided attention of
three gentlemen for a period of three years, and the assis-
tanoe of others, and at a total wqieDditure of nearly
£25,000, that any manufacture lor profit could be
attempted* He would confidently ask, would the
inventors and capitalists have combined to do this but £ar
the protection of the patent laws? What had been the
result ? The public had been largely benefited by the
many purposes to which this substance had been applied,
but especially by its application to submarine telegraphy.
When we recalled that the old Atlantic cable by one
message saved this country upwards of £50,000, that during
the Crimean war the Black Sea cable was estimated to have
saved this country upwards of £ 1 ,000,000, and that besides
this we had tor 12 years enjoyed submarine telegraphio
communication with the continent, it must be obvious that
the benefits, direct or indirect, conferred upon the public by
gutta-percha were incalculable. He would grant that the
gutta-percha patents had produced an immensiely handsome
reward. He would grant that, as was too often notoriously
the esse, the bulk of thi^t reward had been reaped, not by the
inventors, who conferred the benefit, but by the enter-
prising company who worked the ioventtons, and to whom
for their enterprise some degree of credit was unqueBtk>n«
ably due ; but he would firmly maintain that the benefits
conferred upon the public had been immeasurably greater
than those confened upon the inventors and their co^
adjutors, and that in the true spirit and ioteiest of the
Patent Law, the contract entered into by the crown on
behalf of the public, by which, in return for the invention,
the crown granted a patent right for the limited period
of fourteen years, was a just and beneficial contract.
Mr. J. A. Maofib said he felt very much honoured and
gratified in having the opportunity of being present and
Sstening to the discussion, and he was only sony that the
cause which he espoused had so few advocates in a place
where, above all, he should have thought that it would
have found friends to support it. He was glad that
the hon. secretary of the Association for Promoting
Social Science had addressed the meeting so well and so
ably, and he was afraid that in having to follow him he
should prove the great advantage of proftnional men
over plain men of business. The subject was a very
large one, and had been most ably Irought before their
notice by Mr. Webster, whose paper embraced questions
which had been very often debated, namely — right of
property in inventions, what reward ought to be given to
men of genius and men of skill who benefited the poblks
by their inventions, the present stste of patent law in
Britain, and the best remedies for the eviU which were
universally admitted to exist. These subjects could not
be considered without also taking into consideration the
state of affairs with regard to ioventions in other ooimtriaa
with which England stood in relation, and the changes
which had come over British commerce and British menu*
facturee by the introduction of free trade. The principle
which had been advocated by many in this Society, whoa
reduced to different language, was, that every man
who made an invention had a right to prevent others
from doin^ what he had done. Tliat was, m plain terms,
the proposition which they were asked to receive. With-
out going very far into the subject, he would only remark
tliat it was very fortunate for us that we did not
live in the days of Adam and his immediate descendants,
for then everything was new and evsrythmg was an in-
vention, and our race would still have been savages. He
could not think that anything which would not ap^y to
such a state of society could be consistent with the Divine
law, and since he took such high ground as that, thsgr
would allow him to ssy that he tWHight that maqg
886
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 29, 1864.
the thingi which were said on this subject were hardly
coDsvttent with the principles of the religion which pre-
vailed in this Goontiy. Those who doubted the advisability
of this system of rewarding inventors by means of
monopolies wore not avene to any amount of honours.
One of the speakers had rather disparaged honours, but
he could say for himself that he would rather have some
honour, some acknowledgment from the Queen, some
proof that he had served his country, than he would
receive a thousand pounds ; and he was quite sure that
there were many who were influenced by the same feelings.
But although they heaped honours on those who really
deserved tbem, yet he was sorry to say that one of the
defects of the present system was, that it was no honour
to be a patentee, for they were only a class of persons
many of whom pretended to be inventors without having
done anything at all meritorious or deserving of tlie
privileges which they enjoyed. With regard to the
question of property in inventions, he would oflfer one or
two observations to show that, in the ordinarily accepted
Bense, this could not exist. What was bought was not the
invention but the secret. The patent was the recompense,
not for the invention, but for the secret, and the proof of
that was that a reward was given to any man who im-
ported an invention, and in that case the reward was
not for an invention, but for having communicated
to the country a secret; therefore the property was
not in the invention but in the secret. Canada, acting
on this principle, had stipulated that she would give
no patent but to those who were resident within her own
territories. He only gave this as a proof that, even in our
own colonies, where they had got emancipated from the
old traditions of our country, they actually acted upon the
principle that there was no inherent or natural property
in inventions. It occurred to him, however, that our
friends on the other ride of the Atlantic would show a
little more good sense if they would consider the public
interest rather more even than that of those favoured few
who made inventions. In point of fact, in their way, they
did consider the public, because their practice simply
amounted to this, that they presented gratuitously to the
colonies of Great Britain the produce of all the inventions
which we pay for, and thereby hung a thought which
required great attention in these times, namely, that the
people of Great Britain were throwing upon the manufac-
turers of Great Britain the great bu^en of patents, and
at the same time, as Mr. Hawes had very properly stated,
they were calling upon them to compete, under free trade,
with all countries in the markets of the world, and with
those who were using our inventions without paying for
them, while our manufacturers were obliged to pay the
heavy royalties which patentees demanded. What had
to be considered was, the best means of getting rid of
these heavy burdens, which would prevent Britain from
running successfully in the race of commerce. Another
proof that there was no natural property in inventions was
afforded by our own law, because if there really was any
property in an invention it would go to a man's heirs and
successors, and would not go from him at the end of the
fourteen years ; this, however, was not the case, and it
plainly showed that this was not what we called «* pi-o-
perty." Again, another excellent suggestion had been
made by Mr. Webster, and was entitled to all the weight
which anything coming from him deserved, and that
was that there ought to be the privilege of a compul-
sory sale, which could not, of course, exist in the case
of property. The second proposition of our patent laws,
when reduced into shape, was that every man who found
out a new way of doing a thing, must first undertake a
▼ery heavy tarii. Before a man could use his own in-
vention he must do what would be the work of a life-
time, namely, inquire whether anybody else had the plan
patented. If he made any discovery, be must first of all,
D^ore he could do anything with it, go to the patent
omoe, and to all the various manufacturers who used the
paruoular machine in connection with which he had made
his discovery, and ask them if they had ever seen
his way of doing it before. Surely this was a most
preposterous state of things ! He said it deliberately,
that if he was a patentee he must either neglect hig
bnsiness to attend to his patent, or else he must neglect
his patent. What he held was, that if a roan was a pa-
tentee he must go to all parties connected with his trade,
and tell them what his plans were, and make anaj3ge-
ments with them. Another hardship was for a man to
find himself duped after he had made his arrangements
with a patentee ; but he was sorty to say that the praeeot
laws enabled persons to be victimised in that way. Above
all, it must never be forgotten that times were changed, and
that we were changed too, and that we were not con-
sistent in maintaining patent laws, which only tended to
restrain trade.
Admiral Sir Edwabo Bblcheb said the questicm of
absolute invention, of the strain on the brain in bringing
the first idea into satis&ctory action, could only be cool-
prehended by those men who had toiled, and dreamed, Aod
expended time and money in perfecting an inventioo.
Inventions which deserved the protection of patents shoald
only be discussed by actual inventors. If it were assuoned
that the great men who had risen to eminence in their
different pursuits, saw no bright light ahead which was
destined to reward them for their labours, it was most
probable that, counting the cost, the waste of time, and tho
ungenerous return which inventors experience fh)m the
public, they would at once exclaim, *' &tter far stick to
my work with the tools I have than fool away my time
that others may benefit by my exertions." Inventiooa,
however, in many instances, were not the result of absolute
study for a decided purpose ; in some cases the result of
mere accident. An instance of this had occurred to him
without the slightest idea of seeking for or taking ad van-
tago of it. He was engaged in turning a very hard wood,
which threw off very fine bright sulphur-coloured abavio^s
and dust, and had invited a party to dine on board hia
ship. His steward warned him he had barely time to dressi^
and brought him hot water. It was near the equator, and
the exertion of turning had produced profuse perspiration.
He washed his face with the plain water and got rid of
the fine dust. The moment he began to use the soap to
his hands and nails they were immediately dyed of a
bright red, and in that state he was compelled to receive
his guests. That, however, was his secret; he had,
maigri lui^ discovered a dye. Now what was the effect of
a discovery made under such circumstances? For the
moment he followed it up, amused himself by dyeing
flannel, cloth, &c., but his time was too valuable ; he had
other duties demanding his attention ; it would not pay,
and it passed unnoticed. So would it be wiUi engineers
and workmen — unless they saw the course open, by the
protection afforded by patent, they would in a similar
manner neglect discoveries of the utmost importance.
Mr. Geoboe Clarkc said that when in a discuasioo of
this kind men of such distinction as Mr. Hawes, the
Chairman of the Council, Sir William Aimstrong, and
others who had evinced the highest talent and the
soundest discrimination, expressed the views which they
had, it became the duty of inventors and of the public,
whose interests were really identical, to stand up in favour
of protection to inventors. There had even been some
hints in the legislature as to an intention to abolish the
patent laws, and he thought it was, therefore, incumbent
upon inventors to do their best to refute the hollow
arguments by which it had been attempted to be shown
that inventions should not have protection. Mr. Hawes
said that protection by patents was detrimental to our
own manufacturers, because it held out a premium to
manufacturers abroad to reproduce our best produce
tions. He confessed that he had read that ohserra-
tion with surprise, and he could not even now quits
understand it. It was supposed that from a specifica-
tion, foreigners could at once seize all the ideas of an
original inventor, and be able to carry his plans ont.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 29, 1864.
387
TJoleM that was the view taken, where was the danger
to the Interest of the country in publishing specifica-
tions. Timy all knew, however, the extreme difficulty
of carxying out inventions. It was not always the original
inventor who carried out the invention, but it was by the
combination of his talents and the capital of others, which
he was able to command by having secured a monopoly,
that at last the public was presented with all the fruits of
the invention. Surely the original inventor had the best
chance of bringing his invention to bear, and he certainly
thought that the danger to this country was very little of
it6 trade beiiig injured by foreigners taking up our new
inventions. But now that free trade existed, supposing
the result to ensue which was stated in the arguments ot
those who stood up for the public, then it would be to
the benefit of the public if the foreign manufacturer should
be more successful than the original inventor, in carrying
the invention into practice. They all knew how difl^ult
it was to seize the ideas of others from any written
deseriplion. It was almost impossible to understand an
invention without diagrams and drawings. He knew a
case in his own experience in which, in onier to introduce
spinning machineiy into Belgium, although the drawings
ijid specifications were published, the foreigners were
obHged to send a skilful workman over to England to
engage himself in the manufiictory. He saw no reason,
therefore, on that ground, why patents ^ould not
be granted for inventions. Another point which had
been referred to was the great number of patents
which had been taken out, and the great loss, as
it had been said, to the public. This fact, which had
been pat forward so prominently as an argument against
the patent laws, and a condemnation of inventors, was,
in his opinion, the highest proof of the great utility
ofprotection, even in the shape in which the law now
«fl»rded it. He would not now enter into the present state
of the law, which he admitted to be very defective,
bat what he was advocating was the existence of protec-
tion to inventors. It was nothing but the patent law
which had brought forth this great number of patents.
It was the hope of reward which had stimulated in-
▼entoTB, and which had induced men to become inventors
when otherwise they would not have been so. That
which happened in sll other cases happened in this case ;
for after ail the shape which a patent took was that of a
oommercial enterjprise, and nothing more. They must
evoke the spirit of competition, and if they did that then
they would at once obtain those results which had raised
this country to the pinnacle of greatness. The great
merit of the existing patent law was that it stimulated
inventora to compete for the great prizes which were only
the rewards of success. They all knew, when they started
in the nee, that thoy could not all be successful, but
this was the case in all professions and occupations.
Therefore, this argument, which was used against pro-
tection to inventors, was really the strongest argument iu
its fiivoor, for it was quite a mistake to suppose that the
number of amlications for patents represented the same
number of real inventions. The number of patents worked
in this country, in proportion to the population, was less
than in Prussia. He had just been told that the number
of patents granted there was only seventy per annum ;
but the system there was very exclusive, and the com-
mittee of experts refused any patent which they did not
understand, and, therefore, the number was very much
reduced.
Mr. WnfKwoKTH said that he had intended to enter, at
some length perhaps, into the discussion, but his friend
Mr. Hawes, in his admirable speech on Wednesday last,
bad so fully antfeipated any arguments he could have
adduced in support of the views they held in common on
this subject, that he would content himself with a few
words only. Having about ten years since, on the occasion
of a paper on the patent laws read by Mr. Webster— dis-
tiogeished like that with which he had favoured the
Society at their last meeting, by acute reasoning, if not
by conclusive arguments — taken a rather prominent part
in the discossdon, he could not reconcile it to himself to
be quite silent that evening. Although in the debate to
which he referred only one other member besides himself,
Mr. Denison, advocated emancipation from the paralysing
influence of these laws, it was spread over no less than
three meetings. Either, therefore, the arguments they had
advanced were very cogent, or those who adopted the views
of Mr. Webster, being themselves inventors and too much
dazzled by the prizes which they saw dangling before
them, were too much interested in the retention of the
law to see clearly that the statements they made of the
hardships imposed on inventors by these laws, were pre*
cisely those which established their utter worthlessness.
For his present purpose it was not necessary that he should
afiirm or deny that invention or discovery, when pub-
lished, was property, but it must be borne in mind that
such publication was voluntary and not compuUory. All
that he argued was that in the interest of progress in art,
science, and manufactures, even in the interest of humanity
itself, these laws ought to be repealed. Since the time
alluded to above, other and more important opponents of
these laws had entered the field : it was sufficient for his
purpose on the present occasion, though there were
many others whom he might name did time permit,
to refer to the late eminent engineer, Mr. Brtmel^
who, in the chair, when Mr. Hawes read a paper
on *'the Soap Manufacture,*' eagerly availed himself
of the opportunity to confirm Mr. Hawes's complaint of the
impediments to improvement which these laws presented
at every turn, and to condemn them from dear-bought
experience. In fact he denounced them in the most
emphatic language, as having been a constant source of
annoyance, difficiHty, and loss, the full extent of which it
would be di^cult to exaggerate. In this he (Mr. Wink-
worth) fully concurred, and nothing had taken place since
that time to alter hisconviction that these laws were not sus-
ceptible of improvement, and so long as any similar enact-
ments, professing as these did, to encourage inventioov
were suffered to continue in operation, the complaints so
frequently repeated during this discussion in various formtf,
would be urged by the sufferers from them. He need
scarcely add that the views he had long entertained were
confirmed by the discussion, so far as it had gone.
Captain Selwtn, R.N., said, as amemberof theCouocH
of the Inventors' Institute, he felt it would not be well if
the discussion were allowed to be closed without express-
ing the opinion of that body. They felt it to be their
mission to protect the interests of inventors, and he was
there to say distinctly, that although there might be de-
fects in the present system, and although the laws might
be very faulty, and the interests of inventors and the pubUc
might appear to be antagonistic, this was not really the
case. The first question started by Mr. Webster was,
whether inventions should be encouraged and inventors
rewarded. No one could have attended the discussions
which had taken place without seeing that the general
sense of the meeting was to affirm this proposition. He
did not see the good of having a board of experts, for his
experience of boards had taught him that, if parties ap-
plied to boards, they were sure not to get anything done
as long as there was any poeibility of anything being
staved off. He did, however, rely on one board, and
that was the public. The public was the great body of
experts who seldom or never made an error, and who gave
a really practical decision on a patent by giving money for
it, and in that way the inventor was very fitly and properly
rewarded. But few of the inventions which were brought
forward would ever be carried out successfully, if the whole
energies of one individual wei*e not devoted to that single
object. There had been something said about injustice to
the public and the manufacturer. The manufacturer was not
obliged to buy an invention, and if he bought a patent
and found himself Uken in, he had no more right to com-
plain than a man had who had bought a horse without r
warranty, and then had found it to be unsound. If ^
S88
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 29, 1864,
aotod on hit own Judgment, wiiboni mtkiag proper in-
yeatigatioo, he muii not be sarptiied if he was doped.
He thought they eboQld never pull a briok oot of any
Btroctore without they )iad a better one to pat in, and in
this caee that had not been brought before them. Cer-
tainly ii had not been brought forward at this meeting.
He entirely denied the ar^^ment which had been need m
eoooeotion with the oopynght law, and he thought that
the manufaoturers had not spoken of inventora in the way
in which they should, becauae it must be remembered
that it was the inventors who had made the manufac-
turers what they were, and who had made our great
nation what it was. But for them, mankind would now
be in much the same oondition as they were in the time
of Adam. No doubt such men as Sir William Arm-
strong and Mr. Hawes were in positions which rendered
them independent of the patent laws, but he could not
conceive of any engineer, mechanic, or artisan, wishing to
do away with such a stimulus to ezertion and improve-
ment.
Ph>iessor Wankltn wished to correct a remark of
ODe of the speakers, who said that patent laws existed
throughout the whole of Europe. There was certainly
one place where there was no patent law, and that was
Switaerlaod, and, indeed, throughout a great portion of
Germany there was virtually no patent law, for every-
thing had to be patented some thirty or forty times be-
fore a patent became valid. According to tbis it would
appear that there was at least one part of the civilised
world where patent laws were in disrepute. He would
just say one word as to why ^tent laws should be
abolished. The justice due to inventors was often in-
sbted upon, but why was it just to reward an inventor?
Only as an example of this great principle^that it was
just to reward individuals who conferred great booefite
upon society, but who reaped no reward themselves.
Now, was this practicable? Could we do this ? He thought
it was utterly mipcacticable. There were a great many
people besides inventors who conferred immense benefits
upon society, but who themselves reaped no rewards. If,
then, there was no other argument for the law than that
general principle, it must iall at once, because if once they
admitted it, it would lead them too far. He would give a
veiy common instance as an illustration. Everybody knew
iK>w a days of the immense improvements which haid been
made in the production of dyes. Dyes had been pro-
duced, as everybody knew, from coal tar. In the
production of these dyes about a hundred people had been
employed in order that this end might be produced.
What did the patent law do? Why, it did not confer
any reward upon any of those hundred people, but only
just upon the last man, who appeared to pot ihe last stone
to the editice which oth9rs nad raised. Now was this
just ? Why should they single him out, and pass overall
the others? The system was an unjust one, and he
believed there was nothing in this country so unfavourable
to science as the patent laws.
The Cbajbiiak said he thought the meeting would
a^ree with him that the subject had now been sufficiently
discussed, to make it right that he should ask them to do
what he was sure it would be very gratifying to them to
4o, to express theii- thanks to the author of the paper, who
would be afforded an opportunity of maldng ohservations
in reply to some of the arguments which had been
addressed to the various questions raised by his paper.
He should like, however, with the permisrion c^ the
meeting, to make a few observatkms upon the subject
matter of discussion, before he couveyed their thanks to
Mr. Webster for the paper which he had read. He
thought it wa^ very fortunate that the subject had been
introduced by a man who had himself mid so much
personal experience in the working of the patent law,
«Bu who had had a large share in the framing
the patent law of 1852, or at least in the eombining
Of two bUU into OM Act of Parliament, and who
sinoe that time had had great experience of the working
of the Act. He would not, however, consider the
or demerita of the Act of 1862, whioh regulated the
of procedure necessary for aoquoing patent rights, bttk
would limit himself to an in<|uir7 into the elaimt of m*
ventors to some public reoogmtton. With the exoeptioo
of one or two gentlemen, there had been but little dispo-
sition to deny Uie claims of men who had invented ob-
portant improvements in manufaotures to some kind a£
recognition. He thought the general otjection had been
rather to the form of recognition by means of the nateol
law. If it were fitting to reward inteUecfcaal rasnlta in
the form of inventions, or of works of literature, or art,
the question then arose whether the protecUoa of inveotora
for a limited period of time was a reaaonsble charaolar
of reward. They knew that there had been in this oountrj',
and doubtless in others, some subjects for which the i^to
had oflered rewards, such, for instance, as the importaot
discovery of the longitude at sea, for which a state grant
was made to Harrison. Then again, there was the north-
west passage, which the state thought of so much import-
ance that its discoverer would be deserving of a large n».
tional reward, and although the state by these acta \md
recognised the right of reward for great services it ww
obvious that with regard to the greater number of inven-
tions such a mode of reward was utterly inapplicable. It had
been said, by some gentlemen who did not deny the ri^bft
to a reward, that it would be better to give that rewaid oatt
of some public fund. He thought, however, that the
greater part of the meeting would adopt the views enun-
ciated by Captain Selwyn, that, however desirable a pabCe
board might be to decide as to the novelty of any partMular
invention, Uie public were after all the best judges. No
public department could successfully accomplish the
desired object, so that they were brought back to the
system already adopted in this and other countries. It
seemed to be considered that whether in connection wHk
literature, science, art, or invention, protectioo of the in-
ventor was the most convenient, the justest, and the beet
reward which could be bestowed upon him. All that
was done was that, for a limited time, he was allowed
the use of his invention before the general public could
have the benefit of it. He could not himself see whM
injustice there was to the public in that. He would
refet them to the statute of James I., and ask them if the
words of the statute could be improved ; and when it was
said that this law was a relic of the olden time, it must Dot
be forgotten that America adopted the prmciple of it in
1790 ; and that in 1791, at a time when privileges were not
very much upheld in France, it was ahio adopted bv that
country, and since that time the same princi^ had been
introduced into other countries. The words of the statute,
which was tor awarding monopolies were, that it should
not extend to letters patent for the term of foutteeB
years for the sale, working, and making of new manu-
factures, which shall be ** neither unjust, misi^ievoas to
the state, nor hurtful to trade, nor generally inoonveBieok**
Could there be a better definition of what the pofalk
should reward than that ? Something had been aud about
the patent law being injurious to free trade, but it seemed
to be forgotten that all the greatest political eoonomislsaf
our country were in its favour, Adam Smith, Bentham,
and John Stuart Mill ; and, therefore, when gentlemen
talked about its being in opposition to free trade, and looked
upon those who supported it as being still in ignorance cf
sound economical principles, they might be fairly anowersd
that opinions coming fVom such men as he had jsik
mentioned were at least worth consideration. He wiM
also Mtk those gentlemen to remember that all the e^
isting laws of copyright had been passed in the presoit
reign, and that only two years ago this very Society, by
its own laborious efforts, succeeded in setting an ad
passed for giving artists a copyright in their works, ss
that this ^woies of protection was not such antaqoatad
legislation as some people described it to be. Than it
was said that the present system was unjust to in i union;
but he would rather let the inventon determine that
JODRBf AL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 29, 1864.
089
qmoatioti for ihemtelvet, ftod tbey e«rUiidy Memed to
he sUUfied with the priociple of the proiootion afforded to
them, and to detire to preierve it. The £*enileiDAa who
apoke last bad oomplainod that under the present lyateaL,
one was rewarded while another was not, but he was very
much afraid that that would be found to be the ease in all
thin^ in thb life. Then the question remained whether
it was an injustice to the public that an invention
upon which a rery large amount of time, and labour, and
capital, had been expended should be preserved to the
use of the inventor for a certain time before the public had
the benefit of it. It certainly seemed to him that to defer
for a time the enjoyment by tlie puUic of the fruits of in-
tellectual labour, employed in important experiments,
producing discoveries of much value, was not unjust to
the public, and did not obstruct economical progress, and
this plan possessed the reoominendation of graduating the
rewaird by the extent to which the invention was usefully
employed. He would only add that the wondrous ex-
tendon of our manutacturee and commerce during the
last ten years would seem to show that, whatever other
efiects might have resulted from the law of patents, it had
not hindered the growth of national wealth. He would
DOW, in the name of the meeting, express to Mr. Webster
their wannest thanks for the able paper which he had
read, a pepor wliich was exceedingly moderate in its tone,
aod which had therefore brought the subject before them
in tlie best form for consideration.
Mr. WxasTKB said he felt very thankful to the meeting
for the way in which they had reoeived the chairman's
proposal of a vote of thanks to him, and he would take
the opportunity which was now alforded him of making
a few observations on some of the points which had been
nUaed in the discussion. He would say at the outset that
he really ieH very ^reat atisfactioo in bringing this
sal^t before the Society after a long interval, it was
DOW some twenty yesrs since it was first brought under
the attention of the Society, and he believed that much
good would reault from the discussion which had just
taken place. The discussion was certainly a very
exhansirre one, and there was hardly a single point which
had not been n^ied. There was no doubt at all that
there were very great inconveniences in the present
patent law system, and the cost of litigation itself in
eoDoection with it was a scandal to the country, though
he admit t4Ml that this was a matter with which a strong hand
ooidd de«L He would not go into detail on legal matters,
but there wat one point to which he would just refer, and
that was that it had been decided that the ueer of a
mac^iine tmder any circumstances might be liable. That
decision, however, had been doubted by a very great
aothority, and he thought that it was a matter which
ought to receive very serious conmderation. There was
also another question, as to how far a person who was
mefely the posseaM>r of a patent ought to have the privi-
lege of a patent law extended to hin. They all knew
htfwihe matter had been dealt with by the present Lord
ChaneeUor ; but these were questions which deserved the
g r ea lest atteotioa, aod if the suggestions which had been
■lade daring the discussion were carried out, it would
certainly be a step in the right directkm. He could only
lepeat what he had said before, that he did not believe it
WM expedient to grant patent right as a matter of course.
Lord Stanleyt in a discussion which was held some years
ago, stated that he conceived the only patent right was a
ngfat to bring an actfon, which right should not be granted
aaa ssatler ofooone, and if this were more borne in mind,
modi of the pr e sent opprobrium would be removed. With
regard to the appoinfemeot of a tribunal for adjusting the
rightiof the pubiie and of the inventor, there was no doubt
that H was a matter of extreme difficulty, and he thought
that 8ir Edward Belcher and Captain Selwyn had really
disposed of that question, and he himself believed that it
was impoi^Ue for any board of experts to value an in-
tastion, which was a matter to be left to the public alone,
aod then, after the public had valued it, they would find
men coming forward to parahase it at its value. He was
very glad indeed to see then: eld friend Mr. Macfio, who
had beeo for so many years a staunch opponent of the
present system, thooi^h not of the rights of inventors, be-
cause he must do him the jostios to say that, although
he had spoken very strongly on the subject, he had yet
always been the consielent advocate of licenses. With
regard to what Mr. Winkworth had observed about what
Mr. Brunei had said as to the soap trade, he only wished
that Mr. Brunei were present, and then he would have
asked him which he had found to be the greatest obstruc-
tion to the soap tride, the excise or the (tatent laws.
There, in the excise, they had an instance of the most
scandalous abuse in restricting invention. It was almost
blotted from the statute book, and he hoped that it
would soon be abolished altogether. Another topic of
some importance had been r^orred to by some of the
speakers, one of whom had asked whether, in order to
prevent the taking out of a patent by some one else, he
was to advertise his invention in the newspapers. No,
certainly not ; but he could do this :— on the payment of
a soiall fee (and he wished it were less) he ouuld record
his inventioQ at the Patent Office in the shape of a
proviskuial specification. That was one of the objects
of the new patent law, to provide a means of recording
inventions. It was no doubt a very groat hardship for a
man to make an invention and after a time to atiandoo
it, aod then find afWrwards that somebody else had
taken out a patent for the same thing, and that he could
not use his own invention without ^ing put to a great
deal of trouble and expense in litigation. It mui^t be
remembered, however, that the patent law did not so
much reward the inventor because he was an inventor,
iMjt the man who gave the public the benefit of
the inventiou; aod this was recognised in the fact
that patents were granted to the importers of
inventions, the policy of which entirely rested upon
this principle, that this was for the good of the public,
and for that reason the man was rewarded, and
not for beiiig the saocessful inventor. If the matter was
looked at in this view, it would be seen that it was out of
regard to the public benefit that the reward was given*
Professor Wanklyn seemed to conclude that, because
science was not rewarded as it ought to be, therefore the
practical arte, as developed in inventions, ought not to be
rewarded, but that certainly was no valid ar^ment
against the system. He wished the meeting particularly
to bear in mind the distinction whidi he had pointed out
the other evening between an inventor and a discoverer,
and he utterly denied that there was any analogy be-
tween the cases at all. With regard to preliminary
examinations, there was a sreat difficulty in knowing
what one single step might lead to, as an inventor was
very often before his age. He had referred, in his
paper, to the faUaoies into which some persons foil,
m connection with this subject, and he thought that
Mr. Hastings had fallen into an entire fallacy
in what he had said about territorial grants, because
the fact was that it was altogether a false analogy.
In the matter of discovering a new country it was
entirely a question of first occupancy, which was the
baAs of all holding of property ; that was merely dis-
covering what was in existence before ; but in a patent
a thing was created which did not before exist, and for
that a reward was given. An allusion bad been made to
Oobbs's case, and he was glad to have an opportunity of
mentioning it, because he thought it was an iUn^ratfon of
the advanUge that would have resulted from a preUmmaiy
inquiry, inasmuch as if such an inquiry had taken place all
the litigation would have l»een avoided. If a preliminary
inquiry were held at an early stage the inventor jwould
not have to go on blindfolded, as he did now, but if he
went on after he knew the real state of the case it would
be on his own responsibility. With regard to the annual
payments, then might be difficulties m the way, but the
periodical payments had been very servioeable, and he hai^
390 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 29, 1864.
no donbt that yearly paymenta would be found to be the
same. He had only ooe other thing to mention, and that
was with respect to the screw-propeller, which, but for the
patent laws, never would have been htarted. The Archi-
medean Company established it under the operation of
the patent laws, and hence its success. With these ob-
servations he would again thank the meeting for the man-
ner in whidi they had entered into the subject, and he
tK)ped that much good would result from the discussion.
Mr. Hehby Cole, C.B., writes to the Secretary as
fdllows:— ^ .
At the adjourned meeting of the Society to discuss
the Patent Laws, I request that you will have the kind-
ness to read this letter as a substitute for my presence.
I feel it somewhat of a duty not to be silent, having taken
an active part years ago m promoting the reform of the
Patent Loews upon the principles sanctioned by a Com-
mitteeof the Society, whose three published reports I was
entrusted to prepare.
1. In 1849 a numerous Committee of noblemen and
gentlemen* was appointed by the Society to promote
*• Legiiiative Recognition of the Kghts of Inventom."
The opening paragraph of the first report of that Com-
mittee was as follows : —
«• 1. A British subject has no rights of property what-
ever in that intellectual labour which produces invention
or scienti6c discovery, excepting such as he can obtain by
petition from the Crown. He may have bestowed years
•of mental exertion and manual toil in perfecting a dis-
covery most beneficial to mankind, still he is not in the
position of being able to claim even the recognition of the
iruits of his labour as his own. He must become a peti-
tioner for the right to the Crowo, which is absolute and
•irresponsible, and may refuse it without any power what-
ever of appeal. Many and well-settled as are the rights
•of British suli^ects compared with those of other nations,
the suppliant inventor has no rights of his own in his in-
■vention.t The inventor in France, in America, in Hol-
land, and in Belgium, even in Austria and Spain, has his
rights recognised by declared law ; but the Englishman
has none. By passing through a series of formulas, so
antiquated that the oiigin of them is lost in the obscurity
-of past centuries — so empty and frivolous, that common
sense revolts at them — so numerous that they can hardly
be reckoned accurately — so intricate, that every one seem^
a pitfall to discourage scientific invention to the utmost —
so inexplicable, that the greatest diversity of opinion
obtains in interpreting them — so costly, as to place scien-
tific intelligence wholly within the power of capital ; an
inventor may at last obtain a mere recognition of his
right, which he is then at liberty to protect as he may be
best able."
* The Oommittee coniisted of the following: — ^The Mnrqais
•of NorthsmptOD, the Earl of Radnor. Sir John P. Boileaa,
Bart., Sir J. J. Gaest, Bart., MP., the Risht Hon. T. Miloer
^ibtoD, M.P., Beniy I. Hope, Esq., MP., Samael M. Peto,
Eeq., M.P., Sir James Anderson, Glasgow, George Brace, Esq.,
Benry Cole, Era., Charles Dickens, Esq., J. U. Elliott, Esq.,
John Farey, Esq., C E., P. Lc Neve Foster, Esq., M.A.,
Charles Fox, Esq., C E., Wjndham Harding, Esq., C E.,
Edward Highton, JSsq., Capt. Boscawen Iblwtson, K.R.B.,
Owen Jones, Esq., Herbert Minton, E^q., the Potteries, R. 8.
l^ewall, Esq., Gateshead, Br. Lyon Playfair, F.R.8., Richard
Pro'ser, Esq., Firmingham, Dr. J. Forbes Royle, F.RS.,
!¥. W. Rnndell, Esq., Falmouth, Archibald Slate, B^q , Wood-
side, Dudley, J. Jobson Smith. Esq., Sheffield, Profrssor
Edward SoUv, F.B.8., Robert Sutcliffe, Etq., Idle, Leeds, John
%lve8ter, Em., Arthur Symonds, £rq., Profcseor Bennet
woodcroft. Secretary— George Grove. E^q.
t *' There is not any clause or enactment by which the sub-
ject can demand them as a right. This great encouragement
to industry, this fruitfal source of wealth, is still the free gift
of the Sovereign. It emanated from Her Majesty, as the
X»atron of the arts snd sciences, at the bnmble request of her
subjects ; and it is as a gracious favour that she extends this
coyal protection to theinfentor."— ('ot^'on on Patent*, p. 21.''
2. This Committee brought before the public, for the
first time, a recital of the thirty-five stages which it was
necessary, at a cost of about £100 in fees only for EaglaDd,
to pass through to obtain a patent; and Mr. Charka
Dickens, in a most humorous paper, entitled ** A Poor
Man's Tale of a Patent," in his Household Words, deser&ed
how one Thomas Joy had perfected a model, and wanted
to patent it ; came to London ; petitioned Queen Victoria ;
declared before a Master of Chancery ; went to the Hoone
Office ; got his petition signed by the Uome Secretary ; took
it to the Attorney -Qeneial; paid four pound four; '• Nobody
all through ever thankful for their money, but all uncivil ;*
back to Home-office ; got a warrant ; sent to the QueeD ;
Queen sent warrant back ; Home Secretary signed «guD :
went to Patent-office for a <* Draft of the Qaeeo'a BiU "
and a *' Docket of the Bill ;" two copies engnnsed, one for
Signet-office, one for Privy Seal-office; engrossing, sitaunp-
ing; 'gawn to Attorney- General ; again to Hcnne-oflke;
again to ^e Queen ; then to the Signet office; then to
Lord Chancellor ; then to Privy Seal ; then to Clerk of
Patents ; then fees to Lord Chancellor's Purse-bearer ai^
to Clerk of Hanaper, and to Deputy Cleik of Ranaper ;
again fees to Lord Chancellor ; and lastly, fees to Depaty
Sealer and Deputy Chaff Wax ! Pleasant prooearas to
numerous interests — ^law and others. Ail this rubblah (he
Society cleared away.
3. The Great Exhibition of 1851 gavea great blow to thie
antiquated system, and a special Act of Parliament was
obtained which enabled inventors to exhibit without the
intervention of Banapers and Chaffwaxes. Then a Com-
mittee of inquiry in the Lords sat, and an Act waa parsed,
based upon many of the most important principles advo-
cated by the Society, and in accordance with the practiea
more or less adopt^ by other European ooimtries and the
United States. 1 need not describe them ; they are stated
in the third report of this committee.
4. There has now been ten years' experience of this Act,
and ev^ybody, without exception, advocates the amend-
ment* of the syste m ; as Mr. R. Wilson said in hia excel-
• The following were the heads of a Billrcc>mmendcd by the
Society in 1852, and it will be seen that many of the evils oow
complained of would not bare ezbted had the recommwndatioos
been fully adopted.
BBSOLUnOMS PAS8BD TO FOaX THE HBAD8 OF A BUX.
1. That eferythmg in respect of which a patent may now bs
granted shoald be registered.
2. That the benefits afforded by Registration shoald extend ts
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the
Channel Islands.
3. That the Registration shoald be considered merely a record
of claims, and nut as any determination of rights betweccn
parties.
4. That it shoald be competent to any Inventor to make dis-
claimers and to rectify errors in his Specification at any period.
5. That Registration of Inventions should be obtainable for
a period of one year on payment of £5, and shoold be renewable
for four periods of five years each, on payment of £10 at first
renewal ; of £20 at second renewal ; of £50 at third renewal ;
and of £100 at fourth renewal. [The principle of renewed ^mj*
ments is proposed as a means of testing whether an inveaUMi
is in ase, and of removing useless inventive rights that mifht
otherwise be obstructive of improvements.]
6. That there should be penalties for a»ng the title of
** patent " or ** registration " where none has ever existed.
7. That the present tribunals are insufficient for the trial
of subjects of design and invention.
8. That it shoald be permitted to commence actions f«r in-
fringement of the rights of Inventors in the County Oourta.
9. That inasmucn as, contrary to expectation, very little
litigation has been created by the rights conferred by the
Designs Act of 1842 and 1843, this committee is of npinioB that
a fair trial should be given to the working of the proposed r^ s>
tem of Registration of Inventions before any special ttibanaf to
determine inventive righU is substituted for the ezistisg
tribunals.
10. That any tribunal before which proceedings are com-
menced should have power to refer any case for report and cer-
tificate to the Registrsr, assisted by competent and seictttiftc
persons.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 29, 1864.
3S1
lent and pnotical speech, " Eithw improve thn system or
ghre up the peteott altogether," whilst there is a strong
and growing party which desires its repeal and the aboli-
tioQ of patents. A commissioo, consisting of legislators,
lawyers, and others, are investigating what is to he done,
aod, appropriately enough, the Society again discMses the
aaoieot>
6. Certainly the problem b most ditBonlt, and not to be
hastily solved. It is easy, if yon are convinced, to say,
** Away with all patents, and no monopolies ; leave manu-
ftctores alone and to manage for themselves ;" and I con-
fess 1 And myself inclining more in that direction than
towards tinkering at minate administrative legal details.
6. Yet, on the question of principle of patents, I hesitate
to say conadently that Adam Smith and Bentham,
John Mill and others are in error, and that the practice
of other ooontries is wrong. Bat the discussions which
liaTe taken aod are taking place, as well as the experience
of the last ten years, make, to my mind, some things in
this matter quite dear. I have no interest whatever in any
patent. I claim to have been a reformer of the old patent
laws. I am not a patent agent or a lawyer, and I think I
am quite unprejudiced aod dispassionate on this sutjeot.
7. It is dear to me that copyright in authorship or
artisti' work is quite distinct from patent right in inven-
iion« or the *' first finding" of a thmg. Minds, however
alike, dwelling on the same thoughts, could never utter
them or ropresent them in the name way identically. Mr.
Webster says, ««the subject of copyright is one* specific
oombcnation of words, letters, and lines, in this respect
wimQaat or analogous to the specific combination constituting
a machine. The fallacy of this is apparent when we pat
Shakemare and his ** Hamlet" as ** similar or analogous"
to W. E. O. and his *« .Aerial machine," or R D. and his
•• Hair brushes roUtoiy," or W. C.'s " Lubricatibg appa-
Tatus," as registered in the Sodety's last JourmS, But
inventors seeking to find a something would most pro*
bably each one £id that identical something at the end of
tbeir race. They are like huntsmen — Reynard is there —
•omewhere--aod the first seizes the brush, whwh the
second or third might have got by happy accident.
8. It hss been hitherto held to be good public policy
that the first finder shall have a limit^ monopoly of his
ioveotioQ against other seekers and finders, on condition
o( his honestly making H fully poblks.
9. Evenrbody affrees that the finder does all he can not
io keep this part or his engagement. His specification is
made as dark as possible. Can yon compel nim to make
it dear and definite? Perhaps so, but it is difficult. Perhaps
a public registrar might usefhlly be appointed to deter-
mine if the inventor did or did not state in a given form,
clearly and unmistakably, what his invention was ?
10. I am oi^>oeed to Mr. Webster's opinion that
11. That vpoa the iUegalitv of the Reftistratioa being esUb-
fiihcd by the jodfment or order of any eompeteat triband, the
Regisiratioa be ctBcelled.
12. That there tbonld be only ont oAee (or the treassetioa of
boihieM oooneeted with the Rc^tratioo ef laventioos, and the
pa) otcat of few in respect thereof.
13. That every penen denrinf to register an Invention tbodd
sabcnit two eopiee of the Speeifiefttion of his claim, aoeoiDpaQied»
*^^*7<B**^ where it is possible, by descriptive drawioge.
14. That the mode andprocedore of Regbtration fh^nld be
rcgalated by the Board of Trade, labject to a report to Parlia
meot.
15. That an anned report of all Spedfications registered,
with proper indices and calendars, shooJd be laid before Parlia-
meot.
16. That a collection of dl the Sped6oatioof i^hoeld be made,
calendared, and iodeaed, and depoeited for pnblio infonnation
in the British Mnseam.
17. That it u hiffbly desirable that soeh a coUeetioa sbodd
be prmted aod poblished.
18. That the furplus profits, after paying offiee expeosfi and
eompeniatioo, sboald be directly appurd to some pablio purpose
connected with Invention, bat not carried to the Consolidated
Vond.
** Patents should noi be granted as of course, but soma
dieck be placed on their indiscriminate issue l>y a pre-
liminary inquiry and report." 1 don't wish to see a Pope
for patents, or any compulsory tribunal attempting to
decide if the invention be one or not. 1 doubt ita com-
petency and authority. 1 am sure it would give littlo
satisfaction, and certainly an appeal i^ainst its decisioo
would have to be allowed, which might be good for
lawyers, but certainly not for inventors. The onus of tho
proof of the invention I think must rest solely with the
inventor. Like all other possessors of rights, the inventor
himself most defend his own if he care for it.
11. One great merit of the existing law is that it ex-
tinguishes frivolities. Mr. Hawes has shown that out of
8.000 patents, only 100 sought to exist tot seven yean.
** Only 100 out of 3,000 are worth £100 at the end of two
years."
12. If it be determined to maintain the principle of a
Patent Law, then the preservation of this principle of
soooessive stages seems to me most important, but 1 think
the time of duration of the right aa well aa the cost should
be greatly reduced.
13. Let the ** first finder " or inventor have a ri|(ht of
registering that he claims to be so. Compel him to
roister his claim as distinctly as possible. Allow of no
evasions. Pay a public officer to keep him up to the
mark. Allow his claim to stand ^ood for twelve months
and no lon^. This period, I think, would be sufficient
to enable him, not, perhaps, in some few cases, io perfect
his invention, but to keep a-head in the market of other
claimants, and to find, if neoesoary, the capital to go on
with it ; for it is generally admitted that tne first finder
has to find, besides his invention, the capitalist, who
works the thing found. As Dr. GoUyer said-^**Men
who had money did not, as a rule, devote themselves to
invention."
14. It may be said that so short a period of monopoly
is not long enough to attract capital. I don't believe it.
Capital will obey the usual laws of self-interest, and it is
not requisite that Parliament should give it monopolies
or protection. It can take care of itself.
16. It has been proved, I think, that no very great dia-
coveries can be traced to the monopoly ffranted by the
Patent Laws. They go on quite independently of
charters or legislative laws and such like artificial coo-
ventions. I have arrived at the belief thst the progress
of inventions, either great or little, would not be srrested
in the slightest degree if Patent Laws were abolished.
Philosophers don't want the monopoly. Competitors for
** first findings " may^and it may be right to give it,
although it is admitted that the monopolies granted lead
incidentally to gi-eat nuisances, undoubtedly hindering
other competitors.
16. The question resolves itself to this. Is it right
public policy to encourage firnt finders or inventors to hunt
for things? to register publicly such findhigs, and, in
return for soch public registration, to acknowledge their
claims to a right to the ** fi>at find " for a very limited time ?
and 1 oonie to the conclusioa that under present circum-
stance!* it is. Such policy may lead to the abolition of
even the very limited monopoly proposed. If it do, it
will be an easy transition — better, I conceive, than a violent
and absolute revolution, like the total abolition of patents.
If it do not, tlien the limited monopoly will remain, in ac-
cordsnce with public convictions of its public utility, but
very limited in duration. The right of monopoly should,
I think, be obtained eacily, and at a cost sufficient
and no more to pay the expenses of a proper regisiian'on.
Experience has shown that the present fees are merely a
tax, which has not even yet been applied to erecung a
creditable Patent Library or Mnseum for Inventions,
things of great value and public interest apart from the
policy of patents.
Mr. W. BaiDOBs Aoams writes : —
A strong ettbrt is now making, by a small but energet^'
body of persons, against the continuaooe of the par
392
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 29, 1864.
UwB, on the ground thai they are injorioos to the general
interests of the community. Could they make out their
case it would be quite right that the laws should be
abolished, for the interests of a small body of persons, such
as inventors, must give way to the general interest. It
has been long conc^ed that individuid property in matter
is a general advantage, much more so than possessing
matter in common. It could not be tolerated that large
estates should be the property of individual owners save
by the conviction that this ownership produces on the
whole a larger usufruct for the general benefit. Nor
would the owners of these estates portion them out in
farms of greater or less size save from the conviction that
by Individ uid skill and possession they reap a larger rent.
Were it not so the land would be all in common and un-
indosed. Every man in the community seeks as far as he
can to obtain a monopoly of all the things he desires, and
00 the landlord has a monopoly of his estate, and in the
farmer of his farm, and in the minor of his mine, and in the
millowner of his mill, and so on through all the various
•conditions of propertied life. But that which gives the
highest value to matter is mental ideality. Without this
we should be mere clods— of the earth, earthy. Our talk
would be of beeves, and we should scratch the earth's sur-
face skin deep, as most half savages do, to get a scanty
crop of grain and roots. To mi^e mental ideality fruc-
tify and constitute public utility, we must do by it as we
do by matter, give it individual ownership and encloeures,
not mock but real. For though it is quite true that even
as unenclosed land will produce a wild crop, so will unen-
closed mentality, but the value will be in the same pro-
portion that rye grass bears to wheat of the highest stand-
ard. Men of mark and cultivation, and consecutive
mental industry, will not sow that others may reap the
harvest. They will either keep their ideas concealed, or
they will set their investigatmg faculties at work to
tuscertain why, if the ideas of the brain are to be made
common property, matter also should not fall into the
«ame category ? It is quite clear that the inventor has
DO inherent right in his invention beyond keeping it a
secret, and that he can only turn it to his own prontable
•account by the agency of the community, who are to use it
directly or indirectly, for if there were no community his
invention would be valueless. His advantage and that of
the public must advance with equal steps, and it is for the
public who grant the right to consider whether, upon the
whole, it is not more for their interest to protect and help
these inventors than to thwart and starve them. Inventors
proper are not numerous ; even the patentee list — and far
be It from us to assert that all patentees are inventors —
ihe patentee list falls far short of the booksellers' list of
large and small poets and rhymesters inclusive. They
rank with, and are a part of, the original-minded men who
have the perception of truth and beauty and analogy in
all things — thought, language, sound, form, colour, and^
0t ructure. In vhrtue of their instinctive and not mere imita-
tive properties, they are men of genius who direct their
fellows mto new tracks, and constitute the great distinction
hetween the English nation and the Chinese. Poets, book-
writers, painters, sculptors, musicians, chemists, and con-
structors, all fall into the same catc^ry, and are all re-
presented by matter, and the nation may, if it chooses,
deprive them of the right of property in Uieir own crea-
tions. The poet and bookwriter gather their royalties
from the manufacturers of books, or may print themselves
exclusively. The painters and sculptors ^ther royalties
from the multiplication of their works in casts and en-
gravings. Musicians gather royalties on the sale of their
measured notes represented in print, and there is no more
justice or policy in shutting out the constructor and chemist ,
from their royalties or their originalities, than there would
be in throwing open the wiitings of Kingsley, Dickens, or
Tennyson, to the voluntary contributions of Paternoster-
row. We do not wish to use the argumerUum ad hominsm^
but, nevertheless, we cannot accept the arguments of
interested men against patent laws, whteh act as a curb
on their desires to possess a capitalist monopoly. They
pit>fess a desire to see inventors rewarded without patents,
but they do not tell us how this is to be done. Is to be
by Parliamentary grant? How then is the inventor to
be defined if there is no record of his invenUon, no making
it patent ? Is he to enter into a squabbling and canvaanng
contest with loudtongued, unscrupulous pirates, and
canvas the members for their votes? This would be to
make it a matter of politics, like a contested election, in
which the retiring student would have no chance againsl
the brazen and unscrupulous man of action. But, saj the
opponents of patents, there is an injustice in giving an
exclusive privilege to a man to-day for that which anodier
man might invent to-morrow, or next day, or a montii
after. Bimilarly so might it be said, that it is an injustioe
for a duke to possess an estate which might next day or
week have oeoome the property of an earl bad he
not been forestalled ; or, that it is an injustice for Eng-
land to possess New Holland, which might otherwiso
have become a possession of France. We cannot see the
injustice that a man who is up and domg should take
possession of that which had before his time no owner, and
18 in fact a creation, or pro-creation of his own. There
has been much talk about the absurdity of many pateftis,
and how few of them are of any value, while thej*
are obstructive to inventors, and that it is neoeamy
to sift them by a preliminary examination? Do
people really understand what this means — thai a
man's secret — his invention — shall be canvassed and
discussed, and the patent given or withheld mt the
option of the examiners? Is it posable to remore
from a sanguine man's mind the idea that some
wrong motive has been at work, that nepotism has refbttd
to him what will be granted to some friend of an examiner.
Warn the man, if it be needful, but give him his patent if
he persists, and after he has specified, put it on trial, in fuU
court, and expunge it from the records for sufficient reason.
The man will then have justice, and the patent lists will
not be damaged. Assuming that patents are useful to the
public, as teniding to make men work earnestly and ooo-
secutively at new things, it becomes necessary to ask what
should be a good and fitting subject for a patent, and what
not. What is novelty ? It is an old saying that ** there
is nothing new under the sun." As regards the pubUe
everything Is new that has not been in use for a generatioo,
and the fact that a thing has been recorded without being
used should not Invalidate an inventor from turning it into
use under the protection of a patent. If li thing has dis-
appeared from public use for the space of thirty years it
would be a positive advantage to the public that an
inventor should have a patent — a mental encIo«ure — to
induce him to foster it and give it a new birth. Still the
ootciy Is of '* monopoly," the cuckoo cry of free trade, as
though there were any opponents of monopoly so strenuous
as the inventive men, as though the whole world would
not be a monopoly save, for these beaters down of the old
ways. The true monopolist is the capitalist, and man in
possession by virtue of his position. He may allege that
he is open to competition, but this openness is only in the
sense that the doors of the London Tavern are open to ^
customers who have money in their purses. In oompeUtion
the race is to the rich, and the poor competitor is hustled off
the ground . Let an inventor without a patent bring to bou:
any improved article in large demand, he will infallibly be
competed with, and displaced by, the larger capitalist,
whose small profit on alai^e return will leave no profit at
all to the man of small return, who, perchance, hHS ap-
pended aU his means in perfecting the new article. But
if he be protected by a patent, the inventor can hold his
own till he himself become a capitalist too strong to be
damaged, unless ruined by processes on the part of the
capitalist, owing to the defective state of the law. It is
the inventor who breaks down the would-be monopolies
of capital ; and other competing inventors, also, iu their
tum, break down the monopoly of the first inventor.
They do not debar the capitalist irom his tighta to com-
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, April 29, 1864.
39 :t
peie in his accustomed &shion, but only to compete io the
mveniorB* Vrains sod new uses. Many prominent persons
there are whose opposition to patentees is grounded on a
case of defeated piracy, or in a desire to prevent aU others
bat themselves from rbing to eminence. This patent
record and protection is the only fulcrum by which|tne in-
ventive non-capitalist can lift himself to a level with the
capitalist manufacturer, and disturb the stagnation which
would else prevail. The competition of manmacturers is for
quantity, not for quali^. The inventors generally cheapen
as well as improve — they substitute mi^ines for human
drudges, with far better results in quality. To attempt
to reward inventors by grants is the merest moonshine.
The reward would never get to the true inventors, but
would be intercepted by the jobber; for the student
(inalities that constitute an inventor are not the qualities
tnat canvati the attention of governments or government
authorities. Even were it not so, how is the money value
of an invention to be estimated ? Only by its pecuniary
BQcceas, giving an exclusive right to the owner, for a
longer or shorter period, to roanufocture or use him-
self, or to licence others so to do. But there is
another ar^piment used by the manufacturers which
has a groundwork of reason ; they allege that they can
compete, on (kvoorable terms, with all the world in manu-
frctures, bat that a patent in England, when there are no
patents on the Continent for the same thing, puts them at
a disadvantage with the foreigner. For example, the
rise in price, and, probably, in profit, on English iron,
enabled Belgian iron masters to compete in the market
of the world, subject always to the condition that the
Eoglidi iron- masters can underbid them if very trouble-
some. But, if upon any article, rails, or others, there be
a patent tight in England and none in Belgium, they
must remain at a disadvantage. What does this amount
to? That they seek to monopolise the iron manu&oture,
and, therefore, they should establish themselves in Belgium
or they should take the Continental patents for the in-
vention, and so guard themselves. Anyhow, we do not
see why their interest should be studied in preference to
that of the inventor if they do not choose to help them-
selves by helfnng him. '* But the patent law," say they,
in a sudden aoceasion of care for the interests of the in-
ventor, *' is a mockery, a delusion, and a snare to the
inventor ; so let us abolish the law." We may paraphrase
it thns— ** The law of freehold in land is a mockery, a
deUisioo, and a snare for the landholder, for it exposes
him to be ruined in Chancery ; therefore, let us abolish
the law of freehold." I think that it is far better in
the interest of the public to amend the law, and I
would do it after the following fashion: — 1. I would
define novelty to consist in the fact that the thbg
patented had not been in nse in England for a term of
thirty years previous to the application. 2. I would
have an applicant warned by the proper authorities that
his application was for an invalid thing, but give him
time nevertheless to record and and specify, on the
ground that no examiners should bo entrusted with
a power to refuse an application for reasons which
might be insufficient or possibly interested. But as soon
as the specifications were lodged, it should be put on tiial
io open court at the cost of the community, and erased
f^om the records for good and sufficient reasons, removing
a stumbling block, or expunging any part of it required. S.
That all new and original thmgs in a patent for any specific
invention should convey a right to their use in every
manner, i.^., a new thing specified in an improvement
for one machine should be applicable to every variety of
machine, and an inventor should not be obliged to take
two several patents for a gun and shot, or for wheels and
vails. 4. Tnat the patent should be renewable as a
matter of course if the inventor, from do fault of his own,
bat from difficulty of introducing it, had failed to
rsalise a certain rate of profit to be determined on.
g* That all trials as to patent validity, constituting it a
ptopertj or otherwise, should be before an especial patent
court, whose &vourable verdict should be essential to
patentee litigants before going into a court oflaw to obtain
damages. We do not think that the tendency of dis-
interested public opinion is against patents, but the con-
trary. The chief opponents are those who wbh capital
to be individual nroiMdrty and brains common stock. The
patent is the trade mark of the inventor, and if that be
taken from him we trust that the trade marks of the manu-
facturers will be thrown open at the same time, for these
trade marks, earned by long and hard work, are as much
a monopoly in the market as the patent earned by the
long anid hard work of the inventor, for if one trade mark ^
may compete with another, so also may one patent com-
pete with another. We should like to know of what kind
is the reward proposed by Mr. Hawes for inventors ? On
him has descended the mantle of his relative, the late Mr.
Brunei, and it is upon the records of the committee of the
House of Commons tliat Mr. Brunei's idea was that all in-
ventions were made by workmen, and that a good master
would reward them well,~one pound sterling for an ordi-
nary invention, and five pounds sterling for something
extra good. Mr. Hawea's definition of the distinction
between cop3nright and patent right is hardly logical.
What does copyright mean but the exclusive right
to manufacture a particular book, and what does the
patent right mean but the exclusive right to manu-
facture something else--the book originating in on^
brain and the something else in another. Invention
is essentially forethought— a grapple with the future. Con-
trivance is afterthoug^ht— a patch upon the present, but the
contrivance coming into an existing market is always
better paid than the invention, and the inventor is
frequently sneered at as being before his time. But
for all that, it is the inventor who changes the face of
the imiverse for the better, and lessens the drudgery of
humanity, and adds to its resources and pleasures, while
the capitaliit and contriver reap the pronts. It will be
an evil day for the world if ever the coimsels of Achi-
tophel shall prevail to the starvation of originators.
Nor do we see the justice of compelling the inventor to
liconce his rivals who may be interested in damaging his
plans by bad workmanship, and over whose dealings ho
can have no satisfactory control. Some years back there
was a humorous illustration of this practice. An um-
brella maker advertised *' the best silk umbrellas from
7s. 6d. upwards," and then added, with a vindictive
animus against Sangster, fh>m whom he had been com-
pelled to take a licence, ** N.B. A parcel of ugly alpacas
on hand." Meanwhile the dear brain of the Lord
Clumcellor is getting in the thin end of the wedge, and
his eflbrts will, doubtless, culminate in an Inventors*
Court of Equitv, for the legalisation of mental title deeds,
at the cost of the Accumulated Patent Fund.
Mr. Edmund Huirr writes : —
Referring to the discussion on the 20th inst., I think it
is a pity that, in order to avoid confusion, separate occa-
sions were not chosen for dealing with the two great
sections of the subject :— The question whether les^al pro-
tection of inventions should be retained or abolished?
and the question, whether the existing patent laws could
be improved, and how ? As to the first, I would ask
whether protection should be retained from principle or
from expediency ? I think the only sound arguments in its
favour are those grounded on expediency ; and if so, what
may be expedient now may not be so ten years hence.
Ten years ago I was enthnsiastlcally in favour of patents
but unusually good opportunities for studying the subject,
and for general observation thereon, have bronght me
gradually round to the firm conviction that the time is
not far off when it will he better, both for tlie inventor
and for the public, for j^itenls to be abolished. But 1
must by no means be ranked with certain recent agitators
against the patent laws, for I believe the very injudicious
and faulty character of their arguments will have the
practical efiect rather of retarding than of hastening tb-^
abolition of patents. I do not, however, think that pate'
394
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, Apbil 29, 1864.
will be abolished at presenti and it would therefore be a
waste of time to enter veiy foilj into this branch of the
subject. And although I hold opinions against the
ibture expediency of patents, I do not sappose I am, on
that account, the leas likely to have sound views as to the
practical defects of the existing laws and their remedy.
As to definitions, which, as was truly observed, are of
great importance in a discussion of this kind, I would
call that a non-patentable discovery in which we find out
how two things have been combined, or have acted on
each other ; and that a patentable invaUion in which we
combine or make to act together two things which, as far
as we are aware, never before were so combined or made
to act. In the strict sense of the terms the human mind
Is utterly incapable of creating or originating even ideas.
It receives its materials from without, and simply re-
arranges them, and that not after any new plan, but in
more or less close imitation of arrangements it has seen.
A great many frivolous remarks are often made in dis-
cussions of this kind, about patents for fiivolous things.
If the things referred to are really frivolous, how can the
public poambly suffer from their being patented, seeing
that no one is bound to buy or use a thing because it is
patented, and that no one will buy or use a thing that is,
m his opinion, frivolous ? The patentee is the sole loser,
namely, of his time and trouble, and of the cost of bis
i>atent ; but it is useless to tell him it is frivolous — he
Knows better. Obviously the moment anything becomes
useful and is wanted, it ceases to be frivolous. All plans
for dealing with the merit or value of inventions, in anti-
cipation of their use, are utterly impracticable. I also
consider it impossible for a board of examiners to deal
satisfactorily, in all cases, with the question of novelty.
The American system has not worked satisfactorily. But
it is certainly not right that when an inventor pays
Government tor documents ostensibly giving him aceitain
protection, his payment should be received as for a bond
fide protection, when there exists in the government office
the means of knowing that, in many oases, ikis worthless,
from protection havmg been previously gninted for the
same thins. It is like obtaining^ money imder false pre-
t ences. The remedy is, in my opinion , to employ a staff of
examiners and searchers, who, as soon as possible after the
receipt of every application for a patent, with a description
of the invention, shall compare the same with existing
patents and other recoils, and shall draw up a report
stating in what cases the invention appears to have been
in any way anticipated or even approached. This report
should be delivered to the applicant, and it should be lett
to himself whether to complete his patent or not ; whilst,
to prevent parties from imposing on the public by com-
pleting their patents, in the case of the inventions being
old, and in face of the i-eports to that effect, such reports
should be accessible to the public, and be printed along with
the specifications. Surely a patentee is entitled to receive
for his freely- paid fees a return such as the information
contained in the report would be. In this plan I thus
propose to adopt the good features of the American
system, without the faulty feature of the arbitrary power
of refusing a patent. But I believe tliat what would be
found in practice to be the most advantageous alteration
the present Patent Laws are capable of, would bo to enact
that the public use of an invention by the inventor or in
imitation of him, for a period previous to his applying
for his patent, should not in%-alidate such patent. In our
own Indian Patent Laws twelve months are allowed, and
in the American laws two years; and in America this
provision has proved itself to be most* valuable. At
present in this country patents are taken out for a great
number of things which prove impracticable or useless),
but which, if the suggested alteration were made, would
have been tried before it became necessary to apply for a
patent. On the other hand, a great number of valuable
miprovemonts are continually being made without patents
being thought of at the time, and afterwards when practical
and recognised success suggests a patent, the inventor finds
his publication of the Improvement haa ddbinBd biv
fh>m getting a valid one. With the alteimtioQ an gg esi oJ ,
patents for such really valuable improvemeots woud take
the place in the lists of the class of useless ones previooslf^
i-eferred to. The difficulty about oompolaoiy licoMts
arises from inherent defects inseparable from any patem
system. Although, in consequence of existing prevakirt
ideas, but which nave been fictitiously induced, a patent
holds out a certain amount of encoungement to an in-
ventor, it is still certain that it is often obetrootiva io
improvement. Mr. Webster's challenge to dte casea of
ob^ruction is ingenious; but numerous examjdea could
easQy be detailed ; in fkct, the larger portkm of patent
trials for inftingement are due to it. The encouragemeaot
patents afford is measured out in doses not to be exceeded ;
and progress must take a stride only onoe evenr fooiieen
years ! But it is said compulsoiy Iksencea would obviBte
the obstructiveness of patents. They might, and have
other advantages also, if a 8atisfadU)iy aysteai eosild
be suggested. Has a practksal system of compnlaorr
licences ever been suggested? I think not. It woold
obviously not do for patentees to fix their licence rates
without some check to prevent their being ao high as
to be prohibitoiy. I don't think the maehiocry of
arbitration at all suitable; and any patentee deter-
mined to be obstructive and having the means could eaaly
delay a settlement, or make it the starting point of inter-
minable litigation. A plan which would make it againsl
the patentee's interest to chai^go too high a rale would
be most likely to work well; but no way of embody-
ing that feature has occurred to me but one, which I
fear is too complicated, and involves too much change in
the general system of patents. I would reduce the fees
payable on obtaining a patent to those barely suflftcsent to
cover office expenses, but patentees should pay a tax oq
realised profits, to be fixed in amount in the following
manner. Every patentee should advertise his rate for
granting licensee, and at regular periods give io retonis of
the number of machines sold or equiment partaculan,
and of licences granted, and he should be tasced on noh
returns at rates corresponding to his own Uoenoe zatee; so
that the higher he fixed his rate the larger woold be hie
tax. The preliminary fees might also h^ deemed to be
a payment m advance to account of the periodical taxes.
The following enactment is loudly called for, namely,
that every patentee shall affix the numlxsr vaX date ot
his patent on every article made under it ; and a penalty
shall be exacted from any one usin^ the designaikm
** Patent" without having a* patent It is very rtmarkable
that whilst in the case of designs such an enactment ia in
force, the laws of (latents, of so much greater im|)ortaiice,
are without it.
Mr. Habrt Cukstkb writes: —
On Wednesday last I was« and on Wednesday next I
shall be, unable to attend the meeting for diKusnog the
Patent Laws. Tempora muUmtw not it- muiamur m tJtia
I remember that, in 1854, the opinions, or (should 1 say ?)
the feelings, of those who attended our meetinga were
commonly in favour of patents and even of our prseeal
Patent Laws. Now everyone gives up the latter as mis-
chievoos, and many ai'e altogether opposed to the former.
Regarding the patent system as one of the worst of
lotteries, wherein the blanks bear a higher propoctwB
than usual to the prizes, I think that the Society*, while
it promotes improvements of the system, so as to mini-
mize its evili>, sliould set itself to consider whether any
substitute can bo invented for the encouragement of
inventors, or rather, I should say, for the honouring
of great inventors. It seems to me that, while wc
have orders of merit for the reward or acknowledg-
ment of great statesmen, diplomatists, lawyers, and
militaiy and naval heroes, we want an order for
the acknowledgment of the merit of great heroes
of invention in Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. 1
do not pi-etend to indicate in detail the conditkmii under
which such an *' Order of Inventors" might be uaslul.
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTT OP ARTS, April 29, 1864.
9196
i think the Sodefy might appoint a committee to consider
ttie labjeet ; and I wiU only add here that it seems to me
thai it wooM be eaaential, first, that no award should be
made in respect of any invention which had not been in
use for a sufficient nomber of years to allow pablib opinion
to be ripened in respect of it; and, secondly, that, in
sp«eial cases, of great merit or need, a pecuniary recom-
peoee from public fhnds should accompany the grant of
the order to the invoitor, or to his heirs, or to both him-
eoK and his hdrs.
Abbbdbsn Mbchamios' iNSTTrtjnoN. — The sixth annual
report states that in the science school the numbers who
enured the different classes were as follows: — Mathe-
matics, 24; mechanics (theoretical), 15; chemistry, 30;
botany (winter session), 5; ditto (summer session), 10;
total, 84. As compared with the former year, this shows
m (ailing off of 85--there being a slight falling off in
each dass, except in that for mechanics — ^the greatest
being in those for botany and mathematics. As to the
natural histoiy classes, the directors feel that these have
Called in secunng anything like adequate encouragement.
With the exception of the junior class for mathematics,
these classes were examined as usual by the examiners of
the Soieoce and Art Department, when the class for theo-
retioal mechanics obtained two second and two third class
c^oeen^ prizes, and one student '* passed." The class for
chemistry, two second and two third dass Queen's i^es,
with one ** honourable mention," and five students
'• passed." In systematic botany, and in vegetable
physiology, one stadent gained ** honourable mention,"
and one *' passed." The school of art remains, in regard
to nnmben, very much the same as in the previous year.
During the year, 140 students entered the dass for males ;
54 that for females : and 12 the day-dace— making a total
of 206. The average monthly attendance has been—
male evening dan, 58 ; female evening ckss, 28 ; day class,
7 — total 80, or exactly the same as the previous year.
Besides the students of the central school, just enumerated,
varioos other schools are reported to have been under in-
slniction in connection with the school of art during the
past ycai-. the number of pupils being 700. This shows a
nlUng off of 220 pupils, which may probably be accounted
for (says the report) by the unsettled state of matters and
appfehenaioos catised by the application of the ** Revised
Code " to Scotland. One of the students carried off a
national medal, which entitles the school to works of art
of the value of ten pounds. Two others received
'* honourable mention." At the usual local examination
by the Ghivemment Inspector twelve local medals were
awarded, entitling the school to six potmds worth of
worka of art. Fourteen students of the school were
** passed " in the second grade of examination in practical
geometry and perspective, and in free*hand and model
drawing seven obtained the mark *' excellent," and three
of them were awarded prises. In the trade evening
school the following are the numbers who joined and
attended any time during the year: — Junior English
class, 24; senior class, 15; French class, 82; Gennan
dass, U ; English history class, 6 ; writing, arithmetic,
and book-keeping classes, males, 201, females, 30 ; total,
317. Two of the above— those for German and English
history — were new classes. The report notices the gene-
rous ooodoct of an employer of skilled labour on a large
scale, Mr. Maodooald, of tho granite works, who sent
thirty of his apprentices to classes of the Institution, and
paid their fees. With regard to the library, the quarterly
verage number of readers during the oast year has been
3] 8; the number of volumes issued has been 23,088;
nd the total ordinary income, irrespective of donations^
as been £280 — being an increase, as compared with the
previoQfl year, of 292 in the number of readers ; of 4,620
in the number of volumes issued ; and of £81 in the
ordinary income. The number of volumes added to the
library during the year is 1 ,854 ; the total number being
9,809. Tlie balanoe sheet shows an excess of expenditure
over receipts of £19, the receipts for the year having been
£729 158. l}d., and the expenditure £748 IGs. 5}d., but,
on the other hand, a sum of £125 from the library revenue,
after defraying, with a trifling excejption, its own cluurges.
has been expended in the purchase of books and periodicals.
BuBNLEY Meorakios* Ikstitution. — The report for
last year, 1863, says that the prosperity of the Institution
has been affected by the nressure of the times. The
library has been kept in gooa repair, and some 20 volumes
of illustrated newspapers have been bound for perusal
in the reading-room ; 89 volumes of magazines and
periodicals have been bound for circulation ; and 41 mis-
cellaneous volumes have been re-bound. The circulation
of books has been greater than in any year except in that
of 1862. The issues amount to 8,226. and a large
number of the books read liave been of a description ciQ-
cnlated to instruct and improve. The readins-room has
been amply supplied with newspapers, and with the lead-
ing reviews, magazines, and periodicals ; but the proposed
imnrovements in the room to afford larger accommodation
and greater comfort to the readers have been again
deferred. Nor has any attempt been made to open the
long wished for conversation-room. In the evening dsfises
the old and tried staff of teachers have been retained,
several of whom have for years given their services with-
out remuneration. The zeal with which they continue
to discharge their important duties, and the deep interest
they evince in the improvement of their scholars, deserve
special acknowledgment. The scholars have shown
steady application. In the examinations of the East Lan-
cashire Union, 18 male students have gained merit prizes,
ranging in Value from 80s. each downwards; and seven
have gained certificates of competency. Four female stu-
dents have gained merit prizes, in value from 208. down-
wards ; and three have gained certificates of competency.
In the examinations of the Department of Science and
Art, South Kensington, five students have gained Queen's
Prizes of the first class ; five students. Queen's Prizes of
the second class ; and two students, Queen's Prizes of the
third class ; one has gained honourable mention ; and two
have passed. In the examinations of the Society of Arts,
five students gained certificates of the first class ; dght,
certificates of tlie second dass ; and four, certificates of
the third class. The results, notwithstanding the decrease
of members in the evening classes, surpass those of any
former year. Several young men who have acquired
distinction in the examinations, have also gained the more
substantial prizes of advanced emplojrment and higher
wages. The number of members on the books was 864,
the same as in 1862. The ncunber who attended the
evening classes was 224, comprising — ^msles, 177 ; females,
47 ; increase since 1862, nine. The President, Colonel
Towndey, gives a donation of £20, and various other gou-
tlemen contribute to the support of the Institution. The
sum of £76 was oontributea by the ladies of Burnley, at
the annual sotr^^, and thus they have not only made good
the deficiency in the ordinary income, but have cleared
off the debt of £81, which remained at the dose of 1862.
The financial statement shows that the income was
£606 14s. 2d., and that there is a balance in the treasurer's
hands of £15 lis. Id. Considering the great calamity
that has fallen upon the industry of the district — tliat
during part of the ;^ear one-third of the population were
dependent on charity, or the parish, and that the rest
have been struggling under sreatly diminished means,
the general condition of the Institution, if not all that
could be wished, can hardly fail to be regarded other-
wise than with satisfaction.
WisBEOH MxcHAMios' INSTITUTE. — ^Thc annual general
meeting was held on Wednesday evening, the 20th April,
R. Dawbaro, Esq., Ptesident, in the chair. The report
the treasurer, Mr. Theo. Smith, stated the funds of ^
896
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, April 29, 1864.
{Mrt year had been £107 36. ekU Of this, £1646.d)d.
was balance from last year, £74 2t. 6d. was for subscnp-
tioM. £8 88. 8d. for the sale of newspapers, dec,
£4 17s. 7d. realised by the public readings, £8 ISs. 6d.
by the lectures, and a donation of £5 m>m B. Daw-
bam, Esq. The expenditure (embracing, among other
items, one of £15 lis. for new books) amounted to
£96 lis. 8d., thus leaving a balance for the ensuing
year of £10 lis. 10}d. The report of the secretaiy
(Mr. J. B. King) informed the meetmg that there had
been four lectures and five readings during the winter,
that the issues of books for the past year amounted to
about 8,000, that there were 1 ,072 volumes in the library in
May last, that 108 new volumes had been since pur-
chased. The present number of members is 204, and
the average number throughout the year has been 204,
against 227, average for last year. The ISIayor, W.
Hutchinson, Esq., was electedjpresident. Votes of thanks
were paawd to the various officers for the past year, and
the ez-Preaident, in responding, said he had derived great
pleasure fix>m the public readings, and he hoped they
would be continued in the next season. A member
thought it would be advisable if the Institute had more
leotnrei. The secretary stated that lectures did not pay ;
they had written to several eminent lecturers, but found
that their terms were so high that they could not entertain
them.
♦
BoiLEB Explosions. — The chief engineer's report to the
last monthly meeting of the Manchester Association says
that during the last month 811 engines have been examined
and 418 boilers, 20 of the latter being examined specially
and 4 of them tested with hydraulic pressure. Of the 418
boiler examinations, 888 have been external, 11 internal,
and 74 thorough. In the boilers examined 255 defects
have been discovered, 4 of them being dangerous. One
case of explosion, where two boilers exploded together, is
specially described. In this instance tne series consisted
or seven, in oommunicatioD one with the oUier, all being
externally fired. The rents in both the exploded boilers
had taken place at the furnace or south end, and a portion
of the shell, containing three or four rings of plates, had
severed itself in each instance from the remainder. As to
the cause, it appears that the water with which the boilers
were fed was highly corrosive, a portion of it being derived
from some coal workings a short distance up the valley, in
which ironworks were situated. This water had eaten
into the surface of the plate in a most remarkable manner,
and the reporter had never seen any so severely affected . A
coosideraole portion of the inside of the boilers presented an
appearance very similar to a honeycomb, the cells running
closely one into another, and in many oases penetrating so
deeply into the body of the plate as only to leave a mere
film of metal about one- sixteenth of an inch thick. The
oorrosive action was specially active at the overlaps, where
it ate away a deep cnannel, completely undermining the
edge of the plate, and in some cases penetrating as far as
the body of the rivet. This channelling was quite inde-
pendent of mechanical action, being as severe at the trans-
Terse as at the longitudinal seams. The plates which
were most affected by this corrosive action were those
nearly over the fire-bridge at the bottom of the boiler, and
in the vicinity of the feed inlet. Those on the lef^-hand
aide of the mid-feather wall were more severely attacked
than those on the right, in consequence, as it would appear,
ot the higher temperature, since the flames from the furnace
passed on that side in the first instance. The boilers did
not burst simultaneoui^y, but the explosion of one
caused that of the other, as attested by the fiict that those
on the works at the time heard two distinct reports. The
<«^«^use of this explooon is not to be fbund either in
•xoeesive pressuro of steam or shortness of water, but
simply in the reduced thickness of the plates by the savages
of internal corrosion. It is impossible, says the r^port^
that competent iniq>ection could nave &iled to detect the
danger ; while there does not appear to be any reaaon to
doubt that the daily introduction of a small quantity of
common soda aJong wilh the feed would have been as
succoMful in arresting Uie oorrosive action in this instance
as it has been in others. For the last month three
explosions are reported, from which fifteen lives have bean
lost, and aln 25 persons injured. Not one of the boiloa was
under the charge of the Assodatixm. One exploded boiler
was of the vertical furnace class, and heated by the flamca
passing off from three uron furnaces. Thei^c flames played
in the first instance on the outmde of the boiler, then
passed throui^h three neck openings into a central internal
descending due, and thence by means of a culvert to the
chimney. This is a dangerous class of boiler. It is very
inconvenient for complete examination, and the plates at
the bottom upon which it sits may be seriously conoded
without detection unless the boiler is lifted from its seal.
Also the intense flames fh>m the reverberatory furnaces im-
pinge directly upon the shell externally, and the fiies
cannot be controlled as in the ordinary grate boiler, while,
in addition, from its height and its being enveloped in
brickwork, the best arrangement of water-guage beoomea
inapplicable as well as the fittings generally inconvenient
and inaccessible. But not onlv is this class of boiler, from
these circumstances, peculiarly liable to explosion, but
when it occurs the consequences are peculiarly aerioos.
The boiler, standing erect, is enveloped in a shell of brick-
work some 15 or 20 feet high, and surrounded by throe or
moro furnaces, from the flames passing off from which it is
heated. The temperature of these furnaces is veiy high,
and their firo-brick lining, as well as the masses of ^db
with which ihey are charged, are frequently at a glowing
white heat. When the boiler explodes, its brickwork
casing as well as the furnaces are demolished, and the
debris, much of it red-hot, is showered in every direction,
so that more injury is done by the flight of the fngmenta
than by that of the boiler itself. An examination of the
shell of the boiler after the explosion lefl no doubt aa to
its cause. The boiler was an old one, and had beoi
repeatedly patched ; while the edges of Uie platea where
the fracture had taken place were reduced by oorrosioo ks
a considerable distance to the thickness of a sheet of paper.
The jury brought in a verdict of manslaughter against the
fireman, as well as against the proprietor of the works, and
his son, who acted as manager. Another explosioQ, which
resulted in the death of one person and in injury to six
others, occurred at a saw mill, and was due to the collapK
of a furnace flue, and ii an illustration of the neoessity of
strengthening aU such flues with hoops or other suitable
meann. The boiler was of Cornish construction. The
reporter considers that the fundamental cause of the
explosion in this instance was mal-constroction of the
boiler. Another explosion, which resulted in the loa
of two lives, affoitU an additional illostration of the
danger so often pointed out in these reports, as attendant
upon the use of externally-fired boilers, especially when
they are fed with sedimentary water, and not provided
with sufficient blow-out ap.^iaratus. The boiler in (juestion
was No. 8 in a series of eight, working side by aide, and
connected together both Ly the steam-pipe and feed-pipe,
They were of plain cylindrical egg-enaed constmctioiL
externally-fired, and set with a flush flue; thehr length
being 40 feet, their diameter 5 feet, and thickness of plate
three-eighths of an inch. The boiler gave way mt one ot
the transverse seams of rivets situated about eight fbet from
the front end, and very near to the fire-bridge. The rent
commenced at the bottom, and then continued througfaoat
the entire circle of rivets, severing the shell completely
into two sections. The reporter draws attention to the fact
of an explosion having occurred to an externally-fired
boiler, from the failure of a single transverse seam of rivets
which neither by leakage nor by any appearance of burning
on the outer surface of the plate gave any warning of
JOUHNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, April 29, 1864.
397
dftDffar — * fact which it is thought afTorda adearexampl «
of toe treacheroos character of this class of boiler. The
reporter remarks that daring a period of scarcely three
months there hare occurred eight explosions, from which
twenty-nioe persons have been killed, and forty-two
others injured ; while five persons connected with the
iDAiiagemeot of these boilers have been committed for
maoslaaghter. The caoses of all these explosions have been
extremely simple ; in three ca<es, the choking ef the feed
pipes tlmnigh frost; in two others, wasting of the plates
to the thickness of a sheet of paper; and in the sixth
the mal-construction of the boiler. Ironworks appear to
malDtain their position at the head of the list, both for
the Domber and fatality of their explosions, and, under
these ciroumstances, it may not be unwise to re-consider
the policy now generally adoptad at these works, via.,—
thai of employing the more primitive description of
eogineering arrangements, in preference to those of a more
modem character, and now widely adopted in other
brmnches of industry. It is often argued that the rough
chMB of labour obtainable at ironworks necessitates the
ooDtlnaanceof primitive and rough mechanical appliances;
an argument, it is thought, that admiu of question. IVue
eoooomy in engineering matters is only to be found in the
employment of the best material and workmanship. The
continued use of inferior and rough boilers, tends to per-
petuate inferior and rough workmen ; while, on the other
hand, the use of a superior description would stimulate
and raise them. Where boilers of a superior class have
been adopted, they have been found to be productive of
economy in working, as well as of huuum life, and there
can be no reason to doubt that these advantages would
follow their adoption at ironworks. A very frequent soun^e
of exploNion, and one by no means peculiar to any class
of works, IS that of having no spare boilers, so that the
Sunday becomes the only day for examination and repair,
when the time is too short for either to be satisfactorily
done, and thus the boilers are worked on in a dangerous
state. Apart from other considerations, which need not
here be entered upon, the practice of Sunday work is bad
engineering. Boilers are injured by being suddenly cooled,
and should never either be emptied when hot, or filled
with cold water. Examinations and repairs of the plates,
if hastily done, are sure to be scamped, and patches tem-
porarily and insecurely hung on with bolts, get to be sub-
stituted for soundly riveted plates. It must not be lost
sight of, that explosions do not occur to those who are
careful in the management of their boilers, and therefore
it may fairly be asked, if the carelessness of those who
allow their boilers to explode is just to the body of steam
nsers as a whole ? It cannot but be feared that the con-
tinned occurrence of these fatal explosions will at length
provoke the Government to undertake a system of in
jpection, and however wisely such a course may be carried
out, it could hardly fail to prove irksome to the steam
nser, and to cramp the many carefbl for the careless few.
Colontts.
Tbb Athenjeuh and Meooanics* Ivstitotb, Otaoo,
has, during the last year, made great progress. The year
186S was commenced with 223 members; during the first
quarter there was a rise to 314, and during the second to
436. The increase coo'inued during the latter half, an i
at the close of the year there were 563 members, and a
balance of £156 13s. 2d. to the credit of the Institution.
The additions made to the Ubrary during the year repre-
sented 984 volumes, and the Issues were 15,537.
Alpacas. — During the month of December, 1863, the
flook of alpacas ni New South Wales, brought five years
since from South America by Mr. Le^lger, have been xhoni.
The fl')ck now numbers 348 animals ; the number clipped
WM 800, and the yield was 18} cwt., being two cwt, more
than was given at the last shearing, when 420 animals
were shorn. This difference is atrributed to the cross-
breeding and to the mortality that has occurred amongst
the lambs. Ah the result of the cross-breed in ff between
the alnaca and the llama, the flock now consists almost
entirely of pure alpacas, bom in the colony. Of the wool
sent down there is only half a bale of llama ; all the rest
is alpaca, of the qualities that have been so highly com-
mended by Mr. Titus Salt, of Bradford. The alpacas have
recently been removed fVom Arthurnleigh to Wingelo,
an adjacent station belon^ng to Mr. Edwi^ ^'S^®"* ^^^
has been ap^inted superintendent of alpacas. There are
many facihties on the station for the separating and wean-
ing of the lambs, so that the Government will not be
caUed upon for much further expenditure. Upon Mr,
Charles Ledger giving up the charge of the alpacas, his
brother, Mr. Arthur Ledger, reoeivMl the appointment,
but he subsequently resigned it in consequence of what he
considered the unjust treatment of his brother by the late
Government. It will be remembered that the flook of
alpacas were, a few months after Mr. Ledger's arrival in
the colony, purchased of him by the Government. Notice
has lately been given in the Assembly by Mr. Wilson, the
Minister'for Lands, of a resolution to the effect that it is
desirable that the alpacas should be no longer retained as
public property, but that they should be absolutely dis-
posed of by the Government in such manner as may be
found most convenient.
New Zealand. — A Wellington paper says :— *< Whether
Wellington be chosen as the new site for the seat of
government, or whether its removal to Nelson or
Picton takes place, Uiis port has been rapidly acquiring
for itself the character of being the na* ural centre for steam,
and the manner in which this has been tacitly admitted
by the colony has been exemplified in the new mail pro-
posals recommended by the committee of the House of
Representathres, and approved by the government.
Although every year the steam services have been altered,
the requirements of the times necessitate continued altera-
tion and extension ; and for a long time to come whenever
the Assembly meets it will in effect have again to agree to
the first of the five resolutions passed on the 7th Decem-
ber, *That the whole of tlie existing postal steam service
should be remodelled, and all existing contracts brought to
a condusioB, by notice or by arrangement, as soon as
possible.'* By the present postal service there is an average
weekly communication with both north and south. The
steamers leave oftener, but the clashing of dates practically
reduces the six departures north and the five suuth to a
weekly mail comnmnication. The Assembly has recom-
mended that there should be a weekly mail commtinication
between Southland and Otago, Canterbuiy , and Wellington,
a weekly communication between Wellington, Napier, and
Auckland, and a weekly communication between Welling-
ton, Picton, Nelson,Taranaki,and Manukau, provided such
a service can be performed for the sum of not more than
£40,000. From Wellington, therefore, there will in a few
months be two mail steamers a week to the north and two a
week to the south. Thus Wellington becomes the centre
from which the mail service radiates.*'
Gold in Quecnslaho. — From the Calliope gold fields
good accounts continue to be sent, and now and again
rumours of heavy finds are conveyed, eitlier through the
columns of the local journals or though private sources.
A nugget weighing five pounds was certainly obtained,
and instances of other large pieces being disentonib.'d are
occasionally recorded. At the Talgai diggings the miners
have been following the example of the townspeople, and
keeping holiday, so that no very startling accounts have
been received from there of late. There appears, how-
ever, to bo an impre&non on those who have visited the
district that a good gold field will yet be found in it.
Hotels i» Tashania.— A Hobart-town paper says :—
" 1 f half a dozen people could be got together for the for-
mation of a hotel oompany, similar to those which have
proved 60 great a success in many parts of England, not
400
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Apbil 29, 1864.
only kind of pictorial niond decoration that will be really
laittoff in this country.— 1 am, Ac, Epmlon.
The Bbadphbld Rwebvoib.— Sib,— Your correspondent
on this subject in the last number of the ./burna^ attri-
butes the cause of the late disaster to the loeffic^eot
manner in which the puddle-wall was made. This
appears to me to be the unanimous verdict of all who
havTinven judgment on the qaesUon. I have not been
to the scene, and aU I know of it is from description, an.i
from a di-awing in the Illustrated London News, Without
differing from the opinions of those who have already pro-
nounoed, I wish, as I hare not seen this feature of the
subject adverted to, to say a word or two on the form of
the embankment, which, as I learn from the drawmg
mentioned, is in a straight line. Im«?ine the weight of
114,000,000 cubic feet of water; add to that its percussive
force aa it swept in large waves along the entire length
of the reservoir : and one can easily iinderstand the enor-
mous lateral stram to which the embankment would be
subjected. Now, had its form been that of an inverted
arch, that is to say, with its crown inwards, 1 think I dare
venture to Bay that even with the inferior material and
labour employed, the work would have been capable of re-
sisting the pressure brought against it. Of course, 1
assume the buttresses to be firmly set ; and the springs of
the arch would require to be protected within the reservoir
by a superficial straight line of masonry. — I am, <Scc, B.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
MoN. ...Entomological, T.
BritUh Architects, 8. Aima»l MMtiof .
Aaiatic, 3.
Rojal Tnit., 2. Anniremrr Meeting.
R. United Service Inrt., 84. Mr. H. Bessemer, " Employ
roent oC Cast Steel for the Manofsciare of Ordnance and
PrcjectUes.**
This. ...Clril En^neers, 8. 1. Dtscossion upon ** Loecnaotire En-
gines fbr Steep Gradients and Sharp Carres,** and upon
°* Impedimental Friction between Wheel Tires and Rails.**
0^1:3 2* M. Pernolet, " Maaulhetore of Coke.**
PftthoIogiGd, 8.
Photographic, 8.
Anthropological, 8.
Rqjal Inst., 3. ProfesMMr Marshall, ** On Anfanal Life.**
Wio.... Society of Arts, 8. Mr. F. A. Paget, " On the Testing of
Chain Cables.**
R. Sodetr of Literature, 8|.
TBVa....8oclet7of Arts, 8. Cantor Lectures. Dr. Craoe Oaltert,
"Chemistry applied to the Arts— Aaiinal Lltiuids.**
Antiquaries, 8.
Linnnan, 8.
Chemioal. 8. Sir B. O. Brodle, ** On the Organle Per-
oxides Theoreticallj Considered.**
Artists and Anuteurs, 8.
RoTal Inst., 3. Mr. John Hnllah, " On Music (160 0—1760).*
Fki Philological. 8.
Rojal Inst., 8. ** On IrkUom, ike.**
Archnological Inst., 4.
8at Rojal Inst., 3. Prof. Frankhuid, " On the Metallic Ele-
ments.**
iattttts.
IVom CsmmUiionsrt iff Pahni§ Journea, AprU 1X2md,
GRAMTS of PsonSIONAL PBOTKCTIOV.
Air, ^c, forcing, blowing, or exhausting— 801— J. G. Beckton.
Arming war ressels— 929— J. Burchall and E. Burrows.
Bottles, Ac, fixing or closing capsules on J. Neilson and J. Gillies.
Churning and butter-making machines- 778— T. Bradford.
Crinolines— 873 — J. H. Johnson.
Drilling machine, p(»iable— 691— B. Fowler, Jun.
Easel, combination- 829 -F. Potts and A. H. Green.
Electric or telegn^hic conductors — 833 — W. E. Newtoo.
Fibrous materials, preparing and spinning— 811— J. Greenwood.
RbrouB materials, treating Tegetable— 887 — W. Clark.
Gutta-percha, leather, Ac, preparation of— 736— W. Forgie.
Hats, ftc, looms for wesTing— 816— W. E. Newton.
Horticultural structures, glaxlng of— 875— C. Beard.
Iron or steel plates, water-tight Joints in-803— H. H. Mills.
Ujm shipa, appljing metal sheathing to— 849— G. B. Cornish.
Kilns or retorts for cooking, &c— 366— T. V. Lee.
Lamps-903.-A. Smith. ^
i^^^^K^ *«M oonstruction of-846-J. N. Douglass
Looms— 767— 0. Hartley.
Looms — 866— J. Nidiols.
Looms for weaving cords, Ac — 837— J. Smith.
Looped falirics, manuflscture of— 919— W. Gadd,]nn.
Machines, electromagnetic induction — 899— J. B. T h om p son.
Manu&ctories, instrument for registering the Uom of arrinlandds*
porture of work- people in — 821— J. Hunt.
Manures— 773 — J. Robltins.
Metals, appljfaig pressure to the rolliag and drainng of-H>-
M. A. F. Mennons.
Minerals, getting or cutting— 895 — J. Nlsbet.
Minos, Nc, apparatus fbr pumping water out of- 835— T. Brisji, jaa.
MotlTO power, transmittlnr and m«ltipl7ing-917— W. CIsrk.
Mowing and reaping madunes— 016— M. L. Petscs and W. UaAu.
Oil cans, ^c— 855— W. Clark.
Onlnanco, ^tc, breech- loading — 869 — J. Snider, jun.
Paper manufticture — 817 — J. <i. Lundj and R. Irrine.
Photc^^rsphy- 843 — N. Sarony.
Pipes, Joints and stop-cocks for- 923— W. E. Newton.
Plate glass, machinery for grinding, &c. — 881— X. Wood sad J.
Stock ley.
Pouches, cartridge and percussion cap — 851— W. Clark.
Printed woollen velrots or plushes— 869— E. T. Hogget.
Printing from type by electricity — 893— J. II- Simpson.
Pumps, rotatory — 883— A. Rodger.
Purse ft-ames, <tc., ornamenting steel and wrought iron fbr— SG7--
F. Weintraud.
Railway carriages, oil boxes Ibr oiling the axletrecs of— 411— F. G.
Plemont.
Railway engines, %c, safety hooks and couplings for— 913— T.Cbam-
berlayue.
Railway rails, *c— 807— E. Stott.
Railway signals— 863— E. D. Chattawmy.
Railway signals ft-ora a train in motion — 861— W. T. C. Pratt.
Railways, connecting nails fbr— 907— A. Earnshaw.
Railways, permanent way of - 863 — J. H. Johnson.
RefHgerators— 877 — J. Picking.
Reservoirs, *c., regulating the flow and level of water fhm— «7f-J.
Lasoelles.
Sapota mulleri or bullet tree, Juice of— 820— S. W. SUvtf.
Ships, construction and ventilation of — 847— A. UcLaine.
Ships, life, and property at sea, *c., preservation of— 772— J. R«*«
Spinning frames, self-acting saddle for wet flax— 738— W. iMXj'
Surfsce condensers, oonstruction of— 891 -J. Jordan.
Table tops, fastening of— 727— J. Edis.
Textile fabrics and yam, sixing of— 857— J. Lightfbot.
Textile fkbrics, dyeing and printing— 760— J. Lightfoot.
Theroiometer, maximum noermirial — BOO — J. Hicks.
Umbrellas, manufacture of— 8)3 — B. Ambrose.
Walking sticks, ^ c, applying an almanack or a thermometer to-t»
— M. Kurts.
Warming and ventilating, apparatus for — 831— T. Ridiard
Watches, locketo. Ac, fastenings for attaching - 927- W. B6adi>{.
Weights, machinery for raising— 897 — A. B. Brown.
Window sashes— 806— W. Holbrocdc.
PjLtbmts Sbalso.
2636.
2637.
2643.
8644.
3646.
2646.
2647.
2650.
2654.
R. LitUeboy. 2650. R.
B. Steinmetx. 2664. 8.
W. B. Gedgt. 2666. E.
I. Bagga. 2686. F.
J. WlUoai. 2717. B.
A. Blake. 2751. C.
E. Clifton A B. Greenwood. 3106. J.
J. C. WitooD. 3233. D.
J. Hutchinson and J. Hoi- 48. J.
lingworth.
From CommUtioner* <tf PataUa Jaumdit J^rH 36<h.
Smith.
Procter.
OldfleM.
Dnrand.
Eaton.
Coates.
Wright
, Adamsoa.
Ramsbottom.
2672.
2673.
2674.
2679.
2680.
2681.
2687.
2689.
2690.
2696.
2700.
2702.
2705.
2706.
2707.
2708.
2713.
Patrmts
R. B. Jones.
J. Kennedy.
R. A. Broomam
A. R. Le M^e Normandy.
F. N. Gisborae.
J. Nash.
M. J. Roberts.
A. Turner and W. B. New-
ton.
B. Russ.
J. H Johnson.
W. Tasker, Jun.
W. Law.
W. Pope.
J. Wilson.
S. Holman.
E. Jones.
T. W. Alderton.
Sbalkd.
2714. F. J. PaslortllL
2720. J. J. Bevy. ^.
2722. J. Livesey and J. £«««*•
2732. J. H. Maw.
2762. W. n. PerkiB.
2803. D. Dawson.
2817. G. Davits.
282S. W. Robertson.
2862. W. E. Newtoo.
2878. W. Cowan.
2894. H. Hirsel.
2936. P. WatklBS. ^^
3044. J.BowronaadO.«W*^
3204. E. T. Hnjhii.
251. J. Marshall.
265. H. Bessemer.
319. C. MaAer.
493. E. C. ShSPtf^
PATENTS OH WHICH THH STAMP DCTT Of £60 HAS t^S f^'
1081. W. Horn.
1041. J. 8. Templetoo.
1051. P. C. Warlkh. Q^
1085. F. J.BcamweU*W.O«^
994. A. Duedale.
976. W. and T. Ryder.
9S0. R. A. Broonaan.
1017. F. J. BramweU.
PATBKTS oh which THH StAKP DdTT Of £100 HAS SW* '****
1160. B. BodniM. . .« Datt.
1167. 8. SundetiiBdaadB-*^
1290. R. Bennett.
1163. W. C. Cambridge.
1160. W. Clark.
I
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THE
mt^ of §,rts,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNIOIf.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, MAY 6, 1864.
[No. 598. Vol. XII.
#
Ordinary Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
May lllh.— «• On the Economy of Agricultaral Cot-
tages, coosfdered with regard to the interests, the pom-
tk>n, and the doties of the labourer, the tenant-farmer,
and the landowner." By J. Bailet Denton, Esq.
Labourers' Cottages. — Denton Prizes.
The following is the report of the Judges ap -
pointed to decide on the competition for Prizes
for designs of cottages for the lahouring classes,
offered by J. B. Denton, Esq., through the So-
ciety : —
To THE Council of the Society of Abts.
London, AprU 20tb, 1864.
Qcntlembn,
Afler a carefnl consideration of the Designs submitted
to us, numbering in all 134, from 107 competitors, residing
in all parts of the United Kingdom, we feel it incumbent
on us to offer a few remarks in explanation of our decision.
We would observe, in the first place, that although the
terms of the competition are such as to limit our attention
rather to small matters of detail, affecting the stated cost,
than to permit our actually selectiuff the best design which
could be built for a reasonable outlay, we have given our
consideration to the whole subject of cottage accommoda-
tion for the lahounog classes.
Notwithstanding that the offer of these prizes has been
the means of procuring so large a number of Designs, we
cannot but consider that no satisfactory solution of the
problem proposed has been given. The possibility of
erecting really good and substantial cottages for the
labouring population of this country generally, with the
stated accommodation, at a cost not exceeding £200 a
pair, all profits and expenses included, is not demonstrated
by the present designs. This is shown by the remarks
of the competitors themselves and by the shifts they
lave found themselves obliged to adopt in order to reduce
the cost, as well as bv those exceptional cases where,
owing to some peculiarly favourable circumstances, or by
omitting some feature not so important in one locality as
in another, a result somewhat approaching that which is
desired in the cost has been arrived at, not in any case,
however, without contravening the terms of the com-
petition in reducing the ^ven prices of certain items.
We particularly mention good and substantial cottages
of the given dimensions, for ft is to such alone that our
atteation has been directed, as it cannot be the desire of
the donor of the prize or the wish of the Society of Arts to
encourage the erection of cottages of an inferior diaracter.
We have in all cases taken the cost of cottages to be
erected in pairs, it being obyions that a better boildiDgoan
be provided for a stated sum when attached to a similar
one. and thus the cost of some of the walls, roofs, dsc,
divided between the two. On the other hand, the cost of a
row of ten pairs of cottages can hardly be taken as a fiiir
criterion of the value of a single pair, a group generally
much more frequent and desirable than the larger number.
Several items are included in the terms of the competi-
tion which we think should have been more clearly defined
or excluded altogether from the estimate, for it is obvious
that the words " water supply, well, fencing, paving, &c.,"
may be taken to imply veiy different items of expenditure
by different individuals in a competition. Again, while
brickwork as a material for walls of cottages is almost un-
known in some parts of the country, it is obvious that
rubble walling must be reduced to value in the terms of
brickwork to get at a fair comparison of the cost according
to the terms of the competition, and similarly roofing, if of
tiles, must be valued as slates at the given price.
The paragraph referring to the height of rooms seems
to have been differently understood by the competitors,
the word ** clear," at the end of the sentence relating to
this matter, having been taken by some to mein the
height of the greund*floor up to the ceiling, while the
generality of designs allow only nine feet, including the
thickness of ceiling, upper floor joists, and flooring.
It is true that in some parts of England, whore bricks
can be obtained at from 18s. to 20s. a thousand on the
spot, and where certain ftcilities exist for obtaining other
materials, where timber is inexpensive and concrete founda-
tions are scarcely required, a certain kind of cottage may
po^ibly be erected for the sum named in the instructions
(though generally sneaking it is not so), but it would be
highly improper, without the addition of considerable im-
provements, at increased oost, to recommend such cottages
as fit to be erected for the occupation of the labouring
classes generally.
Of an the plans submitted, therefore, none can be said
strictly to conform to the terms of the competition, both
as to the accommodation required and the cost. To none,
therefore, can we, strictly speaking, award the prize. We,
however, deem the design marked by you as No. 23 to
be, on the whole, the one most conformable to the terms
of the instructions, as well as to the proper requirements
and conveniences of a labourer's cottage, and, therefore,
we recommend that the prize of £25, open to the United
Kingdom, be awarded to this design.
It must be understood as our opinion, however, that,
generally speaking, brickwork of 9 inches thick for outer
walls in exposed situations is not sufficient to resist the
weather, and therefore we should recommend some system
of hollow walls to be adopted, which would of courje add
to the cost With reference to this we would call atten-
tion to the remarks of a competitor (No. 71), to which we
quite assent. He proposes to build the cotUges shown m
his design in ninemch solid brickwork, the stipuUted cost
not allowing him to make them of greater thickness, and
adds " Should it be thought advisable to increase the ex-
penditure for this purpoee he would recommend hoHow
w%lls built in brickwork, the snaoe between being 2| inchet.
and the walla bwtdod together with wrougb^^HHi V
402
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 6, 1864.
It is only fair to observe that several other competitors
(as Nos. 2, 14. 30, 81 » and othersj show various systems
of hollow walling, or some kind of hollow bricks.
Though not specially mentioned in the instructions, an
oven it, we consider, often a matter of importance, and If
made common to both cottages (as in Design No. 71)
may be added without any great expense.
We cannot recommend the ordinary water-closet
apparatus with ctstem pipes, &c.— so liable to get out of
order — for general adoption in ordinary labourers* cottages.
A modification of this by the use of a common sj^phon
pan, with the ordinary privy or cesspool, will be found
snflkient ; and when, by means of athes, clay, or
other deodorising subetinces thrown into the pit, the
loss of the soil is prevented, the matter is not unim-
portant.
The use of cast-iron casements, as in Design No. 2S,
is not desirable, owing to the difficulty of making and
keeping them water-tight, their liability to fracture, and
the difficulty of repairing them. We should recommend
sashes or casements in wooden frames, and no lead lights
for other than ornamental purposes.
The internal walls of some of these designs are not
plastered, thus evincing an attempt to save cost. Perhaps,
m some cases, with very good bricks and in certain
localities, plastering may not be required, but generally
speaking it is desirable to plaster the bedrooms and living
rooms of cottages.
In some of the designs the living room floors are
desoribed to be common flat brick paving. Qaod paving
tiles at least should be used, but we consider wooden floors,
for the living room as well as the bedrooms, generally
indispensable to the comfort of the inhabitants.
The Design No. 23 sboiirs well-v^itilated pantries and
good coal-stores ; also a well, common to both cottages,
and a rain-water butt.
The partitions shown in some designs (psrticularly No.
7iy in the upper floors, of |-inch boarding only, are not
sumoient except, perhaps, next the staircase. The separa-
tion between the rooms should be of a more substajitial
character.
Design No. 23, to which ws award the chief place, would
be greatly improved by donuMis over the upper windows
at the back, so as to give greater space for light and air to,
as well as to improve tbs appearance of, the cottage.
In all cases when the sloping parts of slate roofs
eq>edally (and generally also of tile roofs) are made a
portion of the oeUing of the upper rooms some plan should
be adopted to check the acoses of heat and cold.
It is stated that cottages of the same design as No. 31
are being erected in large numbers in Yorkshire at a cost
within the amount stat^ in the terms of the competition ;
but we 6nd in the estimate that the biickwork is taken at
£6 a rod instead of £8, as in the instructions, and other
work at proportionately low prices.
With regard to the prise offered specially to the
members of the Architectural Association, the number of
designs sent in is small in comparison, and we regret to
observe that the attempt to conlbrm strictly to the terms
of the competition as to cost, seems to have led to the
sacrifloe of essential conveniences and comforts, although
there is no design which we can say has successfully met
the instructions even in this respect. Either in substituting
tiling at a flat pitch for slates, or by reducing the heights
of some rooms, or placing the water closet in^e the walU
of the house, or in fK>me other way, attempts have been
made to meet the instructions, which only serve to preclude
the possibility of our recommending any of the designs
submitted for the prize, or of according to them our com-
mendation as generally fit to be adopted as dwellings for
labourers, without a variety of improvements.
We would observe, however, that No. 15 offers a sug-
gestion deserving of remark, as it submits a plan with one
of the bed-rooais on the gi-ound- floor, whereby the sice of
the upper rooms is increased and the hoys and girls of the
lamijy are more completely separated. Only one door to
the house b provided, and the scullery is reduced in size.
This plan obviates in a measure the difllculty arising from
the area required for the upper floor of a cottage wiA
three bed-rooms on that floor generally exceeding the area
actually required on the floor below. Socli an arrange-
ment as Hub may be desirable in some localities, but it is
not contemplated in the instructions. This design is
shown as roofed only with pantiles at a low pitch. The
general plan of No. 29 is, upon the whole, good, but the
elevation as shown cannot be commended, unless the im-
proved elevations, as sketched in the alternative desigu,
were adopted, which would then bring the cost con-
siderably beyond the stated sum.
In fine we may observe that although good cottages may
possibly be erected, under favourable circnmstances, in some
parts of England for a lower sum, we consider the probable
average cost of a pair of cottages built with the conveniences
we have enumerated would be about £280 to £300, and
that the attempt to erect them at any considerable reduc-
tion upon this amount must result in some inferior kind of
buildings, discreditable to the owner, and wanting in much
of the necessary accommodation for a labourer and his family.
We would further remark, in conclusion, that there are
other advantages besides the mere per centage on the out-
lay which must be looked for to remunerate a cottage
builder for his expenditure on improved dwellings, advan-
tages nevertheless capable of being estimated at a pecuniary
value, such as proximity of the labourer to his work and
consequent saving of time, &c., amounting often to quite
as much cash value as half the rent of the cottage, but
especially the moral and physical welfare of the tenants,
and the proper sanitary (X)ndition of their dwellioga.
These latter considerations, after all, are those which give
so great an importance to the subject, and which have
prompted us to give especial attention and care in deciding
what may at first sight seem but a simple matter.
We are, Gentlemen,
Yours obediently,
CHAS. FORSTEK HAYWARD, Aixjhitcct.
GEO. DINES. Builder.
JOHN GLUTTON, Land Agent.
The name of the successful competitor (No.
23) is Mr. John Birch, 51, Holywell-strect,
We8tmiLster,to wham the Council have awarded
Mr. Denton's prize of £25 and the Society's
silver medal, in accordance with the recommend*
ation of the Judges.
Examinations. — Government Appointments.
Mr. George M. Norris, of the City of London
College, a Prizeman at the Society's Examina-
tions last year, who was nominated by the Coun-
cil to compete for an Assistant Clerkship in the
Privy Council-office, has been successful in the
Examination recently held by the Civil Service
Commissioners, and will receive an appointment.
The nomination was kindly placed at the dis-
posal of the Council by Earl Granville.
fiamMirgs at tjje Sfloetg.
Twentieth Grdinary Mbbtuks.
Wednesdav, May 4th, 1864; Admiral Sir
Edward Belcher in the "chair.
The following candidate was proposed for elec-
tion as a member of the Society : —
WiUon, John Peter, 40, Addison-gordens North, Kcn-
siugton, W.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 6, 1864.
403
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected members of the Society : —
Oatliflf. Charles, 19, Coleroan street, E.C.
Heinrich, Johann, 36, Lower Kennington-laDe, 8.
Stokes, Charles, 65, Brook street, HaDOver-square, W.
The Paper read was —
ON THE TESTING OF CHAIN CABLES.
By Frbdbbioil Abthur Paget, Esq., C.E.
It is, no doobt, generally known that a select committee
of the House of Commons is now considering a bill for the
compulsory testing of the chain cables and anchors of
merchant vessels. This ma}' be said to lend a passing
interert to a question which, however, needs no chance
help in calling for our attention.
Withont entering into lengthy statistics, or calculating
the number of times that the total length of all the chain
cablea in actual use would measure round the worl ), we
should be scarcely mistaken in the supposition that in
different parts of the globe there are, at tMs very moment,
many hundreds of valuable lives, and thousands' worth of
property, in each case dependent upon a single link of the
hundred fathoms that make up the length of an average
chain cable ; for there are situations in which a ship is
oilen placed wherein the cable must be literally the thread
of life of the vessel. To the seamen of the present age,
the iron cable, though of comparatively recent introduction,
is a common everyday thing. Those of the last genera-
tion oould remember the time when only hempen cables
were in use. The naval men of that time were thus led
to look upon chain cables as the most precious gift ever
made in modem times to the mariner— to repeat the words
of the late distinguished Captain Basil Hall.
Now, although we have been testing chain cables
according to certain Admiralty regulations established
ever since 18S1, although the naval administrations of
France, Bussia, and other countries have exactly copied
these regulations, and although Lloyd's have adopted the
Admiralty test— which is somewhat more than the so-called
** merchant" test — ^it is a remarkable fact that a difference
of opinion with regard to almost every point connected
with the use and testing of chain cables still exists amongst
eoginoers and other men of science. This differing of
doctors is rery strikingly shown by the Blue Book report
from the I860 Select Committee of the House of Com-
mons on anchors and chain cables for the merchant service.
One witness states that 50 per cent, of the loss of life by
shipwrecks are due to bad cables and anchors ; another that
▼ery few wrecks occur through bad anchorsand cables. One
^jecls to the Navy proof as being to high ; another as too
low. One witness considers that the cross-stay does not
add to the strength of the link ; another that the cross-stay is
m great improvement. In the same way, directly contrary
opinions were elicited from different witnesses with regard
to the duration of cables under wear, their re*testing, re-
annealing, and other points. A similar want of ag^reemeiit
on these matters exists in France ; and it would thus appear
that several interesting engineering questions, connected
with the strength, the testing, and the re-testing of chain
cables, offer a fair field for a practical examination.
According to the Admiralty regulations, an iron chain
cable has to consist of eight lengtlis, each 12} fathoms
long, including one swivel in the middle of every other
length, and one joining shackle to each length. Neglect-
ing the swivels and sluckles, each link may be described
at m cylinder, the axis of which is wound into a shape
approximating to that of an ellipse. The width over ail,
or across the minor axis, is made 3} diameters (full) of the
cylindrical bar. The length over all, or across the major
axis of the supposed ellipse, is six diameters. The cast-
iron stnd across the minor axis is made 0*6 of a diameter
in the centre, and one diameter at each of its ends. This
stad not merely acts as a cros^stay, but also preserves the
freedom of the joints, or what may be termed the mecha*
nical flexibility of the cable. The weightn are of course
exactly fixed in the government tenders. The weight of,
for instance, a one inch link stay-pin must not exceed S^
ounces, and the weight, fixed by contract, of a hunired
fathoms of cable, in b lengths, including 4 swivels and 8
joining shackles, must not be exceeded by more than
l-20th part. The experience of many centuries has
determined the sizes of hempen cables for ships of a
g^ven tonnage ; and, the sizes of the hempen cable being
thus given, it is easy to substitute a chain cable of the re*
quired strength. Mr. J. R. Napier has proposed a formula,
according to which one-eighth of the cube root of load
displacement would give Uio diameter of the chain cable
usually employed by steamers of the present form. In
the Admiralty comparative table, showing the weights
and strengths of stud chains and hempen cables, ther«) is
a noticeable relation between the girths of the hempen
cables and th<3 diameters of the iron employed in chain
cables. The number of inches of the circumferences of
the hempen cable:» pretty nearly expresses in lines, or
twelfths of an inch, the diameters of the iron cables of
equal breaking strength. The material of the links is No.
3 rolled bar, and verygdod cable bolts generally cost from
£1 to £2 above common bars. According to experiments by
Telford, Hodgkinson, Mr. Edwin Clark,and Mr. Kirkaldy,
and also acconling to numerous experiments at Woolwich,
we may safely take the ultimate breaking strength of
cable bars at 24 tons to the square inch, and their limit of
elasticity, under a tensile stress, at 12 tons to the square
inch. These bars would stand a pressure up to deforma-
tion of 18 tons to the square inch, and 15 tons pressure at
the elastic limit. The ultimate tensile strength of a round
bar of this iron would thus be nearly 19 tons. Accord-
ing to the evidence of the leading man of the tost house
at Woolwich, in 1860, this ultimate statical breaking
strength is only occasionally exceeded, when it lises up to
about 20 tons for a one -inch round bar, or 25-33 tons per
square inch. He also stated that a great number of ex-
periments, made at Woolwich, showed the greatt»8t break-
ing strength of one-inch chain cables to be only 2S-31 tons.
Contrary to the popular assumption that a stud link should
be, in the direction of its length, twice the strength of a single
bar, this result would show a loss in strength of 28-75 per
cent. According to the comparative table published by the
Admiralty, the one-inch bolts should stand 21 tons 8
cwts., and the stud link therefrom, 34 tons 5 cwts. It
also appears to have been assumed (for it could scarcely
have been proved by experiment) that the strength of
the cable bolt, and of the link therefrom, both increase
almost exactly in the ratio of the diameter of the bars.
Thus, the breaking of two-inch bolts is given as 21 tons
8 cwts., X 4 = 85 tons 12 cwts., to which two tons are
added ; the strength of chain therefrom as 84t. 5 cwt. X ^
= 137 tons, and the proof as 18 X 4 = 72 tons. It is,
however, well known to engineers that, as a rule, a two-
inch bar is not practically lour times as strong as a one*
inch bar of even exactly the same make and by the same
maker, and that the strength becomes less and less as the
bulk still further increases. The proportions adopted by
the Admiralty appear, however, to compensate for this
loss, and there is very nearly the same average ratio
of breaking strength to diameter in all chains from
five-eightlis to two inches. But, even according to the
Admiralty tables, there is a remarkable amount of strength
lost in forming the iron into the link. This loss of
strength was well known to Sir Samuel Bi-own, the intro-
ducer of chain cables. He thus patented, in ^^'^.•***®
straight link used in suspension bridges, and first applied it
to the Brighton chain pier.
There are several reasons why a portion of the strength
of the bar should be lost in forming it into a <»ble Imk.
The principal causes are :— 1st. The mechanical shape of
the link ; 2nd. The crushing stress undergone by the in-
sides of the crowns ; 3rd. The deterioration in strength
of the iron through its being bent; 4th. The loss nf
strength at the welds.
404
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 6, 1864,
In the ftnt pUoe, eioli link is, when the caWe w
palled in the dilution of iU length, wibjeoted to a
Uns^erae strain at carfi of its ends or crowns, and
is somewhat in the condition of a curved beam loaded m
the middle. An originally curved beam is, with regard to
bendmg stress, in the same condition, at any cross-section
at richt angles to its neutral surface, as a straight beam
undOT the same moment of flexure. The moment of flexure
of one end of a common unstayed link can be expressed
ia inch-pounds by multiplying half the span, or half the
distance in the dear, by the load in pounds. In the
case of the stayed link, however, the moment of thi-ust
of the cross-stay has to be subtracted from the moment
of the bending force. The mechanically weakest part of
any link is thus at the crowns.* Now, it is a curious fact,
that all the writers on the strength of materials, from
Professor Peter Bailow, Mr. Edwin Clark, and others,
down to Geneml Morin. in 1862, give the strength of a
link furnished with a cross-stay to be equal to that of
the iron of which the I'mk is made. ^ ,. , .
In a mathematical sense, the contact between the hnks is
only at a point, because it is a case of two cylinders touchmg
each other at right angles. Under a load, this point will
spread out to a surface of an area given by the amount of
the load and by the compressibility of the iron. This
surface will then probably increase, in the case of a one-
inch cable under a load of nine tons, up to more than half
a square inch. And thus at the ends, the softer and more
ductile the iron, the sooner will it be worn away in
practice, and the progressive deterioration caused by this
crushing action wiU aSw be furthered by the friction.
An attempt to account for the reduction in strength
through the bending of the cyluidrioal bar has next to be
made. Wrought iron is known to be a crystallized body,
belonging to the cubic system. Now Mr. Mallet, in his
• For the sake of iimplicitv, let us suppose the cross-
fcctional area of the link as infinitely small comptred wiih its
msior and minor axes, and suppose it provided with a cross-
stay. Let 2P denote the whole pulling
force ; 2R the thrust of the sUv ; T the
tension at A. For the equilibrium of
the quarter Imk, B K A. we have the
forces P, R, T, and the forces at B arising
from the left-hand quarter at A. From
rmetry this must be horiaontal (in
6ffttre), and we must therefore have :
—Force at B = R, and T = P. The
moment of the bending force at B is
therefore not P X oA, but only P X oA
— B X oB. On the other hand, when
the link is on the point of breaking by opening at B, the ten
sion will not be equal to the ultimate tension throughout the
section at B, but only at the lowest point, and when this has
given wsy a little, the tension, previously supported, is thrown
on a fibre higher up, which then gives way, and so on. Henee
the strength is less than if the tension were throughout the
section as great as possible.
AT
\a
important work " On the Physical Conditions involved in
the construction of Artillery," has shown that theso
crystals are not grouped amorphously (or without distinct
arrangement); but that they always take a certain
determinate position. He has developed the law that
*' iron, whether in the state of cast or of wrought iron,
has the principal axes of its integrant crystals arranged in
the lines of least pressure within the mass" while exposed
to pressure and heat in progress of manu&icture. The
principal axes of the crystals in a rolled bar would thus
be set in a direction coincident with the length of the
bar, and, from the property of malleability possessed by
these metallic crystals, they would further take, under
the pi-easure of the rolls, or the impact of the forging
hammer, the longitudinal extension known as the •* fibre"
of wrought iron. Mr. Edwin Clark found that bars cat
longitudinally and transversely to the fibre of the same
plate of an excellent quality of iron, gave with the fibre
a strength of from 19*66 to 20-2, and across Uie fibre a
strength of only 16-7 tons to 16-93 tons. The ultimate
elongation also of the plate in the line of the fibre was
double as great as transverse to it. A great number of
experiments by Mr. Kiikaldy gave somewhat similar
results. He found that the* difference averaged from
21*7 to 2-1 per cent., the mean difference in the whole
being 9-8 per cent, in favour of the direction of the
fibre. The respective ultimate elongations were also
in almost the same rates as those found by Mr. Clark.
It would thus appear from these experiments, and from
a consideration of Mr. Msllei*s law, that both the elastic
range and breaking strength of wrought iron of any given
quality are, to a certain amount, dependent on the direction
of the crystalline axes in relation to the strain ; and fur-
ther, the elasticity would be at a maximum in the direction
of the principid axes of the crystals, or " line of fibre.*' The
crystals in a bar subjected in the direction of its longitudinal
axis to a tensile or a compressive stress, would thus be in
the most favourable oondiUon with regard to its ultimate
breaking strength and its elastic limit. But when, a^,
a i-ed-hot bar is being bent, the principal axes of its crystals
would, accordmg to the law of crossbending strains,,
arrange themselves above and below a neutral axis in the
du^tion of least pressure within the mass ; the neutral
axis would probably pass through the centre of gravity
of the bar, the fibres on the concave side would be com-
pressed, and those on the curved side would elongate in
the ratio of their distances from the neutral axis. The
hot iron itself would be, at any rate on the concave side,
under a somewhat similar influence as when passing
through the last psir of rolls, but the directions of least
pressure, instead of being coincident with the length of the
bar, would be at right angl^ to tanseota to the neutral
axis. Much of this is, of course, founded on several unproved
assumptions, but it is at any I'ate evident that the mole-
cular arrangement of the iron at the crown of the link is in
the worst condition for resisting the tensile and compieesive
strains on each side of a neutral axis that make up the
compound action of a transverse stress. The late Professor
Darnell's process for unmasking the fracture and the
arrangement of the fibre of wrought iron, bv immciY'
ing the piece in dilute hydrochloric acid, would doubt-
less reveal a distortion of the crystals round a neutral
axis.
It would thus appear that the crown of the link is its
weakest part. This is, however, very &r from being prac-
tically the case. Each link has of course to be welded
up, and the weld is in one of the sides, with a long scarf,
in order to get a large welding surface. When we recol-
lect that there are, in ix>und numbers, 1 ,800 links, and,
consequently, 1,800 welds, in a one-inch hnndred-£aihom
chain cable, and also that the efficiency of the oable de-
pends on each individual link, the pazmmount inxportanoe
of the welds is obvious. In nine cases out of ten, while in
use and while being tested, the links are found to give
way at the sides. Breakages would^ ccaUria paribtu^ hav9
I a tendency to oocur at the welds with good iron but bad
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 6, 1864.
405
workmanship, and in the iron, and not in the weld, if good
workmanship butbad iron were employed. The uncertainty
of welds is in any case well known to practical men. Mr.
Kirkaldy has made some eighteen experiments on the
relative strengths of welded joints in wrought iron. Some
of these welds were made by a chain-maker. Only six of
the specimens broke solid away from the weld, and in
every case there was a loss of ultimate breaking strength
averaging fh>m2*6 to 43 per cent., the mean being nearly
20 per cent. As with almost everything else belonging
to the subject of chain cables, one of the witnesses before
the Committee of 1860 raised the question whether the
position at one of the sides was the b<»t for the weld. Mr.
Smale, of Woolwich, proposed to weld the link at the
crown, as there would thus be more room for the smith,
and any bad weld would be less hidden by the oroas-stay.
The crown is, however, as we have seen, ab initiot the
weakest part of the link. Besides, if a weld at the side
gave way, the other half might catch and save the cable ;
at the same time, however, a sudden giving way at the
weld would cause an instantaneous distortion and probable
mptare of the opposite side, as the sudden *' run" of the
cable would act with an impulsive force. In fact, when
iron cables were firat introduced, the welds were made at
the crown, but the plan had to be given up. It is clear
enough that there are, ecUeru paribus^ three weak places
in a link where any eifects of stress would first show
themselves, — the two crowns and the weld at the side.
We thus see what a powerful element of uncertainty is
brought by the uncertainties of workmanship into such an
apparently simple thing as a chain cable. When, however,
we remember that the very best wrought-iron of com-
meixx: is, to use the words of the well-known metallurgist
Saint-CUire Deville, but a metallic sponge, like platinum,
the pores of which have been simply closed up by pressure
or percussion ; that, in one word, ordinary wrought-iron
has never, ai wrought-iron, been fused, it will be seen that
the uncertainties qualifying the material itself are still
greater. Mr. Mallet thus found that while the original
hammered slab of a very large forged mass had a breaking
strength of 24 tons to the square inch, it fell progressively ;
to 17 and 16 tons at the ditl'erent places of the mass, down
to even as low as 6| tons in some parts. Unless this iron
had been burnt, its tenacity could doubtless have been
neatered, and if drawn into wire, its breaking weight
might have been increased to perhaps ninety tons to the
square inch — at least before annealing. An average of
188 experiments, made by Mr. Kirkaldy on rolled bars,
gave a maximum breaking strength of 30f tons, and a
minimum of nearly 20 tons to the square inch. These
influences of the manufacture merely on the quality of
wrought iron are almost independent of the chemical con«
ailtution of any individual bar. For instance, until it be
proved to the contrary, there are many reasons for the
general belief that the cold shortness of wrought iron is
doe to the presence of silicon and carbon ; iukL its hot !
shortness to that of sulphur. A fractional percentage of
copper also makes wrought iron hot<short. In truth, there
Areprobablynotwobarsorpartsofabar of an exactly similar
ohemical composition, or in an exactly similar state of
molecular aggregation, and therefoi'e of an exactly similar
bresJiing strength or elastic limit. Even these are only a
few of the elements of uncertainty in structural materials.
Bat when we further take into account the varied strains
of extension, compression, distortion, twisting, and bend-
ing, to which mechanical structures are more or less sub-
ject; that the work done by a gradually applied load is
doubled if this load be applied suddenly ; that the impul-
flfiro strain of a moving load is generally more or less in-
tenslBed by vibration ; and that the varied shapes and
aiTsngements intended to receive these strains must
be often as much fixed by financial as by scientific oon-
siHl«ratk>ns, then the reason that the best engineering prac-
iioe makes the ultimate strength of a wrought-iron struc-
ture from fonr to six times the working load must be even
popularly evident. But these factors of safety are
not sofiScient. The structure must be tested as search-
ingly, and as fu: as is consbtent with safety — as fisr as
is possiUe without injuring the material and its relation
to the structure. In our case this limit is, in the main , given
by the limit of elasticity of wrought-iron under extemoon,
as this limit is less for wrought-iron than that of com*
pression. It is also self-evident that the mode of testing
adopted ought to approximate as neariy as practicable with
the kind of stress the object is intended to undergo in
practice. It is also evident that if circamstaaoes allow us
to exceed this limit, if, in fiict, we can push the test as &r
as the breaking strength of a portion, or of an individual
piece of the o^ect, we shall obtain ib» safest unount of
information about its qualities. In this way guns and
plates are both tested to destruction. In order to test the
probable performance of rails under a moving load, a certain
number, taken from a lot, are broken by a falling weight,
the distance between the supports and the height of fall
being fixed by contract. The French test their railway
carriage axles in a somewhat similar manner. There is no
test so good as a blow for detecting a fake weld. In Sweden
they do not confine themselves to the usual gunpowder
proof for gun barrels, but two or three sharp taps with a
hammer are given along the breech, which have an im-
mediate effect on a bad weld . All the Whipple chains for the
carriages of the Royal Swedish Artillery are tested by
letting the loose end fall from a height double the Icng^
of the chain, after being attached to a weight. The
anchors for the French imperial marine are tested by
being dropped from a determined height for each size.
The axles for the carriages of the Msssageries G^n^rales
and the Imperial Artillery are tested by the impact of a
falling weight All the swords and nbrcs for the army
are tested by striking the blades on a block of wood.
When we advance from details to considerable structures,
we are, of eourse, obliged to very carefully confine ourselves
within the limits of elasticity. After loading a railway
bridge with the greatest passive, or perhaps impulsive
load that would ever come upon it in practice, the defleo-
tion, and the permanent set, if any, are both carefully
noted. As a t)oiler is subjected in practice to a complex
train of mechanical and chemical forces that are always
striving to break their bonds, its ultimate strength is
made from six to eight times the working stress, and it
ought to bo periodically tested to half its working pressure.
Its extension under this pressure is sometimes— and should
always be, — measured by the volume of water that is
pumped in by pressure after the boQer has been filled ; while
the permanent set is determined by the difference between
the volume pressed out by the contraction of the boiler
when the pressure is withdrawn, and the volume of the
water that remains in the boiler after the test — allowance
being of course made for any slight leakages and sweating
at the joints. In first-class locomotive works the deflexion
and permanent set of the steel springs are slways tested
in an apparatus for the purpose. It may here be remarked
that, although the designs of all the successful wrought
iron structures ever built have been based on the assump-
tion of a limit of elasticity, nevertheless the relation of
the permanent set of wrought iron to its ultimate re-
sistance under a given load, is still a subject of some
discussion. We have, on the one hand, the testimony of
Professor £aton Hodgkinson, who says that " the maxim
of loading bodies within the elastic limit has no foundation
in nature;*' and, on the other hand, some appear to
believe that iron is even improved by breaking it under,
at least, a tensile stress. Mr. Hodgkinson found that a
rod, 10 feet long and of one square int^h section, took a
permanent set of 0*0005 of an inch under a static load of
less than 1} tons. Mr. Edwin GUrk obtained very similar
results. Such a microscopic set, however, could be referred
to the elongation caused by the heat generated by the
internal friction of the partKles, or to the probable fact
that these bars were also new ; and it is conceivable
that they might have taken a slight permanent set, vat^
as new ropes take a permanent lei, without injury, wN
406
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 6, 1864.
the alraio is firet applied. There are, indeed, yery few
fbnna of wrought iron in which its internal particles are
not, a6 ifiifio, subjeot to some matual strain. At any rate,
these elongations were veiy slight, and increased uni-
formly up to tensions varying from about 10 to 15 or 16 tons
on the square inch. Beyond these strains the bars elongated
in an irregular manner, until they at last broke. At the
same time, as Dr. Rankine remarks, the demonstration
by Mr. E. Hodgkinson that a set is produced by a strain
much less than what would injure the specimen, renders
the determination of the proof-strength a matter of some
obsoority ; but Dr. Rankine points out that the best test now
known is the not producing an increasing set by the re-
peated application of a load. Some years ago, Mr. Loyd,
of Woolwich, made certain experiments which have been
cited as proving that a breaking strain does not injure
iron, even when this strain is four times repeated ; or
rather, that after breaking a bar into, say, two pieces, the
two pieces are thereby made stionger. In, for instance,
experiment 2, the If bar marked C was found to break
with 83} tons, with a stretch of 9( inches in 54 inches ;
a piece of this bar then broke at 3^} tons, with a stretch
of only a quarter of an inch in 86 inches ; another piece of
the bir, 24 inches long, was broken at 57 tons, with a
stretch of one inch ; and at the fourth and last breakage
was found to give way at 88| tons, but without any stretch
at all. Results of a similarly delusive kind, obtained by
Professor Walter Johnson, were communicated by him to
the United States government in 1845. He found that
by heating a bar to a temperature of 400^ Fahrenheit (or
the temperature of steam at about 250 lbs. pressure), and
stretching it permanently for about S^ per cent, of its
length, it, on being broken, gave an ultimate breaking
strength about 20 per cent, higher than a portion of the
bar that had not been heated and stretched. He therefore
supposed that, to use his own words, " the value for useful
purposes, added to a bar of iron by thermo-tensioo, when
the increase of both length and tenacity is taken into
account, may be safely set down at 26 pei- cent, of its
ori^al value. It sometimes exceeds 80 per cent. On I
a smgle cable, 100 fathoms long, made of iron 2} inches
In diameter, weighing about 15 tons, and attached to a
Hne-of-battle ship, the gain, in true commercial value,
would not probably fall short of 600 dollars." A
machine was made by the American government, in
order that the Professor might apply his principle of
** thermo-tension*' directly to chain cables, but as nothing
else ever appears to have been heard about the matter,
we have thus, as usual, lost another of the lessons
alwa3rs taught by scientific accounts of scientific failures.
The pitch chains of the old engines of the Great Britain
are stated, by Mr. Goppy, to have been stretched one-
eighth of an inch while ac a low red heat. This was, no
doubt, an excellent method for testing the soundness of
the work. Captain Blakely also stretches the hoops
that are shrunk on his guns. This is done on a maundrel,
and while the rings are at a red heat ; but it is stated
that only one-sixth of the breaking strain of the cold
metal b applied. The action of the maundrel also pro-
bably rearranges the crystaJline aggregation which had
been disturbed by bending the ring from a straight slab.
The red heat of iron is only visible in daylight at a tem-
perature of 1,077 degrees Fahr., and the heat used by
Professor Johnson was only from 400 to 600 degrees.
But the " gain of length"— the permanent set, in fact— of
from 6 to nearly 7 per cent., sufficiently shows that the bars
had either been broken or were close upon fracture. His
results, in fact, merely anticipated those of Mr. Loyd.
The breaking strength of his bars was doubtless increased,
but with a proportionate diminution, perhaps, indeed, a
complete destruction, of their elasticity. They were ren-
dered harder, for what is the hardness of a body but the
reaistance of its particles to any temporary readjustment?
The longitudinal elongation was accompanied by a lateral
contraction of the cross-sectional area that would reach its
culmmatmg point at the part where fracture happened to
take place. Exactly the same argument, founded on
similar experiments on cables themselves, was used before
the 1860 Committee, in order to prove that cables are not
injured by a breaking strain ; but a mere statement of the
progressive diminution of the elongations would have
detected the fallacy.
The apparent increase of ultimate strength through
successive breakages, thermo- tension, and much of the high
static breaking strength acquired through cold rolling,
and cold hammering, even through wire-drawing pre-
vious to annealing, are referable to an increase of hardness,
to an increase of the difiSculty of the gliding to and fro, to a
resistance to the inter-mobility of the particles, to, in one
word, a diminution of elasticity. If the numerous experi-
ments that have now been made on iron do prove anything,
it is that the breaking strength does not indicate th«
quality — the breaking strength must be taken conjointly
with the elongation. The true measure of the me-
chanical value of wrought iron is simply the sum of tho
products of the successive loads and the increments of
elongation — in other words, the resilience of the bar or
the deflection of the beam, or the work performed in
producing the stretch or deflection. We thus see the
value of Poncelet's symbols Te and T,, advocated with
such ability in England by Mr. Mallet. Upon the just
balance of strength of fibre, or high breaking strength,
and extensibility or ductility, depends the mechanical or
structural value of iron.
The Navy test for chain cables is stated to be the
result of a number of careful experiments by the late Sir
Samuel Brown, and it was adopted by the Admiralty in
1881, when chain cables were fairly established in the
royal service. The test adopted by the French Navy
is almost exactly the same, and in Russia and the States
it is exactly the same, as both those countries use our
own measures and weights. Every chain cable is proved
by a gradually applied stress of 680 lbs. for each circular
one-eighth of an inch of the area of the bolt of whksh the
cable M made, or 11*46 tons to the square inch on each
side of the link.
Assuming that a link is subjected in practice to a tennle
stress, and as Uie proof strength is generally fixed at
double the working stress, this would correspond to nearly
5} tons on the square inch. There is thus a very closo
correspondence between the working stress assumed forchain
cables and the Board of Trade limit of 5 tons to the square
inch, imposed about 1 6 years ago, for both the tension and
compression of the wrought-iron of railway structures. The
chain cable of a ship is also evidently subjected to impulsive
forces. It is true that a ship, when struck by a sea, in most
cases merely lifts the weight of her chain , the catenary curve
of which thus acts as a kind of water-brake ; but a very
heavy sea must occasionally bring a sudden pull on the cable,
and in shoal water the sudden strain must be almost solely
taken up by the resilience of the cable, or rather by the
deflection of the series of beams composing the cables.
Much security is, however, aflorded by the fact that a
cable is generally only strained during a brief interval of
time. But few cables can stand a sudden nip at the hawse-
pipe ; and we thus see that lateral as well as longitudinal
strength is occasionally required in a cable.
If two one-inch diameter cable ban of average quality,
and, say, each ten feet long, be put into the hydraulic press
generally used for testing cables, the following appearances
will probably be observed : — If new, they will take a very
slight set under a stress of about 1} ton to the square inch,
but if this stress be gradually increased, and alternately
eased ofl" and put on several times, tho set will not increase
until the true elastic limit or proof strength of the material
be exceeded. In our case this limit will probably be 1 2 tons
to the sauare inch, which is thus higher by a little more
than half-a-ton than the 11*46 tons navy test. At the
Admiralty proof stress, each of tho bare will have a
probably total elongation of more than one-tw«otieth of
an inch, and a permanent set of six-thousandthsl Beyond
this strain the set will very rapidly increase up i*^ perhapsi.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 6, 1864.
407
two inohei, when tlie bars will break under a lo«d of 24
tons to the square inch. But the phenomenon the most
important in its consequenoest consists in the contraction
of cross sectional area undergone by the bar through the
atretcb. According to a theoretical investigation by
Poisson, the relation of the contractions to the lon-
gitudinal elongation should be ( ; and Wertheim's
experiments led him to believe that this relation should
be }. Cauchy, Stokes, Maxwell, Rankine, and Lam^,
have also mathematically investigated this question,
and have arrived at results differing from those of
FoiMon, which were founded on a special atomic hypo-
thcds. But the permanent sets that show themselves in
ductile bodies, like annealed iron, under very slight loads,
and the so-called internal frictions observed by Dr.
William Thomson in metaU under tension, would cause
this relation of contraction to elongation to diflfer for
every different state of a metal. To Kirchhoff is due a
remarkably important investigation carried out in 185'J,
into the relation of the contraction to elongation under
tension of hard steel wires-— which may be said to approach
the nearest to the ideal of a body possessing equal elasti-
city in different directions. His experiments, conducted
with great delicacy, gave a relation of cross sectional con-
traction to elongation of 0*294. As we have seen, according
to the Admiralty tables,a one-inch cable bolt ought to have
an ultimate breaking strength of not less than 21 tons
8 cwts. to the circular inch, or more than 27 tons to the
•quare inch, and the link ought only to break at 34 tons.
It is, however, very seldom that these strengths are ob-
tained in practice. The ultimate elongations of the bars
or the cables are not stated in the Admiralty tables.
General Morin relates that the fine charcoal iron, made
at Queiigny by the French government, expressly for
chain cables, sometimes elonsates even more than one-
fifth of its original length oefore breaking, and this
amount U probably the utmost that it is possible to give to
wrought iron bars.
\Vhen the cable itself is placed under the dead pull of
the press, it is tested in three different ways. It is first
strained up to 11*46 tons in the square inch sectional
area acroes the double section of the link. While for
about three or four minutes under this stress, the cable is
subjected at different parts of its length to blows from a
round-faced hammer. Different sized hammers ai-e adopted
in proportion to the size of the chain, and each fathom
generally receives one blow. Each link is then carefully
examined. Two or three links are broken up to detect,
by its bluish tinge, if the iron has been at all burnt in the
working, and also to make some estimate of the quality of
the iron from the surface of the fiacture, and tlie other
app^rances known to engineera. Some difference of
opmion also exists, both in Fiance and in England, as to
the amount of security afforded by these tests, and whether
the test of 11*46 tons on the square inch, and more
emcially the blows of the sledge, do or do not injure the
cable. In 1855 it was attempted to introduce a compul-
sory government test in France for the chain cables of
merchant vessels. A letter was addressed by M. David,
an influential chain cable mai ufacturer at H&vre, to
the then imperial minister of public works, advo-
cating a compulsory test, from motives of humanity
to the ships' crews, and of public economy. A system of
periodical re-testing, for every ten or twelve years that the
cable had been at work, was also prop(»ed. The attention
of the then minister of the French marine was directed
to the statements put forth, and Admiral flamelin ordered
an official investigation of the question. The results bhOA n
forth in the report would appear to have proved — at any
rate to the satisfaction of the Imperial admmistratioo, that
— Ist. •* The pix)of test of 17 kilogianimes, or even of 20 to
21 kilogrammes per square millimetre of section o( the link,
if not enough either to prove the good workmanship of the
cables or the quality of the iron employed ; 2nd. That a
Kigher proof than 20 to 21 kilogrammes cannot be applied
leveral times to cables without affecting their quality ;
3rd. That the differences of useful effoct between
different presses often lead to error with respect to the
absolute value of the tension employed The
sum total of these results therefore shows, continues the
minister, that, on the ooe hand, an increase of the proof
test would not be of much effect in detecting bad material
and workmanship, and on the other, that it would be
dangerous to increase the test. The requiied security can
only be obtained in a well-understood system ofmano-
fiicture ; and therefore, besides the test in the press, it is
necessary to scrupulously choose the special quality of
iron required ; to accurately examine each individual link
after the testing ; to break up any questionable link ; and
to choose the most skilful and trustworthy operatives."
In one word, the minister of the marine did not consider
a government inspection of chain cables intended for the
French merchant service as a practicable thing. It is to be
remembered that all the chain cables for the Imperial
navv are manufactured by the government.
Now there can be no doubt that the proof of 1 1*46 tons to
the square inch is not enough of itself to test the quality
of the workmanship, or, more definitely, the perfection of
the welds. For this reason Mr. H. liowman advocated
before the 1860 Committee an increase of the test. It is
clear that, as the sidesou^ only tested up to little more than
11*46 tons, and as they would break at only, say, 24 tons
to the square inch, less than one-half the sectional area of
the iron would stand the test if applied only tensionally.
As, however, through the cross-bending strain at the two
ends, the link slightly tends to assume the shape of a
lozenge, the weld is more severely tested than would at
first appear. There is a certain difficulty in detecting a
bad weld, upon the nature of which some practical light
has been thrown by some experiments of Mr. Kirkaldyls
on bars grooved round their ciix:umferenoes. The matter
had been previously investigated by the writers on elas-
ticity, but Mr. Kirkaldy was the first to practically test
the question. Bars grooved at any particular part down
to a given diameter, gave a much higher ultimate break-
ing strength than bars of a diameter all through equal
to that at the reduced pait of the grooved bar. The
wider parts on each side resisted the tendency to draw
out, and a great apparent strength was thus obtained.
The extent of this apparent gain was as much as 37}
per cent, in some of the pieces, while the average
fave 18-63 per cent, in favour of the grooved specimen,
[ere again we see the falsity of taking merely the break-
ing strength into account, for although the breaking
strengths were thus increased, the elongation, and the
contraction of area attendant on elongation, were propor-
tionately less. It will thus be seen that a bad weld may
be impaired by a strain in excess of the elastic limit due
to the quality of the iron and the cross sectional area of
the solid metal, and that, although it is thus injured, it
may not show signs of the injury. On the other hand,
some security is given that a bad weld may be detected,
from the fact that rolled iron is well known to be some-
what hardened by being hammered, and the welded-up
side of the link would thus be less extensible than the
opposite parallel ade, and would thereby be rather more
strained. It is evident, however, that though the test can
scarcely be too high for the welds alone, the proof of more
than fourteen tons to the square inch, proposed by M. David,
would clearly be too high for the cable. M. David, indeed ,^
stated that he tested his cables up to this amount, but it
appears that the pressure he used was not accurately
measured. Indeed, there is no doubt that veiy few cables
would stand the ordinary proof if repeated sufficiently ofleOy
or if it were put on and eased off a succession of times,,
upon the plan shown by Dr. Bankine. As it is, the per-
manent set taken by cables is, on an average, from 4 to 6 feet
in 90. But the best proof that this single application of
the test for a short time does not injure good chain cables,,
is seen in the fact that it has been adopted all over the
world for more than thirty years. We are, however, in &
dilemma. To increase the proof would evidently be to in-
408
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May ft, 1864.
jure the link, while the detection of a bad weld has, in
any case, to encounter the difficulties just mentioned.
These questions can only be met by a most careful in-
spection of each individual link. The quality of the
iron can also be very closely tested by breaking up two
or three links. The most searching tests, however, are
the hammer blows given while the chain is under tension.
Adapting a well-known and excellent illustration, this
will bd at once evident when we remember that a If -inch
chain cable, made of glass, would give the same ultimate
gradually applied breaking strength as a one-inch iron
cable — but it would not be likely to stand the hammer test.
On the other hand, a cable of India-rubber, although not to
be broken by the hammer, would at last be torn in two
by the press. In fact, the hammer test approaches nearer
than any other to the kind of work that will have to be
done by the cable when at sea. Besides, the mere form
of a chain renders it, per te, liable to continual shocks and
jerks, and this must be encountered by a special quality
of matenal, and that this material has really been used
must be shown in the proving house.
Mr. Pope, the surveyor for Lloyd's at Liverpool, gave
it as his opinion, before the Committee of 1860, that the
nav\' test was too high, and had a tendency to injure the
cham. This might be true for a chain of a bad material,
but not for a chain made of iron with the liigh elastic
limit that should alone be used for chain cables. He pro-
posed to test a short piece to destruction, and then to test
the entire chain up to half the Admiralty proof. Apart
from the expense and dcstiiiction of material by this pro-
ceeding, there can be little doubt that half the usual test
would not detect all the bad welds, and the distinctive
peculiarity of a cable consists in the fact that a single bad
weld is sufficient to cause the entire loss of the chain.
As we have seen that a cable consists substantially of a
series of small cui-ved l>eams, it would be only a natural
inquiry to ask why the sum total of their deflections,
represented by the temporary elongation of the cable, and
why the total permanent set should not be both registered,
and be both taken into account when estimating the
quality of a cable. There are, however, several influences
that would greatly disturb an accurate deduction. It
might, at first sight, bo supposed that the defective welds
would elongate in the invewe ratio of their areas of solid
metal to that of the links. This, as we have seen, is not the
case, and even if it were the case, the action would affect
the deductions therefrom by variable and uncertain quan-
tities. The links will also bed against each other to
an amount given by the hardness of the iron. There
can be no doubt that the extension must be taken into
account with the breaking weight, when the quality of a
bar has to be estimated. But even with bars this varies
considerably, not merely in different qualities, but also,
as was ehowu by Mr. Kirkaldy, in specimens of the
verj* same brand. These results were also obtained
under ten>ional stresses alone, and when we come to
the combination of transverse, tensile, and directly com-
pressive stresses to be found acting on a link, the varied
ways in which these stresses act on vaiying qualities
of iron would scarcely render the deductions from the
elongations and set sufficiently trustworthy. Again, to
take an extreme case, if one half of, say, 60 fathoms of
cable were made of a very bad kind of iron, and the other
half of a very good quality, it would be difficult to draw
any right deduction from these appearances. As it is,
however, the permanent set is generally registered.
There is probably no metal the strength of which is in-
fluenced in such a remarkable way by temperature as iron.
As M. Baudrimont showed in 1850, the tenacity of iron is
less at lOOo C. than at Oo C, but at 200<> it is greater than
at 0°, and these results have been exactly contirmed by
Dr. Fairbaim in some experiments on boiler plates, com-
municated iu a paper to the British Association. At yet
higher temperatures this tenacity is of course diminished;
and Seguin has shown that iron, the tensile strength of
which could be represented by 100 at 10° C, had this
tenacity lowered to 90-6 at 370° C, and to 58-7 at 600® C.
In the royal dockyards of Woolwich and Portsmouth tin
atmospheric temperature during the testing of each anchor
or chain is carefully noted, although the proving houses
themselves are kept at a mean temperature of 56° Fahr.
by means of stoves, which also thus^^ave the water pipes
from freezing. This temperature of course falls a little
during the winter and rises in summer, as the heat in the
shade generally varies in England from about 76^ to per-
haps 840 Fahr. The action of fixMt on iron has not beeo
completely investigated ; and Dr. Percy recommends that
some accurate experiments on the question be undertaken
by the Institution of Civil Engineers. The daily obeer-
vation of practical men has, however, as in so many
other cases, preceded the deeper investigations of scienoe.
All workmen know that their tools, such as picks and chip-
ping hammers, which have to undergo percussion in frosty
weather, are then more liable to get broken. All chains
are well known to be more subject to snap under the same
cireumstances. There is always a notorious increaic of
accidents through breakages, both in the permanent wi^
and rolling stock, of railways during frosty weather. It is
stated that during the severe winter of 1860-61, 498 nils
were broken on the Chemin de Fer de I'Est, from the 11th
December to the 81st January inclnsive. No less than
258 were broken from the 21st to the 25th of January,
during which period the thermometer descended to— 7*8^,
and even to— 16° centigrade. General Morin relates that
dnring the northern campaigns of the first empire the
artillerj' veterans used to believe that wrought-iron was
subject to freezing, and after the long winter bivouacs they
never began their day's march without striking the gun-
carriage axles in the direction of their length, and the
vibi-ation thus produced was said to " thaw " the iron.
An intense cold is also said to have enabled the French
garnson of Hamburg to disable the cast-iron siege guns, by
knocking off the trunnions before evacuating tbe place. Mr.
Lenox stated, in evidence before the 1860 Committee,
his belief that a cable would stand a test in warm weather
that it might not in cold. The crews of the 6shing vessels
on the coast of Nova Scotia find that the cold I'endera their
cables so brittle that a length of hempen cable isusedforthe
portion out of the water, while the anchor end is kept
from the vicissitudes of the atmosphere bpr tlie usual
average temperature of the sea. A few experiments made
by Mr. Kirkaldy showed that the breaking strength of a
bar is slightly reduced by freezing when a gradual
breaking load was applied, but that this difference between
a frozen and an unfrozen bolt is much more increased
by a suddenly applied load, being 8 per cent, less when
frozen. The usual way adopted by French engineere to
test rails is, as we have seen, to prove a percentage of the
lot by means of a falling weight. Some tests were carried
out a few years ago by M. Couche, on a number of rails, of
very good quality, from the Anzin works. The monkey
weighed 800 kilogrammes, and the distance between the
supports was Im. 10. When the thermometer varied
from — 4^ C. down to — 6^ C. the weight had only to bo
raised, in an average of twelve experiments, to a height
of 5ft 6in. in order to break the rail ; but when the
thermometer rose from -f 3° to -f 8° C, then the weight
had to be lifted for a fall of 7ft 9in. Similar experiments,
conducted in 1860, showed that a difference of temperature
from — 4° to +5° Centigrade was sufficient to greatlv
influence the height of fall necessary to break the rail.
It is not unnatural to suppose that the particles of
iron, after being worked at a heat and allowed to cool
and set at a medium temperature, should, when that
tempemture is lowered, get into a state of mutual
strain ; or that any initial mutual strain should be
thus intensified. The toys made of suddenly cooled
glass, known as Prince Rupert's drops, are exaggerated
instances of a similar action. Tbe outside portions
of a bar of whatever size, would evidently cool and
consequently contract first of all. The made por-
tions would also at last cool, but, having kept tlie out-
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTiT OP ARTS, May 6, 186i.
409
side portions dUtended, when the inside does oool, it then
becomes a question, to be determioed by various circum-
stances, whether it would pull the outside shell into a
state of oompreasiou, or whether the outside shell would
draw the in.side ioto fissures by tension. A somewhat
similar explanation b given by Mr. Mallet of the rants
caused in the interior of very massive forging^, and this
state is probably always induced by the conditions of
cooling in a small bar, but with, of coui-se, a smaller
range both as to size and temperature. In any case, it is
apparent that a ductile, elastic material ought to be less
affected by these doubtlessly complicated conditions of
tensile and compressive strains. It is, therefore, probable
that a hard, harsh, iron would be more affected by frost
than a soft ductile iron, and also that the breaking strength
of both qualities would be less affected by cold than their
extensibility. It is even by no means improbable, though
the fact would be difficult, or at any rate very expensive,
to prove, that the breaking weight, or the elastic limit, or
both, of iron, is or are different for every degree of heat. A
bar is perhaps cooled down in the rolling shed the
medium atmospheric temperature of, say, 52*^ Fahr.
At a lower temperature, at a temperature, for instance, of
32* F., its static breaking weight is increased, but its
power of elongation under stress is probably diminished.
At, say, boiling point, its breaking strength is diminished,
bat its power of elongation is increased. These remarks
to some extent meet the results of Baudriment and
FairiMuro. Unfortunately, Baudriment has not recorded
the elongations, and his experiments were made on wires
only one millimetre in diameter when at a temperature of
16<* O. Dr. Fairbaim did find that the elongations of
plates increased very closely with the temperature, but
nls experiments are not sufficient in number to be taken
as coiK^lafllve; and, as Dr. Percy remarks, many more
experiments are required on the action of frost on iron.
If it ooold be shown, for instance, that the crystals of
iron expand to different degrees in their different axes,
this would probably, per «, meet the scarcely-to-be-
doubted fact that iron is rendered brittle by frost. As the
chain cables of a ship are alternately exposed to the ut-
most extremes of atmospherio temperature, this question
is here of peculiar importance.
The question as to the re-testing of cables that have
been in use for a certain time is yet unsettled, but the in-
qoiiy is of scarcely less importance than that of the first
testing. There are many applications of wrought iron in
which it is subjected to impulsive stresses, often more or
less accompanied by vibrations, and in which, nevertheless,
the detail or structure has to conform to certain narrow
limits of size and weight. Such is the case with most
applications of chains ; for instance, to cranes, inclines,
forge-slings, dsc. Such is the case also, mora or less, with
railway axles ; the axles of carriages on rough common
roads ; the gags of helve liammers ; the porter bars fixed to
the blooms whilst under the hammer ; the iron wires
of ,8ome piano-fortes ; and many similar applications
of wrought iron. The simple &ct that only one-half
of the gradually applied stress required to produce
the proof strain will, if applied suddenly, of itself pro-
dace the pi-oof strain (which if exceeded would injure
the piece), goes a long way in explaining the matter.
Where groat interests of life and property are involved in
the safe action of these applkations of iron, the in'esistible
logic of facts has sometimes caused praparatory
allowances to be made for these " fatigues of the
metal." The axles of the London omnibuses ara stated
to be always ronewed after having run a certain fixed
mileage. T his system is also carried out with the carriages
of the Measageries Q^o^rales, the axlesof which ara changed
after having run a limit of 40,000 kilometres. The
Hcnoorable the Corporation of the Trinity House entirely
reoews all the moorings of the lightnihips every four years
-Hmc-fourfh of the number yearly. This limit of time
gives the measure of the perfect efficiency of a good
cablet well proportioned to its work, and in constant
use day and night. Cables in ordinary ships are of
coarse much less, or rather much more slowly, subject
to deterioration. We have seen that M. David fixed Wvb
time after which a cable in ordinary U4e should be tested
at ten or twelve years. Mr. Macdonald, of the Liverpool
testing house, stated, before the 1860 Committee, that he
would examine a cable after any long voyage— such as
to India or Australia. The late Mr. Green, the great
shipowner, explained that this was done with the mooring
tackle of all his ships. An experienced pilot, Mr. Q. «L
Thompson, said that it should be made imperative to
re-test chain cables every six yeara, and Mr. Smale
fixed this limit at seven years. Mr. J. R. Clarke,
however, the chief clerk of the store office, stated that
there were many sound cables in store twenty years old.
It is clear that it would be very difficult to fix a limit of
time that could be applied to all classes of ships. The
cables in the royal ships are scarcely S3 often or so
severely tried by use as those of some merchant vessels.
A cable might remain good for many years, and yet at
last be injured in a single storm. Apart from accidents,
such as abrasion on rocks, or against a sharp-cornered
anchor stock, or similar causes, there are three main con-
ditions affecting the duration of cables and furthering
their progressive deterioration under wear : — 1st, the fric-
tion and abrasion at the crowns ; 2od, rust and corrosion
by the sea water ; 8rd, undue strains on the cable, and
in excess of the compressive and tensile elastic limits
of the materials. The average amount of abrasion
and consequent wear at the crowns could only be de-
termined by a statistical comparison of the deteriora-
tion of a number of cables, worked under similar cir-
cumstances, through a certain period of time. No full
observation of this kind seems to have been yet made.
The same appears to be the case with the deterioration
of iron cables by rust and corrosion. Mr. Mallet has ob-
served, *'that the metallic destruction by corrosion of
iron in sea-water is a maximum in clear sea -water of the
temperature of 116^ Fahr., that it is nearly as ^eat in foul
sea-water, and is a minimum in clear fresh nver-water."
It also appears that, the finer and more equable the quality
of the iron, the riower is its corrosion. The alternative
action of the air and the sea-water in ordinary cables must
have some influence on their deterioration. Again, at a
depth of, say, 100 fathoms, there would be a pressure of
nearly 17 tons on the square foot, and this pressure would
search out any slight crevice, or any slightly defective
weld that had escaped the test. It is at these places that
the corrosive action of the water is most felt. It is a well
ascertained fact that the spongy mass of xnechanically
compressed crystals we call wrought iron, is porous, as
water can be forced through it at comparatively mode-
rate pi*e8sures. It is also well known that the hydrated
oxide of iron we term rust performs the part of an electro-
negative element when in contact with metallic iron,
whKh is then electro-positive. When iron is rusting in the
air, the moisture of the atmosphere is the exciting liqaid,
but this voltaic action must be greatly intensified in the
presence of sea- water. I have noticed the interesting fact
— which deserves more investigation than I have yet been
able to give to it — that in the links of a great number of
chains the wrought-iron is much more eaten away at the
sides, whera it is in contact with the cast-iron cross-stay.
The same action was stated, in a number of the TitMi oi
last year, to have been observed on the wrought-iron tie-
rods in contact with the plates of a cast-iron sea- water
tank which burst last June at Woolwich. I had lately
occasion to examine a number of old chains, after they had
been cleaned, and after the rust had been knocked off
with a hammer. All the cast-iron cross-stays, almost with-
out an exception, were slack. Each link was thus tempo-
rarily reduced to the condition of an unstayed link, the ulti-
mate strength of which, compared with a stayed link, is
generally taken to be in the ratloof 7 to 9. When the cable
is in use, the progress of this undoubtedly voltaic action
in weakening them will be aided by mechanical causes.
410
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 6, 1864.
The rust generated between the croas-stay and the sides of
the link will be more or less washed out by the surge of
the cable ; a sufficient longitudinal stress would cause the
virtually unstayed link to collapse on the stay ; the sea-
water would again search out the chiuks ; would again
decompose the material ; and the deterioration of the
eable thus chemically and mechanically weakened, would
progressively advance in successive increments thai would
render its ultimate destruction a mere matter of time.
This action would bs, of courje, more felt in a cable in
constant use, such as those of the Honourable the Cor-
poration of the Trinity House ; and whether zincing, which
is stated by Dr. Parry to prevent rust, would be of any
use, or whether other means, which will doubtless occur to
many here, might prevent, or at least modify, this action,
is perhaps a question woi-thy of investigation by the able
men comprising the Trinity Board. There is, however,
no need to search amongst the mysterious forces of nature
for the main cause that leads to the ultimate destruction
of a cable, or of any other application of iron, under like
conditions. The primary cause of the destruction
of a cable is simply due to the limit of elasticity of
its material being exceeded. All chains are, by their very
structure and special uses, subject to jerks and shocks ;
any country blacksmith knows that a chain that can stand
a dead pull, would give way under the same weight if
suddenly applied; and we all know that a careless labourer
at the winch handle of a crane sometimes breaks down
a good chain by a heedless jerk. Little more than 5}
tons to the square inch, if suddenly applied, would at
once bring on the proof strain of 11*46 tons; and
although the dead weight of a cable is its great safeguard
— so much so, in fact, that if the cable out of the hawser
could be weighted at different parts of its length, this
would be an advantage — yutt nevertheless, the safe load
of about 2| tons, under an impulsive stress, to the square
inch, must be often exceeded in practice. The safe load
under an impulsive stress is in truth rather leas, as the
assumption is based upon the nsual notion, which as-
eimilates a cross-stayed link to a couple of bars.
It appears a paradox to say that the chain is, in onesense,
Btrengthened by a strain in excess of the elastic limit, but
such is the fact. The power to bear a static load is indeed
increased, as was shown by the experiments cited, before the
Committee of 1860, to prove that a cable is strengthened
by being broken several times under the gradually applied
load of the hydraulic presi; and, as was also shown by
the performances of the l|th bars subjected to the same
treatment by Mr. Loyd. The link is, in the first place,
mechanically strengthened by being drawn into a lozenge-
like shape, as the two sides of each end then act as ties to
a very short beam ; but this is obtained at the expense
of the elasticity of the material ^the material of the
link is rendered harder. It is a somewhat fanciful analogy
to compare the limits of elasticity and of rupture of iron
to the organic life of a plant or animal, but it is justified
by the common expression that a bar is said to be crippled
by an undue strain. If this living force in a bar — these
forces vives de re$Utance, as they are termed by Poncelet —
if, in one word, the work to be done in stretching a bar be
expressed (in the English way shown by Mr. Mallet) by
multiplying half the static load in pounds required to
fltretch a bar one foot long and of one inch cross section to
its limit of elasticity, by iti elongation in terms of a foot
(Te) ; and if the static load required to break the bar be
expressed in the same way — by multiplying half the static
load in pounds by the ultimate elongation in terms of a
foot (T,) — we shall then get the power for work expressed in
foot pounds, or the structural value of our bar, and shall
see the reason that a chain may be crippled for any appli-
cation in which it is subject to an impuUive force. The
short range, multiplied into the high static load re-
quired to stretch a bar of hard iron to its limit of elas-
ticity, compared with the product of the long range
but low static load rcqnii*ed to stretch a bar of soft, ductQe
iron, wUl show that a Unk made of hard, brittle iron wiU
keep its shape much better than one made of soft, ductile
iron. A calculation of the work done in rupturing a bar
of soft iron will show that its living force of resistance
to rupture is several hundred times greater than
tlie force required to alter its elasticity ; and a similar
calculation of the work done in rupturing a bar of
hard iron will show that the work to be done In breafdnj;
it is perhaps twenty times leas than that in stretching it
to ita elastic limit. As any impulsive force is equal to
twice the work to be done in producing or consummg it,
and as the effort required is less as the distance gone over
is greater, it will be seen that, although resilience is a
tine qud non in a cable, the strength of the links would
be destroyed, and the structural flexibility of the whole
cable would be injured, by the use of iron too soft ; while
the use of very hard iron in the first instance, or the
ultimate hardening of any iron when its limits of elasticity
are exceeded, renders a cable of hard or hardened iron
utterly useless for its intended purpose.
There is thus no necessity to liave recourse to any theory
of the crystallization of iron under impulsive strcsseci to ex-
plain the gradual deterioration of a cable ; but this ques-
tion of crystallization is one of the greatest importance
and interest ; and we may yet learn that the structaral
value, for many purposes, of a given bar of iron is
in some determinate relation to the size of the facets of
the crystals of which it is composed. A good cable
bar consists of crystals that have been more or Ims
elongated while passing through the rolls ; the question
is whether these crystsds are loosened or separated at tbelr
planes of cleavage, or whether the crystalline axes hare
been transposed, under the undue strains, more or less
accompanied by vibration, to which chains in general, and
cliain-cables in particular, are necessarily subject. There
is no well- ascertained instance of any alteration of this
kind happening under moderate stresses, but Mr. Mallet
appears to believe that a reversal of the crystalline axes
takes place when the elastic limit, either of exten-
sion or compression, and therefore of flexure, is exoeeded,
and more especially if the piece be not initially in
a state of molecular repose. There is every reason
to believe in the existencu of internal strains in the link of
a chain, and more especially at the crowns. But number-
less experiments by Dr. Rankine and others, and more
particularly by Mr. Eirkaldy, have shown that what is
popularly called a crystalline firacture may be given to the
most fibrous piece of iron if it be broken under a suddenly,
applied load — an effect simply due to the mechanical effect
of a sudden stress, and to the fact that any piece of iron is
an assemblage of crystals. There is no reason to beUere
that a magnifying glass — as was, indeed, shown by
Robert Stephenson — would reveal any material difference
between a bar broken after fatigue of whatever kind, or a
bar broken when fresh from the mill. At the same
time, the application of a very powerful miscroscope to
the molecular structure of iron has yet to be made ; and
the history of the first application of the telescope to a
very different science may yet find its counterpart in this
department of physical knowledge.
Whatever be the internal effect of the lateral conlrac-
tion induced by excessive tensile strains, it vrould be of
the utmost importance to settle, once and for all, whether
re-annealing can restore the living force of resistance of
iron, and, therefore, of a cable. Mr. T. M. Gladstone.
C.E., recommended this plan before the Committee of
1860. Mr. Smale, then of Woolwich, said that this would
be like Biimetising rotten wood. Dr. Noad, in a letter
to the Timc3, about eight years ago, stated that he
had taken away the brittleness of an old chain l^
keeping it for 24 hours in a furnace. The late Mr. Qlmn
recommended that a crane chain shoald be annealed
every three years. At the North Roekear mine, in Comwidl,
it U stated by M. Moissonet that the pit-chains are with*
drawn from the shaft after every six months' use, are rolled
in a heap, then covered with a sort of cylindrical ftimaoe, aod
brought to a red heat. Aocording to an acoooot tmnsiated
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 6, 1864r.
411
&om the RoMum into ibe FoltfteeAnUche» CkntralblaU, the
obain cables for the Runian government, after being
brought to a dark-red heat immediately after testing, are
then tarred^a plan which b said to prevent rosting, as
the tar thus takes a firmer hold on the iron. But many
things may be done with charcoal iron tliat it would not
beaafdto attempt witli oar ordinary iron. Baudriment
ajXMan to believe that all metals' only acquire deter-
minate qualities by proper annealing, and that a cheiTy-
rod heat is necessary for annealing wrought iron.
Aooording to the experiments by the Fi-anklin Institute,
wrought iron is perfectly annealed at a clear bright red.
The experiments of both Baudrimont and the Franklin
Inrtitute show that the ultimate tenacity of iron is consi-
derably diminished by annealing, but, unfortunately, in
n«ither case was the elongation noticed. Ponoclet lias
shown that his oa-effioient, Te, of elasticity is increased
with annealed iron, Uii that the co-efficient of rupture,
T„ is diminished. This refers to wires, and no complete
experiments appear to have been yet made on the etteot
of a nn ea l i n g on bars. It is a question whether the extra
doctilify conferred on the links by the process of anneal-
ing would not, while i*endering them more ductile, at the
saoM time lead to their changing their form. At any
xato, at least some of the cast-iron cross-stays would be
readered less able to withstand distortion. At the same
time, the question ought to be settled, and to cables com-
paratively uninjured by oorrosion, the process might prove
of gr«at value. The conditions of size in a cable are pecu-
liarly favourable to the use of annealing. Great as the ad-
vantage would be in the sucoessful application of annealing
to large (orgings, there are several well-authenticated in-
6titoc6s of massive crystals being developed in the interior
of the mass by the long-continued action of a red heat.
General Morin thus mentions an instance of the production
of oiystak, with facets from 4 to 5 millimetres in breadth,
in * oharooal iron bar originally of fine, soft, fibrons, texture.
Tied as we are in testing <»bles within a narrow limit,
which if exceeded in either direction would, on the one
hand, either impair the effioiency of the cable, or, on the
oilier, the efficiency of the test, it is clear that the most
thoioagh aocuiaoy is required in measuring the proof
ilre». Unfortunately, it is not always the case that this
jMxaiacy is obtained. The stress exerted by the machine
oi M. David, of Havre, was ihown by the French govern-
ment to be taken too high. The appliance for the mea-
smnement of the stress exerted by the Liverpool cor|>ora-
tion testing machine, was a few years ago shown by Mr.
Mallet to give a result of nearly 9^ per cent, error in ex-
oaas. Some of these machines consist of a powerful wind-
lass poiehsse, but we will confine our attention to the
direot-aeting hydraulic press, the application of which to
the testing of chain cables, by the Ute Sir Samuel Brown,
may be said to have rendered the iron cable a practicable
thing. There are three distinct ways of measuring, or at
least approximately measuring, the stress exerted by the
press plunger. Ist. A small valve is fitted to the cylinder
and famished with a steel-yard and adjustable weight.
In large machines this is, for the sake of convenience,
carried to a distance from the press, the water being con-
veyed in a small pipe. 2nd. A Bourdon gauge is attached
in the same way, either direct on the cylinder, or it is placed
in oommunication therewith by means of a small pipe.
3rd. The other end of the chain being tested is attached
to the head of a bent iron lever, the power of which
is multiplied by a system of levers balanced on
kfA(% edges. The plan of measuring the stress exerted
by the press plunger, by means of a weighted valve, is
liable to several objections, as was pointed out many
ymra ago by Professor Peter Barlow, more recently by
Profisssor Rankine, and by Mr. Bowman in his evidence
belbre the 1860 Committee. In the first place, the rela-
tive proportion between the pump plunger and the valve
is neoeaMrily great ; and a simple calculation will show
that a hair's breadth more or Icn to the valve would make
aa important difference. In the next place, the friction of
the leathers and the weight of the plunger are not taken
into account ; the gross load on the plunger is, in fact,
given as the useful work at the end of the piston ro I. Some
experiments made by Professor Rankine, whose name is a
sufficient guai-antee in matters of this kind, have Hhown that
about one-tenth should be.deduoted from the pressure in
the hydraulic press, merely for the friction of the press
plunger. The real, the useful work exerted at the end of
the plunger on the chain is thus more than 10 per cent, less
than is given by the pressure of the water. An error in
the opposite direction will be made by conducting the
pressure of the water, either on a weighted valve, or on a
Bourdon gauge, and this error will vary with the diameter
of the pipe, the number of bends, and the other losses of
effect in a stream of water passing through a pipe, which
ai-e well known to engineers. The load on a safety valve
is always an unreliable datum for computing pressure ; a
Boui'don gauge is much more delicate, but, in tlmoaso, its
indications are erroneous, unless proper allowance be made
for the friction of the leathers and the weight of the
plunger. The most exact means yet employed for mea-
suring the stress created by the plunger on the chain, con-
sists in the use of a system of balanced levers, according
to the plan adopted at H.M. Woolwich and Portsmouth
dockyards, and by Messrs. Brown and Lenox. The press
at Woolwich is also furnished with a weighted valve,
according to the plan just mentioned, and in addition to
the system of levers. The lover scale is perfectly sensi-
ble to a few pounds, but the valve scale will scarcely move
with a load of two tons, and it is less and less sensible aa
the loads increase. The balanced levers are perfectly accu-
rate, but the apparatus is rather expensive. At the last
Worcester Show of the Royal Agricultural S03iety, a
certain apparatus (not patented) was exhibited for testing
the draught of Fowler's six-furrow steam-plough, and it
appears to me that a modification of this dynamometer
might be employed for registering the stress on a cable.
It consisted essentially of a cylinder, and a piston, on one
side of which was a volume of water in communication
with a Bourdon gauge. The water was enclosed in an
elastic diaphragm, fixed to the piston and to the cover, and
the gauge was necessarily marked aooording to the results
given by weights gradually applied. By shrinking rings
on the outside, or by straining on a coil of wire, the
cylinder could be made to stand any amount of pressure
required, and, if adjusted with thecross shackle pins at the
opposite ends, at right angles to each other, in oixler to
prevent any torsion, and also by the adoption of other
simple means, such as the use of steel, that will occur to
those now present, a light instrument of probably very great
delicacy would be ob^ined.
When a long length of cable, say of seventy-five
fathoms, is being tested, there is another influence that will,
in some cases, affect the result. If we take the compara-
tively light one-inch cable, we find that it weighs 58lb8.
per fathom, so that the whole length will weigh nearly
two tons. The last link at each end will have to stand a
down pull of nearly one ton in addition to the longitudinal
stress of 18 tons. This, however, would probably be
practically compensated by directing the hammer test more
towards the centre portions of the cable, and the vii viva
of each blow will be absorbed by the elasticity of the metal,
the deflection of each link struck, and by the combined
weight and resilience of a certain portion of the cable within
the range of each blow. It may here be noticed that in test-
ing the effect of impact on beams, Mr. Hodgltinon used
a 4lb. leaden cushion in order to partially deaden the jar
of the blow. In a leading article of one of the engineering
journals, in May last year, giving an account of Lloyd's
proving house, it was proposied that " a fklling weight,
to be released by a trigger tripped by a long cord," should
be employed instead of the hammer, in order to prevent
any accident to the operative, through the flying of tlio
I cable or a chip of the cast iron cross-stays. This weight
could be made to slide overhead in the same vertical
plane as the cable ,* and by lettmg it fall from heixhts
412
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 6, 1864.
determiDed for each diameter of cable, the vis viva em-
ploj'ed could be measured with approximate accuracy.
ThiB would only be on a par with the plao adopted in
numberleM instances, as we have seen, by our scientiBc
neighbours the French ; and similar measures might per-
haps be used to measure the blow required to carry out
the fracture test.
The application of known impulsive force as a test is of
the utmost value, more especially when, as with cables,
the object tested will have to undergo such forces in
practice. If some plan could be devised for easily and
accurately submitting the whole length simultaneously
to a sudden instead of a static load, this would be of
great importance. In the mean time, the hammer-blows
are the tests for the resilience of the cable. In doubtful
cases Professor Daniell's acid test might be of value in
examining the structure of the fractured sections of the
two or three links that are usually broken up. A
great number of experiments on the specific gravity of
iron have shown that it would be dangerous to make
deductions as to the qualities of a specimen of wrought-
iron worked by one metallurgical process, and to then
apply these results to a bar produced by another mode — for
iostMice, to compare in this way a rolled bar with a ham-
mered bar. At the same time there is a remarkably close,
though not perfect, correspondence between the specific
gravity and the quality of the specimens. Mr. Kirkaldy
found that the specific gravity of iron was even decreased
by being much strained — at any rate by tension. It is
^ery easy to obtain the specific gravity of any substance
like iron; and whether the physical facts that, 1st, the
gravities of, for instance. No. 3 bars, bear a pretty constant
relation to their qualities; and that, 2na, the specific
gravity of wrought-iron generally is diminished by
tensional straining; and, 8rd, that it is considerably in-
creased by annealing, might be used in pi«ctice for testing
4he quality of the iron, or the deterioration through wear
of a chain, is at least worth an inquiry.
The physical conditions involved in the construction,
the use, and the testing of anchors, differ so materially
from those of chain cables, that the two sulyects must be
separated in an examination of this kind. But there can
be little doubt that a sound and general sj'stem of testing
the mooring tackle of ships wul bring about the same
improvement in the quality of chain cables and anchors,
as the trials at Shoeburyness have already effected in the
•quality of rolled plates ; and the effect will indeed be
produced by somewhat similar causes.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. T. M. Gladstone, (Superintendent of Lloyd's
Proving House, at Poplar,) said he had had considerable
expenence in the subject which had been treated of
by Mr. Paget in so elaborate a manner. There were,
however, one or two points on which he differed from
that gentleman. Mr. Paget liad stated that the crown
was the weakest point in the link of a chain. Now if that
were so this would be the point which would usually give
way in the breaking of a chain, but in the course of his
experience, extending over a period of 30 years, and
hiving the superintendence of Lloyd's testing machine,
he had not found that this was the case. [Mr. Gkdstone ex-
hibited some specimens of links broken under the testing
4ipparatU8, showing the fracture to have occurred on the side
of the link.'' The next point on which he ventured to differ
from Mr. 1?aget was the statement that the breaking
strength did not indicate the quality of the iron. Now, he
•did not know anything which more completely determined
the quality of iron than the ultimate tensile strength,
except, of course, when converted into steel, the tensile
strength of which might be much greater than that
of iron, but it might be unfitted for the purposes of
a chain cable owing to its brittleness. If they struck
it suddenly with a hammer it would break like glass.
Then as to the question of injury to iron by testing, if
they could make - — *-s-*.v of having a chain of the
finest quality, both in material and workmanship, ihv
was no question it would be most desirable not to •objtei
such a chain to the process of testing ; but this became a
necessity, inasmuch as in the abeenoe of certainty mm to
the workmanship and material, they were obliged to
subject the article to some test. The late Sir Samnd
Brown ascertained by numerous experim«[its what w««
the proper test to apply to chain cables ; and be (Mr.
Gladstone), humbly following in the steps of 81c
Samuel Brown, could corroborate his conclusions. He
decided that 650 lbs. to a circle one-eighth of an inch in
diameter was the proper strain to apply. There were
on the table some specimens of links 1^ indi in diameter,
which had been broken that day by Lloyd's machine. Tlie
Admiralty proof was 40} tons, but the chain stood the
strain of 69} tons, and then separated, the iron being per-
fectly sound, and of fine quality. That, he said, showed
that the Admiralty test was not such a test as would at
all distress a properly manufactured cable. The value of
the proving was this, to show that common iron wocdd
not »tand the Admiralty test. No. 2 iron would stand
the merchant service test, but would not stand the
Admiralty test. Sir S. Brown's test put a stop to the
use of inferior iron, and therefore was most valnaUe.
Reference had been made in the paper to the evidence of
Mr. Bowman, given in I860, that he desired a higher
test, but he (Mr. Gladstone) thought that whereas No. 2
iron would not stand the Admiralty test, they had m
tolerable warranty that no inferior iron would be pasMd.
In the manufacture of a chain, the great difficulty wmc,
with careless workmen, to get a perfect m-eld. He knew
instances in which Al ships had been provided with
chains the welding of which had been imperfect fh>m the
first ; and when he told them that in the last half of I86S
there were 32,000 fathoms of chain tested at Lloyd*to warn*
chine, and that one-fourth of those were imperfect, and that
2,000 fathoms were completely condemned, it showed
how very lamentable was the state of the chaia cahle
manufacture in the merchant service. Mr. Pope, bow*
ever, had said, in I860, that the teat was too high, bat
he (Mr. Gladstone) would abide by Sir Samuel Brown**
experience. With regard to the influence of temperatare
— so far as testing in the machme was coneemed, the
tepij^rature was a matter of small importance, in his
opinion, although in the royal dockyardt> a standard tem-
perature was adopted. With the machine at Poplar he
could test seventy-five fathoms of chain in five mimrtes
from the time the machine was put into operatioo.
The action of the test upon iron was to raise
the temperature, and if they put the thermometer to
it they would find that in proportion to the strain the
lieat would increase very rapidly, so that at the time of
fracture the iron became too hot for the hand to bear.
The mere difference of temperature from zero op to the
ordinary temperature in this countiy would be overcome
in five minutes by the action of the strain upon the iron, bol
if a sudden jerk came upon it the temperature was then
an important condition. Mr. Paget had referred to the
difference between the strength of iron in the direction of
the fibre, as compared with the cross grain. Ho (Mr.
Gladstone) was now making boat plates, and, in order to
meet this objection, there had been introduced a kind of
weaving action in the rolling by passing the plate through
the rollers fiist in one direction and then in another.
With regard to the reteating of chains after use, he con-
sidered it was valuable in some respects, but it required to
be done with great care. It was, however, desirable
to know what the value of a chain was after a seriei
of years, and this would only be ascertained by retesUo^.
If a chain had been exposed to much wear, it was oft«i
desirable that it should be reannealed to renew ito das-
ticity. Mr. Paget had made a rather warm attack iipon
the hydraulic press process of testing, and maintained it
was not so good a machine for the purpose as Uie lever.
He (Mr. Gladstone) had had a good deal of experisooe
with the hydraulic press, having one of 300 tons power
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May C, 1864.
413
imder Irif 8iiperin(endeDoe» and he could state that the
total amoani ef friction that applied to it did not amonnt
to more than eleven cwt., and that amount was
oonstant, because, when once they overcame the effect
of the friotioB of the leathers there was no difference
whether they liad 800 tons upon it or one ton. Mr.
VtigQt had stated that the error as compared with asteel-
yard was two tons, which, if it were the fact, would
alter his opinion as to the value of the hydraulic system
18 applied to testing machinery. Mr. Paget had further
slated that m tenting a chain 75 fathoms long, one inch
in diameter, inasmuch as it weighed two tons, there was
a material difference in the strain between one end
and the other. It was true, if they suspended a chain
of 75 fathoms, the link that held the weight of two tons
bad two tons more than the link at the other end, but if
they laid the chain horizontally and supported it on rollers
every 15 fathoms, and then put a strain upon it, there
was no appreciable difference between one part of the
diain and another. He had practically tested this
question, and had found this to be the case. Sir Samuel
Brown had been named as the introducer of chain
cables, but he (Mr. Gladstone) found that they were
Qsed in moch earlier times, being mentioned by Ctesar, in
his history of the Gallic war. He had made considerable
observations as to the corrosion of cliains, &c., by the
action of sea-water. He believed that was an element of
great moment in the deterioration of chains, but he had
often seen that a chain was more injured by rust,
when laid by in the locker of a ship than when in use.
Wrought iron was more easily oxidised than cast iron.
The latter would last three times as long as the former in
the shape of raib. The cast-iron railing round St. Paul's,
tkoogh it had stood upwards of 150 years, showed but
little deterioration, while he had seen wrought iron
railings reduced almost to nothing in a comparatively shoit
time.
Mr. Fbkdbbiok Laweemcb agreed with Mr. Gladstone
IB hie opinion that the crown of the link was not its
weakest part. It was not the weakest place when the
cbain was made, but it became so after the chain had been
m rue for a length of time. The crown of the link was
where the wear took place, and if a chain were tested
fcfier it had been in um, he believed the link would break
It the crown. He was inclined to think the Admiralty
es^ was too high, and the examples brought before them
by Mr. Gladstone were evidences that this was the case.
The Admiralty test of a chain like that on the table was
10^ tons ; 59^ tons were applied to it and it broke. Thus
khe/ had been straining the chain with 40^ tons, when it
iroald tireak by potting 19 tons more upon it. He had no
iCEitatioo in saying that, in testing that chain to 40 tons,
tkey injured it, without any advantage being gained. He
>elieved the proper test for wrought iron should not exceed
rt^ht tons to the square inch. If chains weie proved to
hat, it would be all that was necesnarv to ensure
safety. It wax not perhaps generally known that
Banufaotarers of chains made their workmen answer-
ible for a faulty one, and if a chain was defective in
rorkmanship the workmen were not paid for the making
tf it ; BO that the knowledge that the chains would be
eated made the men careful to see that the welds were
rell made. It was wonderful that chains did not break
nore often, when it was borne in mind that in a long
eogth of chain there were such an imm'^nse number of
relds all depending upon the skill of the workmen, and
hat the slightest burning of the iron, and the sliglitest
iault in the welds rendered the chain liable to break. He
hou^t to put too high a test on a chain was not ^-ise.
le believed HO high a test was of no use as a secnrity, and was.
moreover, injurious. That chains should be tested there could
e no qtiesUon, ani he thought it of importance that the
b^i n^ of merchant ships should bo tested at regular nut hor-
»ed places. He did not say they should be subjected to so
ii^h. Jk test as the Admiralty standard, but there should
e soaitt test to prove that a good chain had been supplieJ.
There was nothing so bad as a cheap chain ; and ownen
of ships wore sometimes led to practise a false economy in
that respect, because a cheap chain meant cheap iron and
cheap labour, which were synonymous with bad iron and
bad labour.
Mr. Shiptok said, having had the privilege of witnessing
a great many of Mr. William Fairbaim's experiments, he
differed entirely from the last speaker in fixmg the limits
of the test at eight tons to the square inch. The experi-
ments of Sir William Brown through a long series of years
had led to the adoption of what was now the Admiralty
test, and, therefore, he could not see how the limit could
be fixed at eight tons, because manufacturers, in regulating
the quality of their iron, had gone so near to what would
just stand the Admiralty test, that a lower standard would
lead to the use of iron of a very inferior quality.
Mr. L4WBENCB explained that the reason why he fixed
upon eiglit tons to the square inch was, that it was known
that I he breaking strain of good iron was about 24 tons to
the square inch, and he thought that the test should not
exceed one third of the breaking weight. More than
that he l)elieved tended to injure the chain. He thought
besides this test, the quality of iron in a chain should be
ascertained by testing some of the links to their breaking
strain.
Mr. Gladstone added that he started with the pro-
position, that if they could rely upon the quality of iron
and the workmanship, no test would he necessary. But.
owing to the competition that existed in the chain
manufacture great depreciation had taken place in the
quality of iron, as well as in the workmanship ; and,
therefore, to provide against an admitted evil, there was
a necessity for testing to a given point, and he had endea-
voured to show that the standard arrived at by Sir Samuel
Brown was the proper one.
Gapt. Selwyn, R.N., thought the gallant chairman,
distinguished as he was in the profession to which he
belonged, would allow him to say, on behalf of that pro-
fession, how immensely important the question of good
chain cables was, and how vast was the responsibility
which attached to the chain manufacturer in such matters.
In it were merely a question of property, that would have
some influence, but when the lives of a large ship's crew
depended on the quality of the cables produced, the re-
sponsibility of the manufacturer was largely increased.
In the matter of tests, it appeared to be lost flight of that
all tests, whether of gu s, bridges, or railways, were
carried much beyond the strain they would ever be called
upon to bear in actual use- As much a^ 14 bullets and 16
drachms of powder had been used in testing a rifle made of
Bessemer's steel ; why, therefore, should chain-makers com-
plain at being subjected to the Admiralty test? Would
it not rather be wise on their part to endeavour to im-
prove the quality of the iron they used, thereby diminish-
ing the weight of the cable, by the use of a better quality
of iron, or that modified iron manufactured by Mr.
Bessemer. There was no security with such a test as
eight tons. If a chain bore this it might break at twelve
or sixteen tons. With reference to this subject he would
draw attention to a system patented by a Spanish la'ly,
which was showu at the Exhibition of 1862, and
which, he had been informed, was under trial at one
of the dock^'ards. In this pyj*tem steel was em-
ployed for chain cables instead of iron. Thin plates of
steel were put together to form the link, and afterwards
immersed in a bath of metal, whieli made them impene-
trable to the action of silt water. Steel, when drawn
ofit into wire, gave a tensile strength of something like
136 tons per square inch, whilst the bar of steel from
which it was drawn would only bear 66 tons. The
appearance of the fracture of wire always Rhowol them
that the principal part of the strength of the wire
resided in the outer crust, hanlened by the process of
drawing. He thought Mr. Paget had been miiunder-
stood by some geuilemen in speaking of the strength of
a cable. He did not mean that the crown of the ^'**^^
414
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 6, 18G4.
was where the cable would break, becaase the strain did not
come so directly upon it at that point, but merely that
this was the part of the link that was necessarily the
weakest, owing to the state of tension that the bending
of the iron produced. With reference to the tension
brought on chains, the chairman would agree with him
that usually the amount of cable out was so great that
the last few fathoms next the anchor lay on the bottom,
and so the full force of the strain was never felt. There
was in fact a spring-like action, so that no sudden, im-
pulsive strain was put upon the cable. The hydraulic
press, therefore, in a measure, did meet the required con-
ditions of test, and therefore it appeared to him the most
fitting machine that could be employed. It would be
better if they could make the test under the same condi-
tions of catenary strain, but that was practically impossible.
He would mention that during the time he was serving
under the command of the chairman, it became necessary
to moor the ship on the equator for the purposes of survey,
and she was moored in 60 fathoms water with two bower
chains, and so great was the strain in heaving up those
two cables, that the hawse pipe was cut through, but the
cables stood as no cable could have been warranted to do
if the test had been diminished to eight tons.
The Chairman said that in his experience he had not
observed a chain cable part at the crown of a link ; the rup-
ture also more frequently occurred near the anchor than at
the hawse holes. As regarded the observation attributed
to Mr. Loyd in relation to breaking and rewclding bars —
proving tliat they were stronger after welding, he con-
sidered that good welds should produce this effect. The
iron at this point received special treatment — it was
*' jumped " for the weld and hammered to a better surface.
As to the dates at which chain cables were used in the
navy, his experience went back as far as 1816. They
were used at Algiers in 18 IG, in Arctic service in 1825,
and on the coast of Africa in 1830-33. He had occasion
to moor his ship with very taut cables, and they had
experienced much abrasion within the crowns of the links
from constant service. But the greatest damage to chain
cables resulted from galvanic action by the chain coming
in contact with the copper on the stem ; and he recollected
a case at Rio Janeiro where the officers of a ship in which
the bridles were kept taut against the stem, reported tliat
the furrows resulting from this were eaten by the rats.
This, he need hardly say, was owing to galvanic action.
With reference to iron becoming brittle by intense cold, he
recollected, as a boy, when skating at very low tempera-
tures, the skates broke like glass. As to the fishermen
using hempen instead of chain cables, that resulted from
the impossibility of holding cold iron at low temperatures,
but, as a rule, iron below water could not be subject to a
lower temperature tlian 28*5^, when the atmosphere might
be as low as — C2^. With regard to testing cables, he was
of opinion, from the causes to which he had alluded, that
all cables should, pailicularly if used in copper-sheathed
vessels in tropical climates, bo proved on the return of the
vessels to this country, as one faulty link might lose ship
and crew. With regard to the strength of steel cables,
the late invention of drawing steel tubes cold, without
impairing tlie texture or tensile strength of the material,
proved its great tenacity. He was sure that all present
would unite in a cordial vote of thanlss to Mr. Paget for
his valuable paper.
A vote of thanks was then passed.
Mr. Paget, in acknowledging the compliment, stated
that a reference to his paper would show that Mr.
GUd&tone's remarks corroborated its substance, and, as
lie had the greatest lespect for Mr. Gladstone's abili-
ties and experience, this gave him great satisfaction.
It would le seen that though he (Mr. Paget) showed
that the link was theoretically weaker at its crown, never-
a thel<;sfc., the practical contingencies of welding rendered
its. one 01" the sides practically weaker. As an experi-
rhcn I ncci woikman, he was well aware of the uncertainty of
they coscll?. in etating that a steel bar, which might have an
ultimate breaking strength nmch higher than ^ tkoSki
wrought-iron bar, might, neverthele«, be unfit for acibH
Mr.Oladstone cont>borated his (Mr. Paget'8)«aMrtioBftift
the ultimate breaking strength alone was not the tive »
dication of the value of any material of coiaelraelioa.
Other remarks by Mr. Gladstone favoured the bkum yitmt.
In the same way Mr. Gladstone appeared to boliova tte
the Admiralty test, if often repeated, would diminuh ti»
value of a cable, or at any rate a per-ceDtag« of onUsji^
cables, and he (Mr. Paget) had been carelul to poial im
that the test could not be too high for the wMm Mkm»
while, for the iron, it ought to be confined within itoliaik
of elasticity, and that the preaent Navy test was proM^
the best. He (Mr. P&get) did not ventore to expRS a
distinct opinion as to the influence of froBi on iron, bsihs
had stated that iron was heated in the very act
it. The question was : — Did the strain, or the
friction thereby generated, sufficiently reiae the
ture of the chain to allow %eateri8 paribui, to i
undergo the percussion of the hammer test? Mr. Gkdr
stone had stated tliat doctors differed, and, witfaovii i^-
ing claim to more than student's rank, be veut^ired, vilb
eveiy respect for Mr. Gladstone, to differ from him iabii
mode of estimating the stress practkaUy exited faf Iht
press plunger. Just as an indicator diagram oaooot fat
taken by placing the indicator on the steam-ptpe, ■>
allowance must l^ made for the consumption of worit, is
moving the plunger, in the friction of the loatbe ti , ^
The question between himself and Mr. Qladetooe waB>*
Did the friction increase, or did it not incresM, with the
pressure of the water ? Mr. Paget yentored to rafisr to
the known general laws of friction as corroboratiiig hii
assertion : to the special experiments on bydranlic |ii t urn
by Dr. Kankine ; and to the ocular deoionstrationaato
tiie relative value of the two systems of meaiorMiieiC,
to be seen in H.M. dockyards. The paper he haA had
the honour of laying before the meeting was simply aa
application of known practical engineering principles U>
the testing of chain cables ; he (Mr. Paget) ihlly aw iti
shortcomings, which were, leaving out any other oai»e, ta
a great measure due to the comparatively provisional statt
of science bearing on the ^trength of material*. As tk#
paper was intended to treat on the testing alone of cablei.
he did not consider it necessazy to reply to the eztreaMiy
interesting observations of some of the speakers on tiie
practical working of cables.
Hull Yodko People's Ghbistiah AimLiTKRABr Issrz-
TUTE. — The fourth annual report congratulates the aem-
bers on ttio position of the society. The income amouDted
to £360 16s. 6d., and the expenditure to £326 12s. dd^
leaving a balance in favour of the Institute of £34 3a. lOi.
In addition to tliis there was a small income arising fran
other sources, making a total of £40 19s, lOd., which
would go towards the reduction of the debt^ The ketwe
course had been greatly more self-suppoiling than in pre-
vious years. The income of the library amounted to
upwards of £50, which was very consderaUl y roone than
in any former year. The special lectui-e, for the bei^efit
of the library, had realised £34 14s. The total num-
ber of issues was upwards of 14,000, which was unprece-
dently large. The total number of l)ooka at praMot
was 880 ; increase for the year, 105 vols. It having
been resolved to admit lady subscribers to the n&e of the
library, the committee were making renewed efibrU to is-
crease the numl)er of books, and they recorded with great
pleasure a valuable gift of fifty volumett^ standard freaks.
recently made by the president, W. Irving, &«j. Tb»
donation was to be made the nodeos of a further iDcroase.
The committee also acknowledg«d a vftlaaUe presetift fh)m
Admiral Fitzroy, of maps and charts iUaatrativ* of the
principles on which his KM^ecsAta of weather are fonsdvd.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 6, 1864.
415
7he dmases in ooDDection with the iDstitution were, the
»nnday Bible dass, weekly discassion cla.<Mi, German,
rrenoli, aikl short-haDd classes. The annual excursion
lad. been Teiy aatisfactoiy. The cricket club maintained
is previous character as a most interesting feature of the
nstltute. The committee had been disappointed in the
lope of obtaining new premises. They had been com-
leUed to decline the site opposite the present building,
iod DO other suitable one had been met with. The oom-
nittee had to regret the departure of the late secretary,
Mr. James Sibree, to Madagascar. The best wishes of
fcbe society followed him thither. The number of mem-
ber* was about fifty less than last year. The total num-
ber was about 1,100. The diminution was apparent
rather than real. A diflcnssion took place at the annual
meeting on a proposal to alter the name to *' The
Christian and Literary Institute.*' The motion was nega-
tived fay a large majority.
YOBKSHIBB UXIOK OF MECHANICS* l2f8TITUTBS.~The
annnal meeting of this Union is to be held on
^Wednesday the IStli May, Sheffield being the ap-
pointed place this year. The proceedings commence
with a oonference of delegates from the several institutes
in the Union, at which some interesting subjects undergo
discosMon, Mr. Edward Baines, M.P., the president of the
UuioD, being the chairman. In the evening there will be
a public meeting, at which his Qrace the Duke of Argyll,
K.T., Lord Pnvy Seal, will preside, and it is expected
that the meeting will also be addressed by several dis-
iingoished friends of popular education, including Mr. J.
A. Boebuek, M.P., Mr. Baines, M.P., Mr. Harry Chester,
vKe-prendent of (he Society of Arts, Mr. Thomas Dunn,
the Kev. Canon Sale, and others. The committees are
actirely engaged in making the necessary preparations,
and .on the following day, which is usually devoted to
recreation, there will be an excursion to Chatsworth, the
leat of the Duke of Devonshire.
im ^rts.
Beocnt Sales or Wob&s of Abt i.v Pabis. — Many
iaiportant collections have recently been dispersed by the
hammer of the auctioneer. The sketches and drawioffs
by Prud'hon, bequeathed by the painter, who died m
1823, to his friend Monsieur de Boisfremont, attracted
great attention and deservedly so. The sketches exceeded
two hundred, and several of them had never been carried
into execution as finished pictures; but the studies after
nature obtained most attention, fetching from four to
eight hundred francs each. The ^wiog taste for the
works of Prud'hon, as compared with those of his great
but meretricious rival, David, is one of the best signs of
the progress of artistic feeling in France. At a miscel-
laneous sale, which occurred last week, a painting of a
Tase of flowers by Delacroix fetched £83, and another,
the *• Education of the Virgin," £88, while a drawing by
the same author, in pastel, the " Education of Achilles,"
realiced £60; axid an oil painting by Ary Schefier, the
" Temptation of Christ," £256. At the sale of the col-
lection of Dr. Van Cleef, of Utrecht, which occurred
here, some fine pictures were disposed of. " Players at
Bowls," by Jan Steen, fetched £134 ; «' Three Cows in a
Meadow," by Paul Potter, £116; two bouquets of
flowers, by H. Upping, £liO ; " A Peasant leaning over
a Half-hatch door," by Adrian Van Ostade, £65 ;
fortriit ef himself, by Rembrandt, £80; and the
•'Mister of the Vineyard," from the parable of Christ,
by the same, £1,012 ; •' The Cradle,'^ by De Hoogh,
£36; '* SaHimbanonefl," by Philip Wouvermans, £148;
and a Claude, «' The Entrance of the Port of Anoona,"
£600. A most interesting collection of drawings by
Albert Dtlrer, the property of Comta Andr^s^, was dis-
pened tnr the hammer, the prices being exceedingly high.
Tbf foliowiDg are some of the most remarkable :— A pen
and ink drawing, heightened with white, of Christ in the
tomb, signed and dated 1495, £41 ; poiiraits of German
seigneurs, same style, dated 1521, £58; a drawing, 1520,
of Adam and Eve, £100; a young man on hone-back,
with a lady behind him, dated 1508, £44; and fine
sketches of flowers and animals on vellum, sigued and
dated 1508-21-23-26. £69 8s.
Psnttfscf)i»8«
Museum for Inventions. — ^Mr. Dillwyn called atten-
tion in the House of Commons on Friday, the 29th April,
to the insuQiciency and inconvenience of the temporary
Museum for Inventions at South Kensington, and the
Patent Office in Southampton-buildioss, and to the ex-
pediency of uniting the Museum for Inventions and the
Patent Office under one building, and at a convenient dis-
tance from the law courts. He then went on to say that
the Patent Office possessed the nucleus of an excellent
musem of models of inventions, but that the South Ken-
sington institution was not the proper place for them. The
m(3els were thrown together at Kensington in such a
manner that nobody appeared to take the least interest in
them. But, bad as the models and inventions were, the
Patent Office library was in a worse state ; for, owing to
the smalloess of the space, the books were stowed away
in nooks and comers ; and there was not sufficient accom-
modation for readers. He objected to a library of this sort
being sent to so distant a place as Kensington, and thought
that both the library and the models of inventions should
be removed to some suitable building in the vicinity of
the courts of law. His objection to the site at South
Kensington was, that it was too far away for the work-
ing classes, and from the centre of the metropolis. It
was said to be exceedingly difficult to get a site near
the centre of the metropolis. He had ^n told, how-
ever, that an adequate site was easily attainable in
Chancery-lane, and he felt sure that would bo a much
better lucidity than South Kensington for the museum.
— ^Mr. Gregory asked whether the Patent Commissioners
were agre<3 that the museum should be at South Ken-
sington ; for if so, they had changed their minds within
the last year and a half. In their report of 1862 they
stated that the office, library, and museum should either
be under the same roof, or at least contiguous to each
other ; and another consideration which they urged was,
that all three should be in some central spot. He also
wanted to know whether the Patent Commissioner had
been consulted in the matter, and whether they considered
South Kensington a central site. — Mr. Cowper admitted
that the Patent Office in Southampton-buildings was at
present very conveniently situated, but that the accom-
modation for the library, &c., was by no means adequate.
Up to 1853 the building was sufficient for the public
wants; but the library had idnce increased so rapidly
that the building was no longer commensurate with
the demands upon it. The necessity, therefore, for
increased accommodation had been pressed upon the
Qovemment and upon the commissioners; but, as the
Patent Office ought to be in the legal quarters that
were close to the inns of court, there was extreme diffi-
culty in finding sufficient accommodation. They, how-
ever, had in view a building in that neighbourhood,
which would be amply sufficient for the purpose of an
office and library. There was, however, no possibility
of placing the museum under the same building; and
indeed the museum had never been ooonected with the
Patent Office. Last year, when the Government were
asked for what purpose they recommended the purchase
of the site at South Kensington, they explained that they
did so because, among other reasons, it was well suited
for the patent museum. He had therefore invited public
competition for the erection upon that site of a building
capable of containing the patent museum and the natural
416
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETiT OF ARTS, Miy 6. 1864.
history ooUeotion. Of the two si tea he thoaght South
KenBiugtou quite as approachable for the working classes
as Obi^cery-lane. But, at any rate, the commissioners
recommended that, for the present, half an acre should be
devoted to the museum, and hereafter a much larger
space than that. It would Ite impossible, however, to find
that large space in the vicinity of the Patent Office, and
that was a strong reason for availing themselves of the
site at South Kensington. Ho could not point to any dear
Ktatemeot of the commissioners favouring the removal to
South Kensington, but he believed they would be satisfied
if completo space were found for the purpose. — Colonel
Barttelot protested against the supposition that the House,
by its vote of last year, had approved of the proposal that
the museum and the other buildings should be located at
Kensington — Mr. A. Smith likewise concurred in the
notion that no engagement had been entered into last year
respecting the appropriation of the site at South Kensing-
ton. — Mr. Ayrton complained of the ambiguous position m
which the (question had been left by the Government, and
hoped that it would be referred to a select committee at
the earliest possible day. — The subject then dropped.
Iron, Machine, and Enginrbb Tool Trades. — The
April report of the Leeds Chamber of Commerce states,
that during the month there has been a good demand for
all sorts of iron, but nearly all the works have now
ceased, owing to a dispute between the masters and men
in reference to trades unions, and which does not appear
likely to be soon settled. This dispute has caused
several thousand men, in various branches, to be thrown
out of work in this neighbourhood. The machine
makers continue to be very busy. The engineer tool
trade is very good, and the makers have considerable
ordei's in hand. The makers of locomotives and railway
plant are very busy. The dispute in the iron trade wiU
not much affect the^ ^ranches.
urn
©Wtearj*
lau oieva »
ibU, mait »
Itboagh oMj
tion of (m
James Kbbshaw, M.P., died at Streatham on the 27th
April. He was one of the members for Stockport, and
head of the firm of Kershaw, Sidebottom, and Co., cotton
spinners, manufacturers, and calico printers, Portland-
street, Manchester. He was born in 1795, and started in
life as a warehouse lad, but showed such eminent business
qualities that at an early age he was made partner in the
mercantile firm of Lees, Millington, and Callender, of
which he became ultimately the leading partner. It was
not till some years after that he became a spinner and
manuiacturer. As a Liberal politician he took part in
most of the stirring events in Manchester, from 1880 for-
wards, including the Beform and Anti-Com-Law League
agitations. He was a member of the council of the
League, and was a subscriber of £1,000 to the fund, and
about the same time he subscribed £1,000 towards pur-
chasing publb parks for the people of IkUnchester. He
was also a liberal supporter of schools and of foreign
missions. He was an earnest supporter of the movement
for obtaining a charter of incorporation for Manchester ;
was elected an alderman of the first town council under
the charter, and was made third mayor of Manchester in
1843, holding the oflioe for two years. He became a
candidate for the rcpreaentation of Stockport in Par-
liament along with Mr. Cobden, in July, 1847, but was
defeated. In December of the Mme year, however, on
Mr. Cobden vacating his s^at for Stockport, to accept a seat
for the West liiding of Yorkshire, he stood a second con-
test, and was elected. Ho continued to hold the seat till
his death. He lost his only son eome years ago, but
several daughters survive him.
Thomas Henri: Maubslay, the well-known head of
the firm of Maudslay, Sons, and Field, engineers, was
bora on the 16th June, 1792, and died on the 23rd April, — ».-« ^j...... ..^ , ^_^
1864, aged about 72 years. He began to work in early ' represented at Munich in 1812 with but indifferent iOC«»
life with his father, the mechanic, Mr. Hoary Muk
in Margaret-street, Cavendish-square, whose life wiU
found in Smiles' *• Lives of the Engineers," Smiles'
Help," <fec. The block machinery, although first d
by Bmnel, was perfected, constructed, and applied by
Maudslay's father, in such a way that by the first y\
use a degree of economy was eflected to the eztsot
£24,000. Mr. Thomas Maudslay worked liard d
his youth. After assisting in the construction of m
steam engines, &c., which required great bkill, be
France, and there fitted up machinery surpas^iugan;
of the kind seen in that country. He fitted the
canal gates, which were curiosities at the tioie.
came with his father to Lambeth, and by patieat m
gation and a careful consideration of the '-\rayi
means," he assisted in transforming the es*
which was then but a bantling, into a gigantic eo|
ing manufactor}' ; and during tiio Crimean war there
no fewer than 1,200 men employed. He mainly mi
in cherishing, advancing, keeping together, and pfo4
ing an engineering establishment wliich cout'i boil
bringing to mechanical perfection some of the briglK
ornaments in the engineering world, including Whilitt
Nasmyth, and Kichard Rol^rts. Mr. Henry MauM
very early in life, took his son, Thomas, to the I
known hank of Messrs. Mastermao, Mildred, aod Cl
Nicholas- lane, and for a period of nearly forty |
he was the one who signed the cheques of the!
Mr. Maudslay was chiefly, though not exclusively, aj
engineer. For the last quarter of a century and nm
has constructed engines for s jme of the largest and}
of the smallest vessek iu Her Majesty's navy— froi^
of-battle ships to gun-boatfi. His 6rm supplied tlli
cased Eoyal Oak (800 horse power), the AfarlborcMM
the Revenge (800), the Gibraltar (800), the i^ J
the Trafalgar (600), the Majestic (400), &c. ; thst
frigate Ariadne (800), the Immortaliit and IW
each), the Aurora (400), &o. ; besides corvettei^l
sloops, gun-boats, paddle-^oops, gun-vessels, and f
shif^. innumerable. The old Endeavour (on the Thf
H.M.S. Lightning (still in service, as among the If
movements in steftm-ships), and, since then, the '
Wett^n (which is still in the Royal Mail Steam i
Company's Service), and H.M.8. Terrible, nn
omitted from the list of his works. Al though
first of the originators of the Institution of
gineers, he was of a reth*ing disposition, and with^M*
some years, and Mr. Joshua Field, his partner, alM
became president. Mr. Maudsla}*, like many oOM
nent men, was the architect of his own fortune; be^
life in a humble capacity, he died the wealthy 0|
Banstead Park, and the head of a firm almost l"
08 much with the banks of the Neva as with the
the Thames, a firm employing more than 1,000 M
He was elected a member of the Society of Ails in W
and remained so till his death. \
I^Ibyebbeeb, the eminent German composer, dJH
the 2nd inst., in Paris. The deceased was born io m
on the 6th of September, 1794, and at the timt€
death was nearly 70 years of age. As a child W
extremely precocious, and his musical talent c«o*JJ?
so early, that when only seven years old he was ^****J
and at nine a German critic spoke of him as one<»J
best pianists of Berlin. Under less favourable art*
stances the lad would doi^tless have been pr^^jj?'
brought before the public as a prodigy, to co**^.
perhaps, in manhood, the promises of his youth. Ml'
father James Beer, a Jew banker, was ver}' ^^^^S
Giacoroo Meyerbeer, as the composer *^^ jj]^
himself, Italianising his name, only appcare 1 ^'^^^^J^
principally at amateur concerts, and had plenty of onp
tunities afforded him for study. With what re«l»»
theirtd*
availed himself of them is known throughout ^Jl® *2
Meyerbeer did not, however, at once obtain a high pP
tion in music. His first opera. Jephtha*i Daygntift^
i>71
_ ~ti
t
" — ''— .
418
JOURNAL OP THE 800IBTY OP ARTS, Mat 6, 1864.
Tbvb, ^Rqjal, 8|.
R.8ode^ClQb,6.
Ajrtiqiimries, 8.
RyJ Intt., 3. Hr. John Hnllab, *< On Matte (1600— 17§«).**
Tki...**«.AfiroB<nniaU| 8.
Bojai Inrt., P. Mr. J. SooU RoMell, ** On the Mechanical
Cm of Gun Cotton."
6at R. Botanic, 3f .
Bojal Inst., 3. ProC IVankUnd, ** On the Metallic Ble-
menta."
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
Par.
Nnmb.
Sbssiom 1863.
431. (a x). Poor Ratet and Panperiam— Return (A).
DeJivertd on Jprii 13, 1864.
141. Railwaj Companies* Powers— Report and ETidence.
136. Felon's Propertj— Retoms.
162. Watch Cases and Watches— Retoms.
167. Private BiUs (PetiUons, Ac, 1864)— Retnm.
181. National Education (Ireland)— Correspondence.
DeUtertd on April 14, 1864.
144. Malta Dock — Papers and Correspondence.
180. Poor Law (Ireland) (Kells Union)— Retnm.
60. Bill— Thames Consenran^.
Delivered on April 15, 1864.
19. Railwaj and Canal, &c., Bills (267. London, Brighton, and
South Coast Railwaj (Steamboats); 268. London, Chatham,
and Dover Railway ( Vo. 3) (Steamboats) ; 269. Manchester,
Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railwaj (Steamboats); 370.
Mersey Docks and Harbour Board; 271. Portpatriok Rail-
way (Steamboats)— Board of Trade Reports.
43. (1). Banda and Kirwee Booty— Farther Retam.
78. (1). Lighthouses (Isle of Mu)— Supplententai^Retom.
149. Electors— Return.
185. Public Income and Expenditare— Account.
193. Judgments (Courts of Common Law) — Return.
196. Foreign Bills of Exchange — Return.
169. Increase and Diminution (Public Offices)— Abstract of Acooonts.
61. Bills— Church Building and New Parishes Acta Amendment.
62. — Joint Stock Companies (Voting Papers).
Delivered on 16/A and IBth April, 1864.
19. Railwaj and Canal, Ac. Bills (272. Metropolitan District Rail-
waj (No. 3) : 273. Metropolitan Grand Union Railway (No.
2) ; 274. Tottenham and Hampstead Junction Railw^ ; 276.
Wallasej Improrement) — Board of Trade Reports.
55 (3). Railwaj and Canal Bills — Fourth Report tram Committee.
184. Prirate BiUs(SUtementof Fees, ftc. 1863)— Retorns.
193. Sarings Banks — Paper.
194. Queers College (Cork)— Return.
197. (Cathedrals— Return.
198. East India (Ciril Service >—Retum.
174. East India (Waste Laods)— Return.
166. Hainault Forest — Return.
67. Bills— High Court of Bombaj.
61. „ Partnerihip Law Amendment.
69. „ Court of Chancery (Despatch of Buaincfs).
70. ,. Bridges (Ireland).
tf
Deiiured on \9th April, 1864.
80 (1). Coal— Copy of Mr. Miller's Letter.
171. Treasury Chest U 862- 63)— Account.
179. Convent Schools ( Ireland) — Return.
199. Shipping— Return.
66. BiU— CivU BlU Courts (Ireland) (amended).
Delivered on April 20th, 1864.
66 (4). Railwaj and Canal Bills— Fifth Report from Committee.
152. Holyhead Harbour — Returns.
182. Lisbum Election Petition -Minutes of Proceedings of Com-
mittee.
207. Dwelling Houses and Horses (Ireland) — Return.
209. Property and Income Tax— Return.
103 (4). Civil Services— Estimates (Class 4).
Detivered on April 21 sT, 1864.
19. Railway and Canal, 4x., Bills (276. London and North Western
Railway (Traffic Arrangements); 277. Lynn and Sutton
Bridge Railway (Cross Keys Bridge), (Transfer)— Board of
Trade Reports.
35. Revenue Departments — Accounts.
195. Government Houses, Ac. — Returns.
isttnfs.
Drom Commissionert eif FaUntt Journal, AprU 29M.
Qravtb or PBonsiosiAL Pnorscnoir.
Animal and vegetable substances, preservation of— 713— J. Morgan.
Animals, preparing the carcases of, lor caring— 876— J. S. Richardaon.
Boots and shoes, stamping, Ac, parts of— 918- A. J. Fnaer bM!
Squire.
Bricks, Ac., mano&cture of— 933— T. B. Cramipton.
Backlea— 884— J. B. Fenby.
Bufetonv, Ac— 922— H. Chaiies.
Chaff-cutUng machine— 924— J. C. Rohrb«ek.
Cloths, manufacture of— 878— D. Moseley.
Coal cellar holes, securing the lids of— 920— H. and J. W. Lea.
Compasses— 781— W. ArUiur.
Dead bodies, embalming and mammlf>hig-926 — A. Audigier.
Engines, motive- power— 227 — J. Young and A. C. Kirk.
Fibrous substances, apparatus for combing— 906— M. Todd.
Fire-arms, breech-loadlng- 866— W. Hill.
Fire- resisting nuterials, application of— 841— 8. Martin*
Grain, apparatus for washing, Ac- 901— T. O. Miller.
Gun carriages, checking the recoil of— 880— C. A. Ferguson, jo.,)
T. Ferguson.
Guns, working of— 823 — J. Walker.
Iron, Ac, compositions to prevent the ozldatkm of— 341— B. Todd
Jute, Ac, preparation of, for hackling, Ac— 908 — J. Ferrier.
Machinery, lubricating— 886— R. Thatcher.
Metal plates, hammermg and planishing— 892 — J. HowelL
Metals, apparatus for rolling, ftc— 896— J. Dodge.
Minerals, grinding or pulverising— 868 — C. J. L. Leffier.
Ordnance, Ac— 182— T. C. Clarkson.
Pipes, tubes, &c.. Joints for-354— W. Hawthorn.
Ploughs— 916— J. B. AllioU.
Powder flasks, construction of— 910— F. A. P. Pigim.
Railway brakes - 693— F. Dancart.
Railwaya and tramways, oonstmctl(m of— 577 — H. Greaves.
Ships, ftc, apparatus for steering— 3222— F. H. Fltz >Tilliam.
Ships, Ac, propelling, navigating, Ac. — 89 — W. Wel^.
Ships, preserving the bottoms of— 928— J.C. Evans and J.C.Thompios.
Small arms and ordnance, sights for — 883— F. C. Goodwin.
Spirituous liquors, Ac, purincalion, Ac, of— 791— T. J. Smith.
Steam, apparatus for condensing— 904 — W. E. Gedge.
Steam boilers, apparatus for cleaning tubular— 872 — H. A. Boaanifik
Steam boilers, furnaces for— 902 — A. T. Becks.
Steam ploughing- 934— J. Cope.
Strands, apparatus for covering— 890— M. Bimpsoo.
Vessels, apparatus for propelling — 874 — A. RIgg, Jon.
Wire, gold and silver— 898— B. X. Richard and R. RadiMo.
Wood,lvory, Ac, cutting, shaping, Ac— 888— T. S. Martia.
Izrvcxnoxs wrra Coxplbtb SPBCirtcATtosts Rlkd.
Locomotives, adhesion of driving wheels to rails- 1046 — Sir C. Fc
Metallic nuts, machinery for mannfSacturing— 966— G. Haseltiae.
Nail cutting machine— 1048 — F. Bush.
Preeses-978.-G. T. Bousileld.
VjLTEvn Sbilbo.
2718. S. Bateman.
2723. P. A. Sautreuil.
2724. G. ViUe.
2725. J. Thomas.
2726. E. Hughes.
2727. E. Howe,jan.
2729. R. Brooks and C. Inwards.
2743. J. Whitworth.
2756. C.H.8outhallaBdR.B«p.
2783. G. T. Bonifield.
2799. J. Smith.
2821. G. H. Brockbaak.
120. D. A. Burr.
141. D. A. Burr.
lYom CommiuUmtrt qf PaUnU Jommal, Jfoy 3rd,
Patxhts Sialko.
2740.
2753.
2758.
2769.
2763.
2764.
3766.
2768.
2769.
2774.
2775.
2780.
2782.
2784.
2791.
3792.
B. Blackburn.
J. Muckart.
J. Townsend.
W. M. Nellson.
R. Johnson.
W. £. Newton.
H. L. Emeiy.
J. K. Hoyt.
J. Johnson.
A. Prince.
A. Barclay and A. Morton.
A. A. L. P. CTochrane.
W. J. Cunningham and H.
Connop.
N. Thompson.
S. J. Bartlett.
H. A. Bonneville.
2794.
2796.
2832.
2838.
2886.
2906.
2930.
2945.
2946.
2956.
2961.
2981.
3989.
3168.
8.
18.
J. Maah.
8. Faolkner.
W. F. Dearlove.
M.A. Muir&J.McIlvte
W. Williams.
B. Walker, J. S. Wstt«,
and B. Brows.
H. Ayckboum.
J. Smith.
E. B. Wilson and J.Icf*T'
J. H. Johnson.
P. Talt.
F.Page.
P. Gaskell.
H.Chadwick and J.Clac^
W. Allen and W.J«b«««'
W. HalL
Patbmts ox which thb Stamp Dutt op £60 has bed Fad*
1060. J. Poole and W. Milward.
1064. T. W. Miller.
1107. W. Cllssold.
1179. I. M. Singer.
1295. T. Aveling and H. Rawlin*
1304. W. E. Newton.
1075. W. JohaaoD.
1190. J. F. L. Baddeley.
1231. R. Uornsby, Jun.
Patbkts oh which thb Stamp Dutt op £100 has »ns tto»
1200. D. Chadwick and H. Frost. 1 1218. 8. Mortimer.
^tgtstertlr ^io^u.
Butter Dish— 4631— April 30— Thos. Geo. Webb, Uanch«s(er.
Butter Dish— 4632— AprU 30— Thoe. Geo. Webb, MaachHicr.
mxml d h
THE
0cietg 0f %xts,
AVDOF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
Dth Session.]
FRIDAY, MAY 13, 1864.
[No. 599. Vol. XH.
Obdinart Meetings.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
r 18.—** On Oyster-Culture." Bv James Lowe,
roint Secretary of the Aoclimatisatton Society of
BritjdD. ^
• 25.— Derby-day. No Mkbtiho.
Cantor Lectures.
Tliursday evening, the 5th May, Dr.
J Calvert, F.R.S., delivered the last lecture
1 course, and at the close
) CflATBMAN begged the meeting to bear with him a
minutes while he aslced them, m the name of the
vl, and he hoped he might say in the name of ail
It, who had attended Dr. Calvert's lectures, to thank
for the very interesting course which he had that
>g completed. He did not propose to thank Dr.
rt for the information he had, in so lucid and inter-
' a manner, conveyed to the audience, for that was
•cial duty ; but he wished to mark strongly their
of the able manner in which he had conveyed to his
rs the great variety of details contained in his lee-
\ for the graphic manner in which he had explained
ffions processes and manufactures he had described,
le very clear and conclusive reasoning with which he
pplied his fiusts to the every-day business of life,
one must regret the termination of the course, and
ould not but hope that, as these Cantor lectures had
1 so attractive to the members of the Society and
friends, they would again have the opportunity of
g Dr. Calvert lecture upon many branches of manu-
9 which he had not been able to touch upon during
asent session. With these observations, he would
IS a vote of thanks to Dr. Calvert.
le vote of thanks was unanimously passed.
the course of the lecture Dr. Calvert had
I attention to the metal Magnesium, exhi-
some wire made from it, and pointed out
'rilliant light which its comhustion affords,
ecially adapted for illuminating objects for
J photographed. M. Claudet, in the pre-
3 of the audience, took several successful
ographs of the bust of the Prince Consort
te anteroom, lighted by this agent, the time
cposure to the camera not exceeding thirty
ids.
he manufacture of this metal, it was stated,
been undertaken by Messrs. Johnson and
ihey, who would shortly be prepared to
ly the wire at the rate of 21 s. per oz., or a
4 of 120 feet.
A complete report of Dr. Calvert's lectures is
in the course of preparation, and will appear in
the Journal.
Cottaoes for the Labouring Classes.
The various plans sent in, in competition for
the prizes offered by Mr. J. Bailey Denton,
through the Society, are now hung on the walls
of the meeting-room, and may be inspected by
the members and their friends.
A Special Conference will be held at the
Society's House, on Thursday, the 26th, and
Friday, the 27th of May, to which the Council
invite all those members of the Society of
Arts who have seats in the Legislature, such
other members as are known to take a special
interest in the subject, the Presidents of the
Institutions in Union with the Society, and other
noblemen and gentlemen whose co-operation may
be deemed important.
The Conference each day will be opened at
11 'bO precisely, and closed not later than 4
o'clock, the chair being taken by the Chairman
of the Council.
The discussion will be taken : —
1. On the insufficient number of habitations for the
labouring classes in to«rn and country.
2. On the badness of the existing accommodation.
8. On the effects arising from this state of things,
viz. : —
( .4) Religious, moral, and social.
{B) Sanitary.
(0) Economic.
4. On the causes to which these evils may be, or have
Iteen, attributed, such as —
(A) The Law of Settlement.
{B) The Poor Laws.
{C) Tenure of property, such as mortmain, leasehold
system, tenancy for life, drc.
(Z>) Legal difficulties affecting the transfer of pro-
perty.
(E) Difficulty of providing proper dwellings at a cost
which will be remunerative to capital in town
and country.
5. Remedies:—
{A ) What can be done by L^slation ?
{B) What can be done without Legislation ?
{O) What assistance, if any, can the Society give in
either of these directions ?
Statistics of Model Dwellings.
The report of the Committee appomted hf
420
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 13, 1864.
the Council to consider this subject, consisting
of the Hon. and Rev. Samuel Best, Mr. Samu^
Gregson, M.P., Mr. Cbandos Wren Hoskyns,
Mr. Thomaa Twining, Mr. Henry M. Eyton
(architect), and Mr. George 0. Rigby (builder),
has been published, and any member of the
Society interested in the subject may have copies
on application to the Secretary. This inquiry
was originated at the suggestion of Mr. Twining,
who has also kindly defrayed the expenses of
it, and of the publication of the report.
TWBNTT-FIBST ORDINARY MkKTING.
Wednesday, May 11th, 1864 ; Wm. Hawes,
Esq., Chairman of Council, in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Baroett, Henty, 15, Halldn-street West, W.
Boatoher, Emiinoel, 12, Oxford-sqiMre, W.
Briggs, George Walker, 46, Wigmore-^treet, W.
Clarke, Ebenezer, jun., 78, Cannon-street West, E.C., and
Walthamstow, Essex.
Jones, James Valentine, 21, Cambridge-road, lalingtoD, N.
KibUe, Thomas, L. 3, Albany, Piecadilly, W.
Owen, Rev. Joseph Butterworth, M.A., 40, Cadogan-
plaee, Chelsea, S.W.
Wilson, John Gay, 109, Market-street, Manchester.
The following candidates were balloted for and
duly elected membera of the Society : —
Buss, Thomas 0. L., 83, Hatton-garden, E.C.
ChiiTeriel. Frederick, Dulwich, S.
Clarke, John Joseph, 54, Chancery-lane, W.C.
Book, A. Clarke, W«roester.paric, Eingstmi, S.W.
HodL, F. C, Pmewood, Witley, near Godalming, Surrey.
Jeffiries, George, Woolwidi, S JL
Eirkman, GardineUi S., 27, Claremoant-temtoe, Fenti-
man's-road. South lAmbeth, S.
Lefeuvre, W. H., 18, Greai George-street, S.W,
Martin, C. Wykeham, 25, Comberland-sU, Hyde-pk., W.
Ordish, R. M., 18, Great Georgestreet, S.W.
Parkyns, Sir Thomas G. A., Bart, 9, Glouoester-sq., W.
Beibey, Archdeacon T., 88, Gloocester-ter., Hyde-pk., W.
Smith, W., 11, Staple's-inn, Holbom, E.C.
Stephens, Gilbert, 13, Northumberland-st., Strand, W.C
Thompson, C. Edw., 8, Colet-place, Commercial-road, E.
Webb, Francis, 31, Southampton-buildings, Chanoery-
laoe^WiC.
The Paper read was —
THE ECONOMY OF AGBICDLTUBAL COT-
TAGES, CONSIDBBED WITH REGARD TO
THE INTERESTS, THE POSITION, AND Tffl:
DUTIES OF THE LABOURER, THE TENANT
FARMER, AND THE LAND-OWNER.
3rd. The advantages gained by the labourer himadi^
his immediate empU>yer, and the owner of the land apao
which his Isibovrs are expended, by the erecUon of §ood
dw^i^gs nliced in Jadkiously-selected sitnaiiwis.
It shonla be premised that th^ subject under considera-
tion is confined to Rural Cottagea— the dwellings of agrl-
oiltural labourers and their families — ^anddoes not extend
to bouses in towns, the dwellings of artisans, mechanics,
shopmen, and workmen engaged in commerce and trade.
To place iJto dwellings of these two classes of our indns-
trial population on l^e same footing, would defeat the
object we have before us.
The economy of the two can only be fairly discaasBd
by keeping them separate; for to look at them iaibe
same light we mtist assume that urban and rural labonreis
have the same income and earn the same wages, whidi
is not the case. We should extend these prefatory remarks
too far if we went into a companson of wages, and
the profits of agriculture and trade upon which wage£ are
necessarily based ; but it may be safely stated that whereas
the average wages of farm labourers in England and
Wales do not reach lis. a week, the wages of artisans,
mechanics, shopmen, porters, and others employed intowus^
amount to at least 2^ a week, arising from the fact that
the average profits of trade are at least double Ihoee of
farming, for which there are, of course, many reasons, the
principal one being that the trader's capital is generally
turned over more than once in the year, while the famier's
cspital is with difiKculty restored to him within the year.
The cost of oottsges is made the first oligect of oon-
sideration, because it is practically found that although
all persons interested in the question admit the present
bad condition of things, very few, comparatively, are
found willing to improve it, for the simple reason that the
outlay does not command that direct profit which attends
other investments.
Decoration and ornament often fbrm serious items ib Hhd
outlay, and, unfortunatdy, ofWn detract from oiili^ ; but
as these are olneets foreign to our prosent purposo. tiny
must be excluded from constderaUon. Good jodgmaBt ik
cottage bnilding is best displayed by neatness and Aspli-
city. It is very possible to depreoiate the value of landoil
property by building unsightly cottages, erected Id deflmoe
of good taste and in opposition to all roles of proporfioo.
The cost of agricultural cottages neoeanrily d^
pends on the amount of accommodation they eflord, and
the strength and substantiality of the stiu e tw e itnIC
The extent of accommodation which mral i'«<tsaijs
should possess hss recently been somewhat ssbltiiB r
determined on sanitary grounds. The miserable bofw
in which large fkmiHes were crowded, and which stQl oa-
fortunately exist, to the disgrace of our ooontry, have
called fbrth the indignation of all riffht-minded men, and
we have been craduMly led to conclude that no cottages
are suitable unless they contain five living rooms, of whncli
three are bed-rooms, of prescribed dimensioas, with mioor
offices.
The principles upon which these dimensions of space
have been determined are not very distinctly adcnoir-
lodged, as will be seen by an examination of the views of
difiereni authorities and the r^gulatk>ns of diAercBi
institutions. These show that &e space considered
necessary to maintain health in dwellings varies from 240
to 1,600 cubic feet for each person.*
By J. Bailbt Dentoh, Esq., M. Imst. C.E.
With a view to discuss the object before us in the most
practical manner, I propose to consider tiie subject of the
economy of cottage-building under the foUowmg distinct
heads: —
Ist. The cost of cottages, as influenced by sanitary
i^uirements and considerations of durability.
2nd. How far the improvement of the dwellings of
agricultural labourers may be advanced by a modification
of prevailing views, without detracting from healthiness
and comfort ; and
* The following remarks art extracted from Mr. Heanr
Roberts* pamphlet, entitled, *' Healthy DweUiags, aad pvsTsil-
ing sanitary defects in the Houses of the Working CIms/* pp>
19 and 20. Spaee Required, — The onbioal space required to
keep a healthy man in full vigour is a qaestioii of saach im-
portance, and one on which Tcrv different opinions have been
expressed. Experience gained in poor-house dormitories,
pntont, &e., has led to the conelusicm that from i^ to 500
cubic feet are requisite, and that the Tsntilation shoold be •och
■B will cause an entire renewal of the air about oaoe ia tkt
hour. Ohservations made at the model lodging bows in
Oeorgestreet, St. Giles's, which is a oonfined sitoa&Ni* saliifr
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETX' OF ARTS, M^y 13, 1861.
421
AocoTdiog to Dr. Arnott— perhaps the greatest authority
on this sabject as connected with ventilation — the aotuid
qnantityof air respired by an adult human being amounts
to 300 cubic inches per minute — not quite one-sixth of a
foot, or 240 cubic feet in the course of the day, while
the total quantity of air, directly or indirectly vitiated
during the same period, is 2,880 cubic feet. Tredgold,
however, states the amount of air respired by an in-
dividual to be as much as 800 cubic inches per minute, or
nearly half a cubic foot, while the total quantity vitiated
during 24 hours he ooosiders to be at least 4,820 cubic
feet.
These figures are quoted to show the wide difference of
opinion which has been expressed by high authorities on
the vital point of respiration ; and if we examine the
views practically carried out at our various national insti-
tutions in the space given to each person, we shall find
parallel instances of diversity. For example, the space
admitted to be snflkient by the police authorities under
the Lodging-house Act is 240 cubic feet per person ; in
the dormitories of the barracks of our army the quantity
deemed suflficient has been 500 cubic feet, although the
Ck>mmis8ion on Warming and Vontilation to the Ghsneral
Board of Health urged that this space should be increased
to 700 or 800 cubic feet per man. In hospitals, where
extra reason exists for large space, the amount varies
from 1,000 to 1,500 cubic feet each person; in the
prisons 800 cubic feet seems to be the recognised space,
and in the model lodging houses about 550 cubic feet is
giren.
In spite of this prevailing diversity, experieooe enables
ns to adopt with seoniity for cottages the following
dimenrions of space :—
Height of lower rooms, 8 foet ; height between floor and
eetling of upper rooms, 7 feet 6 inches.
LowBB Rooms.
Living room Area, 150 ft. — Cubic oontents 1200 ft,
Sonlleiy „ 80 ft.— „ „ 640 ft.
Uppbb Rooms.
Parenta* Bedroom... Area, 120 ft.— Cubic oontents 900 ft.
Boys' „ ... „ 90 ft.— „ „ 675 ft.
Girls' „ ... „ 80 ft.— „ „ 600 ft.
The ventilation which will render these spaces suffl-
dent is gained by having a fire-place and window in each
room, with the door entering directly from the porch, pas-
sage, or stairs. Pnctically, all minute refinements in the
me that tbo cnbieal space of 535, which b provided in the
donnikoriet of that building for each inmate, it, with proper
ventilation , abnndantljr tuffieienk to render them heaUhy ; such
was proTed to be the eaae even when the cholera raged in the
iiei(tuboarhood, and had not a single victim oat of the 104 men
who lodced within its walls. From thii faet I think it reason-
able to inler that the oanse of nnhealthineas in the WeUiogton
Barracks, where the cnbieal space per man allowed in the dor-
mitories is stated to be 500 feet, mast be caused, not by want
of space, bat by some other existini^ evils, particnlarlv defective
ventilation, pointed oat in the Report made to the Qeneral
Board of Health b^ the Oommisiioii on Wsiming and Ventila-
tion. MUtakf tctfA regard to Space. — As mistakes with re-
card to sfwce maj create imaginary difficalties, and either
impede sanitary reform, or cause a serioas annecestary expen-
diture, I think it of use to notice an error on this point, made
in a recent article on '* Labourers' Homes,** in the Quarterly
Beview, where it is stated that the Lodging.hoose Act requires
an allowaace of 700 eubie feet per person. On iaqoirior of tbe
Assbtaat Commissioner of Police as to tbe faet, I learned
" that 30 feet superficial is the space allowed to each lodger, in
the metropoHtan common lodginir-bouses, the rooms averafnng
8 feet hifth fwhiofa is equal to 240 feet cabel, and that 50 feet
e«p«rfieial is allowed to each police constable lodged in a statbn
or section boose, tbe rooms on an average being 9 feet high"
(which is equal to 450 enbie fieet). The Poor Law Bowd,
withont kmnir down a fixed rule applicable to all drenm-
slaaeea, adofCs as a basis of caleulattoo, an allowance of 500
e«bie feet for every person In the sick wards, and 800 enbie foet
fag ttnxj healthy person in the dormitories.
art of ventilauon are found inapplicable. In addition to
these desiderata, each cottage should be provided with a
pantry within the dwelling, having a command of a freo
passage of air through it. The sculleiy, and not the
livins room, should have a copper and sink for washing,
which should be the property of the owner of the cottage ;
an oven is a desirable addition, but it is not essen-
tial. The out-offices should consist of a small bam, for
wood and coal; a privy detached, with facility for
emptying it; and an ash-pit, so oonnected with the
privy that the ashes may be used to prevent effluvium.
The whole premises should be perfectly drained. All
the roof-water should be preserved, and a command of
well-water should be provided also. The yard and walks
(if any) should be paved or gravelled, so as to preserve
cleanliness within the dwelling.
These details of accommodation shortly supply Ihe
sanitsjy data upon which oottages of the best cuss should
be built
To avoid any difference of opinion as to the proper de-
gree of substantiality to be adopted, it should be borne in
mind that a veiy large proportion of the landed property
of the country is held by tenants for life, and that it is of
the highest importance that aU buildings erected by them
should have equal reference to future maintenance as to
present cost, for no owner is justified— especially if he
charges his estate with the cost— in putting up building
of any character which shall be a cause of constant repair.
I This remark applies to all agricultural buildings, but
most particularly to labourers' cottages, though instances
are not wanting in which land-owners, to gratify a passing
impulse, have raised upon their estates a number of flimsy
habitations, sometimes adorned wit^ questionable taste,
which their successors are maintaining at a greater annual
outlay than the rent derived from them.
If a land-owner, whose interest in his estate is limited
to his own life, desires to borrow money for the building
of cottages, in the same way as he is empowered by the
legislature to borrow for the building of farm-houses, or
\ as an incumbent of a living can borrow for the building
of a rectory house, he must conform to certain rules. In
the case of farm-houses and labourers' cottages, these
rules are furnished by the Indosure Commissioners for
England and Wales, who are appointed under the several
Agricultural Improvements Acts, to protect reversionary
interests against the misapplication of money, and to see
that cottages, of which the cost is charged on estates, are
built acoording to the rules laid down by them. Objec-
tions have been raised by landowners and by architects
to the requirements of the Indosure Commissioners, on the
ground that the rejection of home-grown timber is too
arbitrary, and that the dimensions of the scantlings are
unnecessarily large, but no suflkient reason has yet been
recognised for departing firom them. It may be a ques-
tion for owners in fee to consider whether these rules are
such as it may be expedient for them to adopt, when not
charging their estates, but it will be dear, on examination
of the rules referred to, which are printed in the form of
a circular, that in all cases of entailed property the oondi-
tions recognised by the Commissioners are sound, and
ought to M adopted by all tenants for life, whether they
borrow money and charge their estates or not. If this be
admitted there is the least possible room for difference
in the cost of cottages of the same class. Yet there is no
subject, perhaps, which has didted such variety of opinion,
and such diversity of designs and estimates. If we
examine the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England, we shall see condusive evidence of this fact. In
one case, that of Mr. Young Macvicar (priae design 1849|.
the amount of his estimate is hooesUy given at £296 9s. 8d.
the pair, while in another insUnce a subsequent priae was
given in 1866 for precisely tbe same object, the estimate
of which is £170 the pair.
Were it posJble to erect a pair of cottages, with the
same accommodation, and with the same degree of substan-
tiality, with such a saving ns here quot<^ ' ' lo
422
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 15, 1864.
doubt the ooontry would gAin a gntA adyantage, but by
compariog the details in the two cases it will be found
that if the same prices were paid for labour and materialt
in each, the latter design, wfiich is reprseented to be the
cheaper by more than £125, would, in fact, turn out to be
the dearer of the two. This instance is given to show
that the parent Agricultural Society of Ensland, whose
desire in offering these special prizes could only have been
to forward the object now before us, has been led to award
them without that close examination which alooe can
determine the value of competitive estimates, and the
omission of this essential duty has been to retaod rather
than to advance the progress of cottage building.
The Yorkshire Agricultural Society, having offered
prizes for the same object in 1856, received 76 designs for
double cottages, to be built at a sum not exceeding £200
the pair ; and in 1861 the same society again offered prizes,
and received 149 plans for double cottages not to exceed
£220 the pair, and 69 for double cottages not to cost more
than £180 the pair. Upon these competitions two ^vy
careful reports were written by Mr. C. W. Striddand.
In tlrnt of 1861 the prizes were awarded to Messrs.
Richardson and Ross, of Darlington, for the cottages to be
erected at £220 the pair ; and to Mr. J. B. Corby, of Stam-
ford, for the f)lans of cottages costing £180 the pair.
They each exhibit vety considerable merit, and have been
adopted by landowners in various parts of the countiy.
Mr. Holland, M.P., of Dumbleton, contracted with Mr,
Hunt, of Evesham, for the erection of several pairs upon
the plan (No. 1) of Messrs. Richardson and Ross, whose
published estimate was £210 14s. Id. the pair. They are
very well executed, but in some few particulars, such as the
use of spruce for the floors of the bed ixxMns, and elm for
staircases, are at vafianoe with the requirements of Uie
Inclosure Commissioners. Mr. Hunt's desoription of the
oonstmotion, and his statemeot of facts are as foUowa :—
ComrntucTioir.
The cottages are' bm'lt with red bricks, made opon the
estate, those for the pUoih and jambs of windows and
doors of back elevation being moulded for the purpose.
The dressing to the windows are of Bath stone. The
floors to the living rooms and entrance passages are of
blue stone, tooled, with steps at entrance and bade doors
of same materiaL
The flocta of ssnlleries and pantries are of red sqoazee,
also made npom the estate. The floors of cothooses are
brick OB edge.
The roofs are oovered throoghoot with Broseley tiles,
the gutters and rid^ being of same material; the gable
ends are fiUetted with cement.
The eaves are spouted throogfaont with cast Iron
spouting, with down pipes of same material, and the
water equally divided and conveyed into a tank sunk
below ihe surft^e to supply each cottage with water.
The timbers throughout are red deal, that to the rooft
in sight being wrought and stop chamfered.
The floors of bed-rooms are of spmce deal.
The staircases are cons^vcted with elm.
The window ftames and easement sadies are made of red
deal, one oompartment in each vdndow being hung. The
door frames and doors throughout are also made with red
deal. Skirtings of wood to the bed-rooms, and oemrat
ditto to living-rooms and paaages. Pantries fitted up
with shelves.
Plastering to the whole of the rooms exwpi walla of
•oulleries and outbuildings, those being groutea with lime
©nly.
The windows are glazed with thirds sheet glass, and
the whole of the wood work usually paUited receives three
coats.
£ach pair of cottages are properly drained, sardens
levelled, and paths formed and gravelled, pitched cause-
^^yjB At back leading to outhouses and approach gates.
The cQDteaot amount for the erection of each pair,
mdttding every description of labour, materials, and all
hauling, was £200 - ^
It should be understood that bridn were near at hand,
and charged at 25s. per 1,000 ; rubble was also obtained
(h>m the brickyard, kc concrete to Ibundations and filling
to garden paths, at Is. per cart load. Sand also was had
for raisiog off the estate, also gravel for foot paths, aod
that the contractor lost £20 upon eadi pair built. I do
not think it possibla to build cottt^es of this descripUoo,
to cover everything, for a less sum than £270 p er pa ir.
GE0RO£ HUNT.
EfMhsm, tth Juraaij, 18S4.
Mr. Joseph Yorke, of Forthampton, Oloocerter^ire,
has erected some cottages on Mr. Corby's plan, the esti-
mated cost of which was £178 lis. 5d. the pair, aod he
has taken every care, by the employment of his own work-
men, to reduce the cost to a minimum. The actual cost,,
exclusive of extras for ornamental chimne}'B aod window
labels, and exclusive of the out-buQdings and tank, has
been £209 Is. dd. The work has been since measured
aod valued by a local builder, and his figures amount to
£222 4s. 2d. for the same thing, showing that by the
employment of the estate workmen a saving of £13 2s^ lid.
was effected.
These results prove that, although a careful examina-
tion of the designs was made by the Yorkshire Sodeiy,
the estimates of the pri^se designs woald not stand the
test of practical experience, and that 25 per cent, ou the
estimates must be added to arrive at the actual oost.
These remarks are not meant to reflect upon the profes-
sional men who have furnished dengns, and who have
doubtless expressed truthfully their own convictions, but
they are intended simply to disclose facts which have
acted prejudicially to tne advancement of cottage build-
ing, it may be stated in general terms, that where the
accommodation afforded is preciasly the same, and the
same degree of durability is aimed at throughout, there
cannot be a greater difference in any designs beyond £10,
or at most £15 per pair of cottages, always assuming thai
the cireumstanoes are the same with respect to the em-
ployment of tradesmen by contract, who may fairly claim
tradesmen's profit, or the employment of estate journey-
men, whereby the tradesmen's profit is saved. "
The number of cottages built in pairs, with three bed-
rooms each, within the last ten yean, upon the prinoplss
respecting accommodation and construction here explained,
the particuhtfs of which 1 have taken pains to ascertain,
afibrd a dose approximation to a general average of cost
Including outbuildings, and the formation of a tank for
roof-water, that cnst is found to be £270 the pur. This
price represents the cost at which a buildeT will undertake
the work, and it is possible, by emj^loying the estate
Journeyman, to reduce it to £255. Tms amount will ne-
cessarily vary with local circumstances and the cost of
materials, and wUl be increased fhrther by the expenses
attending the borrowing of money and the inspection of
the Inclosure CoamiisBionePS, in those instances where
tenants for life resort to this mode of effecting their
wishes. This price is independent of the land upon which
the cottages are built, which, nevertheless, forms an im-
portant item of oost. In the consideration hitherto ^vsa
to the subject, and in the estimates generally furnished
with the priae designs, no notfee has been tsken of this
point, although it is one which must be considered^ if we
are to regud cottage-buildinff as a proceeding worthy the
attention of capitalists as well as land-owners.
Thus, it is not at all improbable that the total coat may
frequently reach £800 the pair. Where a landowner
adopts the plan of borrowing money, and undertake to
repay it by instalments in thirty years, witli intereaty he
must look to a return, in one shape or another, of at leaA
6 per cent. i>er annum. In fact, under any drcumststnoes,
the return, in one shape or other, for eottage-buildtngt
should be this per-centage, to render the outlay a dlacrest
one, for oottages are perishable, and the first ooet most be
regained in agireo number of yean» to enable th« owner
to replace them.
On a pair of cottages costing £800, therefore, theretniii
JOURNAL OF THE BOOIETr OF ABT8, Mat 13, 186*.
42S
to be looked for ia £18 k-yokr, or £9 each ootUge. Tbia
ia eqiul to 3s. Sd. per wtik.
The foregoing remarki irete written before the une of
tbe report ot Meivi. SUfw^rd, Claiton, aDd Dinw, the
geDtlemea who have M well and >o kindly performed the
ofEoe of Judge! of the plun recently >«nt in to this Society
ia oompetincd for the prlKtii oSettd ; and, u their de-
(daioD conSrtM tbe o[toion here expreaaed. 1 cancol do
better than quote it : —
» In fine we may obacrrs that although good oottagea nuiy
poanbly be ei«ot«d, onder favourable circanutaDce*,!!! some
ftirU of EogUod for a lower aum, we oonaiderthe probable
MTerage coat ofa pair of cotlagea built with the oanvenieDcea
we hare eoumerated would be about £280 to £300, and
(h^t tbe attempt to etect them at any considerable reduc-
tion upon this amonot nut result inaoDieioferior kind of
faaildinga, dlacradittble (o the owner, and waotitig in much
of the nece^uy accommodation fbr a labourer and his
aroily."
"We will DOW consider how far tbe mlea seDenlly ac-
cepted oD sanitacy grounds may be nodiSed to meet the
▼■Tying conditions of the labourer, utd therein aeoore
more extended accommodation. No one oao deoy that
in all cases where familiea of labourer* ecuiM of childno
of both aeiee, it is esaeniial to deoeocy that three bed-
rooms should exist, but the posKssion of this advantage
is so often abnsed. and so difficult to adjosl to the actual
condition of village populations, that it beoomea us to con.
aider whether we are not straining too much afler one
character of dwelling, while there are others which de-
oorre equal attention, and which if they ruceived it would
•ecure a more perfect fulHlment of our good iotentions.
The argument used in favour of buitdmg no other than
coUigea with three bed-rooms is, that (here already
■o msjiy dwellings with deficient Bocomoiodation that it
behoves na lo supply a full number with a maximum
anuMOt befOn we dtacend to less. This view would be
■ound if it were not known lo all experienced men that,
owing lo the difficulty of allotting suitable habitaiiona lo
difTerent^aiaed familiea, and the impracticability of shifting
familiea already in posa e a ai on of dwellings to fit prescribed
positive
iaied. It Is found,!
J require the harshneu i
D to remove a large family out of »
a fuU'Sized cottage, while a well-to-do
labourer, with a tidy wife and no children, will greedily
cottage with more bed-rooms than he can occupy,
in order to secure the comforts of a new structure. Th«
which actuates each is explained by the clrcuEa-
Btance that while both ore equally able to work, the man
with few or no children is better able to pay for increased
Eommodation than the man with a large family. For
e tame reason, when a labourer with a large family doei
cupy a cottage with three bed-rooms, he is frequently
imd to crowd his family into two rooms oat of the thre^
d to let the third.
It will be readily understood that a labourer wilbont
children, when once in poaaerajon of a new cottage, may,
by letting a part to a reepeclable lodger, gain increaseil
comfort without any material addition to his rent, and
ilive advantage to other*. It is for these reaaooa
practice of tuing lodgers, reprehensible oti many
grouuda, ia Couai to be ao difficult to prevent, and that
flist-daa* cottage* are so seldom appropriated in the way
inteDded.
It ia known, too, bythoaethat are practically acquainted
with the management of estates, that it is oot alwaj*
poedble lo induce coKage tenant* to appropriate the roomi
of tbe cottage lo tbe purposes for nhii^ they were in-
tended, and that it frequently happens that while a large
f«tuily will crowd itself mlo the scullery and make that
apartment their living roosi, the living room itself isooD-
verted into a lauadry or an onion chamber.
To ovenMme these several difflcultiee, however, is the
duty of Ihoae who possess and those who manage landed
property, but it is only by modifying the views at precent
prevailing, and by the greatest peneveiance in enfoitiiDg
an adjoatment, that it can be done.
The modific^tionB to be sought are not the redaction of
space in the requited rooms nor in the dlmensiODS of
walls and timbers, but in tbe establishment of a better
and more certain mode of aieorting the dwellings to the
circumstances of the labourer. It will not be by any re-
Snoments in the mode of building, nor by the subatituUcMi
of concrete walls for brick walla, nor hollow walls for solid
ones,* that the real diBculty can be removed.
* We may, with btseflt, itudj to inereais Iha Ubanrsi^ i
dwalliags, sad this hH slresdy been paitly dooa In tbe sMatn
'—IB of eottafa aa built [sat wsed-eol belowj baa been saoli
iBifotts, witboet InsnsBiDg tha upiug la tbe esst of tbdr
■sat a drvBWs by nMao* o( baltow walls. A vary good
I far tb* Barl of Psaibniks, near Wiltsii, by Hr. Bobsaa i—
f Wood sad
JOURNAL OP THE BOOIETT OP ABT8, Mat 18, 1864.
Tbe RdiiiW7 dMcripiian of faoUov waUi *n ibown In
tbe M*Btl dmrings oo Um walk. Thej >ra «ach lubject
*' — la otjtdioa on ■rcbitoctonl eroandi, which will be
._. !__..__ !._. ^iijjrg rotmd «ifflcientlr
the
ly
sg tnd duiafaU, uid the adnntagM will oatweigh
SijeotioDs, priimple will probsbly give way t« ei-
euoy.
It is admittad oo ftll huidt that the not dae for cot-
taga is tba greatdiffiuulty ws havs to contend with ; and
u ■ larger ttmclnre of eqoal durability and conveijeiioe
tnnit alwaya coat more to Iwild thio s emaller one, it is
aelf-eridcat that if we are to adjust cottage accommo-
dation to the requirements and circumstaDcea of farm
labooten, the adoption of one aniform size of cottage is
ibe way to defeat the object. Horeorer. as it happens
than by the eracti<ni of new cottagca. Tb« Bltaali
exislinR cottages appean to be the better w^ of bm
ths difficnlty.
Accoidtngto the popalation ratama of the C«noi(f|
1861, the unmber of individnala conatitating '■""'n
the aiies meutioned below appears to bie in the faUa«
proportion ; of coune these figntes repnaeot oMly ik
tamiliea specially selected to illuitrate the point Ixd
•SSSS^ '-^
768 familiea, conaiating of mmiried pot
with Gve ohildran.
1 ,376 do., with three childrvi.
1,8S9 do., with one chUd. |L''
, 1,614 do., with DO children.
With these flgorea before oa, it is manifeatly cltar tlal
dwellings should be provided of different auaa and aonA-
modilion in something like the nme proportioo.
tWcotktt
ABita- boil
i Adi-pl(.
No. 1. — DoKB or BKProBD** Corriois.
!• bl««k or CotticH li nmUied with a dijiat fnnmd As eath Unaiuuit, ud haa a co
a r^B-mUr itaS. ud wall.
JOnBNAL OP THE SOGIETY OF ARTS, Mat IS, 1864.
12S
Tha UU Duke of Badford, in 1819, pablidud, in tha
nma] of lb* Boyml Agricnltand Society of England.
B d«rfgn» toi partioolui or the aoTenl kindi of ooltues
wtw eraotinK on hii Bedfoidahire and Devooihira
;>tes. H« hid diract«d hii lurvevor to prepars pt*M
oottagim, NihaUe Ibr lamillea of dieTorant sixes, Buigly
d in Hocki, and (oms moat Bicallent dengna will be
iDd in <hB tenth TOlamB of tbe AgrioallunT Sooisty'i
qmal. Amoog thorn trill b« foand the following
aa* : — No. 1 (see praeediog page) ihowf a block of foar
tUgM, in wlikh two have two bed-rooma, and two,
rae bed-room* ctwb. No. 2 ahowi a pair of cottages, in
lich eaeh baa a ringla bed-room.
» Ftoot— •, b»drooir
No. 2.— DirKI or BsDroBD's drruoBs.
atoDigi Flool— «. llrlBf raoai. t. iBln. e. eapboitd. <1,ki
— - — .--.—. f . prtn. Cam "^ . >-j —
I U9 familitavd
On Sir Henry Dashwood's e«t*ls, in Oifordihire, may
caeen some excellent cottages (see page 42S), which con-
*in ihiee hed-roomi, bnt one ia placed on tbe ground Booi
^ two above, and scullery, pintiy, Jcc., form a lean-U'.
™Coitago Improvement Society haToimuedadeeignwiih
I ■imiUr urangement of roomi, with the exception tin'
°» bed-room occupies the lean-to, in the place of tli
enllerv, and has no fire-place in ii ; the plan, thecefon
»>nal be considered to good as that adopted at Kiiiliu],
<»■ They are figured ^low in juita-positioo.
Captain Dashwood, under whose direction the collagi
■ the Kirtllugton estate were erected, thus explains th
nnntsget of lh« design :— " The downstair bed-room »
"opMd because it i« fbund that a farm laboorer, though
*^>i>g a third bed-room at one atage of his familv'a
powlh, does not reqaire It for an; length of time, u his
family are either very yoong or, as soon at able, go ont to
ssrrioe. The grooDd-door bed-room can, at such tioie,
be nsed for a lodger; or when the parent* get old they
can retire to this room and admit a martied child, or
even aoother couple, to help to pay the rent. Tho
old womao, by looking after the ohildrai, enables tha
yoang wife to attend to work, and the old man can help
to gain a liTing by doing dtittsa which freqnetitty devolTO
on children to the lose of their education.
" The advantages of this plan are —
" Firit — Thai of enabling old atid yooiig people to n-
side under one roof, Ihoreby seonring aearlj all tbe ad-
vantages of two cotiagei-
" Second — It •ecures greater privacy trom the poution
of tlie ruoms, as under ordinaiy circiunaiaiteee the pareota
would sleep below and the childraa above, and the parti-
Uoti walla would bo conttiucted of brick, and not latn and
I^ter, 01 is the case with ordinary tbreB-ruomedcoliaget.
" Third — It secures greater warmth and lees draught ;
" Fourth, the third dowo-ilain room will be foond
Lvulable, if required, as a workthop, or as a bed-room,
eapeciall; soiiablB for a crippled ohila or an aged parent."
A modification of the same arrangement of sleeping
rooms is shown by the woodcut (see page 427} of a cottage
designed ttythe writer,in which tbe sctiUery forms a small
Qoveredyard, extending from (he cottage to tbe outbuilding.
The tuivantage of this arrangement is, that, the yard and
•culleiT being one, and under oover, the former ii always
dry, and the latter more spacious than under ordinary clr-
imstances, while the room (i.«. yard) is so coiutnioled
lat it cannot be misappropriated aa a living room.
Soma cottages, erected on the CaH'ord eelate, near Buy
;. Edmonds, by the Bev. E. K. Benyon, have ao ar-
rangement with respect to the sculleiy which will recom-
mend itself. Mr. Benjon lays — " 1 have just completed
these cottages at a coat under £200. 1 have put the
bskehooae and waihhoase out of doors, as this prevents
from getting into the hed-rooms, and the back
kitchen is made im^l, so aa le prevent its being made a
living room, which I have found to be tbe case in some
cottages that I have built, in which the larger front room
has only been made use of to hang up the family photo-
graphs." The cost quoted tn Mr. B«iyon evidently does
not inclode ever^ detail. The woodcut, page 428, shows
Ur. Benson's arrangement.
Provision for married people without children, and for
old cooplei whose childreo liave left them, ia a desidera-
tum of importance ; and the single bedroom oottage,
erected by the Dukeof Bedford (woodcat 3), is a very good
one for the purpose. Bot the plao suggested by Lady
Caroline Eerrison is perhaps superior, masmoeh aa the
bedroom! are all on the ground fioor, and are therefore
more suitable for old people than bedrooms upstairs.
Lady Kerrison'e plan is ihown at page 429.
Ad amngement for the acKommodation of UDnutrried
men has been adopted in diffeteot forms, and It is quite
certain that there ia no branch of tbe subject which de-
serves more careful conuderation, although at present it
doea not i eceive t he attention it ought.
The late Prince Consort viewed this object with con-
siderable interest, and at tbe Flemish Farm bia Royal
Uighnen erected a cottage specially deeigned for the
accommodation of carters and immarried men npoQ tha
Beveral instances might be meuti(«Md where the nn-
mariiod labourers have been provided for (^ the erection
of n number of bed-rooms nnder one roof, with a common
nie>s-room, and aopplied with a kitchen and offices, nttder
the charge of a selected matron.
It is needless to lay that sucb « provision goea far to
prevent evils attending tbe admiasion of lodger* mto oot-
'i, is worthy the attention of the philan-
JOURNAL OP THE aOOIBTT OP ARTS, Mat W, 1864.
c<M frsm £190 (o £160 eadi ; UxMe with
w (hm £90 to £130 «uti, and thtae vith oBe
bednxm only frooi £70 to £100. Tbe neui ratmii I'e-
qoiced to npay prindp>l uid u)t«rat in 30 yean )&«7
b« taken at £S a-yew foe the 6nt, £6 IS*, for the ascood,
• of the proMOt day,
mnclt tus bBen daoa and much mon can be done. The
beat practical illiutiation of this fKt ia to be found at
Bioadlands, (be ealale of Lord Palmenlon, where eveiy-
thiog that can condnce to the comlart of the labour-
ing poor haa been atodied with the greatest pooible ia-
tenet. Lord Palmenston hu said, and proved, that " it
h not neccMMiy to pall down old cottages to build new
CHMt. A great deal can be done, at a moderate cost, in
ImDroTiag the old otMa." Bis lordship added, when be
Mia (bis, " That the effect of improving these dwellings
li almoat nMrvelloiia. In (he flnt place, the comfort of a
man't hoora depend! on the tidima of »wmlft^l»,wi
on the mode id wfaieti die trfei to nah* luBMHMNt
But thare is a tamper of tbe hanuB nni iM k
dMHnainat«d i«ckiwMa. WhsB a thing MBMhq»
sihle, it isgiveu npindaifMur. WbmacnftigefckBi
a' ramshackle' Kate thai it k iaipaMU* fatkawkft
kaqi it dean, the beoomea a slattrMi ; awytUig pt
tomlo; the matt it disgusted, and aicB to(haW^'
At Broad lands. Laid PMimtUUubaMftmmtHjw^^
tended the emlargemeiit and aWinricn of li[s uhlrthft
dation, good drainage, ana wntilation ha«* btahki*
marr object*, while tbepoorman'scomfort hsab— WW
by the sufaatitation of boarded for attBS or briA Ibm ■!
by the provision of those little eonTeiiieooea,Netaa MP
boards and shelves, which wo all know bow to iusubN
in onr own hoosea. Several local societiel bai« dmb •
lablished in dJFbrent part4 of England for the JKfmd
Sib Haaxx DiJumoD^ CammEM.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP AHT3, Mil 13, 1864.
427
lid ba dilBcnlt to qxcify tham, but Id mott cum thu :
Bct Imn boin to lidTkaBs 00007 to tha poar«r ownen of
Okgca far tba parpOM of indnctDK thorn to bnild bed-
lagaa to nodar thea confaniMble to pnaant riavs, it
iMoiftal that my inneh may be done with Uiem at a
a expeoas than by the erectloD of oew oottagw, an ad-
[itaga which vUl enable landownen to adjnit the rent
EiT eatatea. In fact, it » to tliu point we mart look for
aealM of neoncitinv the diScnlliea of the whole quei-
m. The m\m laid down by the Indoeare Commis-
HMn lor th« advance of money to Undownen for oottage
aiding in no way extend to the ooonrtion of or addi-
m to eslating cottages; and the facilitiee for getting
mey for the panrnte of erectiDg oew cottagea are there'
to one naaon WDy bo little attention ii paid to the im-
ovemeol of ezbUng itmcturea. Thi> isto be regretted.
3rd. TheM ramarnbringuilothethird partoftherab-
ct — the adrantBge* of good coltigei to the labourer, the
iiiaot fanner, and the landowner, who, beiag mutually
BDeBted, mnst ■avenlly contribute to the letuni due to
leproriHon of good cottages.
When Lord fiamerstou said, " The coltagea for the
iboorer ought to be looked upon a* ■ part of the appur-
nancei of a &nn, juet u much as the bnildinga for
tttle, or any other erection enential to the cultivation of
ha land;" and that "When he built a cottage for a
iboarer he regarded it m he did the farm-houae. foi
rhich be did not expect the tenant to p«y rent npatataty
from the Und," hi* loiddtip correoUy expiuiiJ the oon-
neetionoftbe laboorwr with the lud iqwn which he ia
euiptc^ad ; and, although there are many wIm object to
the dependent ooudition to which a laboorer is reduced by
occu^iying a dwelling fhxn which he may bo ejeeCed by
hi* employer, it ii a petition, nerartbeleM, from wbi>^h it
i! not poanble to reacne him u long ae heii nnable, oot of
hia wagee, to pay the foil rent dna foe hii hoDM.
The limita of (he preeent paper fbrbid oor dwelling
upon the wide topic of labooierV wagee, which it will no
doubt be wid ahMild be Mfldently high to enable every
man to pay hia own rent ai a free agent, and that the da-
peniJenoa of the laboorer upon his emplcrew ibr hia home
LBatpeoieaofaerfilainfromwfaiehheahouldbenJieTed. For
the preeent, we can only deal with thequealion of wagea aa
we know them to be. Id the northem oonotiea, the
aTsraga weekly wagea of able-bodied man employed 00
farmB will be foand to be ISi. 6d. ; in the midland
couDiiee they will be 11a., and in the aouthem counties
not quite l(h.
The women (excluding the indoor aenantj and datry-
woman) living in coilagaa with their hnabanda or bmiliea,
luve it in their power to gain some money, in addition to
the wagei of the hiNbatid, and these contributionB vary
wilh diatricM. In some the woaien assist in field.labour
more than in other*. In Bedfordshire and adjoining coun-
ties, etraw-plaiting helps to maintain the rural popula-
tion ; while in other localities lace-making answera the
The wagea gained by boys of different ages are about the
nme all over England, vaiyiag from Id. to 1>. per day.
Although there ti a wide diitereDce in the earnings of
the labouranio diSereut muoties, in no inatanoeii it pos-
sible for any labourer with a large family, by which the
wife is disqualiSed from earning anything, to pay 8*. Od.
CumiaFtoot.
/BnUsrr-
{Ogsls-
Wood.
Ma. Demtok's Cottaoh.
428
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 13, 18G4.
a week oat of his wages. The advantages to the labourer
hy the acquimtion of a good cottage are, nevertheleM,
considerable. He will have greater comfort and improved
health; bat although these benefits will render him
physically better able to do his work, they do not enable
him, in nine cases out of ten, to earn more wages, and
thereby to pay more rent. If his cottage is placed on or
near the ndd of his labour, he will gain more time in
which to work in his garden and enjoy his home, and to
this extent he is pecuniarily benefited. But, with this
advantage, the utmost a larourer can pay in the way of
rent is from one-sixth to one-seventh of his earnings ; and
assuming his wages to be, as in Hants or Dorset, ten
shillings per week, with double wages at harvest, it fol-
lows that Is. 6d. per week represents the amount he
can set aside for rent. In the Midland Counties, by
the same rule, the proportion due to rent will be Is. 9d.,
and in the Northern (bounties 28. per week. There is an
advantage however to the labourer in a comfortable cot-
tage which he may not directly acknowledge or appre-
oiate, and therefore for which he would be disinclined to
pay. One of the certain effects of a comfortable home,
with the cleanlinesi and tidiness which it begets in his
wife and children, is to keep him from the public-house,
and thereby to avoid the expenditure of his earnings in
beer.
1 believe no one interested in the welfare of the labour-
ing poor will grudge the cottager the advantage of this
saving, but, on the contrary, wUl rejoice in his thus help-
ing him to a means of educating his children.
The advantages of well-built and well-placed cottages
to the tenant-farmer, in securing labour at the time and
at the place where it is wanted, can hardly be overrated.
Well-placed cottages will not only secure the fanner a
choice of his labourers, but will secure him that protection
for his stock and property which the presence of selected
men on the spot will be sure to ^in. He will moreover
save the time and strength of his labourers by securiDg
that portion of both which would othnrwise be exp^kled
in walking to and from the iarm. It has frequently been
said that the farmer loses nothing in this respect, hot that
as his labouren are bound to be on the scene of their em-
plojrment at a given time, and to leave it at another, the
loss of both time and strength is theirs and not their em-
ployer's. Those persons, however, who look carefully
mto these assumptions are of a very different opinion.
The advantages to the employer of well-placed, com-
fortable cottages for hit labcmrers will certainly juati^-
QaouHD FLOoa avd
OUT-BUILDIKOS.
a Lirlng room.
^ Soollery.
€ Stain.
JPantrj.
4 B«droQin.
/ Wood ihed.
IfTrlry,
APIgi^jr,
i Bake houM.
J Oren.
CHAMBta Floos.
a 1ft Bedroom.
b Tiending.
c Stain.
d 2iid Bedroom.
e 3rd Bedroom.
Mr. BxKT02i*8 COTTAOCS.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Mat 18, 1864.
429
lifin in paying a proportion of the rent. The ag^^regate
iT^j^oa ot the advantages haa been eetimated at different
sunoiuits, from Is. to zs. a week. If the mean be taken,
tl&«nt the tenant fanner may be regarded as paying Is. 6d.
per week more in wages for selected men placed where
tlKMT are wanted.
The advantage to a landownar of a good cottage
tenantry is qnlte e^oal to» though not so maotfestly direct
in its resolts as, that to the labonrer and the teoant-
fiarmer. Leaviog oat of consideration idl regard for the
dniias of a landowner in his sookd position, it will be
SMiifioitted tiiat the permanent improvement of hia property
vnH result more fiom the good character of the laboiriog
population which is fixed, than from his &nn tenantry,
which, comparatively, is frequently changing.
The best cultivated districts, and those which owe their
high rents to the saperior treatment of the land, have
arrived at their present condition from the superior
character of tiie IokmU. labourers. The good habits which
oooifortsble and cleanly homes beget, not only seeare the
saperior cultivation and the improved rental which results
fzt>zn it, but they engender a respect for property gene-
Twlly, and are opposed to the evils of poaching and petty
depfodations which characterise certain demoridized
districts. On these grounds the landowner can afford to
d^it himself with a part of the return due for good
cottages. It is very much to his interest to recognise the
fact m this light, for it will be a sorry day for him when
cotfagPS can be erected at such a price as will enable tlie
laboarw alone to satisfy the builder, and induce specu-
latocB to run up cottages wherever and whenever it may
suit their purposes.
There is one way in which the landowner may contri-
bute to the rent of a cottage in a tangible manner without
a cootribution of money, which might be more generally
adapted. It is by adding a rod of land to each cottage
occ up ied by an able-bodied labonrer, and charging him
QBly an agricultural rent for it. The value of land of
naoderate fertility to a labourer for gardening is 9d. a pole,
or £6 an acre, if it immediately ad^^>ins his cottage. The
value of the same land for farming may be taken at £2
an acre or 8d. a pole ; if, therefore, the cottager pays bat
dd., and he is benefited to the extent of 9d. a pole, the
diSerence of value will be 209. a-year for tibte rod wluoh
the landlord will thus practically contribute towards the
cottager's rent.
Befoce dismissing from consideration the advantage
landowners will gam, a word or two should be said as to
their duties with respect to the labouring classes. Most
nobly did the late Duke of Bedford, in his communicate
to ue Royal Agricultttral Society of England, express
what he deemed to be that duty (foumtU of Soyal Agri*
etdtural Society , vol. x., p. 186) : — <* Cottage bmlding is,
we all know, a bad investment of money ; but this is not
the light in which such a subject shotUd be received by
landlords, from whom it is surely not too much to expect
that, while they are buUding and improviog farm-houses,
homesteads, and cattle-sheds, they will also boUd and
improve dwellings for their labourers in sufficient number
to meet the improved and improving cultivation of the
land. To improve the dwellings of the labonribg classes,
and to afford them means of greater cleanliness, hsaltii,
and comfort in their own houses ; to extend edncatioit,
and thus raise the social and moral habits of those most
valuable members of the eonmunity, are among the first
duties, and ought to be among the truest j^easurse, of
every landlord. While he thus cares for tnose whom
Providence has committed to his charge, he will teaoh
them that reliance on the exertion of the £Mnlties with
which we are endowed is the surest way to their own
independence and the well-being of their mmiliee.'*
But, however striking and true these words may be, it
liADT EraaiBOii's Plah.
a,poreb. »,lttlagroom. c foulltir* rf,l>«4room. «,olofet.
430
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 18, 1864.
b qoite oertain thai, u long m the kwi of aettlementaiid
irremoYability remain as they are, there if little chaooe
of aoy general ezteoMoo of oottage building. This is
not Mid to justify the cruel acts oi some land-owners in
demolishing old cottages without building new ones, but
to affirm that there wm always be, so long as these laws
remain unaltered, a large proportion of the landed in-
terest who will refrain from building while there is a pos-
sibility of the cottages they build being occupied by
labourers employed on other properties than their own ;
in which case they sa^ and feel they will only be pre-
periog their own punishment, inasmuch as a residence
of three years prevents removal, and gives a labourer who
may become a pauper a claim for relief as long as he lives.
If we aopeal to the legislature for means of alleviating
the difficulties of the case, there are indeed several points
towards which attention may be directed. First, to the
alteration of the Law of Settlement, or irremoveability just
referred to, with a view to encourage the building of new
cottagei. Second, to the amelioration of the Poor Law,
which discourages provident habits in the labouring poor.
And third, to the encouragement of sound benefit societies,
whereby the labouring poor may provide for old age as
well as for sickness.
In speaking of ^e Law of Settlement, the Saturday
Beview, of February 20, says : — ** Like many other parts of
our legislation, dilferent portions of it have been enacted
at different times, and in different spirits ; but the course
that has been taken of constantly cobbling up the old law,
instead of trying once for all to set the matter on a rational
basis, has caused even our most modem legislation on the
subject to be infected to a coosiderable extent with the
▼KMs which pervade the early acts of parliament to which
the later ones had to be adjusted. The general view that
runs through the whole is that every poor man is a
burden, that he is attached to some parish or other, and
that the paramount interest to be considered in disposing
of him is not the interest of the community, nor the
interest of tho man, but the interest of the ratepayers.
Let him be kept, not where he would be most useful or
most happy, but where he belongs. The theory that
<every man belongs to some particular place, and that
everywhere else he is an alien on sufferance, pervades the
^hole Law -of Settlement. The sentiment is intelligible
enough in reference to the state of society in which it
grew up. We can understand how it existed in times
when the gentry were a kind of aristocracy, and when the
country was full of extensive wastes and woods in which
squatters and vagrants might harbour— when there were
few manufactui^es. and when the presumption was that,
"Where a man was bom, there he would grow up, labour,
and die ; but in our own times it is as much out of place
as any other vestige of a bygone state of things. A short
summary of the law will show how absurd it is : —
"1. Every poor person belongs to some parish, and ought
by riffhts to reside there, and be compelled to return there
at' he leave it. Still, so long as he is not actimlly charge-
•atile, he tmay live wherever he likes ; nor is he to be re-
<moved at all from any parish if he has resided for three
.years, without a break, in the union in which it is situated.
*' 2. If he rents a tenement of £10 a year for a whole
year, and pays rates, &c., in respect of it, or if he has an
•estate of his own and lives within ten miles of it, or if he
was bound apprentice in a parish and resided under the
binding, he belongs to the parish in which he has done
•any of these things.
*' 3. If he has done neither, then he is to be removed to
ihe la»t parish in which his father performed either of these
^conditions, or was hired and served for a year as a bachelor
before the pauper attained twenty-one ; atid if the father
never performed any such condition, resort must be had to
ihe grandfather, and so on.
"4. If it cannot be shown that any one of these con-
ditions WAS fulfilled, then he must be removed to the
parish ho was bom ; but the parish where his father or
ancestor was bom, if ascertainable, has a prior
liabili^, and the reoaoter the ancestor the
daim, if no settlement has been gained in the
*« We have described the («igin of these derivative i
ments. Their practical oradty is as atrooioos «a their
absurdity."
No words can more forcibly express the evil of the pre-
sent state of the law than these, nor more aUjr pteaeit
the neoessity of legislation. Our affrioultoral popolalian
is decressing in a moat remarkable degree, owing in mm*
measure no doubt to the infloenoe of the higher wages
given for labour in other paths of industry, but also to
the deficiency and inferior character of our luivl dwellingB.
The population of 1861 and that of 1861 is gtreo bobv,
in three districts of three counties in the aoath, in ^
centre, and in the north of England, and l^ oompariag
the returns of the two censuses, the fallinji; off will be
seen. At present the scarcity of labour is not felt, bat ft
cannot be a wholesome state of things that the number of
agricultural labourer should decrease, whQe all other
branches of the nation's industry are on the '
COUMTT.
South.
Sussex
Dorsetshire
Devonshire
Midland.
Huntingdonshire ...
Lincolnshire
Nottinghamshire ...
NOBTH.
Yorkshire, N.Riding.
Northumberland ...
Cumberland
DiSTBICT.
Uckfield
Wimbome
South Molton ..
Stives
Holbeach
Newark
Thirek
Alnwick
Bootle
issi.
17.681
17,284
20,566
20,594
19,184
30,344
12.760
21,122
6,006
lati.
17,2»
17,253
19,809
19,654
18.408
80,186
18,291
21,053
5,880
/
other
ni>on the subject of the Poor-law only a few worda can
be said. The discouragement it gives to the aokueTement
of independence among the poor has an evil infiaenoe
upon their monX character. No labourer will save, nor
will he contribute to the safest benefit society, to provkle
for old age, as lon^ as ho knows that h^ will be ^Mmiihed
for his care, by losing all assistance from the pansh npou
which he has a claim. He is not recognised as a rate-
payer, and the collector passes him by ; consequently, be
takes no interest in parish burdens, although it is man
than possible that if the law were modified, so aa to admit
his claim for home relief when old and past work, in a
difierent and less ofiensive shape than that in which it ii
now administered, he would gladly contribute to thepoor-
rates when young and able.
The last object to which legislation may be directed ii
that of local benefit societies. So much has been aid n-
cently on the advantages of good and the evils of bad
management, that nothing need be added on that bead.
All that is desired is such facilities for the provision oC(4d
age among the labouring classes, as will encourage the
saving of money, and enable the aged man uid wifo to
retain their oottage and live together, without the feir of
separation within the dreaded walls of the vnion wwk*
house.
The priiiciples upon which benefit societies are founded
might be most usefully extended to cottage gardens, br
requiring the able-bodied men to pav such a rent for Oxai
garden-land, during their younger da^, in excess of tht
simple rentinff- value of the land, as will secure theooes-
pation for little or nothing when they areased and iodEuna.
Those who have particularly observed the agrfcultonl
labourer are cognizant of the fact that a proper allotaieDi
of land with the cottage is highly bMiefirial to the yott9$
and old alike, but the benefit is lost if the quantity la Jo-
creased beyond that which can be properly treated. tii^ the
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 13, 1864.
431
aUe-bodfed labourer after the labours of the day are over,
or if ibe phyvcal powers of the laboorer have become so
impaired by age aa to disqualify him for the use of the
spade and thereby to do justice to the land.
Speaking my own conviction, I may say that although
abstractedly it is right that in proportion to the acreage
of cultivated land in each parish so should be the num-
l*er of dwellings for labourers within it, I have more
laith in the influence of mutual interests than in any
amount of legislation. I hope I have shown that the in-
tcreets of landowners, tenant-farmers, and farm-labourers
are aU unitedly promoted in the improvement of agricul-
tural cottages; and a general acluiowledgment of this
fact, with an admisrion that each should contribute in one
•bape or another to the return due to the capital employed
in the outlay, will accomplish all we want, for it will leave
the labourer with only that proportion to pay which is
consistent with the amount of his weekly wages.
DISCUSSION.
The Hon. and Rev. S. Bkst said the whole cottage
(}uestion was surrounded with difficulties, and he did not
tliink they must for one moment allow themselves to run
away with the idea that the blame of the pi'eseut grievous
state of the country rested upon the shoulders of any
particular class. The duties of landowners had been par-
ticularly referred to, but he asked them to coueider what
was the position of many of the landowuei-s. Some held
only for their own lives, and some only for the lives of
others, and there were others whose interests were
limited in vaiious ways. How, then, was it possible that
any general scheme should be adopted which should
render the landowners, under such vaiying circumstances,
responnble for the state of the cottages of this countiy ?
He had come to the conclusion, after considerable ex-
perienoe, that they would never solve this question till
they could get a marketable return for the capital invested
in cottages. They asked persons to build cottages, which,
ho believed as a seneral rule, would cost £125 each under
the most favourable circumstances, but the return for such
oottagea was, as A general rule, in his own district, about a
ehilling per week. Besides this there were repairs which,
in the case of cottages, were larger in proportion to their
value than in houses of a higher class. Under these circum-
stances it was clear that cottage-building would not be un-
dertaken conmieroiail^. When the land- owner was asked to
put up cottages for his labourers, he was, in fact, asked to
pay a portion of their wages. Was this a fair demand ?
The proper condition appeared to him to be that the
tenant wno had the advantage of the work done by the
labourer, should pay him fiiir and adequate wages for it.
It was said to be difficult indeed to raise the labourer's
wages, but that was a point it was impossible to discuss
on this occasion ; he must, however, say incidentally there
was no great effort made to pay the labourer according
to bb work. Anybody who had had much to do with
the details of a country parish, knew that there
was a sort of head-money system ; whether a man
was a skilful and industrious labourer, or not, the
same amount was paid for his labour. Ho hoped,
as tbey (Niid their servants and others in propor-
tion to their skill, so they would treat the agricultural
labourer. Whenever they should have arrived at that
point, he thought they would have taken one important
step towards securing for the labourer such accommodation
in the shape of cottages as he required. He hoped the
day was not far distant when they should so educate the
labourmg classes of this country, that they would not be
satisfied with the degraded hovels into which they were
now put ; and the demand, coming frum the lower classes
themselves, wonld compel those above them to provide the
t^uisite accommodation. He did earnestly hope that
these causes combined would lead to the accomplishment
of that which he was sure they all so sincerely desired.
Sir TnouAB PmLUPS rose with some reluctance to
address the meeting, because he thought many of bin
friends around him were better acquainted with the sub-
ject than he was, and ho had hoped they would have
given theu: own experience and suggestions upon the
paper which had been read to them by Mr. Denton.
But regarding this topic as one of primary importance,
applying (if all the labouring clasces were included) to the
dwellings probablpr of 15 millions of people, and to some-
thing like 3 millions of habitations, he agreed with Mr.
Best in thinking the question was really an economical one.
Pofsibly legislation might do something. He was not
sure it would do as much as Mr. Denton imagined, but it
was no doubt the duty of the legislature to facilitate, by
all proper means, the providing of suitable dwellings for
the community. The question was a national one, and
should receive the aid of every private person as well as
of the state, to being about the desired result. Legislation
ought no doubt to be directed to the facilitating of the
acquisition of sites for houses in those places where,
without legislation, they could not be obtained.
Whether in cei-tain special circumstances the legislature
might even extend oompulsory powers to the acquisi-
tion of land for houses he was not prepared to say. In
some shape or other it was obvious, where cottages were
required, there should be some power of obtaining the land
neoessary for their erection. To that extent it wa«
possible legislation might do something. Then with
regard to the operation of the poor law, the law of settle-
ment, and the law of relief, it was true those laws had
no doubt operated in inducing landed proprietors to take
down cottages, or to obstruct the erection of cottageu.
But they must take the law of settlement with its advan-
tages and disadvantages. No doubt anything which pre-
vented the full circulation of labour was an evil in itself, but
on the other hand anything that tended to remove the inde-
pendence of the labourer was also an evil ; and he appre-
hended at least they would Gnd it was absolutely essential to
have local supervision in the administration of relief, and
he did not see how that could be given without some
definition of chargeability and some definition of 1x2-
movability which would operate in restricting the circula-
tion of labour. He believed, however, that they mu8t
after all direct their attention to the economical view of
the question. As long as the labourer was not able by
the wages he earned to pay the rent of a good cottage, he
feared he must live in an inferior one. Therefore it was
entirely a question of wages, namely, wliat the labourer
could afford to pay for his cottage. They had been told
this evening, and he believed truly told, as far as
his own personal experience went, that the cost of cot-
tages approached £800 per pair, though under special
drcnmstances it might be less, and that cost repra^^utcd
a rent of 3s. per week. The agiicuUural labourer,
they knew, under favourable circumstances, did not
earn more than 128. per week, and 10s. might be re-
garded as the average m the southern parts of England,
and out of 10s. a labourer could not appropriate 3s. for
rent. It seemed to him, therefore, the great problem
was how to increase the labourer's wages ; how to im-
prove his position. And this problem involved important
moral considerations. They had undertaken the better
teaching of the labouring man, and imbuing him with
healthier and more elevating sentiments ; and in propor-
tion as he was educated and humanized so would hu be
induced to feel that he ought to be properly and decently
lodged, and his family placed under better moral and
sanitary influences, and by that means they would induce
the demand for a better cottago, and so ultimately lead
to the supply. He regarded the advantages as being
very largely of a moral kind. Those conversant
with rural districts knew that nothing m much con-
duced to the demoralisation of the iHboorer's family
as their being improperly lodged. Therefore it was,
he believed, one of the problems that ouglit to occupy,
and indeed did occupy, a large bhare of the attention
of all thinking men, namely, how they could benefit
432
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 13, 1864.
the rural labourer in this respect. He thought the sug-
ge8tk)n8 of Mr. DeutOD, as to the improvement of exist-
ing cottages, were of great value. He believed the cost
of erecting new cottages did disincline men to undertake
the work, and if tlie improvement, and enlargement
occasionally, of existing cottages were undertaken, a great
deal might be done to accomplish the ends ttiey had
in view. The direction of public opinion on this
matter was indicated by the drawings they now saw
on the walls of this room, which had resulted from
the liberal offer, by Mr. Denton, of prizes for the
beet design for labourers' cottages. He (Sir Thomas
Phillips) regarded this as amongst the many proofe
that they were alive to the great importance of this
question, and he could not help thinking that, being
alive to it, they would, with the practical qualities which
generally distingukhed his countrymen,put their should-
ers to the wheel and take adequate means to remedy
these serious evils.
Mr. Henbt Shtth (Government Drainage Inspector)
hoped they were not to wait for the improvement of cot-
tages either tiU the labourer of Dorsetshire and Wiltshire
was able to pay 8s. or Ss. 6d. a-week rent, or till the
labourer himself became so educated that he would de-
mand cottage accommodation; but he hoped public
opinion and public feeling would be brought io bear
upon the owners of property to induce them to erect better
cottages, and to improve the condiUon of the labourers
upon their estates. They were much indebted to gentle-
men like Mr. Denton for offering premiums for designs
of cottages; they were also indebted to anyone who
agitated the subject of the improvement of these habita-
tions. He did not quite agree with Sir Thomas Phillips,
that it was a question solely of pernsentage upon ^e out-
lay on the cottages. They found practically in those
districts whore the highest scale of wages was paid — in
Durham, for instance, where the ordinary pay of the
agricultural labourer was 3s. a day — there were still as
bad cottages as in Wiltshire and Dorsetshire; therefore it
was not solely a question of wages. He contended it was
to the interest of the landowner to build good cottages ;
and though the labourer was not able to pay him 5
or 6 per cent, upon his outlay, still the tenant farmer
was able to pay a portion of that, the landlord
was able, by the improvement of his estate, to pay a
portion, and the labourer himself was able to pay
the other portion. He knew, as a practical farmer, thero
was great advantage in having the labourers residing
upon the spot. He knew this by his own experience.
He considered he derived considerable benefit fh)m having
cottages on his own farm. He assumed that he got equal
to a shilling a week rent in the advantage of having the
labourer near to his work : the landlord obtained a larger
rent for his farm because it was well stocked with cottages
wherein the labourer could reside. It was only on the
principle of this division of benefit that they would be
able to improve the labourer's cottage ; and he was of
opinion if landlords erected cottages on their estates, and
divided the interest of their outlay fairly between them-
selves, their tenants, and the labourers, the great object
would be accomplished.
Mr. 0. F. Haywabd remarked that so much had
already been said, in the course of this discussion, that
little was left for him to add, except in confirmation of
much that hiRl been advanced. He considered the
remarks of Mr. Best, with respect to the wages of the
agricultural labourer, had hit upon the sore point in the
condition of that dass. It was quite certain they were
generally under-paid, and their wages were supposed to be
partly made up by the amount they paid for their
cottages, their gardens, and the other little advantages
they were supposed to receive. He had no doubt that
ultimately this state of things would be remedied, and
that when the subject was sufficiently ventilated it would
be seen it was to the advantage of aU concerned that the
wages of the labourer should be paid to him in money, and
that he should return a certain portion of thoae wages in the
shape of rent. Time waa when in the a^culturaldiatikte
the tenant had to provide certain conveniences and porfonn
certain services for the landowner, the evil of which had
been shown in a recent action at law between a ndUe
proprietor and his tenant, and that system, aa well a»
estimating the rent of the labourer's cottage as pait of iui
wages, would rectify itself. The practical point to be eon-
sidered was how, under certain ciicumstanoee, laboarav'
cottages could be improved, and they were moc^ indebted
to Mr. Denton for bringing this subject under their notice.
As one of the judges of die designs submitted for oosa-
petition, in reference to Mr. Denton's oiler of a premimn,
he (Mr. Hayward) thought it was satisfactory to find that
then: views were so much confirmed by Mr. Denton him-
self on the subject of the cost of these cottages. It was
no use blinking the question of the cost, becanse it was
now fairly before them. It had been asMrted over
and over again that good cottages oould be bnQt for
£100 each, but having investigated the subject a good
deal, he had come to the oondnsion that it was only luider
pectUiar circumstances that what were called cheap
cottages were built. He had inquired into varioos cases m
this kind, and in some instances it turned oat that the
bricks were made at odd times on the estate by the work-
men connected with it, and oost on the spot only ITs. per
1,000 ; the timber used was grown on the estate, cot
down, and sawn by the labourers on the estate ; the
building was superintended by the bailifiT amoDgst other
duties included in his ordinary salary, so that these wwe
no builder's profits, or anythii^ of that kind. In the ex-
amination of the desi^, now hungon the walls, it had been
necessary to inquire into the particulars of the estimated
oost to see if they had been calculated fairly to meet the
ordinary circumstances of building. There was one
practical point of great importance which Mr. Denton had
referred to, viz., the convenience of having one bed-room
on the ground-floor. He (Mr.*HaywardJ thought that
decidedly important, because in many cases it was desirable,
inasmuch as the upper and lower floora ooold thus
be better arranged with regard to eaoh other aa to
space. When three bed-rooms were profvided on
the upper floor they required the ground-niDor to cover
a larger area than was absolutely necessary. It was
a mistake to give too much area to the groond-
floor. If they made the scuUery too large it wu
found, as Mr. Denton had observed, that what was in-
tended as the living room was converted into a parkwr to
be used onlpr on Sundays or holidays. He bad known
cases in which the useful appurtenance of a corner enp-
board had been objected to because it interfered with
putting a sofa into the room. While on the one hand
they might err in endeavouring to provide too great
luxuries for labourers* cottages, yet on the other hand
they must recollect that in the modem dwellings of the
middle and upper classes of society the convenieooes had
been very much increased ; and in a certain degree be
thought these improvements might fairly he extended
to the labourer's cottage. The now common plan of lior-
ing boarded floors was a luxury as compared with tbe
tiled or brick floor of former days, and the plastered
interior walls were a decided improvement upon the
rude ** cob" walls which were still frequently met with
in the rural homes of the country. The designs now
upon the walls ought not to be regarded as con-
clusive upon this subject, but rather as a fresh startiog-
point, and they must go on discussing the matter
till it was brought home to people's minds in eveiy part
of England. Many noblemen, and large landed pro-
prietors, had already shown their interest in the sntgeci.
Foremo:it among those were Lord Palmerston tjA the
Dukes of Bedford and Northumberland. It was stated by-
Mr. Boberts that the two latter noblemen had i^wui
nearly £200,000 in cotUge building on their estates, and
iVom what he knew of those on the Tavistock estate of
the Duke of Bedford, they were remarkable for oomibrt
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ART8, May 13, 1864.
433
and coDTenieoce ; at the same time they were erected in
large and long blocka, and bnilt under the superintendence
of a gentleman connected with the Duke's estates, and he
beliered the average cost of those cottages was only £120
each, for, when bmlding was executed on a large scale,
on an estate where the usual builder's profits did not
occur, of course the cost would be less than when simply a
pair of oottages was to be erected.
Mr. Webber said the tendency of the discuanon this
evening was to leave on his mmd the impression that
there were many things desirsble which were not prac-
ticable. They were told that the building of a cottage
to ensvre the comforts they desired for the agricultural
labouring class would cost £150, but that their wages
would not allow them to pay a rent adequate to that
outlay. It appeared to him, in the consideration of this
question, they had left out of sight the important
material of timber. In various parts of America he had
seen many timber houses, and he ihould be glad to
hear from Mr. Denton what would be the cost of this
material as compared with brick. He should imagine it
would be much leas. He quite agreed with the opinion
that if they had to wait for suitable oottages for the
labourers till their wages enabled them to pay the rent,
the object they sought would not be realised in tlio
present vooeratioD.
The Chaibiian, in closing the discussion, said he
thought this question must be considered as one of wages
and of capital ; but then the question arose — Of what did
wages ooDsisI, and of what did capital consbt ? Wages,
especblly in agricultural districts, must not be taken
simply as money received for labour, but they must be
looked at, whether paid in money weekly or by other
arrangements, as a means of obtaining the greatest amount
of labour from a given expenditure. With regard to the
question of agricultural cottages, expenditure incurred to
improve them must be considered as a substitute for money
wages to the labourer, and as the best means of im-
proving his condition, for the better he was lodged
the fewer days of sickness he would have in the course
of the year, the higher state he would be in during
the whole neriod he was at work, the greater amount of
labour would he give to his master, the greater pro-
tection he would aflbrd to the estate ; and altogether
the man who was kept in the best social and physical
oonditioo would undoubtedly be the best servant to the
master who employed him. Therefore when they con-
sidered the cost of an agricultural cottage, and said that
it could not be built unless the landlord received a money
i^etnra as interest upon the amount invested in that
oottage, he thought they took a short measure of the
real benefit be received fh>m such an investment of his
mone^. This was a question so large and complicated
that It was impossible, in an evening of this kind, to
sift and investigate it thoroughly, and bring into view
the Importance of this great subject — for undoubtedly
it was a national question of the highest moment,
afiecting the interests of several millions of the popula-
tion. The Society had appointed two days (the 26Ui
and 27th) in the present month for a conference, to
which all persons taking an interest in the subject were
invited, in order to give the public the benefit of their
opinion, and of the information they possessed, with the
view of suggesting, if possible, some remedy for the evils
which were acknowledged to exist ; but whether they
ooold be remedied by legislation was a difiicult Question
to determine. Undoubteidly they legislated for lodging
and feeding prisoneis; they legislated for those who
were nnatue to work for themselves; they legislated
for soldiers ; they provided, at an enonnous expense, all
the materials for war ; but they had not attempted to
tegislat« for the encouragement and protection of those
latent elements of good which existed in the working
clasNS of the country. Was it to be said that it was
impossible to bring into play, by legislative means, the
latent principle of good which existed among the agri-
cultural labourers of this countiy, but which was now
smothered, and frequently destroyed, by the want of
comfort and decent accommodation in the homes of
working men ? Were they to remain under the obloquy
of spending millions annually in providing for tlie punish-
ment and cure of vice and the materials for carrying oestr uc •
tion wherever they were used, whilst they refused assistance
to those who were struggling to do their best to prevent
them becoming a burden to society ? Therefore, though it
was at present difficult to say in what form legislation
should proceed---and he hoped some views on that question
would be elicited at the approaching conference — ho
trusted some remedy might be found for the evils now
produced bv the inadequate house-room for the labouring
classes. There were ffreat principles, however, on which
this question rested, which must not be forgotten, 'i'hey
must not forget that wages could not be touched by
legislation, and this led him to one portion of the paper
which referred to the decrease of the agricuUural
population, and the corresponding increase in the manu-
facturing districts. Instead of lamenting this migra-
tion, he said, let it continue still more, for by that
means only would they drive the landlord to pay higher
wages to secure the labour they wanted. 8o long as
commerce paid a higher price for labour than agriculture,
so long let commerce taike from agriculture the labour
it required, and let agriculture tempt back that labour or
prevent its leaving l^ paying for it at the same r^te as
commerce did. They would then find the eflect of legiti-
mate competition to secure the best services of the best
men, and in the agricultural districts part of that pay-
ment for labour would no doubt be provided by finding
good cottsges and gardens for the men. Ue now had to
say a word respecting the capital applied to cot-
tage building. They were told a rental of 8s. per
week was necessary to pay a ceriain per-centage upon
the cost, but nobody asked how much per cent, was
necessary to induce builders to erect gentlemen's houses,
although, no doubt, ample interest was paid for it. Why
should not capital derive an equal rate fiom cottages? It
was not the want of demand fur them that prevented it,
and he would not believe that it was inseparable from
the condition of a cottager that he should be unable to pay
adequate interest on the capital which had been employed
in building his house. But the real question for considera-
tion was what could now be done to secure better house
accommodation for this class? Tiieir attention had been
this evening almost confined to single cottages, or at the
tnost, to paus ; but ought they not to look to a series of
houses rather tlian to isolated cottages ? If they wished to
produce the cheapest and best buildings, was the double
cottage the best form of construction ? Then there were
many other very important points for consideration,
bearing on this question, as to whether relief from fiscal
burdens could not be afforded to certain classes of build-
ing^. But this was too wide a question for this evening,
and he would only say that he thought there were many
forms which legislation might take, which would give
greater facilities to the working man for obtaining and
keeping a cottage of his own, and it was by those
facilities they would increase and improve the accom-
modation they were contending for, for if a man possessed
a cottage of his own he would not be content with
such as they now lived in. He would contlude by asking
the meeting to thank Mr. Denton for the ability and
talent he had shown in bringing this interesting subject
before them.
The vote of thanks having been passed,
Mr. Bailet Denton, in acknowledging the oompliment
paid him, said he entirely agreed with the remark of Mr.
Henry Smith, that if they had to wait for improved
cottages until the wages of the labourer were raised they
would probably be likely to wait till the end of this cen-
tury. The Chairman had expressed what he (Mr.
Denton) meant when he said the money paid to the
labourers was not tiie only element of wages. If the
iU
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 13, 1864.
tenant-farmer contributed to the labourer'g comfort by
finding him a hotwe, and the landloixl by providing him
with a garden, those were two elements which reqmred to
l»o taken into consideration. He knew the popular idea
was that wages meant simply money paid. Now, until
they understood this subject differently, he thought they
would remain without any proper provision of cottages.
In fact, it was the dc»ire to get that part of the subject
understood that led him to bring this matter forward.
With regai-d to timber-built cottages, he was not prepared
to answer the question as to the cost, when compared with
brick, inasmuch as proprietors did not recognise timber as
being sufficiently substantial for building purposes.
Liverpool Ihstitdte. — The lecture-hall of this In-
stitute, which is an amphitheatre, with a gallery, and con-
tains iiccommodation for about 1,200 persons, has re-
cently been decorated according to designs supplied by
Mr. H. B. Roberts, of the Liverpool Academy of Art, to
whom the ornamentation of the Philharmonic-hall was
eutrusted on the last occasion. Mr. Roberts has produced
a beautiful result in design and colour, and the painting
and marbling have lieen creditably executed by Mr. Davis,
of Rathbone-street, the contractor for the work. The
ceiling is painted fawn colour, with border of double Greek
key ornament in brown, and comers inlaid with red honey-
suckle. The centre is white and gold, with red mouldings
and band of blue and white, ornamented with purple
honeysuckle. The chandelier is stone colour and gold.
The skylights have been re-glazed with plate glass. The
counter lights are painted Etruscan brown, the styles grey,
with purple ornaments and gold mouldings. The large
cove IS painted pink, restin^^ on a cornice of white and
purple scroll work, harmonising with the walls, which are
green. The doors of the gallery are purple, green, and
gold. The pilasters in the niches are painted Sienna
marble, and on each is placed a bast of some one eminent
in science, art, or literature. The organ is a special
object of attractk>n ; the columns are painted in imitation
of jasper marble, with white parian cape and gold mould-
ings, and resting on a base of porphyry, with panels of
Egyptian green marble; the pipes are bine and gold:
the cornice and arch white, gold, and pink, with frieze of
blue and white ornament. In the gallery front the balus-
ters are buff and gold ; the pilasters buff and black, with
grev and red styles ; the frieze is stone colour iiUaid with
pink panels, and purple ornament, in gold mouldings.
The light iron columns which support the gallery are
encircled with strap-work ornament, and have caps of
white and gold, ^therto this hall has been used only for
lectures and meetings in connection with the Institute ;
but in future it will be available for public meetings, lec-
tures, and concerts, the directors having determined to let
it for these porpoees.
RioHMONo YouMo Mkm's Sooiett.— On the 26th of
April a meeting was held in the Lectura Hall to present
Mr. W. Itobinson with a token of their esteem for bis
energetic services as secretary, and to award the prizes
granted during the seauon to successful essayists. The
testimonial coflBiBted of an electro-plated tea service and
an ornamental timepiece, with the design, *' Palissy sur-
veying the suocess of his enameL" The prizes consisted
of books chosen by the young men themselves. The
Rev. L. H. Byrnes, of Kingston, took the chair, and in
opening the proceedings said that these societies were
needed at the time when lads left school, and went into
the world, where new and powerful influences would be
operating, and the youth would find it difficult to maintain
principles imbibed in early days. G. F. Whiteley, Esq.,
was called upon to present Mr. W. Benning with the
prize for his Historical Sketch of Tunbridgo Wells. Dr.
Wilkie was requested to present the prize awarded
for the best essay on ** Character " to Mr. H. Otiliatn.
Rev. G. 8. Ingram spoke at some length od fl»
composition of essays, urging the advantages tariM^
from the exercise of thought. A mind capable of exten-
sive observation was desirable in all that woold wish
for a place in the world. He who would write to inteniA
must necessarily take a wide range of thought, co nlem-
plate the subject in its different bearings, and draw carefm
conclusions. Style was an essential part of literary «nn-
position, and should receive more attention than was
usually bestowed upon it. Rev. J. Banham saldthif
work was a duty proclaimed by Divine law, and aeareely
less so by the sentiment of civilized man. He that wooM
not work was refused any claim upon the privileges of
society. As indolence might be termed the pajent of vice,
so industry might be regarded as the progenitor of 1b^
piness. W. J. Maxwell. Esq., presented to Mr. W.
Robinson the testimonial for which the meeting had bc«
principally convened. He spoke on the utility of foch
societies, and referred to the debt due to the energy rf
their promoters, especially referrinjj to Mr. Hobitnoo a
an example of industrious integnty and energy. Ho
considered the testimonial as very appropriate. Mr.
Robinson replied that he was grateful to the society for
the way in which they had recognised his past laboun.
He had found great pleasure in discharging the duties of
the society. He had seen it in sunshine and in doadf,
and his solicitude for its success was as strong as ever.
He felt deeply indebted to other membera of the com-
mittee, without whose aid his services would have hert
comparatively valueless.
im Jirts.
A PROPOSAL FOR AN ART RESULT SOCIETY.
Bt C. Bbuoi Allen, Esq., ABCHtTEcr.
The Art Result Society would be founded on tfa« fad
that none of the Fine Art Educational Sodetlea now exist-
ing seem competent to raise art, as applied to common
objects in daily use, from their now artistically inexpres-
sive state, as they are now executed by common workmen.
Whatever may have been the means employed in ps^
times for the production of works in common and daflt
use artistically expressed, and whatever, whether great ot
small, the means of art education of thoae times, it ii
quite certain, from the remains those timet have ltd as,
that the whole artistic power and means of expresnon oJ
the artists and workmen of those times, ultimately fauad
their way directly to the object itself, whether great at
small, whether a building or a jewel, and did not ooofioi
itself as that artistic power now does to paper and lej*^
sentations.
This past mode of work it was that now enaUei w
modems to fill vast mtiseums and exhibitioos with sock
costly and beautif^ work — ^with such evidences of the
artistic capacity and high art feeling of the men of^
days. It is the mode of work which has made the di^-
ence between a cathedral of the thirteenth ccntuiy— as an
expreasional artisUc result— and a modem railway statoi :
between a cup or coin by Benvennto Cellini and »
modem race cup, or a penny piece.
It is not, therefbre, the men and artists who are kn
able now than they were, but that the B3rstem of art edu-
cation primarily, and the artist action finally, that would
seem to be the causes of this world-wide dififereooe sod
former excellence, and of the present art-nothingottss atri
almost universal failure. The artistic faculty and powv €4
the present time may be fairly said to be wh(^y expended'
and, it is to be feared, lost, on paper and in represeoti-
tions : the final result, the object it«elf, whatevw It be»
whether a building or a coin, in all cases being exeeoted
by inferior men, i.e., workmen and not artiste*
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 13, 1864.
435
Tltti ike raoMUOS of old art— the work of the artists of
pait times— haa iodeed this almost infiQite sap^rionty
ovet the fine art prodaots of the present time, would seem
to bo pmved beyond any possibility of doubt, by the price
80 readily given for "antique art/' fifty to a hundred
and fifiy pouads, and sometimes more, being obtained for
a very ordinary cup and saucer — the sole difference be-
tween them and their modwn copies, at a cost of as many
pence, being simply that the first were the works of an
artist, and actually executed as well as designed by him ;
and the modem copy is a work of manufacture, and exe-
oated b^ a mere workman in whom the artistic element
is wanttnff.
In buildings, too, this modem inferiority is to be noted,
the sole difierenoe between the works of the present and
the past lying in the fact of the details of the old work
baring been the actual hand-work of artists, t.s., of artist
workmen; and the building of to-day being the result of
a diviMon of labour and the actual hand-work of simple
workmen, and not artists or artist workmen. We may
oompare the decorative work now going on in St. Paul's
Cathedral with the art decoration and wall painting left
to m in the Westminster Chapter House— the one the
remit of labour, and the other of artist labour. The artistic
element of design may in any two giren works be equal,
but the final result different, according to the mode of
executioo. It would be. therefore, in the mode in which
the artistic process is applied that this proposed new society,
or extension of the art action of one already existing, would
endeavour to create and help forwurd a radical change.
It would ask not only design, but execution — not only for
artistic design expressive of modem wants and feelings,
kut for artistic execution embodying and carrying out in
Hiaterial such design.
It would regard designs and drawings on paper as means
only, and not as ends, as is now the universal art practice,
and would ask for the final result of all art power and aoUon,
whether in artists or workmen in material, t.e., the object
itself. Not copies of old work by artists and workmen
who have long since passed away, but new work, both in
dengn and execution. It would demand modern results.
Another element in this proposed society would be —
and it is a most important one— recognition. In all oases
the artist and workman would be credited with his work
— irrespective of the architect, manufacturer, or seller —
whether he be the artist draughtsman and designer on
paper, thus indicating the work to the executive workman,
a woHl now always to be done, or whether he be. the
artist workman, the actuU executant. This is the one
great e«ential of future progress in fine art. It may here
be observed that absolutely perfect work can only be
accomplished by the mind and hand of one man, like a
pfctore. The original thought, the design, the drawing,
and the actual exeeotion, must be the result of the succes-
sive action of the mind and hands of one person, a single
inte l l e ctnal and manual feat in fine art.
Bat the spirit of modernism and manufacture having
oompelled a division of this simple and primitive mode
of art work, it neoevitates two distinct elements or
powers'— the draughtsman to indicate the proposed work,
iDd to show to the workman how it is to be done, and
Lbe workman himself to exenute the work. It is obviously
inferior to the firrt mode, but it is now the only practicable
jDOt and in almost universal use. Every ofject in which
5oe art at all enters that is to be seen in our shop windows,
the tme receptacles of the art of a nation — has been pro-
Inced by this twofold process, the making of the indica-
tive drawing or design by an artist draughtsman, and the
sxecotion of the work itself by the workman. Both
Jieee art means it must be the business of the proposed
ioctetv to recognise and encourage, by demanding both
he drawing of the draughtsman and tlie work of the
vorkmao. The last is now, happily, being done in many
vaya, but, unfortunately, not modem work, but copies of
>aAt work ; but the first, the drawing by the draughtsman,
rithont which the modem workman cannot act, his never
yet been asked for. It b as importont as the work itself,
for without it, the object itself, the final result, as a work
of art, whatever its value, could have no existence— our
modem art workmen not being able to draw a design.
But this mode of action, driven, a« we must be,
to it by the modem system of the divLdon of labour,
need not hinder, but would tend nrther to encourage, the
society, to ask of the draughtsman, on the one hand, for
a specimen, if possible, of his executive power in material ;
ana it would, on the other hand, equally ask of the
workman a specimen of his powers as a draughtsman,
and would, it is to be hoped, so tend to urge him to leam
and cultivate his fine art faculties as a draughtsman as
well as an executant.
The society would also, for its highest work, ask of
our artists art work in material, which, although so novel
In modem times as to seem ^most impossible in
practice, was, in past times, the common practice in
the production of works of fine art, indeed, the sole way ;
and It is therefore hoped that, at least in some cases, our
leading artists will be induced to contribute results in
material, if only by way of example and encouragement,
and to show what is possible. Past ages have left us of
the present age not drawings or representations on paper
of what they thought and did, but their fine art thoughts
wrought out in the enduring mateiials dug firom the earth,
made living by the impress of ai*tistic and individual
power upon them; while this age wiU leave nothing
whatever as evidence of its artist strength but what is to
by found on paper, and the feeble and lifeless reflections
of it by the hsjids of oth^ and inferior men.
It has been said that the ^[reat principle of the division
of labour is indeed the movmg power of civilization, and
must, therefore, extend itself to all bi'anches of science,
industry, and art ; but it would be the vocation of this
society to enunciate the great art troth, that while this
division of labour and power of machinery are legitimately
competent to multiply the coins from a single die, they are
not competent to cut the die itself. This is artists' work,
and the work of one man, and one only. The chief and
practical obiects, therefore, of this proposed society or of
any others that might spring from it, would simply be to
offer prises annually to artist workmen and also to artist
draughtsmen for specimens of their combined skill, •.«.,
for the working drawing by the draughtsman, which served
to guide the workman in his work ; and also prizes for the
actual work itself, as finally executed by the workman.
These two elements in the production of modem fine art,
whatever it may be, are so intimately connected together,
that the one cannot go on without the other ; the workman
is at present unable to work without either the direct
copying of some detail of old art, or architecture, or the
detailed drawing of the future work as prepared for him
by the artist draughtsman.
It would also initiate a great social object by bringing
into acknowledgment and notice, and, it is to be hoped,
encouraging a hitherto unnoticed and unrecognised class of
men, and a class from whom society mainly obtains the
art in all the objects it sees and uses, viz., the class of artist
draughtsmen in our art manufactories. It is these men
who serve to fill with art objects the shop windows, and
from them our houses, with their furniture, china and
glass, fabrics, and decorative work, indeed, everything
but pictures.
It must be anticipated that the progress of such a society
as this now proposed, or societies, if more than one, must
of necessity be very slow, for not only have the workm3n
and artists to be invited to work in a new and strange way,
but the public mind itself is not at all instracted as to the
causes of the difference between the now manufactured
and the real art.
But, difficult as must be even the firat beginnings of
such a society, the great idea on which it is based « that
of the individuality of the artist — now nowhere recognised
except in painting, but which in all the great epochs of
art must have always been the sovereign idea, does ye'
436
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP AKT8, May 13, 1864.
perpetually, as ill great tmths will, flash acroet the miods
of thoughtful men.
A most illuatrious authority has said — " In comparme
the works of past times with those of our own age aud
country, while we may well be proud of the immense
development of knowledge and power of production which
we possess, we have reason also for humility in con-
templating the reBnement of feeling and intensity of
thought maoifested in the works of the older schools."
In this emphatic sentence will be found the keynote to the
ftitweof art.
Thb Fdtb Abts in Pabis. — In Paris, as In London,
May \b the festival month of painters, sculptors, and all
the other devotees of the temple of beauty, the season of
hopes and fears, of triumphs and sad disappointments.
The annual exhibition of the works of moaem artists
opened, as usual, on the first day of the month, and, that
being Sunday, the public was admitted without charge,
and the gallery, lai^e as it is, was densely crowded. A
private view, however, took place on the Saturday, and
the members of the press and the principal artists bad the
advantage of a quiet examination of the collection on
that and also on the preceding day. As regards paintings,
the fact of the exhibition being now annual, mstead of
biennial, seems to have had very little influence on the
number of works sent in ; in round numbers nearly three
thousand pictures were received, each artist being limited
to two works instead of three, the number allowed last
year ; and of these two thousand were accepted, and form
the exhibition proper of that section. Two large
departments of the galleiy are set apart for the rejectra,
but, as ma^ be supposed, the greater number of those
whom the jury has struck out, have taken care to hide the
evidences of their non-suooess, and the consequence is,
that these two rooms exhibit a most depl<Mrable aq[>ect.
The exhibition certainly exhibits a vast amount of
ability, an immense painting power, but the number
of great works is, perhaps, less than upon anpr former
occasion for a consideimble number of years. The limitation
of each artist to two works has greatly contributed to the
mediocre character of the collection, as there are some
three or four artists who, having before received medals,
or distinctions in other forms, are exempt from examina-
tion by the jury ; and had each been allowed to send three
examples, the proportion of good, or, at any rate, of fair
pictures, would have been greatly increased. The limita-
tion of two works is pretty generally condemned as a
mistake, and it is believed that it will not be repeated.
There is another reason for the poorness of t^e exhibition,
in the absence of a large number ef the leading artiste
from various causes; amongst others, of Gabanel, Flandrin,
Couture, Pils, Troyon, Baudr>', Jalabert, and Muller.
Several of these gentlemen Iiave refused to exhibit fh>m
the fact of their bein^ members of the jury ; death has
snatched away Hippohte Inland rin; and Troyon, the ad-
mirable lands(^ and animal painter, has been visited with
sore affliction, and has destroyed with his own hand one
or more of his finest productions. The exhibition cannot be
said to be strong in any department, but the number of
works is vast — nearly four thoufiand in all — and the mere
manual dexteritv of the greater portion of the exhibitors
so remarkable, that an observant student would spend a
week most satisfactorily in studying the exhibition.
The whole system of rewards has been changed; for
some years it has been the habit to give one grand
prize, nominally a modal, but really a sum of four
thousand francs, three first-class, nx second-clsBs, and
twelve third-class medals in the sections of painting and
drawing, half those numbers in that of sculpture, and a
proportionate number for engraving, lithography, and
other works, and, in addition to those, a large number of
"^PPols," or lecoi-dsof exhibitors deserving any medal
which they had previously obtained, and a mass of
honourable mentions. These latter honours have been
long felt to be worthless, and Ihey and the rappels are
nowabolished. The rewards estaUiriied this year eooiist
of two grand medals of honour, one ibr pMntiag ani
the other for sculpture, and eadi of the vaioe of low
thousand francs, and of fort^ medala in ]MaioliDg« ftfleea
in sculpture, eight in engraving, and foor is aichiieetaie,
all of the same value, munely, four bmdred ficanoa. and
paid entirely in caeh if desiied. This medal la <m^ to
be bestowed three times on any one artist, the rMpieBta
then becoming entitled to the cross of the LegioA eC
Honour. The awards, oonirary to former jpmctioe, htse
been announced at the outset of the exhibifclon, uid aie
recorded on the frames. The jury has also made &D0«2ier
innovation, namely that of placing the word '^^Axempt"
on tiie works of those artiste who, having prerioudy
received medals, are emaneipated from the dartinn of the
admission jury. The grand medal has net beea a«»dad
in the section of painting, the jury having found no woik
deserving of the honour ; and that in acnlpiiire baa been
assigned to an artist who died during the year* and. who
left only an unfinished statoe. Count NienweriMcks^
the superintendent of fine arts, has perfoniied a yuj
graceful and judicious act in ^ving rree admlaMons to
all the students of the Imperial School of Fine Arts.
Some months ainoe a great change was madn in the
constitution of the school just referred to, the adnunistra-
tion of which was taken from ih» Academy oC Fine Aits
and placed under a separate eommisaioo, coosieyng ef a
few members of the academy itself Joined wish n osrtain
number of eminent artists, outside of the aQndeaft,and a
few offidals connected with the Imperial mnaeuMk This
gave rise to loud compUinls on the part of the ai.n<hwj ,
and it is said that the members have detannined to muk
their sense of the proceeding, and t^ show the pnblia aft
the same time their own power, by eatahlithing an ex-
clusive exhibition of their own workih — The Bamrar has
purchased a copy in mosaic, by Erofsisor ^■■ig^T, ef
Baphael's Virgin with the chair ; the work is of thneaaM
size as the original, and occupied Use artist nearly eeven
years. The price paid was 86,000 fransi (JU>400;. — The
repairs of the m-eat northern door of Hotee IHune hnve
just been completed, as far as regards the ikone woik, and
the statues are now placed in their nidies ever the aonth
door, so that the restoration of this beentifU ohnroh m^ be
looked upon as approaching a conclusion.
Euonrn Dblaoboix.— The SooiM Hationale 4bs
Beaux Arts has decided on organising an eshftilion
of the works of the late £i^;ene Dekoroix, to tske
^aoe in its rooms on the Boulevard dea Italiona. M.
Th^(^hile Gautier is the president of tiie oommitlse
entrusted with the work of collection and
and several eminent artists and men of letien
eluded in the list of its members.
FiMB Abts in Bobosaux.— One of the moti
able provincial exhibitiona in Franoe, namely, that
of Bordeaux, is dosed, or about to dose. It or^^naftsd
with a few amateurs, who, in 1851, formed thnmariTSi
into a society, called the Friends of the Arte, and iteAot
exhibition took place in the month of Noren^Mr in tfaift
year. The original number of shareholdeBS in the imdfT
taking was 672 ; the municipal anthoritiee of the town
voted a sum of 8,000 francs, and the conaeiUgeosml 100
francs in aid of the first exhibition, iHiioh oomprissd
nearly five hundred works of art The aodety laid
out 16,000 fhmcs in purchases, and 8,000 more wtn
recdved fhmi private individuals* A few months aite
this Brst exhibition of the woiics of livnig ariisla, an*
other was oiiganized, to whieh 647 piotnrQB ^y <M
masters were contributed by amatene in Bofdeaaz
alone. In 1868, the exhibition was highly aoomisAl ; ths
authorities purchased Cogniet's pietoie of ^ ^ Dangktw
of Tintoretto" for their museum, fbr the nun of 804)00
francs ; the purchases of the sodety itself aawsmtsd Is
more than 26,000 francs, and those of private pscsoa
raised the toUl to 68.000 kuon (£S,flM)), The fiat
twdve exhibitk>ns of the sodety indnded mote fhso
50,000 works of art, of which about 1,200 were poxehmi
Oh
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 13, 1864.
437
either for the town of Bordeaux or by private penons in
its neighbourhood ; and the total receipts of the twelve
fell very little short of £20,000. TheSocUtd dea Amis des
Arts ha.sreoeived great eDcouragement from the authorities
of the tonrn ; a special gallery has been built for their
exhibitions in the public garden ; and the fruit of the
labours of the society is to be found in the fact that several
Amstour^ have made donations of valuable works of art,
and that the museum has been enriched by the addition
of seventeen fine paintings There are many other excel-
lent societies of the kmd in France, but that of Bordeaux
is perhaps the most remarkable.
Thb Louvrb. — A very important work is about to
be commenced at the Louvre. The pavilion of Flora,
which forms the comer of the Palace of the Tuileries
towards the river, is now completed as far as the outer
walls are concerned, and the new Salle des Etats, which
connects it with the grand gallery of the Louvre, is in a
forward state. The next thing to be done is the entire
demolition of that portion of the gallery erected during
the reign of Louis XIV., and its reooustruction in harmonv
with the rest of the gallery. This completion of the beauti-
ful work of Henry IV., and the removal of the hideouf
stnicture of Louis' period, will be one of the greatest im-
provements imaginable. Unfortunately the pictures of the
Flemish school will in consequence have to be withdrawn
from exhibition for a considerable period. The original
design of Murillo's grand work, " The Vision of Saint
Pran9ois attended by Angels,** from the Vallardi collection,
has been pfesented to the Museum of the Louvre, by M. P.
Jacques ; it will form the most precious relic of the great
Spanish painter in the Imperial collection.
Fbbkoh Abtutts. — Death and suffering have fallen
heavily on the artistic class during the last few weeks.
Flandrin has been carried off with terrible suddenness,
by disease contracted by overwork and anxiety, leaving
hjf mural paintings in the church of St. Germain des
Pr^ to be finished by another hand. Dubufe, father
of the popular painter, died at the age of 74 ; he was
m papQ of David, and divided his time between historical
mod religious subjects and portrsits. In the former
styles he gained considerable honour, and in the latter he
was the rage during the reign of Louis Philippe, whose
portrait he painted ; but his grand success was with female
Bubjects ; amongst his most celebrated works in this class
are likenesses of the Queen of the Belgians, and of
Mademoiselle Vernon, in the ** Dumb Girl of Portici." He
was the Lawrence of the time of the Kin^ of the Barri-
cades. M. Allard, a promising young pamter, native of
Lyons, and residing since last autumn at Rome, has been
lunrdered by a man who pat to him as a model, for the
sake of the watch which he wore, and which is said to be
one of the greatest temptations possible to the lower
classes in that city. The money m his pockets was un-
touched. Lastly, poor Troyon, the admirable painter of
rural scenes and animals, has become insane, and has been
Traced in an asylum, with little hope of recovery. Poor
Watteau. the painter of courtly and elegant pleasures,
died of melancholy and consumption at Nogent-sur-Marne,
where a monument was erected to his memory by his
fWcods; this was destroyed by the revolutionists of 1793,
and a new one is being erected in its place by a statuary
named Auvray. A bust of the painter is to be executed
at tho expense of the government, and the maire has
opened a subscription to defray the rest of the expenses.
PiuruRB Sals in Pabis. — A very remarkable sale
occurred a short time since, that of the collection of M.
Eugene Plot, one of the noted connoisseurs of Paris. M.
Plot has ransacked Italy for the last twenty years for
works unknown in France, and the late sale proves that
he has had considerable success. The sale attracted all
the amateurs within reach, and the prices obtamed,
though not 80 high, probably, as they would have been
two or three months sUice, were good. The following
mn the most remarkable lots:— A bust of a child by
DoDatello, 1886-1468, 8,350 francs, or £334 ; bust of
Dietisalvi Neroni, who played a great part in the ropuMIc
of Florence and was a great friend of Cosmo de Medici,
by Mino do Flesole, 1406-148G, £280 ; a status of the
Virgin seated, with the infant Jesus standing on hci*
knees, by Antonio Rossellino, 1427-1490, £135; tiio
Virgin with the infant in her arms, alto-relievo, with
winged Cherubim, £134 ; the following woiks by
Michael Angelo — Portrait of himself, 1475-ll>Gi, a
replica of that in the Audience Chamber of the Capitol
at Rome, from the collection of Comte Bianchetti, of
Bologna, withdrawn at £400; a statue about fifteen
inches higH, supposed to be the original of the colossal
statue of David, £202 ; Samson slaying the Philistines, a
group of three figures, not higher than the preceding,
£241— this subject is said to have been designed as a
pendant to the statue of David, but not to have been
carried out — a panel of a door by Lorenzo Ghiberti, 1881-
1455, representing an architectural framing with two
groups, an angel delivering a prisoner, and another angel
guidmg a saint, X104; the Martyrdom of St. Sebastien,
by Donatello, a small work, £108 ; and a winged child
with a fish on its shoulder, a small statuette intended for
a fountain, £160.
A FiNB PiCTUBS BT BuBBiTS DisoovBRBD. — The director
of the S&lle d'Orient, at Brussels, has made a fortunate
discovery. At a public sale of curiosities he purchased,
for ten umncs, a picture covered with dust and cobwebs,
and somewhat injured into the bargain, and upon having it
cleaned ^e connoisseurs declared it to bean undoubted
Rubens. The subject is, ** The Tavern de la Madeleine,"
and the fortunate possessor has refused forty thousand
francs for it.
Ipmrafactnns*
China Gbabs. — The manufacturers of Rouen are turn-
ing their attention seriously to the applications of China
^ass. The Chamber of Commerce was the first to move
m the matter, a report was drawn up by M. Cordier, and
specimens of the plant and its products in all stages of
manufacture were exhibited to the public, and attracted
consid erable attention . Recently to these have been added
samples of tissues of the grass mixed with wool and
cotton ; these are the produce of the works of M. Bertel,
and have been printed by Eeittinger and Sons. The
landed proprietors of the departments of the Bouches-du-
Rhdne ana the Aisne and the government have made
arrangements to secure and distribute a supply of the seed.
Mamufaoturb of Fine Eabibenwarb in Fbamce.—
It is said that the French government is about to establish
a school at Nevers for the insti-uction of young workmen
in modelling, drawmg, and painting for ceramic work.
Nevers was the cradle of the art in France, an Italian
named Corviade having about the beginning of the
fifteenth century introduced the manufacture there, and
his son was appointed by Louis XIII., " Oentilhumme
fa'incUr ** of the King's household. Nevers fell before the
Royal establishment of porcelain at Sevres, and lit faience
was for some time forgotten ; recently, however, it has
sprung up again and attracted attention, and there is no
doubt that the establishment of such a school as that
proposed would have a great effect in aiding in tho
resuscitation.
Portablb Coffbr Dam fob Cleaning and Ex-
AMiMiNG THB BOTTOMS OF Ships. — Cspt. Mc Kiilop drcw
the attention of the Institution of Naval Architects to a
coffer dam, consisting of a flexible iron framing and a
covering of india-rubber cloth or leather, which can be
passed down a ship's side so as, with the side of the ship,
to form a tube from which the water can be pumped out.
l?he vessel can by this means be either examined or
cleaned, as a man may be sent down a ladder iuside it.
If it is merely wanted to remove fouling, the ladder may
be left out and the lining of the coflerdam bix>ught near)^
488
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 13, 1864.
close to the ship's side, aosUked lime and other substances
beiog dropped m from the water's edge as the machine
goes down. When in position, the machine is moved
along the bottom by guide ropes. The slaking of the
lime destroys the grass and incmstation. Adhesion
between the machine and ihe ship's side is secured by an
inflated tube passing down each side and round the bottom
of the machine. The machine may also be used to stop
a leak, and may be kept on the leak during the remainder
of the voyage without great detriment to speed. It can
also be used as a raft.
The Atlantic Telegbaph. — On the 29th April, a
large party of gentlemen interested in the Atlantic Tele-
graph, met at the Gutta Percha Works, in Wharf-street,
City-road, and witnessed every separate process of manu-
facturing and testing the cable. There were present, among
many others, the Marquis of Tweeddale, Mr. Bright,
M.P., the Hon. W. M. Evarts, Mr. Percy Salmon, Mr.
Saward, Captain Hamilton, Mr. Glass, Mr. Varley, Mr.
Edwards, and Professor Wheatstone. The electrical tests
incidental to the operations of isolating the vrke were con-
ducted with great nicety. Fusees were fired by means of
a current despatched through sixty miles of the coated
wire. The manufacture of the cable differs at almost
every step from the process adopted six years ago. It is
nearly twice the size, and the weight of the copper strand
which forms the conductor is considerably more than
doubled, the number of pounds avoirdupois to the nautical
mile being 800 to 107. The insulation issaid to be improved,
Cbatterton 8 compound, with which the copper strand is
first coated, and which alternates with tne successive
layers of gutta percha, binding them firmly together, and
excluding air. Protection aninsi rongh external in-
fluences IS obtained by substituung for the eighteen strands
uf charcoal-iron wire laid qiinlly round the core, with a
padding of tar-saturated hemp between, ten solid wires of
homogeneous iron, each wire surrounded separately with
five strands of Manilla yam, saturated with a preservative
compound, and the whole laid spirally round the core,
which latter is padded with ordinary hemp, steeped with
preservative mixture. The breaking strain of the old cable
was 8 tons 5 cwt. ; while In the present case it is 7 tons
10 cwt., and in oUier essential respects great improvement
has been attained. The mode of splicing is now materially
improved.
in the French markets, but it does not readi them exeepi
through England. The raw nlk expOTted last year from
^apan amounted to 22,000 bales, of whkh only a snail
^portion reached Franco. The merchants of Ljona and
Marseilles are now making arrangements to reo^Te sEk
direct from Japan. The French commission agenta who
have gone to Japan find more fiu:i]ities there tlisn is
China. The climate of Japan is incomparably aoperior..
and the silk grown there is finer and takes the dye better.
The export of raw silk from Japan has greatly increased
within late years. The entire export from the lei of
July to the 28th of October last year amounts to 6,834
bales, against 5,701 during the corresponding period oi
the year 1862. These 6,884 bales represent a value of
more tlian £640,000.
Tea. — The imports of tea have experienced a great
expansion this year, as compared wRh 1868, when a con-
siderable corresponding progress was made. Thus the
total imports during the first three months of 1864
amounted to 22,277,065 lbs. against 17,098,365 lbs. in the
corresponding period of 1868, and 18,452,904 lbs. in the
corresponding period of 1862. The total imports for 1865
amounted, however, to 85,206,779 lbs., as compared with
78,817,060 lbs. in 1862. A considerable portion of the
increase observable in the imports for the first quarter of
1864, as compared with the corresponding three mooth»
of 1868, is accounted for by the laiger exports effected
thisvear as compared with previous quartera, the total
for the three months ending March 81, 1864, having been
8,012,067 lbs. against 5.037,077 lbs. in the correspnidiog
period of 1868, and 5,070,404 lbs. in the correspoodlDg
period of 1862.
Sssn AND Oil Trades. — The reported damage to the
Continental rape crops has considerably enhaoced
of all seeds.
€alams.
Tbb Expobt Tbade of Fbanob is gradually increasing.
According to the last official returns published the exports
fVom the Ist of January to the Ist of April amounted to
699,506,000f. During the corresponding priod of the
year 1861 the exports amounted to 468,$89,000f. ; in
1862 to 507,265,000f. ; in 1868 to 694,490,000f, The
principal articles of which the export has iixreased are silk
stuffs, woollen cloths, millinery, linendrapery, dressed
skins, toys, wine, brandy, and chymioal ingredients. The
import duties increased during the same period to
40,188,000f. from 87,196,000r. in 1868, and S8,876,090f.
in 1852. England is the best customer for French manu-
factured silks, inasmuch as she takes more than the half of
all that is exported. England likewise takes more than
one>half of the woollen stoflb exported from France.
The best customeis, however, for coarse woollen cloths homes. Acclimatisation societies have also
are Belgium, Germany, and Italy.
The Silk Tbade continues to improve at Lyons. The
price of the law material is firm, but not so high as to
prevent manufacturers pnndiasing all they require. The
scarcity of Chmese and Japanese raw silk is the only un-
&vommble ciroamstance to be remarked. The supply is
not equal to the demand, and it is feared that ultimately
the supply of Eonmean silk may not be somcfent. The
5P«iw»ce of the sAkworms throughout the departments
of the Is^, Var, Drftme, Oard, and Vauclnse U satlsfao.
tory. J^Janese silk U becoming every day more esteemed
A Canadian Telegraph Company. — /L new cooipaDy
has been organised in Canada, called the Provinciakl Teile-
graph Company, with which the United States Companv
will be connected at Suspension Bridge and at Montreu.
One of the most important features of this enterprise Is its
probable connexion, with a line to Europe, to whidi the
attention of the public has not been called. This line is
from the coast of Labrador, vi& Greenland, lodand, and
the Faroe Isles, to the north shore of Scotland. Tke
longest distance from shore to shore is less than 500 miks
— a less distance than cables are now sucoeasfoUy workiog
in the Mediterranean.
AOOLIMATISATION IN THE COLONIES. — A LjtteltOO pCpST
savs that the woric of acclimatisation has been oarHed oo
with great energy during the past year, and with cooaider*
able success. The societies under whose auspices the werk
is promoted have been well supported peconiarily, and
their funds have enabled them to introdooe aoiiiefoaB
binds and animals from all parts of the wc^ld. Many
encouraging instances of actual acclimatisation have eoDe
under notice, several of the quadrupeds and ornithological
specimens that have been liberated from the preserves in
which they have hitherto been kept, having been Ibmid ts
multiply, and apparently thrive as well as in their native
lished in Queensland, and Invercargill, and local ItfaD iAei
of the Victorian Society have bean formed in the towasof
Ballarat, Beechworth, and Portland. TheNewZealnd
Society has made an excellent beginning, and £dOOhss
been voted in its aid by the previndal eoundl, £60 far tbs
introducdon of game, and £250 for salmon ova. Itoe
are obvious reasons for encouraging aeelimatMsHoii ia New
Zealand, a country that, thongh b l es s e d with a clinats
well adapted to the constitution of the anfanela of a is^ge
portion of the world, was sfaigularty desfeitate of aanal
life when first colonised. The rec^pts of the Yieloria
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 13, 1864.
489
AodimatiMlkm Sooietj for the Ust year were £8,596 14t.,
indnding a government grant of £2,400. There is every
pmbability that the British aalmon will shortly be intro-
dooed into TftAinania, where Uie aoclimatiaation society
have made arrangements for seonrine a supply of ova.
The ftoaramy^ from the Mauritius, has been actually
Undeii alive at Adelaide, and there is no reason to doubt
ibat this excellent pood fish will shortly be establidied in
the colony. A reeervoir near Melbourne has been supplied
with English tench, and other reservoirs are stockea with
BngJish dace. The Murray cod is now completely estab-
lished in several of the rivetB.
HBLBOUBirs. — ^A private letter says that business has
been ktely very dull. The prevailing inactivity is attri-
butable to two causes, vis., the uncertaiuty existing with
regard to the fate of the customs duties bill, and the incle-
meoey of the weather. , The former has been read twice in
the legislative council, but it is not thought that it will be
read a third time in its present form. There has been a
mat deal of rain lately, and floods have again occurred at
MaiUand, on the Hunter Biver, which have done a great
deal of damage. Another cause of the existing deprMsion
is the bad harvest, inasmuch as the loss of the crops has
impoverished many of the small fiirmers, who are oonse-
qaeotly in many cases obliged to do without the neces-
saries of life almost, which acts directly on the country
storekeepers, through them on the trade. Sydney. Money
has been scarce of late.
IKaUs.
Steam FuovamaiQ in Feamcb. — A steam plouglilng
mateh, under Imperial auspices, has recently come off at
Boanne. The novelty of the operations, in a district
characterised by its primitive modes of agriculture,
attraoted a large conoourse of spectators. Several French
engineers took part in Uie competition, and appeared
very confident of euooess; but the first prize of £100 and
the gold medal have come to England, the winners being
HeMcs, James and Frederick Howard, of Bedford.
ExHiBinoH or Buildwo Matebiaia. — An exhibition
of all the matten employed in construction, rough and in
any sta^ of pr^Aranon, is announced to take place at
Olteo, m the canton of Solenre, Switzerland, on the I8th
ofAugiM^. The matter has been taken up very warmly by
the 8wi« authorities, and the railway companies have
ofiered to oonvey exhibitors, visitors, and materials at half
the usual prices.
Bsinsa Musbum. — The annual accounts of the British
Museum have been laid before Parliament The entire
expenditure in the past year has amounted to £95,000, of
whioh about half went in salaries and incidentals, and the
other half in porohases and in the expense of repairs and
maintenance of the building, the rooms and the oollec-
tiooe, and in bookbind&ng. The attendance of the public
to view the general collections fell to 440,801 in the year
1868— less than half the attendance in 1862 (the Exhibi-
tion year),anda smaller number than for several years past.
The number of visits to the reading-room also decuoed
considerably, ialling ftom a number alwajrs of late years
exceeding 120,000 to 107,^1, or an average of 872 a dav
oo the 800 days oo whidi the room was open. Each
reader consulted on an average 11 volumes in the day,
and the whole number of volumes consulted in the year
is eatimated at 1,222,484. The total number of articles
added to the libraiy in the course of the year, indudiog^
nampapeSt broadsides, engravings, maps, and misoella*
DMUt pieces, was 107,784. Of complete works 45,020
were porchased, 10,078 acquired by oopyri^, and 1429
prannted. In the natund history departments above
100,000 specimens have been added in the course of the
past year, and P ro f essor Owen reports that, although the
tatikmA of p t c f i owa aoqulsitk»8 leads to ever^powasing
ratioeoee and eave in solectioni the progress of the addi- ,
tions is such as fully to verify the anticipations on which
the requirements of space have been estimated. The
Additions include specimens from the African expeditions
and the North American boundary expedition, and con-
tributions of great Bcientific value from the Linnsan and
Entomologicai Societies. The department of zoology has
been enriched by a donation from Mr. J. Bowring of
above 80,000 specimens of coleopterous insects, the largest
and most instructive accession to the entomological de-
partment ever presented by one individual. Very large
additions have been made to the collection of fi^es ;
among them may be mentioned a collection from Uie Lake
of Ghdilee. Valuable additions were made also to the
other departments — ^the botanical, mineralogy, geology,
antiquities, and ethnography, coins and medab, prints and
drawiogs.
Nxw National Gallbbt. — ^An estimate has been pre-
sented to Parliament proposing a vote of £10,000, the firat
instalment of £152,000, which is the estimated cost of
building a new National Gallery at Burlington-house,
including finishings and decoration. In forwarding the
estimate, the First Commissioner of Wortn states that
the estimate is for the erection of the National Gallery on
the site purchased by the Government in Piccadilly, con-
sisting of about three and a-half acres, of which one-half
is occupied by Burlington-house, with its two wings and
its colonnade, and by the courtyard which they surround.
These buildings are occupied by the Royal and other
societies, which need not be diBturi)ed at present, since
the garden, which occupies half of the site, will fhmish
ample accommodation for the pictures, ancient and modem,
belonging to the trustees of the National Galleiy, and
also for the additions to the collections which may be
expected by gift and purchase for many years to come.
Wnenever, however, a large increase of space may be re-
quired, Burlington-house and its wings will be pulled
down to make room for an extension of the National
Gallery, and in the meantime the courtyard will make a
handsome and convenient approach to the main entrance
of the new building, which will be through the central
hall of Burlington-house. The proposed bmlding will be
SOOA. long and 218fi. wide. That part of it which will
be devoted to the exhibition of pictures will be of one
story, lit from the ceiling, and will provide 3,000 lineal
feet of wall-spaoe in a horizontal line, exclusive of door-
wajTs, and 36,200 superficial feet of floor space. The
larger galleries will be 40ft. wide and 40ft. high, and the
rooms for small pictures will be 21 it. wide, with a pfo-
portionate height. The only external elevation that will
be visible wifl be at the northern side, in Burlington-
gardens, whore the board-room and offices of the trustees
and the residence of the keeper will be placed in two
stories, and where there will be a public entrance. On
the southern side, where the level of the ground is lower,
there will be a useftil basement story, and the whole
building will be of firepoof construction.
♦
Vaoamt Niohis iw London.— Sm, — The letter of
" Ck>midete your Work," in your last number, touches on
a subject that I have long thought deserving attention,
and 1 hope it may claim to some good purpose the notioe
of the Society of Arts. Excellent sUtues, in stone and
tena cotta, can doubtless be produced, and such, in the
atmosphere of London, would probably be quite as durable
as marble, and fitr less costly. Your correspondent has
alluded to the massive unoccupied pedestals tl»t adorn
the VAoe in fjont of the British Museum, and he might
have dted those in Trafalgar-square. I would, howevw,
call attention to the numerous nkhes, all nntsnaoted,
which occur in the outer walls of St. Pteul's Cathedral,
and the twelve or fourteen suited fix ttatoei or vases io
the Comhill fiont of the Bank of England. There art
unit "■ "will.
laurnal rf %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS m UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, MAY 20, 1864.
[No. 600. Vol. XII.
^nnonnttmtnts Irjn % Cirantil.
Presentation or Medals and Prizes.
His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales,
K.G., President of the Society, has been pleased
to appoint Friday, the 24th of June, at three
o'clock, to present the medals and prizes awarded
during the present Session. The Presentation
will take place at Willis's Rooms, King-street,
St. James's. Members will be admitted by
titiket only, for which application should be
made to the Secretary; each ticket to admit
the member and one lady. The tickets will be
ready for delivery on and after the 1st Jane.
Ordinary MsETuraB.
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
May 25. — ^Derby-day. Ko Mkktino.
OOTTAOES for THE LABOURING OlASSES.
A Special Conference will be held at the
Society's House, on Thursday, the 26th, and
Friday, the 27th inst., to which the Council
invite all those members of the Society of
Arts who have seats in the Legislature, such
other members as are known to take a special
interest in the subject, the Presidents of the
Institutions in Union with the Society, and other
noblemen and gentlemen whose co-operadon may
be deemed important.
The Conference each day will be opened at
11 'bO preciseli/, and closed not later than 4
o'clock, the chair being taken by the Chairman
of the Council.
The discussion will be taken : —
1. On the insafBcient Dumber of habitationa for the
Uboonng classes in town and country.
2. On tha badness of the existing accommodation.
3. On the effects arising from this state of things,
▼i*.:—
(.4) Religious, moral, and social.
(B) SaniUry.
(C) Economic.
4. On the causes to which these evils may be, or have
been, attributed, such as —
(A) The Law of Settlement.
(B) The Poor Laws.
(C) Tenure of property, such as mortmiin, leasehold
system, tenancy for life, dec.
(/>) Legal difficulties affecting the transfer of pro-
perty.
{R) Difficulty of providing proper dwellings at a cost
which will be remunerative to capital in town
and country.
5. Remedies:--
{A ) What can be done by Legislation ?
(B) What can be done without Legislation ?
( 0) What assistance, if any, can the Society give ia
either of these directions ?
The various plans sent in, in competition for
the prizes offered by Mr. J. Bailey Denton,
through the Society, are now hung on the walls
of the meeting-room, and may be inspected by
the members and their friends.
Statistics of Model Dwellings.
The report of the Committee appointed by
the Council to consider this subject, consisting
of the Hon. and Eev. Samuel Best, Mr. Samuel
Gregson, M.P,, Mr. Chandos Wren Hoskyns,
Mr. Thomas Twining, Mr. Henry M. Eyton
(architect), and Mr. George C. Rigby (builder),
has been published, and any mefnber of the
Society interested in the subject may have copies
on application to the Secretary. This inquiry
was originated at the suggestion of Mr. Twining,
who has also kindly defrayed the expenses of
it, and of the publication of the report.
ImeeMnjs of tjre Sotittj.
TWBNTT-SEOOKD ORDINARY MbBTIHG.
Wednesday, May 18th, 1864 ; Wm. Hawes,
Esq., Chairman of Council, in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Callender, William Romtine,F.8. A., Victoria-park, Man-
chester
Campbell, Rev. William, Privy CouncU Office, 8.W.
Johnston, William, 32, Buckingham terrace, Glaagow.
Locke, John, 83, Addiaon-road, Kensington, W.
The following candidate was balloted for and
duly elected a member of the Society : —
WiUon, John Peter, 40, Addison-gardens Korth, Ken-
sington, W.
440
JOXJRNAL OP THE SOOIETr OF ARTS, May 13, 1864.
also Tacant niches in Newgate, bot as the position might f
not be thought honourable, except in the eyes of an arobf-
tect, perhi^ they had better be rcaerred for mythological
pemonagee.— 1 am, Ac., Constjiiit Rbadsb.
MEETINGS FOB THE ENSUING WEEK.
MoK. ...Britiih Aixhit«;ti, 8. ^ „ . a^^ » ^
R. Unit«d Serrlce Inrt., 84. Commander R. A. Soott, R.N.,
**Pri3grtm of Ordnance Abroad. — Snbjeot continued.
Amonean Htt^ Gam."
Tcis. ...SUtitUcal, 8. 1. Mr. P. M, Talt, " The MorUlity of Eura-
fUu.** 2. Mr. W. G. Lumlej, «* The Sutisdcs of Roman
CathoUct in England.**
Ro/«l Intt., 3. FroftaBorManhall,** On Animal Lifto.**
Pathological, 8.
Anthropological, 8.
CiTil Engineers, 8. Mr. G. R. Bamell, ** On the Machinery
emplojed in Sinking Artesian Wells on the Continent.**
WiD .». Sodetj of Arts, 8. Mr. James Lowe, ** On Oyster Coltore.'*
Pharmaceutical, 11 a.m. Annual Meeting.
R. Sodetj of Literature, 4|.
Tbsi. ...Chemical, 8. 1. Dr. Gladstone, "Chlorophosphide of Ni>
trogen.*' 2. Mr. Dancer, ''Constitution of Wood Spirit.**
3. Drs. Williamson and Russell, ** Apparatns for Gas
AnalTsls.** 4. Dr. Williamson, " Atomic Weights of Me-
tals.'*^
Numismatic, t.
Zoological, 4.
Rojral Inst., 3. Mr. John HuUah, " On Music (1600—1760).**
Tb] PhUological, 8. Annual Meeting.
Rojal Inst., 8. Mr. James MasmTth, *' On Daj and Night
in the Moon."
8at Rojal Inst., 3. Mr. Alex. Herschel, " On Falling Stan, &c**
'^nttnti.
From Commiitioners qf Patents Jottmat, M<x^ $th,
GRAitfs or PB0VI8I0K1L PBononoM.
Aniline dyes, purple, riolet, and blae~981— H. Levinstein.
Animal matters, preserration of— 969 — W. Clark.
Artificial leather— 1001— H. A. Bonnerille,
Bonnet and hat Calls— 10&6— J. White.
Boots - 1020— S. F. Feldman.
Briok-making machinerj— 1030 - J. M. Pratt
Bricks, tiles, Ac— 1002— J. Jones.
Cables, submarine electric telegraph— 1013— J. R. Croakej.
Caissons, coffer dams, Ac— 1005— J. Q. Jennings.
Capsules, metallic— 063— «T. H. Johnson.
Carding engines— 1039— H. Marsden.
Carriages, construction of— 946— A. H. A. Dnrant and W. H. P. Gore.
Cereallne, manufacture of— 965— A. V. Newton.
Cereals, apparatus for sifting or sorting— 962— W. E. Gedge.
College caps— 1028— D. Lewis.
Condenser, continuous self-acting- 983 — J. Bribre.
Com seed and manure, drills to sow or deposit— 1032— J. J. Smjth.
Cotton gins— 839— T. Bourne.
Cotton gins— 1006— J. G. Rollins.
Cotton seed, treatment of, to separate the cotton from— 077— ^. Bur-
stall.
Cotton seeds, treating a product Aram the oil of— 952— C. Doughty
and W. D. Key.
Cranes, crab winches, &c.— 942— 8. Moore.
Doors, Ac, preventing the slamming of— 948 — W. Ovei^en, sen., and
W. OTenden, Jun.
Engines, motive power— 932— T. W. Miller.
. Engines, rotatorj— 963— M. B. Cooper.
Electric telegraph apparatus— 940— J. McElroy.
Fluid pressure, signalliag by means of— 800— J. P. Ferris and K. H.
Cornish.
Fluids, apparatus for raising and fbrcing— 1026— T. P. Tregaskls.
Fire-grates— 987— 8. Horrieon and W. Clements.
Garments, Ac, spring hook or fusteniog for— lOie^—W. L. Barnes.
Gas, manufacture of— 990— A. C. Eraser.
Gates and doors, /listening for— 976- J. E. Spratt.
Gun carriages, Checking the recoil of— 950— O. W. Rendel.
Harness, Ac, apparatus for cleaning the metal parts of— 1069— R. A.
Brooman.
Hoeing land, machinery for— 960— A. Priest and W. Woolnough, jun.
Hollow axles and axle boxes, v\c— 1018— J. Thompson.
Inhaling apparatus -101 2 G. Davies.
Iron caissons, sinking of, for foundations under water— 980— J. Shaw.
Iron, Ac, facilitating the puddling of— 1036— H. Bennett.
Jacquard cards, macninerT for connecting— 1041— W. £. Newtoa.
Keyless watches— 867— W. chrhardt.
Knapsacks, Ac. mode of carrying -1049— T. 8. Truss.
Liquids, apparatus for measuring— 961— W. Payton.
Looms— S82—W. G. Cooper and J. Hetchcr.
Looma-1029-D.Hus8ey.
ii«5»J***^--lOl4- J. C. RlTCtt.
Maaaer, treating products of- 925— F. A. Gatty.
Magnesium wire, apparatus tot burning— 870— E. Aldis.
Manures, preparation of— 966 — J. C. Cooml>e.
Oils, distilling and purifying hydro carbonr— 1019— J. E. Dnjck.
Omnibuses— 1057- T. L. Sonthgate.
Oysters, propagation of— 1040- W. Crofts.
Paper, madkinery for drying— 975— J. Stereos.
Pen»-e97— W. Clark.
Photographic apparatus— 1000— H. A. Bonneiille.
Photographic pictures photogenlcally indelible— 1060— R.A. Bi
Pianofortes, Ac, tuning of— 912— h. A. Kemp.
Plated wares, ornamentation of- 984- G. Green.
Fortmanteaos, Ac, construction of— 882— E. Pratt.
Projectiles— 989 -J. P. Harrlss.
Puddling fkimaces— 988— J. II. Jobnion.
Pulleys and riegers— 1015— W. Clark.
Pumps— 894— M. Benson.
Pumps, rotary- 1045— O. Haseltine.
Railway carriages, Ac, lighting of— 944— W. Symoas.
Railway chairs, hollow iron keys or wedges for fixing raila la— 1
F. G. Grice and li. Bennett.
Railways, working points and signals of— 996— H. Wadkin.
Respiratory apparatus- 974— G. Davies.
Ropes and cordage— 986— 8. 8. Robson. ^
Rotary engine for forcing air or water — 1022— A. V. Kewtosu
Saw blades, Ac, apparatus for hardening — 1037 — J. IHidge.
Ships and forts, lifting batteryappllcable to— 1004— L. Thcotti.
Ships, construction 0^-964— W. Clark.
Sizing substance— 964— J. Riley.
Skirts, manuftictureof— 973— J. C. A. Henderson.
Smoke consuming apparatns— 1034— R. North.
Smoking pipes- 1027— A. Wardle.
Spinning and doubling, self-acting mules for— 994— J. Staadefn.
Stamps, Ac, in relief - 1008— A. Leightoo.
Steam boaU, paddle wheels for- 1061— 8. Batenua.
Steam engines and boilers— 961— £. Rowi^e.
Steam engines, slide valres of— 956 — H. B. Barlow.
Steam hammers- 995— J. Armstrong.
Structures, fbundations for heavy- 986 — J. Head, jun.
Surftices, material for grinding and polishing— 1003— G. P. W ha ele r .
Sur&ces, wheels or tools for grinding and policing— 1062— £. J. W.
Parnacott.
Table tops, fastening of, without thumb screws— «79— J. Edit.
Tobacco pipes, apparatus for cleaning— 957— C. H. Proastf . _^
Trimmings, hand frames usod for embroidered— 939 — ^F. Brosreti.
Valve, equilibrium slide— 991- W. E. Newton.
Vessels, means of propelling— 938 — T. Meirat.
Water closet apparatus— 958— J. A. Nicholson.
Wheel dressing machines- 1063-H. 8. Jacobs.
Window blin&, &c., rack pullies for— 1042— A. J. BHUag aad J.
Shore.
IMTBMDON WITH COMPLBTB SpBOIFIOATIOK VtLKD.
Trees and timber, falling and splitting- 1068— C. H. Fearsoa.
Patents
2790. J. Ramsbottom.
2801. T. M. Reade and J. Hewitt.
2804. A. C. Drust-Wild.
2806. W. D. Richards.
2814. J., J., and J. Booth.
2815. A. Ulingworth.
2816. H. Hoiden.
2820. D. Ford.
2822. L. E. C. Martin.
Sealed.
2826. D. M. F>fe.
2829. W. Chambers.
2833. F. Spencer and J. Dodd.
2848. T. 8. Prideaux.
3240. J. OJers.
3273. J. Ojers.
3281. T. Toaer.
349. J. B. Borgatta.
From Commistionert of Patent* Jotimal^ ifoy lOtK
2813.
2819.
2840.
2846.
2846.
2847.
2849.
2863.
2855.
2856.
2858.
2861.
2862.
2863.
2865.
2866.
2867.
2876.
PAT£HT8
B. Peake.
W. E. Gedge.
H. Gladstone.
E. T. Hughes.
£. Hargraves.
A. Ellissen.
G. Barker.
G. Lindemann.
L. Mackirdy.
R. A. Brooman.
R. A. Brooman.
J. Walmsley.
J. Uulse and J. Lawrence.
E. and F. A. Leigh.
8. Cameron and W. John-
ston.
G. Thonger.
E. W. Elmslio.
P. M. Parsons.
SbalU).
2880. J. Betteley.
2889. J. Elder.
2890. J. Stewart.
2898. J. Elder.
2908. W. Symons.
2943. C. Howard.
2947. T. Can*.
3047. R.Riley.
3084. J. Wray.
167. R. Irvine, T. Riclka(dion»
and J. J. Loady.
176. W. Clark.
271. E. Harrison.
398. W. Clark.
491. P. H. Muntz.
665. A. V. Newton.
731. A. Mtfel.
732. A. Morel.
PATBHT8 OH WHICH THB
Stamp Ddtt or £50 bah bbbb Pas.
1115. J. A. Manning.
1145. J. Burch.
1165. J. Fitter.
1134. T. Blackburn and M
1109. M. A. F. Mcnnons.
Knowles.
1123. W.Rowan.
1136. W. Johnson.
1128. E. P. Smith.
1175. J. Burch.
1293. W. P. Dreaper.
PATBKTS OS WHIOB TBB STAMP DUTT OP £100 HAS BBBV PAJO.
1278. L. Bissell.
1255, W. E. WUey.
1303. C. E, Darby.
1316. H. Hobba and E.
1317. B. WUaoa.
mxml 0f %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS 11^ UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, MAY 20, 1864.
[No. 600. Vol. XII.
^nniranttmtnts bj % Cwratil.
Presentation or Medals and Prizes.
Hb Royal Higliness the Prince of Wales,
K.G., President of the Society, has been pleased
to appoint Friday, the 24th of June, at three
o'clock, to present the medals and prizes awarded
during the present Session. The Presentation
-will take place at Willis's Rooms, King-street,
St. James's. Members will be admitted by
ticket only, for which application shonld be
made to the Secretary; each ticket to admit
the member and one lady. The tickets will be
ready for delivery on and after the 1st Jane.
Ordinary Mbetinob.
»
Wednesday Evenings, at 8 o'clock.
May 25. — ^Derby-day. Ko Mbktimo.
OonrTAOBs for thb Labouring Glasses.
A Special Conference will be held at the
Society's House, on Thursday, the 26th, and
Friday, the 27th inst., to which the Council
invite all those members of the Society of
Arts who have seats in the Legislature, such
other members as are known to take a special
interest in the subject, the Presidents of the
Institutions in Union with the Society, and other
noblemen and gentlemen whose co-operation may
be deemed important.
The Conference each day will be opened at
ll'i^O preciseli/, and closed not later than 4
o'clock, the chair being taken by the Chairman
of the Council.
The discussion will be taken : —
1. On the insafBcient number of habitations for the
labouring clasee^ in town and country.
2. On tha badnem of the existing acoommodation.
3. On the effects arising from this state of things,
TUB.: —
(A) Religious, moral, and social.
(B) SaniUry.
{C) Economic.
4. On the causes to which these evils may be, or have
been, attributed, such as —
(A) The Law of Settlement.
\B) The Poor Laws.
{C) Tenure of property, such as mortmain, leasehold
s>*stem, tenancy for life, dec.
(/>) Legal difficulties affecting the transfer of pro-
^rty.
(R) Difficulty of providing proper dwellings at a cost
which will be remunerative to capital in town
and country.
5. Remedies:-^
{A ) What can be done by Legislation ?
(B) What can be done without Legislation ?
( C) What assistance, if any, can the Society give ia
either of these directions ?
The various plans sent in, in competition for
the prizes offered by Mr. J. Bailey Denton,
through the Society, are now hung on the walls
of the meeting -room, and may be inspected by
the members and their friends.
Statistics of Modbl Dwellings.
The report of the Committee appointed by
the Council to consider this subject, consisting
of the Hon. and Eev. Samuel Best, Mr. Samuel
Gregson, M.P,, Mr. Chandos Wren Hoskyns,
Mr. Thomas Twming, Mr. Henry M. Eyton
(architect), and Mr. George 0. Rigby (builder),
has been published, and any meftiber of the
Society interested in the subject may have copies
on application to the Secretary. Tins inquiry
was originated at the suggestion of Mr. Twining,
who has also kindly defrayed the expenses of
it, and of the publication of the report.
ImeeWttgs at tjre Sfftittj.
TWENTT-SEOOND ORDINARY MEETING.
Wednesday, May 18th, 1864 ; Wm. Hawes,
Esq., Chairman of Council, in the chair.
The following candidates were proposed for
election as members of the Society : —
Callender, WiUiam Romaine,F.S.A.,VicU>ria.park,Man.
Chester.
Campbell, Rev. WiUiam, Privy Council Office. 8. W.
Johnston, WiUiam, 32, Buckingham terrace, Glasgow.
Locke, John, 83, Addison-road, Kensington, W.
The following candidate was balloted for and
duly elected a member of the Society : —
Wilson, John Peter, 40, Addison-gardens North, Ken-
I sington, W.
442
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, May 20, 1864.
The Paper read
OTSTfiB CULTURE.
Bt Jamsb Lows, Bsq., Joint SecieUiy of the AocUma-
tiafttioo Society of QreAt Britain.
Oyeler oottoie ie the art of piomotiiig the reprodnetion
and improvement of oyftera by aitiftoial means. It is an
art, becaoae, although its processesare founded upon natural
laws, the application of those laws is artificial; it is a
method of cultivation, because it improyes, both in quantity
and quality, upon what is produced in a natural manner.
Oyster culture, like many very valuable arts, Is an
ancient one. I do not propose to occupy the time of the
members by entering, at any very great len^, into the
history of oyster culture, as it was practised by the
ancients, from whom it has been handed down to us in
what is, apparently, a continuity of practice. This has
been gone mto very fully in the writings which the eminent
French pisobulturist, M. Ooete, has published on the
subject, and hom thence most of the information attain-
able as to that branch of the subject has iUtrat^ into
numerous essays and articles, which have appeared in
periodicals and journals, both at home and abroad. There
are, however, one or two points connected with the ancient
knowledge and practice of the subject which are worthy
of a passing notice.
There seems to be no record that oyster oulture was
jffactised by any people more ancient than the Romans. In
the East, the birthpnoe of science, the oyster was not used
as an artielo of food ; and the teeming waters of the Indian
ooean produced the peail-beariog oysters and muas^ in
too great abundance to seem to require the aid of any arti-
^ial processes. The Romans were the first people to pay
much attention to this bivalve, and they prized it highly
as an article of food. The opoations of Sergins Grata,
that ingenious Roman who cultivated oysters in an arti-
ficial manner at BaUs and along the shores of the Luorine
lake, have been often referred to ; and I shall only allude
to them for the purpose of pointing out the possibility
that when Considius, the orator who was employed to pto-
seente him for trespassing ufKm the public r^ht to the
waters of the lake, said of him thai he coold cultivate
oysteni in tpffulia, he may have alluded to theem{doyment
of roof-tiles as apparatus for collecting the spat. Some
of the methods adopted by the Romans have l^n handed
down without interruption by the inhabitants of the shores
of the Lake Fusaro, where oyster culture is carried on to
this day, and where the spat is collected upon piles driven
into the ground, with boughs of trees loterwoven and
fascines of branches sunk to the bottom of the lake.
Some passages which Pliny the E^lder wrote upon the
habits and nature of the oyster, are exceedingly instruc-
tive, and it may be doubted whether the researches of
modem cultivators have enabled them to add much to
that which this eminent Roman naturalist tells us of the
fish.
** Oysters love fresh water and spots where numerous
rivers discharge themselves into the sea ; hence it is that
the pelagia are of so small size and so few in number.
Still, however, we do find them breeding among rocks
and in places far remote firom the contact of fresh water,
as in the neighbourhood of Grynium and of Myrina,
for example. Generally speaking, they increase in size
with the increase of the moon, as already stated by as
when treating of the aquatic animals ; but it is at the
beginning of summer more particularly, and when the
rays of the sun penetrate the shallow waters, that they
are swollen with an abundance of milk. This, too,
would appear to be the reason why they are so small
when found out at sea ; the opacity of the water tending
toarrest their growth, and the moping consequent thereon
P^J'O'ng a comparative indispodtion for food.
in m?'-^'* •'^ ^ various eoUmrs ; in Spain tiiey are fed,
n vlZlT^ "*[ • ^^y »^««. »nd at Ciroeu bUck, both
"»«•* •ad shell. But in eveiy countiy, iboee oyeten
are the most highly esteemed that are oompaoi wil
being slimy from their secretions, and are remarkable
more for their thickness than their breadth. They
should never be taken in either muddy or sandy spots^
but firom a firm, hard bottom ; the meat should be oom^
pressed, and not of a fleshy condstenoe ; and the oyster
should be free from fringed edges, and lying wholly io
the cavity of the shell. Persons of experience in theie
matters add another characteristic ; a fine purple thread,
they say, should run round the margins of the beard,
this being looked upon as a sign of superior quality, and
obtaining for them their name of * caUiblepharm.'
" Oysters are all the better for travelling and being re-
moved to new waters : thus, for example, the oysters of
Brundisium, it is thought, when fed in the waters of
Avemus, boih retain their own native juices and aoqoire
the flavour of those of Lake Lucrinus. Thus much with
reference to the meat of the oyster.*'
It is interesting to know that althoneh the Roman
epicures highly pnzed the oysters of the Meditenaneao,
reared and fattened in Lake Lucrinus, they cheerfully
aclmowledged the superiority of the British ** native,**
ae socm as the enten>rise of their navy enabled them to
ei^joy that delicate bivalve. Juvenal makes mention of
an ei»oure in oystera— « kind of Roman Dando — ^whose
palate was so skilled that he could distingaish with-
out any difficulty the oysters of one place from those
which came ftt>m another. The British oysters most
highly spoken of were those which came fix»n Batopiaai
•^the modem Richboroogfa.
1 shall not detain you with many aigomenta to prove
the necessity for doing something to increase the produc-
tiveness of the oyster. The fact that this delicious and
nutri^ous bivalve is rapidly becoming rarer and rarer,
and the strong probability that, if onuristed, it must ere
long become unknown as an article of food, has been of
late years becoming more and more painfully apparent.
This consequence is due to no sudden accident or un-
expected cause. Fifteen years ago, the eminent F^reooh
naturalist, M. de Quatrefages, drew the attention oi the
Academic des Sciences to the fact that " many beds of
oysters, whose produce furnished the means of liveliiiood
to the fishing populations of the shcn-ee of the Obaanel,
have now become so impoverished that they have been
abandoned."
Six years ago (that is to say in 1858), the gradual in-
crease in the price of oysters in France, consequent upoo
the increasing scamty of the fish, attracted the attentaoa
of M. Coete, the celebrated pisciculturist— the man who
has perhaps done more for the good of his fellows (by
pointing out the way to cultivate the water as the firmer
cultivates the land) than any other man alive. Itwaa
high time indeed that something should be done; for the
localities upon the shores of France once most celebrated
for their abundant supply of oysters, were becomin|^
totally destitute of the fiBh.
In February, 1858, M. Coste pointed ont that tiie
oyster-fishery was falling into such a state that, unless
prompt measures were taken for ita revival, it must ere
long cease to exist. At Rochelle, Marennes, Roohefort, the
Res de R6 and Ol^ron, oat of twenty-three beds iriiich
once formed part of the wealth of that coaat, eighteen were
entirely ruined, whilst those which still were jsodnotive
to a certain extent were seriously injured by the increasing
invasion of muwels. The Bay of St. Brieuc once had 15
beds of oysters in full activity, and 1,400 men, with
200 boats, were employed in dredging, in February,
1858 (when M. Coste reported upon the matter to the
Emperor) there were only 20 boats and about 150 ibbb.
Thanks to the operations since carried out by M. Coste,
at the expense of the State, the Bay of St. Bneuc is oooe
more richly stocked ; but at Cancale, a locality once cele-
bimted for the quality and quantity of its oysters, and
where nothing has yet been done to mend the mischief,
things are now in a venr bad way. Last Angnst, I myself
viaited that place, and found a lamentable slate of thmgt*
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETr OP ABTb, Mat 20, 1861
443
or three hundred boats which, but a few years ago, were
actively employed in the oyster-dredging, not fifty could
find Alii employment from that alone, nor, indeed, could
more than an insignificant number be kept afloat were it
Bot for the general fishing of the place. On the shore of
the bay, where the oysters are laid out in elairea and
italaga to fatten and get into condition, I spoke with a
loan who been connect^ with the oyster trade for many
years. He told me that the number of oysters dredged
from the deep-sea beds in the neighbourhood, for use at
Cancile during the current season, had then mounted up
io little more than three millions seven hundred thou-
aand, whereas twelve years ago, at the same period of the
season, the total would be sixty millions. If I were to go
00 all night adding illustration to illustration in proof of
the gradual disappearance of the oyster from localities
where means are not beinff taken to allow nature fair
play, I could give nolwtter than this. In a word, at Can-
oale the dredgers have realized the old fiible of *' Killing
the goose which laid the golden eggs."
For proof, however, of the grsMlual disappearance of
the fish, need we seek much further than the oyster-diopa
of our own metropolis ? The prices which the whole-
sale price of oysters in the market compels such dealers as
Rule, Sweeting, and Pim, to charge us for our favourite
flopper or lunch, furnish the most home proof possible of
the calamity which is a-head. Three years ago, the best
native oysters were sold at forty shillings tne bushel ;
they (that is to say, the Whitstables, whidi are the best)
are now at seventy shillings. Bumhams, Black Bocks,
Swansea, and the common sorts, are quoted at lower
prices. When I mention that more than 150,000 bushels
of oysters are brought to Billingsgate every year, some
idea may be formed of the commercial importance of
the oyster. To the consumer, thu increase of price is
veiy important. Most of us can remember, without
carrying the memory very far back, a time when native
oysters were sold for 4d. the dozen ; more lately they
were 6d. ; then 8d., and at many first-class fishmongers
lOd. is now demanded — indeed, at the wholesale prices
which have to be paid by the dealers, I do not see how
they can be sold for less. It is confidently stated that,
unless something be dcme to assist nature in supplying
the enormous demand made upon her resources, oysters
will soon be a shilling the dozen. In St. Petersburgh and
Moscow, where the British oyster is as much valued as it
was in ancient Bome, and whither large numbers of our
'* natives** are sent, from three to four shillings per dozen
is the price freely paid— so fond are the Russians of that
delicious little bivalve which has been justly termed *< the
pearl of oysters."
Thanks to M. Coste and the ablo and zealous men who
are working with him in the same direction, the oyster
fieheries of France are in a fair way of being saved, and
the comvation of the oyster, which is now l^ing carried
on in various localities, has already reached an extent
trhich will, no doubt, cause a very material addition to
the natural wealth of the country. In the papers which
1 haTe written on the subject in the Fidd newspaper, I
bavd giren an account of the principal features of this
▼ast national operation — the methods employed by M.
Coste for lefertiliaing the depopulated bav of St. Brieuc,
the construction and management of the Imperial Oyster
Park at €k)ncameau, and the operations on the shores of
the lie de B^ where oyster-culture has indeed assumed
magnificent proportions. I need not now recapitulate
those interesting particulars ; but I may state that, on the
lie de B6 alone there are now nearly 4,000 oyster parks,
producing wealth and food upon what has hitherto been
Darren shore. A few passages from M. Goste's report on
the flulject, will serve to give an idea of what is being
done there. It is dated Paris, 1861. He says:—
** The notion of cultivating the sea is no longer a doobt-
fiil promise on the part of science, which disparagement
{that parasite inseparable from truth) can classify as a
4shSnMra, which tt has done in turn by eveiy great dis-
covery which is now the glory of the human race. By
entenng into the minds of the populations of our shores,
this idea has transformed the ocean into a food-manufac-
tory, wherein industiy may cultivate its harvest at its
pleasure, so that, submitting organised nature to its in-
fluence, by a sovereign applicati<m of the laws of life it
turns our shores into fields of plenty, capable of suf^lying
all the markets of Europe.
<* In the lie de B^, for example, more than 3,000 men,
formerly disassociated from the tenure of the soil, have
come f^m the interior to the shores to take poawssion of
submerged lands, which the Government has conceded to
them by lot, for the purpose of giving to each his parti-
cular interest in the common work. The courageous per-
severance of this army of workera has given way neither
before the necessity of clearing away the immense tracts
of mud which for several leagues covered that sterile do-
main, nor before the diflScultv of obtaining materials for
the parks destined to bring it into a state of profitable
cultmtion
" They have detached, bv blasting and the pick, the
rocky ridges which bordered their island, and with the
fragments they have constructed indosures over the whole
surface of the shore. Then within these indosures they
arranged stones vertically, and suffidently near to eacn
other, so that the retiring wave, broken by these obstades,
may be divided into rapid currents, and sweep the mud
tmrards the point where, by inclined planes, it is eon-
ducted towaids a kind of oollectinff sewer, and so con-
veyed out of the park. Every paik thus arranged be-
comes, as it were, a deansing apparatus, which the water
converts into a productive field.
«* There are ahready (this was in 1861) 1,500 of these
parks in full work, arranged with the regularity of houses
m a town, with broad roads for the use of vehides and
paths for foot passengen. These stretch from the Pointe
de Bivedoux to the Pointe de Loix, a dutance of nearly
four Frendi leagues, and covering a superficial surface of
upwards of 750,000 square vards — a gigantic work, accom-
plished with a zeal unparalleled in the island. In addition
to this, idxxit 2,000 new parks are in the course of con-
struction.
" Scarcely had the submerged lands which are the
theatre of this marvellous conquest undergone the prepara-
tion necessary to cause them to bear fVuit, when the seed,
conducted thither by the currents, spread over them and
covered every point of adhesion in incredible profurion.
The fragments of rock which formed the walls of the
parks, and those which had been placed within the spaces
which those walls circumscribed, disappeared beneath the
immense deposit of oysters — soon to become marketable,
as the soil in our pastures is clothed by the ripe herbage
which grows upon it. It is a fact, which everyone may
verify at his pleasure, that when the sea leaves these
indosures dry, you may gather, with dry feet, the crop of
shell-fish as readily as if you were picking fruit in a vme-
yard or kitchen garden.
*' The local government agents estimate, as a mean,
five hundred oysters to the square yard ; and this calcu-
lation gives for all the parka in work a total of about
376,000,000 of oysters, representing a value of from six to
eight mfllions of francs (£240,000 to £320,000 sterling)."
Before describing the methods of cultivation employed
by these modem cultivatora, a few statements as to the
reproduction of the oyster will not be out of place. Until
a very recent period, naturalists of eminence seem to have
been in considerable doubt as to the sexual character of
the oyster. In 1 849, M. de Quatrefages announced it ashis
opinion that they were of two sexes ; but, since then, M.
Ooete (who to the character of a zealous pisciculturist
adds that of a careful and scientific embryologiflt) has
determined, beyond all possibility of dispute, that this
bivalve is hermaphrodite. The mode in which it re-
produces is curious and interesting. In the month^of
May, the oyster gets into what is known as the n
state; this lasts until the month of August, an<f **
iH
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 20, 1864.
the aeiton of spawning. For thiA roMon, the oyster is
a«id to be nnfit to be eaten when there ia an R in the
montii. When the oyster pnodooee its eggs, it does not cast
them forth , bat keeps them adhering to the outer folds of its
shell, as the lobster does. A well-grown oyster will produce
an immense quantity of eggs, which have been estimated to
number from one to two millions. I am not aware how
thi» calculation has been verified, but it is accepted as true
bv experienced obsenrers. During incubation, these eggs
cling to the lamioao of the shell, where they lie covered
by a mucous cloak, which changes in colour from cream
colour to transparent yellow ; it then becomes opaque, and
finally degenerates into a grayish-brown, or very deen
violet grey. The mass hardens, and remains firmly iixea
upon the shell, until the mother, by an effort, throws off
this progeny from her sides. The appearance of these
myriads of embryos, as they are violently ejected through
the water, has been described as *' a cloud of spawn.'*
Now, under ordinary circumstances, when this opera-
tion takes place in a deep-sea oyster-bed, the ohanoe of
•ach individual embryo surviving and growing up to
respectable oysterhood is very remote indeed. Carried
awav by the currents or by floating weeds, choked in
mud, nound to pieces by rolling shingle, or devoured in
myriads by the mfinite variety of creatures who pasture
upon such food, all but a very few perish. How many
survive out of the one or two millions can scarcely be tola.
Some say five or six ; others, more sanguine, say twenty.
For my oart, I do not see how it is possible to arrive at
any fixea proportion ; much must depend upon circum-
stances. At any rate, whatever the number may be, it is
evidently very small in proportion to the production ; and
we may safely suppose that the extraordinary fecundity
of the oyster is not without its use, when we find that out
of millions produced under ordinary circumstances, only
units survive. To protect these embryos ; to give them
opportunities of fixing themselves, to secure points of ad-
nesion, where they may grow and fatten, and become
wholesome food at their leisure, protected from waves,
shingle, mud, natural enemies, and all other dangers
which threaten them ; such are the objects of oyster-
culture. I shall now proceed to describe the means
whereby this is effected.
When the young and undeveloped oyster quits the fold
of the parental shell, it is provided for the time with an
apparatus for swimming. This is a kind of pad or cushion,
covered thickly with cilia, and furnished with powerful
muscles, which enable it to expand or contract. By
means of this apparatus it swims about, until ft can find
something to attach itself to. When the young oyster has
fixed it&elf in the place whereit is to grow and becomes sta-
tionary, the pad, being thenceforth useless, dwindles away
little by little and finally disappears. When the oyster
first attaches itself it is scarcely so big as that popular
standard of measure a pin's point, but it soon begins to
pow. I cannot give you a better idea of the rarity of
its growth than by a drawing of a piece of wood with
oysters of various sizes attached. I have to thank M. Coste
for copies of the leautiful engravings from which these
pliotographs were taken by Mr. Poulton. They are printed
m his magnificent •* Voyage d'Exploration sur le Littoral
de U France ;" and, by the liberality of the Imperial
Minister of Agriculture, at the instance of M. Coste, copies
of the blocks have been furnished to me from the
Imprimerie Imp^riale. The rapidity with which oys-
ters reach maturity depends veiy much upon the locality
in which they are bred. In the best places, that is to
•ay, with everything in their &vour, they will attain
to the dignity ot being eatable in eighteen months ; in
places unfavourable to their growth they will be six years
In atUining this state. The medium period is three
years, and this is the time required for oysters in places
moderately favourable to their development. The age
of an oyster is calculable by the number of lamina
in his sheU. As old Pliny tells us, "they increase
With the moon," and eveiy month (poisibly by some
strange sympathy between the oceatore and the tides) im
marked by an extensioQ of the edge of the shell, the
laminsB of which sprout £orth in a delioate translooent
fringe, as the creature renovatea, ex p ands and extends it#
calcareous mantle by deposits inside the shell. The
French eall this the beard of the shell, and also la eroi^
sanG4 d'une lune.
The artificial cultivation of the oyster, as it is now prac-
tised by the Frrach cultivators, is carried on upon the
foreshores— that pari of the shore that lies between high
and low water, mark. The shore is divided into separate
allotmeata by low walls, built of rough stone or shingle,^
which have no other purpose than to divide the aUoi-
ments. Eadi allotment is <Hdled a park, a term whioh
has been applied in the British oyster fisheries to pertiooa
of the foreshores where oysters are laid down to fatten fer
the market. Tiie parka of the French cultivators are,
however, provided with apparatus for collecting the spat
or spawn, which I shall presently describe. In addition
to these jNircf the French oyster-culturists have kkilaget,
which answer to the Ekiglish parks, places on the fore-
shore where oysters are laid down to fatten and get ready
for the markiet. A dlairB is an enclosure, oonstmcted
on the upper pari of the foreahoiie, with low walls, suf-
ficiently water.tight to keep a few inches of water over
the oysters. A vwier is a tidal pond, in which the water
can be renewed twice a day, and where oysters or any
other kind of &h can be stored. If I were to attempt
any description of the oiroumsianoes nuMt favourable for
these various arrangements, it would require more time
than you could spare. It will be suflScient to state that a
firm, sheltered shore, free from weeds and musseU, and
with just a little, but not too much mud, is best fitted for
an oyster park. For getting oysters into condition a con-
tribution of fresh water from a rivulet or stream, so as to
make the salt water brackish, is to be recommended.
I now come to the various kinds of ooUeoting i^paratos
used by the French cultivators. For large operations, in a
considerable depth of water, like that which M. Costa
carried out so sucoessfhlly when he restocked the Bay of
Brieuc, nothing is better than large fitaoines of branches
bound together with a thin chain of galvanised iron, and
sunk Xay means of a heavy stone. Upon these braDohes,
when the weed is not too abundant, the spat oolleota in
abimdanoe* and I have seen branches covered with this
novel effloresoence which might not inaptly be compared
to the Maythom in blossom. For the parks upon the
foreshore other means are adopted. The most cumbroue
of these is the collecting-floor— a construction of piles
and planks, under which the mother oysters are laid,
and which receive the spat upon the under-surfaces of
the planks. These floom, however, can only be of use
in very exceptional situations ; and as a means of efilcieoi
working in a park they are not to be compared for one
moment with the collecting-tile, especially those which
have been invented by Dr. ^mmerer, the sjble and zealous
oyster-culturist of the lie de K^.
I pass over the collecting-boxes or hives, which bavo
also been superseded by Dr. Kemmerer*s inventioDB,
and come at cmoe to the collectinff-tiles. They are
the common roof-tiles to which I allnded when I said
it was possible that Seigius Orata used them in his oetieo*
cultural operations. They are used plain, or covered with
cement on the inner side, with sheUs embedded in the
cement, or small faggots suspended there by means of gal-
vanised wire. The great advantages of these tiles are thai
they are cheap, easily replaced, aikd eaqr to manage. They
can be arranged in the manner best suited to thepflcnllaritiea
of the locality, either by supporting them on poets or poles^
to keep them out of the mua, or by ranging them against
each other, or by piling them in the form considered beet*.
Their business is to offer to the spawn, at the time when il
is floating about, a fit resting-place to fix itaelf upoo, and
attain yearsof maturity. Not the least of their merits ia that
they nuy be marked, so as to be identified easily. Here are
spenimens of various kinds. The pkin tUe» mari^ed wit^
JOURNAL aP THB SOOIBTY OP ARTS, May 20, 186t
4U?
the letter O, ai a badge of ownenhip; the oemeoted tile ;
the shell tile ; and the faggot tile. The great advantage
which tilee, and especially cemented or otherwiae pie-
pared tiles, hare over any other mode of collection, is
that they are so thoronghly manageable, and that they
enable the collector to remoye the oysters as soon as they
are laige enough, and lay them flat in the iiai&ge to grow
•bapely. Perhaps the worst kind of collecting appaiatos
. is a piece of stone. It is not so easy to chip an oyster off
a piece of granite when it has distorted itself to become
accommodated to the irregular formation of the stone. A
specimen which I shall now show yoa will ser^ to give
eome idea how inconvenient it is wben the ^oong oysters
deform themselves by crowding and dinging to granite
rock.
Take, on the other hand, this specimen of a coUediBg
tile, the inner sorface of which is covered with oysters,
•ome of them of more than a year's growth. This tile I
picked ap myself in the imperial ojrstor-paik of La For6t,
near Goncamean, a place remarkably well fitted for tiie
cnltivatioo of the oyster. It will be observed thai the
oysters here are much better as regards shapdinees, than
those upon the granite stone. I cannot, however, find
a better way of enlightening yoa as to the appUoation
of these tiles than l^ reading to you the specification
which Dr. Kemmerer, of the lie de B^ (the oyster
ooltivaiar who seems to have had this branch of the
floljeet under his special charge) has lately registered
in oar patent office. This specification contains, moreover,
in a veiT saccinct form, much valaaUe information as to
the working of oyster parks.
" Oyster spawn, on its injection from the parent <^yeter,
■wims or floats in the sea, and is only pres er v e d ih>tn
destraotioD by meeting with some body or bodies to which
it can adhere. *' Ciutch " is the term in ose fbr saoh
bodies. As soon as it attaches itself to any surface, or is
of a sise to be readily seen by the naked eye, oyster spawn
is distinguished by the name of ** spat." In the course of
time the spat increases in size, and, passing through its
intermediate stages, becomes oysters. Bat in order to
aoquirtthe chanioters preferred by consumers it roust be
detached from the bodies to which it has adhered when
eifll young, and plioed on beds or layings known to
possess fattening pioperttes. When left to nature, however,
young oystere are found spontaneously to grow on the
ooltch to which they are fixed.
«( My invention consists of contrivances caleulated to meet
these requirements, to which I give the name of oyster
«pat collectors. For this purpose I employ , by preference,
ttles of the form of the ndge>tiles in ose for roofing par-
poses, and made of common potter's clay or other suitable
materials. The dimensions which answer best are a
breadth of seven or nme inches, with a length somewhat
exceeding two or three diameters, as, for instance, 24
inches lon^^ by 9 broad. I recommend the above form and
aizes as being calculated to afford a good lodgment for the
young oysters, and as being convenient to handle and
arrange compactly and solidly in groups, but do not con-
fine myself to such, any other size or sha^ being capable
of eecuring, to some extent, the object in view. Althongh
tiles are perhaps the best materials tliat can be used for
oyster spat collectors, I do not limit myself to them, but
in certain circumstances employ stones, bricks, slates
earthenware, cement, *' compo," glass, metal, wood, papier
ooaoh^, wicker-work, felt matting, rope, cork, or other
material to which can be applied the facing or lining
specified in the following description, which is made
^Moially applicable to concave tiles, as being thefype and
most perfect form of my collectoi-s.
*' Having reduced some common clay to the consistence
<of thick cream, by working it up with water, I coat, by
means of a brush or otherwise, the hollow surface of the
tiles to be used with this mixture, leaving untoodied a
omall margin on each side or at the comers. I then pre-
pare, in quantity sufficient to be all woriced off at onetime
lief ore setting, a cement capable of resisting the aoUon of
the water when submerged by the sea, such, for instance,
as Portland cement, which, by experience, I have found
to be the beat for the purpose. Upon the prepared surface
of the tile I throw a trowelfhl of cement, and with the
help of a wooden or other moald of the same curve as the
tile, and filling its concave side, spread it rapidly over the
surface as as to form a fiu>ing or lining of ^ to ^ of an
inch, or therealxmt, in thicknessv The free margins of
the tile permit the layer of cement to attach Itself firmly
to it, while in the central portion the interposed coating
of clay, by preventing adhesion, causes it to be easily
detached.
<* At or just before the period of the year when oysters
begin to spawn, I place the collectors so prepared in
situations chosen for the operation of collecting oyster
spat, and where, if neeessary, parent oysters have been
previously laid, depositing the latter under or among
them or in their immediate vicinity. When the foreshore
is the situation selected, the part which gives the best
remit, the ground being of the right sort, is that which
lies between low water of neap and that of spring tidea
** Previoasly to the time of year when frost is to be feared,
the ooUectors, unless so situated as never to be entirely
uncovered with water norsalject to * freshes,* most be
removed and treated accofding to the nature of the
layings prepared for the future growth of the oysteir
brood. They- may either be jdaced during the winter
entire with their adherent crop of spat in suitaUe
layings, or else the spat may be detaehed and trans-
ferred separately to the layings. If not undertaken
before the setting in of winter, m laitter operation must
be performed subsequently. A very favourable time is
when the voung are about fourteen or fifteen monthb
old. At whatever period it is done, all that is required Is
to remove the cement fiM^ing, and then to break it in pieces,
according to the number of young present Where but
little spat has adhered to the coUectors it will be found
an economy, instead of detaching the entire facing, merdy
to gouge off what tiiere is, and the following year to
refresh the surface by means of a coat of thm cement
applied with a brush."
In an interesting pamphlet, which he has written upon
this subject, entitied " Des Ruches TuiMes et de hk Oul-
tnre des Huitres, sous le Rapport Commercial,'' Dr.
Kemmerer recommends the admixture of defibrioated blood
with the cement with which the tilee are to be coated.
As this is chiefly albuoMn, I imagine that this was
adopted in the expectation of attracting the young oysters
to the spot, by offiuring them food already provided in
their place of lodgment— an expectation whwh gave
them the credit for being able to exercise a power of
selection. As I observe, however, that he has not men-
tioned the defibrinated blood in this specification, I nunr
fairly assume that he has discarded it as useless. It
will be observed also that Di*. Kemmerer makes ose
of papier machd, among other materials ; and in his pam-
phlet he recommends the employment of hydraulic limes,
and cements of peculiar manufacture, not easily to be
obtained in this country. In dealing with these, however,
the Britisli Ojrster cultivator will do well to consider, not
the exact letter of Dr. Kemmerer's directions, but tlieir
spirit. Let him consider what he has to do. He has to
jnovide an apparatus which can be obtained in 1m|[^
quantities and at snudl cost ; something which cm be
easily carried about and arranged in the manner best
suited to the peouliarities of the shore, and will yet
resist the action of the waves, both by its weight and
durability ; something, moreover, which will present roogh
surfocee of adhesion to the young spawn, and yet aUow
the growing oyster to be easUy detadied without inimy
to the shell; sometiiiog that wiU keep the oyster fh«i
the mud, and admit of the free pasnge of the ebbing aad
flowing water along the sarfaoe of the shore. The apfft-
ratus whMh best unites all these qualifications is, M.|ir;ai
I am at preeent aware, the collecting tile ; but it ' ^
eveiy cmUvalor to Judge for hioMlf ; and if h
446
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 20, 1864.
wnfikj metDt which present all theie adTanUgee as folly
aa the collecting tile, there can be no reason why he
should not employ them. Dr. Eemmerer is con&tantly
improving the tile. In fiust, to quote the words of M.
le Docteur Gerbe, an able assistant of M. Coste in his
patriotic laboursi and whom I had the pleasure of meeting
aiCcmcameau, ** We have to seek and seek ; the best mode
or collecting the spat has yet to be discovered."
Tou will have observed that Dr. Eemmerer advises that
the hollow side of the tile should be coated with cement,
and, generally speaking, it is to that side that the
(yysters attach themselves. The little streams and cur-
rents into which the tide is broken by the irregularities
of the shore, carry the spat about, and if the tiles be
resting upon their edges, these currents flow under the
hollow parts and deposit the spawn upon the inner surface.
In communities of oysters there are, however, nearly as
manv instances of eccentricity as among communities of
mankind, and it occasionally happens that the upper and
not the under surface is chosen. Here is a remarkably
fine and crowded example of this, which was picked up
among the oyster parks of the lie de R6 by Mr. Mitchell,
the secretary of the Fish and Oyster Breeding Company,
and kindly presented by him to me.
In quitting this branch of the subject, I would call
attention to the beating which this method of promoting
the reproduction of ojrsters upon the shores ii likely to
have upon the condition of the deep-sea beds. It
seems clear that the eradual dinppearance of the
(oysters of late years is due to impoverishment of the
natural beds by over-dredging. Captain de Sanmarez, of
her Majesty's steamer Dasher, told me that a few yeai-s
ago, when surveying between Jersey, Aldemey, and the
Coast of France, he came upon a large bed of natural
Ovsters lying in the bottom of the Channel, more than
three miles in length, and of considerable breadth. The
news soon spread, and in a very short time (such was the
Xity of the oyster-dredgers) not an oyster was left to
^he tale. Now, it is likely that by establishing
oyster-breeding in all available parts of the foreshores,
the quantity of spawn will become so enormous that the
deep-sea beds will be benefited by it. The perils which
an individual embryo must be exposed to in its journey
from the coast to *' full fathom five " at the bottom of
the Channel, must, of course, be formidable and
numerous; but when we recollect that each mother-
oyster throws forth such embryos by millions, it can
scarcely be that so much spawn can be produced without
vast quantities being carried away l^ the vrater and
deposited safely at the bottom of the sea. This, indeed,
is the opinion of M. Coste, who points to the sitenation
of the forei^ores for this puipose as the most certain
means of renovating the deep-sea beds.
It is highly probable that tnese artificial methods of pro-
promoting the propagation and protecting the spawn might
be applied with efieot to other shell-fish than oysters.
Whilst I was writing this paper I received a letter from the
Bight Hon. Edward Caidwell, Her Majesty's Secretaiyof
SUte for the Colonies, to the effect that the Pearl Fishery
at Ceylon had entirely failed this year, and asking for
information that might be of service to the Ceylon go-
vernment as to the cultivation or preservation of the pearl
oyster. Now I need not tell most of you that the pearl
cmter is not an oyster at all. It belongs to the order
Aviadidx, and is one of the wing-shells. It throws out a
byssos, like the mnwel, whereby it attaches itself to other
shells or stones. The letter of Mr. Cardwell was accom-
panied by a copy of a despatch from Acting-Governor
O'Brien to the Duke of Newcastle, stating fulfparticularB
of the surveys made and the observations taken. lean-
not, of course, detail them here. I may mention, however,
that the circumstances were sufficiently desperate to war-
rant the Ceylonese government in putting a stop to all
5^*'"*^*®"" for the fii^ery ; and the acting-governor
-Ms that he is afraid •• that there is no prospect of a
teheiy for some years." Now, it would be very pre-
sumptuous in me to offer any very decided opinion as
to the cause of the failure of the Ceylon fishenr, in
the face of the fact that these suspensiona and faixures
of the fishery have occurred before, and have occupied
the serious attention of eminent and intelUgent men,
who have enjoyed ample oppcrtuniti^ of inveeiiga-
tion without coming to any certain conduaion aa to the
cause of the mischief; but on reviewing the drcumstaDoea
of the case as described in the acting-governor's despatch,
it appeared to me probable that the cakmity was due. not
to one cause only, but to a comlnnation of causea, and
that here was a case where the artificial processes of the
oyster-cultivators might be applied almost with the cer-
tainty of success. Mr. Mitchell (who has studied this sul^-
jcct of oyster- culture to as good effect as any man in this
countiy) entirely agrees with me in this, and feels certain
that, without in any way encroaching on the ancient pearl-
oyster banks, the multiplication of the bivalve that pro-
duces the pearl might be secured in Ceylon if the
Qovemment would grant the use of the foreshore, in
certain parts of the island, for the establishment of
artificial beds in which the principles of marine pisciculture
could be efiectually applied. The pearl-oyster (or rather
mussel) is a shell- fish, which is able to exist attd thrive ob
ebb-dry foreshores, and its means of attaching itself to the
soil are such as to render it easior of control than the edible
oyster. If an experiment of this kind were successful,
the artificial system of cultivation might afford the meana
of introducing the pearl-oyster to many parts of India
besides where it is at present found.
After Mr. Mitchell and myself had come to thisopinkjD,
it struck me that I should do well to turn to Sir Emerson
Tennent's valuable work on the ** Natural History of
Ceylon," and on doing so, I find that he recommends
precisely the same remedy. Sir Emerson Tennent gives
a most interesting account of the pearl fishery and of
what was known and surmised as to the cause of its
occasional failure. He says : —
** A trade more ancient by far than that carried on lo
chanks, and infinitely more renowned, is the fishery of
pearls on the west coast of Ceylon, bordering the Qutf
of Manaar. No scene in Ceylon presents so dreary an
aspect as the long sweep of desolate shore to whidi,
from time immemorial, adventurers have resorted from
the uttermost ends of the earth in search of the precious
pearls for which this gulf is renowned. On approaching
It from sea the only perceptible landmark is a building
erected by Lord Guildford, as a temporary residence for
the Qovemor, and known by the name of the <* Doric,"
from the style of its architecture. A few cocoa-nut
pfdms appear next above the low sandy beach, and pre-
sently are discovered the scattered houses which fonii
the villages of Aripo and Condatchy.
"Between these two places, or rather between the
Ealaar and Arrive river, the shore is raised to a height
of many feet, by enormous mounds of sliells, the accu-
mulations of ages, the millions of oysters, robbed of their
pearls, having been year after year flung into heapa, thai
extend for a distance of many miles.
** During the progress of a pearl-fishery, this singular
and dreary expanse becomes suddenly enlivened b^ the
crowds who congregate from distant parts of India ; a
town is improvised by the construction of temporary
dwellings, huts of timber and cajans, with tenta of palm
leaves or canvas ; and bazaars spring up, to feed the muK
tiiude on land, as well as the seamen and divers in the
fieets of boats that cover the bay.
*< I visited the pearl banks officially in 1848, in com-
pany with Capt. Steuart, the official inspector. My im-
mediate object was to inquire into the causes of the sua-
pension of the fisheries, and to ascertain the probaMlity
of reviving a source of revenue, the gross receipts from
which had failed for several years to defray the cost of
conservancy. In fact, between 1897 and 1854, Che peari
banks were an annual charge, instead of producing an
annual income, to the colony. The conjeoture. hastier
JOURNAL OP THE 800IETT OP ARTS, Mat 20, 1864.
447
adopted, to aecoooi for the diaappearanoe of mature ahelli,
had nsferenoe to mechanical causes ; the received hjrpo-
thesis being that the jfoong broods had been swept off
their accostomed feedmg grounds, by the establishment
of unusual currents, occasioned by deepening the nantm
pasBSge between Ceylon and India at raumbam. It was
also suggested, that a previous Qovemor, in his eagerness
to replemsh the colonud treasury, had so ** sciaped " and
impoTerished the beds bb to exterminate the oysters. To
xne, neither of these suppositions appeared worthy of
acceptance ; for in the fnsquent disruptions of Adam's
Bridge, there was ample evidence that the currents in
the Gulf of Manaar had been changed at former times
without destroying the pearl beds; and moreover the
pysters had diuppeared on many former occasions, with-
out any imputation of improper management on Uie part
of the conservators ; and returned after much longer in-
ter?als of absence than that which fell under my notice,
and which was then creating serious apprehension in the
colony.
** A similar interruption had been experienced between
1820 and 1828 : the Dutch had had no fishing for twenty-
seven years, from 1768 till 1796; and they had been
equally successful from 1732 till 1746. The Arabs were
well acquainted with similar vicissitudes, and Albyrooni
(a contempoiaiy of Avicenna), who served under Mah-
moud of Ohuanee, and wrote in the eleventh century,
81^8 that the pearl fishery, which existed in the Qulf
of Serendib, had become exhausted in his time, simul-
taneously with the appearance of a fishery at Sofak,
in the country of the Zends, where pearls were un-
known before; and hence, he says, arose the conjecture
that the pearl oyster of Serendib had migrated to Sofala.
** It appeared to me that the explanation of the pheno-
menon was to be sought, not merely in external causes,
but alfio in the instincts and faculties of the animals them-
selves, and, on my return to Colombo, I ventured to renew
a recommendation which had been made years before,
that a scientific inspector should be appointed to study
the habits and the natural histonr of the pearl-oyster,
and that his investigations should be facilitated by the
means at the disposal of the Government.
<• Dr. Kelaart was appointed to this office, by Sir H. G.
Ward, in 1857, and his researches speedily developed
results of great interest. In opposition to the received
opinion that the pearl-oyster is incapable of voluntary
movement, and unable of itself to quit the place to which
it is originally attached, he demonstrated, not only that
it possesses locomotive powers, but also that their exerdse
is mdiqiensable to its economy when obh'ged to search for
food, or compelled to escape from local impurities. He
showed that, for this purpose, it can sever its byssus, and
re-form it at pleasure, so as to migrate and moor itself in
favourable siuiations. The establishment of this im-
|>ortant fact may tend to solve the mystery of the occa-
sional disappearance of the oyster ; and if coupled with
the further discovery that it is susceptible of translation
from place to place, and even from salt to brackiah water,
it seems reastukable to expect that beds may be formed
with advantage in positions suitable for its growth and
protection. Thus, like the edible oyster of our own
shores, the pearl-oyster may be brought within the domain
of pisciculture, and banks may be created in suitable places,
just as the southern shores of France are now being colonised
with oysten, under the d irection of M. Ooste. The opera-
tion of sowing the sea with pearl, should the experiment
soooeed, would be as gorgeous in reality as it is grand in
conception; and the wealth of Ceylon, in her * treasures
of the de^,' might eclipse the renown of her gems when
•he merited the title of the ' Island of Rubies.' "
How far the conclusions of Dr. Kelaart, as to the mi-
gratory powers of the pearl oyster, are accurate, I cannot
tell ; but 1 am rejoiced to find the opioion of so careful an
observer as Sir Emerson Tennent, as to the applicabOity
of oy«ter- culture to the renovation of this important fishery
tally so exactly with my own.
Little remains for me to do but to lay before you a few
considerations, as to the practicability of applying the
processes of the French cidtivatocB to the renovation of
our own oyster fisheries, and of thus rendering this deli-
cious and popular artide of food more plentiful, and cod-
queotly cheaper, than it ever was. Of course we shall have
plenty of objections started. A keen observer of human
nature, who has had great experience of mankind, and
has seen ** men in nations,** has declared that whereas it
is the faculty of the oriental mind to consider a proposi-
tion newly put before it, with the view to discover what
of good there is in it, it is the fiusulty of the occidental
miml to object. Now objections on the part of those who
are in possession of the oyster-fisheries which already
exist may be expected ; it is in the nature of things that
these should prefer to keep their business to themselves
rather than see it thrown open. These will tell us that
it is only in certain localities and amid certain conditions
that the native <^ster can attain its much-prized perfecjtion
of plumpness. That is very possibly so ; but I believe
those localities to be much more numerous than those
which are now used for the purpose of oyster-culture. It
is is even possible that there are some spots where the con*
ditions necessary to perfection exist in so happy and
special a manner that the oyster may attain in them a
degree of excellence not attainable in other less fortunate
places. What then ? Is it not exactly the same with the
grape vine? And is the multitude, who can only afford pence
for its luxuries, to be debarred from good sound ordinaire,
because the wealthy can sip Clos de Vougeot and the
Prince Mettemich's Cabinet at the cost of pounds? In
illustration of the peculiar circumstances which may affect
the condition of oysters, I may mention that the exce>-
lenoe of the Pandore oysters, so prized by the Edinburgh
ffourmett, is attributed to the refuse of the Preston- pons
tn^weries, which finds its way into the sea near their layings.
But a still more dangerous class of objectors are those
who, in scientific garb, start objections which are not
supported by the troths of science. Since proporitiona
have been afoot for applying the processes of the French
oyster cultivators to the enrichment of our foreshorer,
much has been said about frost and the Gulf-stream,
and it has been objected that although these processes
may do very well in the Bay of Biscay, where there is no
frost and where there is the Gulf stream, they may not
answer so well here where the conditions are reversed.
Now, in reply to this, I have to say that there is frost in
the Bay of Biscay, and that the effect of the Gulf-stream
is no more appreciable there than it is upon our own
coasts, especially the coast of Ireland. Whether there
is such a thing as the Gulf-stream at all, whether it is
possible for a stream of hot water to find its way across
the wide Atlantic, preserving throughout the journey its
individuality amid the colder ocean through which it
flows, is a question 1 must leave to the decision of abler
men than myself, but at any rate those who believe in the
existence of this stream faiave always given the shores
of Ireland credit for participating in its benefits quite as
much as any other part of Europe, and I have had the
satisfaction of hearing Mr. Ffennell, the Government
Commissioner of Fisheries, express his conviction that
the processes of oyster culture will succeed in England,
and that they could not fail to be in the highest degree
braeficial if applied upon the Irish coast ; for he knew of
miles upon miles of shore which might be converted from
literally desert sands into fields of smiling plenty. I also
am convinced that on the shores of England, and espe-
cially in the mouths of our great rivers, and on the east
coast northward from the mouth of the Thames, there are
large tracts which only require enterprise and capital to
be^me manufactories of food and nurseries of wealth.
Already, several enterprises of this kind have been under-
taken. Withtheviewofputtingtothetestofactoaltrialthe
Frrach system of artificud oyster culture, the *' Fish and
Oyster Breeding Company** have acquired the use of &
portion of the oyster layings belonging to Mr. Sciatton,
448
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTY OF ABTS, Mat 20, 1864.
ai
#f PrHUewdl, which are niiiated on the fotethove to the
west of the pier at Soatbend. Here they have laid down
about 1,600 boflbels of full-grown <^ei8, which have
been spread over about five acres of space, in such a way
as to leave room for the plaouig of 60,000 of Eemmerer's
collectors, which are at the pesent time being ptepaied
under his patent. If each colleotor on an average catches
but ten spats, the crop secured in one year will amount to
£00,000 oysters, the value of which will be £1,000.
Having made arrangements with an adjoining pro-
prietor for the use of a series of fish pits, originally con-
structed as vivaria for the keeping alive of flat fish for
market previously to the construction of railroads, and
oontaining each about 400 superficial surface of water,
this company intend setting apart some of them for
experiments in the rearing of oysters in dmres, on the
system so stwcetsftilly pvoduced on the west coast of
France, and devoting others to experiments with young
salmon, whitebait, flat fiah, and eels, all of which,
there is reason to think, can with profit be grown for
sale in confinement. They thus hope not ooly to have
immediately in working order an establishment situate
within an easy distance of Londoa, calculated to form
a centre of practical inibnnation on the subject of marine
pisciculture, but to be able to denuMistrate the profitaUe
nature of such undertakings by the division of req)eclable
dividends.
This undertaking if proporly carried out (as I have little
doubt it will be under the able superintendence of Mr.
Hitchell), can scarcely tail of success. There is also
another company about to begin opeiations at Heme Bay,
in which my coadjutor, Mr. &ckland, is interested, a oir*
oumstance which of itself is a warrant of success.
Into the legal bianch of the question I do not propose
to enter ver>' deeply. I am aware that theie are leoal
difficulties in the way of oyster-culture not inconsideraUe,
but difficulUcs in the way of a laudable enterprise are only
incentives to work harder in bringing it about. The
right of the crown to the fonshores is an ancient one, and
it is necessary to the proper defence of our seaboard. I
have no doubt, however, that in all localities proper for
their cultivation, and upon good reason being shown, the
crown would be advised to cede that right under liinita-
tions, and Parliament may be induced to give a right of
private property to ojrster cultivators in the parks which
they construct, and all contained in them. The greater
part, if not all the oyster fisheries whfeh at present exist
upon our coasts, have their rights founded upon royal
charters. It is worthy of notfoe that in the little isUnd
of Guernsey the same difficulties existed, but they are
nearly if not quite overcome. Three years ago, visiting
that interesting and beautiful ocean gem, I notued in
some of the ba^s which skirt the island what appeared to
me to be a particular aptitude for oyster cultivatMU. Bome
gentlemen of the islaDd to whom I spoke about the matter
etermined to take the idea up and work it to profit, wd
they have since been organising their plans. It was found,
however, that before they could set to work they must
obtain the consent of the Queen, who claimed the fore-
shores, not as Queen of England, but as Duchess of
Kormandy ; and that they must then go to the States
of the island, and ask them to make such an alteration in
the laws of the island as would make it a larceny (or
anyone to steal oysters from a park laid out upon what
has hitherto been considered open shore. These were
formidable difficulties to overcome, especially the last;
but that they have been overcome I have good warrant,
for only the other dav I received a letter, dated the 25th
of April, from Dr, Hoskins (a Fellow of the Boyal So-
ciety, an eminent meteorologist, who hu for neariy a
quarter of a century recorded and digested the meteor-
ological phenomena of the Channel, the honorary seere-
t*iy of the Acdimatisatioo Society of Qutmsey, and my
yery good friend), in which he saysi— «• You will be glad
to hear that oyster-cultiire is beiiM; taken up very eamesUy
t)y our peofde, and that several oompanies are already
fonBod, and have obtaiBed giants of beaeh in some of tin
bays." I am vety ^ad indeed to hear it, for (onleas I
am veiT much mistaken) I perceive in this movement Ae
germ of prosperity in the future, and I am in hopes of Uvii^
to receive an annual barrel of Guensey oysters, as a iestl-
monial, for having been fortunate enough to be the finl to
point out the capatnlities of the island.
It now becomes my pleasing duty to thank 3^00 rmrj
Satefinlly for having listened to what I have had to sigr.
uoh that I have wd you is taken from other aod afalsr
dbeervers, but if I have had it in my power to add aaj-
thing from my own opportunities of observation to what
tb^ have recorded, it is an aidiieveaieDt of whkih 1 shall
alw^rs have reason to be proud. It may be an oM art
(as 1 commenoed by statmg), but in this country ft is a
new one, and I, for my part, ^hall feel amply rraaid to
any trouble I may have taken in the matter, by the seoaa
that I have been instrmnental in a movement so fraqcht
with benefit to my foUow-creatores, and proud am I al
being permitted to march in this great movement shoiild«
to abBulder with Coste, Eemmeier, Mitchell, and other
lealous qyster-oultivators— not as seneials of the anay,
but as pioneers. It was once said that that man who
made two blades of grass grow where one grsw befofe^
deserved better of hm c<mntry than the oonqneror of
armies. How much more will they deserve who giair
food where none ever was before ?
To cultivate the sea; to till and sow the shore likoa
corn-field ; to cover the salt sand with rich and nutritkMia
crops; this will be an achievement indeed I And that it
is not an impossible one, the example of what haaheen done
upon the French coast gives us sore and oertain proo^
Let us set about it.
As an incentive to tl^ work, I will show 3^00 just one
gioture more. It is a view of the Bay of La Tremblade,
1 the He de B^, the foreshore of which is covered with
oyster-purks* The water is down, and allows as to soe
the walls of endoaure, and here are the poles driven into
the shore, whkh show the lines of demaraatioD between
the several properties. Some peasants are woricing at
these parks, and here sits Dr. Eemmeier, the xeaJcm
oyster-cultivator, surveying, with an air of ]^eased satlB-
£iietk)n, the glorious scene of plenty which he and those
who have worked with him have evoked as it were out of
the desert. Who does not envy his foeUngs?
DISCUSSION.
Mr. FramnELL (Government Inspeolor of Fisheiles)
thought those who came forward to promote the oultiva*
tion of the oyster d es e r v ed the gratitude of the country.
There was at present a great defidency in the suMily ;
there were, however, abundant means of nodocing lai^
suppliee, and it only required energy and knowledge to
acoomi^sh this work of great national importance. Mr.
Lowe had referred to him, in his paper, as havinff slated
that there were large portions of the coast in Ireland
adapted to the cultivation of oysteie. Of that there ooold
be no doubt. It was not a mere matter of speoolalion,
because on many ocoask>ns, by accident as it were, oysteis
had grown up where they were never known to grow
before, and had those places been sought out and oareMly
cultivated, large supplies might have been obtained long
ago. As an illustration of this, he would mention that there
were now, and had been for many years, valoableoyster beds
in the Cork river, a little higher up than the harbour ; these
had been established as a private property, and the origin of
these beds was this :— A vessel freighted with oyster* for
the Coric market, having anchored in the river, was de-
tained BO long by the low tides that the oysteiv, which
were supposed to have perished, were thrown overboard ;
but they were not quite dead, and from that ciieo u ia ta noe
there sprung uj> a very large supply. It was olear that
many {daces might be found equally f a vo urab le for oyatsr-
culture, where osrsters might be bred. He regarded the
movement made in this direction in thii( cocmAiy as most
laudable, and he regretted thatoppositiott had beeondssd
JOUBHAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 20,.18«4. U9
by the publio press to somo of tbem. There was room
eooogh for all, and there should be no jealousy about the
matter. Even on that very day he had read in a
newspaper something about depriving the poor peo-
ple on the Kentish coast of their means of livelibood
by taking possession of certain oyster grounds they en-
joyed. There never was a more unfounded chaise,
because, in fact, the poor people alluded to had nothmg
to lose in that respect. The place had been denuded of
oysters, and the re-stocking of those grounds by private
eitterprise would lead to a vast amount of employment
being given to the poor which they oould not obtain at
present. It seemed that this movement, like mo8t other
new thingK, was snbiect to a foolish, and he must say,
mischievous Oftpo^ition; and he trusted every thinking
person would aid in promoting projects like these, which
were calculated to supply a large amount of food to the
community, and thus to add to the wealth of the country,
as well as afford employment to large numbers of people.
There was one place in Ireland which, some years ago,
gave employment to some 2,000 people in the culture
and collectioa of oysters. The beds there were worked
to such an extent that the mere Hreight in one
week ofUn amounted to £1,000; but so recklessly
were the beds worked th\t their entire produce at
the present time did not amount to £300 per annum.
The beds were completely destroyed, and the few people
who remained in their vicinity only obtained a miserable
pittance out of them, and any person seeking to cultivate
these grounds as private property, by means of which em-
ployment could be given to 2,000 or 3,000 people, would,
in fact, be a publio benefactor. He believ^ that no ade-
quate progress could be made in this important movement
unless power was given to parties who had the skill and
enterprise to engage in this operation, to establish a pri-
vate property in oyster beds.
Mr. fjUNK BvoLLAMD was sure they must all admire
the earnest spirit in whkh Mr. Lowe had brought this
subject before their notice. Not long apo he « Mr. Buck-
land) had the pleasure of stating, in this room, what was
doing in the way of the artificial propagation of salmon
and trout, whose spawn was counted by thousands, but
the oyster yielded miUiofis. He had begged them to take
the trout and salmon in hand. Mr. Lowe asked them to
do the same with r^ard to the oyster. Gentlemen
present, engaged in the oyster trade, could testify to
the amazingly prolific character of the oyster, and its
cultivation promised to be highly profitable. This year,
owing to the early arrival of hot weather, oysters had
begun to spat earlier than usual. Generally they did
not spat before the 9th of June, but this year the
warmth of the weather, which was killing his young
salmon fty, had occasioned the earlier spatting of
oysters. The great point, as had been urged by
Mr. Lowe this evenii^r, was to preserve the oyster brood
from being swallowed up by sandbanks, &q, ; the young
ojTBter only wanted sometbinff to stick to, and this was all
we need supply him with. Lo(^ung to the comparatively
small per-oentage of brood that come to perfection, it was
amaiiog that so long a time should have been allowed to
elapse without some artificial means being adopted,
ibcmded upon nature's own laws, for the cultivation of an
artlde of food, which was now supplied in very inadequate
^oanti^, and at a greatly-enhanced and annually-
inoreasbg price. With regard to the pearl fishery, that
was a different matter altCM^ether. The pearl-oyster in
Ceylon had been destroved finom a cause beyond the
control of man. He had been informed on good authority
that a peculiar kind of skate-fish had made an attack
upon the pearl-oysters, and had nearly eaten them all up,
and he believed that was the principal reason of the failure
of the pearl-fisheries this year ; but there was no reason
why the pearl-oyster shotdd not be cultivated in India,
aa he hoped to see done with the other species of
bhnlve in this country. The great thing to be con-
ddeivd io the cnltivatkm of the oyster was tempeiatoro.
With the thermometer at 70^ «lmon fry died, butoystera
flourished. There were parts of the coast of England thit
were within the influence of the great Gulf-stream, and
these were well adapted with regard to temperature for the
breeding and cultivation of oysters. Oa the west coast
and on some portions of the east coast there were places
well adapted for the establishment of breeding and feeding
grounds for oysters, but be did not expect to hear of
oysters bcdng cultivated on the coast of Kortliumberland.
This might, however, be done on the west coast of Soot-
land, and even at no great distanoe from the mouth of the
Thames: but he would impress upon them that the
great thing in the breeding of ovsters was high tempera-
ture. A low temperature was fatal to the oyster brood,
and they died immediately. As nature had shown them
what to do, why not elevate the temperature to suit the
little oysters ? They packed salmon eggs in ice to retsrd
their development when sending them out to Australia : •
on the same principle, he said, they should apply heat to
the ojrsters and make them spat
Mr. MiTOHSLL said he represented a body of gentlemen
who had taken great inteirest in this subject, and who,
without appealing to the public, and without any Act of
Parliament, expected in a few months to put this matter
to the test. They had seen what had been done in this
direel4on in France, and they hoped to do at least as well
in this country. With Mr. Ashworth's salmon-hatching
apparatus he expected better results in the cultivation of
that fish than had been obtained in France, for though the
idea of salmon-culture chiefly originated in that country,
yet the practical carrying of it out had been much retarded
there, but Mr. Ashworth had met with considerable sue*
cess. He hoped to see good results arise from the opera-
tions in oysier-oultuie which had been coounenoed in the
vicinity of Southend.
Mr. Ru>LBT (of Ipswich) reauested Mr. Lowe to fiivoor
him with some further particulars as to the fintnatkm of
the oyster parlu on the French coast. It appeared that
the oysters were, covered with water at high tkle, and he
should be glad to learn what was the average depth of
water at extreme low tide, also what height the walla
should be made, and further, whether Mr. Lowe had seen
any attempts made to propagate oysters in enclosures of
salt water by the side of a river. As one of those con-
nected with the management of the river at Ipswich, he
might mention some experiments in oyster-brewing that
hadbeen made in an enclosure of salt-water, originally con-
structed as a bathing-place, a short distance from the town
of Ipswich, and 11 miles from the sea. The depth of the
enclosure nearest the channel was 10 or 12 feet, and in the
upper part about four feet. In the deepest part of thia
acre ofsalt water, they last year plsced some oysters
enclosed in wicker baskets, partly to protect them against
depredation, and partly because, being in a sluice-way, it
was thought the wicker work might form points of
attachment for the voung oysters instead of their being
drifted away by the tide. The baskets which were
deposited in the month of May were taken up in
November, when it was found that a considerable amount
of spat had become attached to the wicker-work; and,
oontiaiy to what had been stated as to the results with
the tiles, the young oysters were for the most part
attached to the upper-ude of the basket, and also to
piles driven in the sluice-way as a protection against the
earth washing away. Scarcely an oyster was to be found
on the undeiwde of the baskets. It was in contemplation
to form a larger oyster-park in the river nearer to
Harwich-harbour in a natural bay, which appeared veiy
favourably situated for oyster cultivation ; and the o^jeo*
of his inquiry now was to ascertain what depth of water
it was necessary to have over the oysters at low tide, and
whether it was indispensable that the water should be
changed with every tide. His pceeent experience did
not enable him to ^ve an opinion on these points. He
believed, in the pond at present in use that the water waft
chsftgcd on an average oBoe in twoor three days; and aft
1
460
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 20, 1864.
the breeding of ovsten in an endoBure of that kind
might be a new point to some present, he thought it his
doty to bring it before the notice of the meeting.
Mr. Bishop mentioned that in the coorse of his travels
he had seen an oyster lake similar to that described by
the last speaker, and close to the shore. He noticed that
planks of timber were placed in this enclosure, as he ap-
prehended, for the young oysters to attach themselves to.
The planks were kept in position bv uprights, and worked
>ln grooves to meet tne rise and fiJl of the tide.
Mr. Thomas Ashwobth remarked that the natural
breeding ground of the oyster was upon rocks, and its
natural feeding ground was in the mad ; at the same
time it must not be buried in the mud. It could only
be bred on rocks, tiles, or other hard substances to which
it could attach itself. It could not be bred on the upper
-aide of the tile where there was half an inch of mud, or it
would be smothered. On the grounds at the lie de R^,
-the tiles were placed in rows of six or seven in snoces-
sioo, the upper portion of the tiles being covered with a
natural sediment deposited by the water, and it was only
on the under side of the tHes that the young oysters were
discovered. They were also bred on stones placed
for the purpose, not arranged in the form of a wall,
«but overlappmg each other, and it was on the under side
of the stones that the oysters were principally bred.
JkM far as the feeding and fattening sround was concerned,
the important thing was to collect the young oysters from
the tiles at a suitable period, and convey them to mud
ponds or dairet. Those ponds might be made of any con-
Tenient size. The walls were about two feet high, and
were constructed of the soU obtained iVom the bed of the
stream. With regard to the experiments at Ipswich, he
did not think the plan would succeed in stagnant water,
but that it required to be frequently changed. The spat
would no doubt attach itself to every part of the basket
which was not enveloped in the mud, and provided the
tide was constantly running over it. There were salt
ponds in the He de R6, but they could not breed oysters
m them, simply because there were no tiles or stones for
the spat to attach itself to ; these ponds were only suitable
for feeding.
Mr. Tbgetmbisb mentioned, as a &ct opposed to the
theory of high temperature advanced tyy Mr. Bnckland,
that the whole of Switserland received its supply of oys-
ters from Frederikshavn, on the Cattegat, which was
entirely removed ftom the influence of the Ghilf stream,
and was frozen over during the winter.
Mr. BuoKLAND expressed himself delighted to reply to
Mr. Tegetmeier, tyy showing him some specimens of Korth
Sea oysters, which consists of an immense quantity of
shell and but little flesh, while the opposite qualities
characterised the oysters fh>m the more genial locality of
Faversham.
The Cbaibmav said it was now his duty to ask the
meeting to acknowledge by a vote of thanks the very
instrucuve paper with which Mr. Lowe had favoured
them this evening.
The vote of thanks having been passed,
Mr. Lowe, in re^y to Mr. Ridley, said, in dealing with
so large a question it was impossible, within the limits of
a single paper, to go into elaborate or minute details of
€U^ part of the operation. He might state that the walls
in the parks were not intended to confine the water
within them, but were only for the purposes of demarca-
tion, and no artificial means were taken to conflne the
water. If any water remained over the oysters at low
tide, it was only due to the confi^ration of the shore.
With regard to the shallow-feedmg ponds built on the
upper part of the foreshore— the clairf — ^the walls
were made water-tight and about eighteen inches deep,
and they retained the water over the oysters at low
tide. As to the influence of the Gulf stream upon
the temperature of this countiy, he was not presump-
tuous enough to deny the existence of that stream ;
he merely ventured to suggest that it was by some ocm-
sidered an open question. It had occurred to bitn tli^t
perhaps the benencent effects of a mild temperature might
be due to some other cause than this alleged lir^e
quantity of hot water called the Qulf stream ; and wheD
he found his own speculations borne out by the testimony
of eminent practical men, he began to think there migiit
be something in them.
The paper was illustrated by photographs, kindly shown
in the magic lantern by Mr. Smith, representing: —
1. Embryo oysten, magnified 140 times their natural
size. 2. A piece of wood with oysters attached, of fife
different stages of growth, vaiyiog from 15 or 20 dajrs to
12 or 14 months old. 8. Group of oysters attached to i
[Heoe of granite rock. 4. Group of oy^ers on a ooUeetisg
tile. 6. Panoramic view of the Bay of La Tremblade, in
the He de R^, with oyster parks on the forirsboroe. Co
the table were specimens of various kinds of ecUecting
apparatus— the plain andToemented tiles, shell tUes, &ggot
tiles, 4(0., also fine specimens of Colchester and Pagleabaoi
natives. Black Rocks, oysters ftom the North Sea, FriKs
Edward's Island, and of the pearl-beariog oyster.
Halifax Wobkino Mch*s Collkox. — The report,
issued at Easter, being the end of the ninth year, sajs
that looking at the classes as a whole, they have been well
and regulanv attended, and a very creditable amoont of
sterling hard work has been done, both by teachen and
students. The committee offer their most hearty thanks
to all who teach in the College, to whose unwearied ex-
ertions the whole success of the scheme must be a»^gned.
There is one point with re^rd to the classes goomllj
which the committee see with much regret, and that is,
the large number passing through both Institutions in a
single year, without remaining long enough to reap the
benefits derived from them. During the pMt year, la the
Working Men's College, including the Copley Branch, do
fewer than 467 have been under instruction, with an
average nightly attendance of 147, and a total on the
books of 245. Taking the number of those now in the
cUsses, who have attended regularly during the year, the
fact is arrived at that considerably more than twice that
number have passed through the College during the Lut
12 months. This shows how few proportionably possess the
perseverance necessary to overcome the irksomeness of the
first steps in the acquisition of knowledge. The sam«
remarks apply to a great extent to the Young Womeoli
Institute. Including the Copley Branch, 244 have b««t
under instruction, while there are on the books 1 14. with
an average nightly attendance of 80. Home reqairt-
ments, however, interfere much with the regular attend-
ance of the young women, as does also the call for extia
labour with that of the young men. Seasons of great
prosperity in manufacturing districts, by compelling in
many cases extra hours of work, tell more against the
success of working men's colleges than does a period
of comparative dulness in trade. The success of the
theological class has been great. The English litcratnrs
class commenced with six young men, but for varions
reasons they have all been compelled to cease their
attendance. The bookkeeping class still maintains its
popularity and prestige. The French and singing closes
are at present in abeyance. During the past year a class
in political economy has been commenced. * This is a
subject which the committee most strongly recommend to
the notice of working men as being likely to give them
correct ideas concerning the common affairs of life. The
science classes are still much too small for the credit of
the district. In the Toung Women's Institute a caoti-
derable number of the older pupils who had previouiily
left have returned, and are now pursuing their studies
most satisfactorily. A competitive examinatioD on a
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 20, 1864.
451
mtll KAle has been held this Tear, oonsistiDg of papen
on Uftory, geography, arithmetio, and domertio economy.
Ooi of 77 female stuaents, 69 voluntarQy took these papen,
and with the best results. The Copley Branches, both of
the Working Men's College and Young Women's Institute,
are going on well.
ART WORKMANSHIP I'RIZES.
Our correspondent on this subject thus concludes his
remarks:—
At the end of my third communication, pu blish ed on
the 14th instant, something was said on the history and
pertaUe origin of the iamoiis bust styled *< Olytie." It
may not be mad¥iaable--with a view to future seleo-
tieoB of models, not only for the elaas in oaettion, t.«., of
phasing io bnMiae, Iec., but for those alued to it, sooh
as di»>siBking, cameo-ootting, and the like— to offer a
few temaiks oo the gteat superiority of the eurrent and
above-«amcd model to that sdeeled last year for the
Mune class. I hope to make these remarks less particular
than general, aad intend to use the past exa m ple as the
repcesentative of a certain development of art, whtoh it
opco we s in a happy and fortunate manner. My object is
to state oonriotioos of the value and, indeed, inexpressible
importaiioe of attending to nobility of style in choosing
BOi less than in reproducing models for nses aaxh as we
BOW entertain.
The example preferred last vear was the head and
boat of a statoe of •« Psyche," 'by Mr. Gibson, a Boyal
Aeademician and sculptor, known, by his life-long endea-
Tonrs to reintroduce— or it may be said to revive — ^the
■nfarit and manner of antique sculptural art in this the
niiMleenth oentory. Apart from obvious objections to the
use, on an occasion of this sort, of a work by a living artist,
there is the less patent one — the force of which none will
admit more freely than Mr. Oibson himself<~that his pro-
dnetioD is not in any respect equal to the antique of wnich
it is plainly a revivaL In a series of worlcs Intended for
tranalation, the value of which is derived above all things
tern perfeottoo of style, there is a palpable objection
to the nse of examples which are attempted translatioiH
of methods of treatment and exeouuon, as well as
reanaoitations of the informing spirit, of a long by-gone
aehool, which worked and was moved by influences
that are strange to us, and, above all, which addressed
minds prepared- to give the reception of fiuth to its pro-
ductions, and had associations such as not even scholastic
training can make live again. It is surely not desirable
OD the part of our art workmen to produce translations
of translations, and it is least so when the example placed
before them is not in itself pecoliariy adapted to the tone
of modem feeling. It is not in these days wise to attempt
to revive antique methods of execution and phases of
thought.
It would occupy too much of my space here to disenss
the influence of moral and reUgious convictions, or
even habits, on every branch of art; suffice it, that
the Pagan and the Christian developments of design
are separated by the width of a world of intellect,
and that it is demonstrable how in no one sense are
they identical. This is universally admitted, vet we
find ooen devotinic themselves not so much to the pro-
duction of original works, as of soch as they believe
capable of producing impressions upon the minds of their
contemporaries, timilar to those wrought u^n Greeks or
Bomans by the great sculptors of antiqmty. This is
ejpoeedingly strange. It testifies powermlly to the ad-
miration some of our best-known sculptors entertain for
the prime examples of their art; it confesses want of
coofidence in their native powers, and, so far, to their
own humility. Persistency hi this matter has had,
H would appear, fatal effects upon not alone the po-
pular, but the real value of sculptural art in these days.
There la something unreal about modem aenlptoNSy
wrought, as they mostly are, in the influence of the super-
stition, if I may so style it, above defined. Sculptors pro-
duce Venuses, Apollos, Dianas, and the like, but they
cannot ever hope to get them received with the ardour of
ancient times. Psyche is a nonentity to us; her very
legend is comparatively little known ; Venus is to most
men but a naked statue ; and Apollo needs the fire of
Homeric verse to warm us to feeling how —
ti
hUbow
And quiver 00Ter*d roond, hia handi did on hia ilioaldaci throw}
And of the angiT Deity the arrowi ai he mor'd
RatUed aboat Mm."
One result of the falsehood of antique motives and
themes in modem sculptural aii is the indifference of
the public to its prDductions ; the cold, uns3rmpathising
shadow of neglect lies upon them ; and their purchasera
are not so much of the highly-educated class as those upon
whom scholastic influences have the greatest power. It is
not a paradox to say that a learned man is not necessarily
a highly-educated one. Modem sculpture is not the art of
the people ; it loses half its honour, and all its usefulness,
in failing to be so. The antique, medieval, and the trae
Renaissance phases of sculptural art were emphatically
expressions of the feelings of commonplace, not neces*
sarily vulgar men. How a commonplace Greek or Soman
felt with regard to the statue of a god we can but half
surmise. Medieval artists were almost invariably middle-
class men, and it was to the people, and in churches, cathe-
drals, houses, public places, and the like, that their appeal
was made. Gtoveroments that were more or less popular,
such as the republics of Greece and It^y, the great com-
mercial cities of Venice, those of France, Flanders, Qer-
many, and Holland, fostered and developed art simply
as a necessity of existence, and not by patronage or the
repression of the aristocratic, scholastically - educated
class. We know that art has more than once culminated
under imperial rule ; but we also know that its splendour
was derived from foregone efforts, and that it has invaiiably
corrupted when it ceased to be the expression of the nati<m
at large. Antioue mythology is no expression of the
mind of the English nation.
If this is the case, and no one doubts it, why should
we borrow motives for art from times whose convictions,
still less whose feelings, we do not share ? Still leas is
it, then, desirable to use translations of expressions of
those feelings aod convictions, as models for modem work-
men. If the question of mere theme — as in the choice of
Apollo, Psyche, (fee, as subjects for art— could be sepa-
rated fiom that of execution, and production in art had
nothing to do with a man's own heartfelt convictions of
the eternal value of what he is about — had nothing to do
with design, then these points need not trouble us. As,
however, these are paramount questions, and lie at the
roots of art and honest work of every kind, it behoves us
to take them into full account Suppose a sculptor is
called upon to commemorate as a hero a man whom in
his soul he knows to be a knave, what sort of a heroic
statoe is he likely to produce? To complete the circle
of the subject, let us say that in like manner, in its de-
gree, to that of a man entrusted with the statue of a
/MMidSo-hero, does Mr. Oibson produce a charming bust,
executed in a gtion-antique manner, but with the hard
leanness of modem surdice and jejune carving — so ob-
jectionable in such a case as this — the uninspired features,
Mid an action that exoresses nothing of P^che. If this
work is not Psyche, wnat is it ?
As to the use of modem sculptural art to supply models
in such a case as the present, there is its admitted inferiority
to ancient works to be still further impressed on the minds
of my readers by one little point, strictly applicable to
this case, which will affirm all I have said. It is that no
student of art. who is worthy of the name, evw studies by
way of drawing from modem antiques— to these there is
visible a dividing ocean between the originals and the new
versions. That we should choose perfect exemplan of
style for such offices as that in view is dbvions enough.
452
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Mat 20, 1864.
If we are to go to the aDtiqae, let it be really at first-
hand. The Venus of Milo is the noblest theme for style
among female antique statues. No two things can differ
more utterly than does that glory of the Liouvre ftt>m the
modern Psyche. Style being, as I said at first, the main
thing in question for art-workmanship, I should, if the
antique be admissible, prefer, above all things, this Venus.
If mere execution, devoid of noble style, be desired, as it
may be, no finer or apter example exists than the
" Glytie," which, being a portrait, is not obnoxious to the
objections urged against the employment of mythologic
subjects in such a case as the present.
As concerns the other examples to be reproduced in the
round and in relief — of which I have not yet ventured to con-
fess a personal but not hastily-obtained conviction — such as
the piece of Ooutier work, selected for the section of orna-
ment in the class of chasing in bronze, and the models for
those of cameo-cutting and die-sinking, I ara bound to say
that with regard to the last two, the sections of the human
head, the objection above stated as applying to the use of
work by a contemporary artist is apparently insurmount-
able. In their way these are beautiful works, t>ut very
far from being ho suitable to the current purpose, either
in style or execution, as antique gems, or some of the
finest of the quattro and cmque-oento ornaments, medals,
and coins.
With regard to the selection of models such as those
before n% the question of style is so transcendantly impor-
tant, and the productions of the antique and later cen-
turies so greatly surpass all others, that I regret something
was not chosen out of the inexhaustible stores of beauty
and learning still remaining open to us, and of which the
Kensington and British Museums possess splendid exam-
ples, such as those that are by, or have a close resemblance
to, the work of Sperandio of Mantua, Pisanello, De Pastis,
Boldu, Donatello, or A. Dttrer. Sculptures of this order
exist that are beyond praise ; and, knowing what they are,
we shall ever lament that Cellini did what he was told to
do by Clement VII., t^, to nnset the jewels, and ** smash
up** and melt the gold of the Papal tiaras, the saoredotal
vessels and ornaments deposited in the oastle of St Angelo.
If we are to believe Benvennto, he did this to such an
extent and so effectually as to obtain two hundred pounds
weight of bullion, mere brute bullion, in plaoe of all that
inestimable beauty which the genius and labour of scores
of artists had imparted to its form. Ought Cellini to have
done such a work as this?
That an example of Ooutier work should have been se-
lected for the purpose in question, or accepted as a work of
art, all will lament who do not recognise anything beyond
an exalted kind of upholstery in the prettiest, the most
laboured, or t*ie most fortunately imitative productions of
that ingenious Frenohmsn. All that is intellectual and
-artistic U absent (torn productions of the class to which we
are accustomed to give his name, much beloved as it is by
•cabinet makers and desired by upholsterers. There is in
^he mere finish and the want of meaning of this debased
•order of decoration much that is most enjoyed, because
most readily understood, by the ignorant and uncritical.
Artists refhse to admit that anything like style exists in
-the productions in question. To possess the characteristics
•of a style, objects must be rich in meaning and apt for
'Special uses ; as 1 said before, the arabesques that are
common to all materials are vulgar; they possess no style,
no significance, consequently we cannot recognise in t£em
the intellectual capacity of their producers. It is this
capacity that delights us in works of art ; mere labour, es-
pecially when applied to other than strictl v serviceable ends,
satisties us not. We tolerate, indeed admire, though we
do not enjoy, labour applied to such things as chairs and
tables, /)ersc, and admit the honesty of the painstaking
maker, blaming him not for ignorance of art. But, if
laborious decoration is applied to them, all satisfaction
ceases, because of the obvious painfulness, or, worse still,
the heartlessness it has. I may add that the piece of
Ooutier work selected for channg in metal, looks as in-
significant as it can look ; knodced off a <* piece of for*
niture," it might be stuck on any other «* piece" without
the slightest Toes to itself or gain to its recipient. The
article whence it was copied would probably look not
much the worse if the original were knocked off. This
sort of divorce is fatal in good art. As to any appearanoe
of facile accomplishment possessed by the object in ques-
tion, it has none ; it looks as if it had taken a hundred
times as long to make as did the piece of chiselled iron
work referred to in my last. I spoke of this beantifol
iron an^>esque as being of (German origin ; this may be
the blace to say that, after close inspection, I believe it to
be French.
While referring to the importance of style, I cannot
refhdn from saytog how much more valuable the new
example chosen for the class of embroidering appean «o
me than that which aooompanies it, and was adopted laat
year. In the latter— a sort of pune, or Oypnrtt of Q«fman
workmanship and design, and dating from the end of the
sixteenth century— the border ia truly beautiCnl; it eon-
sisto of a pair of monsters, placed face to faoe at the fix)4»
and whose tails form soroils of rich character on tha
droumferenoe of the object, and terminate in a pair of
grotesque heads of not very valuable but receivable cha-
racter. It is to the naturalistic or imitative atyla of the
body of this work that I object ; this bears, wrooght upon
it with a needle, a representation, in pnudo relief, of hoas
filled with flowers, baskets, dec Now, as in mm*
examples of modem Berlhi wool-work, ther«i has been
neither art nor acquired knowledge exercised in tho exe*
cution, any mora than there was in the design of these
horns and their accompaniments, it required no par-
ticular knowledge of the subject, nor any invention, to oon-
oeive two horns such aa these, springing finom the baae
of a basket, and curving out to fit the form of the pom.
To represent them in relief was a woefiil mistake, and
attempting something wholly beyond the province of
needlework. The attempt was almost worthy of poor
Mias Linwood, an otherwise estimable peratMi, whoaa
exhibition of copies fVom piotorea were the delight of oor
grandmothers, who, good and happy souls, were tnnooeiii
of the true nature and limits of art. Doabdeai, no oiio
would have gone to see a set of mere piotares, painted in
the ordinary manner by Miss Linwood, any mora than
folks would crowd to a collection of fignrea of moxdereca.
royal personages, and the like, at Madame Tusaand'a, if
that ingenious female produced them in mere black and
white. The attraction was, in the former case, that the
needle did the office of the painting brush — which it cer-
tainly ought not to have assumed ; and in the latter and
current case, that the wax-work show produces tlttngs
which the vulgar think are <* so very like life"— whksh thsy
certainly ought not to attempt to imitate *at any rate, not
in the tawdry and unskilful manner they adopt. It is hard
to say, having before us the spendour of art in some Floren-
tioe terra-cotta busts, wherein life was imitated to a hair.
as may be seen in the North Court at the Kensington
Museum — ^how far imitation is acceptable in portrai-
ture, but it is certain that the drill must be enpreme
to make it endurable. Not so supreme is it in the wax-
works, nor the flowers in our piece of embroidery. The
Italian example of embroidery, whi<^ has this year been
added to the Oerman purse, is not only a beautiful pieoe of
workmanship, and so eminently suited to the purpose in
view, but the form and character of its design are
perfectly apt to needlework. Here is an instance of
the importance of considering the nature of the material
to which decoration is applied. The arabesque of the needle
will not do for tlie arabesque of iron, or wood, or sUme,
or gold, but it may be less unsuitable to that which is
proper to painting per m, and come short only in so br
as the needle comes short of the painting brush. Of
course that *• makes all the difference."
I am now brought to the consideration of the arabesques
painted on the picture-frame adopted as the model for
the second section (6), in Class 9, Decorative Painting.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 20, 186i.
453
rhis w a beaatifttl work, and is, in the archiiootaral cha-
racter of its form, perfectly beyond challenge ; even now,
although the colour has greatly faded, one can tr&ce signs
•f its tortner splendour in that respect. Its decorative ar-
flhiteotural character is, however, in many parts simulated
and exaggerated. It is hard to imagine why the designer
— when he arranged with such skill the proportions of the
base, with its dado and plinths, that of the pilasters which
form the sides, and the architrave with its frieze and bold
eomioe-^3onsented to paint the dentils placed between
the cornice and the frieze of his work, instead of allowing
them to be solid (acts, as he might well have done. The
eost of doing this wonld have been minute and, I think,
the effect better. All the ornaments, whether arabesqnes,
gollo(^'>a, key-frets, waves, acanthi, the many forms of
eg^ and tongue mouldings, dec, are combined with ex-
qnisita art, and had they been treated as honestly painted
forms, and in the flat, however much enriched by auplica-
tion of outline, they would be perfect. As usual, the at-
tempi toimitete sculptural relief by painting defeats itself.
A carved frame so richly wrought as this one, but in a
legitimate manner, would be splendid. As all its ele-
ments are those proper to relief, and none but the general
aichitaotnnd formi appear in the solid, it is probable that
the former, as well as the latter, have been borrowed from
an earlier work. Examples of such are not uncommon
in great picture galleries; one or two may be seen in the
National Oallery. The model siven for the first section
(a) of the class of Decorative Fainting, taken from an
original in Castel R. Pandino, near Lodi, is an excellent
one in most respeote. While on the subject of arabesques
applied to frames, I may as well correct a slip of the pen
eoooeniiog the date of the carved picture frame, which
oocuired in my second letter ; I wrote 1550, the second 5
shoold have been anO.
I do Dot remember to have met with a finer example of
deeoration applied to a material perfectly suitable to ex-
hibit il, than thataflforded by the leather cover of a jewel-
casket p ro p o se d for the second section (6) of Class 17. It
would be diflkoolt to find a better arabesque than this one ;
bot considered with regard to ite oflloe it is perfect, as
shown by ^e broad and yet riohly-formed masses, their
flatness, so apt to use in leather-work, as not seeming to
▼iolate the fMcnUar sheet-like natare of the material, the
dextrous introduction of the rayed form of ornament to
the front of the article, and the tasteful, yet perfectly
simple way in which the ends of the object have been
decorated. The modmn notion of decorating leather
is to impreas upon it elaborate forms, cutting them so
deep that one feels how terribly heavy must have
been the pressore to which the skin was subjected
ere it took such a dint. One consequence of this
sort of treatment is that the flexible and soft ezpres-
skm of leather is lost, its elasticity is parted with, and the
observer feels that the material proper to such treatment
was etobbom iron, indomitable brass, terra ootta that
never had a sense, and wood the penetrable. The flrst
example in the Gla« of Bookbinding and Leather-work
(tf 17 ) b a beaotiflil one, condstiog of a book decorated with
sorolte and inlays in the manner known as that of Count
Grolier, dating probably about the first third of the i6th
century. Few, if any, orders of decorative design have
been so fortunate as those of the dass in question ; as a
rule, Grolier work, and, with some exceptions, that of
Maioli, which, in a general way, resembles it, leaves
nothing to be desired. In this example the forms of the
scrolls, their perfect adaptation to the space to be enriched,
their simpliittty, their flatness, and the manner in which
the spars and Uttle onspings appear united to the lines of
the sorolls, no less than the beautiful proportions and
outlifMs of the inlay-work, and the exquisite beauty
of the back of the book, present a whole which is admir-
able.
My task ends with a few words on the sul>jeot of the
model chosen for the dass of Glass Blowing. In no
braoeh of the applied arts have the £nglish of onr day
made such rapid and satisfactory progress as in household
glass manufacture. W ith much good fortune the advance
has taken eTect on usefbl objects, and we have obtained
tumblers and wine-glasses such as Venetians or Florentines
of old need not have been ashamed to use. The vulgar
mistake of *• cutting" glass is happily on the decline, and
the legitimate appearance of the material, its soft and
clear lustre, is displayed. The effect of this change
upon the aspect of a tastefully-spread dinner table is
remarkable, the flash, the restless glitter of the tortnred
glass, the scintillations as of a thousand sham jewels,
have vanished, and the eye rests upon pure forms and
pure nuterials. Prismatic effects are, of course, in
some cases, legitimately obUinablo, but they should never
be seen under circumstenoes which call for the honest
use of a material such as glass, cut in the form of a prism,
with straight lines and angles, the look of hardness is given
to it. Where flashy display, combined with cheapness,
is desired, of coarse cut-glass retains its position. None
but the best glass looks perfect when uncut, so that it often
happens that the labour of cutting an inferior material
does not raise the m*ice of common articles to a level with
that of the best. The ductility of glass, and its brilliancy,
as well as its capacity for receiving colour, were never
better illustrated than in the examples now in question.
As we have succeeded so well in producing beautiful and
servioeable objects of glass, it is time that its value in pure
decorative qualities Siould be recognized. Possibly the
offer of the Society of Arts of a prize in this dass may
lead to the introduction of models such as that before
us, and ntter banishment of the hideous French and
** Hungarian " ornaments, so called, which are rife in this
oounUy. It will be a happy day when the last serpent of
emerald green, the last ruby vase, the last begilded and
enamellMl trinket, and innumeiable forms of tawdry
trash are smashed, and their fragments swept into the
great dust-hole.
jfint ^8.
MosBi Da CLUNT.^This interesting collection is con-
sUntly receiving new and important acquisitions. The
other day only there were exhibited for the first t^me two
pictures in enamel, one representing Olympos, and the
other lulian Comedy. At the back of one of these works
is a printed paper, believed to be authentic, which describes
the enamels as the work of Kiaux, who is called ** Ena-
meller to his Mijesty attached to the Court.*' A curious
Ublet in copper has also recently been purchased and added
to the collection. It conUins in three columns the names
and trade oiarlcs of 146 goldsmiths of Rouen, and bean
date 1408. Besides these and several curious old pictures,
there has been added the Badelaire, a kind of sabre, or
rather scimiter, which belonged to the Great Ch&telet,
whose arms are embossed on the hilt. This interesting
relic was found during the demolitions that took place on
what is now the Place du ChAtelet, near the Hotel-de-
Ville.
Fine Abt Exhibctions in tbb Fxenoh Pbovxnoks. —
Exhibitions of pictures and a*nlpture are just opened at
Nincy, Rvreux, and Spa, and that of Mons is announced
for the 22nd instant. Amongst the works which have
attracted attention at the Bordeaux Exhibition are two
pictures— •• Cupid causing the Chase to be neglected"
and *« Hunting Day." It is to be regretted that not a ringle
English name appears in the list of awards made by the
jury of the present Paris exhibition.
Sales of Works of Abt i!f Pabis.— The advance of
the season does not seem to have frightened amateurs
from the auction room ; eveiy day has its sale of more or
less importance, and the prices obtained are remarkably
high. At the sale of the collection Piot the other day, a
small plate, or tazza, called evppa arMtoria, with a blue
454
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Mat 20, 1864,
grooDd deeomted with enamelled arabeeqoee in white,
and bearing a ahield with the arme of Medicia and Baglioni
united, with another of a aimilar kind, fetched £32. A
gateau, repreaenting female figurea poaed in a aodiac, after
lUphael, engraved by Marc Antoine, the work of Dnreta,
fetched £16 8a. A amall hemi^erical cup, with rvhy
ooloored and golden refleotiona, the work of Qnbbio, £16.
A covered candle cap, by Urbioo, decorated on the ont-
iide with landacapea, in the interior with a anbjeot of
noraea and children, and bearing on the cover a figure of
a lady reclining and receiving visitors, £20 4a. A amall
taau by the aame, ornamented wiUi a aubject from the
atoiy of Pyache, £44 8a. A remarkably brilliant and
beautiful Persian ailk carpet, about aeven feet by aiz, no
leaa than £160. A child riding on a anail, \^ Tullio
Lombardo, a atatuette about 14 inches high^ fetched
£184. A fine vaae of the fifteenth century, about a foot
high, £197. A cup on a hish foot, decorated with coata of
arma of the patrician family of Venier of Venice, aup-
poried by genii, about 12 inchea high and of nearly the
aame diameter, £122. A terra-cotta group, by Donatello,
the Yixgin adoring the Infant Jeaua, £100; thia baa-
relief ia aurrounded by an arohitectural arrangement, the
pilaatera being surmounted by a Qxrinthian pediment, in
wood, carved and gilt, alao auppoaed to have been the
work of the aame artiat. Two recumbent figurea in ten«-
ootto, by John of Bologna, after « Night and Meditation,'*
by Michael Angelo, £70. Chriat crowned with thoroa, a
buat, life-aiaed, in enamelled ware, by Luoca Delia Bobbia,
from the gallery of the Marquia of Gerini, at Florence,
£81. Bas-relief by the same, rapreaenting the Virgin
leated, with the Infimt on her kneea eztenmng hia hand
iowarda a lily, a amall work, £120.
Turn LouvBK.— The great changea which have taken
pkce of Ute in the Museum of the Louvre have been oom-
nleted, aa far aa r^;arda the chief fioor of that noble eaUb-
liahment , by the re-opening of the room known aa the Balle
dea S^ancea, and in which the picturea of the battlea of
Alexander, by Lebrun, were for a long time exhibited.
Thia room ia now occupied by the Mus^ Napoleon III.,
which waa displaced in conaequence of the re-arrangomenta
rendered neceasary by the aooemon of the Campana and
Sauvogeot coUectiona. The walla are painted red, of a
ilnt aomewhat darker than that of Pompeii, and thia
aervea aa an admirable background for the ofcjecta aet up
near it. Large glasa cases occupy a portion of tiie wall-
apace, and in the centre of the room are three well-
arranged stands. These ktter are covered with a colleo-
tion of large Etruscan vaaea of the oldeat period, and
with Etruscan sarcophagi of various periods, some sur-
mounted by figures of the deceased, and others decorated
with rich sculpture in baa-relief. In the glasa caaea are^
large baa-reliefa which aerved aa firieaea and metopea m
vanooa temples and tombs; fine vases of Canossa, with
figurea in cameo ; a vase ftx)m Ouma, with cupids and
flowers in relief, punted and cilt; a collection of terra-
cottas of Ardea and Oyrenalca, already weU known to oon-
noisseoni visiting the Louvre. Four grand candelabra, two
of which are in marble, and two in bronze, fill up the inter-
columnar spaces at the ends of the room. The fine bronze
reproductionof the Fietow^, of Brescia, oocupiesaconspicuo
^ace. There not being space enough in the glasa cases in
the Salle des Stances for the whole of the terra-cottas, the
rest are now being placed in the adjoining room with the
beautiful carved wood ceUing, and known as the SaUeHeniy
II. Withm twelve months the foUowing portions in the
Museum have been opened to the public— eleven rooms con-
laminff tho antique ceramic works of the Mus^ Napoleon
III., three others occupied by the picturea from the Mus^
Campana, two containing objecla of the period of the
Benaissance, and the two new galleries which now oon-
i«in the pictures of the French school.
Town Wikdow-Oabobhs. — ^It appeara, by an article a
the Qardener't Chronicle, that the Coalfaiookdalo Ima
Company have recently brought out a oonv«nifloiappaiate
for tacilitating the arrangement of flowers ooMa
windows. A semi-circular iron £k)wer-bed, four feet k
width by two feet of projection and nine indies in depdi,
receives, besides the broken crocks, ^., for dnainage, tvo
barrowfuls of garden mould, affording (even in dtia,
especially at upper windowa, where the atratnm of airs
purer), the production of laige groupa of flow«a in gmk
perfection. These window gai3ena afford gi«at aafaty
at nursery windows, a little light wiring for croenag
plants being in addition, if desired, aflixed at and abore
the out circle of the gardena. These window gmid^
are made of iron, either galvanised or treated with anti-
corrosive material, and the company call attention to thes
safe and easy mode of fixing. A wronght-irao hvA bar,
somewhat like a horse-shoe in shape, supporting tha
window bed, is first put into the wall by two boles, and
fixed by cement, which is done without acaffi>ld and bom
ladders, and remains to aet without weight being put sa
it ; and next day the garden bed can beCOed inSom tbs
windows on to this, no bolts being i«quisite. Tim data,
the bed may at once receive the cro(^ and gaiden wwmi.^
and the flowers be planted in the earth, I«v«l wilh^
top of the sill, in the cases of the sills ^^mg
part of a string course, or in any other saae, the oompsiv
have modes of modification so aa to meet all cirauiiiataiicei.
In all cases, however, the main support depeoda oo the
wrought-iron ban beneath let into the walL Tho oonii-
pondent of the above Journal aaya: — ^''We must re-
member the incalculable advantage to all Iowa and
London^grown planto of being lifted up from the gnmrf
The first time I tiled the plan myaelf it waa where thov
was a back garden, deep down and well-like, in whaohint
a thing would grow. A little breakftst-ioom windov
looked out upon this ' dampeiy,' and then 1 got my fao««
fixed, raised above the level of the suxrcmnding walla, the
plants enjoying the free current of air that now naaad
round them. The way in which *^^% garden tlkrate
attached me for life to thia plan. The aooi and smoke
may be bad in towna, but that I don't thinV ^ theied
grievance. It can afrer all be washed off; it ia the sksg-
nant air, or the no light in some oases^Uie aoocehiM
sun in others— that kills and stunts town plants* AU
these worst of evils, because those beyond our own lesMdy,
it seems to me are removed by these iron window ganWui
The one that 1 saw in use was filled with spring bnlbssai
flowers, and these, as I understood, were planted ia tha
soil. But I would advise all gardeners on aetting np tbos
contrivaiKea to use abundant charcoal drainage, and than
above it a layer of cocoa-nut fibre or else dir OMMaer
grass. Tho same padding I think may well extaad louad
the front rim. The plants can then be kept in their ova
pots by all means, and dematis, cobotfi ^ftywi^fM, and
sweet pea, canariensis and ipomoea, ivy and convolvuhv, I
know will flourish luxuriantly. Bosea I have had floaer
well, but not in a very amolr^ place; stocks, mignonette^
lobehas, geraniums, and heliotropes, arums, and fubhsau
have also grown and flowered well. It is chiefly, 1
imagme, because they can be well watered, and beoaoss
they have the great benefit of free air. And then what
a benefit they are to our litUe duU-lookiog break&st
rooms or studies, and what a very great pleasoie therwiU
give to the London artiaana, than whom few are moie
earty flower lovers or more intereated gaideaera. if thm
can have for their parlour window aoch a oountiy-Uke bed
of sweet flowers." In the window-gardens already pro*
duced by the Coalbrookdale Company the deeosalioQB
consist of natural objecta, such as biida, Ac., lor whkh
their foundry is distinguished, and some of tb«e are te bs
exhibited in the Horticultuxil Gaidena OQ the Qoeea'a
birthday.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 20, 1864.
4to5
^olonits*
The Alpaoi im Australia. — The last aocoanis from
Aastralia state that all the hopes which had been enter-
tained of the naturalisation of the Peravian alpaca have
been disappointed. Of the 300 introduced by Mr. Ledger
from Peru, live years ago, and purchased by the govern-
ment of New South Wales for £15,000, the whole have
died ofT, and their progeny, numbering 330, are in an un-
healthy condition. Durmg a discussion on the subject in
the colonial legislature nearly every speaker was in favour
ef the government immediately getting rid of the cost of
keeping them, and a resolution was accordingly adopted
that they should be disposed of as soon as possible.
Hblbouenc TaADK.^The following table gives the
imports and exports at the port of Melbourne for the first
eix weeks of the year as compared with the corresponding
weeks of 1868 :«
Imports, 1863... £1,896,272 I Exports, 1863 ...£1,641,418
., 1864... 2,201.241 | „ 1864... 1,420,746
Stocks of goods in bond at Melboome on 20th February : —
Imndy, 6,011} hhds., 84,269 cases; ram, 1,096} hhds.,
1,079 cases; gin, 182 hhds., 176,461 cases; whiskey,
1 ,064 hhds., 25,598 eases ; iogar, 241 casks, 224.624 bags ;
coffee, 714 casks, 514 bags; tobacco, 669 casks, 9,638 cases
and bales.
^m.
Tn Albibt MvMOBiAi*. — ^The works in connexion
with this natkmal memorial have been commenced by
Mr. Kelk, to whom the execution of the entire con-
traot has been intrusted. The site chosen for it is in
Hyde-park, almost fiusing the entrance to the Horticul-
tiual-ganlens, and on this spot the excavations for the
fooodatioQ are being made. From the ^freat height
(160(1.) and the immense solidity and massiveness of the
aieaional, the foandatk»s have to be taken nnnsnallpr
deep, coDsidenoff the excellent nature of the soil, which is
all graveL Unaer the centre part they are to bis formed
of 16 feet of concrete, and nowhere are they to be less than
10 feet. The base of the memorial is to consist of broad
and lofty flights of steps that ^ive access to the work on
ibar rides, and the work itself is to be no less than 180
fbet square. The steps of gray granite are to be laid in a
doable flight, with a broad landins between the lower and
apper tier. From this upper landinsr the memorial proper
idu rise, the basement being formed of a noble frieze in
marble, the flgures on which will be in high relief and of
life sise. The colomni whk^ support the spire-like super-
etmeture of the memorial are to consist of groups of four
red granite pillars, each 2ft. in diameter. Their capitals
are exceedingly rich, and will be surmounted with statues
of heroio size. The spire, if it may be so called, which
eloeea in the arch, is one of the richest and most elaborate
of all Mr. SooH's designs. It will be built of red and gray
granite, and the rich white stone known as Darley Dale.
The terminal and surmounting cross will be of wrought
oDpper gilt, and this portion of the work is to be exe-
cuted by the Skidmore Art Company, whose rood screen
in the transept of the last ExhibiUon excited such admira-
tion for its exquisite finish. Beneath the groined arch
will be^aced the statue of the late Prince Consort. His
Boyal Highness is represented in robes of state, seated on a
^lair of state. The proportions of the figure are on a
ecale which, if the statue was represented standing, would
give it a height of 30fl. The details of this figure and of
the other groups of statuary which will surround the me-
morial are, however, still undecided. The whole work is
egpeeted to take four yean in completion, and by the
terms of his contraot Mr. Eelk has bound himself to com-
plete it for the sum in band, £120,000. The laying of
the foundation stone will be matke 1 by a public ceremo-
nial, at which the members of the royal family will be
present. No date is fixed for this event, which, indeed,
is not likely to take place till late in autumn.
Tax DoBLiN ExaiBiTiox. — This will be held in the
same building in which took place its predecessor of 1861.
For some time past preparations have been going on ; the
nave has been divided from the wings of the hall by a
wooden partition, the whole has been boarded over and
painted in light colours, and behind the main building,
in the space known as the Shelbourne-yard, now stands a
building of iron and glass which will be devoted to the
purposes of a machinery court. All the space to be dis-
posed of has been parcelled ofi*. The principal Iri<(h
manufacturers are among the exhibitors ; and the most
eminent makers of machinery in England also contribute.
The department of the Fine Arts promises to form a most
attractive feature. The National Gallery and the South
Kensington Museum will send contributions ; continental
artists, as well ai Bullish and Irish collectors, are sending
some of their best pictures. Irish artists, of course, have
not neglected this opportunity of displaying their powers.
An imposing inauguration is promised for the 25th of
May, for which Dr. Waller has produced an appropriate
ode, the music by Dr. Stewart, while all the leading
artistes of the city are engaged as vocalists, and 200 ladies
and genttemen are to form a chorus. The prospectus
■ays : — «« The principal department will consist of articles
of exclusively Irish manu&oture. The machinery court
will conhdn machines of the newest ani most improved
construction, suited to manufactures of various kinds,
amongst which will be exhibited the most modern appli-
ances used in the production of linen and woollen fabrics,
and which will be exhibited in motion. Each of the
varied industries of the country will be fully represented.
Specimens of all the minerals of the country will be ex-
hibited. How the water-power of the kingdom may be
economised, so as to empl^ it in manufactures at a small
expense, will be shown. How the bogs may be utilised,
so as to render them sources of wealth, wiU also be ex-
hibited by the application of new and important discoveries.
It is intended to have musical performances, upon an
enlarged scale, morning and evening, during the Exhi-
bition."
Vaoaht Niohks in London. — Sir,— Your last corre-
spondent on this subject mentions, among niches vacant
in London, the numerous ones which occur in the
outer walls of St. Paul's Cathedral, and it may be
hoped that while the authorities are occupied in the de-
coration of the interior of the building the outside will
not be neglected. Both your oorrespondenta allude to
the use of terra-cotta for such decorative subiects as should
complete the effect of the edifices they mention. 1 sup-
pose neither of them are among those who have been
deceived in the use of this material, by having purchased
terra-cotta vases either made of bad materials or in-
sufficiently baked. The truth is, I believe, that some
terra-cotta is mere rubbish, and will not stand the at-
mosphere, and this material for art has fallen into
mucn disrepute in consequence in some quarters. This
is, however, unfair to really good terra-cotta, fully baked,
or ** fired,** as the manufacturers call it. Such terra-
cotta is, I believe, among our most durable materials,
while other terra-cottas, insufficiently submitted to the
action of fire, are more like what the builders call a
" salmon brick,'* and are not to be depended on when
exposed to the alternate action of frost and sun. The
lessbumt terra-ootta will answer very well for interiors,
and many of the sketches of figures and groups by the
Italian masters, not intended for exposure, are in this
lightly-burnt terra-cotta, but such material as this would
not do for the open air in such a climate as ours. As
456
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 20, 1864.
terra-ootta offers advantoges, from it« comparative cheap-
ness and ease of repetition, it might be well tliat it
should be relieved from any odium occurring from previous
failures in the open air of unsuitable specimens, and that
in futore care should be taken in selecting, for exposed
sitnations, only such qualities of terra-cotta as will stand
wind, rain, sun, and fioet. — I am, &c., VirjaKus.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mom. ...R. 060gim>bical, 1. Annual Meeting.
Tvis. ...Medical and Chirnrgical, 81.
CItU Engineer!, 8. Mr. G. R. Bornell, ** On the Machlneiy
emplojed in Sinking Artedan Wells on the Continent.*'
Zoologioal, 9.
Ethnological, 4. Annual Meeting. 8. Dr. Donovan, " On
Empirical and Sdentillo Phjnognomj u applied to the
Stodr of Raoes of Man and Indlridaala.'*
Rojal Inst, 3. Professor MarshaU, ** On Aninud Life.**
Linnaan, 3. Annual Meeting.
WiD..., Geological, 8. 1. Capt Godwin- Austen, "Geological Notes
on part of the North- Western Himalajas.** Gommnni-
oated br Mr. R. A. 0. Godwin-Austen, F.RJ9. a. Prof.
T. H. Huzler, F.R.8., ** On the Cetacean Fossils termed
Ziphiui bj CuTier.'* 3. Mr. W. B. Dawkins, " On the
Rhatio Beds and White Lias of West and Central Bo-
merset.**
ArohiBolOfical Assoc., 8|. 1. Rev. Mr. Cardew, " On 8e-
>ulchral Antiquities found at Helmingham, Suilblk.** 2.
Itlr. Petttgrew, ** OUtoarr NoUoes of Members deceased
during 18ft3.**
Tbvb. ...Rojal, 8|.
Ajmquaries, 8.
Philosophical Club, 6.
Rqjal Inst, 3. Mr. John HuUah, ** On Music (ISOO— lYSO).**
rki.......Ro/al Inst, 8. Mr. Reginald 8. Poole, *• On Greek Art.'*
8at ......R. Botanic, 3f .
Rojal Inst, 3. Mr. Alex. Herschd, ** On Falling Stars and
MeteoROites.**
!£
PARLIAMENTAEY REPORTS.
79. — CItU Bill Courts (Ireland) (amended in Committee
on re-oommltment).
80. — Local Gorernment SuppIementaL
81. ~ Lands and Heritages <aipoUand) Act AjnendmenU
DMtmrtd on29Pi April, 18$4.
66 (3). Trade and NaTigation Aooounts (31 March, I8fr4).
226. Seat of Under Secretary of State— First and Seoood lUfocta
ftom Committee.
236. Bankruptcy (Ireland)— Return.
Charity Commission (England and Wales)— Bleveatli M c y ort .
Greece (No. 1)— Papers.
Greece (Union of the Ionian Isluids)— Trwty.
Greece (Claims Ibr Serriees in the Ionian Islands) — Cfmw^mtiea.
Ddi9er«d on ZOth Aprii <md 2md Mai/, 1864.
221. Teinds (Scotland) — Return.
233. Sheffield, Chesterfleld, and Staflbrdshire Railway BlU— Miaatas
of ETidence.
234. National Portrait Galleiy- Seventh Report of Tmsteee.
239. Army (Limited Senrice)— Return.
iaitttts*
Par.
Numb.
IhUMTtd M April 21Sl, 1864.
206. Beginm Doaom—Retnm.
206. Army Prize Money— Account
211. Army (Sums p^d in lieu of Pension, &o.)— Statement.
212. Army (Officers on half-pay with CItiI SituaUonsV— Return.
220. MalU New Dock— Return.
117. British Museum— Returns.
71. Bills— Penal Serritude Acts Amendment (amended).
72. — Charitable Assurances Enrolments.
73. — Customs and Inland Rerenue.
74. — Promissory Notes and Bills of Exchange.
China (No. 6) Memorials, Ac., on the subject of opening up
a direct Commerce with the West of China ftwn the Port
of Rangoon.
DOiverid on 22n(f April, 1864.
178. Woods, Forests, and Land Rerennes— Abstract Accounts.
192. Ancient Laws and Institutes ( Ireland) -Paper.
DsUvired on 29rd and 2SM Aprtl, 1864.
202. Greenwich Hospital— Returns.
206. West India Incumbered Eitates Act (1862) -Returns.
163. Life Boats, Ac— Return.
168. Post Office Sarings Banks— Account
183. National Debt (Sarings Banks)— Account
210. Queen's College (Cork) -Copy of Correspondence.
225. Manulkcturing Districts Acts (1863) -Report by Robert Raw-
linson, Esq.
226. Seat of Under Secretary of State— First Report from Com-
mittee.
Delivered on 2$th April, 1864.
no. Broadmoor Criminal Lunatio Asylum— Report of the Com-
missioners in Lunacy.
319. Barnstaple Election Petltion-Mlnntesof Eridenoe.
224. PoUntion of Streams— Copy of a Letter.
Ciril Serrice Commissioners— Ninth Report
Delivered on 21th April, 1864.
187. Army (Maps, »o.)— Return.
214. Dublin Port— Return.
North America (No. 10)— Despatch flpom Ix>rd Lyons, refer-
ring to the alleged Report of the Secretaiy of the Navy of
the so-styled Confederate States.
DeHvered on 28th April, 1864.
106. Post Office Packet Serrice— Estimate.
201. Immigrants and Uberated Africans— Return.
218. Andent Laws and Institutes (Ireland )— Return.
mi' ^?*y»*C'— Account of Receipt and Expenditure.
76. Wlls--8ummar7 Procedure (Scotland) (amended).
«. - County Bridges.
18. — Court of Chanotiy (Ireland).
f^om Commiuionert (if Patentt Jommal, May I3ih.
Graxts or Pbotuionil Proteotiok.
Axle tree with levers— 749— A. Blouia and N. D. Mereter.
Buttons— 278— P. W. Gencembre.
Carriages, Ac, Uu-expanding canopy f»r— 947— T. L. Sanrea.
Clothes, Ac, washing and wringing— 1056— T. J. Searle.
Coining, machinery for— 998— J. Abmham.
Dancing toys— 61— M. B. Westhead.
Emery papers— 827— R. J. Edwards.
Hydiro-oarbon oils, &c., treatment of— 1021— J. E. Dnyck.
Lamps— 943— ^. A. Tremeschlnl.
Looms— 936 — J. Bulloogh.
Musical instruments- 936 ~ P. A. L. de Fontainemoreao.
Puddling iron— 886— J. Lloyd.
Quillai tree, obtaining a semi-fluid or solid product from —999 — ^H. A.
BonneriUe.
Ships* cooking apparatus— 845— A. R. Le Blire de Normsudy.
Steam, apparatus for condensing— 1061- W. Thorold.
Titanic iron sands— 10S8—B. F. Brunei.
Urinals— 1043- J. Symes.
IMVSHTIOH WITH OOMPLBTB SPICmCATlOX FtLKD.
Corks, bnnn^&c, maddnery fbr cutting— 1133— W. Daries,
and W. Gate.
PAmrrs Sialid.
2874.
2879.
2881.
2882.
2891.
2893.
2897.
2903.
2904.
2905.
2907.
2911.
2912.
0. W. Harrison.
v. Baker.
W. Pratchitt, J. Blajlook,
and J. Pratchitt.
T. C. Kimpton.
J. Mackey.
J. C. Jennings and M. L. J.
Larater.
J. Eglin.
J. Kirkham.
E. Walker.
J. Colyer.
E. Christmas.
W. B. Hodson.
G. Rait and J. Winsbonow.
2913. J. Seward and H. BaHk.
2916. B. Dobeoa, K. Baiiov,aa
P. Knowles.
2918. A. H. Ferry.
2921. T. Brinsmead.
2931. F. Fenton.
2932. W. Williams.
2935. E. Finch.
2937. A. Simoneton.
2940. M. B. Westhettl.
2960. J. Sibert
2962. C. L. DaboU.
2987. H. Hirael.
3063. J. Aubert
iVoai Commiutoneri qf Pattntt Jommei, ifoy 17III.
PATSmS OV WHICH THB STAXP DUTT Or £60 HAS BBIH PlO.
1239. W. MitcheU.
1197. W. WUson.
1198. C. W. Lancaster.
1226. J. Bullough and J. Bnl-
lough.
1310. R. Mushet.
1326. G. S. QoodaU.
1282. J. Sidebottom.
1253. D. K. Clark.
1268. T. Dunn.
1267. P. Ashoroft.
1276. J. Hughes.
1276. F. O. Ward.
1278. W. Clark.
1286. G. E. Donistiiotfe.
1294. Y. Parfrej.
1302. Q. E. DoBiathoiyo.
PATBNTB oh which TBB STAHT DuTT op £100 HAS BHKH FAtB.
1320. C. W. Siemens.
1340. J. R. (Cochrane.
1346. 8. Yeldham.
1363. G. Crawford.
1404. £. A. (^owper.
1344. T. Briggs and J. Starke/.
1470. J. Croasley.
'^t^isUxti ^tsigtts*
Rack pulley— 4633— Frank P. Fellows, Snow-hill Works, W•he^
hamptott.
Lerer rod for expelling exploded cartridge oaeeo ftem rmmSa^U^
arms- 4634— Phillip Webley and Sons, Birminra«n.
Fk«me fbr l>ags and other like receptacles— 4635— Monta Besgrnia
and Company, 21, Queen-stteet, E.C.
Jtmnial 0f %
THE
AND OP
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Sbsbion.]
FRIDAY, MAY 27, 1864.
[No. 601. Vol. XII.
Prkskntation of Medals and Prizes.
His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales,
K.G., President of the Society, has been pleased
to appoint Friday, the 24th of June, at three
o'clock, to present the medals and prizes awarded
during the present Session. The Presentation
will take place at Willis's Rooms, King-street,
St. James's. Members will be admitted by
.ticket only, for which application should be
made to the Secretary ; each ticket to admit
the member and one lady. The tickets will be
ready for delivery on and after the 1st June.
Dwellings of the Labouring Classes.
The special Conference on this subject com-
menced yesterday at the Society's House, and
will be continued this day (Friday, the 27th
Inst.), commencing at 11.30 precisely. A Re-
port of the proceedings will appear in next week's
JoumaL
••— ^■■■■^^
Conversazione.
The Council have arranged for a Conversa-
zione at the South Kensington Museum on
Thursday eveninc:, the 16th June, cards for
which will shortly be issued.
Notice to Institutions and Local Boards.
The Thirteenth Annual Conference between
the Council and the Representatives of the In-
stitutions in Union and Local Boards, will be
held on Thursday, the l»»th June, at Twelve
o'clock, noon. William Hawes, Esq., Chair-
man of the Council, will preside.
Secretaries of Institutions and Local Boards
are requested to forward, as soon as possible, the
names of the representatives appointed to at-
tend the Conference.
The Council will lay before the Conference
the Secretary's Report of the proceedings of the
Union for the past year, and the Results of the
Examinations.
The Programme of Examinations, Elementary
and Final, for 1^565, will also be laid before the
Conference.
The following subjects are suggested for dis-
cussion : —
1. In what maoDer can the agenU of the District
Unions, who have been appointed agents to the Society of
Arts in their respective localities, best carry out the
objects of the Society, and promote the welfare of the
Institutions?
2. The advantages of District Unions ; how the Society
of Arts may best promote their formation, and aid them
when formed?
3. The b'^st means of developing the social character of
the Institutions.
4. Tiie best mode of promoting Popular Readings as a
department of the work of Institutions.
5. What is the influence of the Working Men's Clubs,
formed in various l<>caUties, on the educational character
of the Institutions in those localities ?
6. The best means of providing for the Education of
Women and Girls after they have left their Day-schools.
7. Would it be desirable to add *« Needlework '* to the
subjects of Examination in the Programme of the Society
of Arts?
8. How can Physical Education be promoted by the
Institutions, by the District Unions, and by the Society of
Arts?
\i. The advantages of " Youths' Institutes," i.e., sepa-
rate Institutes, or separate departments of Institutes, for
Youths?
10. The Prizes for Art-workmanship annually offered
to Art-workmen by the Society of Arts; how far «an the
Diiitrict Unions, Local Boar.ls, and Institutions, assist in
giving publicity to this competition, and in enoouraging
thosu likely to be competitors?
11. Would it be desirable to allow a certain limited
share in the government of Institutions to such of the
members as may have obtained Certificates in the Ex-
aminations?
12. If the Society of Arts were to publish a calendar,
with the names of all candidates who have obtained oerti*
cates and prizes from 1856 to 1864, at a price to be named,
would there be any considerable number of copies sub-
scribed for?
Notice of any other subjects which represen-
tatives may desire to bring forward for discus-
sion should be given to the Secretary of the
Society of Arts.
The Secretary of each Institution is requested
to forward, by book-post, a copy of the Annual
Report of his Institution.
Kepresentatives of Institutions and Local
Boards attending the Conference are invited to
the Society's Conversazione, at the South Ken-
sington Museum, on the evening of the same
day (16th June), and will receive cards on ap-
plication at the Society's House, on the day of
the Conference.
458
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABT8» May 27, 1864.
Prizss for Art-Workmbn.
The Council of tlie Society of Arts offer prizes
to Art- Workmen as follows : —
IsT Division.
WoBKa TO BE Executed fbom Pbesobibed Designs.
Class 1. — Cabvino in Mabble, Stone, ob Wood.
(a.) TU Human Figure. — Two prizes of £16 and £7 lOs.
respectively. Subject : — The Boy and Dolphin cast from
a chimney-piece, ascribed to Donaiello.
(ft.) Ornament. — Two prizes of £10 and £6 respectively.
Subject : — A carved chair-back.
(e.) Ornament. — Two prizes of £10 and £5 respectively.
Subject: — A Gothic bracket,
(af.)— Two prizes of £20 ahd £10 respectively. Sub-
ject : — A design by Holbein, as an Inkstand or Watch- Holder,
{e.) — Two prizes of £16 and £7 10s. respectively.
Subject: — Head of a Harp of the period of Louis XVI.
(/.) Ornament. — Two prizes of £10 and £5 respectively.
Subject: — An Italian picture frame.
Class 2.— Repousse Work in any Metal.
(a.) The Human Figure at a bat-relief, — Two prizes of
£10 and £6 respectively. Subject i^RaphaeVt " Three
Oraoet:*
(b.) Ornament, — Two prizes of £6 and £3 reepectively.
Subject : — ^A Flemish salver.
Class 8. — ^Hammbbed Wobk, in Ibon, Bbass, ob Ooppeb.
Ornament, — Two prizes of £7 lOs. and £5 respectively.
Subject : — A portion of the Pediment of a Gate (German
work, date about 1700).
Class 4. — Oabvino in Ivobt.
(a.) Human Figure in the round. — Two prizes of £16
and £10 respectively. Subject : — An Ivory^ by Fiamingo.
(b.) Ornament. — Two prizes of £7 lOs. and £6 re-
spectively. Subject : — A pair of Tablett.
Class 6. — Chabino in Bbonze.
(a.) The Human Figure. — Two prizes of £10 and £6
reapeotively . Subject : — A reduced copy of ' • Clvtie,"
{b.j Ornament. — Two prizes of £10 and £/ lOs. re-
speotively. Subject : — A cabinet, by Goutier.
Class 6. — Etching and Knobaving on Metal — Niello
Wobk.
Ornament. — Two prizes of £10 and £6 respectively.
Subject : — Arabesques, by Lucas Van Ley den, 1628.
Class 7. — Enamel Painting on Coppeb or Gold.
(a.) The Human Figure.—Two prizes of £10 and £6
respectively. Subject : — RaphaeVt design of the ** Three
Graces."
(6.) Ornament. — Two prizes of £6 and £3 respectively.
Subject:— A German arabesque (16th century).
Class 8. — Painting on Porcelain.
(a) The Human Figure.— Tsvo prizes of £10 and £5
respectively. Buhjoci i^JfaphaeVs " Two Children,** in
the cai-toon of " Lgstra."
ib.) Ornament.^Tv,o prizes of £5 and £3 respectively.
Subject : — Arabesques, by Lucas Van Leyden, 1528.
Class 9. — Decorative Painting.
(fl.) Ornament. — Two prizes of £5 and £8 lespectivelv.
Subject: — An ornament, from Castel R. Pandino. near Lodi.
(6.) Ornameht. — Two prizes of jES atid £3 respectively.
Subject : — A picture frame, in the South Kensington
Aluseum.
Cfl^Ass 10. — Inlays in Wood (Marquetby, • r Buul),
Ivory or Mktal.
»if\?t"**'*' — ^^'^ f**'^^ ^^ ^^ ^^*^ ^^ letpeelivtly.
»6. b5*' '"^A specimen.
^». —
^' "" '-i ^^'"'^ 11.— Cameo Cuitiscj.
'««« ^«at/.— Two prizes of £10 and £6 re-
spectively. Subject : — Wy<m*t heads of the Queen and the
Prince Consort, on the Juror's medal of 1851.
ib) Animal.^Tmo urizes of £10 and £5 re^ectively.
Subject:— Fyow'* **A, Georgi and the DrofoUt* aa the
Prince CoDaorVs medaL
Class 12. — Engraving on Glass.
Ornament, — T^'O prizes of £5 and £3 respecthrely.
Subject : — Arabesques by Lucas Van Leydeo, 1528.
Class 13. — ^Wall Mosaiob.
Human Head. — Two prizes of £16 and £10 reqpeetivdy.
Subject : — A work by Bertini, of Milan.
Class 14. — Gem Engraving.
(a.) Human head. — Two prizes of £10 and £5 re-
spectively. Subject : — An original G^m.
(6.) Full-length figure.— Two prizes of £10 and £5 re-
spectively. Subject : — An original Gem.
Class 16. — Die Sinking.
Human head. — Two prizes of £10 and £5 re^tee ti vtJy.
Subject :— The head of the Prince Conaort, by W^an, oa
the Society's medal.
Class 16.— Glass Blowing.
Ornament, — Two piizes of £7 lOs. and £5 reepectivalj.
Subject : — An original in the South Kensington Moseum.
Class 17. — Bookbindino and LEATBsa Wobk.
(a.) Bookbinding. — Two prizes of £7 lOs. and £5 re-
spectively. Subject : — An Italian specimen in iho Sooth
Kensington Museum.
(6.) ieatherufork,— Two prizes of £7 lOt. and £6 f»-
spectively. Subject: — A specimen of boiled and cot
leatherwork for the outside covering of a jewel oadiet, the
original being in the South Kensington Museum.
Class 18. — Embboioeby.
Ornament, — Two prizes of £5 and £8 ramotivBly.
Subject :— A German example in tha Green Yaolts ai
Dresden, or an Italian Silk in the South Kenwi^gion
Museum.
2nd Division.
Works to be Executed without Pbbscbibko DHon.
Wood Cabving.
(a . ) Humafi figure in alto or bat relief. Animalt or natttrd
foliage mag be UMd as aeeettoriet. 1st prize of £S6 and the
Society's Silver Medal. 2nd prise of £15. 3rd pnae of
£10.
(b.) Animator still-life. Fruit, flowers, ornatural foliage,
mag be used as accessories. 1st prize of £10. Sikd prize of
£7 lOs. 3rd prize of £6.
(c.) Natural foliage, fruit, or flowers, or conventional orm-
ment in which grotesque figures or animals mag form aecetsontt,
pr^srenci bemg given where the work is qftm applied dia-
raeter for ordinary decorative purposes, as r^reeeniina oom-
fnercial value, 1st prize of £10. 2nd prize of £7 IQi.
3rd prize of £6.
All articles for competition must be sent in to
the Society's house on or before Saturday, the
2Gth of November, 18G4, and must be delivered
free of all charges. Each work sent in competi-
tion for a Prize must be marked with the Art-
workman's name, or, if preferred, with a cypher,
accompanied by a sealed envelope giving the
name and address of the Art-workman.
Photographs, engravings, <fec., of the above
Bubjccts, may be purchased at the Society's hous«
at cost prlcee. Full particulars, with conditions,
may be obtained from the Secretary cf the So-
ciety of Artfi, to whom all persons desiring to
become competitors should apply.
JOURNAL OF THE 800IE?rT OF ARTS« Mat 27, 1864.
4£d
^tmiUkiS joff InstMoKSi
MflTBOPOLITAN AsSOOIATIOir FOB PbOMOTIMO THB
£i>uoATi02C or Adults.— The committee of the above
AsBodatiox), being desiroufl of giving enoouragement to
physical exercises and games of strength and sidll among
the working classes, and also to afford the members of
the Literary and Mechanics' Institutions, Working Men's
Clubs, Toung Men's Societies, 4(c., in union with the
Association an opportunity for a social re-union, have
arranged for a gathering at the Crystal Palace on Monday,
June 87. In addition to the wious attractions at the
Palace, arrangements have been made for a series
of athletic sports, for which money prizes will be
given ; there will also be an open air conoert of 800
voices, under the direction of Mr. G. W. Martin ; a
baUooQ ascent ; a grand organ performance ; and a prize
contest of cadet bands. The Band of the Crystal Palace
Company will play during the day within the Palace,
atid the Band of the Qreville House Working Men's
Institute, and the Eingsland Sub>division of Metropolitan
Police, K Diviston, in the Pslaoe grounds. £xcuisions
are being organised by Institutions in union, all expenses,
apart from the purchase of tickets, being borne by the
Association.
YoB&sBiBE Union of Mbohanics* Institutiosis. — The
annual couference of this Union was held on the 18th
instant, in the lecture-haU of the Mechanics' iDstltu-
tioo, Surrey-street, lireakiast was provided in the build-
ing for the delegates and friends, and shortly after eleven
o'^ock the business meeting commenced. The chair was
taken by Edward Baines, Lsq., M.P. for Leeds, President
of the Union, and amongst the gentlemen present wei*e
J. A. Boebuck, Esq., M.P.; Kev. Canon Sale, D.D.,
Vk:ar of Sheffield ; Kd. Kumney, Esq., Vice-President of
the Manchester Mechanics' Institution, and others. After
some preliminary businesB, the Conference next year was
fixed to take place at Stockton-on-Tees. Mr. Buck-
iiASTER, of the Department of Science and Art, intro-
duced the first subject for discussion — " The promotion of
class instruction in science, and the aid afforded b^ the
Department of Science and Art." He gave an outlme of
the scheme ot the depaitment, upon which a discussion
ensued. One of the representatives expressed some
doubt whether the certificated teachers could depend upon
the promises of the department. In his opinion the
department would probably in a few years withdraw its
support. Another gentleman gave an account of the
progress of the Manchester Mechanics' Institutions, but
expressed his conviction that the system of payment to
teachers induced them to devote all their enet:gie8 to
training boys in special subjects, to the neglect of that
which was more important — a good, sound, commercial
and general education. Mr. Chbistopusb Thompson in-
troduced the subject of *'The system of elementary
examinations as an incentive to pupils of elementary
claases, as well as a preliminarv to the final examinations
of the Society of Arts." Rev. Hbnby Solly introduced the
next subject, ** How far Mechanics' Institutes can legiti-
mately introduce more attractive features so as to induce
larger numbers of the operative classes to attend them."
The merits of Working Men's Clubs were discussed and
various opinions were expressed as to the advisableoess of
grafting the "club" on to the ** institution." Several
delegates who sdvocated the retention of the present
system, contended that the Working Men's Clubs would
thio the ranks of the institutes, but others atgued that
the workmen who entered the clubs were altogether a
diffurent class Irom those who recruited the classes in the
Mechanics' In^itutions. The Kev. T. Hinok:i warned
ilie delegates against departing from the strict line of the
work which the institutes were established to carry out.
It would be a fatal day for Mechanics' Institutions when
their managers turned their baoks upon the old oonna,
and began to compete with places of a lower character.
Mr. FisBBB was in favour of so modifying these institu*
tions that they might become attractive to young
persons. Mr. Bumlet showed that in every place
in Lancashire where prominence had been given to
amusements the institutions had failed ; wherever it had
kept to the work of class instruction, it had succeeded.
Mr. BoEBDOK, M.P., moved, ** That this meeting desires
gratefully to acknowledge the long-continued service of
Edward Baines, Esq., M.P., as President of the Yorkshire
Union of Mechanics' Institutions, and thanks him, and
warmly, for the courtesy and ability with which he has
performed the duties of chavman at this conference of
delegates." It had always been a dream of his— to see
the working classes of this kingdom raised up to the en-
joyment experienced by the intellectual classes that at«
above them. He believed that time was approaching.
A great change was now takinjir place among the working
classes of this kingdom. On Whit-Monday 35,000 people
met at the Crystal Palace, and 30,000 at the Hortioultunil
Gaidens, and there was not the slightest disturbance, all
having conducted themselves well. He believed that the
institution, of which Mr. Baines was so worthy a prei«ident,
would bring about that which had been his life-long
dream — the raising of the working classes up to the due
intellectual enjoyment that was now the appanage of the
richer cIsmcs of society. The motion was carried with
acclamation, and in acknowledging the compliment, the
Chairman said he rejoiced to be able to do anything to
raise the intellectual and moral condition of the working
classes. The conference then separated. The delegates
dined together in the Cutlers* Hdll. A meeting in the
evening was held, and was numerously attended. The
Duke of Argyll, Lord Piivy Seal, took the chair, and,
in opening the proceedings, said they were met to promote
the prosperity of the Union of the Yorkehire Mechanics'
Institutes. They knew that it was almost a joke that
mechanics* institutions were institutions in which there
were no mechanics. He did not think that was true, as
regarded the mechanics* institutions of Yorkshire. At
the same time it was perfectly true that the class of
mechanics and artisans had, to a large extent, betakea
themselves to working men's dubs and other institutions
of a similar kind ; but if he rightly understood the
information which had been given to him by Mr. Baines,
this union was not merely a tmion of mechanics' insti-
tutions strictly so called, but those who carried it on
would be veiy glad to see connecting themselves with this
union all institutions formed for the education of the middle
and working classes of Yorkshire. The great advantage of
such unions was that they extended to the education of
the working classes the stimulus of examinations, intro-
ducing that principle of competition which had been found
so valuable in our public schools and universities. An-
ther advantage would be that the education would
become definite, and less slovenly in its character than at
present. After advocating systematic study, and urging
the importance of education in elementary subjects, liis
Grace referred to the Examinations of the Society of Arts
and of the Department of Science and Art, saying that a
main object of mechanics' institutions was to give
scientific mstraotion to artisans in their various trades and
occupations. In that respect, as in others, they had very
much failed ; but an excellent system had been establish^
by which certificates and prises were given to those who
qualified themselves for industiial avocations. In this
field the middle and working classes were left almost to
themselves, inasmuch as science was almost neglected in
our great public schools. He earnestly impre6sed upon
the union the necessity of ftiving great attention to this
part of their work. As to the beaiing of these institutions
upon elementary education, it was a most extraordinary
cii-cumstance tliat England should have come to be wliat
she was without having had a system of national
education, such as Scotland had had to her great advantage
460
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 27, 1864.
ever since the Reformation. It was a question of great
and growing importance as to what great ends, what good
objects, could be obtained by legislation; what were
those which must be lefl to be attained, if at all, by the
public ; and what were those which we were entitled to
procure, if we could, by the higher forms of legislative
action. In former times the great evil was not over but
under legislation. There had been a gradual reform in
this respect, but concurrently with the progress of free
trade came the conviction of the necessity for direct
legislation in the matter of education. He looked upon
the Factory Education Act as of the g^^atest importance,
and wished to see it more extensively applied to other
classes of the community. He believed the master
roanfacturers generally had cordially co-operated in this
matter. That the working people were, in one sense,
highly educated, was shown by their conduct during the
dirtress, and we had already proved in this country that
the best way to n ake the psople fit for freedom was
simply to make them free. Another advantage of these
institutions was that they promoted a cordial union and
CO opeiation of classes. It was through such unions as
this that they might hope to see the various classes of our
country *♦ Bound each to each by natural piety." Mr.
BoEBUOK, M.P., in moving the adoption of a resolution
ezprefwing approval of the object of the union, said he had
witnessed to-day events that to him had appeared im-
portant and of exceedingly good augury. He had seen
met together a large body of thinking men, earnestly
intent on promoting better education among the working
classes of this country, propounding each his own particular
vieuB, with the greatest possible courtesy manifested by
all to all ; and throughout the whole discussion not one
single word or any appearance of anger was manifested.
That appeared to him to be an omen of good. He had
often advocated the opinion that there was nothing in the
necessity of earning a livelihood by manual labour that
degenerated the mind of a man or his character, and he
knew no reason why the working man could not be as
much a gentleman as the greatest in the land. It was
aXm a good augury tliat his grace should have honoured
them with his presence. The aristocracy now interested
themselves to raise, ennoble, and refine the classes
they governed : and he took it to l>e one of tlie mo6t
beneficial things that could happen amongst any
people that its leading men were interesting themselves
in the fortunes and happiness of those around them.
With regard to the interteicnceof the State in education,
he had at one time been opposed to It, but he had altered
his opinion. He believed the time was rapidly approach-
ing when the State would understand what it ought to do
with regard to popular education. Every year would
confirm the opin'on tliat the education of the people was
amongst the first and most important duties of Parliament.
Mr. JoBN Mabsball seconded the resolution, and Mr.
Edward Baines, M.P., explained the operations of the
Yorkshire Union of M^^chanics' InHtitutes, and proposed a
resolution to the effect that it was *' especially deserving
of a continucii and increased amount of public sympathy
and support." Mr. Rumley, President of the Lancashire
Union of Mechanics' Institutes and of the Manchester
Institute, in seconding the resolution, said that the suc-
ceps of thefie Institutions depended more on the directors
of them than on anything else. If the right men were
at the head, the prosperity of an Institution was secured.
The Rev. Canon Sale. D.D., moved — ** That this meeting
warmly acknowledges its appreciation of the great and
vnluablcM-r vices rendered by the West Riding Educational
Board to the Institutes of York<<hire, in promoting the
adoption of the syetera of examinations of the Society
of Alts, and all other exauiinations in which the mem-
bers ot in.vtitutes ma,v patti»"ipate." He expressed his
sympathy with the object ot niecl^anics* institutes. Mr.
Pt'NN seconded the resolution. The Mayor proposed
a vote of thank? to the Duke of Argyll, which was
duly ackuowledyed.
GOLD MINING IN VICTORIA.
By Mb. Philip A. £1aqlb.
Chap. I.
Histobical Sketch — Managemeht— Pboducob — Cacibs
OF Decline — ^Popolation — Remabks.
The desiro for gold has given the impoUe to almost
every great movement which has coQtribated to the dif-
tribution of the hmuan raoe.
We learn from hiBtory the nomerooa cooqnaita, in^
vaaions, and explormtiaoa, that have been effected nnder
the direct influence of what the noet designatea the
" auii sacra fames ;** how in the middle ages unparalleled
hardshin were endured in the eager aearch (or aome
hidden Eldondo ; how lands were depopulated by exter-
minating warfare, and again repeopled by the adventoroni
thousands of the old world.
But the most signal exhibition of the power of the
precious metal was reserved for the 19th century, and in
the development of the two chief gold-producing ooonthes
of modem times, we witness a progreas th&t baa no
parallel in the annals of colonisation.*
The winter of 1851 was a memorable epoch in tha
history of Victoria. Its political enfranchisement, the
erection of the settlement into an independent {aovince.
was almost immediately followed by the finding of gold
in several parts of the territory.
The first public announcement of a gold field waa made
on the 5th of July, and within a space of five weeks,
Ballarat, Mount Alexander, Clunes, and Andenoo's
Creek, were opened. Gold had been found at Port
Philip prior to 1851. Brentani's nugget (a mass of gold),
obtained in the Pyrenees in 1846, and a number of anall
specimens of native gold, which had been pid^ed up at
various times by station owners and ahopheraa in other
parts of the settlement, added to the more recent dis-
coveries of Dr. Bruhn (a mineral explorer who commenced
his labours in January, 1851) near Parker's station, as
far back as April — and before the finding by Hargrareft—
may be said to have aroused attention to the auriferous
deposits in the colony. The first report waa made by a
Mr. Campbell, who, in company with a squatter, pkktd
up pieces of gold in quartz at Clunes, in March, 1850,
but the owner cf the station (Donald Cameron), apprehen-
sive of injury to his " run" following the announcemeiK,
concealed the discovery. On the 10th June, 1851, Mr.
Campbell informed Mr. Graham, M.L.C., tliai within a
radius of 15 miles of Burn Bank, on another station nm,
he had procured gold. Dr. Bruhn dispatched hie speci-
mens to the gold discovery committee, which, however,
were not received until the 30th June. Michell's parly ex-
hibited specimens on the 5th July, which they had obtained
at Anderson's Creek, Tarra ranges, and this was un-
doubtedly the first proved gold field in Victoria. £sm€od*i
discovery at Clunes was also made known at Geelong oo
the same day (5th July), and Hiscock (who had for some
time instituted a search for gold in his neighbourhood),
found at Buninyong, the prelude to Ballarat, on the Sth
August. To each of these gentlemen (with the exception
of Dr. Bruhn, who received £500) the government
awarded £1,000. The earliest disclosure of the minecal
wealth of Forest Creek is due to a shepherd, named Chris-
topher Peters, who was employed on Barker's statSoo.
It appears that Peters found alluvial gold at Spedma
Gully on the 20th July, and immediately associated with
him three others (also in tlie same employ), to aid him
in reaping the benefit of his exciting discovery. Tbff
continued to work the ground with secresy and anccen
during the following month. On the 1st of September,
having l>ccome unca/'y as to the consequence which might
acciue from their uuauthoii$ed appropiiation of the pro-
duce, one of the men, on behalf of the party, *• to |fevrtft
* Within the p&%t 12 yeirs tbe popalttion of the coleoy of
Victoria has increased eightfold.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Mat 27, 1864.
461
them getting into tronble/' caused to be pabliahed in a
Melbourne jonroal an annoonoemeut of the sitnation of
their workings. This notice, ambiguously worded, and
rendered still more so by the locality being described as
*' at Western Port," introduced to the world the treasures
of Mount Alexander. The richness and extent of the
two last-named fields soon withdrew attention from the
minor discoverfet of Esmond, Michell, and others.
The di£fereoces which, at an early period, existed be-
tween the authorities and the miners at Ballarat, and
which terminated in the painful af&ir of the Eureka
Stockade, partially suspended operations on a favourite
ground, but a short iotenral (improved by an official
administration less obstructive) sufficed to witness its re-
occupation.
Thenceforth the future of BaUarat was to be scarcely
lees brilliant than the experience of old ** Canadian **
times.
Looking at the successful results which have crowned
the system of amalgamation; at the extraordinarily pro-
li6c oharactM' of the ground at great depths — a second
and even a thiitl ** bottom " having been penetrated — it
would be difficult to predict to what eminence this district
may not yet attain as a seat of mining enterprise.
It was not until the opening up of Tarrangower, about
the end of 1863, that any large migration marked a
decline in the importance of Mount Alexander, hitherto
the great centre of attraction.
The successful explorations of Capt. Meohosk and
others, however, drew away considerable numbers, and
from this period a succession of promising <' rushes "
followed each other at brief intervals.
Forcumne Flat was barely occupied before the wealth
of the Trans- Loddon gold fields was disclosed, and the
** sweet vale of Avoca " suddenly became the cynosure to
which all eyeff were directed. It avain, however, was
deserted for the auriferous spurs and flats which were
found to intersect the wide sheep run held by Norman
Simeon — the present Maryborough-field. This discovery
was followed by the opening up of the Creswick, Black-
wood, Alma, Inkerman, and Fiery Creek diggings, during
which period upwards of three-fourths of the mining
class had crossed the Loddon and Bet-Bet, and had ex-
tended even as far as the Wimmera.*
Soon afterwards glowing reports came from across the
Ricific, and the diggers in Urge numbers rapidly abandoned
the piaeera of Victoria for the alleged discoveries in Peru.
A furore for new fields had now set in, and successive
stampedes to the Bocky River and other places of New
South Wales, tended to a considerable thinning of the
population. It was at this juncture that the importance
of the Dmiolly district became known, the wide leads of
which, closely followed by the opening up of Chinaman's
Flat, and in the ensuing winter of the extensive grounds
of Ararat and Pleasant-creek, for some time afforded
profitable employment to the miners.!
But with the great western fields the discoveries ap-
peared to have terminated. A long period of inactivity
followed, and migratory proclivities became general.
Towards the close of the winter of this year (1858)
reports of the discovery of gold at Port Curtis, on the
Eastera Coast, were circulated. These were listened to
with eagerness by the miners, and the reported *< finds "
iOOQ asnimed the most attractive dimensions — penny-
weights became ounces, ounces pounds, and so on even up
to hundredweights. In a few weeks, notwithstanding the
absence of any reliable information as to the value of the
* Doriog the Maryboroagh msh, severtl parties proseeated
a search for gold in the district of L«ke Omeo, in the Mil ta-
ll itta ranges, snd some of the northernmost spurs of Qipps
Lend, without anj important results.
t A new field of some pretensions (Indigo) was alto opened
this year in the Ovens district, but was taken up principally by
rcstdents of the adjoining diviitons to Beecbworth, and by
persons from over toe Border.
Canoona field, an exodus from the colony took place, only
equalled in number by that of a mere recent date to New
Zealand. A magnificent country was explored, teeming
with great natural wealth in the shape of a fertile soil,
but possessing little auriferous value, and, but for the
OTomptness of the Victorian Government, the ** rush to
Port Curtis" must have had a termination little less
disastrous than that which attended the ill-advised ex-
pedition to Callao.
The depression of the mining interest in Victoria was,
however, but temporary. Twelve months after the in-
vasion of the Wimmera dlttrict fresh discoveries were
made at Back Creek (Amherst), and the large area of
productive ground opened up by the Talbot rush rapidly
absorbed the unemployed. About this period, too, atten-
tion was first actively directed to the development of the
quartz veins of the colony (hitherto subjected to the rudest
method of operation) leading to the gradual discovery of
the numerous rich gold bearing lodes distributed through-
out the older diggings. The ru^h to Back Creek was
followed by the opening up of Lamplongh, and hence-
forward an almost uninterrupted succession of new fields
greeted the miner. Old and New loglewood, on the
borders of the Murray Scrub, and Moonambel and Red-
bank, in the heart of the Pyrenees (the first celebrated
for the number and value of its reefs), were closely followed
by a considerable exten^on of the Burnt Creek diggings,
the head-quarters of the Chinese in the Maryboiough
district.
Then came the more recent discoveries of Barkly,
Landsborough, Navarre, Blue Mountain, Majorca, and
Sebastian, the latest and most valuable being the Kay wood
field, in the Bendigo district*
The management of the gold fields of the colony is placed
under a Mining Department, the head of which has a seat
in the Legislative Assembly and also in the Cabinet.
The gold tields are divided into six districts (Ballarat,
Sandhurst, Castlemaine, Miiryborough, Beechwurih, aud
Ararat), each of which contains numerous diviAious, and
has a mining board and a cuuvt ot mines. The Mining
Board consists of ten members, elected fro. a the difierent
divisions of the district, whose functions are to make bye-
laws to regulate the working of the gold mines in its
district. These bye-laws are carried into effect by the
wardens, who are officer^i appointed by the Qoverument to
administer the general atfairs of the gold fields. The
warden adjudicates in case.^ of mming disputes ; from him
there is an appeal to the Court ot Mines. This is an
equity court, presided over by a jud^e appointed for the
purpose, called Judge of the Court of Mines, and who is
also generally a county court judge. Mmmg surveyors are
also appointed by Government, whose duties are to receive
applications for aud register pro:»pecting claims ; to assist
in the formation of streets and the laying out of business
sites on new fields ; to collect statiatics showing the minmg
population, machinery in use, dec; totMirvey aud prepare
maps of the mines ; and generally to report to (iovern-
ment every month on all questions relating to minmg in
their respective divisions.
From the granting of licenses to dig on the 1st of
September, 1851, to the end of the year 1863, the mines
of Victoria have produced gold to the value of nearly
130 millions sterling, exported in the following yearly
quantities (see Table, next page).
It will be seen from this table, that while the re-
turns of the first six years averaged over 11^ millions
sterling, those of the latter six years, terminating with
1863, averaged but 8J millions annually— jwimd facie
evidence in tavour of the supposition of a rapid deteriora-
tion of the gold fields.
•A number of minor fields were also opened, but call for no
special notice. The older gold field*, such as Kuroug,
Mclntyret, Kingower, Rushworth, Mclvor, Korong Moliagal,
Burnt and Joaes Greeks, were opened iu 1852 3. There are
in all upwards of eighty distinct ** diggings ** in Victoria.
462
JODBNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABT8, Mil 27, 1864.
Tev.
1851
1852
1858
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1868
▲foertalned ProdoMoT
Yictoria, excIaslTe of Gold
taken awaj b/ private hand.*
01. dwt. gr.
145,146 14 16
2,724.988 5 1
8,150,020 14 16
2,892,065 9 19
2,798,065 8 16
8,985,695 17
2.761,528 8
2,528,187 19 12
8,280,675 18
8,156.660 10
2,844,452
1,817,408
1,684,877
Yalne of tlit Prodoee,
rated at 80a. per oonoe.
580,587
10,899,788
12,600,088
9,568,868
11,178,261
11,948,788
11,046,118
10,112,752
9,122,702
8,626,648
8,977,808
7,269,682
6,587,608
In order, however, to arrive at any practical conclusions
on this subject, it will be Deceasary to review the ex*
perience of the past few years.
The yield of gold reached its maximum with the open-
ing up of DuDoUy and Ararat (1856-7), at which time
also the greatest number of European miners were en-
gaged, but with the decline of the advantages held out
during the earlier years (the last great rushes in point of
yield and extent, being the Wimmera fields) a gradual
decrease took place. Large numbers availed themselves
of opportunities to quit digging for more congenial
{mrsuits, generally those remaining who were best fitted
br the labours and to whom gold mining became a
regular occupation.
Kor must the fluctuation in the numbers of this latter
class, principally due to the attractions of other fields, be
overlooked. The late rushes to New South Wales and
New Zealand, for instance, present a more satisfactory
explanation of the decline of the gold crop of Victoria,
than is to be found either in the assumed impoverishment
of the diggings, or in the ordinary displacement of
mining labour. Nearly one- fourth of the European
miners (chiefly alluvialf) have been thus withdrawn in
the course of the past few years. It may also be stated
that at no time subsequent to 1858-9 has there been an
accession of fresh labour to the mining population of
sufficient importance to materially influence the amount
of yield. The partial replacement of the numbers with-
drawn, has been maintained principally by a steady
reflux of the out-going element.
These repeated migrations to remote and, as experience
has invariably shown, inferior fields, are highly charac-
teristic of the gold-seeking class, to whom, perhaps more
than to any other, ** distance lends enchantment to the
view."
Far fh)m any failure of auriferous indications in
Victoria, fresh di»coveHes continue to be made, while the
gold-bearing rocks present themselves as permanent
sources of supply.
The table in the next column will best illustrate the
strength of the actual mining population during the past
twelve years.
Although the richest deposits hitherto found in Vic-
toria were struck in the grounds first opened (and which
has strengthened the impression of the early exhaustion
of our gold fields), it may fairly be questioned whether
* The amount of gold brought by hand from the gold Belds
to^ Uelbourne, and taken away in pasaeoger ^hips, wiiboat
beinjf passed through the customa, previous to the impo^iti<in
of the export duty in 1856, has been eiitimated at 2.000,000
ouncea. With tbU addition to the afrcertained export of tbe
precioui meUl we have a grand total of I20| millions at the
produce of tbe Victoria fielda, or aa average annoal yield of
better than 10* milUons sterlhig.
I>ate.
Adult lfls«rt,indiid-
Ing CUtneae.*
Total PoMl^lai
on W9
OoldFlfJda.
Deoember
,1851
19,000
20,300
1852
83,000
44,400
1858
49.600
76.62S6
1854
62,250
92.b58
1855
97,660
146,042
1856
110,500
18l,00rt
1857
118,568
196,084
1858
126,685
205,820
1859
125,764
201,422
1860
118,562
224,977
im
110,226
240,751
1862
99,742
284:202
1863
98,954
227.658
the real valae of the later diaooreriaa has been arrived at
by the reiolta obtained. For the purpose of iUostraiioo,
we may compare the experience of this former period (at
which time but little knowledge was ponewed of the
reaooroei of the colony) with that of a later date. In the
case of Mount Alexander, for initanoe, where the best
yields were aapposed to have been obtained wiih tlw
least amount of labour, ita development was gradnal aad
continuous, extending over a period of two year* or mae.
Dating from the Trans- Loddon disooveriea in 1854, the
numerous fields successively opened (with perhaps one or
two exceptions) have been ** invaded" by a rooch Ivgerbodjr
of miners than that which at any period throi^ed to thois
just quoted. The duration of a large rush nurely exceni-
ing four or five months, a dispersion of the greater niimt«
will almost as rapidly ensne, the nnsuooessful (necesssrily
a large proportion) betaking themselves to poor, but sitfl
remunerative fields— or, in mining parlance, **tudLer^
diggings — where they tide over the interval untO the
occurrence of another rush. Thus the large extent sf
country surrounding the productive centre is aorrendered
to what is really but a superficial examinaiioo ; tb»
practice of " shepherding," as pursued of late yean, oftet
preventing the development of what otherwise iniglit
prove to be rich and paying ground.f
It will be obvious, therefore, that the teet of laige
areas, by operations thus systematically drcumacribed. is
utterly inadequate to determine their aorifen»fl valoe,
while the diversion of labour which neoeasarily attends a
succession of " rushes,** often widely separated, each m
have occurred during the past ftw years, mual operate
prejudicially to Uie character of the yield.|
( To be continued.)
* The nomerioal strength of the Obloeie in Vietoria muf tat
stated at one fourth of tbe total miniofi population. Their ia-
mif^ration into the colony commenced in 1653. and ia tbi
following year there were about 2.000 loca ed therrio : thb
number during the next three years increased to SO 000 ; in
1858 their numbers ihroufrhout the year averaged 35,000; in
1859, 42.000; and in 1860 again fell to 35,000; but the arvcnl
attractions of Lambing Flat and Bnrrandoog in New South
Wales drew away 10,000 or 11,000 daring thia and the follow-
ing years, leaving the population throoghent the peat two ycart,
in round numbers, at 24,000.
t The important localities of DunoUy.Ortswiok, and Talhot,
t<^ther with the Burnt and Vmj Creek diggings, had been at
one time more or less abandoned, after a partial and harried
trial, while as evidenoe of the wealth which yet lies untouched
in the midst of diggings mshed long ago, it is only neoeatarj
to refer to the recent discoveries at Baywood (Bendigo), a&d
Majnrea (Maryborough).
X Loolciog at the rcecnt disceveries in different Mvta of thi
eolonjr, and the steady increase in the number of nainen rt-
turning from New Zealand, there is a reasonable prebabilHy
that this year's produce of the gold fields will cahibit a
ooosideiable improfsment upon that of later ymn tMnet-
tively. ^^
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, Mat 27, 1864.
468
iim Jlrts.
PiOTUBE Sales in Pabis. — The last portion of the
Plot sale exhibited -some remarkable items ; amongst
others a portrait of Lord Chancellor Thomas More, by
Hans Holbein the younger, seven inches in height, by
about five in width, which brought £64. A series of
sketches in Indian ink, heightened with white, by
Meiwonnier, of remarkable specimens of armour in the
Mu86e d'Artillerie of Paris, fetched prices which show
how gteat the reputation of this artist has become, one
of these little sketches, that of a suit of engraved armour,
designed by Jules Remain, having realized the sum of
£80; the lowest figure obtained oy these six drawings
was £\S 129. At the same sale an ancient Greek bronze
statuette, a figure of Agrippiua, as Fortune, with a cornu-
copias in the left hand, fetched £240; and another small
figure of Harpocratus, naked and leaning on the left elbow,
with the index figure of the right hand on the lips,
£128 16s. The former was found in the envux)n8 of
Capua, about 30 years since, and formed part of the
Teti collection ; the latter formerly belonged to M. Duval,
of Geneva, and afterwards to the late M. Louis Fould.
A Greek statuette of the Plutus of Aristophanes, only six
inches high, sold for £84. Three pictures by Diaz,
•' Scenes in the Forest of Bas-Br^au," fetched, at a sale
the other day, £224.
Imdubtrial Abt Eduoation in France. — The great
•fibres made of late in England to inculcate a knowledge
and teach the elements of industrial art have caused the
Frtnch government to look to its laurels, and to devise
new methods of ai-t education, and it has also given rise
to several associations for that object. One of these,
" La Soci€t4 du Progr^ de I'Art Industriel," which has
for its president M. Viollet-le-Duc, the architect, has just
anpointed a comminion to draw up a working plan for a
Mnseum of Industrial Art, with ^Jleries for permanent
exhibition, sale-rooms, lecture-theatres, and libiary in the
centre of Paris, and has issued an appeal to thoee interested
in such matters for aid and advice.
The ElxuiBtTioN of the Works of Lfvino Artists
IN Paris. —An analysis of the list of artists to whom
medals have been awarded by the jury this year shows
that of the painters thus distinguished 84 are French, 2
German, 2 Italian, 1 Belgian, and 1 Dutch; of sculptors,
13 are French, 1 Bel^an, and 1 Prussian ; in architecture
all are French ; and m engraving 6 are French, 1 Danish,
and 1 German. There are amongst the exhibitors,
English, Americans, Swedes, and others, but none of these
have obtained a medal. The "Battle of Solferino," by
Meissonnier, which is one of the gems of the exhibition,
and wtuch was painted by order of the Emperor, is to be
placed m the gallery of the Luxembourg. The destination
of the ooinpanion picture, by the same artist, " Napoleon
in 1814," does not seem to be decided. They are both
very extraordinary productions, giving effects on about two
square feet of canvas which few artists have succeeded in
producing on the largest scale. On a recent Sunday, when
the exhibition was open to the public gratis, 22,000 visitors
passed the wickets.
dioiRtturtt
WASTE OF COAL.
Br P. L. SiMMONDS.
The large demands now made upon oiur collieries, and
the extending use of ooal, should lead to a more thrifty
syiiem of wondng; and it is satisfactory to find that this
iobject, of the great waste of coal, has lately been occupy-
ing aitentk>n in many infiuential quartera. Rich as our
stores of minsnl ftied art, Uiey should be worked and
husbanded with care, for we are told on authority that
the time \a not remote when we shall have to encounter
the disadvantages of increased cost of working and di-
minished value of produce. The quantity of c^ yearly
worked from British mines has been almost trebled during
the last twenty years, and has probably increased ten-fold
since the commencement of the present century ; but as
this increase has taken place pending the introduction of
steam navigation and railway transit, and under exoep«
tional conditions of manufacturing development, it would
be too much to assume that it will continue to advanoa
with equal rapidity.
Mr. Bobert Hunt tells us that the arootmt of ooal raised
in 1863 was more than 83J million tons. The demand
for fuel and for the condensation of steam, in our dwell-
ings, factories, locomotives, and steam-vessels, is daily be-
coming mora extensive, while eight million tons a year
are now exported.
Mr. Hunt, in his *< Mineral Statistics of the United
Kingdom, for 1861," also informs us that two millions
and a half of tons were wasted in that vear in the prooess
of working and burnt at the surface, in the coUeriesof Dur-
ham and Northumberland only. The total waste must,
therefore, have been very large, although information
thereof cannot be correctly obtained.
The late Dr. Buckland, in an address delivered to the
Geological Society, in 1841, called attention to the wanton
waste which for more than fifty years had been committed
by the coal owners near Newcastle, by screening and burn-
ing annually, in never-extinguished fire heaps at the pit's
mouth, more than one million chaldrons of excellent
small coal, being nearly one-third of the entire produce of
the best ooal-mines in England. This criminal destrao-
tion of the elements of our natural industry, which is
accelerating by one-third the not very distant period when
these coal-mines will be exhausted, is perpetrated by the
ooUierB for the purpose of selling the remaining two-
thirds at a greater profit than they would derive by
the sale of the entire bulk unscreened to the coal-mer-
chant.
Sir W. Armstrong, the president of the last meeting of
the British Association, dwelt very strongly upon this
subject. * • Were we ( he said ) reaping the full advantage of
all the coal we burn, no objection could be made to the
largeness of the quantity, but we are using it wastefnlly
and extravagantly in all its applications. It is probable
that fully one-fourth of the entire quantity of coals raised
from our mines is used in the production of heat for in-
active powers, but the average quantity of coal which we
expend in reidising a given etfort by means of the steam-
engine is about thirty times greater than would be requisite
with an absolutely perfect heating engine.
** In those applications which are genially of a
metallurgical nature the same wasteful expenditure of
fiiel is everywhere observable. In an ordinary furnace,
employed to fuse or soften any solid substance, it is the
excess of Uie heat of combustion over the body heated
which alone is rendered available for the purpose intended.
The rest of the heat, which in many instances constitutes
by far the greatest proportion of the whole, is allowed to
escape uselessly into the chimney. The combustion also
in common furnaces is so imperfect, that clouds ot powdered
carbon, in the form of smoke, envelope our manufacturing
towns ; and gases, which ought to be completely oxygen-
ised in the fire, pass into the air with two-thirds of their
heating power undeveloped. Not less wasteful and e3t-
tiavagant is our mode of employing coal for domestic
purposes. It is computed (adds Sir W. Armstrong) that
the consumption of coal in dwelling houses amounts m
this country to a ton per head per armum on the entire
population, so that upwards of thirtpr millions of tons are
annually expended in Great Britam alone for domestic
use. If any one will consider that one pound of
coal applied to a well-constructed steam-engine boiler
evaporates ten pounds, or one gallon of water, and if he
will compare this effect with the insignifioaBt quantity of
464
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 27, 1864.
water which can be boiled off in steam by a poand of
coal ooDsumed in an ordinary kitchen fire, he will be able
to appreciate the enormous waste which takes place by
the common method of burning coal for ordinary pur-
poses. The simplest arrangements to confine the heat
and concentrate it upon the operation to be performed
would suffice to obviate this reprehensible waste. So also
in warming liouses, we consume in our open fires about
five times as much coal as will produce the same heating
effect when burnt in a dose and properly-constructed
stove. Without sacrificing the luxury of a visible fire,
it would be easy, by attending to the principles of radiation
and convection, to render available the greater part of
the heat which is now improvidently discb^rged into the
chimney."
In my work on ** Waste Products,** a year ago, I called
attention to this subject, when I stated that " An immense
amount of coal is wasted at coal mines by the process of
breaking up the coal into the proper size for market. In
this operation a large percentage of the coal is finely
pulverised* and is thrown aside as unsaleable. This fine
and wasted coal is of the purest quality. A correspondent
of the New York World, writing from the Pennsylvania
ooal mines, states that at a single coUieiy, doing a good
business, 400 tons of coal per day are made to pass through
the machines for breaking up the lumps, and the waste is
about 20 per cent., or 80 tons daily. All this amouitt
has to be mined, brought to the breaker (two iron cylinders,
with iron teeth, revolving in a horizontal position,
parallel to each other, and about 10 in. apart), and,
after this process of destruction, has to be carried away
and piled up. One may see at any colliery, of several
years* standmg, enormous quantities of this now worth-
less article ; very |)yramids. All this, except what little
is made in the mines by blasting, has to be paid for
by the operator, and is a loss to the owner of the land, as
well as the human family, and adds price to that which
the consumer buys in the market. The waste in the
collieries in Schuykill and Luzerne counties, Pennsyl-
vania, is believed to be over one million tons annually,
worth £1,000,000. A small kind of loal, called Burgle,
is used in this country for burning in engines. Coal du&t
or slack ground in a mill is manufactured in the districts
of Manchester, Wigan, Rainhill, dsc, and used by iron-
founders exclusively for the mould. Burgie, the dust
coal of the mines and screenings from house coal, is in
Wales and otlier parts pressed into cakes of artificial fuel.
Warlich*s patent fuel consists of bricks made by com-
pressing with an hydraulic press dust of coal, rendered
coherent by bituminous matter, and partly charred.
These bricks measure 9 by 6| and 5 in., are dense, and
require breaking betore usinff. They burn with but litile
smoke, and form an excellent fuel, particularly where
economy of room is an object, as they can be stowed very
compactly. In many collieries no important use has yet
been made of the dust coal. By similar treatment every
pound of it might be saved, with a good profit to the
manufacturer.**
Whoever, observes Professor Booth (Smithsonian Report),
witnesses the enormous amount of fine coal thrown in
heaps near the anthracite mines, and allowed to l»e washed
away by streams, must have regretted the waste of a
quantity of fuel which will never be recovered. Many
patents have been taken out in England with the view of
saving fine culm, by mixing it with adhesive combustibles,
such as coal-tar, ^c, and pressing it into blocks. One
patent proposes mixing dried and ground spent tan
with rosin oil, and compressing into blocks. Another
Sitent uses also refuse tan and peat with coal-tar, &c.
ut all these processes would seem to be ineffectual at
the American anthracite mines, because not sufficiently
economical in couiparison with the price of coal. It is to be
hoped that a process will yet be devised by wh-ch the fine
dust and wante may be tendered equal in value to the
ptire anthracite, or even superior to it for some purposes
where more flame is required. The use of plaater and
other like cement to unit© fine coal into blocks or ina.««ea
for fuel, as proposed by Hollands and Whiiukcr (id 1849),
is objectionable, since it does not •* add fuel to the fir^"
but ten per cent, ashes, in addition to the large amoont of
ash usually in fine culm.
It was recently stated at the Dudley and Mldlaod
Geological Society, by Mr. Rupert Kettle, the chairman,
that by the improper working of the thick coal measorea,
only one-half of all soru (coals, lumps, kibbles, and »lack)
were brought to the surface applicable for the purpoeM of
use and sale. Thus an acre of thick coal, on the priiicip^
of working now adopted, is worth only £6,000, whereaa, if
the 86.800 tons were in the same shape as the 18,000 tcos,
it would produce £18,100. The same theory carried oat in
respect of the thinner measures would lead to t^ result
that though a larger proportion of coal was brought oat
of those measures than out of thick coal, rtiU the
actual portion remaining in the earth, in comfMriaoo
with the quantity brought to daylight, is so great
that it is worth eveiy attention that can be bestowed
upon it, so that its working may be more economically
effected.
Many of the inferior seams of ooal can be worked only
in conjunction with those of superior quality, aod ihey
will be entirely lost if neglected until tiie choice beds be
exhausted. Although coS is private property, it wms well
observed by Sir W. Armstrong, that ite dumtioD is a
national question, and Government interference would be
justified to enforce such modes of workbg as the nat^soal
interests demand.
The question is not how long our coal will ^idore be-
fore absolute exhaustion is eflected, but how long will
those particular coal seams last which yield coal of a
quality and at a price to enable this country to maintun
her present supremacy in manufacturing indostiy.
Dakish Impobts and Expobts. — The imports into tb«
United Kingdom from Denmark consint almost entirely
of raw produce and consumable ai tides, the chief of which
are butter, cattle, corn, oil seed cake, rapeseed. and
sheeps* wool, the aggregate value in the year 1863 having
amounted to £2,429,513. Compared with the aggregate
of 1862, this return is larger by £264,478, altliough much
less than the annual average of the last ten years. In
1862 theie was a decrease in the importation of wheat of
aix)ut 45 per cent., the value in that year having l«eo
£375,459, while in 1861 it amounted to £641,484. Bat>
ter, on the other hand, which in 1859 was imported to
the value of £15 849; in 1860 of £49.851 ; in 1861 c4
£106,379, increased in 1862 to the value of £171.88S.
With the exception ot hides, oilseed cakes, and sslted
pork, which exhibit considerable diminutions, the other
commodities possess no noteworthy feature. The experts
of Biitish produce and manufactures to Denmaik show a
progressive increase since the year 1858, when their real
value wa** £595,809. In the following year they increased
to £723,978 ; in 1860 to £731,267 ; in 1861 to £912,807 : in
1862 to the value of £941,771, and in 1863 to £1,005,3S1.
The most prominent items in the list comprise coaU, iron,
cottons, and cotton yam, linen and woollen manufacturer
Of foreign and colonial produce exported the value ave*
rages abiut £200.000 annuall)^, and consists mostly of
coffee, cotton, indigo, sugar, tea, and wine. The number
of Danish ships which entered the ports of the United
Kingdom in l,'*63. was 2,871, with an aggregate measure*
UK-nt of 278,838 tons, an increase on the pre>'ious year of
237 ships and 21,416 tons.
Importation of Cattle. — A considerable augmentation
in the iuipoitation of cattle, dec, took place in the first
three months of this year. Of oxen, bulls, and cows the
number was 13,134, or 5,748 more than were imported in
they corresponding period of last year, 1863 : of calvei,
3,634, an increase of 465 ; of sheep and lambs, 84,690, an
increase of 10,765, and of 2.067, being 1,768 in excess of
the number in the first quarter of last year.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 27, 1864.
46o
^alom.
QOKKySLAHD. — POPULATION, RevEHUE, &0. — Tho
recent ceosai shows the efTects of the immigration which
luts prerailed during the last year or two. Taking, fur
instance, the towns of Brisbane and Ipswich, the com-
parative nnmbers are as follows :—
On the 1th April, 1861.
Malef. Femmlcf. Total.
Brisbane 3179 2872 6051
Il56wich 1667 1620 3287
On the lit Janoarjr, 1864.
Brisbane 6347 6052 12399
Ipswich 2292 2153 4445
These Bgores represent tho inhabitants of the town por-
tion of the police district of each place. It will thns be
seen that in nearly three years the population of the
capital of the count^ has been doubled ; at the same time
it most be borne in mind that the majority of the im-
D:il£;rants from Europe are scattered over the country
districts. The revenue from all sources for the year 1863
was £309.112 8s. 9d., being an increase of £13,826 Ha.
on that for 1862. This increase does not bear such a high
proportion to the total amount, nor is it nearly so much as
that of preceding yeai-s, in which the revenue collected
was as foUows :— 1862, £295,286 ; 1861, £238,303 ; 1860,
£178,589. The revenue falls short of the estimates of two
finance minbters. In May, 1862, Mr. Mackenzie, the
first Colonial treasurer, estimated the revenue for 1863
at £317,200 ; in Au^st last Mr. Moffatt, the present
treaaurer, estimated it at £350,000, exclusive of land
orders. The revenue is, however, on the whole satis-
fihctofy. The customs receipts exhibit an increase of
£29.091, the total amount for the year being £125,199 ;
nearly two-thirds of this large sum was derived from
spirits, wine, ale, porter, and beer of all sorts, in con-
nection with which may also be specified the receipt of
£8,179 for licenses to sell those liquors. That the com-
mercial relations of the colony with other countries are
rapidly increasing is unmistakably evidenced by the large
increase realised from postage, £11,481 ; pilotage, harbour
daes and fees, £2,260; and electric telegraph receipts,
£4,120. It is under the head of land revenue that a
serious falling off is seen. The total proceeds of the land
sales during the year is set down at £135.614, less land
orders £95,607; in other words, the actual cash payments
into the treasury for lands purchased was €40,007, or
£19,874 less than in 1862. In thus dealing with tlie land
orders a large question for discussion is opened up. If
the value of the land orders were included as receipts, the
revenue for the year would appear as £404,720. The
receipts from rents of land, assessment on runs, and
surveys of runs, the only other items of land revenue,
exceed by £5,763 those of the preceding year. — A Bris-
bane paper says that information of the highest im-
portance, as affecting the future commercial interests
of Queensland, has recently come to hand from the Elast
Indian Archipelago. It is the proposed establishment, by
the Dutch, of regular steam communication between
Batavia, the seat of the general government of Nether-
lands India, and the several i^ettlements of tliat nation in
the Java and China seas, and the important British settle-
ment of Singaporo. The scheme is one of great magni-
tude, embracing not less than six main lines of stcameis,
irrespective of the branch lines cojinected with thorn. It
is said the company have undcitaken to procure from
England a fleet of new steamers for the service, and that
the Qovemment havo granted an annual subsidy of
£80,000 during the term of the contract; and furtHer,that
they have advanced to the company the sum of £100,000,
withoQt interest, to enable them to enter upon the work
with abundant means to secure success. The arrange-
ments are proposed to fit in with those of the Peniosplar
and Oriental Company, whose steamers to and from China
can be met with at Singapore. It is said that the Indian
press is unanimous in its approval of the scheme, anl tliat
speculations have been advanced that it will, above all
things, be calculated to open a trafiic with tho new settle*
ments that are to be established in North Australia. Nona
of the colonists of Queensland are satisfied with the way
in which the mails are conveyed to and from England.
A material amendment is looked for in the northern route,
in connection with the Dutch lines, supposing these lines
wero in working order.
Gold. — A Sydney paper says : — '* The quantity of gold
delivered from the several gold fields, during the month
of December, 1863, amounted to 28,226 ounces. For tho
corresponding month of 1862, the receipts reached 29,843
ounces. There is^ therefore, a decrease on the month
of 1,617 ounces, or about 5 J per cent. During the year
ended 31st December, 1863, the amount of gold received
has been 422,722 ounces, against 584,210 ounces in 1862.
The decrease on the year is therefore 161,497 ounces, or
26 per cent. The falling off in the yield from the gold-
fields is easily traced to the small quantities which have
been received throughout the year from tho Lachlan and
BuiTangong gold-fields. From the minor gold-fieldp,
however, the receipts are up to the average, and in some
districts, viz., Bathurst, Orange, and Stoney Creek, and
the Northern gold-fields there is an increase in the quan-
tity forwarded by escort. There is a decrease in the
quantity of gold received from the Western gold-fields
of 110,741 ounces, or 34 per cent. ; and from the Southern,
60,200 ounces, or 26 per cent. ; but from the Northern
there is an increase of 9,441 ounces, or 35 per cent.
Although during the past year the quantity of gold re-
ceived is considerably below the year 1862, still there is a
large increase on the receipts of the preceding years —
the increase on the year 1861 being over 19,000 ounces,
and in the year 1860, 67,000 ounces. The increase on
1853 is 250,000, and on 1856 nearly 290,000 onnccs. Since
the year of the gold discovery, 1851, the smallest amount
of gold was received in 1855, when the average amount
was 2,016 ounces per week, and the largest was in 1862,
when the average reached 11.234 ounces per week."
New South Wales Revenue. — The lieads of revenue
which show an increase are Customs duty on rei.ned
sugar and molasses, duty on spirits distilleil in the culony,
postage, licenses, fees of offices, fines and forfeitures, rents
(exclusive of land), railways, electric telegraph receipt*,
pilotage rates and harbour dues, tonnage dues (Newcastle),
rates under Chinese Act, commission on money orders,
and miscellaneous receipts, and amount aUogethcr to
£119,455 3s. 6d. On the other hand there is a decrease
in the revenue derived from gold, mint receipts, land
revenue, interest on city debentures, amounting altogether
to £176,819 178. The decrease in the revenue is, there-
fore, to be attributed to the considerable falling off in the
land revenue of £45,500, and in the gold and mint
receipts of £52,700. The decrease is also swelled by the
amount received in 1862 as interest on city debentures,
and which was £48,261 14s. 6d. more than in 1863. It is
satisfactory, however, to find that the customs revenue
shows a slight increase of about £7,400, and this, together
with the duty on refined sugar and molasses (\%hich is
placed under a separate head), makes the increase on
dutiable articles amount to £22,000. On the duty on
spirits di^^tilled in the colony the amount received in 1862
and 1863 are about the same, the increase being only
£7 148. Tho receipts from railways and electric tele-
graphs show a niaiked improvement on the year 1862 —
tlic incivaso in the former being £33,747 18s., and in the
latter £8,461 Ts. The decrease anl increaso on tho other
heads of revenue are unimportant. The special receipts
collected during the year 1863 amounted to £48,745 Is. 4d.,
against £41,868 17s. 8d. in 1862, being an increase of
£6,886 38. 8d.
Sydnet ExHiBmoN.— The medals awarded at the
preliminary exhibition in Sydney, of articles that were
intended for the International JLxhibition of 1862, havo
been struck off at the Sydney Mint, and have since bi.en
466
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, May 27, 1864.
claimed by their respective owners. In addition to the
silver anJ bronze medals, which already number 120,
three medals have been struck in gold, to be presented
respectively to Messrs. CaiT and Company, Messrs. Gott
and Company, and the Bradford Exhibition Committee,
in acknowledgment of the presents of several elegant
shawls and other fabrics manufactured from the wools of
the colony. The medal is of pure gold, and weighs
about 11} oz., its value being nearly £50. The silver
medals were made almost entirely of colonial silver,
extracted from the gold brought to the Mint for coinage.
One of the medals has been awarded to each of the local
commissioners for their services.
Tub Sydney Money Mabkbt has been rather tighter.
This is probably caused by the amount that has lately
been called up by those companies which have increased
their capital, and also by the fact that there are other new
conipaiiies, viz., the Bank of New South Wales and Hun-
ter Kiver New Steam Navigation Company, which intend
to increase their capital. The amount required for this
purpose is very large, and must for a time cause some de-
mand for money. Besides this, debentures for a large
amount have been issued by several companies, and there is
also the possibility of the government stepping in at any
moment with Treasury bills to the amount of £400,000.
These facts are, therefore, sufficient to enhance the value
of money for the present. The rates of discount charged
by the banks still range from 7 to 10 per cent.
Agbioultoral Di^tbess in New South Wales. —
The smaller class of agriculturists in the counties of Cum-
berland and Camden have been reduced, by the loss of
their wheat crop, in consequence of dronghtand rust, to a
condition of comparative destitution. Three years since
the crops in many places were destroyed by hailstones of
unusual violence. The harvest of 1862 was lost from
drought, and the wheat crop of 1863 was destroyed by
rust. A very large and industrious class of the population
has thus been placed in a position of great suffering. Last
year the government came to their relief with about
twenty thousand pounds worth of seed wheat and oats on
loan. It was hoped that a good harvest would enable the
struggling people to repay the advances thus made. This
hope, however, has not been realised, and the people are
now in a worse position tlian when they received the public
loan. Meetings have been held, ostensibly with the view
of asking that the government claim for repayment may
be deferred, but, in reality, to bring the condition of the
distressed farmers prominently before the public.
Coal Oil. — A private letter from Gaspe states ttiat
this product is supposed to exist in large quantities in that
locality, but has not yet been tapped. Those engaged in
boiing for it have left off at over 700 feet without finding
more than indications of its presence, and have begun
boring in another place, hoping to strike upon it at a less
depth.
Natal Sugab. — The year's crop is estimated to be not
far short of 3,000 tons. The yield has been generally
satisfactory. On very few estates less than a ton per acre
has been averaged. On many two tons have been ob-
tained, and several fields are cited as having yielded fully
three tons per acre.
Dr. Nobhandy, long known as a practical chemist and
an experimental philosopher, died on the 10th instant, in
the 54th year of his age. Ho was a Frenchman by birth,
but resided in England. Originally educated for a
surgeon, he passed the necessary examinations, hut having
in the course of his studies been led into chemical experi-
ments, he found a greater attraction in their pursuit.
While so occupied he formed an intimate friendship with
the late Dr. Ure, with whom he was subsequently asso-
ciatcd in many impoiiant chemical investigatioiw, and he
became well known for his chemical acquirements. Dr.
Normandy was the author of several works, amongit
which may be mentioned " An introduction to Bote's
Chemistry" (he also edited an English translation of that
work) ; " The Handbook of Chemistry ;" «* A Treatise
on Agricultural Chemistry;" •* Guide to the Alkaiime-
trical Chest ;" '* The Chemical Atlas," a work of great
vdlvLQ to students of chemical analysis ;" " The DiK^ionaiy
of the Chemical Atlas." He also contributed to the
new edition of Dr. Ure's " Dictionary of the Arts and
Manufactures." He was the inventor of a very soooessfol
apparatus for use ou shipboard, for distiliing freeh water
from salt water.
Inbluations |ssnelr.
The ExHJBrriD Maohineby of 1862 ; a cyclopedia
of the machinery represented at the International Ex-
hibition, by D. K. Clark, C.E., M. Inst. C.E,, late
Superintendent of the Western Annex, International Ex-
hibition, 1862, dec. (Day and Son.) This book has been
written for the purpose of supplying a deacriptiTe and
critical analysis of the machinery exhibited at Sooth
Kensington in 1862. The descriptive particulars are, for
the most part, based upon the observations of the aathor,
who, as Superintendent of the Machinery Department,
had frequent opportunities of examining the marthinciy.
In addition, he has availed himself of the co-opeialion of
exhibitors in yerifying and authenticating the deecripliTe
matter of this work, to whom, in the majority of instanoei,
proofs for that purpose were submitted, and these gentle-
men willingly responded to the author's apj^icatioiis.
Upwards of eleven hundred machines ami portioiis
of machines have thus been accurately noticed, or
described in detail, so thatj in fact, the work con-
stitutes a compact Cyclopaedia of Machinery, valu-
able as a text-book for students, and as a work of n-
ference for engineers. In the arrangement of thb work,
the author has, in general, followed the classification of
machineiy adopted by Her Majesty's Commissioners for
the International Exhibition, and comprehended in the
official Industrial Catalogue. Part 1., on Railway Plant,
embraces the contents of what has been known as Clsas
5. Part 11., on the Machinery for Manufacturing Textile
Fabrics, embodies the contents of Class 7a. Part III., on
the Manufacturing Machines and Tools for Working io
Iron, Wood, and other mateiials, relates to the oooteots
of Class 76. Part IV., on Machinery in General, to tbs
contents of Class 8. With every disposition to compre*
the matter of this volume within smaller limits, it his,
nevertheless, been extended to nearly one-half mote than
the space originally assigned for it, as it was found that
those limits could not be observed without injorionsly cur-
tailing the book. In fact, the volume might easily and
profitably have been extended to double the size. Th«
wood-cuts and plate-engravings, which ai« very nums'
rous, will be found of great utUity in illustrating'thetexi
The Plan of the Western Annex shows the arrangement
of the machinery department as prepared and carried oat
by the author for Her Majesty's CommissionerB ; it will
possess considerable interest, particularly for those who
were identified or associated with that department. The
drawing from which the plan has been leduced, was care*
fully made for the author by Mr. John Cundy. Deputy-
Superintendent of the Annex. A number of machinet
were drafted to the Eastern Annex, for want of ^paoe in
the Western, which accounts for the absence of theee ma-
chines from the plan.
Farming im India, by Lieut.-Col. Oreeaaway, of the
Madias Staff Corps. [Smith, Elder, and Co.) This work
is intended especially for those Europeans of a soperior
dass who purpose taking up fanning in India as a porsuit.
It embodies the experience of an intelligent ofiioer in the
Indian service, who, on hia return to England, was much
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ART&, May 27, 1864.
467
Birack with the want of accarate informatioD on Indian
BubjectB, more especially thoee connected with that coun-
try as a field for the enterprise of European settlei-s. He
found, by the objections commonly rais^, that the subject
was not undei-stood, and was obscured by prejudices and
various notions, which there was no accessible information
to correct. Hence this book, which briefly and plainly
communicates facts upon such points of Indian living and
Indian fiuming as an intending settler should thoroughly
understand before making up his mind to embark himself
and his capital upon such pursuits. It gives minute in-
formation on the construction of buildings, reservoirs,
irrigation and drainage works, — matters of vital im-
portance to the Indian farmer, and which, in ninety-nine
cases out of a hundred, he will have to see to himself. Tho
work is comprised in twelve chapters, treating respectively
of the land and climate of India, the character of the
natives, the causes of the failure of Europeans, a general
view of Indian farming, wet farming, irrigation, and
drainage ; dry farming, hill farming, buildings, plant, and
machinery; live stock, farm servants, and the author's
Tuume and conclusions. The work is illustrated with
plans for the construction of drains, tanks, weirs, sluices,
and is contained in 132 pages.
Otster Fxshebt (Alexander Thorny Dublin, for Her
Ifajesty's Stationery Offices). — This work has been com-
piled and published with the sanction of the Commis-
sioners of Public Works, for the information of persons
interested in oyster-fisheries, and contains the laws which
regulate the (yyster-fishery and cultivation in Irdand,
■bowing the capabilities of that country and the means of
o vereoming natural difficulties in connection with the
propagation and growth of the oyster, being chiefly a
reprint of articles from various sources of information.
The object is to diffuse a practical knowledge of the
means whereby oysters may be most abundantly produced
in the beet marketable condition, and the oyster-fishery
developed to the extent demanded by its importance as
an abundfoit source of food and employment. The best
available authorities have been cited, and the opinions of
persons who have given the^ubject the greatest considera-
tion have been printed, without comment or addition, so
that the statements made rest entirely upon the authority
of the respective writers. Copious extracts are given
from the able pamphlets of Dr. Kemmerer, of the Isle of
R^, and the admirable and exhaustive work of M. Coste,
"Voyage d'Expluration," from which the illustrations
have been chiefly adopted ; and obligations are also due
to Mr. Thomas Ashworth for many valuable communi-
cations.
|((rtts.
Alsx^ndba Pabk. — A correspondent writes: — "This
undertaking bids fair soon to add another boon to the
hardworking artizan, and to offer him an * outing' of a
troly country character, for the elevation which forms the
rite is tufted in all directions with beautiful trees, espe-
daUy oak, and there is no intention of felling any of them,
or of cutting the sward up into gardens as at the Ciystal
Palace, iso that he and his children may roll on the grass
and * lie under the greenwood tree' to perfection, while
materfamllias looks on in quiet complacency. The top of
the hill if now being levelled into a spacious platform, on
which the palace itself is to rise, and from which a mag-
nificent and varied view offers itself in all directions,
the great city being in the distance, over which may be
seen the rural glistening beauties of the Crystal Palace,
and all r9und some of England's loveliest scenery*. It is
no venture to say this, for while from this principal hill
scenery is presented similar to that from llichmond or
Leith hill, in Surrey, one needs but descend a little
valley and rbe again to another smaller hill, also the
prop^ty of the company, to find oneself in a spot fully
wooded, on a steep descent, so retired and luxuriant, and
bold in its slope, that it is move like Devonshire than the
neighbomhood of London, insomuch that one almost expects
to see a rattling trout or salmon river through the under-
wood in the gorge below. These, however, are features not
to be transplanted, but instead of them, in descending again
one comes on a fine race-course, every point of which can
be distinguished from the principal hill, which, on such
occasions, will afford a grand-stand for the million.
Besides this there is a good cricket ground. Various lesser
buildings are rising in the groimds, but the first column
of the principal edifice is not to be raised till next month.
The park is easily accessible flx)m Farringdon-street
to the Wood-end station on the Great Northern line,
which runs at the foot of the hill, but the intention
is eventually that railway communication should reach
the palace itself, on the top of the hUl, and this not
from one quarter alone but from several. A fine
and liberal feature of the plan is the cheapness at which
this holiday boon is to be offered to the poorer public,
while to the richer, Grove-house and its grounds, on the
neighbouring hill, will afford those refinements of selec-
tion they desire, among which will be the creature com-
forts of an excellent restaurant. At present the estate is
(]^uite a countiy place, full of butter-cups, buds, and
timber trees, and so it is to be left, with the addition of
one spacious and other lesser buildings, and the various
arrangements for exercise and sport which the promoters
of the undertaking intend to provide for the active and
merry tastes of the public, without interfering with the
present rural character of the grounds."
North London Wobkinq Classes Industrial Ex-
hibition. — On Tuesday, 23rd May, a public meeting was
held in St. Baiiholomew's Sctioolroom, Hayes-place,
Lower-road, Islington, for the purpose of adopting mea-
sures for getting up a working classes industrial exhibition
for North London. The meeting was presided over by
Air. William Harvey. Mr. Lovell, sen., the hon. secre-
tary, read a statement setting forth the objects of the
exhibition and the steps which had been already taken to
carry it out. Seeing the success which had attended an
exhibition of a similar character in South London, which
was opened during last March, several persons in the
northern districts of the metropolis had conceived the idea
of attempting one of a like nature, where the working
men in these districts might exhibit the products of their
skill and ingenuity. A preliminary committee had been
appointed, who had taken up the matter in a most cordial
manner ; and, in order to place it fairly before the working
classes, they had convened the present meeting. The
exhibition would consist of articles of utility and art, the
production of working men, and the rules which had been
framed for caiiying out the arrangements were generally
similar to those which had regulated the South London
Exhibition. Resolutions to the effect that the scheme
for promoting an industrial exhibition for the North of
London deserved the hearty co-operation of all classes,
and that the meeting pledged itself to support, by every
means in its power, the establishment of sucu an exhibition,
were carried unanimously.
N£w SoiENTiFio Associations in France. — ^Much has
been done of late in France towards the fmtherance of
pure and industrial art by means of private enterprise.
Several associations are now in active operation, and
others are being carried into effect. It is a greater
novelty to see the same principle applied to abstract
science. The scientific, like the artistic world, has been
roused to th.e truth that the state is incompetent to
supply all that is demanded by the spirit of discovery,
and the former, like the latter, has determmed to test the
value of independent enterprise. M. Leverrier, the
Imperial astronomer, proposed, some time since, to
found, with the assistance of the oflBcial visitors of the
observatory, a grand prize in meteorology, and issued a
circular letter to the scientific world on the subject, which
seems to have received au encouraging reply, for the
468
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Mat 27, 1864.
eame gentlemaD has now set on foot an association for
the advancement of astronomical and meteorological
science in general. Tiie scheme Is drawn on a grand
scale, and this will probably ensuio its success. A large
number of scientific men were consulted on the proposition
in question, and this consultative body — consisting of
members of the Institut, of the Meteorological Society,
professors of the Observatory, scientific writers, medical,
and other scientific men — has given its positive adhesion
to the scheme. The fundamental laws of the association
have been drawn up by this body, and the new association
may be looked upon as launched. The authorities have
sanctioned it, ana the *' Association for the Advancement
of Astronomy and Meteorology " is now an existine fact.
The society is at present governed by a provisional com-
mittee nnmbering about fifty persons. Its mission is, not to
discuss or study science itself, but to enconrage others in
that study by furnishing the necessary instruments for that
object, and also by the moral foi-ce of its united membera
as well as by the material power of its subscribed capital.
Id order to open the doors of the association as wide as
possible, and to give to it the widest and firmest basis, it will
not only have a list of regular subscribing members, but will
admit the public to its meetings at a fixed rate. The annual
subscription of the former is fixed, for the present, at the
very low rate of ten francs a year, and the admission to
each sitting at two francs per vintor. The association
has its rooms at the Imperial Observatory, and an office at
the Meteorological Society, in the Bue Fleurus, and
the founders express the fullest confidence in the success
of the undertaking. The first operations of the new
association are akeady planned out. The laws of
meteorology are yet to be evolved, and with the view to
stimulate inquiry, with this end in view, a ^rand
prize is to be founded. A committee is now sitting
to determine upon the conditions and the amount of this
prize. As to astronomy, the grand necessity recognised
by the association is the construction of instruments of
high power ; the materials and the principles of construe- '
tion are ready, the means alone are wanting. It is consi-
dered eminently desirable that observers, with good in-
struments, should be established in all directions, especially
under the dear sky of the south, and therefore the asso-
ciation has at once voted a sum of 50,000 francs, for its
portion of the cost of production of a telescope with an
opening of 75 centimetres, or 29*5 inches English. The
society also undertakes to obtain from the authorities of
the town where this instrument is to be set up, a further
portion of the amount of the cost, and it is expected that
the State itself will also lend its aid.
Patent Office Librabt and Museum. — Mr. Dillwyn
has moved for in the House of Commons, and obtained a
committee to inquire into the condition of the Patent
Office Library and Museum. The names of the com-
mittee are as follows: — Mr. Dillwyn, Mr. Cowper, Mr.
Gregory, Mr. Knight, Lord Robert Cecil, Lord Henry
Lennox, Mr. Ayrton, Mr. Augustus Smith, Lord Elcho,
Mr. Waldron. Mr. Adderley, Mr. Walter, Mr. Calthorpe,
Mr. flolford, and Mr. Francis Sharp Powell.
Drainage of the Mbtbofolis. — The engineer of the
Metropolitan Board of Works has reported that at t^e
present time about one-sixth of the metropolitan sewage
IS intercepted by the northern outfall sewer works, and dis-
charged into the Thames at ebb tide at Barking, whence
it is carried to the sea. This sewage, about 14 million
gallons in quantity, has hitherto been discharged into the
river Thames at low water, within the limits of the
metropolis.
ilBtXti^tStitHtiCt
Laboubebs' Cottaofji.— Sib,— The difficulty as to the
provision of cottages for laboui-ers at a price to be mutually
aavantag«ons, does not appear to have been solved by the
recent discussion, nor by the numerous designs in compe-
tition for Mr. Denton's prize. This is owing to too moch
being expected. According to several, if not most of the
plans, the labourer is to be provided with pantrj, scullery,
and, in some cases, with bakehouse. In the estimates for
the selected designs I observed about £20 for plamber*!
work. These are unnecessary obstacles. The chief object
is, or should be, to provide a comfortable sitting-room,
with, for families, three bed-rooms, and this may be gained,
at a compaiatively small cost, by a cottage of four rooms,
with a lean-to for scullery purposes, washing, &c The
upper floor should bo two bed-rooms, front and back, the
lower floor a sitting- room and bed-room. All cookiog,
including baking, may be done by a good range wim
oven, which is economical of fuel, such as Sir Thomas
Dyke Acland, has provided for his cottage tenants in
the neighbourhood of Broad Clist. The lean-to might
contain fuel, with a sink for washing, and with an earthen
or iron tank, or tub, with iron fall-pipes for rain water.
The plumber's bill should be very little. Any other water
supply might be for a row of cottages in common. It is
much better to be content with moKlerate improvemenri
that are practicable, because they may be commerciallj
successful, than, by striving for more that if possibls
would be desirable, really obtain less. In Leeds there
is a small society which purchases a plot of land, baildi;
on the best terms it can, a block or row of cottages;
these, when finished, are offered to working men at coA
price, house and land freehold, a portion to be paid by
the purchaser, and the remainder by the Leeds Perott-
nent Building Society. The latter is reimbursed bys
weekly rent, payable for about thirteen years, at ibe ex-
piration of which the house and land become the freehold
of the working-man. Such a system is not practicable in
rural districts, but is worth attention in towns. As each
row of houses has been sold, or nearly so, another is com-
menced, and the society has already erected nearly a hon-
dred comfortable and commodious cottages. — Babhett
Blake.
Babombtebs. — Sir, — In your Journal of the 1 st of April
appears a description of a so-called new baitnneier,
which, I think, will be found accurately described in the
following extract fVom the Bncyelcpcedia Britatmiea^ 7th
edition, 1842, and written by Sir J. Leslie :— « The most
accmrate construction of a barometer of this kind [the
conical barometer, invented by Amontons, I696J is a^
tained by joining together two tubes that have even bat '
unequal bores, the longer and narrower being upper-
most. If the width of the upper tube were suppoted to
be, to that of the under one, as two to three, tbe sale
would be enlarged three times, since, by descending three
inches from the top, and, consequently, two at the bottom,
the column would sufler a contraction of one inch m
height. This species of barometer is thus recomm^cd
by Its simplicity and its ample range. But the bore of tba
tube being indispensably small, the mercury movea with
difficulty, and resists impressions of minute changes of
external action." Also, page 400--" A modifitaition of
the conical barometer in travelling we have ourselves
employed. The principal part consists of a small steel
stopoock, a glass tube 31 or 32 inches long, with a bore of
the tenth of an inch, sealed at top and flUed with quick-
silver, is cemented into the one end of the stopcock, and
into the other end is cemented an open and wider tobe,
16 inches or more in length, and having its diameter
above the eighth of an inch. This compound tube fe
lodged m a walking-stick, divided into inches and tenthi
through its whole extent, or onlji at the upf«r part." It
will thus be seen that this barometer was invented and
published more than 20 years since, and, if neoeesary, I
could mention persons, both in London and elsewhere,
who have made them, bnt probably they have not bMO
much used, from the defect alluded to, which cannot be
got rid of, except by using a larger tube, and having
a moveable piston in the bottom, on Whiting's p^n, as
exhibited \y Mr. Backer last year at the fl&^ of th«
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ART8, May 27, 1864.
469
Royal Society. Ifr. Becker inforoied rae, and, no doubt,
othon M well, that Whiting had aUo made them, as
described above, with the small tube. Mr. Becker's in-
strament led, no doubt, to the recent revival of this kind
of barometer; but while, perhape, as a matter of business,
it may be thought legitimate for any maker to introduce,
in connection with his own name, an instrument not gene-
rally known in the trade, it was hardly to be anticipated
that the Boyal Society should lend the sanction of their
authority to the introduction of an instrument as new
which was published more than twenty years sinoe in a
by no means obscure work. The above quotations appear
also io the eighth edition of the Endycopotdta, — ^I am, dto.,
W. Symons.
ViBBATioir IN Stbimvbs. — Sir, — It is not a little sur-
prising that, although steam-boats have been in constant
use for so many years, nevertheless the vibration, which
passengers find so unpleasant, and which is so destructive
to the vessels and so expensive to the owners, should
still remain a puzzle to the engineer ? Yet so it is. Not
one of the many writers on the subject hss suggested even
a plausible explanation of the phenomenon. With re-
gard to paddle steamers, indeed, the notion that the
oscillatory movement was caused by the beat of the
ptddle-boards as they successively struck the water, has
nitherto passed muster — but this could not apply to the
screw. If the screw were completely immersed, the re-
astanoe oflered by the water to its revolution, whatever
might be its nature, ought at least to be regular — there
would be nothing vibratory about it; yet the screw
steamers are found to shake even worse than the paddle
steamers. What could be the cause of this anomaly no
one seemed able to tell. Some attributed it to the length
of the shaft through which the force of the engine was
transmitted to the screw. But in many large factories
the length of shafting may be reckoned by furlongs in-
stead of yards ; yet the power of many hundred horses is
transmitted in ali directions, horizontally and perpen-
dicularly, over a vast area, and up to the seventh stoiy of
a large edifice, which would be shaken to pieces in a
day by one-fiftieth part of the vibration experienced in a
modfTate-fiized screw-steamer. What could occasion so
great a difference in the result under circumstances that
apjieared identical ? This is a question which all steam-
ship owners will acknowledge to be of the utmost im-
portance, though it has never hitherto been answered.
And yet the reason seems to be very simple. While
expending a vast amount of ingenuity in perfecting the
deuils of their machines, our marine engine-makers have
overlooked the all-important fact, that, in their case (as
distingtiished from the land engine), when they cause the
Siston to rise and fall within the cylinder they have to
eal with two moving bodies instead of one. On land
the cylinder rests on the solid eaiih, and is fixed ; but on
board a ship the cylinder is not fixed, and cannot, by any
possibility, be fixed — since, however massive may be its
framework, the ultimate foundation is the bottom of the
ship, whkh is essentially a moving body. The natural
oonseqaence is this : Wtienever steam is admitted below
the piston its elastic force tends to press the bottom of the
cylinder downwards, just as much as it impels the piston
upwards — and, as both yield to the pressure, they both
move in opposite directions, and through spaces corre-
sponding to the momenta of their respective resistances.
The piston rises, and the cylinder — id ett the vessel
altogether-^nks. Just the reverse action ensues as the
piston descends, and this *^ up and down*' action recurs
upon every revolution of the shaft. How enormous ib
the oscillatory force thus exercised may be easily com-
putet!. Take, for example, a 45-inch cylinder (a very
common size for engines in the mercantile navy), and
suppojie that the metiium pressure of steam throughout
the stroke is 251bs. per circular inch including vacuum.
This gives an aggregate pressure of 50,0001b8. (or more
than 22 tons), operating alternately upward and down-
wards with every revolution of the engine. The eflfect
on the vessel is actuaUv equivalent to that produced by
the beat of a steam hammer of more than 20 tons,
vibrating from 80 to 100 or 150 times per minute. No
wonder that the ship shakes under mch discipline. No
wonder that splendid steamers return after a short cruise
with their stems rattled to pieces. Engine-makers have
devoted much ingenuity to what they call "balandng^
their cranks. This is straining at the gnat and leavUig
the camel still to be swallowed. They must " balance^
their steam before they can pretend to have lemedied
the existing evil.— 1 am, Ac, A. J. Joyce.
18, Goirsr-streot.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mov. ...Brittih ArvhitMCt, 8.
AilsticS. Aanaal MettiBf.
B. Unltad Ssrrloe (nst., 8f . Captain Edmund A. Inf IsflSld,
R.N., *'0n a propOMd Plan of Working the UMvlMt
OrdnMM oa bonrd Armoor-pUtad Ships sad FortUoa-
ttons, with oomplets Protection Ibr the Men.**
.CItU Bnglneere, 9. Preddent'f Annonl ConTanadoae.
Anthropolofical, 8.
Bo7»l Inst, 3. ProDeMorManhaU,««OBAnhnalI4fe.**
.Antiqnnrlee, 8.
BojnilnM.,3. Mr. John Hallnh, **0b Marie.**
Linnaan, 8.
Chnntcnl, 8. Prof. Stokei, •• Dlaeriminstloa of Oriaaio
Bodlee by their Optioal FraperUee."
R. Sode^CIabiS.
ni.......PhlloIoglcal, 8.
Rojal Init., 8.
Arehaolofioal Inet^ 4.
Sat .....Jtrni Inet.. s. Mr. Alex. Henehel, ** Oa FUling Stan sad
Tins.
Tbsb.,
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
Pit.
Nomb.
65 (5). ReUway and Caaal Billi-Slxth Report Arom Committss.
237. Snperannoatloni (Pereona now empl^yad In any pabUc capa
eltj)-Ketam. '
240. Annj Chaplaina, Ac.)— Retnm.
170. SaperannoatioafCPQbUeOnoeey— AeooQBt.
83. Bille— CiMtuaia and Inland^Rerenne (amended).
83. ^^
63. —
64. —
66. —
84. —
Union Anenment Coaunittee Act Amendment.
Naval Agencj and Dtitribntlon (amended).
NaTal Prise Acta Repeal (amended).
Naval Priie 'amended).
Write Regirtration (Scotland).
DeKMred en 9rd May. 1864.
lay. 1864.
.C Conrefpondencs.
86. Bill— UndeV Becretariee Indemnltj.
Ssssioir 1863.
600. Iilaad of St. Vineent— Copj of Correfpondeace.
Dtiitertd <m Uh Map, 1864.
63 (3). Committee of Selection- Fourth Report.
341. MiliUa Refflmenti (Brtablidimenta, Ae.)— Retmv.
363. Primroae-hill Meetinir— Retom.
347. Poor Law Sarah Dove)— Retorn.
87. Bill!— Joint Stock Companiet (Foreifn Ooontriei).
88. — Admiral^ Lande and Worki.
DiUvertd on 6th Map, 1864.
173. Wcrka and Pnblic Boilillngi— Abetract Aooooate.
339. Wert Ridinff of Torkahire AteJiee Betnma.
333. Foreign Sugar — Aoeoont.
360. Banka( Scotland)— Return.
366. Seamen *a Saving! Banks— Aoeomit.
Eait India (Sabatantive Law)— Pint Report of C
217.
333.
344.
361.
86.
93.
330.
349.
269.
365.
367.
363.
366.
379.
346.
DMttrtd on tth Map, 1864.
ExdM and Cuitoma i Ireland )— Retnme.
Highwajf Act— Copies of Memorials.
Metropolis Turnpike Roads— Thirtj- eighth Report of Ccm-
miisioners
New Zealand Loan— Copj of a Letter dated 39th December,
I85d, tc.
Bills— Superior Courts of Common Law (Ireland).
— PttbUo and Keft«shment Houses (MetropoUs).
Ddwertd <m 1th and 9th Map, 1864.
Vestrj Cess { Dublin )— Return. ^
East India (Offlcers of Native ReglmenU)— Retoni.
CivU BiU Courts (CanrlokDsrgus)— Return.
Merchant Seamen^s Ennd— Account*
Mercantile Marine Fund Acoonnl.
ForUflcations, acc— Account.
East India (Mr. Buifass>— Correspondence, Ac.
Civil Services S upplementary Estimate (Class 1).
British Museum -Accounts and Estimate.
470
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, May 27, 1864.
80. BUlfl— Boiler Explosions.
90. „ Street Mtuio ( MetropdU. )
94. „ Limited PenalUes.
01. .. Pier and Harbour Orders Conflmution.
tt
SB88I0N 1863.
i93 (6). Import and Export Daties— Betum (Part <).
Delivered on lOth May, 1864.
aS6. Police Inqoinr (Dundrum)— Return.
264. Public Buildings (South Kensiogton)— Retun
Korth America (No. 11)— Beturn of Claims of British Sol^ects.
ITorth America (No. 12 V— Correspondence respecting the Bn-
listment of British Seamen at Queenstown.
Delivered on lUh May, 1864.
66 (6). Railwv luid Canal Bills -Seventh Report fh>m Committee.
368. Ramsgate Harbour— Statement of Receipts and Pajmento.
261. TeD\ire and Improvement of Land (IreUnd)— Abttnets of
Retoms.
266. Decimal Sjstemof Measures, Jtc— Retom.
269. Thames Conserrancjr— General Report.
272. Public Meetings (Metropolis)— Return.
2T3. EsUblished Church ( Ireland )— Betum.
98. Bills— College of PhjBiciaos.
99. „ 1<aUwa7B(IrelaDd)AcU Amendment.
100. „ Drainage and Improvement of Lands (IrekJid.)
102. „ Valuation of Rateable Propertj.
DeHvered on I2th May, 1864.
204. Edaoation-Beturn.
S?* STr^?^?*I.r*T*®">™«°*" (Ireland)-Abstractof Aooounts.
264. Illicit Disdllatlon (Ireland;— Return.
2»6. Law Life Society- Return.
276. Militarj Savings Banks— Account.
289. Civil Serrice EsUmates— Abstract showinc tho Onnts to W
proposed. ^
iRttnfs.
fV-ow CmmitiUmeri qf Patente Journal, May 20th,
GnAiTTa OF PsonsioxAL Pbotbotiov.
Anehon— 1129— A. V. Newton.
Anchors, construction of— 1103— W. I. Meacock.
Aniline colours, substitute for- 993— D'H. Lomer.
Animal charcoal, treatment of- 11 19— E. Beanes.
Arches, bricks used in the formation of— 1077— J. Davidson.
Amonr-plating and batteries of war— 1097-0. O. Papengooth.
Artificial ftael, manufacture of— 1118— W. Smith.
Blast ftamaces- 1185-M. Morgans.
BoUers, Ac.— 1063-L. E. C. Martin.
Boots and shoes, protecUng parts of— 1165— J. H. Johnson.
Bottles, apparatus for securing stoppers for - 1128- J. Thompson.
Bottles, jars, &c., apparatus for stopping— 1187— N. Thompson.
BuUding, treaflng clay, artificial stone, Ac, for— 1076— B. H. 8mith«tt
and J. Davidson.
Buildings, connecting bricks together in— 1078— R. H. Smithett.
BiUldlngs, material for roofing or covering— 1169— J. F. Empson.
Carriages, application of brakes to— 1130 -W. Jarvis.
Cartridges, filling, closing, and finishing— 1122— Y. Parfrey.
Churning, apparatus for-1052-E. Taylor.
Collar and neck-tie, combined— 1026— E. S. Simon.
CrinoUaes and trinomings— 1167— E. Tombs.
Drags and carriages— 1120— J. McDowell.
Dress, new artlole of— 1167— J. H. Johnson.
Sf*!i?^*f' *PP"^*«" ft)' cleaning— 1091-J., T. J., and J. Parker.
Electric telegraphs— 1071- O. Schaub. » -«* « . *^iir*er.
Enrines, motive power -1173-F. H. Wonham.
S^fi'^^v****" *"** caloric— 1099— M. P. W. Boulton.
gJ«>"«uholdingand stretching— 1166— E. Heywood.
Pats, seeds, Ac, apparatus for pressing-lioo-^. L. Norton, P. Gw-
K0»7» »nd J. Salmon.
Fibrous ^^^jeparating the woody parts Ihan-lUS-D. Nerin
Ilgured fkbrics, looms tor wcaving-1102— J. H. Johnson
Hre-arms, breech-loading-liesLw. piwell. **''^"-
Fire-engines, floating— n 27— M. Coghlan.
Food, pr«>aringandpr«8ervlng-l082-^. McCaU and B. G. SloDor
Fuel. moUve power by the combnsUon of-Uia-M P W B«ilK*
Gas burners, dihnney fbr-1094-R. A. Brtxoman. ^^*^'
Gas, f^irnaces used in the manufecture of— 1087— F. C Hllla.
Gas. puriflcaUon of, *c.-1088-F. C. Hills. '• ^- ""'••
Grain or seeds, screens for cleaning- 1104-G. Gell and W. CoArata.
Hair brushes. revolving-l098-J. Beiac "««»»▼. i/anerata.
Hats perfecUy grease-proof-1076-F. T. Aldridge and M. J. JaakKm
Binges for ships' ports, Ac - 1069 - A. Notman. ■"*"'•'• ''•««»•
Iron and steel, manufteture of— 1114— E. H. Newby
Iron, manufacture of— 1083— W. C. Cambridn
fcon, manufacture of-ll43- J. Shortridge.
Kitchen boUers. self-acting valves fbr-1064-J. Cookion.
Lamps, miners' safety- iiai-B. Hammerton. ^""""'
Medicinal •ubftaaces, Inhalatioa of-lwi-A. V. Kewtoi:
Medldaea, capoolation of fluid— 1073— M. A. F. Meanooa.
Metals, machinery for planing— 1116 — R. Thompson.
Motive power, apparatus for obtaining— 1086 — J. Harvey.
Mote books, counter slip- 1109-J. O. Bradley and B. Fleldiftf.
Onmlbttsa, dec, appljiag nuMive power in tiw faction of— ilSS^.
Tomlinson.
Ordnance, &c, projectiles ft»-— 1079 — J. Corry, Jnn.
Ores, ic, apparatus for washing-1107— P. A. L. de g bntaliwm ww.
Ornamental fkbrica— 1090- J. K. Crawford.
Pavements— 1080— J. Little.
Petroleum oils, tc, arranging steam boilers and turoMem tat hms-
ing— 1131— C. J. Kidiardson.
Photographic pictures and marble papers -1111— A. W. Oittaas.
Poddliof f^tmaoes— 1146- J. H. Poole and J. Aattaty.
Pumns, construction of— 1106— F. S. Barker.
Pundiing machines — 1169 — J. Cameron.
Railway break apparatus— 1141— I., J., C, L., and M. JiJ^wii
Railway carriages, Ac, roof lamps for- 1086 — ^D. C. DariM.
Railway carriages, ftc, springs for— 826— £. Lindn«r.
Railways, atmospheric— 1196— A. Alison and J. HsJliwelL
Reaping and mowing machines— 1189— J. Moore.
Refrigerators- 1123— W. McVitle.
Seats, cushions, Ac, springs used in— 1064— L. A. Dnniaa.
Seaweeds, treatment and application of— 1072— T. Q. GhialSa.
Sewage matters, utilisation of— 1191— T. Walker.
Ships, apparatus used in the repairing of— 1023— W. B. Howtoft.
Ships, masting of— 1147— J. TumbuU.
Steam cultivation— 1117 - R. Garrett, Jon.
Steam engines— 1139— G. Haseltine.
Sunken vessels, Ac, apparatus for raislng^l084-^. C. Brow— .
Tanning— 1098— R. A. Brooman.
Telegraph wires and cables— 1126— W. T. Henley.
Texule Aibrics, stamping and embossing— 1110— S. Sham aad H.
Fiihwick.
Umbnllas— 1176-^W. G. Haig.
Ventilating apparatus— 937— T. Steven and 0. BaltJ.
Vessels, construction and propulsion of— 671— W. B. Adama.
Vessels, plating and sheaUilng fbr— 1136— H. H. He&son.
Vice, construction of— 1070— A. V. Newton.
Washing, blue colouring matters for— 1126— T. H. Boot.
Wheels— 1137— R. A. brooman.
Wheels, construction of— 1066— R. Melllng, jun.
Wood, Ac, production of alcohol fW>m, and paper mamtfketare vftk
the fibre of— 1081— R. A. Brooman.
Work boxes— 1096— J. Mieusaey.
Iwnmow WITH Couplstb SPiomoAnox FtLxo.
Screws, manufkcturt of->1214— G. T. Bousfield.
Patskti SaluD.
2948.
2949.
2961.
2955.
2963.
2D69.
2970.
2971.
2979.
2988.
3003.
3017.
8062.
3064.
3071.
J. Piatt.
G. W. Yapp,
D. W. Rea.
J. Lewis.
G. Parkin.
H. B. BarJow.
D. Kirkaldy.
R. Laming.
W. C. Brocklehurst, and
J. and J. Creighton.
8. and T. Smith.
C. Pontifex.
G. Glover.
R. Hornsby.Jun.
B. Homsby, jun., and J. E.
PhiUips.
M. Tumor.
3079. W. Wanklyn.
3096. W. M. Cranston.
3131. W. Livlngstono.
3131. E. Solvay.
3171. J. Smith.
3196. W. B. Adams.
3213. W. H. Tooth.
62. A. J. S. Graham.
60. D. Pidgeoo and W.
waring.
~TheaU^.
. Woodm
638. E. HaU.
699. 8. BlaokweU.
606. J. Clayton.
677. J. Dao^Ulah.
87. J. Wheatl<
173. C. T. Wooomaa.
iVom OommMoMTt pfPaUnU Joumai, Mmy ailik.
Patbhts 8ka]:.u>.
J. H. Wilson.
J. Thorpe.
J. Simmonds.
J. Baker.
J. NadaL
J. Chesterman.
J. A. R. Main.
T. Gray.
J. Bateman and
2968.
2972.
2973.
2974.
2976.
2977.
2978.
2980.
2982.
2986. J. Clark.
D. Bato-
3013. H. Lsmlejr.
3016. W. Clu-k.
3019. T. Malllnaon.
3039. H. Holdredgo.
3043. B. Stevens.
3123. J. Corby.
3217. £. Tangye.
99. W. HaaloB, G. HaalM. T.
Hai*lon, and A. H— Vr*
377. T. Smith and T. Ustar.
796. W. E. Newton.
Pavimtb ov which thi Staxf Dutt or £60 hab bshv Pao*
1808. L. Lumb fc W. H. BatMr-
1261. A. Allan.
1339. G. Asher.
1334. G. H. Birkbeok.
worth.
1306. C. NuttalL
1314. C. Batty.
PATI1IT8 OV WHIOH THI STAMP DOTT OF £100 HAS BEST rAID.
1400. C. F» Vaaserot.
1406. J. F. P. L. Von Sparre.
1413. J. Hardley.
1460. 8. Fox.
1469. T. SUvor.
1726. 8. Fox.
1428. E. 0. Kemp.
^mxml flf %
THE
0mtg 0f §.rts,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, JUNE 3, 1864.
[No. 602. Vol. XII.
^munmttmtnts hj i\t Cffnittil.
Pbbsektation of Mbdals and Prizes.
His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales,
K.G., President of the Society, has been pleased
to appoint Friday, the 24th of June, at three
o'clock, to present the medals and prizes awarded
during the present Session. The Presentation
will take place at Willis's Rooms, King -street,
St. James's. Members will be admitted by
ticket only, for which application should be
made to the Secretary ; each ticket to^ admit
the member and one lady. The tickets are now
r^ady for delivery.
CONYBRSAZIONE.
The Council have arranged for a Conversa-
zione at the South Kensington Museum on
Thursday evening, the 16th June, cards for
which are now being issued.
Notice to Institutions and Looal Boards.
The Thirteenth Annual Conference between
the Council and the Representatives of the In-
stitutions in Union and Local Boards, will be
held on Thursday, the 16th June, at Twelve
o'clock, noon. William Hawes, Esq., Chair-
man of the Council, will preside.
Secretaries of Institutions and Local Boards
mre requested to forward, as soon as possible, the
names of the representatives appointed to at-
tend the Conference.
The Council will lay before the Conference
the Secretary's Report of the proceedings of the
Union for the past year, and the Results of the
Examinations.
The Programme of Examinations, Elementary
and Final, A>r 1865, will also be laid before the
Conference.
The following subjects are suggested for dis-
cussion : —
1. In what manner can the agents of the District
TJoions, who hare been appointed agents lo the Society o(
Arts in their respective localities, h»k cany out 1ft*
objects of the Society, and promote the welfare of the
InstitatioDs?
2. The advantages of District Unions ; how the Society
of Arts may best promote their formation, and aid them
when formed ?
8. Tlie best means of developing the social character of
the Instltotions.
4. The best mode of promoting Popular Readings as a
department of the work of Institutions.
5. What is the influence of the Working Men's Clubs,
formed in various localities, on the educational character
of the Institutions in those localities ?
6. The best means of providing for the Education of
Women and Girls after they have left their Day-
schools.
7. Would it be desirable to add " Needlework " to the
subjects of Examination in the Programme of the Society
of Arts?
8. How can Physical Education be promoted by the
Institutions, by the District Unions, and by the Society of
Arts?
9. The advantages of ** Youths' Institutes," i.e., sepa-
rate Institutes, or separate departments of Institutes, for
Youths?
10. The Prizes for Art-workmanship annually offered
to Art-workmen by the Society of Arts ; how &r oan the
District Unions, Local Boards, and Institutions, assist in
giving publicity to this competition, and in encouraging
those likely to be competitors?
11. Would it be desirable to allow a certain limited
share in the government of Institutions to such of the
members as may have obtained Certificates in the Ebc-
aminations ?
12. If the Society of Arts were to publish a calendar,
with the names of all candidates who have obtained oerti-
cates and prizes from 1856 to 1864, at a price to be named,
would there be any considerable number of copies sub-
scribed for?
Notice of any otber subjects whicb represen-
tatives may desire to bring forward for discus-
sion should be given to the Secretary of the
Society of Arts.
The Secretary of each Institution is requested
to forward, by book -post, a copy of the Annual
Report of his Institution.
Bepresentatives of Institutions and Local
Boards attending the Conference are invited to
the Society's Conversazione, at the South Ken-
sington Museum, on the evening of the same
day (16th June), and will receive cards on ap-
I plication at the Society's House, on the day of
the Confer^oce.
472
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, June 3, 1864.
ItareeWngs of tint ^atutt
conferbnck on the dwellings of the
Labouring Classes.
In accordance witli the circular letter issued
by tlie Council, a Conference on this subject was
held on Thursday, the 26th, and Friday, the
27th May, commencing each day at half-past
eleven. The chair was occupied by William
Hawes, Esq., Chairman of the Council.
Amongst those present were : — The Earl of
Lichfield, Earl Grosvenor, Lord Bemers, Lord
Lyttelton, Lord Talbot de Malahide, Lord
Feversham, Sir John P. Boileau, Bart., Sir
Christopher Rawlinson, the Hon. and Rev. S.
Best, Mr. Gregson, M.P., Mr. Marsh, M.P.,
Mr. Whalley, M.P., Mr. Alderman Waterlow,
Mr. W. H. Bodkin (Assistant- Judge), Dr. Farr,
F.R.S., Dr. Hancock, Dr. Waller Lewis, Dr.
Milroy, Dr. Edward Smith, F.R.S., Rev. J. W.
Bucklev,Rev. Thos.Pvne, Rev. Banks Robinson,
Rev. A. W. Thorom, Rev. G. F. To^vn8end,
Rev. L. Tugwell, Mr. Edward Akroyd, Mr.
Harry Chester, Mr. Henry Cole, C.B., Mr. J. C.
Colquhoun,Mr. John Dillon, Mr. Robt. Dimsdale,
Mr. H.W. Freeland, Mr. George Godwin, F.R.S.,
Mr. Frederic Goldsmid, Mr. Peter Graham, Mr.
Thos. Hare, Mr. C. Wren Hosk}Tis, Mr. S. Red-
grave, Mr. Robert Rumney, Mr. Thos. Wink-
worth.
: Letters, expressing regret at being unable to
attend, were read from the Duke of Sutherland,
the Duke of Manchester, the Marquis of Salis-
bury, the Earl of Derby, Earl Grey, the Earl of
Harrowby, Earl Fortescue, the Bishop of Lon-
don, the Bishop of Oxford, Lord Stanley, M.P.,
the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P., the
Right Hon. W. Henley, M.P., the Right Hon.
0. B. Adderley, M.P., the Hon. Arthur Kin-
naird, Mr. Walter, M.P., Mr. Bazley, M.P., Mr.
Cheetham, Mr. T. D. Acland, Mr. John Stuart
Mill, and other gentlemen.
The discussion was taken under the follow-
ing heads : —
1. On the insufficient number of habitatioDs for the
labouring classes in town and country.
2. On the badness of the existing accommodation.
3. On the effects arising from this state of things,
Tiz. : —
(.4) Religious, moral, and social.
(B) Sanitary.
[C) Economic.
4. On the causes to which these evils may be, or have
been, attributed, such as—
(A) The Law of SetUement.
(B) The Poor Laws.
(C) Tenure of property, such as mortmaiD, leasehold
system, tenancy for life, dpc.
(D) Legal difficultiee affscting the transfer of pro-
perty.
{E) Difficulty of providing proper dwellings at & coat
which will be remunerative to capital in town
and country.
5. Remedies:^
(A) What can be done by legislation ?
{B) What can be done without legislation ?
( C) What assistance, if any, can the Society give in
either of these directions ?
The Chairman, in opening the proceedinga, sai I
they would all agree in the importance of the sub-
ject now before them for discussion, and in the vaat-
neas of the interests connected with it, and also in the
opinion tliat it strictly l>elouged to this ifociety to uifc
every means in its power not only to pioinute di{<cus.>don,
but, if possible, to suggest some plan by which the exist-
ing evils might be remedied. But, while acknowledging
the importance and va-stneps of the interests coiwerned,
they must not forget tlic diiBculties by wliich the Mibject
was gunounded, wlietlier they looked at it as a moral
and social, or as a pecuuiaiy and political question.
The Council of the Society, with a view to give as
practical a character as possible to the di^jcussiou, had
divided the subject under five headf. On the two firvt
— viz., ** The inhufficient number of habitations f».r the
labouring classes in towii and countr}'," and *♦ The badnesp
of the existing accommodation," he thought the dii^euMion
need not occupy much time; and as their object w a* j»ciTely
practical, he hof)ed they would, as much ai* |>o(«able.
whilst aiBmiing these propositions, confine their ol*?ena-
tions to such illustrations of the subject as wouM, by their
noveltj' and aptness, give weight to the generilly receivfd
opinions. If they wished to know what was the condition
of the habitations of tlie labourbg classes in London, he
would refer them to the works published bj' his friend
Mr. Godwin, which were accompanied by such illustrations
as would satisfy them tliat in London there was room for
enormous improvement, which was imperatively re-
quired. With regard to the country, he knew of no one
who had done for the provinces that wliich Mr. Godwin
had done for London ; but it was admitted by evei^* one
who had inquired into the subject, that in the rural dis-
tricts there were vast numbers of cottages which wer« not
fit for human beings, nor calculated toatford to the young,
who were receiving the benefits of education, that oppor-
tunity of rising in the social scale they ought to po«ess.
He next came to the heads under which the effects arisog
from this state of things were classed. Tlieso were
divided into the" religious, moral, and social, the sanitary
and economic." The sanitary and economic would nm
very much together, still they had each distinct aspects.
Then they came to the causes of these evils ; and first
there was the Law of Settlement. Everybody wm
aware that the law of settlement, even modified as it had
been of late yeai-s, was still one of the most crying evils
of the time as affecting the subject under consideratioo,
more especially in the rural districts. No doubt, before
manufactures were distributed all over the comitry, and
before agriculture was relieved from the fiscal restrictiuDs
which formerly existed, there was a certain degree of
jealousy between the two classes of the population in the
agricultural and the OMnufaoturing distncta, each pre-
dominating in its turn, and each experiencing periods of
prosperity and adversity. The two periods were 6eldom
coincident, and under the then existing atate of thing?,
the good feelinff which ought to exist between the manu-
facturing and the agricultural population was frequently
disturbed. As to the influence of the Poor Lawf, it
was not so much upon the dwellings of the poor a9
upon their habits and thoughts, tending to leseen their
interest in the soil they tilled, and m the landlord
for whom they worked. Next, there was the '* tenure of
property, and the legal difficulties affecting the tran6feri)f
property." There was no doubt great room for improve-
ment in iheae respects, and, lastly, they came to the mo»t
important questions of all, " What could be done by lrgE»-
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jumb 3, 1864.
473
laiioD, and what could be done without le^isUtion," to
remedy the evils which all admitted to exist, and they
concluded by asking the meeting to suggest any mode by
vUich this Society could give its assistance in one way or
the other. If it was thought the Society could assist by an
appeal to the legislature, he was authorised by the Council
to state that they would be only too happy to co-operate in
promoting whatever the Conference might think beet in
that direction. If, however, it should be thought more
good could be done without legislation, then the Journal
of the Society would be open to communications and prac-
tical suggestions from those who would forward them to
the secretary ; and the rooms of the Society, and the ser-
vices of its officers, would be at the disposal of those who
desired to take active practical steps to forward the great
object they had in view, viz., the improvement of the
dwellings of the poor, by which their comforts might be
increased, the value of their labour enhanced, and their
£imiliea taised in social position in the country. He
now begged to invite observations on the first sutdect on
the list, via. : — ** On the insufficient number of habita-
tions for the labouring classes in town and country,'*
Mr, S. Redorayb suggested, that, as such abundiant evi-
dence existed in confirmation of the first two propositions,
they should pass on to the consideration of the next topic.
Mr. Benjamin Shaw said, looking to the vast demoli-
tion of dwellings occasioned by street improvements and
the construction of railways, it was important to consider
whether the local authorities in the one case, and the
railway nromotera in the other, should not be caUed upon
to provide accommodation for dwellings elsewhere.
Mr. Bodkin suggested that that consideration would
come more properly under the head of *' Bemedies.'*
Tlie Chaibxan having put to the meeting the confir-
mation of the first two propositions,
Mr. GxoROE Godwin, F.B.S., was not content that the
first two propositions should be so rapidly passed over. The
Chairman had been so good as to allude to his (Mr.
Godwin's) endeavours for many years past to make known
the condition of London in reguti to dwellings for the
labouring classes. His writings on the subject went to
prove the truth of these first two propositions. But he
had not been listened to. Houses described ten or twelve
years ago as having in eveiy room a separate family ; houses
of ten and twelve rooms, containing 40 or 50 people, re-
mained in the same bad state. It was true these state-
ments had often been made before, but it was only bv
frequent reiteration the public could be made to think
seriously of these things. It was not alone in the old
tumble-down houses of London that this crowding of
families existed, but the same state of things was to be
found in newly-built houses in new streets. Eight-roomed
houses — not old — built for one family, with domestic
appurtances for one family, were found to be occujned by
a &mily in each room, with a total disregard of the
decencies of life. The public required to be constantly
reminded of these facts, and even now they found edu-
cated men questioning whether degradation of health
.and consequent degradation of morals really resulted from
this mode of Ufe. No one could inquire into the con-
dition of any of these houses without finding that a low
state of health was bix)ught about, whk^h; on the part of
adults, led them to the gin-shop, and produced a weddy
and sickly population, while the children living herded
together in this manner lost all sense of decency ; they
were educated downwards, and there was no wonder they
resulted in a population of thieves and prostitutes, while
in the middle class families, under ordinary circumstances,
the children grew up honest, healthful, and virtuoua
The children brought up in the dwellings he had
described must necessarily grow up pests to society, and
constantly recruited the ranks of the " dangerous classes."
These were the people that formed the great bulk of the
crowd at pubUo executions, and who were otherwise
seldom seen in daylight. The children were brought up
to theft as a trade, and the chance of getting into prison
was one of the ordinary risks attaching to the profession ;
and those who did not die off— as the large majority did
— were a constant expense to the more honest part of
society. He mentioned these matters Jn order to show
the enormous amount of evil which was being done by
the over-crowded state of the dwellings of the poor.
Mr. Wm. Long would remark, under this head, that the
Society might use its influence in acting upon public
bodies or the legislature. A more fitting time could not
have been chosen for the discussion of this subject. Many
efforts were being made to mitigate all the existing evils.
The trustees of Mr. Peabody's munificent gift had erected
btiildings of a substantial and imposing character ; but,
at the same time, the rents were such that none but
mechanics, earning good wages, oould occupy them. Under
a particular Act of rarliament the Corporation of Iiondon
had a fund now at its disposal for the same object, and,
he believed, it oould be shown to them that, in the erec-
tions they intended to carry out in Faningdon-street, if
they built a partkmlai kinid of- hotise for the working
classes of that district the undertaking would prove highly
remunerative. He was warranted in this assettion by the
accounts of the society with which he was connected—
the Society for the Improvement of the Dwellings of the
Labouring Classes. In the case of that society their opera-
tions were decidedly remunerative ; and he submitted that
the authorities of the City might advanug^usly make
use of the experience thus gidned. He would suggest
that when these houses were erected, admission to them
should be given, in the first instance, upon the lecom-
mendation of the sreat employers of labour in the locality,
the clergy, and others. He had taken a personal interest
in maintaining the late Smithfield-market area as an open
space, the efforts for which failed ; but, he believed, in
the erection of the new meat market some provision would
be made with a view to buildings for the working classes,
as a vast number of houses had been swept away, and a
great mass of people dislodged. Though we might hope
eventually to see suburban villages tor the labouring
classes of London, still there were great numbers who
must reside where they were employed. On the third
head of this su^eot— viz., the effects ai islDg from the pre-
sent state of things, he could hardly trust himself to
speak. Leaving out the question of religion, he believed
the moral efiects were beyond conception. He did not
know whether those he was addressing had ever visited
any of the courts in the Strand. They might go into
one court and find it occupied by respectable persons, the
houses well organised, dean, and the rooms well attended
to; while, in another court in the same vicinity, they
found the state of things whkh had been so ably referred
to by the last speaker.
Bev. L. TuowBLL could, {torn his personal knowledge
and experience as a clergyman in London, confirm the
statement made as to the Insafficiency of the number and
badness of accommodation of houses for the working
classes. There were in his own parish (St GiWs) many
houses to which he had called the attention of the officer
of health, who stated he would condemn the houses if
the poor people had any other place to go to. He had
seen frequently as many as eight persons livbg and sleep-
ing in one very small room. The great want of the lo-
cality was decent accommodation for these poor people at
the same rent they now paid, for they were paying very
highly for the miserable rooms they now occupied.
Mr. Archibald Whitb said that, so peat was the
demand for dwellings of a superior description, that in
a parish m Buckinghamshire, 2,000 acres of waste land had
been enclosed and covered with cottages which were let
before they were finished. ,. ^ . ^
Bev. Thos. Pynb said that, in many country districts.
_ possession _ ....
ings, as compared with the population at large, which he
had no doubt would give the public an idea of the true
474
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Juwb 8, 1864.
state of things in reference to pariicnlar districts. He
did not belieye the public generally were aware of the
wretched diaracter of the dwellmgs of the working
classes.
Mr. Mabsh, M.P., remarked that, while they most be
unanimons on the two firvt propositions, and nrast all agree
that the houses were as bad as they could be, it was worthy
of notice that the dwellings were in many cases the same
as they were year.4 and almost centuries ago. It was,
therefore, a consolation tliat thf'y were met to deal with
an evil which had not sprung up lately, but one which
had existed from time immemorial. He knew cottages
which had remained in the same condition in one family
for [400 years. It was satisfactory io know that they
were met to deal with an evil for which they might hope,
sooner or later, to find a remedy.
Mr. W. Wbstoabth said the fact of poor people pay-
ing two and thiee shillings per week for a miserable
room, in a wretched hoii»e, sliowed how scarce the accom-
modation was ; and the people would gladly go elsewhere
if they had the opportunity.
Mr. Thouas Ha be, in reference to the observation from
Mr. Marah that they were' not to deal with an evil which
had existed for centuries, said, however much that might
apply to places whore the population had not inereased, it
did hot apply to London and large towns generally. Mr.
Gk)dwin had pointed out evils which, so fkr from de-
creasing, it was to be apprehended were increasing with
the growth and concentration of population in large cities,
and with the increase of our commerce and manufac-
tures, and tliose evils had increased within the present
generation.
Mr. Mabsh explained that his observation had reference
to the country ; he had no doubt that the last speaker was
quite correct in his remarks as to towns.
Mr. W. H. Bodkin (As^stant Judge) said, as he was
unable to remain till they came to the subject of the
" remedies," he would direct the attention of those who
bad thought what remedies, legislative or otherwise,
should be adopted, to the fact that much of this crowd-
ing of families in one room — so graphically described by
Mr. Godwin, was to be attributed to the desire of the poor
themselves to underlet the houses which they occupied.
He had seen houses which were well constructed, and
where the rooms were adapted to the accommodation of a
fkmily with decency and comfort, but the disposition to
get a portion of the rent repaid induced the occupiers to
under-let the rooms to others, and caused the evils arising
from crowding to which allusion had been made. He
mentioned this because one of the most important points
in considering the remedies would be the best mode of
controlling this overcrowding.
Mr. G. M. Murphy, having referred to the destruction
of whole streets of house property in Southwark for railway
purposes, thought this Conference might suggest that if
railway companies caused this paucity of dwellings they
ou^t to be called upon to take some steps towanls sup-
plying the wants they created. The evil in this respect on
the south side of the Thames was terrible ; in lome cases
whole streets had been destroyed; in others, the out-
houses were taken down, while the dwellings remained
without the accommodation required for comfort and
decency. He thought, as to the msuificiency of dwellings
in towns, one great cause had been the immense destruc-
tion of dwellings in the poorer neighbourhoods, for rail-
way companies sought, as much as possible, to avoid the
richer localities and destroyed the poorer class of property.
Mr. Peabody's gift to the City was a magnificent one, but
he was afraid it woulti be an evil rather than a good, fbr
it would shake the confidence of the working people when
they saw the money given ibr their benefit expended in
buildings the rents of which were, for the most part, en-
tirely out of their power to pay.
The Chaibuan then read the following resolution, as
embodying the opmion of the meeting on the first two
propositions, vie. :-«
" That it is the nnftnimoai opinion of this meetiofr that
there is at present, in town and eomitiy, a very insofBcieat
namber of dwellings for the labonrioj^ clawes, and that the tc*
eommodation is bsd and anaaitable for the classes now occapy-
iog these dwelUogi.**
The resolution having been unanimously agreed to,
The Chaibmak called attention to the next subject
under this first head, viz. : — " The efiecte ari^og from
this state of things — religious, moral, and social, sanitary
and economic."
Rev. Banks RoBmsoy, as vicar of a parish in the county
of Suffolk, had met with the most painful experiences of
the evils arising from the present state of the dwellings
of the poor. He mentioned instances of evib arising
from this state of things.
Rev. T. PrNE mentioned that in the Union of whwh
he was a guardian, they had been obliged to erect a fever
hospital at an exp nse of £900. That was one of the
economic results of the present state of the dwellings o{
the latKmring dasaes. There could be no doubt of the
fact that diseases of a febrile character were propagated
by the miserable condition of the houses, the over -crowd-
ing, and the want of means of proper ablution.
ifilr. Mabsh, M.P., remarked that the sanitary and eco-
nomic questions were bound together. Workmen in the
country, partly through the clearing of cottages from es-
tates under the present law of settlement, had often to
walk long distances to and from their work, which was a
most uneconomical arrangement, as much of the physical
energy that would otherwise be employed in labour, was
expended in walking to and from it. That was a ques-
tion which called for consideration.
Mr. S. Redobave thought the deteriorated conditioQ
of the health of female domestic servants must have
been remarked, the seeds of ill-health having been sown
in early life, arising flrom the unhealthy habitations in
which theywere brought up during their youth.
Mr. C. Wren Hosrtns said the economic question was
largdy mixed up with the other points included under
this head. It was notorious that the want of sufficient
cottages in the country often obliged the agricultural
labouring population to walk several miles to their
work. The walking alone was nearly equal to a day's
march of a soldier, in addition to which the day'ti
labour had to be perfbrmed, although, under such con-
ditions, the labour must necessarily be of a very de-
teriorated character. The economic effect was to make
wages higher where the labourers lived at a distance from
their wonc, and to make the article of labour supplied in-
ferior to what it would be under more favourable condi-
tions.
Rev. L. TuowELL said the existing state of things was
most injurious to the relig^'on and morality of the country.
He had remarked that where people were most crowded
together in houses, there they were most indiflerent (o
religious duties. As regarded morality it was evident to
all who were conversant with people in such circumstances
that it was In a very low state indeed, where (athers,
mothers, and grown-up children are all sleeping io one
room. This state of things drove the elder members of
the family to the gin-shop, and the children into the
streets, where they came m contact with children cf a
better class amongst whom they spread the seeds of vice,
and the evil was extended far and wide. With regard
to the sanitary state of those habitations it was fearfoL
Fever broke out in his parish a year ago, and had pre*
vailed ever since. It commenced in a miserable hovels
not fit for human habitation, and spread all over the
parish. He thought it advisable that the medical officers
of parishes should be perfectly disconnected from, ai^
wholly independent of, the parochial authorities, as the
duties wonld, under such circumstances, be better per-
formed.
The Chaibmak said he would read the recolutioo,
which he believed would represent the opinion of the
meeting on this point, viz. : —
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Jonb 3, 1864.
476
** Thai the evil effecta aritiDg from this tUte of thlofff ia a
eligious, mora], social, sanitary, and economic point of Tiew,
»ti the ('pinioQ of this meettn); demand the immediate and
serious attention of the coantry."
The resolution was aoADimously adopted.
The Chairmam said they now came to the cooaideration
of a much more important point, viz. : —
" The caoscs to which these evils may bo or have been
attributed : such as the law of settlement — the poor laws
— tenure of property : such as mortmain^the leasehold
system — tenancy for life, dec. ; legal difficult!^ affecting
the transfer of property ; difficulty of providing proper
dwellings at a cost which will be remunerative to capital
in town and country."
Lord Berners said it waa only necessary to refer to the
statistics laid before Parliament to see the extent to which
the poor had been driven from the rich parishes of the
west into the poor parishes in the eastern districts of the
metropolis, in parishes in the west of London, where
20 years ago the poor rate was 4s. or 5s. in the pound, it
was now scarcely as many pence ; whilst a corresponding
increase had taken place in the rates of the eastern parts
of London. He conceived that the abolition of the exist-
ing laws of settlement and removal would be one of the
greatest boons that could be atforded to tlie poor man, and
would remedy many of the existing evils. Th^ must
be aware that in the country there were what were called
open parishes and close parishes. At one period of his
li^ he held the opinion that a country gentleman did his
duty if he saw that the parish in which he lived was put
into a perfect state with regard to the cottages and their
condition; but on further looking into the subject, he
found that what were called " mi^el parishes '' were the
worst that could be. That was where builders ran up a
few cottages, which were let at high rents to persons of
questionable character, who had been driven out of the
close parishes and congregated in a man in the open
parishes ; and that was one of the reasons why he felt
satisfied— after a good deal of consideration of the matter
— that the abolition of the laws of settlement and removed
would be a great boon to the working classes. He thouff ht
that a cottaite occupied by a family should not have less
than three eleepiog rooms ; but it was desirable that in
country parishes there should be different classes of cot-
tages, one of which should consist of ground floor only,
ibr the occupation of aged people, and which could be let
at a very low rent ; another class at a little higher rent,
and adapted for young married people ; but that, for
the generality of cottages, there should be three sleeping
rooms. ^ He hoped to see some practical results from the
discussion in which they were now engaged ; but it could
not be too much impressed upon their minds that they
must not hope to engage in the building of labourers'
cottages as a matter of pecuniary profit ; though it was
undoubtedly the duty of the proprietors of the soil to
sunply proper cottage accommodation.
Mr. John Dillon said they had arrived at the most
important part of the discussion. Th^ had considered
the effects, ami were now debating the causes. This he
thought the most essential f>art of the inquiry, because
the discovery of the causes would enable them to apply
the remedy which waa to remove them. He did not con-
fine this question to whether a cottage should have two or
three sleeping rooms. It affected the moral condition of
the people at large, not the poor onl^\ If they erected
better bouses tltey would have better men and better
women. It affected their education, their moral condition,
and their political standing. If they saw the labouring
classes aspiring to political privileges they must give them
good education, good habits, and render them fit to
exercise those privileges aright They had the fact
before them that in this gr^t commercial country, where
so much capital was employed, very little of it had been
devoted to the providing of dwellings for the working
clanaes, either in town or country. The noble lord who
preceded him had stated that landed proprietors must not
expect to provide habitations for the poor in the hope of
their being remunerative as an investment. It was on
that account that he (Mr. Dillon) had risen to say that
the operation of the Poor Law was vitally connected with
the question, and was one of the cau^^es they were now
inquiring into. It was veiy properly urged that in the
existing state of the laws of settlement and removal it
was not to the interest of the landed proprietors to build
good cottages on their estates, and that they really injured
their estates thereby. He believed that to be an effective
cause of the stagnation of improvement in tlie houses of
the labouring population. It would be out of place to
enter at this time into the origin of the poor law, in
the time of Elizabeth, but he understood the spirit
of that law to be that a man should not be allowed
to perish without assistance from his fellow-creatures;
the conseqaeiKe of this was, a fear was created that
the certainty of assistance would lead the poor not
to exert themselves to provide for their own main-
tenance; and to counteract that fear various nieasures
had been resorted to, such as the scanty dietaries of the
poorhouse ; but he thought they might substitute an oppo-
site iiifluence to this, viz., the love of home. Make a
workman's home comfortable and happy, and a source of
domestic enjoyment, and the love of home would operate
far more powerfully than the fear of the workhouse as an
incentive to him to support himself. With the proprietor
of a large estate, and a man of fortune, the motive
was strong to make his dependents as happy and as
contented as possible, but there was the latent fear pre-
sent that if he encouraged population around him he
would have to pay for it in poor's rates, and would to
that extent injure his estate by providing residences for
hii woikpeople. This he regarded as one of the main
causes of the present state of things, for, after all, those
engaged in commereial life knew tliat self-interest would
prevail ; and if, by the alteration of the poor law, they
could inake it to the interest of the landowner to provide
good cottages on his estate, and to promote the building of
good houses in his neighbourhood, they would succeed in
the end they sought better than by any other means that
could be devised. He would tberefom suggest a uniform
rating for Unions of parishes in the first instance, which
might afterwards be extended to the whole country, from
which he believed the rao6t beneficial results would accrue.
He thought it right to state that he had changed his views
on this subject. He had formerly spoken and wiitten
against a national rating for the relief of the poor, but he
was now persuaded, if it were acted upon, it would tend
to promote the welfare of all classes of the community,
for he considered England to be the moral republic of the
world, and by our teachings, morally and politically, we
had extended the benefits of our system to mankind in
general. We had yet a great work to do. Having
provided for the wise, the scientific, the learned, and the
rich, it behoved us now to provide for the welfare of the
poor, and thus we should not only benefit that class of
society alone, but the whole community.
Lord Bern BBS, in explanation, said although he had
given his opinion that the building of cottages for agri-
cultural labours was not a profitable investment, he hoped
at the same time he had made it clear tliat he considered
it not only the duty, but the interest, of the landlord to
build as many cottages as could possibly be required for
the workpeople on his estate. He had felt this so strongly
himself that he had built a great number of cottages,
and he found that they paid him, indirectly, fVom the
advantage of having the workmen upon the spot ; and the
farms had become more valuable in consequence of the
labourers being in a condition to do a go**d day's work,
instead of being exhausted by walking several miles to
reach their work.
Mr. MuBPHY coincided to the full extent in all that
had been said upon the sanitary part of the question, but
it should not go forth from this meeting that the low
moral religions condition of the working classes was
476
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Jukb 3, 1864.
entirely owing to the want of better dwellings, because,
if that were to be taken aa true, the conveiw should be
true also — that where there were good dwellings the
religious and moral character of the people would be high,
but that was not always the case. He mentioned that,
aome time ago, he took the trouble of mapping out the
district on the south of the Thames, from the foot of
Waterloo-bridge to the foot of London-bridge, taking the
Borough-road and the new street in Southwark as the
boundaries, and he found in that district, which comprised
scarcely half a square mile, there were no fewer than 311
public-houses. Tracing the influence of that number of
public-houses in such a locality, might they not fairly say,
if they could 'get good men and women they would
demand to have .better dwellings ? He was convinced
if it were not for the drinking propensities of the people
there would have been no need of this CJonference. It
was a terrible thing to know that in this country there
were no fewer than 840,000 paupers. He did not under-
rate the difficulties of the laws of settlement and removal,
and other paix)chial intricacies affecting this question, but
he thought the great mischief was that, amongst a town
population such aa he had referred to, there were 811
public-houses in an area in which there were only 60
bakers' and 30 butchers' shops.
Mr. KiMB fully agreed with the statement that the
building of cottages could not be carried out to be remu-
nerative to either landlord or occupier, looking at it in a
pecuniary sense only, and could only be so, having regard to
the advantage of the labourers living within easy distance
of their work ; but the existing poor law exercised an un-
favourable influence. He could bear testimony to the fact
that the town in which he lived was crowded with agri-
cultural labourers, who had to walk several miles to their
work on estates where there were not more than two or
three cottages. The result was, that while in the suburban
parishes the poor rates were not more than Is. or 2s. in
the pound, in the town to which the agricultural popula-
tion was driven the rates were as high as 8b., 4s., and
4s. 6d. in the pound. He felt certain that, if the law of
settlement were altered, the difficulty of getting land-
owners to provide cottages would be removed.
Rev. Habvet Brooks agreed with most that had
iaUen from Mr. Dillon and Mr. Murphy; but he did
not concur in the statement, that good men and good
women would make good dwellings. He had met with
families of working people who, with every desire to
maintain the decencies ana proprieties of life, had not the
necessary accommodation in their houses for doing so, and
this no means of their own could procure.
Mr. S. Rbdobavb remarked, that no one could suppose
that all the virtue was in palaces and all the vice in the
dwellings of the poor ; at the same time it would be found
from statistics that much of the crime of the countiy was
engendered and fostered in the most wretched dwellings ;
and the poor people who inhabited them resorted to the
gin shop because it offered so strong a contrast to their own
dark and comfortless homes, and they spent a large por-
tion of their earnings in this manner.
Rev. J. B. Owen thought that, considering the vast
number of dwellings of the industrious classes that had
been removed in and about London for railway purposes,
it should go forth as a suggestion from this Conference,
that, upon the principle of compensation recognised in all
Other matters, railway companies were bound to provide
cheap trains, at such liours, morning and night, as would
enable the labouring classes of towns to occupy suburban
dwellings, by means of which a vast amount of the evils
arising irom crowded habitations might be obviated.
Mr. John Brooke said it had been feared that, in
building larger and more commodious houses for fomilies,
the peoDle would avail themselves of the opportunity of
taking lodgers, but he apprehended it was quite within
T ^%^ ^^ ^^^ landlord to obviate that evU.
Ijord LirPTKLTON remarked that the extreme multifa-
nousness of the subject made it difficult to deal with it,
in a satisfactory way, on an occarion of this kind, oor
would he attempt to do so, ' With regard to the law %f
settlement, it was only one branch of the poor la^
Many years ago Mr. Coode wrote a very excellent report
on the laws of settlement and removal, in which he umply
recommended the abolition of the law of removal, lea^inff
the law of settlement as it was, the effect of which ^oola
be that no poor person could be removed without his own
consent. The law of settlement gave the right of relief
in one place, and one place only ; therefore, in parishes
which had numerous nabitations for the poor, the rates
were much higher than elsewhere, and there was thoa a
discouragement to owners of property to erect cottages
which might increase the rates upon that property. Tha
was, doubtless, the effect of the law of settlement,
but to alter this state of things was by no means so easy,
and his conviction was there was no medium between the
present law and a national rating for the relief of Hub
poor; a mere enlargement of area would not, in hii
opinion, be sufficient. Lord Malmesbury, Lord Bem&s,
and others, had proposed a national rating, but there was
great difficulty m the way of adjusting that question.
Since the alteration of '.the poor law, however, Parlia-
ment had in some degree extended the area of rating for
particular purposes, and there were several charges, mck
as those for vagrants and pauper lunatics, which were now
thrown, not on parishes, but on unions, and, as far as he
had observed, the evils which were expected by some from
that system bad not followed. He thought it desirahle
to go on in the same direction with regard to the rating
for the poor. No doubt, as to the obstruction to cottage
building, a national rate would be an effectual remedy,
because in that case it would make no difference to the
owners of property whether they had many cottages or
few. A very able article lately appeared in the S^wrdas
Review, in which it was proposed to abolish the whole law
of settlement and removal entirely, and replace it hy ooo
short Act of Parliament, which was veiy ingenioiialy
sketched out. The principle on which it was based was
undeniable, viz., that the support of the labourer ought io
come out of the proceeds of his labour, and that he should,
therefore, be relieved by the parish where he had
laboured for a certain time. But the question was
whether this would not lead to as much litigation as the
present law. For the purposes of this conference they
might pass a resolution as to the undoubted effects of the
law of settlement on the buildmg of cottages. He ^ould
have no hesitation in supporting such a resolution, from a
conviction that the utmost freedom of the circulation
of labour would be beneficial to the labouring man.
He would say one word as to the effect on towns of the
destruction of house property by the invasion of railways
and other public works. The great and deplorable mis-
chief, as regarded the metropolis especially, was that
whole blocks of buildings occupied by the po«r were
removed to make room for modem improvements, and
the people driven from them without any thing being done
to provide them dwelling elsewhere. That quesUoo had
be^ brought before Parliament by Lord Derby, and he
had hoped something would have been done in it, but it
had been passed over. There could be nothing mora
unobjectionable than an expression on the part of this
meeting that Parliament should make it obligatory upon
public bodies and railway companies in the prosecution of
their works to leave the poor, with regard to their dwell-
ings, at least in no worse position than they were before.
This was attempted by the Commissioners of Woods and
Forests some fifteen or sixteen years ago, in the same way
as with a Ck)mmon Inclosure Bill, that some part should
be given over to be reserved for the benefit of the labour-
ing classes as land ; and when a railway took a given
amount of land, nothing would be easier than to re-
quire that, in the apportionment of that land hereailer,
there should be a reservation of a portion for the dwel-
lings of the poor on that spot, and that those dwellings
should be built imder proper sanitary and social ar-
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Junb 3, 1864.
477
rangements. That most, imdoubtedly, be a qneation of
legblatioD. Railway companies might be compelled to
mn cheap trains for the working people at given times ;
and, where they diqwssessed the poor of dw^iugs, a pro-
porUonate number of houses ^ould be provided else-
where, under proper nmitary rules. He should be glad
to support a general resolution to Uie effect that the law
of aettlenient acted unfavourably on the erection of dwell-
ings for the poor, and that the provision of dwellings, in
the place of those removed, should, in many cases, be
made imperative.
Mr. fiARBOXiD attributed the present state of things
mainly to the effects of the law of parochial settlement.
Large numbers of cottages were often pulled down in
order to relieve ttie raiiug of parishes. The object was to
keep down the parochial rates as much as possible, in-
aamuoh as the contribution to the union rates depended
upon the amount of the |^rochial rates. The consequence
was frequently, that parishes which could best bear the
burden had the least to pay. In parishes belonging to a
single landlord, and occupied by one or two tenants, there
was no poor-rate at all. if a family became destitute, the
Ismded proprietor would support them rather than pay
rates, and in such instances they did not contribute a
farthing to the union rating. A committee of the House
of Commons sat on this question some time ago, when
valuable evidence was given by a paix)chial officer of
Louth, who suggested ttiat instesid of parochial settlement
there should be a union settlement, and he (Mr. Harrold)
thought, if that plan were adopted, one great difficulty in
this question would be obviated. There was this objection
to the present system, that where persons were lialile to be
supported by a single parish, they might not be good work-
men, but still the farmer must find work for them, as it
was cheaper to do so than to support them in idleness out
of the uurish rates ; but if the ^stem of union rating were
adopted, it would not be to the interest of occupiers to
employ indifferent labourers.
Mr. FaEDBBXO Qolosmid, while agreeing in the effects
produced by the law of settlement, questioned whether a
remedy would be found under a system of national rating.
The true evil was the inadequacy of wages. In the
manufacturing districts the wages were from 25s. to SOs.
per week, while in Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, Kent, and
other oouoties they did not exceed 10s. or 12s. per week.
Under such circumstances they must see the utter impos-
sibility of labourers paying sufficient rent to provide
themselves with proper dwellings. He thought it was
quite a mistake to argue this question on the ground of
benevolence, and they could not hope for an adequate
supply of dwellings, either in town or country, upon the
prmcipla of philanthropy. It would be destructive of
the feeling of independence which was innate in working
men, and would tend to make them a community of
paupers.
Tiio CuAiBMAN then submitted the following resolu-
tion, as expresuve of the opinion of the meeting on the&e
pointa:—
'* That in the ooinion of this meeting the present lamentaMe
state of the dwellings of the labouring claftet is materially
indooed by the Law of Settlement and the limited area uf
Poor-law rating."
The Chaibman then invited discussion on the next two
subjecta, under the head of •* Causes," viz. :— " Tenure of
Property ** and " Legal difficulties affecting the Transfer
of Property .*•
Mr. Thomas Habk said on these points, to which he
had paid considerable attention, a discussion had tak' n
place at the Law Amendment Society, under the prcs^i-
dency of Lord Stanley, and he might add that the drauglit
of a Bill had been prepared, the leading provisions of
which he hoped to bring before the meeting when they
came to the discussion of the ** Remedies." They were
now considering the effects of the want of a prime neces-
sity—A place for repose, decent association, and where
a family could be brought up with something like home
feelings. Why was it that to the present day the pro*
gress of industry, and the vast wealth produced by labour,
with the vast wages fund of the country — how was it that
these could not be brought to bear to provide this article of
prime necessity ? It was mainly this, that the laws of the
transfer of property stood in the way of enabling the working
classes to obtain this necessary requirement. Take the casee
of an engineer, or the foreman of a workshop, or work-
man of superior or inferior rank, what was the position
these were placed in ? Take the dock-labourer, earning
18s. a week ; he must live within moderate distance from
his work, and he was obliged to pay 2s. or 3s. a week for
a single room in which he and his wife and children must
live. Why was he bound to pay that extravagant price
for a single room ? He had not only to pay the fair re-
turn upon capital, but was obliged to contribute for those
of his own class, who did not pay at all, or who actually
injured the property. He had to pay for the repairs
necessary on a change of tenancy, and, in addition, he
must pay for the coUeotor who took the rents. There
were also legal expenses and ejectments, besides legal
expenses in the case of defaulting tenants. All these
things were charged upon the poor tenant, and these he
would escape, if instead of being the tenant of another,
he were his own tenant. Whence arose this diffi*-
culty? It consisted in the laws relating to the trans-
fer of property. In the transfer of merely a suite
of rooms in Lincoln's Inn £60 was very easily expended.
He thought they were in a position now with re-
gard to property which enabled them to commence a
etter system. Under Lord Westbury's Act they could
have an undefeasible title by registration. Suppose they
took a plot of ground, they could obtain an indefeasible
title from the Land Transfer Office, and they need not
go back farther than that title. Upon such plot of land
they oould erect blocks of houses with numerous stories,
each floor varying in rent as they went higher up, so as to
suit all dasses of occupants, and these floors might be
conveyed each in a separate page of the register to
different owners. It was found by experience that cham-
bers erected in this manner would cost only 9d. per cubic
foot. If they had 2,000 cubic feet in two rooms, that at
9d. per foot would amount to £76, adding £26 as the pro-
portion for expenses of land, they had a total of £100,
and for that £100 the two rooms might be purchased by
the working man by the process adopted by building
societies, so as to be abundantly profitable to him. By
the payment of 3s. per week he became the immediate
possessor, and in fifteen years he became the owner of
those premises, in addition to paying 6 per cent, on the
capital expended. This plan was no novelty. It had
been practised for centuries in Hamburgh, Bremen, and
other cities, and in the Hanse towns they had had no
transfer deeds for the last 600 years. The register waa
kept, and in that the transfers were made, and they re-
cognised no other title or trust than appeared on the page
of that register. By the abolition of the present system
of legal conveyance as affecting this dass of property aU
the better class of workmen, out of the great wages fund
of the country, might become the owners of such places
as it would be a pleasure to them to live in. It was a
plan which he thought would suit all classes of the
labouring population, who would reside together as ccm-
venience enabled them to do. It was a plan suited alike
to the poor workman and to people of a higher grade,
such as bankers' clerks. Ac. The number of letters he
had received from the latter class was enormous, setting
forth how great the benefits of such a scheme would be to
them. This Conference would, therefore, be quite ngdt
in saying that the Uw of transfer of real property «»<ood in
the way of the working cUsses bcooming possessors of tnat
article of prime necessity— a proper house to dwell in.
Lord Lyttblton had no doubt the views of IVIr. Hare
on this question were quite correct. The law of transfer
of real property was a great point in the consideration of
478
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Junk 3, 1864u
this Bobject. The system propouoded by Mr. Hare was
applicable to dwellings for the poor, because only recently
Parliament had passed a statute affecting the transfer of
Coperty on a larger scale. At the same time, the plan
id down was so simple and obvious in its nature, that it
was by no means one of the most difficult parts of the sub-
ject to deal with. Mr. Murphy had said, if they had good
people they would get good houses ; on the contrary, it
was a lamentable part of the subject, that people who
would appreciate good houses could not get them without
laying an exorbitant rent. Most landlords were de-
nrous of doing what they could in the way of religious
teaching, but he had been told by a clergyman that they
might do all they could, but tlie single bedit>om beat
them. Birmingham might be mentioned as a town pre-
senting a remarkable exception to the general crowding
of the population. It was part of the habita of the people.
The town was full of small, ugly houses, which would ac-
commodate poor families, and not more than one fimiily
dwelt in a house. That was in itself an enormous ad-
vantage, and contributed to the better sanitary and moral
state of that town.
Mr. H. W. Fbbblakd remarked that he resided in a
district where there were a great many cottages and other
property held on church leasehold tenure. The noble
lord who had just addressed them was no doubt aware
that whenever the leases had to be ranewed a revaluation
took plane. Every single cottage was subject to a revalu-
ation, with a view to the fine, or, if enfranchised, with a
view to the enfranchisement ; and that valuation did not
depend upon the i^nt paid, but upon what was in the
opinion of the valuer the improved value of the property.
A landlord who had made improvements in his cottages
was liable at each revaluation to pay not only according
to the rent, but according to what the valuer thought the
rent ought to be. Therefore, as a matter of pecuniary
interest, it was not to the advantage of the proprietor to
improve his property. In addition to this there was a
large amount of property held under municipal corpora-
tions and trustees of cliarities. In his own district he had
many cottages held under the church tenure, and all these
incidents of tenure were a considerable bar to improve-
ments. If the dbtricts of the country where this tenure
prevailed were gone through, it would be found that poor
dwellings held under this tenure were in a much worse
state than those of freehold tenure. If the faaai were as
he had stated, it seemed to him exceedingly desirable to
give— he would not say additional facilities for enfran-
chisement — but some compulsory system which should
compel the enfranchisement of all these dwellings held as
renewable leaseholds, whether under ecclesiastical or lay
corporations or charities, upon a fair basis, with the right
to call for arl itration in disputed cases.
Sir Chbistopheb Rawlinson, without denying what had
been stated, viz., that church property was generally
found in a bad condition, and that corporation property
was much neglected, said he would not admit that to be
a question for discussion on the present occasion. If they
adopted the simple provisions of Lord Westbury's Act, all
difficulties of tenure of propei-ty would fall to the ground.
Mortmain did not affect the question— church pioperty
might be enfranchised, and was now beginning to be
brought into as good condition as other properly, and the
same remark applied to college property. Without deny-
ing there were great evils connected with those tenures,
they ought not to encumber so practical a question as that
which Mr. Hare had introduced with a discussion upon
the reform of the law of tenure generally. The legal
difficulties of transfer were wholly removed by Mr. Hare's
suggestione, and he (Mr. I^wlinson) believed it was not
the question of tenure thataffeoted the cottage system, it
i^ight be that the tenant for Ufe of anesUte did not like
bmlding cottages. In the south of England he found
freehold cottages in as bad condition as those on the estate
ot a teijant lor life. If they asked the reason, in nine
cases out of ten they would be told that private gentle-
men could not lay out money for improvements whidi
would return them only 3 or 4 per cent., bat he waui aate-
6ed they mubt come to it eventually, as men of good
capital would not take farms — as waa now the caae in thi
north of England — unless there waa a proper tup^j oc
labourers' cottages on the estate.
Rev. T. PrME thought the l^gal difficulties aiteiidii:^
the transfer of property wei-e a hindrance to improvwDsnli
in the direction sought. The expenses attending the
transfer of small proMrties were such as to deter pemot
from entering upon the purchase. He thought the leasa-
hold system was very injurious. If they oould givs t
fee simple in cottage buildings it would do a vast amooDt
of good in adding to the comforts of the poor in raspeot
of their dwellings.
The Chairman then read the following resoIutioD,
which was carried :—
** Besolved that the tenure of property aad Ae legal 49-
Cttlties attendiog its transfer, and the ob«taeles tbey iaterpoee
in obtaiDiog sites, impede the labooriog eksars fitom Wao m in g
possetsors of suitable dwellings, either ss sepatafte baiMiiy
or as portioBS of Urger buildings. "
The Chaibman then invited remarks on the remainiDg
proposition under this head, viz. : — ** The difficulty «t
providing proper dwellings at a cost which will be leaui-
nerative to capital in town and country."
Loi-d Lyttbi/ton remarked that no doubt the q n t ^ i c i
now propounded was one great difficulty of the sut^a^
viz. : — The interest to be obtained upon oapital in^aited
in this description of property. The want of c^ul €■
the part of landowners was not the great difficuly, Sa
the Lands Improvement Company had ample powsn ts
advance capital for the purpose of construeting eottafsi
as well as for other improvements of estates ; ttot mider
ordinary circumstances it was almost imposriblg to got
sufficient rent to make it worth while in a pedunary pomt
of view to build tliese cottages.
Mr. Westgabth thought the principle of assoeuitioD,
which had been found to work so well in other direcAioftt,
might be braieticially applied in the present case. No
doubt the feeling of most Englishmen was to bawe ac
indeoendent home, t>ut if they could not efEed thai to
the full extent they desired, they might, by the printipb
of association, greatly increase their home oomfbcts. Mr.
Westgarth proceeded to lay before the meetiDg a pkm im
large buildings, containing four or five floors, and capaliic
of accommodating 200 or 300 persons with the moil
approved sanitary arrangements, which he and ooold
be obtained by the moderate contributions of ^
many. In such buildings he proposed thsU tbes
should be a large hall common to the inmates ii
general. He attached as much importance to tbefaaH
as to any point in the plan, as being a ooiintcrpaB*
to the public- house. Having also advocated & la^
kitchen in common, he added that Mr. Corbeit d
Glasgow, had shown what could be done by tlie peooe
of the many in procuring the best aitioles of foodi
at the cheapest i-ate. He thought, if those prxnoi|iks
were adopted, the saving to a working man with a itaa\j
would be one-third, and to the single man one-half of the
present cost for the necessaries of life. Ho waa moeb
gratified to find that the results anived at by Mr. Han
entirely conesponded with Ids own views, particQUtlr
with regard to that great want of the working man, vix ,
two good rooms to live in, of which he might poaBOB
himself at a cost of £100. Those buildings, he m4.
might be carried out by joint-stock companies, and hj
calculations were that, after providing for repain, ifi-
surance,and public rates, the property would give a retaa
to the promoter of 6 or 7 per cent. '
The Hev. A. W. Thobold remarked upon tbi
value of land in large towns as materiaUy adcotiiy
the costliness of dwellings for the poor. In the •as-
skirts of Lond<m, a cottage might be obtained at Om
same rate as was fixed for two rooms in the ceeiM
of London, where house property was of the greatot
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OP ARTb, JaiiB 3, 1864.
479
vAlae. In the vicinity of Coven t-garden costermongort
paid as much as 8b. or 98. a week for their roomn, though
they might get a good cottage at Camden -tovm for the
name money. Jnst at the pr«5i>ent moment the metropo-
litan lailways and street improvements tended very much
to complicate the question before them, as they took
away so mncli space that was formerly occupied by the
dwelling of the poor. The construction of New Oxford-
street dispossessed a poor population of 4,000 of their
homes, and as they could not leave the neighbourhood
where their employment lay, the result was they were more
densely crowdesi than before ; and the last census showed
that the population of that quarter of London wa<«
diminished by only 80. The new street from Tottenham-
court-road to St. Mirtin's>lane would dispossess a popula-
tion of 2,000 of the working classes. No doubt it would
do much good in removing a great number of dirty, ill-
ventilated dwellings, but whither were the poor inhabitants
to go ? The more houses they pulled down the more
thov dispo^essed a class of the population who were com-
pelled to live withm a certain centre. The great queHton
then to be consider^ was the provision of olh«r sites and
the erection of other houses for the people thus dispossessed
of their former dwellings. He was glal to find, from
what had been stated, that the poor were becoming im-
pressed with the necessity of having two rooms at least,
and instances had come under hU own knowledge in
which men had deprived them^lves of beer in order to
■ecnre that amount of aocommoiation for their families.
Mr. Alderman Watbblow said he thought the more
this Bubject was ventilated by persons desirous of striving
to ameliorate the evils which exist the more would be
aeoomplished ; though there were difficulties in the way,
th«ee difficalties might, with faith and earnestness, be easily
overcome, and in reference to these some experience
had already been gained. The first thing was to show
that a moderate dividend might be derived from im-
proved dwellings for the working olassee. He might be
told that the Metropolitan Association, which Iwd la-
boured for so many years, and the dodety for Improv-
ing the Condition of the Labouring Poor, had failed
to pay even a moderate dividend ; bat he thought they
oaght to recollect that those who first pot their hands
to a great work too frequently fUled to accomplish
their object ; hot the experience they gained was often of
great value to those who followed them. He had little
doubt that any society starting now, and avoiding the
mishaps whieh others had iiulen into, woold pay a
moderate dividend. He made that assertion upon facts
and figures, the latest of which were ^e aocoants of the
Sodety for Improving the Dwellings of the Labonring
C h i Bses ; the net earoings of their honses varied fVom
1|> to 14} per cent., and gave an average of 4 per cent.
If that society, which started when there was a duty on
glass, aod when there were many Acts on the statute-
book which interfered with bnildinff operatioos— if that
society was able to pay a dividend of 4 per cent, in
spite of all mirtakes, any society of this kind starting
now ought to pay an average dividend of mora than 5
per cent. He made this anertion on his personal expe-
rience and upon the experience of the company of which
Lard Stanley was ofaairman — ^viz., The Improved Dwell-
ings OoBBpany ( Limited ). They might say that company
was not yet pa3ring a dividend, and therefore the statement
waa not a fair one; but that company was building Mocks
of dwellings on the same plan as th<»e which had been in
•zistenoe for more than a year in Finsbury. That society
had already contracted for four blocks of buildings. They
know the amoant of the contract, the amount of ground
reot^ as also the parochial rates, water rate, &c., of the
entire buildingB, and they could tell almost to a fraction
what the return would be. Those blocks were now
erecting ; three at Wapping, near the docks, where there
was a large working population, and one in the new
street at Bcsithwark, both good sites and certain to com-
ound good tenants. The calculation of the gross returns
was 12} per cent., subject to a reduction of 40 to 45 per
cent, for expenses, the estimates of which were based
upon the experience of the Metropolitan As^^iation,
making the net returns about 6 or 7 per cent. Those figures
were supported by the results of the best experiments of
the Metropolitan Association, viz. :— the blocks they had
erected for families. He wa^ justified in taking tho
most favourable experiments, because if the Association
had more capital they would imitate these. The build-
ings at St. Pancras were erected at a time when the ex-
pen«es of construction were greater than they were now ;
and if they had to build them over again, erecting them
so as to avoid the house-tax, they would pay the so-
ciety over 5 per cent. He beheved they now paid ^ per
cent, whilst subject to the house duty from not being
built with open galleries. It was most important, in
laying out these buildings, that they should bear in mind
all the points which led to increase of taxation, because
taxation — especially that of a local character — bore
very heavily upon all these experiments. A gentle-
man opposite (Mr. Westgarth ), in speaking of
buildings to be erected by associations of the working
classes, suggested a square form, in which 200 or 300
families would be provided for. He thought that was
objectionable, inasmuch as the persons who occupied these
buildings had no desire to be massed together in one spot.
He thought small sites preferable, in which forty or fifty
families only could be accommodated, while the adoption
of larger sites looked like a desire to isolate a particular
class of the community. Another point in erecting dwell-
ings for the industrial classes, was to make each home
as separate and distinct as possible. The better members
of the labouring class had a horror of oommuuity in
domestic life: and it was found that when anything was
provided in common it was certain to give rise to dis-
agreement. On that ground he oWected to the prop-wi-
tion tor a hall and kitchen to be used in common. It was
opposed to the present feelings of the English working
man, who preferred to sit down quietly amongst his own
family. He thought that was a feeling which should be
cultivated rather thin discouraged, forwhen he sawa young
man driving a perambulator containing his children, ac-
companied by his wife, or canying his children in his
arms, he put that man down to be a good member of
society. They had to tliank the legislature for the
facilities afforded to association by the pasring of the
Limited Liabilities Act, and under such facilities they
should endeavour, each person in his own district, to
provide for the particular wants of that district. In order
to illustrate his meaning, and give practical evidence of
what might be done, he had been fortunate enough,
within the last month, to sUrt a society in his own dis-
trict of Highgate. Less than a doaen gditlemen met, and
at that meering an association was formed, and a capital
of over £3,000 subscribed. At the suoceedhig meeting
the Artksles of Asrociation were agreed to, and at then^
meeting the Company would be hioorporated— all of which
had been done at an expense of less than £26, paid by
voluntary contribution, thus leaving tlie enth^ capital
free for the purposes of the company. The day was
past for high fees in connection with these otyjeots.
He would add, that in both the companies he had
anisted in forming, professional gentlemen had ofTered
their gratuitous services to aid in promoting the object.
Associations in various r*'**' ^^ London might be
formed in this wav at very litUe expense, and
great advanUge resulted from a local knowledge of
each district, in the acquaintance with and the selection
of sites suitable for the purpose, and m that way
ho was persuaded a great deal might be done towards
remedymg the evils they were met to consider, mere
W3» one point he could not help ^^}^^^« ^^ »f
tending to increase the difficulty of buildmg houses for
the working classes in towns-that was the tendency of
the ai-chitects, in designing dwellings of this class, to
make them of too ornamental a character. Eveiy man
480
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, Junk 3, 1864.
naturally took a pride in the profeasion to which he be-
longed ; but if the working man was to be kept independent,
and not made the recipient of charity, the architecU most
lend their aid in designing boildings which would give
ihe utmost amount of accommodation for the smallest
amount of money. He did not say that a cheap thing
must necessarily be ugly, but he would ask architects to
consider economy in material, in their design, more than
they (fid at present. Freauently a pretty building was
designed, but the materials were wastefully employed ;
for instance, eight-inch joists might be ordered, where
seven-inch battens would cut to much better advantage.
In illustration of these remarks he would add that
iwo schemes were now in progress— one in the City,
and the other in the new street in Sonthwark- The
erection in the City consisted of basement, shops, and
five stories, thai in Southwark of basement, shops, and
four stories. The elevation of each was about the same,
and the rooms were within an inch or two of the same
dimensions. There were the same number of rooms in
•each floor ; the frontage of the City blocks was 56 feet,
and that of the other 60 feet, and yet those blocks, the
tenders for which were let within a month of each other,
would cost, the former £701 per floor, and the latter £506
per floor. He had no doubt, when they were finished,
the one which cost £701 would be the more ornamental
etructure of the two ; but when they were working for the
labouring class they were not justified in spending so much
in ornament. If they kept this in view, many of the diffi-
culties hitherto in the way of providing dwellings for the
labouring classes would be got rid of, and capitalists who
Invested their money in these undertakings would find
that they would get a fair return for it.
The Chairmam said he had been informed that the £505
per floor was a private tender, whilst the £701 was the
result of public tender.
Mr. Hemby Maynabd remarked that he had indulged
in cottage building as an amateur, and, like others, had
found it expensive. He was pleased to hear the opinion of
Alderman Waterlow, that 5 per cent, would be returned
upon investments in dwellings for the poor. Although
his own cottages had not brought him anything like that
return, he was led from experience to believe, that by a^-
flociation and a doe regard to the details of construction,
dwellings of this class might be made to yield a fair re-
turn. He had not undertaken what he had done in this
direction with a view to pecuniary profit, but rather with
a view to indirect advantages resulting from the improved
condition of the occu^nts of the cottages, and the benefits
to the rising generation, added to which was the feeling
of gratification which was created by having done some-
thing in what he conceived to be a right direction. He
thought too much importance was given to making these
undertakings commercially profitable, to the too great
exclusion <^ the collateral benefits that were to be looked
for. The great object was to remove every barrier to the
improvement of the people, and no barrier was so great as
the want of proper dwellings for the exerdse of the do-
mestic virtues. Mr. Maynard, following up the arguments
that cottage property might be made to yield a fair return,
referred to the succeieful operations of the Land Company
of Canada, which was based upon similar principles
to those which had been propounded to the meeting.
He then alluded to the Cottage Improvement Society of
Hastings, in which the capital invested amounted' to
£17,000, the report of which showed, he believed, that an
average of 5 per cent, was returned ; and he was of
opinion that an institution formed under the auspices of
this Society, paying a dividend of 4 per cent, in half,
yearly instalments, would meet with abundant support,
fie thought, from what they had heard to-day, there was
every encouragement to proceed in U&is work, for they had
never found tluit any well*planned project for the improvo-
inent of the moral and social condition of the people of
rJ?^?"**^ had been long without supporters.
i>r. GaxBMBtLL said that as the preceding speaker had
particularly mentioned one of the societiea with wbkh h:
was connected (the Hastings Cottage Improvemes!
Society, Limited), he would give very briefly the r«aJ:
of his experience in this matter. His attention was &nt
drawn to the subject many years ago by the fact that br
far the greater proportion of the deaths from fevtir v^
other zymotic diseases were found to occur in those pazts
of a town which were most deficient in cleanliness, got»i
drainage, &o. Upon consideration he came to the ooa
elusion that the most effectual way of remedying the ctu
was to purchase as many as possible of tlie»e places, ia
order to cleanse and purify them; and accordingly be
joined nine other persons in getting posaeeston of one of
the worst courts in Oxford, where he then residad.
They succeeded in improviuj^ the condition of UuU par-
ticular court ; but the experiment could not be oooaidered
as entirely successful, inasmuch as it had not been thought
worthy of imitation elsewhere. It had, in (act, bees
conducted on an entirely erroneous principle, which con-
templated the probability of an annual loaa to the sob-
scrib^rs, instead of a moderate interest on Xhth capital
Some years afterwards he resolved to make the ssse
attempt at Hastings, with this important alteratiotu
viz., that the necessary capital should be sabecrSnd,
not as to a charity, but simply as an mvestment Tfat
Hastings Cottage Improvement Society was foonded man
than seven years ago by a few personal friends, and ooo-
menced its operations with a capital of £750, which w»
invested in the purchase of ten poor cottages. It «»
successful from the very first, and incraaaed so rspidlT
that the capital now amounted to £17,000, wherevttk
more than thirty purchases of freehold property in tome
of the wont parts of Hastings had been made. It «»
now larger than any similar sodety out of London, soi
the cause of this very unusual success was to be attributed
in a great measure to the fact that the abarebolders ksd
regularly received a half-yearly dividend, at a rate new
less than 5 per cent, per annum. As a oompariscHi vu
often made between the building of new booses and the
repairing of old ones, it might be mentioned that il
Hastings the latter mode of proceeding, which bad bsa
ciiiefly followed, had ^been found slightly more remooff-
ative than the former. The success of the Ha^isfi
Society, when so many others, both in London and in tte
provinces, had failed, naturally attracted much nolke,s«i
induced some of the shareholders to repeat the expsn-
ment in the metropolis. Accordingly, rather mm
than three years ago, the London Labourers* Dwellia^
Society (Limited), was established, and commenoed io
operations in the parish of St. Oeorge's-inthe-East, nar
Wapping and the London Docks, where it had expeisM
upwards of £10,000, and possessed nearly 100 fttehsU
and leasehold houses. The shareholders had reccrwlt
regular half-yearly dividend, and also a boons, equnralcst
together to 5 per cent, per annum ; and the directors «n
now anxious to extend their purchases to other fiuUd
London, and to issue additional shares in ordrr to eeabii
them to do 80. As the necessary excuses connected wiU
this sort of property had been menUoned by Mr, Ws*«-
low and others, and also in the valuable •• Report on the
Statistics of Dwellings Improvement in the Metiopoltt.'
lately issued by the Society of Arts, Dr. GreenhiU said hi
would give the result of an analysb of the expeoeai o'
seven London societies established for the improvement <i
dwellings of the labouring classes ; and he was the mfflt
anxious to do this, in consequence of the grei^ ia»
apprehension that existed on this subject, arising fi^
imperfect calculations, and especially from the omiision *
an adequate sinking fund in the case of leasehold pco^
perty. Hence aroee the expectations of a net renO*
of 14 or 15 per cent., which were sometimes held o*
to the inexperienced, and the subsequent disappointme^
tliat must invariably ensue to any person who managed w
property prudently. From the nommal gross rental «
house property a deduction should first be made for losisi
arising firom empty tenements and bad debts. T^
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTr OF ARTS, June 3, 1864:
481
mooDt of this deduction varied very much in different
laces ; but perhaps it ought not to be reckoned in London
n the average at much leas than 10 per cent. From the
^ross rental actually received from the tenants the fol-
owing chirges would, in all cases, have to be paid— viz.,
, rat438 and taxes ; 2, repaii-s ; 3, insurance ; 4, collector,
cc. ; and o, miscellaneous ; to which, in the case of lease-
%ol<i property, would have to be added, 6, rent ; and 7,
inking fund. Some of these items of expense were
jTiito beyond the control of the landlord, while othei's
nij^ht be increased or diminished almost as he pleased.
I. The rates and taxes varied very nmoh in ditlerent
pArishes, and were, for tite most part, beyond tlie land-
lord's control, except in so far as he was able to relieve a
lArge block of buildings from the house du'y, by con-
structing it with external j^allerles, as pointed out in Mr.
Rigby's Report. Tlie avtjrage dctluction for rates and
taxes iu London had been about 16 per cent, and had
formed the most important item of expi^nse. 2. Tne re|>airs
lijul lieen about 11 p-r cent, in the case of the Fo.ieties
alluded to; but they rafgbt vary at wdl to almost any
extent. And hero a builder would hare a great advantage
over an ordinaiT landlord, as he would be able to execute
w
hii own repairs at his own convenience, and in the most
economical way. 3. The charge of insurance had been
r^bout 2 ()er cent. 4. The cost ot collecting, «Sic., had been
about 8 per cent., but this, in S3veral instance'^, was mixed
up with the expensive maelunery required at a lodgiug-
liouse. In ordinary' cases, it need not amount to more
than 5 per cent.; and here also a person who collected his
own renl«, or who employed one of his own clerks to do
it, wx)uld have an advantage over every other landlord.
5. The miiicellaucons expenses had amounted to about G
per cent., but here again the average had been swelled by
the numerons items connected with lodging -iiouses, &(:. In
the case of ordinary cottage property, the sundries probably
need not exceed 1 i>er cent. Th^se five items of expense,
whijh might be considered ordinary and universal, liad
amounted, on an average, to about 43 per cent., which might
be a guide, to some extent, both to societies and indivi-
duals, as to what the necessary expenses of freehold house
property had really been found to be. In the case of
leasehold property a further deduction would have to be
made, both for the rent and also for the sinking fund,
both of which items would, of course, vary in amount to
a great and indefiDite extent. The latter item was indeed
very frequently omitted altogether, and it was this omis-
sion that bad in a great measure given rise to the exag-
gt^rAted and fallacious statements above alluded to, which
seemed to require especial notice on this occasion.
Mr. H. W . Frkeland concurred in the remarks as to
the desirability, in many cases, of renovating existing
buildingi rather than seeking to build new ones, the cost
of which would not give an adequate return. He also
entirely concurred in the suggestions of Mr. Alderman
Waterlow, as to the principles on which dwellings for
the working classes should be erected. Each home should
be made as comolete as possible in itself, and regard should
I>e had to fumisning the largest amount of accommoda-
tion at the least cost, more than to mere architectural
decoration. In dealing with the subjeot of remunei'ation.
they were dealing with the pith and marrow of the question.
Mr. Dillon liad truly said that self-interest was the great
tnoviog spring of human action, and if they invited opera-
tions on a largo scale they must look upon self-interest as
the moving power. What did they mean by remunera*
tion ? li they meant a large direct return in the shape
of rent for the outlay, be feared that, in many cases,
they would n^eet with disappointment. LordBemen
had spoken of the extreme desirability of having iov
proved cottages erected by proprietors, but at the
tame time his lordship added he believed they could
not be made commercially remunerative. Still the
noble lord was of opinion that it was to the interest
of proptietors to erect good dwellings for the labour-
ing claases. To get at his meaning they must look
at this question in two points of view. There was the
direct remuneration to be got in the shape of rent, and
that was no doubt small ; but if they went a little further,
and looked at the indirect benefits, if not in money,
in money's equivalents, which they derived from the im-
provement of cottages, he thought that they were very
large and too generally under estimated.* Let them
look at the indirect benefit in connection with health.
They might not derive a large rental from giving the
labourer a healthy home, but they got a better day's
work from a healthy labourer than from a man who,
dwelling in a comtbrtless an 1 ill-ventilated cottage, was
not so fit for work as he otherwise would bo. Sickness,
too, was one great souroe of the increase of the iK>or- rates,
and if they provided healthy homes they not only
had healtliy laboureia, but they diminished the
poor- rates pro tanto. Again, looking to the question
of the l>enefit of near residence, was not the
labour of a man residing on the s])ot worth
more than that of one who had to walk a long
distance to hU work ? Then again, what was the source
of crime which cost so much to the country V One
reverend gentleman had said it was the beer- house, but
the labourer was often almost driven to the beer-hoose
by the wretched state of his home. If they provided
healthy homes it would tend to keep men fiom the
beershops, and a proportionate diminution in crime, and
in the cost of crime, would be the result. Let them
add, if possible, outlets, that children might be kept
from the streets, wheio a oueer of orimeoftcu commenced
in a series of petty larcenies. There was another point,
namely, the great and growing cost of pauper lunatics ;
not to go into tho many causes of luAacy, money ditficul-
ties being a frequent one, he believed that the minds of
these people were materially affected by the miserable
condition of their homes, which mightact most unfavour-
ably upon a seri!*itive mind, and become a predisposing
cause of insanity, by which the poor rates in many dis-
tricts were materially increased. What he asked the
meeting to consider was whether the indirect returns
they got in all these ways from the improvement of the
dwellings of the poor did not more than counter-balance
any deficiency in money return, in the shape of rent, opoD
the outlay, which their duty to society called upon them
to make.
After a few word^ from Mr. Westoabtb, in reply to the
objections of Mr. Alderman Waterlow as to the form of
building he had recommended,
Mr. Mortimer remarked that this wasentirely a builder's
question, and proceeded to point oat, aided by the illus-
tration of drawings, the prejudicial operation of the existing
Building Act for the metropolis. He thought the reme-
dies would be of a very limited character whilst that op-
pressive enactment remained in foree.
In reply to a qaestioo from Mr. MoaPHr,
Mr. Alderman Watcbu>w replied, that the topmost
storey of the three blocks of bnildiDgs to which he had
referred, had brought the largest number of applicants.
The roof was constructed as a drying groond, and on that
account ready access to it was a desideratum with the
tenants. The dimensions of each floor were uniform from
the top to the bottom of the building, and a slight reduc-
tion of rent was made for the top flo^.
Mr. Gatliff mentioned, as the result of the experience
of the Metropolitan Association, of which he was secre-
tary, that the most unprofitable part of their operations
had been the building of lodging houses (or single men.
This had been a considerable clog upon the profits of the
assooiatkHi. They had expended about £15,000 in those
buildings, which did not return more than a ( per cent.,
while the family dwellings gave a return on the average
of 6 per cent. More roceotly-erected family dwellings
had paid upwards of 6 per cent. With regard to the
security of these investments he added that daring the
last twenty years the asBOoiatkm had reoeiyed £90,000 iQ
rents, and the bad debts had ooi amoooied to a ^ per cent.
482
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, June 3, 1864.
The Chaibman then read the following reaolation as
representing the opinion of the meeting on this head of
the subject : —
** That by firoper attention to eeonomv, by bailding to the
extent only reqnired by each district, and by the utmost care
in avoiding nnneceaaary outlay in preliminary ezpeBses, proper
dwellings for the Isboaring classes can be provided which
will realise in towns a fair dividend on the capital ex-
pended; and that although in rural districts, commonly
speakin^Ttthe pecuniary return for capital invested in Ubourers'
dwellings, considerinff tbe rate of their wages and their general
eircu Distances, and the cost of repairs, can onlv be mmlerate,
yet it may be regarded as satisfactory, when tne consequent
improvement of tbe character of the occupants, their comfort,
their health, and tbe additional value of their labour are taken
into account. **
In submitting this resolution, the Chaibman added, he
had intended to offer some remarks on this part of the
subject, as he confessed he did not agree with some of the
views expressed in the course of the discussion, although
he believed the resolution fairly represented the feelings'
of the meeting. He would, therefore, take the opportunity
of saying a few words at the next meeting to relieve
himself of any apparent inconsistency with respect to this
resolution.
The above resolution having been agreed to,
the meeting adjourned to the following day
{Friday). The report of the proceedings of
Friday's meeting will be given in the next num-
ber of the Journal,
Bacup Meohanios' iNSTrruTB. — On the 18th of May,
a large audience assembled at this Institution, to witness
the distribution of prizes to the successful competitors
connected with the various classes. Samuel Hall, Esq.,
one of the vice-pi^dents, occupied the chair, and dis-
tributed the prizes. Those gained by females were for
reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, and domestic
economy. Those to males were for reading, writing,
arithmetic, dictation, grammar, analysis, geography,
chemistry, phonography, and general proficiency. The
Victoria Olce Society gave musical selections, one of
-which, " The Country Schoolmaster," was In character,
and gave great satis&ction. The members of the reading
and elocution class delivered several Shaksperean and
other pieces. The examination proved that the pupils
had acquired considerable proficiency in their various
studies. Votes of thanks were carried by acclamation to
Mr. S. Hall, Mr. H. Maden, and Dr. Worrall, who were
•donors to the prize fhnd. Thanks were also cordially
passed to the examiners, the singers, and the chair-
fnan.
Glasgow MechaniosT InsTiTonoir. — On 17th of May
-the prizes awarded to the suocessftil competitors in con-
nection with the above Institution were publicly distri-
buted in the large hall. In the unavoidable absence of
the Lord Provost, the chair was occupied by Bailie
'OouPER, and there was a good attendance. The Chair-
man having made a few remarks, Mr. J. McDouoall,
Secretary, read the forty-first annual report by the
directors, of which the following is an abstract : — The
"various departments of instruction have been prosecuted
with vigilance, and the results of the session now closed
are quite equal to those of its predecessors. One or two
new classes have been established in important subjects,
which have been, to some extent, appreciated. Reports
are given of the various classes, the first alluded to being
the dancing and cslisthenic class (Mr. Duncan Sinclair),
the re*uU of which has been encouraging. In the Greek
and LatiQ dasecs (J. Miller, A.M.) the progress made by
the students was most satisfactory, and their coodnot and
diligence were highly gratifying. During the seHioa the
number of tickets sold for the Spanish class (Mr. Archibald
Bevie) was 44. The attendance upon the whole has been
well sustained. In the German class (Herr Behbann) the
teacher expresses satisfaction with the real progress oiade
The course of instruction pursued in the bYencb depart-
ment (Mons. Dutoit) is for gentlemen in bosineea, and
others who require to learn quickly and yet thoroughly
the French language, and both junior and senior rlaswrs
have acquitted themselves well. The mechanical diav-
ing class (Mr. Peter Stewart), which is of so modi im-
portance to the artisan, has completed a very prosperous
session. The course of lectures in botany (Mr. W.
Eeddie) embraced the outlines of vegetable stroctcuTe and
physiology, but the greatest portion of the time was
devoted to systematic botany . The intereat in the sob-
jects treated in the classroom was enhanced by a aeries
of botanical excursions. The lecturer had every reasao
to be gratified with the proficiency of the daas. Thoe
were 84 students enrolled in the geological daas (Mr.
Thomas Struthers), and a course of eight veekhr
illustratcd lectures was delivered. There were ako
six excursions to localities geologically intererting.
The course on animal physiology (Mr. John Mjtyet)
has embraced a very extended outline of the prin-
ciples of physiology, given in the form of lectorea and
demonstrations, and supplemented by frequent examma-
tions. In music (Mr. Samuel Barr) the teacher ex preaecs
himself as highly pleased with the general progr e a of
his pupils. In the English grammar, composition, mi
literature department (Mr. Robert B. Smith) the atadcnti
were this year divided into two classes — an elementary and
an advanced, and the master bears testimony to the at-
tention, progress, and exemplary conduct of his rapik.
The students in arithmetic and mathematics (Mr. tL M
Ashcroft) were, as usual, arranged into a junior and sooior
class. As regards attendance, diligence, and real ppogrees,
the session was a highly satisfactory one. In practical
mechanics (Mr. J. P. Smith, C.E.) the number orafudents
enrolled is about 70, and the average attendance dming
the first quarter was about 65. Since then there lutabeea
a gradual falling off of those who had entered the dase
without any previous. knowledge of mathematics or lae-
chanics ; the numbers attending recently had been fmm
80 to 40. In natural philosophy (Mr. Thoa. Johnstoo,
surgeon), the lecturer took up as his subject, force, mo&m,
simple machines, d:c., illustrating leading principleB by
experiments. The lectures on chemistry (Dr. W. Wal-
lace, F.ES.E.) treated of the fundamental principles of
the science, together with the study of the non-metsUic
elements and their compounds. Several written examim-
tions were held during the session. In the writing, arith-
metic, and book-keeping department (Mr. John M«e
Gregor), the past session may be considered a highly
prosperous one. In arithmetic the students were, h
usual, taught in two divisions, junior and advanced, la
writing, instructions were conveyed to th^ class by mesas
of the black board. In book-keeping there was a laigs
attendance. The junior students of the drawing, pilot-
ing, and architecture class (Mr. A. D. Bobertson) were, as
formerly, exercised in geometrical and outline drswii^of
elementary forms and simple examples of Greek sihI
Boman ornament, also outlines of flowers and portions of
the human figure. The senior students, in ornament, land-
scape, flower, and figure, had the principles of generaloa-
tion, composition, chiaro-scnro, and colour explained to
them. In the architectural division, the students produced
highly creditable drawings of classic and Gothic character.
The attendance and progress have been perfectly satis&c-
tory. The elocution class (Mr. Harcourt Beatty Bkod],
which numbered between thirty and forty students, showed
great zeal and attention. The average attendance ^tu
about twenty-two. In presenting the second anmud
report of tlie " Middle Class School" (Mr. R. B. Smith,
heiBid mastei:),. the directors give a highly satislactoi?
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, June 3, 1864.
483
loooint of the senioo. The number of popiU enrolled is
274. The English department, conducted by the bead
maBter, assisted by Mr. John Rathbone, A.M., aod the
lady superintendent, has been attended by 288 pupils.
These, as last session, were divided into three divisions,
junior, senior misses, and senior bo^'s. The commercial
department, conducted by Mr. John MacGregor, has been
attended by upwards of 260 pupils, studying writin^f,
arithmetic, book-keeping, and mathematics. The Latm
class, conducted by Mr. John MiUer, A.M., has been
attended by 16 pupils; the French, conducted by Mons.
Dutoit, by 14 ; the pianoforte, conducted by Mr. Banks
and governess, by 37 ; needlework, conducted by the lady
roperintendent, Miss Johnston, by 34. Some of the
pupils attended only one class, but more than three-fourths
of the whole number were enrolled in two; many
irere pupils in three departments, and some in four. A
oiajority of the pupils this session were girls. The
tickets sold for evening classes amounted in all to 1,889.
— On the motion of the Chaibmak, seconded by Mr. R. B.
SifiTH, the report was adopted. — The prizes having been
[^istribated, other gentlemen addressed the meeting.
GOLD MINING IN VICTORIA.
By Mb. Philip A. Eagle.
Chap. II.
%VKBA0B Earnings or Mikkbs — ^Impbovrd System op
WoBKiNG — Wet and Dbt Leads — Pooa Gboumd
•• Payable" to Wobk — Sluicing — ^Hydbaulio Opera-
tions — Remarks.
Notwithstanding the marked decline in the produce of
.lie gold fields, the amount of yield in proportion to the
i-omber of persons engaged in mining is little inferior to
be experience of some half dozen years back ; it follows,
lierefore, that the miner of the present day is better
0muneratod than his predecessor.*
How far this theory will hold good can only be deter-
CRined by comparing the yields of the two periods with
beir respective populations.
The maximum of the mining popnlation for 1863 is
XAced in round numbers at 93,000 : 70,000 Europeans and
3,000 Chinese ; but as all Chinese upon the gold fields
r« classed under the head of ** miners," it will be neces-
mvy to strike oflf at least an eighth of this number as
.arsons who are engaged in other pursuits, leaving the
c;ftual mining class at, say, 20,000. Rating their indi-
i^oal earnings at four pennyweights per week, or about
^40 per year (which, I think, fully represents the fa«H),
Rcy will aboorb about £8>30,000 of the annual produce,
K^viog £5.737,503 to the credit of the European udo.
'<yw, as a large quantity of gold is still taken away by
*i^vate hani, converted into manufactures, and otherwise
ipes the customs, amounting in all to, say, one- twentieth
that upon which the export duty is paid, the aggregate
hXviugB of the European miners may reasonably be es-
rcRAted at £6,024,388.
G( this cla», returned as " mining population," it is
Icrolated that fully ii^re per cent, are non- producers,
rm.'^ng the number of actual miners at 65,100, whose
^Lfly earnings would amount to £92), or better than 23
of gold per roan, equivalent to 31 ouncas obtained
'taking the divbional year— 1857.
.n Immense impetus has of late been given to mining
l^TpriAe, and to the development of the resources of
3 colony. The system of co-operation has proved
linently successful, and the amalgamation of small
-ei«9 ot working miners is steadily progressing on most
cHe principal fields.
>- ^he diflTcrenoe in the exchaojicable ralue of the f arniogs
la0 miner of the respective periods natned, would be abuat
cent.
More 8]rBtematic, eflective, and economical methods of
working have replaced the former superficial and unskilful
process ; legislation has also made liberal concessions to
the mining interest ; permanent reservoirs have been con-
structed throughout the different districts, the imposts
have been reduced, the mining laws amended, and the
area of claims enlarged.
Some of the *' amalgamated companies," which possess
considerable capital, are occupied principally in working
the ** deep leads," which are moat numerous on the
Western and South Western fields, and though from the
nature of these operations, considerable time and expense
are involved, they have in most cases proved highly re-
munerative. At Ballarat alluvial mining is conducted
profitably at a depth of over 500 feet* after penetrating
probably 250 feet of basalt and 150 feet of the primitive
rock.
Other companies embrace a wider range of operations.
Large tracts of ground on abandoned diggings are leased,
and the whole of the alluvial is cut through and rewashed.
In some places the gold b found finely distributed over
large areas ; and ground which a few years back would
have proved unprofitable to work, is now made to yield a
remuneration varying from £3 to £15 per man per week,
and even larger returns are obtained in localities possessing
considerable water power available for puddling and
sluicing operations.
In the Ovens district, in Qipp*8 Land, and on the Qoul-
bourn and Loddon Rivers extensive washing operations
are carried on.f In some instances the gi'ound is washed
from the surface to the bottom, a depth of perhaps thirty
feet, and the economy of the method adopted is shown by
the fact that earth containing but six or seven grains to
the cubic yard will yield a remuneration of lOs. and lis.
per head per day.
To those unacquainted with the system of reducing
large quantities of auriferous earth, the following illus-
tration of the process in vogue at one of the creek diggings
(Talbot^ may prove interesting.
In this instance, however, the motive power is obtained
from a reservoir constructed for the use of the miners, by
private speculation, and which receives the drainage of
one hundred miles of country. A feeding dam is exca-
vated about a third of a mile from the principal scene of
operations (Kangaroo Qully), which is supplied by a race
cut from the reseiToir. Another race is cut from the dam
to the top of a hill, fVom whence the water is conducted
along a flume to a height of about 30 feet above the
workings. From the point of the flume, a pipe is carried
perpendicularly to within a few feet of the ground, and
from this pipe another pipe (this time made of canvass to
secure flexibility) is laid down to within a few feet of the
earth to be removed. Previously a large cutting, about
18 feet in width, was carried acro« the gully, and thus,
having secured a good face in one direction, a " tail race,"
half a mile in length, was cut through the old ground on
the opposite side, in order to secure the complete running
* There are 36 comptnies (alluviMl) in Ballarat district, with
•hares amoanting in aU to £68 i. 886, and which have laid oat
in machinery and buUdinf^ eonstitutiog the plant, but without
calcalatiog the expenditure for hbour in lUe mines, £106,399.
The plant of the Koh.lnoor Company cost £12,000, and their
shares are worth £100,000, or £2,600 each ; that of the Great
Extended cost £9,000, and the shares are worth £144,000, or
£1.800 each. The Albion shares are valued at £1,600 each. or
£100,000 in all. The plant of the Royiil Saxon Company also
cost £12,000, and their sharps are worth £32,000, or £800
each ; and so on down to the little companies with abares of
£5 and a proportionally small outlay in machinery. A recent
*' washing up" of a forlniglit'a labour at the works of the
Great Extended Company yielded 2.166 ounces of gold,
Talued«t £8.718 odd.
t There are altogether upwards of 360 steam engine? (Uatin;:
a combined horse-power of 6J380»eni;a;:ed 'n alluml operation*
on the gold fields*, besidei 4.1 CO puddling machit.es, SUO whinifi
and pulleys, 800 rluices and turns, 400 water- whctU, icd 31
hydraulic hoses.
484
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, June 3, 1864.
oflF of the water, and thus prevent an inundation of the
works by a reflux of the element. At the end of the
canvass hose, a nozzle, al)Out three feet in length, is fixed
for the water to pass through, and this nozzle is directed
by one man against the earth to be removed. Some idea
of the force with which the water strikes the earth, may
be gathercii from the statement that 700 gallons of water
is delivered every minute, and that about the same time
suffices to displace avalanches of gigantic size. The di-
rector of the nozzle first undermines a part of the face,
pel haps fifteen feet in length. A short time suffices to
create a gutter about a foot or eighteen inches wide,
which is followed by the displacement of all the earth
above, up to tlie surface, a distance of about twelve feet.
This comes tumbling down in front of the operator, who,
by spasmodic jeiks of the nozzle, washes the lump into
fine Kind in the short space of a few minutes. The
gold (lepofits iteelf on the bed rock, but tho dSbris
is canned otf by the force of the water into sluice -
boxes, which are laid down in tho tail race. About 100
feet from the commencement of these boxes, two men are
engaged in clearing away the stones and sand, thuspre-
vontinf,' the boxes from l>eing choktd by the stuff wluch
is continually being canied along them by the water.
After washing 7,(J00 or 8,000 loads of dirt, at the rate of
1,000 loads per week (the working time being about 10
hours a day), tho water is turned off, and the surface of
the bed rock dug up for a few inches. The stuflF is col-
lected into a heap, and worked by the hydraulic process
into the sluice boxes, the first of which, being perforated,
catches all the gold. A few days are sufficient for the
clearing up part of the arrangements, when the water is
again turned on and operations commence afresh.
Of the profits of this sclieme, it may be stated that ma*
tcrial tliat will average a quarter of a penny weight to the
load will pay handsomely.
As much as a thousand loads can be thus washed in a
week by four or five men, but upon the completion of
apian for carrying off the tailings without the employ-
ment of manual labour, a much larger quantity of earth
can be removed and washed by the same number. As it is,
after paying lor the water, lleid and Co.'s party netted
over £3 per week, each man, at the fu'st waslang up a few
months back.
The g! cat value of some Buch scheme as the hydraulic
process, w)ien applied to operations on what are known as
dry diggings, will be better understood from the statement
that in the ^laryborough district (and possibly in others)
nearly the whole of the ground will pay to wash in this
manner.*
The extent of ground that is supposed to be auriferous
(exclusive of Gipp'sLand) has been estimated at 20,000
square miles. The portions of this ground already
mined upon, or so returned by the mining surveyoi-s,
cover a total area of less than 8Q0 Fquare miles, of
wliich probably not more than ICO or 200 square miles
have been actually wrought. Even but a small pro-
portion of this can bo considered as entirely exhausted.
Kecent cxploiations prove lieyond a doubt that a rich
gold field exists at Wood's Point and Jamison, on
the Upjer Goulbourn, far more extensive than any yet
known, and daily discoveries arc being made, which assure
us tiiat a very large portion of the Gipp's Land range of
mountains is abundantly if not equally auriferous.
Looking at the renewed activity throughout the
established mining districts, and the steady accession of
* Tbe amount of lalour expended on alluvial mining presents
the ino<it astutiishingresuhs. Wboie bills, often of considerable
diracn.C'ionsi. ond coTerin|; perhaps several acres of pround, have
been eartcd auar and wished, and in other cases have been left
siipporfrd vn hlueks of timber. The very features of the
cuuntry ate effrteed,ond what were once known a? gullies, bills,
and flats, covered nith rodlcss heaps of pipeclay , lose everv trace
of tlieir original cliarncter under the suecesrivc manipulations
of Europeans and Chinese.
fresh and valuable groond, there is good reason to txlieTe
that for many years to come gold will be the great sUple
of Victoria.
{To be cominued.)
$m ^s.
Picture Sale is Vatlis. — An extraordinary sale took
place in Paris on the 25th ult. It inclnded only fifteen
pictures, most of tliem being of very sniall dimeoaoni, bot
picture
the proceeds, which were realised in about forty minatee,
reached no less a sura than 222,900 fraoifi, or say £600 <ei
an average for each work. The collection wai the pro-
]>erty of Prince Paul DemidofT, and inclnded one work by
Decamps, one by Delaroche, one by Dupre, one by Genitne,
one by Marilhart, seven by Meissonnier, one liy Th.
Rousseau, one by Ary Scheffer, and one by Horace Vefiiet
The prices i-ealised were as follows: — *• A Woman in a
Forest, and followed by a child, both carrying wood" (De-
camps, 1850), about 20 inches by 17 inches, £400. *' Th?
Arrest of President Duranti" (Paul Delaroche). very little
larger than the preceding, £752. *• Tlie Winnower^
(Jules Dupr^),£328. " A Turkish Butchei-" (by Gerome}.
a small picture about 9 inches high and 10 inches wide,
which attracted considerable attention at the Exhibition
of 1862. £240. *• Sunset on the banks of the Bosphuras"
(a small picture by Marilhart), £206. The above lots
created considerable interest, but tho following worittlr
MeiFSonnier caused a perfect furore among^ tbe amatau&
present. ♦• Une Lecture chez Diderot," one of tbe artkt"*
best-known works, containing seven figures, ajod beansg
date 1859, size 8 inches by 1 1 inches, £1,520. " The In-
terior of a Guard-hous?," soldiers grouped round a taBe
and playing at cards, others talking around the fiie, inall
j eleven figi'.res, dated 1858. size the same as the preofdiDg,
,£1,148. Another "Interior" of the same kind, two
soldiers playing at cards and otheis watching Ihi game, a
! composition of only six figures, and rather smaller in site,
j dated 1 860, £ 1 ,200. " A Captain descending a Staircase.'*
with his sword under his aim (1861), a Mogle figure* sae
about 9 inches by 6 inches, £780. " Gentleman f<?at6d
at a table covered with liooks, umsic, bottles, and gUasei.
and playing the Mandoline" (1859), same size as the jte-
ccding,*£480. '* A Tired Cavalier," ekepingon a beach
in the full glare of the Fun (1863), not larger than the
palm of a man's band, £200. '• A Gentleman, weaivng a
red cloak, and resting against a column in the ffrandcMSi
of a Palace," same date, and even smaller than the above,
less than 5 inches by 4 inches, £246. Total proceeds of
these seven pictuie??, £5,674. A landscape. •* Eveoinir
after a Storm" (Th. Rousseau), a small picture, fetciad
£128 ; and " l^onore" (Ary Scheffer), £160. *• TheFigKi
between Brigands and the Pope's Guards," one of Horace
Vernet's best and most popular pictures, painted at Kome
in 1836, and engraved by Jazet, size about 34 icN^hes by
52 inches, £1,160. This is altogether one of theni»t
remarkable sales of the year.
([^mmxtt
SuBMABiKB TELEonAPHY. — Profcssor SlTOUel F. B.
Morse has lately published the following letter: — "Fn a
notice in the Telegraphic Journal j of April 2nd, of the
late Mr. Brett's collection of pictures, there is thiaind-
dental remark ; 'The late Mr. J. W. Brett, who wa*
designated by Profei^sor Morse as the fether of ifubmarin*
telegraphy,* &c. I have never designated Mr. Brett, kh
any one else, as • the father of submarine telegraphy/
having always claimed to have first proposed, and per-
sonally laid and operated, the first submarine telegrajfA
myself. Mr. Brett I knew well ; he waa a personal aw
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ART3, June 3, 1864.
485
highly esteemed fdend, bat I knew thai he supposed
Itlmsdf to be the first who had proposed a submarine line
in 1815. In conversations with him I always insisted that
not only the first proposal, but the first actual execution
mnd operation of such a line, belonged to me. I told him
I had unanswerable evidence of the fact. This announce-
ment to him I s\w gave him uneasiness; and after I left
Paris in 1858, for Porto Rico, he wrote mo a letter, under
date of Nov. 15, 1858, in which he asked me to give him
the history of my connection with submarine telegraphy.
To this letter I replied from Arroyo, Porto Rico, Decem-
ber 27, 1858, quite at length, giving him minutely its
liistory. In that letter (a press copy of which I have by
xne), 1 showed him that at least as early as 1888 I had
made the proposition of an Atlantic telegraph to Robert
Walsh, Esq., the American consul in Pans, for Mr. Walsh
testified to that fact of his own move, without my know-
ledge, at the time in one of the American journals, of
which he was the foreign oorrespondent. But I refer him
aOao to my letter of Sept. 27, 1887, to the Secretery of
the Treasury, published m the Congressional documents,
io which letter I suggest the submarine method of con-
fltmcting a telegraph line. I referred him also to my
letter to another Secretary in August, 1843, in which I
make the distinct prediction of a future Atlantic telegraph.
MB a deduction from experiments I had made ; for in the
autumn of 1843 1 had carried into effect the proposition
of a submarine line in the harbour of New York, laying
out the line pereonally from Castle Garden to Governor's
Island. This was an acknowledged success by the
journals of the day, and for this success I received the
gcAd medal of the American Institute. This medal fixes
a date (1845) unmistakably. Mr. Brett rests his daim on
the &ct that in 1846 he addressed a letter to the British
Government proposing oceanic and subterranean tele-
graphs. The year 1845 is the earliest date to which he
appeals, and at that date he had only suggested a plan of
suomarinc telegraphs to the British' Government, while
three years before I had actually constructed and operated
io New York harbour a submarine telegraph line. It is
obvious, therefore, that I could not have designated Mr.
Brett as the * fother of submarine telegraphy.' The
Teiegrt^hic Journal marks these words professedly as a
rotation from a written or printed document of mine.
have never written nor printed any such admission.
The nearest to such an admission is the following extract
from the historical letter alluded to, which I wrote to Mr.
Brett. After giving him a detailed account of the steps
I had taken in submarine telegraphy, I say, * I have read
yoxa account of the origin and progress of the ocean
telMraph with deep interest, and if chronology by its
rigid dates gives the origin of submarine telegraphy to
mOf it cannot detract from you the undoubted merit of
having independently originated the project of submarine
interoommunication,*and successfully carried it out, too, in
£iin)pe to a useful result. I esteem and honour you as
ihe father of European tubmarine tdegraphyt and I rejoice
that both the honour and the profits have been so justly
awarded to you.' In thus awarding to Mr. Brett m that
letter the honour of being an independent originator of
* £arf^)ean submarine telegraphy,' 1 ought to say that if
there are other daimanta to that position in Europe, I do
not pretend to decide between them. I based my remark
io Mr. Brett solely on his representations to me, believing
him to be, as he was, an honourable and a high-minded,
at he certainly was a generous and worthy man. If the
aoppoaed admiaaion on my part that Mr. Brett was the
'father of submarine telegraphy,' is founded on this
letter of mine to him, it is seen at once that it is a mis-
qootatton in the Telegr(^hic Journal, and (as lam willing
to believe) through mistake, that the important qualify-
ing word ' European ' was left out, but wliioh is necessary
to be inserted to make the quotation conform both to my
letter and to the truth of history."
^aMis.
Cultivation of Tobacco in Qobehsland— The Queens-
land Ikmea, of the 17th March, in referring to the culti-
vation of tobacco, says that it has lately been attracting;
considerable attention. ** Mr. M. Murphy has now a crop
on one acre of land near Booval, which is said by New
South Wales growers to demonstrate that a firdt-cla^a
leaf and a gocNl crop can bo grown in this colony. Mr.
Murphy intends to enter largely into tobacco manufacture,
and has received a screw press from Sydney for the
purpose. He confidently expects to turnout an^rtide
equal to American, in quality as well as appeaiance.
The cigare made by him are pronounoed by competent
judges to be first class, but of course wanting in age.
Mr. P. 0*SuUivan will commence the manufacture of
tobacco on a large scale within a day or two. lie expects
to be able to turn out two cwt. per week. The supply of
the leaf in Queensland is not equal to his requirements,
and he has ordered a larve quantity of American from
Messrs. Jones, of Liverpool. Mr. O'SuUivan states that
the best sample of tobacco he has yet recdved has been
from Mr. Stewart, of the Bald-hill. He has also obtained
a good sample from Mr. M'Intosh, of Gladstone. A
great number of farmers around Ipswich are growing
small quantities of the weed, and, from the demand
created by Mr. O'SuUivan, we have no doubt that a great
breadth of land will be sown next season. Tobacco was
grown in this colony twenty years ago, by Mr. Thorn,
when he gathered three crops in one year, the sdcond
being actually superior to the first We hope that the
mistake will not be made that our New South Wales
friends fell into, of growing coarse kinds, and working up
rubbish with the prime leaf."
Floods in Nbw South Wales. — Serious floods in the
district of the Hunter Biver took place in February.
Heavy rain set in on the 9th of that month, and con-
tinued for several days, the Hunter and its tributaries
rising gradually until the 13th, when the waters reached
their maximum height, which, at Maitland and Morpeth,
appears to have been about two feet below the great flood
of 1857. Owing to local causes the height of the water
varied considerably in diflferant localities. At the Pater
son, the greatest height attained was about six feet below
the great 1857 flood, while at certain places on the Lower
Hunter it is stated, on good authority, that the present
flood was the highest ever known. The upper parts and
tributaries of the Hunter, and even on the western waters
beyond the dividing range, seem to have suffered more
severely than their neighboura in the lower locality. The
loss of life is not yet accurately ascertained. The
destruction of property has been very ^;reat. The lucerne,
maize, and potato crops in the Maitland and Morpeth
districts may be looked upon as wholly lost. The loss
of the crops will fall with great severity on tho farmers of
the Lower Hunter, as the lucerne and maize are the main
source of their livelihood. The lower part of the course
of the Hunter is so exceedingly tortuous, and the fall so
insignificant, that on the occurrence of heavy rains in the
upper parts of the basin of that river, the waters cannot
drain off nearly as fast as they descend; the conse-
quence is that floods aro frequent. The remedy for this is
stated to be easy. The cutting of a new canal between
Maitland and Morpeth, a distance of only about three
miles, would probably be sufiicient to prevent any serious
damage from floods to all time coming.
IToUs.
I
AoBioni/ruBAL Chemistby nr France — The present
Minister of Public Instruction is evidently intent on carry-
ing out the system in all its branches. It is very ques-
tionable whether it is wise, or otherwise, for the State to
48^
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, June 3, 1864.
fupply technical education gratis to the people, and thereby
induce immense nombers of young men to give up their
time to the pursuit of studies for which very many have
little natural talent, but only a desire, and who would,
wore they compelled to contribute towards the expense of
such training, turn their attention to matters which would
occupy less time, and place them in a more normal posi-
tion, or, in other words, it is very doubtful if the charitable
system, for mch it is, is applicable to anything be>*ond
elementary education ; but, setting aside this question of
principle, it must be admitted that the minister is doing
all in his power to open wide the doors of literature, art,
and science, to the youth of France. The newest exem-
plification of the activity which marks the reign of the
minister in question, is the establishnient of a Uboratory
of agricultural chemistry in the Museum of Natural His-
tory, at tiie Jardin des JPlantes. This lalxnratory and the
instruction in connection with it, are to be public and
gratuitoui>. The direction is entrusted to M. Freury, who
is to have the valuable aid of M. Chevreul, the celebrated
chemist and meml>er of the Institut of France. The
courses of study will embrace the examination of water,
oils, minerals of all kinds, manures ; in fact, it will em-
brace everything connected with the scientific portion of
agriculture. The list of pupils entered contains already a
hundred and ten names, and, as these are all mentioned as
having passed through the scientific courses of the College
of France, it is to be presumed that some such initiation is
expected of those who avail themselves of the new pnldic
laboratory. Of course, if such be the fact, the deseription
of the establishment as public and gratuitous is rather a
misnomer.
Dublin Exhibition of Irish Manufaotdbeb. — This
Exhibition, originated by the Royal Dublin Society, was
opened on Wednesday, the 26th May, by the Earl of
Carlisle, Lord>Lieutenant of Ireland. The ceremony was
attended by all the principal officers of state, and in-
cluded the performance of an inauguration ode, written
by Dr. J. Francis Waller, and composed by Dr. R. P.
Stewart. In the course of an address presented to ihe
Lord-Lieutenant, a visit from the Prince and Princess of
Wales during the season was spoken of as probable.
Ddblin Imtbrhational ExHiBiTioir or Arts and
Manufactorbs, 1865.~The directors of the Dublin Ex-
hibition Palace and Winter Garden Company have
resolved to inaugurate their building, now approaching
completion, by holding an International Exhibition of
Arts and Manufactures in the year 1865 ; and, in carrying
out this design, solicit the co-operation of artists, and
manufacturers, and others, in the United Kingdom, the
British colonies, and fot^ign countries. The exhibition
will be opened on the 9th of May, 1865, and will remain
open for a period of six months ; and, at its close, arrange-
ments will be entered into for keeping the buildings open
as a permanent exhibition, on the plan of the Crystal
Palace, Sydenham ; and exhibitors who may desire to
retain space will be allowed to do so on liberal terms. A
special committee has been appointed to carry out the
various details; and, as every means will be taken within
the power of tJie dii*ectors to render the undertaking
attractive aud successful, it is trusted that all those
interested in the various departments of Arts and
Manufactures will aid the efforts of the com-
mittee by a timely and cordial co-operation. The
Fine Arts Department will be placed in the main build-
ing, erected in brick and stone ; the machinery in
a separate court, and the general Exhibition will be held
in the other portions of the buildings. No rent will bo
charged to exhibitors. The productions of all nations
will be admitted. The general plan for the division of
the Exhibition will be similar, as far as practicable, to
that of the Exhibition of 1861, viz.: raw materials;
machinery ; textile fabrics ; metallic, vitreous, and ceramic
manufactures; miscellaneous manufactures; fine arts.
Space will be reserved for showing illustrations of the
following processes :— Steel-pen making; pin making;
needle making ; button making ; medal striking ; gold-
chain making; engine-turning for watches; brick and.
drain-tile making ; glove making ; stocking weaving; the
manufacture of linens; the manufacture of woolten
fabrics ; ribbon weaving ; glass blowing on a small scale ;
type casting ; type printing, by hand ; lithographic
printing; copper-plate printing; earthenware printing;
por^lain printing ; a potter's wheel ; turning in metal^
I wood, and ivory ; lace making of all kinds ; book binding;
tabinet and poplin weaving; straw>plait making; pipe
and cigar making. The whole space for exhibition will
cover about five acres.
Dangbrous Pbkoussiox Caps. — Attention lia? recently
beeii called to this subject in various quarters. It appears
that cheap and badly-made cape are commonly sold, and
are used, first, very largely by children in their toy guns
and pistols ; secondly, by others more advanced in years,
who at fairs and otlier places of public resoit shoot with
them at a target ; and thirdly, by poor men for sporting
purposes, who are tempted to buy them on account of
their cheapness. Unlike the best percussion cape, they
are composed of a very brittle metal, wliich in the explo-
sion of the detonating material within is apt to splinter,
and the fiagments fly off with the most dao^rous rapidity.
They may be purchased at the rate of 600 for Is. Parents,
in perfect innocence, buy them for their children, and bat
too often learn from sad experience the danger of the play-
thing they have given them. In the ex|dosion of the cap^
a small piece of &e metal fliee off, and strikes the ere of
the person shooting, or that of a bystander. A suigeoo
to a London hospital states that, of all the eyes he has
seen thus irreparably destroyed, he has, on careful inves-
tigation, ascertained that the perousBion caps used were
cheap, and consequently bad.
ElxPLoeioN IN MiNss. — M. Gairaud recently eonmo-
nicated to the French Academy of Sciences, a method for
preventing the consequences of explosion by firedamp, cv
at least for reducing them to mere pecuniary dainagv
without loss of life. His plan is to pnMiuce explosions by
means of the eleotric induction spark of RnhmkcttH's m^
chine before the miners descend into the galleries.
After describing the way in which the wires ought to be
arranged, he says : — " Every day, before the miners go to
their work, several sparks must be let off in the gall^ies ;
then if an explosion ensues the gas wiU be destroyed ; if,
on the contrary, after several sparks there is no explosioo,
there is no reason why there skould be any with an ordi-
nary lamp." It was stated that a similar practice had
long been in use, tliough not with the electric spark, mea
being sent down into the galleries with lights fixed to
long poles. They creep along holding the lights aloft»
because fire-damp always accumulates at the roof of the
gallery, and they thus produce explosions which areharm*
less in proportion to the frequency with whkh the opsn-
tion is performed.
^
£2lEMBMTARV ExAUIKATIOMS AMD DiSTBrCT UznoHB
OP Institutbs.^Sir, — There is, perhaps, no portion of
the work of Mechanics' Institutes of more practical Tslae
than the elementary examinations, under the system es-
tablished by the Society of Arts. It is brining the
stimulus of competition for local prizes, and the locentire
to industiy fi-om the public recognition of exertions for
self- improvement, home to the hnmblest daasof sttideats,
and thei-eby applying the spur to af^lication at the time
when it is most needed. It is also preparing the w«y fbr
those more advanced studies for which the certificates of
the Society of Arts have been the means of obtaining
most substantial advantages, -and it has also helped to
relievo local committees from much trouble and diflScnlfty
by being made to serve for the preliminary examinations,
which are indispensable to the successful working of the
JOUKNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, June 3, 1864.
487
tloal £xaminatioos. In order, however, that the 8)'8tem
should aooomplbh all the good of which it m capable, it
is almost iodisponaable that the several lostitutea which
exist over the country should bo formed into district or
county associations, such as those in Yorkshire, Lanca-
shire and Cheshire, East Lancashire, Worcestershire,
the Soathern Counties, &c. There is no doubt that an
Institute in Union with the Society of Arts may adopt
the system, but the benefits would be confined to its own
membere, and the certificate would have little more than
local value, because it would be awarded by the single
iDAtitute, whereas by a county orgaaisatiou all the in-
etitutea, large and suiall, might share in the advantages,
and the central committee, as a representative body,
would give to the certificates that character of impartiality
which would be their great value. The competition for
prizes would be more active from the greater number
engaged, and the smaller Institutes would enjoy ad-
vantoges from which, without a union, tliey are altogether
debarrod. I would suggest that the initiative should be
taken by the Institute of every county town where no
unicMi now exists, and that a circular be sent to every
Institute in the county or district, proposing the formation
of a union, asking for co-operation, and suggesting a
meeting of delegates in some central place to confer upon
the terms, &c. The rules of exuting Unions, which may
be readily obtained, might form the basis of the pro-
ceedings, and influential gentlemen might in the meautmie
be canvassed for aid, whilst there is no doubt that accom-
dation might be found either in a oorporation building or
that of the central Institute. These are merely a few
fiuggestions in the hope of making the work of institutes
more really useful by association. — Babnbtt Blakb.
Thb Patkkt Laws. — Sib, — Absence from Loudon and
other urgent engagements prevented me from attending
the reading and subsequent discusuon on Mr. Webster^
Cper in reference to the operation of the Patent
iws. I have read the report in the Journal with
much interest, and think with the chairman that the
flubject had been fully disoossed on the bearings of the
case brought under notice; still there appears to me
to be another view of tlie subject of great importance,
and which, to my mind, is suggestive of a remedy for
the evils that all parties allow to exist in the operation
of the Patent Laws. How much the prospect of pro-
tective monopoly tends to develope invention must re-
main a debatable question, and that the inventor of a
luaobine or process that gives increased power or faoUity
to the [ffoducer of wealth is entitled to a reasonable
reward for the benefits conferred, I think we are all
agreed, and it appears to be a general opinion that the
public are the t^ judges of the value of such reward.
Neither is the question quite distmct from public interest,
as some speakers appear to think, when they describe a
patent invention as altogether a new and independent
means of producing wealth, for suppose some inventor to
produce a better covering for the feet than our present
boots and shoes, and holding by t^e monopoly of his
patent, to refuse to let other persons use his process, or,
what is equivalent, to fix an imreasonable amount of
royalty for its use, the whole trade of shoemakers, and
the public also, would be injured by such a patent. I do
not pretend to know or even to understand the slippery
scBle by which imitations, past, present, or to come, are
made legally to slide into or through specifications of
patents. All my knowledge upon the subject has been
icqoired by long practice and intimate connection with
the working out of patents, and I have had much to do
pr ith patenta, and many opportunities of watchmg the pro-
jreas of them, and the result of that experience is — ^that
patentees may be divided into two clasies. First, the
icientidc investigator, whose ooostant study is to apply
,he powers of science to the every- day business of life,
knd this class 1 have always observed to pursue their
itttdies, not with a view to pecimiary reward, but too
Vequeotly at a very great sacrifice, for which they should
be repaid and well rewarded by the public who gain by such
inventions The second class of ioveutors, which, 1 think,
is by far the most numerous, are those who hope to find in
their next new patent the " welcome nngget,*' and they
strive to discover some new way of douig a thing dif-
ing from that in general use, calling ii an invention, and
the patent law recognises it as such, and they too often
make great sacrifices to accomplish their object, and not
unfirequently sacrifice the public by means ot their inven-
tions. A few years since 1 knew a man who had secured
several new patents, who in a short time realised a con-
siderable sum by the sale of them, and boasted that he
not only possessed the scientific knowledge that ena-
bled him to discover improved mechanical aids, but also
the acumen to apply them with advantage. But the
source of his success too soon became evident in the wail
of the widow and the lamentations of his dupes, whom he
had led into great loss by the ignis-fatuus light of his
legally registered patents. To secure to the first class
of patentees the due reward for their study and research,
and to protect the public from the impositions of the
second class, it has been suggested to submit the whole
to the veto of a body of experts ; but still the general
opinion appears to be that the public are the best judges,
and so I think, and therefore would suggest that every
inventor should be rewarded fairly for the benefits he
confers upon the public ; but, at the same time, I do not
think that the public should be shut out from all partici-
pation in such benefits. I would, therefore, propose that all
persons who felt that they could apply the principle of any
patent to practice should be at liberty to do so by paying
a small royalty for the use of it, and this, from my own
experience, I do not think should exceed 4 per cent, upon
the amount of goods manufactured. I would, therefore,
place all patents in the hands of commissioners, who should
fix the rate of, and grant licenses to, any persons requiring
them, paying the amounts over to the patentees fVom
time te time. This arrangement would at once show the
value of the patent by the extent of its use ; and the
patentees of useful inventions would thus obtain their
reward, while in proportion as the utility decreased so
would the reward, and persons disposed to nurchase
patents would thereby ascertain their intrinsic value, and
, thus the patentee would be protected in his rights, and
the public in the use of and from the abtise of patents ;
and the patentee would have every possible inducement
to make his specification dear and intelligible. I also
think the working of such a system would induce the
enactment of international patent laws, and if worked
upon the same principle, it would soon be found that a
patent in any one country would be equal to a patent in
each, the commissioners in each country collecting the
royalties and exchanging the protits with all the rest,
while the expenses might be collected by a per-centage
upon the profits, or, as at present, by fees. 1 think the
latter plan the best, as then the losses resulting firom the
bad and speculative patents could not operate as a tax
upon the good and profitable ones, and I would suggest
that a periodical statement of all royalties paid should
be published. This is but the rough outline of a plan
which has for many years occupied my attention. — ^Yours,
dsc, £. Nash.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING ^TEEK.
MoK. ...Entomological, 7.
AsUtIo, 3. ^ . ^. « .
B. United Senrlct Intt., Sj. Mr. Goorge Cheek, «*Sttb.
marine Shlfs m a Mode of Attaok."
Rojal Inst, 2. General Moathlj MeetUig.
TvKS. ...Photographic, 8. . , . * ^
Ethnological, S. 1. Mr. Dunn, " On the Inflaenoe of Ci-
TtllM^on a6on the Development of the Brain in the dif-
ferent Kaeee of Man." 2. Mr. Crawftutd, " On the 8o«fee
of the Supply of Tin for Bronie Tooli and Weapoasof
AntiqaitT."
Bojal lut., 3. Profeaor Marshall, " On Animal Life.**
WiB.... Geological, 8. 1. Mr. W. Bofd DawUni, »• On the Bhalic
Beds and White Uaa of Weft and Central Scmenet, and
on the Dlfooreiy of a new Foiiil Mammal in the Grey
488
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, June 3, 1864.
MarlfUttM beneath the Booe-bed.** 2. Dr. H. B. HoU.
*' On the Oeolofficel Stntcture of the Malrern HilU, Ac*^
3. Prof. R. Harknew, " On the ReptUifteooi Rocks and
Footprint-bewinf StraU of the N.B. of Scotlnnd." 4.
Mr. Junei Powrle, '* On the Foniliferoiu Boclu of For-
iknhire ud th^ contents.**
MIcroMopical, 6.
Litemrj Fnnd, 3.
R. Societj of Literature, 8^.
ArcbKolodcal Anoc., 8|. 1. Mr. Roberts, " On the DUoo-
Terjof BfedljBTal Remains apon palling down some Modem
Work at the Ouildhall, London.** 2. Mr. Hopper, ** On
the Clocks and Watches belonging to Queen Ellxabeth."
3. Mr. Coming, *'0n Ancient Flower Vessels.**
Tbvs. ...Royal, 8|.
Antiquaries, 8.
Royal Inst., 3. Mr. John HoUah, ** On the Third Period of
Musical History (1600-1750).**
Fri. Jk.stronomical, 8.
Royal I net, 8. Professor Tyndall, "A Magnetical Experi-
ment.**
Sat ......Royal Inst., 3. Mr. Alex. Herschel, ** On Falling Start and
Meteorites.**
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
Par.
Numb.
Delivered <m \2th May, 1864.
93. BlUa-GaoIs.
97. „ Indemnity.
North America (No. 13) — Correspondence respecting the Re-
moral of British Consuls tnm the so-styled Confederate
States.
North America (No. 14)— Correspondence with Mr. Mason.
DcUttrtd on l4tA, 18/A, and I9ih May, 1864.
t). Union Assessment Conunittee Act— Return.
Lisburn Election Petition— Minutes of Eridenoe.
Criminal Offenders (Scotland) -Abstract of Tables.
Sugar, Ac— Return.
China and Hong Kong — Return.
Na^ — Supplementary Estimate.
Registration of County Voters— Report, Eridence, &c.
Qslway (Western Districts)— Report.
ValU— Petition.
Poor Law (Workhouse Dietaries)— Dietarlee, &c.
National Education (Ireland)— Regnlationa.
Education- Supplementary Rules, &c.
RcTonue ( Ireland ) — Returns.
Tobacco — Return.
Bills— Chain Cables and Anchors (Amended, and on nnt and
Second Ro-commltments).
Army I'rize (Shares of Deceased).
Vacating of Seats (House of Commons).
SenranU' Hiring cScotland).
Beerhouses (IreJand).
Collection of Taxes (Amended).
Public Works ( Ireland ).
Army Prize— Report of Commissioner*.
Education— Recent Correspondence.
Delivered on May 20, 1864.
1S9. Labrador Customs Duties— Papers and Correspondence.
288. Oxford UniTorslty— Statute.
291. Courts of Common Law and Chancery Commission — Return.
297. Treasure Trore— Return.
298. Exports and Imports— Return.
Delivered on May 21, and 23, 1864.
262. Iron- plated Ships and Batteries— Return.
270. Dockyards— First Report, Evidence. Ac,
301. Navy ^Vessels not Annour-plated)— Return.
116 (
182.
283.
231.
281.
294.
203.
237.
243.
260.
285.
293.
296.
286.
103.
105.
107.
108.
109.
96.
101.
ff
It
»»
»f
patents.
Prwn CommisHonen qf Patents Journal, May 271*.
Gramts of PnonsioNAL PnononoN.
Artificial stone, new compositi<m ft>r— 1124— J. Potter.
Asparagus, &c., instrument for laying hold of— 1253 — R. Rimmer.
Bindings for pulley blocks— 1133 — J. Gardner and others.
Blotting paper— 1192— J. Drown and A. P. Price.
Bobbins, Ac, winding thread on— 1150— C. P. Stewart & J. Gresham.
Boot and knife cleaning machine— 1011— T. Pepper.
Bricks, apparatus for making— 1170— J. Chambers.
Bricks, machinery for making- 1247— P. Bawden and others.
Bricks, tiles, Ac, kilns for burning— 1196— T. M. Glsbome.
Brushes— 1186— F. Coney.
Brushes, manufacture of— 1180-T. W. and R. Condron and another.
Buttons-1261— T. Dean.
rl!S*jJ!f^***^^«»' * c.. treatment of— 1203— W. Home.
Carriages-1239— T. Wilson.
cSl^S'n?'"'^*^*^ of-1197-C. MarUn.
Cocks, Ups. and Taltes-im-J. Rowland.
Dyeing— 1243— R. A. Broosnan.
Engines, rotary— 1227— W. E. Kewton.
Expressing liquids, Ac, tnai subitancea— 1024— G. J. w«
Fibrous substances, machinery tat oombing 961— R. Midijky.
Fluids, heating and eraporatlng of— 1178— A. V. Newtosu
Fringes, manufiicture of- 1225 —P. Craren.
Gasaliers, Ic.— 1162— J. R. Abbott.
Gasaliers, Ac— 1201— T. Parker.
Gas and water mains, boring and tapping— 1164— A. Upward.
Gas, apparatus Ibr carburettlng- 1166— H. Woodward.
Gsa, economising the oonsuniptiott of— 1156— J. H. Johnson.
Gas, Ac, shades for— 1168— W. E. Gedge.
Heat, apparatus for generating— 1138— A. V. Kewton.
Hooped skirts— 1171— J. Whitehead, sen., and others.
Indicators— 1217— M. Heniy.
Ironstone, Ac, extracting the oUs and gasn ftom— 1172— tt. Awfs*
Lace, manufacture of— 1176— G. Pulsford and G. Walkland.
Laces and fabrics, manufscture of— 1140— W. Simpson.
Land, cultivation of— 1235 — L. L. Sorereign.
Lead, extracting sUTcr ftxMn— 1174— Don F. M. M. del ReaL
Liquids, taps for measuring- 914 — J. Lillie. » » a
Liquors, storing and preserratlon of— 1188— D. Jonea aad B. FA.
Bromwich.
Looms— 1209— J. Dodgeon, J. Gaukroger, and W. ShaAleto*.
Looms, rotary shuttle boxes of 1146— G. Hodgeon and A. H.Mvtf8.
Lubricatingcompounds— 1113— P. Ward.
Manna-sugar, purple dyestufls from— 1181 — J. A. WanUyn.
Minerals, machinery for hewing— 1050 — J. Rowell, Jan.
Motire power— 9^2— J. H. Johnson.
Mouldings, Ac— 1241— P. G. EtesM.
Mules for spinning— 1233— W. E. Newtoa.
Plates, dishes, Ac, means of heating— 1219— B. H. Hughes.
Plates, &c, moulding and shaping— 1249— H. A. C. Doulengtr.
Printing— 1237— A. Maokie and J. Salmon.
OuUted crinoline skirtings— 1231— J. Brady.
Railway Tans, Ac, lire-iwoof— 1221— D. West.
Scarfs, construction of— 1152 — A. Swonnell.
Sewing machines, embroideij with— 1134— T. Eraoj.
Ship lamps, Ac— 1158— J. Wariah.
Ships— 1255— P. St. G. GrMne.
Spinning and doubling, machines for— 1144— W. Robcrttoi.
Spool tubes, paper <»■ linen- 1148 — W. Hirst.
Steam engines— 247— W. E. Maude. •
Steam engines and pumps— 1142 — J. J. Miller, Joo.
Steam hammers, Ac— 1190— J. Yule.
Stockings and socks— 1207— H. A. Bonnerille.
Street lamps, Ac— 1259— J. Browning.
Sugar boiling— 1136— E. Beanes and C. W. Finiel.
Syrups, manufacture of— 1092 — F. Leiss.
Teeth, drilling, Ac- 1017— G. F. Harrington.
Vegeuble fibres, machineij for treating— 1245— W. Bovav^
Wet gas meters— 1211— B. Myers and T. Q. Progein.
PATIlfTS SlALKO.
2990.
2996.
3000.
3001.
3005.
3010.
3012.
3014.
3018.
3021.
3023.
3024.
3028.
E. Beavan and W. S.Weare.
G. A.Thompson, sen., G. A.
Thompson, Jnn., vxA J.
Latham.
E. W. James
J. Fernie and G. Taylor.
E. M. Boxer.
G. J. Doddrell.
J. G. Redman A G.Martin.
R. Turnbull.
J. Thorn.
G. Macfarliae.
W. Wilson.
T. Snook.
T. T. England.
3031.
3035.
3037.
3046.
3096.
3111.
3139.
3142.
3158.
3166.
3263.
789.
-900.
J. Harper.
H. D. P. Cunningham.
R. A. Broomaa.
J. Bobbins.
M. Henry.
H. Turner.
B. Dobson, J. Hodgfciaieni
D. Greenhalgh, aad F.
Hamilton.
J. H. Johnson.
B. Pother^.
J. DaTidson.
H.P.Forrest.
H. A. Bonnerille.
E. Dronke.
From Commiuionert qf Patents Journal, May ZitL
Patbkts Sealed.
3025. J. Dales.
3030. S. Trotman.
3036. C. Lungley.
3040. T. Knowles.
3042. D. Ilulett.
3051. R. A. Urooman.
3056. J. Con long.
3057. W. Gorman and J. Paton.
3073. G. R. Tilling and J. Park.
3094. P. R. Wason.
3200.
3210.
3232.
8258.
181.
620.
653.
663.
753.
817.
J. Macarthy.
F. Walton.
J. Shanks.
A. Noble.
J. H. Johnson.
F. Foster.
E. Bailer.
H. CaodweU.
W. A. Tcrrey.
J.J. Lnndy and R. IrfiML
Patents ox wmcn tbb Stamt
1333. W. Roberts.
1378. F. N. Gitbornc.
1411. E.C. Stanford.
1379. H. C. Ransomo.
1461. J. Howard and E. T. Bous-
field.
1565. W. E. Newton.
1325. E. Green and J. Cadbury.
Dutt
1329.
1356.
1359.
1371.
1352.
1353.
1372.
or £50 HAS
C.S.Dan can
W. Bywater.
W. Hunter.
T. Coradlnc.
J. Ronald.
A. Blake.
R. Wll*oa.
sKia Pad.
PATBKTa ox wnioB the Stamt Dutt or £100 vas bbsx rii»*
1608. E. P. Griffiths. t 1666. A. V. Newtoa.
1636. W. E. Newton.
Imirnal of %
THE
AND OP
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Sb88I0N.]
FRIDAY, JUNE 10, 1864.
[No. 603. Vol. XII.
^itnmmctmntts bs % Cmnuil*
Prbsbntation of Mbdals and Prizes.
His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales,
K.O., President of the Society, has been pleased
to appoint Friday, the 24th of June, at three
o'clock, to present the medals and prizes awarded
during the present Session. The Presentation
will take place at Willis's Rooms, King-street,
St. James's. Members will be admitted by
ticket only, for which application should be
made to the Secretary ; each ticket to admit
the member and one lady. The tickets are now
ready for delivery.
Conversazione.
The Council have arranged for a Conversa-
zione at the South Kensington Museum on
Thursday evening next, the 16th June, cards for
which have been issued.
plication at the Society's House, on the day of
the Conference.
The Secretary is authorised by Mr. Twining
to say that in case the Committees of any Insti-
tutions should be desirous to form a collection of
objects illustrative of any or all the branches of
Domestic and Sanitary Economy, in accordance
with the principles adopted in the Twickenham
Economic Museum, he would be happy, not
only to supply every information bearing on this
subject, but to subscribe £10 — in the form of spe-
cial museum fumitHre — to each of the first ten
collections. It would be desirable for any
Institutions entertaining this idea to instruct
their representatives to make arrangements to
visit Mr. Twining's Museum when they are in
London for the Conference. A brief account of
the Museum has been forwarded to each Insti-
tution. Communications on this subject should
be addressed to the Secretary of the Society of
Arts.
Notice to Institutions and Local Boards.
The Thirteenth Annual Conference between
the Council and the Representatives of the In-
stitutions in Union and Local Boards, will be
held on Thursday, the 16th June, at Twelve
o'clock, noon. William Ha web, Esq., Chair-
man of the Council, will preside.
Secretaries of Institutions and Local Boards
are requested to forward immediately the names
of the representatives appointed to attend the
Conference.
The subjects suggested for discussion have
already been published in the Journal^ and sent
to each Institution.
Notice of any other subjects which represen-
tatives may desire to bring forward for discus-
sion should be given to the Secretary of the
Society of Arts.
The Secretary of each Institution is requested
to forward, by book-post, a copy of the Annual
Report of his Institution.
Representatives of Institutions and Local
Boards attending the Conference are invited to
the Society's Conversazione, at the South Ken-
sington Museum, on the evening of the same
day (16th Jime), and will receive cards on ap-
Institutions.
The following Institutions have been received
into Union since the last announcement :—
Abersychan (near Pontypool) literary and Sdentifio In-
siitaiioD.
Laurencetown (Ireland) Toang Men's Mutual Improve*
meni Society.
|t0mMngs iof tire ^aai%
Confbrbnob on the Dwellings of thb
Labouring Classes.
(Continued from page 488.)
The Conference on this subject was resumed
on Friday morning, the 27th inst., at half-past
11 o'clock. William Hawes, Esq., Chairman of
the Council, in the chair.
The Ghaibmak said that to-day the btmneas before
them was the ooDBideratioo of the fifth hemd under which
the subject to be submitted to the conference had been
divided, viz., "Remedies, A. What can be done by
legislation ? B. What can bo done without legislation ?
and What assistance, if any, can the Society give in either
of these directions?" It would be in the recollection of
many present that in putting the last resolution on the
|Tevious day he carefully avoided giving his individual
assent to the proposition which it contained, although that
refK>lutioD nndoubtedly embod|e4 the general opinion of
490
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, June 10, 1864.
the meeting, and he added that he hoped to have an oppor-
tunity, when the subject of the remedies was brought
before the conference this day, to explain why he dis-
agreed with that resolution, and in what manner he
thonght it possible to obtain for ci4)ital invested in
buildings for the industrioiis classes a return, not only
sufficient to induce phiUnthropists to embark capital in this
work, but also to induce builders, on general principles of
commercial enterpiise, to find capital sufficient to supply the
demands of the working classes. He thought, in conducting
the business of the day, it would be desirable to discuss
together the heads A and B, viz., What can be done with
legislation ; and, What can be done without legislation ?
In order to arrive at dear views upon these questions
they must first thoroughly understand what they in-
tended to do.' They must understand for whose
bene6t they were suggesting remedial measures, and
they must also clearly define how those measures oould
be carried into effect. Their object was not to suggest
measures exclusively for the benefit of the industrious
classes, not measures simply to improve their condition
in all pints of the country — not merely to make them more
bapfiy, more religions, and more moral — ^bnt their doty
was to suggest measures which should benefit the nation
at large, for it was impossible that the dwellings of the
working classes could remain in the unsatisfactory con-
dition they now were in without seriously injuring the
national character ; and it was indispensable that all those
who took enlai^ged views of the interests of the people,
should look upon this subject as a national question of
vital importance, and not as one specially affecting the
dan to which it more particularly referred. They pro-
posed to benefit the working classes by increasing their
home oomforta, and thereby lessening the attraction of
the club or public- house ; by making their labour more
efficient, by hiinging their residences near their work, and
thereby enabling them to earn more wages ; by elevating
their nMoral and sockl position, and by lessening,
through the influence of such means, their temptations
and inducements to immorality and crime. By providing
them with better houses the nation would benefit by the
existence of a higher standard of health among the
people which would result from it — by the labouring
population being more contented with their lot — ^by the
oacrease of drankenneas, and, therefbre, of poverty,
disease, and crime, whereby the expenditure required for
the relief of the poor would be reduced. The question
then arose how they were to get these better dwellings,
and how they were to promote, not only their erection,
but their subsequent maintenance, by the class
for whom they were to be provided. At present,
the opinion strongly prevailed that the wages earned
by the great mass of the people were not sufficient
to allow them to pay the rent of proper an4 decent dwell-
ings ; and, on the other hand, it was an opinion as gene-
rally received — ^and certainly the plans now hanging round
the room appeared to confirm such an opinion — that good
houses could not be so reduced in cost as to bring the rent
within the means of the working classes. We had then
to enquire how far these opinions were correct. The rent of
a house was made up of the cost of the land, of the cost of
the materials and ot the labour emidpyed in using them,
and of the burthens imposed on the house whe.i built.
No one present, he was sure, believed that the legislature
or private individuals could raise the rat es of wages. It was
equally absurd to attempt unnaturally to lower rents.
Tncy could not artificAlly alter the value of land, or the
value of the materials with which a house was built.
They could not affect the value of labour, by which those
materials were put together ; and there w ere but the other
items to which he had referred, and which formed part
of the sum charged as rent, within the splure of legi.-lation,
and the consideration of wl^ich very pioperly belonged
to the business of this meeting. The only elements
of cost which were availaUe to tSiem were those charges
on houses which were unforeseen by the legislature— v».,
the house tax, the poor and local rates, and other local
burdens which were attached to property of all kinds,
especially to houses ; and there were a great many laws
injuriously and exclusively affecting this de«oriptian of
}>roperty, and the tenure under which it was held, whidi
ndirectly raised rents. The Society of Arts ooold no
doubt benefidally exercise the influence it poei«eBKd in
promoting measures which would relieve certain dasMs
in town and coimtry either wholly or partially from local
rates and taxes and other fiscal burthens, and from the ex-
penses attending the transfer of small plots of land . Bat this
part of the subject had been considered the previous day,
and resolutions had been passed declaring that in the
opinion of the meeting great good would reauH from a
careful re-adjustment of the inddenoe of taxatinn as it
affected the dwellings of the labouring classes. Bat then
the question arose, would this rdief be aofficieoi to bring
proper dwellings within the reach of the working dassn,
or, in other words, would it attract sufficient capital to thii
kind of investment to accomplish the object in view? He
(the chairman) did not think it would; but, before si^-
gesting any other plan by which capital might be provided,
he would consider for a moment what had already been
done, and what means were now in operation. Twenty-
five or thirty years ago, associations for piomotsQg the
erection of small houses took the form of buildlnff
sodeties, but, from information contained in letters he had
received fix>m gentlemen residing in the ooFonties of
Lancashire and Yorkshire, where &eee sodetiea were now
existing in the greatest number, it would appear — and the
information agreed with his own experience — that whilst
building sodeties did find capital for building parpasee to a
certain extent, the honses, when built, did not ooom into Ibe
possession of those for whom they were intended ; they fell,
for the most part, into the hands of small specolattve
builders. He, therefore, did not think building sodeties
had done much towards the end they had in view, fv,
had they been as successful as they promised to he, aome
great result would have been accomplished by this time.
Then there was another class of association — that of phi-
lanthropic individuals who desired the impcorement ef
the labouring classes. The printed returns iwn ad by Mr,
Twining, and the facts given on the previous dAy Inr Dr.
Qreenhill, showed that the results of such assodatieos
were not such as would induce persons to invest money in
them as commercial speculationa. If they looked at the
returns collected by Mr. Twining, they would see that the
profits were so small that no one would advance money for
those purposes except from philanthropic motives, and not
with a view to peenniary advantage. He objected enUiely
to this being treated ^Insively as a philanthropie qoes-
tion. They must treat it ai a commercial qoestioQ, for
imlesB they did so they would never touch the real
grievance. They had th^i satisfied themselves that the
preasot nodes of n>eetiBg the difficulty had not been sno-
cessful, and he feared that the relief froai fiaoal ktofdeDS
would not so far turn the scale as to ensure a sufficteatsnifiy
of proper dwellings. The question then arose, *• CoaM
the government, by any other means, stimulate the pro-
duction of such dwellings?** In what he was aboatto
suggest, he was aware he would be net by the pcditical
economist, who would say that government had no light
to interfere as regarded dwellings, any more than with
any other matter of trade or commerce, with the la«s
of supply and demand, and that assistance to easm a
sufficient supply of dwellings for the labouring daass
ought not to be looked for from tiiat source; but there
were many instances in which, for the good of the nation,
government did interfere, both with labour and capital, and
therefore he had only to show that the interfereeoe he
now advocated was consistent with principles generally
acknowledged, and of sufficient magnitude to justtfr
interference in this direction. Paiuament legislated
for the regulation of labour in factories and mines, also for
carrying the working classes on railways at less than Ibe
regular fiues, and in the constroction of houses ftnenVy.
JODBKAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. Junb 10, 1864.
491
li advanced large tumfl for »chool buildiogt, and to en-
oounge edacaiioD. Ooyeroment, at present, spent large
Audi annuallj in the maintenance of prisons, lunatic
asylums, and other establishments rendered necessary by
the vice and crime so often engendered in the present
bad baildinga in which the working classes were con-
demned to live. It confined and held in custody thou-
sands who would have earned an honest livelihood had
they been brought up from infancy in proper dwellings.
There was, then, no force in the abstract objection to
government interference, if it could be shown that the
object was a national one. Then came the question —
could the government, consistently with its ordinary prac-
tice, promote the erection of such buildings? he sub-
mitted that they could, and without new legialatioB,
materially aid in promoting the object in view. At pre-
sent money was advanced on loan, through the Public
Works Commissioners, at a low rate of interest, to landed
proprietors for drainage and other improvements; and
public works of various kinds might be assisted on the
same terms, proper security being taken for the repay-
ment of the loans. Now, suppose that by such assistance
a portion of the capital requisite for this special class of
bmldings could be obtained at such a low rate of interest
as would just turn the scale and make their erection a
good commercial speculation — could anyone doubt that
there would be plenty of builders ready to provide ample
and proper accommodation for the working, as they now
did for the upper, classes? Supposing, for instance, such
a block of buildings as that represented by the model on
the table cost £1(K),000, and that an income of 8 per
cent, could be obtained from it, it was clear that if one
half of that sum, or jC50,0(X), could be borrowed froru the
Uovemment, at 3^ per cent., the interest on the other
lialf would be rai»ed to such a figure as would induce
builders to supply the rest and enter upon such specula-
tious. If the aioiety of the £100,000 was repayable by
a sinking fuud in 30 years, the other half would still bear
a high rate of interest, and by such legitimate means
oommeicial speculation would be excited in this direction.
He was quite at a loss to conceive how any objections
could apply to such a plan as thii. What was its object?
Not only to benefit in a high degree one claas of the
L'OiQ III unity, but also to benefit equally the whole nation.
They simply borrowed from the national fund to increase
tiie national resources. If, by lessening sickness and im-
proving the condition of the labouring classes, they
tlierelty increased the number of days available to each
man for profitable employment, they added materially
to the natioiul wealth, which would amount to many per-
centages upon the value of the loans, and make it
QAtionally a very advantageous employment of capital.
That was the ground on which he. thought they could
obtain, by exbtmg legidation, ample funds to be invested
in buildings for the working clasies, and he believed it to
bo the only way by which they could secure the erection
of a sufficient number of houses in large towns. In the
country, though the number required was greater, they
woiild be more dispersed and the nouses of a smaller class.
'I'he laudlord could, however, give as ample security iot
ilie repayment of the money borrowed as he now gave
fur drainage works; and if the houses were built on
certain Hxed principles and under certain well-defined
n-gulatioiis, ample security could be given for the money
advanced. In conclusion, then, he would say in reply to
til e question — What could be done by legislation ? that
relief for fiscal burthens on this kind of property could
be afibrdcd, and could be justified in the intei-ests of the
State ; and, secondly, as to What could be done without
legUlation? that there was authority under existing acts
by which money could be lent for the purpose of buUding
dwelliugD for the in.iustrious classes, which, if brought
Id to operation, might fairly be expected to yield most
beiieficial results. Weshouldnotletitbesaidwelentmoney
to iho landlord to improve his property, and refused to
laod money to find a deoent house for the workmim. He
therefoie hoped, in considering this question, thay would
not treat it as one for the benefit of the working rlsnioi
alone, but that they would repu^ it from a broader point
of view, as ^ measm^ of most pressing urgency, and
calculated to confer most important beneSs on the whola
nation. It would then be seen that it was the duty and
interest of the country to stimulate the production of
proper dwellings for the people ; and he trusted that the
result of this conference would be to plaoe this questioii
before the public and the government in such a light that
measures would be taken which would induce capitalists
to invest their property fireelv in the ereotioa of the v»«
quired dwellings, in full oonfidenoe that it would be a good
commei'cial speculation.
Mr. G. M. MoBFHr remarked that the system luggeated
by the chairman was already carried out to a certain
extent. He had been informed that a block of buildiagi
had been erected at Cirenoester, with money borrowed for
a long period at a low rate of interest, aa he understood,
from government.
Dr. Hamoogk (of Dublin) called attention to thedifier-
enoes in the legislation on this subject in England, Soot-
land , and Ireland. Scotland was in this respect in advance
of the other portions of the United Kingdom. Under
the Montgomery Act, (10th Geo. IIL, cap. 31), leasing
power was given for 99 years' over lands in settlement. Tbo
principle of that Act was extended to Ireland in 1860, at the
time when the Tenure and Land Improvement Act was
passed. He suggested, a^ the firststep, that this leasing power
sliould be extended to England. The next question was
— What should be done with regard to landlords' im-
provements? In Scotland the Act he had referred to
enabled persons with limited interests to lay out money
in improvements. Scottish lawyers argued that building
labourers' cottages was an improvement, and it was so
accepted, but ceitain restrictions were placed upon it. In
the case of cottages, in Ireland as well as in Scotland, it
was dependent upon the opinion of the County Court
judges or the Estates Court whether the' cottages were
to be considered beneficial or not. The chairman had
with 60(116 diffidence propoeed for EUigUnd that which had
been adopted in Scotland for upwai'ds of a century, and
in Ireland since 1860, that the power of lending public
money for drainage should be extended to the building and
improvement of labourers' cottages. That Act, however,
as regarded Ireland, was terminable in ten years, therefore,
he thought it was a safe proposition that what Parliament
thought good for Ireland was good for England,
and that was the step they should press upon the legis-
lature to take. The next question that arose was — Why
had not those powers in Scotland and Ireland been more
extensively exercised? He thought the reason the
ownen of entailed estates had not done more was indicated
in one of the resolutions passed on the previous day — via.,
that tlie Law of Settlement stood in the way. The effect of
the law of settlement was that it attached the liability to
the wrong place— viz., where a person was bom. That^in
itself, wasdestructive to the increaseof labourers' habitations.
It was a fundamental mistake of the law of settlement, as
pointed out by Adam Smith 80 years ago. They had a
Poor Law in Ireland in which there was no law of settle-
ment. Why should not that principle be applied to Eng-
Und? At the present time the population of the United
Kingdom was extremely migratory ; and Adam Smith
asserted that what condemned the law of settlement was
the migratory habits of the workmg classes. Ho would
venture to suggest one other coturse which the legislature
might Uke. The Chairman had pointed out that legis-
lation had been directed to the limitation of the liours of
factory labour, &c., and last session an Act had been
passed to prevent journeymen bakers from sleeping on the
premises, with other regulations as to bakehouses. He
knew that the feeling of the woikiug clasps was strong
against the plan of the workmen living on their master's
premises, and it was a great question whether any except
apprentices should be allowed to do this. It was well
4:92
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jmna 10, 1864.
kncnm that the bothy system in SootUmd worked very
badly, and he thought some legislatioD in this direction
would be desirable. He thought one of the most im-
portant questions was that of Building and Freehold Land
Societies. At the meeting of the British Association at
l^ewcastle, a gentleman from Coventry stated that the
people in his locality were vety diesatis6ed in respect of the
building plots they had obtained through these societies^
that they found them most unmarketable commodities,
and all the evils connected with the transfer of real pro-
perty were concentrated upon those small properties,
which for the most part were not adapted for labourers'
cottages ; and he thought that here also the legislature
might interfere with advantage. In the case of rail-
way and other joint-stock shares the means of transfer
were most simple and were divested of all legal techni-
calities. There was no reason why facilities should
not be given for plots of land being set apart for
labourers* cottages, disposable in shares to be registered
in some public office, and converted into a personal
property, divested of all trusts, mortgages, settlements,
claims, and entails, and transferable in the same way
as railway shares. Such a process was rendered the
more easy by the Lord Chancellor's Registration of Titles
Act. He thought some such provision as he had suggested
would meet a large portion of the difficulties.
Mr. Thomas Habb rose for the purpose of explaining
the provisions of the bill to which he had alluded on the
preening day. It was " An act for amending the law of
tenure and conveyance of certain real property within the
limits of the metropolis, and for facilitating the acquisi-
tion and traufifer of certain lands, tenements, and real
estate therein, and especially of dwellings and interests of
smaller value, and for extending the benefits of the law
hereafter to other parts of the United Kingdom." Having
read the preamble, which set forth the want of better
facilities for the sale and transfer of small properties, he
stated that the first provision related to Lord Westbury*s
Kegistration of T itles Act. Under that act an indefeasible
title was conferred. When this was done with a plot
of land, this bill would enable portions of buildings erected
upon it to be transferred by simple registration in a local
registry, or at the central office of the esUte. The second
provision of the bill related to power to convey lands
for these purposes belonging to lunatics or other incapaci-
tated persons. The next portion of the bill arose out of
some late experience of his own. He believed one-third
or one-fourth of the sites in the most densely-populated
districts of London belonged to charity estates, more or
less for the benefit of the poor. It was thought desirable
to bring such estates within the operation of this bill,
enabling the trustees of different estates to act together,
by which it was believed their value might be increased
immensely. The fourth provision of the bill affected
the powers of railway companies, who would be often
required in their operations in the metropoUs to take
more land than they wanted ; and it was proposed to
enable associations to purchase the surplus land of rail-
way companies for building sites, in order to replace the
buildings which had been removed. He was persuaded
they could get, on the margins of railways, with the
aid of the other provisions of the bill, c^nwilerable
sites, on which extremely valuable buikings might be
erected. The fifth portion of the bill was with refer-
ence to the buildings when erected. In carrying out the
system of building in blocks, with shops below, and the
upper stories held by different proprietors, difficulties had
arisen between the panics, and it was proposed that
each block should have it^ own committee of proprietors
with their own bye laws to be administered by themselves.
This was the case with regard to chambers in Lincoln's
Inn. Two or three years ago a private act was passed, by
which the lights of the several floors were regulated.
The same principle, it was thought, would be very valu-
able as applied to such blocks of buildings as ho was
referrmg to. The next provision was for the regulation
of local taxet, &c It had been mentioned that vntoH
the building contained outside staircaaea it was aawMod to
the house tax. Such fiscal laws as Ma were utteriy
intolerable. The rating should be according to the value
of the individual tenements, whether the otaireasea were
external or internal No opposition oould be given by the
legislature to such a proposition as that. 1 n the next clanse
it was proposed that when a site of thia kind had hcea
chosen, they should ascertain, with some degree of par-
ticularity, what the public charges on the buildings would
be, before the improvements were made, and that for
twenty-one yean after completion the building shiold not
be subject to a higher charge than it was before. The laat
clause provided that, on application to the town ooandl of
a borough, or the guardians of a parish or nnioD, poww
should be given to extend theprovisions of the bill to any
particular town or district. He thought this measore of
legislation wouli effect pretty nearly all they desired,
inaHmuch as it would bring in the whole great wagea food
of the country for the purpose of providing thai of which
the people stood most in need. By these meana Uie besl
classes of the working community would become the
owners of their dwellings. The chiairman had soggeated
loans by the government for these purposes ; and he would
add clauses to the proposed bill to that effect. Such aasisi-
anoe might be given directly to the working claases. By
the repayment of 3s. per week — half the present rent of
inferior accommodation — in 16 years a man could redeem
a mortgage of £100, and pay 6 per cent, upon the money
borrowed. Wliat oould be more profitable than that,
both for the State and the people? And what better
security could be afforded for trie repayment of the money ?
Under such a system they would find multitadea of those
who now became deteriorated in mind and body in the
miserable abodes they were compelled to hire, eager to
become purchasers of their dwellings, and their whole
moral tone and standard of well-being would be raised.
Rev. A. W. Thobold said he felt thankful for two
statements in the chairman's address, which aeemed to
him to involve principles of the greatest importance. One
was, that they must not confuse together philanthropy
and commerce. The work of philanthropy had been
carried out in these different associations of which they
had heard so much — those were the efforts and experiments
of philanthropy — ^not wasting money, but sp^iding it
most economically ; therefore he thought the right way
of looking at them was as philantb^pic experiments
rather than as commercial enterprises. He was, however,
satisfied this object could only be suocessfally accom-
plished on a commercial basis. With respect to legisla-
tion, the Chairman had laid down another propoeitiao,
equally true — ^that no Act of Parliament would affect
either the value of land or the value of latiour and ma-
terials for building. All they wanted from the l^gida-
ture was to assist them as far as possible in removing the
obstacles which were admitted on all hands to atand in
the way of this movement. He had no doubt an Act,
such as Mr. Hare had sketohed, would make land more
available for these objects. That gentleman was no
doubt aware of Lord Shaftesbury's Act of 1851, whk^
was analogous to the Baths and Washhouses Act, in which
power was given to municipal bodies and vestries of
parishes to borrow money on the security of the rates, to
be repaid by half-yearly instalments, spread over a
number of years. He was not aware of a single instance
in which that Act had been put in force.
Mr. E. Akroyd said that it bad been so to a limited
extent in Halifax, with reference to a model lodgii^
house for travellers passing through the town.
Bev. A. W. TuoBOLD added that it was an act tendiog
to the encouragement of dwellings for the labouring
classes, and it was important to know why it had not
been more generally brought into operation. It wm
desirable that they should know how far legislation had
already gone in this matter. Probably, one great cause
why Lord Shaftesbury's Act had not been adopted was the
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Junb 10, 1864.
498
eziitiDg high rate of interest for money. This brought
bim to A point which he thought should be fully disouaaed,
▼is., the legislAtioQ on this subject which had been
applied to S^tland and Ireland, and which had not been
applied to England. It seemed to him the great practical
qaestion was to get these buildings erected as cheaply as
they could, and to hold out to capitalists generally the
prufpeot of getting a hit and reasonable dividend. * The
moral and social parts of the question did not affect
ihm capitalist. This question was growing in import-
ance every year, and at the present moment when rail-
ways were being carried through the heart of London,
m favourable opportunity for action in this great work
appeared to omr.
The CBAiBMAir, in reference to the remarks of Dr.
Hancock, said that gentleman had informed them of the
existence of the Act which sanctioned the borrowing of
money for improved dwellings, but he had omitted to
state whether that Act had bMU put into force, and what
had been the results of its operation.
Dr. Hahcook replied he had not the statistics of the
extent to which that Act had been brought into operation.
In many districts of Ireland the population was diminish-
ing, and so there was little or no demand for houses.
Mr. Habbt Chestbb said it was clear to him that there
were many points in which the interferenceof the legisla-
tnreooold be beneficially exercised in facilitating the objects
they had in view. Lord Westbnry's Bill for the regis-
tiation of titles would afford fiudlities for ascertaining,
clearing, and keeping dear the titles of owners of land,
and for conveying by an inexpensive process the land of
owners not under le^ disability to convey it, but some-
thing further was necessary. What was wanted was, that
the same facilities which the legislature had afforded for
the conveyance of sites for schools, mechanics' institutes,
museums, Ao,, should be afforded for the conveyance of
«tes for the houses of the poor. ProlMd)ly more than
half of the land in England was the property of persons
having only a qualified or limited interest therein, and
therefore under disabilities, viz., tenants for life, minors,
lunatics, lords of manor, spiritual and other corporations,
trustees for charitable and other purposes, &c. It had
been found impossible in many places to procure suitable
aites for scboois apart fh>m lands subject to these disabili-
ties, and many Acta of Parliament had been passed to
enable the persons really interested in such lands to make
effectual conveyances of small portions of them, by sale or
free gift, for schools for the poor. About ten years ago,
through the instrumentality of the Society of Arts, an
Acs was pasMd (17 and 18 Vict., cap. 112*) which ex-
tended to the promoters of Literary and Scientific Institu-
tions, Mechanics' Institutes, Museums, ^, the facilities
which had been previously limited to the promoters of
•chooli. Why should not the same facilities be afforded
for the cooveyaooe of sites for cottages and other homes
for the poor? The precedents alrMdy set ought to be
extended for that important object.
Mr. Shaw mentioned that under Lord Shaftesbury's
Act, the consent of a majority of the vestry was re-
quired, as alM> the approval of the Secretary of State.
Under these circumstances it was a question whether the
working of that Act did not require simplification, and
in any future legislation regard should be had to the
enormous powers hitherto pliu^ in the hands of vestries
and other public bodies. In sanitary matters it was known
that those powers were very large, and they also exercised
interference in the building of houses. The medical
cfllcerB of health were appointed by the same bodies.
Then there were important powers with regard to over-
crowding. The medical oflooer was bound to take pro-
ceedings before a magistrate, in whom were vested sum-
mary powers. With regard to the metropolitan vestries he
thought it would be advantageous if gentlemen of position
coald be induced to take a more active part in them.
* See «/biinia^ y oL ILf p. 701, for the Act refentd to.
Parochial bodies in general were now regarded as narrow-
minded knd prejudiced, and hence men of position did not
like to have anything to do with them. Mr. Shaw eon*
eluded with some general observations on the details of
building cottages.
Mr. S. Gbxosok, M.P., expressed his general con-
currence in the obeervations of Mr. Shaw. A former
speaker had spoken favourably of Lord Westbnry's Act
as bearing on this subject ; and if its provisions oould be
carried out in the way suggested it would be exceedingly
valuable to the poor man. fle entirely agreed with the
provisions of the bill submitted by Mr. Hare, for facilitat-
ing the easy transfer of small properties. He thought,
however, that a permissive bill was seldom of much
value. As to compelling railway companies to purchase
more land than they required, he thought Parliament
would never pass such a measure as that. The statement
that building societies as a whole had not been successful
was opposed to the impression he had always entertained.
The chairman was quite right in saying they must not
look to benevolent principles for the accomplishment of
their object ; the commercial principle was the only one
that could be relied on. Then the next question came,
how were they to construct these houses so as to make
them commercially remtmerative? One way of doing so
was by means of loans from the government, on the
system pointed out by the chairman. Referring to the
returns of this description of hou»«es, published by Mr.
Twining, he found that the rents were on the average so
low that he was aliaid they would scarcely suffice to pro-
vide a sinking fund for the repayment of the loan.
Mr. G. QoowiM, F.R.8., would very briefiy refer to some
minor points of legislation by which immense good might
be done without much difficulty ; but before doing so he
would express his entire concun^Biice in Mr. Hare's Bill as
to the facilities it would afford for the conveyance of land
for these purposes ; and as one of the committee of the
Social Science Association he should gladly give it his
oordial consideration and aid when it came before them.
The last speaker but one had referred to the provisions of
the Act for the prevention of overcrowding in dwellings,
but he had overlooked the fact that it could only be
brought into operation where it could be proved that othen
than the immediate family of the occupier filled the
rooms, which in a great measure obstructed its operation.
It had been exercised with the best results in the case of
common lodging-houses. He thought it would t^e weU
that a short resolution should be proposed to the effect
that it was desirable the supervision in the case of lodging-
houses should be extended to all houses occupied by more
than two families. This might be opposed to the maxim
that *' an Englishman's home is his castle," but it already
existed where more than one family lived in one room.
Till education in sanitary matters was more largely
spread it was little use providing a large number of houses,
iwleas they prevented them from being overcrowded.
With respect to cellars, there were clauses in the Metro-
politan Management Act and the Building Act whfeh
restrained the occupation of a large number of under-
ground rooms, and the Act threw upon the district sur-
veyor the task of proving those rooms to be so occupied ;
but the duties of the district surveyor ought to be oon fined
to those of a structural character, and the ioqiectkm of
these dwellings would be more properly committed to a
sanitary police. He had been in cellars in Bethnal-green
where men and women were literally dying for want of
air and light in the basemenU, and the authorities ap-
peared to have no power in the matter, simply because he
believed the inspection was in the wrong hands.
Mr. Shaw was under the impression mat in the Metro-
politan Management Amendment Act it was proposed that
the supervision in the case alluded to should be transferred
to the Inspectors of Nuisances ; but that clause wasatruok
out in the House of Lords.
Ml*. S. BxooBAVE thought that by placing these
dwellings under the same regulations as applied to com-
494
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Juhb 10, 1864.
mon lodging houses, a task would be impoaed upon the
Authoritiefl which it would be impoasible for them to
oany out.
Dr. GBcraiHiLL said the idea of borrowing money from
the govemmeDt at a low rate of interest, for the purpose
of building houses for the labouring classes, as piroposed
by the Chairman, appeared a very Suable one, but was
hardly likely to be carried into eflfect in this country.
He found some years ago that in Paris, where the gorem-
ment wished to provide additional small houses, in order
to replace the gi'eat number that had been pulled down
in the course of the recent improrements of the streets,
Ssc, landlords were encouraged to build this dasa of
houses by having a remission, for a certain number of
years, of a portioB of the municipal rates and taxes ; and
possibly something of this sort could be done in England,
whereTer an urgent want of poor cottages could be proved
to exist. As to facilitating the process by which a poor
man might become the owner of his own house, he con-
fessed he did not think such a result generally desirable,
as the diflkulty of keeping cottages clean, and preventing
overorowding and immorality, which was at present very
great, would be immensely increased if each house were
to be the absolute property of its tenant, who would, of
oourse, allow of no interference with an Englishman's
rights over his own ** castle." With respect to cheap trains
for the purpose of taking the labourers a few miles
out of town, he thought that they might be usefhl in
some oases, but not universally, as he had found by ezpe-
rienoe. It had so happened that the directors* of the
London Labourers' Dwellings Society, with which he was
connected, had been obliged to part with some of their
houses to a railway company, and he had inquired of the
tenants whether, if small houses in the country were pro-
Tided' for them, they would be willing to live in them.
They all, with one exception, said that as their work was
only casual, not regular, such a situation would not suit
them at all, as it was necenary for them to be near the
spot where their work lay. He thought it better not to
wait for assintanoe from government, or any change in
the legislation, but to cany out the plan of buying up and
improving unhealthy houses by means of joint-stock
companies, which, if properly managed, were able to pay
a dividend of 4 or 6 per cent. This mte of interest was
not sufficient to induce merchants or builders to invest
their money in such schemes as a commercial speculation,
but it would be found a convenient mode of investment
for ladies or other persons who had no more profitable
mode of employing their money. This was the case
at Hastings, whisre about one-hidf of the capital of the
Cottage Improvement Sodety (now amounting to
£17,000) was subscribed by ladies, who received a regular
half-yearly dividend at the rate <^ 5 per oent. per annum,
without risk, trouble, or expense, and with the additional
satisfaction of making their money useftil to the commu-
nity by helping forward the great work of sanitary reform.
Rev. T. Ptnb thought the system of suburban residence
might be adopted to a considerable extent in the case of
workpeople such as watch-makers, boot closet's, Ac., who
worked at home, and did not require to attend the pre-
mises of their employer more than once or twice a week ;
and the system of cheap trains would facilitate that
arrangement very much totherelief of the metropolis. He
had himself built several cottages thirteen miles fh>m
London, and they answered very well.
Sir CHRisToraBB Rawliksoiv said this question had
been anxioudy debated in two societies to whi^'h he be-
longed, hut they had not arrived at any practical conclu-
sion, except in respect of the bill Kubmitted by Mr. Hare.
The two simple points of adopting Lord Westbnry's Act,
and following that op by transfening by registration, free
fh)m all those incumbrances which were created by the
present law of real property, would be of immense benefit
both to town and country. The question was, what
wuld be done by legislation to enable persons to invest
Ifeeir money in cottages so as to be reiminerative. He had
built cottages, but they gave him a very poor return lor
the outlay. He thought the indirect advantages were
hardly a part of the question. Everyone would admit
it was a great blessing to have a healthy populatkm
about him, but the £ffloulty was to make this de-
scription of property pecuniarily remmi^:ative ; and on
this subject he was brought back to the suggestion of the
chairman as to public loans. The great qnesticm in his
mind was, if government advanced money at d)^ per oeDi^
whether cottages could be erected to pay 5 or 6 per cent.
That was the whole difficulty. He had built cottages at
a cost of £110, fbr which he got £4 4s. rent per aomun,
and that could not be said to be remonerative. With
regard to London, he thought the case was not one of so
much diflSculty. The opportunities of assodatioa were fo
much greater, and, from the higher wages of labour, thero
was a better prospect of obtaining remunerative resulta.
Mr. HiOKSON could conceive no measure of greater prae-
tical importance tiian compounding for the QacaX and jmro-
chial charges upon improved dwellings for the working
classes, inasmuch as the burden of taxation prised vciy
heavily on property of this description, and went fxr to
prevent its extension both in town and country. Mr. Hkk-
son entered at some length into the question of taxatknt
of house property, and contended that modificattoos
were required before they could hope to see any great
extension of building for the class they desired to bcoefit
Mr. G. H. Whallbt, M.P., would call back the
attention of the meeting to the practical remarks whiek
had fallen from Sir Christopher Rawlinson. There was
no want in the present day of good models for cotta^esi,
but the practical difficulty was how to get the moo^ to
build them. They could not get it under the Acts of
Parliament which had been in operaticm for some yean;
and even if further power were given by legisUtion the
difficulty would still be to show that they oonld get
sufficient interest fbr the money. He thought a abort
act might be introduced, by arrangement with the
Enclosure Commissioners, for giving the same iS^ilities
for borrowing money for the building of cottages that
were now afforded in the case of drainage.
Mr. E. Akbotd said, in order to judge of what might
be done by legislation, they mutt fint consider what 1^
already been accomplished without legislation. It most
be admitted on all hands that the principles of polilical
economy had fkiled to give to the working daeass what
they were now endeavouring to secure for them. Nata-
rally the object of a builder was to erect cottages as
cheaply as possible, and get the utmost rent far them.
The result nad been in his own neighbourhood the erec-
tion of a ffimsy and cheap class of cottages with inadequate
accommodation ; in fkict it might be said that the erastion
of that class of buildings had created many social evUs
which they had now to grapple with. The purely com-
mercial principle had hi&erto failed, and would 60 in
accomplishing the object they had in view. He next
came to the philanthropic principle. Taking that
abstractedly, they must admit that though they faw many
beautiful structures erected by philanthropic gentlemen,
yet those were isolated cases, and they could haMly expect,
from such motives only, to do much to raise the character
of the dwellings of the working classes. He, therefore,
came to the consideration of the posnbility of a com-
promise between the two principles. At a large odll-
owner and employer of work-people, he had erected 100
cottages for the workmen attached to some mills near
Halifax. These cottages consisted of three clasnM.
No. 1, costing about £120, wis let at £5 159.
He did not say he erected those buildings fh)m
purely philanthropic mo'ives, because his object was
to attract the best workmen to the neighbourhood, and in
order to do that, it was necessary to have a better class of
cottages for them to live in, and the results, he was happy
to say, were satisfactory both to the employer and the
employed ; the latter rejoiced at having comfortable ren-
I denoes, abundantly supplied with all reqoisitM, ai a low
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, June 10, 1864.
4,dS
rental^ while the former, by offering the houses at a lower
reDtal than othen, attracted a better class of workmeu.
He thought large employers of labour would liod it to
their interest to erect this class of buildings for themselves.
His second experiment was carried out at Ualey-hill,
where he puitshased ground to the amount of £10,000.
The erection of houses to cover the whole of that plot
would have amounted to a serious sum; therofore the
problem he set liimself was this — '* Can I induce the
workpeople in my neighbourhood to join me in tlie ereo-
iioD of a Boperior elaas of cottages on this land, so that,
in the end, they may themselves become the proprietor
of those cottages ?" For that purpose he plaoed himaeU in
oommunication with Mr. Gilbert Soott, in order to obtain
designs for cottages in the old English style. He was aware
that this might be more expensive ; but he discovered that
every workman liked a distinct bouse, and also preferred
a residence pleasing to the eye. He, then, in oonjunction
with his workmen formed the Akroydan Building Society,
uid they placed tliemselves in communication witha benefit
building society in the locality, to ascertain the terms on
which it would advance money for the erection of blocks,
on plans to be mutually approved by himself and the
workmeu aa future occupieiis and owners. Terms were
ui'angttd under which the building society advanced
money, which, by a payment of three shillings per week,
was to be repaid in 12^ years. In his first experiment,
fur the sake of economy, the houses were built back-to-
tiack ; but in the second case he was determined to carry
9ut ikie " model cottage " in every respect, and he found
it was impossible to bmid such a house as he wished to
lee the better class of workmen live hi, for less than
£190, including land. It might be said that failed to
provide a cheap class of house for the poor ; but indirectly
it did so, as it was found the superior workmen vacated
existing cottages elsewhere, leaving them to be taken up
\t a lower rental by others. If he found it necessary to
arect a cheaper class of houses he should be oompelled
jo adopt a qrstem which he by no means recommended.
The blocks he had erected had all been taken up.
Se was at present building 40 other houses, the
arect ion of which was carried on under his own superin-
;endence, havmg first obtained the assent of the future
>wners to the plan. He guaranteed them that the houses
(hoold not cost beyond a certain sum, and he took care
hey were substantially built He had peat pleasure in
itating that a new town was rapidly spnnging up in the
le'^ghbourhood, peopled by the Iwst class of workmen. As
»oon as a block was finished he was repaid for the land by
be bailding society, and in that way he gradually re-
toverod the whole of his expenditure. The plan adopted
kt Halifax had been successfully imitated in ether places,
larUcttlarly in Leeds, where large plots of land had been
mrchased on which dwellings of superior design would be
ireoted. It might be said t£at in some instances building
ocietiee had been failures, but for his own part he was
amazed at the development of the co-operative system,
n three towns in the West Riding of Yorkshire no less a
um than £1,200,000 had been raised in this manner. If
hat were so, they might look to those building societies
advance much of the capital required. The money was
orrowed in many instances at 3 and 4 per cent, and they
aid their proprietors 6 per cent. Those societies were a
ort of savings bank, and there were great inducements
o deposit capital in them. He thought the system he
lad pointed ont was capable of indefinite extension in
oofitry towns, bnt when they came to deal with London
ho matter was totally altered, and they must consider
he question in entirely another point of view. If they
raiited dwellings in the centre of the metropolis they
lust adopt the mode of constructing in flats whksh would
ccommodate in one block forty or fifty families. Then
une the question, how could they make the ouonpiers of
leee flats the future owners of them ? To that he would
)ply, th« capital might be raised under the Limited
i&biliiy Act From what he knew of working men,
they had great pride in becoming owners of their houses*
It was found, when they wanted to raise funds for pur-
poses of their own, the money came in in a most extraordi-
nary laanner. Large cotton and worsted mills had been
erected upon the co-operative system, and what thev
wanted was to stimulate a similar spirit in London witli
regard to dwelling houses. The houses erected by Miss
Burilett Coutts showed that such buildings could be made
to yield a fair return for the outlay. His own experiments
had been on the whole successful, and he was happy in
the thought that it was not an isolated case ; and when
they came to the next head of the subject, via., '* What
assistance could be given by this Society," he would re*
commend that the fullest information possible should be
obtained of all the experiments actually made, so that
facts should be adduced rather than theories, and the
statements of those facts should be circulated for the be^
nefit of the members.
Mr. BowKBTT strongly advocated the co-operative prin*-
cipltt as a means by which the enormous sums yearly paid
in rents by the working classes of this country could be
converted into capital for the purchase of the houses in
which they lived, by weekly subscriptions within the
means of all classes of the labouring ppulation. He
also explained the working of the buiidmg societies asso-
ciated with his name, which, he said, had been in opera^
tion for more than 25 years with the best results, and
were now rapidly spreading in every part of the country.
Rev. S. Tbnison Mossk (of Dover) said, having seen
the evil effects of crowding of dwellings in his own town,
he made application to Uie government, and succeeded
in obtaining a site of seven acres at the price of £250 per
acre, all expenses included. He then started a society,
under the Limited Liability Act, for raising funds for
building cottages on that site, but owing to various causes
he did not succeed in getting a sufficient number of share-
holders, although he promiMd them 5 per cent, for their
money; for he held it was the commercial ptinoiple
which must be brought before the public in this matter.
Upon the issuing of the prospectus, showing a dividend
of 6 per cent, shares to the amount of only £1,000 were
taken, upon the faith of which, however, he entered into
a contract for six pairs of oottages. By means of loans to
the amount of £3^200 in addition, he succeeded m planting
24 oottages, and had paid off the £1 ,760 to government for
the purchase of tlie land. If the plan suggested by the
chairman, of boirowing public money at SJ per cent., with
a sinking fund of 1^ per cent or higlier, according to the
returns, were followed, he had no doubt within two years
he should be able to plant 100 cottages where there were
now only 24. The rate of interest shonld depend on cir-
cumstances. In London and towns like Dover, where
labourers earned from Ids. to 21b. per week, it would be
abeui-d to place the rate of interest on a par with that in
Wiltshire or Dorsetshire, where the rate of wages was
from 8s. to 12s. per week. If the landed mterest of the
country were to make the labourers comfortable as re-
garded their dwellings, they must come forwaixl for that
purpose in a way they had not yet done. Ho successful
had been the operations in Dover, though only on a limited
scale, that he had been induced to erect cottages else-
where, and had found them profitable. With reference to
the co-operative system which had been advocated, there
was no doubt artisans in towns eammg good wages might
eventually become the owners of the houses, but to ask
even 6d. a week from the agriooliural labourer for such a
purpose, would be asking iiim to do an impossibility, and
tlie m(mied classes must bo satisfied with a lower late of
interest to enable the labouring class to live with comfort
and decency.
Mr. Alderman Watbhlow, upon the question— " What
cottki be done with legisUtion V understood the prindpal
suggefltion to be that the government should be aothonaed
to advanee money for building q[)eenlatioo8, takmg proper
security. He fully agreed in the propriety of sodi a
oourw, and all fhtore operationa in this direetion would
496
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jdkb 10, 1864.
have the advantage of the ezperienoe already arrived at;
but there were two other points he would throw out for
consideration. Those who had had much experience in
the management of property of this kind, in neighbour-
hoods where the labouring classes chiefly dwelt, and
which, in London, were the most expensive parts as regarded
the rates, must have found that the local rates were a
great burden upon this class of property. He thought
the attention of Parliament should be drawn to the
fuestion of furthering the equalisation of the poor rates,
le wished the meeting to consider the bearing^ it would
have on this particular class of property. There had
be«n some dwellings of this kind erected in the Tower
Hamlets and in Shoreditch, in both of which dbtriots
large numbers of the labouring classes lived, consequently
the poor rates were very high. Surely Parliament could
be made to see it was very nnikir that the poor working
man should pay out of his income a much larger propor-
tion of his earnings for rent than the higher classes. The
legislature might at least equalise the poor rates to the
extent of making each town pay one rate throughout its
area. If that were done in the metropolis it would be a
great benefit to the labouring classes, because it would
reduce their rates materially. Another noint was, Par-
liament should be asked to consider whether, with regard
to local rates, the man of limited income was not entitled
to some concession, as was now the case with regard
to government taxes. The local rates had increased very
much during the last 16 years, and the poor rates were
larger in amount than the state taxation. What was the
purpose of local taxation ? It consisted principally of the
poor rate. Of the paving and lighting rates the larger
streets had the chief benefit, while the poorer streets were
badly lighted and ill-paved ; yet the poor man had to pay as
large a per oentage upon his rent for those rates as the
man who lived in the larger streets. He would suggest
that a reduction in the local rating upon tenements
tmder the rent of 6s. per week should be made.
Bev. T. Ptne said, under the general act of Parliament
cottages under £6 a year were only rated one-half.
Mr. Alderman Waterlow believed that act applied to
cottage property in the rural districts only. Ue was
speaking of blocks rated at £160 a year, but if that ex-
oeption were made in the case of separate cottages, he did
not see why it should not be extended to larger properties,
let out in small tenements below the rental of 68. per week.
Mr. Spabkb (of Crewkeme) said he was the owner of a
considerable number of cottages in a country parish, and
his plan was, as existing cottages came into his hands to
put them in thorough repair. He could fully confirm all
that had been said with regard to the rating of cottages
and the exceptions made in country parishes, and under
that system it could not be said that the rates were heavy
on that description of property. He had recently built
two blocks of cottages in the country, and in doing so
looked to other t)enefits than the mere pecuniary return
they yielded.
Mr. S. Redgrave remarked, that the relief suggested
with respect to the local rating would not benefit the poor
man in London who occupied one or two rooms in a large
house, but the benefit would be on the part of the middle-
man. They had discussed at some length the question of
railways running through poor properties, and he thought
thev might fairly ask that where large populations were
dislodged, some provision should be i^uired to be made
for them elsewhere. He thought it would not do for
them to ask Parliament to make any great alterations
in the law of property, but thev might adopt a por-
tion of the suggestions of Mr. &are. Parliament had
never yet lieen called upon to legislate with the view to
the working man owning property of this kind. It was
®P*"^y a new question, and the provision of Mr. Hare*s
11 T?"*** ^*^»^y *PPly *o ^*« They must all feel how
well Mr. Aldeiman Waterlow was acquainted with the
v^ts of the working classes, and how heartily he had
•tnved to meet them. Mr. Akroyd had shown what
could be done by co-operation, and he ahoald regoioo to ms
the system that gentleman had introduced largely «s-
tended over the country.
Mr. H. W. Fbeblamd was anxious to exprea hia c»*
phatic conviction as to what the legislatore could do in
dealing with this question. He thought Mr. Alderoiai
Watenow had hit the right nail on the head io his ii>
marks on the areas of rating. Parliamant alao miflhi do
much towards cheapening the cost of transfer of aouul pro>
perties of this kind. Wnether this should be done oBdff
Lord Westbury's Act or under the Bill propoaed by Me.
Hare, or by a combination of the two, he woald not now
inquire. He had no doubt a great deal might be done kf
the practical suggestions embodied in Mr. Hare'a BilL fi«
would remind me meeting that there waa an Aet io kna
under which the conveyance of property waa Tery modi
simplified — ^that was Lord Brougham's Act — aod if gen-
tlemen would insist upon their solicitors applying tbepn-
visions of that Act iq the transfer of cottage property, ii
might be conveyed at a very small expense. He hti
invariably done so, though the Act itself was not mnoh is
favour with solicitors. The question of rating was a
large and difficult one, and, in his opinion, notlus^ wtii-
factory would result from legislation in this direotioe till
an eiTectual blow was struck at the aystem of dost
parishes. He would call the attention of the meetlns to a
very valuable pamphlet on this subject, written by Mr. 6.
Poulett Scrope in 1849, and perhaps they would allow tsB
shortly to quote what that gentleman said on the solmei
The principle laid down by Mr. Scrope was the estakM-
ment of a common rate in every union for the relief of ia
poor, in the place of separate parochial tmtes, and be
stated — " This change is imperatively needed to pot sa
end to the motive which now so strongly and geoeraSy
induces the owners of * close ' parishes, and the priaeiptl
ratepayers of all parishes, to discounge in owery posBble
way the residence of poor peivons, or of sodi as may by
possibility become poor, within the limits of ^eirpartiealBr
parishes — ^by pulling down or leaving to decay rxislint
nouses — by preventing the erection of new ones — by settim
their faces against those who ma^ endeavour to sopply the
demand of an increasing populatton for hoose-rocHn. Tfas
object of course is to avoid the burden of maintainioff the
poor out of the parish rates— even the Ubonrers who have
worked all their lives perhaps in the psribh, when thioogk
sickness or old age they may become chai|{eafale oo the
place of their residence*. The extent to which tlui veiy
disgraceful tmt yet very universal motive is in active and
constant operation through the length and breadth of ths
land (but of course in successful operation only in sacb
parishes as are in the absolute power of one, or a very f«v
individuals, who are consequently able to regnlate te
number of houses they may choose to permit the ex-
istence of within their limits) is perhaps little knowa.*
It was in this direction he looked for the remedy of tlie
main evils of the present system of close parishes vitk
regard to the providing of cottage accommodation. The
writer went on to state : — *' The poor, by this conCriTaoce,
are, to a great extent, compelled to support the poor,
while the wealthy escape even their fair share of tazatioD
to this object. Instances of this abuse are probably mvka
every one's knowledge. In the metropolis, for exaai^
the[parishes of East and West London, and Bethnalgieea,
inhabited chiefly by the middle and poorer clacses, psy a
poor-rate, the former of from 3s. 2id. to la. 8d. in the
pound, annually ; the latter of 28. 4d. ; while thep«rifliie<
of St. JameH's, VVestminster, and 8t. Oeorge*s, Hanorer-
square, being chiefly inhabited by the wealthy dsMei,
pay only, the first Is., the latter but 7}d. in the pound;
that is about one-fourth only of the rate imposed oa the
struggling weaveia and shopkeepers of the first-metitioead
districts of the same city. In the Tamworth Union, the
town of Tamworth pays 5s. 6d., while two adjoiaiqg
parishes pay only 1^, and one only Id. in the poond !
In the Frome Union, five parishes pay severally abe^ &
in the pound, while five others pi^ lets than
JOURNAL OF THS SOOIETT OF ABTS, Jura 10, 1864.
497
only id. I In the Thingoe Unioii one ptririi aotnally ytyn
ISe. lOd. in the pound, while aizpariihes pay leei than one
■hilling ! " BCaay petitiooi ftom perishet, prmyioff for the
redreiB of thii ciying grievenoe, were mentioned by Mr.
Serope. He woold quote one only ftom the pempUet in
whkh the cMue of thio iqjnitioe complained of waa dearly
pointed out A petitioh, preaented by Mr. Henley, from the
paridi of WatUngton, in Qzfordahire» atated— that " the
mtea for the relief of the poor in that pariih, in each
of the laat two yean, amounted to 10a. m the pomid,"
while '*the adjoining pariih of Britwell Prior had been
ohaiged with no rate whaterer, and other pariahea had
paid very trifling raiea." The paitiea dedaied that this in-
eqoaliiy aroae from **the paruh of Watlinoton being inr-
nNmded by a nomber of email elo$e parinea, whi<£ are
defloient in eottage aooommodation, ana of whoie labooring
poor many leride in the town of Watlington.'* Hehadriien
for the porpoae of aaying that he thought that the legida-
tore might, by aome anon proviaiona aa thoae embodied in
Mr. Hare'a Bill ibr oheapemng conveyanoea,andby atrUdng
a blow at the ayitem or doae pariahea, do a great deal of
good in thia queation, and more than could be done hi
any other way. Upon the aubjeot of exemption from
imnng he did not approre of that principle in the abafaract,
bat m thia caae they had such enormous dUBoultiea to
contend with, that he thought the^ might be Justified in
addnff that in the caae of new dwellings of this class they
ahoold be exempted from poor rates wr a limited period.
After a few words from Mr. MoaniiEB, farther pointing
out the eflbota upon property of the preaent syvtem of
parochial mting,
Mr. Habiold remarked that there wu fear of the
q^atem of pobUo loana being aboaed. Where a society
waa formed to erect cottages, or where a gentleman
wished to better ftnniah his estate with cottages, it would
be a manifest advantage to appropriate a portion of the
public fund to that purpoae ; but all through the country
there were speculative builders, who erected rows of
houaas, whien, although they were an improvement
upon the preaent wretched dwellings, were not built
upon proper sanitary prindples. They made their
apeouUtion pay, but they did not build for real perma-
nenee. It would therefore be requisite that the plans
ahould be submitted to a proper officer before the money
waa advanced.
The Ohaibmav then read the following resolution, as
embodying the views of the meeting : —
** BetoUed— That the knaktore can promote the erection of
proper and iiilBcieDt dwemngs for the laboariog cUiiei : —
**1. By loans at low tatei of interest, repayable within a
Bmited time and under proper seenrity and eonditionf. for
bttflding dwetttoM and eottagtt vpoo tlie p reee d cnt of the
DwelUogi of Labooring Olasiet Ireland Act, 18<K) (28 Tie., c.
19y, nd other similaT aets of the legidatuie.
**t.3f assiMJIariag the law of this eoantiy with that of
Ireland and Reollind (Tenue and Improvement of Lnd,
Iieland Aet, 1860, 23 and 24 Vic e. 153, Aet for FaoiUtating
the BoUding of Labonren' Cottages, 1860), in airing fadlities
for obtaining ad?anees on the tecnrity of lettlea estates.
** 8. Bv tntowing npon public companies reqniring bontes
inhabitca by the laboiuing classes, for their own eommercial
poiposes, the obligation of erecting an equal number to those
oestioyed.
** 4. By improveoMnt of the Lodglng-honse Aet, as regards
aiofisioB for sanitary purposes, and giving gr e atsr power to
inapectuig offieers.
** 6. By giring facilities to owners of proper ty , under die.
ab il i ties (toek as tenants for life, minors, Ac), for eooTeying
rites for building cottages upon the principle of the Mont-
gomery Act in Scotland (10 Geo. III., c. 31) and the Tenure
and Improf ement of Land in Ireland (23 and 24 Yic, c 153).
** 0. By cheapeniog the cost of title and transfer of property,
80 far ai affects cottage property.
** 7. By enabling cottage property and labonrers' booses in
towns, and the sites of svch property, to be registered nnder
local authorities ts personal property, transferable as to local
leoistry alone, in the same manner aa gofemment stocks ssd
aaUway shares.
" 8* Bj abolishing the law of settlement, and eztendiag the
present Uadted area of assessment for local taxatkio, so aa to
eqoalise the payments of all classes.'*
Dr. Odbon supported partial exemption from rating aa
a bonus for the erection of dweUlnga for the poor. It
waa, he aaid, a principle already recogniaed by Fauiamont,
and might properly be extended to thia description of
property.
Mr. S. BBDonavx atill thought the benefit would be
derived by other parties than thoae for whom it waa
intended.
Mr. Akbotd objected to govenmient loana for buildbg
oottagea, and contended that the objecta could be better
effected by the co-operation of the working rlisnna them-
aelvea.
Dr. Havoook remarked that as the ereotuNi of oottagea
must be admitted to be an improvement to an eatate, he
aaw no otjeotien to the extenrion of the jninciple whksh
was recognised in the oase of drainage, Ao.
The CHiranAM added that in both cases the object waa
the improvement of an estate, and the ultimate benefit of
the community at large. The principle a{^peared to him
to be ideotioal.
Mr. Akbotd individually protested against the portion
of the resolution which had reference to pobUo loans.
The reaolution waa then agreed to.
It waa further reaolved —
<*That the OoancH of the Society be regaested to take steps
for giving eflfoct to the reeommendatioBs or this Oonfsrsnee.**
Mr. Alderman Watxblow, upon the proposition, via.,
*< What assistance, if any, can the Sode^ give in either
of the proposed direcUons," said the Sodety had done a
great deal, and might do atill more, to forward the objecta
they had discussed. In the first place, he suggested that
they should form a permanent committee of a few mem*
bers of their own bodv, for the purpose of receiviog com-
munications that might be forwarded to them, and taking
any steps that might be thouff ht necessary. Another way in
which they might forward the object would be by taldng
steps to procure the best form of artidea of association for
the general adoption of sodeiies formed for building these
dwelling. Another ooint he thought was for the Society
to contmue the lauoable object of offering prizea for
designs for cottages, inasmuch as he had heard with regret
that, numerous as were the derigns sent in for competition
for Mr. Bailey Denton's prixe, yet there was a lack of anch
dcaigna as were wanted.
Uoon the motion of Mr. Akbotd, a vote of thanka to
the Chairman for the able and coorteoua manner in whidi
he had presided over the proceedings of the Conferenoe
was passed by acclamation, and the meeting adjourned.
Mr. JoHH Waltbb, M.P., writoa to the Secretary as
follows : — ** As I expect to be enga^^ed on Parliamentary
Committeea on both the days appomted for the Gkmfer-
enoe, I remt that it will not be in my power to attend
it; but I ventme to trouble you with a few remarka,
embodying the substance of what I should probably have
said had I been able to be present on that ocoaaion. 1.
There can be no doubt as to the fact that the accommo-
dation for the labooriog classes, both in town and country,
is inadequate both in amount and in quality. To what
extent, however, this is the caae is a queation almoat im-
possible to solve. 2. The effects of such a deficiency of
aooommodation cannot but be mjurioua both to health and
to morals. This proposition, however, admits of many
exceptions. A baa cottage doea not necessarily imolv
sickxiess and vice, any more than a good one implies heslth
and virtue. I have seen many caaes which prove the
contrary. The proporition is only true io a general way.
8. Of the various causes to which these evUs have been
attributed, the difficulty of providing proper dwdUnga at
a remunerative rate is, in my opinion, the only one of
any aerious importance. Undoubtedly* I think that the
law of settlement, taken in connexion with the limited
area of rating for]the relief of the poor, baa operated,
and probably does still operate, as a hindrance to the
498
JOUENAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Juki 10, 1864:.
ereotkm of new cottages, and u a premhim on the de-
Btraction of old ones. In any case, I think that the law
should be altered, and that the area of rating should be
made co-extensive with the area of management. A
man's settlemeot would then be more likely to become
what it was obviously intended to be— iudnstrial, instead
of residential — and he would be entitled to rating, if
necessary, in the district in which he had bestowed his
labour, instead of in the parish in which he had merely
resided. 3. I don't believe that the limited tenure of
property, such as generally prevails thronghout the coun-
try, has much to do with the matter. A tenant for life,
with plenty of money in his pocket, is more likely to
buUd ootlj^es tban a tenant entail or in fee simple with-
out it. While on this branch of the subject, I may ob-
serve that the worst cottages, beyond comparison, that I
have ever met with, are those which have been built by
labourers themselves npon smaU freehold plots of ground
originally stolen off the edge of a common. Any one
who will examine the cottages situated in such localities,
may convmce himself of &e truth of this observation.
On the other hand, the best cottages are those which are
built by gentlemen for their own tenants and labourers ;
but these are not remunerative in a pecuniary point of
view, nor do I know how they are to be made so. 4.
With regard to the remedies. I am of opinion that
nothing of a compulsory nature can or ought to be done
by legislatton. The only way in which the legislature
could interfere appears to me to be:— (a). By lending
money to landlords who may be desirous of building new
cottages for their labourers, upon the same principle as is
now done with loans for drainage, and by enabling them
to charge their estates for that purpose. (&). By exempt-
ing all cottages below a certain value fVom assessment to
poor (rates. I believe that the Society of Arts cannot
render the sUghtest assistance in the matter ; and that all
premiums, prizes, plans, and medals which it may offer
for the purpose, are mere moonshine.'*
Mr. Habbt Matmard, in a letter to the Secretary,
says : — ** It is understood that the average rate realised on
first mortgages on land throughout the country is 4
per cent, per annum. 1 suggest that a large institution
may be formed upon this baas, which would, at least, in-
volve no sacrifice on the part of its supporters. This in-
stitution vrould borrow money at this rate of interest, and,
after laying it out in cottages, would receive returns
enabling it to pay demands with the same reguluity as
the ^blic ftmoB. No fhrther aid or assistance would be
required from the government after securing this object.
That a margin of 1 per cent, per annum is sufiBcient for
all expenses, I conceive to be shown by the present exist-
ence in the City of London of more than one company
who accept funds for investment in our colonies on the
same terms. There is one whose operations are in Canada,
where there is £250,000 invested in land mortgages, thus
earning £2,600 per annum with no occasion for any capital
at all beyond what may be required to supply the arrears
of interest due bv their colonial constituents at the period
of payment of their dividends in London. The method
of appropriation of such funds I would leave to others, as
wall as the rules bv which the property of the institution
should be ffovemed. I imagine that every county or con-
siderable city might have its branch, and that supporters
would be fbtind in every one. Cultivators of land and pro-
prietors would gladly contract to pay 5 per cent, per
annum for a stipulated outlay in cottages, according to
their wants, and if the institution confined itself to this
branch only in the first instance, very great good might be
effected."
HiOTiHos Meohahios' Institutxon.— The 81st annual
report, presented at the annual meeting, held May 4th,
1864, says that the classes, during the last year, hare
achieved a greater success than for several yean past;
and five classes ai« bow continuing their studies, namely,
first French class, second French class, arithmetir., draw-
ing, and writiDg. In order to stimulate exertion in tiiii
department of the Institution, the committee have ollned
prices for proficiency. The income for the yen wn
£185 I8s. 7d., and the expenditure £141 4s. 7a. Ths
balance of £44 14s. shows the exact financial state of the
Institution, there being no outstanding debts. The
society does not depend on any extraneous efiRvte for m
existence, for in the ordinary working of the Institatka
for the past year there was a saving of £18 2s. &L
Fourteen lectures were delivered during the past swikni,
among which maybe mentioned one by G. Dawaoo, Esq.,
M. A., on *' Wellington and Napoleon ;" one by F. Korm,
Esq., M.P., on "KiverB and Mountains;" one by T.
Brassey, Esq., jun., on " Algiers;** one by 8. Sharpe,
Esq., ''Mythology of Ancient Egypt;'* and one by Dr.
Hunt, " The Theories of Man*s Origin." The leoeipti
fVom the lectures were £17 9s., and the outlay
£11 19s. 4d.; thus showing, that instead of a lost,
as in past vears, the lectures have been a souroe of
revenue to the amount of £5 9s. 8d. 138 voliunes hate
been added to the library during Uie year, and S.OSS
vols, have been in circulation amongst the memben.
The present number of memben is 320. In oondodias
their report, the committee congratulate the memben oa
the healthy life of the Institution.
Nkwbubt LrrEBiBY I hs titdtiow. — ^The twenty-fint
annual report notices the continued proi^>erity of the la-
stitution, the present number of membos b^og 316, in
excesB of 23 over those of the preceding year. The
numbers of memben has been steadily irKreaaiDg for yean
past. The library has been replenished during the psst
year with many valuable works. The lectures have beta
particularly attractive and interesting, and the atteodaneo
has been larger than during any previous year. Pr o f eattc
Pepper's Ghost Lecture, at the C!om Exchange, was at-
tenided by no less than 1,600 persons, and the exertions
of the committee were rewarded by a net surpliia of
£29 Ids. 9d., which has been appropriated in radnotkii of
the building debt. The reading rooms have become an
important branch of the Institu^on, and are supported by
140 memben, chiefly composed of the younger rJass, who
frequent the rooms in the evening, and reoeate thek
minds by the reading of periodicals and papen, and the
stndv of literature. The present available bilanoe ia
hand, against the mortgage debt of £600, is £62 16e. lid.
The statement of account shows that after the payment of
all expenses there remains a balance of £5 13a. lOd. m
the hands of the treasurer, the receipts havins beta
£277 4s. 5d. r «h5
SiLfSBUBT LmiUBT AXD SoiomFlo LnrnTunoBU—
The last aimual report says that the number of memben ii
still increasing— the average having been 284 for the yesr.
The attendarice in the reading-room has oonsiderah^ in-
creased, the lectures have been well attended, and the
number of volumes israed from the library during the
year has increased to 3,552. The library has been stUl
further increased by the addition of 30 new books, and
now contains nearly 1,600 volumes. Among the leetov
delivered during the vear were one by the Ber. Preben-
daiy Fane, on ** Wellington, and his Campaigns ;" obs
by Henry Fawcett, Esq., on " The effects of the receal
Gold Discoveries;" one by the Rev. T. D. C. Hone, oo
" The Life and Times of (Xrdinal Wols^ ;" and one by
Mr. B. Waterhouse Hawkins, on *< The QoriUa and otiwr
Monkeys compared and contrasted with Man.** In ths
finance department there is a slight deficiency, there b^g
a balance of £15 against the Institution on the year. Tha
has been incurred by several extraordinary items of ex-
penditure. A magnificent microscope, presented to ths
Institution by some of its fiiends, ii now at the service o<
the memben ; and arrangements wiU be made whsivlij it
shall be available to them, either at the InstitotiQn er at
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Juot lO, 1864.
^9i
their own homefl. The Institution is now self-sapporting,
and only needs the sympathy and cooperation of its mem-
ben to ensore its permanent prosperity.
Weloh-Pool RBAonra S<>onTT.— The report for last
year says that a house has been taken in New-street, for
twelve months, which will prove, it is hoped, &r more
convenient to the general body of the subscribers than the
unsuitable premises lately occupied. The committee have
also been able to secure the services of a resident sub-
librarian. It has been suggested to the committee that
it would greatly increase the usefulness of the society, and
possibly i^d to its numbers, if they were to subscribe to a
Ixmdon lending library, so as to obtain a constant supply
of ftesh books. This must depend upon an increase in
the subscriptions. The financial statement shows that
the expenditure has been £58 17s. 4d., and that there is
a balance due to the treasurer of £4 128. lOd.
GOLD MINING IN VICTORIA.
. Bt Mb. Philip A. Eagle.
[Ccniiitu$d from page 484.]
QUARTZ MINING.
Chip. III.
NuifBBB OF Reefs DisoovKBED— Abba of DuraiBimoN —
Impbovements in Cbdshing — Geoloot of Gold-bbab-
iNo RooK»— Pbaotioal Remabks on Quabtz Veins and
Depth of Lodes — Statibtiob.
Great as have been the profits realised (torn alluvial
mining, these have been surpassed by the working of the
quarts veins of the colony.
The importance of this latter branch of industry it is
diflScult to overrate, whether regarded as giving a perma-
nent character to gold-mining enterprise, making it a
staple pursuit, or as the source whence the chief supply
of the precious metal must ultimately be derived.
In traversing the up-country districts one cannot avoid
being struck with Uie attention and labour now S3rstemati-
cally bestowed on quartz mining by both large and small
companies. It appears that there are upwa^ of 1,800
distinct veins of quartz laid down on the mining maps ;
and, simultaneously with the progress of the " prospector ,**
improvements in the mode of extracting the precious
metal have taken place. The lowest charge tor crushing
is about ten shillings per ton, but quartz, containing eight
thillitiffi worth of ^old per Um^ ia made to 3rield 24 per
cent, upon a considerable capital by the reduction of a
large quantity of stone per week. At Ballarat, with
improved machinery and plenty of water, this is a profit-
able investment ; and the poorer quartz is now being
generally experimented upon, while five or six years back
quartz could not be reduced at a profit if it contained
leeB than one or two ounces of gold per ton.
The immense importance of the recent improvements
in qnartz^^rushing will be understood, when it is stated
that while reefo yielding from two ounces and upwards to
the ton are not uncommon, those averaging from a
quarter to one ounoe per ton are found to intersect three-
fourths of the total mining area. A reference to the
map of the colony will furnish the best illustration. By
drawing a line from Anderson's Creek (the first gold field
opened) to the mountainous ranges of Gipps Land ; thence
in a northerly direction as far as the Beeohworth (Ovens)
diTision, which also includes Chiltem, the Buckland, and
Wahgunyah ; then taking a weaterly course, traversing
the Waranga, Mac Ivor, Bendigo, Inglewood, and Tama-
§olla fields, penetrating the Upper Pyrenees and Wimmera
iatrict as far as the slopes of Mount William, and re-
tnrning along the south-western fields of Ararat,
Ballarat, and Steiglitz, to within a few miles of Geelong,
the reader will perceive the extent of country over which
quarts veins are proved to exist.
The science of geology divides the vast length of time
firom " the beginning " into three periods :— the Primary,
Secondary, and Tertiary. During the first of these we
have the volcanic rocks, the slates, sandstone, coal and
limestone formations, over which, during the latter period,
the clay marl and sand have been deposited.
It is in the primary or lower paloeozoio rocks,* that the
quartz veins occur. These rooks (slate and sandstone) have
been formed by the action of water, and when in their
original position were from 8000 to 6000 feet in thickness,
but by the upheaval of the granitic rocks, they have been
thrown upon edge, the disturbance causing nnmeroua
fissures in them, which have sinoe been filled with s&ka;
how, has not yet been satisfactorily determined. To form-
any adequate idea of these operations, the mind musk
discard all notions of time ; ages must be regarded as
minutes, and cycles as years. Frequently wli^le rivecs
have been covered in, and form what are known in allavial
minmg as wet leads.
The quartz veins invariably assume a tnie meridional
directionf and are inclined either east or west, varying in
their * dip ' from horizontal to nearly vertical.
Unlike the weU-estaUished characteristics of inferior
metals (from a knowledge of the elimination of which
much of the present theory and prsotice of working qoarte
veins doubtless have been deri^), the elements which
should enter into some preliminaiy calculation in these
ventures are often difficult of invest^;atk>n, though when
once fairly determined, there are perhaps few midertak«
ings which are more remunerative in eharaoter than a
well-won quartz lode.
The indications of auriferous stone in the Victorian
mines, in some cases resemble those which are foond to
exist in the copper mines of England. Masses of quartz,
having frequently a burnt appearanoe, with iron oxkie, lie
along the Ime of reef, formmg beneath the sur&oe what
is called a * flucan ' or lava streak. Thus, * cropping out '
on the surface, gold-bearing stone is sometimes dnectly
traceable, but more commonly the lode is connected at a
greater or lesser depth, by a spur or ' leader.'
Sometimes a vem of auriferous quarts, when followed
down from the sur&ce, in seeking for a reef, will for a
considerable distance lose all trace of golden stone, until
(as in the case of the Maryborough " Mariners ") the
main reef is reached, perhaps at a depth of 800 or 400
feet ; and it is in such cases that the confidence and pluck
of the miner are most severely challenged.
At other times a succession of leaders will be found,
each containing gold, and carrying to the reef.
Occasionally surface seams are disclosed which contain
the richest stone, thus compensating for their deficiency
of width, but generally they lose all value after being
tried to some depth when unoonnected with a proper lode.
Many of the reefii have been discovered in alluvial work-
ings, both in sinking and in tunnelling, not unfreqnently
forming the bed-rooL of a shaft ; but it is invariably found
that those which are opened and followed down from the
surface yield the most satisfactory results.
A number of the principal reefs consist of a succession
of blocks of quartz, separated 1^ masses of sandstone and
slate. These blocks or ** makings," as th^ are termed,
are found of various thicknesses, and extend to an un-
• Mr. B. B. Smyth (the seeittary for mmes) says: '* Tbsss
older rocks, with the mineral wbs which they contain, have
been snbject to extensive denudation. A considerable vertieal
height bas been groand down through the Ispee of ages, and
tgain deposited in beds of greater or lesser thiokneas in Uie
■Sjaoent valleyi. Modem cbangei, sacb as take pUce dady,
owuff to the action of the weather, are continnaUy tending to
Uie depotit of auriferoai tandt and dtys In tbe beds of the
guUif and small waterconrset." . * ^
t An ezoeption to tbe general form of depontion exMts at
Wood's point, the eeat of the Ute discoveries on tbe Upper
Qonlbonm. There the gold it found hi veint mnniog east and
west. This is also the caee to tome extent at Rnsh worth and
Waranga, where the directioa of tbe rocks is a few degrees
north or south of east.
JOUBNAL OP THE SOOIETT OP ABT8, Jtn 10, 1864-
iioertoliMd drath. Other retft, agalD, are fimned of ad
vohrokeo body of quarts, workable throaghont. The
width of the leef will vary ooDsiderably, a paying lode
■ometimea leaddng to thirty, and even aa wide as fifty
feet, at other timea narrowing to a mere throad ; while it
will alao oooaaionally happen that after oonrfderaUe
working the lode will be loat for aereral feet, or it may
gnlit np into leadara and be again recorered.
^A mimbflr of the reefii now working were fint "laid
r" in the early daya of alluvial minias, where
iorftne groond led to a few feet of rofible and
•* eaabg" bemg bvokeo up, whm in defknlt of the pre-
MOMoT payaUo g^, added to the digger'a ignoranoe of
iSbfb theoiy of gdid deporita, theae daima were abandoned
to be aftarwaida de^oped into mfaiea of almoat inez-
hMitiUe wealth. It not unfteqoently happena that when
ttM upper portkio or "oap" of the reel; which ia often
Tefyn^, ia worked oat, the daim is doMTted, either fhMn
Ha a np poaed ezhanatloo. or from an micertaintyof the lode.
The diAoolty of properly tradng oat a loat lode haa
often led to the annender of Talaable groond, and thii
perfaapa haa been ezperienoed more eapedally in leaden
whiofa, after being carried down soooMafhlly to variooi
depte, have failed, and wereaoppoaed to have ran oot ;
wteraaa, with a better knowledge of working qoarU yefos,
in all likelihood a reooyeiy of itone at a neater or leawr
deptti would in aaoh caaea be made, perhapa equally aa
Talnafale aa at the upper part or o^
With regard to the permanent prodaotiTeneaa of gold-
bearing lodea, it may be stated that at the Maryboro',
Sandy Oreek, ttod Inglewood mines (the two latter laige
and importut reefing diatriota) it ia nmnd that after we
<• i^per lode" has been penetrated, and a permanent yein
eained down, the stone oontinaes to improve in qoalii^
aa the reef ia developed ; and where this increase fails, it
still geneiallv sostuns the average of previoos yields.
And although thia experience is not likely to prove the
rale thronghoQt the oolooy, it haa safficiently eatablished
its importanoe to override the osoally admitted theoiy of
gold-bearing rodka, and is equally opposed to the dicta of
oar moat eminent geologlaCa, who have prophesied the
ihauatfcin of **gOKl d^oaits" and "auriferioos veins*'
at great depths. It may be that a mi^ty of the
Vkiorian rerai will betray aigna of ezhanstkm at increashig
daptha, bat certainly all previous experience goes fkr to
negative this suppontion, and, looking at the very favour-
able reaulta which have been won at 500 fbet, there is no
anbstantial reaaon why the veins should not prove equally
productive at 5,000 feet, or at even a greater depth.
When, a few years back, little or no knowledge had
bean obtoined in conneoUoo with reefing, and opera-
tkNM wero greatly fanpeded by the absence of suitable
maohineiy, tne properues of quarts veins were compara-
tively a tmra weofiuta to the gold miner, the theoiy of
exhaustion below a certain depth* being then generally
entertained; in fact, there are numerous instances on
record, to go no fhrther back than 1857, where rich and
palpably gold-beaiiog lodes were thrown up as being
<*wt)rked out" But the labours of the present day
strongly refutes the doctrine of the poverty of the lower
strata, and it muat be admitted that to those interested in
the solution of the question recent disclosures offer eveiy
enooangement to deep mining.
It may be mentioned that 100 tons of stone, taken at
a depth of 550 fbet from one of the earliest wrought
shafts in the colony, lately produced 548 ounces of gold,
or at the rate of 5| ounces to the ton. At Tarna^illa,
at a depth of 450 feet, the main reef it is yielding five
ounces to the ton ; at Bendigo, at 500 feet, is yielding
four ounces to the ton ; and at 400 feet auriferous stone
haa been obtained from Poverty Reef wliloh produced as
much ss 40 ounces to the ton. At the Albion Oompany'k
ffround at Steiglite, the yield has steadily increased from
four ounces to the ton at 200 feet, to seven ounces to the ton
* ^
*Xhe water leveL
at 400 feet, << the stone in the bottom of the leveH new
being worked appearing richer than any hiOMfftoowabed."
This testimony could be supplemented by slatistiea frem
other districts, including the woridog coHipaiiy at the
Clones, at Adelong, Inglewood, and the St. JobndelBey
Company, Biaeil, all contributing to show ^bat theez^
haivtkm of our gold mines ia a oonthigen^ too ^
fbr preaent apeculatkm.
'^ {TbbeeoiUmma.)
♦
Flax axd Bafb.— The growing orouof flsuL aroweU
spoken of both in this countiy and mHollaDd. The report
IS to the growing rape crop still oontiimea an&Yoatabls.
Iboh, MAOHnrx, ahd ENOonsB Tooil Tradb.—
Nearly all the iron works in the neighboorfaood of Leedi
continue to be dosed, with no inunedttte pfospeot of t
settlement of the dispute between the master and tbs
men. The new maohinea fbr puddling iron are epgagiag
much attention, those now to woric being well spoken oL
The madiine makers continue to be very bu^, as do aho
the makers of eofftoeers* tools. The torn-oat in the iroa
trade has not hitherto affected these trades, nor is i
probable that it will do so to any material extent, at s21
events not immediately. Makers of looontiotiveB aal
railway planta are full of woik.
Nbw TxLBGaAFB BiGDma. — In most telegnph legb-
ters the style or steel pen is so attached to the pMHi lever
as to be immoveable laterally ; and to order to write opoe
the paper to as many Itoes as practicable, the paper haato
be moved laterally, and the worktog sur&oe or the roQn
has to be of a length almost equal to twice the widdi ^
the paper. As one of the rollers is pressed upon tha psM
by means of springs bearing on eac^ end oC the louer.
every time the paper is mov^ laterally theae aprioga lasn
to be re-adjusted, else the pressure of the roller will be
greater on one end of the paper than on the other» caini^
it to run untrue to ita passage between the voUen. Mr.
Robert Henntog, of Ottawa, has tovented an azimnge-
ment, the mato object of whidi is to obriate the neces-
sity of movtog the paper laterally, and thereby obviate the
above difficulty ; and it consists to the arransement of (he
style or pen to a holder, which is moveable in a direotisi
pmUel with the length of the rollers, by whldtt mesa
also the machtoe is enabled to be made much nanower,
requiring less ptoion wire for its constroction, and fba
clock tiato is made to run more truly by reaaon of the
axles betog shorter. This moveable pen neoessitatei the
provlrion of several grooves to the roller agalnat wlu:k
the pen operates, instead of only one groove, aa m t^
rollers of the rcw^ters heretofore cooskncied, the mi
grooves corresponding to number and in distsDoe i|art
with the Itoes of writtog desired to be made on the
paper; and the tovention fhrther consists in a oertais
mode of combintog the moveable pen-holder with the peo-
lever, and adjnsttog it relatively with the several groom
of the roller, wheraby the pen is enabled to be broii^
exactly opposite to the grooves, and the lines of writuy
on the paper are always made at equal dtatanoes apart,
so that a greater numbor of Itoes are enabled to be msie
upon the paper, and the paper thereby fconomtsed.
WiMB. — ^London is, undoubtedly, the great oentn U
the wtoe trade, for in L<Kidon at least twothlids of thi
wtoe consumed in the ktogdom is cleared from tbf
Custom-house. From the Customs lists, and retuni Ax
1863, it appears there were, to 1868, 2.686 difitfcfrt
houses to Ixxndon paytog duty on their own wine, a&l
the quantity cleared by them was 6,267,591 e$ikm
Bat of this number thero were only 76 houses who ps^^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jonb 10, 1864.
501
OQ more than 20,000 galloDS each, the total qoaDtity paid
by them being 3,497,186 gallons, or on the average 46,016
gallooa each. There were869 houses who paid on quantities
over 2,000 gallons and under 20,000, the total paid by
them being 2,296,972 gallons, or on the average 6,224
galloDs to each. The houses who paid on less than 2,000
gallons were 2191 in number, and the total quantity
cleared by them was 478,433 gallons, or on the average
only 216 gallons to each house.
tfAlOltUS*
Salmon in Tasicania. — The salmon ova sent from this
ooantry by the Norfolk have arrived safely at Melbourne,
and have been transmitted to Tasmania, where they are
showing signs of life in the breeding ponds of the river
Plenty.
OsTBioB Fahmino. — ^At the Swellendam Affricnltural
Show, (Gape of Qood Hope), Mr. van Dvk said that he
had many ostriches running on his place ; ne had formerly
got £1 for them each year, but now he got from £10 to
£15 sterling. He considered that every tame ostrich was
worth £20 sterling a year.
New Zcaland. — The quantity of provisions and sup-
plies of all kinds sent fh)m Auckland for the army is so
great that the necessaries of life have become exceedingly
dear, while the increase of population augments the rents
of every tenement. Pleuro-pneumonia is said to have
made its appearance among the cattle, and bids fair to
pat a stop to their importation, and this will of course
ffreatly increase the price of one of the staples of food.
It having been resolved that the land of all the natives
who have taken up arms against the local government, as
well as those who have adhered to and assisted such
persons, shall be confiscated and sold to pay the expenses
of the war, it became necessary to import purchasers for
this land and to provide for its being occupied by
Ekiropeans. This is the central idea of the general
government scheme of immigration, for canying it
into operation, and the sum of £300,000 was voted.
Auckland's share of that vote is £150,000 ; a part of this
has already been expended, and the colonial treasurer, it
is understood, has been authorised to expend the remainder
by forwarding emigrants from England. Taking the
average cost of passage as something less than £10 per head,
20,000 persons may thus be added within a year to the
population of the colony, an addition equal to two- thirds
of its present amount. The kind of population usually
brought to a colony by public funds is a pauper population
without capitil, and the consequence of this large immi*
ffration seems likely still further to increase the price of
fond. The competition they produce must also reduce
the wages of labour, and tradesmen and labourers who
are already settled in Auckland seem likely to suffer.
Some of them will, no doubt, be sent to the Waikato,
where they are to be located, and can be employed upon
the public works, for which £900,000 has been voted ; but
still these must be fed, and the war is now making a de-
sert of that distrkst.
Navigation of th« Waikato. — The war in New
Zealand is beginning to excite boat-building on the
Waikato, but the attempt to navigate it will be a task of
no small difficulty, as it is a new river to ascend, whose
bottom is in many parts a complete chevauz-de /rise of
anags. This river being the only outlet for the drainage
of a large tract of country, is subjected to great changes
in the volumes of waer that rolls along its channel. A
continuance of wet weather raises, by many feet, the level
of the river, and thus enables the navigator to pass safely
over dangers which a few weeks of drought will again
place in his track. Again, the rapid current is a great
ing^redient of danger, combined, as it often is, with great
Rintiosity. Where the current runs rapidly in the middle,
still water, or even an upward cturent, will be met with
at the sides. It is, therefore, very difficult to make a
boat ascending the river answer her helm. When a boat
has to round a sudden bend of the river, it will genemlly
happen that her head or her stem is in the still water, or
even the eddy at the sides, while the other part of her is
exposed to the full force of the stream. Hence the rudder
loses much of its effectiveness. In order to facQitate the
passing of sharp turns in steamboats, a small paddle-wheel
is placed transversely, at the bow of the boat This
paddle-wheel is connected with the engine by gearing, so
that it can be worked either one way or the other, or not
worked at all, as the case may require. A few turns of
this wheel will change the direction of the boat's head,
though her rudder may be quite powerless, and she is
thus prevented from being at tbe mercy of the current.
When this wheel is not in action, the blades lying parallel
to the direction of the boat oppose little resistance to the
action of the water. This steering apparatus is not in-
tended to supersede the rudder for ordinary purposes, but
only to be used when sharper turns than usual make some
more effective means of steering requisite.
A Desobiftion or certain iMffTANTANBons Dbt Col-
lodion Pbooessbs, by Thomas Sutton, B.A. {Sampson
Low), The object of the treatise is to show how a
good dry plate may be prepared as sensitive as a wet one,
? reserving its good qualities on a toiur for several weeks.
'!hQ author gives minute directions for the preparation of
the dry plates by what is commonly known as the
tannin process of Kajor Russell, pointing out the niecial
practical points in it necessary to be attended to, and how
to remedy failures when they occur. He also describes
Mveral methods of manipulating what are known as tbe
Fothergill and Gum processes.
|l0te8.
National Gallbbt. — The House of Commons, on
Monday evening, refused to sanction the proposition for
the removal of the National Gallery to Burlington House
by a majority of 52 against the Government.
National Gallbbt, Doblix. — By a parliamentaiy re-
turn just issued it appears that the total cost of the
National Gallery, Dublin, up to the present time, in-
cluding all charges, is £26,738 19s. 8d. The gallery
was opened to the public on the 1st of February, but the
interior of that portion of the building originally intended
to contain Archbishop Marsh's library requires to be com-
pleted BO far as regards the plastering, staircase, and
bookstalls, for which no estimate can be made until it has
been decided to what purpose this part of the building
shall be applied* The plans, specifications, &c., required
for all worKs connected with the gallery and library, were
prepared at South Kensington by Captain Fowke, in ac-
cordance with instructions from the Department of Science
and Art, and no payments have been made by the build-
ing trustees for the services so performed by him. The
cost incurred by draughtsmen, and paid to the secretary
of tbe department, amounted to £520.
Gbanitb fob tbb Thames Eiibakkment. — The con-
tracts for the undertaking are in the course of being let.
The stone to be principally employed ia granite, and the
contract for the supply of granite for the fii«t section has
been secured, under the government contractor, Mr.
Fumess, by the lessees of the granite quarries of Kiik-
connoll and of Old Lands, on the Urr, belongigg respec-
tively to Mr. WhiUm, of Kirkconnell, and Mr. Maxwell,
of Munches. The first section of the embankment
extends from Westminster to Waterloo-bridge, and the
quantity of stone will be very great.
602
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Juke 10, 1864:.
AoRicuLTUBAL SxATifiTiGS. — The House of Commons,
on Tuosday, passed a resolution alarming Mr. Caird's
motion, •♦ That, iu the opinion of this House, the coUec-
tion and early publication of the Agricultural Statistics of
Great Britain wouUl be advantageous."
Cow's Milk.— Dr. Vercheyen, of the State Veterinary
School in Belgium, has been expeiimouting with reference
to the effects of extirpating the horns of cows whilst young.
The results of tlie experiments made on cows of the same
age, breed, and under the same conditions, some of which
have been thus operated upon and some not, are very
cmrious. It appears that the average daily yield of milk
from an ordinary Dutch cow is fifteen litres, whilst four
cows deprived of their horns furnished from eighteen to
nineteen litres. In the pastures in which they fed,'[the
" Equisetum" was abundant. One kept the following
year gave, fourteen days aft^r calving, 24^ litres. The
milk of five cows not deprived of their horns, and feeding
in the same pasturage, was far from reaching the same
quantity. A comparative experiment with an animal
deprived of its horns, and two not so deprived, placed
under precisely the same conditions, and continued for
three years, showed that the first animal gave from
two to thiee litres daily more than either of the other
two. If we calculate that the period during which a cow
produces milk annually is thirty-four weeks, or 238 days,
and take the excess of produce in round numbers to be
two litres daily, we get an annual total of 476 litres in
addition to the ordinary yield, and the milk is further
stated to be richer in caseine and cream, containing from
17 to 20 per cent.
Fire grates- 1213— A. 0*U.
Fluid*, Injecting and ejecting— 1151— A. Barclay.
Fuel— «4»— J. Milne*.
Gum, breech-loading— 716— H. E. Hatohini.
HarmoaittD&a— 1276— E. Hodgei.
Hone hoes and seed drills— 1268- W. SargoanL
UTdraulic presaes, Ac— 1198— B. Wllaon.
LeTOr wrench— 128e—W. Adkins.
I.ooins~1272— £. Wilson.
Marble, stone, Ac, apparatus for cutting— 1244— Q. Hoator.
Metallic alloTS— 1262— T. Dunlerie and J. Jones.
Metal, machineiy for punching'-lSlS- F. BladcwtU.
Money till, self-acting— 1230— B. Jones.
MotiTO powez^l206— M. P. W. Boaltom.
Name plate, Ac, for doors— 1202— S. Boblnson.
Nats, manulkctare of— 1089— O. 0. Bordict.
Ordnance and projectiles— 1260— P. M. Partoas.
Paring- 1260— G. Fagg. _
Printing or stamping, preMea for— 1284— W. Q. and J. H. Todasa.
Pr«lJeet&ee— llOS— A. Y. Newton.
Baliwsij trains, oommonloation betwata the goaHsaad caglaAdHnB
of_1223— B. W. FurrelL
Reaping and mowing macliines— 1240— J. FletGher.
Sails, reefing and furling— 1246— S. Foster and W. Rowden.
Ships, cleaning the bottoms of— 1208 — K. D. Dwjtsr.
bhips, propolnon of— 1222 — B. Griffiths.
Sleeve links, solitaires. <itc., £Mteniags tor— 1282- J. O. WinUsL
Steam hammers, arrangements applicable to — 1183 — D. BaUer.
Varnishes, »c., oil and spirit -1270— J., B. G., and C. H. fi —
Venetian bUnds— 1U97— 1>. Clarke.
Vessels for containing poisons - 1264 — J. B. Merrlkia.
Volatile oils, generating gas from— 1236- W. Wilson.
WoTeu fkbrics, cleaning, bleaching, and dyeing— 1205— T. K. Kirk
ham and V. P. Bnsom.
Yarn and thread, twisting and doubling— 1234 < B. Gjte and MJWtiA.
Zinc, manufacture of— 126 j5— J. Webster.
ImrKSTIONS WITH COMPLKTB SPXCIFIG^nOS* F^LSO.
Gullies, stench trapped— 1314— D. Clark.
Swirels, mana£sctnre of— 1331— U. A. BonncTille.
Patbhts Sealsd.
HEBTINGS FOR THE EN9UINQ WEEK.
Mow. ...R. Gecgraphioal, 8|. l. Letters from Dr. Livingstone to
Sir Roderick L Morchlson and the hrte Admirid Wash-
ington. 2. Extract of a Letter troax Dr. Baikie, from
Lukoia, on the Niger. 3. Mr. W. D. Coolej, *' Travels
of Pwtugnese in Inner Africa, between Mozambique and
Bengoela."
British Architects, 8.
TUKS. ...Medical and Chirnrgioal, 8|.
Zoological, 9.
STTO-Egjptian, 7|. Mr. Thomas Lewin, " On the Site of
the Temple at Jerusalem."
Anthropological, 8.
W ID . ... Meteorological, 7. Annual Meeting.
TBnu...ZoologioaI, 4.
Bo7al,84.
Antiquaries, 8.
Linnnan, 8.
Chemical, 8. 1. Dr. Schorlemmer, ** On the Identitj of
Methjl and HvdrMe of Sth/l." 2. Dr. Bprengel, **0n
Vacuum Experiments."
Nnmlsmatio, 7. Annual Meeting.
R.SodetjClub, 6.
fla» Philological, 8.
IPattttls.
Fr&m Commi»9iontn (ff Patmtt Jottmai, June 3rd,
Graiits or PiionsiosiL PjtoTionoir.
Anchors— 1164— F. Martin.
Aniline dve colours— 1199— O. Sachs.
Animal charcoal, process of revivification of— 1228— A. Fryer.
BilUard tables, metaUio and slate— 1044— D. Harris.
Breakwaters, &c— 1220-C. LiddeU.
Carriages and weights, apparatus for raising— 1266— W. Draj.
Carriages propelled \rj the human bodj— 1213— A. Goodrich.
Coal gas, purifleatioB of— 1200— J. Phillips.
Colouring matters— 12&2—R. Smith.
Cops, machmes for winding— 1264 — J. Combe and J. H. Smalpfge*
Cotton fibre, separation of, from the seed- 1274 — E. A. Cowper«
Cotton, machinery for ginniag- 1248 — W. Wankljn.
Cotton, machinery for spinni^ — 1047— W. Taylor.
Drilling machinery, portable—1216 — G. Uaseltine.
Electric telegraph poets— 1242— J. Hamilton, jun.
Bleetric t«legraph wires, testing the insulation of— 1234— W. Reid^
fnjf*f^ »nd boilers, loeomoUv»— 1210— R. F. Fairiie.
wSfr** I*P««"t Ac, tenterh»g, stretching, Ac— 1201— J. L. Norton^
viK "^ ^ttt*' and oil proof— 1218— D. Bateman.
F^Ii^*iSSf^'*^"•"^*c'«'o of paper from-.i232-J.Womersler,
* lies, machinery for cuttlng-.i290-O. T. BousMd.
2789. G. Tates.
3066. A. J. AspiniU.
3067. A. AntlU A W. Wilkins(».
3082. H. B. James.
3087. T. A. Blakely.
3088. T. A. Blakely.
3089. P. H. Desrigoes.
3090. R. Harrowby, J. Foolds,
and A. Harrowby.
3109. M. RiUarj.
3116. Q. T.
3126. T. Webb.
31U. R. Saonden.
3146. W. T. W.
3148. P. Ward.
3190. W.Clarke.
3196. R. Bannden.
404. F. Tastos.
Frvm (kmmMonen qf PaUnit J o w nd, Jm* Itfc.
PATK2fn Skaleo.
3102. T.H. Fletcher A R.FoiTest.
3107. T. V. Morgan.
3112. M. Friedlauder.
3117. R. W. Pyne.
3120. J. Bullough.
3124. A. Epps.
3126. E. Shepherd.
3128. N. Walton.
3129. J. CliC
3133. R. A. Brooman.
3136. T. Clayton.
3137. J. Townaend.
3146. J. Piatt A W.
3147. G. T.
3149. G. T.
3166. S. and T. Smith.
3167. J. H. Johnsoo.
3170. C. J. BobiBBoa.
3173. J. M. Wocrall.
3199. H. Cligrtoa.
3302. G. PhiUips.
803. H. H. Mills.
Patihts ov wmoH nn Stamp
1446. H. de Simenoourt and J. K.
Black weU.
1643. W. McM aught.
1386. H.N.Penr{oe.
1387. W. B. Jeune.
1432. W. O. Johnston.
1469. W. Clark.
1400. W. R. Floyd.
1409. J. A. WiUiams.
DlTTT OP £60 HAS
Tc^
1416. F. J.
1430. 8. Hawkins.
1470. J. Whitehead.
1418. D. Niekala.
1421. L. J. P. de
1437. J. Piatt A W
1439. J. Piatt A W. Bkb
1448. A. A. CroU.
1618. J. Kjio>w1m.
PAraKTS OM WmOH THB flVAMP DOTT OP £100 HAS BnCP P>»
1640. W. H. Walenn.
1679. R. RoberU, and W. nd S.
Shaw.
1687. W. B. Newtfitt.
1698. A. F. She
^tjistwtJr gtsijjns.
Rifle light elerator and regulator— 4636— May 20— TIi«efA&0 *f
cott, 68, Uaymarket, S.W.
Framing of a printing machine— 4637 — ^May 25— Was. Cow**
Herbert's-buildings, Waterloo- road.
Waiscoat pocket vesta box— 4638— June 4— R. Letohted Mai ^*
Three Colti lane, Bethnal* green, B.C.
Mmxml 0f %
THE
AND OP
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, JUNE 17, 1864.
[No. eOL Vol. XII.
^mmstrntAs Irjj tfft «wmtil*
Pbesentation of Medals and Prizes.
His Royal Highness the Prince of Wfdes,
K.G., President of the Society, has been pleased
to appoint Friday, the 24th of June, at three
o'clock, to present the medals and prizes awarded
during the present Session. The Presentation
will take place at Willis's Rooms, King-street^
St. James's. Members will be admitted by
ticket only, for which application should be
made to the Secretary ; each ticket to* admit
the member and one lady. The doors will be
open at 2 o'clock.
EXAMINATION, 186 4.
PRIZES AND CERTIFICATES AWARDED TO CANDIDATES.
PRIZES.
His Rotal Highness the Prince Consort's Prize op Twenty-five Guineas, to
274 — John Allan, 25, of the Glasgow Athenseum, assistant surveyor, who obtained the following
First-class Certificates : —
1861. Logic—Firat-claas Certificate, with First Prize.
1862. English Uistoiy— First-clasa Certificate, with First Prize.
,, English Literature — First-class Certificate, with Second Prize.
1863. Arithmetic — First-class Certificate, with First Prize.
Book-keeping — ^First-claas Certificate, with First Prize.
Geography — First-class Certificate, with Second Prize.
1864. Magnetism, Electricity, and Heat — First-class Certificate, with Second Prize.
Domestic Eiconomy — First-class Certificate, with First Prize.
Animal Physiology— First class Certificate, with Second Prize.
»i
t»
tt
1st Prize
Arithmetic ...
2Qd Prize
r 1st Prize.
Book-keeping i 2nd Prize
. 1st Prize
Algebra
" 2nd Prize
, 1st Prize
Geometry
MeDsnration. •
Trigonometry
rift Prize
2nd Prize
{ist Prize
£6
3
6
3
6
3
To No. 1119— Samuel Drew, jun., 19, Walsall Working Men's College,
butcher and cattle dealer
186— William Wilkins, 17, Chatham, Bochester, Strood, and
Brampton Institution, clerk
280 — James Dougall Borthwick, 19, Glasgow Aihenssum, clerk
400~Andrew McDowall Houstoon, 19, GUagow Mechanics' Insti«
tution, accountant's clerk
548— Thomas Healey, 24, Burnley Mechanics' Institution, book*
keeper
903— John Thomas Wright, 19, Oldham Lyceum, clerk
739— William Meadows, 16, City of London College, picture-
frame maker
No Second Priu atoarded,*
289— WiUiau James Fitze, 19, Deyonport Mechanics' Institution,
shipwright
548— Thomas Healey, 24, Burnley Mechanics' Institution, book-
keeper
No Prizea awarded,^
239— William James Fitze, 19, Devonport Mechanics* Institution,
shipwright
No Second Frite awarded**
>>
»t
»t
i»
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
* Ko other Csndidsta obtained a First- cUm Certificate In either of theee mil^jeott.
t Mo CaaMdete obtained a Flrst-clSM Certifloate in either of theie ratdeote.
604:
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, June 17, 1864.
Navigatioo &
Nantkal As-
tronomy......
Prinoiples of
Mechknios ...
FMHcal Me-
ehaotos
Electricity, •{
Magnetism,
Electridt;
and Heat
AfitroooiQy •••
ChenuBtiy ...
Ust PHxe M.
SndPriae
lot Prize ...
riBt Prise
rUCfHise
Atu'mU Hi^-
uriolo^ \iia
-•feladian -to
2ndPriie
let Prise.
••<
acctPriivt
««t
I
Two Friaea of
'fiookfl, to tbe
Talae of jei
. «wh$
Ist Prize
•6*
■3'
6
8
5
Botany
Agriculture ■*.
Hinioff and ^
Metialargy^ '
'let Prize
J4m 'XTMe ^^ «4 M • • • • w
2nd Prize
•«*•»«*«• 'A**
Political and'
Social £qo- r,
nomy ...«••••• J
nomy
Oeogvaphy ...
lot Prize
English Hii-
to^
2nd Prize
1st Prize.
2nd. Prize ..
8fd Prize II ..
Three Prizes^
Books, to the
Taloe ^f £1
each [1
r Ist Prize.
MdFkJae
did
6
8
6
8
2
1
1
£5
« • •
6
6
8
Engltth lite-
rature
L(Mric&Men-
iu. Science...
•.«..•••••«.
1
Three Prizes of
Boolo, to the
▼alne of £1 '
each II
1st Prize
Bod Mm
LatinaiidSo->|
man History)
6
8
8
5
8
2
1
1
1
6
8
2
1
I
1
6
8
iVbPns0f awarded,^
•No Prius awarded*^
WMQavd BnM04l8, NewoMOe-on-TyBe MeehaaiGB^ fngHh^fioD,
engineer
^1128-:fienry Logan,/28, Wakefield Mechanics* Institotion, km
founder
420--Jame8 Mitchell, 26, Popular Evening Classes, Andersociia-
University, Glasgow, mason
274 — John Allan, 25, Glasgow Athenaum, assistant surveyor
758— William Vaughan, 28, City of London College, clerk
No Second Prue awtnUd,*
789 — ^William Meadows, 16, City of London College, picture
frame maker
~64B-^heiBAs H^Vny -^ ■ Rwnlfty Mflnhtniin* Twyinliiin lnwit
keeper
'789-^William Meadows, 16, City of London OoUege, piotore-
frame maker
:874-«John Allan, 25, Glasgow AtheDoam, assistant surveyor
.864-Wames Keith Dempster, 26, Glasgow Mechanics' InstitatiaD,
arohiteotund draughtsman
806 — ^William Uenry Greenwood, 18, Manchester Mechanifls' In-
aUtution
«4a^Bobert PeUy iiartin,. 16, Maoohoiter Meehwues* tetitnftMO,
chemjat
To No. 981— William Sotting Hemsley, 20, Richmond Pftrochial Libniy,
assistant in the herbarium, Kew
No Second Friae awarded,*
786— John Hughes, 20, Gl^ of London College, chemical assistant
No Second Prvte Awarded,*
448^William WiUiMnsoo^ 26, Pqpnlar Eveoiag COanes, Ander-
sonian Univernty, Glasgow, coal miner.
594— David Griffiths, 25, Leeds Mechanics' Institution, book-
keeper
it
tf
t>
*t
tf
ti
II
II
II
II
II
II
No
^^^•^■P (^^w^s I
II
»i
If
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
It
II
II
•I
II
274— John Allan^ 25, Gta^gow Aik^MMim, MMteat
140— Swaine WUkioaon, 22, Bradford Mechanics' Institate,
warehouseman
974— Thomas Ivemey, 28, Pembroke Dock Meehanios' Institobe,
caulker
744— Henry Thomas Pollatd, 16, City of London College, deA
084— William Todd, 18, Leeds Meehanics* Institnte, wooUen
manufacturer
677— Walter Slater, 28, London Mechanics' Instttntion, deik
769— William Waters, 18, City of London College, clerk
248— Henry George White, 22, Devonport Mechanics' Institute,
shipwright
489— Charles William Wright, 17, Hull Toung People's ChriBtian
and Literary Institution, derk
1158— George Cadley, 21, Manchester Mechanics' Institute, booi-
doser
129— -Joseph Harrison, 22, Bradford Mechanics' Institution, clerk
286— Alexander Johnston, 19, Glasgow AthenaBom, railway ckrt:
859-^Arohibald Thomson, 27, Gliugow Mechanics' Institution.
student
671— William Brosnahan, 28, 'London Mechanics' Institutkn,
Inland Revenue officer "
711— George William Garrett, 21, City of London College, com-
mercial clerk
761 — ^Heniy James Sudell, 28, City of London College, clerk
677 — Walter Slater, 28, Iiondon Ikfechanics' Institution, derk
671— William Brosnahan, 28, London Mechanks' Institution,
Inland Revenue officer
No Prixee Awarded,**
* No other Gaadldate obtained a Flnt-elMS Gertiilcate in either of theie lal^feets.
t No CaadkUte ohteined a Flnt-dui Certifloete in either of theee laliilectf .
i Adaiu .nal, hj gift of Herrr Cheeter, Beq.
I The Third Priie of Bookf in thia rahieot ii not awarded, u the onlj other Candidate obtaining a Flnt^claif Certiilcate
from receiTing a Prixe.
il i!^?***^i*J^» ^7 «ift of Sir 0. Wentworth Dilke, Bart
ZmlSit *d^!tioaal Prim are not awarded, as no other Candidatea obtained First elMt Certifleatee.
•» The onlj Oandidatei who obtained Flnt-olaai Certifloatea in thia la^jeet were diaqnalified ftom reeeiTing priaei.
diriwaHtri
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Junk 17, 1864.
505
French
Oerman
let Prize .
2Qd Prise.
rut Prize.
Free-baod
Drawing ...
Mechanical
Drawing ...
Theory of
Music
2nd Prize
Ist Prize .
2nd Prize
let Prize .
2nd Prize.
'l8t Prize.
2nd Prize
5
3
5
8
5
8
6
8
5
>t
It
i>
$1
t»
it
730— James Neill Kelly, 23, City of London College, book-keeper
306— James Wade, 27, Glasgow Athenaum, cashier
832— Arthur Rigby, 18, Manchester Mechanics* Institution,
engineer
697— Henry William Bruton, 20, City of London College,
banker's derk
1104— Henry Hill, 33, Messrs. Chance's Library, Smelhwick,
dedgner
425— John Dinffwall, 28, Popular Evening Classes, Andersonian
University, Glasgow, ornamental draughtsman
921— Thonus Edwards, 19, Oldham Science School, mechanic
930— Thomas Wood. 30. Oldham Science School, clerk
841— James Cooksey Oulwick, 18, Lichfield Institution, organist's
apprentice
1071— George Mansfield, 23, Wolverhampton Working Men's
College, printer
CERTIFICATES.
The following is an Alphabetical List of the Candidates
who have obtained Certificates: —
(let) after a subject signifies a First-lass Certificate.
(2d) ., „ Second-class „
(3d) „ ,. Third-class ..
(The ooonpatioiis ftatod are either present or propoMd.)
No.
638 — Adams, Alfred. 18, Manchester M.I., warehouse-
man — Arith. (3d)
^8— Ainsworth. William, 24, Oldham Science Sch.,
clerk— Geom. Dwg. (3d)
398— Aitken, John, 19. Glasgow M.I., derk— Arith.
(3d) ; Latin, <fec. (3d)
772— Albin, Marie Juliette, 27, Royal Polyteoh. Inst.
—French (1st)
78— Aldcrson, Emily, 26, Birmingham and Mid. Inst.,
daily governess— French (2d)
79— Alderson. Louisa. 28. Birmingham and Mid. Inst.,
daily governess— Eng. Lit. (3d)
41C— Alexander, James, jun.. 21, Pop. Evg. Classes,
Andersonian Univ., Glasgow, clerk— Chem. (2d)
275— Alexander, William Murray, 24, Glasgow Ath.,
roeasin^— German (2d)
876— Allan. George. 23. Newcastle-on-Tyne M.I., en-
ffineer — Chem. (3d)
274 — Allan. John, 25, Glasgow Ath., assistant-surveyor
—Magnet. Elect., (fee. (1st), with 2nd Prize ;
Domestic Econ. (1st), with 1st Prize; Animal
Ph3*s. (1st), with 2nd Prize, together with the
Prince ComorCt Prix of Twenty-five Ouineae,
1057— Allcott, James H., 20, Soutliampton Ath., Cus-
tom's officer— Arith. (3d) ; Music (2d)
687— Allen, Walter Stott, 21, Leicester Ch. of Eng.
Inst., banker's clerk— Bkpg. (1st)
338- Ambler, Edward, 29, Oldham Sci. Sch., machine
joiner— Geom. Dwg. (2d)
618— Ambler. Samuel. 19, Leeds Young Men's Christian
Assoc., warehouseman — Bkpg. (2d)
276— Anderson, David, jun., 17, Gla^ow Ath., derk—
Bkpg. (2d)
370— Anderson, James, 26, Glasgow M.I., clerk—
Mens. (3d)
80— Anderton, John G., 20. Birmingham and Midi. Inst.,
optician— Mag., Elect, &c. (2d)
010— Andrew, Herbert, 19, Oldham Sci. Sch., derk—
Geom. Dwg. (2d)
1086— Andrews, John S., 20, Stafford Road Works Inst.,
clerk— Arith. (1st) ; Geog. (1st) ; Eng. Hist. (3d)
483— Andrews, William D.. 36, Hitchin M.I., plasterer
and bricklayer— Free-hd. Dwg. (2d)
887— Angus, Ruthven D., 20, Glasgow Inst., teacher^
Chem. (2d); Eng. Lit. (2d); Latin, ice, (2d)
1144— Appleyard, Isaac, 21, Middlesbro' M.I., clerk—
Min. and Met (2d) ; Chem. (2d); Geog. (2d)
223— Appleyard, Joseph T., 21, Derby Railway Lit Inst.,
oommercial clerk — Bkpg. (Ist) ; French (1st)
1183— Archer. William. 17. St Paul's Evg. Classes, Bow
Common, solicitor's derk (articled) » Arith. (Ist) ;
Al^. (1st) ; Bkp«. (2d) ; Latin, ^^ (2d)
335 — Archibald, Alex., 21, Glaigow Inst, house painter
—Free-hd. Dwg. (1st)
804 — ^Arensberg, Henry, 18, Manchester M.I., clerk —
German (1st) ; French (3d)
36— Ashbv, John Thomas, 17, Famham T.M.I.,
teacher- Arith. (2d) ; Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
207— Ashton, Catherine, 17, pupil teacher— Geog. (2d)
1003— Ashton, Joseph, 18, Salford W.M.C., assistant
salesman— Arith. (3d)
9(X)^Ashton, Thomas, 22, Henshaw-street Mut Imp.
Soc., self-actor minder— Arith. (3d)
904— Ashton, William, 23, Henshaw-street Mut Imp.
Soc., mechanic — Dom. Econ. (2d)
578 — Ashworth, Edwin, 26, Rawtenstall M.I., mule-
spinner — Arith. (3d)
865 — Ashworth. Heniy, 19, Mossley M.I., piecer— Book«
keeping (2d)
81— Atkins. Alfred Hodgetts, 17, Birm. and Mid. Inst,
pupil teacher— Geom. (3d)
199 — ^Atkinson, John Ainscough, 21, Crewe M.I., post-
messenger — Arith. (3d)
1002— Atkinson, John H., 18, Salford W.M.C., clerk-
German (2d)
*97— AUee, Thomas, 29, Birm. and Mid. Init, com-
mercial clerk — Bkpg. (1st)
259— Austin, Frederick, 16, Faversham I., derk— Eng.
Hist (2d)
222— Aylott, Sarah, 29, teacher— Eng. Hist. (2d);
Geography (3d)
1093— Bailey, David, 29, Bilston Inst., private school-
master— Arith. (2d) ; Algebra (3d)
247— Bailey, George, 22, Devonport M.I., shipwright—
Eng. Hist (3d)
901— Bailey, John Hyde, 16, Oldham Lyceum, banking
clerk— Bkng. (3d)
907— Bailey, Stonley, 17, Henshaw-street Mut Imp.
Soc., cotton piecer — Geom. Dwg. (3d)
224— BaUey, William Heap, 19. Derby M.I., warehoose-
roan— Bkpg. (1st) , , *. ,
266— Baillie, Robert J., 17, Gflford Young Men s Mut.
Imp. Assoc., teacher— Geog. (3d)
963— Bain. James, 27, Paisley Artiz. Inst., plumber-
Music (3d)
852— Baird. John, 21, Glasgow Inst., warehooseman—
Arith. (3d)
688— Bakewell, Armitage, 23, City of London College,
clerk— Bkpg. (1st)
soa
.JODENAIi ,0P TUB AOOHWr ^QF litWPS, . Jmrp a?, W«t
1065— Banoe, Edward, 21» SoaUuunptoci AAb-^^QOinyiUer,
OrdoAQce Survey offioe — ArHh. (Sd)
524 ~B«ooi8ter» James* 25, Nelioo ^.L, warehame-
man— Arith., (3d)
499— Baidwell, Henry Bagley, 21, Ipewtoh W.M.Cm
millwright and pattern-maker — Antb. (2d)
141— Barker, Albert, 18, Bradford U.I., wareluMiaeiaan
•Bkpg. t2d)
174— Barker, Charlotte 8. H., 16— FrenBh (U)
523— Barker, John,21, Nelson M.I.. weaver-^Obem.CSd)
996— Barker, Wm.T.. IT^Salfoud W^M.C, ^Kavahoose-
man— Arith. (3d)
1152— Barlow, Bamuel, 20, Warrington M.L, h(^-
keeper-^Arith. (3d)
689— Bamett, Edwin A., 20» City of LovodoQ CoU^^.
aocoantant— i-Bkpg. (Ist)
388— Barr, Wm. 19, Glasgow M.I., chemist— Aiith.( let)
47 — Barr, Wm. H., 19, Bacnp M.L, dmggist's aseistaDt
Chemistry (3d)
591— Barrett, A. O., 17, Leeds ML, clerk— Chem. (3d)
653— Barrow, Jamea Heniy, 16, Queen's Coll., LiTor-
pool, papil teacher— 'Arith. (3d) ; Geom. (3d)
1164— Bate, John. 23, Stomrbridge ALL, )>rickla>:er*—
Alg. (l8t); Geom.f2d)
ol2-Batley, Henry Gunon, 19, Ipavkh W.li.C, olerk
— 1£^. Hist. (2d)
1068-^Battle, Hugh, 44, Wolverhampton W.ILC, mis-
sionary— 'Navig.» d^c. t2d) : Prin. Meoh. (2d)
837 --(•Baxter, Dan. ^, shopman— Bkpg. ( Ist)
675 — ^Beard» Elizabeth M.! 40, London M.L, govemevs—
German (2d)
673— Beard, Ifanoy,'d4,*LondQn M.L,. governess— Ger-
man (let)
690— Beawnonti Riehard, :25, City of London CoU.,
engineer — ^Alg. (2d) ; Geom. T2d)
109e--^Beck, Fanny, ^, Christ Ch. Sch., QMbary, pupH
teacher— Arith. (3d) pEng. Hist. (3d)
691— Beekingsale, George, 17, City of London Coll..
cle^— Arith. (2d) r Geog. (2d) ; Eng.Hist. (2d)
039 — Beedham, John.. 22, Oldham Soi. Sob., lorveyor,
dn^— -Geom. Dwg^ (2d)
692— Begent, GeoigeT., 16, City of London Coll., clerk
(proposed)— Arith. (3d)
122 — Beny, John Helker, 20, Famworth M.L, spindle
and flyer maker— Arith (3d)
867 — Beny, Joseph, 32, Mosaley'M.L, warehouseman —
Bkpg. (3d)
874— Beet, John J., 18, Newcastle-on-Tyne Oh. Inst.,
derk — Music (3d)
190— Bewers, William, 20, Chelmsford L.,jmd M.L,
merchant's derk — Bkng. ( 1 st )
162 — Beynon, Erasmus, 21 , Bristol Mining 6ch., chemist
— Magnet. Eleet.f'ibo. (3d)
676— Btekle, John, 22, London M.L, smith- Arith. (Ist)
464— Birkbeck, Sam, 22, Halifax W.M.C., warehouae-
man— Bkpg. (8d}
510— Bixby, Bobert, 27, Ipswich W.M. Coll., engineer's
clerk — German (2d)
350 — ^Black, John, 18, Gla^w Inst., warehooseman —
Arith. (Ist)
279— Black, Malcdm, 16, Glasgow Ath.— Eng. LH.
(Ist); Geom. (3d)
1134— Blanshard, William Noble. 19, York Inst, of Pop.
Sci., attorney's clerk— Arith. (2d)
937— Bleasdale, John, 30, Oldham Sci. Sch., book-keeper
— Geom. dwg. (2d)
517— Blezard, Alfred, 20, Padiham Trades' Hall Inst.,
Power-loom weaver — Ghemistiy (3d)
1087-^BliaEard, Arthur W., 17, Wolverhampton W.M.
Coll., tailoi^Geog. (3d)
693— Blyth, Henry, 20, City of London Coll., derk—
Bkpg. (1st)
491— Bolton. Edward, 16, Hall Young People's Chrfat.
^« « *"*^ ^^^- 1°"*-» derk- Arith. ( Ist) ; Eng. His. (3d)
^•»— Bolton, James, 17, Halifax W.M.C., derk— Arith.
(2d) ; Bkpg. (Ut)
,109Z.-»Boiiaer, J^lisaheth, 17, Christ Oh. Schod, Oldboty .
pupil t#aeher— Arith. (2d) ; Eng. His. (2d)
le^Booth, WiUiam. 17, Abecdaw M.L, derk— Arith.
(2d); Bkpg. (1st)
27&-Borland,KAndi6w, 22, QUagosr Ath., deck aod
book-keeper — French (1st)
.280^*-Borthwick, James Doogall, 19, Glasgow Ath.,
derkH-Bkpg. (1st), with Ist prife.
694«*-Bose, H. 17i City of Lond, CoL^erk— Ganun (Sd)
873— Bowden.lThomas, 20, Newcastle-on-Tyne Ch. of
Eng. Uist., elerk— Arith. (3d)
6da^Bowmar, Alfred Wra., 16, LeJeeeter Ch. of Eag.
Inst., banker's clerk — Arnh. (2d)
376— Boyton, fThomas B., 16, Glasgow M.L, dak or
warehouseman— Bkpg. (2d)
902— Braddock, James, 17, Oldham Lyoeom, ware-
houseman — Arith. (2d)
117^— Bcamham, William, 19, St. Michael's Ev. Sch.,
Bromley, engineer and millwright — Arith. (3d)
1113— Brawn, James, 19, Willenhall Lit. Inst., derk—
Arith. (3d)
459— Braarley, Thos., 17, Halifax W.M.C., papQ teacher
-.rEng. lit. (ad)
460— Brearley, William H, 18, Hidifax W.M.C., book-
.kaq»er--^rith. (3d)
64— BrereUwi.Bichacd, 22, Banbridge LiLand Mat. Imp.
Soc., .idheolmaster — Arith. (2nd); Eng. Hirt.
(3d) ; .A\g- (3d)
695 — Brewer, Arthur Richard, 19, City of London
College, derk— Arith. (1st); Bkpg. (Ist)
501— Brewster, Richard G., 18, Ipswich W.H.C.. popQ
teacher- Eng. Hist. (2d) ; Geqg. (3d)
590— Briggs, William, 19, Leeds Ob. Inst, derk— Geog.
(1st) ; Arith. (2d) ; E^g. Hist. (2d)
211^Bright, Henry, 29, St. John's School, DepUBid,
shipwright— Arith. (3d)
179— Bristow, William, 22, Canterbury Oh. of Sag. Lit.
Inst., teacher— Latin, &c. (Ist)
176— Britt, Frederick J., 23, Bristol Athenam, wateh-
maker — French (3d)
82— Bimkington, George S., 16, Birm. and Mid. Inat.,
paid monitor-*-^rith (1st) ; Latin, Ac (Itt)
1124— Brooke, John O., 16, Wakefield M.L, plumber and
gasfitter, dec — Arith. (3d)
895 — Brooks. Peter, 18, Oldham .Lyceum, labonier—
Arith. (3d.
850— Brooks, Richard H., 16, Manchester M.L, d«k—
Bkps:. (2d)
671— Brosnahan. William, 28. Lood. H.L> Inland Re-
venue ofBcer—Arith. (2d); Eng. Hist. (2d); Eng.
Lit.(l6t) withbtiok piize ; Logic ( 1st) with 2d prize,
nil— Brown, David. 23. Willenhdl Lit. Inet, coUierr
derk— Arith. (2d) ; Bkpg. (1st)
227 — ^Brown. Charles G., 18, iJevonport H.L, psfil
teacher— Arith. (2d) ; Geog. (2d).
413 — ^Browii, (George, 18, Pop. Ev. Classes, Andwaoman
Univ., GUwgow, derk— Arith. (dd) ; Bkp^. (2d}
655 — ^Brown, Heniy Fraaer, 17, Liverpool Inst., dent—
Arith. (3d); Eng. Hist. (2d); Eng. Ut (ist)
344— Brown, John^ 19.Glai)gow Inat.,8tudent — Aiith^Sd^
422— Brown, John, 23, Pop. Ev. Classes, Andervonian
Univ., Glasgow, building aorveyor^ deck —
Arith. (1st); Mens. (2d}
539— Brown, Robert, 21, Burnley M.L, weaver — ^Mag.
Elect., Ac. (2d) ; Anim. Phys. (2d)
187— Brown, William, 17, Chelmsford Lit. and MJ..
coach-painter — Free-hd. Dwg. (Ist)
411— Brown, William, 16, Pop. Ev. Classes, Andemnian
Univ., Glasgow, pupil teacher — Arith. (Ist)
802 — ^Browning, William, 16, Manchester SLI.»diemica)
student — Chem. (3d)
890— Bruoe, David, 18, Newcastle-an.TyneOh.^f Eng.
Inst., engineer— Arith. (3d); Pract. Meeh. (let)
with 1st prize ; Prin. Mech. (3d)
697— Broton, Henry W., 20, City of Londcn College,
banker's derk— German (1st) with 2d prise.
JOURNAL OF TMB SOCIETY OP ABTS, Junb 17, 1864.
597
339— Buohanao, Gavin, 17. Olangow Insl., aoiitaiit
registrar of births, dMs.»Bkpg. (8d)
25G— Bochaoao. John. 20, £dinbu]«h Phil. Intl., oUik
— Arith. (8d) ; Alg. (3d)
938^Backley, Abner, 26, Oldham Sci. 8oh., tin-plate
worker— Geom. Drg. r2d)
986— Buckley, Edwin, 17, Salford W Jd.C, popU teaeher
— Arith.(3d); Geog.(3d}
83— Bodd, Frederick, 21, Birmincham and Midland
Inst., tananling maker^Aritfa, (2d>
610— Bomby, Thomas. 17, Leeds Y.M.C.A., waw-
honseman— Bkpc. (2d)
112fr-Bunn, John K., 38, Wakefield MJ., gaidener—
Agric. (8d)
1127— Bmm, William Dommt, 25, Wakefield M.l^
Navig., d^ (2d)
lOfia— Bwge, Charles H., 17, Southampton Ath., Inland
Beyemieoffioer--Geog. (Istl; Ariih. (2d); Eng.
Hist (3d) ; Alg. (3d) \ /» »
231— Burt, Heoiy, 16. DevonpoH M.I., engineer— Arith.
(2d); Alg. (3d) '^ ^
696— Burton, WiUiam, 20, City of London CoUege,
derit— Arith. (2d) ; Bkpa. (Ist)
215— ^U«, Sarah Ann, 18, popU teachei^Arith. (8d) ;
Geog.(3d) *^ ^ "
1118— Bytheway, Geoiige, 17, WalsaU WiM. OoU.,
lawyer's clerk— £ng. Hist. (3d)
1168— Cadley, George, 21, Manchester M.I.-jEng. Hist.
(1st) with book prize.
409— Camidge, Charles, 24, Pop* Ev. ChMss, Anderson.
UniT., Giasgow^Magnet Elect,, dte. (3d)
282— Campbell, Hugh, 19, Ghu^ow Ath., warehouseman
— Arith. (2d)
288— Canter, WUliam J.. 19, DcTonport M.I., engineer
(student)— Alg. (Ist); Mens. (2d)
608— Carr, James W., 17, Leeds M.I.— Arith. (2d);
Eng. Hist. (3d) ; Alg. (3d)
689— CaiT, Joseph Asher, 31, Leeds Ch. Inrt., raUway
clerk— Bkpg. (2d)
281— Carrick, George, 26, Glasgow Ath., warehouseman
—French (2d)
660— CarroU, Alfred, 17. Queen's College, Liverpool,
engineer (apprentice)- Alg. (2d) ; Mens. (3d)
587— Carter, WiJliam. 24, Leeds Ch. Inst., raUway
clerk— Bkpg. (2d)
698— Carter, WiUiam, 22, City of London College,
clerk— Bkpg. (2d)
690— Carter, WiUiam D. C, 18, City of London College,
cleik— Arith. (3d); Bkpg. (24); French (3d)
1116^Caisoo, Thomas, 20, Brlerley Hill W.MX)., fitter
—Arith. (2d); Mens. (3d)
173— Cavendish, Alexander Carnegie, 18, Bristol Ath.,
railway clerk— Arith. (8d)
923— Chadwick, John. 19, Oldham 9c. SchC, clerk—
Geom. Dwg. (2d).
270— Chambew. WiUiam, 22, Gilfoi^ Y.M. Mut. Imp.
Assoc., teacher— Atith. (2d)
210— Chambers, William 8.,22, St. Johtfs Sdu, Deptford,
marine engineer— Arith. (3d)
684-Champion, WiUiam, 19, St. Stephen's Evg. Sch.,
merchants clerk— Bkpg. (2d)
1161— Chandler, Frederic, 17, Hertford L. and S.I.,
teacher— Arhb. (2d); Bkpg. (2d).
784— Chantry, Lucy, 18, Macdesheld Use. Know. Soc.—
Dom. Econ. (3d}.
700— Chapman, James A., 23, City of Londetf OoUege,
clerk— Prsc. Mech. (3d)
1148— Charlton, Thbmaa, 19, Middlesbm' M.L,i)irm«iw
Agric. (2d); Chero. (dd)
701— Ohikis, Francis W., 26, City of London CoUege,
clerk— Bkpg. (1st)
SJr-^Chvrey, David, 16, Glasgow MJ., clerk— Arltb.
(2d)
.30»— Olarkt Geoi^e, Juim'., 21, Glasgow laek, dert>-
UliD> dMK <8d).
417— Clark, John, 20, Pop. Bv. Classes, Andersonian
Univ., Glasgow, dModst— Geman (2) ; French
(2d) ; Chem. (3d)
221— Clark, Robert, 16, shipwright-^Geom. (3)
702— Clarke, George, 21, dty ot London Col., cleik—
Arith. (2) ; Bkpg. (1st)
1171— Clarke, Kobert Scott, 18, St. Mich. Evg. Solt.,
Bromley, storekeeper^ derir— Arith. (2d)
827— Clarkeon, John, 19, Jlbmeheater M.I., joiner—
Geom. Dwg. (3d)
861— Clayton, Joseph, 26, Hulme Christ. Cb. loil.,
coaehbody maket^—ATith. (2d)
821— Clayton, WiUiam H., 19, H«ime Christ.' Ch. InM.,
warehouseman — French (8d)
664— eiegg, James, 20, Boml«y Ch; of En^. Lit. Im^t
spinner — Chem. (3d) ; Geog. (2d)
682-^legg, Samuel, 20, Nelsen M.I., power-loom
weaver — Chem. (3d)
1062— Clement, Wmiam G., 16, SoQthftmpton Ath.>-^
Arith. (1st) ; Ekig. Hist (8d)
1146— ClemttMD, WilUam, 22, MiddM»to^ M.I., engineer
—Chem. (8d)
468— Cloogh, Robert, 28, Halifta W.M.C., aisistant
teacher— Eng. lit. (3d)
149— Cloogh, WUUam H., 18, Binadford M.I., grocer's
assistant— Arith. (1st); Geog. (2d); Alg. (3d)
468— Coales, Josefph, 18, Baliflu W.M.C., jdner
(apprentice) — Bkpg. (3d)
1167— Cochrane, Peter, 18, Manchester M.I., warehouse-
man — ^Bkpg. (3d)
1166— Coohnme, William, 19, Manchester M.I., cabinet-
maker— Arith. (2d] ; Eng. Ht0t. (8d)
1196^Cooks, John, 23, Uatberlow M.I. Soo., clerk—
Arith. (2d)
16<>— CoUene, Edwai^l, 21, Bristol Trade Sch., labontofy
afesistam— Ankn. Phys. (2d)
806— ColMer, AUred, 23. Hulme Christ. Oh. Inst., book-
keeper— Arith. (3d)
788— Collins, Albert, 19, Maoclesfleld M.I., clerk-
French (3d)
606— Cooper, Isabella M., 23, Leeds M.I.— German (2d)
1146— Cooper, Thomas Dawson, 19, Middlesbro' M.I.,
surveyor- Free-hd. Dwg. (2d)
IdS-'^JoMlett, BIchard, 21, Bristol Y^M.C. A., car p en ter
Arith. (3)
708-^CoweU. Matthew H., 26, City of London Colleg«,
clerk— Bkpg. (1st)
636— Cowling, Satmie], 17, Leicester Ch. of Eng. Inst,
aecountant*B clerk— Arith. {1st)
667— Cowpe, James, 23, HasHngden Inst., weaver—
Chem. (3d)
649— Orabtree, Thompson, 16, Boraley M.I., ware-
houseman — Chem. (2d9
229— Crooker, Geoii^, 17. Devonport' M.I., shipwright
—Arith. rist); Algebra (3d)
1028— Cit)s}and. WiUiam, 27, Selhf M.L. avetbneer—
Bpkg. (2d)
646*^CroBsley, Jonas, 17, Buitiley M.I., weaver— Arith.
(3d) ; .Bkpg. (8d)
1126— Crosstev, Newman, 16, WakefleM M«L, clerk—
Bkpg". (3d)
1066— Cttdlipp, WiUkntv 21, Southampton Ath^, clerk^
Arith. (2d)
Ml— CttlWioky James Cookiey, 18, Liobflbld lM«i.
organist's appren. — Mvsic (1st), with 1st prize
CunSffp, James, 33, SttU^cd W.MX)., dyop
992—^
Chem. '(3d)
6ir— Dalby, Samoel, 16, Leeds Ymng Metfs Chnit.
Assoe., draper- Arfthv (3dJ ; Geog. (2d)
m^^^iMnm, Edward, 20, Leedt Yo^mg Men'sChlM.
Assoc, hosier's awistant— Bkpg. (Ist)
264^Dalaiel, John, 22, Edioborgb PMlo. Inst —
Chem. («)
2it> Pwniken/ John, 28, Glasgow Ath>v iMUmreP—
EngUsh Lit. (2d)
608
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Junb 17, 186i.
647— Davenport, James, 24, Lichfield Working Men's
AsM)c., grocer— Arith. (Sd): Bkpg. (Ist)
976— David, Peter G.. 16, Pembroke Dock M.I., pupil
teacher— Arith. (8d)
868 — Davies, James H., 20, Manchester M.I., mechanic
Qeom. Dwg. (2d) ; Free-hd. Dwg. (Sii)
SOO^Davies, Jose^, 20, BoUington Useful Knowledge
Society, cotton piecer — Chem. (dd)
679— Davies, Thomas, 20, St. Stephen's Evng. School,
government clerk — Eng. Hist (3d) ; Qeog. (2d)
166— Davies, Thomas W., 21, Bristol Diocesan Trade
Sch., accountant— Arith. (1st) ; Eng. Hiot. )2d)
996— Davies, William, 16, Salford W.M.O., clerk—
Arith. (dd)
209<— Davis, Henry Tadwell, 18, Greenwich Lit. Inst,
engineer — Arith. (3d)
916— Davis, Samuel, 21, Oldham Sci. Sch., tin-plate
worker — Geom. Dwg. (3d)
1052 — ^Davis, Samuel J., 17, Southampton Ath., clerk —
^ Arith. (lst| ; Geog. (Ist) ; Eng. Hist (3d)
893— Dawson, Herbert Townley, 19, Lees Lit and Sci.
Inst., teacher — Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
872— Dawson, Wm., 20, Newcastle-on-Tyne Ch. of Eng.
Inst, clerk- Arith. (3d); Geog. (Sd)
1090— Dean, Wm., 24, Wolverhampton W.M. CoL, raU-
way clerk — Geom. (3d)
1008— Deane, John, 26, Salford W.M.C., cashier— Bkpg.
(2d) ; French (3d)
364 — ^Dempster, Jltmes E., 26, Glasgow M.I., architec.
draughtsman — Anim. Phys. (let), with 3d prize
163 — DewhifBt, Richard, 19, Bradford M.I., warehouse-
man— Geog. (3d)
704— Dickinson, Geoige, 19, City of London College,
chemist's assistant— Bkpg. (2d)
428— Dingwall, Jas. Lockhead, 26, Pop. Evng. Classes,
AnderBonian Univ., Glasgow, clerk — Bkpg. (3d)
426— Dingwall, John, 28, Pop. Evng. Classes, Ander-
Bonian Univ., Glasgow, ornamental draughts-
man — Freehd. Dwg. (1st) ; with 2nd prize.
463— Dobson, Charles, 17, Haley Hill W.M.C., laUwav
derk— Bkpg. (2d)
642— DodgBon, William, 18, Burnley M.I., engineer-
Chem. (3d); Mensur. (3d)
1040— Dorrell, Henry B., 17, Slough M.I., carpenter and
joiner— Geom. Dwg. (2d) ; Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
266— Douds, John, 26, teacher Nat. School- Arith. (3d]
390— Douglas, John Campbell, 16, Glasgow M.I., pupil
teacher— Arith. (3d); Geog. (2d)
603— Dowsing, William, 20, Ipswich W.M.C., car-
penter— Bkpg. (Ist)
1119— Drew, Samuel, jun., 19, Walsall W.M. Coll.,
butcher and cattle-dealer— Arith (1st) with 1st
prize; Alg. (3d)
602— Driver, Robert, 17, Ipswich WJii.C, pupil teacher
— Bkp>f. (2d)
911— Dronsfield, Joseph Standring, 22, Oldham So. Sch.,
stricklemaker— G^m. Dwg. (2d)
♦121— Duckworth, Walter, 17, Famworth M.I., railway
goods clerk— Arith. (2d)
1103— DuffeU, John, 17, Messrs. Chance's Lib., clerk—
Arith. (2d)
794— Dugard, Frederic 20, Macclesfield M.I., certif.
schoolmaster— Music (1st)
340— Dunlop, William, 17, Gla^ow Inst., bookseUer's
apprentice— Bkpg. (2d)
366 — ^Duthie, George, 20, Glasgow Inst., insurance clerk
—Arith. (3d) ; Bkpg. (2d)
847— Eadie, Donald. 17, Glasgow Inst., clerk— Bkpg. (2d)
906 — Eckersley, Henry, 21, Henshaw-street Mut Imp.
Soo., warehouseman — Dom. Ecom. (2d)
660— Edgar, James, 21, Liverpool Inst, post-office clerk
—Bkpg. (2)
706— Edmonds, John, 19, City of London College, clerk
767— fidwwda, Edwin, 17, Royal Polytech. Inst., clerk
—Bkpg. (2)
*761— Edwards, Robert, 22, City of London CoU^e,
stationer's assistant— Bkpg. (2d)
921— Edwards, Thomas, 19, Oldham ScSch., mediaDic
— Geom. Dwg. (1st) with 1st prize.
972— Edwards Thomas, 16, Pembroke Dock M.L—
Arith. (1st); Alg. (2d)
976 — Edwards Thomas, 19, Pembroke Dock M.I., ah^
Wright— Arith. (1st)
977— Edwards, Wm., 18, Petersboro* M.I., popil teadier
—Eng. Hist. (3d) ; Geog. (2d)
887 — Elder, James, 20, Glasgow, M.I., dvil engineer —
Principles of Mechanics (3dj
1038— Elliman, Samuel F., 16, Slough M.L, chomiai
[proposed] — Gecra. Dwg. (3d)
836— Elliott, Thomas Griffin, 16, Blanchester M.L,^
—Arith. (2d) ; Chem. (3d)
244- Ellis, Charles Jones. 24, Devonport MX, sbfp-
wright— Bkpg. (Ist); Geog. (2d)
242— Ellis, Richard J., 19, Devonport M.I., shipwright
apprentice— Bkpg. (3d) ; Mensur. (2d)
781— Elsom, Albert, 17, Louth M.I., pupil teacbtf-
Arith. (2d)
216— Elworthy, Alfred, 18, pupil teacher— AriUi. (3d)
626— Embleton, Charles, 18, Leeds Y.M. Christ Asffxx,
engineer apprentice— Geom. (2d); Alg. (3d}
84— Embrey, George. 23, Binning, and Midland Inst,
electro-plater — Chem. j2d)
774— Evans, George, 25, R. Poly- lost., butcher- Arith.
(3d); Dom. Eonomy(2d)
260— Evans, John Luther, 19, Devonport M.I., ship-
wright— Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
1107— Evans, Thomas, 19, Messrs. Chance's Evg. Sdt.^
Oldbury, clerk— Arith. (2d)
26— Falconer, William, 16, Aberdeen M.I., draper—
Arith. (2d)
686— Fancourt, George, 19, St. Stephen's Evg. Sch.,
barrister's clerk — Arith. (Ist)
217— Famcomb, Edward, 34, artist— Geog. (Sd)
917— Faulkner, James, 18, Oldham Sc. Sch., stoker —
Geom. Dwg. (3d)
707— Faulkner, Richard, 21, City of London Coll.,
bank derk— Arith. (Sd); Music (3d)
142— Fearnside, Henry, 18, Bradford M.L, derk-
Arith. (Sd)
1064— Fellows, James, 22, Wolverhampton Young Hen^
Christian Inst, clerk — German (3d)
386— Ferguson, James, 19, Glasgow M.L, custom's
clerk (proposed) — Arith. ( Ist) ; Eng. Hist. (2d) ;
Geog. (2d) ; Algebra (3d)
146— Fielding, John, 16, Bradford M.L. clerk— Arith.
(2d); Eng. Hist (3d); French (8d) ; Geog.
(3d)
880— Fields, Robert Le Hair, 29, Newcastle-on-Tjoa
M.I., clerk— Chem. (3d)
708— FUlan, Thomas T., 18, City of London Coll.
clerk— Algebra (2d) ; Geom. (2d)
131— Firth, James, 18, Bradford M.L, cotton pieoer—
Arith. (3d); Bkpg. (2d)
709— Firth, James, 31, City of London ColL, clerk—
Eng. Hist (2d) ; Geog. (2d)
710— Firth, John W., 16, City of London Coll., deik—
German (2d) ; French (2d)
239— Fitze, William James, 19, Devonport M.L, ihip-
Wright — Conic Sections (IstV, with Ist Prise;
Mens, (ist) with 1st Prize ; Trigonometry (3d)
600— Fitzpatrick, William, 16, Ipswich W.M.C., derk
—Arith. (3d)
683— Flockton, William, 28, Leeds M.L, insaranoedert
—Eng. Lit (Ist)
798_Fogg, Roger, 17, Bollingion Useful Knowledge
Soc, pupil teacher— Arith. (1st) ; Geog. (2d)
232— Ford, Francis, 16, Devonport M.I., engineer^
Algebra (3d)
619--^Foeter, Thomas, 18, Padiham Trades' Hall Inst^
mechanic and engineer — Chem. (8d)
JOUKNAL OP THE SOOIBTT OF ARTS, Jtob 17, 1864.
509
587 — Foulds, Thomas, 19, Burnley M.L, wtrehouBeman
— Bkpg. (Ut)
628 — ^Fox, William J., 21,Bamley M.I., book-keeper—
Bkpg. (2d)
40 — France, James, 17, Ashton-nnder-Lyne M.L,
clerk—Arith. (2) ; Bkpg. (2d) ; Oeog. (3d).
4S5— Fraser, John, 16, Pop. Ev. Classes, Andersonian
UniT., Glasgow, olerk — Cheni. (3d)
70 — French, Alfred, 24, Banbury Sc. Sch., baker—
Bouuiy (2d)
421 — French, Andrew, 25, Pop. Ev. Classes, Anderson.
Univ., Glasgow, engine-keeper — Mag. Elect,
dsc, (3d)
6G— Frier, William, 16, Banbridge Lit. and Mat. Imp.
Soc— Gtjog. (2d)
795— Frith, WillUm, 20, Bollinffton Use. Enow. Soc.,
cotton warehouseman— Cnem. (3d)
1044— Fulton, William, 32, Southampton Ath., grocer's
assistant — Music (3d)
1072— Furmage, Wm. D., 20, Wolverhampton W.M.O.,
engiueer — Arith. (3d) ; Pract. Me«h. (3d)
643— Gardner, Thomas, 29, Lichfield W.M.I., national
schooi*master-*~Bkpg. (2d)
711— Garrett. George W., 21, City of Lon. Col., clerk—
Eng. Lit. (1st) with book prize.
272— Garrett, John, 19, Gilford Y.M.M.I.A., derk—
Arith. (Ist) ; Bkpg. (2d); Mens. (3d)
712— Ganide, Henry J., 20, City of Lond. Col., derk—
French (3d)
463— Garside, John, 20, Halifax W.M.C., power-loom
overlooker — ^Bkpg. (2d)
912 — Gartside, Samuel, 20, Oldham Sc Sch., Mason—
Geom. Dwg. (2d)
396'-Gatheral, George, 17, Glasgow M.I., chemist —
Chem. (2d)
138_Gaunt, John Edward, 17, Bradford M.L, attorney's
derk— Arith. (2d) ; Eng. Hist. (2d)
888— Gibson, Bobert, 20, Newcastle-on-Tyne Ch. of
Eng. Inst., derk— French (3d)
644— GUbert, John, 23, Lichfield W.M.I., maltster-
French (8d)
962— Gill, James, 21, Paisley Artiz. Inst., shawl pat-
tern designer — Music (3d)
713— Gilflon, Bobert Baker, 20, City of London College,
derk— Arith. (3d) ; Bkpg. (2) ; Eng. Lit. (3d)
696 — Glassford, John McLachlan, 19, Leeds M.I., che-
mist's assistant— Chem. (3d)
1186— Goodall, John C, 17, York M.I., derk— Arith.
(1st) ; Alg. (2d)
681— Ooode, Frederick J., 20, St. Stephen 's,Westm. Ev.
Sch., schoolmaster — Music (2d)
714 — Goode, John, 19, City of London College, tobac-
conist — French (3d)
235 — Goodyear, Thomas H., 17, Devonport M.I., en-
gineer (student) — Alg. (2d) ; Mens. (8d)
12 — Gordon, Robert, 21, Al^rdeen M.I., cabinet-maker
Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
86— Gosden, Richard T., 19, Birmingham and Midland
Inst., derk— Arith. (2d)
1142 — Goit, Edwin, 24, Calverley M.L, woollen doth
weaver— Arith. (3d) ; Bkpg. (2d)
1066— Gould, John, 20, Wolverhampton Young Men's
Christian Inst., printer — Jfjag, Hist. (8d)
980— Granger, James Nixon, 17, Portsea Watt Inst.,
engineer (student) — Pract. Mech. (Ist); Princ.
Mech. (2dj; Geom. Dwg. (2d)
1036— Grantham, Henry, 24, Slough M.I., coach wheel
Wright— Freehd. Dwg. (3d)
1120— Green, Alfred B., 20, ironmonger— French (3d)
663 — Green, Bernard, 20, Haslingden Inst., piece looker
—Arith. (3d); Anim. Phys. (3d); Mens. (3d)
1196 — Greenwood, Edwin, 24, Hatherlow M.L Soc., wire-
drawer— Arith. (3d)
806— Greenwood, William, 18, Manchester M.I.— Chem.
(Ist) ; Anim. Phys. (Ist) with book prize
990— Gretton, John Jenkins, 17, Salford W.M.C., pupil
teacher— Anth. (3d^ ; Ge<>g. (3d)
694— Griffith, David, 26, Leeds M.L, bookkeeper— Mio.
and Met. (1st), with 2d prize; Chem. (2d);
Anim. Phys. (2d)
966— Griffiths, Henry, 22, Pembroke Dock M.I., ship-
wright— Aiith. (2d) ; Eng. Hist. (8d); Geo^. (8d>
836— Griffiths, John Alfred, 16, Manchester M.I.—
Chem. (2d} ; Ani. Phys. (2d)
630-Grim6haw, Richard Aticinson, 18, Leeds Y.M.C.A.,
railway clerk— French ^3d)
716— Grosvenor, Edward, 25, City of London Coll.,
corrector — Music (2d)
716— Ground, William David, 22, City of London Coll.,
clerk in education office — Gkom. (3d)
811 — Grimdy, Joseph, 21, Manchester M:.I., derk —
Bkpg. (1st)
600— Guest, Thomas, 16, Leeds M.L, cleik— Chem. (3d)
699 — Gurney, James, 18, Leeds M.L, soap manufacturer
-Chem. (3d)
674 — Haggitt, Catherine S., 38, London M.L, govem<
German (2d)
189— Hall, Charles R., 17, Chelmsford L. and M.L,
plumber and painter, dec. — Free-hd. Dwg, (1st)
563— Hall, Edward, 17, Burnley Ch. of Eng. Lit. Inst.,
papil teacher— Arith. (2d) ; Eng. Uist. (2d)
1121— Hall, James Butler, 19, Wakefield M.L, over-
looker— Bkpg. (2d)
462— Halliday, John, 21, Halifax W.M.C, warehoose-
man — ^Bkpg. (2d)
620— Halliday, John, 22, Leeds Y.M.C.A., warehouse-
man— Arith. (2d) ; Bkpg. (1st)
925— Hallsworth, Harry, 19, Oldham So. Sch., draughts-
man — Geom. Dwg. (3d)
338— Hally, John, 18, Glasgow Inst., derk— Bkpg. (3d)
717— Halsev, William, 19, City of London Coll., clerk
—Arith. (2d)
616- Halstead, James, 21, Burnley M.L, stonemason—
Arith. (3d)
832— Hamilton, Thomas, 22, Glasgow Inst., cabinet
maker— Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
869 — ^Hanson, John E., 16, Manchester M.I., clerk —
Bkpg. (3d)
718— Harbott, William, 19, Citv of London Coll., derk
—Bkpg. (Ist)
1129— Hardcastle, John W., 19, York Inst, of Pop. Sc.,
clerk— Algebra (2d)
796— Harding. Edwin J., 18, BoUington Useful Know-
ledge Soc., teacher (proposed)- Eng. Hist (3d)
634— Hargreaves, Edmund, 18, Burnley M.I., weaver —
Arith. (3d)
1076— Harley, WiUiam. 19, Wolverhampton W.M.C.,
attocney's clerk — Free-hd. Dwg. (8d)
191 — Harris, Charles, 18, Chelmsford L. and M.L, pupil
teacher— Free-hd. Dwg. (3d) ; Arith. (3d)
719— Hanis, Owen, 17, City of London Coll., derk—
Bkpg. (2d)
814 — Hariison, George, 19, Manchester M.I., derk —
Arith. (3d) ; Bkpg. (2d)
1160— Harrison, John Pownall, 18, Manchester M.L,
book-keeper — Eng. Hist. (3d)
129— Harrison, Joseph. 22, Bradford M.L, clerk— Arith.
(3d) ; Eng. Lit. (1st) with 1st Prize ; Logic (2d)
1161— Harrison, WiUiam, 17, Middlesbro' M.L, farmer—
Agric. (3d) ; Chem. (3d)
1176— Harrison, WUUam, 23, St. Michael's Ev. Sch.,
Bromley, ship joiner — Arith. (3d)
866— Hartley, Joseph, 23, Hulme Christ Churdi Inat.,
-in a chemical yard— Arith. (2d] ; Chem. (2d)
819— HartneU, Wilson, 24, Manchester M.L, draughte-
man— Bkpg. (2d)
128— Harwood, James. 18, Bolton M.L, mechanic—
Geom. Dwg. (3d)
87 — Haseler, George Carter, jun., 18, Birmingham and
Midland Inst., jewdler — ^Chem. (3d)
510
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBflW OP AUTS, Jun* 17, 1864:.
720-«-HAtob, Joha J., 19, Oitjof Loo. OdL,^ corrMpond-
iDg clerk— Bog. Hirt. (2d] ; Ene. Lit. (Ist)
79$— HaMoo, Eii«, 18, MtoclM^eld Use. Know. Soe.,
gasfitter and brazier — Chenu (2d)
971^HayS| George. 16, Pembroke Dock M.I., papU
teacher— Antb. (2d) ; Mem. (Sd)
026— Hayward, Charles Wm., 19, Leeds T.M.C.A.,
stonemasoD — Aritb. (8d)
721— Hayward, Jamet, 20, City of Loo. CkH., aniatant
gardener — Arith. (Sd)
548 — ^Healey, Thomaa, 24, Bnniley M.I., book-keeper —
Alg. (Istj with Isft pnoe; Ohem. (l»e) wMi 2nd
prize ; Mena. (Ist) with 2nd priae ; Mm* Elect,
^^,(2d)
792— Heathoote, Oeorge, 16, Maoelesfield MJ., papU
teacher— Ohem. (3d)
1070— Hammings, Theopbilus, 28, Wolvhamp. W.M.C.,
sohoelmaster and organist — Mnsio (Itt)
9tt— ^Heinaley, William Botting, 20, Richmond Paro-
chial Library, assistant in the herbarimn, Eew—
Botany (1st) with Ist prize.
&84<^Henderson, Heniy, 20, Glasgow Ath,, clerk—
Bkpg. (1st)
765— Heritage, Esther Anne, 24, R. Poly. Inst., teacher
—French (Ist)
722— Higgins, George, 29, City of Lon. Ool., teacher—
Mnsic (2d); Anim. Phys. (2d)
1<>*5—Hlggt, James H., 27, Soothampton Ath., coaoh^
painter— Arith. (Ist)
1159— Higham, Matthew, 25, lianohetter M.I., book-
keeper — Anim. Phys. (2d)
1019— Hlg«)n» Hugh, 18, SaHbrd W.M.C., clerk— Bkpg.
1104— Hni, Henry, 38, Meors. Chance's Lib:, designer—
Free-hd. Dwg. (Ist) with 1st nrize.
253— Hill, James E., 28, Bdtobargh Phil. Insl., teacher
—Latin, &c. (3d)
1140— Hill, WiUiam, 17, Acomb lit. Inst., clerk— Arith.
(Sd); Eng. Hist. (8d.)
1042— Hill, William B., 18, Southampton Ath., clerk—
Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
1162— flillB, Henry G., 21, Hertford L. and S.I., printer
— Bkpg. (2d); Mens. (2d)
261— Hills, William J. 20, Faversham Inst., chemist—
Arith. (2d)
492— Hindle, John E., 17, Hull Young People»s Christian
and Literary Inst., clerk— German (2d)
1147— Hobson, Kichard Hughes, 22, Middlesbro' M.I.,
clerk — Chem. (8d)
7— Hodge, Mariar 19) Aberdeen M^I.,— Free-hd.
Dwg- (2d)
465- Hodgson, Alfred, 19, Halitax W.M^C, overlooker
—Bkpg. (3d)
361— Holbum, Rbt., 17, Glasgow M.I., clerk— Bkpg. (2d)
558— Holden, Thomas, 20, Burnley Church of EDglaad
Lit. Inst., cotton weaver — Arith. (3^1)
585— Hole, John Mitchell, 17, Leeds M.I., tMcher—
Eng. Hist. (2d) ; Geog. (2d); Algebra (3d)
582— Holgate, James; 18, Burnley M.I., ckrk— Magnet.
Elect., &c. (3d)
662— HoUihead. William, 18, Liverpool Inst.>clefk^
Arith. (2d) ; Bkpg. (1st)
1168— Holk)way, Frederick G., 18, Stouitridge MJ.,
bank clerk— Bkpg. (2d)
1128— HoUowiiy, George O'C, 17» Kidderminster M.L,
clerk— Arith. (2d); Bkpg. (2d) ; French (3d)
724— Holman, William, 21, City of Loudon Coll,, clerk
—French (3d)
465— Holroyd, Joseph H,, 18, Hull Young Peoplels
Christian and Lit. Inst., clerk — Arith. (1st)
1CB7— 'Holt, Andrew, 25, Salford W.M.C., engimver to
calico printers— Arith. (Sd) ; Algebra (3d)
629— Hollon, William, 20, Leeds Young Men's Chriatto
Assoc., railway clerk-^Bkpg. (1st)
569— Hood, George, 19, Haslingden Inat., weaver—
Chem. (3d)
607— Hood, William, 20, London M:L, veiliim fcindw
—Arith. (1st) ; Algebra (2d)
725— Hopkins, John, 17, City of Loo. OoL, ciUA—
Arith. (3d)
571— Horrocks, Richard, 18, HaiAingden InaC, book-
keeper— Bkpg. (2d)
881— Hopps, Michael P., 16, Newcaatla^oo-Tyne MX,
clerk — Chem. (3d) '
1200— Horth, Benjamin, 20, Abbott's Ann Reading-roon,
assistant master— Arith. (3d); Free-hd Dwg. (8dj
88— Horton, Robert, 20, Birmingfaaia and Midisoad
Inst., clwk— Alg. (2d)
89— Hotchkiss, Edmund, 25, Birmingham, and MkUand
Inst., derk — German (2d)
1079— Hough, Joseph, 26, Wolverhamptoa WJLO.,
aaSstant in obaervatoiy— German (Sd)
170— Howse, Thomas, 22, Bristol Ath., wanhouaemait
Arith. {Sd)
400— Houstoun, Andrew McDowall, 19, Glaagow MX,
aoooantani*Bclerk— Arith« (Sd) ; Bkpg. (Ist) with
2nd prize
1001— Howaid, Squire, 18, Salford W.M.C., lithographic
artist— Free-hd. Dwg. (2d)
159— Howard, WilHam, 17, Trade and Mmmg School,
Bristol, mining engineer^-Chem. (2d).
829— Howarth, James, 18, Manchester M4.,claik— Eng.
HIit. (8d)
678— Howes, Frederick, 19, London M.L, cladL— Eng.
Hist. (2d); Alg. (2d)
472— Howorth, Fxiward, 23, Halifax W.M.a, wool-
sorter— Bkpg. (Sd)
779— Hubbard, Edmund Isle, 18, Louth MX, tntOT—
Arith. (2d) ; M«ns^ (3d)
497— Hubbard, George Wm., 17, Ipswich W.M.O.,
clerk in Probate Court— Geog. (3d)
1078— Hudson, Edwin, 20, Wolverhampton W.M.C.,
druggist— Chem. (3d)
727— Hudson, William, 28, City of Lon. Ool., natkmal
sehool teacher-—Chem, (2d); Alg, (2d>; "^ ^
Mtch. (2d).
726— Hughes, John, 20, City of London CoU.
assistant — Agric. (let), with 1st prize
476— Hughes, Robert' ThoiT>o, 24, Halifiut WJLO,
warehou5cman — Bkpg. (3d)
1117-*ighes, Thomas, 27, Brierley Hfll W3C. Chib,
colliery engine-driver — Arith. (3d)
457— Hogheir, William J., 18, Halifax WJi.C.,aMateiit
book-keeper — Bkpg. (2d)
1185— Hughes, William J., 18, St. Paofs.BowCoauDai,
Ev. CI., cleik— Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
99&— Hulme, Edward Barlow, 17, Salfoid W.M. CoU.,
clerk— Arith. (2d); Evg, Hist. (2d); Latin (2d)
378— Hunter, William, 20, Glasgow M/U engJnoT
Geom. Dwg. (3d)
840»i-Hurst, Washington. 21, Manchester M.I^ joioaib-
Arith. (Ist); Eng. Hist. (3d); Alg. (8d)
392— Inglis, Francis, 16, Glasgow M.I^ clerk— Bkpg. (Sd)
40&— Inglis, William, 23, Pop. Ev. Clasaes, Anders MJin
Univ., Glasgow, clerk — French (2d)
181— Irving, Robert, 24, Carlisle M.I., teaeher— Alg.
(Ist); Bkpg. (2d)
1192— Irwin, William G., 24, People'^ Reading fioMi,
Belfast, clerk— Arith. (3d>
974^Ivemey, Tliomas, 23, Pembroke Dock M.L.cai^ar
—Arith. (2d); Eng. HiiNtr(2d); Geog. (1st), with
1st prize.
*1103— Jack, James Alex., 17, Mean. Chance's Lib.,
S^attMcutier— Arith. (2d)
202— Jackson, Christopher, jun., 18, Dai4iagtoo Cb. of
Eng. Inst., clerk— Arith. (2d)
799— Jackson, Francis, 16. Bollington Use. Know. Soc
pupil teacher— Arith. (2d) ; Geog. ($d)
208^Jaokson, John, 16, Darlington Ch. of Ebg. If»t.
dark— Arith. (1st)
JOURNAL OT" TBB SOOIBTT OF ARTS, J^hb 17, 1864.
511
S85-^«dM00, John« 17, Glasgow Alh., derk^BJoig. fdd ji
473— Jaokaoo, Joseph Jlortao, 20, HaliCax W.M.C.,
gfooer's MBiaUni-^ng. lAi, (2d)
1106 — Jackson, William, 17, Mmbts. Qhaoto'a ETening
School, Oldbnry, bricklayeiu^rith. (3d)
167— J^eriea, Albert Q. W., 21, Brifliol Yoong Men's
Chriatian AaM>c., aoooantani's olerk— 'Arith. <2d)
602 — Jeifenon, Haiy Anne, 16, Leeds M.I.-^Dg. Hist.
(8d)
1074— Jeoks, laaao J., 18, WoltrerhamptoQ W.M.O.—
Arith. (lat)
728 — JenniDCT, Henry, 26, City of London College, ar-
ticled oletk to A solicitor— Bkfg. (1st)
1000— Johnson, Uanood, 18, Salfoid WJIC, derk—
Bk|)g.(ad)
619— Johnson, Thomas, 26, Leeds Y.M. Christ. Aasoc,
narebonseman— Bkpg. (3rd) ; Eng. Lit. (3d)
286 — Johnston, Alexander, 19, Glasgow Aih., railway
clerk— Bkpg (1st); Eng^Lit. (lst),with>2dprtM.
988— Jones, Alfred, 80, 8alfecdW.li.C., boob-keeper—
Logic (2d)
889— Jones. Benjamin, 16, llanobester M.I., warehouse
lad-^Aiilh. (Ist) ; Bkpg. (Ist)
729— Jones, Henry C, 21, City of Lon. CoU-^^kpg. (2d)
1199— Jones, John M., 21, Uatherlow M.I. Soc., sebool-
master-^Arith. (1st)
1017— Jones, WiUiam. 17, Salforl W.M.C., asststaat-
teacher — Bkp^. (1st)
415— Josh, Edmund G., 17, Pop.Ev. Classes, Aaderson.
Univ., Glasgow, ehemist — Chem. (2d); Praot.
Meoh. (2d)
262 — Kay, Eliaa, 19, Favenham Inst., popil teacher—
Geog. (let)
865— Kay, James, 16, Manchester M.I., operative —
Aiitb. (2d^
845— Kay, WiUiam, 23, Holme Christ Ch. Inst.,
medianio^Arith. (8d) ; Praot. Meoh. (8d)
152 — Kave, Uriah, 17, Bradford K.I., woel-sorter —
Bkpg. (2d) ; Alg. (3d) ; Mens. (3d)
8L— Kearas, Henry, 17, Aldenhot Inst., dtrk— Bog.
Hist. (2d); Alg. (3d)
780— Kelly, James Neil, 23, City of Loo. Col., book-
koeper-^French ( 1st) with 1st prise.
287 — Kelly, John, 19, Glasgow Ath.,-meebanic — Latin,
Ac. (3d)
60— Kennedy, David, 17, Banbrldge M.I.8., €ax
spinning bosineai — Arith. (2d)
73 1— Kennedy, John, 19, City of Lon. Col., customs
clerk— Arith. (1st): Eng. Hist. (2d) ; French (2d)
fi89^-Kerr, Thomas, 42, Glasgow Ath., mannfaetorer —
Bkpg. (2d)
449— Kerr, William, 19, Pop. £v. Cla«es, AodeiMa.
Univ. Glasgow, clerk — Anim. i^bys. (2d)
940— Kemhaw, Thomas, Jan., 23, OkUiam 8c. Seh.,
mechanio— Geom. Dwg. (2d)
66 4 Keyte, William B., aged 17, London M;!., engineer
—Arith. (1st) ; Piac. Meoh. (2d) ; Mens. (2d)
871— ^ng, James, 26. Glasgow M.I., derk— Mens, fid)
410 — King, John Falconer, 19, Pop. Ev. Classes, Anders.
Univ., Glasgow, chemist— -Chem. (Ist)
509— King. Henry A., 21, Iprvioh W.M. Coll., grocer's
assistant — Bkpg. (1st)
176 — Kingerlee, George, 25, chemist and druggist —
Chem. (2d)
316— Kirk wood, John, 18, Carl ton-place Seealar Sch.,
Gla^ow, normal student — Anim. Phys. (8d)
825 — Knight, James, 21, Manchester M.I., mechanic —
Geom. Dwg. (2d)
833 — ^Knowles, James, 20, Maneheeter M.I., derk —
^pg.(2d)
-TaS'-Jjake, William Smee, 19, City of London C#U.,
derii— Bkpg. (2d)
ll«8-^Lambert. James Newton, 18, HerUb#d L. and ai.,
ponier's aMstaat— Antb. (3d) t
L
507— Lanadell, Lawaao H., 18, Xpswioh WiM.C, clerk
—Bkpg. (1st)
196— Laroombe, Geoi^, 18, Ciewe M.I., fitter and
turner — ^Arith. (dd)
783— Law, Calvert, 23, City of London CdJ., derk—
Bkpg. (Ist)
'985— Law, Edwin, 18. Salft>rd W.M. Coll., olerk—
Latin, &o, (2d)
-290— Lawde, D., 18, Glasg. Ath., insunclerk— Arith. (1st)
871— Lawson, John H., 16, Newcastle-on<Tyne Cli. of
Eng., Inst., merchant and shipbkr. — Geog. (2d)
866 -Lawton, William, 29, Mossley M.I., watchman—
Bkpg. (2d)
408 — ^Leckie, John Saods, 18, Pop. Ev. Classes, Ander.
Univ., Glasgow, olerk — French (dd)
493— Lee, Abel, 20, Compotall Imt., weaver— Arith. (3d)
'734— Lee, Samuel, 17, City of London College, derk—
Arith. (2d)
994— Lee, Wm., 23, SaUbrdW.M.C, salesman— Chem.
(3d)
777— Lendon, Wm. W., 18, R. Polytechnic I., derk—
Bkpg. (1st)
374 — Leslie, James, jun., 18, Glasgow M.I., accountant's
derk— Free-hd. Dwg. f3d)
735— Lesslie, Robert J., 20, City of London College,
ckrk— Bkpg. (Ist)
659 — Lewin, Edmund Fairhurst, 16, Liverpool Inst.,
shipbuilder's apprentiee — Arith. (1st); Alg. (2d)
736 — Lewis. James, 28, City of London College, teacher
—Arith. I2d) ; Princ. Meoh. (Sd)
561— Lidddl, Joiin Pemberton, 19, Hadingden Inst.,
learning the oottonr businen^^Chem. (3d)
61 — Linn, Richard, 26, BanbHdgo Lit. and Mut. Imp.
Soc., shop assistant-— Geog. (3d)
886 — Livingston, Henry J., 18, Newcastle-oa«Tyne Ch.
of Eng. Inst., derk — French (Sd)
1123 — Logtin, Henry, 23, Wakefield M.I., ironfoonder
— PracL Meeh. (1st) with 2nd prise; Mens. (2d)
63— Legue, James, 20, Banbridge Lit. and M^I.S., N.
teacher— >Arith( 1st) ; Meni*. (2d) ; Eng. Lit. (3d)
1049— liOne, Chas., 29, Southampton, porter — Music(3d)
63 — ^Lord, John. 80, Baoup M.I., warehouseman —
Arith. (3d)
065 — ^Lord, John T., 19, Haslingden Inst., piece looker,
Chero. (2d)
48— Lord,WiUiam, 18, Bacup M.I., derk— Arith. (1st);
Alg. (2d); Chem. (2d)
168— Lorymer, Edward, t9, Bristol Ath., derk in dock
office— Bkpg. (2d)
683— Lough, George J., 17, Sr. Stephen's Ev. Sch., ar-
chitect's assistant — Arith. (3d)
67— Love, Albert A., 22, Banbridge Lit. and M.I.S.,
clerk— Bkpg. (Ist)
1089-^Lndlam, Isaac 8., 16, Wolverhampton W:M. Coll.,
derk— Arith. (2d) ; Bkpg. (2d)
6 — ^Biac Kenaie, Donald, 23, Aderdeen M.I.,BtQneoatier
wArith. (3d)
395— Mactear, James, 19, Glasgow M.I., diemist—
Min. and Met. (2d) : Chem. (2d)
137— Maguire, Philip, 16, Bradford M.I., merchant's
clerk— Arith. (2d)
90— Maidwell, Robert C, 23, Birmingham and Midland
Inst., schoolmaster — Arith. (1st)
863— Main, John, 22, Glasgow M.I . ,clerk— Eng. Hi8t.(2d)
1190— Maitland, Alexander S., 18, People's Reading-
rooms, Belfast, apprentice to linen manufacturer
—Arith. (3d)
1013— »Makin, John B., 23, Salford W.M.C., warehouse-
man— Bkpg. (2d)
91— Mallin, Emala, 21, Birmingham and Midland Inst.
—Eng. Hist. (2d) ; Enur. Lit. (3d)
1071— Mansfield, Geoi^, 23, Wolverhampton W.M.C.,
printer — Music (1st) with 2nd prise
71— Idansfield, Marianne £., 18, Banbury 6c. 8di.,
teacher- Music (fid)
512
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Junh 17, 18G4.
72— MATdoD, Daoiel, 19, Baoboiy Se. Sch., teacher—
Oeom. (2d)
^82— Mark, JobD Siddoway, 18, Newcastle-on-Tyne
M.I., druggist — Chem. (3d)
580^Mar8deo, Heniy, 18, Rawtenstall M.I., weaver—
Chem. (3d)
^2— Marah, James, 28, Hulme Christ Ch. Inst., derk
Arith. (3d)
^l— Marshall, Elizabeth, 16, Leeds M.L, echolar—
Geog. (3d)
^808 — Marshall, Samuel, 17, Manchester M.I., papil
teacher ~ Arith. (2d)
1149— Marshall, William Stone. 16, Middlesbro' M.I.,
engine fitter — Chem. (2d)
1015— Martm, Qeorge, 19, Salford W.M.C., pawnbroker's
assistant — Bkpg. (3d)
490— Martin, John, 16, Hull Yonng People's Christian
and Lit. Inst., derk — Arith. (Ist)
843 — ^Martin, Robert Petty, 16, Manchester M.L, chemist
— Anim. Phys. (1st) with Book Prize; Qeog.
(1st) ; Chem. (2d)
738— Masham, William G., 23, City of London Coll.,
clerk— Geom. (2d)
«801— Massey, WilUam, 19, Macclesfield M.L, derk
(proposed) — Chem. (1st)
1047— -Massy, Charles, 16, Southampton Ath., artided
derk— Arith. (1st)
1048— Massy, William L., 17, Southampton Ath., derk
in ordnance survey office — Algebra (1st)
967— Mathias, George Hitohings, 22, Pembroke Dock
M.L, writer- Arith. (3d) ; BkpR. (2d)
588 — Maude, Joseph, 30, Leeds Church lost, railway
derk— Bkpg. (2d)
267— May, Thomas, 21, Edinburgh Phil. Inst., derk—
Algebra (3d) ; Latin, &c., (3d)
369 — Mayer, Annie, 18, Glasgow M.L, assistant teacher
—Anim. Phys. (3d)
846— McCausland, Alexander, 21, Manchester MJ.,
cabinet maker — Arith. (1st) ; Bkpg. (2d)
294— McCunach, James, 20, Glasgow Atn., warehouse-
man — French (2d)
331— McDonald, Archibald, 42, Glasgow Inst., book-
keeper— Free-hd. Dwg. (8d)
293— McDougall, John, 80, Gla^^ow Ath., book-keeper
— Eng. Lit. (3d)
255— McFarlan, Hugh, 19, Edinburgh Philos. Inst.,
clerk— Arith. (3d); Eng. Hist. (2d)
407— McFarlane, John R., 23, Pop. £v. Classes, Ander-
son ian Univ., Glasgow, clerk — Botany (3d)
961— McGibbon, Richard F., 26, Paisley Artiz. Inst.,
watchmaker— Music (3d)
328 — McGilchrist, James, 18, Glasgow Inst., derk —
Latin, &c. (3d)
295 — McGown, David, 21, Glasgow Ath., railway derk
—Eng, Lit. (3d)
486— Mcintosh, Donald, 20, Hull Young People's Christ.
and Lit. Inst., clerk — German (2d)
366— McEellar, Elizabeth, 23, GUsgow M.L, teacher—
Anim. Phys. (2d)
358-McKenzie, Thomas, 17, Glasgow M.I., clerk—
Bkpg. (2d)
342 — ^McLachlan, Samuel, 20, Glasgow Inst, derk —
Bkpg. (2d)
292— McLay, Wm., 23, Glasgow Ath., clerk— Arith.
(2d) ; Eng. Hist. (2d)
952— McLennan, Wm. B., 18, Paisley Artiz. Inst., derk
—Arith. (3d)
1184— McLeod, Albert J., 20, St Paul's, Bow-common,
Kv. Classes, engineer— Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
269— MeMaster,Hugh Dunbar, 20, GUford Young Men's
Mut. Imp. Assoc., foreign correspondent — Arith.
(Ist); Alg. (2d)
330 — McMillan, Andrew, 21, Glasgow Inst., warehouse-
man—Latin, Ac. (2d)
880— McMinn, Thomas, 19, Ghwgow M.L, derk-
Arith. (Ist) ; Alg. (3d) ; L^c (3d)
1193— McMuUan, John, 24, People's Beading Booms,
Bdfast, derk— Bk|)g. (1st)
349— McMortrie, John, 17, Glasgow Inst, derk— Arith.
(2d); Bkpg. (2d).
365— McNair, John, 21, Glasgow M.I., wood carver—
Eng. Lit (2d)
318— McNeil, Archibald, 20, Carlton-place Sec. Sch,
Ev. Classes, Glasgow, teacher— Musk^ (2d)
1188 -McNeill, James, 17, People's Reading-rooma, Bel-
fast, teaoher— Arith. (3d) ; Alg. (8d) ; Mens, (dd)
297— McPherson, Alex., 18, Glaijgow Ath., clerk— Bkpg.
(Ist)
319 — McTyre, James, 18, Carlton-place Sec. Sch.,
Glasgow, teacher — Anim. Phys. (3d)
298 — McWilliam, John, 20, Glasgow Ath., clerk- Bkpg.
(1st)
178— Mend, Edward, 16, Bury St. Edmund's M.I.,
printer — Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
739— Meadows, WilUam, 16, City of Lon. CoL, pxAan-
Crame maker — Chem. (1st) with Ist price ; Anioi.
Phys. (1st) with Ist prize; Geom. (1st) with 1st
prize ; Magnet. Elect, &c. (3d)
252— Melhuish, William F., 21. Edinbui^h PhiL Inst,
tdegraphist— Magnet. Elect., &c (2d)
615— Mdlor, William, 22, Leeds Y.M.C.A., cloth
finisher— Arith. (3d; Bkpg. (2d)
384-MiUar, William J., 25, Glasgow M.L, coUector—
Alg. (3d) ; Geom. (3d)
451 — Miller, Mathew, 17, Gosport and Alverstoke Lit
and 8.I., engineer (student)— Navig., Ssc (2d);
Geom. (2d)
1004— MUls, George, 18, Salford W.M.C., gardeoer—
Free-hd. Dwg. (dd)
1005— Mill?, William, 16, Salford W.M.C.. dffk— Fre^
hd. Dwg. (3d)
812— Millward,Frederick,21,Manche8terM.I.,dnuight8-
man — Bkpg. ( 1 st)
193 — ^Minns, John W., 16, Crewe M.L, pupil teacher —
Arith. (2d)
762— Minter, John, 22, R. Poly. Inst., deik— Bkpg. (1 st)
27— Mitchell, George, 23, Aberdeen M.I., jeweHcr—
Arith. (2d); Free-hd. Dwg. (3d)
868— Mitchell, Geo.,22,Mo8sleyM.I.,piecer—Bkpg.r3d)
420— Mitchell, James, 26, Pop. Ev. Classes, AnderaoD.
Univ., Glasgow — ^Magnet, Elect, &L (1st} with
1st prize
636— Mitchell, Joseph, 19, Leicester Ch. of Eng. Inet,
chemist (apprentice) — ^An. Phys. (2d) ; Chem. (3d)
842— Mitchell, William, 17, Manchester M.L, dert:—
Arith. (2d)
237— Mogg, Thomas H., 23, Devonport M.I., pmwa-
broker's assistant — Arith (3d) ; Eng. Hist ^3d)
218— Mondy, Edmund Felix, 18, shipwright (apprataos)
—Alg. (3d)
869 — Moorhouse, Thomas, 18, Mossley M.L, hand-looB
woollen weaver — Bkpg. (2d)
^356— Morison, Donald, 28, Glasgow Inst., derk— £og.
HUt. (2d) ; Geog. (3d)
854— Morris, Thomas, 20, Hulme Christ Cli. Inst.,
clerk— Arith. (3d)
1096— Morris, Thomas, 17, W. Bromwich Y.M. Oirist,
Inst., pupil -teacher — Arith. (1st) ; Geog. (Sod)
885 — Morrison, John, 16, Newcastle-on-Tyne 2£l, derk
—French (3d)
139— Mort, Joab, 17, Bradford M.L, derk— Freodi
(3d)
19— Mortimer, John McKay, 22, Aberdeen MJ., mason
—Alg. (3d)
54 — ^Morton, James, 18, Bacup M.I., bleacher— Arith.
(2d) ; Chen». (2d|
375 — Morton, John, 21, Glasgow M.I., engineer— Pnc.
Mech. (3d)
34— Moss, George T., 17, Famham M.L, sdiod as^t-
ant— Arilh. (3d) ; Geog. (3d); Music (Sd)
1063— Mouilpied, Henry de, 21, Southampton Atb.,ckri
I in H.M. Customs— Arith. (3d) ; Eng. Hist (8J;
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBQDYOP ARTS, Jum 17, 1864.
613
eie— MoQDtoiD, Jofeph, 20, Leeds Yoao^Mea'a Cbiwyan
Aasoo., warenoQseinao-^BkMr* (2d)
A2— Jloaaley, Emily, 22, Bkmio^iaiii Aod Midland
InsU— GennaD (2d)
98— ^oualey, Mary £., 23, Bimuogliam aod Midland
Inst. — Gecman (2d)
^50-iMQir, Joho, 27, Paisley Ariiz. lMi.,jwooBnt«Bi—
Bkpg. (1st)
6S»— Mairfaaad, Andrew^ 47,. Leioaater Gb. of Ef». iMt.,
staff-sergeapt militia— Latin (8d)
ZdO-rMondeU. Wiiliam, 17» Louth M.I.. pooil^lMota^
Arith. (8d)
^BM^Murdooh, Alexander Leamont, 25, QImoow Iwt.,
Inland Beirenaeoletk— Aiith. (2d); Bkpg. (Ist)
291— Mnrrav, James, 21, Glasgow Ath., mercantile
Qlei-Blifg. (ist)
205— Naisbitt, George, 20, Darlington Gb. of Eng.
Inst, asustant teabher— Artth. (2d)
;^^6— Nelson, John, 16, Burnley MJ., wafBhoufleman—
Arith. r8d)
1096— Nevey, George R., 18, Toung Men's Ghriatian
Inst., West Bromwich, pupil teaeber— Arith. (2d)
878— JSTewaU, Charles M.,,26, GlaMow*»tI., deck—
Bkpg. (2d)
841 — ^Newby, James, 24, Manchester M.I., shopman —
Bkpg. (8d)
10e9— Newey, William, 19, Wolverhampton WJr.C„
railway spring fitter— Ariih. (8d)
919— Kewton, George, 18. Oldham 8c. Sob., tin.|date
worker— Qeom. Dwg. (lit)
1^6— Newton, -fleniy C., 18, Bristol Ath., cleric— Arilb.
(3d); Geog.(2d)
465— Nicbol, Learoyd, 17» HaUiax W.M.G., assistant.
teacher— Arith. (8d) ; Eng. Hist. (2d)
470— NichoU, John, 18, Halifax W.M.C., wool-aorter—
Bkpg. (8d)
978— Nichols, WiUiam D., 16, Petertwo'^M.L.'cleriL—
Arith. (1st)
949— Nicholson, John, ran., 31, FaUeyJArtia. Inst,
derk — ^Bkpg. (2d)
1110— Nisbett, George, 18, KinYer So. 8bb., dril service
(proposed)— Arith. ^2d)
96S— Niven. David G., 22, PaisleyAitiz., Inst., collector
of gas lates— Arith. (1st)
299— Niven, Robeit. 17. Glasgow Ath., lawyer (pro-
posed)^Arith (2d) ; Latin, ^. (2d)
741— Norris, Geoi^ge M., 22, City of London^Goll., clerk
—Arith (2d) ; AJg. (8d) ; Geom. (8d)
1170— North, Wesley, 16, Hunslet Mil., mccbatiio—
Arith. (3d) ; Prac. Mecb. (3d)
484— Nerval, George, 89, Pop. Ev. Gla«ts, Ander.
Univ., Glaagow— Pattern catd maker— Bot. (2d)
80— Nuttall, Henry, 24. Bicup M.I., weaver— Arith.
(2d) ;. Ghem. (8d)
eoa— Oddy, Gharles,30, Le6ds .Y.M.G.A., * 4ime-keeper
Arith. (8d)
606-Ogden, Mary Wilson, 16, Leeds IM.L, pupil-
Fr«iioh (8d)
888-^gUvie, Thomas, 17, Glasgow M.I., derk— Arith.
(3d) ; Bkpg. (2d)
424— Ogilvy, Davki J., 18. P<^. Bv. Classes, Aadenoo.
Univ., Glasgow— Maffj«Sleet., ^to. (2d)
581— Oldham, Joshua, juo., 24. Burnley M.I., power-
loom -weaver— Geom. (8d)
Ma— Okson, John Rowley, 22, Mvonport M.L, ^Up-
301— Pagan, James, 20, Glasgow Ath., derk— Bkpg. (2d
300— Pagan, Bobert, 25. Gla^ow Ath., derk-ikpg
613— Page, John W., 20. Leeds Y.M.G.A, warehouse-
man— Arilh. (3d)
367— Parker, John Duolop, 20. Glaagow M.I., dvil
wigineer— Arith. (Ist) ; Mesfl. (3d)
1112— Parkes, Samud, 17, WilLenbaU Lit. Inst., derk—
Bkpg. (1st)
.862— Parkinson, Bobert Townson, 26, Liverpool MJ..
derk— Bkpg. (2d) *^ «-x ,
1163-rPaeley. .Heniy G., Manchester MX, dttdt—
Arith. (2d) ^^
604— PatenwBter, Robert, 17. Ipwridi W.M. Coll., popa
teacher— Bkpg. (lat)
76— Patenon, Frederick. 18, Bamet Init., derk /dya
. aerviee)— Music (2d)
14— Pateisoo, John, . 22, Aberdeen' M.I., joina&-
Geog. (2d)
77— Paterson. William A., .20, Bainet Inst., boild^s
derk— Arith. (8d)
,436— Patterson, Thomas Law,22,.Pop. Evg. Claaes,
Andersonian Univ.; Glaagow, derk— Ghem. (1st)
868— Paul, Thomas, 20, Hulme Gbrist Ohurdi last.,
salesman— Bkpg. (dd): French (3d)
1073-rCaulton,. James, 21, Wolverhampton W.M.C.,
eampoaitor— Eng. Hist. (3d)
612 — Pearce, Joseph, 19, Leeds Young Men's Christian
As80Q*» warebouseinan— Aritb. (2d) ; tjtoog. /2d) :
Frendi (3dJ « ^ / »
74a^FeDSon» Charlts^ 26, City of London CdL, de^—
Bkpg. (2d)
1— Peterkin. Heniy, 18, Aberdeen M.L, deric— Geom.
Dwg. (2d)
391— Peterkin, William, Jan., 19, Glasgow M.I., Civil
Eng.— Mens. (3d)
1101— Pewtress, Ebeneaer, 20, Mesvs. Chance's Lib.,
CWk^Bkpg. (2d)
1077— Phillips, Edmund S.. 22, Wolverhampton WJ1.C.,
dialer's aniMtanf Bkpfl. (2d) '
3— Phillips. William Thomson, 24, Abflldeen M.I.,
derk— Bkpg, (8d)
20— Piggie, Tbomasi juo., 18, Aberdeen M.I., dedb—
Wright— Alg. (3d) ; Mens. (3d)
1026— Oliver. Henry, 21. 8alfofd W.M.C.,
BkpgJ2d)
rme, Willi
er —
1188— Orme, William, 17, St. Pa«l's, Bow Common, Ev.
Gl., lion- moulder— Arithr (3d)
769— Ome, Joseph Jefao, 28, Boyal Polyiech. Inst.,
dreesiog-ease manofac— Frenob ^) ; Geog. (2d)
742^Adbenham, Jesse John, 30, City4>f Loi4Qn.OoU.,
viewer, Tower— Dom. Eoon. (2d)
Bkpg.dstJ
. . . *P«- (
61— Pitting, James, 26, BacupM.1., cotton-weavier*—
1122^Pilkington« tfi^bert»22,Wakefidd M-L.ttiUwriabt
—Arith. (3d) ; Bkpg. (2d) ; Prac. Mecb. (3d)
Eng. Hint. (3d]
77a^Pitt, Ghailes, 2$^BoftA Polyiech. Init, d«rk—
French (1st)
81Z-^P]a*fQrd, JohnH., 22, Manchester MJ., aaristant.
Bkpif. (2d)
744-<*PoUard, Henry T., 16, OHy of LondonCoU., dark
— Eqg. Hist. (2d) ; Geog. (Ist), with 2iid prize.
418— Pollock, Arthur, 17, Pop. Evg. Claases, Ander-
sonian UniK., Glasgow, Turkey -red dyer—
Ghem. (dd)
13«-Pope, 8amuel»tVuL» 26, Aberdeen M.L, draughts-
man — Freehd. Dwg. (2d)
1026^Porter, John. Edwin, 17, Salibrd W.M. GoU^e,
pupil teacher— Bkpg. f3d)
94— Potter, James J., 17, Birmingham and Midland
Instr jeweller— Ghem. (2d)
969— Potter. Nichdaa a, 17, Pembroke Dock M.I., popil
teacbei^-i^g. (2d) ;i£ng. Hist. (3d)
l060-<>Pewell, Qharies, 17, Bouthampton Ath., solidtor's
derk— Arith. (2d) ; Alg. (3d)
746— Powell, Edward, 18, City of London Gollege,
deik— ^riih. (2d) ; Eng. Hint. (2d)
646— Power, John, 19,. Lichfield W.M. Inst, grocer*^
as^i&taat— Arith. (3d)
628— Prestafle. John.W.,19, Leeds Toung Men'sCbrist.
Assoc., doth dmsser— Arith. (3d)
640— Prcaton,John, 20. Burnley M.I.. weaver— Ariih.(3d)
666— Prie8Uey,r8am«el.20, Hatlingdw Inst, shoemaker
— Magnet. Elect.,, isc, {Zaj
6U
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, June 17, 186i.
397 — Primrose, Robert Wilson, Glasgow H.!., assistant
teacher— Anth. (2d| ; Alg. (3d)
30— Pritohard, Richd. Christopher, 18, Aldershotlnst.,
. derk— Arith. (1st); Geog. (2d)
1143— Proctor, Joseph, 19, Parsley MJ., woollen spinner
—Arith. (3d)
412 — Provand, Dixon, 16, Pop. Ev. Classes, Andersonian
Univ., Glasgow, chemist — Chem. (2d)
341 — Railton, Alexander 6., 20, Glasgow Inst., book-
seller— Bkpg. (2d)
747 — Rainbow, Francis A., 21, City of London College,
derk— Bkpg. (2d)
96 — Randle, John, 24, Birmingham and Midland Inst.,
printer— Arith. (2d)
604 — ^Itawnsley, George H., 18, Leeds M.I., scholar —
Arith. (Ist) ; £ng. Hist. (3d| ; Alg. (Sd)
508— Raymer, Robert, 18, Ipswich W.M.C., pupil
teacher— Bkpg. (2d)
924 — ^Reyner, Kmest, 32, Oldham So. ScU., mechanic —
Geom. Dwg. (2d)
973 — ^Richards, John P., 17, Pembroke Dock M.I., pupil
teacher— Arith. (2d)
236— Rickard, George J., 20, Devonport M.I., ship-
wright— Alg. (1st); Mens. (2d)
65o— Riding, WQliam, 18, Burnley Ch. of Eng. Lit
Inst., engineer — Arith. (3d) ; Prao. Mech. (3d) ;
Mens. (8d)
832 — Rigby, Arthur, 18, Manchester M.I., engineer —
German (Ist) with 1st prize
1083— Riley, Calverley R., 20, Wolverhampton W.M.C.,
derk— Bkpg. (1st); Magnet., Elect., Ac (2d);
Alg. (2d) ; Mens. (2d)
1084— RQey, Edwin C, 17, Wolverhampton W.M. CoU.,
engineer — Qeog. {2d)
1018— Roberts, Edward, 24, Salford W.M.C., derk—
Bkpg. (2d)
587— Roberts, Richarfs, 36, Salford W.M.C.,'clerk—
Logic (2d)
180— Roberts, William H., 17, Bradford M.I., piecer—
Arith. (3d) ; Geog. (3d)
802— Robertson, Emily, 19, Glasgow Ath.— French (1st}
462 — Robinson, Dan. E., 19, GosportsndAlverstokeL. and
8.I.— Geog. (2d); Eng. Hist. (3d); Alg. (3d}
786— Robinson, Frank, 16, Leieds Church Inst., clerk-
French (3d)
621— Robinson, George H., 22, Leeds Y.M. Ch. Assoc.,
shopman— Bkpg. (2d)
B15 — RobiBfon, Henry, 20, Manchester M.L, railway
derk— Bkpg. (let)
889— Robinson, John M., 32, Newcastle-on-Tyne M.I.,
derk— Alg. (2d)
1189— Robinson, Ninian J., 16, People's Reading Rooms,
Belfast, apprentioe in a linen warehouse^
Arith. (2d)
983— Robinson. Richard, 27, Salford W.M.O., indigo
dyer— Chem. (2d)
151 — Robinson, Samuel, 20, Bradford M.I., carpenter —
Arith. (3d)
121— Robinson, Thos., juta., 16, Clitheroe M.I., weaver
—Arith. (3d]
608— Robinson. Walter J., 26, Leeds Young Men's
Chiistian Assoc., mechanic — Arith. (2d)
622— Rogers, Alfred, 18, Manchester M.L, warehouse-
man— Arith. (2d); Bkpg. (2d)
154— Rogers, John Roberts, 36, Bristol Trade Schod,
surveyor's assistant — Chem. (2d)
68— Rogers, Patrick, 30, Banbridge L. and Mut. Imp.
Soc., schoolmaster — Arith. (2d) ; Mens. (3d)
1165— Rogers. T., 39. Stourbridge M.I., clerk— Bkwf. (2d)
*27— Ross, David, 21, Glasgow Inst., teacher— Navig.,
&0. (2d); Astron. (2d); Geom. (2d)
877— Ross. John A. G., 23, Newcastle-on-Tyne M.I.,
engineering draughtsman — Chem. (3d)
564— Rostron, Edward Chew, 16, Hailingden M.I.,
weaver— Chem« (8d)
922— Rothwdl, Edmund, 18, Oldham Sc. Sch., derk—
Geom. Dwg. (1st)
884— Rowell, Robert H., 17, Newca^e-on-Tyne M.I,
chemist and druggist — Chem. (2d)
1054 — Royall, Joseph, 25, Southampton Ath., draughts-
man, ordnance survey — Free-hd. Dwg. (2d)
824 — ^Royle. Thomas, jun., 24. Manchester M.I., tod*
maker — Geom. Dwg. (3d)
498— Bunides* Edwin Haill, 19, Ipswich W.M.C., pupa
teacher — Arith. (Ist)
982— Bushforth, John Thos., 19, Rotherbam MX, inn
turner — Arith. (ist)
899— Rushworth, John, 25, Oldham Analytical Init,
iron turner— Geom. Dwg. (3d)
550— Sagar, Elijah, 19, Burnley M.I., aanttant book-
keeper— Arith. (2d); Bkpg. (Ist)
529- Sagar, Obadiah, 16, Padiham Trades' HaU Inst,
book-keeper- Arith. (3d) ; Chem. (3d)
826— Sanderson, John Glasgow, 17, Manchester M.I.,
engineer and millwright — Geom. Dwg. (3d)
1039 — Saigeant. John, 19, Slough M.I., carpenter — Qeom.
Dwg. (2d)
748— Sarll. Andrew, 26, City of Lond. ColL, asristant in
a school — Arith. (3dj
894— Scholes,Elijah.l8,01dhamLyc.,clerk— Ari(li.{3d)
849— Scotson, Joseph, 21. Hulme Christ Ch. Inst, ooal
dealer— Arith. (3d)
487— Scott, Edwin Lewis, 20, Hull Y.P.C. and L.I..
engineer— German (2d)
348— Scott, James, 19, Glasgow Inst., derk— Bkpg. (2d)
991— Seddon, Robert, 27, Salford W.M.C., wat^hoose-
man — German (8d)
959— Semple, lU)bert, 23, Paisley Artiz. Inst., shawl-
pattern designer — Music (2d )
1080— Shann. George Vincent, 17, Wolverhampton
W.M.C., derk— Bkpff. (2d)
143— Sharp, Tom, 17, Biadford M.I., warp-di
Geog. (3d)
39— Shaw, John, 16, Ashton-under-Lyoe M.I.,
houseman — Arith. (2d) ; Eng. Uiit. (M} ; Al^.
(3d) ; Geog. (3d)
454— Shaw, John, 21, Halliax W.M.C., snrveyoc'a derk
—Bkpg. (3d)
672— Shaw, Samud W., 23, Lond. M.I., merchant—
Alg. (3d)
10— Shepherd, Jas., 19, Aberdeen M.I., derk— Mens.
(id)
15 — Shepherd, John, 22, Aberdeen M.I., compositor —
French (3d)
1179— Qhone, Walter J., 16, St. Pauls' £v. Cluitt, Bov
Common, clerk — Arith. (2d)
989— Shorrocks, James H., 16, Salford W.M.C.,derk—
Free-hd. Dwg. (8d)
915— Sidey, John H., 25. Oldham Sc. Sch., millwright
—Geom. bwR. (3d)
230 — Sinnett, Richard, 16, Devonport M.I., eogiaeei
student— Arith. (1st): Alg. (8d)
1061— Sinnett, Valentine, 33, Southampton Ath.,
Boy. Eng., employed on orddanoe
French (1st)
968 — Sinnetto, James Lewis, 20, Pembroke Dodk Hi.
shipwright appi^ntice — ^Bkpg. (2d)
38— Skdton, John H., 20. South-Eastem Bailw^ M.U
Ashford, railway clerk — Alg. (2d)
164— Skinner, Andrew, 18, Carlide M.I., staikmer—
Bkpg. (2d)
677— Slater, Walter, 23, London M.I., derk— Eng. Hiit
(1 st^ , with aeoond prise ; Pol.and Soo. Ecoo. (2d) ;
Logic (1st), with 1st prise.
556— SUter, William, 18, Burnley Ch. of Eng. Lit.
Inst., engineer (apprentice) — Arith. (3d)
218 — Slater, Susannah, 16, pupil teacher— Arith. (3d) ;
Geog. (3d)
749— Sloper, Arbulhnot J., 18, City of Londoo CtoO^
oMb-Bkpg. (1st)
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, Junb 17, 1864.
515
*450— Smart, Alex. W., 23, Pop. Ev. Claiwes, Anderson.
Univ., Glasgow, mAnafactarer— Astron. (8d)
S85— Smetlie, Oeorge, 19, QUsgow M.I., measurer—
Mens. (3d)
S31— Smetharst, James. 22, Oldham Sci. Sch., stone-
mason — Geom. Dwg. (3d)
1 114— Smith, Benjamin, 23, Dadley, M.I., colliery clerk
—Mens. r2d)
6^2 — Smith, Daniel, 18, Bamley Ch. of Eng. Lit. Inst.,
jMipil teacher — Arith. (3d)
158 — Smith, David, 17, Mining School, Bristol, mining
engineer — Chein. (2d)
760— Smith. Francis E., 29, City of London Coll., derk
— Bkpg. (Ut)
^69 — Smith, George Langley, 16, London M.I., clerk —
Arith. (3d)
144 — Smith, James, 18, Bradford M.I., warehouseman
—Arith. (2d) ; Bkpg. (2d) : Geog (2d)
45 — Smith. James Uowker, 21, Bacap M.I., weaver —
Arith. (3d)
751— Smith. James R., 23, City of London Coll., boot-
maker— Bkpg. (Ist) : Latin, &c.(Jd) : French (3d)
23 — Smith, John Maxwell Dairy m pie, 23, Aberdeen
M.I., stonecutter — Freelid. Dwg. (3d)
752— Smith, Thomas, 21, City of London Coll., clerk—
Dom. Econ. gd)
204— Smith, Thomas E., 18, Darlington Ch. of Eng. Inst.,
assistant teacher — Eng. Hist. (3d) ; Alg. (2d)
96— Smith, William T., 20, Birmingham and Midland
Inst., steel-pen tool maker — French (2d)
1041— Snowball, William, 18, Slough M.I., builder—
Geom. Dwg. (8d)
511 — Solomon, William. 18, Ipswich W.M.C., engineer
(apprentice^— Arith. (2dJ ; French (3d)
^43— Sommers, William, 20, Glasgow Inst., derk —
Bkpg^ (1st)
5— Sorrie, Peter,20, Aberdeen M.I., clerk — Fi"enoh(2d)
613— Spashett, Elwin, 30, Ipswich W.M.C., clerk-
Bkpg. (2d)
670 — Spearing. Mary Ann, 20, London M.I., governess —
Eng. flUt. (2d) ; Latin, &c. (2d)
1099— Spencer, James, 19, Christ Ch. School, Oldbury,
pupil-teacher — Qeog. (2d)
1180 — Spencer, James, 21, St. Paul's Evg. Classes, Bow-
common, chemist's assistant— Eng. Hist.' (3d):
Oeog. (2d)
476— Spencer, John, 22, Halifax W.M.C., woolsorter —
Arith. (3d)
763— Spiers, William, 17, Citv of London Coll., clerk—
Aritli. (1st) ; Bkpg. (Utj
148 — Spinks, Fred., 16, Bi-adfordf M.I., grocer's assistant
— Geog. (2d^
828— Spriggs. Christopher, 85, Manchester M.I.,
mechanic — Geom. Dwj?. (2d).
1106 — Squires, John, 21, Messrs. Chance's Library,
certificated schoolmaster — Geom. (dd)
1081— SUnier, Thomas, 16, Stafford-road Wks. Inst.,
Wolverhampton, engineer — Arith. (2d)
150 — Stxmsfield, James B., 17, Bradford M.T., warehouse-
man—Goo^. (2d) ; Arith. (3d) ; Eng. Hist. (3d)
672 — Stephenson. Henry, 21, Haslingden Inst., weaver —
Chcm. (3d)
214— Stevens. William E., 18, pupil teacher —Arith.
(3d) ; Geog. (3d)
303— Stevenson, John, 28. Glasgow Ath., certificated
teacher— French (3d)
41 — Stewart. Robert, 18, Baciip M.I., assistant master
—Arith. rut) ; Alg. (3d)
44— Stewart, Robert, 22, Bacup M.I., book-keeper —
Arith. (3d) ; Chem. (3d)
182— Stoker, John Peacock. 17, Carli»»le M.I., pupil
teacher- Arith. (3d) ; Geog. (3d)
414 — Storer, John Smith, 16, Pop. Ev. Classes, Ander-
sonian Univ., Glasgow, chemical student —
Chem. (2d)
964— Strachan, James, 22, Paisley Artiz. Inst., weaver*
foreman— Arith. (Sd)
764— Straight, Robert Marshall, 17. City of London
College, derk— Arith. (1st) ; Bk]^. (Ist)
381— Struthers, Andrew, 19, Glasgow M.I., derk—
Latin. Sec, (2d)
484— Stuart, Wm., 19, Hull Young People's Christ, and
Lit. Inst., merchant's clerk— German (3d)
21— Sturm, Alexander M., 19, Aberdeen M.L, draper
—French (2d) ^
1181— Sturrock, William, 24, St. Paul's Ev. Claoes,
Bow-common, clerk— Arith. (3d) ; Geog. (2d)
172— Stutchbuiy, George F., 19, Bristol Ath., clerk—
Arith. (Ist)
761— Sudell, Henry J., 23, City of London College,
derk— Bkpg. (1st) ; Eng. Lit. (Ist) with book
prise.
627— Sumner, Henry, 21. Burnley M.I., weaver— Arith.
(3d) ; Bkpg. (2d)
♦1166-Sutton, George D., 17, Stourbridge Ch. of Eng.
Assoc., pupil teacher— Geog. (3d)
467— Sutton, James, 23. Halifax W.M.O., wawhouse-
man— Arith. (3d) ; Bkpg. (3d)
666— Symes, Maurice, 19, London M.I., clerk— Arith.
(1st) ; Eng. Hist (2nd) ; Geog. (3d)
666— Symons, James Sutherland, 28, London M.I.,
clerk— Eng. Hist. (2d) ; French (2d)
1091— Tart, John Bailey, 24, Bilston Inst, grocer'8
assistant — Arith. (2d)
1020— Tate, Harry Booth, 16, Salford W.M.C., clerk—
Arith. (3d) ; Bkpg. (Ist)
661— Tate, Walter, 18, Liverpool Coll. Inst, Civil
Service— Geog. (2d)
264— Taylor, Barron G. H., 17, Faversham 'Inst, derk
Eng. Hist (3d)
622— Taylor, John, 19, Leeds Y.M.C.A., hatter'g
assistant— Bkpg. (2d)
807 — Taylor, Wm., 16, Manchester M.I., assistant in an
office— Bkpg. (2d)
946— Taylor, Wm., 27, Oldham Sci. Sch., mechanic—
Geom. Dwg. (2d)
997_Teasdale, George, 28, Salford W.M.C., warehouse-
man — Logic (2d)
897 — Tetlow, James, 16, Wemeth M.I., joiner, &c.—
Arith. (3d)
234— Thearle, Samud, 18, Devonport M.L, shipwright
apprentice — ^Bkpg. (2d) ; Mensur. (1st)
261— Thomas, Charles B. C, 18, Devonport M.L—
Arith. r3d)
913 — Thomas, George, 25, Oldham Sd. Sch., mechanic
Geom. Dwg. (2d)
870— Thomas, Halliwell, 18, Mosdey M.L, piecer—
Bkpg. (2d)
647 — Thompson James, 22, Bumloy M.I., clerk —
Arith. (2d) ; Bkpg. (1st)
1011 — ^Thompson, John. 18, Salford W.M.C., warehouse
clerk— Arith. (2d)
861 — Thompson, Joseph, 16, Manchester M.I., clerk—
Bkpg. (3d)
369 — Thomson, Archibald, 27, Glasgow M.I., student
—Eng. Lit (1st) with 3d prize
405— Thomson, James A., 17, Pop. Evg. Classes,
Andersonian Univ., Glasgow, clerk — French*
306 — Thomson, Laurence, 18, Glasgow Ath., law cl
ilerk
—French (2d)
883— Thorbum, John, 18, Newcastle-on-Tyne M.L,
clerk— Chem. (2d)
268— Thornicraft, Thomas C, 18, Faversham Inst.,
apprentice to a surgeon — Arith. (3d)
1141— Thornton, William, 23. Calverley M.I., woollen
cloth weaver — Arith. (3d)
614— Tiffany, John Barnes. 20, Leeds Young Men's
Christian Assoc., tobacco manufacturer — Arith.
(21)
516
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, Jums 17, 1864.
1085— TiiDbs, Richard, 26, WolvMhanptOD W.1LC.,
clerk— Arith. (dd)
1108— TiramiM, Thomas, 17, Mmsts. Chance'a Ev.^ch.,
Qldbory, woduog chemist— Bk|:«. (8d)
lOOa— TiDling, Thomas, 19, Salfi>id W^C, warehouse-
man — Bkpg. (8d)
183— Todd, Garnea, 18, Carlisle M.L, dog-maker—
AriAh. (3d) ; Bkpg. (^)
684-^Todd, William, 17,. Leeds ILL, wooUeo maaofae-
tarer — Eng, Hist. (Ist) with 1st price; Logic (3d]
578— rTomaoeoo, Matthew^ 27, Bawteostall MX» qpioDer
— Ariih. (2d) ; Anim. Phys. (8d) ; Mens. (3d)
576— TomliosoD, Thomas, 19, Bawteostall M.L, mule-
spinner— Arith. (3d) ; Chem. (8d)
616— TopM, Samuel, 20, MinnhiiABr M*L, du^—
Bkpg. (2d)
26— Toagh, James, 18, Aberdeen M.I.» pupil teacher—
Eng. Hist. (2d)
765— Tongue, Alfred H., 18, Cifyof Lootai Coll., deck
-Bkpg. (1st)
245— Treleaven, Joseph T., 19, Derosport M.L, ship
wright^Arith. (2d)
820— Tudor, ]MwaEd,19,ltonaMaterM.I.,derk— Bkpg.
(Ist)
804— ToraboU, Geofge, 28, .Glai^gow Ath., derk—
I^renoh (2d)
17— Urqnhart, Peter, 21, Aberdeen* M.L, Cleik—
Bkpg. (1st)
268— Valentine, Willian, 23, (Mlfbcd YM. Hot. Imp.
Assoc, cleric — ^Arith. (1st)
757— Yaughan, George, 20, City of LondoD ColL, derk
-Alg. (2d)
758— Yaughan, William, 23, City of London Coll.,
derk — Astron. (1st), with Istpriae
1046— Yokes, Thomas Bouchier, 19, Southampton Ath.,
derk— Arith. (dd)
1177— Yonsden, Joseph F., 18, 8t. MiehadVKrg. Sdbool,
Bromley, clerk— ^rilh. (8d)
372— Waddington, Albert, 21, GHas9aw M.I., Inland
Revenue officer, AiUh. (3d)
306— Wade, James, 27, Glasf^ow Ath., cashier— French
(Ist), with 2nd priae ; Gtoom. (3d)
632— Wainwright, Henry, 20, Leeds YM. Christian
Assoc., derk — Alg. (3d)
648— Waldren, Arthur C, 19, Lichfield W Ji.A., draper
—Arith. (3d)
598— Walker, Thomas, 22, Leeds M.L, forgeman—
Mining and Metallurgy (3d) ; ObMO. (8d)
22— Wallace, Thomas, 22, Aberdeen M.I., aodstaat
teacher — Prindples of Mechanics (3d)
307— WalUce, Thomas Macfarlan, 21, GUasgow Ath.
—derk— Bkpg. (1st)
487— Wallace, William Emerson, 18, Pimlico Lit. Sd.
and MH., clerk — Alg. r2d) ; Measur. (3d)
898 — ^Walwork, James, 20, Henshaw-street Mut. Imp.
Sec., weaver — Arith. (2d)
42 — ^Walsh, James. 18, Bacup. M.I., throstle over-
looker— Arith. (Sd); Chem. (3d)
471— Walsh. James, 19, Hali£ix W JLC, warehouse-
man — ^Bkpg. (2d)
228— Walter, Elijah, 21, Devonport M.I.^Arith. (3d) ;
Bkpg. (2d)
809— Walton, Henry, 17, 3Cancheeter M.L, clerk—
Arith. (3d) ; Bkpg. (1st)
879 — ^Walton, John, 18, Newcastle-on-Tyne M.L, drug-
gist— Chem. (3d)
eil_Walton, John Ash, 20, Leed^ T.M. Christian
Afsoc., clerk— Bkpg. (let) ; Arith. (3d)
569— Walton, Robert, 20. Burnley Ch. of Eng. lit.
Inst., weaver— Aritli. (3d) ; Chem. (2d)
♦222— Warcnp, AUH!rt,2l,derk (prop.^— Eng. Hist (3d)
184— Ward, Samfon, 21, Bradford M.L, woolsorter—
Ariih. (31)
75— Ward, Thomas, 21, Banbvy 8c Sch.,
derk— Botany (2d)
574— Wardleworth, William, 19, Bawieutall MJ.
book-keeper — Anim. Phys. (3d)
355— Wardrop, Thomas, 19, Glasgow last, cLsk-
Arith. (3d)
934-^Wareiog, Waiiam, 20, Oldham 8c. Sch., mnk
spindle maker — Geom. Dwg. (IsO
941— Warrenner, Herbert, 31, Oldham &.
looker— Geom. Dwg. (3d)
759— Waters, WiUiam, 18, City of Ixvidoo CoU— ]
Hist. (Ist) with 3i!d prise ; Arith. (Sd) ; Alg.
1030— Watson, Jos., 20, Slough M.I., appreotioe to a
stationer— Geom. Dwg. (1st); Free-lMiKl-I>ws.
(3d)
918— Watson, Mark, 24, Oldham 8c Sob.,
Geom. Dwg. (2d)
642— Watts. Thomas, 18, Liohfi6M WJC
-Bkpg. (3d)
456— Webster, Gates, 17, Haley-hiU WOLC, fiiUficLt
Bkpg. (1st)
219— West, George, 19, assistant maater—Goqg. (lst>
481— Wheder, Edwin, 16, Hkdiin M.L, pupQ t eacb g
— Geog. (2d)
766— White, Andrew T., 16. Royal PolTtedmk Inst,
upholsterer — Arith. (dd)
147— Whito, Edwin. 18, Bradford M.L, warehooaeauD
—Geog. (2d) ; Eng. Hist. (3d)
248— White, Henry G., 22, Devonport M.L, shipwrtg^
-Eng. Hist. (1st) with book priae ; Trig. (2d) ;
Meni>. (2d)
685— Whitehoose, Henry Innes, 18, St. StepboD^Kr.
Soh., pupil teacher — ^Arith. (2d)
582— Whittaker. James. 17, Rawtenstall MX,
keeper — Chem. (3d)
764— Wickham, Charles T., 21, Royal Polyteeh.'!
teacher-«Oermui ''2d)
506— Wilde, WUliam, 19, Ipswich W.M.C.,
apprentice — Eng. Lit. (2d)
440— Wilkie, John, 17, Pop. Ev. Glasses. Aadera. Univ.,
Glasgow, studying colliery
and Met (3d)
186 ^Wilkins, William, 17. Chatham,, ike, last,
—Arith. (1st), with 2nd priae; Alg. (Sd)
778— Wilkinson, BuigoBs. 17, Louth M.I., pupa '
—Eng. Hist. (Sd) ; Geog. (2d)
140— Wilkinson,. Swame, 22, Bradford M.L,
man— Arith. (1st) ; Dom. Econ. (lst),wilh Sod
priae.
llOe^Willetta, John, 23, Cjcadley Kight Soh.,
Arith. (3d)
848— Williams, John, 18, Mausheeter M.L,
Anth. (3d) ; Bkf^. (Istj
663— Williamson, Jonathan, 18. Liverpool lost.,
—Alg. (3d) ; Geom. (2d)
448— Williamson, WOliam, 26, Pop. Evg
Andersonian Univ^, Glaagow, coil
ingand Metallufgy (1st), with let
53a-WiHiamaon, WiUUm, 22, Burnley Ml
— Pract. Mech. (2d)
466— Wilson, Clarke, 18, Halifoz W.M.C.,
(apprentice)— Arith. (3d) ;.Bkpg. (Sd).
488— Wilson, Edwin, 25, HuUToQiwrPEople'a^
and Lit. Inst., hosier— Eng. Hkt (2d)
450— Wilson. Japaes, 21, Pop. Evg. Classes,
Univ., Glasgow, draughtsman — ^Mens. (Sd)
308— Wilson, John. 19, Glasgow Ath., derk— Bkm^lat)
324-Wil8on, MaUhew, 19, Cariton Place Sec Soh..
Glasgow, teacher«-Anim. Phys. (3d)
309— WiieoD, Rt., 19, Glasgow Ath., deik— Arith. (Istl
763— Wilson, Thomas, 22, Boyal Polyt luil., d«—
Eng. Lit. rSd^
49 — ^Wolfenden, Josnua Lord, 23, Bacup M.L, w«av«r
—Chem. (3*1)
847— Wood, David Williams, 18, Manohoitv MX.
derk— Arith. (3d) ; Bkpg. (1st)
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, June 17, 1864.
517
634— Wood, James Hartley, 18, Leeds T.M. Christian
Assoc., papil-teaoher — Alg. (2d) ; Geom. (3d)
605— Wood, Joiui, 26, Ipswich M.I., engineer's clerk —
Bkpg. (1st)
541 — Wood, Martin, 22, Barnley M.I., hotise servant —
Arith. (3d) ; Bkpg. (2d5
84J — Wood, Thomas, IT, Biancnester M.I., warehouse-
man— Arith. (2d) ; Mens. (3d)
930— Wood, Thomas, 30, Oldham Sc. Sch., clerk—
Geom. Dwg. (1st), with 2nd priise
474— Woodhead, David, 18, Halifax W.M.C., oadoth
maker— Bkp^. (3d)
^1167— Woodhoose, Thomas, 17, Stonrbridge Gh. of Eng.
T.M. Inst., pupil-teacher — ^Arith. (3d) ; Geog. (Sd)
241 — Wotton, George Gilj^n, 20, Devonport M.I.,
attorney's clerk — Arith. (2di
439— Wright, Charles W., 17, Hull Y.P.C. and L.I.,
clerk— Arith. (1st) ; Eng. Hist. (1st) with book
prize.
008— Wright, John T., 19, Wemeth M.I., clerk— Alg.
(1st) with 2d prise; Bkpg. (2d) ; Mens. (2d)
£92— Wright, John W., 19, Leeds M.I., chemist—
chero. (3d)
73— Wright, Richard J., 18, Banbury Sc Sch., pupU
teacher — Anim. Phys. (1st)
135_Wright, Samuel, 20, Bradford M.I., solicitor's
clerk— Arith. (1st) ; Bkpg. (2d) ; Geom. (3d)
1067— Tates, Frederick, 26, Wolverhampton Y.M.C.I.,
clerk— German (3d) ; French (3d)
533— Teadon, John, 27, Burnley M.I., engine minder^
Practical Mechanics (Sd)
1075— Teaman, Nicholas, 32, Wolverhampton W.M. Col.,
teacher— Arith. (3d)
233 — ^Yeo, John, 16, Devonport M.I., engineer student
—Algebra (2d)
1066— Toung, Hannah Eliza, 25, Wolverhampton Toung
Men's Christian Inst., schoolmistress — ^Music
(1st) ; Geog. (1st)
633— Toung, William, 18, Leeds Toung Men's Christian
Assoc., boiler maker — Arith. (3d)
310— Toung, Willum GiUies, 35, Glasgow Ath., clerk
French (2d)
MaBTLEBOMB LrrERABT AND SOIEMTIFIO iNSTmJTXOX.
— The report for the half-year ending 22nd April, pre-
sented at tlie adjourned hal^yearly general meeting, on
Monday, 23rd May last, says, that at the close of this, the
thirty-first year of the existence of the Institution, the
committee congratulate their fellow members upon the
favouimble state of the finances, and upon the improved
protpects of the 1 nstitution. At the last half- vearly meet-
ing, held in November, 1863, the committee had to report
that, finding the debts of the Institution had reached such
an amount that an effort was absolutely necessary to pay
them, and prevent the closing of the Institution — ^they
laid the case before the Prendent, Sir F. H. Goldsmid,
Bart., who in a most munificent manner at once promised
to forego his claim of £462 10s. if the remainder of the
amoont could be obtained. To attain this object a oan-
vaasing committee was formed, and by their efforts,
aasiated by the liberal donations of His Grace the Duke
of Portland and Sir 8. Scott, Bart., and Co., the required
amount was collected. Mr. Parker has been elected a
life iliember upon the termination of his engagement as
paid aecretary, and Mr. Barringer has been appointed his
euooenor. As an experiment, it is proposed to provide a
emokiDg and conversation room for gentlemen, and a
prirata reading room for ladies. The total number of
members who»e subscriptions were paid was 251, as com-
pared with 283 in May, 1863. In addition to those there
were 64 members whose subscriptions were in arrear. The
number of members falls far short of the minimum
required to support the Institution, viz., 500. Various
lectures and entertainments were given during the past
season. The committee have increased the subscription
to the united libraries. Finding that the classes are not
appreciated by the members to the extent which their
cost would justify, the committee have under consideFa-
tion the making' a specific quarterly charge to the mem-
bers of each class.
Midland Railway LrrEBARv iNSTmmoN. — The re-
port for the year ending March 31st last says, Uiat in
taking a retrospective view of the progress of the Insti-
tution for the last five years, there has been a gp-adual
accession of members. In the year ending March 31st,
1860, the average number on the books was 406, and the
amount of subKriptions £74 18s. 5d. ; in the year just
closed, the aveiage number has been 500, and the amount
received in subscriptions £96 17s. 6d. The total receipts
from all sources, this year, are £133 13s. 6d. A con-
siderable number of new works have been added to the
library. The reading-room is well attended, and ad-
ditional papers and periodicals have been taken in. At
the commencement of last summer several members o(
the mutual improvement class though there was sufficient
energy amongst them to keep up uieir meetings all the
year. The attempt was thererore made, and proved
succenful until the summer was drawing to a dose, when
such a falling off in the attendance took place, that it was
thought the class must discontinue its sittings. Such was,
however, not the case, A special meeting of the members
was called, and new life and vigour was infused into the
dan, which has steadily and surely progressed. Among
the proceedings have been debates on the following sub-
jects:—'* Ought Government to interfere in the education
of the people ?" " Is reason confined to man?" " Which
is the best form of government — a limited monarchy or a
republic?" "Would the recognition of the Southern
States of America tend to abolish slavery?" '* Ought
the Government of this country to render substantial aid
suffrage just
uniformity of 1662 justifiable?" Six essays have been
written, the subjects were: — <*Mormonism and the
Bible;" ** Perseverance ;" '*The Indian Mutiny— its
causes and results ;" ** Does phrenology prove that the
lower animals reason ?" ** Mental Improvement ;" and
** War and peace contrasted." The rest of the proceedings
have consisted of readings, recitals, conversations, and
speeches. As the members of the class had formed the
project of holding a festival among themselves and their
friends on the 23rd of April, 1864, in honour of the ter-
centenary of the buih of Shakespeare, the Tuesday
evenings between the middle of January and the end of
March, 1864, were devoted exclusively to readings and
recitals of his works, and in making suitable selections to
be recited by the class on the occasion. The algebra and
arithmetic dass commenced its fourth annual session in
September, 1868, and was attended by 24 members.
Psim^tttm.
FiTEL FOB TBI FoBOs — Some experiments were recently
made at the works of Messrs. Clinton and Owen, in
Whitefriars, with a new description of fud patented by
Mr. Wall, and named by the in venter napthafine,orolate
of coal. The chief advantage in it is said to be that the
sulphurous vapour arising from the ftid in ordinary use is
neutralised.
PAiiffTBBs' Stainbbs* CoMPiwY.— The fourth annual
exhibition of works In decorative art will be open gratia
to the public during the present month. The prizes have
been awarded thw j-ear as follows :— The silver medal to
Mr. W. J. Hoodless, for graining; to Mr. D. Haswell, for
0\S
. JODRNAIi OP XHfi -StfOIBTr OF ARTS, Juhb 17, 1864.
itimm$l9d. grainipg ; Mr. J. Rogen, for 4«o(irativer art ;
,IU)d to Mr. F. Siuart, for grainiog and marMiog. The
iicoose medal haa been won by Mr. G^rge Lctngle^vibr
iUamioatad Mvi medMoval vrrUinj^ ; by Mr. J[a»es SmiAh.
for marbling Aod grainiiig ; Mr. J. Biimby, .for A«ro very
elegant deoortiive panels ; and Mr. J. Cloake, for kilaid
maibliog remarkable for unity ef effect. Mr. W. Gcay,
Mr. A. Coggap, and Mr. *F. W. Burfoed hatre eaeh
received a certificate of merit for illtuoinated wriikig,
which are.noir iivovcrbial ia U^m Soat^ WAlea. owe
always, more or leas, ii:Utecfore wlUi ihe g a i k e r iog of the
crop, to say nothing about the absosce of' sun At the tuad
of its sowing. 1'he company formed aeveral nxonths anoe
in Sydney for solviog the problem as to whether ootleo
would or would not grow io Ihe eokmy hu been dis-
solved.
Colonial WooL.-^Fcom the move Appesnmoe of pre-
sent prices, compared with last year, it might be assomel
graining, and marbUog. and decorative iianels, re«pec- | that an advance liad taken place, bat the KTe*t improre-
tively. Mr. Laing's £6 prize has been given to Mr. W. ; ment in the growth and condition of Port PhilUp. Queew^
Homann, for a decotative panel and design. In order to i land washed, and South AuatraUan and New ZciUirf
give the gainers of priaes all the substaBtial beoeat ! gi^wy flocks, is fully an oqniFalent, and bayecs ha»« ooi/
pomble with the limited means posaasaed by ^^ ancient paid more for a much superior arMe.
company, the freedom of it U ooofened upon^eaehtuoeeas- 1 GoldFiblds ih New Sooth Waubs.— The frma^l
ful candidate on paying the government stamp dnty. It ; feature in the gold-aeVds forthe month of Mansh wa< tht
will be remembered that in 1^60 the Sodety of Arts
contriboiad towards the priaas awarded at a aisattar
exhibition.*
ExTBiraioN «?■ the Faotobt Aors.^-The QoveBaient
bill founded upon the report of the Children's Eii«ff>loy-
ment CoQami»ion, pcopoaes to enact that. the* Faoteiy
Acts riiall apply to Uie mana&oture of eaiihenware,
except bdeks and tiles, not being >oraameBtal Hies ; the
manufoetore of luciler matehes, peicuasien caps, of eart-
ridges; the employment of paper.ataining, of fustian-
cutting, and of finishing, hooking, lapping, makmg up or
packing yacn or doth of cotton, wool, silk, or flax, or any
other materials in shipping warehouses or ^niahers* wo»ks,
or those of makera-up And packers. All anch faoteries are
Io be kept in a eleanly state, and so ventilated aa to render
harmless, solar as is practicable, any gases, dnat, er «tiier
impurities generated in the process of mannfaotnre that
may be iqjiiriotta to health. Special roles, to be saoefticncd
by the-Secreiary of State, may be made by the maanfoc-
torer for compelling, under penalties, the observance by
the wodcnen of tlie conditions necessary to insure the re-
• paired cleanliness and ventilation. For . the ' firrt aix
months after the passing of the bill childacn ef net less
than eleven yean, and for the dnt thirty months children
of not leas than twelve, may be employed as young per-
sons exceediiMf thirteen may under the existing Factory
Acts. For &e first eighteen months the law against
young persons and women remaining during mealtime in
n room where a manufacturing process is carried on, and
the law that yoong persons m a factory shall have the
time for meals at the same period of the day, ia act to
apply to paper-ataining or to earthenware manufacture.
In a luoifer match factory the meals of young persons
or women are not to be taken where any mannikctnring
procew, except that of cutting wood, is carried on. In
Aiatian-cutting no child under eleven is to be employed,
or, as the bill phrases it, ** until the AtUioment of the
age of eleven years."
lai:ge yield from two claims on the Weatwofth ¥'mU^
near Orange iiiver. Q«t although we have Urn Urp
yield of gold the payable ground is oonfiood only to re*
or two claims. And here it may be aa well to avsl\
of the opportunity of pointing Q«t that the fn>ot«e
system, upon which this field iffbei^g worked. ^wilU asts
the case of the Lachlan, lead eventually to tlie ruin of the
field. Already hundredahave been on the greiaad u tht
hopes of being able to set in 'to -work, but oaring to tht
ayatem upon which the ground is taken have been naahir
to do so. They have hung aboat, ahepher<iiog the claim*,
until their means were exhausted, and then left the spot.
The consequence of the conitfiuanoe of the mining n^
lations adopted has been that although in two eUtm«
there has been this large yield, not mora than two or three
others are paying, and the reetTare doing notbiog. If the
block -syatem were ladoptod. And tihe micwn ulovei • t&
take up their prescribed araa 'Where thsy -ehoae, the
diggers would at all events have a diance of getting
something, and, as from all appearanoe there is no r^ular
lead/ the gold seeming to be in heavy pajtchea caiher thao
.in a continuous gutter, it. would be for the benefit of the
miners generally to declare the ground open to be worked
in blocks. If this is not 4one it may be exneeled iaaoe
the same failure here that has so recently talcen pUce at
Lachlan ; nuioh highly auriferous ground will be 1^ an-
worked, whilst hundreds of men who only ask to be
allowed to set in upon it will be compelled to rtand by
and look idly on.
Mtmts.
Railways in New South Wales. — The railway works
in progress in this colony are chiefly those for the exten-
sion of the three trunk lines into the interior, contracts
being now in hand for the formation of fifty-five miles
on the southern line, of thirty -eight miles on the western,
and of fifteen miles on the northern.
Cotton Gaowikg in New South Wales. — Some of
the most active promoters of cotton growing in the
colony have come to the conclusion that its success is
doubtful. This, however, is not owing to the cost of
labour (aa is generally supposed), nor to the character of
the soil, but to the great uncertainty of the seasons. At ^ir William Molesworth, Mr. J. S. Mill, and
WiLU AM Johnson Fox was the aon of a amall £uwaet at
IJggashall, near Wrentham. in Suffolk, where he na
born in 1786. SliorUy after his birth, however, his folhw
removed to Norwich, and thenceforth worked there aas
weaver, his son, during his early years, working vith tea
as a factory boy. This fact Mr. Fex reoallod when hr
wrote a striking series of letters agaiGwt the oacn U«l
under the sigoatm-e of a '* Norwich Weaver Boy.'* Bi'
parents belonged to a body of Nonoonfornusta ef (Ai
standing in Norwich, and the boy, having ahowo a^§» ti
superior talents, was sent to a amall CoogreaprtMnal
college at Homerton, then under the preaideo^ of tht
late Dr. Pye Smith, and he entered on the work ef the
ministry in the usual way, but he speedily led the cam-
muuion to which his parents belonged, and eveabuliy
took up a position, unconnected with any denomiaatMA
as preacher or lecturer at South-place Chapel, Fiarinrr.
While there he took an active part in public aSair
writing habitually in the leading political journals as w^
as in^ magazine^ that he established himself. He joiaeil
r.
one time there is a total absence of rain, and at others
there is an inundation amounting to a flood, no two
■eMcma hav ing the same character. The vinti^ rains,
• See Jooaul, Vol. IX., p. «1.
establishing the We9tmituter Bewiew, and is mid to havr
written the first article in the first number. Whea ^
anti- corn-law agitation was organised, Mr. Fox^ power*
a speaker made him a valuable acquisition to the aotiw
taff of the league, and in the course of a fow
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, Jtob 17, 1864.
5ia
itppeAred on the free trade pUtform in most of the large
towns of England. On the dissoiuiion of the league in
1847 be was returned to Parliament as member for Oldham,
%ad, with the exception of a few months, continued to
repreaent t]iat borough until about a year and a hall* ago,
when failing health obliged him to resign his seat. He
was elected a member of the Society of Arts in 1863, and
some years since took an active part in its proceedings,
particularly those having referenoe to its Union of insti-
tations«nd edocaUooal opeimtions. He died on the 3rd
InstADt.
Ifites.
Tabmanian jAMA^The ffobari Town Advertiter sUtea
that four firms in thai town manofaotiired last year 360
too* of jam for exportation.
Alabbt Mxmoeial nr Htdk^pabk. — The sculptors to
whom the execution of the sculptura of the memorial has
been confided are^for the la^r groups of the quarters
of the globe, Mr. HacDowell, K.A., the execution of the
gnmp ot Europe; Mr. Foley. RA., Asia; Mr. Theed^
Africa; aad Mr. Bell, America. For the upper stage,
Mr. Marshall, R.A., Mr. Weekes, R.A., Mr. L«wlor, and
Mr. Thomicroft have received commissions for groups of
AgrkuitOM, Arts, Mangfaototas, and XkMnmerca^
Captain Fowkb'b Monsteb Tent.— Sir,— I hope you
will allow me space for a few observations upon the
notice which appeared in the Timm lasl week> upon
the tent erected in the Gardens of the Horticultural
Society at their last Jite» I am cont<^t that CapUin
Fowke be as victorious among tent roakars aa he
is among architects, but I am sure he would be- the
first to disclaim the founding his reputation on the
dispuagement of others, as suggested in a paragraph
which has gone the round of the newspapers. So far from
** the best tent-makers in the kingdom having been un-
willing to undertake the const ruotion of Captain Fowke's
great tent on a new principle,'' 1 had myself agreed to
construct it, as 1 bad done all other tents tor the Society
for thirty-two years while atChiswick. with the exception
of the one in 1862, which they chose to erect by oontraet,
and which signally failed, to their great loss and confusion^
Captain Fowke supplied me with his model, which 1
was to carry out, as arranged, under his own direotkm ; but,
to my surprise, the model was subsequently recalled.
Captain Fowke informing me that the construction was
to be submitted to competition. This 1 declined, as no
spaoifieatioos were furnished. The result has been, the
employment of •* a naval foiT» of sail-makers,*' an unfair
use, in my opinion, of Qovemment employU against a
private tradesman. Again, •* the experience of 1862,"
in the particular tent alloded to, does not warrant the
discredit on all tent-makers implied in the words, '< the
peril attending all tents on the old principle." My own
experience of tent-makins runs through half a century,
without having had one blow down, not even at Balaklava,
where Qovemment pegs, poles, aiid canvas came down
with a run. It is in no spirit of rivalry that 1 point out
that CapUin Fowke's pavilion is an edifice, not a tent;
piUaM ** 6ft. at the base," iron wire ropes two-thirds of a
foot in circumference, " tightened by screws," anchors
weighing a ton each, buried 10ft. deep in the earth, and
held there by baulks of timber " 10ft. long and a foot
square, fixed across the flukes," constitute sufioient
skeleton ribs and frame for an arcade. Given any expense
and any weight, with any strength, and a tent may be
made either a house, a church, or a palace, at the option
of the committee of noblemen and gentlemen ordeiiog
one of— BxHJAiiur Eooukiton.
GAS-LiOHTXiro.— Bib,— In the Revue dee Deux Mcndet
for March 16, 1864, is an article on *' Qas-lighting " by
M. Payen, a well-known writer on technological subjects,
which, I think, requires some notice, if only for the
purpose of pointingoutthefsMst thatdiscoveryand inventioa
are not always born in France, and that they do not in
all cases owe their parentage to Frenchmen. M. Fayeny
after referring to the importance of gas-lighting, in a
manufacturing and social point of view, taking rank, aa
he says it does* immediately after coal, iron, the con-
struction of machinery, texUle fabrics, and sugar, tnms*
forming, in the happiest manner, night into day, pro*
motin^ good order and security, insists that such an
invention, of French origin {d'ori^e Fran^amjf assuredly
deserves, &c. So startling an assertion as that contained
in the words in Italics, requires proof, and what is tha
proof given by our author? namely, that " an engineer
of roads and bridges, Philippe Lebon, towards the end
of the last century, created the manufacture of illu-
minating gas by the decomposition of wood and coaL
This prime invention made a great impresskm on the
publfc mind, when between 1785 and 1800 it was
realised by the appearance of the thermo-lamp. This
apparatw, which was very simple in construction, was a
sort of stove, furnished with some accessory apparatus,
which enabled it to supply, as its name indicates, both
heat and light It also served another purpose, viz., the
production of charcoal or coke, a smokeless fuel for
domestic use." After more praise of the inventor, and
the statement that the gas was to be purified and to be
conveyed by subterranean tubes to great distances, for the
purpose of heating and lighting both in public and in
private, it is quietfy announced that the invention &iled,
became it aimed at a threefold object where one ought
to have been sufficient. Another slight objection is
referred to in a notd, in which it is modestly stated thai
this apparatus with a triple object had also a threef<dd
danger, viz., it might blow up the house, set it on fire, or
suffocate the inhabitants. Hence it was suppressed by the
authorities. The writer then goes on to state that in 179S
Murdoch, in London, made a successful experiment;
nevertheless, " it was not till ten yean later, that is Uy say,
twenty-six years after the primitive invention by Lebon,
that Murdoch snoceeded in lighting up the factory of
Boulton and Walt, at Soho." After giving this word to
Murdoch, our author brings in a host of French names,
who did all that was required in the production, pnrifica*
tion, and dbtributk>n of street gas. Now, all this is
unfair, not singularly unfair, because it is unfortnnatelv'
the usual mode of treating such subjects adopted by French
writers. Everyone at all acquainted with the literatove
of the subject knows that in 1667 Mr. Shirley described,
before the Boyal Society, a burning spring at Wigan, in
Lancashire, and traced the origin ot the gas to the beds of
coal beneath ; he also pointed out that the same kind of
gas might be procured by the combustion of coal. In
1739 we have a letter printed {FhU, TVans.), but written
to Boyle, who died in 1691, and, of course, written before
his death, in which the method of procuring gas from the
distillation of coal is described. Dr. Hales, in his work
on ** Vegetable SUtics," published in 1726, states
that he obtained 180 cubic inches of gas, weighing 51
grains, by distilling 158 grains of Newcastle coal. ** This
result," says Mr. Hughes in his *• Treatise on Gas-works,"
*< which is rather more than 8,500 cubic feet per ton,
agiees veiy nearly with the production of gas aotaaUy
realised from Newcastle coal at the pi-esent day." In
1733. Sir James Lowther described {FhU, Trafu,) the m-
fiammable air of a coal mine near Whitehaven, and iB
1765, a proposal was made- to the magistrates of WhHeu
haven to convey this gas through pipes to light the street*
of the town, and the proposer, Mr. Spedding, proved the
praetfcability of the idea by conveying the gas into hia
own office, which he illuminated by its means. Watson,
in his <* Chemical Essays," published in 1767, shows thai
coal g«a retained iia inflammability after havhig beeo
620
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, June 17, 1864.
passed throagh water, an important step in its purification.
MrT Murdoch made known the resulu of his experi-
ments on the gas from coal, peat, wood, and other
inflammable substances, aud showed the practical value
of his results by lightiug his own house and office,
at Redruth, with the gas. This was in 1792. He
distilled the coal in iron retorts, and conveyed the gas
through tinned, iron, and copper tubes to a distance of 70
feet. Thus, while M. Lebon was engaged in a series of
dangerous failures, Murdoch had completed his invention
BO far as to apply it safely to the puiposes of illumination.
There are several points in M. Payen*s article which are
equally open to criticism, but for their discussion more
time and space would be required than I can give and
you can afford. — I am, &c., C. Tomlinson.
Klag ■ CoUef e, London.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
MoK. ...Adatie,3.
Tws. ...SUtUUcal, 8. 1. Col. W. H. Pjkea, M.P., F.R.8.. « Stifc-
tistict of Aberdeen.** 2. Mr. J. MicheU, *' Crime in
Roaria.**
Ethnolofical, 8. 1. Mr. H. Chriit;, ** Notice on iome of
tike Pre-hittorlo Cave-dwellers of Southern FVance.** 2.
Mr. John Cravtftird, '*On the Supposed Infeconditj of
Human Hjbrids or Crosses."
Wis.... Geological, 8.
R. Sooletj of Literature, 8|.
Tam. ...R. Society Club, 6. Annual Meeting.
PABLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
DeHvirtd on May 21, and 23, 1864.
Far.
Numb.
303. CiTil Bill Court (Carrickfergus)— MemoriaL
306. Ordnance Surrej^— Return.
SOT. Armj (Medical Department) — Returns.
246. Daunt's Rock->Correspondence.
ai3. Copper, &c.—Return.
38T. Hop»— Returns.
308. Amnr (Reserre Force)— Warrant.
316. Parliamentary Deposito < 1864)— Return.
317. Militaij Reserre Funds— Account.
319. Street Muslo (Metropolis)— Instructions.
113. Bill^'HighwaTB Act Amendment.
DeKver^ en Uth, 25<A, and 26<A May, 1864.
348. East India (Oodarer J Uiver)---Corre»pondeiioe,*c>
296. Museum of Industrj (Dublin)— Returns.
399. Royal Dublin Bodetj, \c.— Instructions.
802. Roi^ Hibernian Militarj Scbool Dublin)— Return.
02 IV. Ccmmittee of Selection— Fifth Report.
326. New 2Sealand-Correspondenoe.
26T. EsUblished Church, \e. (Ireland)— Returns.
2T7. Exchequer— Account.
328. Court of Chancery ( Ireland)— Returns.
104. Bills— Inns of Court.
Administration of Trusts— {Scotland)
Government annuities (amended).
Bank of England Motes (Scotland).
County Voters Regit tration.
Game (Ireland).
Public General Acts— Caps. 8, 9, 10, II, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, and 20.
96.
114.
116.
112.
116.
tt
ft
»
♦»
|)aftnts.
Firom CommiiHanert qf Patents Journal, Jhm lOth,
Qrakts or PaoTisioMAL PmoTKOTioir.
Alkali, obtaining sulphur from - 1296 — B. Jones.
Animal charcoal, rebuming of— 1038— J. F. Brii^es.
Bituminous substances, treatment of— 1349 — J. Young.
Boots and shoes, pegs and rivets for— 968 — A. W. Smith.
BotUe holders— 1313— H. M Harwood and O. Whitford.
BotUe-washing machine— 1321— W. HarU
Bridges, girders for— 1302— J. E. Whiting.
Candle lamps, self-extinguishing- 785— S. Trotmaa.
Carding engines— 1267— W. R. Hsrris.
Cheques, Ac, prerention of fhiud by altering— 1366— R. E. Donovan
and R. Bowles.
Clavloord instruments— 1365— A. V. Newton.
Sf*"?.**!*' Of ▼alvcs. high-pressure— 1307— H. RcdABrn.
. Utinollae fhsteners— 1363— L. Kinnlngs, O. Glbbs, h W. T. Edwards.
Doors, attaching knobs, Ac, to— 1287— J. L. and J. Hiaks.
Dress fktftening— 1299— W. Law.
Edg^K or trimming, festooned — 1294 — W. Clark.
Electric telegraphs— 1S03—G. Schaub.
Enidnes, heating the Kteam b<dlers of— 1300 — G. Shaw.
Engines worked by heated air. Ac— 1291-M. P. W. Boultoa.
Fkbrics, measuring acd blocking— 1279— J. Belham and O.Vml^Atme,
Fibrous substances, machinery for opening— 1329— M. Cnrtla.
Fire-arms, breech-loadiiJg—li69— J. F^axier. « „ .
Floating bodies, sounding a bell applied to— 1341 — Q. Hcrl>ert i
R. Stainbank.
Floor cloths, &c., printing— 1289— W. Howlett.
Fluids, drawing oflf and regulating the flow of— 1293— J.
GulUes, sinks, Ac, trap for— 865— J. F. Sharp.
Hatching eggs and rearing birds artiflcially— 1280— C. Mini
Hoops, & c, reducing the circumference of— 1347 — R. A. Brooooa.
Horse shoes— 1283— J . Fowler, jun.
Iron and steel iron, machinery lor puddling— 1315 — J. Eastat>od.
Iron and steel, puddUng of— 1317— G. A. C. Bremme.
Languages, apparatus to facilitate the acquisition of— 1359 — ^A. Looff.
Looms— 1363— J. Piatt and £. Hartley.
Oils, manufacture and purification of- 1319— A. Wall.
Organs, fttc, played with finger keya— 1292— J. W. Oouadzj.
PaHit- 1327— J. ihomas.
PrqjectUes, fuses for— 1278— W. E. Newton.
Railway chairs, Ac— 1305— R. Holiday.
Railway turntables— Ib33—C. Greenway.
RaUways, turntables appUcable to— 1297— O. MoQltoo.
Screw propeller— 1215— R. A. Brooman.
Shafts and axles, communicating rotary motion to— 126&— F. D^tetaag.
Steam boilers, cleaning and preventing deposits in — 1325— J. W.l^cb
Steam carriages for ccmmim roods — 1351— J. Fowler and T. WA^
Steam engines, Ac— 1339— J. Hugged
Studs, buttons, Ac— 1309— L. A. W. Lund.
Tables— 1337— W. Halse.
Theatrical eifects, apparatus for obtaining— 1179— A. Silvester.
Thrashing machines, combined— 1277— W. Tasker.
Tools, handle or stock for— 1295— P. Ross.
Vegetable aud animal matters, preservation ot—2»9 — J. Touag .
VegeUble fibres, separating and cleansing- 1323— J. B. Fuller.
Vessels, propellers lor — 1304 — H. Wimshurst.
Wire, testing the strength of— 1345— P. Deeley.
IMVENTIOM WITH COMFLKTE SpBCIFIOATIOV FtLXa.
Typographical composing machine— 1403 — W. E. Gedge.
Patbhts Sialbd.
3049. W. WUUamson.
3161. H. B. Seaia.
3164. L. Nol)el.
3165. W. W. Box.
3176. J. Hindle, W. F. Calvert,
and E. Thornton.
3201. W. Norton.
3236. J. O. Kowe.
3280. W. Clark.
743. B. P. G. de Thore^.
753. S. Matthews.
Jf^om Commiuionert qf PatmU Journal, /«m liCik.
Patbvts Sbalxd.
3172. J. M. Bryden.
3242. J. H. Johaaoa.
3178. R. A. Broonum.
3251. G. T. BoosflehL
3179. T. A. Blakely.
3252. F. Walton.
3182. J. B. FelL
3256. J.H. Johaaon.
3193. T. Hyatt.
6. W. Clark.
3203. T. Goldie.
6. W. Muir.
3205. F. W. Collins.
11. H. A. Bonaevilte.
3206. W. E. Gedge.
12. H. A. BoaaeviUe.
3207. G. Haseltiue.
14. W. Clark.
3208. F. N. Gisbome.
20. J. Askew.
3211. C. T. Judkins.
96. T. English.
3212. J. Howden.
224. P. Christie.
3216. W. Clark and W. P. Batho.
225. J. H. JohaaoD.
3218. R. H. Twylor.
227. J. Young and A^ C
3219. R. Paterson.
267. J. 0. Jonea.
3221. R. Baynes.
292. H. E. DrajisoB.
32^3. J. Green.
365. I.Dimock.
3224. E. J. Green and R. Mason.
476. O. Parry.
3226. J. Eastwood.
503. J. W. Swan.
FATBinK on wBica ths Stamp
1441. J. Vaoghan.
1452. C. W. Lancaster.
1458. J.M. WorraUand T. Law-
rence.
1473. A. Brown.
1482. M. Uawdoa.
1486. M. Henry.
1487. F. E. Schneider.
1548. T. Routledge.
DUTT OP £50 HAS BKBar Padw
1496. S. B. Singer.
1507. J. Watt.
1553. A.R.LeMiredeK«nBa^.
1571. T. T. JopUag.
1499. W. H. Walker.
1524. B. Blackburn.
1556. J.MiUeraadU.E.8kiBB«
1582. J. Culien.
Patbsts om wHion thb Stamp Dittt op £100 has bbbk paid.
W.
1606. W. Wright.
16». J. Robertson.
1656. E. Barsanti and F. Mat-
teucd.
1641. J. L. Clark.
16S2. J. Fowler, Jan.,
Worby.
1684. J. Fowler, jun., R.
and T. Clarke.
1645. J. Wbltworth.
1651. £. Brasitar.
ImotI uf %
THE
^0mtg 0f Iris,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, JUNE 24, 1864.
[No. 60o. Vol. XII.
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS, AND EXPENDITURE FOB THE YEAR ENDING
3l9r MAY, 1864.
Or*
To«Mh balaaM labMidi of Cootti and Co.,
SOih Mi^, 1863 ^....„
To AnaoM 8abM)riptioiif....» .m..
To Lift ContribQtioiis ^....
To Difidoodcoa Stoek :—
£4,530 181., CosMli IM
£3%B If 4d., New 3 per Cent. II
ft34M> Ropeee ladlMi 6 per Cent. Rupee
P»ptr , 356 12 11
RbOUFTS AMD PaTMBNTB.
£ f.
966 a
6,749
547 1
d.
4
8
4
6
To KiMnlnetkw Prise Fond :—
Her Mtdmj the QoMn* the Prince Con*
•ort'e Priie
Sir C. Wentworth Dlike, Bart......
Rer. Dr. Temple
Harry Cheater, Ekj
Charlea Brooke, Esq., F.R.8.
Dr. Skey
468 3 6
•••■•••••••••••
•••••••••••••••••••••••• ••«••• •••••••••••••••
36
10
10
4
2
1
6
10
2
1
To Wood-Carrinf Prisea hj the Socle^ of
Inrood Carren .........m.... ..•-•■•.•..«...•.».
Laboofera* Cottage Priie, bj J. B. Den-
too, Emj M.........
Sale of Tnuiaaetioaa
„ Jory Reporta
Prince Conaort'a Memorial Fond
8oath Anitrallan Inrtitote
Aeeood Realdne of Dr. Caotor*i Batata
Sale of Art-Workmaaahip Examplea
F.TMWiinatioa Feea » »
63 18
13
36 tf
• 10
181 13
43 10
6
360
1 3
9
S6 11
8
6 6
6
Cr,
By orerpaid on oaah aeooont, laat year repaid
„ „ PeilyCaah do.
••••••*••••••••••••••##«
Rent, Ralaa, and Ttaaa
Inanrance, gaa, coal, and howe diargea
Salariea, wagea, and oommUaUma
Poatage, Stampa. and Paroela..................
Stationery and Printing „
AdTcrtiiing ^^ ^
ConTenasiooe...
Society's Annoal Dinner
Library, Bookbinding, fto.
Journal, indoding Stampa and Distriba-
tion toMembert
Unioa of Inatitationa, Indoding Bzanina*
tions, Priaea, Poatage, Statlooeiy, Print-
ing, &c .«.
Artlatic Copyright....„»...
Hicroaoopes
Repairs and Altaratlona on Renewal of
•••••a t«a*a**aa
.•••aaaa* •«•••••• ea«
••■•a<»«o««
aa««aaa*« ••••••
£8,418 19 10
Jory Reporta on Bzhtbitioa of 1863
Soath Aostralian lastitote:
Prince Consort*s Priie
Wood Carring Priaea .
A rt- Workmanahip Priaea
Working Classes Mosenm
Charges Spedal to (.eoeral Committeea...
Anniuty to Mrs. Cantor ..».»...
Cantor Lectures
Memorial Ba«t of the Prince Cooaort ......
Designs for the Albert Memorial MedaL..
1 renuQflft ijut ......... ..*...............•.•
Laboorera* Cottagea Competltioa ............
Coatts and Co. (Toss on exchange) m*......
Balance in hands of Cootti aad Co.,
9. St aiay ••••.•*..*........••.........«.....
£ a. d. £ a.
d.
11
10 8
Its 13
163 6
1,713 1
136 17
363 a
13
155 13
31 8
66 16
1,1U 16
3
636 4 10
1
6 1
1,661 10
1,006 6
429 3
36 6
49 1
70 14
• 6
146
36
103
106 10
53 14
133 16
10
3
£8,180 10 3
330 8
£8,418 19 10
LiABiLirns AND Assets.
9r.
To Boadiy Creditors :~
Sovth Australian Institnte
Working Classea Maseom
Sir W. 0. Trevelpn, Bart.
Jorr Reports on Bxhibitioa of 1862
SocAsty's Memorial to tho Prince Consort ....
MnHland School of Arts
X*aboarers* Cottage Prise
Prince Conaort'a Prise
EznmlnatiOD Priaea
. JKxnmiaeit' Feea
Swineir Prise „
Art Wcrkmanship Priaea
Bopaira and Alteratlooa ..
Tradesmen's Accoonts
a««»a» •••••••••••• •••••• •••••a ••••••••a
t •••««•••••••••«•
••o* •••• ••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• •••
£
12
80
70
1301
546
36
36
191
304
100
88
955
717
i. d.
4 8
14
11
5
15
•
9
1
4
6
3
3
Cn
£ f. d.
£ a: d.
1,771 13 9
366 3 t
By Conaola, £1,930 18i. at 91|
By Inrested in India 5 per oent. Rupee
Paper »..
By Snbseriptioos in courso of cdlectlon
£2,019 38., Talned at 1,600
Valae of the Sodety'a leaae of Prevliea.» 3,000
„ „ Other Property ^..,^ 3,000
By Bxamlnation Prise Fond........ 40 6
*t
•»
6
Ezcesa of Assets over LiahlUtleB
4,318
4,931 16
1
£9,350 6 1
By Jory Reports per Measn. Ball and Daldy
By Cash in handa of—-
^ontta aao \ /0»« ..»»..«..».....»..,a«....<.........
Leaden aad Westmlaster Bank ,„^ ..m*
49 6
178 14
f
1
339
70
8
390 9 8
£0,360 6 1
TBusr Funds.
Swioey Beqoest £4,500 Coaaols.
Jdan Sloek\ Traat 100 „
Fotbarglll's Trast » 388 1 4 New 3 per Cents.
Cantor Beqoeat »... 5,049 7 lariitad la India 6 por oaat BvpiO ptptr*
QEORGB 8. LEyEVBE,
t ffoua, Ad^hi, Jim IfUk, 1864. P. LB NEVR FOSTER, Stcntarj^
522
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTT OP ARTS, Juni 24, 1864.
Financial Statkmbnt.
The foregoing statement is published in this
week's Journal, in accordance with Sec. 42 of
the Society's Bye-laws, which provides that, at
the Annual Meeting, " the Council shall render
to the Society a full account of their proceed-
ings, and of the receipts, payments, and expen-
diture during the post year ; and a copy of such
statement shall be published in the Journal of
the Society, on the Friday before such General
Meeting.
Annual Qbnbral Mbbtino.
The One Hundred-and*Tenth Annual Qenend
Meeting, for the purpose of receiving the Oouncil's
Report and the Treasurers' Statement of the
Receipts, Payments, and Expenditure during the
past year, and also for the Ellection of Ofl&Bers,
will be held (in accordance with the Bye-laws),
on Wednesday, the 2ifth June, at 4 o'clock,
p.m. At this meeting a new Trustee of the
Boaae Museum will be elected, pursuant to the
Act, 3 William IV., cap. 4.
The Council hereby convene a Special General
Meeting of the members of the Boeiety, to ballot
for members, such meeting to take {dace at the
dose oi the Annual General Meetmg.
By order,
P. Lb Nevb Fostbb, Secretary.
Soeitif't House, Addfki, Jmm 22, 1864.
AfhtoD 4( Diikin6eld MeehaDica' ( Mr. Hngh Mmoo,
iDBtitQtioo and Lootl Board . ( Prendeiii.
Banboiy Mecfaauics' Institution)^ j n n^i^
acd Local Board jior. j. n. uetw.
BasiDgstoke Mechanics' Institu- f Mr. G. ScUier-Bootb,
tion \ M.P.
Rattle Mechanics* iDstitntion ... Mr. Hence Marl io.
Backs and Berks Adult Educa- ( Rev. C. D. Ooliie.
tion Society
Bury (Lane) AthenaBum
Caiiisle Mechanics' Institute
Rev. Thomas Bookc
EZAHIKATIONS.
The Council having been informed that John IHog-
wall, of the Eveniufir Classes, Andersonian Univoni^,
OlsBgow, to whom had been a wwf d td the 2Dd priae of £8
in Freehand Drawing, is or has been a teacner, and is
therefora disqualified, have now awarded this prize to
No. 885, Alexander AreMbakl, aged 21, Qlaigow Insti-
tntion, house painter.
The CooncU beg to draw the attention of candidates to
the importance of distinctly stating in every case whether
they are disqualified for competing for the prizes. The
disqualifications are distinctly stated in the programme,
and the candidate omitting to state them when they
exist cannot be said to act fairly towards his fellow-
candidates. Secretaries of Local Boards should, before
signing a candidate's ** Form 4. " make strict inqnirie
whether he is in any way dininalified for a prize.
' Rev. C. F. Hadyirf,
President.
^Mr. Wilfrid lawiOB.
M.P.
] Mr. Edmnod Pottc
t M.>.
Chatham, Rochester, dec., Me- ) **. w a aiUim.
^n^ Institute and l^nZ\ft^^
Chdms^''meji^ '^^^ ^°'iMr.Thom«M»
chanics* Institntion j
Crewe Mechanics' InsUtution •" {Mn ^^j^^Sf*
Devonport Mechanics' Institoto j Mr! WiUian Ib^
and Local Board I Mr. W. Mqgg, Jii
Dover Museum & Philosophical f Mr. Thomas Uvk
Institution 1 Mr. Ben)tmiB lindi.
Dudley Mechanics' Institntion ... j ^ Jossph Stoto.
Faveisham Iiistitnte Mr. FrwTlioflk.
Gilford (Irdand) Young Men's 1 Mr H R. Mmww*
Mutual Improvement Society. / "'' "' ^ ^^
Qlawow InstitatioD Mr. Alexmder Ors»
Lo-lBo^d./MTil-*-*'^
Mr.WtlteraileM.
Mr. C. Wootfdejr'
ti
IxocetMnss irf tire Smti.
Thirteenth Annual Confbrsvos.
The Thirte^ith Annual Conference of the Re-
presentatiTes of the Institutions in Union, and
the Local Educational Boards, with the Oouncil
of the Society, was held at the Society's House,
on Thursday, the 16th inst., at 12 o'clock noon.
William Hawbs, Esq., Ohairman of the Coun-
cil, presided.
The following is a list of the Institutions and
Local Educational Boards represented at the
Conference, with the names of their respective
rcpreeentativee :
GKMpori and Alverstoke literary
and Scientific Institntion
Hastings Mechanics' Institute ...
fMr Williim Alt*
Herefofd Permanent Library ... \ p,^eot
Hertford Liteiaiy and ScienUfio ) Mr. John Ljoo Fb»-
Institution j ter.
Hitchin Mechanic^ Institution... Mr. Joseph ?(S^
Kinver Young Men's Improve-!
ment AnooUtion and Looal V Mr. Thomac Bolton.
Boatd J
I Mr.C<miicilIflrBoB«y
Lancashire and Cheshire AsBocia- J Dr. F^okbant.
tion Mechanics' Institutions ... 1 Dr. John Watts.
iMr.Lawton.
T J m*^^ -^ T -*•* * C Mr. Edward W»*
Leeds Mechamca* Institute \ M.P.
Lichfield Free Library Captain Py^
LlaneUy Mechanics' Institution. Mr. B. T. HoveU.
London, Bank of England Li-)
braiy and Litenuy VMr. John Goe.
Awociation ...^.J , nn^L
City of London CoUege'^*^' ^^
and Local Board
^^^\ tingtos.
•• ••• I MrTF. BsynoJ*^ ,
?Rey. W. ttW.^
n
»»
Clapham Local Board J Bowyer.
lMr.E.Hsll*.
GreTille House (Pad-) «. ii.„<*
dington) Libmiy and I Mr. Jamca Stefcwng*
Beadiiw-room.. J
Lambeth Local Board Rev.W.D.G"**
Mechanics' Institution ) m». m a Becd.
Local Boaid jMr.T.A.BW-
Metropolitan AsM)cia- ) .
tlonforpromotingthe VMr. H. H. Saltf.
Edocation of Adults j „ , .^
fMr. W.H.Ayl*-
Maiylebone Literary A J Mr. T. CortH*.
Scientific Institution \ Mr. J. S^^
\Mr.T.Wfitoi^
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS. June 2i, 1864.
523
liOiidoiit Sherwood Mutual Im. I ^uf^ o^-*.^ u^n
provement Society l^l' 2tl^%Pf?' ,
Walworth Literary and ] M^ t a vr u -ix
ScienUao Inttitition J ^'•- ^' ^' Noldwritt
Wastminster.Duck-laDe) »^ -, a*^^i»^«-
Working-men's Club j"^"^- ^' Stephens.
f Dr. Fairbaim, F.R.S.
Manchester Mechanics'Institution
and Local Board
9»
••I
Newport (Hon.) Athenaum ...
Kottingham Mechanics' Institu-
tioo
Dr. PUikhnrst. I
Mr. Councillor Rnmney |
Mr. £j. S. R(>gen.
Sir Thomas PhUlips,;
F.G.8. I
Mr. Charles Paget,'
M.P.
Mr. J. G. Blackbume,
fMr.J. G. B]
i Prasident.
( Mr. J.T. Hib
Oldham Lyceum ^ Prasident. '
(Mr.J.T.Hibbert,M.P.
Smethwick, Messrs. Chance's Li- 1 « ci m lu ^
braty . Mr. r. lalbot.
*ti^.^:!?!!!!!!^"^!!^!!:} Dr. F«nd.T. Bond.
Southern Counties Adult Educa- > Hon. and Rev. Samuel
iion Society J Best.
Stockport Mechanics' Institution Mr. S. Robinson.
Swindon Mechanics' InsUtution. Mr. J. fl. Preece.
Whitby Institute Mr. Edwin Cockbum.
Wdhjji^mpton WoHcing Men's J ^ ^^ j^^^^^
^ iSlIu^'^^^^ } Mr. Barnett Blake.
The Secretary read the following
HSPORT TO THE CoUNOIL OF THE SoOIBTT FOR
THB EnOOURAOEMBNT OF ArTS, MANUFAC-
TURES, AKD Commerce.
Oemtlemek, — I have the honour to lay hefore
you my report of the proceedings in connection
with the Union of Institutions since the last Con-
ference. In the first place, it is gratifying to
kave to record the success of one of the prize-
men of last year, Mr. George M. Norris, of the
City of Lonaon College, who has, after a com-
petitive examination, obtained an assistant clerk-
ship in the Privy Council, the nomination to com-
pete being given to the Society by Earl Granville,
one of the Vice-Presidents, who has again so
kindly taken an active interest in this branch
of the Society's operations.
The Examinations of the Society have this
yoar been conducted on precisely the same sys-
tem as on former occasions, and that is now
BO well understood that it is needless to re-
peat what was told in my last year's re-
port. It is satisfactory to know that the
numbers attending the Society's Examinations
have gradually increased every year, and have
never gone back. The number this year at-
tending the Final Examination is 1,068, as com-
pared with 956 last year, showing an increase of
112. These examinations were carried on at
87 Local Educational Boards, who returned 1,197
as fitted to undergo the Final Examination, but
of whom 1,068, as I have before said, actually
worked pi^rs. The number of papers worked
by them has been 1,640, as against 1,360 kst
year, and the certificates gained have been in all
1,222, thus distributed -.—First class, 236;
second class, 479 ; third class, 607 ; whilst the
corresponding numbers last year were 1,079, 228,
429, and 442. The number of papers in respect
to which no certificates have been awarded this
year is 318, as against 261 last year.
The table No. II. (page 627) will show the
manner in which the subjects of examination
have been distributed among the candidates.
The' number of prizes awarded this year is
somewhat increased, there being 55 on the
present occasion as against 61 last year.
The Prize of 26 guineas, established by
His Roval Highness the Prince Consort, and
graciously continued by Her Majesty the
Queen, to be offered annually to the candidate
who, obtaining a certifieate of the first class
in the current year, shall have obtained in
that year and the three years immediately pre-
ceding it, the greatest number of such certifi-
cates, has this year been gained by Mr. John
Allan, aged 26, of the Glasgow AUienaeum, an
assistant surveyor, who has during the four
years obtained the following first-class certifi-
cates : —
1861 — ^Logic and Mental Science, with Ist Prize.
1862— English Histoiy, with Ist Prise; and English
Literature, with 2nd Prize.
1863 — ^Arithmetic, with Ist Prize; Book-keeping, with
Ist Prize ; and Geography, with 2nd Irize.
1864— Magnetism, Electricity, and Heat, with 2nd
Aize; Domestic Eiconomy, with Ist Prize;
and Animal Physiology, with 2nd Prize.
The whole amount of prizes gained this year
is £217 68., being a small increase on that of last
year, when the amount was £206 6s. In the
appendix to my report will be found the remarks
of the Examiners on the general character of the
Examinations for the year. The return (table IV.,
page 629), shows the occupations — actual or in-
tended—of the various candidates from whom
return papers were received as intending to take
advantage of the Society's Examinations this
year, and of these 1,068 actuaUy attended them.
It will be remembered that from the first it
was suggested that the Local Boards, in addition
to the duties undertaken by them in conducting
the Society's Final Examination, might with
advantage hold local Examinations, and grant
certificates and prizes to candidates junior in
age to those admitted to the Society's Exami*
nations or not sufficiently prepared to take the
papers set at those Examinations. Several
Boards and Unions of Institutions carried out this
suggestion ; but after a time it was found that
it would be extremely desirable, and add much
to the value of these local Examinations, if
some plan could be adopted by which a uniform
character might be g^ven to them — some uniform
standard adopted, which would render the certi<*
534:
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTT OF ABTB, Jvkb ^, 1864.
fictlct given by one Board of e^pal valmo with
those given by another. With this object in
view a Committee was formed, called the Central
Committee of EducaticHMd Unions, in. which
every Union was represented by (me or more
delegates, and the Society of Arts by fonx mem-
bera of its CoonoiL The doty c^ the Com-
mittee was to draw np a uniform scheme
for the Elementary Examinations, md prepare
annnally a set of Examinatjon papers to be used
by Buch of the Unions or Boards aa might
choose to adopt them. In addition a fbrm of
Certificate was drawn op lor the adoption of alL
By this means each Board conducted its own
Examination upon the same papers, ai the same
time and on the same prinoples as tiia otiiers
associated wMi it; and aa ob0 scale of marks
waa laid down to be used, a uniform standard
was practically obtained, and thus certificates
issued by each Board represented, with a very
fair amount of unifbrmiiy, tiie results of
the Kxaminationa in alL This system of
papen and certificates was ad^ted by sevend
Unions and Local Boards and aeted upon, but the
anomalous position and constitution of the Com-
mittee led to ocmsiderahle misunderstanding as to
its connection with the Society of Arts, and aa to
how far the Society was responsible for its action.
While the Central Committee was in reality a
body totally separate and independent of the
Society of Arts, yet its working was so inti-
mately connected with it that the Society was
on all sides believed to be responsible for all
that was done in its name. It therefore became
a matter of serious consideration how far it was
right that such a state of things should continue,
and after consultation with some of the leading
members of Unions and Local Boards^ the Council
of the Society resolved to i^point an Elducational
Committee, including rejnresentatives fix>m the
various Local Unions, which should have charge
of conducting the work hitherto performed by
the Central C<»nmittee, and at the same time
advise the Council on any matters connected
with the Union of Institutions for which its
constitution would especially qualify it. This
Committee has now been formed, and has com-
menced its work by preparing the programme of
the Elementary Examinations for next year«
The Elementary Examinations have, however,
this year been conducted under the arrangements
made by the Central Committee. No material
alteration was made in the programme of these
Examinations, and the Candidates' papers were
looked over and the Certificates awarded, as in
former years, by the local Examiners connected
with the District Unions. In order, however,
to render the uniformity — already to a large ex-
toit secured by the use of the same sets of papers
at the various centres — as perfect as possible, spe-
cial copies of tile papers were printed for tiie
use of the Examiners, with the nuBherof mrb
to be awarded for a complete answer to each
question printed opposite to it, audit is belieTed
tiiat this arrangement vrill contribute mate-
rially to render the Certificates awtided by
the various local authorities as nearly as pos-
sible of the same value aU over the coontiy.
There is an increase in the number of oe&-
tree at whidi these Examinations were held,
as well as in the number of Caodiditei, as
compared with the last year, but the Candidates
are still hardly so numerous as might hsTc been
expected considering the great importance of
promoting Elementary Education, and it is hoped
that when these Examinations are cenducted
with papers prepared, as will be the caaeoext
year, by the Education Committee of the Secietj
(the constitution of which I have already ex-
plained), the advantsges offered by these Se-
mentary Examinations will be more extenuvely
appreciated. Last year these Exanunaww
were hrfd, under the auspices of seven Distnct-
Unions, at 68 centres ; this year ten Unions hive
held them at 104 centres. In 1863 there wen
180 senior (or higher grade) candidates, oi when
96 passed ; sad 631 junior (or lower gndf)
candidates, of whom 284 passed ; this year there
have been 485 hi^er grade and 1,3(0 lover
grade candidates, of whom 170 and 707 ^^
pectively obtained certificates. It will be »«»
by the tabular statement (see page 525) that
among the senior candidates were 24 females, and
ftm^g the junior no< less than 171.
It had loBg been the desire of thebi^^
tions that if possible much move ii^<^»^. ^'
nection should estist between them and the
Society, and at the last 0<mfer9iee a f^^
was passed requesting the Society to ew^l
an officer or officers, who might visit the w*
stitutions from time to time, and keep up o^
stant communications between them ^^ ^
Society, representing the Society at the as»M»
meetings of tiie Institutions, and on o*^'*?J^
able occasions. The Council have frequeatlyh^^
this matter under their serious considerati<»»w
hitherto varioaa difficulties have stood is the^
of arrangemeata fi» this purpose. The ^^^^^^
however, though unahU to undertake f ^•^
for visiting every Institution in UmoUfh*^
felt the unportance of taking some steps m ^
direction, which would, to some extent, «fff ^'r
object in view. Most of tiie existiiig Dj*^^
Unions employ a paid visiting officer to vieit w
Institutions, and this system the Oouncil c^*
sider must by no means be ^^^P®"^^ J*^..^
Society ; but the Council have propose* »^
the proposal has met with the ooncurrence
the District-Unions, that the Sooie^ of AJ«
shall i^pomt, as its own visiting o®^®'\^J.
visiting officers of those Diatrict-UnioDa ^
desire this kind of eoH>peiatioD, and «««»•'•*
JOUJRNAL OF THB 800IBITT OF AS.T8, Jma 2i, 1864.
«S6
Namb«r
CMttrw.
SnnoB ICali
Oamiodaxmb,
StnoB Fbmali
CAV0ID4TM.
Jimom Mils
JvnOB FlMALK
■liBtd.
PMMd.
Bza-
aiAned.
PMMd.
Bia>
mined.
PMMd.
Sxa-
mlmrf.
PMMd.
▲Idanbot and Ftinlum District ^....
Biioborgh (Fhiloiophio&l InatitaftfoQ) ^.^.
Hertford ^....
LaocMhire and Cheshire Union »....
LiODdon (Metropolitan Awociation]
1
1
5
14
11
87
8
I
6
20
2
6
4
126
78
56
46
5
8
85
2
6
2
18
24
27
20
4
2
51
...
••*
•••
5
9
...
•*•
•••
...
10
...
...
•••
1
5
• • •
• ••
• ••
• ••
8
21
•*•
12
168
876
284
128
15
28
212
18
•••
7
49
229
80
67
5
8
148
•••
•••
6
5
81
20
• ••
• ve
• •«
59
• ••
• ••
8
2
41
Soatbem Ckmntiee Adult Kdnoational Sodety »..
Booth Staffoidihire Aasooiation ^ «....
Waterford « „....
Woroettenhire Union „ »....
Torkshire (Weft Riding Edncatiooal Boaid) ...
7
...
•••
«••
48
-
ToTAia ^ ^ «....
104
431
156
24
14
1,189
606
171
lOl
them for their serrices to the Sodebr by paying
to each of them a sum equal to one-fourth of the
Society's receipts from the InititutianB within
the limits of his district. It will thus be under-
stood that any Institution in Union with the
Society of Arts, within the district of a Pro-
vincial Union, will be able to obtain, at suitable
times, the services of the Visiting OfiScer. This
arrangement will at once come into operation,
and it is oonfidently hoped that it ^vill be pro^
ductive of benefit.
I am, Gentlemen,
Your obedient servant,
P. LE NEVE FOSTER, Stcretary.
APPENDIX.
EXAMINERS' REMARKS.
The Examiner in Arithmetic says :— *< The papers of this
year show evident traces of intelligence and Judgment.
The writing out is, in general, neatly done, the Bguree
are welKmade, and the work, at a whole, qoite eqiud to
that of last year. Some exx:eptiona most, however, be
made to thia mvouraUe opinion."
The Examiner in Book keying says : — " The number of
candidatee this year is the largest that has yet presented
Haelf iu this subject. The average character of the
papers is decidedly good, while some of those in the first
olass eshibit a h^h degree of excellenoe, and, in certain
iBataneea^ the quality of each is 00 nearly equal as to hare
required much considefation in order to determine the
nomber of marks which indicate their reUtive merits."
The Examiner in Algebra says: — ** Some of the candid
dates have answered very creditably, and evinced pmise-
worthy aocuracy in their work. On the whole, the res«ilts
of the examination mav be considered satisfactory, but
in aome cases the candidates who have failed appear to
me to have been premature in presenting themselves for
iiination."
The Examiner iu Geometry says:^" Many of the
mpers tkiow that there has been an intelligent appre-
Kmion of geometrical methods. Some are deficient for
want of ioetractien, e.f . eases where propositions are faiily
fvoved but the constraetions omitted. I couki not bat
tJbink that some of these papers would have veoeived high
marks if tlie candidate had been aware of the abidliite
neoeasHy of cleaiiy indicating the coMtraotion.'*
he Examiner in Navigation and Nautical Astronomy
:— '* These snbiects still create little interest : this is
The Examiner in Mentyration remarks : — ** There has
been an improvement upon last year's work. I sh ould
like to see a more general knowledge of the Elements
of G^metfy made the foundation of Meaanratioo ; in
many instances the candidates have nothimz to rely upon
but an exact recollection of their rules. The answers to
a simple question on the relation between French and
E^nglish units of measure seem to show that an acquaint-
ance with the metrical system is not vei*}* extensively
diflfused among the class under examination."
The Examiner in Trigonometry says : — *' The quality of
the candidates' work is decidedly inferior to that of last
year. The quantity of work done is lees — and no great
ability has been shown by any one candidate."
The Examiner in Omie Sections says :— *' I regret that
only one candidate has answered questions in this subject
this year. The work of that one candidate is good and
deserves reward."
The
says : — ** These subjects
perhaps natural considering their highly technical nature.
The candidates have shown more accuracy in the ubo of
the tables and in taking out quantities from the Nautical
Almanac than last year. Candidates would do well to
recollect that generally the questions are arranged in the
sections aooordmg to their difficulty. I have been dis-
appointed in findmg in the questions requiring numerical
solutions a preference given almost exclusively to the
easier classes of problems ; this will aoooant for none of
the candidates having a first class certificate awarded."
The Examiner in the iVwo^i^ss ^f Mechamct says :—
** After a careful examination of the papers 1 am led to
entertain a hope that the remarks which I made last year
have produced a salutary effect. I have been much gcati-
fied by the evidence of tkat peiepioiiity and metbcNl to
which I leoenUy directed attention ; and I believe that I
am not mistaken in the impression tkat I have formed,
which is, that a higher class of mathematical and
mechanical instruction is becoming familiar to the young
men of onr Mechanics* Institutes and Evening tSchools."
The Examiner in Practical Meehanice says:—*' On the
present oooaeion the candidates have exhibited a fisir
average degree of merit, and there is nothing that calls
for any paraoalar rsmark."
The Examiner in Jltefr'iB^, JAi9»«<Mm, «vMf fiBot regi^
to observe that on the present ocoaaien the accuracy of
knowledge evinced scarcely comes up to the sta n da r d of
past yeait.
The Examiner in Aetronomy says :— " The papers this
year are l^ally different in oharaeler iWmi those of
previoos yean. They are of a much higher dass, and
evidently the result of mooh more study. The want of
526
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ABTS, Jroc 2^ 1864.
1
TABLE I. — BnuLTS or the Examikation of 1864.
NAME OF hOOJLL BOABD.
Al)6raMA ••• •••
▲Idwthot and FunhuB
AihUwtt ••• •••
Aditon-iuider-LTiM ...
BMop
Banbridge (Iftland) ...
Baaboij ...
XIOIlVPv ••• ««• *•» •••
Binuiagluun and IJMIantt •.. ...
Blaekbnrn and CUtheroe
Bolton ... ... .M ...
BnMUbtd M. ... ••• .M
Ji^nMoi .«• ... ... »•«
BujSt Bdmnnd*^ ...
Caatarborr ... ... ^,
Cariiale MechaaiM* Init.
Chatham, Roeheitar, Strood, and Bronpton.
Chelmated
vwwa ... .M ... ...
DarUnttOB... ... ... ^
DaptAod ... M. M* ...
UtSJUJ ... ... ..• ...
DaTonpoit... ..• ... ...
Edinburgh...
Fa^anbain ... ... ...
Gllfotd (Inland) ...
Glasgow (AtbenMun)
Olaigow finftitiition)
Glaigofir (MachanlM^Inftltotion)
Glaiioir (Popular BTening Claawi, Ander- 1
■Oman Univenl^) ... ... ... j
Gotport and AlTentoke (Literary and Bden- 1
tide InMitution) ... ... .../
Haliflg (Working Men*i Collage)
Hartraid ... ... ... m%
Hitchin ...
Hnll ... ,„ .., ,^
HjdefwithHatlMrlow)
*P*wicn ... ... ... ,..
Lascaihlra (Baft) Union (Bomlej)
ff tt ff <Baaliogden)
•» tf n (HawtenitaU) ...
Leedf (Wait Bidin|r Union oC InmitotiMu) ...
,. (Toong Men a Chrlnian Anodation)...
Letceiter (Cfiorch of England Inititate) ...
L i ch fl eld M. ... ... .M
I^Torpool ...
London (Citj of London CoUega)
,, (Rojal Polytechnic Insdtntion)
London Met. Aawc. ( London M.L)
tt tf (Pimlico) »— ...
»t t« (St. Stephen*!, Wettm.)
ff tf (Stepnej Deanery)
Louth ... ... ... M.
Maccle«6eld
Manchester
aiOieiejr ... ... ... ...
Deircaftle-on-T>Be (Chnrcb of Eng. ImL)
tf ft (Mech. Init.)
Oldham (Lycetun) ...
„ (Bdenoe Bohool)
Paiiley. ... ... ...
Pembroke Dock
Peterborough ... ...
Portmonth ... m«
Richmond ...
Rotherham ^
Balford ..• ... VM
Belby ... •»» »— ...
Blongh .M ... ... .M
Sottuampton ... ... ...
Southern Counties (Adult Educational So- )
vietyj .»• ... ... I
South Staftnddiire Union (7 oentret)
Wakefield ... ... ... ...
Worces ters hire Union of Educational Insti-l
^tojUons ... ... ... ...;
Yorkshire Union (4 ontres) Z
•*•
...
••*
24
4
•••
3
8
10
€
3
4
18
11
SY
21
26
2
• ••
4
1
3
12
4
18
2
16
T
6
4
63
30
41
42
28
1
2
•
10
14
38
IS
10
10
2T
3
13
13
60
13
8
••.
2
it
6
33
70
6
IT
24
37
16
3
1
38
1
6
IT
1
43
8
20
1,066
20
4
...
3
8
10
6
1
4
18
11
10
18
34
3
...
4
1
3
11
4
14
3
15
7
6
4
60
33
38
3T
14
1
3
•
10
13
36
13
10
IT
37
3
6
13
64
13
6
••.
3
14
6
19
69
6
4
17
16
26
16
9
3
31
1
6
16
1
40
8
19
928
33
7
1
3
14
9
7
3
6
20
19
7
24
20
1
1
6
1
4
6
4
18
2
22
6
7
7
43
33
43
87
33
3
3
6
17
37
13
10
33
36
6
8
13
69
12
14
1
7
16
4
19
63
6
4
16
16
34
14
10
3
1
I
1
39
1
IS
31
63
7
8
16
1,
3
16
1
33
38
33
34
38
28
3
3
4
17
33
9
6
31
34
6
7
C8
11
14
1
6
11
4
11
66
6
4
13
13
36
9
10
3
I
1
1
32
1
6
17
66
7
3
13
69
889
38
13
1
8
34
16
7
3
9
33
19
8
47
34
3
1
3
6
6
34
8
43
10
8
13
60
39
66
44
39
5
8
11
6
20
66
34
14
41
38
6
10
37
113
16
39
3
9
33
6
33
94
6
8
IT
30
34
14
30
6
3
1
1
61
1
14
33
88
13
3
9
26
1,640
8
1
•..
»."
3
3
1
...
1
4
6
1
1
1
3
• ••
1
1
3
9
••a
1
3
19
4
7
6
1
6
6
6
4
3
3
3
36
6
• •e
1
3
• •e
3
19
1
1
5
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
• ••
1
8
14
1
...
1
236
12
4
1
3
6
6
3
1
1
13
• ••
1
16
10
3
1
...
1
3
2
16
3
3
3
17
16
19
14
8
4
3
4
I
8
14
3
1
11
14
2
2
8
46
6
16
1
4
6
8
3
27
6
1
3
6
13
3
9
1
2
16
1
9
6
39
4
8
7
479
I
20
2
2
1
16
14
6
8
8
10
31
13
17
1
••e
3
2
6
28
•
8
17
16
2
4
6
33
2
3
1
2
8
8
7
33
1
4
11
8
7
6
6
1
21
6
18
33
6
12
B
9
I
1
18
4
3-
4
3
S
1
•
C
t
I
11
1
1
1
a
4
a
1
607
66
ft
8
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Juki 24, 1864. 527
["ABLE U—HuMBM OF Papbu Wobmd in baob Subject in tbs Four iow Yeabb ; with thi Ruult ioi
THE YlUB 1864.
SUBJECTS.
•••
Ariihmetio
Book-keepJOff
Algebra
Oeometiy
Meomimlioo
Trigoooototrr .^
Cooic Sections
Kavi^tinn, Ac
Principles of Mechaniov ...
Praeticsl Mechanics
'MMgo^imn, Electricity, Ao.
-Artrooomy
Chemistiv
Animal Physiology
■Bv^uxsy ,,, ,,, ,,,
A^rjcoltore
Mining and MetaUorgy...
Pditioal and Social £onomy
Domestic Economy
Gooffiaphy
English History
English Uteratore
Lo^ and Mental Science
Latin and Boman History
French
Oennan
Free-hand Drawing
Geometrical l>rawioflr ...
Muslo ...
..*
tt*
...
•*«
...
•••
...
• ••
...
...
«••
•••
•*.
•••
..•
•••
.»•
••
...
..•
.••
••.
...
• •a
tt*
• •%
• ••
• ••
• t.
...
1861.
1864.
•.•
886
184
114
17
48
8
4
8
12
12
18
4
86
5
S
1
7
8
4
44
46
87
5
22
79
5
40
6
80
1862.
Totals
•••
.*•
1,079
886
169
96
26
44
II
2
1
16
16
8
5
87
40
9
1
17
6
8
69
80
21
18
20
80
17
28
14
28
1868.
1,217
858
182
81
40
42
12
2
a
11
17
21
8
81
16
8
1
16
7
n
68
71
28
18
16
88
18
74
65
82
I,-
4
481
210
98
86
60
18
1
4
8
14
22
4
99
42
8
4
11
1
10
88
89
26
9
21
77
26
60
66
28
1,860 1,640
64
76
8
1
8
*••
1
8
2
1
6
6
1
1
2
.«•
2
10
7
10
2
2
9
4
6
6
6
236
104
106
24
9
14
1
.*•
4
8
8
6
I
80
9
8
1
2
1
6
87
88
6
4
9
16
16
6
20
8
479
160
29
86
18
21
1
4
8
6
1
49
7
1
2
2
...
1
27
38
10
2
7
80
6
28
16
8
607
108
•••
26
12
12
11
8
1
14
20
8
•..
•6
. t .
2
14
11
1
1
8
22
1
16
24
7
318
Lrigonometry, which I have prerioosly pointed out, is
^ery much lessened, and the total absence of practical
ipplioation, of which 1 have had to complain, no longer
sxists. Every candidate— even the lowest — ^has worked
iome, and the highest has worked nearly all the practical
laestions correctly. Still, no one seemed to be aware of
the necesdty of interpolation between given places at
certain times, to determine the place of an object at
intermediate times, or at the time of observation, and, as
far as 1 can infer, all were ignorant of the principle antl
practice of interpolation. 1 advise that attention be paid
to interpolations, at least including second difference, and
i still advise the careful study of geometry, particularly
Bolid geometry, as well as plane and spherical trigono-
netry."
The Examiner in Chemistry says :— '* The papers are,
upon the whole, very creditable to the candidates and to
their tepchers. In justice to those candidates who receive
third-dass certiticates I ought to explain that a great
Dumber of them have answered bat a small proportion of
questions. Their certificates are, in this manner, &r more
creditably earned than if the same number of marks bad
been obtained by less complete knowledge spread over a
irider field.*'
The Examiner in Animai PhyMogy says :— <* The higher
papers thb year are satisfactory ; so also are most of those
in the second class. Of the 20 unpassed papers, 13
exhibit frequent grammatical and orthographical errors ;
ind the same pepers display the greatest want of know-
ledge of the subjects examined upon. Oan no near
coimsel reach such immature candidates, to restrain thdr
attempts to obtain isertificates so completely beyond their
reach ? I wish to mention that 14 of the successful candi-
dates, and even thtee of those who are unsuccessful, have
correctly indicated the chief points in the most approved
method of attempting to recover a person apparently dead
from drowning."
The Examiner in Botany says : — '< I consider the result
of the botanical examination satisfactory this time*
Although but one peper ranks in the first class, a second
paper comes well up and deserves some praise. It is to be
noted that all the candidates (excepting one who has no4
passed) avoid a simple question in practical horticulture.'^
The Examiner in Agrieulturt reports an improvement
in both the number and character of the papers which
have been submitted to him on this subject. The ques-
tions asked were perhaps too numerous and too compre-
hensive for the time allowed to the competitors for
their consideratbn of them ; but the answers to many
of them indicate a satisfactory acquaintance with the
principles and details of farm practice.
The Examiner in Mimny and MetaUuryy says :— " None
of the papers exhibit a degree of excellence worthy of
special remark."
The Examiner in Political and Social Economy says:—
*< There is considerable talent and reading power, and
knowledge of principle, in the one candidate, but he is^
£28
JOUBNAL OF THE fiOOIETY OF ABTS, Jinia ^18tt.
deficient in loconte knowledge of Ikot, m his answer to
the question about the Bank of En^and shows."
The Examiner in Dawtetik JSbonofiiysajs*.— ** The papers
sent in this year, both in the first and second class, are a
ooosiderahle improTemaot upon those of last year."
The Examiner in Geogn^hy says: — '< The number of
papers examined this year is greater than on any former
occasion. Thdr avenge merit is slightlv below that of
pner instances. This has perhaps arisen m>m insufficient
regard to a condition specially stated in the programme,
m., the neoess i ty of givio|f especial attention to the
Australian and other colonies of Britain. Those wIk)
lim at high'dass testimonials of geographical knowledge
most study such topics with elaborate care and diligence,
fortifying these studies by aid of maps, familiar exercise
in the drawing of which will be found to constitute one of
the most valuable aids towards the attainment of the
desired result."
The Examiner in Eagluh Eittory 8»yB:-^* Theantwers
to the questions on English History are, as a whole, very
satisfactory, as regards both the amount of information
displayed and the correctness of the composition. Thwe
can be no doubt that the great majority of the candidates
have acquired a valuable knowledge of the leading events
described in the text books which they use, ai»d some
practice in the selection and arrangement of facts. Some
improvements may » however, still be made with advantage
in their manner of preparing and using their materials.
It i» to be desired that they should learn to connect aod
compare various periods with one another, and to follow
the history of io5titutioos more continuously through
sucoeesive stages of growth. They should also be warned
against that habit of declamation and eloquent reflection
which occupies time aod t^paoe that might be employed
to better advantage in a more careful recollection of facts
dining the limited time allowed for the examination.
The first class would be considerably enlarged if the
candidates would accustom themselves to answer questions
on paper from time to time in the course of their reading, .
and to submit such answers for criticism and correction
to those who superintend their studies."
The Examiner in Bnglieh LUermture says : — " I have
never looked over the papers in this subject with more
satisfaction than on this occasion. The candidates, with
very few exceptions, have shown a remarkably sound
acquaintance with the text of their authors. Many of
them have quoted largely from Ghaucer and Shakspeare,
with aptness and aocuiacv. Those to whom I have been
obligea to assign a low place in the table of marks have
■KMtly fallen short less in the quality than in the quantity
of their wotk. The only £aults which I am inclined to
Botice are ttiat some have indulged in needless oircumlo*
cution, in some cases repeating the phraseok»y of the
questions ; and that several of the best qualiMid candi-
dates have shown a want of due acquaintance with the
technicalities of grammar."
The Examiner in Loffk and MenUd Soienee mys:— «< At
this year's examination there is some £slling off in the
munbers. In Logic the candidates have generally
acquitted themselves well, though the papers on Morals
and Psychology are for the most part rather meagre. W ith
one exception the candidates seem to have read fairly for
their subjects."
The Examiner in Latin and Roman Hitlory «ys:—
^* The bsBt candidate a ns wese d in Hisftoiy remarkably
well; two otlwn&irly; the rest Teiy litde. The Latin
is about the usual standard, except that the best did
better than last year."
The Examiner in French says: — *< On the whole tiie
papers are rather below the average this year. It is true
that the historical and literary questions have evidently
^y, *^^ pPBp ai ed, and the answers are in general quite
••»^«*«T ; but the translations from English hito French
is throughout very ineorraot, and, like the giammatieal
answMB in the 8id alaas papass, it tatoaya a
absenoa of that very method in leaminff , of that p t oy
sive and systomatin stodyr which I oon o ei T s th aaa saawsiBa
tions are intended to encoora^ I would advise Mora
candidates not to attempt in this way to Jump, so to apaak*
over the elements of a language of whwh it may be said
that whilst it is easy enough to acquire a superiksial know-
ledge of it, there is nothing so dtftooltaa to thocooglily
master its spirit, at once so exact and so eUstio."
The Examiner in Otrman says: — " Not having aosii
the examination papers of former years, I had not toe ad-
vantsge of comparing the preaoot year'apapen and thiix
merits with what has been accomplished w tha.eaadidilai
before. The remaiks passed on the work laat yaar wmm
to apply again with more or less force to the papsca of Ibis
year. All the candidates, except only one or two^ '
exhibited veiy great skill in the first section of tha
indeed, some translations are almost without any
or misunderstanding of the sense. The
questions have, on the whole, been answered with
slderable correctness. If the veraons fnm, Kn^iah iato
German had been as good as the translations !
the number of l($t class certificates would have
ci'eased. As regards the essays, some of which
fluently, the paints under consideration are not deaily aet
forth, and secondary ideas have taken the pLsoe of
important ones."
The Examiner in Fret-hand Drawing sayse-^^ I
surprised to find the subjects in tiie eTaawnatiop paper of
this year should be found so difficult by many oif lbs
draughtsmen. From the gradual advance that
in tlM previous years, I should have expected
number of creditable drawings from the living ~
w«re produced by the candidates."
The Examiner in Oeometrieal Drawing says : — ** Tie
examination in this sutject is better than the last, bat
there is still a general failure in the Solid Geometry,
owing to a want of knowledge, both theoretiQal and
practical, of that of the line and plane in space ;'^thji
deficiency compels the candidate to employ awkward'aod
circuitous constructions which admit of far eai&er and
more accurate methods. One vecy elementary qoestiott,
for want of this better training, was passed over by every
candidate with one exception, and that one fiuled in
ic. The candidates frequently disregard the oon£UooSt
and ^ve in constructions having no referenoa to the
question before them. It is to be regretted that many
seem rather to aim at quantity than quidity In thor work."
The Examiner in the Theory of Mutic aajra : — ** On the
whole the music papers are better on this than on soy
former occasion. Even among those " not passed * the
answers, though few in number, often iodioita caiafiil
teaching."
TABLE IIL
This Table shows the ages of the 1,197 QandidatesftaBi
whom return pftpon were reoeived. Of theae 1,068 wader'
went the Final Bxaminatkm.
8oL«r
kf.
:
No. Of 1
Afs
CaadidAtef. I
16
...
...
183
31
17
.
...
167
32
18
...
••a
181
33
19
•..
• •.
148
84
20
•*•
...
127
86
21
...
• ..
98
36
82
■••
*••
78
37
23
•..
»••
72
38
24
...
• .«
42
39
26
...
...
37
40
16
...
• •«
V
41
«7
•••
...
21
tf
28
•••
• ••
13
44
2»
...
• •
14
47
30
...
•••
IB
•••
•••
4
6
4
6
4
ff
1
4
8
I
1
4
1
1
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, Jum 24, 186L
529
TAELB IV.
OcooPATiom, PansMT o» Pbotosed, of tbs 1«197
CikVDIOATIB FBOM WSOM BVTOBIT PAtMBi WSUI
osiTso:—
AooounUoto (and
OlcrKSi ••• ••• •••
Agent for Inanranre Co.
AppreoUoM to Lioea
HaoofiMtare
Archiiool (AflBiatAOi^.^
ArahiieciarAl Diaognto-
iikwHt.. •■• ••• ••.
^SlTiiM ••• .•• ••. •••
Art-Pupil ToMhar ...
AmiaUni, Com Mat-
chant's
„ in Herbarium,
tOCjr ••• ... •*• ■••
,» Begtelrar of
BtrthVf 4po. ... ...
„ Royal libr«7,
WindMT Gaetle ...
Aoetioneer
*9eKer ..• .*. ••• ..»
BeU-hanger
BladDunilh
MMOU^OkF ..• .*• .«•
BoOer-nkaker
Book-keepevi
BookaellerB and
8
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
26
•«» .»«
.V. **•
t«
•••
•••
CaltW.
8
I
1
8
2
2
1
Briddajen...
Brick-inaken
BuUderi .„
Botdier ...
„ and
dealer ...
Boiler. •• ...
CabineWmakem
CaB^-maker
Garpeotait
Oaahien
Caolker .^ .,
ChemifU (and
alatanto)
M and Druggists
Ciyfl Engineers ... ...
Clerks (BanlMr's, Com*
merouU Ac) 814
.. 1
.*•
•••
1
1
6
1
11
2
1
24
5
8
>9
tt
Builder's...
Builder's Sur-
WVyVt 8 «•• •«« ■••
„ avfl Serrioe ...
,» CoUieiy
yy Corresponding
,9 Customs' ... .^
,, Dook Ofl&se ...
,, in Education
Office • ...
„ Engineers'
rt
tt
tt
tt
tt
rf
n
Government ...
Insurance
Inland Bevenue
Law, Ae*
„ in Ordnance Sur-
rey Oflfioe .•• ...
,, Poet Oflke ...
„ in Probate Court
„ BaQway
„ Ship.bttUder's ...
,, Sunreyor's
:;a«g-iBaker .- ...
1
8
1
2
8
1
1
8
1
6
1
14
1
2
1
14
1
1
Ck>th-dresser
„ finisher
„ looker
Clothier's
Coaoh body-aaaker ...
Coaoh Painters ..• ...
tt Wheelwright...
Coal dealer
Collectors ... ... ..•
Colliery engine-driver
oversmMi ...
studying the
management of ...
Compesitora
Computer in Ordnanee
Sunr^ Oflksa
Cooper
Core maker
Corteetor (press)
v/urriers ... ..• ...
Custooas* offieer
Designers ...
j^iaperB ... ... ...
DnuightMnen
Engineering
Ordnanee
Survey ... ... .m
„ OmamentiA
Drapww4n ... .«. ...
A^rOBBBT ... ... ..«
DressiBg>eaae maker..*
^vggia4a,Ao. ... ...
utysatter ... ... ...
J^JrlUO ... ••. ..• ...
Electro-plater
Engineers
t9
„ Mining ...
Engine-fitters ... ...
ft ikeepers .m ...
Elngraver ».
to Calkx)
Printer's ...
Factory operatire
Farmers
Fitters ... ... ...
t, and turner
Fluc-sptnner
Foreign correspondent
FcNTgeman ... .» ...
Garaenera ... ... ...
Oasfitters
vfUQer ... ... ... ...
Qlass-cutter
Goods Colleotor (Etail^
way) ... ... .••
Governesses
Grocers and assistants
uauer... ... ... ...
jc&OBierB ... •.. ...
Housekeeper
House servant
Inland Revenue Officers
Iron* founder
,t monger
t, moulder ... ...
„ ship-plater
„ turners
Jewellers .
Joiners
Laboratory assistant ...
^Laboueem
•••
>.. .*•
1
1
1
1
I
2
1
1
8
1
2
2
8
1
1
1
1
2
1
8
7
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
2
I
46
1
2
8
8
I
1
1
2
6
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
7
11
1
2
1
1
'•I
1
1
1
2
4
9
1
5
Lawa tatfa n er
Lawyer ,
Uaett maaofiMtarsrs..*
UtbopimphiaaitiBl ...
Maohmista
liachine Joiner
Maltster .,. ••• ...
ManufiKturers
Masons
Measurers
Medianics ... ... ...
Merdiaiia ... *— ...
Millwrighta
Miners (cold and other)
Mining agent
MisRonary ... .m .*•
Monitor (paid)
Moa ld a r
Normal atodenta ...
OB-doth mahar.., ...
vpersMve ... ... •*.
v/VV^VHHa ... ... ...
^^-- - — J - . -
urginiata .•• ...
Ovenooicani ••• ...
& BUa^^W ... ... ...
'irepeFHNauier ... ...
Pattern-maker
Pattem-eaid maker ...
Pawnbrokers^ assistants
rneoers ... ...
Pieoe*looiEers
risatiB ui anil builikii
PlumtwrSi dre. ...
Poliee-eonsftable...
Porters ... ...
Post^msswnger ...
Power-loott
loofeen ... •••
Printera ... ...
Pupil teaehers ...
Railway sprin^^Hter
Boll-tnmer
BoHer cowers ...
i^Houjer ... ..»
Salesmen
Sohoolmaatets ...
If
Sdf-aelor minder
Seijeant R. Bngineera
oeKvou ... ... ...
Shawl-esttera ...
,, pattern deaignera
Ship builder ... . .
tt jOUI0* ... ... ...
,t Wrights, fto. ...
Shoe*flBakers •••
Shopmen ... ... ...
Silk>«aer
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
4
8
26
2
11
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
1
1
2
1
8
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
7
68
1
1
2
1
8
10
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
24
8
4
1
„ wmdors „, ,„
Slider in maehineworiu
Smith .,• ...
Soap-manufaeturar ...
Spindle-makers
Spinners , ...
Spinning- master
Staff-seijeant (mQitia)
Statiooersand assistants
Steel-pen tool maker...
OHICK NtKflK... ... ...
OivBv&... ... ... ...
Stone cutters ... ...
„ masons ... ...
Storekeepers ... ...
„ clerk ...
Striekle-maker
Striper and grinder ...
Stodents
Superintendani of
lunatics ... ... ...
Surgeons .m ... »—
Surveyors^ ^., ...
JL Alftwiv ••-• ••• •••
Tarpauliog maker ...
Teachers (other than
pupil-teecheri)
Telegraphist
Throstle-overlodcers. ..
Timekeeper
Tin-plate w ork er s .»,
Tobuco nuumfiaoturer
Tobaooooist ... ...
Tobaooo-pipe malmr ...
Tool-maker
JL lUCHBft •• ••« ••• •••
Turkey-red dyer .••
Vdlum binder
Viewers (Tower)
WarshoiMemen and
UKU ... ... ••• ...
warp*dreaaer ... ...
Watchmaken
Watchman
VY ea wBIa ... ... ..•
I, ibremen of.^
Wheelwright
Whip-lash maker ...
Whitesmith
Whie and
merohant...
Wire-drawer ... ...
Wood-carver
Woollen manuftotnrsr.
Woolsorters
Wrigftit ... ... ...
w K icer ... ... ...
Undetermined, or not
given ... ,— ...
•—■
^iirit
2
1
1
1
2
16
1
1
8
1
1
1
8
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
6
8
1
67
1
2
1
4
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
62.
I
2
1
48
2
1
1
I
I
L
1
1
&
I
1
88
The Chairman said he thought the Conference would
agree that the report just read, as well as the extracts
from the remarks of the examiners, gave a satisfactory
statement of the progress made, though there was still
room for great improvement. They found that there wmm
an increase in the number of candidates, as well as in
the number of priaes given, and generally speaking the
papen had been worked out better than on previous oc-
casions. One important feature in the report was the
appointment of visiting officers, through whom the
Society would receive authentic accounU of what was
Uking place in the several District-Unions, and be in-
formed in what manner the Unions thought the Society
could most efficiently aid them in their work. He re^
gretted that he waa compelled, by an unavoidable engage-
S90
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jmni ^ WW.
iMDt, to leave the obair, and he would request hit friend,
Sir ThoouM PhilUpt, to preside.
Theohair having been taken by Sir Thomas Phiujps,
diecofluon was taken on the first subject on the list, vis. : —
"Ih whav manhsb oan thb Agents of thb Distbiot-
Umiosis, who have bbeh appointed Agents to the
Society or Abts nr thbib bespeotive looalitibb,
BEST OABBT «0inr THE OBJECTS OF THB SOOIBTT, AND
PBOMOTE THB WELFABB OF THE iNaTFTUTIONS.
Mr. Babhbtt Blakb (Yorkshire Union) said, looking
to the experience of past Conferences, he thoaght it
advisable that each sobject to come before them shoold be
brought fonnud in the tangible shape of a resolutioo, as
4ntioduotoiy to the disoossion. With regard to visiting
agents, thej must bear in mind the object was to bring
4he Institutions in the country into more intimate oo-
'Operation with the SooieW of Arte. Although the
-Society had exeroised a valuable influence in the matters
of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, still, education
was not the least important subject which the Society
•had taken in hand, for the success of Arts, Manufactures,
and Commerce must in a great measure spring from the
proper eduoation of the people. On the subject now
before them he suggested that the visiting agent should
receive authorify ftt)m the Society to act as its representa-
tive in the local Institutions, so that he might represent
the Society with some authority on certain occasions — that
he should visit all the Institutions in the district, and
give information as to the examinations, recommending
their adoption in places where they were not yet carried
out. In addition to that, the agent should visit all the
•larger Institutions not in Union, and bring before them
the advantages of being so connected with the Society.
He had endeavoured to embody these views in a resolu-
tion, which was then read.
Mr. Habbt Chbstbb said, no one who had had expe-
rience of the operations of District Unions of Institutions
oould doubt that they presented advantages which could
not be gained in any other way. The Council of the Society
wished to have this subject again discussed to-day, for the
sake of ventilating it, and in order that the example set
with such ffood ttfect in different parts of the kingdom
should be followed in other places, and other District
Unions formed* It was no part of the view of the Society
to can^ Institutions to form themselves into Unions. It
must be left to each district to determine whether it would
have a Union, and to every Institution to determine
whether, if a Union were formed, it should be connected
with it or not. With reference to the visiting officers just
^>pointed by the Council, he was sure no one who had
lud experience of the working of District Unions could
doubt that the vfeiting officer was the life of the Union.
His friend Mr. Baines had often spoken of the advantages
of the Yorkshire Union, of which Mr. Bamett Blake was
the efficient agent; and Lord Lyttelton, the President of
the South Stafifordshire Union, had expressed his o|nnion
that the visiting officer, Mr. Jones, was the backbone of
that Union. In speaking on behalf of the Metropolitan
Association, he (Mr. Chester) oould say they would not
have made a twentieth part of the progress they had
if it had not been for the services of Mr. Sales, their
secretary and visiting officer. At the last Conference it
was suggested to the Council that there was in the country
a want of more dose connection between the Society
and the local bodies, and a resolution was passed recom-
mending the appointment of agents, whose duty it shoold
be to vbiit the various Institutions. It was to be clearly
understood that the Council did not propose to force this
upon any Institution; each must determine whether it
wished to receive the visits of the officer or not Th^
came the question how the Council could carry oat this
plan ? It was impossible, as stated in the report, ibr the
Society to appoint a corpi of officers who could undertake
to visit the whole of the Institutions. The expense
would be enormous, considering the number of Institu-
tfons and how thev were scaHsrsd onr Ihi kisfdae:
but it oocurred to the Counca tbsl thi? snghi
avail theoiselves, in a manner BMst sflospliUi is Ds-
trict Unions, of the aervicea of the ofioen «)mi tfaer
had themselves appointed — each disbiet an i0B'
mining whether its own visiting officer shooU naan thi
appointment from the Society. For the aost fsrt hi b^
lieved the Unions desired that siidi sMo is tTBt Aodd
be given to their own officers. He had sot prspsnd to
pass any resolution on this subject, bat it «m viMUit
a discussion shoold take place upon it ia order thtttkt
Council might ascertain the views of the InHttstioMB
the matter. He agreed with Mr. Bisks vitkn^vi^
the duties of the visaUng officers— but he would go tethtr
than that. He thought the officer would not do ill t^t
was desired if his services wereoonHned to ex|iLai^(<
the scheme of Examinations, and soggertiooilkitihii
scheme should be more extensively adofAed. Wtein
the year 185 1 , he first proposed the Union of hirfki*a^
the Society, his first idea was that it shoold besao"^
eoablhig the Insdtutions to promote the wholsof the^
jectscarriedoutbytheSodety of Arts. Ontton*»«
conceived the visiting officers might be Biedhof««-
munication between the Council and the lool bodio >!
to most of the operations embntoed by the Soeieir. t«
insUnoe, a short time since they held a CoofertBoeoe tk
subject of dwellings for the poor, which he hopri wa*^
lead to some practical result, and heooooshred the ^
oflkers might with advantage put before the di»«i
institutions in the country such a wy** •» **^;??!
municatingto them the different poblioslioBB iiid» (?
the Society, and snggesUng the venUlatioo of t» b°J
subject in the different Institutions. The rerifjf »JJ
would be — they should not only have the <>P"'*jJ?JS!
who met at headquarters, but the opiniow « J^ TT
country. Upon those oonsidentions hs ahflsM m w
enlarge Mr. Blake's resolution. ._. _^
Mr. Talbot (Messro. Chance** Library, B«rBui«tt»
wished to bring before the Conference a •'"^ *"L
connection with this subject. He held in hia hw*^*
of last year's certificates, arranged in the <i^^<'*52^
and he found that those counties which enipMP
organised agency had obtained the Urgesi numw
certifioates at the Society's examinatkNie. 1^^"rT^'
shire had obtained one certificate to each ^ JL.
population ; in that county there was an orpniw »J^
Vorkshiie, which had also an agency, obtained ow o^
cate to 10,000 of population. Mkidlesef, u»fj
London, one to 13,000 of population. And theo,g«««
the bottom of the scale, Warwick, which 1^^.^
or organised agency, had only one certificate to i*^^
of its population. The last mentioned ftct w«i^"^
the importance of this organising agency which m
been advocating. W ith reference to the stsrting «^
Unions in new locaUties, with the view to the einp«9^
of an organised Jigency, it fell to his lot to h»*« f "JS
to do with the starting of the Sooth SUflbrdsbii« u°^
about four years ago. That district was ^^^^
small in area, and it came to be a mere matter o( tw
several localities to discuss the foondatioo of* }^^
which he was happy to say was acoompliAw '""'j^ J
little trouble, and without much expense. In cjJJJ^
a more extended area, involving tiavelliog ^^fzL^
he believed the object might be aooompOflhed ^ ^
pondence. rri^itf-
Dr. Pahkhubst (Lancashire and Cheshire ^««J,^ ^
pressed his pleasure at the satlsfactofy ohsrsd^ »^
report. There were two points of importance « » ^
reference to the operations of district uniooa ^ ^
not help thinking that if there was any ^^f^i\t»
education which was in danger of being ^^^^,itfa to
the elementary portion. There was grsst '*?^-^
pass that by, and unless an orgamsation of »^r^
oharaoter was established in the ooontoM^*^^^
would not make any solid improvement Tm '^^^
and Cheshire Union had used the elemsotvyF^
J
JOURNAL OP THB SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jura 24, 1864.
531
year, and il woaM haTe been of great valae to them if &
Tiriting agent had collected and laid before them the ex-
penencee of other die^cte on this matter. The Unloti
be rettfeseoted had toggeated a modification of the scheme
of Examinations. whFch had not been carried into effect,
bat he felt pecwiaded, after some esperienoe in this
matter, that a scheme might be oonstrttoted which woold
suit each locality without distarbiog that aniform
ooAracter which snch examinations ought to possen. The
t^a of the same papers being nsed in the Tarions looalitiei
prodnced a oertoin amoont of uniformity* but it was also
important, in estimating the ralue of the answers, that
some uniform scale should be adopted. In the Union he
J •Resented he believtMl they were mora exacting than
WM iht case elsewhere. They might appear to stand at
•ome disadvantage In that respect, but it would oHhnately
tstm out to their profit. He would say nothing so im-
peratively demanded the earnest considemtion of those
who had to do with diiirict unions as the Uking a firm
stand in respect to elementary teaching. Ha believed
oii0tfiising agents, anthoHsed by tlie Soo&ty. throughout
the kingdom, would do inoskulable service^
Mr. EowAiD BAimss (Yorkshire Uuion) said as ikr as
hm understood it the definition of the dutftesof tho Agents.
tm conveyed in the resohitioo Just read, was good, and
appeared to include the leading points to be attended to
1^ thote officers. He thought in additfoo to this it was
very desirable that oooaMooal visits should be pi^ by
aome member of the Council itself as the immediate
representative of the Society, and he could promise them
a very hearty welcome in his own district. He believed
that would have aoosiderabto influaDoe in the District
Unions, iar more than that of the local affents. He
believed the working of the Local EdQoationallk»aids had
been exceedingly satisfactory. In Yorkshire they had
been the means of greatly stimiUating the dasns,
eiMcial^ those of the evening schools. Almost all the
solid good in these Institutions was done Inr the ragnlar
studies conducted in the evening classes. Leotoies and
libraries were good things, but were not to be compared in
point of soUd elBoienqy with the evening dames, in wliieh
systemaUo instmotioB was given and regoku* habits of
study were formed. He was glad to see the progress
which had been made in the eawminatJona oader the
West Riding BducationU Board. He agreed wi^ Dr.
Pankhurst that it was desiieMe to insist upon the utoest
rnmonnt of aoeutnqy in the enaminations, inasainch as a
loose mode of conducting them mmt lead te very
mualisfaotoiy results. He took this opportunity of bear*
log bis teetimony to the well-working of the sysleni. He
hoped they woold be able to bring a much lai|psr number
or InsiitotfonB into Diitriet Unions. He cons M sre d the
superintendence thus ezeralsed wasef gvent value, and he
would encourage the Society to go on in this dlrsctkm,
and, if pomible, to carr^ the entire eoontiy with efbotive
nnd valuable organinatinnB of this oharaeter.
Mr. BouxxjK ( Orswe Meehanks* Instttntfon) thongtit
dfatrbt agents might do much good in finding out those
localities in which no Local Boards exIilBd, and wMsk
were at present wholly ignorant of the odmational opera-
tioae of the Society. The Acet step was to get a properbr
qonlified person to act as the chairman of a Looal Board,
Mid after that was done the constttntton of the board wis
an easy maUer. Another way of in mn asfai g the soops of
the Society's examinations would be by the dlstrki aoenta
calling puMfo meetings in the localities of theUoige
employers of labour, and indnchig the employerB them-
selvee to attach a value to the certfAoates granted by the
Society ; tor after all they must look to some peomiiary
value to the certifioatee. If they looked through the
present lirt they found that there wero few candidates
who bad obtsined more than one or two ontlfioates.
What they wanted was to see the number of oertificates
to nne candidate increased ; and he snegeeted whether in
the case of three or fbnr oertificates bemg obtslned by one
popil the Soeie^ OBold not give loeh » tora of oeimNtle
as would be a vahiable tesMmonial for a young man to
present to an employer of labour. For instance, if a
youth wished to go into a booking office, such a certificate
of his competency in book-keeping and arithmetic ought
to carry considerable weight with an employer. He
thought district agents woold be the best means of ex-
tending a knowledge of the operations of the Society in
every part of the country.
Mr. Chesteb suggested that Mr. Blake's resolution
should stand as follows : —
" To uk the Ooaneil to corutder the following recommen-
dations : —
•That every district sgent sbouTd receive from the Socfety
of Arts an authority ti set us its representstive.
•> Thai he should visit the Tnstitiites in the district in ITokm
with the Sooietv, to give iaformstioii ie respect to the Bzam«
aaiiaalioni of the Ssoiety, aed (e reooeimiBd their sdopttoa.
•• That ht sheeld visit all the larger lantitates in the district,
and ttife oe them the importaaee of betof antted U the
Socisty fiir the eoodoetof the BxamieaftioiM* aad shoaldaet
geaerally ia fartheranoe of the objects of the Society.
** That be shoald report to the Society from tMM to time as
to the oondttioB and operations of the several Institutes in
TTnion.
** That he shooM attend poblic meetings of the lostitates^
to advocate tlie Elementary and Advaneed Examinations.'^
Mr. Bainub would be sorry if the agent spent his time
on objects not strictly in accordance with educatiooiA
matters.
Mr. Ohbstbb remarked that the first thing to be con-
sidered was the duty of the district officer to his own die*
trict union. He should, however, be sorry that those
officen should be precluded fVom saying anything about
the general objects of the Society, because he was aware
that they were regaitied by most Institutions as comii^
within their scopes
Mr. Sales (Metropolitan Association) was in favour of
the resolution as modified by Mr. Chester. It was already
the duty of the district officers to make known the solieme
of the Society's examinations, but he thought something
beyond that was reauired. There was a wide field opea
for making known the operations of the Society beanng
on the education of the working classes, and there was, ia
his opinion, no more important subject to he propagated
than the prizes instituted by the Society for Art- Work<*
manship. He had been engaged in getting up an exhi*
bitton in the north of London, on which occasion a body
of fifty workmen were brought together, not one of whom
was aware that priaes were awarded by the Society for the
encouragement of art^ workmanship. If the duties of the
district officers were to be confined to ednoatiosal matteis^
a groat part of the work of the Society would be omitted.
The above resolution was then passed*
Upon the next subject in the lirt, vis. : —
'^Thb AvfuiwA&m OF DtfTRMV Umons; how tu
Soeonrr ov Am mkx van pBonoTn tbeis Fouai-
noir, avD am tbbh wans Fosmbd?"
Mr. BamnnT Blmmm piop is ed the folkFwing roaolu*
tlon:^
** That In the opinion of thfo meeting the Society of Arts
mtgbt pr o m o t e the formation of District UoioBs :~-
** By drealsrs detaUing the several advantages of loesl
oivanlscthHi.
** By seggestlsg rvles for the gevernmeat of Uoioes.
*< By sefgestfoas-as to a Gsatrsl Institale and proposes for
a c ce foi e u es of iiMu ss M t a tives of Lsstltutes within the
** By the visit of a MpreseaUtive of the Soeisty of Arts to
advocate personally the fonnstion of Unions.*'
He instanced cases in which the formation of district
unions had taken plaee in various parts of the country
through the exertions cf a single Institution which had
taken the initiative ki the maUer, and amongst the most
snoeessAii unions he rosntiontii those whieh existed in
Devonshire, 6omerset s hiro» Norfolk, and several of the
Midland Oonntiss. B» borotestioMny to the advantage
532
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jura 24, 1864.
of united kciUm in giving to the Inatitations an import-
*nce and a standing which they would not otherwise
attain.
Mr. Monk (Faversham Institute] wm much pleased
with the suggestions contained in tne resolution ]nt)po8ed
by Mr. Blake. The committee of the Institution he re-
presented had invited the other institutions in Kent to a
Qonference, to be held in July, on the suUeot of the
formation of a Union for that county. Twenty-five
Institutions had been written to and seventeen replies had
been received up to that time, but out of that number
only four were favourable to the formation of a county
Union. By the remainder the advantages of such a
Union were questioned. He thought the d)ject would be
.promoted by the publication of a cii-cular by the Society,
pointing out the advantages of district Unions.
Mr. Cbebtkb said he should support the resolution, and
he thought such a circular as hau been suggested by the
4a8t speaker might be issued, to which might be added a
•copy of the regulations under which existing Unions were
oonducted. With reference to the suggestion of his
friend Mr. Baines, that occasional visits should be paid
'by members of the Council to the country Institutions, he
bad no doubt many of his colleagues wotdd be happy to
make those visits as opportunity occurred. With so
• active and intelligent an ofiicer as Mr. Monk, and under
-the auffpices of an fniititution so admirably conducted as was
'Ihat at Faversham, he had no doubt they should soon see
• a Union in the county of Kent. When the Union of
Institutions with the Society of Arts was first established,
it was held by some that Local Unions were unnecessary;
*but he wished to state that that doctrine had never been
held by the Council, but they had always recommended
the grouping together of Institutions, after the example
• of the Yorkshire and other Unions.
Dr. Bond (Hartley Institution, Southampton) had' lis-
tened with great pleasure to Mr. Blake's proposition.
^because it helped to remove a difficulty which he had
individually felt. He was connected with one of the
largest Institutions in the south of England, which,
though only of recent existence, had warmly taken up
the objects pi-omoted by the Society of Arts, and strongly
advocated the plan of bringing the Institutions into more
intimate relation with each other by means of district
Unions. He must apologise to Mr. Best for trenching in
•some measure upon that gentleman's own particular
ground; but he would pardon the remark that the
' Sonthem Counties Union did not so completely cover the
ground as it might do. He (Dr. Bond] felt that it was
'difficult for any Institution to take the mitiative in estab-
lishing such a Union, and if this could be done by the
Society it would give a definite authority to any appeal
that might be made.
Hon. and Rev. S. Bsn (Southern Counties Sodety) felt
himself placed in rather an invidious portion by the
remarks of Dr. Bond. He had felt for a long time the
exceeding difficulty of UDiting the adult education in
. schools with the classes of an Institution. The Southern
Counties Adult Education Society, which he represented,
dealt very largely with night schools in vOlages, and
there had been the greatest diflkulty in getting the
Institutions in the towns to co-operate with them. Dr.
"Bond would bear him out that they had not received any
strong encouragement from Southampton; and within
4he last three years, when there were some pupils who
iKrIshed to go up for the Society's final exammation, he
was obliged to go to Southampton with a view to con-
stitute a Local Board for a town which was the metropolis
of the South of England. He felt there was a difllcultv
in dealing with the adult education in connection with
the country Institutions which did not occur in such
Unions as Yorkshire and South Staflbrdshlre ; but in
Donetshire, Hants, and Wilts, if they sent a person to
vi«it those, he was afraid it would require more ftinds than
they could command. He should be delighted to oo-
ooeratewith Dr. Bond, bat after ten years^ ei;perleiioe in
the management of an Adult JSducation Society he had
felt the difficulty of getting the Institotiomt in towns te
combine with those kindred societies in the villages.
Mr. Chistbb wished to be understood that in support-
ing the resolution he did not imply that the Conn^
would adopt the precise model of any existing Union with
a view to recommend it for exclusive adoption throughout
the country generally. In such a town as Southampton,
in particular, a vigorous effort might be made in this
direction, and with the co-operation of such gentlemeD as
the representative of the Hartley Institution the best
results might be anticipated.
Mr. W. Mooo (Devonport Mechanics* InsUtute) ex-
pressed his anxious desire to see Unions carried out ii
his district, embracing the counties of Cornwall, Devon,
and Somerset, but, as in the case of Southampton, no
Institution appeared willing to take the initiattve. If
the Society could send down an a^nt to talk the matter
over, they would very soon constitute a Union in thoss
counties ; but they wanted assistance in the matter.
The CHAntMAM remarked that, however fairly thoR
Unions might be started, they could only exist and thrrrs
by local effort. The Society might aid in originatiiig
them, but that would be of little value unless ^lere wis
sufficient vitally in the district to keep them going afttf
they were established. He then put the roBolation^ wfaidi
was unanimously adopted.
The Cbaibmax having introduced the next sidjeet.
viz.: —
** The best Means of Developikg the Social CHAmAO
TBR OF THE ImSTITOTIOMS,'*
Mr. Chestbb suggested that the discussion should em-
brace the fifth subject on the list, viz., —
" What is the Ihfluemob of the WoKKnra lixs^
Clubs, fobmed in vabious Looalitibs, oh tbb £iio-
CATI0NAI< ChaBACTBB OF THE iNSTITUTIOm IN TBOM
Looalitibs ?"
which he said he had placed on the paper with rsference
to the question which was now assuming so mudi im-
portance — viz., the Working Men's Clubs.
Mr. Jones said he had suggested the first of the abovs
subjects, because in South Staffordshire some diflSoolty bad
been experienced in developing the social element in con-
nection with the Institutions. They had ent»«d freelv
into the movement for promoting the social character of
the Institutions, and had taken what steps they could in
the formation of dubs, and, in some instances, those dubi
were established in places where Mechanics* lastitutei
were already in existence. The work of both bodies went
on, but in the Examinations this year it became appaieot
that some influeixie had been at work whidi comraerai^
modified the results as compared with former years. Ou
inquiry into the cause he found that in Wed ne i Jjuiy.
where a Working Men's Club had been formed, wbere«s
for the two last years they had successful classes of an ele-
mentary as well as of a more advanced chaimcter, fton
which there were numerous candidates for the examine
tions, in the present year the remarkable fact pr^senlad
itself that they had not a ^ngl® candidate from that
town. In tbe meantime the Working Men's Club bad
gone on flourishing, and had done very good work. In-
quiry was made in other quarters, and it was found that
the instance he had referred to was not a solitary oDe, but
at West Bromwich, where they had formerly a good msa^
candidates, this year there were no candidates for the ele-
mentary examinations, and only two old candidates fbr ths
final examinations. There was a most successful WoHd^g
Men's Club in that town. With raspect to evening eksna
it was found that where a dub was established botwc«B
two or mors night schools, the immediate eflasi of the
dub was to draw away the young men from the vaAn
schools, but that arose in a great measure kom allowing
youths to enter the olubs. Ho wis destitnato bava tli«
JOURUAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Junb 24, 1864.
583
experience of repfesentativet from other parts of the couDtry
in thia uiatter. He brought this subject before the latt-
Coofrrenoe on Working Men's Clubs, and it was thert-
thought that the reaolts he had mentioned were excep-
tional, but he should like to hear whether any similar
cases had occurred elsewhere, as it would be of assistance
in developing any plans for the future in connection with
promoting the social character of the Institutions. If the
resalts he had referred to were general, they must be very
oautioos in introducing the social element, and he hoped
to hear that the cases ne had mentioned were exceptional.
Bey. RioHABo WHrrriKOTON (City of London Work-
ing Men's Collie) said, although the remarks they had
just heai-d applied more particularly to country Institu-
tions, he felt it was a subject of great importance how far
these clubs were likely to affect Institutions genendly in
their educational character. He confessed the statement
of Mr. Jones surprised him, as he had looked upon these
clubs as auxiliaries rather than as antagonistic to the
Institutions. He would ask Mr. Jones if he could state
the extent to which working men were members both of
the Institutions and of the dubs.
Mr. JoNBS believed that many who were members of
Institutions had left them to join the clubs.
Mr. Whittinoton addend that in the college over
which he presided they made it a prominent point to
endeavour to engraft as much as possible the social upon
the educational system for the young men upon the
model of the dubs, and he had not found that the classes
suffered tberd>y. He thought they might promote the
social element in other ways than upon the system of
dobs. It had been the general feeling for many years
that this dement had not been suffidently cultivated in
these Institutions. Various kinds of games were intro-
duced in the City of London College, and if they had
the room and sufficient funds it would be made more of
the character of a dub than it was at present.
Mr. BAaMvrr Blake would have g^raat pleasure in pro-
posing a resdntion pointing out the manner in which the
social character of the Institutions might be advanced . He
believed the more they promoted that character, within rea-
sonable limits, the more attractive they would make the
Institutions to those for whom they were chiefly designed ;
and, notwithstanding what had been stated by Mr. Jones, as
to the effects of the clubs, they must look at the question
in another point of view. In the majority of the Institu-
tions in town and country, the young men going there in
the evening must submit to the silent system enjoined in
the reading-room, and if a question was asked it was re-
garded as an interruption. What they wanted was a
room in which conversation would be allowed — their
object was to establish a counter attraction to the public-
house. A working man, after the business of the day was
over, wanted a place in whk:h to spend an hour or two in
Bocisi intercourse with his fellows, with a good fire and a
good lieht. The introduction of such friendly games as
might be approved of, would be an attraction to join the
Institution, and by that means they came to be made ac-
quainted with the iaot that in another part of the same
building they might enjoy the advantages of instruction
if they chose to avail themselves of it. Mr. Blake, having
further argued in favour of extending the social character
of Institutions, read a resolution eml^ying his viei^-s.
Mr. Cbbstbb entirely concurred in the views expressed
by Mr. Whittington and Mr. Blake, although he did not
fully subscribe to all the points in the resolution just
proposed. In placing the subject on the list, the object
was to ascertain the views of the Conference on the ques-
tion, as well as to receive suggestions as to the direction
in which the object could be best promoted. For many
years past he had desired to see a more club-like and
social character imparted to the Institutions, and he
thought where the effects stated by Mr. Jones were pro-
duced thei'e was something ill-conceived or ill-advised in
the constitution of the clubs referred to. He could not
bat think, if they gave a looial oharaeter to the iDiiituiiODs,
chey would attract the young men of the Icality, and
(jut them in a position to educate themselves. They
vrere all aware that a vigorous movement had been set on
foot for the establishment of Working Men's Clubs, and
although he desired to see the means of recreation for the
working classes extended, he had some doubts as to the
beneficial tendency of the movement to which he had
alluded, because it was setting up dubs apart from the
Institutions, which ought to have their first consideration.
He thought it would be rarely the case that the means of
supporting two separate Institutions in a small town could
be found. The clubs would be calculated to injure Uie
Institutions, and vice vm-td. In London, of course, there
was room enough for all, but in the country it was
different, and it was not to be expected that the working
daases could derive those educational advantages at the
club which they obtained at the Institutions. He did not
object to the spirit of Mr. Blake's resolution, but when so
many things were specified there were others which might
be indud^; and athletic sports in the summer time
ought to be encouraged, as much as possible.
Mr. Sales thought the resolution was rather behind
the day, as far as many Institutions in London were con-
cerned. There were a great number of Working Men's
Clubs in London, and though he could not bear the same
testimony tiiat Mr. Jones had as to the prejudicial effects
they had had upon the Examinations, yet he believed
there was great unwillingness on the part of the majority
of those dubs to introduce the educationd dement. In
the case of many of the dubs they had degenerated from
the principles on which they were first established, and
were now little better than " free-and-eafyB." In the
Paddington Institution sports and music had been intro-
duced with the best results, and a place was prorided for
refreshments. The Metropolitan Association had organised
an excursion to the Crystal Palace on the 27th inst., on
which occasion a very large gathering of the members of
different Institutions would take place.
Dr. Pankhuust, in moving the following amendment :—
** That every encouragement be afforded to the development
of the socid chsrtcteriiitics and sftencies of the Institutions, by
faciUuting the forms tion of Working Men's Clubs and other
■imilar organisations,"
stated that he was very glad that the subject — a very im-
portant one — had been submitted for discussion. The
managers and friends of Mechanics' Institutions were
sometimes in the habit of using the language of apology
and appreheosion in regard to the movement. The question
of the '< social dement" in general, and in particular
as manifested in the form of Working Men's Clubs, had
often been acknowledged, because it was impossible to
ignore it— because it made itself felt as a sort of irrepres-
uble force. It was well that they should face the ques-
tion, and come to a deliberate condusion. He thought
that Working Men's Clubs and other similar organisations
ought to be gladly accepted, and drawn into the service
of education. In point of fact, the new movement was
not only not hostile, but was a part, and indeed a very
important and essential part, of educatk>n. We ought to
expect that education should refine the taste, soften the
manners, and give simplicity and harmony to the life.
The formation of such Institutions as those just referred
to would give room and opportunity for these influences to
manifest themselves. Many who could not be got now to
submit themselves to systematic culture by any inviUUon
to classes or lectures, might be insensibly led on to such a
course by seeing how education tended to make men be-
come, by a sort of quiet necessity, wdl-mannered and re-
lined. It must be distincUy remembered that the tendency
towards Working Men's Clubs was not now being created ;
it existed already, and the real point was, how that elenaent
was to be most wisdydealt with by the friends of Me-
chanics' Institutions. Whether they wished it or not, work-
ing men would have their dubs. If the present opportunity
of drawing them into doee alliance with Mechanioa*
634
JOUENAL OP THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, Jumi 24, 1864.
InstiUitionfl were lost, it might never occur again. Let
them heartily and readily recognise them, and establish
an intimate associfttion between the two. It was also p08>
sible to approve the movement on another ground — it was
an eflort to bring under cultivation a neglected field of
education. The ca^e cited by a preceding speaker as to
the prejudicial influence of a Working Men's Club, ad-
mitted of two obseiTations— one being that the Club in
question was not in connection with any Institution, and
the other being that a power that had been neglected
when at first it came into exercise, was liable for a time
to pass into undue activity. Education was distributed
into two great divisions, teaching and training ; now the
present movement was really an educational one, consi-
dered as a pai't of training. It helped to elevate the taste,
to form simplicity of character, and to produce more re-
fined habits of enjoyment. We had never sufficiently
recognised the importance of the element of pleasure and
the love of the beautiful, as a constituent of education and
of all right living. The moral and spiritual uses of plea-
sure Jiad never been adequately admitted. Wisely used
it relaxed the mind, refreshed the body, and opened the
heart. Let every effort be made to provide the labouring
community with more abundant and varied sources of
pleasure and recreation. Indeed, when the working
classes were found more capable of finding real gratifica-
tion in more simple pleasures, in more refined and purer
forms of enjoyment, then their lot, considering the other
influences so powerfully working in their favour, would
imite more independence, ease, and freedom, than could
perhaps be found in any other condition in society. On
those grounds he earnestly pressed the Conference to give
at once an earnest and \^arm welcome to the Working
Men's Club movement, and other similar manifestations
of the social element. These things represented great
and growing powers in the social system, which, if wisely
directed, would prove most influential ministers of the
great cause of education, but which, if coldly and jealously
regarded, might be turned into its most vigorous and per-
sistent enemies.
The CuAiBMAN (Sir Thomas Phillips) having read the
amendment submitted by Dr. Pankhurst, said the objection
he felt to it was this: it did not distinguish between
Working Men's Clubs occupying a position which might
become antagonistic to the Institutions and the promotion
of the social element in Institutions. He could readily
conceive the state of things mentioned by Mr. Jones, that
if they had two Institutions in many ordinary-sized towns
they would have what the people would h% disposed to
regard us rival establishments — probably as antagonistic ;
not necessarily so in fact, but they would be so regarded.
He felt, with the gentleman who had last spoken, that the
social element might be largely and safely developed.
The question was as to the mode in which they were to
regard it. He saw no reason why the manners, the sym-
pathies, and the feelings of an educated class might not
be communicated in an Institution as well as in a club.
Therefore he did not feel that the argument tended to
show that they ou^ht to have a separate organisation.
Mr. Blake's proposition was that the Institution should
encourage the social element, and be thought that might
be effected by means of one organisation. He believed in
many places it would be found inconvenient, and even
injurious, to attempt a second organisation for the purpose.
The difficulty was, as Mr. Chester had said, in many
towns to form even a single organisation ; and if they
were to have but one, having regard to the education of
the young men of this land — and ho held physical training
and formation of character to be a part of the' teaching of
the Institutions — he would subordmate the Club to the
Institution. Therefore he would ask Mr. Blake to allow
•'athletic games" to be added to his resolution, which
would then stand as follows :—
" ^^** the social charaeter of Institutes may be materially
promoted bv the addition of a room for conversation, indoor
Tames fsuch as chtss), and graattr freedom than is oitlinarily
allowed in a leadiBg-room, hy encovraging athletic gmict, asi
by occasionftl excursions for recreation, and social gadKriBfi
for conversation, short readion, music, microscopic mad, pboto-
graphic exhibitions, and similar entertMtmieiitaY cm wucb ou
ctsioDS suitable refireshments might be provided."
Mr. £. Baimes said this was a subject of extreme diffi-
culty and great importance. The present teodeocy was
much in favour of Working Men's Clubs. It was so oe^
tainly in London, and he believed it to be Tcry much the
case in Yorkshire, as shown at the Sheffield meeting of
the Yorkshire Union. He admitted the dedrablenen cf
encouraging the social element, and he agreed with Mr.
Blake and Mr. Chester in th<} recommendations thej had
given as to the kind of amusement which they might
supply to and properly connect with the Mechanics' Ii»ti-
tutions, but what he was afraid of was a daas of Imtito-
tions rising up separate from educational ageodea, and
rivals to them, which were calculated to ^igender too
great a love for pleasure. Self-denial and self-eootnl
were the great habits they had to promote hy edocatuH).
Tlio educational element in Institutiona sheiild be ^'
seived, and not prejudiced by conflict with anything mott
inviting and attractive. They should cultivate clssoc^,
lectures, and libraries, and endeavour to make them u
attractive as possible. He did not see how tbia resofai*
tion could appropriately come before this meeting. It
was quite proper to consider what Umy ooold do to
add to the social element; but bow theyoooid noooh
mend the formation of other Institutiona of a aepazitc
nature he did not understand, and that he tboagfat wasa
fatal objection to the amendment proposed. He beiiere<!
in-door and out-door amusements and games, indudiDg
athletic sports, were desirable, but if these were to U
encouraged to the exclusion of the higher phases of edu-
cation he could not approve of them. His only fear wu
that the too extensive introduction of this element vcnld
operate unfavourably to the educational elwnent, whi^
they were so desirous to promote. Therefore, he must
express his dissent from the amendment jpiopoBed by tbt
representative of the Lancashire and Cheshire Unioii,
but he was prepared to support the original resolution ss
amended by Sir Thomas Phillips.
Mr. Bullock concurred in the observatioos jnst made.
If they introduced too much of the social, the edoeatiacal
element was likely to suffer, and if they went to tbov
places where the recreative element was in the asceodaiit
they found that veiy few certificates of the Sodetv w«re
obtained. At Crewe a gymnasium had been establid^.
and it was so attractive that the committee foond it Beei^
sary to prohibit visits to it on class evenings. It woi^
not do to ** sugar " education so much as some pe^
appeared to think should be done ; but the membos of
the Institutions mtist be taught to value education £or i»
own sake.
Mr. Stephens (Westminster Workins^ Men*s Cluti
stated that in that Club the educational Yemeni was Mt
lost sight of. The lowest age at which members wen
admitted was 18. In the winter months the aveta^
attendance was about ISO on each citing, and out o(
that number between 30 and 40 young men attended
classes three times a week, and the result had been ihsi
many youths who could scarcely read and write wbes
they joined the club could now do both very ereditabir.
He believed the social element of the dub had been tb?
means of introducing these young men to Uie advantmi
of selt improvement in the elementary branches of va-
cation, itid from the club-room they were led to iha
class-room. He thought working men's clubs, to be loc-
cessfnl and lasting, must include the educational element.
As regarded Mechanics' Institutions great caution must b«
exercised in introducing the social element into th«ffi>
The class of men who attended these InttitutioDs bad s
greater desire for education than those who joined tfas
Working Men's Clubs.
Rev. K. WHrrriNOTOK hoped to hear the results af tbs
working of those clubs in other parts of the kiqgdoai. £*
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jmns 24, 1864
535
thought they ought not to be too hasty to form an opinion
an&voorable to the clubs, from the single instance they
heard at to their effects upon the institutions in our locality.
Mr. SiLBs said he had visited one of those dube in his
own neighbourhood, and, judging from that, ho confessed
ho had no desire to witness their extension. On Saturday
nights there were singing and recitations of the '* free-
and-easy" character, and he considered in that instance at
least the club had degenerated from the principles on
which he understood these clubs had first started.
Mr. NoLDwarrr (Walworth Literary Institution) stated
that in several parts of London, what were called co-
operative clubs had been formed at public-houses and
beer shops, in which it was announced that an extra supply
of newspapers and periodicals was provided, and solicita-
tions were made for books. It was, however, to be feared
that tiiose co-operative clubs principally served to oontri-
bnte to the private interests of the persons at whose houses
th^ were held.
Mr. G. J. WoMEBSLEY (Hastings Institution) ex-
pressed his satisfaction that in the course of this discussion
the primary objects of the Institutions were not wholly
lost sight of, because, iudgiog from the amendment now
before them, it seemea almost to ignore those objects. Of
this he was quite satisfied, if they did not intend it, the
effect of the introduction of the new element of amuse-
ment had been that in many parts of the country this
took the fdaca of the more solid objects which were con-
templated by the promoien of Mechanics* Institutions
as a means of increasing the popular education of the
country. The proposition to provide a separate establish-
ment for recreative purposes in connection with them could
obviously only be entertained by the larger and richer
Institutions. There were excellent Institutions in St.
Leonards and Hastings, and it happened that in each of
those towns a Working Men's Club had been instituted,
and io both cases the operation of those dubs had been anta-
gonistic to the Institutions, and he was not sure they would
not eventually undermine the powerful influences of those
lustitntions for good. He did not say that they could
hope to ptevent those who regarded amusement as the
uhief good from seeking it where it was to be found, but
it was a question with him whether that object should be
promoted by this meeting to the extent that had been
proposed, and every step they took in this direction ought
to be extremely guarded.
Mr. Chester would be sorty that Working Men*s
Clubs should come under a general condemnation from
the alleged deficiencies of some of those Institutions. In
the case of the Duck-lane Club it was evident, from what
had been stated, that first principles had been adhered to
and that good educational results had attended the
formation of that Club, whilst the recreative department
was of an unexceptionable character. The objection he felt
to Mr. Blake's resolution was in the principle it enunciated,
that the social element could only be introduced into the
Institutions by providing separate accommodation for that
purpose. He (Mr. Chester) should prefer a more general
reaolution, affinping the desirability of making some pro-
vision for the social wants of members of the Institutes — for
their innocent amusement and refreshment after the hours
of labour, and providing for physical training, which ou^ht
to be a part of educatiou. Whilst he believed a resolution
to that effect would be unanimously approved by the
meeting, it would avoid expressing any censure upon the
Clabs generally.
Dr. Pamkhubst said he proposed to complete his
amendment by adding " in connection therewith " after
the word " faciliUting." It had been said that these
clubs were a new afiair, and yet they seemed to be strong
enough to shake the foundations of Institutions which had
existed for a long period. Was not that a reason why
they should eodeavotu* to bring them into harmony with
the Institutions before they completed their counteracting
e^cts? for whether they used the term "Working
Jfen'fl Clubs*' or '«Meehanic8* Institutions," the spirit of
the thing was substantially the same. They were not
creating a new power, but they had to deal with an accom-
plished fact, therefore the question to be determined was,
Would they endeavour to bring the principles of the clubs
more into harmony with those of the Institutions, or
would they allow the clubs to exist as antagonistic to the
Institutions ?
Mr. Thomas Winkworth (who had taken the chair on
Sir Thomas Phillips being compelled to leave) said, if it
was competent for him to do so he would second the
amendment of Dr. Pankhorst with great pleasure, because
he fully sympathised with all that gentleman had stated.
It was not in the power of this meeting to ignore the fact
that the social element was largely gaining ground amongst
the working classes ; and if what had been said was
correct — and he could personally endorse a great deal of
it himself — it would be better for them to endeavour to
bring that principle as much as possible into liarmony
with the spirit of the Institutions than allow it to remain
in antagonism to them.
Mr. Hellbb (Clapbam Local Board) thought the case
was sufiiciently met by the terms of tne original resolu-
tion, to which he said he should give his support, and he
advised the withdrawal of the amendment.
The Chaibmam then put the question, when the amend-
ment was negatived by a large majority, and the resolu-
tion of Mr. Blake was'adopt^.
Mr. Chesteb suggested that as the time of the meeting
was so far advanced, those subjects on which he appre-
hended there could be no difference of opinion should be
affirmed by the Conference without discussion, and that
they should proceed to those matters on which the Council
desired to have an expression of opinion. On the subject
of the desirability of promoting popular readings iu
the Institutions, he believed they would all be agreed.
The following, viz. : —
"The Best Means of Pbovidino for the Eouoation
OF Women and Gibls aptfr tuey left the Day
Schools,".
Was a very important one ; and witli regard to No. 7,
which referred to the desirability of adding needlework
to the Programme of the Society'd Examinations, it would
be desirable that the opinion of the Conference should be
given as to the probability of a sufficient number of can-
didates coming forward under that head to justify its
addition to the Programme. A strong feeling had been
expressed in some quai-turs in favour of adding Italian to
the list of Examinations, and the Polytechnic Institution
had offered to give a prize in tliat subject. The only ob-
jection to it was that some persons thought it would be
carrying the Examinations above the class for whom they
were intended ; but, on the other hand, the development
of trade and intercourse with Italy created a demand for
clerks and others who understood that language.
Mr. Blake proposed the following resolution : —
** That fts needlework is an iodinpensable part of the Ele-
mtntary Bzaminations for Female Candidates, it mivht with
advantage be added to the list of sabjects for the Final Examin
li(«, regard being had to quality of work and time occupied in
the performance.*'
Mr. Chester seconded the resolution, and asked whether
it was desired to add Italian ?
Mr. Beynolds (City of London College) believed that
in the increasing demand for the Italian language in this
country, there would be a great many candidates in that
subject. Ilad that been included in the list this year,
there were several pupils of the college who would have
come up for examination.
Mr. Jones stated that Italian classes had been com-
menced in his locality, and he was favourable to its being
added to the list.
In reply to an inquiry from the Rev. R. Whittington,
Mr. Chesteb thought there would be no difficulty with
regard to the examinations iu needlework. The elemen-
tary examinations would be conducted as usual by the
63A
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jum 24, 1864.
district unions, and competent examinera would decide
upon the merits of the higher branches of the art. Ou all
accounts needlework must be regarded as a most important
and essential branch of female education, which it was to
bo feared was at present too much overlooked.
After a conversation, in which Mr. Bullock, Mr,
Jones, and Mr. Sales supported the proposition,
Mr. Talbot proposed, as an amendment, that it was
not expedient to add ** needlework" to the present list.
Oq the question being put the amendment was nega-
tived.
On the next subject, viz., —
<* How OAN Phtsioal Education be pbomoted bv the
Institutions, by the Distbiot Unions, and Br the
Society of Arts?"
Mr. Barnbtt Blake proposed the following reso-
lution : —
** That cUises for the practice of cricket and other athletic
games sbould be formed, and emolatinn be excited by friendly
contests with other Institates, for which District Uaions might
be the means of communicatioo and arrangement ; that, where
Inntitates are not too dbtant, ground might be rented for
mutual occupatton, and that the Society of Arts or District
Uuions might give annual prises for success in eompetition."
Mr. Blake added that with regard to country Insti-
tutions, the physical training of the population was a
most important branch of education, and it was his desire
to see our national athletic sports largely engaged in.
He suggested that a challenge-cup should be instituted
for contest between different counties in the game of
cricket.
Mr. Sales bad great pleasure in seconding the reso-
lution.
Mr. WoMEBSLEY thought it was not worth while to
discuss this question.
Rev. B.Whittinoton was of opinion that physical educa-
tion was a most important point to be considered, inasmuch
as mental education could not go on without the accom-
paniment of physical training. It was found as a rule,
that those who excelled most in the classes were those
who were the most profioient in the cricket 6eld. He
should like a gymnasium attached to every Institution,
and he believed it would be the means of promoting the
other branches of education.
Mr. Ghbsteb agreed with the last speaker. A friend
from Bury, in Lancashire, had informed him that the
Institution with which he was connected, had received an
accession of forty members through having a gymnasium,
and he considered it to be a decided success in all respects.
The resolution was adopted.
The next subject introduced was : —
•* The Advantages op Yoorps* Institutes, i.e., sepa-
bate Institutes, or sbpabate Depabtmbnts of In-
stitutes FOB Youths."
Mr. Guesteb said he hoped to receive some information
from the Rev. Mr. White, in whom he recognised the
founder of Youths* Institutes.
Rev. Henby White was very anxious to see Youths'
Institutes multiplied as supplementary to the education of
the national schools. It was a subject of regret with
clergymen and schoolmasters, that the education which a
bo}' obtained at the National Schools dropped tlirough
between the interval of leaving school and joining a Me-
chanics* Institute. The object was very simple, viz., to
give a little more life and finish to the old country night
schools. It was a theory that a night school did not
usually last more than two years. The first Youths' Insti-
tute was formed by himself, at Dover, the success of which
had not been very large at present, although it had tended
in some measure to supply a great want. In some in-
stances they had begun too expensively and on too large
a scale, and in others thoy rather overdid the amusements
^ £.1 J^®&®^* °^ ***'^ education, but under a judicious
mmiBtrRtion the old night iwhool might be converted
into an efficient Youths' Institute, with a disorMt adaiz.
ture of education and amusement. The InatitaiioQ tX
Bayswater was the most succewful of the kind, and he
believed the only fault was it was rather too expensiTe:
and if these Itistitutions were to be multiplied, dae regard
must be paid to economy in their eetablishmeot. He
thought they might in many instanoes be grafted on the
old national school, otherwise they could only be ibraied
in places where they would command a large amooni of
public support.
Mr. Blake remarked that this tubjeet mnsi be ooo-
sidered solely as one of locality. In laige towns and
cities like Liverpool and Manchester, Youths' lufltitmes
might succeed and do a great deal of good, bat they
would not be applkaible to the majority of amall towns
throughout the Kingdom. He believed the want in this
respect might be supplied by making the Yoatlis' In-
stitutes a branch of the existing Institutiona. It «m
necessary to draw a line as to the age at whidi yoaths
should be admitted members of the Mechanics' Inatitales.
In Sheffield the boys left school at twelve or Uurteea
years of age, and that period up to eighteen waa the most
dangerous one, and when a proper check upon the habits of
life was most required ; character, whether for good or evil,
was then formed. Ho had endeavoured to form a plan in
his own district for making separate brancheaof the Instita-
tions, in which the youths would receive education after
the hours of labour ; in fact, making the night «^iool a
branch of the Institution. He begged to propose the
following resolution on the subject : —
" That, as much of the saeoesi of an Institute depends efieo
the number of members, it is not desiimUe to form ■■paniti
Institutes for youths, but that existbg Institntca might make
the inttruetion of classes for persons— say, under sixteen jcan
of age — a separate department, with a rate of aahscriptiaa
entitling; the members to class instruction and the use of the
library."
Mr. Womerslbt seconded the resolution, on the gnmnd
of the non-desirability of needlessly multiplying organ-
isations of this kind. In his own Institution they admitled
members at fourteen yean of age, but they w&t not
allowed to take part in the management till they remhed
the age of eighteen. In the meantime they had the Itdl
advantages of the library, lectures, and the odncatiaoal
classes.
Bev. H. WnrrE moved, as an amendment, ** That the
formation of Youths' Institutes was desirable in places
where there was a sufficient number of boys to mpport a
separate Institution." With regard to the snggeelioo
that they should be formed within the range and under
the same roof as the existing Institutions, he did not thiok
this would succeed. In the three principal instances with
which he was acquainted such an attempt had sigoallT
failed. There was nothing in common between the t«t)
sets of people. The boys were regarded as an annqyaim
by the older members, and these in their torn were a
restraint upon the younger. Inasmuch as these Institotes
were only an extension of the old night-schools, wfakh
were to be found in every town and village, they oouM
not be regarded as multiplying organisations.
Mr. Sales senonded the amendment, having personally
witnessed the good effects of these Institutes. The
subject ought to be more fully considered by the Confer-
ence before they passed a resolution discouraging Yooths'
Institutes. He approved of their being grafted upon the
night schools in such localities as were unable to carry
them out on a larger scale, as he felt the great want of the
present day was to make education more attractive.
Mr. Chesteb agreed with the last speaker that a hasty
conclusion ought not to be come to on a subject of «o
much importance, and he suggested that it sliould be re-
served for future consideration. He agreed tiiat it was
not desirable to multiply organisations, and that in qiarse
populations the operations of the InstitnticmH ought to be
ai much consolidated as possible; bat in Londoo and
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, June 24, 1864.
537
atge towns capable of sapporting them he was in favour I by whom the details of the mauagoment of the college
»f the establlflhinent of Youths' Institutes. I were arranged, were composed for the most part of ceiti-
M.. n.nm. ,.^ rr^i^r^n^n^ ♦!,«* - v^.,*u„» T^^iUr.*^ ficatecl pupils, and the intimate acquaintance with the
minutis of the affairs acquired from their long connection
with it, proved to be of the utmost service. The college
Mr. Habtlet mentioned that a Youths' Institute,
>f a private character, with which he was associated,
lad worked extremely well ; the members of which
lonasted of youths who had left the industrial
chools, and who, after the occupation of the day, as-
embled in good numbers at the Institute in the evening,
.f the subject were postponed he had no doubt on
i future occasion he should be able to lay before
he meeting some facts of interest in connection with
iheee Institntes. The gp'eat object was, after putting the
roQths in the way of getting their own liveliho<M by
Industrial pursuits, to attract them from the streets after
^e hours of labour, and to save them from becoming
inmates either of the workhouse or the prison.
Mr. Cbaio (Glasgow Institution) said the Institution he
represented had established separate Institutes for the
irouth of both sexes with great success. He was not
prepared with any details on the present occasion, but he
lad no doubt he could furnish some valuable information
If this subject were postponed till the next Conference.
Mr. Monk considered it desirable to have separate
STouths* Institutes in such towns as were able to support
^em in a proper manner. In the Faveisliam Institution
there were 800 members under 18 years of age, and cer-
tain amusements were provided for them, which were ex-
^nded as opportunity occurred, and he had never heard
K>mplaint8 of their behaviour in the lecture-hall, the
reading-room, or the classes. They were admitted at the
\gQ of 12, and at the age of 14 they were allowed to attend
the reading-room, upon the recommendation of two or
three members of the committee, if their conduct in the
meantime had been such as to warrant it.
The resolution and amendment were then withdrawn.
The chair was then taken by Mr. Habry Chesteb,
irho introduced the next subject, viz. : —
^* How FAB OAK THE DiSTBIOT UnXONS, LoCAL BoABDB,
AHD iKsrrrroTXOMs assist in oivcno publioity to the
Competition fob the Pbizbs for Art- Wobkhamship,
ASD in fiNOOUBAOINa THOSE LIKELY TO BE COMPE-
TtTOBS ?•'
Upon this aabject he sug^gested that the papers issued
>7 the Society oould be sent to the districts, and if they
law fit they oould circulate them in the several localities.
On the next subject, viz. :—
* Would it bb oesibablb to allow a oebtaik ltmitbd
Shabb in thb Govbbnmbnt of Institutions to such
OF thb Mbmbbbs as may havb obtained Cbrtifi-
OATfti at thb Examinations?"
The Chaibman said the question raised by this proposi-
ioD was whether in the governing body of the Institution
certain places should be reserved for those who had
)btain6d the certificates of the Society ; and upon that
[uestion he would invite the remarks of his friend Mr.
kVhttUngton, who had had some practical experience in
rhe working of it.
Rer. R. WHrrriNaTON said, having been connected
vitb evening classes in London during the last ten years,
le had witnessed with great satisfaction the enlistment
nto the governing body of Institutions of those young men
vho bad done public honour to those cUmes. In the
Dity of London College, representative members possess-
ng the Society's certificate, formed the chief portion of the
uanagement of the affairs of the college, and several of
hem were members of the council. His own expeiience
»f the working of the system was, that it largely increased
he interest which was felt in the proper management of
he college, and there was considerable competition for
he disdnciion of being elected a member of the council.
n the same college they had established assoeiateshiiw,
jid thoeo who had obtained three or four certificates of
.he Society coold claim to be admitted as associates,
rhfch conferred the privilege of attending tlie courses of
nelmctioo at the college at half- fees. The committees,
numbered on an average 800 members. He believed the
system he had adverted to might be extended to Institu-
tions generally with the best results.
No resolution having been proposed on the above sub-
ject.
The Chairman introduced the last subject on the list,
viz. : —
*' If thb Society of Abts were to Publish a Ca-
lendab, wrrH the names of all Candidates who
have obtained Certificates from 1856 to 1864, at
A prior to be named, would there be any oonsi-
debablb Number of Copies Subscribed fob?"
He said the Council had been informed that such a calendar
was not wished for, and therefore they did not propose to
do anything further in the matter. One Institution in
Glasgow had forwarded a suggestion that the value of the
certificates would be inoreaMd if the persons obtaining
them were permitted to use some initials after their names.
He was afraid that was a question which it was not com-
petent for this Conference to entertain without reoeiving
the authority of the Crown, which was the source of all
honour, and if they attempted to use the initials without
the authority of tho Crown they would only incur ridicule.
It had however occurred to him, that a young man who
had gained a certain number of first-class certificates
should be presented with a medal, and he might be desig-
nated a student medallist.
The Chairman having inquired whether any other mem-
b^ of the Conference had any other subject to introduce,
Mr.BBALB (Banbury Mechanics' Institution) said it was
the wish of those whom he represented to know whether
it would be competent for pupil teachers to compete for
prizes on subjects not included in the programme of the
Educational Department of the Privy Council. He thought
this would be of great service to that class of teachers.
The Chairman replied that it was decidedly the
opinion of the Council that it was not expedient to admit
pupil teacheri to the competition for the prizes of the
Society. Pupil teachers already received greater en-
couragement than other members of the same class, and
it was felt that if they were admitted to this competition
it would discourage those who had fewer advantages of
instruction. It was often remarked that the good designed
for the lower classes alone, frequently passed over their
heads to a higher class. This was happily not the case
under the present system of the Society's Examinations,
for he might state that the gainer of the Prince Consort's
Prize thb year, though an assistant to a surveyor, was the
son of a shoemaker, and rose strictly from the working
class. He thought if they admitted puplteachers to the
competition for prizes, it would strengthen the argument
to which he had alluded, and do more harm, as regarded
the working classes at large, than it would do good in the
case of the pupU -teachers themselves.
The subject then dropped.
Mr. Jones mentioned that notice had been given by
the Dudley Institution, requesting the consideration of
tho Conference on the subject of the registration and
taxation of Institute buildings. Mr. Stokes, who repre-
sented the Institution from whom tho notice had
emanated, was unable to attend, and he begged to
suggest that it shotUd be postponed till the next Con-
ference.
The Chairman, on the part of the Council, could give
the Dudley Institution very little encouragement on the
subject of exemption of these buildings from taxation.
Public feeling was more than ever against exemptions of
any kind, and he did not hesitate to avow that that waa
his individual feeling, and he protested against the whole
system of exemptionst
538
JOURNAL OB* THfi SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jmt 24, 1864.
Mr. Jones said it was in contemplation by the Worces-
tershire and South Staffordshire Unions to memorialise
the Council on the subject.
The Chaibman added that any memorial which might
be forwarded would receive the best consideration of the
Council.
The Secretabt requested the opinion of the meetmg
as to the desii ability of publishing a new edition of the
List of Lecturei-s, when a feeling was generally expressed
that there was comparatively so little demand for lectures,
and the lecturers themselves were now in such ^ direct
communication with the Institutions, that such a list wan
no longer needed.
On the motion of Mr. Betvolds a vote of thanks was
passed to thoee members of the Council who had kindly
presided over the Conference, and the proceedings ter-
minated.
Cablisle Mechanics* iNSTmrrE. — ^The import presented
March Slst, 1864, congratulates the members upon the
steadily increasing importance of the Institute. In all
respects its position and prospects are satisfactory. The
number of its members has sensibly increa5ed ; the
reading-room is well attended ; the library most exten-
sively used, no le^s than 9,186 volumes having been taken
out by the members during the past year ; classes have
been formed, and some of the members have undergone
examination. The committee cannot doubt that the
possession of a certificate, obtained under such ciroum-
StMices, will be an excellent letter of introdnction to places
of confidence and trust. The lecture hall has been ex-
tensively patronised during the past year, and a con-
siderable sum has been realised to the Institution thereby.
Important additions have been made to the library, which
at present consists of nearly 5,000 volumes, and there are
few works of a standard character which are not to be
found upon its shelves. A new catalogue is being com-
biled. There are night classes in full operation, the sub-
jects being drawing, Latin and French, and mathematics,
the advantages arising from which are open to the families
of subscribers, although not full members of the Institute.
Hebtfobd Litebahy and Scientific iNslrnmoN. —
The thirty- third annual report states that, although it
cannot present any feature of novelty to the notice of the
members, and although the balance in the hands of the
treasurer is small, the aflairs of the Society remain in a
satisfactory condition. The sum of £49 lis. 4d. is
deposited in the savings bank, of which £44 lis. 4d. is
for repairs, and £5 for philosophical instruments and dia-
grams. The conversazioni are continuing for the eighth
season with undiminished attraction and with much
gratification to the members, as evidenced by the large
attendances. Papers of merit, upon subjects of a scientific,
historical, biographical, and literary character, have been
read and discussed from time to time at these meetings ;
and the committee feel much pleasure in recording the
fact that upwards of forty such papers have been pre-
pared and delivered by gentlemen connected with the
Institution, wholtave thereby rendered valuable assistance
to the committee, and ensured the success of these
social gatheiings. A photographic album, to contain the
portraits of all the members, is in course of formation.
The treasurer's account shows that the receipta have been
£178 18s., and that there is a balance of £4 4s. l}d. in
favour of the Institution.
Mab8ke Litebary Institute. — The soirie and annual
meeting were held on the 23rd May ; the Rev. E. A.
Lnne, the president, took the chair. In his opening
addre^p, he rejoiced that the night schools were attended
so well, and the readings which had been ^iven for the
amusement and instruction of the people. He impressed
upon them that the primary ol»ject of their night-
schools was not for children. They were intended for
those who had not opportunity in the day of imb%iiig
knowledge ; they were intended for those who, after mgbi
comes, though tired, could devote a short time to mei^
improvement. The Secrrtary, Mr. Elstob, read the re-
port, of which the followmg is an abstract : — The total
income derived by the Institute was £48 ISs. 6)4. ; dcma-
tlons paid to the Institute during the year — from, tht
Earl of Zetland, £5 ; Prince of Walee's marriage, balanes
left at rejoicing, £12 lOs.; from building oocnmittee,
128. 4^. ; towards the building, £2 I9s. 6d., making Uie
total sum, when addim; the balance of £5 80. 7d. from tht
previous year, to be £74 4s. Old. The expeaddnrt
amounted to £75 16s. lOd. This tarn includes aerenl
small accounts, amounting to £21 6s. 8d., dae on aoooont
of the building, making the expenditure to have eaoeeded
the income 1 2s. lOd. for the past year. The namber
of volumes in the library at the present time is 514.
Various presents of books have been made to the IntHObek
During the winter there have been three lectures, give*
gratuitously. There have also been night claases f^mtH
during the winter ; the number of membera who entaed
for instruction at the commencement of the eeamn wti
40 ; but the committee regret that several of them did BOt
continue to attend, and the Institute has fallen thoit of
last year very much, having had only foar fandldatia
ent^^ml for examination at the West Biding Elemeataij
Examinations, two of whom have been snooeafcl io
obtaining certificates. The Amds of the Instltote
satisfactory, and the receipts nothing short of any
year. The number of members was 120.
GOLD MINING IN VIGTORl
Bt Mb. Philip A. Eaolb.
^<kmtimMdyfwnpttff€ SM.]
Chap. IV.
Qvabte Mining Advbntubbs — Povbbtt Rakp^ Tabxa
QULLA — Pbinob OP Walbs's Claim — Mb. Tboka'
Knie's Claim — Columbian Ribf, Ivolewood -%ILca-
OIAV, iMRBBaiAN — Q0OTATIOX8 OP YlMLSa.
The amount of capita] at present fnvolped In ^urtt
mining enterprise in Victorhi, has been ertlmatod at a
million and a half, the value of the machinety in ona»
tion bding placed in roond iranbera atone mUKe n e t a wi ag.
A considerable amount of both laboer and cafital have
necessarily been expended on p rop e i t i ea urtiidi hanm aot
yielded any remunerative results. Dorinj^ the joiotalaek
mania, a few years back, when some remarkable anooaBV
gave a strong impetus to mining q)eaQlation, a lant
number of reefing ventures were attractively pat fuiwia,
of the individual merits of which, it it perhafia not toe
much to say, that the projectors at the time wonM
little better informed than the poblic.
Mismanagement and admmistrative expeoMa soon
wrought a conHiderable change in the proapeeti of Iks
shareholders, and after a totally inadequate trial of tkt
mines, a large proportion of the schemes collapaed, aad
the ground was thrown open, to be, in many wmtanfin
afterwards talien up by private enterprise and made pio-
ductive.
There are in all 35 public com]^anies connected wiik
quartz mining, of which 23 are dividend, and 12 pro-
gref^sive, mines. Of the former the Clunes Quarta Com-
pany ranks the highe^ the shares of which {£16 piid
up) are worth £600 to £600.
Some of the reefs have proved singularly proHfio^ and
with one or two exceptions, tiie b^t results of quartz
mining enterprise in Victoria have been obtained l^*
private indiviiiuals.
When we lead of £4000 having rewarded a fortaighfi
labour in one claim, of a * pouet of quartz * yleldiiie
£10,000 in another, and of fiur teiu <f i^iid, or sometbiiv
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jukb 24, 1864.
539
lete thai half a millioD sterling, having been taken from
a third, within eight yean, wo are reminded of Dr.
Joho80D'« remark on Thrale'a Brewery — ^that it anggeats
'* the patenliality of growing rich beyond the dreama of
avarice."
When, in a drama, we witnen the unexpected return
of a rich uncle from the Indies, with a diseased liver, a
yellow face, and ** crores " of rupees, who raises the poor
»tni;;gliDg hero of the play from indigence to aflQaeoce,
we suiile at the startling change, but are sceptical as to
the occurrence of such abrupt transitions in real life.
Yet the imagination of the dramatist is tame compared
with the realities of mining experience. For instance,
upon a few feet of ground adjoining that the proUfio
yield of which has been alluded to, the labour of,
I>erluip9, twelve months bad l>een bestowed, apparenUy
without success, and the disheartened ** prospectors "
offered it for sale for X20, without finding a purchaser.
Suddenly occurs a revolution in the wheel of fortune,
aud that which a short time previously was reckoned
worthiest!, acquires a value which can scarcely be esti-
mated.
Poverty Ueef is believed to be the richest reef In the
colony. Golden stone was first discovered on the surface,
bat it is only within the past six or seven years that
systematic operations were commenced. The prospectors,
Messrs. Boynon and Co., after considerable labotir and
discouragement, succeeding in striking the reef, which
yielded variously from four to eight ounces per ton.
Other claims were rapidly taken up (in some of which
g^ld was traced from the surface), and as each touched
the rich lode the fame of ** Poverty Reef " spread through-
out the colony.
This reef runs nearly due north and south, and dips
heavily to the south. The lode consists of a series of
** makings," or distinct masses of stone, each having an
underlie. In the prospector's claim, for instance, a mass
of sandstone, 6L feet thick, was passed through, then a
iHxly of quartz was got, 75 feet thick, a thin band of
date separating that ** making " from the one beneath it,
and so on. Three or four distinct masses of quartz have
thus been discovered and worked. Upon one or two ooca-
Mons the reef in this claim has been lost for several feet,
the lode at each fresh recovery being invariably of a
greater width. At a depth of between 800 and 400 feet,
it is 23 feet nide, and has yielded as much as 30 ounces
to the ton.*
The adjoining claim (King's^ presents a remarkable
oataDee of the good fortune wnich occasionally fidls to
the lot of individuals in quarts mining enterprise.
Abaodined twice prevurasly, it reoiained for the in-
domitable energy ana perseverance of the present owner
to develop its seemingly inexhaustible wealth. It has
DOW been successfully worked between eight and nine
years, and the principal shaft has been carried down to a
depth of between 400 and 600 feet, where the prospects
are slated to be as good as ever.
As moch as forty ounces to the ton has been taken from
stone raised in this daim, the reef avera^^g twenty-two
feet wide, but the general average of the yield is from five
to ten ouixies, thelode growing richer as it is carried down.
Th6 whole of the stone, which contains a large amount
[>f arsenical and other pyrites, is burnt on the premises
[irevioiis to being crushed at the mills of the proprietor,
who drives three pairs of Chilian rollers and a double
battery.f
* Upwards of 60,000 oanees is stated to have been taken
from the prospector's ground.
t Aa illustrating tbe riebntss of ** Poverty," it may be
Bientioaed that some five years m a spare pieoe of groand,
ying between King's and tbe Prince of Wales's claim, mea-
toring abont seven feet along tbe line of reef (tbe available area
mttly affording space for tbe eonstniction of an ordinary shaft)
ras taken possession of and worked by a Mr. Baker, whose
harp practice, in a short time, diverted something like £10.000
rom toe pockets of the ehagrined bat powerless claimbolders
o eadi me*
The Columbian Reef, Ingle wood, was taken up on the
1st December, 1859. The discoverers, Mesaia. Heron and
Wheelor, who had been unsuccessful in alluvial mining,
were leaving the district, when they accidentally picked up
some good specimens on the surface. A prospeictmg claim
was taken up, and a vein found, which was followed duwn
for about fifty feet, the stone at this depth yielding four
ounces to the ton. In the following June they purchssed
a fourth share in an adjoining claim, for which tliey paid
£4,200. A promising ** leader" was struck in this claim,
and being followed up, led to the discovery of a magni-
ficently rich ** pocket " of quarta, twenty-two and halt'
tons of which yielded 2,295 ounces of gdd.* This was
followed by a further reduction of eighty tons of stone,
which returned 3,200 otmces, or at the rate of forty
oimces to the ton, and a clearly-defined lode was cut,
which has since continued to prove highly productive,
upwards of 20,000 ounces having been taken from this
claim. No. 2 claim, on the same reef, has been almost as
fitolxGo as the former, £40,000 having been taken out in
ittle better than twelve months, the stone averaging
throughout nearly eight ounces to the ton. In No. 3 and
several other claims the lode increases in width as the
shaft deepens.
The Inkerman Reef, DnnoUy, was first discovered by two
Nova Sootians, who bad been unsuccessful, and, selecting
the ground for its ** surfacing" indications, were rewarded
by finding gold in the gravel and rubble. The course was
laid open, and a quantity of rich-looking stone was raised ;
this was put through the Chilian mill and pounded, the
proportion of gold to atone being such as to necessitate a
seoond and third emptying of the machine in order to
ensure freedom of operation ; the best part of this yielded
at the rate of 3,000 ounces per ton, 200 pounds of stone
having produced 265 ounces of gold! From such
a return it was supposed that the cap of a very
rich lode had been stnick, but although the yield
continued io be extraordinarily good for some depth,
the seoond and third orushings returning respectively
285 and 200 ounces to the too, no traces of a main
reef were discovered. After the upper stone had been
paned through, the vem narrowed aud ** dipped"
heavily, traversing a mass of sandstone and also of slaty
rock, until at a depth of 100 feet it was comparatively
a mere thread, but conthiued to yield a large per-centage
of gold—the latest crushtng, a few months back, giving
upwards of 97 ounces to the ton. A fresh perpendicular
shaft was now carried down to the chamber of the old
workings, which struck the water level, the ground in
the meantime having been worked for a year and a half.
But although a recent ** spread " of stone and its appear-
ance denote a more permanent character, it is probable that
no main lode will be reached under a considei-able depth,
the characteristics of the grotmd in working the prospector's
daim on the ** Acadian " being strongly analogous to tbe
experience of the Mariner's Reef at Maryborough.
In the case of Wilson and Marshall's '* patch " of stone
at Mclntyre's, symptoms of a reef abounded on the
surface. This ground had been the scene of former
alluvial workings, where heavy deposits were realised,
and it was in searching for a primary vein that the
present (1860) discovery was made. The ♦* cement " or
conglomerate containing the gold was obtained from a
vertical ** casing " or wall flanking the claim, and con-
sisted chiefly of a tough, indurated schist and sandstone.
This cement was thickly impregnated with gold, the
material being in parts laced and held together by Us
massive veins. The bulk when reduced yi Jded upwards
of 80 per cent, of pure metal— 1301b weight of stone
having produced nearly 500 ounces of gold. This patch
was raised within a few feet of the surface, from ground
fbrmmg a portion of a claim which had formerly been
worked by McEvoy and party, and from which one of
* This was tbe Isrgest piece of amalgamated geld ever retorted,
and weighed two bnadred weight.
540
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jitnb 24. 1864.
the series of large iraggets (for which this district » cele-
brated) was obtained. In pnrsaanee of the original object
a shaft Was smile to the depth of 100 feet, but no traces
of a lode could be discovered, and the ground was shortly
afterwards abandoned.
The prospectors of Maxwell's Reef, Inglewood, obtahied
nearly £30,000 worth of gold daring tliKB flrst two years,
the lode at 120 feet befog 20 feet wide, and richer than
the npper stone, the gold being equally distrfbuted
thronghout the vein. One of the claims on the Jersey
Beef lately yielded 1,065 ounces of gold, the prodnce of
210 tons of stone, or about £4,200 for a fortnightls work.
The lowermost stone on this reef is also founS to be the
riehest in gold.
The prospecton's daim on the Union Beef Eingower,
has yielded upwards of £180,000, the lode averaging from
twenty to thirty feet thick.
On the Bendigo an old Waterloo vetenm and his
son, whoee labours extended over six years, obtained
60,000 ounces, of the value of £200,000, from for^-
efoht yards of the Viotoria Reef and its spurs. An-
other party (Boberts) ohtahied £40,000 worth of gold
from a small claim of thirty yards in length ; while a
third claim on the same reef gave £1,000 per yard. On
the Eastern Victoria, two small parties of Oermans
realised £40,000 in six months. The Adventure Company,
on the same reef, crushed 1,060 ounces from forty tone of
stone, taken at a depth of 200 feet ; and on one occasion
obtained as much as 160 ounces from four buckets-fbll of
stone.
On old man and his two sons, well known on Tirrra-
gower, who were for a long time engaged in washing
BUr&oinff, which they wheeled down from the rangoi,
pfospecttag "nuggety reef," shortly after Dr. Lyle's
casual discovery, experimented upon some surface quartz,
and opened a vein, from which th^ realised over £100,000
in a raw years.
The owners of one of the claims at Woods Point, the
new field on the Upper Goulboum, obtained, l)etween
June and December, 1868, over £40,000.
{To be eontmutd,)
Opened at P^gucux. That of Booen commencsee on the
Ist of October ; the loeal authorities have voted 9/000
francs towards the general expenses, and :s,000 fraoas for
Ihe purchase of wores of art The exliibition will retnaio
dpen for six weeks, and the artists of aU coontriev are
invited to contribute.
([Mmau.
iim ^i.
Cotton fbojc Japan. — Three times as mach cotton
has been grown during the last season in Japan at there
ever was before. The price of this staple, too, has tripled
since it has found a market in Europe. Extensive pre-
parations are being made by farmers for iocreaaxng their
crop for the coming peason.
Mother of Pbabl. — ^The brokeHS* circalare state that
Panama mother of pearl shells are much wanted, aod
greatly advanced prices are offered. Good quality are
fotching 23s. to 288. per cwt.
The Fine Abts m FaANOE.~M. Mottez has just
completed a fresco painting in the chapel dedicated to
Saint Martin, in the Church of Saint Sulpice; the subject
is that of the above-named Saint sharing his cloak with a
poor wretch shivering in the snow. It is an admirable
work, somewhat in the style of Ingres. M. Mottez was
the artist employed to decorate the outer porch of the
Church of Saint Germain TAnxerrois, opposite the Louvre.
A sale is announced at the Paris auction mart, in the Bue
Drouot, for the 28rd instant, which includes, amongst
other works of importance, a portrait of Charles VIII.
of France, painted by Baphael when only twelve years of
age. The Empress paid an unexpected visit to Bosa
Bonheur the other day, at the residence of the latter, in
the village of Thomery, and spent an hour in the atelier
of the talented artist. Upon taking leave, her Majesty
extracted a promise from Mademoiselle Bonheur that she
would paint a picture for her visitor's private collection,
and also return the visit at Fontainebleau. The Por-
tuguese legation in Paris has announced that the execution
of a statue to the memoiy of the late King of Portugal,
Don Pedro IV., is submitted to public competition, without
regard to the nationality of the artist. Five prizes are
offered, one of 11,000 francs, one of 6,500 francs, and
three of 2,776 fi:ancs each, and the reception of designs
will end on the Slst of October.
ExHiBmoxs.— The Paris exhibition closed on the 16th
instant. That of Toulouse is now open, and includes
SciBimFio BiBLiooBAPHT. — The publishers of tedmlcal
works in Paris and elsewhere have been very prodoci^ve
of late, and some important additions have been made to
the literature of the aavant, M. Dubois, Perpetual
Secretary of the Academy of Medicine of Parisi, has just
sent forth two octavo volumes, containing menmnrs dike
deceased members of that academy. M. Dubois has, for
the last twenty yearv, given great attention to this ra^
ject, and his Slcgea present a valuable maas of biograpby.
accompanied by sicetches of the progress of oootemporsy
science. The volumes nowpublivhed contain twenty of
thotfs memoirs read by M. Dubois, in memort^m, hdhn
the Academy of Medicine. Another member of the
same seientifio body, M. P. A. Cap, has published a small
volume, entitled Etudeahiogrtxphi^us pcur termr & Pkittoirt
dei Sciences. M. Cap runs over the whole ground from
Aristotle to Sch^ele, this first volume dealing with
naturalists, chemisto, and the medical profesdon ; and the
volume includes a chapter on forgotten jorffiu, and
another on the alchemy of the thirteenth century. The
same author is now occupied on a complete edition of
the works of the Swedish chemist^ Scheie. A Frendi
translation of the well-known work entitled *«Treei,
their structure and growth," by Dr. Schacht, P rofa BS O i ef
Botany in the Univeraity of Bonn, has just appeared s
Paris, in one volume octavo. This translation win \*
welcome to those in England who are not acqnaxBled
with the German language, unless, indeed, it has already
appeared in an English dress. M. Am6d6e Bnrat, of tlie
Central School of Arts and Manufactures of Paris, his
just issued a volume on *' Practical Mineralogy,* oontain-
ing descriptions of all the mineral substances employ ed
in construction and manufeuiture, whether usefbl or oma-
meotal, detached as much as possible from abstnm and
speculative science, in fact a practical hand-bo(^ of
mineralogy for general use. M. Li. P^rard, Piofi aa w rcC
Physics in the University of Li^ge, and Mining Engtsesr,
has published a volume on the important subject of ^
management of steam engines, entitled, *' TVot^l 4b
ehauffage et de la conduite des machines i wg^eur jkm it
loecmotnUi" addressed particularly to young engineen.
An important work on the nature and use of email warn,
" Court de TVr," has just appeared in Paris; the author ii
M. Chevalier de Cuvenrille, lieutenant in the ImpnW
Navy, and fbrmerly Professor at the Naval Sdiool. The
work occupies a very thick volume, with fifteen platei,
and describes all the known arms which have beeoi pro-
dnced during the last fifteen years. It is e^peciiOy
nearly fbur hundred works of art, of wliich, however, calculated for the instruction of offioen who may have t»
nearly one-foorth are ancient. An exhibition is just I conduct musket and rifle practice. Doctor JoleiLettfiie,
JOURNAJi OP THB SOOipyY OP ARTS, Jciiis 24, 1864.
Btil
of PArii, who had aixmdy inblulitd hii experiments on
«G<m1 Tar/* has now issued a liiUe woric on ««i>AMte
.^«k( its action on vegetables, animals, fermentation,
poisons, and miasma, and its AppUtsation to industry and
to ssnitATy, anatomical and therapeutic soienoe." Dr.
Herpin, of Metz, has published a small volume on the
subject of carbonic acia — '* De VAfide ^arhonique ei de
Mi vrpprUt^t phyticO'Chimifuet H phy$ifue»,** Baillito,
Puis; M. Caraille Babaud, a small work on ** Labour, its
iAwsand its Fkuita;** M. A. fioillot, a little volume on
the " Astronomy of the Nineteenth Century, with a
sketch of the projpress of the science from the earliest
times:** and M. J. B. Belan&er, Professor in the Central
School of Arts and Manufactures of Pari^, a *' TraUi de
OMfMtique.*'
mn^mrmmmm
Railway Agrioultubal ^cHiBiriosrs.— The Great
Southecn Bail way Company of Fbmoe oontempUt«s, it is
said, e st a bli s h ing, at each of the chief stations on Uie
line, an exhibition of the products of the surrounding
countiy. The idea is certainly novel.
Tsvr FOB Vbobtablb PoisoMs.*<-It is said that Dr.
Hellurg, of Mayenoe, has succeeded, after a long series
of experiments, in discovering a method of detecting the
slightest traces of digitaline, morphine, stcycimine,
nicotine, and other pofaions in blood or excretions, and
further of crystallising and of distinguiahing them from
each oth«r by means of the microscope.
DjKTBUcTioN OF Bufls^ — It is Said that a mode of
getting rid of these plagues has been discovered, the
means employed being dned sprigs of the plant known
in France as Fat$e-raae {Lqndium ruraU). The insects
«re attiactsd by the plant, and are said to be bound on it
either dead or in a state of torpor. The discoverer
oertainly deserves the gold medal of the Boyal Humane
Society I
DisoovEBT OF A CBi;no Flutt Hatobbt in Pabis. —
In turning over the soil of a garden in the Pa$9age dn
JSoupirtt near the Cemetery of P^re La Chaise, the other
day, a 6int hatchet was found, at the depth of about 28
inches from the suHace. It is in perfect prteervation, and
ifl the first known to have been discovered within the
limits of the city.
Fbbmoh brrsBNATioiUL AssooiATioir -fob thb An-
TAXOBMBirr OF ttoouL 801CMOB — This Society, which
was formed three yeaiv since in emulation of the English
society of the same name, holds its meeting this year at
Amsterdam. The sooiety is divided into the following
Motions : — Comparative legislation ; education ; art and
literatore ; charity and samtaiy r^ulations ; and political
economy. The following is the programme in outline
for the coming session :— ^Ist section — 1. The liberty of
electors ; S. The right of accused to counsel during pre-
liminary examination ; 8. Universal commercial code ;
4. Limited liability societies; 5. The treatment of
foreigners in iace of the law ; 6. Liber^ of language.
Sod section — I. Organiaation of middle class profess-
Donal edocaUon ; 2. Literary instruction ; 3. Domestic
Miocation of children ; 4. Primary instruction ; 5. The
-ighta of parents with respect to ednoaiion. 8rd section —
I . The analytical and critical spirit in arts, and especially
n painting; 2. Artistic education; 8. Realism in art.
tth aection — 1. The moralefiect of charitable institutions ;
I. QigAiiiaation of assistanee in ease of shipwreck, &o. ;
L Out of doors relief; 4. The abolition of quarantine ;
'• The nrevention of adokfiration ; 6. The oiilisation of
be fascai matter of laige towns. 5th section — 1. The
lanagement of colonies, and the rights of aborigines ;
. Uniformity of money, weights, and measures; 3.
liberty of banks of issue ; 4. State monopoly of railroads,
azuOa, the post, and telegraphs; 5. The substitution of
irect for indirect taxation.
Tbb Biqbabd Bobbbts Hbmobiai*.— A large and in-
flueatial committee h^s been formed to carry out the
resolutions psMed at the meeting held at the Society's
house on the 27th May. The attention of members is
called to the notice in the advertising columns this week,
and they are reminded of the eminent services rendered
by the Ute Mr. Roberts to the manufactures of this ^oi
otbor oQontries.
Thb Fo^b laomt ur Tbafaloai^-s^uabb, abd somh
iMooMsmviioiBs w THB Nblson Coi^umh.^ Sib, — ^Thero
are sooae cm-ious incongruities about this monument,
which arise apparently Irom no one individual's fault, boi
ffom the contributions of several. The material of the
capital, at least aa far as the fsliage is concerned, is bionae,
and the same is understood to be the case with the
fotti cpUoasal liooa at the base, (which the public has been
so long oBpeoting) ; and yet the figure of the htfo at the
top, to whom the whole memorial is erected, (of Nelson
himself), is in a stone inferior even to granite, a rag stono,
it is understood 1 What a stmngo perversion this appears,
espeoiaUy as stone would have dqfie veiy well (brtlia
lioosi while the material of brcuiBe would have afiisrdea
the veteran sculptor Baily the opportunity of giving that
lightOMS of treatment to the surmounting figure of
Melsop which it so much wants. Many must have
noticed in the back view of this statue, as seen from the
National Gallery, a strange coil of cable, anything but
pleasing. Had this figure been in bronze, no doubt this
inelegant appendage would not have been required ; but
it is said to have been indispensable as a support in the in-
feriors tone in which the statue was worked. It is also
said that only two thousand pounds was paid to the
sculptor ibr this figure, while seventeen thousand is to be
paid for the (bar lions below. To add to the unexpected
mcidents of this monument also, instead of these British
lions being entrusted to a British sculptor (and there are
several, no doubt, who would have been ready and c»pablo
to study them well and execute them efficiently) they
are being modelled by a painter, and are possibly to
be cast in metal by a foreign sculptor, so that nobody and
nothing in this monument, in the centre of our metro-
polis, seems to be in its right place ; but all the art pro-
prieties are reversed — the bronze is where the stone should
be, and the stone where the brooze, and a sculptor may
turn metal- founder as well as a sculptor painter f Under
circumstances like these, into which such matten in this
country are allowed to drift, is it wonderful that our
public monuments are not unfrequently deficient? — ^A. F.
Captaik Fowkb's Mowstbb Txht.--Sib,— Allow me
briefly to reply to one or two points in a letter from Mr.
Benjamin Edgington, on the subject of Captain Fowke'i
Great Tent in the Society's gardens, which appeared in
your Journal of last week« Mr. Edgington says, in
correction of a paragraph which had appeared in the
papers, that so far from **the best teot-maken in the
kingdom having been unwilling to undertake its ocm-
struction," he had himself agr^ to construct it. He
must allow me to put him right as to this. We had
hoped that he would agree to construct the tent, but when
it came to settling the terms, we not only could not get
him to enter into an open competition, but, failing^ in
that, we could not even get him to tender for it by him-
self. He mentions that nil i-eason for not entering into
competition was beeanse no specifications were furnished*
We did not so undentBud it. Where a model and
measurements are given, little is needed in the wa^ ef
specifications. But my impression was that he declmed
competition on principle ; that he considered he was so
great and well-estabUahed a prince in his own domain
that he would not condescend to enter the lists with ai^r
one. We did not find this too unreasonable, considering
the high position he holds in his business, and, deferring
to his caprice or whatever it may be called, invited him
542
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Juhb 24, 180i.
to give in a tender by himself, but he declined to do so.
Of course, if he assures us that it was not because of any
hesitation as to the sncoess of the tent, 1 am quite 8ati86ed
H must be so ; but 1 can assure him at least that his con-
fidence was by no means shared by his subordinates, with
whom the chief communings took place, who predicted all
manner of failure, a not unnatural frame of mmd ibr those
who had been all their lives employed in the construction of
tents on another principle, which might be upset by the
success of the interloper. Mr. Edgington says that " the
result was the employment of a * naval force of sail-
makers,* an unfair use, in my opinion," says he, '* of
Government employ^ against a private tradesman." It
is quite true that ** the result was the employment of a
naval force of sailmakers ;" but it is a gratuitous assump-
tion that Uiey were Government employSs. I acknowledge
that when Mr. Edgington threw up our tent, we much
wished to have the advantage of the assistance of some
of the Gk>vemment sailmakers, and I did apply to the
Admiralty for permission to hire for a few weeks such of
their sailmakers as could then be spared from the Govern-
ment works ; but my application was (perhaps properly)
declined. In that dilemma we had recourse to the mer.
chant service, and with the assistance of Messrs. Cowbro'
and Potter, sailmakers, Minories, secured a force of naval
sailmakers from private yards. Apologising for occupying
Jour space with such small matters, I am, &c,, Amdbkw
[uBBAT, Assistant Secretary to the Royal Horticultural
Society.
floaUi Keniingtoii, Jue 22od.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mov. ...B. Oeoffraphlcal, 8|. 1. Lieai.-Ck»l. ^eilj, **6n tlie Iihuid
of KUh uid a^acent PorU in the Penlan Oolf/* 2. M.
Vunberj, *' A oommnnioation rMpectlDg bii Joornej, in
tbe Diigniie of a Derriih, to and bejond 8aaua«aiid,
throDgh Khiva and Bok hara." 3. Gapt. Do Hotm/, B.N. ,
" On the Comoro Idandi.*'
Tvis. ...Medical and Chinirgical, 8(.
Zoological, 9.
WiD.... Sodetj of AtUi 4. Aanaal Oensnl Meeting.
Tasn. ...Chemical, 8. Mr. J. T. Wi^, «'0n the Philosopbgr of
Asricnltnre.**
Tuh ArdMologlcal Intt, 4.
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
Iklivertd on May 21, and 23, 1864.
Par.
Ifamb*
Delivered on 21th l/i>y, 1864.
284. Saint Ive (Liikeard) School— Correspondence.
305. Public Debt—Acconnt.
316. Public Work* (Ireland)— Account.
320. Harbonra of Reftage— DeUiled Statement.
327. Harwich Harbour— Gorreapondence.
Daivered on 26(h and 30th May^ 1864.
160(1). Prifloni— Return.
304. Bmbaiiiea, Arc— Returns.
326. RegiumDonum — Memorial.
329. Ciril Bill Forma and Proceeding! (Ireland)— Betora.
271. Blahopa* Fees, Ac.^Further Betum.
300. Burmah Commercial Trea^— Copiei of.
312. Turnpike Trusta— Return.
330. National Gallery- Correapondenoe.
332. Gk)ld (Australian Coloniea and New Zealand)— Retoms.
117. Bills— Chief Rents (Ireland) (amended).
118. „ Banking Co-partnershipa.
119. ,. Weighing of Grain (Port of London).
110. „ Bailwaj Companiea* Powera (amended).
111. „ Railways Construction Faciliaea (amended).
Dsltvcred on ZUt Maff, 1864.
66. fir.) Trade and Navigation Aocounta.
313. Prison DisdpUne, ate— Gorreapondence.
318. Factories— Return.
120. Bills-Juries in Criminal Gases.
121. „ Petty Oflboces Law Amendment.
123. „ Married Women's Acknowledgments.
133. „ Court of Queen*s Bench (Ireland).
DaivfTtd on lU /yns, 1864.
186. Crown and Qoveroment Property (Westminster)— Plaai.
321. Metropolitan Aaaessmenta- Returns.
323. Royal Court (Jersey )-Correapondence.
J>Hi»ortd on and Am, 1664.
9. Game Laws— Return.
62. (T.) Committee of Selection— Sixth Report.
242. Loan Societies— Abstrict of Accounts.
336. Malta and Alexandria Tel^raph— Aeoonats.
336. National Gallery (Dublin)- Aeeount.
124. Bills— CoTentry Fnt Grammar SohooL
125. „ Sale of Gas (Scotland).
126. „ Buriala Registradon.
127. „ Chureh of England Eitalee.
Local Goremment Act (1866)— Fifth Aanaal Beport.
$attnt8.
Pirom Cotnmitiionen of Paitnii Joamal, Jmto litk.
Gbahts or Pbotisiomal FsoncTioir.
Animal substanoes, manuCactnre of sixe, pulp, Ibc, fh o m H lfr— J. H
Brown.
B<^er8, taking up the emanations and gases Aroqi— 3ST— J. M.
Cannons, mortars, or guns— 1312— >R. w. Sierier.
Carriages, construction of— 1328— A. Etienne.
Cements, preparation of, fbr mouldings— 1334 — P. G. Etesn.
(3oal, stone, Ac., nuushinery tor cutting— 1362— W. and 8. FMh*
Dough, Ao., apparatOB tot preparing— 1368— C. B. Harngkn^
J. Hasler.
Engines, self-actinc gOTomors for— 1263— W. Bauer.
Fire-arms, breech-loading— 1S44—Q. Haeeltlne.
Fire-escape— 1348— J. Geoige.
Gas, regulating the flow of— 1334— F. W. Brooksieper.
(}asaliers— 1330— T. Wilson.
Gloves— 1306— G. Davies.
Harrows— 1336— J. Dlekson.
Hygienic drawers for female*— 1343— F. Boohette, joiu
Lamps, Ac— 1320— J. H. Burke.
Looma— 1322— J. Hudaon and C. Oatlow.
Looma-1332— R. L. Hatteraley and J. HBl.
Paper, Ae., manufocture of— 1335— T. Drew, sea*
Pianoforte— 993— A. V. Newton.
Ploughs - 1375— S. R. Dickson.
PlougUi, maoliinrry for worklnff— 1338— C. HalL
Pumps, Ac. — 1007— J. G. Jennings ud M. L. J. Lavnter.
Railway break, automaton— 1311— C. Bootet.
Railways, fastenings for the pwmanent wi^ of— 1357— ^« S.
Ships* anchors— 906— T. C. Jones.
Ships, propellers for— 1366— J. Ti^lor.
Ships, protecting the bottoms and sides ef- 1286— C. P. Coki,
Stencilling, apparatus for— 1364- J. Sykea.
Sugar, treatment of low or poor produots IhMa— 1342— W.B*ll««%sa«
Surfoce condensers— 1318— G. T. Boorfeld.
Teeth, artificial- 1346— G. DuTtei,
Tell-tales— 1340— W. Smiths
Wheel tyres-1316-J. Whltlsy and D. F. Bower.
Yams and fobrlcs, singeing- 1360— H. Ambler.
Patikts Sbilbo.
3220. E.Wllaoa and G.Llndaley.
3229. T. B. FiUGlbbon.
3234. J. Salnty.
3236. R. A. Brooman.
3238. W. £. (}edge.
3246. J. Ronald.
3347. W. E. Qedge.
3269. N.Lk^andE.
3274. T. HaU.
23. A. L. Le Harlrel.
33. J. Kidd.
58. B. SamuelMn.
iVwn OommMomn of Patonit Jommai^ Jmm aist.
Patsxts Sxalsd.
3248.
3349.
3254.
3257.
3267.
3268.
3278.
3282.
3290.
3292.
3294.
3304.
3306.
J. Knowlea.
J. Matbew.
8. B. Ardrey, S. Beckett,
and W. Smith.
H. Barber.
B. A. Brooouin.
J. D. Bryant.
W.Wilson.
J. B. Cronin.
H. (}aunter.
J. Gumming.
J. M. Vanderfoesten.
J. Starker, J. Haworth,
and J. K. Phippln.
J. Clegg.
10. J. L. P. Dmy.
57. P. Walters.
82. W. £. Newton.
121. W. C. Rogers.
262. W. Clark.
333. J. Webster.
348. A. V. NewtOB.
. 414. H. T. D. Soott.
793. R. Douglas.
794. R. Douglas.
838. T. Brown.
S64. R. Douglas.
1022. A. V. Newton.
1046. Sir C. Fox.
PATSVrS ox WHIOI TEE STAMP DOTT OT MO ■!•
1533. G. Leach.
1634. H. J. Kennard.
1552. W. and J. Todd.
1539. F. Potts.
1547. T.MeUodew,C.W. Keasel-
meyer, A J. M. Worrall.
1562. A. W. Gibson.
1584. J. Fletoher 9t J. W.
1640. J. Cowan.
1580. J. F. WUUama.
1687. H. Lawfbrd.
1692. G. Hodgson.
1693. C. Hodgson.
1621. W. Clark.
PAnXTS ox WHIOB TBI STAMP DUTT OF £100 MAS nSU rilO.
1681. W. E. Newton. 1 1713. T. Spencer.
^mxml d %
THE
mb 0f %xtn,
AKD OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, JULY 1, 1864.
[No. 606. Vol. XII.
Imeelrtng! af tjrt Sorittj.
Presentation of Medals and Prizes.
The Presentaticn of the Medals and Prizes
awarded during the present Session, took place
at Willis's Kooms, King-street, St James's, on
Friday, the 24th inst., at 3 o'clock. His Royal
Highness the Prince of Wales, President of the
Society, presided.
Mr. Wm. Hawbs (ChAinntn of the Council) in opening
the meeting, said it devolved upon him, in virtue of the
office which ho held, to introduce to them the bumnesB
which had caoxed them on this occasion to havi* the honour
of the preeenoe of Bis Boyal Highness and the pleasure
of meeting so large a company of the members of the
Society. They were no douht all aware that Uie oUent
-of the Society, for more than a hundred years psst, had
been to reward, by means of medals and other tokens of
honour, those who had endeavoured to advance Art,
.Soieoce, and Manufactures; that fur a great number of
years past they bad met and distributed those medals ;
^at they had, in the words of their ancient documents,
^* encouraged the stndy of the polite arts among the
higher classes of Kxuety ;*' and that, having performed
that duty for many years, and other societies having, to a
•oertain extent, taken their place amongst those classes, it
bad now fallen to their lot to endeavour to promote the
«ame obji^ita amongst other daases for whom it was calcu-
lated they could do as much p^ood as they had already
>dooe in connection with the higher classes. They were
aware that as regar«led Art, the exhibitions of the Royal
Academy took place in the rooms of the Society, until
the growth of that body led to their exhibitions being
held in rooms appropriated to that branch of art by the
Crown ; that manufacturers had received encouragement
by rewards and medals given for meritorious inventions;
and that they had done their best to promote the interests
•of commerce by coUeeting fh>m all parts of the world
the products of every country, and endeavouring to intro-
duce them for the bene6t of the manufacturing districts
of the country, and to the advantage of the whole world.
Jn every branch, whether of Art, Scnenoe, or Manufactures,
•ome disringuished individual would this day be brought
before them to receive the medals and prises of the
Society ; and he was quite sure it would afford as much
pleamire to the members present to take part in these pro-
•ceedings as it did to the Ckrancil to award medals and
prizes to so many distinguished individuals, who not only
did honour to the Sode^ but to the oountiy. With these
brief remarks, he would now ask His Grace the Arch-
bishop of York to introduce the first prizes on the Ibt,
▼iz.. the Educational Prizes awarded dunng the past year.
The Archbishop of ToaK said, in the unavoidable
abeence of Earl Granville he had been called upon
floddenly to introduce the first sel of ptiaes to be dis-
irihoted at this meeting. Some yean i^ this Society
tiDdertook, for the memben of MeehanKS* and similar
Institutions, a work which was performed for another
class by the universities — the work of encouraging them
in the acquirement of knowledge, by holding periodical
examinations and awarding certificates and prizes. He
had had the honour of acting as an exammer to this
Society for some years, indeed as long as his leisure per-
mitted. He had also had some experience in the middle-
class examinations of the Univenity as well as in
university examinations generally, and he was therefore
in a p?sition to say — and he ought not to forbear to say
it — that the work done by the candidates in connection
with these Institutions was equal in its quality to the
work done by any other class of students whatever. He
thought, in point of precivion of thought and excellence
of language, the papers he had looked over left hardly
anything to be desired. Thb undertaking on the part of
the Society commenced several years ago. The number
of candidates the first year was only 52 ; the number last
year had been upwards of 1,000 ; which was sufficient to
show that this Society had supplied an important want.
It was to be reroaiked that the candidates who would come
before His Royal Highness to receive the prizes had ob-
tained them not as against the candidates of one locality
alone, but against all comers from all parts of the kingdom,
and thus the honour was the greater. Ooe special prize
had been given by his Boyal Highness the Prince Consort.
That was a name never to be mentioned without deep
respect in any meeting of Englishmen at any time, but
especially in the Society of Arts, where it could not but
move the deepest feelings of gratitude, because it
was a matter of fact that the Society mainly owed its
present state of activity to the fostering care and unvarying
mterest of hb Boyal Highness. This prize was awarded
to the candidate who In the present and three preceding
years h«d obuined the largest number of first- class
certificates, and by reference to the list they would see
that the person to whom this high honour was aw%rded
this year had well deserved it. Judging by the number of
subjects in which he had taken the leading place.
He himself examined that candidate's pa^rs in 1861,
and he then formed a very favourable impression of
them. He should beet consult the convenience of his
Boyal Highness, and that of the meeting at larse, if he
stopped at this point ; and having stated these few facts
in connection with the examinations, he now begged to
introduce to the notkse of his Boyal Highness the suc-
cessful competitors for the prizes.
His Boyal Hioairass then distributed the educational
prizes (first and second), tof^ether with the Prince Oon-
sort's prize of twenty five gmneas, in accordance with the
list which has already appeared in the Journal,*
The Marquis of SALisBuaT said he had been desired to
introduce to the nt>tice of His Boyal Highness the sue-
c««ful competitor in the designs for Dwellings for the
Labouring CUsses. He wished this duty had fallen into
abler hands. It was a subject which had occupied the
attention of the public lately to a considerable degree.
Many attempts liad been made to accommodate the dwell-
• Vol. XIL p. M»S.
544
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 1, 1864.
iDg8 of the poorer danee to their wants, both as to
decency and ofimfort, bat he was rony to say they had
not yet been aUe to supply the laboarer with a saitahlft
residenoe at a rent which came within his means. He
hoped, however, the intetesl that Iwd been taltoa in Ihtt
subject by the Prince Gonsart, as well at by his Boy»l
Highness now in the chair, would tend to direct the
attention of all to so interesting a department of our
social economy. The number of competitors for thi«
premium was no less than 107, and out of that number
one had been selected as deserving of the prize, and it
would be regarded as no small merit to be the raooeesful
candidate in so very large a competttioa. This was a
sol^jeet on whkh much might be said on behalf oC the
public and the labouring classes, but he would confine
himself to these few remarks in introducing to the notice
of His Royal Highness Mr. John 8irch.
His Royal Hiohhbsb then presented to Mr. Birch Mr.
J. Bailey Denton's Preniam of £25, and the Society's
Silver Medal for the Best Design for a Labourer's
Cottage.*
Mr. W. H. BoDKnr (Asnstant Judge) then rose and
said, the next subject in the order of proiseedtngs was one
which would be considersd of great interest. Amonget
the many objects of utility entrusted to the care an I
management of this Society there was a bequest which
enabled them every fifth year to award (in eonjune-
tion with the College of Physicians) the splendid
silver cup they saw before them, worth £100, •* with
gold coin in it to the same amount," for the best
treatise upon Ju r i sprude n ce. Many learned works
came under the consideration of the judges, and
after giving to all the degree of attention which each
merited, the prize was unhesitatingly awarded to Henry
Sumner Maine, LL.D., late Professor of Civil Law in the
University of Cambridge, and now a member of the
Supreme Council of India, for his work on «* Ancient
Law."t That treatise, a copy of which would, with his
Royal Highness's permission, be forwarded to him, would,
if he condescended to peruse it, satisfy his Royal Highness
tiiat the author of it had shown great ulent and great
research, and produced a work, not merely valuable to the
proffssional iurist. but to all who took an interest in
^e progretmve civlHsatioa of mankind. The Council
w<Rild have been glad to have had the pkasne of
seeing Mr. Maine present to receive the cup from
the hanils of his ttoyal Hiffhness ; but eonsidering
the high position which Mr. Maine had recently been
called to fin, his absence on this occmon would not par-
haps be consideied a matter of regret. As a member
of the Supreme Council of India, he was now giving the
benefit ol his acquirements and tal«»fits in the government
of that mighty empire, which, under the betiefieent and
undivided sway of Queen ViotoriA, was advancing with
Budi marvellous strides, not merely in materija pros-
perity, but in all those arts and sciences which tend
to make a people happy and a nation great. Mr.
Maine was represented on that occasion by tiis brother,
who would receive on his behalf the reward that
had been so properly bestowed ; and whatever real
gratification the award of that prize would atlord to
the author ^of the treatise or his reprepentative, no
doubt cduItT be entertained that both would consider it
of ehhanced value from the honoured medium of its pre-
sentation.
His RoTAL Highness then presented the prize to the
Rev. Lew in G. Maine, as the reprueentative of his brother.
Sir Fbank Cbosslet, M.P., said he had been requested
by the Council to say a few words in iiitn)ducing to his
Royal Highness the successful competitors for the Art
Woikroan^hip prizes; and it might be necessary for him
to state, to those who were not informed on this subject,
that the Council of the Society had thought it wise to
prescribe the design firom which all the competitors in
* Vol. XU. p. 4tl. t Vel. XIL p. 145.
each partiL*ular dass should work, instead of allowing
each competitor to select his own design. They had abo,
as the ArchbiHhop of York had stated with r^aid to
affiother class of candidates, to compete, not merely with
those horn any single town or district, but with all oomen
througtaoitt the kingdom. The works sent in for oom-
petition were submitted to judges of the highest standing
and the strictest impartiality, and there was doubtless
great credit due to the successful competitors. That
lamented Prince whose name could never be mentioQed
without feelings of the deepest regret — the Priix» Consort
—had taken the deepest interest in the progress of Art
Workmanship, and there was no doubt that the inatitntioii
of these prises would do much to saiie this eottotry to
that high position in industrial art which it ought to
occupy from its great wealth and intelligence ; ht after
all it was useless to produce good designs if they did not
Hnd artizans in this country who had the ability, the
zeal, and the perseverance to carry them out with efieet.
It depended upon the style of workmanship in a pro-
duotioQ whether it was a thing to be admired as Iook as it
endured, or was merely a showy object, causing pain to
men of true taste when closely examined. He reJcMced
to find that tho Prince Consort had left a noble son who
was treading in hia footsteps. His Bojral Highness abowed
this by hia pittsenoe hflre to-day ; it was ako proved by
hia premsDce amongst the hives of industry in the manu-
facturing districts ; and he (Sir F. Crossley) must say be
was much delighted when, last year, he had the boiiioor
of showing his Royal Highness over the works with which
h# wiaa cooneeted, to find that whilst he eotored sainui^y
into the details of the various manufaotares, alaiosl the
first thing he inquired was how it fared with the thousands
of workp«?ople, and what wages they were able to earn?
Happy were the people when their prhMsea were ooaoeraad
about the weliara of the many rather than about tha ia-
tentatsof tbefew. They saw the Soripbue weU oigh fol-
fiUed that day, ** Seest thou a man dU^^ent in his bad-
ness? he shall stand before kings: he rimll not stand
before mean men."
The prizes for Art-Workmanship were then daslribafted
bv his Royal Highness, in aooordance with the list already
poblisbed in the Jammd.^
Mr. M. H. MiOMB, M.P.. said be hftd been aaleoted
to introduoe the next sofejact for which medals itera
awarded by the Socie^, trota having besQ lutimascly
oonneeled with the ooloniea* They were all awwre
of the great eoromercial value of gutta pereha. It
waa a aoaterial whioh had been inlrodnoed oaly
within the last fow years, and it was now of most
extensive applioatien. It was used for oljeoCa of great
variety of ohaneter, from the haltpemy toy of the child
to the great ^eetrie telegraiph whidi ccmki wait a
sigh from India to the Pola, defying spaoe and time» and
whieh waa ene of the greatest discoveriea of a great age,
when mind trioasphed over matter in a way that so
ptevio ns age had witn ess e d ^ Oiitu^percha waa a natuml
pmdikstioQ ; its aonrocs of supply were limited ; the trees
fit>m whioh it was derived were oontinoally eutdown. and
the supply must nltinuitely fail, and hence the ioipor-
tanoe of discovering some e^ient substitute. The
eminent oolonists to whom the Soeiety*s medal was
awarded had been fortunate, the one in discovering and
the other in introduoing into oomnieroe a gum of »ttoiher
kind, which could be used as a substitute for gutta-percha,
and he was sure the meeting would agree that they w«fe
eminently entitled to the distiiieiion whioh wae now
oonforred* upon them. A medal had ateo bean awarded to
Mr. .). C. Morton, the eminent authority in agriculrmml
matters, for his meritorious paper ** On AgticuUural Prtv
gress," read befiire the Society last session.
His Royal HioHNtm than presented the silver medsU
awarded to Dr. Van Hoist, of Berhioe, for the imports
tion into this country, through Mr. Walker (Colouial
• VoU XII. p. r6.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 1, 1864.
515
cTeUuy of Biidsh Guiana) « of fpecimeDsof "Balata/* a
^nni from the SapoUi MtiUeri^ as a sabstituta for Gutta
Percha ; and to Sir William Holmes (of British Guiaua),
for the introdoction of this material into the commerce
of this country ; as well as one to Mr. John Chalmers
Morton, for his Paper •• On Agricultural Progress, its
Helps and Hindrances." Tiie first two medals were re-
ceived by Mr. Wink worth on behalf of the above-named
gentlemen.
Mr. William Hawbs said — In the few observations he
made at the opening of the meeting he had stated that
prizes would be given to representatives of Arts, Mann-
factuies, and Commerce ; but the medal he had now
to refer to was to be presented to a gentleman who had
done in a particular way more to promote Arts, Mmufac-
tutes, and Commeroe—all three combined — than any
other individual, ho believei he might say, of the pre-
sent day. The medal he had to place in the hands of
His Royal Highness was one specially dedicated by this
Society to commemorate the great benefits it received
from the services and from the support of the Prince
Ck>nsori, and was the first of the series. It was the gold
medal of the Society, executed by Wyon, and he be-
lieved was the best representation of the Prince Consort
which had to t^is time been executed. In every way it was
the desire of the Society to confer this medal only in reoog-
fiidon of very high merit The Council of the Society
had therefore selected Sir Rowland Hill« the originator of
Postal Reform, to be the first upon whom they would
:;onfer the distinction of presenting, through the hands of
Bis Royal Highness, the Albert Gold Medal. (This
inDOQDoement was received with enthusiastic applause
throughout the meeting.) It was a remarkable drcum-
itance oonneoied with postal reform that for the last 200
^ears every reform, every step in the direction of progress
vhlch had been made, had been originated and carried out
t)y individuals emanating from the mercantile and trading
:la»es of society, who had forced upon the authorities
that attention to the interests of commerce by which
ilone it conM prosper. If they went back two hun-
dred yean they found individuals contracting to carrv
letters by relays of post horses. In 1688 an uphol-
;terer started a penny post in London, and a quaker at
Sxeter contracted for the conveyance of letters between
he West of England and Chester, to meet the Irish mail,
tfr. Robert Palmer, a citizen of London, was the first
^reat contractor for the mail servkie, as it existed before
he construction of railways. Then they came to the
teriod which most present recollected, when the rates of
Kwtage were high, and but few facilities for correspon-
lence existed, and when Sir Rowland Hill propounded
hat most extraordinary scheme of postal reform which
tad not only received the unanimous sanction of this
onntry but had sinco been adopted by nearly eveiy
iviliaed country in the world. The great features of Sir
lowland Hill*s plan were these — equal rate of postage —
he penny— the prepayment of that penny — and the
harge by wdight instead of what was called the double
nd treble letter. Those three propositions being estab-
i»hed in the public mind — ^those three principles being
dmitted, every other portion of postal reform followed
% a consequence of their adoption. Sir Rowland Hill
ras ondoabtedly the first to originate them ; and so clearly
id he at first enunciate his plan and explain its details
^t no man had been fonnd to dispute that to Sir
lowland Hill, and to no other person, belonged the sole
onoor of this great social and political reform. In order
> give an adequate and clear idea of the importance
f this great measure, he might state that while the
urober of letters which passed through the Post Office,
hen this reform was introduced was about 75,000,000
er annum, it had risen in the course of a few years to
early 700.000,000 ; that the number of miles travelled
y poet daily had risen from 3,000 to nearly 16.000 ; that
ie weight of letters had increased from 700 tons to
earlj 6,000 ; that by the book-post, which only dated
from the year 1848, when only 760,000 packets passed
through the post, there were now conveyed tlie enor-
mous number of 12,000,000 ; and that grand completion
of the system, the Money Order Office, had increased from
£313,000 to £16,600,000 Ust year. They might truly
say that, whilst they boasted that in this country laws
were made for all classes— for the rich and poor alike
never, until Sir Rowland Hill's time, was the post-office
the post-office of the poor. It was now ossantially the
ptostoffice of the people, who could maintain their family
ties and their family associations, and by means of photo-
graphy could be in possession of family likenesses at a cost
so trifling that every member of the community could enjoy
them. Nothing, then, but the greatest amount of good
could arise from such facilities being affoided for the
social, moral, and industrial improvement of these dasses.
Ha might further mention, as a remarkable fact, that the
number of letters now passing through one of our large
cities — Manchester — ^was more than equal to the whole of
the postal correspondence of the great empire of Kossia.
It would be difficult to illustrate the effect of the system
more strikingly than by ,the fiut that, in a district with
less than one million of inhabitants there was a greater
amount of oorrespondenoe than existed amongst the mil-
lions of people who inhabited that great empire. But there
was another remarkable feature connected with it. Not only
had this system been adopted l^ Great Britain, but nearly
every civilized oonntry had copied it. They fonnd thit
in no fewer than 84 British colonies the penny postage
system had been introduced, and besides that there
were 46 foreign ooontries and states in which not
only was the postage a penny, but the prepayment
by stamps — a most important part of the system —
was also introduced. He had begun by stating that
in the prizes they had already awarded, the Society
testified its anxiety to promote in the best possible
mannertheinterestsof Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce.
He wished them to receive Sir Rowland Hill as representing
in bis person Arts, Manufacturers, and Commerce. He
wished them to receive him on this occasion as one of the
great benefactors of the age— as one to whom the Society's
Albert Gold Medal, which was to be awarded to those
only who had in the highest degree promoted Arts, Manu-
factures, and Commerce, was most appropriately adjudged.
He wished them also to show that in the opinion of all
present he had done his country servkse— that he had
earned an imperishable name, and that he would here-
after he looked npoo as one of the greatest civilizers of the
age. All present, he was sure, would with him desire that
the great power Sir Rowland Hill had called into being
would be used for no other purposes than those its founder
contemplated, viz., as the great promoter of peace among
mankind, and as tending to bind the interests of this
country, more closely than could be accomplished by any
other means, with those of every other country in the
civilized world.
His RoTAL Highness, in presenting the Gold Albert
Medal to Sir Rowland Hill, expressed the great gratifica-
tion it afforded him to be the medium of conveying so
valuable a recognition of the services of so distinguished
a man.
Sir Rowland Hill (who was loudly cheered on rising)
said he must ask leave to express his tlianks for the high
honour this day conferred upon him. The award of
the medal of this important and influential Society
would, under any circumstances, confer high distinction
and excite the* most gratefhl feelings ; bat that
distinction was increased, and those feelings were
strengthened by the consideration that, as had just been
stated to them, the medal thus awarded him was founded
in memory of that great and good Prince, whose loss the
nation so deeply deplored ; and his gratification was en«
hanced by the fact that the medal had been so gracioualy
presented by His Royal Highness. This medal, precious
to himself, woidd also be treasured by his family, and in
their name, as well as in his own, he begged to tender to
£46
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 1, 1864,
Hit Boyid Higfaii6«, to theOoonon, and to theFktdety at
lavge, h« most ratpeotfal and heartfrU thanks.
Loitl HsHBT Lamcox, M.P., eaid the gratefbl task had
beeo cooBded to him of propoeing a vote of thaoks to Hb
Boyal Highneis for the honoar he bad conferred upon
them in presiding over these proceedings. The presence
of His Boyal Highness amongst them that day, in the
first place showed to the Society of Arts that oar graokms
Qoeen preserved that interest in the proceedings of the
Society which had been so ol^eo alloded to as having been
felt l^ her ravered hoshaod, the Prinoe Consort ; and,
secondly, it was an earnest to the ooontiy that His
Boyal Highness now in the chair was anzkNW to tread in
the steps of his father, and to throw the shield of
his powerthl name and infloenoe over all societies like this,
whose only olject was to promote the happiness and
welfare of mankind. This ooonaon was specially inter-
letting fVom the fact that this was the first time His
Royal Highness had occupied the diair of the Society
which he had honoumd by becoming its President ; and
he (LocdH. Lennox) was sure he ezpreMed the wish of
the members at large when h^ said he hoped this was
only the first of many suooeeding oooasions on which the
Society mi^t have the honoor of being presided over by
His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. In the name
of the Society of Arts, and by the usaiiimity of their
vote, let them assure His Royal Highness that 1^ this and
other nmilar acts he was winning for hioMelf a high place
in the aflections of the people of thiaoountiy, which had
been so warmly and justly bestowed upon his illustrioos
fiither and upon our beloved Queen.
His RoTAL HioHNBSs the President (who on rising was
loudly cheered) said — My lords, ladles, and gentlemen, —
It would be unbecoming in me, after what has just fallen
from my noble friend, not toaay a few words to express my
thanks, and I do thank you most dnoerely for haring invited
me on this occasion to present these medals and prizes.
When I waa first asked to accept the office of President of
this Society I Mt great doubt about doing so, feeling that
owing to my age, I must appear to be an unworthy
l oeoeiBor of my revered fiither, one of whose great objects
in life was the promotion of science and the arts.
Still, after the kind manner in which I have been received
here to-di^, I can only say it has afforded me great
gratification to have taken part in your proceedings, and
I shall be glad to do so again, whenever I am aUe, on
occasions of this kind, in fact on all occasions when 1 fed
that I may be doing service to the country. I will only
say further that I cordially wish prosperity to all those to
whom I have had the pleasure of presenting these prizes.
His Royal Hiohhess then retired, and the prooeedings
terminated.
AifNUAL Gbnbral Mbbtino.
The Annual General Meeting for receiving
the Report from the Ooonoil, and the Treasurer's
Statement of Receipts, Payments, and Expen-
diture during the past year, and also for the
Election of Officers, was held, in accordance
with the Bye-laws, on Wednesday, the 29th inst,
at 4 p.m. William Hawbb, Esq., Chairman of
Ae Oounoil, presided.
The Secretary having read the notice con-
vemng the Meeting, the minutes of the la8t|
Annual General Meeting, and of the subsequent
Special General Meetings, were read and signed.
The Chairman then nominated Mr. Philip
Palmer and Mr. B. Waterhouse Hawkins as
Scrutineers, and declared the ballot open.
The Secretary then read the
Annual Report op the Council.
In compliance with the bye-laws of the
Society, the Council now lay before the mem-
bers in annual meeting assembled, a Btatemeat
of their proceedings since the last meeting.
President.
In the Address of the Chairman of the Council
at the opening of the Session in November last,
it was announced that His Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales had been elected President of
the Society, and it gives the Council great plea-
sure now to record, that His Royal Highness was
graciously pleased to inaugurate his Presidencv
by presiding at the General Meeting of the So-
ciety on Friday last, and presenting the Prixes
and Medals which had been awarded in the course
of the past year.
Cantor Lectures.
The Cantor Lectures, also referred to in the
Chairman's Address, have proved a very great
success, such as fully to justify the Council in the
course they adopted ; and they strongly rpcom-
mend to the consideration of their successors the
propriety of continuing these lectures next season.
The subjects selected for the Coursee this se^Boii
were : —
** The Operation of the Preeeot Laws of Navel Wir-
fere on International Coutmeice." By G. W. EUsTDi<s,
Esq., Barrister-at-Law.
*« Fine Arts Applied to Indostiy.'' By W. Bubobs, &q.
«* Chemistry Applied to the Arts." By Dr. F. Ckacs
Oalyeet, F.aS.
The greatest interest was evinced by the
members ; indeed, on many evenings the room
was not large enough to contain those applying
for admission.
Alterations, Repairs, and Library.
On the renewal of the Society's leaae the
Council took into consideration how thev couKl
adapt the house to the better accommodation
of the increased number of members, and
they had plans and estimates prepared, which,
as soon as the meetings of the Society were
over, were put into execution. The meeting-
room of the Society has been enlarged by ren-
dering the ante-room available, which, with the
re-arrangement of the seating, gives accom-
modation for a larger audience, whilst the ven-
tilation is greatly improved, adding materially
to the comfort of those attending the meetings.
The crowded meetings which have taken pJaee
on the occasion of the Cantor lectures, as w«)l
as on the Wednesday evenings, have fuDy
tested the value of Uie alterations, and tbr
iOntUSAL OF TiS 800BBTY OF" ARTS, July 1, 1664.
B4:7
remits liave been moet Batiefactory. The
iDodel-room has been converted into a library,
wbere tbe Society's books bare been carefully
arranged for the use of the members, and the
room itself rendered available as a reading-
room, whale at the same time arrangements for
the display of the Society's models have not been
emitted. The Council may take this opportunity
of reminding the members that the library is
a lending Hbrary, and that, with some neces-
sary exc^>t]ons, all the bo^ acre available for
borrowing by the memben. A catalogue in
MS. has been prepared for consultation by mem-
bers, which at present it is not intended to print,
it being bought better not to incur that ex-
pense until the library has been rendered more
complete by the purchase and addition of other
works. From ^e income of the Cantor bequest,
the greater part of which it is intended to apply
to the payment of the Cantor Lectures, the Coun-
cil have apportioned £60 i)er annum, to the
purchase of new books, on subjects connected
with, or illustrative of. Arts, Manufactures, and
Oommerce.
The Babby Pictdbes.
. Under the advice of Mr. Richard Redgrave,
B.A., who examined and reported on the condi-
tion of these pictures, they have been lined and
put upon new and stronger frames and stretchers.
This work, requiring great skill and care, has
been most successfully accomplished by Mr.
Merritt, and the result reflects great credit upon
that gentleman. The thanks of the members
are due to Mr. Redgrave, who, at no expense to
the Society, gave them the benefit of his know-
ledge, and much valuable time in examining and
reporting on the condition of the pictures, as
well as in superintending the work of repair
in the hands of Mr. Merritt.
Pbizbs.
During the session the prizes offered by the
Society to Art-workmen have been awarded, the
Judges being Richard Redgrave, R.A., M.
Digby Wyatt, and John Webb, Esqrs. There
were seventy competitors, and the prizes were
awarded in nearly every division of the sub-
ject. The judges expressed great satisfaction
at the manner in which the Society's offer of
prizes had been responded to by the work-
men, and in several cases the quality and cha-
racter of the works sent in was so meritorious,
that extra prizes were recommended, and the
Council had great pleasure in following the re-
commendation of the judges. The success which
has attended this first competition has induced
the Council to draw up a more extended list of
subjects, and to offer prizes for a second compe-
tition, amounting to upwards of £500 ; the works
to be sent in by the end of November of the
present year.
The Albert gold medal, estabKshedby the So*
dety as a memorial of the Prince Consort, to be
bestowed for distingubhed merit in promoting
Arts, Manufactures, or Commerce, has been
awarded for the first time, and Sir Rowland Hill,
K.C.B., receives it in recognition of his great
services to Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce,
in the creation of the Penny Postage and for his
other reforms in tihe postal system of this country,
tiie benefits of which have, however, not been
confined to this country, but have extended over
the civilised world.
One only of the prizes offered through the
Society by R. Bailey Denton, Esq., for designs
for Labourers' Cottages, has been awarded —
namely, £25 and the Society's Medal — ^to Mr,
John Birch. The object of the prize was a
Laboorer's Cottage, to consist of a Kving-room,
scullery, and three bedrooms, of a suitable cha-
racter, to be built at a cost, with profit to the
builder, not exceeding one hundred pounds each.
By the conditions of the competition the Judges
were to be, an architect, a land agent, and a
builder, and those duties were undertaken re*
speotively by C. P. Hayward, Esq., John Glut-
ton, Esq., and George Dines, Esq., to whom
the Society is greatly indebted for undertaking
the responsibility of a work involving great
labour and the expenditure of much valuable
time. There were 107 competitors sending in
184 designs. The judges report that after care-
ful and minute examination of each design and
specification, there was not one which strictly
complied with the condition as to price ; but
they nevertheless considered one of the designs
to have so much merit that although if the con*
ditions were strictly adhered to, it could not
claim the prize, they strongly recommended that
the pri2o should bo givon to the author of that
design. On communicating this recommendation
to Mr. Bailey Denton that gentleman at once
concurred in this view, and the Council awarded
the prize and the medal to Mr. John Birch.
The Council refer the members to the report
of these gentlemen, printed at page 401 of the
present volume of the Journal.
The Swiney Prize, given by the will of the late
Dr. Swiney, a silver cup of the value of £100,
with gold coin in it to the same amount, to the
author of the best published treatise on Juris-
prudence, to be awarded on every fifth anniver-
sary of Dr. Swiney's death, has been this year
awarded to Henry Sumner Maine, Esq., LL JD.,
late Professor of Civil Law in the University of
Cambridge, and now Member of the Supreme
Council of India, in reepect of his w(»rk entitled
'^ Ancient Law."
The Coonoil have had brought under tiieir
consideration a material, the product of a tree
(the S(^a MuUeri) in British Quiana, termed
BalatOf yfkdch is of the nature of gatta peieha,
518
JOUBNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, July 1, 1864.
and may be used witb, or as a aubBtitate for, that
material. Some small specimens, collected by
Dr. Van Hoist, inBritisb Guiana, were originally
brougbt before the Society, in 1860, by Mr.
William Walker, tbe Colonial Secretary for that
colony, and subsequently Sir W. Holmes, Commis-
sioner of that colony at the Exhibition of 1862, has
exerted himself to procure the material and pre-
pare it in the country for export in considerable
quantities as a matter of commerce. The qua-
lities of the material have been carefully ex-
amined and tested by manufacturers, and the
Council hare thought it right to mark their
sense of the importance of the labours of the
above-named gentlemen by awarding to each of
them the Societ/s Silver Medal — to Dr. Van
Hoist for the discovery, in British Guiana,
and the first importation of the specimens,
and to Sir W. Holmes for his exertions in
introducing the material into the commerce
of this country. In the JoumaU of the 2lth
of August, 1860, and 4th of March, 1864, will
be found Mr. Walker's and Sir W. Holmes's
communications.
The Council have awarded to John Chalmers
Morton, Esq., the Society's Medal for his paper
read before the Society, " On Agricultural Pro-
gress; its Helps and its Hindrances."
The Prize of £70 offered, through the Society,
by Sir Walter Trevelyan, for the discovery of a
process for preserving fresh meat better than by
any method hitherto employed, applicable to the
preservation of meat in countries where it is
now almost valueless, so as to render it an article
of commerce and available for stores on ship-
board, has not been awarded. Several ingenious
processes for the purpose have come before the
Council, one of which was described in a paper
read before the Societv at one of its evening
meetings, and the metdod adopted was shown
practically before the members in illustration of
the paper. In processes of this character it is im-
possible to arrive at a just conclusion as to their
merits without an actual trial over a lengthened
period, and as specimens of meat preserved by
these various methods are being put to the test
of experiment both in the English and French
Navies, it has been thought right to postpone
giving any judgment on their merits until the
results of these trials shall be known.
" Journal."
At the commencement of the Session the
Council took into consideration how far any im-
provement could be introduced into the Journal^
and, under the direction of a committee, ap-
pointed specially for this purpose, certain changes
in the form and matter of the Jourttal have
been introduced, which it is believed have ren-
dered it more interesting to the members. It
must, however, be always borne in mind that
tne Journal is not a newspaper, but a medium of
recording the operations of the Society, the
papers read at the evening meetinga, and
the discussions which follow; in fact, what in
other Societies is comprehended under the term.
"Transactions." These topics must form the
principal subject matter of the tfottntoZ, and
all other matter must be subordinate to it, and
must vary in amount according as the tranaactioiia
proper admit of space for its insertion. This
supplementary matter has been divided, under
the heads of Arts, Manufactures, Conmierce, and
the Colonies, the object being to give to the mem-
bers as much information and news under these
divisions as space will permit. To these have
been added obituaries of members and other
individuals worthy of note, whose lives have
been identified with any of the objects for the
promotion of which the Society has been estab-
lished. There is also space devoted to oorr^-
pondence. 'I?he Council would suggest to the
members how much it would add to the interest
and value of the Journal if members would take
the opportunity of sending to the editor such
information in these respective departments as
must be at their conmiand. Such communica-
tions need not necessarily be lengthened notices;
short and condensed notes would be acceptable
when it might not be convenient to send I(mg
communications.
Dwellings fob the Labouring Cjulbsbs.
The offer of prizes by Mr. J. Bailey Denton,
for designs for a labourer's cottage, to be built
for a sum not to exceed £100, as well as the dis*
cussion on Mr. Morton's paper, and the statisticB
of model dwellings collected by the Society's Com-
mittee, under the chairmanship of Mr. Twining,
and published at the expense of that gentleman,
drew the attention of the Council to the sub*
jeet generally of dwellings for the labouring
classes, and it was thought desirable to hold a
Conference upon it, to which all who took an
interest in the subject should be invited, and,
accordingly, two days in the month of May
were devoted to a discussion of the subject in
all its bearings. The Conference was weB
attended, and resolutions of a practical and n^elui
character were passed. The particulars of the
Conference have already appeared in the Journal.
It is hoped that the new Council will take op
the matter and endeavour to carry into effect^
as far as possible, the spirit of the resolutions
then passed.
Society's Memorial op the Prince Costsort-
The bust of His Royal Highness the Prince
Consort, by Mr. Theed, has been placed in the
Society's Rooms, and the Pictures undertaken by
Messrs. Cope, R.A., and J. C. Horaley, A.R.A^
are in the course of execution.
Institutions in Union.
The proceedings in this branch of the Society *«
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 1, 1864.
64:9
^perationfl are detafled in the Secretary's Report
read at the Conference of the Institutions held
D>n the 16th instant.
COKYERSAZIONB.
A Conversazione took place at the South
Cenaington Museum on Thursday, the 16th
instant, when upwards of 3,300 members of the
Society and their friends were present
PiNAKOB.
In the last Jowmal is printed, as required by
the bye-laws, the accounts of the Society for
the year ending the 3l8t May, 1864. On these
the Council have only to observe that the large
Items of expenditure have been upon the
repairs and alterations in the house and on the
Jury Reports of the Exhibition of 1862.
[t must be borne in mind that in the last two
years the Society has renewed the lease of its
premises at a cost of £2,360, and has had to spend
in alteration, repairs, and new fittings and fur-
niture — which had been delayed until it was
settled that the lease of the premises would be
renewed — a sum of £2,400, making an extra-
:>rdinary expenditure of nearly £5,000, which
sannot fairly be charged upon the revenue of one
year only, but should be spread over the whole
term of the lease. Under these circumstances,
bhe Council feel that they may congratulate
the Society on the prosperous condition of its
Bnances.
Mr. WxxKwoBTH moved the adoption of the report,
«rhich was seconded by Profeaor Tkmnakt.
Mr. Philip Wriort wished (o make a few remarks
xpoD the aocoants. He had done so on the oocasioo of
he last meeting, when it was acknowledged by the
l^entleman now in the chair that the spirit m which his
>bseryation8 were made was fair and courteous, and he
rusted it would be the same on the present occasion.
le admitted there was some impovement in the form of
he aocounts over that of last year. They had now a
tatement of what were Trust Funds, and so far there
ras an improvement, but in some other respects he
hought the accounts were rather less clear than
»efore. In the Receipts and Payments the accounts
ast year were divided into establUhment expenditure,
^eneial expenditure and special expenditure ; but having,
»D the last occasion, expressed his surprise at the difierent
leads under which the auditors had placed various items of
he expenditure, he found in the present accounts the heads
rere lefl out altogether. It would be observed that in some
ases the Society had to deal with monies of which they had
he sole control as regarded both principal and interest ; in
►ther cases they had control over the interest only ; in
(ther instances the application of the interest was speciOed ;
ik1 in other cases again they acted simply as bankers for
(ther parties. Now, in the receipts and payments all
hese things were huddled together, which he submitted
taght to be kept distinct. The Swioey bequest was
tated in the present aocounts as £4,500 in Consols ; the
aat time any notice was taken of that bequest it stood as
; 1 ,338 68. 8d . The gentleman who acted as treasurer now
v'As an auditor last time, but that item had jumped IVom
11 ,333 6a. 8d. to £4,500 without any remark or foot-note to
xplain howit wasso. On calling at the office he wasinformed
hat £4^00 was the amount of the Swiney bequest, and that
very five years the sum of £200 was appropriated in the
special manner indkated by the tesUtor. With that ez-
oeption it appeared the Society had the entire control of
the interest arising from tliat bequest. With leapeot to
John Stook'a bequest of £100, it seemed that for a very
long time past the interest of that money liad been applied
to the general purposes of the Soeiety, and it was only
lately that the special objects for which that bequest was
made had come to light. The Fothergill trust was pretty
much in the same condition, though he believed the
object to which that money was devoted was the estab-
lishment of a medal for the best preservations against
destruction by fire. He had never beard of that medal
being awarded. The Cantor bequest came into the
hands of the Society two yean ago, and he thought it
would be found they owed to that fund an amount of
about £300, which he presumed the council would ulti-
mately replace to that account. It would seem that this
year a portion of the interest of that sum had been applied
to the specific purposes for which it was intended, and that
besides the lectures, £50 bad been expended for books
added to the library. He did not think it right to
include that in the general accounts. The interest
arising from the trust funds ought to be distinctly stated,
and the general fund and the interest applicable to it
ought to be stoted with equal distinctness. The treasurer
and auditois, in their anxiety to put the accounts in a
condensed form, had rendered them extremely confused.
In the case of the South Australian Institute, for whom
the Society acted as bankers, he found in the statement of
liabilities and assets as regarded that Institute, a sum of
£12 4s. 8d. agauist the Society; last year it was about
£36 ; whereas by the general receipts and payments he
found that the Society had received on account of that in-
stitute £350, and had expended on the same account
£429 8s., from which he gathered that the institute was
indebted to the Society, whereas the contrary appeared to
be the case. Then again there appeared to be a liabili^
of £26 6s. on account of the Prince Consort's Prize, whiob
he confessed he could not understand.
The Seobetabt explained that the amount received
last year was for the previous year, but the amount of the
prize had not been received for the present year.
Mr. Wbiobt added— Having touched upon the form of
the accounts, he could not congratulate the Sticiety upon
its financial position, inasmuch as the accounts showed
that at the present moment the Society was bankruot :
an honourable bankruptcy , it was true, for if they were called
upon at once to dischart^e all their liabilities they could
do so, but it must be by the sale of their property. They
had spent in round numbers £5,000 for renewal of the
lease and repairs, whereas the value was set down at
£3,000; so that if in the last two years they bad sunk
£2,000 on that account, he did not see how in the course
of the lease they were to get back the whole sum
expended, as the report of the Council promised.
He thought this showed a bad state of the funds. He
would strongly urge on the treasurer and auditors in
future to keep the genend account quite distinct from the
special and banking accounts. There was one item in
the expenditure which called for some notice— that was
with regard to the Conversazione. He thought it would
have been better if, in the piesent state of the Society's
funds, such an expenditure had not been incurred. The
invitations were issued by the Council, in their own name ;
and as the honour of the thing reflected upon them, he
thought it only reasonable that they should pay the ex-
penses of the entertainment. Mr. Wright concluded by
expressing a hope that the accounts would in future be
more specifically rendered ; and he suggested that the form
of accounts adopted by the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel, which had to do with different funds in a
similar way to this Society, might be adopted with benefit.
The Chaibuan asked whether any other member wished
to offer any remarks upon the report and accounts. After
a pause, and no member rising, the Chairman said, before
putting the adoption of the report, it might be considered
m>
JOURNAL OF THE SOOKTTT OT ARTS, Jinur 1, 18G4L
Ikci fome reply wm doe from bim to tbe obwrvmtioiif of
Mr. Wright, and he would My aft the ooiael, that to ftu-
fiv>m that geDtlemaa's ciiticiiiBi of the aceouDt* berag on-
pleaeast to the Council, they fell obliged to any member
who brought an independent mind to bear upon the
iobjeot, with a view of soggeeting any iropnm'meBt as
to the mode in which the financial atatement ihoald be
made oat. The remarks they had just listened to referred
mainly to the three classes of fnnds whh which they had
to deal, and it had been urged that those funds should
be separate^ stated in the accounts. Upon that point he
would say tliat it was shown, under a distinct head, what
the Trust Funds were, and the amount of interest re-
ceived from each, but they did not diow exactly the
CKpenditore of the monies rsoeived ftx>m thote trusU;
bat when th^ saw how few the items were under
that head, he apprehended thece was no difficulty in
estraeting from the accounts, as now placed before
Ihem, the way in which those funds were appropriated.
In the first plaee, with respect to the Bwine^ b«quest the
amount was £4,500 stock, as slated ; but m the former
mode of arranging the accounts, which had been adopted
on the recommendation of an eminent accountant in the
City, £1,888 6s. 8d. was est apart as the amount which
would exactly supply the interest to provide for the prise
of £200, which was given every five years under the
terms of the bequest. Why this should have been done,
though it was done under very high authority, he (the
Ohairnian) could not say, and he did not agree with it.
T he futid was charged with a certain specific sum every five
years, and the remainder of the interest was applicable
to the general purposes of the Society. With regard to
John Stock's bequest of £100, they had had some diffi-
culty in finding out the precise terms of it, as it dated
back as far as the year 1782. The purpoee of that
bequest was found to be to provide a medal for the
encouragement of drawing, sculpture, and architecture,
and medals had been ofTered. This year one was
offered as a premium to. female artists for cameo cutting ;
but that offer had not been responded to. The sauie
remark applied in a great measure to the Fothergill
bequest, which was appropriated to matters connected with
the preservation of life and properly from fire ; that priee
had been offered but had not yet been awarded. With
regard to the 'Cantor bequest, the Council hsd, they
believed wisely, appropriated a portion to the courses of
lectures which had been delivered, and which it was pro-
posed to continue next year, and also in the expenditure
of £50 in the purchase of books for the libnry. He
thought it would be rather difficult for any one to find an
exception to the manner in which these trust funds had
been administei^. With regard to the South Australian
Institute, there waa an old arrear of £40, which, being
brought forward in the present accounts, made an apparent
discrepancy to that amount. They were told the Society
could not be congratulated on its financial position ; but
what were the iacts? They had this year paid out of the
legitimate funds of the Society £1,500 for repairs, and
upwards of £1 ,000 for Jury Reports. It could not be denied
that their property was improved to the extent of the
£1500, and with respect to the jury reports, they were
undertaken by the Council upon the Commissioners for
the Exhibition declining the publicaiion. It was thought
of great importance tlutt a proper record should be made
of the Exhibition of 1862. The dimensions of that
work had extended much beyond what was originally con-
templated, but no one would deny that it was almost
valuable volume, as well as a very cheap one to those who
hsd been subRcribers to it. Still there was the fact that
the publication had been attended with that amount
of pecuniary loss to the Soeiety ; but the Council
weie prepared to justify the course they had taken in
having produced a work creditable to the Society and
OMfnl to the public. Thus, in the way he had sUted, no
less a sum than £2,500 for those exoe^nal matteis had
been paid out of the annual income, still leaving a balance
of £SM, 1^ OBdinaiy eoqfMnsw being pasd. Than^biy
weie told that the state of their property masi km bad, be-
cause they valued the lease at only £8 jOOO, mhS^ £M0
had been paid in repaus, and there was a further UabiHty
of £900 under that head, it had not been the wish of the
Council to overstate the value of the Society's propaty, or
they might have pot it down at a hi|^iar figure. Of
QOursB, if ihey were obliged to dispose of ftll«ir prapvty
at once, it ooold only be done at a disadvaota^; bi^
anyone looking fairly at the SooietylB financi al pos&iaB
could not but feel satisfied with it. He (the
Chsirman) did not hesitate to say thai the
Society was financially in a flourishing poaitiou, and,
judging flfom the interest shown in its prmedla^s duBif
the last year, it was mere likidy that thai poaitiou wou
be improved than deteriorated. Then, with rofcafd lo
Mr. Wright's observations upon the item of £150 liar the
conversazione, he could only look upon them as a jpkt.
It had been said that as the cards of iuvitatioo were mmeA
in the name of the Council, they ought to p^y tl»s»-
nenses. In that view he beg^dd to differ from Hr.
Wright He ventured to think it was a moat leffitioiats
and appropriate application of the funds, and he was quits
sure those gatherings of the members were a eoutee of
great pleasure and gratification to them. The genesd
feeling was in their &vour, and. so long aa they wen
supported, the Council would not hesitate to bring for-
ward that item in the annual accounts. He repeaiei
rhat the Council were indebted to Hr. Wright fioreefiiqs
attention to these mstters. All they wnh«d forwastiM
strictest investigation.
Mr. J. H. MuROHi&ON said he could not agree widk the cob
elusions of the chairman that the financial po«ti(m of the
Society was a flourishing one. Tlio liabificieR, Ibr wMek
funds must be found, auiounted to no Use than £4,^1&
What had they to meet that? The balance ai the
bankers was £299. The estimated subscriptions unpaid
were £1,600; they had £1,771 Consols and £35 > of
India bonds. That was all they liad to meet that IMSitj
unless they sold their lease and f urni ture. Ail the avail-
able assets, apart from that, including the catisiate of
subscriptions in arrear, left them with a defidcacj
of £681. He left members to judge for themsslvv
whether that was a flourishing financial poatti<m. With
reference to the conversazione, the chairman bad re-
ferred to it as a small item of £150 ; but it wouM be
found that during the last seven years the eaun n— of
those entertainments had amounted in the aggregate to
£1,500, or over £200 « year, in this reqwet he aaid tkb
Society differed fit>nj many other important aadrtisi^ ia
that these entertainments were given at the expeasa^
the Society, instead of that of the prendeat or the
president and CouuciL He considered the Socitaty sighl
not to be saddled with so large an expenditure fior pe-
poses which could not be considered legitimaiisly wHhm
its objects, and it would be found that the sum cKpPttded
in medals bore a small percentage upon that in]iB>ifa!
upon the conversazione. Another point be vi^ad ts
bring before the meeting was the, to him, exXmmt^
ol^ectionable mode adopted ibr obtainuig newmea&faeisiD
the Society. That was by means of a lithographed cacuVu
sent out in the most promiscuotis mann^. He had heard
of instances in which the circular bad been r ece i v e d \m
the ssme post, both by present membera and the
in their ofike. He thought such a mode of cai
tor new subscribers most improper and undignified in
a society as this. It had been said ttut the income of the
Society was £8,000 a year. He (Mr. Murchisoo) tmM
not understand on what principle that
arrived at, because he found the annual
amounted to only £5,700. He did not think the
tions of the chairman had satisfactorily dispesed of thr
remarks which Bir. Wright had addresMd to the
and he hoped the manner in which the Ceoaoil
deavonred to obtain members by promiaonooa
would be disoontlnued.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 1, 1864.
551
O Mr. Philip Palmto remarked that a slight arithmetioal
calcalitioQ showed the ezpente of the oonvenazione to be
one shilliog a head for eadi of the 3,000 membem of the
society, and if it were known that such an entertainment
as they received at South Kenrington could be had for
only a shining each, it would rather tend to increase the
nnmber of members. With regard to the circular to which
the lost speaker had alloded, he presumed it was sent to
the heads of firms and others, inviting them to become
members of the Society, in doing which they alike benefited
themselves, and did honour to the Society. He saw no
objection to such a mode of canvassing, which was done
more or less by every society of importance.
Professor Tenhant thought Mr. Murchison was labour-
ing under a mistake with regard to the annual income of
the Society. He (Professor Tennant), from the figures
before him, made the income £6,754.
Mr. MuaoHBON expressed his dissent.
Mr. Stmoxs expressed a hope, now that the library was
remodelled and placed in so excellent a reading-room, the
Goundl would take into consideration the propriety of
opem'ng it to members one or two evenings in the week.
This, he said, would be a great boon to those who had
fixed occupations during the day. The Journal had been
very much improved, but its value could be enhanced by
the restoration of the table of contents in each number.
"With regard to the conversazione, he only knew of one
or two instances in which tho expenses were paid by the
presidents or councils of societies.
Mr. KiwToa WnM>M preeamed that tha Society would
be raoooped a considerable portion of the expenses for
the Jury Reports of the Exhibition of 1862 by the sale
of the copies which remained to be issued. With regard
to the general accounts he considered they showed the
Society to be in a very satisfactory financial position ; there
-vrere exceptional items of expenditure this year which
would not occur again. He expresi«ed his entire approval of
the expenditure for the conversazione, and said he should
not eotoy those entertainments so well unless he knew that
be intiividnally contoibated a small modicum towards the
expenses. He believed there was an almost unanimous
fbeling amongst the members in favour of the conver-
sazione. With T^ard to the invitations to join the Society,
be oonmdersd suoli a course necessary in the interests of
tbe Society, and it was (me which was very generally
adopted by other societies. He had confidence in the
oflScers of the Society that the invitations would only be
iddressed to persons who it would be desirable should
>eoome members.
Mr. Eaicokson remarked upon the fact of the an-
niallj recurring criticisms of Mr. Murchison, for the pur-
)oae, as it seemed to him, of merely getting up a discus-
aoo. He had noticed this for some years past. With
egard to the accounts, if the members did not approve of
be auditors, they coald elect other persons to that office ;
pat they ought to have confidence m those who acted in
hAt capacity. With regard to the conversazione, he
hoqght DO money was better spent, inasmuch as at a
er^ amall expense an entertainment was provided from
rbicb every one went away delighted, and he considered,
a a social point of view, such assemblies did a great deal
f good. With regard to the circulars of invitation to
eoome members, he gave the Council and officers the
ighest credit for taking that course, because, in the pre-
3at day, people were so absorbed in the matters of every-
ay life, that it was necessary to call their attention to
ae existence and oljects of societies like this.
Mr. Haaar Gbesteb thought the criticisms to which
tie last speaker alluded were more irksome to the mem-
era at large than to the Council in particular, because
otbing gave them more pleasure than to have their
*tiotifl acrutinised ; but if there were no greater defects
3eervable than those which had been brought forward
Kday» he veotiifed to think, as a member of the Council,
leir proceiMilngs had beesi tolerably satisfactory. With
gara to the form in which the aooounts should be
presented, not a word of oWeotton was to be urged
against the criticism into which the first speaker had
entered; but in any other form the accounts would,
no doubt, be open to an equal degree of criticism
from some new quarter. He had certainly regarded
the strictures that had been made upon the con-
versazione as a joke, but perhaps it was really regarded
as a serious matter by some. He thought that such
eritfcism as had been offered to day did the Council
no harm whatever, but rather tended to excite more
sympathy towards those who did their best to serve the
Society, than if matters were passed over in silence. If a
blot could be hit upon the Council would be only too
delighted that it should be exposed. With regard to the
sending out of circulars of invitation, he did not agree
with Mr. Murchison. The Council, in tha invitations
thfis sent out, did not ask anything for themselves. In
all the Seeretary did, as the onnn of the Council, the
sole motive was to promote the Buoouragement of Arts,
Manufactures, and Commerce, and they could safely leave
the matter in the hands of their ofl^rs. The 8}'stem
complained of had brought them many excellent mem-
bers of whom the Society had reason to be proud.
The Cbaibmah said theie were one or two points which
he could not allow to pass without notice. With respect
to the Society being singular in charging the conversazione
to the general funds, and in seoding the invitation cards
in the name of the Council, he be^a^ to say it was not
the case, inasmuch as this course had been piir.'tue t, to his
own knowledge, by the Horticultural, the Pharmaceuti-
cal, the Royal Botanic, and the Photographic Societies, as
well as by King's College. The form of invitation in the
name of the Council, was commonly adopted by all public
companies and bodies —the Master and Wardens acting in
the case of commeroial eompanies, and the Lord Mayor
on behalf of the corporation, dw. With regard to the
opening of the library of an evening, he would promise
the attentieo of tha Cooneil should be givea to the
subject. The table of contents in the Journal, whieh had
been omitted in or^r to save space, since the alteration
of the form of the first page, shocdd be restored in the
next vobmiia. Upon the subjeet of the Jury Reports, he
would say thai the actual peotmiary losa^ owiag to tho
great axtensioD of the work beyead the limiia ori^|iaally
coaiemplated, would be about £1,000 as stated in the
accounts. The Chairman then put the question, That
the report be adopted, which was carried unanimously.
Mr. Qwowm Bi^okud oidled atftaotkm to the over-
crowded state of tha room at soom of the evening meet*
ings, and especially at the Cantor lectures, and suggested
the propriety of only allowing members to admit one
firtend on eatc^ occasion, instead of two, as at present.
Mr. Nbwtoh Wilsov proposed a vote of thanks to the
chairman for the ability and urbanity with whkb oa this
and all public meetings of the Sodety he had presided
over the proceedings; and the resolution, having been
seconded by Mr. CtMster(who remarked upon the arduous
duties of the Chairman of Council), was carried by accla-
mation.
The Chaibmah, in acknowledging tha vote of thanka,
said he hoped he should never have a more difficult im^k
tiuB hearing with good humour such criticisms as they
liad heard to-day. As far aa moat of them were oo«i-
cerned, there was no difficulty whatever; and with regard
to the one exception, all he would say was he had now
become accustomed to it.
The ballot having remained open one hour,
and the scrutineers having reported, the Chair-
man declared that the following members had
been elected to fill the several offices. The names
in ttaltcs are those of members who havJS not
during the past year fiDed the offices to which
they have been elected : —
552
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 1, 1864.
COUNCIL.
PBBSIOBNT.
H.B.H. the Prince of Wales, K.G.
VICE-PBESIUElfTB.
Edward Alcroyd.
Sir Wm, O, Armftrong,
Lord Bemeri,
W.H.BodkiD (Assist. Judge)
Ttie Earl of Caithness.
Harry Chester.
Henry Cole. C.B.
John Dillon.
The Earl QnmviUe, K.G.,
jr.R.s.
William Hawes.
Lord Henry Lennox, M.P.
Lord LyUeUon,
M. H. Marsh, M.P.
Bight Hon. Sir John S.
Pakington, Bart, M.P.
Sir Joseph Paxton, M.P.
Sir Thomas Phillips, F.Q.S.
The Marquis of Salisbury,
K.G.
Thi Duke of Sutherland,
Thomas Twining.
Vice- Chancellor Sir William
Page Wood, F.R.8.
OTHBB MBMBKBS OP TBB OOUKOIL.
Pfo/esior BenUey,
Hon. and Rev. Samuel Best.
/>. Roberton Blaine,
Peter Graham.
Samuel Gregson, M.P.
Edward Hamilton.
Chandos Wren Hoek}*ns.
Samuel Redgrave.
Sir Francis Sand/ord,
Henry Vaughan,
Geo, F, WiUon, F.R.S,
Thomas Winkwoiih.
Hicks, William Robert, Bodmin, Cornwall.
Hill, Sir Rowland, K.C.B., Htmpstead, N.W.
Hosre, John Hatch, Bsrkley, Leicestershire.
Howell, Thomas, War Office, Pall-mall, S. W.
Johnston, William, 82, Buckingham terrace, Glasgow.
Jones, James Valentine, 21 , Cambndge-road, Lslingtoo, K.
Kibble, Thomas, L. 3, Albany. Piocadilly, W.
Locke, John, 83, Addison -road, Kensington, W.
Leigh-Sotheby, Mrs. S., Bezel, Lower Norwood, 8.
Owen, Rev. Joseph Butterworth, M.A., 40, Cadogan-
place, Chelsea, S.W.
Rabino, Joseph, 1, Dunstercourt, Mincing-lane, E.C.
Rake, Alfred SUnsfield, C.E., Passage West, near Coit
Richards, Joaiah, Abersychan Literary Institution, near
Pontypool.
Robinson. Rev. Isaac Banks, Milford, Sudbury.
Robinson. William, Lloyd's, E.C.
Selwyn, Capt. Jasper, R.N.. Chequers-court. Tring.
Sboolbred, James N., 84, Middle Abbey-street» DuUin ;
and 21, Parliament-street, S.W.
Stewart, Alexander J. R., 13, Belgrave-square, 8.W.
Waterlow, Alderman Sydney H., Carpeotenr-hall,
68, London-wall, E.C.
Wilson, John Guy, 109, Market-street, Maoohesier.
Wyland. Edward, 64, Piccadilly, W.
W. B. Simpson.
TBIABURBBS.
I O, Dixon Longtiaff, M,D,
n. Reader Lack,
▲UOITOBS.
I Seymour Teuton .
SBOBBTABT.
Peter Le Neve Foster, M.A.
FuraxciAL omcBB.
Samuel Thomas Davenport.
A vote of thanks to the Scrutineers was then
passed.
At this meeting, in conformity with the provi-
sions of the Act 3 Will. IV., cap. 4, intituled
"An Act for Settling and Preserving Sir John
Soane*8 Museum, Library, and Works of Art in
Lincoln*s-inn-Fields, in the County of Middle-
sex, for the henefit of the public, and for estab-
lishing a sufficient endowment for the due main-
tenance of the same," a new trustee of the
Boane Museum on the part of the Society of Arts
was elected, Mr. Samuel Redgrave having been
unanimously chosen in the place of Sir G. Went-
worth Dilke, Bart., whose term of office under
the Act had expired.
At the conclusion of the General Meeting a
Spedal Meeting was held, when the following
candidates were balloted for and duly elected
members of the Society : —
Annan, David, 33. High-street, Bow.
Bamett, Henry, 16. Halkin-street West, W.
Boutcher, Emanuel, 12, Oxford square, W.
Briffgs, George Walker, 46, Wigmore- street, W.
CaUender, William Bomaine,F.S. A.. Victoria-park, Man-
chester.
Campbell, Bev. William, Privy Council OflBce, S.W.
Clarke, Ebenezer, jun., 78, Cannon-street West, E.C., and
Walthamstow, Essex.
iKjbson, Thomas J., Hull.
X>owUng, Charles Button, 28, Neville-terrace. Homsev-
road, N. •
Frere, P., Regent-street, Cambridge.
EXHIBITION OF STAINED GLASS.
The following is from a correspondent : —
The opening of a new court or gallery at the South
Kensington Museum has been marked in the hktocy of
recent art by the fact that its windows have been utD^sd
for the display of a collection of works of art in glasi-
staining, an art which, more than any other, has made
rapid strides in this country of late, and is now emptor lOf
hundreds of hands, whereas, not many years sigo, it
was said, by a writer more or lees qualified to gire an
opinion, that the whole practice of glass painting wu
extinct in this country, and on the cootineoi only
existent in Holland. This was literally tme; but
a greater truth remained unstated. This waa, thai
although the practice of manufacturing painted glaai
and putting it into windows had not ceased amongst
us, any mora than it had on the continent, no
person worthy of the name of an artist had given bii
attention to the practice in question ; and painters. Sir J.
Beynolds, for example, had been employed to produN
designs for decorations of this kind, and had done so in a
manner which proved their utter ignorance of the arttbsf
ventured to practice, as well as their blindneM to id
peculiar conditions of existence. Thanks to the exertioos oi
critics, the manufacturers, and, what is of most importaBoSi
the public, are rapidly getting filled with a proM- nndeff>
standing of this matter ; and although pictorial windovi
continue to be produced by the former, who have not (hi
excuse proper to the latter, that they have not leisure tft
study the question, it is obvious, not only in the new gal-
lery at South Kensington, but throughout the ooonti^
that pictorial windows are getting scaroer, while hypo*
crisy, that homage which error is said to par <■
truth, is incessantly practised by persons who, unable \*
design under conditions they have not been trained H
understand, condescend, nevertheless, to imitate the super*
ficial appearance of decorative glass-painting in the math
ner of using the leads which hold the fragments
although they are not able to depart from the t
parency system so beloved by the dileilanti of the
century, and still affected by those upon whom the
flection of their light falls. That light is fading
before the art-education and the progress of the peopl<
Among the quackeries of dilettantism -> that eldest I
of conceit and ignorance— is the love for pictorial glass,
the transparencies of a recent and even the present dsl
All who understand the question, and are deairoos tbM;
one of the noblest of the decorative arts shall not be
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jult 1, 1864.
553
i foolish toy, mast rejoioe to see the Urge number of
egitiroataly designed works the coUectioo at South Ken-
dpgton comprises.
All oUsses of workmanship are more or lera completely
"epresented in the exhibition now under consideration.
Some ezampleSi which it will be neediest to particulariae,
lo not comply with the conditions of art, which lequire
ihai good drawing and good colouring should be employed
to express thought and meaning ; some possess good
Irawing without good colour, and others are fortunate in
the rbverse way. It is matter for congratulation that the
conditions of the art are getting understood, and that so
many persons recognize the absurdity of depicting objects^
which are seen in nature by reflected light, m such a man-
DOT that transmitted light alone can diitplay them to the
spectator. It ought to be dear to every one that as a
window forms an essential and characteristic part of a
building, it should be subjected to the laws of architectonic
aut, and treated according to its position as an element of
architecture. Architecture will not admit of imitative
art, and its subordinate elements follow the same rule.
A man should not build a house to look like a tree,
although it might be possible to live in such a one ; so
that the fact of its being practicable to inhabit a house
which resembles something which it is not, has not more
to do with the subject than the practicability of producing
a sufl&ciently close resemblance to a man in stained glass
hy means of imitative art has to do with the propriety of
ao employii^ it. To imitate is not, as it will be en<lea-
voored to be shown a little further on, the noble end of
art ; in fact, it is one ot its lowest aims. To enter the
sanks of imitation with such an antagonist as psinting
/Mr 40 — which randera atmospheric effects with almost
perfect fidelity, and deals with expression with facilities
unknown lo other development — is sorely no wise nor
dignified course on the part of the professors of such
ao art as that of glass-staining. It is best that every art
riiould be reserved in all its strength for the display of its
own peculiar qualities, qualities whereof it is undoubted
master, and under circumstances of its own choosing. To
fill the windows of a building with beauty and splendid
coloura Is the peculiar olfice of stained glafs. It is
better that it should be content with this privilege, than
in the attempt to rival pictorial art in its own pro-
^vinoe of imitation, it should part with qualities proper to
it, and violate the laws of art by the act.
If it is right that imitative art should not appear in
architecture or its subordinates, how much moro so is it
that Nature herself should not be violated, so to say, by
tho pmdootion of false effects— ortects, moreover, which
by their own power add no force of vxporsKion to a picture,
and, because they are imitative, itfoder no thought more
impressive ? It is a false effect to paint a man as it he
were trampareot and had light shilling through him —
this is what is constantly done in what is styled pic-
toiial or imitative glass staining. It is a fslne effect
to represent, by means of grades of comparative trans-
pat er»cy and opacity, those appesrances of light and
shade and colour which nature has chosen to produce
by a means which is directly the reverse of that
practice — such is the practice of pictorial glsss painters.
These eirors are not necessities of the existence of such
art as is now under ezaminatiun.
Were anything to be gainni by thus fsr transgresang
the laws of art and the customs of natur-, something
might be urged in defence of the practice of producing
imitative stained glass. Such is not tlie rase, however.
It b a low kind of pleasure that is sfforded at any
time by faithful imitation of natural objects in art,
and when Nature herself is favourable — as in painting
proper— to the result, fiut to produce imitations of
objects contrary to her customs is nothing less than an
absurdity. The noble aims of art are eipressiveness
and 8Ugg«*stive power; these do not depend upon imita-
tion, aou ate not unfrequently incompatible with it, as the
orta of tfohitacture and musie have, id all ages^ attested.
As, however, nothing is gained by the practice btit the
chance of applause from thoughtless penons, it is difll-
cult to conceive why what are styled transparencies in
gUss have been eudumd so long. The sole expla-
nation that can here be offered is that no artist of
real power has devoted himself to the art of glass paint-
ing since the mediAval practice went out of use, together
with the glorious architecture which it adorned, and of
which its productions once formed component parts.
Possibly the idea that stained glass was oonfined to
ecclesiastical uses long held possession of the public
mind, and when that idea became weak, it was felt that
a style, which should be as far as possible removed in
character from that of thji middle a^es, would be best
suited to secular uses^ That there exists any indissoluble
connexion between the Qothio style of arohiteoture and tba
art of glass painting iu this respect, need not here be
denied. Deeorative, as distinct from pictorial or imitative,
art, has ample power for all kinds of employment, and it
is but the limited knowledge of its praotitionen which
would restrict its exercise.
In faying that nothing was gained by transgressing the
laws of an in this matter, it was intended to expieas the
fact that all the effect that Art can produce in such situa-
tions as those appropiiate to stained glass windows, which
are intended to be seen at a great distance from the eye,
may be as well trea«ed upon decorative as upon pictorial
or imitative principles. Forty feet distant, and with the
light shining through it, the delicate drawing and mo-
delling of a painted face are thrown away. Such a
countenance resolves itaelf into a generalized, altltough it
may be po'ently suggestive representation, and it is to
little purpose Uiat the artist seeks to rival the elabora-
tions of a miniature. Imitation must, from this mere phy-
sical neoemity of employment, be limited, and it cannot be
completely eifficacious even so far as the distance of the
spectator wouLt admit, because, were he nearer, the in-
tensity of the light required to bring out the glories of
coloured glass would effectually prevent him from re-
garding a &ce except nngly. As faces are but parts of
figures, the intention cf painting would thus, by this
simple cause, be defeated, beoanse a coloured window
ceases to be a picture in any proper aeoae, if it can only
be seen piecemeaL
To be viewed piecemeal, is net the end of painting oo
glass ; but rather that it should be displayed at a distanoe
from the eye, and thence strike the spectator by the grand
display of colour, one of the uses of which i« to fill the
whole of an interior with gorgeously- hued light, adding
to its solemnity or its beauty. At such a distance the
figures of saints and warriors, men or angels, become
glorified and diaw inspiration, not because they trtily
resemble humanity, but because they do not so resemble,
and rather suggest something of their own. If
imitation were the end of art, as the advocates for
Eictorial glass would, by their limiting ideas of the
Uter, seem to infer, then most of the finest pictures and
s<atueft— wtuoh aim at the cxprMsion of thoughts rsther
than things, would be comparatively worthless. If ex-
pression be denied to be a prerogative of decorative art.
then nothing but that which is not an absolutely fsithful
in imitation of nature will be endowed with that quality or
with power over the mind. Sculptture, which cannot carry
imitation to any extent, would perish on that accoimt.
Music is, in its noblest manifestations, the leaitt imiu*
tive of arts, and yet of all of them it is tlie mo^t expr«sive,
the most pathetic and suggestive. There is a quality in
colour whfh is akin to that of melody in mude — this is
perceived by some more powerfully than othere. This
quality appears at its higliest in the effects of stained
glatt, a r^ult we should anticipate, from the fact that
light— the displayer and father, so to say, of colour— la
the immediate agent of display for the productions of
that art; in short, stainet glass, as an art, has righU
and qualitiea proper to itself. Let us now see which,
amongst the waks before us, best comply with these
S64:
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jult 1, 1864.
coDilitions, or are best worthy of admiration on ao-
coant of the eeniiu of their detigners. In selecting
these for special comment, it is by no means intended to
assert that others do not exist here which are worthy of
praise. They are rather such as best illustrate the prin-
ciples of the art above referred to.
This class is represented by contribntions which
declare that glass-staining has occupied the genius of
men who are artists in the right sense of the word.
Such a discovery — it will be a discovery to roost men,
and most of all to those who are capable of appro
dating art in any of its manifestations, but who are
not aware of the progress of that branch now in question —
is of the highest importance, and promises a result which
cannot be apprtsciateid too hi^fhly. Public intellii^ence in
matters of art is advancing so rapidly in the right direction
that the demand for good examples would be certain to
create supply ; it is satisfactory, therefore, to observe that
the tradesman^like idea of decoration, which has so long
exercised itself in glass-staining, has been superseded by
one whtih is truly artistic.
As usual there are grades in this advance ; some mani-
festations are not so valuable as others. In Messrs.
O'Connor's great window, representing the " Life of
Christ*' (1), a series of subjects, there is much to be ad-
mired and much to be warmly commend*^]. It is
rather due to a lack of subtle knowledge of colour than
to ignorance of the peculiar conditions of the art, that
this firm has not succeeded in producing a wholly
complete and satisfactory example. Had the arrange-
ment of colour in No. 1 been considered as a wholn, and
the window regarded as complete, it is hardly conceivable
that this error would have presented itfolf. The window
is. in most respects, a fine one, and lacks only repose of
effect — effect depending in glass-staining, let it not be
forgotten, entirely on colouring, or proper management
of colours, so that it shall come in the place of ehiaro-
Mcuro, and light and shade in an ordinary picture.
A stained-glass window exists only by colour and, con
sequently, on successful dealing with oolonr all its
value depends. Messrs. Powell, in No. 4, a series of
subjects from the *• Life of the Virgin," show much purity
and elevation in their designs, much feeling in their ex-
pressions, and, to a certain extent, admirable breadth of
treatment. That breadth and the brilliancy which are
attendant on a high note of colouring have, however, been
attained by these artists, who are indebted, it is said, to
Mr. Holiday for their figure-designs, by a sacrifice of
repose and general avoidance of purely negative tints.
Some admirable examples, upon which, al>ove all, felici-
tations as to the progress of the art are based, are contri-
buted by Messrs. Morris, Marshall, and Faulkener, who
send about twenty works, having both sacred and pro-
fane subjects, comprising decorations proper to eccloMias.
tical as well as domestic uses. It is observable that
few other exhibitors of worthy works seem to have given
attention to the latter class of examples. Let observa-
tions on the former come first. Here is a fragment of a
** Jesse *' window, or genealogy of Christ, which deserves
admiration, not only on account of the broad and vigorons
manner of its design, but for the beautiful nature of its
colouring and apt disposition of masses to the end in view.
It is not often that such subtly 'graded varieties of hues
appear in glass-staining as those in the green garments of
Isaac, of Ruth, and of Jacob. A figure of St. Cyprian,
comprined, like the last-, in the series masked under the
Ko. 8, deserves warm applaise for the propriety of its
decorative character, as well as the brilliant softness of
the golden yellow of the chasuble the saint wears, and
Sts gorgeously-hued carbande-coloured lining. Meagre
reds, cold blues, and crude greens appear not at all in
Messrs. Morris, Marshall, and Faulkener's works. In
*• Adam delving" (8), there Is a sober tawny-red, of crimson
quality, which is delightftal.
The figure of David Dandng to the Harp (8) is not
len admirable for design than for oolooriDg. See an
example of the wise use of green in the dress he wean.
It is especially worthy of note that nowhere in their coQ-
tributions does this firm of artists appear to indulge in eccee-
tricities« or aim at the revival of old styles. Drawmg, w ith
them, is not affected nor grotoM^ue ; they do not £aw ill
because the ancients did so, nor is aJfectation of expreaion
their forte. In the examples of domeeiio glaas, (16)
which are not less worthy of attention than those parpoaed
for ecclesiastical uses, this firm is quite aa rortooata
as in the latter. The series illustrating the " Legend
of Qood Women,'* of Chaucer, is a production of high
art ; nothing can he truer to the theme both in representa-
tion and apt poetic design, than these exquisite composi-
tions. The figures of " Love," leading Queen Ake^
by the hand, of Alcestis herself, and those whicfa
represent Queens Cleopatra and Dido, are as various
in feeling and in treatment as Chaucer himself meant
them to be. The tise of yellow stain over pale blue in the
dress of Alcestis and the gold crown she wears, are chann-
ing phases of colouring, apt to the subject, an i commeod-
able to rival manufacturers as well as to artists. The
beautiful green-olive hue of Chaucer's dress where he lies
sleeping in the arbour, sul>ject of the first work of this
series, should be considered in relation with the warm,
pure silver tint of the grisaille bank-ground and the glov-
mg splendours of the red head-dress he has. Two beau-
tiful heads, drawn with grisaille, and inclosed by ^eo-
dMly-hued but perfectly harmonious borders, representing
Penelope and St. Cecilia, are pleasant examines of modem
art, suitable to modern habitations. In this respect the
warm and silvery-hued character of the gTiaaille en-
ployed by this firm makes it doubly welcome. The
theme of *' How St. Geoi^ge was married to the Ladr
Saba, and the head of the Dragon brought to table oo
a capacious dish," has humour in it. Sir Triatram per-
formmg on the harp to the shepherds, placed abore
the last, deserves attention. It is not too much to sy
that modem stained glass has never shown it^f so hap-
pily employed as in these examples. Fine dedgn and beau-
tiful oolour have been united, and made aptly expresBiTe
of poetic thought In the ** Legend of Quod Women*
series, good drawing appears throughout — see that of the
fiowers in the arbour Chaucer sleeps in, and that of the
figures in general, whether they appear in the domestic or
the church glass. The broad distinction in the fanctio»
of these applications of the art have not escaped the
attention of Messrs. Morris, Mariihall, and Fanlkeocr.
In the latter, colour, potency of tone and aptitude of ex-
preseiou have occupied them ; in the former, the abondast
use of sweetly-hued gri»ail1e would silver warmly and
temper — but not obstruct, the pas-age of light to the in-
terior of a room intended for constant oocupatioa.
MINING IN VICTORIA.
By Mi. Pbilxp A. Eaols.
{€onHnu$i/t<mpag€ 540.^
CHAPTER V.
StLVBB.
It is not improbable that silver will shortly be added to
the list of products exported from Victoria.
Rich argentiferous ore has been found at St. AreaodV,
Glundhu and Crowlands, in the Wimmera district, aad it
is believed, by many whose opinions command atteDtson
on such a subject, that silver bearing lodes exbt in ssrcsaJ
other districts throughout the territory.
The silver reef at St. Amsud (New Bendigo) is at the
present time attracting the greatest share of attemloa.
The lode in the company's claim on this reef is ssveral
feet thick, largely impregnated with the various forms d
argentiferous ore which exist in the extraoftlinary two-
stones running through it. The ore is foand in comljfoa-
tion with gold in large quantities, and oocon prSodpAlIr
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jolt 1, 1864.
556
ia the form of a ohloro*bromide. In loine plioes the reef
presents the appearance of having been expoied to fire,
and in others u if a stream of water had been percolated
ihroagh the quartz, and so loosened it that the gold mns
oat from the matrix. In other places again, the stone is
fotuid very hard , thongh as abundant in gold as the softer por-
tioos. The reef was found on the surface, and the deepest
shaft in a neighbouring claim is 70 feet only. The workings,
liowever, have revealed two other reefs, one on each side,
both yielding silver. From the surface stone, silver as
well as gold has been obtained, and as the reef deepens
and increases in breadth, the silver increases in proportion.
The principal workings are onl^ 30 feet deep, and the
nraUock as well as the quartz is taken out, the reef at
this depth being some 13 or 14 feet in width. The quartz
is moon much mixed with sandstone and slate, and that
whkih is richest in silver is in a honey-combed state. The
casing is a blue slate. Similar appearances, it is believed,
are observed in the silver mines of M»9xico, and experience
as to those mines leads to the conclusion that when the
reef is followed down to a considerable depth the silver
will be obtained in a metallic form.
The average yield of combined gold and silver was at
first from 7 to 8 ounces to the ton ; but at a subsequent
period as much as 1,104 ounces of amalgam was obtained
from 37 tons of stone, and recently ore has been raised
which has yielded 1,000 ouncu of iUver to the ton!
But as the process hitherto adopted for its extraction
has been applied principally with a view to obtaining the
Kold, a considerable portion of both gold and silver is lost
in the absence of proper means to secure it — if, indeed, a
practical method has as yet been invented to meet the
•ioftnlar form in which the ore is found. The quartz is
tkkeo from the mine to the kiln, and there burnt. It is
then pot through the crushing mill in the usual manner.
The product of the amalgam in the retort is a bar of
mixed gold and silver, worth about £2 per ounce, which
is sent to town, where the one metal is separated fVom
the other, the gold (the fineness of which is 23*3}) fetch-
ing the osoal price, and the silver being sold for 6s. 6d.
per ounce. The usual proportion of metal in the bar is
one-third gold and two•thi^ls silver. So great is the
waste, however, that a sample of the tailings from the
mill gave ten ounces of silver and five ounces of gold to
the too.
From the amalgam two powders are got, one before and
the other after retorting. The first of these is very fine,
of a pale-brown colour, and light in weight, but the
mdest experiment is sufficient to show that it contains at
least twenty-five per cent, of silver. The material ob-
tained from the retort is of a darker colour, somewhat
xesembling lead. It is mnch heavier, and probably con-
tains gold and lead as well as silver, but neither of these
powders has as yet been properly analysed. They are
mmply waste products, which are thrown away. In the
well-calcined stone the chloride is partially converted into
round globnles of ril ver, and it is these alone that are caught
with the gold in the amalgam and saved. A wide de-
parture from the old mode of manipulation is necessary to
enable the whole i^ue of the lode to be realised.
Bismuth has alM> been lately discovered at St. Amaud,
estimated to be worth £2,000 per ton.
ANTiHomr.
The Maclvor antimony mines, situated about nine
miles from Heathcoate, are a happy illustration of*' what
may happen to a man in Victoria," where the resources
are so extensive and so little developed. It had been
known for years past that an antimony reef existed on the
•tatioo of Moorabie, at one time the property of Mr. J. H.
Patterson. It was opened by a man named Doyle, and
eight yean ago spedmens were sent to a mercantile firm
of high stanmog in Melbourne. No gold, however, was
seen in the antimony; and as even the latest authorities
do not mention that gold has ever before been discovered
in combination with antimony, it is probable that no
analyses of the specimens were made. At all events, the
market for antimony was known to be limited, and the
reef was abandoned, as a speculation that conld not be
worked with profit. A shepherd on the station, however,
afterwards discovered, at some distance fVom the old
workings, a reef of antimony in which gold could be seen,
and he offered to point out the spot for a £10 note. The
offer was accepted, and the reef now worked by Coster's
party was shown to them. They opened the ground,
found a reef, within a foot of the surface, four feet broad,
and within a few weeks afterwards they had proved the
auriferous nature of the antimony. Theu* next effort
was to obtain machinery to reduce the ore, as quartz is
crushed, for the sake of the gold in it. The purest anti-
mony, or that in which no gold or quartz was seen, was
picked out, and a market was found for it in Melbourne
at £5 lOs. per ton, on the ground. The quantity thus
raised and sold enabled the party to purchase and erect a
small high -pressure steam-engine, and a battery of six
head of revolving stamps ; and thus, at a total expenditure
of £4,000 or £5,000, mostly drawn from the mine itself, the
owners now find themselves in possession of a lai*ge extent
of reef, a complete though small crushing plant, and a
material so rich in gold, or, if poor in the precious metal,
metal so excellent for export, that they have a splendid
pro-pect before them. The mine so fiu* as it has been
yet opened up, promises a yield of antimony that may be
said to be unlimited. It has been traced from north to
south for about three miles and a half, and has been found
to vary in width from nine inchf^ to eight feet, the ore
increasing in richness in gold as the reef narrows, a
peculiarity generally found in the quarte reefs, running
north and south — almost tnie astronomical norths though,
curiously enough, the quartz reefs now worked in the
same district have not observed the law with the same
fidelity, as they lie considerably to west, with spurs
running east and west. At the first level, put in at a depth
of fifty-five feet, the reef is found of the same breadth ;
and at the water-level, ninety feet, scarcely any increase h
observed. The reef is nearly perpendicular, with a slight
underlie to the east. The casing is sandstone, with a
seam of greasy clay on the east. On the western side the
reef is mixed to some extent with quartz, and hero tlie
gold is found most to abound. On the eastern face the
antimony is purer, but a sample of the quality, in which
no gold could be seen with the unassisted eye, and passed
once through a common crushing-mill, has given as much
as eighteen pennyweights to the ton. ^ far as the
mine has yet been worked the reef has been found to in-
cri«se in richness as it is followed downwards. A well-
defined lode of copper ore has also been opened at this
place, and is being actively worked. Antimony has also
been obtained at Templestowe, Upper Yarra. Marybro',
and other localities.
im ^5.
Fi!ia Abtb in Fbamob. — The annual exhibition of
works of art held in Paris closed its doors on the 15th
instant, with considerable edat^ and the rooms are now
almost emptied of their late contents. The lotteiy, which
obtained for some years, was not adopted this year, and
no true lover of art regretted the change ; but the
Emperor and the government have purohased largely, the
amount expended from the civil list and the department
of the fine arts for pictures and sculpture amounting to
half a million of francs, or £20,000. With few excep-
tions, the purchaiies consist of landscapes and works of
genre. In addition to these the Kmpress, the Prince
Napoleon, and the Princess Matilde— herself an exhibit-
ing artist of no mean power— have purchased largely.
The little Prince was also inaugurated in the school of
connoisseurs, and selected a picture ofadrammer earnestly
employed in his vocation. The Meluo exhibition was to
KS
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jult 1, 1864.
bftve bMB okMedl (m tho 15t)i, bat naiaiiit open to the
end of tho mooth ; tho oUalogoo eontains moro than fivo
hnndtod irambora, baft toine of thete repi*etoDt tho works
of byo-gooe arUsta. As a provioeial exhtbitioii, that of
Melon has been a socoess. The miniatare portrait of
Charles Vlll. of France, generally snpposed to hare been
painted by Raphael wlien only sixteen years of age, was
mM in Paris a few days nnce, and attraeted a large
attendance, in spite of the fact of the artistic feason being
almost at an end. The worlc in qnestion is scaroc^ly
lai^ger than a man's hand, and Ban in Rothschild oanied it
oS from rival claimants at the relatively laige sum of £108.
Itantt^turts*
Bbush-Makiko Fibrks. — Th^re is a gread demand last
DOW among bmshmakers for some stiong sopple nbre
which may supplement the present supply of piassaba or
ftsM Deceived from Braail. Two strong fibres, the produce
•f different palms, have been for some time received from
the two ports of Para and Bahia. Of late less care has been
given to the selection and preparation of these fibres in
Sooth America, and they are much mixed with waste and
useless fibre. The piassaba fitve, and the so-called
Mexican grass, the produce of the leaves of Agate, have
qnite revolutionised the brush trade by cheapening the
oost and repladog bristles. Owing to the improvements
in Busna, arising fit>m attention to bacon and ham curing,
bristles are less stout and plentiful than they used to be
from the wild hogs. The attention of residents in
tropical regions may therefore be drawn with advantage
to the demand for new fibres for brush-making, street-
sweeping machines, and chimney-cleaning brushes. The
nldnbs of the leaves of many of the j^ms, a stronger
and stouter substance than the kittool and ejoo fibres of
Ceylon and the East, are what is wanted, and probably
some wiiy grasses like the esparto might be experi-
mentalised upon with advantage. They would realise a
good price if suitable and to be obtained with regularity
and in quantity.
Cffunntrtt
Thb Scotch Pio Ibon Tbadb. — The total declared
value of the expnrtM for the four months ending dOth
April, was £49,892,420, thus exhibiting an increase of
£10,4S4,049 over the corresponding period of last year.
The excess of this year over last is equal to thirty
millions sterling for the 12 months, and. unless com
merdal enterprise be interrapted by pftlitical events,
there is no reason to fear that the result will in any way
fall shoit of this marvellous amount, it will l>e obsen-ed
the iron interests maintain their position in due proportion
in these statistical results, the increara of it on, exclusive
of machinery and hardware, being £686,000, which is
more than half of the value of the stock of pig iron at the
price of to-day in the storekeeperH* stores in Scotland, viz.,
830,000 ton?. The shipments of pig iron from Scotland
aro already this year 245,066 tons against 218,382 in the
same period of 1863, thus showing an increase of 26,684
tons. The home consumption likewise progresses ; the
total deliveries continue in marked excels ot the produc-
tion, and it is freely admitted that a considerable inioad
has been made on the stock, which is now scarcely equal
to 7} mouths' consumption. Though the demand, the
price, and the prospects, warrant an increase in the pro-
duction, yot 60 scarce and dear is the raw material in the
iron-making districts of Scotland, that even were the price
to advance lOs. or ISs. per ton higher, as in the years
1864, *B5, *66, and *^, we question if over two or three
additional furnaces could be pot in blast and kept in
operation. Meanwhile it is not to be wo pd eiw l at,
with the Dano- German war, and a severe trahtoess ia
money market, the prioe aliould have lalMy fallea
70s. to 60b. per ton.
ThbTut Plats Tbadb. — ^TheannoinieeaMBtthaktte
import tariff is to be increased 60 per oent. in th» F«dmft
States has given a decided oheok to the demand for tia
plates on American aeoount, and during the
of this high protective duty the shipments toi
will, it is expected, be greatly reduced. The vaisacf
the tin plates exported now exceeds oee millioB
and of this quantity North America has hitherto
more than half— last year £671,418. Althmigh aa Ina-
portant market for tin plates is thus motecially iMlricto dI,.
the makers seem to have oonfideooe in the fmoeai, §§r
several new works are in progress.
OPBvnoovTBB GooAVBBT BivBB. — A parHamalaiy
paper has just been issued, containing a rofMvt by VL
Turtle, Esq. (oflkiatiog chief commisskmer of tlia iiuiiUBil
provinces of India), on the river Qodaveiy. and the ad^
vantages whioh would result ftora its being opened
throughout fur the purposes of navigation. The riv«r hat
its source in the Sookhein mountains, about aertnty nSlea
north-east of Bombay. After orossing Dowlatahed and.
Goloonda trom west to east it turns to the aoQlife-eaat» and,
receiving the river Bain about ninety miles above the sa%
forms into two principal channels at Rsgamundry, and
these subdivided again form altogether aeversl tide
harbours at its different months in the Bay of BengiA.
Its course is estimated to be about 900 milee long« bnk
only 286 are navigable, and these only dniini
of the year. The obstruction to navigatien
various rodu, natural barriers and shoals* bat these <
now in ooorse of removal, and the ad vantages expeeted to
follow are both great and manifold. The river route vnQ
then compete successfully with the railway for the oamsge
of the weightier articles of merehandiae to BembejrnB
shipment, and the importance of this traffic ma^ be hK
ferred from the fact that the territory through whioh the
river rans produces vast quangos of cotton, teak,
hemp, sugar, wheat, dyes, clarified butter, hides, wool,
iron. Opening up the river will save the state
able sums in me conveyanoe of military storee. It
also enable the natives to import various aitsoleaat
duced rates, and this will be a great boon, espedaUy
the important article of salt The total cost of the
templated works is about £600,000, but a lesser pre^ is
being first proceeded with.
QuAMo. — There has been rather a maiked decline In
the exports of guano this year. Thus the total
in the first four months of 1864, were 30,067 torn
69,204 tons in the corresponding period of 1R69. The
receipts from Pera were 27,908 tons against 48,709 tose m
the corresponding period last year. It remains to he sasn
whether the Spanish forcible possession of the CluodMa
islands will interfere with the future suppUes of the ycsz:
Sbbrbt. — ^Messre. Matthew Clark and Sons, in UHsr
circular, say : — " There is no doubt the real actual eo^
sumption of Sheny has not only greatly increased, but Is
daily incresdng. and although the seal of imponexi to
secure large stoclcs, combined with the desire of ■Kippfir^
to secure the advanced rates offered, has caused operations
to be undertaken beyond present requirements; still the
actual quantity of old wine has not increased — ^it has
simply been transferred fh>m one place to another. The
result of these anticipatory operations has b^n to canse a
glut of stock in Kngland, which has been naturally
followed by a somewhat depreciated realiaable value; but
if the concurrent testimony of all the Cadis shippen is to
have due weight, we cannot but conclude that aa con-
sumption gradually absorbs our excess of stock, towards
autumn, when probably oiu: dealers will again have to
become buyera, prices for real^ fine old sherry mivt
advance."
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, Joi,y 1, 1864.
557
©fritnaxj.
Frederic Lawrence, fourth son of the late Alderman
"W. Lawrence, and brother of the present Loi\l Mayor, was
boro in London, the 4th of April, 1828, and was educated
At tlie City of London School, which he entered on the
day of its opening, February 2nd, 1837. After passing
ihroagh the junior school, and obtaining many prizes, he
took a high position in the senior class, standing on one
oooaaon second for a Scholarship, and on another occasion
aeoond for the Senior Mathematical Medal and Prize. He
mflerwards entered University College, London, where he
obtiuned the first prizes for Geology, for Civil Engineer-
ing, and for Architecture as a Science, besides certificates
Ibr Chemistry and other branches of knowledge. In the
year 1846 he was articled to Messrs. Walker and Burges,
onder whose direction he assisted in carrying out many
important works, amongst which may be mentioned the
barboore of Aldemey, Dover, and Harwich, and the
drainage of the middle level. Whilst at the middle
level he directed his attention to the improvement of
the sluices, and was allowed to fix, by way of experiment,
a small sluice on a novel principle, which was found to
ad so efficiently that he patented the invention. The
large sluices at the Commercial Docks are constructed on
this principle ; and for thin invention he obtained honour-
able mention at the Great Exhibition of 1862. The in-
▼eotion consists in using the head of water as the motavtf
power for raising and lowering the sluices. He also in-
Tented, in conjunction with his brother and Mr. H. Davison,
m modification of the rotary engine, which consists in
making the cylinder a true e^ycloidal curve. In
1852 he entered into partnership with his brother, Mr.
Alfred Lawrence, and established the firm of Lawrence
Brothers, engineers and iron founders, City Iron Work*,
where he was enabled to turn to practical aooount his
mathematical and engineering knowledge. He became
mn Associate of the Institution of Civil Euffineers, by
many of the members of which he was well known and
much esteemed. Some years previously he had joined
the Sodety of Arts, in the proceedings of which he took
M deep interest. In 1863 he was elected a member of
the Council, ai the meetings of which he was a constant
attendant, and his practicad knowledge and intelligence
aecored him the high esteem of his colleagues. Mr.
LAwreaoe died, after a few days' illness, at the Mansion
Honse, on 81st May, aged 86, deeply lamented by his
noinerous firiends, who valued him for his great talents,
for hii pmvevering energy, but above all, for his high
ietegrity and upright character.
The Nova Scotia papers announce the death of Dr.
Abraham Gessixb, F.G.S., well known as the author of
«• The Industrial Resources of Nova Scotia,*' " Remarks
on the Oeolo^ and Mineralogy of Nova Scotia," ** New
Brunswick, with Notes for Emigrants," and as the collector
of the greater portion of the museum of natural history
in the Mechanics' Institute, St. John, New Brunswick.
For many years Dr. Gesner has been engaged in literary
and scientific pursuits both in the British American Pro-
Tinoes and in the United States, and just previous to his
death he had completed for publication a work on the
•*¥\Bh and Fisheries of Nova Scotia," which contains
mnch valuable information.
Messieurs Le Verrier, Michel Chevalier, le Docteur Con-
neau. Olais-Bizoin, Payen, Vicomte de Vougy, Belgrand,
B. Mouchez, Serrot, d'Abbadie, Baron, Barral, Mirld,
Davy, Renou, A. Sanson, Gaillot, et Wolf. The first
general meeting of the association took place a short time
since, when the chair was occupied by M. Le Verrier, the
director of the Imperial Observatory, who was supported
by Dr. Conneau and M. Glals-Bizon as vice-presidents.
Just as business was about to commence, a telegraphic
message was received from the Imperial Obsisrvatory at St.
Petersburg, congratulating the new association on its for-
mation and first meeting. M. Le Verrier addressed the
associated members on the present desiderata in astrono-
mical science, the proposed establishment of observatories
in the principal towns in the south of France, the services
rendered to navigation by meteorological telegraphy, and
those which it may render to agriculture. M. Renou, the
secretary of the Meteorological Society of France, pre-
sented a report on the prizes to be offered in meteorology,
which are as follows: — A grand prize of the value of 4,000
francs, for the best general memoir, printed or written,
and whether in French or any other language, on the
general movements of the atmosphere, with the view to
the foretelling of tempests ; the memoirs to be sent to the
secretary of the association at the Impeiial Observatory,
Paris, before the dlst December, I86d ; three prizes of 600
francs each, and five of 800 francs each, for observations
made in places little known in that respect, or taken at
sea ; these to be sent in to the association before the close
of tike present year. Models and portions of the great
telescope, now being constructed for the association by M.
L^n Foucault, were exhibited, together with the fine
blocks of glass destined to be employed in the formation
of the great lens.
Railway ExPEHDrruRE.— The Revue de» Deux Mondet
contains an article by M. Jules Gaudry on railway
travelling, and in a note the author gives the following
annual expenditure for material of one of the great lines
in France, not specified :— 80,000 metres of doth, for
carriages and clothing of servants ; the same quantity of
cotton or linen doth ; 110,00<)1b of varnish, and the same
quantity of turpentine ; 88,0001b of linseed oil ; 433 tons
of oil for lighting ; 96,000 brooms and brushes; 141,000
lamp glasses ; 28,000 files and 77,000 tool handles ; 14
tons of small nails; 474,600 pins; and 194,000 washers.
SUtionery about 700,000 francs (£28,000), induding
4,000 stamps. The printing of the tickets alone, which
are of two hundred different kinds, occupies seven
machines. In addition, we are told that an express train
weighs, on an average, from 80 to 100 tons, and that a
goods train weighs about 600 tons, and is generally about
550 metres long. The ordinary trucks when loaded weigh
about 16 tons each, and the locomotives from 30 to 50
tons. The speed of the slowest goods trains is Eet down
at eight metres a second, and that of the express trains at
25 metres per second. On the Chemin de Fer de VE$t the
consumption of coal is given at 221b per kilometre, or
about 700 tons per day— this quantity representing 70
waggon loads— and, with the consumption for the
hydraulic service, the stations, and the offices, at 1,000
tons a-day. The consumption of water is calculated at
eight times by weight of the coal burned, or 5,000 cubic
metres a-day, and double that quantity is set down for
washing the carriages and other miscellaneous purposes.
The same raQway is said to employ not less than 14,000
persons.
|(0te8.
Fkivob Assooiatiosi fob thb ADVAtrcEMENT or
AtfTBOVOinOAL AND MsTCOBOLOOIOAL ScXIMOC.— Thls DOW
flooiety, of which a notice has already appeared in the
JauTfuU, is now comi^ely organised, and in active opera-
tk>n. The following are the names of the directors : —
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mov. ...Entomological, 7.
^"' "ESStori'cal, 8. 1. Profewor Huxley, " On certain J>psiMM
lui AiH«n Csnntb.1 Skolto." 2. Mr. Veinbery, " On
the Rlrf bU and other Tribee of Central Aeia.
Sat B. Botanio, 3|.
558
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS. JuLr 1. 1864.
PARLUMBNTARY REPORTS.
'Par.
Nvmb.
DiKtered om 9rd J^im, 1864.
300. Weather ForeoMU— Paipen* ^^
266. Welgbta, MoMoret, ud Coiiii- Report d Internatiottal Statis-
tical ConsreM.
129. Bill*— Charitable Trotta Feea.
129. „ Metropolitan Traffla.
DeHttrtd on 4M md 64b Jtrntf 1864.
149. Eleetora— Retora.
172. Works and Fablic BaiMiags— Abstract AcoouBts.
282. Vicaracea and Curacies— Retoms.
314. Cbina (Votes of Credit —Accoont.
338. Chaorltoa's Charitj ( Ireland )—Re«arB.
340. Landed Estates Court ( Ireland)— Bfetnms.
346. Armr (Ealistments)— Return.
290. Sheffield and Bradford Reserrolrs— Reports.
310. Bast India (Home Aecoonts).
339. (HiwMj Extension Railing— Retain.
346. Arooj (British North America)— Retnnu
131. BUI— Pilotage Order Confirmation.
431.
SESSION 1863.
(A XI.) Poor Rntes and Pauperism— Eetom (A.)
Dttwtrti OS nth Jmu, 1864.
333. Police Inquiry <Dundrum)—LHter of Complaint.
334. Bcoleslasaeal Commission (Irtinnd)— Annual Reperi
Aooount.
352. Sheep (Ireland)— Return.
363. Police (Scotland)— Report.
and
IPattttts*
Jhrum Committjimert of PatmUi Jcmrnait Jmu 94<k.
Gbamts or PnoTisiaiUL Pbotbotioh.
Bevel wheels, apparatus for cutting the teeth of— 1399— J. Doige.
Bobbin- net or twist-Iaoe machines— 1402— O. Berry and J. Lltchiield.
Boots and shoes— 1427— J. T. Crick.
Braiding machtnea 144»— F. TolhuntB.
Bricks— 1446 > J. Foxlsy.
Bridges and riaducts, oonstruotion of -1467—8. Call^.
Caraing engines- 1456— E. O. FItton. ^
Oarding engines, drlring cTMnders of— 1886— T. HcUen.
Cardiff and other naoMniBa, fbedlag— 14U— B. A. Broomu.
Carriage •wheels, securing tires upon- 1380— F. Ashe.
Charcoal, preparation of for sogar-reflning — 1336 — J. Patersoa.
doCh-ABining, apparatus employed in— 1466— W. Martin.
OMbca^washlag, mangUng. and drring •pparatua— 1897— a. B. BUb.
Copper ores, smelting— 1452— P. Spence and J. B. Snence.
Cotton, &c, preparation of for spinnings 1439— J. Hardacre.
Cotton, *c, spinningmachiner7~1369— R. ThreUUl fr R.W. PItfleld.
Cotton glM— 1410--W. Smith and J. O. Fildes.
Cotton-presses- 1377— J. J. MoComb.
Cotton seeds, machinery for treating— 1480— F. A. E. O. de Haasas.
Electro* magnetic driring power— 1386 — W. Clark.
Bleetra-telegraphio apparatoa— 1468— J. McBlroj.
Ferronunganeae and cuprooiangaaeBe, maautaotara 0^1366—0. B.
Prieger.
Filaments, apparatus for produdng— 1394— G. Coles, J. A. Jaqnes,
and J. A. Fanshawe.
Fire-arms, breech-loading— 1389— T. Wilson.
Fire-arms, breech- loading— 1437 — H. W. Haiyden.
FIre-arnu, breech- loading - 1465 - E. Pope,
fire-lighting Ikgots— 1469— W. B. (}edge.
Fuel, artificial- 1496— F. H. Warlidi.
Oas, increasing the illuminating power of— 1286— R. A. Broomaii.
Gas, purifying- 1456— W. Sharp.
Gas regulators, Ac— 1436— M. Henry.
Gases, pressure of— 1447— C. W. Siemens.
Grain separator— 1267— A. B. Childs.
Granular matters, apparatus for separating— 1433— R. Rowat.
Hats, Ac— 1419— A. A. Larmuth.
Heating buildings, btrflers used in— 1400— B. E. M. Crook.
Horse-shoes, machinery for making— 1429 — A. Y. Newton.
Hydraulic motire power— 1393— W. T. Cheetbam.
Hydro-carbons, Ac.,deetractiTe distillation of— 1368 — ^W. Cormack.
Iron and steel, manufacture of— 1434— J. Onions.
Iron and steel, welding— 1435— W. C. Corsan.
Iron ships and ships* sheathing, preserratlon of trcm fomlln^— 1466—
R. Whiteside.
Lanterns— 1451— W. Abbott.
LaMher-^otting madiine— 1367— P. A. L. de FoBtnineinoreaa.
Uqnld manure and w«tar carts— 1426— T. Bkharda,
ixtoms, temples for— 1428— A. Tweedale.
Malt.drylBg-1308— L. SteTcnaax.
Mashing apparatus ftnr brewei«-l87a-W. H. MeUor.
Mathematical Instrnmenta— 1454— H. R. de St. Martin.
Metals, sopaniting from ores— 1401— J. Na^er.
Oils, refining— 1390— P. ToUuMisen.
Optical instruments- 1149— A. Rieder.
Ordnance — 1398— J. Snider, Jan.
Petroleum nnd its products, treaUng— 1387— B. Azubiy.
Phosphatcsof ammonia— 1408— W. Clark.
Photographic pictures, treatment of— 1438— N. Sarony.
Pianofortes, tuning— 1463 — IL A. Brocmaa.
Picture- ftrames, Ac, i^paratns for mannfkctara of— 1466 — T.
Planing machines— 1384— W. E. Newton.
Portmanteaus, Ac, handles for— 1422— J. Parkea.
Pursea, Ac, fiwteoing fbr— 1882— A. H. WlUfaaaa.
PuUeyblocka and shearas— 1474— W. E. Newtaa.
Rags, separating udmai su1>stances flrom— 1418 — A. T
J. F. POweiL
Railwagni, engine-pits fbr— 1461— R. A. Brooraaa.
Railway tolegrapha, signals, Ac— 660— W. A. raa
Refrigerators for marine steam-engines — 1376 — W, B
Rock -boring apparatus— 1472— WT Tregay.
Rotaiy pumps— 1371— E. Myers.
—J. Be
Sanitary appa ratus — 1416<
Screws for lifting, Ac— 1423— A. Bragg and G. W.
Seed-sowing machines— 1381 — J. B. Heal.
Self-acting mules— 1388— W. Houghton andC. Oldroyd.
Ships, sheAthing-1468-J. Brown, J. T. Way, and T. M.
Ships* propeUera-^^83— W. Calrart.
Signals for coal mines— 1354— T. Eokeni^y.
Steam cuHlTation- 1407— T. Arellng
Steam generators— 1463— J. G. Marshall.
Steam en g i nes 1166-'E. R. Haadcock.
Steam-engines, pomps, Ac, ap pa ra tus aypTlrahto
Stanley and J. Stanley.
Steam-engines, apparatus for working tiie valrra o« — 1478— C.
iVler and J. Dow.
Steam and air eiHEinea - 1446— W. H. Jaams.
Steam generatMS — 1424— J. H. Johnson. .
Steering apparatus— 1432 — R. AMridge.
Stofes and fireplaces— 1469— G. A. Bura.
Tubular articles,mann<bcturaof— 1378— J.A.JipMBfctf .A. gkaAaa^^
Traction engines -1379— J. W. Lee.
Taps or cocks— 1396— H. Hill.
Tea, Mr c, apparatus for obtaining extracts IVom— 1406 — B. Loyiet
Telegra^ito printing apparatus— 1413— H. A. BoaaevUle.
Tool grinding machine— 1411— W. Araty.
Wearing ornamental fkbrics— 1392— J. Smith.
Window enrtalDS, arrai^^ and actuating— 1416 — J. Vn
Wladow-bliads, rellen Ibr— 4449— S. Tochet.
Wire, aaaealini— 1448— J. P* WUIiaaiB aad T. Rnblasw
Wool, Ac, production of slirers of— 1470— B. FMuergUl.
Umivellas and parasols— 1441— W. Hugo.
iMTnmom was Oomnjnm Qrmanok'
Chraln,grladlngorp«]rarisinf— 1636— H. A. Bonaevttla^
Millstones, mSag and working spindles in— 1481— G. 8> Hoakar.
PAnxTB SUIA>.
3275. B. Lindner.
3277. B. Braman.
3263. T. Donrue.
3S66. H. toley.
3287. W.WhitakerftW.Toi^ua.
3297. J. Pa^tarson.
3298. W. E. Gedge.
3306. E. BelL
3308. A. Byrnes and H. Byrnes.
3309. J. Radtaj.
16. W. Balk.
29. J. H. WhHehead.
107. G.
183. C. A.
611. H. N. Ponrioa.
757. A. Staples.
769. J. WaibvuiOB.
PATSwn Sbixjd>.
390r. J. Dale aad H. Caro.
1. J. Holdea.
7. C. Martin.
19. J. Bnllongh.
24. G. Speight.
28. J. R. Fenby.
31. J. WUIbms A G. Bedson.
44. A. M. Basset and L. N. D.
Lamonreux.
61. M. B. Westbead.
198. W. E. Newtoa.
214. W. B. Newton.
390. H. W. Wood.
391. J. Buntingtoa.
436. W. C. Pago.
634. A. v. N<
863. W. E. N<
1087. F. C. HIllB.
1088. F. C. HOIS.
Patents oh which thi Stamt Dott or £B0 has unr Pao.
1688. it Fowler, Jua.
1626. A. Sacra.
1634. J. R. Tnasand and F. C
1648. M. Henry.
1599. T. R. Harding.
1C63. J. W. Graham.
1617. H. B. Barlow.
Tnssaud.
PATKST8 OH WHIGH THH STAMP DUTT 09 £100 JUS aSBir SAD.
1752. D. Brans.
1754. J. S. Rousselot.
1812. W. E. Newton.
1886. I. C. Cloet.
1830. W.Pole.
1899. A. opoMnnpoeda.
1788. J. laghaauB.
S. Inriiam.
1794. R. "^
THE
tfrietg 0f %xtB,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNIOIf.
110th Sbssion.]
FRIDAY, JULY 8, 1864.
[No. 607. Vol. XII.
Council Mbbtiko.
Wednesday, 6tli July, 1864.
At the first Meeting of the present Oouncil
since their election, William Hawes, Esq., Vice-
President, was onanimoosly re-elected Chairman
for the current year
Itcmli ings at tjre S^aatii
CANTOR LECTUBES.
** Ojt ChsmiA^ry Applied to the Abts." Bt Dm. F.
Cbaob Calvebt. F.K.S., F.C.S.
1
Leotubb I.
Deliybbbd on Thussdat Evbmino, Mabor 3l8T, 1864.
Boxes. • Comporitloa of raw aad boiled tenet. The manaftiotare
of raperphoephate of lime. Applicfttlon to ■grioQltore. Bone-blftck
or ehftr. and Ice um Id ■ogu' reflatoff. Phofphorm^ i%§ properties.
exinctiOD sad emplojment in msnqlaetare of "latflhitt, Horn sat
itiiry^ their composlttoa sad sppUcstloas.
1 shall Dot take up your time by making many pre-
liminary remarka, but merely state that though the heads
of the subject on which I intend to speak are not inviting
ones, ftiU we shall find aa we progress that the study of
the Tarious matters which I shall bring before yon is
fall of interest and instruction. Further, it would be
diflScult to name subjects which better illustrate the
ability of man to turn to profitable account the various
materials placed in his hands, or to mention substanoes
which have received more complete and skilful applica-
tions than those we shall treat of thb evening.
Boxes. — The composition of " green bones," or bones in
their natural state, may be considered under two general
beads, viz. :«the animal matters, consisting of a substance
called osB^ine and a few blood-vessels, and the mineral
matters, chiefly represented by phosphate of lime and a
few other mineral silts. The composition of bones has
been examined bv many eminent chemisia, but the most
complete researches are those published in 1855 by Mr.
Fremy , who examined bones, not only from various clauses
of vertebrated animals, but also from different parts of the
same animal ; and to enable you to appreciate some of his
conclusions, allow me to draw your attention to the table
in the next column.*
The first conclusion drawn by Mr. Fremy from these
researches, is that he found a larger prop* »ri ion of minend
matter than is generally admittiS by chemists. Secondly,
that there is no material diflerence in the composition of
▼arioos bones taken from differeiK parts of man. or of any
one animal, but that age has a very marked influence on
composition. Thus, in the bones of infants there is more
animal and less mineral matter than in the adult, whibt
in old age there is more mineral and less animal matter
^ Anoales ds Chimie ot Pbysiqoe. Vol. xlui, pp. 79, 83, 84.
Composition op Bones.
NuMof BoBC
MiB«nl
Photphata
PbfMphato
Carbooate
■atur.
of Umc
orMegBwIa.
orUuia.
Femur « FloBtiu e moothe
eso
68*9
6*6
„ Boj 18 „ ...
ei-s
68*0
0*6
2*6
„ Woman2a Tear*
601
69*4
1*3
7-7
Man 30 ., ..
63-2
67*7
1*2
9*3
♦1 i» ^0 (, •••
64-2
66*3
1*3
10-2
64*6
671
1*2
7*6
t» ft •• »» •••
60*8
61*9
1*3
9*3
„ Lioa(joiuif)
64-7
60*0
1*6
6*3
ff Oal^By»»» •••••••«•••••■
TOO
62*9
1*6
7*7
flperm Whale ......... x^. *
62-9
too
64-3
&1*9
68*0
06
1*2
10*6
Oftrloh
Carapaoe of Turtle
^-'OOOMl.**** ••• •• •■•#•••••• •••
61-3
v%B^ nOvD •• •••«••••• •••••••••
61-9
68*1
traces
3*8
Cow ■ tooth Booe
671
60*7
1*2
2*9
„ „ Rnamel ...
96*9
90-6
traces
2*2
„ „ iTory ...
74*8
70*3
1*3
2-a
Scales of the Oarp
34*2
33*7
traces
1*1
than in the middle aged man. The mineral substance
which chiefly increases in old age is carbonate of lime.
Lastly, hecould find no marked difference between the hones
of man, the ox. calf, elephant, and wiiale; whilst in thebones
of carnivorous animals and those of birds there is a flight
increase in the amount of mineral matter. Allow me now
to call your attention to a most interesting query. I hold
in one hand the mineral ma>ter only of a bone, which you
oao see retains perfectly its original form, and in the other
hand I have the animal matter only of a similar bone,
which also retains the form in which it previously existed,
but is flexible instead of rigid. The que<*tion, therefore,
arises, whether the strength and hardness of bones proceed
from these two kinds of matter beingcombined together, or
are their respective molecules merely juxtaposed ? The
answer is, the latter; for, aa you see by this specimen,
the mineral matter has been entirely removed without
deforming the animal texture. Further, in the fostus it is
found that the bones contain nearly the same pioportions
of animal and mineral matters aa thoM of the adult.
Also, it has been observed by Mr. blourence and other
eminent physiologists, that the wear and tear of hones
during life is repaired by the formation of new bone on
the exterior surface of the bone, while the old sub-
stance is removed through the interior duct, and that the
compositkm of the new layer is the same as that of the
origmal bone. Let us now proceed to examine the
chemical properties of the various substances composing
bones, and some of the various applications which they
receive in arts and manu&ctures. The general composi-
tion of bones may be considered to be as follows :— >
Bones.
f Blood-vessels 1
i Oss^ine 82
I Fatty Matters 9
^Water 8
Phosphate of Lime 38
Phosphate of Biagnesia 2
Carbonate of Unie 8
I^Divere Salts 2
100
Organic
Substances.
Mineral
Substances.
560
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 8, 1864.
The above -named animal matter, otseine, C 504|
H 6*5, N ]6'9, O 26*2, and which has been errone-
oosly called gelatine, is iroolable in water, weak acids,
and alkalies, whilst gelatine presents properties <jireetly
the reverse. But what has led to this populAi' err<ir is that
online, when boiled in water, beooiues converted into
the isomeric substance commonly called gelatine. As 1
shall have to dwell on this substance at some length in
my next two lectures, I will not detain you now further
than to state tliat osseine is obtained from bones by placing
them in weak hydrochloric acid, which dissolves the phos-
phate of lime and other mineral salts, washing the animal
Bubetanoe osseine until all acid is removed, drying it, and
treating it with ether to remove fatty matters. 1 cannot
leave this subject without remarking on the extraordinary
stability of this animal substance, for it has been fouud in
the bones of man and animals after many centuries, and
even in small quantities in fossil bones.
T/m fiUty matter of bonea is made useful in the manu-
facture of soap, railway grease, and for other purposes ; it
is obtained by taking fresh bones fas bones which liave
been kept a long time will not yield their grease easily)
and placing the spongy parts, or ends of the bones, (where
most of the fatty matter exists) in large boilers Hlled with
water, which is then carried to the boil, when a part of
the osseine is converted into gelatine and the fatty matter
liberated rises to the suriaoe,' and is easily removed.
The bones thus treated are called boiled bones, and re-
ceive nuiny important applications, to which your atten-
tion will be called in a few minutes. Benaine and bisul-
phuret of carbon have been used as substitutes for water in
the above operation, but the advantages do not seem to
have been sufficient to lead to their general adoption.
MwmdL Matter of Bones. — These, as the foregoing tables
show, are chiefly represented by phosphate and cart)onate
of lime. The immortal Berselius was the first to establish
the fact that phosphate of lime was the only substance
possessing the properties necessary for the tbrmatk>n of
Done, owmg to the extremely rimple chemical reactions
whkh cause the soluble phosphates to become insoluble.
Let us trace shortly the sources from whence we derive
the large proportion of phosphate of lime whioh exists
in our frames. Several of our most eminent ohemists
have proved the existence of phosphorus in sedimentary
and igneous rooks, and the important part played by phos-
phorus in nature cannot be better conveyed to your minds
than by this extract from Dr. Uofmann's learned and valua-
able Report on the Oheniical Products in the Exhibition of
1862 — *' Large masses of phosphorus are, in the course of
geological revolutions, extending over vast periods of
time, restored from the organks reigns of nature to the
mineral kingdom by the slow process of fosailixation ;
whereby vegetal tissues are gradually transformed into
peat, lignite, and coal ; and animal tissues are petrified
into coprolites, which, in course of time, yield crystalline
apatite. Aftet lying locked up and motionless in these
forms for indefinite periods* phosphorus, by further geolo-
gical movements, beomes again exposed to the action of
its natural solvents, water and earbonic acid, and is thus
restored to active service in the organisms of plants and
lower animals, through which it passes, to complete the
mighty cycle of its movements into the blood and tissues
of the human frame. While circulating thus, age after
age, through the three kingdoms of nature, phosphorus is
never for a moment free. It is throughout retained in
combination with oxygen, and with the earthy or alkaline
metals, for which its attraction is intense.*' ' After these
eminently philosophical views by Dr. Hofmann, I will
proceed to call your attention to tlie application of l>oues
to agiiculture. Bones are generally used lor manuring
in one of these three forms: — Ist. As ground green bones;
2nd. As ground boiled bones (that ifl, bones nearly deprived
of their osseine by boiling under pressure, as 1 »hall
describe in my next lecture); 8rd. Superphosphate of
lime.
Green or raw bones have been used on grass land for
a long period, but their action is exceedingly slow and
progressive, owing to the resistance of the organic matter
to decompoflitkni and the confleqoaiily slow aolobilitj of
the phosphate of lime in aarbotiio acki dissolved in water.
What substantiates this view Is that boiled botiea «re Ur
more active than the above. It is found that from SO to
35 cwts. per acre of these will increase the crope on
pasture land from 10 to 20 per cent, in the second year of
their application. But the great advantage which agrlcoltttre
has derived from the application of bones as a maoore, has
arisen from their transformation into superphosphate o£
lime, especially applicable to root and cereal cropa. To
Baron L4ebig is due the honour of having firrt oftlled tbe
attention of farmers (in 1840) to the importaooe of traoa-
forming the insoluble phosphate of lime of bones into tbe
soluble superphosphate, rendering it susceptible of im-
mediate abeorption by the roots of plants, ana of beoommg
at once available for their growth. These snggestioitt
of Liebig were rapidly carried out on a practical scale by
Messrs. Muspratt, of Lancashire, and J. B. Lawes, of
Middlesex ; in consequence of the valuable resalts ob-
tained by them, the manniaoture of artificial maanrss
has gradually grown into an important branch of maim-
faoture in this oountry. The manufttttore of soperpboa-
phate of lime is so simple that any farmer poanasing a
knowledge of the mere rudiments of chemistry oaa
make it for himself, by which he will not only efieot
great economy, but also secure genoioeoess of product.
AH he requh^es is a wooden vessu lined with lead, inio
which can be plaoed 1 ,000 lbs. of ground boiled bones,
1,000 lbs. of water, and 500 lbs. of sulphuric acid sp.
gr. 1*845 (or concentrated vitrol^, mixing the whole,
and stirring well for about twelve boon. After two
or three days a dry mass remains, which only requires to
be taken out and placed on the land by means of the
drill, or to be mixed with water and sprinkled on the land.
When very large quantities of this manure are reqntied,
the plan devised by Mr. Lawes appears to me to be tiM
best. It consists in introdooing into the npper eod of a
slightly-indined revolving cylinder a quantity of fioslj-
ground boiled bones, together with a known proportion of
sulphuric acid of sp.gr. 1-68. As the materials dowfy
descend by the revolution of the cylinder they boooms
thoroughly mixed, and leave it in the form of a thick
pasty mass, which is conducted into a lai^ eistem eapsMe
of containing 100 tons, or a day's work. This is allowed
to remain for twelve hours, when it ii removed, and is
teady for use. Most manufacturers find it neoessary to add
to the phosphate of lime of bones other sonross of
phosphates, such as coprolites. or the fossil dung of ante-
diluvian animals which have been found io Urge quantities
in Suffolk, Oambridge^re, and elsewhere, and ooetnia
from 86 to 62 per cent, of phosphste of lime, and ftom
7 to 88 per cent, of organic matter. Others employ a
mineral substance callsid apatite containing about 9fi per
cent, of phosphate of lime, and found also tu large
quantities in Spain, Norway, Franoe, Sio, Others, again,
employ guanos rich in phosphate of lime, soch as those o(
Kooria Mooria Islsnds and Sombrero phosphates* The
following is the average oompodtion of the supeiphosphate
of lime of commerce :—
Soluble Phosphate 29 to fl5peroQOt.
Insoluble „ 8 „ 10 „
Water 10 „ 12 ,,
Sulphate of Lime 85 „ 45 „
Organic Matter 12 „ 15 „
Nitrogen 0*75 to 1*5 per cent.
The valuable and extensive researches of Messrs. Lftwcs
and Gilbert, and Messrs. Boussingault and Ville, hftTe not
only demonstrated the importance of phosphates to tbe
growth of cereal and root crops, but also that i^oaphates
determine in a great measure during vegetation the ab-
sorption of nitrogen from the nitrates or from ammonia,
as will be seen by the following table : —
JOURNAL OB* THfi SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 8, 1864.
661
AjtfouST or NiTBOOBir vjxed bt Whbat umdeb tbb
lairLamoa or the roLLowmo Bai/ts : —
WUhoot
Kitrofenfttad
Phosphate of limeand 1 p,-, ^
AlkAliDa SilioAto j" -* * ^^
Phosphate of Lime 7-85
Earths and Alkaline Silicates 5-71
Earth 800
Witb
Hitregeiuited
oonpowkdi*
20H)8
19-17
11-16
9*60
Borm-blaek or Char. — In 1800, Ldirits made the
ntereating observation that wood chairsoal possenes the
emarkable property of removing oolooring matters fh>m
heir eolations. In 1811, Figmer also observed that
knimal black has far greater decolorating power than
HTOod charcoal, and bone-black has consequently become
me of the principal agents in sugar-refining, and has been
the means, more than any other substance, of producing
{ood and cheap white sugan. To give vou aa idea of
the extent to which bone-black is used at the present day
'or deooloratinff purposes in the refining of sugar, I may
state that in Paris alone it is estimated that about 11
million kilogrammes of bones are used annually for that
purpose. The preparation of bone black is rimple in
principle. It consists ^in placing in cast iron pots
about 501bs. of broken boiled bones, that is, bones which
have been deprived of their fat — of most of their oss^ioe,
and piling these pots in a furnace, where they are sub-
mitteid to a gradually rising temperature, during 24 hours,
such as will completely decompose the organic matter, but
not so high as to partly fuse the bones and thus render
them unfit for their applications. But a more economical
process is generally adopted. It consists in introducing
the croshf^ bones into horisontal retorts, which are them-
salvet in oonneotion with condensers, the ends of which
are brought ander the retorts to aasist by their combustion
in the distillation of the animal matter. By this art-angement
not only is ohar obtained, but oily matters which are used
by oorriers, and also ammoniacsl salts employed in agri-
culture and manufactures. The extraordinary deoolorat-
ing action of animsl blacks may be considered as partly
chemical and partly mechanical— mechanical because it te
prove*1, by some interesting researches of Dr. Stenhouse,
to which I shall refer further on, that the action is due to
the minute division of the carbon and the immense surfaoe
oflTered by its particles to the coloring matter, ohar being
composed of 90 parts of mineral salts to 10 per cent, of
carbon. On the other hand, the action is proved also to
be chemical, by the fact that water will not remove the
coloring matter, whilst a weak solution of alkali will dis-
solve it. Dr. Stenhouse'rvaluable reseanhes not only illus-
trate fully this fact, but also prove the possibility of pro-
ducing artifioially substitutes for bone-black. In 1857 he
published a paper describing the production of an artificial
black, called by him aluminiaed chanxNtl. This he
obtained by mixing intimately, and heating, finely pulver-
ised charooal and sulphate of alumina, when he obtained
a powerfbl decolorating agent containing 7 per cent, of
alumina, and well adapted for decolorating aoid solutions,
puch as those of tartaric and citric acids, in chemical
works. He also prepared what he called coal-tar char-
coal, by melting one poond of pitch in a cast-iron pot,
adding to it two pounds of coal-tar, and mixing inthnately
with it geren pounds of hydiate of lime, then oarrsriog the
whole to a high temperature, allowing it to <kx>l, removing
the lime by washing the mass with hydrochloric add, and
then with water, when carbon in a high state of divirion
was obtained, possessing powerful decolorating propertiee.
The following series of experiments by Dr. Stenbonseper-
feotly illustrate the chemico-physical action of animal blaok
a^ a decolorating agent. He boiled a certain amount of
cliar and his two charcoals, with a solution of logwood,
then tieated each black separately with ammonia, when
the followiog results were obtained : Aluminized charcoal
yielded no colour. Bone-black but a slight amount.
Goal-tar charcoal, large quantities. But it would be
wrong in me to leave you under the impression that animal
black can only remove colours firom solutions. Purified
animal black, that is to say, animal black deprived of its
mineral matters by the action of muriatic acid and subss-
?[uent washing, has the power of removing certain bitters
roin their solutions. Thus Dr. Hoftnann and Professor
Redwood applied this property with great skill, some
years ago, to the detection of strychnine in beer. Again,
Mr. Thos. G^ham, Master of the Mint, publish^ a
most interesting series of researches, in which he estab-
lished the fact that purified animal black had the power
to remove a great number of saline matters from their
solutions, such as the salts of lime, lead, copper, Ag.
Revivification of Bone Black. — Afler a certain quantity
of syrup sugar has percolated through the cylinders con-
taining bone black, the interstices become so dogged With
imparities that it loses its power of decolorating the syrup.
Sugar refineis are therefore in the habit of restoring the
power of their bone black, generally speaking, by sub-
mitting it to a process of calcination, which volatilises or
destroys the organic matter fixed by the ohar. It has
been proved by experience that char may undergo this
operation about 20 times before its pores become so clogged
with dirt as to render it useless. [Here the lecturer
described, with the aid of drawings, several of the various
apparatus used in sugar refineries for the above process,
alluding particularly to that of Messrs. Pontifex and
Wood, by which a ton of cliar is revivified every 24 hours.]
A new process, however, has been devised by Messrs.
Leplay et Cuisinier, which as a whole deserves the atten-
tion of refiners, though I am aware that several of the
details of their process have been used for some time.
The 6har which has served its purpose in the cylinders,
instead of being removed, is treated at once by the follow-
ing processes. It is first thoroughly washed, treated by
steam to remove all viscous substances, then a weak solu-
tion of alkali is allowed to percolate through the char,
which removes saline matters and a certain amount of
colouring matter, when it is further acted upon by weak
hydroohloric acid, which in removinp^ a certain amount of
the lime salts liberates the colouring matters, the char
is again washed with weak alkali to remove the re-
maining colouring matter, and lastly the decolorating
power of the blaok is restored by passing through it a
solution of biphosphate of lime. It is to be hoped that
the high praise bestowed upon this process on the Con-
tinent may induce our manufacturers to try it, as they
would obtain two distinct advantages by its use :^- First,
the economy of operating at once upon the black and re-
storing its properties without removing it from the cylinders :
Secondly, the prevention of the noxious odours given off
during the revivification of char by the ordinaiy methods.
It is interesting to note one of the results of the different
employment of ohar in this country and on the continent.
In England the wear and tear in sugar refinery is con-
stantly repaired by the introduction of fresh char, and
there is no spent or old ohar for sale. In France, on the
contrary, owing to the great impurities in their beet-root
sugar syrups, uA to the use of blood in refinery, the ohar
beeomes rapidly dogged with organic matter, and is so com-
pletely animaUaed, that its value as a manure exceeds w hat
the ohar originally oost the refiner. The result is that
French " spent " ohar is annually exported to the French
colonies to the amount of 120,000 tons, and \b there used
as a manure to promote the growth of the sugar cane. So
important is this artide of oommeroe considered, that the
French government have appointed special analytical
ohemute to determine its value for the trade.
Photphorut.^l am now about to call your attention to
one of the most marvellous and valuable substances ever
discovered by chemists. In 1660, Brandt, a merchant of
Eiamburgh, discovered a process for obtaining phospiioms
from putrid urine, but though he kept his secret, a
chemist named Eiiookel published the mode of obtaining
it from this fluid. A hundred ^ears later, Gahn dis-
covered the presence of phosphorus in bones ; and Scfaeele
562
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 8, 1864.
shortly aAervrards gave a procefls to obtain it therefrom.
The pioceaa devised by this eminent chemift was shortly
afterwards improved upon by Nicolas and Pelletier. and
their method wan so cunipltrtely worked out by Fuuicroy
and Vauquelin, that it is still the process used in the
present day. The pre^4u«tion of phosphorus consists of
4 distinct operations: — Ist, 80 parts of thoroughly
calcined and pulverised bones are mixed with 80 parts
of sulphuric acid, up. gr. 1*52, to which is then added 400
parts of boiling water ; 2ndlv, after a few days the clear
liquor, containing bi-phosphate of lime, is removed from
the insoluble sulphate, and evaporated uiitil it has the
speciHc gi:avity of 1*6; Srdl^, this liquor is mixed with
20 per cent, of finely-pulvensed charcoal, and the whole
is dri«^ at a moderately high heat, when, 4tiily, it is
intnoduced into an earthenware retort, placed in the
galley furnace, and on heat being slowly applied phos-
phorus distils, and the operation i^ continued at a high heat
for two or three days. It is, however, necessary that the phos-
phorus thus obtained should be purified, and this is effected
by melting the phosphorus under WMter, and pressing it
through a chamois skiu. It is then boiled with caustic
alkali to remove other impurities, but what is still better
is to heat the phosphorus with a mixture of bichromate
of potash and sulphuric acid. The phosphorus thus
purified is drawn through slightly conical glass tubes by
the suction of a caoutchouc pouch, or is allowed to run
by an ingenious contrivance into tin Loxes. As will be
seen by the following formula, the manufacturer only ob-
tainetl from the bones one-half of the phosphorus they
contain : —
aiPO,,3C»0)-f-4 80, HO=2(PO,C»0.2HO)+4(80,CaO)
Boos pbotphste Sulphorio Add phoaphate Sulphate
of lime. soid. of lime. of lime.
a(PO, CaO) 4- 6C = P0.2CaO + 6CO -f- P
Bi-phofpltate CartKm. P>ropbo»pbate Oxide of PboaphMnt.
of lime. of lime. CartHMi.
Gonspx]uently many attempts have been made to devise a
chemical reaction by which the whole of the phosphorus
might be Recured. The mo^t successful attempt of late
years is that made by Mr. Cary-Montrand whose process
is based on the following chemical reaction : —
AoTioN or HvDuooHLOEiu Aaiu ON BoNB Phosphatk.
2(POtCaO) + 4HC1 = 2(POi,CaO,2HO) + 4CaCi
Bonepboepbateof UTdroobloric Add I'hotpbate Chloride of
Lime. Add. ofLinaie. Cadum.
Action of Htdrochlorio Aciu on Biphosphitb.
2rPO&.OaO) + 2HC1 + 12C = 2CaCl + 12C0 4- 2H
Biphowphate B/drodilorio Carbon. Chloride of Oxide of H/drogea
of Lime. Add. Calciam. Carbon.
H- 2P
Phoaphonu.
He arrives at this result by treating calcined bones with
hydrochloric acM ; the liquor is then mixed with charcoal,
and the whole dried at a moderate heat. The prepared
mass is thm introduced into cylinders through which a
stream of hydrochlotic add is made to percolate, and, as
shown above, chloiide of calcium, hydrogen, carbonic
oxide, and two proportions of phosphorus are produced.
(The process of Fleck was also described.) Pnosphoros
prepared and puri6ed bv the above pro •esses is a solid, semi-
traus^iarent liody, having a sp. gr. 1*88, fusing at 1 10 5^
F., and boiling at aSO^'. It is so inflammable that it
ignites in the open air at several degrees brlow its fusing
point ; but Professor Graham made, some years ago, the
mteresting observation that this slow combustion of phos
phorus could be entirely checked Ity the presence ofeeitain
combustible vapours. Thus he found that one volume of
vapour of naphtha in 1,820 of air, or one volume of vapour
of oil of turpentine in 4,444 of air, completely prevented
the spontaneous combiistion of phosphorus. Further,
phosphorus presents the curious property, that, if heated
to 160®F. and suddenly cooled, it becomes black,
and if heated to 450** or 460<> for several hours, it
becomes amorphous, and of a dark brown colour,
^r hi- ^^^^i^J*!*^ of phosphorus, first noticed by Schrot-
to render great service to society.
ter, has enabled it
owing to its not being spoDtaDeously inflammable (as in
fact it only becomes so at a temperatute approai^iDg Itf
point of fusion), and also to its not being poisoooua, so
that it can be substituted for common phosptionia in the
manu&cture of matches with great advantage. Lutly,
owing to this brown amorphous phcephoroB not emitting
any vapours, those employed in the nurnnfiMttoro of
chemical matches now avoid the risk of the dreadful
diseasft of the Jaw-bone, called phospbo-necrom. Not-
withstanding the great difficulties attending the meooiae-
ture of this valualile proituct, hlr. Albright, of Biiming-
ham, has, with prau« worthy perseverance and great skm,
succeeded in obtaining it perfectly pure on a large scale,
and at such a price as to bring it within the scope of com-
mercial transKctions.
Chemical Jfo/cAet. ^Although I do not intend to enter
at great length upon this subject, yet as it is a highly
important one, 1 deem it my duty to lay a few teci» bekn
you. The first applk^tion of chemistry to the diacoverf
of a substitute for the old tinder-box of our fiiihen, wai
made in 1H20, when the hulphuretted ends of matches were
covered witti a mixture of chlorate of potasti, lycopodinm,
and red lead, and the matches so prepared were dipped
into asbeetos moistened with sulpnuiic add. In l&K,
luoifer matches were first introduced, and the expkaive
matches were soon followed by the noD-explosive
The composition of these matches is as follows : —
Pboapbom
Bed lead
Mtre
Sand
VermlUlon ..
Qam or g ioe
«•••••••«••• •«•••••••••■'••
Nini-S3iploilT6.
s or
14 ^
4
3
IS
» » •
The danger ss well as the disease attendant on this
facture was greatly mitigated by Professor Grsnaoi's dis-
covery of the property of luipentine vapour already allodcd
to. Until lately tlie onl^ succcbsful applksation of amor-
phous phosphorus f o lucifer matches was that of Messcm.
Colgnet, Fr^res, of Parif, who caused a rough sorteee to be
covered with it, and so prepared their matches that Chcv
would not ignite ex(«pt when rubbed upou the pofpared
surtai«. Similar matches, under tlie name of ** sisccial
safety matches." have also been introduced into this
country of late by Messrs. R. Letchfbrd and Co.^ who
have also effected several important improveoieots in this
branch of manufacture, in one of which paraffin is made
Ur«e of to carry combustion to the wood, instead of snlpbar,
which gives rise to the noxious fumes of sulphurous seid,
and as the substitution is made by Hessts. LfC-tchfOid
without any inciease of cost, the price of tliese matchoR ii
as low as that of the common ones. These geotlcaicn
have aI<«o found the means of diminishing the amoont of
phosphorus used to a veiy coosidermble extent* ao that
the disagreeable smell of this substance is also a\*oid«d.
But the greatest improvement that Meters Letehfoni herts
made is in what they call their hygienic miinhos. or
lights, in which for the first time amorpbooa phos-
phorus is substituted for ordinary phosphorus, and la
small quantities. The advantage of these matches
not be overrated, for children can eat them with
punity, as amorphous phosphonis is not poismious ; tbej
are not nearly so coml'Ustible, and tnerefoie not so
liltely to cause accllenta) fires; and lastly, all eooroeof
injury to the health of those employed in U»e maimiaotore
is removed. I cannot leave this subject wiUioot still dimw^
ing your attention to one or two impottant facts. Mosstbl
Hochstetter and Canouil, besides others, have lately intro*
duced chemical matches fiee from phosf^oms, which are
stated to have the following composition : —
Chlorate of Potash 10
Hyposulphite of Lead 26
Peroxide of Lead
Peroxide of Manganese , ...
Chroiuate of Lead 17
Gum Arabic 4
10
10
26
20
9-8
.*•
...
S3-6
4
8-8
4
4
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIfiTY OP ARTS, July 8, 1864.
563
An inporUot improvement m tho manafaoture of chemi-
cal matohe:! is the reduction of the proportion of phos-
phorua to a minimam. Thiit in effected by reducing the
phasphorus to an infiDite^mally minute division, by
which the manufacture U tendered more economical, and
the matches, when ignite*!, have le!«8 of xhn unpleasant
odour of phoaphoruft. This division is aoeomplitthed by
nsiog a solution of phosphorus in bisulphuret of carbon.
bv which a saving of 19-20ths of the phodphorus is
obtained. Another invention isthatof Messni. Puscherand
Beinsch, who have proposed the employment of sulphide
of phosphorus.
Ivory. — The lecturer, having given some details re-
specting the properties of ivory, said — 1 will now call your
attention to the substitution ot the following mixture for
iTory tablets as applied in photography. Kinf ly-pulver
ised sulphate of baryta is mixed with gelatine or albumen,
oompre^ed into sheets, diled, and polished ; thcM «he*sU
are nstdy tor n^e in the same way as ivory plates. Ton
are all doubtldsa aware that the nui of the Phjftolephas
fMoeroearpa^ of the palm tree tribe, has for many years
been used in this country as a substitute for ivory, and it
may be interesting to you to be made ai^quainted witti
the two follo«riog facts, via., that the nut is composed of —
Pure cellulose 81 per cent.
Gum 6 M
Nitrogenated principles ... 4 „
Water 9 „
Total 100
and Dr. Phipson has recently pultlished a method ofdistin-
gnishins this vego^Able ivory from the animal one by means
of sulphmio acid, which gives a beautiful purple colour
with the vegetable ivory but none with the animal ivory.
ifom.— iK>ms of the beat quality, and especially the
beautiful ones obtained from tne buffaloes in India and
America, receive a great variety of applications at the
present day, owing to their great toughness and elasticity,
as well as to their remarkable property of softening under
heat, of welding, and ot being moulded into various forms
noder pressure. To apply horns to manufai'tures they
aro tieatod as follows: — They are first thrown into
water, and slight putrefaction commences, by which am-
monia is produced, when the horn begins to soften. To
carry this action further the horns are transferred into
a slightly acid bath, composed of nitric and acetic aoMs,
with a small quantity of various salts. When the horns
are sufficiently softened, which requires about two weeks,
they are cleaned and split into two parts by means
of a oiretilar saw, and these are introduced between heated
plates, and Uie whole subjected to an intense pressure of
several tons to the squaie inch. The plates may be
moulds, and thus the horn may be compressed into any
required shape. A great improvement has recently been
ejected in this branch of manufacture, which consists in
dyeing the horn various colours. To accomplish this the
horn is first dipped into a bath, oontainmg a weak solution
of salts of lead or mercury, and when the horns have been
thus impregnated with metallic salts, a solution of hydro-
sulphate of ammonia is rubbed upon them, when a black
or Ivown dye is produced. Another method consists in
mordanting the horn with a salt of iron, and dipping it in a
solution of logwood. Of late, very beautiful whiti fancy
articles have been produced from horn by dipping it first
into a salt of lead, and then into hydrochloric acid, when
white chloride of lead is fixed in the interstices of the
horn, which then simply requires polishing.
This lecture, as well as thoHO which followed, were
illostiated l>y numerous specimens and experiments.
|r0m)itng8 oi InstMons.
Favbbsbam Iw gTiTUTB . — A drcular has been issued by
Mr. F. W. Monk, managing director, announcing that a
Conferenoe of reprasentativw from various Institutes in
Kent will be held at Faversham, on Thursday, July 17th,
at twelve oVlock at noon. The advantages to be derived
from the formation of a County Union of l&lueational
Societies will be considered, and, should it be thought
desirable, ixsaolutions wijl be adopted in order to promote
the eittahlinhinent of an Association of liiAtitntefl in Kent,
rtie Church of England Young Men's Institute, at
Canterbury — the Chathum MechaniV Institute — the
Sheemess Literary institute^the Deal Mutual Improve-
ment Society — and the Faversham Institute, will be
represented at the Conference ; and it. i^ hoped that many
other Societies will send delegates. Should the Confer-
ence not ooni(i(ter the estabHnhment of a County Antocia-
tion desirable, the representatives will be asked to express
their opinions on such subjects as may be interesting to
the Managers of Institutes.
NoTTmoHAM Mechanics' iNsrrruTioN. — The twenty-
nixth annual reportKpeaks of ^teady prognss. Fretth ground
has iHsen broken in the organization of classes, and in awist-
ance given to the estaldishnient of penny reaiiiiign. The
nuinl«r of works isiiued from the lit*rary in 18^2 and 1868
respectively, were 25,424 atid 36,675, the number of
volumes in the library being 6,642. The increase extends
to every class, but is the largest in history, biography,
travels, and the scieuc*^, and very small in that in which
the largest issue generally takes place, namely, novels and
romances. 214 volumes have been purchased, and 23
presented, during this year. The following lectuies have
b^en delivered : — ** The Authors of the Age : a Scries of
Written Portraits fr»m Personal Acquaintance" — Mr. S,
C. Hall ; ** English Notions of American Character," and
** Humorous Cliaract eristics" — Mr. G. Grossmith; "On
the Art of Public Reading," and *' Extempore Speaking"
—Rev. A. J. D. D'Onwy, B.D., Cambridge ; *• On some
Great Schoolmasters"— Mr. George Dawson, M.A. The
classes go on satisfactorily. In the French ciass the
qnarterly payments have been 110, with an average
attendance of 28 students. A class has been formed for
the study of German, some twelve members having
signirtod their intention of joining it. Dr. Wilson has
resumed his studies as teacher ot the Inorganic Chemistry
claM. The opening lecture was again delivered by Mr.
J. C. Buckmaster. The number of studenU is not so large
as at the first organization of the class. Arrangements
wer** made bv the corntniitee for the formation of a class
in Theoretical Mechanics. The uiembei s of the Discus-
sion class number 84. Among other subjects introil need
have been the following : — Literature of the Past Century
— Literature of the Elixabeihan Age— Items of the Ob-
solete—Cromwell — Forms of Government — Poems of
•• Rusticus " — Thomas Chatterton — .Notti'ghamshire
Worthies — Notes on Practical Photography— Prose Com-
position — American War — and Capiial Punishments.
The chess class has 63 members. The receipts iroin the
museum have been £58 18s. 9}d., including a balince of
£14 6s. OJd., and the expenditure £30 i3s. 6|d., leaving
a sum in hand of £28 O*. 3d. The visitors immbered
4.822, the payments for admission amounting to £l80s. 2d.
The members of the society are anxious that a comnW-
dious building should be erected for the purpose of a
museum, to whkih the inhabitants of the town might
have free admiitsion. Lectures have been delivered on
British BoUny, the Physiology of the Skin, and Mental
Phenomena, to which the members of the Mechatiic^* In-
stitution were adndited witrioat charge. The nuiiiber of
members is the same as last year witnin two. There is an
increase of nine ordinary metnbers, and a decrease o*'>«^en
honorary and f..ur life members the latter, of course, by
de^aih. 173 persons have joined during the year and
23 have transien^d their shares. The operative classes
are much more strongly representKi than formerly
The total number is 1,18.*, of which 329 are clerks, shop-
men, and warehousemen, 70 youths nnder24yeais of age,
and 66 females. The balance sheet shows that the re-
ceipts have been £782 16s. ^d., and that there is a
balance in hand of £101 9s. 8d.
564
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, July 8, 1864.
Swindon (New) Mecbanios' iNniTurxoN. — The twen-
tieth annual report shows a slight decraaae in the number
of memben, beiny 1,027 agawst 1,082 of the previoui
year. The libraiy now ooutaina 8,368 volumes, oom-
pHsing many valuable works upon science, history^ geo-
Sraphy, biography, d^c 10,358 books have been issued
urmg the past year. The cheoi and draughts' room oon-
tinues to be well attended. The dancing class is under
the supervision of the Council, who state that it is ably
conducted, and affords to the numerous members, by whom
it is supported, a most agreeable recreation. The baths
continue to be well attended, and conduce much to the
health and comfort of the members. Amongst the leo-
turei and other entertainments that have tiken pUce
during the year, may be mentioned a lecture by Wm.
Clement, Esq., on •* Little Dombey," and " Trial from
Pickwick ;'* a concert by the New Swindon Choilil Society ;
a lecture by C. Charles, Esq., on " Comic Characterisa-
tion ;" a Welsh and English Concert ; and a lecture by
T. Alfred Burr, Esq., on the " Eleotris Telegraph by
Land and Sea.'' The lectures have not been very
numerously attended. The members of the amateur
dramatic dub have greatly exurted tjiemselves during the
past season, and have given several select representations, j
which have afforded much pleasure and amusement. The
choial class in connection with the Institution has given
several excellent and successful concerts during the past
season. The council expreie their gratitude to the
employ^ of the Great Western Bailway Company, who,
during Uie past year, presented the Institution with a bust
of its president. Daniel Goooh» Esq. The treasurer's
account shows that the receipU have been £669 12s. 9d.,
and that there is a balance carried to the succeeding year
of £130 9s. 7|d.
PROPOSED ART RESULT SOCIETY.
By C. Bbuob Allbn, Esq., Architect.
•
It is always to be more or less anticipated that sU freeh
ideas, or new modes of workmg old ideas, shall at first be
somewhat misunderstood; it is so with this propoasd
*• Besult" Society, and its contemplated mode of aotion
and hoped-for influence on the Fine Arts of the present
time. ^ It may therefore be useful to explain somewhat
more in detail its contemplated and precise mode of
action, and how far it would differ from the Art Educa-
tional societies, now existing, in its mode of working.
It is only within these veiy few years that the public
attention has been called to the value and importance of
the workman's share in the productioD of all objeou of Fine
Art, as, indeed, in all productive art. In ordinary produc-
tive work, such as machine making and the like, it has
never been doubted that the workmanship— the executive
workman's share in the object — is all important, and that,
in the absence of executive skill, the inventor, designer,
and draughtsman are almost if not wholly powerless.
This has been always of necessity admitted, but in the
^odeiii mode of Fine-Art production this important ele-
ment in all work has not been reoognised, or perhape
hardly even thought of, as it has been the universal idea,
till within these few years, i .s. since the period of the
1861 Exhibition, that the great need of the time in Fine-
Art work is " design," as it is called. Indeed, but
lately, in the summing-up of a series of lectures on Art-
work Applied to Industry, the better education of the
designer is the first thing urged as the way to higher and
more artistic work. There can be no doubt that
« design" comes first in order, for it is the means with-
out which the ultimate end— the resultant work— is
imposbible ; but by itself it is in reality powerless, and
always supposes the execuUnt power ready and able to
;^~!lu, ^^ embody it in material. This is at present
ISKS^ V**' ^^ "^••^ do not exist able to render in
»«wi the artist's design, which is always on a flat
wiace. Does u not seem therefore a waste of means and
power to dwell thus on the importanoe of design, sad to
hold out all encouragement and help to it, wittumt, in
the first-place, doing someihing to piovide that other
absolute necessity in Art-woik— the execative ddll — ad
thus to render complete and soiBcieot the procaas neeeo-
saiy, t.s. — the working power as well aa the drawing or
indkiative fbroe ? Would it not seem almoii like begins
ning at the wrong end? There woaM, indeed, aeeni t#
be but little if any doubt, that it ia much fcbo eaasr
problem of the two for a thoroof hlv able exeonUye wetk-
man to learn to design, than it is for an eqiually aUe
designer to acquire the power of actual executive skiU,
that is, to pass from pper to materiaL Thia propoHtioo
may, however, be doubted by some, bat socii may be
reminded that nearly all that ia left us of the art of by-
gone ages is in material of aome kind or other, and that
there ia no evidence whatever to show that drawings cf
art objects were in the first place made as they dov ai%
and that the art (ri)|eot itself was then execated from sa^
drawings. Our modem process seems to have been »-
veiled— the objeet was designed as well aa a rftmliid ia
material, and if anywhere represented, aa in wall paiai-
ings or in manuscripts, it is a eopy of the art ofc^eet itsilf,
aid not a design for it.
Thus it will be seen, the more attentively ibp snbjeet ii
examined, that the one great and chief need of the pre-
sent day in Art production is a return to the old method
of working in material, and that per^ps the grand cease
— after all the vigorous exertions made — of modem Fine
Art fsilures has l^en and is the neglect of the woikmaa.
I^e it is who finall;^ gives to the public the art of tks
time, and through him the desi^er and the dc^igbta-
man must work and evidence their capacity.
But all important as is the office of the worknum in artt
a yet more immediately pressing need at this moment ii
the practical recognition and encouragement, aide fay nds
with the workman, of the art draughtsman, viz., he who
provides the executive workman with the ne c e neer y guide
for his work, and without which he is at the present day
almost helpless; and it ia to this part of tlte sabieci the
attention of the Soeiety is asked.
It seems a somewhat singular thin^ that no effort has
yet been made — in these davs of inquiries and atatietica—
that no search has been instituted for the purpoaA of find-
ing out who they are who produce all the mnllitode of
designs and patterns which fill our shop windowa,aiid
where the designs and patterns come from. I^ei aoyeoe
pause for a few minutes before a window full of *' mtfusa
fabrics," as they are learnedly termed, and noiioe the
*' designs," The most industrious book-himter will m
vain search for any evidence of '* precedent" in the windov
show ; all hb book experience will fail to guide him to
an origin of the odd and meaningless shapes ho will see.
It will be equally useless in the great majority of cases k;
go to natural forms and recollections for a eolution of ti»
problem, and he will be equally unable to eoochide thsi
they are each of them the product of pore individnal in-
ventiveness on the part of uie dengner and draoghtamaa
— sheer original brain products. The longer he looka the
more he wonders, and he moves on at last in aheer desDair.
They clearly come neither iVom precedent— oldartr— wore,
nor the head of the draughtsman. If he ehoald have oon-
fined himself to cheap shop-windows, a further aearch in
dear shop-windows will not make a whit clearer the
puzzling difficulty. In the Wgeat and moet expentfre
Bond-street shop window at this hour maj be sesn a
pattern, on the very rkhest silk» produced, aa it wouU
seem, by dropping colour of the richest kind on the (ilk
surface, and then before it has had time but to half dry,
smudging the spots rapidly right and left with two
fingers. The whole surface is covered with this design,
and the unhappy purchaser, with all her money, is oom-
pelled to admire it and take it, or if not, the one next to
it, which la jperha^ even more ianoiflDi; a few short
stioks and twigs dij^ped in fxi^mr and thrown into a
small heai^ aM stamped w the gaoM aorfiioe, ptodan
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jult 8, 186*.
66B
the " new desigp." Theie are not cheap goods, nor
made for a foreign market, bat are aolely for those who
can pay and are ever on the look-out for the costliest
and newest. Are not the men or women who do this
worth a line of print in a statistical inquiry into our art
mann&ctures?
It most be here borne Id miDd—- it being the object of
ibis notice to ask attention to it— that these and other
patterns and designs are not the production of the work-
men who weave or paint the fabrics, but are the works of
the draughtsmen and designers in the factories ; it is they
who originally draw the pattern on paper for the wood or
metal blocks, or card, a thing never yet seen in any public
exhibition of art manufactures. These fooluh per-
formances would, if publicly exhibited, guide the public
mind to a knowledge, and a valuable practical knowledge,
of the lowest source of modem art designing, and to the
oondition of those who supply it. Kot exhibitions, it
must be uoderstooi), like those the Society have hitherto
been in M^e habit of holding and seeing ; but it must be,
in this ease of fabrics, of specimens of the three objects
— ^the two nutttii and the final retuU, i. e., the original
design or drawing on paper, the wood or metal block,
which is, of coarse, bv a workman, and a specimen of the
silk or stuff itself. Thus would it be seen that in the art
in the simplest and commonest stuflT, there are never leas
than three executant* — there are indeed more commonly
four, for, in addition to the draughtsman on paper, there is
another, a copvist, for the wood block. These things are
really and truly named manufactures, and it will be seen
that by the time the original art thought, whether good or
bad, is ready for the public, the art in its originality is very
thoroughly and effectually worked out of it. This lowest
art is here noticed, not because it is the worst, but because
it is in reality the newest and most inventive. John
Bull is on his own resources — nineteenth-centary resources.
There are other things and patterns eaoally silly, such as
the whole width of the silk covered with '* fret" from the
Parthenon, the musical stave and bars, an entire sheet of
penny postage stamps! and so on. No designer or
arangbtsmaii would venture to exhibit such ttunss as
these on paper as specimens of his powers ; and the
hope is that when he and his productions are asked
for as part of future art result exhibitions, that one
step higher in originality and sense may be reached.
And not onlv will the whole process of each manufacture
be thus made evident, and a road perhaps found out of
the present evil — that of being able to set nothing— but
the why so omch valuable artistic power is lost, will, in no
length of time, become visible; for when the original
idea, even when a good one, is seen to pass through so
many various heads and haiods, all differing from each
other, it will be found that this is simply to lose and
waste such art power, the original thought growing
weaker and weaker as it is successively copied and re-
oopied by successively inferior artists. It will be very
eoon seen, too, that to manufacture original art is im-
possible, and that the only legitimate and certain way of
getting, in an art work, the impression of the power and
capacity and meaning of the artist, is that the artist should
either himself execute the work, so that it shall be his
and his only, or, which is the next and the second best
way — for the artist to work side by side with the workman
and to provide him directly with the guiding means or
working drawing. It is for this end the Society may, it
Is thought, afford such kindly and valuable help, by
the recognition of the artist drau|(htsmen now doing this
work in our art shops and factones ; and by abandoning
the present idea of encouraging the copying of objects of
antique art by artists who have passed away.
The Society happilv has now taken up, as a regular
part of its art work, the recognition and encouragement
of the bond fid$ workman — this year especially, with so
munificent a sum — the income, indeed, of two or three
ordinary societies ; it is now, therefore, respectfully urged
to iodode in future years the artiit-draughtsmen, who
always in theart mannflActories supply the workmen with
the indicative means and working drawings so abso-
lutely required by the actua) workmen, and tous to oomv
plete its work. The great caution required is that of
avoiding show drawings, or sketches, or water-oolouiv,
and to accept only the rough *• working drawing"
as it is termed, such working drawing to be the
one really worked fVom by the art-workman in the
manufacture of the object exhibited. In a short time
this would evidence the great but hitherto unnoticed
fact that the art of drawing in the past was that
of the power to draw on material, and that all our
present vast apparatus for teaching drawing, and effort*
through it to get at an art result, is simply a modem
mistake. The schools of design have now been in active
existence for nearly a quarter of a century, but have not
yet touched the shop windows, and for the simple reason
that the whole scheme of art teaching aims at picture-
making M an end, and teaches drawing as an wA^ and
not simply as a means.
WATER SUPPLY OF NAPLES.
Bignor Felice Abate, an Italian civil engineer, who ob-
tained, in 1847 and 1855, two medals from this Society
for inventions connected with his profession, has lately
put forward a plan for supplying the city of Naples with
water. Mr. John F. Bateman, F.R.S., engineer to the
Ifanohester, Glasgow, #nd many other waterworks, having
been invited to give his opinion npon the plan, has made
the following report : —
«* I have carefully considered your project for the restora-
tion of the ancient Roman aqueductof Claudius, and for sup-
plying, by its means, the beautiful spring waters of Serine
to'the inhabitants of the City of Naples. With the full in-
formation which your plans and sections, and your written
documents and personal explanations have afforded me, I
have been enabled to make independent estimates of the
probable cost of the undertaking. Pressing engagements
prevent my writing at present as full "a report on the
subject as 1 could wish, but as my calculations are com-
plete, 1 hasten to give you the general result, with such
observations on the scheme as will pot you in possession
of my views and opinion, and enable you to bring the
matter before your friends in this country. I shall be
able, very shortly, lo enter into fuller details.
•* TheCity of Naples contains a population of between
400,000 and 600,000 pei-sons. The present supply of water
is, as I am informed, very small and quite insumcient, and
many disadvantages, iu health, and mortality are the
result; it is only 8,000,000 or 4.000,000 gallons per day,
and is delivered at too low a level to supply the higher
parts of the towq. In so hot a climate as that of Italy a
full and abundant supply should be estimated at the rate
of 30 gallons per liead per day, and ought on no account
to be Teas than 20 gallons per head. The highest of
these estimates would give a gross quantity of 15,000,000
gallons per day, and the smaller 10,000,000 gallons.
" Allowing for the present supply and supposing that to
be still avaiUble for general purposes, preparation should
be made in any new work of considersible extent for
bringing at least 12,000,000 gallons of water per day,
althougn a smaller quantity might possibly, in the first
Instance, be sufficient.
'• The springs of Serine have been measured, and are
estimated to yield, in the dryest periods of the year,
11,000,000 gallons per day, and an average of about
double that quantity, or 22.000,000 gallons. In yeaifl of
extraordinary drought, they fall below these quantities ;
but, from a consideiation of the physical features of the
district, and its geological formation, it is anticipated that
much spring water wiiieh now issues at lower points may
be intercepted, and the quantity available for Naples
materially and permanently increased. By the construc-
tion, however, of store reservoirs to impound the surplus
water of wet seasons, the larger quantity named above
could certainly be obtained, but as 11,000,000 would,
666
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 8, 1864.
in addition to the present supply, appear to be saffident
for some time, and may, as I andersUnd, be safely relied
npoii, 1 will confine my estimate to the cost of obtaining
this quantity, with preparation for increased supply when
it may be required.
** l^he spiings issue from limestone rocks at an elevation
of about 1 ,200 English feet above the level of the sea, and
at a distance of about 47 miles from Naples. They were
originally conveyed to the city by the Claudian Aqueduct,
about two feet raven inch s wide and six feet high, with a
vaiying inclination, finally entering the city at the l*onti
Rossi, 136 feet above the level of the sea, at much too
low a level for the supply of the higher parts of the city.
** Tou esUmate, after careful examination of the whole
aqueduct, that, with the exception of about thirteen miles,
the whole is in sufficiently good repair, when properly
cleaned out, to be again employed with perfect sucHiss for
conveying the water to Naples, and you propose to over-
come the defect of low elevation at the termination of
the existing aqueduct by laying down, for the supply
of the higher parts of the city, a line of pipes of suffix
dent diameter, which shall commence at a point near
Petruit), high enough for the purpo!<e. This point will be
about thirty miles from Naples, at an elevation of about
660 feet above the sea, and the pipes will terminate at a
point above the dty near Antignaoo, about 490 feet above
the sea.
*' The first eight miles of the aqueduct will require re-
constructing, aiid this leni^h may be shortened to four
miles, by which additional pressure can be brought into
the tunnel through the moutitain of Forino, which is
nearly four miles in length. By this means the aqueduct
would be equal to the passage of about twenty-five
million gallons per day. From the lower end of this
noble ancient tunnel there is a magnificent descent of 500
feet down the face of the mountain, from the foot of which
the piping to the city would commence. From this point
the water would be divided, the ancient aqueduct convey-
ing about two-thinis, and the pipes the remainder. At the
end of each a service reservoir would be constructed, each
capable of containing about one week's supply, to provide
against casualties and interruptions, and from tliese
reservoirs the water would be distributed to the city. The
whole of the water would be supplied by gravita-
tion, without any cost for pumping, and all the neces-
saiy works are very simple and easy of construction. I
estimate the total cost, including the restoration of the
ancient aqueduct, new aqueduct where required, the main
ffipe of 24 inches diameter from Fetruro (equal to a de-
ivery of 4,000,000 gallons per day), the two service
reservoirs, and complete distribution, the whole on the
scale of 15,000,000 gallons per day, with 16 per cent,
for contingendes, at about £620,000. To this sum
must be added the cost of engineering, administration,
interest during the construction of work, and other
expenses. The whole work ought to be thoroughly well
done, every expense included, for a sum not exceeding
£750,000. This is a small cost for so large a population ;
it is 80s. per head for an abundant supply of water by
graviution, only one-half of the cost of the supply to
Gla^f ow or Manchester.
*• Taking the dry weather volume of the springs, the
hydraulic power which would exist in the rapid descents
of the aqueduct, the greater part of which could be
utilised, would be about 1,200 horse power constantly.
Probably a lai^ge portion of this would be converted to
useful manufacturing purposes, as a railway now passes
nearly alongside the aqueduct to the foot of the great fdl
below the tunnel of Forino. Here woul i be a source of in-
come which would do much to reduce the cost to the city.
*' On the whole I beg to congratulate yon on the pro-
misiug result of your project, and to express a hope
than an undertaking of such immense importance to the
P'*^g*"ty and welfare of Naples may be successfully
^nied out. 1 am satisfied that it cannot fail at the same
ttme to be highly remunerative to those who undertake it.'
im ^.
RoTAL Scottish Academy. — At a meeting of the
Council of the Academy on Monday, the 4th instant,
George Harvey, E>q., the eminent landscape and historical
paintnr, was chosen President of the Academy, in the
place of Sir John Watson Gordon.
£xoavations at i*OMPBii. — The steady peraev^ance
of the present government brings new treasures to light
almost daily. Last week only a fine bronze statuette of
** Sileuus " was disinterred from beneath the roios of a
wall. The style of this work is described as beartqg a
rtrong resemblance to that of the famooa *' Dandng
Fawn," also discovered at Pompeii. Two large el^ant
and massive silver candelabra were also found in the same
house with the *' Silonus." Another very iDten;stlng
discovery was made on the 24th of last month, when the
lower part of a house, induding a cellar, well, bath, and
family altar, was laid open to view. Amongii the Mthm
on the altar was found a half-burnt pine cone, which was
probsbly lighted before tlie ** Penates " of the nnhappy
mhabitants at the moment of the grand catastrophe.
PBOTOttcuLPTOBB. — in the Journal a short time sioee,
a notice was given of a new application of photogvaphy
called ** Photosculpture.*** The process has beeo earned
out with great success in Paris, and specimens execnted
there were exhibited by Mons. Claudet at the Boyal
Society's 9oirSes this year, and attracted much admiratian
for tlieir life-like and artistic character, as well as for the
ingenuity displayed in this new applicaUon of photo-
graphy to the purposes of sculpture. It is now pi op oaed
to carry out the invention in this country, and a oompaoy
has been formed for this purpose, with Sir David Brewster
as its chairman, and under the management of Moos.
Olaudet.
Radial Hailwat Looomotivb. — In the LibraTyoftfaa
Society may be seen a model, to a scale of one-foorth ths
full size, of a locomotive engine frame, built by Mr.
James Cross, engineer of the St. Helen's RaUwmy, oo the
plans of Mr. W. Bridges Adams, upwards of tweoij yeus
a member of the Society. This is a tank engine, with a
separate tender, and the longest ever built, being on eigbt
wheels, with the extreme base twenty-two feet in length;
consequently, the engine, by the mere fact of leiigth
without incrinsed height, would, even if conatmcted in the
usual rigid manner, increase in steadiness in proportioB to
its length. Such an engine, if constructed in the nmal
manner, would possess so much friction against the nub
as to be nearly useless. But this improved engine is so
constructed as to work fVeely on a double or n rr ere e d curve
of 98 feet radius, equal to one chain and a half, aa may be
seen and tried with the model, the wheela of whidi raff
and do not slide. On the curved line of rMls, when ths
wheel flanges touch the rails, they yield lateralW, by tht
axle boxes sliding in curved lines through the 'bocn
plates, fo that the axles len^h-long are placed in Uaa
radial to the corves of the railway, being always at right
angles with the rails; the result is that the ftan^
friction is prevented, and the risk of getting off the
line by the flanges mounting the rails is removed. Ab
engine altered to this plan is now working ■oomm-
ftuly on the North London Railway. It ia not jena-
rally known that previous to the rdgn of Qoeen
Elizabeth there were no four-wheeled carriages in lb*Rl^»>*
made to turn in a circle, i.e., the axles were made ngidly
parallel, and oonld not roll in curved lines, bat only Mb
by great lorce. This structure, bdng that of the old
Roman cars on four wheels, was one probable reason why
the Romans made their roads in straight lines. And this
• Vide Tol xil, p. Tl.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, July 8, 1864:
567
iroctiire ia precisely that of modern railway carriages, io
rhioh the moTement is partly rolling and partly^ding,
tven on what are called straight lines, which are not
iraigrht as regards the rail surface, bat a series of
ainute corves, while on curved lines the movement is
k«arly all sliding. In the improved engine the principle
conforms to the common road practice, by permitting the
Lxlea to diverge from their parallelism, with the difference
fhat the wheels on the common road are steered by the
M>le, or shafts, while on the railway the tails themselves
^rform the steerage. And thus lines of railway may be
[nade with any desirable amount of curvature down to
>ne chain and a half radius. Not that it is desirable to
use lines of great curvature in preference to straight ones,
when the cost is equal and other circumstances do not
interfere, but it is very important to be able to avoid
oo0tly outlay by occasional sharp curves, and especially
at termini, and to avoid wear and risk at points and
eroeeings. And it is also desirable to form stations close
to towns or in th^ interior, and in such circumstances this
plan of radial axles furnishes the facility of turning
round the comers of wide streets if necessary. And,
moreover, as the length of the machine ceases to be an
injury and becomes an advantage, the engine can nm
either end foremost with equal facility and safety ; and as
experiments have proved that the engines with radial
wheels run with the greatest steadiness on straight lines,
and by the dimmution of friction develope the greatest
amount of duty, it is (vobahle that this will be found the
beat construction both for express trains and for heavy loads.
The same principle applied to trains diminishes their re-
sistance, and samples of carriage construction may be seen
in the library, as well as specimens of elastic permanent
way, a system tried for a considerable period on the North
London Railway, demonstrating a fact little understood, but
very important to shareholders, that the destruction of raiU
ari«BA less from the friction of the iron than from blows or
cononteion, which disintegrates the scrap iron of which they
are composed. It is foimd practically that where the blows
are eluded by the elastic principle no disintegration takes
place, and that iron rails under such circumstances may
oe more durable than steel applied in the usual rigid
mode. A paper treating of tlie whole subject will pro-
bably be read by the author of the system during the
next session.
([^mmxcL
Ambbicak Cotton. — The Boston Advertmr gives a
table showing the receipts in England, in 1862 and 1863,
of cotton which can properly be assumed to be American.
It appears that while the direct receipts from Southern
ports have fallen off largely, those from the Bahamas and
Bermtxias have enormously increased, thus showing the
route which the Confederate trade follows. The iuands
which figure in the British returns are the ports of tranship-
ment. Larffe steamera are loaded in England for these
islands and there exchange caraoes with the small blockade-
runners. Information from England shows that one-half
of each cargo is for the account of the Confederate Oovem-
meot, and one-half to the ownen; the latter not being
allowed, however, to ship any supplies not absolutely
needed in carrying on the war. So fiur as the sales of
prbe cotton show, it does not appear that the blockade
runners are intercepted in more than one trip out of
six. From reliable computations it appeara that in 1863
190,000 bales of cotton were available in England for
the Confederate Government or its supporters, for the
purchase of supplies or munitions of war. This cotton
was sold for gold at a rate not less than 200 dollars
per bale, producing at least 26,000,000 dollars. The
Confederate Qovemment, with its share, doubtless paid
the interest upon its bonds, and recruited its credit so
far as to make the 26,000,000 dollars equal to double
its amount in purchasing arms and supplies. Used in
this effective manner, the cotton was sufficient to arm,
clothe, and set m the j3eld an army of 400,000 men.
HoBSB-PSD PouLTUT. — Poultiy is a very important
item of oonsimiption in France, and consequently any
method of producing delicate chickens, juicy poulets, and
fat capons at a moderate price, offers an attractive subject
of consideration in more respects than one. It has been
observed that poultry does not thrive best on a pure grain
diet, but that, on the contrary, a mixture of animal
matter has great advantages. Acting upon this hint, or
rather starting fiom it, and proceeding to the extremity of
the animal-food theory, a person commenced some yean
since at Belleville, an outskirt of Paris, the production of
poultiy out of horse-flesh. There are at present several
of these hippophagous farms, which supply a considerable
portion of the fowls consumed in the capital of France, but
the mode of feeding is kept as secret as possible. It
appears, however, that the system answera well, provided
the creatures are not kept too long on an exclusively
animal diet, in which case they become diseased and
totally blind. Some time since an enterprising individual
introduced great improvements into this system of raising
poultry, and the results have been highly satb&otory.
This new establishment occupies nearly thirty acres of
land, and is capable of accommodating about a himdred
thousand poulets at a time. The poulets are divided into
parties, according to their age, and each party has its yard
and dormitory, U)th of which are kept with the utmost
possible regard for the health and comfort of the boarders.
The food consists almost entirely of horse-flesh, supplied
from a slaughter-house adjoining the fkrm, and belonging
to the same proprietor. The blood of the animals is care-
fully saved, and fetches a good price; the hides go to the
tannen ; the head and hoofs to the Prussian blue makers ;
the marrow to the perfumers ; the large bones to the button
maken ; and the refbse is converted into manure. The
approximate value of the carcase of a horse in France has
recently been sUted to be as follows :— Skin, weighing
from 60 to 75 lbs., 13 to 18 francs ; long hair, from ^. to
M. per lb., one to three-pence ; flesh, from 85 to 45 francs;
blood, about 2*50 to 3.50; intestines, 1-60 to 1*80;
tendons, 1*20 ; grease, value from 4 to 30 francs ; hoofs
and bones, about 2*50 ; and shoes and nails about 25 to 50
centimes; total, from 60 to 120 francs^£2 8s. to £4 16s.
The number of horses slaughtered averages about twenty a
day, and the affair is so well organised that the sales pay
all expenses, leaving the flesh as clear profit. This last
product is boiled in enormous oopnera, chopped up as if
for sausages, and conveyed to the farm afler being
seasoned with a small quantity of salt and pepper,
which prevents putrefaction and also contributes to the
health of the poultry. It is found that the i)roduction
of eggs is more profitable than the sale of chickens, as
under a meat diet the hens lay all the year round,
and never exhibit an inclination to set. During last
winter this establishment sent 40,000 dozens of eggs per
week to market, ut about sixpence per dozen. The hens
yield as an average about twelve shillings per head per
annum, and they lay for four years, at the end of which
time they are fattened for three weeks with bruised
grain, and sent to market alive. The steam hatching
apparatus of the establishment is on a grand scale, furnish-
ing employment for fifty or sixty women. The spare
cocks are sent to market, and these amounted last *a^^i^
to more than a thousand dozens in three months. The
manure is one of the important producU of the establish-
ments ; it amounts to about 360 cubic metres a year, and
is sdd to be one of the best fertUizers known, and to be
equsdly adapted to all kinds of crops.
Cotton Cultivation in Queotslakd. — From the
accounts of the severe floods during the month of March,
56d
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, Jult 8, 1864.
•erioiif antieipAtioni were formed m to the safotjr of the
cotton crope m thii colony, most of the plantAtions being
fituated on the alluvial benks of the principal riven ana
oreeks. As, however, a great variet/ of land ii being
operated on by cotton growers, and considerable diversity
of opinion has long existed as to what was a suitable
character of Und for cotton growing, some anxiety has
naturally been felt for the reports of the floods and coo-
tinned wet weatlier. However, on the whole, cotton has
suffered less than most crops, and oott#D farms in w^l-
selected localities are quite safe. On seveiml of the plaota*
tions cotton-picking has commenced, and although later
than usual an average crop is expected. With regard to
the quality of the Queeniland oottoo, it will ba sapeiior
to any yet exported, great care having been taken in the
plantations of best seed ; and past experiences have proved
that, in the preparation of the fibre for markei, where the
greatest care is adopted in picking and ginning, that the
more remunerative prices have been obtoined. Samples
of sea island cotton are well got up for the home marBol,
and of superior quality. It is very di£Sonlt to estiroate
the probable export of the season's cotton, though there is
good reason to believe that, had storms and floods not
occurred, a large quantity would have been exported in
April last to the home market.
Cawadun Fisbbbiss. — A private letter, dated May 88,
says that there is little improvement in tkb aeal fishery.
The north-east wind continues, and the coast is still Uocked
with ice. Some 80 or 40 sellers have arrived in all.
bringing about 6.000 seals. The bulk of the fleet are still
Ice-bound at the northward, and their return is not expected
nntil a change of wind occurs. Business has been geoerdly
interfered with by the ice blockade. Tite same cause
which prevented the arrival of foreign veeseli prevented
the outport fishermen getting into St. John's for supplies,
preparatory to proceeding on codfishing voyages. The
protracted absence of the Newfoundland sailing fleet, oom-
pdsing several hundred vessels, manned by many thiw^ ^py ^
men, has become a source of painful anxiety. Under
ordinary circumstances the supplies furnished the sailing
vessels should scarcely have lasted their numerous crews
half the lengthened period that has elapsed since their
departure for the ice fields.
g.- - ._- ■ -,
HitUuitttQos Isjvel^.
Mbmoirs or THE DwrnranuHBD Mnr or Bonnov of
Gbbat Bbitaih, Lxvino A.D. 1807-8. By W. Walker,
jun., with an Introduction by Robert Hunt, F.B3.
Second edition, revised and enlarged. (/%Mfi.) The
first edition of this work was intended as a umd-book to
a remarkable engraving, by Mr. W. Walker, from a
design by John Gilbert, of an assemblage of fifty-ooe
eminent men (astronomers, chemists, men of acienoe,
engineers, 4^.), grouped in the library of the Royal In-
stitution. The memoirs proved so attractive that the
publishers, having made several additions to the list of
worthies, have reprinted the volume, with an introduction
by Robert Hunt, F.R.8., and it now contains the lives of
Watt, Rennie, Telford, Mylne, Jessop, Chapman, Mur*
dock — the first io introduce gas into practical uas ; Rum*
ford, Huddari, Boultoo, Brunei/ Watson, BeDtham,Maoda-
ley, Dalton, Cavendish, Sir Humphry Davy, WoUastOD,
Hatohett, Henry, Allen, Howard, Smith— 4he fiitherof
English geology ; Cromptoo — inventor of the apiimiog
mule ; Cartwright, Tennant, Ronalds— 4he first tosoooese-
fully pass an electric telegraph message throuch a long
distance; Charles Eail Stanhope, Trevithick,NaHnyth,
Miller, of Dalswinton, and Symington — the inventoni
and constructors of the first practical steam-boat ; Profes-
sor Thompson, of GUwigow, Troughton, Donkin, Con-
greve, Herschel, Maskelyne, Baily, Frodsham, Leslie,
Flayfair, Rutherford. DoUond. Brown— the botanist;
uubert and Banks, the Presidents of the R<^al Society \
at that epoch of time ; Captain Kater, oelabr»ied for hi
pendulum eiperiments; Dr. Tliomas Young, and Jemw
— the beneOliotor of mankind ; James Ivory, Dr. PriesUy
and Cort— the iather of the iron trade.
^atu.
Om TO thb Boitth Kxnsinotov Husbdx. — ^Ai in-
tereatiiig oollection of oljects has lately be«iO preeeoied to
the South Kensington Museum by the Bev. B. Brook*,
of Qateforth Hall, BeU^, consisting of num^^xis ofcjectt
of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, used and preaerved ■
the ftmiliea of Brooke and Osbaldistane, which wZ
enrioh aevend of the divisions of the Museum. Amos^
the ol>iaste thus aequired by the oatioo are m nm^s*
QoUectioo of poey rings with sentimental mottoea of ike
16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, gold and silver wateliaa,vsi?
fine piUow and guipure lace, a seriea of walking caB«
military accoutrementa of various kinds, ooalamea sec
court dresMS (male and female) of the 18th cecitary, t
oollection of spurs for cock fighting, hoods for havb
iw., whwh illustrate bye-gone sports, hmdea a miseri-
lancous but interesting and suggestive oolleciiop J
** knick-knaoks," which our great graodiaiheni and gim
grandmothers used in their domestic lifo. Borne of thee
obfeots, the posy rings and watches, for example, an
already exhibited, and otliert will be gradually shown ■
they are arranged.
Fbbiob AoADtmr or Soievobs. — A paper waa Tec0(>
read, at the Academy of Moral and Political Science. £na
Mr. E. Chadwick, C.B., the newly-elect«d Foreign Am-
ciate, on the English law respecting the employment ss^
education of factory diildren. which attractnii consider-
able attention. The subject is one which haa been eel
diseussed in England, but it is almost new to Fraooe, sfti
promises to give rise to important oonaideraUons. Tk
subject of primary education has recMved gre«l atteotific
in Frmoe, and it must be admitted that the ea^
deeerves great praise for the manner in which it has pec-
v&ded for the instruetaon of its poorer children ; bet t
the fkotory districts much remains to be done, and Vr.
Cbadwick's communication seems not unlikely to Amnb
the necessary impulse.
A PicTUBB ooT OUT OP THE FiRB. — A coriocis iuclkB
occurred the other day with respect to a nuuioe pktur,
** A View of the Qolden Horn and Constantinople/ H
Gudin. The Comte Aguado punshased it some time sax
of the artist for 25,000 or dO/XX) francs, and the otherdar,
when a fire happened in the ooonoiseeur'a apartments, tb
pietore was supposed to have been utterlj iuined« and tk
insurance company, having indemnified the Count, sa& X
to the auction- room to be sold for whaterer it vusil
fetch. Its appearance as an object of verta created oos-
siderable amusement ; it was tlioroughly blackened, airi
bore the marks of two fuot prints made by the b^vy tbi*
of a fireman, and when Mr. Bruaut, a picture dcalec*
became the purchaser for the sum of ^5 fraots, b»
fiieoda and others said with a smile that they dtouU h
glad to hear of his having m^ide a thousand franos bv W
bai|piin. M . Bmant took the matter very calmly,
aps within himself that those who Uugbed
hied best, and taking home the pietore, he eet to
to dean and repair it ; and this he has aocomplisbed
well that critical judges declare it to be as good as
and it is whispered that Count Aguado is eo eatisfied
M. Brusvt's work, that the " Golden Hom^ is likeh
be re-irierated in tiie gallery fcom which ii v
expelled in consideration of a sum of money very
leas than that given for it originally. The reausei
of the work is a fortunate thing for M. Qodin,
artist who has changed his style materially, and
has not for many years produced a picture of equal
in general estimation. The fireman*s footmark w
always an interesting kind of monc^gram.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, July 8, 1861.
£69
THE ROYAL ACADEMY.
Bib, — ^Now thai the Commisaioners' Report opon the
oyal Academy, and their own *< Observational' m reply,
-• in print before the public, and the matter oon-
in^d therein baa fiormed sutjeot for debate in both
>iiaef of the legitlature, it is well that those intemted
the Arts generally ehoold know something of the
ants, demands, and conoessions of its professors and
le public ; and in no journal would a few remarks be
ore cmrcpot than in that of the Society of Arts — a
sDerable Society — ^hat can claim the paternity of many,
ha first Exhibition of Paintiogs, which led to the
•rmation of the Royal Academy, was hsid in its Rooms,
here the roost distiogubhed members of the Rojral
caderay in youth have been rewarded — and where its
dterao profe«H>rB— Etty, Mulready, and others— have
ten their works collected — where art ol^iects have been
iiCDssed, and laws for their protection argued and
>n9olidated. With regard to the documents — '* The
eport of the Conimisirioners*' and *• The Observations of
oyal Academy" in refdiy, the artists, having the two
store them, wonld, it is thought, be informed on all
oiots that so deeply concern th& welfare and the inter-
tts of Art ; yet this is not the case, but the frtists having
-at least the mass outside the academy— taken much
'ouble to master the details of the two documents ; it Is
ow desirable that their views should be declared, and
tiat the subject should be ventilated. This is the more
fcessary in order that practical and business ideas may
B united with theory m the foundation and oonsolida-
on of a National Academy, that should teach, develop,
Qd honour the Art power of the countr)% and encourage
to shed its enlightening influence upon everything, as
did in the middle ages, when an artist was not alone a
unter (working for an annual show), but a sculptor, archi-
9Ct, and engineer, and often a scholar, poet, and musician,
s a body, the artists are grateful for the eflbrts of the
loyal Academy Commission — though, perha{)9, they may
Q pardoned for viewing the matter more as a personal
fkir, that will do them greater individual good than
Bvelop the art they ought to love for its own take,
[eoce, perhaps, the greatest charm for the mass of artists
the proposed extended space for the exhibition of their
itellectual wares. Instead of 1,062 works, as at present,
is hoped room will be found for the exhibition of many
lousaods — including large experimental works, worthy
' a great educational establishraent, that seeks not idone
• please the eye, but to instruct the public to appreciate
t and prooeeses of art applied to things in general ; in
tn tinental exhibitions we tind a very wide range taken, and
1 claasee of works fairly displayed, until art approaches
le eonflut's of science— some few thinking it would be
sll to display all works sent, as at the Paris S(Uon this
tar. There were shown 3,459 works, 879 gracing a
parate chamber, called " the Purgatory,'* being of (pre-
ined) inferior quality. Sculpture and architecture
ould be fairly displayed even to the practical. The
tilpture, if shown in connexion with painting, wonld re-
tiro the moet judicious arrangements. The associate
aea is the next great subject £at interests the mass of
tists at present unconnected with the academy, a limited
trober having great charms for a few who aspire to a
at and influence in its councils. Now there is no objec-
»n to this, provided there can be a large associate class
>m which to draw the fifty representative associates to
, in council with the fifty academicians. It would
a lamentable thing to think that there should be
it one huudred artists in the United Kingdom
>rthy to be members of a national academy and bear
sight in its balance. This the Academy has itself felt
hlTst proposing that the associate class should be un-^
nited — a very wise and jndioions proposal if thinr grant
me of them a 6ofi4 fid$ inflaance in the conncus that
are to guide the institution. The wide base advocated
I have heard objected to, as throwing greater power into
the Academy, a thing to some extent true, though not
to be dreaded, if the scales are equally adjusted. The
fact is, the great world of art and artists ought to be con-
nected with it, though they may never exhibit upon its
waUs or even elsewhere. The greatest freedom should
exist upon this point, and the Aaademy be glad of the
company of all men of talent who can aid the common
weal by their theory or their practice. A great muial
pabter, who does not produce easel pictures, or a sculptor
always engaged on great public works, may not cai« for
exhibitfons, and it would be unjust to compel him to
do so; the wall paintera may fiud space enough in
public halls, and the sculptors in the streets. Re-
garding the **lay element,** the artists, with a very
fow exceptions, have a great dislike to it, thouffh
hardly with reason, for they fail to show why a few du-
tinguished noblemen and gentlemen united with them in
a common cause, would augur ill, though the presence of
laymen in practical matters of art would be of little use ;
yet, if nominated on the part of the Crown to act aa
trustees, men of influence and high position could plav a
veiy useful part, and add dignity to the Academy. The
case of " Art- Workmen " in connection with the Academy
1 find pretty much as stated in a letter to the Journal of
January 8, 1864 ; artisU thinking that whilst the Royal
Academy should do everything to foster and encourage
creative art, in its widest sense, to decorate and beautify
eveiything, yet when that creative power passes into the
hands of a translator— into another tongue — it sppeals to
technicalities hardly within ttieir province, being a
department of art so conneotAd with the technicalities
of scienoe, and that it cannot be in better hsnds than
those of the Society of Arts, who, by theu: prizes to
art-workmen, are doing iafiidte good. On the rival
claims of locale — Trafalgar-square or Burlington-house
—opinion is divided ; though I think the balance is in
favour of the former, particularly as a place for an
annual exhibition, and central for the schools. Artists of
established repute, of course, look upon the exhibition as
the soul of the Academy, and the schools of minor im-
portance ; but certain it is the institution becomes rich by
the one and less rich by the other. As the site for a
dignified educational establishment, Burlington-house is
most desirable and qniet ; it is possible that the frontage
may not be equal to Trafalgar-square, though the portion
in Piccadilly is preferable for visitors, not a tithe coming
from the east. To be at the junction of Regent-street,
Bond-street, and Piccadilly wonld certainly be a grand
thing for art in the metropolis, and its patrons also. As
to many minor proposals of the Royal Commission and
the Royal Academy, they find much favour with the
world of art, though the ** Report of the Commission "
is better known than " Observations of the Academy,"
the former having been before the public some monttn,
whilst the latter has not long been puUished. It is most
desirable that both documents should be collated and
consolidated, the claims of artists and the public duly
considered, that the Academy may enter upon a new lease
as lasting as the old one at its foundation some century
ago. — 1 am, &o., Jomr Lsiobton.
The following memorial has been sent to Earl Stan-
hope, and was mentioned in the debate in the House
of Lords on Friday, June 24th. I forward it to show the
feeling of artists on this subject : —
We, the underrigned artists, having oarefolly considered
that portion of the Observations of the Royal Academy
which relates to the mode of election and to the position
of the future associate dass, are of opinion.
That the Royal Academy scheme is unsuited to the
wants of the profesBion and incompatible with a liberal
constitution.
In support of which opinion, we beg to offer the fol-
loiring
670
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 8, 1864.
Remarks.
The Royal Academy CominMiionera propose that the
number of A«ociAtes ot the Itoyal Aca<ieiiiy he increased
at once to (K), with (lower at any time hert^fter to fix
a lsrgt>r number with the at^ent of the Crown, and
'* theee 50, conjointly with the Academicians, should form
the General Assembly."
The counter proposal of the Acadeinio'ans, as ex-
pressed in their ** Observations upon the Report of the
Commissioners," is,
That the new class of Associates should consist of an
indefinite number of professional arU«ts. That the right
of nomination for filling up vacancies, both in their own
and in the upper class, shall be given them, but tliat they
shall be unrepresented in the Geneial Assembly. Had
thitf right of nomination been understood by the Acideiiiy
in the ordinary aec«?ptanct) of the tenn : in other wordtt,
had the Aivtociate cl«t« been the nominating snd the
Academicians the electing Ixxiy, we should not (though
gieatly preferring the scheme of the ConimiMionerrt) iiave
taken exception to the proposal ; but the authors of the
Observations explain that the mode of nominating the
Associates of the new class is as follows : —
"The secretaty shall at an appointed time send a
printed form of nomination to eanh Academician and
Associate, and shall invite him to insert in such printed
form the names of the artists he may desire to propose as
candidates for the rank of Associate, according to the
number of elections previously recommended.
** The nomination paper, so filled up and signed by the
member, shall be returned to the secretary wiUiin a speci-
fied time."
From this it appears that the Academicians nominate
as well as the AsMciates, and as each member has to sign
his nomination paper, those sent in by the Associates may
be utterly disreganied, and thus the so-called right of
nomination reduced to a mere power of expressing an
opinion.
That this is a correct view of the question appears from
the following parsgrsph : —
•• The right of noin ination, which we propose to distinguish
from personal voting in eltfctious, is an important privilege
as such, but its great utility wotdd be to put the
Acsdemicianti in possession of opinions which might some-
times (lifter from their own."
We cannot refrain from remarking that the right of
expressing an opinion differing from that of the Academi-
cians does not, m our mind, constitute an important privi-
lege.
We cannot agree with the authors of the Observations
in thinking that, under the system recommended by the
Royal Academy Commission, the Associates who might
be candidates for the higher rank would be in a less in-
dependent position than the Associates are at present.
We can, at any rate, answer for ourselves, that should
we ever be called upon, as Associates, to take part in the
General Assembly, wo shall be both ready and willing to
express our independent opinion. We trust that the time
has gone by when the fear of giving umbrage lo the older
members would embarrass the candidate for academic
honours ; and should any such fear still linger amongst
the more timid members of the profession, we think tJiat
nothing would tend moro to extinguish it than the insti-
tution of a General Assembly similar to the one recom-
mended by the Commissioners.
We agree with the Commissioners in thinking that
«♦ three hanging committees should be annually nominated
by the Council and elected by ttie General Awemblv ;
and that each con oiittee shonl'd consist of two Academi-
ciais and one Associate." We cannot conceive how thin
Associate would be placed in a wrong position. He would
not be expected to act as an uncompromising and partial
advocate of his class, but as a fair represenUtive of the
younger and rising school.
..itn««.^^*"'*°*."^ remark very justly that " In a con-
stituency of artUU there are, or shduld be, no rival
interests;" and yet their whole argument is fooodsicD
the assumption that such rival interests do exist, sod ihtt
tfie rivalry must be extinguished by keeping the AwMte
cla-s down. It neems to us utterly iinpowibli tint ist
quention could aii«e on which the whole of the Aaii6
micians would take one side and the whole of the Aeodvs
the other ; but, supposing such a contigeoiy p«ahle,fe
might be provided against, by limitiiig the DDmbffoi
Associates who would sit in the General Aaeoiblf M
those who were habitual exhibitorB.
Neither the Coromissk>ners nor the Aesdemy omri^
privilege to the Associates with respect to tlie phdof i
their works in the exhibition.
We are nevertheless of opinion tha*, lo loogu nsn
privilege is retained by the AcademiciAni, ftoughttoki
extended (though peihaiis iu a iiiinor degw«j to ik»
Amociates. At the same time, we freely teknotWp
th»t, could this pi i^-ilege be altogether a»H)li«bed toril
classes, and the exhibite«t woiks (ilsced aoourding tonri
alone, the interests of Art would be proiiiotdl tbenj*
and the standard of the annual exhibition gresily w»
[Here follow the fignatorei.]
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WKM.
Tins. ...Zoologleal, 4.
Wbb. ...Ltisraiy Fond, S.
♦
Gkahts or PaonsioxAi. Psorsonoi.
Chaini aad ohaia oables— 12S1— O. Homfrij.
Clay, vc, nuchlnery ft»r treatinf— 1417 J. A. Wal0>
Embontng iu ooloured relief '14S2^B. KMdrlek.
Falirica, priiitliiff-14l3~W. Clark.
Flre-amu, braeoh loadiaf---i386~W. J. MatthtSl.
J ate, traatment of— 6S3--T. Qmj.
Loums— 144S— R. Hall.
Oili, reOninf— 14S4— J. A. Pols.
Onlnance, o.— 1431— P. M. Piinottf.
Kagt, treatiug— 1463— O. RjdilL
Sapota nuMtri, eitnoUuf joioe of--S19— S. W. 80^* ^^
Sewing machioet, vc, Mir-aoUitf modoa for— Wt«-"' *^
8oap,nianafacture or-1443— C. U. SaelL
lavBimoHs wwH Coxplitb Srscifioinoa W*
Orsf and metalf, melting -lft«(4—0. HMeltlas. _^
Paper baga, macliiae for man ufkotoring— 16S3— W. a* u«p-
21. M. Bi^liii.
30. J. J. Uajs.
37. E. FairborA.
39. R. A. Brooman.
Patbxts Sbilbo.
IDS. J. B. Bar.
127. B. Urt.
926. F. A. Gi»<y.
/VoM CommMoiMn qfPmtmU /ssrssl, M<^
66. P. McLanrin .
69. W. Brookei.
64. J. Coppard.
67. W. E. Qedge.
69. J. N. Oarrod.
76. J. CoatM.
86. L. E. C. Martin.
88. C. Atkew.
89. W. Welch.
90. C. Bartholomew.
92. P. Mointjre.
94. O. WUklnt.
96. Q. W. Hart.
PATnns ov wHios
1664. H. J. Room.
1674. L. H. Spenee.
1701. W. H.Lndftnd.
PiTsars Sbalid.
97. M. A. IMS.
lis. C. B<yM* "■
jABgtM-
140. 0. JenaflT'
168. J. H. Jota"»-
186. J. 8kaw.
187. J.Shwr.
226. J. Z«*«L.^
276. F.B.JI*^,-s
6S0.C. A. rtr»-*'^
T.
BtAMPDOTTOrCfSSlill*'**
1 1760. J. Fnros.
1696. P.flpes*^
PATiar OK WHioa wa Btamp Doit or *!•• ■** "**
1816. 8. N/e.
ri*
fmirnal d t\t
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, JULY 15, 1864.
[No. 608. Vol. XII.
— -♦ — .
CANTOR LECTUBE8.
• Ok CHEMiiTBT Applied to tbb Abts." Bt Db. F.
Cbaob Calvkbt, F.R.8., F.C.8.
Lkotubx II.
Dklitbbbd on Thubsdat Eveniko, Apbil 7tH| 1864.
Sblatikb, Olub« BoHB-sni, CBovDKisrs, their prepanUton, ehemical
proptrtlei, nntritiTe valiw, uid application to artt and nuumfkotnret.
Arttlloial tortolwnbelL Itbtffkus, ita adoltenitioot and adaptations
to the olarilteatioa of floidi. Skku and the art of tanninf .
As the syllabas will show you, I intend to draw your
attention, especially in this lectore, to gelatinous sub-
»tances, as well as to the art of tannins. There are four
aietUict gelatinous substances obtained on a commercial
scale from animal tissues and bones, Yiz.,^Osteine, which
[ mentioned in my last lecture, CMatine, Chondrine, and
(hiemet as already stated, is the animal matter existing
in bones, and no doubt it is the same substance which also
sxists in skins, both during life and when recently re-
oiOTed fh>m the animal. It is characterised hv its insolu-
t>ility, its inability to combine with tannin, and lastly, the
facility with which it undei^goes a molecular change, and
becomes converted into gelatine, slowly, when boiled
pvith water at 212*, rapidly, when boiled under pressure
It a higher temperature, and very gradually under the
Inflnenoe of putrefaction.
Odatme b a solid semi-transparent substance, which
ibeorbs water in laige quantities (40 per cent.), becoming
thereby transparent. It is very slightly soluble in cold
nrater, but very soluble in boiling water ; and this solution
fias the characteristic property of forming a jelly on cooi-
ng. So powerful is gelatine in soldifying water, that one
Mirt of gelatine will form a jelly with 100 parts of water.
it has been observed that gelatine loses this valuable pro-
Mrtv if bdled for a long time at ordinary pressure, or if
auTied to a temperature above 228^ F. Before ezaminmg
the interesting action of acids upon gelatine, allow me to
nention that whilst solid gelatine resists putre&cUon for
I loDg time, its solutions have a tendency to putrefy rapidly,
>at I have the pleasure to inform you that a few drops of
t substance called carbolic acid wHl prevent putrefhction for
i long period. Gelatine dissolves readily in acetic acid, of
noderate strength, or vinegar, and this solution, which is
ised as glue, has the useful property of remaining fluid and
oond for some time. But a Frenchman, named Demoulin,
MS introduced of late years in Paris a solution of glue
irhich is superior to the above and to that in common use,
lecanse it does away with the trouble of constantly heating
he glne*pot. His process consists in melting one pound
>f beat glue in one pound of water, and adding graduaily
:o the two one ounce of nitric acid of sp. gr. 1*86, heating
;he whole for a short time, when the fluid glue is prepared.
The action of concentrated nitric acid on gelatine is most
doleni, giving ri«e to several compounds, amongst which
may be oited oxalic acid. The action of sulphuric acid on
gelatine is important in a scientific point of view, as an
alkaloid called leucine is produced, as well as a sweet sub-
stance, called fflycocolle, or sugar of gelatine. Gelatine
is diBtinguished from other oi^anlc substances by the fol-
lowing chemical reactions :— it gives a white predptate
with alcohol, also with chlorine, none with gallic acid,
but one with tannin, or tannic acid. The properties of
this precipitate are most important to us, as it is
on the formation of it in hides that we ascribe their
conversion into leather. The relative proportion of these
two substances (gelatine and tannin) in the precipitate
varies with the respective proportions brought m contact,
but precipitates containing as much as 46 per cent, of tannin
have been examined, ft is insoluble m water, and pre-
sents the invaluable character of not entering into putre-
faction. Beautiful &ncy ornaments have recently been
introduced in Paris by *M. Pinson, called artificial tor-
toiseehell, which he obtains by melting, at a moderate
temperature, gelatine with a small amount of metallic
salts, nmning the whole into moulds, staining the mass
with hydro-sulphate of ammonia, so as to produce an imi-
tation of the grain of tortoiseshell. The objects so produced
are then polished and ready for sale. Before entering on
the manufacture of various qualities of gelatine, I should
wish to state that there can be no doubt, from the re-
searches of Magendie, as well as from the Report of the
Commiarion appointed by the Netherlands Academy of
Sciences, that gelatine as food possesses no nutritive value
whatever. Allow me now to give you a npid outline of
the methods followed in the manufacture of various quali-
ties of gelatine. The first quality of gelatine is prepared
by taking the clippings, scrapings, and fleshinss m>m the
tanyard, treating them with lime water or lOkali, to re-
move any smell and certain impurities. They are then
well washed and lefi in contact for a day or two with a
solution of sulphurous acid. They are then placed in a
suitable apparatus with water, and heated, when Uie
osseine is converted into gelatine. This is run into a
second vessel, and a little alum added, to throw down
any impurities that may be in suspension. The liquor
is now ready to be run into another pan, where it is
concentrated to the necessary consistency, so as to be-
come solid, when it is run into wooden moulds. Eighteen
hours afterwards the gelatine is turned out of these
moulds on to a wet slab, where it is out Into slices by
means of a copper wire; these slices are placed on
wire gauze fhunes, and left in a drying shed until they
are perfectly dry and ready for the requirements of
trade. The second quality of gelatine is prepared by
placing bones in large cylinders, and allowing high-pres-
sure steam to arrive at the bottom of the cylinder, wnich
rapidly converts the osseine of the bones into p^ela-
tine, and the removal of this is ficiliuted by allowmg a
stream of hot water to enter the upper f»art of the cylinder.
The solution of gelatine thus obtained is evaporated, and
is uraally employed for the preparation of sine. A third
quality is prepared by treating bones with hydrochloric
acid (as referred to in my first lecture), and submitting
the osseine thus obtained to the action of steam. Lastly,
a fourth quality of gelatine, called bone-size, is mano-
672
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 15, 1864.
faoiured by boiliDg more or lea decayed bones, as imported
from South America and elsewhere, the flesh of dead
aninials, &c., and concentrating the solution to the oon-
siatency required for the various apolications it receives in
commerce. [The lecturer then described the mode of
obtaining the beautiful thin coloured sheets of gelatine
used in photogr<^phy and other fancy purposes, and also
the characteristics which distinguiwed good from bad
glues.]
Chtmdrinei or cartilage gelatine, first noticed by Messrs.
Miiller and Vo^, Jnn., u interesting as possessing quali*
ties, not only difl^^nt from those of gelatine, but such as
injure the quality of the latter when mixed with it. In
fact it gives precipitates with acetic acid, alum, persulphate
of iron and other salts ; and as gelatine is often used in coo-
uexion with these substances, it is easy to foresee how
these precipitates may interfere with its application.
On the other hand, the quality possessed by this peculiar
gelatine, may, 1 think, render it serviceable in the art of
calico pnuting, for fixing colours, or as a substitute for
albumen or Uctaiine. Thus, the solution of chondrine
and acetic acid may be mixed with any of the new tar
colouts, and the whole printed, allowed to diy, and
steamed ; the acetic acid will be driven oflT, leaving the
colour fixed by Uie chondrine on the fabric. Chondrine
is prepared by submitting to the action of heat and water
the cartilaginous tissue of animals or the bones of young
animals.
Itinglatt is obtained fit)m the air-bag or swimmbg-
bladderi of several kinds of fish, especially those of the
sturgeon tribe, and, although imported from various parts
of the world, the principal supplies are from Bussia, from
whence the best qualities come, which bear the names of
Beluga, Volga, or Caspian Sea leaf. Brazil, New York, the
East Indies, and Hudson's Bay, also supply various qualities
of this viduable substance. It also reaohefi this country
in different states, vie., in leaf and in honeycomb, that
is, the bag is cut open, cleaned, and dried ; and the quality
called snow-bleached is enhanced in value by having been
buried in the snow on the banks of the Volga for a long
period, by which the isinglass is whitened, f ipes, purses,
and lumps are bags which have been deared but not opened ;
and a quality caUed ribbons is made by rolling the bag
and cutting it into strips before shipping it to this countiy.
I shall now endeavour to explain to you how the beautiful
preparations before yon, for which I am indebted to the
kindness of Mr. James Vickers, are obtained. The leaf
bladder is first softened in water, and rolled out, imder
high pressure, into thin leaves, which may extend to several
feet long ; these in their turn are drawn under a number
of revolving knives, makiue 1,000 revolutions per minute,
by which 6,000 of the well-known fine threads are pro-
duced in every minute. This quality is chiefly used for
culinaiy purposes. For commercial uses the purses or
lumps above mentioned are chiefly employed. These are
soaked in water for two or three days, cut open, certain
useless parts removed, iiirther softened, loUed, and cut
into various dimensions, according to the requirements of
trade, then- chief use being the clarification of beer and other
alcoholic fluids, for wliioi gelatine cannot be employed,
because it dissolves in water whiUt isinglass merely
swells. The result is that the highly-swollen and extended
mass, when poured into beer, wme, or other alcoholic
fluids, is on the one hand contracted by their alcohol,
and on the other hand it combines with their tannin,
forming an insoluble precipitate, which, as it falls through
the liquor, carries witti it the impurities in suspension, and
thus clarifies the fluid. As isinglass is verj' slow in
swelling out in water, brewers employ an acid fluid for the
purpo8e,but, strange to say, instead of using pure acetic acid,
many of them take sour lieer, and thus run the great risk
of spoiling their sound beer. I have known instances of
great losses occurring in this way, acetous fermentation
having been thus spread through an entire brewer)' during
the summer months. As a large quantity of gelatine,
•it mto shreds, in imitaUoD of isbglais, is Sold at the
pTisent day, it may be usefiil to know that detectioo ii
veiy easy, bv the following method:— PUoo t mill
quantity in hot water, in which gelatine will mdlljr
aisBolve* whilst IsingUus will do so veiy dowly. I ooDot
conclude the examination of ttiia interasting dia of nb-
Btanoes without drawing yoor attention to thsfsctttut
osseins, gelatine, chondnne, and istnglaa praeoi muted
differenoes in tlieir textures and general propertiei, il-
Uiough their chemical compositioni may be oooadoed
identical, thus :—
Gelaaae. Chfladxtos. UiflMi.
GOO 60^1 6m
6*5 6*68 e-90
17-6 1644 17-79
26-0 27-87 84-76
Carbon 60^
Hydrogen ... 6*6
Nitrogen ... 16-9
Oxygen 26-2
JStcuUnt NeaU.—l must not omit iomentk)o,iDoca*
nection with this interesting class of sabstuioeB, theH
curious gelatinous products, which are not only cooudcral
great delicacies in China, India, but even in £Dro{ie,
where they realize from £8 to £7 per pound; «»•
siderable quantities are imported into KnglsDd. It hit
long been a disputed question what is the cEemical oitore
of the substance composing these nests, which ut il»
product of a peculiar kind of swallow ; bat Mr. P^
bv his recent researches, has left no doubt in tiie miodiff
chemists that it is an animal, not a vegeiible mitto.
In ftct, it is a peculiar mucous substance, secreted bf «e
bird, and composed of carbon, hvdrogen, oxyg«o,iiitio>
gen, and sulphur. Further, it is insoluble in cold wi^,
ut soluble in boiling, and difiers from gelatine ud iA-
glass in that it does not gelatinize as it coob.
<S*iiM.— Skin consists of two principal parts, one » wn
film, called the epidermis, and the other constitatiDg t»
bulk of the skin, and called the dermis. Then m i»
found hi skin a large quantity of blood-vesBoli, ud a mmU
quantity of pigment cells, which hold the colooring vAija.
Further, the San contains a small amount of ***'^*J*J^
number of elands, among which may be cited the leUceocs
glands or follicles, which are hitended to secrete the u«^
matter constantly accumulating upon the ikin, ud top-
ing it soft and pliable; then there are the pen^v?7
glands, which play a most important part in the phjvo-
logical construction of the skin. These are w vmtx^
that Mr. Erasmus Wilson has calculated that tboe sn
3,628 of them in a single square inch of homin to"
that in an ordinary sized body there are w m*™J
2,800,000 of these poree. But still the moet impomin
part of the hide for us is that called the " denmi. Af
skins of animals are commercially divided into U&«
distinct classes. The hide is the name given to the i^
of full-grown animals, saoh as oxen, horstfirj
buflaloes; and these are further sub^iivided ioto vm
hides, that is to say, those which are obtdtojd m
animals slaughtered in this country ; diy ]"*?!•/;;
is, hides whfch have been dried in the sun, aw wtocft »J
principeJly imported (torn South America; diy *»
hides, principally from the Brazils, where f»^ •J? f!:
and then dned in the sun ; and salted hldee, wtacH w
preserved in Monte Video and Btieooe ^p^.^Z^
them, and which are shipped, embedded » ■*^^/J'^
country. The composition of a fresh hide ro»y * ^
sidered to be asfoUows:—
fieal skin ..* •«• ••• «.» ••• *•• •■• ^ «.
Albumen ... ••• «.• i.. .»« •** *** ![^
Animal matters soluble in alcohol ^^
Animal matters soluble In o<^d water.». **■ J'r^
Water
••. ••• .•• ••
... •
«• »••
57-W
lOCHJO
A second class of hides is that called kifs, *hj*/^^
aayed from the same kinds of aniinal «•*** '*|^S^
only when young. Thirdly, the term skin »» »PPJ"^
those of small anhnals, such as the eheep, S^'^^^s.
I wiU now endeavour to give yon an Witoftwpv
JOtJRNAL OP TAB SOOItlTY OF ARTS, Jtot IS, 18B4.
6t
bloD which hides aodergo to fit them fbr the art of tanning.
These operations are four. The first consists in washing
jff the dirt from the hide, softening It, If a dried
:>ne, or removing the salt, if salted. The second has
for its object the removal of the hair, which is effected by
two or three different methods. The most usual plan
is to place the hides in large vats, containing a weak milk
3f lime, for two or three weeks, care being taken to re-
move and replace them every other day, after which time
Lhe hair is sufl^iently loosened to be removed. A second
plan consists in piling up the hides, allowing them to enter
ilightl^ into a state of patrefaction, and then placing
them m weak milk of lime, so as to complete not only
the loosening of the hair but also the swelling of the hide,
for lime also possesses that property. Another process,
kvhich \b called the American plan, is to hang the hides in
pits for two or three weeks, keeping them at a tempera-
ture of 60^ and constantly wet, when the hair can be
easily removed. Weak alkalies are sometimes substituted
with great advantage for lime in the above processes, and
this plan is certainly the best, as it does not leave in the
bide any mineral residue, as is the case with lime, either
Lo the form of an insoluble soap of lime or of carbonate,
tK>th of which are highly objectionable in the subsequent
process of tanning, as they act on the tannic add of the
ian, facilitating its oxidation, and thereby rendering it
Li^less. Depilation of hides is sometimes effected by the
employment of weak organic acids; thus the Calmuck
Tartars have used from time immemorial sour milk for
that purpose. In some parts of France, Belgium, and
Ciermany, the unhairin^ of the skins is also effected by
%D acid fiuid, produced by the fermentation of barley
meal, which gives rise to acetic and lactic acids. To
iiarry out this process generally speaking five vats are
used. In the first the hides are cleaned ; in the second
they are softened, and the hair and epidermis prepared
tor depilation ; and the third, fourth, and fiifth are used to
Bwell and give body to the hide. This operation, which
ia called white-dressing, does not work so well as lime
ibr heavv hides, as it swells them to such an extent as to
render them unfit to prepare compact leather. When the
bair can bo easily pulled off, the hides are placed on a
convex board, called a beam, and scraped with a double-
banded concave knife, which not only removes the
liair, bat a large amount of fatty lime-soap and other
luipurities from the hides. The third operation con-
Bi^ in fleshing the hides, by shaving off all useless
Hesb, iat, and other matter by means of a sharp tool.
The fourth operation is called swelling or raising the
Mde, the purpose of which is the following : — First, the
removal of any lime or alkali which may remain in
iho hide ; and secondly, to swell or ooen the pores of the
bide, so as to render them better adapted to absorb the
tannic acid of the tanning liquors. This is effected by
(lipping the hides in weak spent tanning liquors, or
liquors which have lost the tannic acid, but which contain
more or lets of gaiUo acid, for not only do all tanning
uiatt«n contain ^tllio acid, bat its proportion is greatly
iacreased during the operation of tanning, by a process of
fci mentation which goes on durins that operation, and
which converts tam£ add into galQo add and a pecailiar
sugar*
The TanniM of Bidet.^ThQ old process of tanning
i^nsisted in pladng layers of wet tan and of hides
iltemately, and after two or three months removing the
IV hole from the pit and replacing the old by fi'esh tan.
These operations were repeated until the hides were
tanned, which took from eighteen months to two years,
jwing to the difficulty of the tannic add reaching
uhe interior of the hide. Of late years the process of
tanning has been greatly shortened by treating the bark
A'ith water, and steeping the hides in the liquor,
flrat weak and afterwaids strong. By this means
^ood leather can be obtained in the space of eight
jr ten months. More rapid tanning, but probably giving
iuferior leathori ia efifocted by employing, in conjunction
with, or as a substitute fbr, bark, a decoction of dividivi,
valonia, myrobalan, catechu or terra iaponica, gambia,
SsQ, Many efforts have been made of late yeari
to apply the laws of hydraulics, as well as several
physical and physiologit^ principles discovered by
eminent philosophers, with the view of shortening tho
period of tanning, but as I believe that none of them have
received the general sanction of the trade, I shall confine
mvself to giving you an idea of the most successful ones,
Tne firstattempt to accelerate the process of tanning consisted
in forcing the tanning fluids into the substance of the hide
by means of hydraulic pressure. Mr. Spilbury, in 1831,
employed a process which consisted in making the
hides mto sacks, and plunging them into a tanning liquor,
and as the fluid percolated through the skin into the
interior of the bag the air was almwed to escape. By
this means a certain amount of time was saved in bringing
the tanning liquor in contact with the various parts of the
skin. Mr. Drake soon followed in the same direction,
his plan beinff to sew hides together, forming bazs, which
he filled with a solution of tan ; and to prevent the dis-
tention of the skins by the pressure of the liquid within,
they were supported in smtable frames; as the pore^
became gradually filled with tannin, artificial heat was
applied to increase the percolation of the fluid. Messrs.
Chaplin and Cox*s process is also vei^ similar to the
above, the difference being thdkt the tanmng fluid is placed
in a reservoir, and allow^ to flow into the bag of hides
throngh a pipe, the fluid being thus employed at
pressures varying according to the height of the reservoir.
The bag of hides is at the same time plunged into
a solution of tannin to prevent excessive distention.
Messrs. Knowles and Dewsbury have recourse to another
principle to compel the percolation of the tanning liquor
through the hide. To effect their purpose they cover
vessels with hides, so as to form air-tignt endoeores, and,
having placed the tanning fluid they employ on the
hides, the vessels are exhausted of air, and atmoepherio
pressure then forces the fluid through the skins into
the vessels below. Mr. Tumbull's process, being an
imitation of that used for tanning Morocco leather, need
not be described. Attempts have been made from time
to time to mineralize hides, that is to say, to substitute
for tannme, mineral salts, as will be described in my next
lecture, when speaking of the art of tawing skins. The
processes which have attracted most notice in this branch
of the art of preparing leather are those of Messrs.
D*Arcet and Asbton, M. Bordier, and M. Cavalier. M«
Bordier's plan is that of dippiuK hides in a sdutioo of
sesqui-sulphate of iron, when the animal matters of the
hide gradually combine with a baiks lesqui-sulphate of
iron, rendering the hide imputreeoible, and oonverting it
into leather. M. Cavalier's method is to dip hides first
into a solution of protosulphate of iron, and then into one
containing idum and bichromate of potash. A chemical
action ensues by which the protosulphate of iron is
converted Into a persulphate, combining with the
animal matter, and by its preservative action, together with
that of some of the alum, the hide is converted into leather.
I think, however, that I shall be able to satisfy you, ii'om
the results of many examinations of leather and hides
which I have made, that there are good and suffident
reasons why most of these processes have necessarily
faUed. Inventors have been led to believe, by the state-
ments of many eminent physiologists (as can be proved tnr
readins some of the most recent works on that science) ,
that skin is composed of blood- veawls, glands, Ac, plus
gelatine, and that if by any mechanicalcontriviince the
tanning liquor could be brought into contact with this
Kcktine, the leather would be tanned ; and many
mgenious schemes have been devised, and much monev
expended to obUin that result. The &ct, however. Is
that there is no eelatine in skin, for if there were, when
hides weroplaced In water, the gelatine would be dissolved
and washed away. But what is supposed to be gelatine in
the hides is in reality the isomeric substance called osseilie
674
JOURNAL OT THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 15, 1864.
or one greatly reeembling \U The gra«t diacoyery to be
made in the art of tanoiDg, therefore, is that of a chemical
or fermentative process, by which the isomeric change
(that of the osseine into gelatine) may be rapidly pro-
duced, instead of by the uow potre&ctive process which
occnrs in the old method of tanning. Further, I would
observe that to convert a hide into leather it is not suffi-
cient that the whole of its animal matter be combined
with tannin, for the leather thus obtained would present
two great defects ; 1st, the hide would not have increased
in weight, and the tanner's profits therefore would suffer ;
2ndly, the leather would he so porous as to be useless for
many of the purposes for which leather is required. The
reason of this is, that when, after a period of several
months, the osseine has been converted into gelatine, and
this has become thoroughly combined with tannin, a second
series of reactions is necessary to render the leather more
solid and less permeable to water, and to increase materially
its weight. These reactions constitute what is called
feeding the hide, and are brought about by leaving
it to steep in more concentrated tanning liquor
for a consiaerable period ; and this necessary process,
beneficial to the wearer as well as to the pro-
ducer, appears to me to Im that which offers
the greatest impediment in the way of shortening
the period of tanning. The hides as they leave the
tanning yat require several operations before they are
ready to be used for soles, or to be curried for
various commercial purposes. They are first slightly
washed and placed in a shed to partially dry, and are
then rubbed with a brush and rough stone on the hce of
the leather, or hair side, to remove any loose tanning
material that may remain on the surface ; but this rul^
bing is not applied to the back, as buyers attach
great importance to the peculiar appearance called the
bloom, which enables them to judge of the goodness of
the tanning. The tanned hides are again lightly dried,
and oiled on the face, and then submitted to the pressure
of a roller passed over the surface, which has the effect of
rendering the leather more flexible and the surface per-
fectly uniform. These operations are repeated two or
three times, when the leather is ready for soles. Before
the tanned hides intended for shoe-soles are considered
fit for that purpose, they must be slightly compressed and
eoflened, so as to again diminish their permeabOity to
water. This was formerly effected by beating with a
hammer called the mace, but of late years this slow pro-
cess has been superseded by compressing machines ; and I
believe those most appreciated in the trade were invented
by Messrs. Goz and Welsh, and Messrs. Iran and Schloss.
fmttltinp ttt |nslMims«
Htdb Meohikios' iHffrrrirnoN. — The twelfth annual
repcrt for last year |flays *that during the past year the
Institution has not only maintained, but advanced its
position, notwithstanding the almost unexampled trade
depression. The Directors speak of the irreparable loss
which the Institution has sustained by the death of its
founder and munificent patron, the late Benjamin Good-
fellow, Esq. The number of members was : — Honorary,
16 ; annual, 87 ; ladies, annual, 7 ; of quarterly and
weekly members, the average was about 160. The
library has been removed to the ground floor, in order to
facilitate the exchange of books, and 79 works have been
added during the past year. Besides new books, there
has been a large contribution of new and vslnable works
from the Hyde Book Club, connected with the Institution.
The room lately occupied as the library has been
adapted as the reading room, and some improvements
have been effected, 'flie Dilators, hoping to increase
the usefulness of the news room, arranged with the
General Electric Telegraph Company to ftimish tele-
grams ; but the supply has been so intermittent and un-
satisfactory as Dot to be of ben^t to the lulikotiaL
During the past year the evening dassea exhibit a imi%
four-fold increase in attendanoe aud reosipU ov« the
previous year. An interesting female din has been
established. It began with the attendanoe of thenooi-
tresses from the educational department of the Eyia
Belief Board's Sewing School, and the yngrmihefmk
during the few months they attended wis oouidtnd
satisfactory, and induced the hon. secretaiy of ths leviqg
school, Charles Hibbert, Esq., to distribute ssveial hnd*
some book priaes to the most proficieot. The nljdi
taught were : — reading, English grammar, srithoMtie,
writing, geography, English histoiy, and boanbeld
accounts. The visiting agent of the Lancuhtre lod
Cheshire Association pud a visit to the lDsUtotioD.tti
having made an examination of the pupils, he ofnMd
his graUfication at their attainments. The attsodiaoa
at the lectures have been good, and the geDsnlnaUi
satisfactory. A dahlia show was held in SsfilcnlNi.
Concerts and a theatrical performance by tiie gntao
amateurs of Manchester were given with sooom Boaia
the evening classes for elementary instmctioo, ithii bcs
arranged to open, in one of the unused roooisof ths bjoy^
ing, a middle class boys' day school, with a view to nmr
a felt educational want ; and the school, if suoceafel «ul
prove a small auxiliary to the funds of thehMUtotUD.
The balance sheet diows an expenditure of £278 Ilk, m
the balance due to treasurer is £6 8s. ^A^ hivBiglMi
reduced from £39 16s. lid. This result has been M»
about prindpidly by the donations reodved ^''.^^Jr
lecture hidl, and other parts of the boiUing. 1w
receipts from the evening dasses have iocnued frn
£8 19s. lOd. to £14 4s. 4}d. during the y*"'-^
directors suggest to their successors to seek thenw
development of the evening classes, by adding nefS**
jects of instruction, and alao by seeking to iwfenew
attendance at those already in existence ; sbo to w
some special effort to secure a much larger oomber aw
operative class, so as to make the Institution mxtttml
a Mechanics' Institution than it is at present A im^
ment is springing u^ in the oountr;^ which tk s^
directorate may fall m with ; to provide a room (wn«
working men may attend in their working dre«) **^^
tive and cosy as possible ; where, besides beiog aUe to
read suitable newspapers, they may ei^ (Keodljr <*•
versation, or hear a song, or redtatioiL ^JJ?
should be provided (says the report), with piino, ^'^fr^
table, and various games, as backgammooi e hg^_^
draughts, &c Here, «s in a superior kind of ^^J*
easy, the working men would have scoeii to aw*
amusement, and instruction ; and if, in '^'^^J^^
donal attendance at the dub* room, the younger |J"2
could be induced to take up some subject ^^^^^'^
systematically pursue it, the usefulness of the Inwtw»»
would be increased.
BRITISH A880CUTION FOB THE ADVAKCt
MENT OF SCIENCE.
The Thirty-fourth Meeting of the British A«»^
for the Advancement of Sdence will commence w***
on Wednesday, the 14th of September, 1864. onder w»
Presidency of Sir Charles Lyell, M. A. LLJ)., D^
F.R.S., and the following are the amuigenientt w*""
meeting : — ^ ^
The General Committee will meet on Wedneifl^
14th of September, at 1p.m., for the dection w •^TT
officers, and the despatch of bustness Ufuilly brosgw^
fore that body. On this occasion there will ^^PJ^^
the report of the Council, embodving their P«J?J^
during the past year. The GenersS Comnuttss *1«^
afterwards by adjournment The first geneiil w^
will be held on Wednesday, the Hth of 8«P^J^'.!L
p.m.. when the Preddent wiU deliver an ^^^l^Z
conduding meeting on Wednesday, the 2lrt ofsJPTl
ber, at 3 p.m., when the Assodation wifl be adjonrwo
JOtJBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 15, 1864.
676
iU aexi place of mMUog. At two evdDiDg meeiinga*
whioh will take place at 8 p.m.. diaooanea on certain
brandiet of acienoe will be delivered. There will also
be other evening meeiinga, at which opportanity will
be affocded for general oonveraation among the membera.
The Committeea of Seotiona will meet daily, from
ThnradiMr, the 16th of September, to Wedneaday, the
81at of September, induaive, at 10 a.m. preoiaely. The
Seotkos will meet daily, from Thoraday, the 15th of
September, to Taeaday, the 20th of September, inolnaive,
at 11 a.m. preoiaely. Beporta on the progreaa of acience,
aAd of leaearohea entraated to individual and commit-
teea, and other commonicationa intended for preeentation
to the Seotiona, are expected to be forwarded in lettera
a^dmaed to the Aaaiatant-Geneiml Secretary, at Bath,
pvevioQaly to the meeting, accompanied by a atatement
whether the anthor will be preaent, and on what day,
■o that the boaineaa of the Sectiona may be aatiaiaotorily
anaofled. The raporta complete, and ooneiae abatraota
of other coounnnieatioBa, are to be delivered to the
Seoretatiea of the Sectiona beibre which they are read,
pfevioQaly to the doae of the meeting, for publication
In the Tnnaaotiona. Aa the reporta on Science may be
intereating to more Sectiona than the one which origin-
ally called for them, it ia desirable that the anthon
ahonld be prepared to fnmiah the meana of reading them
in any other Section at the reqaeat of the President and
Seeretariea of that Section. The following are the tidea
of the Seotiona to which commonicationa may be pre-
■anted:— Section A. Mathematica and Phyaica. B.
Chemiatry and Mineralogy, includinff their applicationa
to Airricnlture and the Arta. C. Qe<?ogy. D. Zoology
and Botany, including Phyaiology. Sob-Section D. E.
Geography and Ethnology. fT Economic Science and
SUtiatioa. G. Mechanical Science.
At the firat meeting of the General Committee it will
be propoaed by Dr. Hunt, *' That Section E. ahall indode
Geography, Ethnology, and Anthropology.'* An Index to
the volomea of Beporta of the Britiah AaaodatioD, from
1881 to 1860, ia printed, and will be iaaoed to those mem-
bera who have aobecribed for it, at 12a., carriage indoded
EXAMINATION PAPEBS, 1864.
The following are the Examination Papers act in the
vailoiia aobjeota at the Sodety'a Final Examinationa, held
in April laat:—
ABITHMETIC.
TBBXB HOUIta ALLOWXD.
Jfo morifct wiU be alhwedfir antwert where the tocrking it
noiekmmi,
1. Find by practice, oaing only one aliqoot part, the
Taloe of 587 artidea at £9 ITa. 6d.
2. In payment of the rent of a field of 10 acres, 2 rooda,
16 polca, at £1 Ida. 5d. per acre, I received 6 cwt. 3 qrs.
19 Iba. of aogar, worth £8 la. 7d. per cwt., how much
money moat I retom ? Work by Practice.
3. If it take 12} yarda of doth to make 5 coats, and 2}
yarda to make 2 waiatooata, how many yarda will it require
to make 7 coata and 8 wairtooata ?
4. How much will | of 781 yarda amount to at 5a. 8d.
ibrfoflfyarda?
5. What fraction of a guinea and a half added to
iB3 16a. 9d. will amoont to £4.
6. A merchant owea a certain aom ; he paya aeverally
£25 60.. £86 9fl. 6c, £27 afl., £^ 5fl. 8c. 3 mils, and
£46 7c. 2 mHa, and receivea back £5 Ic. 5 mila ; reqoired
the amoont of hia debt.
7. The amaller of two aoma is £74 Ifl. 8c 5 mila;
thdr difference ia £2 9fl. 6c. 3 mils ; cxpreaa the larger
amount in the common corrency.
8. If a peraon pay £12 da. 9d. for income-tax, when the
tax ia 7d. in the poond, what extra aom will he pay when
the tax ia 16d. in the poond ?
9. If 18 per cent of an army be killed in battle, and 14
per cent, of the remainder deaert, and 21,156 men be left,
what waa the original atrength of the army ?
10. If a ahip be inaored for 91f per cent, of ita real
valoe, and the whole valoe of the ahip be £6,968, what
woold a peraon loae who owned f of the ahip ?
11. By aellins an artide for £19 the aeUer loaea 5 per
cent, on the outlay ; what would be the loaa or gain per
cent, if be aold it for £23 15a.?
12. 1 lent £184 12a. 9}d. on the 12th of Maich, what
intereat ia doe on the 5th of Aogoat at 2} per cent, per
annom?
13. I booght an artide for 25 goineaa caah, and aold it
the aame day for 30 goineaa, allowing 6 montha' credit,
what waa my gain per cent ?
14. fVom a fidd 328 yarda long and 300 yarda wide,
how many gardena ooold be formed, each 144 feet long
and 75 feet wide?
15. A room ia 18 feet 7 inches long, 14 feet 3 inches
high, and 14 feet 3 inchea wide ; what will it coat to paper
ita walla, the paper being 3 qoarten wide and coating 2^.
a jrard, dedocting for 4 windowa each 12 feet high and
3} feet wide?
16. By adling aogar at 8d. per lb. I dear \ of my ootlay ;
if I then raiae the price to 9}a. ; what do I clear per cent,
open my outlay at the latter price?
17. The pricea of a Ist and 2nd daaa ticket from
London to Bath are £1 6s. lOd. and 19a. lOd. reapectivdy,
and a person taking 2 aecond class tickets sod 1 first class
ticket from London to Reading, on the aame line, paya
19a. for the three ; find the price of each ticket.
18. The popolationa of 3 towna in the year 1851 were
respectivdy 42,652, 84.648, and 13,412 ; in 1861 it is
foond that the first two had increased 12 and 10 per cent,
respectively, and the last had decreased 18 per cent. Find
the average population of the three towns at the latter
period.
19. A aold a piece of doth to B, who at firat offered
him 5 per cent, profit, bot A got him to give a abilling
more than his first offer, by which he foond that he had
deared 8} per cent. ; find the amoont for which A booght
and aold the cloth.
20. A peraon sella £1,000 consols at 94), and on their
rising he sells £1,000 more at 95| ; on their rising again
he boys back the whole £2,000 at 96; what does he
gain or lose on the transaction ?
21. If 27 grains of gold gild a ball weighing 729 oz.,
how many grains will gild a ball that weighs 1,728 oe. ?
BOOK-KEEPING BY DOUBLE ENTRY.
THBBB BOUBS ALLOWBO.
1. In what does the difference between the single entry
and the dooble entry method consist?
2. What is the special advantage possessed by the dooble
entry over the single entry method ?
8. What sboold a profit and loss accoont exhibit?
4. What should a balance sheet exhibit?
5. Journalise and jpost, in proper technical language and
form, the following imaginary facts and transactions, and
draw out from the ledger a trial balance, a profit and
loss account, and a balance sheet : —
James Bell and John Lee enter into partnership on the
1st January, 1864.
James Bdl's capital was —
In Cash £2,000
In Cotton 1,000
John Lee's capital waa— 3,000
In Cash £1,000
£4.000
K3.— The capital of the partnen bears intereat at 5
576
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 15. 1864.
Ki* cent, per annum, and the net profits are divbible
tween them in equal moietieB,
1864.
8uB8xqux9T Trinsaotioits.
ft
»f
f»
•(• •*•••••*•
ac-
Jan. 2. Bought of B. Black cotton a« per
invoice
„ Accepted R.Black'fl draft at 14 days
due 19th inst
8. Bold to Sam. Bow cotUm ,....
„ Received fh>m Sam. Bow his ac-
ceptance, due 7th Feb
and cash ,
4. Bought of 8. Tom cotton as per
invoice „
5. Paid cash to 8. Tom
Abatement allowed by 8. Tom
Bought of James Trig cotton as per
invoice ^...,
Received of James Trig bill,' re-
ceivable, due 15th inst.
6. 8old to Sam Bow cotton
Received of Sam Bow his
ceptance, due 9th February...
.. Advanced for petty cash .,...,
8. Bought of R. Nix, Mancheeter,
cotton goods as per invoice
„ Sold to H. Pott cotton as per invoice
18. Consigned to Ceylon, through Braine
and Co., for our own account and
risk, cotton goods, invoiced to
them at
„ Received of Braine and Co., awh
advance on said consignment
13. Pfcid to James Trig cash
,t Cash paid freight and charges on
shipment to Ceylon ,
,, Paid out of petty cash, posti^, &c!!!!
14. Discounted with D. Gride Sam.
Bow's acceptance for £26p, due 9th
Feb., received cash ....„ ,
Allowed discount .........!
^6. Bill receivable, )*eceived of James
Trig, 6th instant, due 15th iostant»
returned dishonoured ,„
17. C^fili drawn out by James BeU .,..'.','
iK r^ *l V by John Lee
19. Cash paid our acceptance of R.
Black's draft, due this day
H Cash placed on deposit at bankers...
20. Bought of R. Nix, Mancheeter,
cotton goods as per invoice
», Paid R. Nix, Manchester, cash 00
account
Our acceptance, due 10th iriu^.V.'
24. Paid out of petty cash for sta-
tionery, &c
81. Stock of cotton on band ....„..!.„
Cotton goods on hand at cost '....*,*
Salaiy due to D. Scribe
Rent due to R. Tree
Balance of interest to credit of
James Bell
" II John Lee...
^00
700
860
200
160
800
792 10
7 10
600 Q
210
700
250
10
670
480
liOOO
666
450
58 10
8 17 6
248 15
15
210 Q
250
100
700
1,000
325
400
200
II
II
»i
II
4 10
1,800
325
21
15
II
U 17 6
3 15
ALGEBRA.
THBEH B0UB8 ALLOWED.
(A.)
««l«4^-^ *^® gTOAteefc common me^Rtre of the two
murtbr^S***!**® ""°^ ®^ *"y ^^0 voMyo quantities
g^be greater than twice the giwnetrta meaiJ betwe^
;^3. Multiply a«-f6«.fc« — a6—ac—6cbya+i+t
4. Find the least common muliiple of 61*4.31-9.
2x» — 9x-f7.
5. Ezyeem the number 1864 underthe formofaeni^
a+66 + 5«c-h5«(f+etc,in8uchaniannerthstfl,i,<,i,
e(c., shall be wchpatUwe and Im than 5,
6. Given >^5 = 22-3606798; f^wthovl dhiun^ik
value of-J-— MDdJ^tzl
r'S — a K6-h2
f. Bolve the ^qoatioii system!
2 112 1 2 1
=— , =5, — +— =4, iDdte
X y 9 y 9 9~ z
9 + 4«« . 9 — 4s«
^^*'«°'3T5r+"8i::«r=ia-
8. ThesumofaiiarithmetioalBeriesis90,theooiBiDgg
difierence 8, and the first term 28. Find the vtlae of the
middle terms.
(B.)
9 If A, B, C, D, ara 4 points, so sitoatsd so i ligkt
line that AD, BD, CD, are in barmonio ptogresrioo.fro*'
that DA, CA, BA, will also be in harmonic progreaHo.
10. If 6 priies are to be distributed betwMo4diaei.
find in how many difierent ways the distribotioD ein take
place.
11. Fmd the value of the nth term in the eipuKun af
1
•^-=^ by the binomial theorem.
12. If «2 -h 6a: -f s = 0, be an equation in which V.
are podtiye or negatire integers, show that the eqnatiai
cannot have a finite fractional root, and Bhow in wbit
manner this rule may be extended to the eqoalioo
aa;« + 6 + c = 0, where a, 6, c, are all of ^m pwiti^
or negative integers.
ffbiseofitMSMd).
gm ^t.
FnrB Aura n FaAvoB.-~The aoxmnts of the Ute
Annual Exhibition of the works of living artists hare joit
been published, in outline, and it appesis that the Mil
sum taken at the doors was 110,000 francs. The mv»r
tion was open from the 1st of May to the 16th of i^^
deducting Sundays, when admisaioa was giatiii ^*
nine days; this, at one franc a head, gives an aveoff >^
tendance on the pay days of 2,820, or little more tfa»
two persons to three works of art exhibited ; this iicr-
tainly a poor result. It must be mentjoned, howe^<
that great Ubei^ity is exhibited towaids the artiste, in-
dents, and the nress, who all have their tiUriet dvii>8r
whole course of the Exhibition. The number of ci»
logues sold is stated at 28,000, or one, or nearlr ooe, ^
eveiy four visits. The refreshment bttjfeiit «» <*°*/J:
umbrella stalls, produced to the management iw«
150,000 francs. This money has been spent in porcjn*
for the national collections. The Luxerobooif 0*J<^
which has been closed for some days for repairs aw ^
arrangements, is now re-opened, with fiom tnirtjr to m
new works, principally firdm the late Exhibitioo.
Publication op Sketohbs of BuoEia I>eu<*'^
M. Alfred Bobaut, of Douai, has just inued the <^
volume of a veiy remarkable work, ocmsiating of adoBjWe
lithographic copies of Delacroix's beet sketches. J^
volume issued, which is io folio, contains *^«^^"*^
lithographs, including the flunous Arab cavabers, ^*^
of lions and other animals, •* Joseph and Potiphar% Wiw»
*• Death of Lara," Jacob and the Angel," the " BW;
catwn of Achilles," " Hamlet and Laertes at the Gn^
and other well-known specimens. The seeond volflwe w
this interesting woit is In progrc». The name ofjw
poaaeesor of each of Uie sketches engraved Is attadw-'
a useful indication in mono respects than one.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July Ifi, 1864
677
Inobes Exhibition. — M. Ingres, the patriarch of French
Art, has for some years abstained irom public exhibition,
the last time of his appearing being in 1855, but he has
just thrown open bis own atelier, on the Qnai Voltaire, to
all loTers of art who will take the trouble to obtain an
iDtrodootioo. The exhibition conrists of five woiks— a
•< P^vtrait of Madame Ingres ;" •« Homer led by a Ohild,"
Bsid to be an old sketch recently carried out; ** L*
Vierge H6diatrioef' " Turkish Women at the Bath;'*
and ** The Qolden Age.** The last is almost a repro-
dnotion of a work executed by M. Ingres at the Due de
Liuyne's charming chateau at Dampierre. ** The Scene
in the Bagnio" is one of the most daring works of the
artist The paint on these canvases is scarcely yet dry,
and in the corner may be seen the following signature : —
«« J. D. iNoan, Mtatis LXXXIill I"
OoPTBioHT ni Emobavdios. — Tlie Association (br the
Protection of Publishers report the total number of
piracy cases placed in the hands of the solicitor, or
oomiog to hifl knowledge, up to the 81st of May, 1864,
vras 1 04 ; of these 97 were piracies by photography, and
7 by lithography. To mafaitain the publishers' rights, it
has been necessary to bring 27 actions, and to institute
proceedings in the police court on one occasion. In the
residue of the cases, the offenders have paid the expenses
and a nominal penaltjr, promised not to otknd again, and
signed the declaration to that effect, with a heavy
penidty in de&ult. In the oases wherp actions have been
brought, the defendants have paid the costs and small
penslties, whtoh have been credited to the proprietors of
the sevenl copyrights, and in these cases alio the pirates
have signed the declaration. In all instances the
delinquents have delivered up, to be destroyed, the
pirated copies remaining in their possession.
Ck>PTBiOBT. — The Select Ck)mmittee on the Bill in the
House of Commons have reported that, considering the
difllculty and complication of the inquiry, they are not
prepared to recommend any amendments or consolidation
of the law of copyright, without information, which, at
this advanced period of the Session, it is hardly practi-
cable to acquire. They recommend that the whole ques-
tion be referred to a Select Committee next 8e«ion.
INl'l,
Stxah Boiler ExpLosioNa— The engineer's monthly
report for May, presented to the Manchester Association,
aays that during the previous month 226 engines have been
examined, and 402 boilers, 16 of the latter being examined
specially, and 1 of them tested with hydraulic pressure.
Of the boiler examinations, 287 have been external, 18
internal, and d7 thorough. The following defecto have
been found in the boilers examined :~Furnaces out of
shape 2 (l dangerous); fracture, 8 (2 dangerous) ; blistered
plates, 2 ; internal corrosion, 11 ; external corrosion, 9 (3
dangerous) ; internal grooving, 8 ; external grooving, 4 ;
feed apparatus out of order, 1 ; water gauges ditto, 9 (1
dangerous) ; blow-out apparatus ditto, 9 ; foible plugs
ditto, 2 ; safety-valve ditto, 1 ; pressure gauges ditto, 11 ;
deficiency of water, 1; total, 78 (7 dangerous). Boilers
without glass water gauges, 6; without pressure gauges,
2 ; without blow-out apparatus, 22 ; without back preaiure
valves, 22. Six explosions have occurred during the
month, by which 11 persons have been killed, and 18
others injured. None of the boilers were under the in-
spection of the Association. One of the explosions, by
which one person was killed and two othei-s iiyured,
occurred to the boiler of a locomotive engine, while
standing at a short distance from a railway station. The
locomotive, which was employed on goods traflic, »nd had
six wheels coupled, was of the ordinary constiuction, and
about ten yean old, having been re-tubed two years since.
The cylindrical portion of the boiler, as well as the crown
of the outer fire box shell, was rent into a number of
pieces ; while many of the tubes were fractured, and the
remainder bowed outwards. The cause of the explosion
was attributed, at the inquest, by three successive wit-
nesses, all of whom were practical boiler-makers, to short-
ness of water and conseqneqt overheating of the plates.
This, it was thought, had produced a gas inside the boiler,
which, upon ignition from the hot tubes, caused the ex-
plosion. A personal examination of the exploded boiler
led, however, to a very different conclusion. The crown
of the inner fire-box, as well as its sides, were fbund un-
injured, and the roofing stays in perfect condition ; while
the rents, instead of being in the fire-box, which would
have been the case had the plates been overheated, were
confined to the external shell, as already described; so
that it is clear that the explosion was not due to shortness
of water. On further examination, it was found that the
character of the water was somewhat corrosive, and the
surface of some of the plates had been eaten into indenta-
tions by it ; while dose to the overlap at a longtitudinal
seam of rivets, at the left hand-side of the cylindrical
portion of the Ix^er, and ip the ring of plates nearest to
the smoke box, a deep furrow was found to have been
eaten, which ran longtitudinally more than half way
across the width of the plate. At this furrow, which was
below the water line, the plate had rent, and there can be
little question that this rent was the primary one from
which the others developed, and to which the explosion
had been due; so that the supposition of shortness of
welter, as well as that of the formation of explosive ^ases,
and the neglect of the engine-driver, may be dismissed,
and the explosion attribute simply to weakening of the
plates through the furrowing action, which is found to be
more or less developed in nearly all boilers, but more espe-
cially in locomotives. In another explosion, which also
occurred to a locomotive engine, the shell rent at the base
of the steam dome, which was shot upwards, and thrown
to a considerable distance. From this opening a number
of rents radiated, and the upper part of the cylindrical
portion of the shell was rent into several pieces. Various
considerations left little room to question that the primary
rent had occurred at the base of the steam dome, where
the ring of angle iron, with which it was attached to the
shell, was found to be severed for a considerable distance
through the line of rivet holes. This explosion is con-
sidered, therefore, to have been due to the existence of
the steam dome, and that, had it not been for this, the
explosion would not have occurred. The danger of
these steam domes has been frequently pointed out to
the association ; and this explosion, which is by no
means singular, affords an additional illustration of the
importance of dispensing with them altogether, at all
events, in stationary boilerj. A good deal of miscon-
ception, says the reporter, exists with regard to their
efiiciency ; they are considered by some to make a
valuable addition to the amount of steam room within
the boiler, and thus to compensate for irregular loads
upon the engine. The fallacy of this, however, may
be simply shown. Few steam domes exceed by more
than four times the capacity of the engine cylinder, so
that, even if the dome coqld be entirely exhausted, it
would work the engine but a few strokes; while the
entire space above the water line in a Lancashire boiler,
7 feet in diameter and 80 feet long, conUins but little
more stesm than the amount generated every ™^o}J^
when in ordinary work. Again, one foot of chamber
room, filled with 60 lb., will only yield four feet at
atmospheric pressure; whereas, one cubic foot of the
water, which would be of a temperature of 809 dep^
Fahrenheit, would yield considerably above one hundred
cubic feet of steam at atmospheric pressure. So *^J *
boiler worked at a pressure of 60 lb. a foot of space, filled
with water, has stored up within it more than thirty times
as much power as one filled with steam. From this it
will be dear that the reservoir of power is not in the
steam, but in the water. In order to prevent priming, all
that Is neoenary is to take the steam off at a number of
578
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 15, 1864.
points, and not to allow a concentrated rush at any one.
To effect this, horizontal perforated pipes, carried along
within the steam 9jM09, which are so widely known, are
foond to be most efficaoious. A considerable number are
at work in the boilers under inspection, sod give very
satisfactory results. Steam domes idao are inconvenient.
Bailway companies frequently refuse to transport boilers
with them on. Also, they are an obstruction in getting
new boilera into place, and in removing old ones where
the head- way is limited, and have to be out off altogether
where it is necessary to revolve boilers in their seats so as
to bring the bottom upwards for repair. Again, leakage
is constantly found to arise at their attachment to the dieU.
(S^ttWitXCt.
BivBBS ni Belation to Tbadb akd Hbalth.— A
paper on this important subject, by M. C. Orimand, of
Cans, has been read Mote the Academy of Paris by M.
Dumas. Starting with the theorem— udom one might
almost say— of M. Peligot — '* That the water of riveig
which traverse the grand centres of population become
more impure in proportion to the development of industry,
for while the mass of the water remslns the same, the
causes of impurity become daily more abundant" — the
author sets forth the following self-evident principles as
regards the Seine: — '*That water for consumption
should be taken from the river above and not ImIow the
city ; that the organic matter which mixes with the water
of the river takes a long time to destroy ; and that the
supplies of water for domestic purposes and for cleaning
of the streets should be kept separate." The last dictum
of course only applies to cases such as that of tiie Seine,
where the source of the water applicable to the former use is
not sufficient for both. The water used for the streets of
Palis is drawn, not from the Seine but from a canal ; this is
supplied through pipes to ihefoniamet in the street, and also
to sll the better houses, while the water of the Seine is still
generally furnished by the carriers, who obtain it from
the city reservoira, where it is filtered, and csnied in pails,
at a great coat, to the consumers. M. Dumas, who
is President of the Municipal CouncU of Paris argues
for the completion of the great drainage system (Sffout
eolleeUur), and demands that agriculture shall be put
in possession of '* those products without a name,
which are at the same time so dangerous yet so valu-
able, and at once elements of life and of death." This
is, he says, the great problem of the present day for
Paris as it was the other day in London ! M. Dumas,
in pleading for the improvement of his own capital,
naturally enough makes the best use of what has taken
place elsewhere, and, at the same time does not spare
his contemporaries at home. He says : '* If hygienic
science had been thoroughly understood when Piu*is was
enlarged, the great houses erected would have been con-
structed on a man more favourable to the health of their
inhabitants — ^the rooms would not have been made so
small, or with so little light, and the kitchens would
not have been made to look into wells ;" and, '* on what
principles," he asks, "are the boulevards and public
monuments disfigured by arrangements which offend
both the eye and the nose, while the air is vitiated by
the concentration of poisonous products?" M. Dumas
regards the sullying of the waters of a river not only as an
enormous error, but as an act which must sooner or later
be remedied ; and he asks who shall estimate the cost in
human life and suffering of the putrid exhalations of the
Thames at low water, when the sewers were emptied into
it, or of the effect of the wretched condition of the smaller
arm of the Seine on the old city which it washes. The neces*
sity of emptying the sewers of Paris into the river below the
city is naturally insisted on, and is self-evident ; and every
saniUry reformer will endorse the dicta of M. Dumas, who
says :— *« Everywhere, the practice of adulterating streams
by the contents of sewers should be put a stop to ;
products should be collected with care, and the bad elBsct
of the decomposition got rid of by their appUcatioa to
agriculture ;" and he points to FLand^s, Savoy, boi moit
especially to China, as the countries where the greatest
care has been bestowed on the collection and ^plieatiao
of these <* elements of life and death." M. Domaa dwelb
with proper pride on what has already been done in Paris,
but, he says : — *' In ordor to maintain the purity of air or
of water, the most scientific and practical sysloiia alooe
will not suffice, even when perfectly carried out ; it Is afaao-
lutely necessary to grapple with and overoome all tfae
opposition wh»ch private inter^ts, affecting an ignanot
disdun for science, and mistrusting her reoommendalieDa,
set up in favour of routme and against the public good.*
Cotton.— Messrs. Smith, Bdwards and Co., m their
circular for June, say: — ^A marked reeemblanoe is
observed between the position of the market now and at
this time last year, and it is anticipated by many thai the
course of prices in the autuom montha wOl be atmilar.
Last year a drooping market in the spring and summer
was succeeded by a great increase of the oooaomptioa in
the autumn, an active trade in Manchester, and an
advance in prices of 6d. to 8d. per lb.; tbis year the
improvement commenced in April, and to that extent the
revival due in the latter part of the year bas been fore-
stalled. But the absorption of Cotton, both in this
country and the Continent, is proceeding at a paoe whiek
threatens to run stocks very low in the autumn, if not
interfered with by other causes. The coDSKunpcioo is
going on at the rate of 8,000 or 10,000 bales per week above
ULStyear; the export is fully as large, and the snippliei
available for the next few months promise bat a satall
increase on last year. The last accounts from Bombay
(our chief somxse of supply for the remainder of the year)
are more discouraging than any yet received, far it
appears that a large portion of the new crop, eepedaDr
Broach and Dhollerab, must remain in the intmsr untu
after the monsoon, t.«. till October or November. This
is partly owing to organized efforts among native epeoola-
tors to keep up prices in Bombay, and pamy to the long-
coulinued bad accounts going out &om this market in the
spring, which stopped purchases in the interior and
clogged the wheels of business. In addition to thu, ths
G. 1. P. railway, which is the great avenae of trade to
the Oomrawuttee districts, has &Uen out of repair, sod
suspended the carriage of cottou, so that mndh of that
crop must also lie over till after the raina. For theas
vanous reasons it is not thought now that any materisi
increase can take place in the shipments of Cotton tSX
near the end of the year, and the export for some moothi
to come is not expected to be greater than last yeir.
From Calcutta and China a moderate increaae of ship-
ments is taking place, and the next Madras »op is ez^
pected to be lai^er, but it is only beginning to arrive, ud
scarcely counts into this year's supply. The crop ia
Egypt is thought to be drawing near a doae ; the ezoessife
prices rulioff of late have drained the interior, and ti
appears likely that less remains to be shipped than afto
this date last year. From the Brazils and America v«
see no reason to anticipate any material iteration fiea
the quantities received in the latter half of la«t year, sb
that, looking broadly at the question of supply, we see no
ground to anticipate other than a very moderate inoteass
for the next few months over last year, certau^y not
more than sufficient to meet the onlai^ged oonaomptioB.
But last year the stock steadily diminished till it readiel
150,000 bales in the beginning of November, so that the
present relations of supply and demand point likewise to
a great diminution this year, if nothing occnrs to distmt
their natural development. It must be remembered,
however, that the platform of price fVom whidi we start
is much higher than last year. Then it was 21d. per Ih
for American and Egyptian Cotton, and 17d. for iafr
Surat ; now it is 28d. for the fbrmer and 22d. ibr the
latter. There is bendes an uncertain fhtore (o the money
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, July 15, 1864.
679
mArkei, and the fall expectation of renewed pressure
later in the year ; whereas last season no aneasiness was
felt on that score till the beginning of November. These
coosidermtionsy combined with the anxiety more or less
aTowed aboat the course of American affairs, will go far
to neutralize the effect of a scarcity of the raw material,
and periiapa prevent the advance that would otherwise
oecnr ; stili it most be allowed that the general sentiment
of the trade points at present to higher prices, especisdly
for the better stapled classes of cotton ; with respect to
them it is saflBdent to observe that the stodc on hand is
100,000 bales, against 166,000 last year; the quanUty
expected for the next few months no greater, and the
conaamptioo nearly double what it was at this time last
year.
^BMii.
commission
wheat crop, very naturally recalls the attention to the
oonaequent revolution in the price of bread that has
created so much consternation already in Victoria.
Happily we are better prepared than any community in
the world to hear with comparative stoicism the cry of
dear bread. The variety of our resources for food and
sustenance has made us comparatively independent of the
loaf, and though we never can forego the claims of the
staff of life, yet as long the market gardener and the
butcher can afford to dispute his supremacy, the tyranny
of the baker over our appetites can never be absolute and
undivided. The inconvenience felt by us in famine
prices in bread, there is a satisfaction in feeling, is the
smallest possible. The earnings of labour elevate it
beyond the temptation of bread riots. In the old country
a great increase in the price of flour means a great
increase in crime. Forourselves we are exempt from the
oalculatioos and apprehensions associated with this; in
most wheat-growing countries the price of labour is
measured by the value of food which labour consumes —
wages fluctuate with the fluctuations in the price of bread.
But in this countiy wages have never fallen in the same
ratio as bread. The present price of bread will therefore
well diminish the profits of labour, but it will not disable
the labourer. The labouring class, in proportion to the
salaried class, is, at this moment, over-paid ; and though
the labouring dtss, in common with the whole community,
must experience the effects of a higher market, yet the
class who will feel it most are the small fixed annuitants.
But after all, the endurance of either party will not be
tried very long or very severely. With so many foreign
markets to depend on the article must be attracted by
the high prices ft«m our neighbouni to our own, and the
re-adjustment of prices to their normal standard ensue as
a consequence. Though the bakers announce the prospect
of another rise in their manufacture there is no doubt
that the mere anticipation will produce an accession of
raw material. Competition will open the granaries of
the existing holders of flour, even if scarcity and want
have failed to open their hearts. Shipments are on the
road from California."
NaTUBAL HlSTOBT SOCIETY OF MONTREAL. — The
annual meeting of this society was held at Montreal, on
the ISth May. A general resum^ of the papers read during
the last session was given, and special attention was given
to the importance of Dr. Hunt's communication on the
earth's climate during the palaeozoic period. Dr. Tyn-
dall*s experiments would seem to prove that a small per
centage of carbonic acidandan additional amount of aqueous
vapour, diffused through the atmosphere, would largely
economise the solar heat by preventing radiation. In this
way the high and equable temperature in the northern,
temperate, and subarctic zones, which the flora of the cool
period would appear to imply, may perhaps be explained.
AttentioQ was then called to the most important scientific
fact in the year, the publication of the " Geology of
Canada." This was^ achievement of which the members
of the society might feel proud, as it might be said to
emanate from their body. He should only call atten-
tion to the two points in Camudian geology which it
illustrated. The first of these was the finding of defi-
nite traces of life in the Laurentian rocks. This for-
mation and the Huronian system were at one time
thought to be entirely devoid of fossils. In the Lauren-
tian rocks two series of beds may be observed of different
ages. In the lowest of these, fossils have lately been dis-
covered^' Canada thus far distancing all other parts of
the world, so far as yet known, in the antiquity of its
oldest fosdls.' The order of succession in the Laurentian
rocks seems to be the same as that so often represented in
other parts of the system. In other words, in all rock for-
mations circles of deposit teem to occur, in which the mine-
ral or mechanical composition of the rock undergoes a series
of changes. After this the author proceeded to discuss at
considerable length the two conflicting theories as to the
causes of the peculiar phenomena exhibited in the boulder
and drift clays of Canada. The facts which have to be
accounted for are **the striation and polishing of rock
sur&ces, the deposit of a sheet of unstratified clay and
stones, the transport of boulders from distant sites, usually
to the north-east, and the deposit on the boulder clay ot
beds of unstratified day and sand, containing marine
shells." He then stated that he considered the view
which ascribes these and other appearances to the action
of a ** sheet of glacier, several thounnd feet thick," upon
dry land, to be untenable in the minority of cases. The
hypothesis which he was inclined to accept was that which
supposes a general subsidence and re-elevation of the land
in North-east America, together with the action of the
sea and its currents, accompanied at certain seasons with
floating ice.
Population of New South Wales.— The following
is the official return showing the estimated population
of the colony on the Slst December, 1863 : —
MalM.
Fenulei.
Penoni.
Population, SOth June, 1863
Increase bv births
206,156
4,162
6,881
166,004
3,927
2,685
371,160
8,079
Increase by sea
8,566
ToUl
216,197
171,636
387.833
Decrease by deaths
Decrease by departure
1,780
4,774
1,196
1,143
2,977
6,917
6,664
2,339
8,894
Population, Slst Dec, 1863
209,643
169,297
378,939
Increase on the half-year ...
3,487
4,293
7.779
At present there are no means of ascertaining the num-
ber of persons arriving and departing from the colony
across the border.
Telbgrapbs in New South Wales. — The only tele-
graphic works at present in progress in this colony are
three branch lines, which are being carried out under an
arrangement witli the residents in the several districts
that the Qovemment shall receive five per cent, on the
outlay. On the line from Braidwood to Queenbevan a
distance of fifteen miles has been cleared, and holes for
the posts have been sunk for a distance of thirteen miles.
The posts are all erected on the line from Deniliquin to
Hay, and fifteen miles of wire are stretched. The line
from Wellington to Dubbo has been commenced. The
estimates for 1864 being at length passed, tendere will
shortly be called for new lines for which money has been
voted. These consist of extensions fiom Mud^ce to Mur-
rurundi, and from Braidwood to Araluen, and the con-
tinuation of the line to Cooma.
680
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTY OP ABTS, Jinx 16, 186i.
girUs.
T»E Fbivcb Com80rt*s Birthday. — A letter has beea
Addressed, by command of the Qaeen, to the Coanoil of the
Boyal HorticuUm-al Society, saying thai, «* Ooqsidering
the interest the Prince Consort always took in this gar-
den, and how much the society owes to his active sup-
gort and assistance, it would be exceedingly ratifying to
er Miyesty if the Conncil shall resolve that his birthday,
which falls on the 26th Angust, should &om henceforth
be observed by the society as a holiday on which iree ad-
mission to the gardens should be allowed to the public."
This suggestion the Council have adopted, and will take
*< immediate steps for arranging that the 26th Ajugust in
each year shall be kept henceforward by the society as a
holiday, in the hope of assisting towards bringing to the
mind of the present and future generations the virtnes of
the Prince, and his great services, Qq>eoiaUy to the work-
ing classes."
NBwsPAPgB Stamp Doty.— Mr. Ahel Heywood, who
last year was ipayor, and at the last election wm nearly
elected one of the members for Manchester, has issued the
following address to his friends upon the ocoasiop of taking
his eldest son into partnership:— ♦* When, in 183^, I
commenced the business of newsagent, the periodical press
had barely an existence, and no newspaper published in
England sold for a leas price than sevenpence, the duty
upon each paper being fourpence. The J*oor Man^t
Guafdiant published by Mr. Henry Hethering^n, was
commenced in 1830, and in 1881 he offered me the agency
for Manchester and the district. The size of the Poor
MarCt Ouardian was not equal to one half of the Family
MerM; it was. in fact, a demy sheet, and sold for one
pennv* The judges in the law courts decided that this
small sheet, so unlike a newspaper, was one, and as such
ought to pay the stanip duty. It was during the year
that an organised struggle of friends of the people com-
menced for the abolition of the stamp duty, or the
removal of the * tax on knowledge.* In the five years
during which this struggle was maintained, 760 persons
were fined and imprisoned by the magistrates for vending
the Poor i^an't Guardian aod the unstamped press. In
the paooth of March, 1832, the authorities at the
Stamp Office in Manchester instituted a prosecution
against myself for vending the Poor Man*8 Ouardian,
and I was committed by the presiding magistrate for
the space of four months to the New Bailey Prison.
The contest between the Government and the publishers
became very severe, the parcels for the country agents
were seized by the police and confiscated, servant girls
canying bonnet and other boxes were stopped and
searched, the coach offices in London were besieged by
tlie police to capture every suspicious-looking parcel ; but
the ingenuity of the publishers was a match for them.
My parcels were often put in hampers in which shoes
are usually packed, and directed to a shopkeeper in
Oldham-street who dealt in these articles. In referring
you to these circumstances, I desire to tender my moat
unfeigned thanks to those members of the trade now
living who, from the first year of my entering into busi-
ness, have never ceased to be my steadfast friends. To
the trade collectively I venture to express my heartfelt
thanks for the encouragement and support they have
always given to me, and, at the same time, to express a
hope that under the new partnership their favours will be
continued. 1 have now only to say that time has made
me a much older man than I was. Like most men who
have climbed the hill and faced the breeze for a third of
a century, I have lost some of the activity of youth ;
yet my hair is not grey, nor my health broken, and I still
feel a pride in l^elieving that no greater educational engine
was ever launched than the Freedom of the Press."
Pebuament ExHiBmoNs IN Paris.— For some years
the French mind, so fertile in ideas, and eo apt at organi-
sation, has been bent upon the application of the principle
of exhibitions to the commercial wants of mdastiy iod
art, and hi spite of the want of success that has at pres^
attended all such achemea in Paris and elaewhorc, m
undertakings of the kind are constantly ^ainging up, a^
at the present moment there »re more .^>*^?^,^
dewrveand attract attention. The Umoi CkntnU^
Mmux ArU m^wuSt 4 rinduHrie, which^ pggapi^d a
very aooce^JexbibiUim lart year, haa t^en ii^«s
in th6 curious old tquar© known as the Place B^f*'
which IB lituated in the very heart of the nianufactoi^
quarter of Paris. The intention of thia aocioty ». i« «•
flnt pUce, to form a museum of the best exAinidaa of art-
manufacture from all countries and of aU periods, for ^
benefit of the artists and artizans of France, and aJ* i
library of such books as may aid the stud^t in huart^
and industrial itadiai. The library ia already pa.n.;
formed and thrown open to the public for which it a
destined. This is a most praiseworthy inrtitatMO, aM
cannot fail to be of essential service if well carrwd od
Another exhibition, of a somewhat dlffwent ehaa-^er
and on a much larger acale, wiU be opened in the cca«
of the present month in the Bue Laffitte, m the «otoe.
at once, of the monetary and artistic world ; c* o»_y^
great auction mart where amateurs dispute the pp"^^
of the works of genius, and abo doae to Ae i*«hJoiM^
highway, the Boulevard des Italiens. ThSa «rt«^
ment aims at commercial objects throogli the medw»
of a permanent exhibition, and there is every aj^
ance of the intention being carried out with ^ara
The locality chosen is the fiimoua old manaoB*
Jacques Laffitte, situated at the junction of the a^
which beaw his name with the Rue de Provence. TO
house was the head-auarters of the revelation of la^
and in the ^afwf aalon was drawn up the draft <^ *»
Charter. At that time it had passed oat of the bfflff
of the famous financier, and the republic, ma a mar* c
its gratitude, re-p^^chased and preaentod it to »
origSal owner, a fact commemorated by an mecr jiat
over the entrance in the court yard. The hem
contains a large number of rooms, aonie of tb«i
of great size, and reUining aU their grandear tj
decoration; they are now being fitted Pp ™
massive and elegant stands in oak for the reoef^
of the articles to be exhibited, and the coori y^
on the one hand, and the garden on the oiber.
are being covered with glass roofe, and will m^ tw
very spacious halls, surrounded by galleries, and o«j-
municating on both floors with the house which rtiad?
between them. The upper storey of the mannoc i
being converted into a kind of dub, for the ef^ovtB^
of the exhibitors and others, and indudea, *>««« J^*
ing. writing, smoking, and billiard rooms, a salon dcvei^
to the use of ladies, which will be provided with a goM
piano. The exhibition is to be open to the public ^
from eleven in the mommg till eleven at night ; a^ ^
proposed to esUblish sales twice in the year to the di^
posal of those artides which are no longer ne^xmm^ »
the purposes of the exhibition. The plan is a bold (^
and its approaching maturity renders it worthy of attentt:*
Intebkstino -^CH-aoLOOiOAL DisoovxBT.— Some <i*
cavations made on the property of M. Berryer, at Ang«f-
ville, have brought to light a stone coffin oontamii^ u^
remains of a human skeleton, and several objects of »•
terest, such as a large bowl in bronxe with gadroonoi»-
ments; fragments of a siWer bowl much oxydiaad^
large chased gold ring, of the time apparwitly of »
Ijower Empire ; some fine coloured glaM beads, broW
glass vases, and a piece of silver money of the Bnpci'^
Gratian. The position of this tomb, on the edge of*
very andent road, leads to the supposition that it wt
not isolated, and M. Berryer has commenced a cawJ^
examination of the acyoining ground in the hop© of (i^
covering a collection of sepulchres belonging to the ffrv
of the Roman domination in France.
JOURNAL GP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, July 16, 1864.
681
IicpBoVso Laboubbbs' Dwellings.— Sib, — I desire tq
call the attention of those who are forming plans to
proTide improved dwellings for agricultural labourers, to
what we have long been doing in Poplar and other places,
in what we call Freehold Provident Societies. By them
we aeeurt eompooDd interest at the rate of 10 per cent,
per anQum to our members on their savings, andTconsider
that to be the lowest rate of interest that working meq
should be content with. A knowledge of the mode of
accomplishing this will greatly increase the power of the
philmnthropist who takes upon himself the task of in-
structing the lowlyt Very much higher rates of interest
than this may be obtained by the application of the
principles of our Freehold Provident Societies to pther
puri>ose8, as whatever rate of interest men i^re paying in
any ahape for other people's money, or for the use of any-
thin£f honght with other people's money, that rate of
interest they can, by combination, obtain for a certainty
on their own savings. For our present purpose I desire to
condne my observations to what may be done by that kind
of combination which secures interest at the rate of 10
per cent, per annum. Each of our Freehold Provident
societies consists of not less than 100 members, sub-
scribing 9}d. a-week, or £2 Is. 2d. per annum. The
Is. 2d. is set aside to pay the expenses of tl)e society,
and the £2 per annum, from each member, is used in the
following manner: — Every time the money in the society
amounts to £200 the members draw lots for it, and he to
whose lot it fiiUs purchases with it £200*s worth of
freehold or leasehold property, pays back the £200 by re-
paying £20 per annum for 10 years, and continues his
subscription of 91d. per week for 25 years, by which
time the last of the 100 members has had his £200, after
which each member has his 25 years' subscription returned
to him. Thus each member, for a subscription of £50,
obtains property of the value of £200, and receives back
also his £50. One only out of every 100 has to subscribe
£60 before he has £200. The first has £200 by the
time he has subscribed £2, and so on. The last served —
the one, if you please, worst off— has his £200 75 years
sooner thao he could have had that sum if he kept
his 9^. subscriptions in his own possession. E^h society,
with a subscription of £5,000, buys £20,000 worth of pro-
perty, and returns the £5,000 to its members. The
whole of the £20,000 worth of property is purchased in
25 years, and five years are occupied in returning the sub-
scriptions, making the whole period of the society 80
years. The repayment of 10 per cent, can be reduced to
5 per cent, per annum on the sum advanced, or lower
fltiU if reqmred, without the slightest damage to the
society. Seventy-five out of every 100 can withdraw from
the society without damage to those who remain. Those
who withdraw can receive back all they have paid to the
society, and hereafter will be able to obtain a good pre-
mium from others desiious of purchasing their shares.
All the details In the working of these societies have
been brought to great perfection by 20 years' practise.
The first society will be 21 years old on the 4th of August
next. The Saint Luke's Society (London) of which Mr.
Wood, of Ko. 26. Luard-street, Caledonian-road, has
been a member since its commencement, has a subscrip-
tion of Is. 7d. per week, for £200. It had its last appro-
priation a week or two ago, and will be 21 years old this
autumn. Various societies at Deptford are goins on. The
e*rlieet of them, established in the autumn of 1843, are
now held at the Deptford Literary Institution. A former
Liord Mayor of London, Mr. David Wire, was for years
the treasurer of the first four or five societies. By this
time the societies at Deptford must have appropriated
about £80,000. The various societies in Poplar have
appropriated about the same sum. Those m Poplar
ander my own immedifke maiMjgeinentt b^ve op to this
time ^»propri«tec| £19JA0. V^ ftiUlipit 1»«8^ ^n
August, 1843, with 100 shares, has now 41 shares. Each
member who has withdrawn has received back the whole
of the money he paid in.
Db.
it p. d.
To the Amount of SubsoriptiQiis
up to the 27th of June, 1864,
paid by the 41 Members re-
maining in the Society 1,750 18 6
TheaomrepaidofiAppropriatioiii 2,977
Ob.
4,727
By Amount Appropriated 4,600
Expenses for the 81 years 120
Balanoe , 7
18
f.
6
12
6
d.
5
1
4,727 18 6
Caloulations in great variety hav^ been published long
ago, which have been verified in every particular by the
working of numerous societies. On these calculations the
rules are formed. I enumerate some of the things that
our 10th Poplar Society's rules provide for. Any amount
may be subscribed. Subscriptions may commence at any
time. Members may subscribe for ai^y number of years,
from seven to 25. Any member may have, at the end of
the 7th year, a sum appropriated to his use exceeding the
whole amount he has subscribed. The subscription is 1
per cent, per annum, on the sum to be appropriated to the
use of the member. The repayment is 10 per cent, per
annum, with power of reduction to 5 per cent., or lower
still if required. A great variety of other schemes can
be carried on in connection with the society by different
sections of the members, without the general and specific
business of the society being in any way interfered with.
I will give two illustrations of these and conclude : The
members of the 10th Poplar Society are divided into
three classes. Those who subscribe 10s. a week, those
who subscribe Is. a week, and those who subscribe one-
tenth of a shilling or l}d. per week. Many shilling
shareholders collect from the poor one-tenth of a shilling,
and make them the holders of one-tenth of a share, for
which each has £25 appropriated to his use ; repajrment,
£2 10s. per annqm for 10 years. These sums of £25 can
be used to purchase sewing machines, looms, boats, lathes,
furniture, pianofortes, to apprentice children, or to pur-
chase plots of freehold ground. Each dass of ten Is. a
wec^ subscribers has ao appropriation of £250 on an
average every 2} years. The ten composing the class
draw lots to ascertain who is to have the £250, but,
making such arrangements among themselves previously,
if death occura to a member of that class, the next appro-
priation that aocrues to that class belongs to the survivor
of the deceased. Death has drawn the lot. In the case
of a widow this can easily be made for her equivalent to
an annuity in perpetuity of £20. — I am, Jl^c, T. E.
BOWKETT.
Poplar, June 29tli, 18S4.
%a CDfrnspnlttnts.
Bbbati.— In last Jbumal, p. 669, col. 1, lins 0, for ** of its
professors,** read »* to its professors »** and line 26, for " but the
artists having," rssd '* the artuts not having."
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL PBINTED PAPERS.
lMi9ir$d om Btk June, 18S4.
Psr.
Nunb.
347. The Qoeen, v. Brtoken and othert—Copiei of the Tnforma-
tiODi and Indlotmentf.
360. Elsctort (Ireland)— Betnm.
582
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 16, 1864,
SESSION 1863.
493 (n.) Import and Export DntiM—RetiirA.
DWtMTfd on 9th Jtmi, 18M.
369. ColonUlGorernon— Corretpondende.
361. Holyhotd Harbour— Farther CorreipoBdonce.
364. Bo^ Court (JorNj)— Farther CorrMpondeiice.
CircsuUa TribM— Papoii roipeetinf Uie Sottlomeat of Emi-
granta In Tarkej.
309.
311.
360.
373.
130.
132.
133.
134.
136.
13Y.
140.
324.
344.
364.
366.
363.
368.
3T4.
168.
322.
341.
361.
366.
3t6.
136.
141.
JkUvtni <m lOM /mm, 1864.
East India (Flnanoe and ReTonoa Aoooonti).
Union of Boneftoif (MetropoUa)— Copj of Soheme.
Michaai Doigan and othera— Memoriali.
Bailwaja (Depodta of Bondi)— Botnma.
Bil]»--F1iherlM(~ '
t»
n
»t
t»
t»
»t
Fk«ih-water). 4
Pablic and Rafroduneat HooMs (ICetropdlif), amended. |
Snperannoatlonf (Union Ottoen). i
Unlfonnit^ Aot Amendment. |
Coontj Cmwtabolary Snperannaation. j
Baihrar TraTeUinf (Ireland).
Game (Ireland) No. 2). !
DMnrtd <m Wth and 13IA Amc, 1864. !
Amerioan Veitela— Retnm.
Patriotic Fand— Fourth Report.
Naty (Ships) -Retam.
Malta DockTard— Additional Correfpondenoe.
Na^(ShiM)~Retams.
Brewers* Tilcieiici e i Be lii r ni
Naty— SoppleoMntary Estimate (Vote 10).
East India (North Western Frontier)— Reton.
Fire Engines, Ac (MetropoIls)~Retam.
Translto of Stock— Aooounti.
Militia Regiments (Companies, Ac) — Return.
Belligerent Cruisen — Additional Instmctions to Colonial
Qoremors.
Naty (Trials of Goal >— Circular reeentlj israed to the Fleet.
Bills— Thames Consenrancy (amended).
Taluation of Rateable Property (Ireland) (amended).
K
laftnts.
JVOM CcmmMantn <if PatmUt JomnuU, Jufy 8M.
Guum Of Pbotisioikal Pnoraonov.
Air or gases, compressing— 1610— T. T. Cooghin.
Artifldal stone, Ac— 1604— R. Bodmer and L. R. Bodmer.
ArtUlery— 1476— M. A. F. Mennons.
Beer*englnes — 1634 — J. Holmes.
Boilers, apparatos for fbeding— 1486— J. Fletcher and H. Bower.
Bottles, Ac., stoppers fior— 1643— T. O. Dixon.
Boxes, card and millboard— 1647— T. J. Denne.
Carbonic add, manuftcture of— 1498— G. H. Oioaf.
Carburetted hydrogen, Ac— 1613— W. H. Tooth.
Carriages— 1660— J. Bottomloy.
Chemical retorts, Ac— 1374— W. Clark.
Cheese>nuklng, ^paratus for— 1668— C. H. Pugh.
Churas— 1642— W. Carrington and T. Turner.
Coal, Ac, dlriding— 1493— R. W. Thomson.
Colouring matters— 1626— R. Smith and C. Sleberg.
Cranes, ftc— 1194— J. Booth, J. Booth, and J. Booth.
Crinoline and quilted skirt oombined— 1616— W. Rowland.
Dyeing and printing— 1640— C. A. Martins.
Electnoal communicators— 1666 — J. D. Adams.
Felts, mannfkcture of-147l— J. Reid and T. Buckley.
Fibrous materiali, washing or dyeing— 1607— W. Clark.
Fibrous substances, ^paratus for spinning— 1618— W. Whlteley and
G. Hsrllng.
Fibrous substances, cleansing and bleaching— 1609— J. H. Johnson.
Fibrous substances, machinery for spinning, Ac— 1624— J. C. Brent-
nall and R. Edge.
Fire>anns, breech-loading— 1669— T. P. SaTllle.
Flax, breaking and scutching— 1639— £. Rowland and J. Reid.
Flour-drcsdng, bolter for-1606— G. B. Morris, W. B. Price, and
J. L. George.
Frills, £c., machinerrforproducing— 1627— A. Smith.
Furnaces— 1662— T. Whitehouse.
Gaseliers -1495— J. Dsy.
Gas meter, compensating— 1499— G. Newton and J. Braddock.
Qas-metot— 1661— J. Jones,
Gates for docks, Ac— 1630— W. Crozier.
Glass, grinding and polishing— 1619— J. H. Johnson.
Guns, breech-Ioadinr— 1664— J. Aldred and P. Bainliridge.
Iron and iteel manunctnre— 1614— W. H. Tooth.
Land-cnltnre— 1483 — A. Ellissen.
Lubricating machinery— 1373 — B. A. Brooman.
Ijubricating frictional surfMies— 1567— A. FTeeman.
Manure, preparation of homy subttaoces for— 1489— W. E. Gedge.
Metals, machinery for cutting, ^c— 1636— J. Thompson.
Minerals, obtaining— 1500-J. G. Jones.
Mirrors, sc— 1520— J. H. Johnson.
Motlre power— 526— M. Barland and T. O'Keefb.
v «♦ I! P^'^^'"* mochanlsm for obtaining-1492— S. Young.
Mftuid J^7 ^■'**°* «>«^'nod with arr>-1066-J. Parker.
Moulded surfaces. coaUng with compodtton-1616-T. Agnew.
Obstructions at dock entrances, Ac, ^
Ordnance, naounting and operating— 1420— w. B. Mowtoa.
Paper manuflMtore— 1391— E. Ledger.
Paper manutecture— 1666— T. CulUa.
Peat, machinery Ibr treating— 1611— J. Hodgee
Pile-driTere— 1612— J. J. Bennett.
PrqfectUes— 1617— B. M. Boxer.
PrjeotUee-1621— T. T. Cooghin.
Pulley or sheave block— 1631— T. WorsdeU.
Pumps— 1273— F. Noble.
RaUwmapparatus fcr liening the
RaUway chairs and sleepers-1494— H. A. Muir ud J. MoQiAm*
Railway hoists, gearlngof— 1641— H. Phillips.
RaHwi^B, permanent way of— 1490— J. Bdwaida.
RaUwaya, permanent way of— 1644— W. B. Qedg*.
Railway wheels, Ac— 1660-J. WUtliiy.
Rivetting, Ac, machinery - 1470-J. Benaie, job.
Boring frames, apparatos applicable to— 1633— T. Ibjtgm
Boring and spinning ftaaMs— 1662— Q. T. B o iM i liil i f
RoTing and s^aBing^l663— O. T. BoosAeld.
TextUe fkbri«, bleachinr-1301— J. Balrdand J. Mctotyra.
Textile materials, preparing or twisting— 1421— B. Bmtjkam,
Textile substances, framee nr spinning— 1444— R.
Sails fbr yachts, Ac— 1622— 8. G. HewetU
Sewing machines, Ac, regnlatinf speed of-
Shears, sdssors, Ac— 1667— O. Carter.
Ships, machinery for steering-1661— B. A. TngletMtf
Spiritooos liquors, distilling— U33—W. A. Abe^.
Stigrs, apparatos for makingand flnlshin g— 1 66 6 O.
Steam-engines— 1497— W.B. Gedge.
Steam-engines, exhaust and blast pipes of— 1663— G.
Steam-engine bollws, prerenting incrastatloa '
Steam-ships, propulsion of— 1668— F. Shaw.
Stores and stove-grates 1636— J. Jobson. ^
Sulphate of MwmnttU uid sulphurie add— 1646— J. VortNk
Sulphuric add— 1638— W. J. Pu|dMley.
Tubes,Ac, manofoctored from india-mbber, Ac— li t V .B.
Watdies, mechanism applicable to— 1487— O. Goadalftvv
J. L. BIchet.
Water, apparatos for raising— 1648— J. H. Johnna.
Wearing appanl (ladies*), ornamentation of-160S-^^ ^^•
Wovm nbrics, embossing and finishing— 1637 — WW^ ' "
iHTBxnon WITH OoKriMtm BnomoAnoM
Caloric or heated air engine*— 1664— H. Mi
Lltho-duomoUtho-t7POf'*Pl^ press— 1623— H. A.
Patbmib Sbalid.
8291. M. A. Naylor, T. N^ylor,
and J. W. Naylor.
77. H. M. NIchoUs.
78. J. Lane.
79. D. Niokols.
102. J.
111. W. ToogM.
123. A Shanks.
481. C. Shaw.
Patuts Sbalio.
loe.
101.
104.
106.
112.
117.
118.
124.
128.
132.
136.
137.
146.
147.
148.
163.
164.
166.
167.
168.
169.
W. Denton A J. Whitakcr.
W. J. Murpliy.
J. Rennic
T. W. Plum.
A. F. Henery.
J.EUisandJ.SIaddln.
P. Cato.
E. Whale.
B. B. Wilson.
H. Attwood.
R. W. Sievler.
Oapt. P. St. George Gnaoie
and H. Forbec
L. J. Cohen.
C.BIllson.
J. D. Jobin.
N.McHaffie.
J. Daviec
J. Bowns.
J. G. Hindc
G. E. Donisthcrpe.
F. J. Ritchie.
179. W. MoAdam.
194. T. Bright. ^_
216. L. Undmy udF. l^fkt-
329. J. Gedge.
233. B. Atkins.
264. A. Toner, .
272. J. Olegg, ^. BHriA, ad
W. CMMllny.
289. A. J. Walker.
336. J. C. B. Salt.
443. H. C. Qao^bta. _
473. A.Jul]lenMaMAJ. B»-
488. W. B. QedfO.
661. W. Daagerield.
834. L. Cooke.
962. C. Doughty A W. D. K9*
990. A. C. rasar.
1060. J.EaBBeU,J«B.
1063. H. 8. Jaeobc
1314. D. Clark.
1742. R. He
Pinarfl ok wnoa nn Btimp Dinrr or ISA haa
1736. A. Priest and W. Wool-
nough.
1717. R. A. Smith.
1718. T. Wilson.
1749. J. C. B. Salt.
1767. W. B. Adams.
1884. C. B. Amos and J. Fjraads.
Pa»
1731. H. HoraAj,Jn.
HocMlj.jan.
1761. P. J. Do lie
1778. A.TMhaa^J.T\orAl■•<
J. Tnpham
1761. J. B. Getter.
PiniT OV WHIOB TBI StAMF DOTT Of £100 Bit BBU N»
1873. F. C. Hills.
1882. P. A. le Comie de Fon-
tainemoreau.
1889. W. Bnrgeic
1947. W. E. Newton.
1930. J. Chanter and D. Auan.
1962. W. H. OasBtlitt. m
1934. J. Loach, J. J. SslW"
3.00.
197L J.H.JqAmo«.
2061. J.Oigr.
II?
P o
«
SOCIETY OF ARTS.
PRIZES TO ART WORKMEN
CLASS 10.
INLAYS IN WOOD (MARQUETRY OR BUHL), IVORY OR NETAL.
SIZE i LflRCtB THAN THE LITNDCnAPH.
^mml td %
THE
mi^ d ^xts,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, JULY 22, 1864.
[No. 609. Vol. XH.
Prizes for Art-Workmbn.
The Oouncil of the Society of Arts oflfer prizes
to Art- Workmen as follows : —
IsT Divisiosr.
WoBKs TO BE Executed fbom Pbescbibed Deuons.
Class 1.— Cabtinq in Mabble, Stoke, ob Wood.
(a.) The Human Figun,---Two prizes of £16 aad £7 lOs.
ruspectiTely. Subject :— The Boy and Ddphin cast from
a chimney-pieoe, ascribed to DonaieUo.
(b,) Ornouw^— Two prizes of £10 and £6 respectively.
i<abject:<-A carved chair-back.
(<?.) OmamerU.'-^Two prizes of £10 and £5 respectively.
Sabjoct :— A Oothie bracket. ^
(rf.)— Two prizes of £20 and £10 respectively. Sub-
ject :— A design by Holbein, as an Inketand or Watch-Holder,
(«.)— Two prizes of £16 and £7 10s. respectively.
Subject:— ir«K/o/ a Harp of the period of Louis XVI.
{J.) Omameni.—Two prizes of £10 and £6 respectively.
Subject : — An Italian picture frame.
Class 2.— Repousse Wobk in any Metal.
(a.) The Human Figure as a baa-relie/.— Two prizes of
£10 and £6 respectively. Subject :—i2«/>A<irf'» "Three
Oracee"
(b.) Omament.'^Two prizes of £6 and £8 respectively.
Subject :— A Flemish salver.
C .'.jkas 8. — Hammered Wobk, nr Ibon, Bbass, ob Ooppeb.
Omameni,^Two ptizes of £7 lOs. and £6 respectively.
Subject :— A portion of the Pediment of a Qate (German
work, date abcmt 1700).
Class 4. — Cabvino in Ivobt.
(a.) Human Figure in the round.— -Two prizes of £1^
Aiid £10 respectively. Subject :— An /»ory, by Fiamingo.
(6.) OmrnnenL—Two pnzes of £7 lOs. and £6 re-
5X»^»iively. Subject :— A pair of TableU.
Class 6.— Chasing in Bbonzb.
(a.) The Human Figure.^Two prizes of £10 and £5
respectively. Subject :— A reduced copy of* Clytie."
{b.) Ornament.— 'Two prizes of £10 and £7 10s. re-
^pecUvely. Subject :— A cabinet, by Goutier.
Class 6. — Etohino and Enobavino on Metal — Niello
Wobk.
Ornammt. — Two prizes of £10 and £6 respectively.
Subject:— Arabesques, by Lucas Van Leyden, 1628.
Class 7. — ^Enamel Painting on Coppeb ob Gold.
(a.) The Human Figure.-^Two prizes of £10 and £6
reipectively. Subject i^EaphaePe design of the " Three
Oracee.**
((&.) Omameni.^Two Drizes of £6 and £3 respectively.
Subject :--A German arabesque (16th century).
Class 8. — Paintxno on Porcelain.
(a) ITie Human Figure.— Two prizes of £10 and £6
respectively. Subject :—/?fl/>Ao^r« «• Tuh> Children,** in
the cartoon of " Lyslra**
{b.)OmameiU.— Two prizes of £6 and £8 respectively.
Subject :— Arabesques, by Lucas Van Leyden, 1628.
Class 9. — Deoobative Paintinq.
(a.) Ornament — Two prizes of £6 and £8 wroectively.
/^ A""^ <>r»iam«K, from Oaetel R. Famkno, near Lofi.
(0.) Omament.—Two prizes of £5 and £8 respectively.
Subject:— A picture frame, in the South Kensington
Class 10.— Inlays in Wood (Mabqubtry, or Buhl),
IVOBY OB MbtAL.
Ornament. ^Two prizes of £6 ^and £8 respectively.
Subject :— A specimen. r j
Class H.^Cambo Cutting.
(a.) Human Head.—Two prizes of £10 and £6 re-
spectively. Sulgect :— Wgon*e heads of the Queen and the
Prmce Consort, on the Juror's medal of 1851.
(b) -4iii»krf.— Two prizes of £10 and £5 respectively.
Subject :- Wyon*e " St. Oeorge and the Dragon^" on the
Pnnoe Consort's medal.
Class 12 — ^Engbaving on Glass.
Ornament.— Two prizes of £6 and £8 respectively.
Subject :— Arabesques by Lucas Van Leyden, 1628.
Class 13.— Wall Mosaics.
Human Head. — Twoprizes of £16 and £10 respectively.
Subject :— A work by Bertini, of Milan.
Class 14.— Gem Engbavino.
(a.) Human head.— Two prizes of £10 and £6 re-
spectively. Subject :— An or^;inal Gem.
(b.) Full4engih figure.— Two prizes of £10 and £6 re-
spectively. Subject : — An original Gem.
Class 16.— Die Sinking.
Human head.— Two jaizes of £10 and £6 respectively.
Subject :— The head of the Prince Consort, by Wgon, on
the Society's medal.
Class 16.— Glass Blowing.
Omofiwi^.— Two prizes of £7 lOs. and £6 respectively.
Subject: — An original in the South Kensington Museum.
Class 17. — Bookbinding and Lbatheb Wobk.
(a.) Bookbinding. — Two prizes of £7 lOs. and £6 re-
spectively. Subject :— An Italian specimen in the South
Kensington Museum.
(b.) Leatherwork.— Two prizes of £7 lOs. and £6 re-
spectively. Subiect:- A specimen of boiled and cut
leatherwork for the outside covering of a jewel casket, the
original being in the South Kensington Museum.
Class 18. — Embroidery.
Ornament. — ^Two prizes of £6 and £8 respectively.
Subject :— A German example in the Green Vaults at
Dresden, or an Italian Silk in the South Kensington
Museum.
2nd Division.
Works to be Executed wrrHour Prescribed Designs.
Wood Carving.
(a.) Humatt figure in alto or bae relief. Animals or tuUural
foliage may te U9dd as aceeesories. 1st mize of £26 and the
Society's Silver Medal. 2nd prize of £16. 3rd prize oi
£10.
584:
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 22, 1864*
{b,) Animal or stiU life. FruU, flowers, or natural foliaffe
may be used a» accessories, let prize of £10. 2Dd prize of
£7 lOs. Srd prize of £5.
(c) If alur^ foliage, fruU, or flowers, or cmveniifimUorm^r
menl in vhkhgroUsque figures or animals may form accessories,
preferenu bemg given where the work is of an applied eha-
raeter for ordinary decorative' purposes, as representing com-
mereial value. Ist prize of £10. 2Dd prize of £7 10s.
3rd prize of £5.
All artidea for competitioii mast be eant in to
ihe Socie^s honse on or before Saturday, the
26th of November, 1864, and must be delivered
free of all charges. Each work sent in competi-
tion for a Prize must be marked with the Art-
workman's name, or, if preferred, with a cypher,
accompanied by a sealed envelope giving the
name and address of the Art- workman.
Photographs, engravings, <fec., of the above
subjects, may be purcl ased at the Society's houAe
at cost prices. Pull particulars, with conditions,
may be obtained from the Secretary cf the So-
ciety of Arts, to whom all persons desiring to
become competitors should apply.
Copies of the following engravings are for-
warded to the members with this week's
Journal, and should be bound with the volume : —
Cla« I. (if.].~De8ign by Holbeio, as an inkBUnd or
watch-bolaer, to be carved in wood.
Class IX. (a). — Decorative Painting. Ornament from
Castel B. Pandino.
Class X. — Inlays in wood, ivory, or metal.
Institutions.
The following has been received into Union : —
Kent Association of Institutes.
V
Examinations.
Tbe CounoQ, hkving been invited by the Science and
Art Department to nominate a limited number of candi-
dates to compete for appointments, as book-keepers, in the
Stores Bnncm of that department, are haprar to annQonoe
that Heniy Keams, aged 17, Aldershoi InstitatioD, and
William Heap Bailey, aged 19, Derby Mechanics' Insti-
tation, have saoceeded in the competition. The conditions
of this competition were such that, in making their selec-
tion, the Comicil were restricted by the age of the can-
didates as well as by the special qualifications required.
CANTOR LECTURES.
" On Chemistby Applied to the Abts." By Pa. F.
Cbaoe Calvebt, F.R.S., F.C.S.
Leotdbb III.
Delivebbo on Thubsday EvENiKo, Apbil Htu, 1864.
LcATHBiu— The art of tite carrier. Morocco, Ruwie, aod patent
leathers. Ihe ert of Uwiog skins. Chamois and elore skins.
Parchment. Batr, its composiUon aod djeing. IFoo/, Its washlnc,
scoartng, bleaching, and djeing. SUk, its adulterations and condi-
tioning.
I shall have to crave the indulgence and patience of
my audience during this lecture, as it will chieHy consist
of descriptions of processes for tbe most part well known
to mauufacturers and others engaged in the leather trade.
Thus, the art of currying, whicli is applied principally to
such leathers as are intended for the upper parts of ahoee,
for harness, d(C., is carried op at the present day neadsj as
It was fiOt^ y#^rs a^, ^ sUU ia but llttla known lo tlte
public.
Ctiriy^.— The pl^efits io visv {n caiyy{og laMherate
several : to give it elasticity — to render it nearly imrper-
meable — to impart to it a black or oUier colour, and,
lastly, to reduce it to uniform thickness. These qualities
are impsjied by the following processes : After the leathcr
obtained from ludes or the Uiioker qualities of skint has
been damped, it is placed on a stone surface and ener^
tically rubbed, first with a stone, then with a special kind
of knife called a slicker, and lastly with a hard bradL
The leather is then ready to be stufled or dubbed, whieb
consists in covering it on the fleshy side with tallow, and
hanging it in a moderately warm room ; and aa the water
contained in the leather evaporates, the fatty matter
penetrates into the substance of the leather and replaoes
it. The dubbing process is then repeated on the other
side of the leather, which is now ready to be softened and
rendered flexiMe, and thb is efifected by rul]ft>ing it wrth a
tool called a pummel. The leather then ander;^oes ihe
last mechanical operation, which reduces it to nmformity
of thickness by shaving oflf the inequalities of its sor&oe
by means of a peculiarly shaped knife called a dicker.
The greatest part of the curriod leather is blackened oo
the grain side by rubbing it with grease and lamp black,
and lastly brushing it over with a mixture of grease and
glue. I believe that some kinds of curried leather are dyed
by a purely chemical process, that of rubbing the taimcd
skin, first with iron liquor, and then with a solotioo of
gall nuts or other tanning substance. The most tedkm
of the foregoing processes is that of dubbing, which has
been greatly improved of late years by the Americans.
The scoured skins are placed in a large revolving dram,
of ton or twelve feet diameter, and lined inside with
wooden pegs. A certain quantity of tallow is then intro-
duced and the whole set in motion, and whilfli iho hides
are thus tossed about, a current of warm air is passed
through the drums, which carries off the moistm^s and
allows the grease to peoetrato the hide. By this meaoc
thick hide leather can be stuffed in four or five days.
8plU Zeoi^.— A large branch of trade has sprung op
witnin a few vears owing to the invention of machinery
for splitting hides, skins, and kips, by which the qoantity
of leather has been considerably increased, though I aa
afiraid this has been done at the expense of its quidity.
Fancy Leathers. — Allow me i^ovf to give yon a slight m-
sight into the methods of preparing various fanc^ leatheis,
such as Morocco, Russia enamelled, tawed, or kid leather,
used for soldier's belts, gloves, &o., and, lastly, oiled
leathers, "used for washleather, gloves, Ac. Until the
middle of the eighteenth century Horoooo laatbs was
wholly imported from that ooootry, for it was in 17d6 that
the first Morocco works were established in Paris
and similar mauufaotoritt were soon set up in Tarioos
parts of the Continent and in this country. The procasi
by which Morocco leather is prepared is as follows: —
The goat and sheep skins, which are especially osed for
this branch of manu&ctiire, are softened, fleshed, oa-
haired, and raised or swelled by methods similar to those
already described, but one essential element of success Id
this kind of leather lies in the perfect removal of all
lime from the skins, which is efiected by plunging the
well washed skins in a bath of bran or rye floor, «hieh
has been allowed to enter into a stato of fermenlatioo.
The result is, that the lactic and acetic acids genented
by fermentation of the amylaceous substances comrane whh
the lime and remove it from theskiirs. The other e.<<sentiBl
point is the mode of tanning the skins. Each skin isaewfi
so as to form a bag, and filled, throngh a small openh^,
with a strong decoction of sumac, and after the apeitorf'
has been closed the skins are t hi own into a large rat c(i«-
tainin^ also a decoction of the same material. After
several hours they are taken out, emptied, and the
operation is repeated. To render these skins ready fir
JOURNAL OP THE 800IET Y OP ARTS, VaLY 22, 1864:.
686
conimeroe it is necessary to wash, cleau, and dye them.
The last operation was formerly tedloua, and required
great skill, but noce the introduction of tar colours, the
affini^ of which for animal matters is so great, it has
become comparatively easy. The skin^ after they have
been dyed, are oiled, slightly curried, and the peculiar
grain, characteristic of Morocco leather, is imparted to
them by means of grooved balls or rollers. There are
two inferior kinds of Morocco leather raanu&ctured,
viz., those called roant prepared in a similar way to
Morocco, but not grained, and skivers, also prepared in the
same manner, but from split sheep skios. I owe to the
kindoees of Mr. Warren De la Rue, the beautiful speci-
mens of leather before me, which will enable you to
appreciate the various qualities of these interesting pro-
ductions.
RuHia Lealher, — The great esteem in which this leather
is held is owing to its extreme softness and strength, its
impermeability, and resistance to mildew, which latter
property b imparted to it by the use of a peculiar oil in
Its Quriying, that is birch-tree oil, the odour of which is
well-knowQ as a distinguishmg feature of Russia leather.
As to its preparation, I will merely state that it is very
simiUr to that of Morocco, with these differences, that hot
solutions of willow bark are used instead of sumac : that
it is generally dved with sandal wood and a decoction of
alum ; and, lastly, as aU-eady stated, the birch-tree oil is
used in currying it.
Enamd Leather, — This class of leather is usually prepared
with calf and sheep skins tanned in the ordinary manner.
They are dyed black by rubbing them over with a decoc-
tion of logwood, and then with iron liquor or acetate of iron.
The leather is softened with a little oil. and is i-eady to
receive a varnish, which is applied by means of a brush.
The varnish is composed of bitumen of Judea, copal
varnish, oil varnish, turpentine, and boiled oiL
Tawed or Kid Leathers. — The manufacture of this
dass of leathers differs entirely from that of those
already described, as their preservative qualities are
imparted by quite different substances from those used
with other feathers, the preservative action of the
tannin being substituted by that of a mixture of
alum and common salt. Let us examine together a
few points connected with the production of wis class
of leather. One of the most interesting characteristics
is the method of unhairing ^eep, lamb, and kid
skins, after they have been well washed and fleshed on
the betm. The old process of unhairing by smearing on
the fleshy side with a milk of lime, was improved by
mixing with the lime a certain amount of orpiment, or
solphuret of arsenic, but Mr. Robert Warrington having
ascertained that ihb rapid removal of hair in tnis case was
not due to the arsenu, but to the formation of sulphuret of
* calcium, proposed, with great foresight, the following mix-
ture as a substitute for the dangerous and poisonous sub-
stanceoalled orpiment, viz. : Three parts of polysolphuretof
Nodram, 10 parts of slacked lime, and 10 parts of starch. The
polysulphuret of sodium may be advantageously replaoed
by the polysulphuret of calcium. The skins, onnaired
by any of these processes, are now ready to be placed in a
bran or rye bain, as with Morocco leather, or in a weak
solution of vitriol, to remove, as already stated, the lime.
After the lime has been thorooghly removed fh>m the
skins, they are dipped in what is called the white bath,
which is composed for 100 skins of 1 8 to 20 lbs. of alum and
4 to 5 lbs. of chloride of sodium or common salt, and the
»kint are either worked slowly in this baUi or introduced
into a revolving cylinder to facilitate the penetration of
the preservative a^ent, which, according to Berzelius, is
chloride of aluminium resulting from the action of the
chloride of spdium on the alum. When the manufacturer
judges that the skins have been sufficiently impregnated
with the above mixture, he introduces them into a bath
composed of alum and salt in the same proportions, but to
which are added 201b8. of rye flour and f)fty eggs for 100
ttkios. After remaining a few hours they are removed,
and allowed to dry for about fifteen days, and are then
softened by working them with a peculiar iron tool,
the white surf^oe which characterises that class of leather
being communicated to them by stretching them on
a frame and rubbing them with pumice stone. A large
quantity of tawed leathersare also preserved, retaining thehr
hair, which is done by simply suppressing the unhairing
and rubbing processes.
Chamoie^ Wash, or OiUd Leather. — These classes of leather
are named from the fact that formerly they were exclu-
sively produced from the skin of the chamois, but at
the present day sheep, calf, and deer skins, and even split
thin hides, are manufactured into this kind of leather. I
should also state that the employment of this kind of
leather has greatly decreased or late yean, owio^ to the
general substitution of woollen ftibrics in articles of
clothing. You will see by the following description that
the preparation of this class of leather differs entirely
from tho!ie previously detailed ; the conversion of skins
into leather, or from a suhatanoe subject to putrefaction
to one free from that liability, being no longer effected
by tannin, as in the case of hides, and Morocco and
Russia leathers, or by the use of mineral salts, as in the
case of tawed leathers, t>ut by that of fatty matters, es-
pecially animal oils, such as sperm. The skins are pre-
pared m the same manner as for tawed leathers, and
then submitted to what is called the prizing opera-
tion, which consists in rubbing the hair tide of the skin
with pumice stone and a blunt tool or knife, until the
whole of the rough appearance is removed, and the skin
has acquired a umform thickness. They are then worked on
the peg until the great excess of moisture has been wrung
out, and plunged into the trough of a fulling mill, to the
action of the wooden hammers of which they are suMected
until nearly dry. Tbey arc then placed on a table and
oiled, and several of them, after being rolled together, are
replaced in the trough of the fulling mill. Wnen the oil
has been thus work^ into the substance of the skms, they
are removed, exposed to the atmosphere, again oiled, and
once more subjected to the fulling mill ; after which they
are placed in a moderately heat^ room for a day or two,
the object of which is twofold, viz., to facilitate the evapo-
ration of the water and tlie penetration of the oil, and to
create a slight fermentation, by which the coropoeitioD
of certain of the organic substances have undergone such
modification as to enable them to combine m a per-
manent manner with the fatty matters. These pro-
cesses are repeated until the manufacturer deems the
leather sufficiently prepared to be fit to undergo the
following operations, viz., to be immersed for several
hours in a caustic lye hath, to remove the excess of
oily matter, washed, and pegged. It is only necessary
to stretch the leather on a table, then on a horse, and lastly
between rollers, after whksh it is ready for the market. The
ordinary buff colour of these leathers is communicated by
dipping them, previously to the finishing processes, into a
weak solution of sumac. Before speaking of the further pro-
cesses necessary to fit these leatners for the glove manu-
fiicturer, allow me to have the pleasore of describing that
of Mr. C. A. Preller, whose moide of preparing leather is
very intereeting| owing to the rapidity with which he
converts hides mto leather, and also to the remarkable
toughness which his leather possesses. To attain these
debirable ends Mr. Preller proceeds as follows: — The
hides are washed, slightly limed, nnhaired, fleshed,
and partially dried ; they are then smeared with a
mixture made of &tty matters and rye dour, which
having been prepared a few days previously has entered
into fermentation, a process whicii has so modified the fatiy
matteis an to render them more susceptible of imme-
diate absoiption by the hide. 1 think that this feature
of Mr. Preller's plan deserves the serious notice of all
engaged in the manufacture of oiled leathei-s, as it
appears to prove that fatty acids (or modified fatty
matters) arc oettcr suited for combination wltti skins than
neutral fats. The hides, with additional fatty matters,
686
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 22, 1864.
are then intxoduced into the large Amerioan drums,
previoutdy noticed in ^)eaking of curry ing, and after
four days they are removed, washed in an alkaline fluid,
worked with a pummel and slicker, and after being dried
they are ready for market.
Glovei. — The manufiicture of this article is now a most
important branch of trade, and is the means of giving
emfdoyment to large numben of people in several towns
in this country as well as on the Continent. To render
the above-mentioned oiled leather suflSdently soft and
pliable for gloves it is necessary to submit it to the foUow-
mg further operations: — The Uhamois, kid, or other skins
are rubbed over with a solution composed of lib of soap,
dissolved in half a gallon of water, to which is added
l}ft> of rape seed oil, and 20 yolks of eggs, or, what has
been i-ecently found to answer better than eggs, a quantity
of the brains of animals reduced to pulp. The use of
Uie two latter substances is extremely interesting in a
scientific point of view, for they both contain a peculiar
nitrogenated matter called vitalline, and special fatty
matters called oleophosf^orio and phospho^ Ivceric acids,
which doubtless, by their peculiar oomposition, commu-
nicate to the dLins those properties which characterise
this class of leather. The skins are then washed and
dyed in various colours, after which they are softened,
and rubbed with an instrument adapted to slightly raise
the surface, and give it that well-known velvetty
appearance belonging to glove skins. I shall not take
up your time by entering into the details of dyeing these
leathers, but describe the following process for bleach-
ng them : —
Bleaching of Skint, — The only process known until
recently for imperfectly bleaching chamois and glove skins,
was that of submitting them to the influence of the Aimes
of sulphur in combustion, or sulphurous acid, but latterly
two modes of attaining that object have been proposed.
The first consists in dipping skins, for two days, in a weak
solution of neutral hypochlorite of soda, washing, dryiae,
and rubbug them with soap and oil. The second mode
is to dip fflove skins into a solution of permanganate of
potash, when they soon assume a brownish colour, due to
the liberation of the oxygen of the permanganate of
potash, and the fixation of the hydrate of sesquioxide of
manganese by the skin. The skins so acted on are washed
and then dipped in a solution of sulphurous acid, which
be(M)mes converted into sulphuric acid by the action of the
oxysen of the sesquioxide of manganese, and the pro-
toxide thus produced unites with the sulphuric acid which
is soluble in water. The skins thus bleached when dressed
are ready for market.
OUding of Leather, — The usual mode of ornamenting
leather with gold is to apply, in such parts as are desired,
a thick solution of albumen, covering those parts with
gold leaf, and applying a hot iron, when the albumen is
coagulated and fiixes the gold. This plan is objectionable
when the goods are intended for shipment, and the follow-
ing method, lately proposed, is far preferable : On the
parts required to bo gilt, a mixture, composed of five parts
of copal and one of mastio, are spread ; a gentle heat is
applied, and when the resins are melted the gold leaf is
Bproad upon them.
Parchment, — There are two distinct qualities of this
valuable material, which has been used from time im-
memorial as a means of preserving records. The best
quality is prepared from young lamb, kid, and goatskins,
and the second quality from calf, wolf, ass, and sheep
skins. To make parchment the following is the process :
— The skins are stretched on strons rectangular frames,
limed, unhaired, fleshed very carefully, and rubbed with
pumice stone, until thepr have acquired the proper thick-
ness. They are then dned very carefully in the shade.
Dialyns, — Mr. Thomas Graham, Master of the Mint,
has lately drawn the attention of the scientific world to a
nioet remarkable property possessed by organic membranes,
of separating, when in solution, crystallisable bodies from
1 nose which are not so. The former h« name? crystalloids,
and the latter colloids. For instanoe, if a ■olntion of
sugar (ciystalloid) is mixed with one of gum (ooUoid) and
placed in the vessel, the bottom of whidi oonaisU of i
septum of animal or vegetable parchment, thecryBlftlloid
sugar will pass through the membrane into the acuTOODd-
ing water, whilst the colloid gum will remain, in the
vessel. Again, if solutions of iodide of potaannm and
albumen be mixed togetlier, the iodide of potaanom will
diffuse itself through the membrane, which the alhumeo
will not do. Also if to an alkaline solution of ailiaate ot
soda, weak hydrochloric acid be cantiously added, chloride
of sodium will be prodooed and silica will remain m
solution, and if siidi a solution be placed in the diahwr,
the chloride of sodium (the crystalloid} will dilhiae itself
through the membrane, while the silica (the colloid) will
remain behind. It is impossible to calculate the imoMSse
service which the discovery of these facts by Mr. Otahan
will render to physiology, toxicology, and to mannfiKtans,
as in &ct every day new applications of it are heing made
in these various departments of human research, ^ms,
to give an example which has qpecial referoooe to then
lectures, I have lately seen it proposed by llr. A. Whit-
law to place salted meat in large dialytera, when it is
stated that the salt only will be removed, learing all the
nutritive properties of the meat undiminkhed. Mr.
Whitlaw also proposes to dialyse the brine in whkt
meat has been salted, and thus to remove the salt, lear-
ing the juice of the meat available for use, whEe the salt
is again in condition to be employed as before.
It will now be my agreeable duty to examine with joa a
few facts relating to hair and wooL It is interestmg to
observe that hair, wool, feathers, nails, and daws, may be
all considered as prolongations of the eiddermis, and pre-
sent nearly the same chemical oomposition, as will be seen
by the following table : —
••••••••••«« ••
Carbon
Hrdrogen
mtrogen
Oxygen * Solphnr.
II
50*34
6-81
36*63
n
60*89
«*YS
lT-26
26-08
10000 100*00
•5
61*09
6*121
16*91
S6*S8
100*00
I
60*14
6*67
I7'»4
100-00
62*43
7*22
17-93
22*42
100-00
\^ ' ?i
|5
t
16-Tt ir9»
100 00 imm
These snbttanoea have also this pecoliarity, that, not-
withstanding their great richness in organic matters thij
are extremely alow to decompose.
jETotr.— The only real point of interest connectad with
hair appears to me to be the question as to what its va-
rious colours are to be ascribed, and I regret that here 1
can only give conjectures) and not positive facts. Vanqm-
lin and Fourcroy, who analysed hair most carefnUy half a
centuty ago, stated that hairs were hollow cylindricil
tubes filled with oils of various colours ; but Onelin and
others state that the coloration of hairs is due to the difier-
entproportions of sulphur that they contain.
QUANTITT OF SULPBDB IN HaIB.
Brown 4-98
Black ^ 4-8D
Red 6*0«
Grey 408
Recently Mr. Barreswil has pubUshed a paper, in which
he states that the coloration of hairs is prol»bij doe to the
proportion of iron in their compodtion, and he argues that
as iron is the essential element of the coloaring matter
of blood, it is highly probable that it fulfils the tame ofice
with respect to han*. I may state, m jpasMWI, that
great improvements have latdy been made in dyciiif
human hair. Formerlv the patient had to nnder^go most
unpleasant treatment, his head being covtfed with a psf(«
consisting of three parts of lime and one of litharge. Ab
oil cap was then applied and the patient left fbr twelf^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, July 22, 1864.
587
hours, when the disagreeable operation of removing the
mass and clearing the hair was proceeded with. The
bUck dje communicated to the hair in this process was
due to the sulphur of the hair combining with the lead of
litharge, and forming black sulphuret of lead. The pre-
sent process consists in cleaning the hair thoroughly with
a strong alkaline soap, or a little weak alkali, then care-
ful^ applying a solution of nitrate of silver, and lastly a
solution of moDOSulphuret of sodium.
Wool differs from nair chiefly by its property of felting,
which it owes to its numerous cross lines or serratures,
as they are termed ; the finer the wool the greater
the number of its serratures. Thus, whilst Mr. Qcm has
found in the finest Saxony wool, 2,720 of these serratures
io a slnffle inch in length, he only found 2,080 in an
inch of South Down wool, and 1,850 in Leicester. The
wool of sheep can be classed under two heads, that is,
into lon^ wool and short wool. Certain classes of sheep
will maintain the type or quality of their wool under
every oireumstance. Such are the original tjrpes of
South Down, Norfolk, and Dorset, all of which are
short wool, and all these sheep feed upon fine and shoct
grass. It has been observed that if they are fed upon
ooarse grass, their wool will also become coarse. This
is also true with Welsh, Scotch, and even Spanish
merinos. A further proof that this view appears correct
is, that the long-wool sheep, such as those of Leicester,
Lincoln, and Kent, feed in valleys where grass is lonff and
coarse. In all cases the size of the animal appears ako to
correspond with their class of food. Another curious fact
Is the facility with which one type of sheep will merge
into another if they change food and climate. Thus
many attempts have been made to introduce into France
oar Leicester breed, the wool of which is so remarkable
ibr its fineness, length, and silvery appearance. Still,
after four or five years' residence there, tne wool has lost
its most valuable qualities. In fact the sheep are nobiore
the Leicester breed. The coarse wool of sheep, however,
Rocn as those of Devonshire, does not appear to be
so rapidly infiuenced by any change of climate which
the aainud may undergo. The aptitude which various
kinds of wool have for dyes is also interesting. Thus
the wool of one kind of sheep will not dye with the
aame facility as thai of another ; and wool dyes much
more uniformly, if the anioial has been washed before
shearing, than when the washing is performed upon
the wool afterwards. Lastly, the wool removed by the
liming process before described, will be far inferior in dye-
tog properties to wool taken from the same kind of animal
during life. It may be interesting to some present to
know the best method of removmg these irregularities.
I was engaged during my assistantahip at the Cfobelins in
investigating this matter, and I found that the best plan
was to steep the wool for 24 hours in lime water, and then
to pass it through weak hydrochloric acid. Wool, as
it leaves the animal, is not fit fbr either dyeing or spin-
ning. Thus when wool is washed with water it yields a
large quantity and variety of substances, which in France
bear the name of tuirU. The most interesting fact con-
nected with this is, that the 15 per cent, yielded by
wool does not contain, as shown by M. Chevreul, any
sals of soda, but a large quantity of salts of potash,
the greatest part of wmch is oombined with an acid
called sndoric; and what increases the interest of
this fsot is that Messrs. Maumend and Bogelet displayed
at the last exhibition salts of potash which they had
obtained commercially from this new source. In fact
they have established in several of the large manufactur-
log centres of France, where considerable quantities of
wool are used, factories for the extraction of salts of potash
from the stitn^ and they surolied the jury with the fol-
lowing particulars :— That a fleece of wool weighing 8 lbs.,
yielded on the average about 1} lb. of dry suint, or
eodorate of potash, and this would further ^ield about seven
ounces of pure poiMh. If it is now considered that there
is annually twenty million pounds of wool washed in
Rheims, thirty millions at Elbeuf, aud four millions at
Fourmies, it would appear from this quantity that if it
were all subjected to Messrs. Maumeii^ and Rogelet's
treatment, about 2^ million pounds of pure potash
might be recoverable. (For fhrther details on this point
see Dr. Hotmann's Report on Chemical Products and
Processes in the last Exhibition.) Wool which has been
simply washed, as above described, is not sufficiently
firee from extraneous matters to be fit for application in
manufactures. It is necessary that it should be scoured,
for which purpose, on the continent, it is allowed to
remain for some time in putrid urine, or weak ammo«
niacal liquor, but in this country it is placed io strong
alkaline of soap or soft soap, passed through rollers to
press out the excess of soap, together with the impuri-
ties which It removes, well washed, and dried. In these
operations wool loses in weight above 50 per cent, when
of good quality, and above 30 per cent, when inferior.
But even then the wool still retains a certain amount of
&tW matters, whidh it yields to hot alcohol.
The following table, published by M. Chevreul, will give
you an idea of the composition of wool (dried at 212" ): —
Earthy matters 27*40
Organic and inorganic salts, soluble in
water (nfm<) 82-74
Fatty matters 8-37
Wool 31-49
100000
Elementary composition, C. 60-66, H. 7-03, N. 17'74,
0.22-32, 8. 2-25.
Before proceeding further, I should like to call your at-
tention to the curious fact that the fatty matters of wool
are completely different from the fatty matters of the
animal itself; thus, whilst the ordinary suet will be sapo-
nified by an alkali, the fat of the wool will not undergo
that change, the stearerine and elearine being only con-
verted into an emulsion. From experiments 1 have made
I am able to state, that the common opinion that the dif-
ferences in quality observed in various wools are owing to
theii fatty matters is erroneous, as the pure wool obtained
as above yielded to the dyer colours as brilliant as those
4)Tesented by wools in which a part of the fatty matter still
remained. Another important fact connected with the
composition of wool is the quantity of sulphur it contains,
which does not appear to be part of the fibre, as the matter
containing it can l>e removed by a weak alkali without
destroying the fibrous appearance of the wool, although
its tenacity is greatly impaii-ed, and its power of
taking dye considerably diminished. Another remark-
able fact is that when wool is bleached by sulphurous acid
(the only agent known which will effect that purpose),
It becomes incapable of taking many colours, especially
the new and brilliant coal tar dyes. The long-disputed
question amongst chemists — How sulphurous acid operatfts
so as to bleach wool ? — has lately been solved by Messrs.
Leuchs and Weber, who have proved that sulphurous
acid unites with the colouring matter of the wool, forming
a colourless compound, in proof of which it appears
that if the wool is placed in boiling water this colour-
less compound is dissolved, and the wool regains its
susceptibility to dyes, though it is slightly discoloured.
A slight amount of alkali added to the boiling water
greatly facilitates the removal of this artificial sol-
eiuretted compound. In a paper lately published by
r. Qrothe he states that 100 parts of wool fix on an
average 0*67 of sulphur, or 1-31 of sulphurous acid to
bleach it, and practically 100 parts of wool require about
five parts sulphur to bo burnt to produce the result.
I should also state that wool must always be wet
before being submitted to the fumes of sulphur, and it is
always advantageous to pass it previously though a
soap lye or weak alkali. Wool so bleached should
always be well washed in cold water, to remove the
excess of sulphurous acid, which otherwise, if the wool
588
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 22, 1864.
were subsequently exposed to moisture, might be converted
into sulphuric acid And destroy the tibre of the wool.
It may be interesting to ladies to know the process used
by a French scourer, named Jolly, to restore Cashmere
shawls discoloured by time. It consists in dipping them
into a solution of sulphurous aoid, which bleaches the
wool but does not affect the fast coloure with which the
fibres composing the patterns of the shawls are dyed.
The shawls then onhr require to be washed and pressed
to be restored to their original beauty. There is no
doubt in my mind that a solution of sulphurous acid
might be substituted for the fhs in bleaching wool with
advantage and economy, owmg to the sulphurous add
being in a more condeutted form, and in better condition
for effecting the bleaching process. A few years ago I
took advantage of the foot that wool contains sulphur to
produce upon it an artificial lustre. The woollen goods
were passed through a we»k boiling solution of acetate
of lead, waohed carefully in pure water, and submitted to
the action of high pressure steam, when the lead com-
bined with the sulpnur of the wool, producing galena,
which gave the wool a lustre. The action was reguUted
by generating, under the influence of steam, nascent
sulphuretted hydrogen from a polysolphuret of sodium,
which facilitated iM object in view. Wool Is generally
dyed either in the fleece, after undergoing the processes
of washing and scouring, or it is first spun into
yarn or worsted. To describe all the various methods
of dyeing wool would far exceed the limits of this
lecture. The operations of spinning wool into yam or
worsted are purely mechanical, and it is not therefore
within ray province to describe them. The same remark
applies also to the manufacture of f%lt and shoddy, now so
extensively carried on in Yorkshire, and I shall therefore
merely refer to one or two points having reference to
chemistry, such for instance as the working up of the
wool or the cotton in worn-out fabrics. To recover the
wool from such fabrics the process is most simple, con*
sisting simply in immersing them in diluted muriatic
add, and drying them at a temperature of about 220*',
by which means the cotton is completely destroyed,
the wool remaining unaffected. The material is
then submitted to the action of a *' devil," whicli^
separates and blows away the cotton, leaving the wool*
ready for being worked up. To remove the vegetable
fibre with the view of applying it to the purposes for
which it is adapted, as the paper manufacture tor instance,
the following process has been devised by Mr. F. O. Ward
and Captain Wynants. The mixed fabHo is submitted to
high pressure steam (60 to 80 lbs. to the square inch), and
under the influence of this high and moist temperature
the vegetable fibre remains unchaoged, whilst the animal
one is so much disorganised, that when the rags are re-
moved from the rece^ade and dried, and submitted to
the action of a beating machine, the cotton fibre remains
intact, whilst the animal matter falls to the bottom
of the machine in the form of a dark- coloured powder
mixed with small lumps of the same substance; this
residue has been advantageously applied as a manure,
by these gentlemen, under the name of **ulmate of
ammonia." I am happy to state that chemical sdence
has discovered several means of distinguishing cotton
from wool when employed in the same fabric, and
even of determming their respective weights in the
same; but the aid of the magnifying powers of the
microscope is often required in investigating the mixtures
of wool with flax, cotton, jute, &o., which are now so ex-
tensively and so ingeniously spun together. The de ''rip-
tion of these processes, however, would involve sc much
technicality, and require so much time, that 1 must not
trouble you with their details. The same remarks apply
to the means used for distiosuishing the materials used
in mixed fabrics of silk and cotton, or silk, wool, and
cotton.
SUk'-Thia material hasalwajrs been highly-esteemed,
^g to its remarkable durability, and to the beauty of
the fabrics produced from it. Thus the Chuieae hsve
used silk from time immemorial, and the Romans b^d is
in such high estimatioo that, in the thDoe of ih^ Cvsan,
silk was worth its wdght in gold. The most i&tcr-
esting &et for us is the date of the introdootMrn of the
sUkworm into Europe ; it is related Uiai in j^^d. 66S
two monks, retoming from the Bast, o ono ealed aoBe
silkworms' eggs in their staves, and having a oc eee df«i
in rearing the worms, tiieir ouhare soon tf^md thsev^
Greeoe and Turkey, and gradually found ita way iafeo
Italy towards the twelfth oenturjr* The ttlk in nse at
the present day is chiefly danved frrom the Jfl—ij'i
inort, but the extensive disease whidi haa doriqg the
last 8 or 10 years destroyed very large nombtss of the
worms, has given rise to great eflorts to introdncaaooM
new species, two of which, the Bombifz mjfliaa^ fee di n g on
the PaUma chritU or castor-oil tree, and ttie Bomkf,x eS e w
thit feeding on the plant from which it is named, haive
been to some extent snocessfnl. The material foradsg
the silk is secreted in two glands placed on the side of the
animal's body, whenee it panes into an organ called the
spinaret, on eaoh side of which are two other glande> iHuch
secrete a gummy substance, and this uniting with the
former forms the silk fibre. Permit me to add hare a
&ct which 1 think will interest you, via., the extxmordioary
weight of silk which a small weight of eggs will yidd.
Thus, four ounces of eggs will yield 87,900 to I17^>
cocoons, and as on an average a pound of silk requirea S70
cocoons, the four ounces of ^gs will give 422 IIm. of aik,
or lOOlbs. of cocoons yield generally 8 lbs. or about 14 per
cent, of silk. The production of sUk fibre from coeooni '»
extremely simple. It is effected by pladng the coooont in
boiling water, which softens or dissolves the gummy matt^
which binds the fibres together, and the end of the fibre
being detached and placed on a reel, is easily wound. This
is the state in which it is usually imported into this eoon-
try under the name of raw silk. When two or oMve of
these fibres are slightly twisted together they fonn what h
called tram or weft, and when two of the thnais are
twisted in opposite directions and laid together th^ farm
organzine or warp. To render thi^ substanoe sne^peetibk
of dydng, it is necessary to remove the gnm hf an
operation called boiling off, which consists simply in
boiling the silk for some time in a soap lye, and wastus^
and wringing it well afterwards, in which operatioa itloso
about 21 per cent. The following table will show the
chemioal composition of silk : —
Oelatine 19.081
Albumen 25*47
Wax and fatty V , .^
substances j
Silk fibre 54-00
Commercial yield
79 per cent of silk.
lOOHX)
FlBBOUO.
Carbon, 48-58; hydrogen, 6*50; nitrogen, 17-35;
oxygen and sulphur, 27-62.
CcndUionmg SUk, — This exprevion implies the
taining of the real commraxsial value of silk, or, in
words, its condition, and the necessity of this has besa so
frilly admitted that a conditionhig hoose has existed fior
40 or 50 years in Lyons, and its i^vaotages have beea so
fully appreciated that dmilar estaUishmonti have arisen
and are well supported in every town on the Gontiaeut,
where dealings in nlk to any amount take i^aee. Inay
mention, as an instance of the universal adoption of the
practice, that even in Crefeld the finest buildiDg la the
town is the conditioning house. The result is thaioo
the Continent the intervention of the coDditloniDg heosi
between buyer and seller has become quite a maMm of
course, with the happy result of abonahing a dan of
dishonourable dealing, which is eating like a eankar mto
the silk trade of Great Britain. 1 cannot nndenUad
why the attempts made to introduce this adadabk
S3r8tem into our country have hitherto met with so little
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 22, 18W.
689
BUCOMi, and cad only infer that there is an unaoundoeas
in the trade, which places many of the silk manufacturers
to a great extent under the control of wealthy merchantSi
who, it appears, are the chief opponents of condition-
ing. OilHsrwise one would suppose that its advantages
to all engaged in working op this valuable pro-
dnei are too obvious to require demonstration, for,
taking the most moderate view of the matter, the average
gain to the manufacture by conditioning will be not
Urn than five per cent, and this loss (if he does not
ocmdition) cannot be recovered in any subsiequent stage, so
that his foreign competitor has in this respect alone an
advantage over him of at least five per cent. Allow me
to eooolode this lecture by stating in a few words how
conditioning is carried on. Silk being an exceedingly
hjgrometrio substance — its moisture varying constantly
wiui the amount of humidity and the temperature of
the atroosphere^ — the first operation is to ascertain the
total amount of water it contains, for which purpose
samples, carefully selected from the bale when it reaches
the conditioning honse, are weighed in delicate scales,
dried in hot-air stoves, and re* weighed, the excess of
moistnre (beyond the 10 per cent, admitted to be the
aTerage normal quantity) being then easily calculated.
The second operation carried out in the conditioning
honse is that of boiling off the samples dried as above, and
again drying and rewoighing, to ascertain the quantity of
soap, oil, sugar, acetate of lead, &c., added to give weight,
and the result of this operation is to show a loss of 80, 85,
and even 40 per cent., instead of about 21 per cent., which
it the avarage amount of natoral gum.
"^tmtlsmis St iKstitsttoits.
Baodp Mbobamos* iNffTiTDTioir. — The following mem-
bers of this Institntion have been sucoessfbl in the recent
Ezanination in Ghemiilry, under the Science and Art
Depertmsot of Government. Inorffome ChgmUtry : — W. H.
Barr, William Lord, Henry Nnttall, and (ieo. W. Sut-
eHffe, fint-dass Queen's Price ; Oeo. H. Stewart, James
Walsh, and J. L. Wolfenden, second-class Queen's Prise ;
and Robert Stewart^ third class Queen's Prize. Org&mc
Ohimutrv : — William Lord, second-class Queen's P^rixe ;
Henry Nuttall, G. W. Sutdiflb, and James Walah, third-
olase Qaeen's Priae ; W. H. Barr and J. L. Wolfenden,
honourable mention; and G. H. Stewart and Robert
Stewart passed.
Kmr Association of iKsrrruTKS. — A meeting of
delegates, from Institutes in the county of Keut, was held
at the Faversham Institute, on the 7th of July. The fol-
lowing Institutions were represented : — Ashfoixl Mechanics'
Institute, Mr. Whitfield; Oanterbury Church of Eng-
land Toung Men's Literary Association, Mr. W. D. Furley ;
Chatham Mechanics' Institute, Messrs. H. G. Adams and
F. Butler; Faversham Institute, Messrs. F. W. Monk,
J. A. Anderson, C. Smith and J. Tong; Ham-street
Mntnal Improvement Society, Mr. Wiglesworth ; Lenham
Mutual ln(MX>veroent Society, Mr. Smirthwaite ; Ramsgate
Ghnrch Institute, ReT. F. G. Hazlewood and S. Coburn ;
Ramsgate Working Men's Club, Mr. G. M. Hinds;
SkeemesB Institute, Mr. Shrubeole; and Sittingboume
Institute, Messrs. Webster and Perraton. The Mayor of
faversham occupied the chair, and after explaining the
eireumstanet^s which induced the coinmittee of the Faver-
sham Institute to take the initiative in an effort to
establish a Ui^n of Institntes in Kent, he referred to the
success which had attended such organisatk>ns as the
Yoritshlre Union of Mechanics' Institutes, the Lancashire
and Cheshire Union of Institutes, the South Staffordshire
Association, the Worcestershire Union of Educational
Institntes, the Southern Counties' Adult Education So-
ciety, and the Metropolitan Association for Promoting the
Sdocation of Adults. He was of opinion that the advan-
tages whkh might be deriTed fh>m a well supported
Union of Kentish Institutes were so nuoterous and im-
portant, that a consideration of them would lead to the im-
mediate adoption of a proposal which he was about to
submit to the Conference. A County Association of Insti-
tutes might — 1. Publish annual or quarterly reports of
the proceedings of the various £lducational Institutes in
Union. 2. Appoint orcaidsing officers to visit Institutes, in
order to assist and advise the managers. 8. Encourage
persons to undergo the Society of Arts and other Examina-
tions. 4. Offer prizes fbr nipers and Essays on various
useful subjects. 5. Assist in the formation of village
libraries. 6. Circulate a list of gentlemen willing to give
gratuitous lectures. 7. Supplement the jpfrogrammes of
exapnaations prepared by various Educational Societies.
8. Improve and strengthen insufficient and feeble Insti-
tutes. 9. Promote the establishment of Institutes wh^re
none at present exist. 10. Originate methods of render-
ing the means of intellectual improvement attractive, and
at the same time efficient. 11. Hold Conferences for
the interchange of experience. 12. Award certificates to
encourage persons to avail themselves of the advanta^
afforded them by Classes and Libraries. 18. Devise
means for promoting Physical Education. 14. Remore
various obstacles which now impede the progress of In-
stitutes. 15. Constitute a Board of Reference on matters
affecting the work of Institntes. 16. Facilitate the hold-
ing of Industrial And other EixhiUtions. 17. Secore
tuition for classes. 18. Lend diagrams for the illustration
of lectures. 19. Give publicity to the operations of the
Institutes; and, 20. Impress upon the public generally
the importance of encouraging the education of youths and
adults, especially among the working classes. The chair-
man concluded his address by moving the following resolu-
tion, which was seconded by Mr. Adams, and tmanimously
adopted : — ** That a Union be formed of the several
Literary, Scientific, Mechanics, Working Men's Mutual
Improvement, nid other Institutes of a similar character
in the county of Kent, to be entitled * The Kent Associa-
tion of Institutes.' " Various resolutions respecting the
objects and management of the Association were submitted
and approved by the Conference. Rules were drawn up
and a Provisional Committee appointed.
EXAMINATION PAPERS, 18«4.
The following are the Exam9nation Papers set in the
various subjects at the Society's Final Examinations, held
in April last : —
( Continued f rem page 676.)
GEOMETRY.
THBBB HOUBS ALLOWBD.
1. Draw a straight line perpendicular to a given straight
line of an unlimited length, from a given point without it.
2. If a straight line fidling on two other straight lines
make the alternate angles equal to each other, these
two straight lines shall be parallel.
8. To a given straight line apply a parallelogram which
bhallbe equal to a given triangle, and have one of its
angles equal to a given rectilineal angle.
4. If the square described upon one of the sides of a
triangle, be equal to the squares described upon the other
two sides of it ; the angle contained by those sides shall
be a right angle.
6. Divide a given straight line into two parts, so that
the rectangle contained by the whole and one of the partfl
shall be equal to the square of the other part
6. The angle at the centre of a circle is double of the
angle at the circumference upon the same base, t.e., upon
the same part of the ciroomrerence.
7. Upon a given straight line, describe a segment of a
circle which shall contain an angle equal to a given recti-
lineal angle.
8. Inscribe a square in a given circle.
9. Equal triangles, which have one angle of the one
690
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 22, 1864.
9. If ten equal circles be ananged roond another circle
80 that each of them touches the two adjacent circles mnd
the inner one, prove that the area of all the cuclea io-
gether will be equal to three times the area of the famer
circle.
10. What weight of oa, specific gravity 0925, is coo-
tained in ft cylindrical vessel whose diameter and he^ht
are each 80 inches?
11. If a sphere be inscribed in a cube the sarCaoM are
to one another as their volnmes.
12. A cylindrical colomn, 10 ft. high and 3 fl. in
diameter, stands npon ft pedestal 6 ft. high, the top of
which is a sqoare 8 ft. in diameter, aM the base a aqqsre
8 ft. in diameter ; find the cost of painting the whole at
lOd. a yard.
18. Find the solid content of a frostnm of a pyromkl
in tenns of its height and the areas of its top and bottom.
Shew that this is greater than the solid content of i
prism of the same height, whose base is the section of the
pyramid at eqoal distances from the top and bottom.
TRIGONOMETRY.
TflBBB H0UB8 ALLOWED.
1. In any triangle A B C, the sides being a be, ainnr
that—
(1.) a* Sin. 2 B + e< Sin. 2 A £= 2 a6, Sin. C.
(2.) (a«-d«} Cot. C -f (6« -c«) Cci. A 4- (c«-««)
Cot. B = O.
2. A person at 100 feet from a oolomn obaerves that it
subtends an angle of 45^ at his eye (6 feei from the
groond] ; find the height of the column.
8. Fmd X fi:om the equation —
4 8in.« 80 + tan« 45 -f- Sec.*80 = xCosec 30 + IC
Sin.« 18.
4. If a = 2 ; c = 3; log. 3 = -4771213 ;
Log. Sin. A = 9*5228787 ; find angle C.
5. Two wheels with fixed centres roll upon each other.
and the circular measure of the angle throitth which obe
turns gives the number of degrees through whioh the
other turns in the same time. Compare the rmdn of tt»
6. If SiiMA -B) _ Sin. (A-fC) . ^ n bein.
bin. B. — Sin. C » ^* "• ^' **^^
any angles, then
Cot. (A - B) + Cot. (A + C) =: Cot B - Cot. A.
Sm. X 2165
7. If ~ — ^ 2166 ^°^ * » '^ "^^^ ***** ** ^ ^^
nearly the circular measure of 8^.
8. If the sines of the angles of a triangle be in arith*
metic progression, the cotangents of the semi-anglea wfll
4. What must be the proportions of a sheet of paper I be so also,
so that when it is folded in half it may still reUinthe| 9. If tan. 3a = (2 -f- V8)tan. a, find tan. 3*; and
shew that 64 (Cos.« a -f- Sin.* a) = Cob. 8a + 28
Cos. 4a -f- 85.
10. If in a triangle^
a ton. A + 6 tan. B == (a + 6) tan. ^ ( A + B), then
shall a Cos. B^b Cos. A.
11. In a spherical triangle prove that —
Cos. a — Cos. b Cos. c.
^^'^'- Sin. 6 Sin.e.
12. Deduce from tiiis Cos. a, in terms of the cosnes
equal to one angle of the other, have their sides about the
equal angles reciprocally proportional
10. Describe a rectilineal figure which shall be similar
to one and equal to another rectilineal figure.
11. The rectahgle contained by the diagonala of a
quadrilateral figure inscribed in a drde, is equal to both
U\e rectangles contained by ito opposite iddes.
12. If a solid angle be contained by three plane angles,
any two of them are greater than the third.
Pboblbms.
1. If the straight line bisecting the exterior angle of a
triangle be panulel to the opposite side, show that the
triangle is isosceles.
2. Given the middle points of the sides of a triangle,
construct the triangle.
3. Circles are described on the sides of a quadrilateral
as diameters; show that the common choid of any ad-
jacent two is parallel to the conunon diord of the other
two.
4. No parallelogram, ezoeptft rectangle, can be inscribed
in a drde ; prove this.
5. If through any point in the common chord of two
circles which mtersect each other, there be drawn any two
other chords, one in each circle, their four extremities
shall all lie in the dronmference of a circle.
6. Find the centre of a oirde cutting off three eqoal
ohords from the sides of a triangle.
7. The straight lines which connect the angular points
of a regular pentagon, which are not adjacent, intersect in
the angular points of another regular pentagon.
8. Iran equilateral polygon be described about a circle
it must necenarily be equiangular, if the number of sides
is odd, butoot otherwise.
9. Describe a circle which shall touch a given straight
line at a Riven point, and bisect the circumference of a
given circle.
10. Find a mean proportional between two similar
ri^ht-aneled triangles, which have one of the sides con-
Uming the right-angle common.
MENSURATION.
THBEB HOUBS ALLOWED.
1. A floor is 27 ft. 4 in. long and 18 ft. 6 in. broad, fmd
its area and ito cost at 12s. 9d. per yard —
(1) By duodecimals.
(2) In any other way.
2. A metre is equal to 39*37 inches, an are is a deca-
metre square, and a litre is a cubic decimetre ; compare
an are with an English acre, and a litre with a gallon.
3. The altitude of an equilateral triangle is to its base
as 13 to 15 nearly.
same shape?
5. If A B C D be a trapezium, and C E and D F per-
pendiculars upon the base A B, prove that
2 ABCD = AExDF-f BFX C E.
How must this proposition be modified if the perpen-
diculars fall, not upon the base, but upon the base pro-
duced?
6. The end of a rectangular beam is 1 ft. 2 in. by 1 ft.
8 in:, ito solid content is 18 ft. 83 in. ; find ito length by
duodecimals.
7. Lay down the plan of a field and find ito area ftom the
following notes : —
240
144
190
122
120
60
28
116
62
8. An acre of ground, which is an exact i^juare, is to
be enclosed with a wall 6 feet high and 2} bricks thick ;
'to cost at 5fl. 3d. per Fqnare vard.
and sines of A, B, C ; demonstrate the propositioQ on
which your proof depends.
13. If in a spherical triangle A « B = 2 C, then
8 Sin. (a -f i ) Sin.« « = Kn.» a. Sec J-
14. If E s= the spherical excess in a right-angled tri-
angle, C .= 90".
Sin. } a. Sin, j b
Sin. J E = CosTTc
Co3. 1 E ^ 5lg?L> ^' ^ IJ
' Cos. Jc
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ART8, July 22, 18G4.
n'Jl
CONIC SECTIONS.
TUBEB HOUBS ALLOWED.
Section I. — Geombtbicil Conics.
1. Define (1) a tangent, (2) a normal, to a parabola.
If 8 18 the fociu, P a point on the parabola, and the tan-
g«)Di and normal at P meet the principal axia at T and Q
respectively, prove that ST = SP = SG.
2. Prove that the locus of the middle points of a system
of parallel chords in a parabola is a straight line parallel
to*tne prhtcipal axis. What is the analogous theorem in
theelltpse?
8. Prove tliat the parameter of any diameter of a para-
bola 19 four timo.*) the focal dintancc of the ('r>rn*«pondiiig
vertex.
4. Prove, by the properties of the cone, or otherwise,
that in the ellipse the w)uare of the ordinate varies as
the rectangle containi»d hy the segments of the major
axia (MP« : AM X MA' :: BC> : AC»).
5. If T is tho point of intersection of the tangent of
an ellipse with the major axis produced, then (^T X CM
:= C A« . Also, prove this theorem by means of projeet-
iog a cirde into an ellipse.
6. Define conjugate axes, and show that the sum of the
squares of a pair of oonjngato axes is constant.
7. Prove in the hyperbola that SP — HP = 2CA. By
what section of a cone is a hyperbola formed ?
8. Draw a tangent to a hyperbola (1) at a point in the
curve; (2) fVom a point outside the curve. Can these
proUeaQB oe done by the ruler only ?
9. If a line touches a hyperbola, and is terminated by
the aqfrnpiotes, show that it is bisected at the point of
ooQtact.
10. Find the value of the radius of the circle of curva-
ture afe any point of an ellipse.
Sbotion II. — Analytical Conios.
U. Determine the tangent of the angle contained
between the two lines era; -|- 6y -j- c := 0, o'a; + ^y +
e'ssO.
\%, Find the equation to the tangent of the circle
y*J^x* — 2ac=:0; prove that it is perpendicular to
the radius of the point of contact, and that the perpen-
dicular from the origin on it is equal to the abscissa of
the point of contact.
18. Prove that the normal to the ellipse bisects the
angle between the focal distances. What is the analogous
theorem in the hyperbola ?
14. If (z,y) is a point on an ellipse, prove that
/— «5L_? ^_ J is the conjugate point. Hence deduce
the truth of No. 6 in the preceding section.
16. Fujd the polar equation to (I) the parabola, (2)
the ellipse, the focus l>eing the pole in each ease.
16. Prove that the perpendicular horn the focus to the
taDffent of a parabola is a mean proportional between
the leant distance and the ladius vector of the point of
tangent.
17. Prove the theorems contained in 5, 7, 9, of the pre-
ceding section.
18. Show that the equation to a liyperbola may be put
into the form zy =—k*,
{ To be continued,)
in the French Campaign of 1814" — have enoimously in-
creased the popularity of Meissonier. Before these appeared
he was the pet of the connoisseurs ; now he is, perhaps, the
most popular painter in France. He is, however, not at
all inclined to repose on his laurels ; on the contrary, ho
seems determined to follow the very unusual course of
abandoning his peculiarity, throwing off his mannerism,
and trying his skill in the common arena. He is now
engaged, it is said, on a large canvas, the subject being
'* A Charge of Dragoons in presence of Napoleon 1.** It
will be a grand triumph if he should succeed in producing
as much efifect in a new manner as he has in his own ex-
traordinary one, and there is room to hope tliat ho may do
so. Ho alruidy lH>^sc^^es qualities which few artists com-
bine in their works; his taste is evidently towards repo«^ :
moHt of hi.« bet^ known figures are sitting, lounging,
tranquil ; but, on the other hand, he has produced two, if
not more, works in which the action i:* m«>9t energetic.
Everi'one knows the wonderful picture called the *• Lutte,"
in which two men who have quaiTelle«l over eai-cls are lieing
separated by their companions ; the exjiression of rage and
the fierce action exhibited in every muscle, could scarcely
be surpassed. Bhould Meissonier succeed on a large scale
as he has in his wonderful miniatures, he will take
rank with the greatest artists in Europe. His attempt
even must have a good effect. The huge military sub-
ject* which have of late years covered the walls of the
Paris Exhibition undoubtedly sometimes exhibit much
talent and daring execution, but in an artistic point ot
view they present little for admiration ; <^cupying acres
of canvas they are at once small and coarse in treatment,
the details in general la&K>ured. and the colouring
glaring and inharmonious. In Meiasonier's *• Solferino" the
details are painted as if under a microscope, and yet the
effect of the picture is broad and grand, while many of
the large works alluded to are crowded and confused to a
painful extent.
Art uNi>ER Difficulties. — One of the greatest
curiosities of the Louvre at the present moment is the
sight of an artist born without hands or arms, copying the
works of the great masters, and copying them with great
success. The way in which he has tutored his feet to the
work is so extraordinary that on looking at him one can
scarcely divest oneself of the feeling that nature, by way
of compensation for the absence of the upper limbs, must
have furnished the lower with mtwcles and nerves of un-
usual power and delicacy. The name of this artist is
Felu; he is Belgian by birth, and has studied in the
Academy of Antwerp, which he entered in 1869. His
application for admission at once secured the attention of
the director, M. Do Keyser, by the great beauty of the
penmanship, and when it was found that the pen had been
held between the toes instead of the fingers, the surprise
was great. He was immediately admitted into the classes,
made rapid progress, and exhibited remarkable ability.
But even more extraordinary than a painter without
hands is a sculptor without eyes ; M. Vidal, well known
for some years in Paris, and who has produced some
extremely clever models of animals in terra-cotta, is com-
pletely sightless, yet such is the perfection to which he
has educated the sense of touch, that he models both with
lint ^rls.
Fine Arts in Pabib.— Amongst the pictures purchased
by th<^ Imperial government, and now placed in the gallery
of the Ltixembourg, is the grand work of Meissonier,
" Napoleon III . at the Battle of Solferino." This picture,
which measures perhaps twenty by ten inches, is four times
larger than any former production of the same artist, and
it and its companion of the late cxhibitioJi— *• Napoleon 1.
Martin, a sculptor, whose busts are well known and
deservedly admired, is deaf and dumb. It would be
difficult to find three other instances equally e.\tiaordinar>'
and interesting of Ihe pursuit of art under difficulties, \n
two cases, at least, apparently almost insurmountable.
DIsoo^^tBy of gurrosKO Wobks or Holbein.— A
curious discoven' has been made at Lucerne ; in removing
some old woodwork in a mansion known as Corrazioni
d'Orelli, a ceiling has been discovered, richly ornamented
with carved work and painted in fresco. The subjects in-
clude the Annonciation, the Resurrection, the Ascension,
.Saint John the Baptist, Baiut B^at, and Saint Bocha,
692
JOURNAL Of TfiE SOCIETY OF ARTS, July M, 1864.
biehop liolding a spit on which hia entrAils are wound,
and anotber bishop in the act of consecrating a chalice on
\rhiuh a spider is depicted. Thej>e paintings bear the date
uf 1523, and as Holbein decorated seveial houses at about
that period at Lucerne, and from the evidence of the
works of themselves, artists believe the paintings to be his
production.
MoMUMENT TO U. Flandrik. — A Commission, which
includes Comte Walewski, M. Ingres, and Baron James
Rothschild, has just been formed to raise a snlxicription
for a monument to the memory of the late able artist,
Hyppolyte Handrin. The Insiitut of France, the House
of Kothachild, and the OaietU dea Beaux ArU, receive
^ubscriptioos.
Sale of the Comtk de Chambobo's Oollgotion. —
It is positively asserted that the Palace de Vendramin, in
Venice, the property of the Oomte de Chambord, with the
tine collection of works of art which it contains, is shortly
to be sold by public auction. Amongst the works of the
modern bYench school are two famous pictures by Horace
Vernet— " The Dog of the Kegiment," and " The Trum-
peter's Horse."
Fine Art in Italy. — The government at Turin lias
decided that the fine old palace of the Podestat at
Florence (St. Bargello) , shall be eonveiied into a national
museum of the works of art of the Middle Ages. This
palace, one of the finest buildings in Italy, has been many
years used as a state prison ; it is now to bo completely
restored, and the carrying out of the work is entrasted to
the ChevalieriAiazsei. A special commission is appointed
to collect and arrange the museum itself, the nucleus of
which will oonsist of the collections now at the Palaces
Pitti and Uffizj. Two galleries, one devoted to sculp-
ture and the other to armoury, are ready to be thrown
open to the public ; the latter contains, amonest other
things, complete equipments of the knights of the Black
Bands. A professor's chair of archseology is to be attached
to the museum.
Cataloocb op the ERMrrAOB Collection at Saimt-
PsTEBSBUBo. — ^Bafon Eohne, one of tlie keepers of this
collection, has just published a new collection of its cod-
teots, which includee from seven to eight thousand works,
of which about one quarter are indicated as of higli mmt ;
of these 827 arc Italian, 944 belonging to the various
Teutonic schools, 115 Spanish, 172 French, 8 English, and
65 Russian ; Mmillo is represented by no less than 20
works, Rembrandt by 41, and Rubens by 60.
HcsTRi II. Ware. — M. Benjamin FiUou, of Niort, who
has just published a work entitled L^Art de terre chez let
PoitepitUt has made a mde attack on one of the cherished
notions of the connoisseurs of old earthenware ; he declares,
and it is said that his proofs are conclusive, that the
famous set of table ware supposed to have belonged to
Uenn II. of France, and of which near\y the whole of
the pieces known to be in existence were collected in
the South Kensington Museum in 1862, and which
have been sold from time to time at fabulous prices,
was made about the year 1530, in the little hamlet of
Oiron, near Thouars, for, and under the direction of, a
lady named Hei^nc de Hangest, a widow who exhibited
great love for, and taste respecting, objects ofaii. If M.
Fillon be correct, some people will not thank him for the
'ibcovery, and especially the publication of it.
Schools of Art. — The re^rt from the select com-
mittee appointed to inquire mto the constitution and
working of schools of art has been issued, and the
recommendations are : — " That a central training school
for teachers be maintained as at present, and sufficiently
(lualifiod scholars from local scliools be admitted to the
training school at the expense of the state, the study of
decorative art useful for manufactures being the primary
object; other scholars should also be admitted to the
training school upon payment of remunerative fees.
That the collection of works of decorative art at South
Kensington be made more generally useful than at
''•sent throughout the country, especially in connection
with local museums. That a naiiooal oompctttiaD af
works from all tlie local schools of art in o onoe e U oa vHh
tlie department continue to be held annually ai Sootii
Kensington, and a limited uomber of prLsea
That looal schools of art be left to estaldish
wherever they can take root, and to extend th^
tions to all classes of society, and to charge sock
their managers may think suitable. That the
of granting any state aid to local schools of art be :— («)
that night classes for aitisans be open at least thraa timsi
u week, at fees within the reach of artisaaa; {b} that tbs
teachers be certificated, and receive the wfaoW <tf tiit
fees of the artisan classes ; and (e) that the Ic
vide suitable premises, and pay all cliargee for reni^ ;
and repairs. That no further grants be made m tH
either of building, renting, or repairing wchoth c£ art.
That no further grants be made in aid of jmiliasiig
examples, models, cast«, or apparatus. That h be a eoD-
dition of government aid that a public ezamostieA ef
every aided school of art be held annually, thnmgk Ibi
agency of its local committee, and that the raaBlls if
such examination should be reported to the departBSBt
in such form as the department may prescribe. That
payments to certificated art teachers shoald be ao lu^
assimilated to those made to teachers of science, iiial a
capitation payment should be made for every artfean
student who has received 40 lessons within the year.
That the works of the students in their ezammatiaR,
certified by two members of the local oommittee as btav
the students' own work, should be sent up to the oeo^w
department. That fewer prizes and do medals shoold be
given by the central department oa local examinatioBs of
aided schools of art. That if ever an in^wctor repsrts
that an aided school of art is held in unsuitable preaiiaeB,
or uses bad models, examples, or apparatus, or thai the
teaching is deficient, aid may be wholly or partially vikb-
held until the local oommittee consent to make sack
changes as are deemed essential to the proper ooodofit of
the school. That the votes for the museum at Soutb
sington and for the schools of art should be kept dii
fd
NouTU Jjoni>on Workino Classbs' brDoaraiAL
HiBmoN. — This undertaking is under the
the Earl of Shaftesbury, Mr. W. H. Bodkm,
Judge, and other gentlemen of influence. The
mittee have issued an address, in whi^ they say :^lt
will scarcely be deemed otherwise than a natural eonse
quence of the success which attended the Exhibition in
Lambeth, that similar attempts should be oMde in other
metropolitan districts. While, therefore, the Ooamitftes
feel it incumbent upon them to acknowledge the ofatiga-
tion they are under to the promoters of the Lambeth
Exhibition for the origin of the idea, th^ deem it sa-
uecessary to offer any apology for undert^uitt its fiutiba
development. Although the nature of we profxned
Exhibition is sufficiently indicated by its title, it m^ be
stated, to obviate anv misapprehension, that tba mooli
to be exhibited must be the productkm of the Eiridfaiftar.
Such objects will include—-!. Articles maDO&ctaiei is
the ordinary way of business, which should, of ooone, bt
specimens of superior workmanship or novel des^^ U.
New inventions or original contnvaooes to eoononuBa
labour and time. III. Uoeful, artistic, or omameoul
articles which may have been produced in spare hoon,
whether by working men or working women. The term
" North London " is intended to include the distoiets (tf
Clerkenwell, Islington, St. Pancras, St. Luke's, Hoxtoo.
and St. Andrew's, Hollx>m. The Exhibition is arraofed
to take place at the Agricultmal Hall in October next.
The Committee now, therefore, invite immediate
oatk>n for space from intended Exhibitors, and
solicit the hearty oo*opeiation of the wodnng
generally. Printed forms of applicataoo f<^ spioa
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETT OF ARTS, Jolt 23, 1864.
69S
iMQdd free to «U applksaots by the Secretary. Mr. Watts,
7 , Birchmore-terrace, Oardington-street, and others. The
time of admiauon to the Eznibitioo will be from seven
Ull ten each evening, and tlie admission will be 2d. each
person. Ou Mondays and Wednesdays the Exhibition
will be open from ten till five o'clock, 6d. for each perBon ;
ebtldren, 3d.; and on Saturdays, from ten till three
o'dook, at 6d. each, and fVom five till ten o'clock, 2d.
each. Previously to the opening of the Exhibition, a
namber of gentlemen, unconnected with the management,
will be invited to meet the Committee and award Prizes
of Merit (not pecuniary) to the Exhibitors.
Tb« l5DusTRy OF pABis.— The Chamber of Commerce
has lust' published a report, which contains a comparison
of the statistics of Paris hidustry of 1860 and 1850. It
appears by this document that the number of manu-
faoturers in Paris is 101,171, of whom 87,860 aie within
the old limits of the city, and 23,321 in the i-ecently an-
nexed communes. Of these only 7,492 employ more
than ten workmen each, 31,480 have from two to ten
men tinder them, while 62,199 employ only one workman
or none at all. The annual value of the productions of
these 101,171 manufacturera is set down at 3.369,092,449
francb per annum, or about 33,690 francs (£1,347) on an
average fbr each. The total aggregate rent paid is said
to be 107,890,710 francs, or, on an average, £43 a year.
The labouring class employed in this industry is stated at
488,081 persons, of whom 355,692 are men, 126,134
women, and 26,255 children. The average rate of wages
of the men amounts to 4fr. 33c. a day, and that of the
women to 2fr. lo. Out of a hundred workpeople, 71 have
their own furnished apartments, 18 live in ready Aimished
lodffings, and 11 live with their emplo^rers; and 67 can
read and write. The steam power employed is said to
consists of 1,185 engines of, together, 9,748 nominal
horse-power; and the number of sewing machines to
amount to 2,097, furnishing employ ment to 21,000 work-
women. Of course this does not include the sewing
niaehinee used elsewhere than in recognised workshops.
SptinnRO School at Mulbouse. — A school for teaching
weaving was established at Mulbouse three years since,
and has been eminently successful ; the same principle of
industrial education is now being applied to spinning,
a school for that purpose being now in proc&is of
organiaation in the same town, and will be ready to
receive pupils in October, when the regular winter
educational session commences. The Alsacian manu-
factorers exhibit great wisdom and foresight in these
establishments for technical education, than which nothuig
is 80 likely to conduce to the maintenance and improve-
ment of then: manufacture. The great centres of English
production should s'udy with attention these important
movements.
SuoAB MiMUFAin'UBK. — MessTs. Travel's and Son, in
their circular, quote a paragraph trom the Morning Poat,
stating that " Accounts fiom Havana mention that M.
Beyooso, the distinguished Cuban chemist, had left for
dirope in a British steamer, to perfect a discovery of his,
^wluoh, it is alleged, is to work a revolution in the manu-
feoture of sugar. The problem the inventor thinks he
has solved is one that has occupied the attention of
cliemtsts for years, and consists in so treating the fresh
oane*juk)e that theie shall be no residue, but all be con-
verted into sugar of equal quality and fineness. M.
Beynoso'a friends have subscribed 35,000 dollars to enable
bim to prosecute his researches and experiments in
Borope. Should he succeed, all sugar-planters will pro-
Ixftbly conibrm to the new system, and no more Musco-
vadoes will appear in the price current." In commenting
on this statement Messrs. Travers say : — " The writer
evidently did not read that part of our Chancellor's
financial statement in which he distinctly avows his
intention so to adjust the duty hero as to put the Englisli
refioer and the refiner abroad ou equal terms, and forgets
that be has shown his good will by making the English
coMuaer pay 138. lOd. per owt. on all foreign retined
sugar, but only 8i. 2d. upon Indian Jagsery. If, there-
fore, M. Beynoso succeed, as we sincerely hope he wiU,
in perfecting his discovery, he must recollect that whilst
Mr. Gladstone is in power his invention will only close
our market more firmly than ever to his Cuban sugars,
and that if the latter are to be made all pure and all
white at but slight extra cost, the Chancellors principles
of political economy, which demand that the foreign and
home refiner shall be handicapped, will force the puttie
here to pay an extra tax betore it can use these pure
white BUgai^. If the economy of Mr. Eeynooo'a process
be so great as to more than countefvail this protection,
Mr. Gladstone's well-known consistency will prompt him
to raise this protection to whatever point may be neces-
sary."
l^nu KuBviu TxLKOBAPU WiBEs. — Messrs. Wells and
Hall are now manufacturing, for Government telMtapha,
India mbber covered wires, which consist of a STo. 18
(diameter *043) tinned copper, insulated to a total diameter
of *25-iuoh. Weight of copper per mile, 30fi> ; weight
of insulator per mile, 60fi>. The resistance of the insn-
lating medium for one mile, tested in water at a tempera-
ture of 60"" Fahr., is 4,750,000 Siemen'a units ; and the
resistance of the conductor 54 Siemen's units. The insu-
lation tests, both static and dynamic, appear to be of
a high character in oompariaon with rMulta obtained
ou other materials. No tar is to be applied to this core,
on account of ita deteriorating effects when brcught into
contact with the rubber.
€mmtm.
The Cubbant Tbadb.— A letter from Pairas, dated
28th June, says that, ** on the whole, the fruit is progrea-
sing veiy favourably. The total yield, partly owing to
the increasing production of the young plantations in the
Morea, promises to exceed that ot all former years. Until
within the last two days the weather has been unuaially
cool, rotarding the fruit, which even in the early districta
is, at least, a week later than last season ; the change to
hot weathei', however, may cause it to fill out more rapidly
than usual, and diminish the difference. The blight,
favoured by the damp atmosphere, has developed itselt
with much force this season, and several applications of
sulphur have been required to check it. Prices, we have
every reason to expect, will be very modeiate. With re-
gard to the export duties, it is almost certain that they
will remain unaltered for this year, notwithstanding the
annexation of the Ionian Islands to Greece." Another
letter from Zante, of the 30th June, says: — " The culti-
vation and sulphuring of our currant vines have been
attended to with the usual care, so that although, from
the blighted appearance of non-sulphured plants, it is
evident that the blight is as virulent as ever, still, aa in
former years, we are not apprehebsive of any ill results to
our currants. There is an abundant show of wclUgrown
bunches of fruit on our plants, and our proapeota tor
quantity and quality aie about on a par with wliat they
were at the same season last year. When it is taken
into consideration, therefore, that last year the weather at
the latter stage of the season was not over favourable to
the proper ripenbg of the fruit, and that the greater part
of it was ultimately caught by rains on the drying grounds,
it may be safely inferred that if this year we are favoured
by the weather to the end, we shall have a slight increase
on the quantity produced last year of about 6,400 tons,
and have, moreover, a finer and cleaner quality of fruiU
NotwithaUnding the cession of thcee islands to Greece,
no change has yet been made in our duties, and none can
well be made before the new constitution is drawn out
and other formalities gone through."
TuK BuoAB Tbaok.— The tullowiug communication
from Biussels appeared in the Journal de LUgc of the
Ist July:— "It is known that a Fi"eneh Commit-eion,
594
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, July 22, 1864.
compOMtl of Meisieiirs Herbei, Ozenne, and Barhier» have
been entrusted by their government to prepare a scheme
of international legislation with regard to sugar. After
having commenoed their labours by a visit to Holland,
they arrived yesterday at Brussels, and are now engaged
in conference with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, M. le
Baron Lambermont, the Secretary-Qenenil of this depart-
ment, and with Messieurs Fisco and Guillaume, superin-
tendents to the Finance Minister. It is believed that the
French delegates have every prospect of success, and it
would appear that we may hope for the speedy realization
tjf the Sugar ZollverAn, that France aims at, in which
Belgium u equally interested. From hete (Bruseela) the
delegates will proceed to England."
The Flax Crop on the Continent. — Tlie "Belfast
Linen Trade Circular" states, with regard to the districts
xouth and north of Holland, Zealand, and North Braband,
it is the general opinion that fully as much flax seed ban
been sown as in 1863 ; that more acres liave been sown
with first growth from Riga peed, than with Riga seed,
and that the crop in general ran only be called middling.
In the Biesbos (North Braband) about 600 acres have been
sown, of which three-fourths may turn out a first-rate crop
with good seed. In the Haarlemmermur the crop looks
well enough, and though the length is somewhat irregu-
lar, the, quantity and quality are expected to be but very
litUe beneath 1868. Inspects for seed are favourable.
The crop in the Hockschcn Warrd and Brielsch Island,
where flax has been sown to a greater extent than last
year, is considered below an average one, and some early
sown districts have come up rather sparingly and iiTegular ;
hut the flax has obtained a good length, and the prospects
for seed are fair. In the Western part, flax has suffered
much by hail, but the latter sown, which came up some-
what too fnU, suffered bv grub, and has been beaten down
by the late rains. In North Braband, the growth is even
below an average, excepting some fields which failed
totally ; the flax is in general thin and short, and has,
^'ith few exceptions, suffered by grub, so that prospects
are anything but favourable. The great damage done to
several fields is principally owing to the cold, ramy, damp
weather. The crop is estimated one-third lees in weight,
and thereby quality has suffered in proportion. In the
so-called *' sand districts," whei« also some flax has been
sown, a small crop is expected. In North Holland, where
the same number of acres has been sown as in 1863, the
early sown has come up rather short, and not full enough ;
amongst the latter sown there are some good fields, but
geneially speaking, only a middling crop is expected.
In the West land, sowing is equal to last year ; the flax
is thin, and even below an average. In the Island
Tsselmonde, more was sown than last year, and flax may
be called good ; growth regular, of a fair length, and
pitMpecta are favourable for the seed crop. In the Western
parts, many fields have suffered by hail. In Zealand,
much flax has been sown again ; in most districts it is
short and thin, and though in other parts it is somewhat
better, it mav still be said that prospects in general are
not hrcmble.
Wool — The third series of this yeai's public sales
of colonial wools was fixed by the importers to com-
mence in London on the 2 1st inst. Judging from the
present arrivals the quantity to bo offered atsalo will pro-
bably reach 140,000 to 160,000 bales, and notwithstanding
that a certain proportion is likely to be held over for the
November sales, this will be the largest on record. Con-
sidering the enormous scale on which consumption keeps
gohig on, and the generally small stocks in manufacturers*
hands, very firm, and some think even higher prices than
those obtained at the close of the last sale may be ex-
pected, especially as the monetary market has since bscomo
more easy. Our domestic wools have nearly recovered
the decline from the high prices ruling until clip time.
Which they experienced, and will probablv continue to
€almi.
Salmon is Tasmamii.—- The introduction of salmoo
into Tasmania may now be regarded as un ftit
About 80,000 healthy ova were placed in the breed:
ponds between the 21st and 23rd April. The first BA
made its appearance on the 5th May, and aloce then there
were 100 healthy young salmon swimming in the pood
A number were brought into existence with crooked ba^.
and these of course died ; and it now appears that it would
have been much better if some of the ova had been more
slackly packed. The tightly-packed boxes were not inm
good condition as the more slackly-packed ones. The
hatching of the trout waa complete, but tiieir ^umfrtr »
not stated. The little fishes are remarkably JiealUiy.
only one of the whole number hatched having died. The
Melbourne papers say tliat several of the salmon o\'a bare
been hatched there.
The Boabp of AoRictLTUEE at Melbourne have
decided to offer premiums as follows : — £30 for the ban
and 4*20 for the second l>e8t sample of cotton grown in
the country of not less than half-a-hundred weig1xt« the
same to become the property of the Boud, for the porpoie
of being forwarded to England to test its valiu- aa an
article of export; £20 for the best sample of hdk pro-
duced in the colony ; £15 to the person or penooa wbo
had most turned public attention to the subject in tttf-
year 1863-4 ; and £15 to the person who shall have doce
most to the cultivation of the white mulberry in theane
period ; £30 for the best, and £20 for the second beat, far
the owner of a hop garden ; and £30 for the best aam|le
of hemp, and £20 for the second best. The reoocu*
mendation of a sub-committee, that £10 ahoold be apfiitK
priated to purchasing Durham mustard seed waa adopted ;
but a recommendation to grant a premium for the beat
sample of colonial flax was rejected on the groaod Hut
flax could not be grown profitably in Victoria at aoyUung
like the present and prospective rate of wages.
CoMMEBOBiN SouTH AusTBALLi. — During the earlier
part of April there was a steady improvement in xdmI
imported goods, but later arrivals had given some che^.
Pnccs were, however, maintained, and with the preeeot
steady trade the effect was not likely to be fi^t fm taj
length of time. Thera was, towards the doee of the
month, a falling off in the export of cereals, and there
were no ordeis for shipping. However, the BaifJ^
was very limited, and stocks m town and port weteio-
creasing but very slowly. It would require only a small
amount of orders to cause a rise in prices, more partkn-
larly as the Eupply will decrease as the farmers begin to
prepaie the ground for sowing the next year*a crop ; and
the lains having begun so late this season, but few of the
growers would bring any wheat till the seed was all m. Th«
reports from the mines in the north and south contimia
favourable, except those in Yorke*s Peninsula. Tltt
miners have struck for wages, and it is feared it will be
some time before matters are arranged. The vlnta^i^
is finished in the plains, but in several of the lai^ vine-
yards of the hills it has only just begun, and it ia fraied
that the recent rains will have a deteriorating inflaeoee
on the quality of the vines. With this exception, tht
jjrapes having well ripened, the produce of thw vmtaga
15 superior to those of preceding yearp.
Sheep. — An Adelaide paper says that daring the fort-
night preceding January 4, no iess than 50,000 Aom
from South Australia crossed the Darling for the atatiocu
on that river and on the Mtrrrumbidgee and Loddoo, and
100,000 more were expecte^l to cross during the next thiw*
weeks.
Customs Duties in Canada.— The government pro-
poses that on gin, rum, and on all other fplrits except
whisky, an additional specific duty of 16 cents per gallco
be imposed. On whisky 16 cents additional. On NaoJy
16 cents specific additional ; and that on ginger wine, aa«
cordial, a duty of 20 oenta per gallon be impMed hem^.
■!
1
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 22, 1864.
59(1
The government propone to raiae an extra million of
dollars this rear, and this is one of the methods it intends
adopting. Another is a stamp duty. This is new in
Canada; it has always worked well in England, and does
not affect the poor man. The law proposes to affeot notes
over 20 dollars, and all a,moanting to or under £100 will
pay a stamp tax of only 8 cents. Bills of exchange will
also pay only a tax of 2 cents. The amount is smidl, but
will realise a considerable sum, and perhaps will prove the
l^ast burdensome method of assisting towards meeting the |
deHcit in the revenue.
lotes.
Tek Davt Mbmobial. — The inhabitants of Penzance
are about to erect a monument to commemorate the j
services rendered by Sir Humphrey Davy to abstract
and practical science. This proposal, which has the
sapport of Lord Brougham, Professors Faraday and Wil-
liimson, Sir Charles L^mon, and many other men eminent
alike in literature and science, has been long talked of;
bat the calls for hdp consequent upon the BSirtley Mine
catastrophe, the Lancashire distress, and several local
accidents, have deferred its vigorous prosecution. Origin-
lUy a veiy elegant monumenSd tower was proposed to be
erected ; out in consequence of two ladies offering the sum
of £l,OCk> if the testimonial took the form of alms-houses,
a memorial of that kind, in conjunction with a statue, has
been determined upon. Since that time other sums have
been oflered, and the committee have now available foods
to the extent of £1,400, which have been collected.
When all that Davy accomplished for the benefit of science
and humanity is taken into account, it appears a standing
reproach to our country that no monument exists to com-
memorate his worth. His invention of the safety lamp,
his application of the decomposing power of the voltaic
battery to chemical research, and his brilliant disoovei^
of the metallic bases of the alkalies and earths, which is
the foundation of all modem chemistry, surely have as
strong a claim to be commemorated in some permanent
m&nner as the deeds of military heroes, however brave.
Thames EmaiCKMEirr. — The foundation stone was laid
in front of Whitehall stain on Wednesday last, by Mr.
Thwaites, Chairman of the Metropolitan Board of Works.
Fishing bt Elbotbio Liqht. — A first attempt was
made to fish by electric light a short time since at Dun-
kirk. The light was supplied by a pile on Bunsen's prin-
ciple, composed of about 50 elements, and it succeeded
tolenkblv well, but the employment of the pile was
attended with much inconvenience. It was then deter-
mined to repeat the attempt with a magneto-electric
machine. The new experiments tried at Dunkirk and
()3tend had n double object — 1, to prove how the light
produced by the machine would act under water; and, 2,
to discover the effect the light would produce on the fish.
The fbrst object was completely accomplished, and it is
now demonstrated that magneto-electric machines and
the light they produce are applicable to all submarine
works. In flact, this light was constant at 180ft. under
water, and it extended over a large surface. The maohioe,
nevertheless, was placed at a distance of more than SOOft.
from the regulator of the electric light. The glass sides
of the lantern remained perfectly transparent, and the
quantity of carbon consumed was less than if it wero in the
open aur.
CoMDusTiBLB OooDS. — A merchant at the East end of
London has been fined £20 for having sent by the North-
western BaUway a package containing higlily combus-
tible goods (*' blazing fusees"), without giving notice that
they were dangerous.
Saf rrv n Rah^way Traiks.— Sir,— In the report read
at the General Meeting of the Society no mention wa.^
made of the committees appointed some time since, nor
was any allusion made to them during the meeting. Pro-
bably they aro supposed to be deftmot, and if so, if I may
judge tvom the Mechanical and Engineering Committee,
the difficulty has been to bring forward definite and prac-
tical objects on which the attention of the committee might
be brought to bear. It has occurred to me that even if
nothing else presented itself, one object alone might well
receive the attention of the Mechanical Committee, and if
it be defunct it would be worth reviving it, for the purpose,
namely, to consider the best means of giving railway
passengers the means of communicating with the guards
of the train. The recent tragedy cannot but draw public
attention again to the subject, and it would be useless to
lengthen this letter by referring to other instances in proof
of its desirability, or more correctly, its necessity. Manv
letters and suggestions have, and no doubt still will,
appear in the public press, proposing apparently simple
but really crude and impracticable plans of meeting the
difficulty, most of whidi have been thought of and
exploded many years since, as they overlook the essential
pomt of any practicable plan, which is, to enable passengers
to communicate with the guard without stopping the
train, giving the guard alone the means of communicating
with the engine driver. Some years since a murderous
attack, which happened alsoon the North London Railway,
led me to bring forward a scheme, which 1 laid before some
of the principal officers of our chief railways. They all
received me with courtesy and gave it their attention ;
some of them distinctly expressed theur approval of it, but
candidly told me the railway directors would never adopt
anything of the kind until forced to do so by the pubUc.
The public press also spoke favourably of my plan, and it
was exhibited at the Polytechnic Institution. In nearly
every case on my first interview with the railway officials,
I was met by the cogent objection, *' That it would never
do to give every nervous old woman the means of stopping
the train when she happened to be frightened ;" but t met
such remarks by pointing out that the object I had in view
was to enable passengers to communicate with the guards
without stopping the trains, and this certainly must be the
principle of any practicable scheme. My present purpose,
however, is not to bring forward and describe my own
plan, so much as to suggest that the Society of Arts should
call together its Mechanical Committee for the definite
purpose of considering the subject, and that they invite
information and pUms from all and any quarter, and
should they on due consideration be convinced that any
one or more practicable plans can be suggested, the com-
mittee should then propose that the whole influence of the
Society of Arts be brought to bear on the public, on the
legislature, and on the railway authorities, so as to secure
a practical trial. The Society not long since took the
initiative in the matter of artistic copyright, and were
successful; certainly this subject is of equal importancee
and falls as legitimately within the province of the Society,
It is a matter which will never be satisfactorily deal,
with by railway directors unless extraneous influencet
oblige them. At the time I was endeavouring to draw
attention to my plan, a well-known engineer told roe that
some years since he was commissioned by the directors
of one of the principal railways \o investigate the matter,
and they invited communications on the subject. I think
he said that about sixty plans were laid before him, some
remarkable idone for thor absurditv, such as shooting an
arrow at the head of the engine driver, but others were
made the subject of actual experiment. On some he re-
ported favourably, and considered them quite practicable,
and there the matter ended. It is just at this point a
disinterested and mfluential body like the Society of Arts
could bring its influence to bear by enforcing attention tn
the subje<rt. and, if necessary, urging the legi«latiire to
interfere.— I am, Ac, W. SmoNs.
11, St. MM-ltVcr««»nt, Regeni*i-pftr1c, Julj, l^i.
596
JOURNAL OF THB SOCIETY OF ARTS, July 22, 1864.
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL PRINTED PAPERS.
Par. DtKvered on llthand I2th Ame, 1864.
Numb.
142. fettled Estates Act Amendineiit
HUh Coart of Admiralty in Ireland CommisiIoa'-'R^pori of
Coinminloners.
New Zealand > Further Papers.
Edaeatioo—Repert and Appendix.
New Zealand— Papers relating to a Loan to meet Ike Ex-
penses of the Natlre War.
IMitirtd on /him 14, 1864.
349. Poor Relief— Report, Ac, ttim the Stleot Committee, witk
Appendix.
143. Bill— Aeddents* CompensatioA Aet Amtodmeftt.
Traniportatioa— Bxtraetsof Despatehet iad PttltlMsfr«m tlM
Goremors of the Australian Cdoniee.
DHitertd <m lb(k Jimt, 18«4.
337. Shipplnc— Retoms.
342. Yachts and Fishing Smacks— Return.
368. Qreenwleh Hospital— Memorandora.
387. Goals, Cinders, and Cnlm, Ae.— Aeeoont.
383. TraosflBr, Ac, of Land— Return.
61. Bills— Poor Law (Ireland) Acts Amendment.
1». M - -
144. „
146. „
148.
148.
Municipal Corporations (Ireland).
Gb«ek Loan.
Common Law Procedure (Ireland) Aet XlUS) Amend-
ment ( Lords Amendments).
Lanac7( Scotland).
Chimnej Sweepers* Regulation.
Datvered on 16/A June^ 1664.
190(0. Sheffield and Bradfbrd Reserroirv— Report.
368. Public Income and Expenditure — Aoeoont.
366. Superannuation Act— Correspondence.
385. Ashantee War— Extract of Despatches.
386. BankrupUj— Return.
388. Judgments (Courts of Conunon Law)— Return.
147. Bills— Local Ooremment Supplement (No. 3).
149. „ Pier and Harbour Orders of Confbmation (amended).
Poland— Communication with the French Ooremment.
National Education (Ireland)— Thirteenth Report of the
Commissioneri.
DtHo^red on lUh Juney 1864. •
393. Cape Coast— Statements.
152. Bills— Portsmouth Dockyard (Acquisition of Lands).
163. „ Poor Law Guardians* Elecoons.
DeKverod on isth and 20th of June, 1864.
381. NaTT(«*Ship Research**)— Report.
383. Land and Marine Forces ( Religions Denoml«adoas)-^Retvn.
66. (vn.) Railwaj and Canal Bills— Eight Report.
260. (n.) Decimal Sjstem of Measures— Further Return.
384. Indosure Commission— Special Report of the Commisdoners.
390. National Eduoatlon ( Ireland V-Retnm.
382. Annj (Manolisetnring Establishments)— Return.
161. Bills— NaTsl and Victualling Stores.
167. „ Punishment of Rape.
168. „ Insane Prisoners Act Amendment ( Lords Amend-
ments).
iattnts.
f^rom OommiuUmtrt qf PMmts Jommdl, JiOff 16/A.
Grants of PnovisioMAL Protiotior.
Air-canes— 1182-S. Drejfous.
Air-engines— 1678— M. Henrj.
Alkalies, Ac.,prooesMs for obUlnlngu-1376— F. O. Ward.
Aniline colours— 1669— G. Phillips.
Armour for ships, Ac— 1669-^. H. M. Van Boren Whisker.
Bedstesd— 1686— W. E. Oedgc
Beer- engines— 1606— W. Perks, jun.
Boilers, preventing inorostation in— 1687— G. T. Sims and J. FAdky.
Bread-manuAM^ture, machinerj for— 1688— W. A, Gny, B. Edwat«.
and R. W. MacArthur.
Bread manufkcture— 1689— R. W. MacArthur, W. A. Goy,aBdB.
Edwards. '
Brick-making maohineiy— 1667— B. C. Sjkes.
Bubble-blowing apparatus— 1613— W. E. Newton.
Candles, prevention of guttering- 1*07- H. C. Steane ft F. A. Steane.
Clips for binding manuscripts, &c— 1600— H. Jenkins, J. Jenklnf.
F. Jenkins, and S.Jenkins.
Cops, machines for making- 1635— J. Combe.
Distances, apparatus for ascertaining— 1647— D. McCallttm.
Drains and drain tiles— 1608— W. P. Savage.
fSSS?' *^*o»' *c.-l686— E. R. Turner and P. Turner.
FlbJoS JSS!;!!?'" P"?"<^K knitted or looped-l6f a-W. Brown.
FwSill^iS?'**""^***''*'^ for cleanlng-I669-J. Holt.
Foot-HghtsfiJ'J^J^.fi^!^^^^^ ^^^^
PorS^m><^I^ii>®~lM9— I* Bnekley and B. Crdalej.
Frames Ibr supporting threads, fto -1696— W. H. BdvsIL
Fnmaoes aad boilers— 1620— W. Clark.
Govern<tfs — 1697 — M. Henry.
Heating. Ac, application of petroleum, &c, to— lB9f— B. F. Strm
HydroattttO soalee— 1693— W. B. Newton.
IMia-rabber, vuleanising— 1677^A. Turner and J. OsA.
Indicators tor vehiclea— 1682— W. Ada^ba.
Jlb-saU rings— 1629— R. Balana.
KUns or ovens - 1096— H. Chnmberlnin, J. Cnveii,4 & WsMM
Lnupa, modtrator— 1611 — ^W. Clark.
LaBiM,sar«n&— 1580— J. Hinks and J. Hinks.
Lanff-tfutivadon, appUoatioa of steam-power to— 1618-W. Chrl
Leathtt, apparatus for shaving, frc. — 1667— J. Lee.
Looks and keys— 1679— A. B. B. Ym JUthen.
Losenges, manufkcture of— 1614 — C. J. Tinker.
Meat, Ac, preaervinr-Uas— R. Jotm.
Metal prraared bj Bessemer*! prooerft, easting ingots «Mm-«
Iftttii, macMneij Ibr maauflM^ture of— 1628— R. A. Broonn.
Osdiam, wparatai for floannteotare of— MIS— N. Jarvif * W..1I».
Oniamantbf wood and o«b«r sorfkcea— IMS— W. Sssmtt-
OTSters, apparatus for opening— 1691— W. D. Napier.
Pottery, i^paratus used m Ihe maouftetnre of— 1(71— R. Qtea^
Prbkting machines— 1965— W. Smith.
Pwiip»-1637— D. Oallafent.
Pnncues for making the eyes of needlea— 1828— Q. Bsiri.
Saflway carriages, &c, ventilating— 1641— J. Laagtoa.
BlSlway carriages and wheels— 1671— J. E. WUsoa.
Railway wheels and azlea— 1974— T. Cordnkes and J. B. 1M«^
Railways, permanent ways of— 1673-^. B. Wilson.
Sails, apparatus tor reefing, Ac— 1639— T. Day, Ben.,»»d T. Dij,^
Sewing machines— 1609— W. F. Thomas.
Ships, maehineiT fbr lowling— 1698- W. B. Newton. ^
Sprbg hook or ftutening-ie76— W. G. Williams and JJn»
Stamping, mechanism for varying letters or msrlu jmnmV'
1696— J. Hay.
Stone -breaking, machinery for- 1649 — ^A. Thomas.
Teleseopes, Ac, stands for - 1601— E. L. Berthoa.
Thrashing machines, applying power to— 1684— D. Cn^t.
Tobacco, &c, packages for— 1574 — E. Francis.
Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades— 1626 — T. Daily.
Varnish -1618 - J. A. Boock and T. Hill.
Vewels, apparatus for steering— 1666— B. K. AiicUssa.
Voltaic apparatus for relief of hernia — 1671— J. Tint.
Wasliing and drying apparatus — 1616— L. E. Bodntt.
Watdkcs and time-pieces— 1677 — D. Tunks. *^_iot-I
Water-closets, Ac, appsntns for iopplying wrtsr »-i"»-
Thomson and J. Murray.
Water-closets, porUble— 1622- J. H. Wilson. . _ _ -^y
Waterdosets and urinds— 1627— M. L. J. Lavater sad »• J jJ2
Yarns or threads, machinery for warping, ftc— l«05-J' ■' '^'■^
and J. Buckley.
iMVSSnOHS WITH CoAPLSTB SPBOtFlOATKMW Rl»-
Album— 1676— W. E. Gedge.
Boot and shoes— 1681— B. F. Starterani.
Patxkts Sbilxd.
163. B. T. imdA^<^'
134. W. H. Marks.
138. 8. Wynn.
139. J. ^ompson.
144. B. A. Brooman.
161. J. Haaser. .
162. T. LIghtfoot, G. P. Bamas,
and J. Lightftwt.
Tates.
208. 8. Moore.
I^romCommMmertpf Founts J o wtm Ii 'Mr i^
PinnTS asALio.
166. J. Burch and 8. Feamley.
171. H. C. Bagot
174. J. SeweU.
190. D. Y. Stewart.
192. F. North.
196. J. PlaU A W. Ridiardson.
199. J. E. Dix.
200. E. Lndus.
206. W. D. Grimdiaw.
211. T. Bradford.
216. J. Stuttaford.
219. B. Martlndale and J. Wil-
liams.
221. J. Combe and J. H. 8mal-
page.
231. S. Grafton.
234. W. T. ^•
263, W. Clsrk.
299. J. Young. ^ ^ Ti
333. J. EsstSBi J'*^ ^
41S. B.H0rtAj.''"*^
W.Aitt«7'
629. O.H.ElHi.
898. B. X- W«»«* * ^
RadiiMUU
976. J. Stevew. f
1294. W. Clark.
1403. W. B. orfr*
PATBXT8 cm WHICH THH BtlXP DOTT OT «»0 "^
na^^
1798. J. Mason.
1818. P. Shaw.
2076. G. F. Muntx.
1776. J. C. Coombe A J. Wright.
1777. B. Browne.
1781. W. RI«*J- . B BteJJ*
1866. B-BiKwra «!>*■• '^
1779. J. B.
1832. J. Pl»^. ^
iMO. P. wmi«*
PATSNTS oh which THl 8TAICP DOTT 01 ilW »*■ **"
1992. G. J. Walnwrlght and C. 1 1988. T. R<*5!**f
T. Bradbuty. | 2003. W. E. Ne»l»-
^mxml of tk
THE
0rietg irf |.rtB,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Sbssion.]
FRIDAY, JULY 29, 1864.
[No. 610. Vol. XII.
Itgm Mnflg jf lire ^gtietg,
CANTOR LECTURES.
*' Oh Cbemutry Applied to thk Abts.*' By Db. F.
Criob Calvebt, F.R.S., F.C.S.
Lkotcre IV.
Djklivbbbd on Tbursdat £tbnin«, April 21^, 1864.
AscnuL Fimr Matters, th« TArioafl prooMMt for Uberating them
ftoa th« tiMUM in which thejr are oonUined. Their oomj^tioa
and coavertioa into 80*p. Composite candles. The rellning of
lard. Cod-HveTy aperm, and other oils. SpermaetH and war.
It will be qaite out of the queetioQ for me to enter upon
B general description of the properties and composition of
fatty matters, as to do so would be to undertake far too
wide a field of research. All that I can attempt in this
lecture is to give an idea of their composition, and to de-
scribe some of their most recent applications to arts and
nuumfiutores.
The question of the source of the fatty matters in her-
biverous animals has been the subject of a great number of
scientific researches, but those of Baxon Liebig, Dumas,
Bousainganlt, Payen, and Milne Edwards, have left no
doubt that when the food of an animal contains a sufficient
amoont of fatty matter, this is simply extracted from the
food, and stored or consumed according to the animid's
habits, that is to say, its consumption is in ratio to the
activity of the animal ; thus, an animal in a state of great
activity is comparatively thin, but when confined in a pen
or stall it quickly fattens. These gentlemen also proved
that when the food is deficient in fatty matters a portion of
the amylaceous or saccharine matter becomes converted into
&tty matter. The most decisive experiments on this head
were made by Mr. Milne Edwards, who found that when bees
were confined under a glass shade, with no food but honey,
they converted the greater portion of it into wax. Not-
'withstanding these proofs, however, chemists found it
diflScult to understand how substances so rich in oxygen
aa amylaceous ones be(^me converted into a class of
matters containing so little of that element, but Baron
Liiebig has reoently published a paper which has partially
solved this problem, showing that animals give off during
respiration a larger amount of oxygen than is contained
in the air inspired, which excess must be derived 'from
oortain organic substances circulating in the blood. Fatty
matters may be classed under two heads, viz., vegetable
and animal. The first are generally composed of a solid,
called margarine, and a liquid, called oleme. The latter
geoerally contains three substances, viz., two solids,
stearine and margarine, and one liquid, oleiue. I say
generally, because there are exceptions ; thus in palm oil
palmetine is found, in linseed oil linoleiue, in sperm oil
spermaoeti, and in waxes several peculiar acids. Let us
now examine the composition of some of the most
abondant fatty matters found in animals. The know-
ledge of the composition of these substances, of soet for
example, was most unsatisfactory until 1811, when my
learned and eminent master, M. Chevreul, published his
elaborate researehes, by which he demons' rated the real
composition of fAtty matters in general, and that they
might be considered as real organic salts. Thus suet is
composed of stearic, margaric, and oleic acids combined
with the oxide of glyceryle. The three above-named
acids he showed to be composed as follows:—
Stearic Mareario Oleic
Add. acM. add.
Carbon 68 ... 34 ... 36
Hydrogen 66 ... 83 ... 33
Oxygen 6 ... 8 ... 3
Water 2 ... I ... 1
also that oxide of glycerylo, as it is liberated from the
fatty acids, combines with water and forms glycerine.
He further showed that when fatty matters were sa-
ponified, the change consisted in the' substitution, for the
oxide of glyceryle, of the oxide of sodium or soda in ordi-
nary hai-d soaps, of the oxide of potassium and potash in
soft soaps, of oxide of lime, baiyta, or lead in insoluble
soaps. You will easily conceive the pride of M. Chevreul
when, forty years later, M. Berthelot effected the syn-
thesis of the fatty matters, tne analysis of which M
Chevreul had published in 1811. This he accomplished
by heating in sealed tubes, at a temperature of 620"* for
several hours, one, two, or three equivalents of each of
the above acids with one equivalent of glycerine, leaving
the mixture to cool, and then boUing it in a vessel with
water and lime, when Uie excess of fatty acids not com-
bined during the experiment wore removed by the lime,
leaving the neutral fatty matter, which was dissolved
by ether, and thus obtained in a state of purity. By this in-
teresting series of researches, M. Berthelot has not only
reconstituted neutral fatty matters, but showed that the
oxide of glyceryle was triatomic, that is, that one equiva-
lent of the oxide would neutralise three equivalents of
the acid, whilst it required three equivalents of soda to
produce a neutral stearate with three equivalents of
stearic acid.
Stearicacid,3 <C„ H,, OJ, Glycerine, C, H, 0.-4 HO
Stearic acid,3 (C,, H„ OJ +3 Soda NaO - 3 HO.
In fact the researches of this eminent chemist on the syn-
thesis of organic substances have effected a complete re-
volution in the last few years in that branch of organic
chemistry.
I shall now proceed to give you a rapid outline of the
properties of these substances.
Stearic aeid is a white crystalline substance, fusible at
158^ F., soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in water,
and saponified by alkalies.
Margaric acid is a solid crystalline substance, presenting
the same propei*ties as stearic, excepting that its fhsing
' point is 140°.
Oleic acid is a fluid remaining in tliat state oven at
several degrees below the freezing point of water, and is
also soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in water.
Otycerine, or the sweet principle of oils, was discovered
in 1779, by Scheele, who extracted it in boiling oil of sweet
I almonds wltli oxide of lead, which, combinmg with the
I fatty acids, liberated the oxide of glyceryle, and this, in
' combining with water, formed glycerine. In consequence
598
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 29, 1864.
of the namerooi appUcaiiont of glycerine in medknne, the
French have manntactured thii snbetanoe on a large icale
from the liqnore in which they have aponified then* fatly
niatten into aoftp; but the poreet ani moft extcDsve
Boppljr k foraiihed by FjMm Patfi^ Oalttile O^mpnjr.
In the oooiHB ai thk leotofe t will give yot A deKtiption
of ita preparaflon, as carried oat at their worki. Gly-
oerioe is a colourless, syrupy fluid, of sweet taste, and
sp. gr. 1*28, highly soluble in water and alcohol, combining
easily with hydrochloric, hydrobromic, benzoic, tartaric,
dEC., acids, forming neutral compounds. Dilated nitric acid
converts it into glyceric add ; concentrated nitric add into
nitro-glyoerine, or a sabetanoe exploding with violence by
percnssion, which has caused it to be jn-oposed as a
Bubstitate for fulminating mercuiy, by its discoverer.
Professor Sobrero. The application in medicine of
glycerine has been greatly extended by its highly
hygrometric properties. Thus, bandages moistened
with glycerine remain constantly moist, because the
glycenne attracts moisture from the air as fast as it is
lost by evaporation. It has also been found eminently
useful in diseases of the eye and ear. Glycerine boils at
527^, but when distilled is partly decomposed into a
peculiar oily^fluid, of a noxioos odour, called acroleine. M.
Bertholet has suooeeded, b^ fermentation, in converting
glycerine into aloohoL Agam, Mr. George Wilson, F.R.S.,
the talented director of Price's Patent Candle Gompany,
has applied glycerine with great success to the preservation
of vegetable and animal substances. Another useful em-
ployment of glycerine is its substitution for water in gas-
ometers, where the evaporation of the latter is a source of
serious loss. Its addition to a soap solution inoresses the
facility of forming soap bubbles to an extraordinary degree.
In fact, by its aid, bubbles of seven or eight inches diameter
can be produced, exhibiting most beautiful purple and green
colours, the beauty of which is greatly enhanced, as Mr.
Ladd will show you, when illuminated by the electric
light. To prepare this peculiar soap solution the following
proportions are stated to be emnloyed : — Distilled water,
5 ounces ; soap, ( of a dram ; glycerine, 2 drams.
The extraction of the fatty matters of animals from the
tissues enveloping them is a simnle operation. The old pro-
cess of doin^ this, technically called *< rendering," consisted
in introducmg the suet into large iron pans and apj^yiog
heat, which caused the fatty matters, by their expansion, to
burst the cells confining them, and to rise to the top of the
contents of the boiler, which were left to stand for a few
hours, and the liquid fat was then run off. The organic
tissues remaining with a certain amount of fat at the
bottom of the boilers were removed, and subjected to
pressure so as to separate the rest of the fat, the organic
tissues remaining behind bdog sold under the name of
scraps, for feedings dogs, &e. As this operation gives
rise to noxious vapours, causing thereby great annoyance,
other methods have been generally adopted. For in-
stance Mr. D'Arcet's, the hading feature of which k,
to place in a boiler say d501bs. of suet with 160 of water
and 15 ef sulphuric acid, carrying the whole to l^e boil
for some hours, when the sulphuric acid dissolves the
organic matters and liberates the fatty ones, which are
then easily separated from the aqueous fluid. Mr. Evrard's
process appears preferable. He boils the fatty matters
with a weak solution of alkali ; or, in other words, he uses
;K)01b9. of suet with half a pound of caustic soda dis-
solved in 20 gallons of water, carrying the whole to the
boil bv means of a jet of steam. Under the influence of
the alkali the tissues are swollen and distsolved and the
fdt liberated. By these operations a better quality of fat
is obtained and no nuisance is created. It is found advan-
tageous to purify or bleach the alK)vo fatty matters by
the following means. Mr. Dawson's process consisls in
passing air through the melted tallow, and ^Ir. Watson's
in heating molted fatty matter with I'ermanganate of
^^••b. Both the.<o processes, as you will perceive, are
^d on the oxydation of the colouring organic matter,
le tallow melters further clarify their tallow by adding
filfat. of alom in powdor to lOtHha of melted tsllov, mbak
iepamlesindpciecipitataiaDyoQloaringinattflr. Tbewhiti
nowy appenviioe of Anieriean laid, which imtberifi-
ooptive to iho eye than profitable, is obtvosd fagr tbo-
tooghly nMzhigt by means of roaehinery, staieh inaitato
of jeUy wiih a little alam and lime, with the ftttfiutter,
by which iMans two ends are attained, vk. ths wkokt-
tion of 25 per cent, of useless matter, and t psriect
whiteness from the high state of division of the auM.
The fatty matters from fish are generally obteined bf
boiling those parts of the fish eontaining theoifidt
water, whan tha fatty matten rise to the surfsoeoftbe
fluid, and one whale has been known to jwH m mek
as 100 tons of oiL Aooording to M. Gheneal, the flta-
position of whale oil is as folK>w8 :—
^^^*' {&T
Liquid &..._{0|«-;^
together with a small amount of colouring matter, uA
of phocenic acid, which gives to whale oil its dlagreeible
colour and odour. Many attetnpts have beenmideto
sweeten whale oil by the use of weak caiislio lye, mUk
of lime, sulphuric acid, and steam ; but althoogh a grat
improvement has been effected, the oil is still mogu-
able by its pnpleannt odour. I have no doobt u njnniu,
from experiments made by my friend Mr. CliA, ^"*
oils might be obtahied as sweet at veffetable oOi, if F-
per means for their extraction were Aaoptsd. Allot es
here to revert to animal flMsts to show yon that their cob-
parative hardness or solidity, as shown hy the follorBV
table, depends upon their relative proportions of itotf"'
and maigarine, or oleine :^
Stearlne or
Msfarlne.
OxUllow 76 ...
Mutton suet 74 ...
Hog's lard 88 ...
Butter (summer) iO •..
Do. (winter). 6S ...
lOMJ'
.. m
Oleiss.
26
62
60
57
Goose fist 82 68 .
Dock fat 28 72 « ^*
M. Pelouze proved some years ago that the m^^PJ
ordinarv animal mb well as vegetable oils is dM^^^
mentation ; that is to say, that under the inflaenoeofue
acotised principle associated with all fats, the &tty a«^
split into thehr respective fatty acids and f^S^
which in their turn undergo a further change, mm
in the production of volatile fatty acids, such, fntmF
in ^he case of butter, as butyric, cawolo,*caiiri^ *w *
prolic acids ; in the case of goat's milk, hirBicicM ; « w
oa, phocenk add. Further, M. Peloase demon^wg:
that in the case of olive oil this change <w^"'**VS
hours after the crushing of the berries, ths o^tt«»«?
coming in contact with the albominooi priDop^ ^
ferment. ^^^
I shidi now have the pleasure of calling year s^rj
to some of the spedal Applications wbi3i fstty dJ^
receive. The first of these arises oixt of ^^.!f^l
alkalies upon these substances, the result of ^^^^'^'^
conversion of an insoluble matter (oil) into • jf^J
one (soap). I shall not enter into miinito <J«*** f T
well-known manu&cture, but content myiclfwiU>w^
ing upon some of the most recent uuproveiW*^.^
usual mode of making soap is to add an!intl»**.
vegetable oils to a weakTye, or caot^tic solution, ctffji^
mixture to the boil by means of steam-pipes I^"{
the vtssel above a false bottom, and' temping tN *'
in constant agitation by means of machint-ry* ^""^^^
operation the oxide of sodium replaces in the ^/^"l^-
the oxide of glyceryle, and when the lye w kiHw^lj
to pay when all its alkali is removed by the oil, s fr^^
stronger lye is added, and these operations ^le J'j*V^
until the manufacturei' consirieis (hnt the matter » «ri^
saponified, which is easily judged of in frscUc**. Wf '^
JOURNAL OF THB SOCIETY OP ABTB, July 29, 1864.
69^
proceeda with a ••cond aeriai of opentiont, oaUed adting
which have for their object to separmte the gljrcerine am
impurities from the soapy mass, and also to render the latter
more 6rm and compact, in &ct, to contract it. This is
ofieoted by treating it with stronger lye mixed with a
certain quantity of common salt, and aUowiog it to stand
for a few boors, so that the mass of soap may separate
(torn the fluid containing glycerine and other impurities.
When the second series of operations are finished the
dari^rio^ or finishing process follows : this requires the
use of still stronger lye and salt, which not onlv complete
the saponification, but separate any remaining fmponties ;
the semifluid mass of soap is then allowed to stand for
twelyo hours, when the soap is either run or ladled into
larve wooden moulds, and allowed to stand until quite
cola> After standing for a day or so, the wooden fmme
is removed from the solid mass of soi^), when it is
divided into bars by means of a brass wire. The
difierence between wHiU curd and nujtiUd soap is caused
by the addition to the fluid mass of soap of about four
ounces of alum and green copperas to every 100 lbs. of
soap, which gives rise to an alumina and ferruginous soap,
which on bemg diflfused through the mass by means of
agitation, mottles or marbles the mass when cool. When
well prepared this Is the most economical soap, as no large
quantity of water can be introduced to weight it, because
this would cause the separaUon of the mottling material
from the soap. Fancy toaps are prepared in the above
manner, by the employment of a better quality of
materials and the addition of various perfumes. Eotin
or yellow 9o<w, as its name implies, is one in which a nor-
tion of the fatty matters is replaced by rosin, which is
added to the soap paste when there is but little aqueous
solution of allcali left to dissolve it, so that the rosm can
at once enter into the composition of the soap, instead of
beinff dtnolved in the alkaline lye and lost, uosin soaps,
nearw white, are now manufactured, owing to the discovery
of Meoffs. Hunt and Pochin, who have succeeded in oh-
taining nearly white rosins by distiUiog common rosin
with the aid of superheated steam. SuieaUd toaps are
much used in America, owing to their cheapness, which is
due to the introduction of a certain amount of silicate of
•oda. TraruparsM soap, the method of making which
was so long kept secret, is now known to be obtsined by
dlsMohnng soap in alcohol and allowing a concentrated
solution of it to cool slowly, when it is poured into moulds
aud allowed to solidify. One of the most useful and recent
i fuprovcments in soap-making is that which enables the
laanufacturer to produce what Iscalled^yeenns soap, which
is characterised by the retention of the ^lyoerine of the
lAtty matter. Its manufacture only oocunies a few hours,
f tietead of several days, as b the case with ordinary soap.
It is prepared by employing 63 parts of fatty matter,
53 of water, and 5 of alkali, which are heated to a tem-
perature of between 360^ and 400^, for two or three
hours, when the mass is entirely saponified, and then
baa only to ran into moulds to be ready for the
niarket But the most important discovery con-
nected with the saponifiuation of fiitty matters by means
uf alkali is that recently made by M. M^ges Mouries,
for this gentleman has arrived at the remarkable
result of saponifying fatty matter in the space of 12 hours,
aud, wlut IS more extraordinary still, at natural tempera-
tures. If we connect this fact with the one that caustic
aoila, is DOW manufitctured by tons, it appears highly
probable that in a few years the fiitty matters of Brazil
arid Monte Video, instead of being sent to this country as
such, will be converted into soap there, and iropoi'ted
thence by ns in that form. M. Mouries has discovered
the fact that fatty matters are susceptible, under
(Mfculiar circumstances, of being brought into a globulsr
ntdtc, and that when in that state they present now and
|jeculiar properties. Thus, for exaroole, fatty matters,
when kept in a damp state, usually become rapidly
rancid, whilst when in the globular state they may be
kept for a veiy long period withont undergoing that
dianga. This peonliar state oan be imparted to fatty
matters by melting them at 118^ and adding a small
quantity of yolk of egg, bile, albummous substances, or,
what is best, a aolutioD of alkali, oomposed of five to ten
parts of alkali for every 100 parts of oil, at the same
temperature, agitating the whole for some time to
bring the fatty matter into a globular condition. If
at this stage the action of the alkali is contioued
and the temperature is raised to 140<*, it is found that
instead of the fatty matters requiring a long time to
saponi^ (as is usual even at a temperature of 212^) the
saponification is most rapid, tiecause each globule of fatty
matter oflers an immense surface to the action of the alkali,
and it is found that in two or three hours the whole of the
fatty matters are converted into soap. In fact saponifi-
cation is so perfect that the mass of soap dissolves com-
pletely in water ; and if the purpose is to liberate the
fatty acids, this can be done at once by the addition of a
little vitriol. The fatty acids produced by this compara-
tively cold saponification are so pure that when subjected
to pressure the solid fatty acids have not the slightest
odour and fuse at the point of 138®. As to the oleic acid
prepared by this process, instead of being brown (as is usual
with the commercial acid) it is colourless, and can be em-
ployed in manu&cturing soap of ffood qn^ty. When M.
Mouries desires to make soap with the entire fatty matter,
he acts at once upon the globular fatty mass, by adding
salt, which separates the soap from the aqueous fiuid; it is
then melted and run into moulds. Whilst speaking of
the mode in which alkalies oan be made to act upon fatty
matters, I ought to state that M. Pelooze observed the
curious fact that large (quantities of fatty matters could be
split into their respective elements, viz., fatty acids and
glycerine, by heating them for some hours with a small
quantity of soap. This discovery of his, as we shall
presently see, has been taken advantage of in the manu-
facture of stearic candles.
Permit me to state that sqft soaps differ from hard
soaps mainly in the substitution of potash for soda, and
in the omission of the salting and clarifying processes, so
that the soapy mass is not separated from the excess of
water, and therefore after the fatt^ matter has been
saponified by the alkali, the whole is evaporated to the
required consistency. I cannot conclude better this hasty
and imperfect sketch of the soap manufacture than by the
following table of compositions, showing the per centages
of the various elements in the following soaps*:--
Kamet of
Bout. Fsttyaddf. AlkaU.
Cuni 62 6-0
Marseilles 60 6-0
White 60 6-4
White ooooa 22 4-5
Yellow rosin ...... 70 6*5
Calico printen ...60 6*2
Sak boiling 67 70
Wool scouring ...55 9-0
Soft 48 lOO
Theoretical 63 6*4
Wftior.
320
340
33-6
73-6
28-5
84-8
360
86-0
47-0
30*6
As it is easy to introduce into soaps a much larger quantity
of water than they should contain to render their employ-
ment economical, it behoves those who use large quantities
in their manufacture to ascertain the extent of the moitr-
lure contained in soaps. This may be pretty accurately
approximated to by placing a quarter of an ounce, divided
into thm shreds, upon a hob or other warm situation, aud
leaving it for several days, when it will lose nearly the
whole of the water it originally conUined, or about
a third of its weight if it does not contain an undue oro-
portion. In many instances the proportions of alkali
in soap may seriously aflect its applicability. Thus I as-
certained a few years since that the quality of scKip best
adapted to clear madder purples should not contain more
than 5 per cent, of alkali, whilst for pinks, where it is ne-
cessary to remove any loose colour which the mordants
600
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, July 29, 1864.
may have mechanically retained, a more active soap is
required, viz., one containing from 6 to 7 per cent, of
alkali.
I have now to draw your attention to a totally different
kind of manufacture, vis., that of composite, stearic, and
Belmont candles. Many years elapsed between the scien-
tific discovery by M. Chevreulof mat^aric and stearic acids,
and their application to illuminating purposes, for it was
early in 1825 that MM. Chevrenland (iay-LuMac took out
a patent with a view of realising this advantage. But
it was reserved fcr a manufacturer, M. de Milly, to per-
fect the manufacturing details of the processes, and to
render these candles a marketable commodity. This he ef-
fected by also improving the manufacture of the wicks, and
he was the first to introduce this article to the trade in
1882, under the name of bougies de VetciU, Let me give
you an idea of liis modui operandi, 100 lbs. of tallow,
17 lbs. of lime previously slacked, and 1000 lbs. of water
were placed in a large iron boiler, and kept at the boil for
several hours by means of a jet of steam. The result was
that the glycerine dissolved m the water, whilst the fatty
acids united with the lime. The insoluble stearate, oleate,
and margarate of lime were then decomposed by weak
vitriol, under the infiuence of heat. Insoluble sulphate of
lime was produced, and the fatty acids liberated. Theee,
in their turn, were submitted to hot and cold pressure,
which liberated the oleic acid, leaving the solid stearic
and margaric acids behind ; it was then only necessary to
cast them into moulds containing wicks, and the bouffiet
de Tetoi/e were produced. MM. de Milly and Motard have
introduced, of late years, several important improvements
into this branch of manufacture, the most important of
which is that of operating under piessure, by which means
they succeed in decomposing the fttty matters with
3 or 4 per cent, of lime instead of 17, this of course
involving the saving of a large quantity of vitriol.
M. Bonis has made a further improvement, by add-
ing to stearic candles 3 or 4 per cent, of sebasio
add, which is extracted fi-om castor oil, and has the
high fusing point of 261**. M. Chevreul also sug-
gested a simple method of increasing the whiteness of
these candles, by the addition of a small quantity of
ultramarine blue to neutralise the slightly yellow tint of
the manufactured acid. One of the greatest improve-
ments in the manufacture of these candles is that carried
out by Price's Candle Company ; but before describing to
you this beautiful process, as adopted by Mr. G. F.Wilson, at
this company's works, allow me to state a few facts. Up
to 1840 the best kind of candles Wt re those made of
spermaceti or of animal fatty matters which we**e cold and
hot pressed. In that year Mr. Wilson, whilst ex-
perimenting with the view of making canrtL s which would
not require snuffing, for the illumination on the occasion
of Her Majesty's marriage, discovered that a combination
of cocoanut stearine with stearic acid would make candles
giving a beautiful light, and free from the necessity of
snuffing. These he called "composite," and they were
soon largely sold. In 1838 Mr. Fremy published his
interesting discoveries, showing that when oils or fatty
matters were mixed with 20 or 30 percent of concentrated
sulphuric add, the fatty matters were split, or, as
he calls it. saponified, and that sulpho-margaric, sulpho-
stearic, sulpho-oleic, and sulpho-glyceric acids were
formed. He further observed that boiling water decom-
posed the sulpho-stearic and margaric acids, and only par-
tiallv the sulpho-oleic into stearic, margaric, oleic, and sul-
phuric acids, which last acid remains in the water together
with the sulpho-glyceric acid and that portion of the
sulpho-oleic acid not decomposed, the other acids remaining
insoluble and floating on the surface. In 1842 Messrs. G.
Price and Jones secured a patent to cany out on a practical
scale the scientific discoveries of M. Fremy. In tljat
patent two or three important facts are brought out;
first, that if instead of operating at a low temperature, as
recommended by Fremy, heat was employed, the action
oi tne sulphuric acid on the organic compounds would give
rise to sulphurooB add, which they discovered had tiie re-
markable property of convertiog Uie liquid (A&z add iulo
a solid acid called *'elaidio,'* thus largely incroinDgtlK
yield of solid fatty acids. Their mode of oiwitaig «u
this—lO or 12 per cent, of concentrated sQlphuric »al
was added to the fatty matters whkh had been prmodr
liquefied by heat, and the whole was kept at a tempcitaR
of 200*^ for 24 hours. During that time the fetr
matters were split into their primitive dementi, tsA tk
oleic add was converted into elaidic acid. The wbok
was then repeatedly treated with bdling witer.to
dissolve the sulpho-glyceric add and other impimtiei,
leaving the solid fats ready for distillatloo. Ifr. 6. F.
Wilson has since then greatly improved this put of bit
manufactore, asthebeantitul candles, evetywheretobeieei,
will am ply prove. The moet important improvemeot Id i
chemical pomt of view is the following :— He hiafcoid, fer
example, that fktty matters are split np into tlKscoa-
ponent parts, by decreasing qoantities of vitriflii»j^
temperature used is increased. Thus, at a tanpoitew
of 200*», 1 5 parts of vitriol are required ; at 36(f, 6 pute;
at 600^, 1 part. Further, by employing this ■niDpitH
portion of Bulphnrks acid, not only Is the «l*f* '^
washing the fatty matters after their saponitotiotf
the acid avoided, but the distillation may beprocwW
with in the same vessel. The distillatwn of fttty
matters, first performed by Mr. WUtOD, and s«
carried by him to a state of perfection, is baaed » the
fact that, whilst iatty matters, if distilled hf dwd
heat, are completely decomposed, giving riao }° **
noxious vapours of acroleine, from the destnictiai «
the glycerine, Ac, this evil is « ompletdy avwW t
distilling them by paraing a current of superberted rtaa
at a temperature of between 660*^ and 600* throngs w
mass of melted fatty matters previously brought tow
same temperature. By this means the glycoitwp|'g
first without decomposition, and is then fol^<'*"Vi
the fatty acids. In fact, the distillation fncet*
with such rapidity and rcgnlarity that a stnager
mieht witness the distillation of 1.000 galloos is 34^
36 hours, and all the time would probably suppw <»
water only was distillmg. The results are so P«<«*'j5S
the Jury at the Paris Exhibition of 1865 could haidly<J«
iheir genuinenesa, and actually deputed Mr. Wimo «*»
Kue to come from Paris to verify the fact that the w*
tiful products exhibited were obtained m many »«««
from very inferior kinds of fat. The glyccrint oidT in-
quires redistillation to be fit forallthepuiposeatotM*
it Ib applied. As to the adds, they are ■''™'?****T,^
intense cold pressure, which separates the oleic acw 6^"
the stearic, margaric, or palmitic acids. Tb» J^
melted, and when near the point of soHdificatioo,w
vessel containing them is run on ndls over the roo"'**'
which are so arranged that each frame <5ontaina200 ijf
rate moulds. In which already the widss, |WpM«d *p
borax or a salt of ammonia, are fixed. The only rew**
ing operation is to fill the moulds and allow the <^^
to cool. -u
Oldc acid has recently been made »™"
for several valuable purposes; it has ^*^. ^*5||Ji?!
{Joyed in the manufacture of aoap; but '*■ "Jv^
porunt application as yet is its nse on the coDttDem. «^
recently in England, as a substitute for ohve cu ■
the greasing of wool for spirming, the •^'J^J'P^a,
whi(£ are marked, as its removal by «lk**|* ^
scouring process is much earner, and its pnce v^-
Messrs. Laing and Wilson have recently *««.**
patent for the employment of oleate of """*?'' Ji.
mordant ; and, as the specimens which 1 h*^ **JJ J^
sure to show you illustrate, it increases in a marled m"^
nerthe beauty and brilliancy of the coal-tircoioon'
cotton. Aj,
It now only remains for me to refer *?^l^
interesting process for splitting fitttymatttfs iflw^
elements, 1 mean that of Mr. 'raghinaD,whiA^>Pft»».
mixing fattv matters with one-third to one-halt ot
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Jcily 29, 1864.
601
bulk of water, and placing them in a ve8«el capable of
resisting a very high pressure. There they are submitted
to a temperature of between 550^ and 600*' Fahr.,
and under the influence of thai heat and pressure the
fatty matters are decomposed into glyoerine and fatty
aoidt. M. Tilghman has also adapted an apparatus which
enables him, by means of coils of tubes to keep up a con«
stant stream of fatty matters and water through the tubes
saironnded by fire, by which means the decomposition is
rapidly and continuously carried on. I must not, how-
ever, conclude this part of my lecture without drawing
your attention to these beautiful specimens illustrating
the mann&cture of Messrs. Price and Co., kindly lent to
me by Mr. G. F. Wilson.
Spermaeetu^-ThJB i^uable substance is found in large
quantities in the bony receptacles of the head of the
white whale of the South Seas, and as it is there mixed
with a fluid substance called sperm oil, these are separated
by means of filtration. The solid mass which is thereby
led in the linen bags is first pressed cold, and then between
heated plates (hot-prassed). It is then physicked or
heated in a boiler with a solution of caustic potash of sp.
gr. 1-45, which dissolves a small amount of oily matter,
still adhering to the spermaceti, and this, after being
well washed, is run into moulds to cool. The manu-
faetore of spermaceti candles requires great care and prac-
tical experience. The only fact I shall mention is, that
abont 8 per cent, of wax is added to spermaceti to prevent
the mass being too crystalline or brittle. M. Chevreul, who
chemScmlly examined pure spermaceti, or oetine, at the
beginning of this century, succeeded in unfolding it into
an acid, which he called ethalio acid, very similar to
palmitic, and into a neutral substance called ethal, the
composition of which he prognosticated would be found to
contain pure alcohol. This, I am pleased to say, has
proved to be the case, for its composition can be considered
as represented by*-
C3, H,, O, + HO.
Mr. Heintz has recently published a very elaborate paper
on the composition of this substance, and states that
spermaceti contains the following components : —
Ethal or oxide of
__ oe^le.
Stearophanate C,. H,^ O, ..
Margarate C,^ H,, O3 ..
Balmitate C,. H„ O, ..
CeUte 0,0 H„0, ..
Myristate C,, H., O, ..
Create C„ B„ O, ..
It appears to me that several of these products do not
exist ready formed in spermaoetj, but are the results of
chemical reactions.
^eet* Wax, — 1 have already had the pleasure, at the
commencement of this lecture, of drawing your attention
to the &ct that bees either gather wax from the flowers on
which they alight, or are capable of producing it direct
fVom sacoliarine matters. The wax as it is obtained from
the honeycomb being coloured it is necessary to bleach it
for most of the applications which wax receives. The
old process (still followed in many parts of Europe} con-
fdsta in melting wax in water and allowing it to
run into a second vessel so as to separate it as completely
as possible from its impurities. When cooled to nearly
ita melting point, it is allowed to fall on rollers which
revolve in cold water, by which means thin ribbons of wax
are obtained, which are then placed on meadows to bleach
under the influence of the atmosphere. The above
operations are repeated until the wax is perfectly bleached.
This plan is so tediotisand expensive that seveial chemical
processes have been proposed. Mr. Casseraud's is to pass
steam through the melted mass, which is at the same
time sulgect^ to the influence of sun light. Mr. Solly's
is to treat the melted wax by a mixture of nitrate of soda
apd sulphuric acid, when the nitric acid liberated oxidises
and destroyB the colourinj? matters of the wax. Pure wax
Oaa H33 O,
ft
>•
»
it
ti
A4
n
Aa
3
II 0...
65
9a
H
92
4
• • •
• « •
30
5
melts at 149'', and, when treated with alcoliol, is found to
be composed of —
Oerine or Cerotic acid...C
Myrieine C
Ceroleine
100
Sir Benjamin Brodie, who examined most minutely the
chemical composition of a great variety of waxes, con-
siders that the substance called by chemists cerine is really
cerotic acid, and that myrieine is a compound of palmitic
acid and melissine. The lecturer here illustrated and
explained the various adulterations of wax, giving the
means of detecting them. The adulterations were common
owing to its value.
Chinete Wax is a compact substance, imported from China
and said to be secreted by an insect called Cocau Pela
iwemit. This wax, which is harder and more brittle
than bee's wax, melts at 181^, and has yielded, in the hand
of the above eminent chemist, cerotic acid snd cerotine or
oxide of cerotyle.
Barmsley Mbohanios' Institute. — The Committee
are grieved to report the resignation of the President,
William Harvey, Esq., in consequence of his impaired
state of health. The library now contains 2,1 90 volumes,
of which 253 have been purcliased at a cost of £22 Is. 8d.,
and 35 volumes have been given by friends of the institute,
thus making a total addition of 288 volumes during the
year. The lectures have been very costly during the
session, entailing an expenditure of £61 Is. lOd., an
average of £5 upon each. In proportion as the members
and public have appreciated the Committee's efforts to
provide lectures of the best class, so has it been their
desire still further to enhance the vsilue of these entertain-
ments. Among the lectures delivered may be mentioned
one ou " The study of Biography, as an aid to the work
of Self-colture and the Formation of Character," by Mrs.
C. L. Balfour ; a dramatic reading of •' The Love Chase,"
by Miss Kate Hickson, of the Scarbro* Theatre ; one on
•**David Copperfield," by George GrosMmith, Esq., of
London ; one on " Ill-used Men," by George Dawson,
Esq., M.A. ; one on "Albert the Good," by John De
Fraine, Esq., of London. A large sum of money has
been spent in the purchase of books, but the loss upon
the hall account has now reached the sum of £34 1 6s. 9d.,
being more than £29 in excess of that experienced in the
previous year. The lettinss of the hall have only
realised £25 2s., whereas in the former year they amounted
to £47 6s. The balance sheet shows that the receipts
have amounted to £182 3s. 6d., and there is a balance in
the Bank of £31 3s.
WiOAN Mechanics' InsrrruTiON. — The tenth annual
report says that although the receipts have not been ecjual
to the expenses, considering the badness of the times
there is cause for gratification at the balance remaining at
the end of the year. This year voluntary donations
have not been received, as was the case last year, to the
amount of i;28 4s. 3d. The Directors are sorry that last
winter there was no inducement for them to open the
evening school, this arising wholly from the fact that not
more than six applications were made to join it. This can
only be accounted for by the apathy of those whom the
school is intended to benefit, or from the number of pri-
vate evening schools now at work in the town and neigh-
bourhood. A series of lectures was arranged to be given
for the benefit of the Institution and its members, but the
way in which two of the lectures were attended was far
from encouraging. At the public readings the attendance
and the receipts have been satisfactoiy. The guarantee
fund against loss, given by the late Robert Laing, Esq.,
still remains untouched. The aversge number of mem-
^02
JOURNAL OP THB SOCIETY OP ABT8, July 29. 1864.
ben paying a gnioea per amram was 77 ; of other daaset
of members 249 ; total 826 — a slight increase upon the
preceding year. The library return for the year ezhibita
a much healthier tone of resding oo the whcde than for
some time back, and shows an incrsase in the nnmber of
volumes taken out (amoimting to 745) as compared with
last year. The total nnmber of books taken oat in 1863
was 7329 as against 7,064 in 18€2. The expeoditore
amounted to £462 13s. lid., and thera ii a balance against
the Institntkm of £28 lOt. l|d.
Fig. u
SMITH'S ELECTRIC TELL-TALE.
The ordinary tell-tale or '* pin*' doek, ii well known
for recording the vfgilanee of a watchman, bat it can do
no more than diow that at a partloolar time the watch-
man was at one portion of the building. It certainly
eannot inform the maater whether or not the man has
gone hii nightly ronnds as he ought. That he has been
watchftil and attentive at any one hour is all that one
clock can prove, and the em^oyment of two or more is
rather too costly to admit of their general adoption. The
accompanying engravings give an external elevation of a
simple and ingenious teU-tale, invented by Mr. A.W.Wil-
loughby Smith, and mann&otured by Mr. Sax, of 108,
Great Russell street, Bedford-square. The principle of
its action is simplv this : Suppose that in different parts of
a Urge establishment, instead of expensive clocks, a
number of old-fashioned hour glasses were placed;
suppose, further, that the watchman in going his
rounds should turn all these glasses during his walk at
the specified period. It is obvious that, if any means could
be devised by which the turning of each glass before it
was run could be registered, all the purposes of the best
watchman's clock would be Ailfilled. This registration is
exactly what Messrs. Smith and Sax effect, and the regis-
tration takes places in the head office of the firm, or any
other place where it is a matter of impossibility that any
tampering with the record can take place.
In each room through which the watchman has to pass
infthe course of his rounds is placed a small box, enclosing
an hour glass, suspended on an axis through its centre, as
in Pig. 2, and the watchman, by means of a key, can turn
this glass over, when the sand at once begins to run. A
wire connected with a clock and apparatus. Fig. 1, placed
in the chief office, or other safe situation, runs from oox to
box, and is finally joined to one pole of a galvanic battery,
the other pole of the battery being connected directly with
the clock. The arrangments are such that the watchman
by turning over the hour glasses establishes metallic con-
nection aU along the circuit, leaving the last connection
to be completed by the dock when the hand arrives at
the specified hour.
Beneath the dock is placed a stand or base, B, fig. 1,
in tlie lower part of which are twelve apertures corres-
ponding to the hours, marked on the dial above. In each
of these is placed a small German-silver slide, marked 1,
5, 10, Ac, up to 12. The clock is placed in the master's
private oflke, and the operation is as follows: — As
soon as the clock completes the drcuit (which it can
only do when all the hour glasses are standing as set by
the watchman^ a temporary magnet is fbrmed which causes
one of the laliels to drop into view as the hour-hand of
the clock reaches each figure on the dial ; but as the cir-
cuit cannot be complete by the dock unless the hour-
glasses, which are shut up in locked boxes, are turned re-
gularly, the neglect of any one hour is registered by the
non-descent of the correspond ipg label. It matters not if out
of 20 glasses 19 are in contact. The &ilure of the 20th
is inevitably registered. The auid in the classes is ad-
justed to run out in a given period, say half an hour, or
such length of time as will enable the watchman to make
his round and turn each hour-glass, and admit of the
<x5k reaching the given hour before the sand has run out,
1 tne gUsses overturned, by change in the position of
their centrt of giavitgr, thaa braaUng the eostimi^
divoit.
If the wires are tampered with, a bdl is m^ "^°
the office, nntU attention is attracted and tlie vtw^
right. ^
When desirable, aUinms can be rung at vinooi vfi^
or at the same hour in tnanv different rooms by ^^^^
clock. Thus, if need be, an entire village of wJJJJ
operatives m^ht be aroused betimes. It it ^f^^^i^
this eleetricaf tell-tale is applicable to a vait iob^^
pnrposes. It can be iiaed on board ship; •< ^^
stations it can report the vigilance of oatlying "^^
In fire-engine statkmt, braweriea, fiMStoriei, oiilkr,^
or warehouses, it i^pean likely to prove eqnsllj ff'tv*
EXAMINATION PAPEB8, 18W.
The following are the Examinatioa Pspcn f^ '^^
various subjeota at the Sodety'a Final Examioatiotf. »*>
in April last : — ,
{C(mtmued/r0iiji>age fi9l.)
NAVIGATION AND NAUTICAL ASTROHOl^
TBBSB BOOBS ALLOWED.
I.
1. Prove that the sam of the angtas of ^ ^^
triangle is greater than two and lesi tbso vt/T
angles: also, if A B C be the angles of a i(«<^
triangle, A •+• B — < ir v-j.*! tn-
2. Express the Cosine of an angle of a ^*S* i»l
angle in temis of the sines and cosinsa of tM»*
deduce the formula,
Cot. a Bfa. 6 = Cos. * Cos. C + Sin. Oot. A.
JOUBHAL OP THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, July 29, 1864.
608
3. What is meaDt by the Spherical Exoeas? In anj
right-aoffled triaqgle of which C is the right angle and
E the spherical excess,
Prove that —
"'°'' ' Tfl. E - ^'"-^ " 1 »'"•' *
Cos. c Cos. a ^ Ca^. 6
U.
1. Having giting two sides and the angle opposite to
one of them in aspheHoal triangle, to find the remaining
parts, and ejcfdaia the ambiguity in this case.
8. Shew how to redoee an angle to the horizon.
8. Find the angolar radios of the circle which toncfaes
thvee sidse of a giTen trian^e in terms of its sides or
angles.
nr.
1. February 18th, 1864, the observed meridian altitude
of Caoopus under the South Pole, was Sa<> 20^ 30".
Index error — I' 40", and the height of the eye 19 feet.
Required the latitude.
2. September 18, 1864, at 6h. 5lm. a.m., nearly in
latitnde 47'' 25' N., longitude 120^ SO' W., the son rose
by compass E. 12* lO' S., the ship's head being £. Be-
quired the variation of the compass. The deviation is
S'W E.
IV.
1. Prove that —
Diff. Utifcnde.
Mer. dm. lat. *= ^"^ ^^ ^*>'"^^'
2. In Qreat Circle sailing show how to find the distance
in a great circle between the (daces whose latitudes and
longitudes are given.
8. Prove the rule for computing meridional paHs.
V.
1. Bequired the compass course and disliuice from A
toB:—
Ut. A 45« 20* N. Variation 2 Pts. E., Ion. A S^ 10* E.
„ B39«>80'N, Deviation 7» W. „ B2o20'W.
2. Sailed from n place A, due West, 471*5 miles, to a
place B. Bequired the latitude and longitude B.
Lat. A sss 50« 20' N., Ion. A ^ 5«» 18' W.
3. A ship having sailed N.E. by E. (Vom a port in
latitude 4^*^18^ N., met a sloop which had sailed from a
port in the same latitude, lyio|[ 92 miles to the east of
the ship's port; the sum of their distances made is 159
miles. Bequired their respective courses and distances.
VI.
1. What is meant by equation of time f and explain the
causes which arfect its nature and amouot. what is
meant by the hour angle of a heavenly body ?
Also nod the hour angle of a heavenly body east of the
meridian, given the latitude 47'' 38' 10* K., the declina-
tion = 13<^25' 88" S., and the alUtude 60® 16' 84"; and
conntruct the figure.
2. May 1(>, 1864, at 6 a.m., nearly in latitude 42<' 37'
N.. Ion. US" 80' W., the obs. alt. of sun's L.L. p.
artificial horizon, was 27" 55* 15". Index error -f 8' 12".
The chronometer showed 2h. 8m. 50.58. llequired the
error of the chronometer or Greenwich meantime.
Vll.
1. Investigate a method of finding the latitude and
longitude by means of two altitudes of K heavenly body
and the run between.
2. Describe and prove Sumner's method of finding the
latitude and longitude by a double altitude of the sun.
3. The distance of a heavenly body from the moon
being observed, and their altitudes show how to find
the true distance and the longitude of the place of obser-
vation.
VUI.
1. Explahi the mariner's compass. Show to what
several sources of error it is liable, and how these may
be corrected.
2. Explain fully how azimuths of a heavenly body are
observed.
3. What is meant by a cycbne? What is the dif-
ference between a cyclone in the northern and southern
hemisphere ? Show how to find the bearing of tho centre
of a circular storm.
PBINCIPLES OF MECHANICS,
THREE HOURS ikLLOWED.
1. What are the principal properties of mattet I
2. Three forces act on a material particle in directions
at right angles to each other : it is required to find the
mMoitode and direction of their resultant.
Ex : Let the forces be denoted by 6, 9, 10 ; what are
the direction and magnitude of the resultant ?
8. Define the centre of gravity of a heavy body, and
prove that if a body he suspended iVom a point about
which it can swing freely, it will rest with its centre of
graviiy in a vertical line through the point of suspension.
Where is the centre of gravity of a triangle of which
each side fs a foot long?
Two spheres, whoso radii are 8 and 10 inches, touch
one anotner: determine the distance of the centre of
gravity from the centre of the smaller sphere, when the
former is of copper and the latter of iron.
(8p. O. of copper = 8*788: Sp. O. of iron 7*207.)
4. What are the two requisites for a good balance?
Show how they can be obtained. Which of the two
requisites is the more neeessary for rough work, and ifhich
for delicate weighing?
5. A body is thrown vertically upward with a given
velocity : investigate the formula for the space described
in a given time.
Ex. Let the upward velocity of projection be 100 feet :
how high will the body have risen in three seconds?
How high altogether? How long will it be before it
returns to the starting point?
6. What are the laws of impact of two bodies, whether
elastic or inelastic ? If two inelastic bodies impinge upon
one another, determine their common velocity after impact.
A, weighing 2 lbs., and moving with a velocity of 20
feet per second, overtalces B, weighing 6 lbs., and moving
with a velocity of 5 feet per second : determine tlie common
velocity after impact.
If A and B be each perfectly elastic, determine their
separate motions after impact.
7. Prove that the curve described by a projectile in vacuo
is a parabola.
There is a wall 20 feet high : ftom a point 16 feet on
one side of the base a body is thrown so as just to clear
the wall, and to fkll 30 feet on the other side of the base :
with what force, and in what direction, must the ball have
been sent ?
8. A heavy body moves in a circle with unifbmi
velocity : find the central force necessaiy to keep it in the
circle.
A locomotive engine, weighing 9 tons, passes round a
eurve 1,200 yards in radios at the rate of 20 miles an
hour : what is the pressure tending away from the centre
of the curve ?
9. What is the " radius of gyration " of a body round
a fixed axis? Find that of a* fiy- wheel, the mner and
outer diameters of whose rim are 15 and 16 feet respec-
I tively, around its shaft.
10. State and prove the amount of pressure of a fluid
on a surfkce containing it.
Ex. 1. find that on the surfkce of a sphere of 10
inches radius filled with water.
Ex. 2. A reservoir has a bank whose inner slope is 90
feet by 100 yards; when full the depth of water is 80
feet : find the pressure on the embankment, and where the
direction of the resultant acts.
11. How is sound poduced? What are the ex-
perimental fVusts ascertamed with regard to the waves of
sound?
604
JOURNAL OP THEl SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 29, 1864.
12. EzplaiD the action aod the defects of the wheel
barometer.
18. Describe and explain the facts of capillary at>
traction ; and prove that the form of a fluid, ascending
between two vertical plates slightly inclined, U a
hyperbola.
( To be eofUmuetL)
lElsttufatturts.
WoLFBAMBO Pio Ibon.— The Colliery Ouardian gWei
an aoconnt of some experiments made by M. Le Gaen
with reference to the advantages derived from a mixture
of wolfram with iron. The experiments took place at
the military port of Brest, and the pig tested, which com-
prised both new and old specimens m proportions adapted
to give them a great resistance, acquired a new degree of
strength by an addition of less than 2 percent, of wolfram.
One description of pig which was experimented upon was
formed of equal parts of new English pig, Yf($ia-anth,
and old speckled pig, and the augmentation of resistance
to a rupture, after the addition of French wolfram, was
44} kilogrammes per square centimetre. A kilogramme
is the fiftieth part of an Elnglish cwt. ; and a centimetre
is the hundredth part of a metre, or about four-tenths of an
English inch. In aiK>ther description of pig, formed of
one- third of the same ICnglish pig and two- thirds of the
fhigmeots of old cannons, the augmentation of resistance
with German wolfram, put in in the same proportion, was
about 68 kilogrammes per square centimetre. On being
submitted to a second fusion, the wolframed pig still pre-
served its superiority over corresponding ordmary pig.
Afler this operation, the difference m favour of the first
pig with wolfram was 26^ kilogrammes, rather less than
m the first instance ; but the diflerenoe in favour of the
second description was 69 kilogrammes and a fraction.
Thus the efficacy of tlie German wolfram, already greater
at the first fusion than that of the French wolfram, still
remained superior to it in the second fusion. A third
fbsion of the same pip having Imch ctTeeted — this timt^
directly in a Wilkinson's furnace, iubtcad of iu a meUiDg
pot or crucible, as formerly—the tenacity of the wolfiamed
G'g again exceeded that of the conv sponding (Hg. It may
I concluded from this that the action of the wolfram con-
tinues when the fusion is taking place directly in a fur-
nace, and that it is maintained after several successive
fusions. In wolframed pig, composed of Yf^ra-anth and
fragments of old cannons, resistance to rupture after the
second fusion exceeded, by nearly one-third, that of
ordinary corresponding pig. The resistance of the same
pig after the first fusion exceeded, by 20} kilogrammes
Ser square centimetre, that of the most tenacious pig
ealt with formerly in the foundry of the port of Brest ;
and after a second fusion it exceeded by 42 kilogrammes. It
is sufficient that the wolfram should be pulverised but not
reduced. The French mineral is, however, roasted
besides, so as to f^ it as much as possible from the sulphur
and arsenic which it contains. As to the German wolfram
it was simply pulverised in the experiments at Brest, and
it had not undergone any preparation, being probably
more pure. The reduction is effected in the midst of the
liquid mass, at the expense of the carbon of the pig.
Afbicau ExHiBmoN.— In the month of December
next there will be held, at Freetown, Sierra Leone, an
exhibition of native art manufacture, agriculture, live
stock, and produce ; with departments for European and
other foreign exhibitors. The project eiyoys the pa-
tronage of the Govemor-in-Chief, Major Bbickall, who
is also the president ; the Governor of Gambia, Colonel
D*Arcy, Commodore Wilmot, members of the Legislative
CouncU, and so forth. Contributions and assiatance from
Kngland are desired, and arrangements for the free con-
veyance of goods to and from the place of exhibition will
be made with the Afrirnn Mail Steam-ship Company.
In the meantime subscriptions in aid of a movemeitt ■>
eminently calculated to stimulate the prodociDg pomep
of the colony will be received at the London and Wat-
minster Bank, St. Janies's-square.
BisuLPHATB OF Cabbon. — M. DeiBs, one of the bffg^
manufacturers of bisulphate of carbon in l^TaDoe, baa in-
vented an apparatus containing hydrate of lime, whkk
absorbs the waste sulphuretted hydrogen giren off during
the process. At the suggestion of M. Payeo, M. Doa
has substituted for the lime sesquioxide of iroB mixed
with sawdust. The products resulting mre water and
sulphur, the latter being recovered by simple wmias^
with bisulphide of car^ and subsequent distfllatiac.
The oxide of iron is then calcined, aad is odob skvi
ready for use. The idea has, of course, been takeo from
the method of gas purification, now adopted bj oiany
companies, but the application is new.
C0nnium.
Culture of Cotton in Algbbla. — Great eflfortshan
been and are still being made to establish ihe cuItivatioG
of cotton firmly in Algeria, and a report lately pablisbed
on the success that has been obtained in the pto v iac e oi
Oran speaks of the results in highly satisfactory terza^.
The number of persons engaged in growing cottoo ia statrd
at 557, and the extent of the plantations at aboat 6.$3*
acres, of which all, with the exception of 187 acns, arc-
planted with long Georgian cotton. The average yi^ ot
this kind is set down at more than 531 kiiogramaMi per
hectare, or over 5001b8. English per acre, while in manr
places the yield has been as high as 700 kUogramiMa
The short fibre cotton yielded only 427 kilognuumes prz
hectare. The total crop of cotton, uDoleaned, m
1,338,103 kilogiammes, or 1317 tons Eogllah. Ttm
shows an increase of two* thirds over the year 18^2. TIm
yield of the cotton after cleaning is stated to be 25 pef
cent. The amount exported, and on which the nvees*
ment premium was paid, is stated to have been 8,198 bskt,
giving a total of about 312 tons. The report reeogfiisn
great improvement, not only as regards the cnltivatioa
but also in the preparation of the cotton, the guming.vd
the making up of the bales. The sorting, however, Tt
spoken of as much less satisfactory. The reporten tSL^nm
trieir opinion that in a few years the average yield of 6C0
kilogrammes per hectare will be attained, and perte;*
surpassed. As regards the price of cotton in FYaoee, to
the 15th of May, the average, at Marseilles, was 1025 fr.tbe
100 kilogrammes (about 3s. 2d. per lb. English) ; atHane.
]080fr.; at Lille, 1040 fr. ; and at Mulhoose, 978 fr. Ths
Chambers of Council of these four towns have been eon-
suited on the probabilities of the maiQienanee o< tk
price, and their answers are as follows : The ManeiUtf
Chan)l)er is of opinion that there is no hope of socfa
being obtained ; that of Havre, that there is ev^y
to suppose that the present prices will be maintsned
without sensible variation, unless unforeseen otrcomstaiKei
aiise ; Mulhouse thinks that the price of Algerian eottto
has already begun to waver, that it is now 9fr. 50c {xr
kilogramme, but that that is not a natural prvx^i and
that if Algeria hopes to participate largely in the deoMBd
her price must not surpass 8 francs per kilognuouM <<?
long- fibre cotton ; Lille says that the question u a diffiealf
one to answer, and the price must depend on the sop^
from America. The diversity of opinion betwea tiv
Chambers of Commerce of Marseilles and Havre is
remarkable.
Mams.
The New Zealand ExHiBmow. — ^A photograph rf
the building intended for this Exhibition, erected v*
Dunedin, Otigo, from the deftigns of Wm. Mason, E«i
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, July 29, 1864.
605
architect, one of the ComtntsBioners, shows that it is a
handifome bailding, with two wings. The ceDtral portion
IB already completed and roofed in. The Exhibition bids
&ir to be a decided success, for the British and Foreign
exhibitors who have akeady had space allotted to them
will cover ao area as large as that given to all the British
colonies in the Exhibition of 1862, viz., 10,000 net
soperficial feet— besides between 4,000 and 5,000 feet of
wall space. Oar manufactarers, althoagh at first a little
apathetic, have gradually taken a more earnest interest
in the undertaking, and Halifax, Leeds, Bradford, Shef-
field, Birmingham, Glasgow, London, and many other of
the {»-if)cipaI towns will be well represented. Such per-
sona as Messrs. Shand, Mason, and Co. ; Messrs. Broad-
wood and Sons ; S. W. Silver and Co., Jennings, and others
of London ; John Crossley and Sons, and H. C. M'Cree
and Co., of Halifax ; Spear and Jackson, Robert Sorby
and Co., and all the leading firms of Sheffield, besides
many other well-known mannfacturers of agricultural
implements and machinery all over the country are ex-
hibitors, and our manufactures are likely to be creditably
represented. The Indian Board send out a very fine
collection of raw produce and manufactures of the' East;
and the Department of Science and Art are also ex-
hibitors. The Commissioners report that they were in
the receipt of very encouraging accounts from all isarts
of New Zealand and Australia. The Commissioners nave
arranged for the publication of a series of very valuable
essays by some of the ablest men in New Zealand, under
the editorship of Dr. Hector. The following are the
subjects :-— I. HUtory-^l, " On the Native Races," by Dr.
Shortland, of Auckland. 2. *• On the Province of Auck-
land (anasigned). 3. " The Provinces bordering on
Cook's Straits, Wellington, Nelson, Taranaki, Hawke's
Bay, and Marlborough," by F. Dillon Bell, Ksq. 4. " On
Canterbury," by J. B. Fitzgerald, Esq. 5. Otago and
Southland, by W. H. Critten, Esq. II. Statistiet—
I. "Commercial, Pastoral, and Agricultural," by the
Chambers of Commerce. 2. "Vital Sutistics" (un-
assigned). 3. " On the Diseases of New Zealand," by
Mr. Hocken. 4. " Gold Mining Statistics, and History
of the Gold Fields of New Zealand," by Vincent Pyke,
Esq. III. «< MtUorciogy of New Zealand," by Dr.
Knight, Auokhmd. IV. OeoUgy^l, Of the North
Island, by the Hon. J. Crawford. 2. Of Nelson and
Canterbury, by Dr. Haast. 8. Of Otogo, by Dr.
Hector. 4. " Mineralogy and Mining of New Zealand,"
^ J. R. Haokett, Esq. V. Botany (Geographical and
Economic}— 1. Of the North IsUnd, by Mr. Colenso. 2.
Of the South Island, by Dr. Muoroe. VI. ZoUcgy of
New Zealand and the neighbouring seas, by the Rev.
R. Taylor. These essays, from the pens of thoroughly
competent men, will bring together a mass of recent
authentic information respecting the colony which will
be of great value alike in a scientific, commercial, or
colonial point of view. The Commissioners are scouring
the services of a competent engineer from Melbourne to
conduct the experiments for testing the strength of ma-
terials, which they propose carrying out.
A Nblsox paper says, that at last there is a chance of a
trade with Melbonme being opened up, a company having
'>9en formed at Dunedin to work two steamers between
Melbonme and the ports of the Southern Island, calling
^ Wellington. At present communication with Mel-
bonme is so uncertain that many orders which would be
sent there are sent to Sydney instead.
Resodbois of Otaoo. — A local journal says that
^tago possesses a population of sixty thousand, altogether
untaxed except through the customs revenue. This
popnlation is not of a pauper class ; there are no poor-
houses, and a professional beggar is a rarity. It is, in short,
a wealthy population. The earnings of all classes of the
community are far in excess of those of } orsons in the
same position and with the same capital at home. Here
IS a popuiation then ready and able to l)e taxed, if taxation
be necossary to meet its engagements. Bnt what need of
taxation? It is magnificently endowed with a public
estate set apart to meet its liabilities. The unsold lands
of each province belong to it, and the assembly lias
recognized the principle, though it is not yet embodied in
statutory form, that the land may be offered as a first
security to creditors of the province. According to a return
laid on the table of the council last session, the land avail-
able for immediate sale was 600,000 acres. There were
besides over six millions of acres under pastoral lease, any
portion of which could, hy proclamation, be withdrawn from
oocnpation and offered for sale. The new land act passed
last session is expected to come immediately into force.
It proves that the upset or lowest price at which Und can
be sold is £1 per acre, with an additional payment of 2s.
per acre per annum until improvements, to the amount of
£2 per acre are effected. With regard to land occupied
for pastoral purposes, the occupiers were the pioneers of
the country, ana the encouragement was naturally given
them of short leases at trifling latee. These leases wiU fall
in the course of a few years, and the land will be available
for re-letting. It is impossible to conjecture the price it
win fetch, but something very high may be counted on.
Land not particularly good, or very &vourably situated,
produces a rent of from 6d. to 8}d. per acre per annum.
When the leases fall in, and more favourable terms can be
offered to occupiers, the rents wiU yield to the province
a magnificent income. Then there are the gold fields ;
these have been suflkiently proved to show they cannot
be worked out for many years, The rivers indeed will
be inexhaustible ; every flood brings down fresh deposits.
On every ounce produced, 28. 6d. is paid to the state
for export duty. This also is available to the use of the
province. Otago has received during the last two years
and a half from this source, £182,000.
BoBDKR Customs in Adstbalia. — This question is
likely to create some correspondence between the three
foveraments interested in the navigation of the Murray.
Tew South Wales favours a protectionbt policy, while
Victoria raises her customs revenue from a few articles
only, that as few restrictions as possible may be placed on
the freedom of trade. The whole of the commerce of
the Riverina district of New Sooth Wales, large and
rapidly growing as it is, has passed of late years into
the hands of Melbourne. The approaching completion
of the Victoria Railway to the banks of the Murray,
and the steps now being taken to facilitate the naviga-
tion of the Upper Murray and its tributaries, for which
£10,000 has been voted, have awakened the New South
Wales government to their interests in the district in
Question. They propose that Victoria should collect the
ues for them that their tariff imposes upon goods enter-
ing Riverina by way of Victoria, in addition to those
which are collected at Melbourne underthe imposts of the
government there. This the government declines to
do, and the government of South Australia, which for a
length of time served the Sydney government In this
matter, now refuses to continue to do so unless Victoria
collects iJso. To facilitate the collection of Riverina
dues, a border customs' bill has been lately passed by the
Sydney government ; a custom-house is to' be built, and a
number of officers will be spread along the north bank of
the river. There is no disposition on the part of the
people of Riverina to pay double duties, and as the poli-
ticians of Sydney are unwilling to adopt the free trade
doctrines popular in Victoria, an extensive system of
smuggling on the borders seems not improbable.
Thb Victoria Viictagb is expected to be poor ; a wet
spring, with its accompaniment, the blight, so destroyed
the vme blossoms that in some vineyards the berries on
the plants could almost be counted at a glance. The
cool summer again 60 retarded the ripening of the fniit,
that in some places the vintage is five or six weeks behind
time. More recently the heavy rains played perious havoc
just as the fruit was ready for gathering. Uinler ll;rc<^
adverse circumstances the vintage pronii-c"» to I f^ ili'*
lightest this colony has had for years
606
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 29, 1864.
Tobacco at the Cape. — Mr. T. Gonicy Hawes, in a
letter to the secretary, dated Mossel Bay, Cape of Good
Hope, June 16th. 1864, says:—*' 1 notice, in the Society's
Journal of the 29th April, a paragraph rolatire to the
growth and preparation of our colonial tobacco, in which
great credit ts awarded to the Eastern I'rovinoe for its
energy and perseverance, as exemplified by the fact of Mr.
Rautenbach havinff obtained the prize f6r that article at
the agriooltnral show at UumanMiorp. 1 would wish,
however, due Justice to be done to onr Western Province,
which although, as truly stated, composed chiefly of Dutch
inhabitants, who are very loth to depart from the cttftoms
of their ancestors, has shown far more energy and deter-
mination to sncceed in the manufacture of tobacco than
our eastern fViends. To Mr. Powrie, of this village, was
awarded the first prize for Cavendish and leaf tobbacco,
eigani and KnufT, at the agricultural show held at Swellen-
dim this year, and he al^ obtained similar reward for his
(Javendish and '* golden loaf*' exhilnted at the show held
at Uitenhage, In the Eastern Province. Since then a very
spirited and well-directed effort has Ixen made by two
gentlemen, also residents here ; they intend not to prepare
the tobacco aa at present produced by the farmers, who
know nothing of the proper method of treating the leaf
arter it has been gathered, bat, commencing at the first
step, have laid under cultivation a large tract of moist
fertile soil near Qeorgo Town, the whole being under the
charge of an American gentleman, well acquainted with
all the details of its growth and preparation. The seed
is already in the ground, and we confidently look forward
to the time when not only will it be unnecessary to import
tobacco from America, but when Mossel Bay will become
the seat of a large export trade.*'
®Mtnatj*
foppoeed connection between the amouDt of xntdfigciu
and the volume of that organ. At the thirty-firs:
oongreti of natoralista, io 1864, a very lively dispoK
arose on that and cognate questions between Wjigner lad
Fichte, on the one part, and Vogt and MiAemshoO, cc
the other; the discussion was maintained with gr^
ardour, and created an immense aenaation, which lasted
for years, and gave rise to an immense maaa of pQblioati(xi9
/>n> and eon. A work entitled '* Zmn Streit aber L^
and Seele," which appeared at Hamburg io 1856, ooounif
mjndpally In a reaum^ of this flunooa diaciuBiao. In 19C
Wagner published two important memoirs oo antfaropologj
in which the relation of Uie brain to the mind ii tieate^i
at mat length ; this gave riie to m loog and farillliBi
serfea of discussionfl in the Anthropologml flaeiaty, ie
which M. Gratiolet and M. Broca bore promioeat parti.
RoDOLPHB Wagmbb. — The University of Gottingen
has lost one of its most distinguished professors by the
death of Rodolphe Wagner, after a long and painful ill-
ness. M. Wagner was bom in 1805, his father having
been rector of the Protestant Gymnane of Augsbour^,
where the son received his early education. Louis
Jb^apoleon was afterwards at the same school, under the
tutoivhip of the elder Wagner. RoJolphe Wagner
studied medicine at Erlangen and Wurtzboorg, and
became doctor at the ago of twenty-one. In 1S27 he
was in P^ris studying under Cuvicr, and he afterwards
devoted himself to comparative anatomy. After leaving
Paris he explored the coasts of Normandy, of the south
of France, and of the Inland of Sardinia, where he dis-
covered an important deposit of fossil bones. Returning
to Germany he established himself at Augsbourg. In
1829 he was attached to the University of Erlangenaa
anatomical preparator, and in 1832 be became professor of
zoology in the same estallishment. From 1882 to 1840
he published several worlcs, which attracted the attention
of the scientific world ; amongst these were : — " Study of
the Blood," " A Treatise on Comparative Anatomy,"
and ano her on "Comparative Physiology." On the
death of the celebrated physiologist, Blumenbachi Wagner
was elected to the profefsorship thus rendered vacant in
the University of Gottingen, where he remained till his
death. In 1845 and 1846 lie went to Italy for his health,
which had lon^ been failing, and it was there that he
conducted a series of valuable experiments on the electric
organs of a fish belonging to the skate tribe. He was the
author also of many other publications oo pure and com-
parative anatomy, zoology, and antliropology ; amongst
others a "Dictionar)- of Physiology," " A Memoir on
the Structure and Termination of the Nerves" (1818), and
♦•Researches in Neurology" ( 1864). M. Wagner was one
of the most eminent representatives of the scientific
nxt.
1 in« 1 as
9E
ioUl.
UnvaaaAL Aoaioui^itiaAL Exaianioai ui
This exhibition, which is held alternately in the ttm
provinces of Algeria, opens at Oian on tha 24th of Ssp-
tember, and wiU dose on the 2nd of October. A svn e
30,000 francs is voted for the prizet to be awarded. A^
exhibitors not of the colony wiU have to transpoit the*'
produce or implements to the port of Mer»-el-KA^tU
their own cost, but the railway and steam navigation ood-
panics have fixed a low tariff of charges for the fp&ad
case; the Algerian Government will convey everyUiiai
admitted for exhibition from the above-named fan \t
Oran at its own charge. Exhibitors will be ooavnycd
from the French or other coasts to Mera-el-K^bir frte «
charge. Algeria has become a regular place of reaon ia
valetudioariaps, and there such exl^ibiiiont aa theee, tti
the increasing cultivation of cotton, will probably dn«
other classes towaids that ourioua conntiy.
The Effect of Liquid ih PBoouono Fa
Much has been said of late concerning the eflbci of
kinds of diet on the condition of the body, and e^eaaliy
upon the production of fat ; and M. Daroel, of Pans, hai
just added a valuable chapter on the sol^jeoi. He mp
that, during a long course of experimenta and obaarvaliflai
relative to the reduction of obesitv in man, be hasie-
mar^ed thftt those who have careful\y abetained froai ihr
use of fatty and fat- producing articles of dist have art
diminished in weight while they continued to drink laift
quantities of liquid. Hence be was led to the beUaf tbsi
water and aqueous substances favoured fatnesa. Watff.
he believes, plays a great part, and he expreaMS his tar-
prise that, in the numerous experiments made oo aaiBsk
this element has been almost entirely dian^aided. li
the Garde de Paris there was a horse remariubk iv
its leanness, and, at the instance of M. Daroel, M. DeanxL
the veterinary-surgeon of the regiment, made the lioUsv-
ing experiment :~He reduced the animal'a ration ef oso,
without diminishing the regular quantity of stnw tai
hay, and gave him as much water as ha woold lOu u>
dnak with a little bran in it, amoiintina io about aposai
of the latter per diem. At the end of May last, tbs kff»
weighed 612 kilogrammes ; on the 17th June, 610 kUi>
arammes; an increase of 18 kilogrammea (nearly 40 Ik^
English) in 17 days, for which the nound of hnui, soteti-
tuted for three pounds of oats, could not akoe aeooaii
In the same regiment was another horse whkh was so U
that it suflfered severely under its work. This bone ces-
sumed 60 litres of water a day ; this waa at once dimiaaW
to one-fourth ; the horse soon b^^an to hm& its iitiMa
acquired activity, and performed its work without saj tf
the symptoms of distress which it had ibnnerly eahibiie^
An Old WATsa-wBcsi^ — A wheel, compoaed cot^;
of wood, down to the very treenails, aa a «dlor mkbt ■▼
was found some time since in the mines of SiiPt
-Diritualwts of Germany. His studies on the brain, as Colombo, in Portugal. This wheel was emplmd t
e organ of mtolligence, tend to throw a doubt over the » pump the water out of the mhie, and is believed to hs"
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, July 29. 1864.
607
been conatructed by the Bomans daring their occup&tioo
of Portugal, that is to 8ay» aboat the year 4 12 of our era,
or QDwardi of 1,400 years ago. The wheel it still in fair
condition, and it is said that it will probably be placed in
the Conservatoire des Arts-et-M^tiers, iu Faris,
Pbofosed Bbidge oveb tbk Stbaitji or Mmbina.— -
Tbo Italian engineers have announced a project of bridging
oyer the straits that divide the island of Sicily from ^e
main land. The plan proposed is a new form of suspen-
sion, the chains to be of cast steel, and the structure of
sufficient strength to bear the strain of many railway
trains at a time.
Fish Preserves in Feanoe. — There is a small fishing
town on the coast of Brittany called Conoameau, in a
secluded bay surrounded by hills, well wooded to the
water's edge. Fish preserves have here been blasted out
of the solid granite rock* leaving strong walls of granite
to resist the action of the waves. The superficial area
thus enclosed is 1,000 square metres, and is divided into
six basins, which the water enters at high tide twice a day,
passing out at low«water throuch openings witfi mt-
iDgfl, Of not, as may be thought desirable. All kinos of
fish which are canght on the coast of Brittany are received
into these basins, where they live as they wotdd in the
sea. There the turbot mi^^ be seen, with his mouth open-
ing like that of a snake to take his prey, enjoying himself
by the side of the sole and the plaice, which lie immove-
able, in colour like the bottom on which they rest. There
alao may be seen shoals of mullet feeding on the seaweed,
the red mullet seizing, with his two feelers like delicate
fingers, the Ibod he devours ; the skate threading; his way
through the water, ndns his fins as a bird does its wings,
the gurnet stretching in the sun his brilliant pectoral fins,
glietaning with colours as rich as those of the bntterfly ;
the John Dory moving with solemn pace, using his dorsal
fin like a screw propeller; the conger hiding himself
behind the rock, watching for his prey ; the sardine dart-
ing in every direction, his presence manifested by the blue
tints of his back, and only escaping his numerous enemies
by the rapidity of hia movements, calling to mind the
peculiar flight of the swallow. In a very few days the
fish become domestk^ated and sufficiently tame to eat out
of the hand. Guillou, an old pilot, who has the care of
the preserves, haa taught two congers to pass through
bie handa when lie calls them. In these basins the fish
grow rapidly; torbots especially. The basins for the
cmstaceans are divided into three compartments, in two of
whkih are from 1,000 to 1,500 crawfish* {loJigoutte) and
obsters, living in captivitv with no serious amount of
mortality, fed upon fish of no value, or the heads of the
sardines, which are thrown aside when preserving this
fish in oil. They may be seen flying from the light
and hiding themselves under the shelter prepared for
them. The lobsters move but little, and He hid under
stones or in hollows of the rocks. The crawfish, on the
contrary, are mere active, and are always climbing about,
snapping op a sardine in a moment. These crusta-
ceans too, are very fond of the star- fish. Star- fish
as large as 20 centimetres in diameter, when thrown
in are seised at once, five or six of the craw- fish fasten-
ing on each finger, breaking off a piece, and rushing
away with it to eat at their leisure. They are also very
fond of moDesks. The jaws of the craw-fish are so
formed as to be able to penetrate the shell of the oyster, and
get at the animal himself, which is a very favounte food.
TheM breeding basins become actual nurseries for re-
slocking the sea with fish. They have succeeded in
bringing np yooUK lobsters, even to the twentieth casting
of the shell, that I*, for four years. It is only about the
fi fih year that the lobster acquires his legal size of 20
* Not the small eoaioion erawfith (^r«rMM) wkieb lives in
tht fresh waters, but a large lobster-like sDiiBal. often 18
inebcs long, and weighing as much as twelve or fourteen
posnds. It it esteemed a great delicaey, and a delieions soup
IS made from it at Marseilles and all slong the Provence coast,
Tery mnch richer than the well-known potage ^ferevUt,
centimetres in length. The system is being extended,
and preserves of this kind for fish crustaceans and mollusks
are being established on various parts of the shores of
France. The most remarkable ik them is that of
Crssoles, on the lie de Tody. It oovers 70 heotaros, and
at this time contains 75,000 crawfish. Thus the original
establishment, by Pilot Guillou. of this fish preserve (a
sort of aquatic farm-yard) has become the signal for the
creation of new Indtistries, which provide not only in
themselves an increase in production of food, but aid
materially in taming the sea to aooount and incretning
its produdiTeiieM.
PABLIAMENTART REPORTS.
8S88IONAL PRINTED PAPKB8.
Par. DOhtr^i <m 18M and 2(ith /luw, 18«4.
Numb.
154. „ Cnmbourae Strest.
156. „ Ooooteii of Blfia and BLIoosrdiss'i Ananiijr*
160. „ Jiidcmsats» Ao., Law Amendmsnt (smsnoed).
163. „ DI?orcsaAdHAtrlmonialCsaeM(Ameadmeat).
169. „ Inland Retenne (Stamp DaUsf ).
Statistioal Abttrad fbr the United Kingdom (1S49 to 1863).
Andenoa, The Rer. F.— Papert relatlre to tbe A^eet of.
Fnusla—CoDTention fi>r tbe Hutaal Surrender of CHminalt.
Ruaria Companj— Corretpondenoo.
Ihlivtrti on Jmte 2ls4, 1664.
331. Taonaaia (VanDiemen*g Land)— Report of Mr. Ooald.
378. MetropoUtaa Sabwajt Bill— Report.
398. ArmjClothinf Factories (Woolwioh and PI]BUoo)~Relarn.
161. Bille—Scottiih Bplssopal Clergj DlsOiUities Renoral.
ISO. „ New Zealand (Guarantee of Loan).
DOkered on 22nd JtaUj 1864 .
274. West India Maila— ExtracU of CorreqK>ndenoe.
408. NaT7 (** Ship Research **)— Additional OAdal Correspondence
EdacaUon— Minute of 11th Jane, 1864.
DOipered m 23rd /mm, 1864.
389. Limaey— Eighteenth Report of Comminkmerf.
391. National Edneatlon ( Ireland )--CIrciiIar of Inetmetlonf.
395. Case of Mr. Bewicke^Report, Erldenoe, Ao.
156. Billa— Local OoTemment Act (IS68) Amendment.
163. „ O>ntagioai Difeaaea.
DOiur^ on 2iih Jwe, 1864.
411. Arm/ (Sman Arms)— Return.
164. Bills - SherlA Substitute (Scotland).
165. „ Weights and Measures (Metric Sjttem) (amended).
166. „ Indian Office.
• Daiterid on 2ith and 21th June, 1864.
373. Thames Conserranc/ BUI— Report, Evidence, Ac
403. West Riding of Tork Assizes— Order in Council.
62 (ri.) Committee of Selection— Serenth Report.
396. Judgments, &o. Law Amendment BUI— Report, BTidenoe, Ac.
419. Vessels and Tonnage, Ac— Retom.
425. Metropolitan RaUwaj»— Retorn.
167. BlUs— Penal Serritode Acts Amendment (Lords Amend-
ments).
168. „ PuhUo Schools.
170. „ Indosnre (Nc 2).
169. „ Mortgage Debentore.
172. ,« Wei^iing of Grain (Port of London) (amended).
»»
D^ivered on 2$th Jwm, 1864.
376. Ro/al MaU Steamer **AMca**— ETidence.
394. Prison Ministers* Act (Middlesex)— Correspondence.
407. School of Naral Architecture— Corr esp ondence.
412. Arm/ (Maaottctorinf Departments, Woohrteh and Enfleld)—
(imperative Prlcea.
421. Removal of Panpera— ReCom.
173. Bills - RaUwa/s (Ireland i Acta Amendmeni (amended ).
174. „ Ecclesiastical (kmrts and Registries (Irehttd).
Denmark— Protocols of Coal^renee bald In London.
North America (No. 16>-Papcra respecting the Arrest and
ImprWonment of Mr. J. McHngh.
DeHvertd on 29<A Junt, 1864.
413. Captain WolA de Csrrel- Correspowience.
420. Exports and Import*— Return.
432. MalU New Dock— Letter, Ac.
176. BiU- Registration o Deeds (Ireland).
DHi^ered on 30«« Jmu, ia64.
66 (t). Trade and Narigatioo Aeoouata. «_..^
348. BeUkst Impiorement ( No. 2) BUI— Minute of Evidence.
414. Dublin Corporatioo (Bills In Parliament)— Retm>n.
426. Portpatric Harbour— Return.
427. East India (Officers)— Despatch.
433. Joint Stock Companies— Return.
434. Medical Degrees— Return.
440. Thames Embankment— Lptter.
608
JOUUNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, July 29, 1864-
171. BUI*— Harwidi Harbour Act Ameodmeat.
177. ,, Hl«hw«ji Act Amendineat (amended).
179. „ Admlnlrtratkm of Trurti » Scotland ) (amended).
Dtiiotred on Ut JtO^^ 1864.
401. Slou Indians— Extract* of Correspondence.
402. Canada and Padflc Telegraph— ExtraoU of Correspondence.
417. Carlisle Cathedral— Eetnrn.
418. East India (Lieut. Bartholomew)— Correspondence.
439. East India Civil Appointmenti)— Return.
447. Gtoom O'MaUej Irwin— Letter.
448. Law Courts Copcentratiott— T i e asniy Minute.
176. BiU»-Cattle Diseases Pretention Camended \j the Select
CommlttM).
181. M Bleadunff and I>7einr Works Acts Rrt ens iOB .
1 83. „ EleotioBPetltions Act (1848 ) Amendment.
Eti.
18S.
186.
188.
189.
416.
JMitered on 2fui and 4A ./trfy, 1864.
383. Turnpike Trusts— Beport, ETldence, Ac
490. Exports and Import*— Return (corrected cop/).
433. (I). Malta Dock— Letter.
486. Bppinf Forest— Letter.
404. Whitwick BetematoiT— Import.
433. Clonmel (Ireland) Lunatic Allium— Correspondence.
433. Standing Oiders (Parliamentar/ Deposits)— Beport,
denoe, Ac
443. B<ma Maral Beserre-Betun.
460. Saltpetre, ftc— Account.
138. BUI*— Justices of the Peace Procedure.
India Stock* Transfer Act Amendment.
Isle of Man Harbours Act Amendment.
Courts of «fUstioe Monej.
,, Courts of Justice Site.
Chineha Islands-Papers relating to selnire b/ a Spanish
squadron.
Denmark and Germanj (Nc 6) 1864— Correspondence.
DOhtrtd on &tA JiOif, 1864.
Isle of Man— Betums.
488. Isle of Man Lunatic A^lnm— Correspondence.
438 (I). Isle of Man Lunatic As/lum— Lttter.
437. ConstabulaTy ( Ireland V— Statement.
446. Begistration of Deeds (Ireland)— Account.
178. Bill*— NaTal and Victualling Stores (amended;.
(Saols (amended ).
Pilotage Order Confirmation (No. 2).
StreetMusio (Metropolis) (amended).
Improvonent of Land Act (1864).
„ Urlmiaal Justice Act ( 1866) Extension.
Denmark and QermanT— Letters respecting the Stfmmaiy of
the proceedings ot the Conflsrences <» Danish AflUrs, an-
nexed to 23th Protocol.
DOvteted m 6(A /tfly, 1864.
997. Arms, &c— Betums.
400. Custom Duties (Canada)— Correspondence.
438. Boeliampton (}«te (Richmond Park) -Correspondence.
461. Bankraptcj— Betnm.
464. Doekjards and Steam Factorie*— Betum.
Ionian Island*— Correspondence respectinff the Ceswtfoa
the British Protectorate OTer those Islands.
Ddivtred on tth JtOy, 1864. *
379. Metropolis Local Msnagement Act— Betum.
387. Grain and Corn— Betums.
439. Nat7 ( Masters, Ac), Nat/ ( Officers)— Returns.
463. Postage ( Australia )— Correspondence).
466. Banda and Kirwee Boo^— Ten
191.
180.
184.
186.
187.
130.
t»
ti
»t
Of
192.
194.
erms of ReferAnoe.
bills -Thames Embankment and Metropolis Improtement
(Loans).
„ Poisoned Flesh Prohibition, ftc.
„ Tnmpike Acts Continuance, Ac.
Science and Art Department— Eletenth Beport of the Com-
mittee of Council on Education.
Delivered on 6th Julift 1864.
367. Transatlantic Steamers— Return.
441. (3optrigbt (No. 2) BUI— Beport, Evidence, &c.
126. Bill— Trespass (Ireland) (amended).
DeUvered on 9th and nth qf Jvl^, 1864.
65. (tiU). BaUwaj and Canal BilU— Ninth Report.
424. Biter Niger— Correspondence.
469. Expiring Laws— Report.
460. Brand/— Betums.
464. Exchequer Bonds— Account.
466. Arm/ (Officers and Men Drowned)— Betum.
370. Finance Accounts (I to VI I}.
461. Education (Ireland)- Annual Report.
462. Unclaimed Wreck- Returns.
196. BUI*— Turnpike Trusts Arrangements.
198. - -
193.
197.
I*
»»
Joint Stock Companies (Voting Papers) (amended).
Expiring Laws Continuance.
Ionian States Acts of Parliament Repeal.
Russia Compan/— Furthes Correspondence.
Qold Coast— Farther Papers relating to the MUltar/ Opera-
tions.
Clrcamlnn Tribes (SetUement of Emigrants)— Map.
^, _^ />?Wf«r«rf Ortl2/A/tf?y, 1864
^"- steam VpucIs— Uctora.
Hi. MttTder—Atetmct of Return.
I ublio f.Vncral Act-c-Cap. 21
Debured on IZth JtO^, 1B64.
286. Industrial and Protident Sodetie*— Betoms.
430. National Education i Ireland)— Betum.
436. East IndU(Nat/J -Return.
470. Cambrics, Ac— Return.
471. Cotton ManuftMAurlng District*- Bepott.
199. BUI— Poi*oned Qrafai ProhiMtlon, Ac vamcaded).
Vaoolnnation of Sheep— Boport.
Sitfenls.
Fr^m Cbaiwiifstoufr* <r /*g<6w<> Jmrmtd^ JtOf
Gniim or PBonatoKAL pBoraortox.
AeriAvm fluid*, obtaining power from— 16S$— Mj P. W.
Bottie-corking apparatn*— 1430— M. Smith and J. Sntt.
Bottles, soda-water, 4ic, eecnring cork* in— 1660 — K. '"—
Centriftagal machine*— 1631— J. Ccrb/.
Cooking-stote*— 1660— A. S. Tomkin*.
Eggs, apparatn* fbr Mirting— 1633— H. Field.
Endlea* band bruah— 1661— J. Ta/lcr.
Felting machine»-1613— W. Clark.
Ga*, apparatn* Ibr carburettlng^l32»— L. Briomt.
Heaidng and etapcrating liqnids and fluid*— 166S—<2. H.
High-pressuie cock*— 1661— G. F. Gtaham and W. PajBe.
Hook* for nurlne and other p urp oe e * 1 630 • B. llnlaiH
B/drocarbon gaa, mannflMtare of-1668— W. LtajfL.
Leather, pressed— 1680— F. J. Bun.
Locomotite engine*— 1673— J. E. Wi]*oa.
Loom*— 1680 -K. Batcliflb and C. Ainswocth.
Organ*, harmonium*, %c.— 1477— W. Dawua.
Potato-planting implement— 1683— J. Spencer.
Pump*— 1668— W. Jackson, T. Qlaholm, and 8. 8. Brtw o n
RaUwa/ carriages, self-adjusting couplingsftr— 1641— A. T.
BaUwa/ carriage brakes-1673— W. Clark.
BaUwa/s, rails tor permanent W9j of— 1491 —8. TroM.
Bope-making machinei/— 1361— ^. Serine.
Sewing machines- 1632— A. KlmbaU.
Ship*, mean* of bathing in - 1679-J. BalU/.
Ship*, composition fbr pretenting fouling of— 16&a— W. B.
Slags, treating tor production of cast steel— 1666 — 8. Vte.
Steam>boUers. feed apparatus tor— 1664— W. G. Gralff.
Steam flre-engines— 1666— D. Blake.
Tubes, &c, remotal of air, gas, Ac, Ihxn— 1638— F. L.. H. Dw ts f i
Wine, Ac, apparatus for decanting— 1648— J. Ellis and J.
Teast and starch manufiictnre— 1634— C. FHeUngliaw.
iKTIHTIOir WITH COMFLXTB SPBOIFIOAIiaV FlL».
S«wUig and stitching machine— 1788— T. F. Hodge.
Patiktb Ssalbo.
203. W. Ibotson. 246. S. Dixon It J. Cal9«rt,M
212. S. VaUe. 347. W. E. Maude.
330. B. A. Brooman. 363. P. A. le C.
322. W. Norton.
223. H. C. Huskinson.
228. W. E. Gedge.
236. E. W. James.
237. J. Rodger*.
241. N. J. Uolme*.
i'Yom CommisHoners ^ PaUntM JomtneO^ /id|r SMft.
278. P. W.
279. S. FtrKaaaBfJaa.
343. F. W. Web^
833. C. D.
PATKKie Skalko.
Cap. 21 to riR (both inclusite).
244. G.
249. B.
260. T.
267. J.
268. J.
260. B.
274. D.
2M. G.
287. F.
298. Q.
301. E.
305. J.
312. M
CanouU.
FA. Bromwich.
M. Heathora.
C. Haddan.
PhiUips.
T. Hughes.
Anderson.
Hanunond and J. W.
Kemp.
W. Webb.
Daties.
Lucius.
Lee and J. Thcnuon.
, Bunkel.
331.
345.
360.
386.
429.
476.
610.
674.
722.
738.
988.
1061.
1268.
1324.
H. A. Fletcher.
J. H. jQlin*Dn.
J. H. JonnsoB.
A. Stelnmela.
E. J. Leonard.
W. E. Newtan«
J.
B.A.
G.T.
W. Lent/.
J. H. Johnson.
R. A. Breosnen*
J. Webatar.
F. W. Brodcriepcr.
Patxxts o> which thb Stamp Dctt or <£0 mas nsxx Pj*
1758. J. Adams.
1824. R. A. Brooman.
1826. J. H. Johnson.
1876. E. Bang.
1822. W. B. Harfield.
1907. J. B/lands, J. G. R/lands,
and P. R/lands.
1821. W. Satoi/ « P. H. Savor/.
1890. R. Thatcher.
1840. W. E. Kewtoo.
1941. B. D.Johneon.
1829. W. Price.
1841. J. Beattie.
1843. G. P. Oriflin.
1846. R. Thompeon.
1869. E. HaeflM/.
1871. C. Robertson.
PATiiffB ov wmon tbr Stamp Dott op ITOO ma* nrs Piii»'
r. H. Holmw.
THE
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
IIQtb Skuioh.j
PEIDAY, AUGUST 5, 1864.
[No. 611. VoL.Xn.
ItomMngs of ttte Siaatt'^.
Caktor LacTUBBs.
The publication of Dr. Grace Cftlverfu course
will be resumed in ut early namb«r.
NATIONAL GALLERY AND ROYAL ACAOKSIY.
's of nflltar]: ut, and ereott pecpe-
Q
toklly prove tha truth ot it, if not ia wwEare at leut in
flDfl-art mktten utd uovemoDti, for ■( ua time in Ait
faiitoiy hiTe there been ■ocheffortj mida ind so nioch
thougKt given to Art and iti prograa As Dow, bat nnhip-
pily, from wut of accord kod aiiD, without prtwdcal
remit. It 14 for the parpoee of hel|jing, u far m ruay Ut,
this deairod eud — • deSuite purpose — that Ihia auggealed
pita of combiniag the two great central art «*Ubliihmeoli
o( England li anggealuti ; the ooe the nailooal collaclloD
of plciurea, and the other the guiding whoals and modern
effecta of tha itudy of tham.
In ipita ol all that ha» been laid of it, there certainly
doea not exist in London, with the exceptioo of Primroae-
hiU, >o fine a aite for agoodbaildingaathat Dowoccu;Had
by theprennt National Uallciy ; acid moat oertainly there
i* not in Europe ■ worie buiUing, or ooe mora unworthy
of ill puTpoaea and tiie ooontcy. The anaexed pUo, it
is hoped, will at Uaal be tbuod (a indioate lometUDg
b«tl«r:—
6. HllUai7 Btort.
F. LataiNar-tnan. NMfe
FRiBt tt KwT Natloaal
la badnoM 10 tba pv-
PCM tt lk< Boral Aia-
tenr Mon teltt Sebooli,
Utni7, OMMadlMoaa.
C- M- HvtU'i WtrUnaa
H. Kejl CoUaf* of Pbjg
ttal Hall, ftmmA to be
boUt tat ler IM tar UH
ot 1^ BoTal Amii^
mueoaplid turn In
naU baUllaci, S B B,
and at Iba upnaa ol Uw
Wa*» Oolam aad Ba-
• •
^ 1 Caatnl HalLU »• MU
~- y V Y. PMm Mattaaa]
QalhiT, temlsaitaara,
riMor tbaOnatC«Bctof
TRKFKLSail . I
DnMOt Aatlanal Oalieiy, now partly occupied by the enlraiioe beins throngh the National Ch^tlery itaelt Uii
Boyil AoMlemy, ahonld h« oted, without any alteration giving the pobUc. aa auggeated by Lord Palmetwton, a
or axfMua whatever, for the purpoasi of (ha ikallonalool-| opporttuity of oompariDg the doings and efforta of the
leotioo of ptetniea, and that the Royal Academy should | past with the present. As the needs of the Aoademy in-
tben OOGD^ (as soon as banacfc aocommodation can ba creased, it ia inggested that tha chapel aikd baths and
provided elaewbere) the whole of the plot of bnildingi, waahhonae!, marked D Don the plan, should be ocou-
marked B ou the plan. No expense twyoad the were : pied by it for its schools and library, and coUeotion of
BttiDg the rooms to their temporary purpose is ooutam- 1 arohitectnral and other casts, ao aa to leave further s^ace
plaUa.aa the ui»eiroomsof the barrack buildings would for its annual exhibition ; the different bnildiug* being,
MB king ocrrldors, lighted from the roof, snltable for . of ooune, (emponrily eonnected together. It it thooght
610
JOUENAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 5, 1864.
thai \>y tliif pl%n bo large # Mce wodII bt iMrai^i^e thil
all ^jeetiopa te a more li|>eiM actitoii fn tt4 pati of ^
AcMivmy woiyd Mtae, aqd ihat rtt^im «ro«ld beMme •
reality, ao that the more humble aad less known artists
would have opportunities of exhibiting their works, now
Impossible from the simple want of space to put them In.
It is obvious, too, that the schools of the Academy, on
which nearly its whole power over Art in the future surely
rests, might be increased to almost any extent, and that
its generous plan for giving free instruction and help
where it is most of all needed, might be made almost in-
finitely more effective than it is, in the presence, too, of a
fine collection of antique art.
Put the point in the plan to which attention is more
especially desired is that of the possibility, on the part of
the Academy, of erecting for itself a building or buildings
on a scale of magnificence worthy of it and of its reputation
in art. It will be observed that the circular room, marked
X on the plan, stands in the present barrack-yard, occu-
pying only the space of two or three small buildings,
now used, it is believed, as guard-houses, and might oe
commenced bv the Academy without even for years dis-
turbing any of the existing or temporary arrangements.
In the plan the buildings V D are shown rather too near
the circular building, aa there is a clear space of the
narrow street (Orange-street) between the two buildings
X and D.* So that this firs^ building by the Boy^
Academy itself, and out of its own funds, would be com-
menced without creating even temporary inconvenience,
either t^ itself or to any arrangements the National
Gallery might require. A temporary communication
would, of course, be needed between it and the building
B. Nothing need here be said as to the height or scale
of cost and architectural skill of such a structure, as that
must of course depend on the feelings of the inner
Council of the Royal Academy, as to its own dignity and
position ip arti of which this central building might be
supposed to be representative and emblematical.
The whole of the present National Gallery, being, as
already suggested, devoted to the purposes of the national
collection of pictures by the removed of the Boyal
Aoademy to the barrack buildings, would doubtless for
a time answer all the purposes of housing all its present
collection of piciuras, at least, both ancient and modem ;
but it is suggested that if prints, photographs, and draw-
ings ahould ever be contemplated as a necesary part of a
future national display of art, the buildiog marked C on the
plan, i.e., tlie workhouse buildings and the schools of
Archbishop Tennison, should be next acquired and tem-
porarily used for their exhibitMU, hot without any further
expense than will Biake them available for such a purpose,
and with temporary communications between them and
the 'present gallery. This plan might for many years
•antv«rall reqairemeot«, and would have the very im-
portant advantage of affording time for the thoughtful
development of a structure in the future, worthy in de-
higg, ityle, and workmanship of its purpose and its place.
The whole of the future National Gallery of the Bine
Arte is represented on the plan by the firm outline and
the lettars Y Y Y and A, now occupied by the present
structure, and forms a square between Trafalgar-square
and Leicester-square, now altogether occupied by very
inferior houses and property. It fills exactly the space
occupied in Paris by the grand comt of the Louvre, and
would, for the purposes of art, form the most magnificent
square in Europe if at all worthily handled. U is here,
too, that this plan would seem to offer some advantages
to others that have been at sundry times proposed,
for, as will be seen, the angle at K, now occupied by
a military-store establinhment, might be the point of
commencement of the future Gallery on a great scale,
and the whole of the we&t-idde portion, Dorset street,
erected in portions, and from time to time, as need and
A rsfereace to tkc Urgt Male Ordnaece Msp will show
flinds m^vlrfd and $fkped ; ommiwicyiOB Ui|p^ wide
betweeq t|epii|6ent |N«l|ing $si$ ^f qewly^^l BP « <yi
ThusHwOl hb seenlkattlM pieMit M*ticBai Qallfly
would no| ibr very many years need to be iooched, and
would answer all useful purposes, while the natioci and
the House of Commons would have the satiafacttoo— no
^ight onfr*-0f feelin|( ihat something was at last bei^
4one to remedy exiatmg de&ots aad make up for so mufih
and such long delay; the House of Commooa hansg
justly determined to keep the national pictures when
they are. Not to lengthen at present thn short sketch,
it may be mentioned thai the site of Tmialgar-sqiiare is
so good Arom the simple fact of the ground rising from
Chaiing-cross to the Gallery buildiog, thus placing the
building at the greatest posnbU advantage, inasmndi ai
the spectator looks up at it and appnMches up to it ;
indeed, as the Parthenon at Athens was approsdied.
This affords opportunity for flights of steps, as stuswn on
the plan, being constructed on a scale worthy of the
building and the site, and would certainly add Dot alit&
to its value as an art work.
As it is the fashion now-a-days to suggest several wi^t
of doing a thing for which in realitv there is but oos
right way, it may be added that the length A woqM be
a complete buildmg, and A Z another, and A Z Z aDotker,
and so on. And, should the ingenioas reader thak
proper to try it, he will find that no lea tlum nin s t s o a
ways of forming — according to modem DOtaoDS ef eom-
pleteness — ^perfect buildings may be made oot*
The future additions by the Bqyal Am^etny would bs
by means of the arms of the oro«, Z Z Z 2, so aa t#
communicate with the domed hall and the ecnidors o^
the galleiy ; the cost to the Academy and the Goven-
ment being regulated strictly by future Fequirements and
means and public demands.
In submitting this roogh and very hasty sketch to tbs
consideration of those who may fe^ lnt» rrit » H |r Hi ||#
in the Society of Aiis and out of it, theaothovof H wesU
express his own opinion in favour of a conoeotnitioo ef aH
original art objects, both pictures snd ttlQ TW^ <d the
labours of the art* workman, that is, of aU laaS is Isft to
us of the psst, in ope buildiog, or fn baUdiB|p eemm^
nioating with eadi other. He would, therefore, in this
plan, suggest to the members of tine BoMsty el Arts
whether it would not be worthy of an effort te try Md
secure fbr it, as an institution taking cogniawwe of ^
artist workman, a portion of any sooh future ttmottn;
for should the Society take up in earasst, and as a paii of
its art action, the cause of the artist workman, veay |r«4^
additional space to what it now has would lMior~'~^
The importance of this action cannot be overstated.
MEMORUL TABLETS ON liONDQIi HOUSBg.
The Builder makes the following se ff ss tl o a s fo ^
subject : —
The Church of St. Mary Overy, or St. •eviear'i
Soothwark, might carry, at little c^ wordf to tip
effect *
" In this Church,
and
Beneath nameless stones,
lie the Remains
of
Poet,
(Beaumont's asuociate) ;
and of
Philip Mas$ingeb,
Poet,
Author of ' A New Way to Psy Ol I DebU.*
Fletcher died in 162^, of the Plague,
and
Masftinger in 1C380.'*
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 6, 1864.
611
Oq ftQ outer w«U of the oftme cborob we Bhonld like to
read:—
« In this Church of
bt. Saviour. Souibwarki
was buried,
Slit Dec, 1607,
' With ao aftenxxm't knell of the great bell/
Eoinmi) StusBPSiu,
Player,
Younger orother of
William Shakspeare*
(li^land*8 myriad- minded Poei
waa uien a shareholder and aotor
in
The Globe Theatre,
in this pariah).**
Thit, on the little Ohuroh of 8t. Peter, in the Tower,
would serve a good purpose :<—
'* 8|B JOQW Euoi'i
of
Cornwall,
the fellow-labourer with
John Hampden and John Pym
in defence of
Liberty,
Died a Priaoner in this Garriaoiii
in 1632, affed 42,
and
was buijed, by command of
King Charles I.,
in this Chapel of
9t. Peter ad Vincula.
The stone which covers his bo4y if
uninsoribed*"
Bhafteabury House, In Aldengate, should be m^de t
carry: —
<* In this House
(Inigo Jones, architect)
Lived and Caballed
ANToomr Asblsy Coorut,
Earl of Shaftesbury
and
Loid High Chancellor of Kngland,
In the reign of
King Charles the Seoood*"
A church near to the Guildhall would ** stay ** many a
'* passenger " to read words '* akin to then ** >*
•« In Uus Church of
St Lawrence Jewry
(Sir Christopher Wren, architect),
GiLBBvr BoBiurr, Bishop of Salisburyi
Preached in 1694
The Funeml Sermon of
John TillotsoQ,
Archbishop of Canterbury.
** In a Garret
In this Square
Samuel Johnson
Compiled
His famous Dictionary
of
The English Language.*'
This, in Silver-street, Golden-square, would please more
artist* ihan Mr. Clarkson Stanfield or Mr. David
{toberia:—
** At Mr. Viggana* in this street,
Uved,
In the year I70S,
Antomio Canilctti
The well-known Painter of <* Views of Venice.'*
The Poet Laureate, we are sure, would not be displeased
at seeing a stone to this purport in Piccadilly : —
'* In this Church of
St. James's, Westminster,
Lies buried,
Mark Akknsidb,
Author of the * Pleasures of Imagination.'
Born 1781. Died 1770.*'
lir. Macready, when in London, and in Great Marl-
borough-street, would bow with reverence to the house
connected wiUi the name of Mrs. Siddons : —
'^Sabah Siddons,
In the height of her Fame
In early life the great TiUotson
Waa Tuesday Evening Lecturer in this Chuxeh***
This would arrest and deserve the attention of all who
Are wending " Eastward ho !** or "Westward ho !**—
" In the Font of this Church
of
Bt MidiaeVs, Comhill,
Thomas Gbat,
Author of
• An Elegy written in a Country Churchyard,*
Was BaptUed in
The Year 1716."
This, on No. 17, Gough-aquare, Fleet-street, would
bring a debt of national gratiiode to complete remem-
brance : —
£ngland*s greatest Aotr
Lived in this House."
Paron Marochetti, agaui, would be pleaaed to be re-
minded or a great sculptor : —
**In this House,
No. 30, Lower Belgrave-plaoe,
Sib Fbanou Chantbby,
Sculptor,
Died.
In the year 18iX.
All his fineat works
Were executed
Here.*'
Even an ancient Royal Academician would not grumble
at seeing, on No. 80, Allsop-terrace, New-road, an inscrip-
tion to John Martin :~
** In this House,
John Mabtin,
The painter and engraver of ' Belshazzar's Feast,*
And other DoUe works,
Lived for five-and-iwenty years.
The gallery in which he woriLod
(At the rear of the house)
Is still to be seen.
He died in 1854,
In the Isle of Man,'*
The late Bight Hon. John Wilson Croker, were he
alhre, and In iavile-row, would Jutve given a nod of ap-
pnibation ai raadtog,—
" In this room
(Of set No. 1 E hi the Albany)
Thomas Babinoton Maoaulat
Baron Uaoaulay,
Wnit tk$ mrlier M/"
of hit
* lliftory of EogUnd ;*
And in
Set No. 2 A,
Lord Btbon
Wrote his poem of *Lara.*"
We cannot conclude without renewing a hope and r«-
peatiDg a belief that something will be done— and soon
612
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 5, 1864.
too— in a matter tiiat will bo hoDOurable to those who
erect, and pleaBant and saggestive to iboae who read.
We have pleasure in drawing attention to the following
letter: —
*'SiB, — The admirable suggestion contained in your
paper, of marking, in a permanent manner, the residences
of great men (why not of women, too?) in London, can-
not, I think, UM of being responded to.
** In order to carry this suggestion into a practical use,
it is evident that money must be forthcoming ; and, as a
beginning, I am authorised by a kind and Imeral friend
to inform you that he is ready to subscribe twenty pounds
towards this good work ; and, should it be responded to,
as I can have no doubt but that it will be, the money will
be paid on an application from yourself made to,— Yours,
&G, EIdwabd Jbbsb.'*
EXAMINATION PAPERS, 1864.
The following are the Examination Papers set in the
various subjects at the Society's Final Examinations, held
in April last : —
( CoiUinuddfrom page 604. )
PRACTICAL MECHANICS.
THBKE BOUBS ALLOWED.
1. Distinguish between "spur" and "bevil" wheels;
what is the pitch circle of a toothed wheel ? How oould
you conveniently connect two axes by a train of wheels
when you wished one axis to revolve 720 times as fkst as
the other ?
2. Define a *' screw surface *' and the *' pitch *' of a
screw. Describe the screw-cutting lathe, and explain the
method of using a set of change-wheels.
3. When a beam is moved lengthways upon rollers,
why is the travel of the beam twice as great as that of the
rollers?
4. Explain the arrangement of three pulleys and three
bevil wheels for producing a reversing motion in a planing
machine : describe also some contrivance for obtaming a
reversing motion with a quick return.
5. When two unequal cranks, moveable upon centres,
are connected by a link, compare their angular velocities
in any given position: what are the conditions under
which a continuous motion of one crank would impart a
reciprocating motion to the other
6. Select and explain some examples which illustrate
the use of cams in machinery.
7. Enumerate the principal parts of a double-acting
condensing steam-engine, and ^int out veiy briefly the
uses which they severally fulfil.
8. Analyse the arrangement and method of construc-
tion of marine engines of the following classes : — (1)
oscillating engines, (2) horizontal trunk engines.
9. Explain the eccentric for working the slide-valve of
a steam-engine : draw the locomotive D slide-valve, and
the ports for the passage of the steam, giving at the same
time a description of your drawing.
10. What is the construction of the indicator? How
may it be used for the purpose of aaceiiaining the actual
working power of a steam-engine. Draw an indicator
diagram of the character which you would expect to take
from a condensing steam-engine.
MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, AND HEAT.
THBEB BOUBS ALLOWED.
1. Explain what you consider the best construction of a
mariner's compass ? By what arrangement of the needles
to^ some errors of deviation be obvmtod ?
3. Explain the influence of some periodic natural phe-
"*«»? on the earth's magnetism?
Define the relations of magnetic and diamagnetic
».
4. State the two theories of electricity, and give any
reasons you may have for prefexring either.
5. State the difference between an elec^omeler and n
electroscope, and explain the constnictioQ of the ccodeDs-
ing electroscope.
6. What are the amditioDa of eflSd^cy in a Ugfaloing-
conductor?
7. Give some experimental proof of the ideiiUty of the
electricities of the machine ana the battery.
8. What is ao asUUc needle? How is H empli^ed
in a galvanometer, and what position ought it to assume 'i
9. State the phenomena of electio-magnetic rotatkn,
and explain them by the aotion of some wdl knows
apparatus.
10. Explain the construction of Wheatatone'ii mag-
neto-electric telegraph.
11. Give the construction of an induction coil machine,
and state the means of intensiiying its action.
12. Can electricity be advantageously employed ss a
motive power ? State the reasons for your anewer.
13. Explain the ordinary electrical state of living nenrc
and muscle.
14. Explain and illustrate the tranimiaiioo of heat K
conduction and l^ convection.
15. Describe the best means of obaerviDg reiy low,
medium, and very high temperatures.
16. Define speofic and latoit heat, and state their miBM-
rical amounts, respectively, in some well-knoFQ bodiea
17. State some points of analogy betweeo ladiant heat
and light, and the theoiy of heat that yoa would dedm
firom them.
18. How is the boiling point of liqaidi affected ly
pressure ? State the boiling point of water at some pns-
sures greater than that of the atmosphere.
19. Explain the ** Spheroidal state " of water, and itc
importance in relation to engine boilers.
20. Explain the construction and use of either MaaoDV,
Daniell's, or R^gnault's hygrometer.
ASTRONOMY.
THREE BOUBS ALLOWED.
1. Explain aberration of light, and show its eOecioa
the position of a star. .
2. Explain the nutation of the earth's axis, and due
its effect on the podtion of a star.
3. Explain the method of drawing a meridiaa Im it
any place.
4. Mention what is known of the nature and motion
of double stars.
5. Define parallax, state where it is greatest aod how it
varies.
6. If the s un's h orizontal pandlax be 8**9, what b hk
distance fh>m the earth.
7. If the moon's distance from the earth be GO^ ^mmm
the earth's radius, what is the horixontal f»»n** of the
moon.
8. The leoffth of a d0grBe on the earth** aattee h»
been measured both north and south of the equator;
its mean length is about 69-45 miles, what is the ""
toreal radius of the earth ?
9. Theleneih of a degree on the earth's sor&oe has
been measured ikr from the equator and it is Ibood that
the length of a degree increases fiom the eqoator to the
pole such that the eUiptidty of the earth is ^^ neai^.
what is the polar diameter of the earth.
10. If the zenith distanoe north of Polaris be dbmoKnwk
at its inferior txmnsit over the meridian be 89^ 56' Sl*'^!,
and of its superior be 37^ 6' 19^*96; and the ooowelini
for reflraotion be 48^-46 and 44''-62 respective^, what b
the star's north polar distance, and what is the latitude of
the place of observation ?
11. Define a tropfcal year?
12. Define a sidereal year, and determine its lei^th,
assuming the length of a tropical }^r as S6m1. ehTSok
51 -Gs.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS. August 6, 1864. 613
13. Define ao Aoomalistic year and calouUte its IcDgth.
14. Define a sidereal day, a solar day, a mean solar day,
and the equation of time.
15. The intenral of time from the san leaving Aries
tOl he retoms to it again is 865d. 5h. 48m. 5l8., what is
the son's mean motion in longtitade or right ascension in
one solar day, and what is the relation between a sidereal
day and a mean soUr day.
16. Dedaoe formuUs to convert sidereal into mean solar
time, and conversely.
(17.) On February 25, I860, the observed transit of
Oastor was 7h. 25m. 22*2ds., and the calculated place of
the star on this day was 7h. 25m. 42<56s.
The level error was 5"-9, west end of axis too
high.
Aaimuthal error was 6''*7, east pivot too far north.
Collimation error was 0''*9, correction to stars above
the pole subtractive.
The sin. of aenith distance was -SSS
The cos. of senith distance was *943
The sin. of north polar distance was '846
What was the error of the dock ?
The Dumericaloorrectionstothe time of observed ^«nsit,
in seconds of time, are^
Error of Collimation X ig ,ui.\ P D
and additive when stars above the pole requure an addi-
tivtt correcdon.
jL^^f i-«.i s^ ooB. aenith distance
^^^^^ ^"^ >^ ISsin. KPD
and additive when the westetn end of the axis is too high.
T* « _s .1. *^< zenith distance
Error of azimuth X is sin. ^ ^ D
and additive when the eastern pivot is too far north.
18. The transit of the centre of Jupiter on the same
day corrected for error of level, collimation and azimuth
was 7h. 7m. 16*82s, using the error of the clock as found
ihim Castor, with a losing daily rate of OSs, what was
the error of the tables?
The places of Jupiter as given in the Nautical
Ahnanaok are-
February 24 at noon 7h. 7m. 53*26s.
" 25 •• 7h. 7m. 40-658.
26 " 7h. 7m. 28-878.
The sidereal time at mean nodn on Febroaiy 25 was
22h. 18m.
19. The zenith distance of the sun's north limb was
6^^ 44' 20^-47.
The zenith distance ot the sun's south limb was
70« 16' 41"-64.
The correctiott for refraction for north limb was
2' 38"*69, and for paraUax was 8*-12.
The oorreotion for refimotion for south limb was
2' 48'*-22, and for parallax was BT-iB.
The latitude of the place of observation is 51<> 28'
38"-20.
What was the diameter of the sun, and what was
the error of the tables, the calculated place of the sun
being, south declination 18o 84' 21"- 10 ?
20. On November 7, 1861, the calculated place of the
rooon when she passed the meridian of Greenwich was
1<)9<» 46^ 8"-7.
The observed zenith distance of her south limb
was72o23' l2«-87.
The correction for refraction was 2' 59*'84.
*< •< parallax was 55' 20''-44.
The semi-diameter of the moon was 15' 54'' *12.
What was the error of the calculated place ?
( To be eontmued.)
fm ^$.
SioxoR Bbuoouki, of Bussell-streetv Covent-garden,
hafl Just completed a larga and handsome gallery, which
he has filled with casts from all the finest romainsof
antique sculpture. They are the same as those supplied
by him to the Science and Art Department, the British
Museum, and the Royal Academy. The contents of this
gallery consist of statues, statuettes, machine reductions,
and copies IVom the anUque, casts from original modern
statues and busts, figures for gas lights, statues and por-
traits of eminent men of all professions; animals,
animals' heads, and groups of animals, both antique and
modera, relievi, basso and alto, vases, tazzi, and torsi ;
candelabra and tripods ; casts from aU the principal parts
of the human figure, anatomical studies, fruit, foliage, and
flowers in relief, from nature, for the use of artists and
students ; and ornaments of all kinds for both external
and internal decorative purposes.
WiNCBBSTBB GiTY Cboss. — A committec has been
formed for the restoration of this cross, a work of the
15th century, which has for years been in a state of great
dilapidation and decay, three out of the (bur statues with
which it was originally decorated having been destroyed.
Mr. G. G. Scott has fhroished plans for the restoration of
the cross, and has undertaken to superintend the execution
of them. He proposes to retain as much of the original
stracturo as may be found practicable, and to restore the
whole, as nearly as possible, to what he believes to have
been ito original state. The sum of £600 will be required
to complete the work.
ABoaoDOLOOioAL IssTrruTB. — The Warwick meeting of
the ArchcBological Institute has been particularly pleasant
and instructive. Excursions were made to Renilworth,
Coventiy, Lichfield, and Stmtfordon-Avon, where papers
were reiui and explanations given of the objects interesting
to the antiquary. In Warwick, the castle first claimed
the attention of the visitors; a historic sketch of the
building was given by the Rev. C. H. Hartshorne. The
company included the President, Lord Leigh, the Bishop
of Oxford, the Dean of Chichester, and Mr. Beresfbrd
Hope. On entering the suite of rooms which the Ifiarl of
Warwick had thrown open, Mr. Scharf gave explanatioos
of the pictures and portraits. The after-part of the day
was devoted to an excursion to Stoneleigh Abbey and a
visit to the ruins of Renilworth. The following morning
opened with an excursion to Coventrv; the Mayor received
the excursionists at St. Mary's Hall, which had been
richly stored as a museum in honour of the visit. The
city boasts of ancient archives and of certain pieces of
municipal plate of rare historic interest. Leaving the
hall, the party made a peregrination through the sin-
gularly picturesque streets of this commercial city of the
middle ages. The remains of the cathedral, now con-
sisting of little more than a substructure, were visited.
There is little doubt that it formerly possessed three
spires, and these added to the three church spires for which
the city is still conspicuous, must have added much to
the beauty of the city. Mr. Beresford Hope, in the choir
of St. Michael, made some interesting remarks on the
leading architectural features of that impoeiog church ;
spacious it was, and commanding, as fitted for a large and
wealthy commercial community, and the choir was pro-
bably formerly used for the perlbrmance of the Coventry
•* mysteries." On Friday there was an excursion to Lich-
field, where Professor Willis delivered a discourse upon the
architectural history of the cathedral, and Mr. Winston
tead a paper upon the windows in the Lady Chapel.
Professor Willis gave to his hearers an exhaustive analysis
of the venerable cathedral, tracing the successive stages of
its history. The paper read by Mr. Winston on the win-
dows of the Lady Chapel, was remarkable for ita advo-
cacy of the style of the Kenaissance and its defence of the
Munich school of painted glass, as opposed to the more
archaic, severe, and architectonic manner of antenor cen-
turies. During the excursion to Stratford the houiie and
grounds of Charlecote were visited. The house was
kindly thrown open by its present owner, H. L. Lucy, Esq.
On reaching Stratford, the mayor, the rector, and Mr
Halliwell conducted the party from the birth-place to the
614
ifOURNAL Olf THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, AmvBt », 18W,
reiilng-placa of Shakspeare. The tnstitato closed Ita pro-
ceeding! on Tuesday, fay a general meeting in the oourt-
h^iue of Warwick.
SoBoou or Art. — The Committee of Council (m
Education haye decided that the present minutes relating
to art instruction shall continue in operation up to the 81st
March, 186S, as respects existing schools of art : and
inquiry will be made as to the feasibility of establishing
night classes for instruction in drawing to artisans in con-
nection with Mechanics' and other Institutions and Schools
not organised as distinct schools of art. During the recess
the reoommendations of the Select Committee of the
fionse of Commons on Schools of Art will be taken into
oonslaeration .
FiMB Arts ^ ih Fbakob.— The number of provincial
ezhibittoos is increasing erery year, exhibiting a growing
taste for the arts amongst the provincial populations ; the ex-
hibitions of Angers, Melun,and Nancv were recently dosed;
that of Bayonne opened on the 10th July, and is announced
to close on the 80th September ; the Boulogne Exhibition
opened on the 1st of July, and is to close at the end of the
iraent month ; that of Falaise commenced on the 14th Julv,
to close on the 28th inst. ; and the following are announced :
— MarMiUes, to open the let of September ; and Rouen on
the 1st of October. The Exhibition of Boulognesur-ller
contains 425 works and Includes the productions of some
of the most popular painters in Frence. The improve-
ments which have occurred at the Louvre have greatly
increased the number of visitors to that famous gallery ;
on Sundays the rooms are crammed ; and on Tuesdays
and Thursdays the average is between 1,800 and 2,000.
The antiquities of the Cunpana collection are to be glv^
to the public on the 18th inst, the day of the Imperial
fttet. The French school is now exhibited to great
advantage, and its beauties and defects may be aeen with
a facility that it has never before enjoyed. The galleriea
of the Luxembourg attract at the present moment about
800 visitor! on Sundays, ftom 200 to 800 on Thnrsdsors,
and on ordinary da^s fttnn 100 to 180. The number of
students and copyists in the various galleries Increases
daily ; fh>m 40 to 80 artists may be st^n almost daily at
work in the Salle des Dessins de la Bibhoth^ne alone.
DleooaATioirs op St. Paul's.— The ceremony of un-
oovering the first of the niosiac paintings In ^t. PkuVs
Cathedral, forming i^art of the intended embellishments
of the interior, took place lately in the presence of the
Committee for rplsing funds for this purpose. The
mosaic was denigned by Mr. Alfred Stevens, aikl carefully
executed by M. Salviati, of Venice. It is placed in one
of the eight soandrels formed by the great arches of the
dome, under the whisoering-galleiy, and occupies a space
of nearly 300 superficial feet. The design is intended to
represent the Prophet Isaiah in a ^on, with two
attendant angels, and is one of a series of mups with
which it is nropoeed to adorn the dght spandrels in that
part of the edifice illustrative of the prophets. It repre-
sents the prophet seated, and turning half nmnd towards
the right, as if scanning some mystery whidi is indicated
by a tablet held by an angel, while on the left anothel'
ansel exhibits a senarate revelation. It is executed on 4
gold ground, which greatly enhances its effect, and has
oacupled M. Salviati two months, the cost being about
soda dissolved in water. The vessel wss thso dowL
and left for forty-eight hours, when the ij^oitgsi «««
taken out, washed aod dried. M. Anas tried Miothflr
experiment, in which the quanUty of hyposolphits of nil
wasdouUed. Ina third experiment the sooora wen, od
removal fix>m the hath, treated with hydrochlock aai
subsequenUy well washed, and then exposed to b1-
phurous acid gas. The magm, however, by «oh of
these processes were not UuMTOughly Uesohed, tod a
fourth method was tried. The sponm were well nM
in hot dUuted soda lye, then plaoA in a bsUi of mk
hydrochloric acid and hyposulphite of soda, mi (nty
half the quanti^of hyponilphite that WMusediiuefint
experiment, and a very satisfactoiy result wm tim
obtained.
CosMBTto PonoNs.— In France, as in ill ci?ili»l
countries, the use of cosmetics is very great, lod the
mischief caused thereby enormous. Fre(|aeQt ctsei of
serious illness, permanent injury , and semetunci <^^^
caused by these compounds, which are quaintly ^mm
in the Vidumnaire Vkwrn-mOea di Matiin iflMrD
** destined to give to the face and body s beutv
which they do not possess," are not suffioienl to dete
persons from recurring to all kinds of aids to beaatyiow
shape of powders, creams, washes, and dyei. fJ^
Chevalier and Ti^bochet, both members of the Mnsj
council of Piaris, have upon more than one occsBoog-
tested against the negligence of the admioiBtnUoo nm
permits matteti so injurious to the hsalth at the jrsj
mass of cosmetics to be offered for sale, and to be
— — ♦ —
BLBAotnto OP SroNoiB.'— A French mvant, M* Artoi,
hu been experimenting on the Ueadiing of sponges.
Some good ipongai were wdl washed by M. Artns in
river water, and whilst still wet were placed in a bath
of six parts water and one part eommeroial hydrochloric
tt^, and were allowed to remain until all the oarbonfo
*^S" ^^ difshaiged. They were then washed again,
1 f^!^? ■*'''*^ together and immersed In hydro-
one add, dauted with six per cent, of hypo«ili*ite of
into notoriety l^ fUse sUtements and deceptin w**
mendationa. Sometimes the Uw visits with ito p^
the makers alid salesmen of these poisons. Inloy ^
perfumers sold pearl white to a number of sabiasi,i*
soon exhibited symptonu of having been poisaoso; tf^
fell into a condition of extraordinary l^8^>^./f
their memory { their minds beeame '^^^^^'^^"^TZ
hands and arms became pnlfod and swollso. OnsoTuiB
waa very nearly loeiiig her life. The noAiti^nM^
before the tribonal of eorreotiaoal polioe ; the pwffg;
were analysed and found to cont«hi «<"'*[•"
quantities of carixmate of lead, and the two pem^
were each imprisoned for three months sod «^Jt
There have been sevetml other remarkable caiee onw
like kind, though none, perhaps, so striking si the iM^
and the sdeniific men of France have made "WT 1*^
worthy efforu to enlighten the public mind flOw^T
ject. Amongst others M. R«veil. a dUtingulshjd *»
has published a work on cosmetMS, in wbiob tM tnco^
the perfumer are laid bare in a determined «»«*• /.
use of cosmetics is unusually large in Paris, ^^^Xi
ness of the perfumer and the quack— not of '^•"•^
too often united in one— is carried out ^JjjTrZ
but the warnings Which have been published m tvv
equally applicable to London* It is HgtottbitE^
as well as French ladies should know ihst of iwj^
oidinary eosmetics violet powder (Pondrv *J^}j^
the most innocent, and that even the ^"'^^^^Zmi^
which it is sometimes, if not often, «'tti«««**r"^
pUster of Paris and Ulo, are not injerioos to tbs £^
healthy whatever may be their effect upon ^^^
skin and rendering it coarse in appesram-e. *2J'\^
and washes sold for the removal of '^V^^'^^^^ff-
dared to be highly dangerous, containing, ss ^'l^.^^iD
outy, arsenio, Oftlde of lead» quicklime, Mdea^^
deleterioos. An aolress of the Vaudeville Tbestrt ^
severely from the use of one of these powdtfi.^ ;;;
produced deep and painful wounds; ^^T'JJr^O*
analysis to contain quicklime and <»°'***_*?: ^jaii
of the depilatory fluids belt known is the ntfo*.^
is used by the Orientids: this U rfmply ^^^^
sulphite of anenic boU^d In an alkaline m^^^' J/tts
an idea of the chakaoter of this <^^V^'fMir ^
effect it must have upon the human sktojW"^^
mentioned that the mode of testing W •*'S£.^«I
rasma is to dip a qtilU into 5, and if the
Mm^^
JOURNAL OF TfiE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Avamr 8, 1864.
61«
f«ll off the stem the roBma is not fit fbr use as a cosmetic !
In the time of Louis XIV. and XV. the barbers used to
have two or three baths to let to their eostomers ; there
Were no large bathing establishments in Paris, on the
Seine or elsewhere, till about 1761, and it was the custom
to rub the bather over with depilatory paste, the composi-
tion of which was fixed, by law, as follows :— 4 ounces of
ouicklime, tl oz, of orpimeni, and 2 pounds of lye made
flt>m bean sialics. The lait ant^phSlique, which is so
ithmfflv recommended for removing fVeckles, is simply a
l^pmtioti of corrosive sublimate, one of the most virulent
potions known. Amongst the most dauffei-ous cosmetics
Ktio#n in ^ris aStt the common white andred )>astes med
in the thMitres ; the firet is composed with white lead,
iM aeeond with sulphite of mercury. The liuuids sold by
|iirfnmers for dyehig the hair consist of red lead, challc,
and slacked lime. The preparations sold for the same
purpose under the high-sounding names of EaU de Perw,
Kan d'Egypte, Kau de Chypre, Ean d'Eb^ne, are generally
only concentrated solutions of nitrate of silver. M. Tr^-
huchet says: — '*Tbe sale of cosmetics is a matter of
•xtreme dinger, and an efficacious remedy is impera-
tively called fof ; at no epoch was the puhVvi credulity
mora abused. The evil is extensive, but fortunately
not incurable, and the attthorities are sufficiently armed
without the passing of anv new laws. The moment
that a cosmetic is announced as having medicinal or cro-
phylactic qualities ; the moment it appears to incluae a
aecret remedy, it falls under the law ekpressly provided
for such cases. The means of repression exist ; it only re-
mains to study how to apply them and to have the courage
to put down ao abase when it appean." 8ome years since
the sanitary council of the Seine gave its attention to the
1106 of dangerous matters by the confectioners for tinting
their sweatmeats, and now, in consequence of the periodic
viidts of the mem1)er8 of the council, the confectionary of
Paris is almost, if not ^uite, purified from these deleterious
anfastanoes. Why, it is asked, is not the same rule applied
|o perfumery ? It is a matter decidedly affecting the
health of the public in a high degree, and well deserves
the trouble that it would entail upon the authorities. It
ia almost needless to add that all that is here recorded,
Add all that is proposed to be done in Paris> applies, in one
sense in a greater, though in another in a less degree, to
l^oodoo ; we use of oosmetios cannot be put down by the
law, but the abuses of quacks may at any rate be expoted,
and the publk put opoa its guard.
CoTTOV. — The cultivation of ootton is attracting much
attentioa in the state of Yucatan. In 1862» the amount
exported was only 240,0001b. The prices obtained in ^e
Havannah and elsewheret however, were so renumerative
that several landed proprietors determined to turn their
attention to the subject, and the oonsequenoe was that in
the following year l,2OO,00OB>, were exported, and this
irear it \a expected that the produce will nearly reach
««ooo,oooib.
CiiOTB-SRiaBtire Maohihe. — M. Aloan, member of the
Mechanical Committee of the Soci^t6 d'Encouragement of
IW^ has pnlilished, in the bulletin of the Society, an ac-
count of a disQovery of a MS. by Leonardo da Vinci, in
wbioh he describes and illustrates, by sketches, an inven-
tion of a machine for shearing cloth. It is well known
that the great painter of the tena^sanee was not a painter
iiMrely;hi8 name has been associated with a variety of
geientifto researches and mechanical appliances, and an
aoeouot of them is given by Venturi, in ** L*Etmi wr U$
Owftaga Ph^tico-MtUkematiffutt ds Leonard A Vincit**
and by the author of a work entitled, '* L*ffiitoire du
JBeieneu Mathtmatiqma ett Italie dtpuU la Renaistanei dee
UUm /iisyu'a Ib /in du XVIL eiide, M. Alcaa was
atniok by the following passages ftom the latter work,
having reference to Da Vina's labours : — " We shall
nottee many machines for making cylinders, filee, saws,
shearing cloth, rabetting, reeling ; a mechanical press,
A hammer for goldbeaters, a machine for digging ditches,
another for tiUlng the ground by means of water power.
boring apparatus, a paddle for moving boats, and ati in-
finity of other machines too numerous to mention. He
also had constructed a number of ingenious appa-
ratus for domestic purposes, and had conceived the
idea of a smoke-jack for turning the spit." This
passage seems to have excited 5f . Alcan*s curiosity, and
afl«r much inquiry he learnt that those inventions were
described in MSS.,'9ome of which, originally deposited in
the library at Milan, had been Uken from thence after
the Egyptian campaign by the First Consul, and deposited
in the private librarv of the Institute of France. There
he has found three MS8., which conUin, in addition ^
written descriptions, sketches of the inventions dtawtl m
pen and ink by Da Vinci himself. M. Mean wal specially
struck with the sketches of the cloth-shearing machine,
and has had fac similes of them printed and inserted in
the Society '« Bulletin. There are seven sketches iji all,
and they exhibit a machine with cutting blades wrapoed
round a cylinder after the fashion of a screw. The
cylinder lies transversely on the cloth, and has a double
motion, one of rotation on its axis, the other of transla-
tion along the length of the cloth, which is stretched
beneath it. The michine bears a remarkable analog)',
indeed is almost identical with, the first automatic shear
Ing machines, known as transverse machines, working
over the cloth which remained fixed. Such machines
were known in England tinder the name of Lewis*?, and
in France under that of Collier's, who first imported them
into that country. Previous to the commencement of the
present century^ all the woollen cloths were sheared or
cropped by hand, and machinery for the purpose was bOt
hitroduced into the manufacture till about the year 1802.
(Sffmcntxtu
FisHBBiEs OF Fbanob. — The admirable exertions whioh
have been used in France for the artificial propagation and
preservation of fish, are about to be seconded by the pro-
mulgation of a new law relating to fisheries. One of the
provisions of this draft law is in accordance with the
practice in England, and with the representations which
have been made on the subject by the English to the French
BOvernment, and prohibits the taking and selltog of fish
during the spawning season. In the original dmtt adopted
bv the commission appointed to draw up the bill, this
clause refierred only to salmon and trout, but the Minister
of Agriculture and Commerce consulted M. Coete, In-
spector-general of river fisheries, to whose skill and
energy is due the great fish preserve at Concameau, de-
scribed In the Society's Journal of the 29th July, who of
course advocated the application of the interdiction to all
kinds of fish, the preservation of which is a matter of
public importance, and the bill has been altered accord-
ingly. To save is always more easy than to create, and the
value of this decision is of infinite importance.
QuiKQOiHA.— The French are about to undertake the
cultivation of the Quinquina in the oasis of Ghauna, tn
Algeria.
CoTTOK.— Messrs. Smith, Edwards, and Co., in their
cittular for Augu«t, say :— •• The great basis of strength
to our market consists in the prospective scarcity of supply,
for as the season progresses It becomes more apparent
that the present rate of consumption, and an exoott de-
mand sllghtlv in excess of last vear, cannot be maiutoined
without leading to a considerable reduction in stock be-
fore the end of the year. The shipments from Bombay
In the fortnight ending the 8th July, were only 15,000,
and for several months they wfll be small, owtog to the
prevalence of the monsoon— probably not larger than
last year, when they averaged 26,000 bales fortnlghUy—
and though they wQl llkelv be heavy during the last
three months of the year, these shipments will not eome
into this year's fupiily. It does not seem probable that
we shall receive a large increase of long-staplee over the
616
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Auotst 6, 1864-
same period Uai year, at there U little BrazQ ootton
aBoat, and the Egyptian orcp ia now almost exhausted.
We shall hare pretty liberal arrivals of new crop Medi-
temnean oottoo in November and December, bat the
esqwrienoe of Mst years teaohes as that we cannot expect
any weight or this cotton before Jannaiy. The position
of Bfandiester is still extremely healthv, no aooamula-
tioD of stock is taking place, and a good demand for the
home trade and export steadily takes off the present pro-
doetion. The aoooants fh>m the East, though less en-
couraging than the latest dates, show that India is reipoad-
ing to the movement here, and better news is con6dently
expected. The position of the trade, looked apon in the
liarnt of supoly and demand, is strong, and would seem to
warrant a mgher range of prices dnnng the autanm ; but
this may be more than counterbalanoed by the coarse of
American a£fairs."
Tbb Timbkb Trade between France and Norway has
progressed of late. In 1868 the quantity of sawn timber,
for building purposes, imported direct into France from
Norway, was 123,404 steres (thestere is rather more than
85 cubic feet) of one sort, and 19.162^14 metres (the
metre is rather more than 8 feet ^ inches) of another
sort; whereas in 1862 the quantities reqiectively were
only 112,645 steres and 15,842,544 metres. In the first
five months of the present year the import of the former
sort was 60,819 steres to 52.685 in the same period of last
year ; and of the other sort 6,955,568 metres to 2,827,162.
In other descrintions of timber there is likewise progress.
The port of Dieppe has obtained a fair share in the trade,
and is making great efibrts to increase it.
Imfobts fbom FkAKoc— It appears iVom a parlia-
mentary return that the value of the linen manufactures,
vis. , cambriosand French lawns, damask and damask d iapei,
sails and sailcloth, Ac, imported into the United King-
dom in the rear ended May 81, 1868, was £55,984. In
the vear ended the 81st of May this year the total value
of the imports was £211,949. The great increase is in
linen yam.
Tms Gold or Nbw Zmalaxd, — ^A return of the quan*
tity and value of gold exported from New Zealand from
1st April, 1857, to 8l8t December, 1868, has been issued.
Otago has oxoorted during the quarter ending 81st Dec.,
1868, 181,601 0Z8. of the precious metal, of &e declared
value of £509,958, exclusive of the following quantities
from inveroaiigill and the Blofl^ whfch were the produce
of Otago, via., 8526 oss. and 458 ozs. respectively, of the
value together of £15,488. The total quantity exported
ftt)m Ougo now amounts to 1,201,586 oss., the money
value being net down at £4,665,565. From the same
return it appears that Nelson (of course exclusive of the
products of the late discoveries) has exported a total
quantity of 61,828 ozs., valued at £289,583 ; and Auckland
has exported 6078 oas., of the value of £19,829.
Gold Dust.— The quantity of gold dust imported into
the Sydney Branch of the Boyal Mint, from the 1st Jan.
to the 28th March, for the purpose of coinage, has been
115,427 OSS., and the amount of gold issued has been
324,(100 sovereigns. For the same period of the year
18(i8, the receipts of gold dust amounted to 119,050
ounces, and the coin issued to 858,000 sovereigns. The
difference in the gold dust received for coinage, as com-
pared with last year, is only 8628 ounces, and in the coin
issued 84,000 sovereigns; but this is owing to the &ct
that two or three parcels of gold dust have been recently
[joeived ftt)m Victoria, and not to any improvement in
•u? V^? ^^ ^® Hold fields, which stUl show a consider-
aWefaUtog off on the receipts of last year.
\i^^ "I ^"^ ^^H Wales,— The tobacco plant-
tatl«nl'!vr "y ^^ "^^ *o *»vc fully realiKcd the ex-
tatlont of »everal ownew.
Nbw ZB4LAHO Bevxvub.— The Castooie retofus of
the valne of imports and exports ibr the ouarier ending
Bfiaroh 81, shows that the imports amoonted to £870.4IH,
of which £878308 was fix>m Great Britain and £358313
from Victoria. The value of exporta for Uie same period
was, the produce of New Zealand. £688,009 la. 7d.;
other countries, £18,242 ; toUl, £7013^1 Is. 7d.
AoBiouLTUBAL Maobihsbt IK Nbw Zkaulvo.— TbecQ
are now at the Taieri and Tokomairiro alone aome six oc
seven steam thrashing machines, besides thoae whidi axe
worked bv horses. Some of the ibrmer are portable, and
may be hued l>v the day, at so modi per buatiel ef gmm.
The demand this season is lai:ger than osaal ftr ehaff*
Gutters, winnowiuff madunes, and oom-cmslienL
Peak Dowhs Gopfbr Mini. — A Sydney paper mjs
that the last accounts from this mine report thai wine i HiHjt
operations had commenced, and that the ore tomed oet to
bea veryrioh xnetaL Three of the shafts ihet have beeD
opened disclose the existence of several thooaand toos of
ore of good per centage, all of which can be reiaed it a
trifling cost
Thv Popqlatios of Tabmavia, 00 the 3tsi of
December, 1868, was estimated at 91,519. The esti-
mated population on 81st December, 1862, w«a 49.441
males, 41,682 females, less 895 children, whoae aexei
have not been distinguished. Total popolatioa on that
date 90,728 ; increase durii^: the year 1863, by arrivah,
8.621, and by births, 2.998; total increaae, 6,619;
decrease by departures, 4,410; by deatha, 1,410; total
decrease, 5,828. These figures show an actual iocreasp
in the population of 794 souls.
dBliitiHts*
JoHH Mobton, of Nailsworth, Gloneestershiie, oea of
the original members of the Royal Agricoltond O o J si ^j of
England, and agent for many years over the estates ef
snc^es^ve Earls of Dncie, died on the 26th July, sqjed
eighty-Oiree. A quarter of a century ago he eatahl ished, oi
Lord Dncie*s property, the Whitfield EScample ftm, wWeb
at one time received large numbers of vidtora, iDqeirlag
into the results of the Umd drainase, and of the maa
ment which he there snperintended and directed.
also first attempted to illustrate the ooonectioo
in this countiy between agriculture and gedlogT. Is
earlv manhood— already, however, in the ocooparioB of a
small farm in liis native county, Fife— Mir. Morton
n^peatedly walked over mo^t of the counties of Sog-
land. His notes on the geology and &nn pnetiot
of the districts thus examined were afterwards col-
lected and published in his book •• Co Soila.'* ani
this, as the work of an original observer, waa eor-
diallv introduced to the agricultural public bgr the late
Dr. BuckUnd and the late Philip Pusey, M.P., and went
through sevrral editions during 1840-1848. He sIb
wrote a controversial pamphlet along with his friend d»
late Joshua Trimmer, F.G.S., advocating the repeal af
the com laws from the agricultoral point of view, eo Ike
ground that the farmerisoronght to be one of the laigcit
consumers of grain in the right prosecution of hia boifaesa^
a truth which, thoogh not genmlly admitted mt the tiD^
has since then been more imd more realised. Early la tfai
century Ifr. Morton left Fifeshire, and took e farm Bi«r
Dulverton, in Somerset; and, through the intredQciiaa
of his landlord, the late Earl of Canarvoo, he waa ^ti-
mately pUu^ in chai^ of Lord Dude^ Olouoeatersiyra
estates. He retired at the age of seventy, and had htte^r J
resided at Momingside Gottajge,^ailsworth. He wes tbs
father of Mr. John Chalmert Morton, the well-knowa
writer on agricultural subjects, and now Rxanriner h
Agriculture to the Society of Arts.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, August 5, 1864.
617
jtt lrlitatigns Is satlr.
Tm Srosr of tbb Quva, by Sir Emeraoa TeDnant
(ZofynuMi). — The ftuthor dfyldes hit book into three
disilnet pftrta:— The Rifled Musket — The Rifled
Ordnanoe— «nd the Iron Navv. In the first of theM he
oommences by describing the uieffioienoy of the regulation
musket formerly In use, and questions whether, " with-
out the invention of the bayonet, the musket of the last
ceotcny would have permanently suooeeded the cross-bow
of the middle ages.** He continues by describing the
manner in which the musket was tested, and the ridi-
culous results obtained, and states that, not long ago, a
well-trained maiksman, using a regulation musket, could
not put more than one bullet out of twenty into a target
18 feet square, the range being SOO yards. He repudiates
the obstinacy of the Duke of Wellington in not adopting
a new form of musket, and gives reasons for his reluctance
to introduce a new arm, until the introduction of the
Mini6 rifle was sanctioned in 1851. Starting from this,
as the commencement of gradual improvement, he enters
into a description of the carabine i tige, Mini6, and En-
field bulled. Referring to the Enfield rifle of 1853, he
sajrs : — ** During the ten years that have elapsed since its
adoption, although other rifles made in England have
greatly exceeded it in almost every essential quality,
It admits of no doubt that the Enfield rifle is still
superior to any arm yet adopted in other countries,
and its efllcienoy was well attested at the Alma and at
Inkoimann, where. In the words of the IVmei* corre-
spondent, ' it smote the enemy like a destroying angel.* "
Mr. Whitworth is then brought into notice, and the
experiments which led to ttie production of his well
known rifle are referred to. In 1857 Mr. Whitworth
reposrted to the Secretary of State for War his ability
to communicate such velooity^, by means of polygonar
rifliqg with a quick turn, as effectually to control
the tendency to **tum over^ in projectiles of any
length. The progress is now described as rapid. Mr.
Wkutworth adopted a ball of a cylindro-conoidal or
hexagonal shape, and after a series of experiments the
unknown secret was disclosed. ** The unknown principle
was found to consist in an improved system of rifling ; a
turn in the spiral four times greater thain the Enfield nfle ;
a bore in diameter one- fifth less; an elongated projectile
canaUe of a mechanical fit ; and last, not least, a more
refined process of manufav ture." In consequence of the
data derived from his rifled musket, Mr. Wnitworth pre-
dicted, in 1857, what he effected in 1860-62, and said
that ** Projectiles of wronght-iron steeled might be made
for pieces of ordnance capable of penetrating the sides of
floating batteries protected by iron armour.*' The fint
part oondudes with a summary of the events which have
since occurred in relation to the Enfield and Whitworth
rifles, and with the objections opposed to the Whitworth
rifle by the Ordnance Select Ck)mmittee. In the second
portion of this work, which treats of rifled ordnance. Sir
k. Tennant starts by running through a list of men who
first rifled cannon. He says — ' ' The idea of rifling artillery
was far from being new ; it had been tried in Qermany
more than a century before our time, and Robins, the
aoQomplished inventor of the * ballistic pendnlum,' for
determining the relative velocity of projectiles, experi-
mented on rifled field-pieces in England so far heuSk as
1745.*' M. Ponchara (1819) at Paris, and Montigny (1886)
at Brussels, had attempted similar experiments. Colonel
Gavalli in Sardinia, Mid Baron Wahrendorf in Sweden,
experimented on rifiing combined with a system of breech-
UMng. Between 1840 and 1852 Colonel Treuille de
Beanlieu endeavoured to revive the subject in France, but
it was not till 1854 that Napoleon directed that experi-
raenta should be made on rided cannon. Mr. Lancaster's
gun is then brought before us, '* the chief peculiarity of
which comlsted in its having an oval or slightly elliptical
bore, with an increasing rapidity in the twist as the
spiral approached the muzzle of the gun." This gun
was used in the Crimea, but of eight sent three burst,
chiefly on aooount of their being old cast-iron guns
bored for the occasion on the Lancaster system. After
Mr. Lancaster we are told that Mr. Bashley Britten
and Mr. Lynidl Thomas patented guns in 1855, and our
attention is called to the guns of Mr. Jeffery, Mr. Hadden,
and Commander Scott, who adopted numerous modes of
rifling. In 1858 the committee on rifled cannon report
on seven guns submitted to them, and pUdnft those of
Armstrong and Whitworth in a dass by themaelves, con-
sider it unnecessary to conduct further experiments with
the remaining flve. In 1863, when the report was made,
they awarded the first place for rifling to Mr. Bashley
Britten, on the ground of the small strain on the gun
caused by his prcjectUe. •• Captain Blakely's system has
not as yet been favourably regarded by the British
Government, and although after evidence of its perform-
ance in 1855, two experimental guns were ordered by the
War Offioe, some considerable time elapsed before they
were tried at Shoeburyness." . . . . " The first
gun, however, which Capt. Blakely produced in 1864,
underwent a competitive trial with a cast- iron gun and a
brass one, both in use in the service, in the course of
which the cast-iron one gave way, after 361 rounds, and
the brass one after 479; whilst the Blakely stood 3,389
shots." The Mersey Company manufactured the Homfall
gun, which is a grand piece of forging ; it weighs 24 tons
and has a bore of 18 inches. Its performance is thus re-
lated :— «• On the 16th September, 1862, it was laid at a
range of 200 yards, and with a charge of 751b of powder
it sent a solid, cast-iron projectile, weighing 2801b, with a
velocity of 1,100 feet in a second, through the central
plate of a Urget formed of 18 inches of teak covered by
^ inches of iron and lined with one inch of the same."
At long ranges its accuracy was found to be inferior to its
power. Sir WQliam Armstrong and his gun are then
made the sulject of a chapter. After brief allusion to
his crane and hydro-electrio machines. Sir E. Tennant
tells us that Armstrong was among the first to see the
necessity of imparting to field artillery the accuracy
and range of the rifle. Encouraged by the Duke
of Newcastle, Armstrong puts together his first
gun in 1865. In November the same year the War
Offioe Select Committee report favourably and recommend
experiments on a larger sode to be made on Armstrong's
Sin. In 1858 an 18-pounder called forth the praises of
olonel Mitchell, of the Royal Artillery, and Lord Pan-
mure, and a 12.pounder and two 18-pounders were ordered
for experiments. At the dose of 1858, the Armstrong
gun for special service in the field was adopted. An
accurate description of the gun, its manufacture, system
of rifling and projectiles, conclude the chapter. The
chapter following is given up to Mr. Whitworth'e gun.
Mr. Whitwoi-th first rifles some field brass guns, and these
were reported on feivourably ; his attention then became
turned to heavy guns, and he bored and rifled three brass
blocks for 24-pounder howitzers. The extraordinary
range of these, and the singular property of one of Uiem
in maintaining its direa eoune under water, called forth
general attention. The 3rd division of this book gives us
a history of iron plates, and recounts the eflforts of the
Admiralty to impose impregnable obstacles to the new
rified ordnance. The effect on the different kinds of shot
when fired at some of the targets ii interesting ; but the
account of the immense amount of controverpr and
diversity of opinions is more a matter of history than an
aid in learning truths about guns or armour.
3m.
Thb PaiNot Consort's birthday, on the 26th August,
is to be kept as a holiday at the Royal Horticultural
Qardens, South Kensington, which are to be open free to
the public, at the express wish of tho Queen,
&\Q
JOURNAL OF THE BOOIETT OP ARTB, AtrooiT S, 1B64.
Fbesoh EiPEDiTios TD Mbiioo,— M«m«. OuiUawIn
and Coleaet, ciTil engineere, h«M btto ■Mtched to the
scientific staff Mnt by the French govotrntiml to Mexico.
This deMitment underlakee the exploration of the mi!t«l-
lift roui districts »iid iiiLnenil BubatsticM of ttut oountty.
AHOU.BOLOor.-Au ino-ihaurtible niiiM of willquUiM
has reiontly been dierovered in the niin» of I«inbtae
(Arrica). A iepilcbnl nalt, belierednefM-to torebwii
opened, hM b*en diecovered »t iboot two hundred JM»
from the Prrelotium. In it were ftnnd, imongrt otJiW
things, IKO Miwiphngi, bearing the n*mei bf k hnitiMid
and wife, whose remainn h«d been depo*t«d thewln.jn*
Mch mpported by two lions' headi BcnlpluMd. The IMS
wars inl»ct, and the skelBtotvi Uy peiftctly BmbrtdM tn
bedl of extremely fine cl*?. There w«B TWee Mid mw*"
dincoi-ered, and Ihe following quaint epiUph. IraMlated bf
1/1. Bameond. the director of the Penllentiaiy at l«iB-
1,^^.— .-In memory of the Veteran Caloi Acmlliil*
Victor who during his lifetlmt) Imilt and ditdicatMl this
livpocelim for himself at.d his wife, si th« odrt of 4.000
wstertifle." about f24. A letter rh>m Athens, addiwed
to Iho President of the ttnperlil Institnte of (rtologle of
Paris, says that Dr. de Hahn. with Ihirty-sii woikmen,
in»de»neic»vBlianatBaligdah,lheeuppo«eid.orrathwone
of Ihe Buppoeed sites of ancient Troy, and ttieie Uid bare
the wboU Cvclopoan wall of the cartl* of oit«del. Ho
Bcalplare was found, says the letter In qoesllon, but eotne
Greek coins, lampa, and remsine of figures in terra-eoUa.
The walls of Ihe supposed acropolis were ooTOwd with
vegetable mould to the depth of eijout thirteen feet. Il
is nid also that the remaios of another aOcIenl diadel
havB been discovered opposite Baligdah, neat Bcaniandn).
and that excavations are going on ther» at the piwent
lattnls.
FTtm CoiimltHiKUr$ n Patali Jounia}, /ntf «(1.
AnAcn-ITeo-B. Bhtrp.
Aalina] dunoal, *ppM«iiill>rn-lninilD|— ITIT— H. Ctrtj.
Bolti, to., aiiMairjtn atiiBm—VtS—i. LMtU.
Brewtiw, Unpniliit wit«rlBr-l*»*— A. BlUfc
Cardiac *M dombtna (ferani ud uitUa materlalt—lMl -'A.
KiwwiM aad J. Buneloafh.
CudlBE SB^ei. macbtnerj (Qr irlBdlnr cud diUadeta liF-11<n~
J. t(Lddi«Dii ud J. Cmlang,
CinligM— ItJI— W. B. Otdfa.
CirrluH, 4c., fropelllni on lacltnn— ie»3— E. H. MsndaB. .
Chaff- mitlni michinci-ivse ~ W. Bufoid, E. Fopg, k 8. Sndtbcd.
Chain baada-ltas— J, Lancflolt.
CoBna — ITM— V, PcaB and A. F. LB(r«.
CoUkUbi ippanma (monej ot dct«u)-Hl»-E, KetnU.
Cop lubei. micbincr; fur appljiog 10 IplndlH ot multa— tlU— E,
CBll*i7biilal«V-lIls— T. McOnli.
DIMill(at«pt>ar>lqi - ITOS-^. J, HauUt.
tltrtTni IbBidi— iru— J. Forlici.
Ih or 1^ rai.^1 and mnrejlaj madilotrT-nM-W. tTood.
Bmdoiw, tc, »eciirtn(— ilss- J. Tanlimaa iBd T.
EiplndrD cooiponndi— 1B13— W, E, Kcwtw.
Fulheri ud plcmn, attiadal—lEeO-F. B. de Fiimii.
HbronB inilwlali, machlnerr ftir ipliuiljii— Ijss—T.
J. Laaiutw. and J. Wtallatsr.
ninoB maurlaU, nuiehlatrr fw to«tlii(— 194B— W. It.
Fllxwu iDMaam, ibsoIiIdrt for pmptriw— tin— W. K. WmUt.
BallwiT ^TkTi^eaS— E. J.bbon.
BallwiT carrlaga -irBl— C. Claxtos,
Balln; ihaln-nU-Z. B. f^nliU lad J. nUiVdi.
RaUw>TtliBali-lls7— B. B. BDlikud W. L. Nctam.
Ballnn. pcmincul war of-llll— J. E. BlUspa.
B^waji, pensaient nj tt-nn-C. Ailo.
RuplDf and mowlnt maeUDO— IBB^'H. CrtcUa;.
BaipliiK ud niawliiimaeuu>~isil— A. C. Bimlatt.
UkSnllii. <«IciilallD| ditttscn Id— Ittt— t. Wlekin.
Bain, appiratu hr rSelnc, ftiHIac, ae.-^lSla^W. BttaUwert
lawh appantai nt ihatimiir— lT«t— J. B«Miin.
BH«»»»*«,ao..leTtrfcitM.Iiiirar«-m»-W.Pm™.
BttuB-lioaU, niMliinwj*f ptTOfUfBi— lt»f ^* HadfcM,
TuuIbi— ItSl— J. Wllaco.
TtaraAlBE matbla*i7— ItIS— M. HclMl.
TlAtl-balder— ISDl— A- IMluU.
Uintir«L|aa-i;T)— J, Weeki.
rader-ihlrti-IIIS-W. TUlla.
TenHrlDK miAiBRT— 1>!*— J. lUcUaBd.
VtDilliuir—nill— T. J. J. am.
not— B. LMbJ.
window bllodf-na^-A.BoKli. _
WDol-Mmlilni mathlnen, brubM te— 11)4— S. CIIAbk.
WB«d6ibriea,»t«lehlBgiJidtoltr — - — ._
3It. Vr. v. ttalcbiiuim.
tM. J. ud C. HiwllDi.
9B1. A.B, CbUdL
33t. a. H. HaUmraT.
3n. H.A. p. Meaooil.
til. W. Twior, W. Mt
K-smia— laii— W. H.
Fln-amu, bmecb-loadUu
Tln-bua, At., he t<wkln(
-A. Wj!e/,
-O-J. Pth
Ropn.
S3t, B.J.
K». K. A. Bl>
MI, ft, Todd.
Ui, i. U. PrUbl
!. B. B. B«dU1
T. W. B, Unit*
). A-ltaiUirt.
t. W. E. nnta
1391. a. A. DduMHU*.
1 W. F. B. WartlA.
I4ei. ^a. Hookw.
lUa. H. A. BoBMiUl*.
>* m ua Bias nw.
Imirnal d %
THB
0riet| d "^xtB,
AND OF
THB INSTITUTIOIfS IN UNIOIf.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, AUGUST 12, 18«4.
[No. 612. Vol. XII.
Profntrome of ExaminatloDf for 1866
Proce«lliigt of IiutitaUonf
CiUs OnVri^ret de Molhoiue
XiQO AfVp ••• ••• ••• •••
BfMiiilkoiurM ••• ••• •••
CoiDi&6rc6»«« ••• ••• •••
wOiOOlOC ••• ••• ••• •••
• ••
• ••
•••
• ••
OF
... Pace 619
■• ... 939
... ... 63%
630
M* ... 631
... ... w33
••■ ••• 633
CONTENTS.
Obitaar/
Pabiimtioai iMoad
X^OVOv ••• ••• ••«
Correfpoodenoa
FarlUmeiitar/ R«porU ...
Palento
•••
•••
• ••
•••
• ••
• ••
•••
... Paff« 634
... ... 636
... ... 636
.. ... 636
*•• ... OvO
PROGRAMME OF THE EXAMINATIONS FOR 1866.
PRELIMINARY NOTICE.
I. The Examinations described herein have been esUb- j
lished for the benefit of the memberii and stndenta of losti- ;
tu tioiy in union with the Society of Arts. Such persons are '
commonly mechanics, artisans, labourers, clerks, tradesmen ^
and farmers in a small way of business, apprentices, sons and
daughters of tradesmen and farmers, assistants in shops,
and others, of various occupations, who are not graduates, i
undergraduates, nor students of a University, nor foUowing
nor intending to follow a learned profession, nor enloying
Dor having enjoyed a liberal education. To all such
members and students, and persons of the like condition,
male and female, not being nor having been professional
teachers or pupil teachers, the Examinations, certificates,
and prises, described in this programme, are open on the
general conditions stated herein. Persons who are, or
have been, professional teachers, or papil teachers, may
obtsin certificates, but cannot compete for prizes^.
II. The certificates are not competed for. They are
awarded as records of positive not comparative attain-
ment. The prizes are competed for.
III. For the conditions on which persons of a higher
grade in society may be examined and receive certificates,
but not compete for prizes, see par. 10, (Dj.
IV. The candidates for Examination have not to go to
a distance from their homes. The Examinations are
held in all places in the United Kingdom where a Local
Educational Board connected with the Society of Arts is
willing to make the requisite arrangements.
V. For a list of the Local Boards already formed see
page 627. ^^ , « j
VI. For instructions as to the formation of Local Boards
and their duties see page 621.
The EXAMINATIONS are twofold— ^
(I.) The Previous Examinations by District Unions
and Local Boards for persons of any age not
under 12. - . ,
(2.) The Final Examination by the Society of Arts
Board of Examiners, under the supervision of
the Local Boards, for peraons of any age net
under 16.
PREVIOUS EXAMINATIONS BY DISTRICT UNIONS
AND LOCAL BOARDS.
1. These are intended to serve two purposes:--
(1st.) To "sift" the Candidates for the Final Exami-
nation, so as to keep back those who, not being yet fairly
eroanded in the elements of education— spelling, writing,
and arithmetfo— nor fairly acquainted with the subject
or Bobjecls in which they desire to be examined by Uie
Society of Arts, are unlikely to succeed in that
Examination. The sifting in elemonUry subjects may
* Bzeept in tome tpeetal caws where prises sre expressly
off«itd bj local bodies to pu^ tsachers
be effected in any mode at the discretion of the
Local Boards ; but they are recommended (for the
sake of convenience and uniformity) to adopt the
** Scheme of Elementary Examinations" given below.
The best mode of sifting the Canilidates in the sub-
jects in which they desire to be examined by the Society
of Arts is for the Local Boards to examine them therein
by means of printed (or written) questions and written
answers; but, where a Local Board finds itself without
the means of conveniently holding such an Elxamination
in any special subject, such Board may satisfy itself in
any other mode, and state simply that it has satisfied itself,
that the Candidate is fit to be exammed by the Central
Board in that subject.
2. (2od.) To encourage and lead on those who, from the
insuffi.Mcncy of their age or of their elementary knowledge,
are not yet qualified for admission to the Final Examina-
tion of the SiHsiety of Arts, but desire to obtain minor
certificates from the District Unions and Local Boards.
8. The beneficial effect of such Examinations in ele-
mentary knowledge is greatly enhanced where prizes are
offered by the District Unions and Local Boards to be
competed for by the Candidates.
SouBUB or Elfmentabt ExAiinrATioNs fob 1865.
4. This scheme has been agreed on by the representatives
of the District Unions in connexion with the Society of
Arts, and presents therefore the advantages of a common
standanl of uniform Examination Papers, and of common
forms of Certificates to bo gianted by the various District
Unions and Local Boards. , ^ ^ ,. , , u i j u
6. It is in two grades, and the Candidates snoold be
allowed to select either grade at their discretion.
LowBR Obadb.
1. Every candidate mutt be examined in the first four rules
of Arithmetic, simple and oompoond. . , . .
2 Male candidates mutt be examined to any two at least, and
femalea in any on* at least, of the three following sabjeets :—
A. A General knowledge of the Qnapel History.
B. The nidimeiita of Bn;flish Hintory.
C. The mdimenU of the Go .|fT»phy of Enslaod.
5. Female candidates most alto be examined in plain needle*
work
4. Fairiy Rood writing and spelling, with good reading of
a simpl** nnrrative, will be reqaired. ...*.*
6. A satis'aotory examin*ti m will entitle the eandidate to a
certificate from the district Union or Local Board.
HiOHBB Gbaob.
1. Every candidate ma»t be examined in Arithmetic, m-
eladioff the Knle of Three, Decimal and V algar Fractions.
2. Aale ca.idid*tet most be examined in any two »t least, and
females in any one at leatt. of the three fdlowmg subjects :—
A. The facu ol St. John's Gospel and the Acts of the
B. B-gl^h History from the aoosssion of George I. to the
Pifare nt 176S.
0. Qtognfhf of Great Britain and IreUnd.
620
JOUENAL OP THB SOCIETY OF ARTS, August 12, 1864.
3. SvOTj remrile cftndidmli nott ako dunr proftranry m
ii«e4Ie<work.
4. A fairly good bandirritiog, spelliDg. and knowledge of
grammar will he rcqaired.
5. A ■atisfaetory examination will entitle the candidate to a
certificate from the District Union or Local Board.
6. These E^xaminations mtiBt be held in 1865, on Slst
EebroAry and the let, 2nd, and 8rd March, after 4 p.m.
7. The Secretary of each District-Union and Local Board
desiring to ose the Elementary Examioaitaa papen,*
and the Forms of Certificate, provided for oQBMnon use,
most apply for them to the Secretary of the Society of
Arts, before the Ist of Febmary, stating the tmaiber of
male and female Candidates respectively in each graie.
The Examination papers will be forwarded to the Secre-
tary of the Board, bat must of course be kept secret li:om
the candidates until the time of the Examination.f
8. When the Previous ExamloatioDs are completed,
a return, in the following form, must be made to the
Secretary of the Society of Arts, who will then forward
the proper number of blank Forms of Certificate to be
awarded by the Local Board : —
{Name of Board or
District Union.
HiGHBB QBIBI.
Lowaa Gbadk.
PaiMd.
PaMod.
Males
Females
Totals .„
1
FINAL BXAMUfATION BT THB 80CIBTT OF ARTS.
9. No Candidate can be admitted to the Final Exami-
nation without a Certificate or Pass from a District Union
or Local Board, before which he or the has passed a
Previous Examination.
10. Every admitted Candidate must be at least 16 years
ofi^e.
(A.) Members of, or atudeoto of classes in, In*
stitntioos in Union with tba Society of Aiis,
are examined ..• ... ... ... ... SVee.
* The uniform Examination Papers afford a oommen standard
cf examination ; and, to promote nnifbrmity in the applicaticm
of that standard, speotaf eopies of the oxamiaation papem,
with the nnmber of murks to be awarded for aeomplete answer
to each qaeetion, will be priaded for tlie ose of ike examiaei s
alone. Thae,snppsse that in a paper there are twelve questions,
and that the aggregate number of marks asMgoed to the paper
is 120 ; the nnmber of marks |daoed opposifs to each of the
qoeitioni will depend upon their relative difficulty, and the
proportion of iheie marks given by the examiner for the answer
of any candidate will depnid npon tts accuracy and complete-
ness. Supposing a perfeet a asw er to a-qo et tio B to be set down
as worth 20 marks, an exiownsc may awaod 20, li, 12, or any
leas nnmber, Moordnig to tbetMrit of the aoewer. Tbas the
candidates oil over tke oonntry, thongh tbeir papers be teated
by different examiners, will be pbced aa nearly as possible
upon on equal footing. Ho eandidate Aooid reeeive a«ertfficate
who does not obtain at kast 80 marks in emtk paper, the whole
papor being worth 120 mariLS. In the snbleets of reading,
writing, spelling, and needlework, it is not thought desicabk
to fix aoy nnmber of maeka as a standard «f profideacy. It is
important that the same persons should examioo oU the candi-
dates in any one Sttk|eet at any centM.
t In any case in whiek a Loeal Examining Body may ex-
amine candidates in the doctrines of Holy Scripture, in the
Prayer Book, or in any other rcHgions formulary, the results of
snch Examination may be stated, by that road Kxominiog
Body, on the certificate; though the'form of mtiiea ta-piw^
▼ided for common use does not tnchido reKj^ions doctrine.
The «* Metropolitan Assodatton for Promo t in g Ae Bds e m l s u
{B.) WkmAm^ef, or stuientt of elasNS in, SbkU
InstitBtioM,* not in XJnionislthlbeSacMyor
Arts, bat subscribing one guinea a yeir (bt
admission to the EzaminatioDs alone, are
examined ... ... ... rree.
(C.) Members of, ot students of classes io,
" Small Institutions"* not in Uoion with tho
Society of Arts, but connected with it throogfa
a District Uoion or Local Board, are examined
•B payment of a ioe €»f ^ ^
(i>.) Peaana of a higher class of sodeiy thui
those described in paragraph I. (Preltminity
Notice), are examined on payment of a fee of Kk 6i
N.B. The Council in every case leave it to ftttUol
Board to decide whether a candidate shoald jtf (b
higher fee.
11. Candidates coming under the head (D,\ avc^a
Professional Teachers and Pupil Teachers, th(»^ they
may Moaive oerttfiaates, cannot compete for {mzei.
12. A copy of Form No. 2 will be forwarded, on the lit
March, to the SecreUry of each Local Board, «nd m
be filled up and returned to the Secretary of theSootr
of Arte before the 20th March. The reqainte motoof
forms No. 4 will then be forwarded, and then, fba
fiUed op, must be returned not later than the mi
March. Each of these forms, whw retonwd. vffl m
irambered at the ofiBoe of the Society of Aits^^
card for each candidate, with his name and huBB^f;
wiU afterwards be forwaided to the SeoieUiy of ^
Local Bond for distiibiitioo, tc^getherwithooiJMoft^
time-table. . ,
13. The printed papers of questions m the vanoww-
jeeta will be afterwanis forwarded to the 8saetai7<;^
Loaa Board; tho whole of the papen ippoi^^
each of the eveoings of the Exaroinatioa being ooW
in a Mpamte sealed enveh^ie, whidits not to be fipox'r'
the Gandidates are present, at half-fist six on thai e^
14. Praoise details as to the aMde in ^ T^
Final Examination istobe oondootedtteoootaiaedaw
Letter of Instructions (Form No. 6). and msakwj "^
Local Board! shoald make themselves tkofOOgUf (^
quainted with them.
15. When the Candidates' papers have beeo
to the Judgment of the Society's ETamifWi - .^
of three grades will be awarded, and the BMff***
Candidates who obtain priaes aod certafioates wiU be me
wards published m the Jourmd of the 8oeiit$ rf ^rtt-
16 . A Candidate who has obtuned from ths Soaeip
oertifioate of the lat class in any subject, csonot ^^
examined in the same sahject; bot a Ca&didato wHov
obUined a oertifioate of the2iidor Srdcla0m|^?>^
recommendation of the Local Board, be examinod inj»
same sulyect, in a rabsequent y«ar, witlioot agtm F>*^
the Previous Examination.
17. A Candidate who, having obtained a offtift^
any subject, dedrei to be examined in some <>*^*72
in a BulMeqaent year, may be "paawd" ^ **JT
Board, after examination in that luhiect, ^^^^
examination in the elementary subjects; l«t, "15^'?^
the name must be returned in the proper form (So- ♦ :
18. Particnlars of the solijeetB &t the Final Ean»*
tion are given on the next page. , ^
19. The Time-table has been drawn up to m^^^
^ ^^1**** annMinoes ^Mt at its tn^nest the Bishops of Laodon
l^^^^^^etitT have eitablished collateral camnsiaations in
he Bitde and Prayer Bonk, with e«rtificnlee and nriisa for
'.te cetiificateee of that Association wba nay desks to nndeigo
mioationa m saeh snl^eets.
jects in which they desire to be «*'""*'"'**'JrT*ii]j
must take notice of the arnmgemantsof this Tf^<^
as they eannct be examined in two subjects ^'"*^2;^
down for the same evening. The houn of Bxwm^^
must be stnctfy adhered to. nijidi
20. The Examiners will reject all fl*-"^***' "TS^
ilt-oomposed, or ungramma^cal papers that may w
before them.
^ aMlilastatntions are defiaed as those
come of less than £75 a year.
fcsiti**'
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 12, 1864. 621
Time-Tabls fob 1866.
TlTKSDAT.
26th April,
From e*30 to 9*30
p.tn.
Arithmetic
Trigonometry.
BleotridtT and
Magnetum.
Light and Heat.
Agriculture.
M ming and Me-
tallurgr.
Qeometncal
Drawing.
Qerman.
WiDKISDAT,
Mth April,
From 6-30 to 9*30
p.m.
Book-keeping.
Natigation and
Nautical At-
tronomj.
Conlo Section!.
Chemistiy*
Muaic.
Domestic Eco-
nonur.
Gnsliah Hiftoij.
Thursdit,
27th AprU,
From 6*30 to 9'30
p.m.
sng
[tJi
Italian.
Algebra.
Practical Me-
chanics.
Astronomy.
Animal Fhjdo-
iQgT.
Political and So-
cial Boonomj.
Frendk.
fEnglish L4tera-
tnre.
Geometry.
Mensoranon.
Principles of
Mechanics.
BoCanj.
Oeofraphj.
Logic and Men-
tal Sdenoe.
Freehand Draw-
ing.
Spanish.
t Two Papers of one hour and a half each in this sol^ect are oon-
ddered as one.
LOCAL EDUCATIONAL BOARDS.
21 . Local Boards may be fonned wherever the managera
of Insiitotioni, or other persoDs, may be prepared to co-
operate with the Society of Arts.
22. EUch Local Board mast oonaiat of at least three mem-
bers, and most have a Chairman and a Secretary. The
district for which the Board is to act should be defined ;
and every Educational Institution within those limits
should be represented in the Board. The composition of
the Board must be such as to command the respect and
confidence of the neighbourhood. No member or officer
of a Local Board can be admitted to the examinations.
23. The duties of the Local Boards may be defined as
follows : —
{A.) To give publicity to the system of Examinations
by the drculatioo of the programmes, hand-bills, Ssa,
(ccmies of which will be fumidied ffratit on application),
and to give encouragement and advice to those young
persons who are likely to become candidates.
(B.) To hold the Previous Examinations.
(C) To superintend the Fmal Examinations.
24. Local Boards make no payment to the Society, un-
less they exercise the power of admitting candidates who
are not members of any Institution in union with the
Society of Arts (see par. 10 C) ; in which case a sub-
eeription of one guinea a year must be paid.
25. A detailed list of each Local Board (giving the
exact address of the Secretary) must be submitted to
the Council of the Society of Arts before the 1st of
February, 1865, when the general list of such Boards
will be published ; and where a Local Board comprises so
Urge a district that, for the convenience of the candidates.
Branch Local Boards have to be formed, lists of these
must also be given. All changes in the composition of
the Boards must be notified to the Society of Arts.
SUBJECTS TOB THB TIBAL BXAXIHAIION DT 1865.
*•* Seeretaries of Local Boards are particularly rc-
quMted to report to the Ooundl, beCsre the 15fh December,
1804, how many Candidatci are ureparing fbr examina-
tloA in cMhof thaaa sul^cots.
26. In the following paragraphs will be found brief out-
lines of the subjects in which candidates may be ex-
amined, and their attention is especially drawn to this part
of the programme. In many instances the Examiner has
set down certain Text-books ; but, in most cases, acandi-
date may exercise his own judgment as to what Text-book
he uses ; real knowledge, however or wherever acquired,
will be accepted by the Examiners. In the following
subjects, however, Political Economy, English History,
English Literature, Logic, Latin and Roman flistoiy,
French, Qerman, Italian, and Spanish, the course of study
is neoeflBarily prescribed with more or less exactness.
I. — ABrrHmtTio.
^aMmmer.— Bev. Alexander Wilson, UJi , National Society,
LondoD.
27. Practice — Simple and Compound Proportion —
Interest — Discount — Insurance — Vulgar and Decimal
Fractions ; with the prindi^es of a Decimal Notation in
money on the basis of the pound unit.
28. The questions framed from the preceding syllabus
will consbt mainly of practical problems, and the
Examiner will take into account not only the correctness
of the answers, but also the excellence of the methods by
which they are worked out, and the clearness and neatness
of working, which mtut always be shown.
29. Text Books: — Any of the modem treatises on
Arithmetic, such as Hunter's Text Book {yiatumal /S^cwty),
Colenso {Lonffwuuu)^ or Barnard Smith {MaemilUm),
II. — BOOK-KBEPINO BY DoDBLE EnTBT.
Bxaminm; — John Ball, Btq., of the firm of Messrs. Qnilter
and Ball.
80. Candidates should be prepared to answer questions
as to the nature and use of the different books usuidly
kept in a merchant's office ; to loumalise a series of trans-
actions from a waste book, and having posted the entries
to the ledger, to balance the accounts, to prove the cor-
rectness of the postings by a trial-balance, and finally to
exhibit an account of profit and loss, and a balance sheet
31 . Text Books :— Rudimentaiy Bookkeeping ( WeaU^s
Series), Kelly's Elements of Book-keeping ( Siwupkmt and
Co), Examination-Questions in Book-keepmg by Double
Entry, by the Rev. J. Hunter, M.A. {Longmana),
III. — Algbbbju
JBoBomimr — J.J. Sylvester. Em., M.A., F.RJ3., Professor of
Mathematics at toe Royal Miutary Academy, Woolwich.
82. Elementary Operations and Ffttctions. Simple and
Quadratic Equations and Problems leading to them. In-
volution and Evolution. Surds. Arithmetieal and Geo-
metrical Series. Combinations and Permutations. Bino-
mial Theorem.
83. Text Books :— Todhunter's Algebra {Macmillan),
Colenso's Algebra {Lonffmant), Lund's, or any other
modem treatise on Algebra.
IV.— GaOiBTBY.
Examiner, —'BLej, B. Mornn Cowie, M.A., Professor of Cko-
metiy at Qreiham College; one of H.M. Inspectors of
Sdkools.
84. A facilitv in solving geometrical theorems and pro-
blems, deducible ftom the first six books of Euclid, will be
expected on the part of those who desire to obtain certifi-
cates of the first or second class.
85. Text Books:— Euclid, Books I., IL, III., IV., VI.,
XI., as far as Prop. 21 ; Pott's smaller edition {Parker),
Qreen's Euclid's Plane Geometry, practically applied, is a
useful help to those who are studying by themselves
{heytpoodt Manchester; Sitnpkin, MarehaU and Co.^
London).
86. The Examiner in his remarks on last year's papers
rks of *< oases where propositions are fairly proved but
oonstractions omitted," and urges '* the absolute
necessity of clearly indicatmg the constraetion.''
V. — ^Mehsubation.
JExamfner.— John Sykes, B«q., M.A., Fellow of Pemteokc
CoUese, Cambridge, Asdetant-Sccretaiy to the Committee
of Privy Comidl on Bdacatioo.
87. The calculation of the areas and curoumferoncee of
plane figures bounded by arcs of ciroUs or right lines, and
solid contents of cones, cylinders, sphwes, Ac Candidates
will be expected to be (kmiliar with the difierent rules
for measuring and estimating artificers* work, such as
joiners', bricklayers', masons', and plumbers' work, and to
be able to prepare estimates of such work from given
quantities.
622
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Auouai 12, 1864.
38. Text Books :-*LiUDd'« Mfloraration, Part Ill.» of
his Elements of Geometry and Mensuration. Tate's
Mensmation. Young's Treatise on Mensuration {Simms
and JTJtUyre.
89. The Examiner, in his remarks on last yearns papers,
says he would ** like to see a more general knowledge
of the Elements of Geometry made the foundation of
Mensuration ; in many insianoes the oandidatee have
nothing to rely upon but an exact recollection of their
rules." He also urges the importance of an acquaintance
with the metrical system.
Vi. — TfilOOMOllSTBr.
ITxammer^ReT. T. G. Hall, ProCeMor of Mathemetios k
Kiag*t OoUege, London.
40. In Flaoe Tngonometry, the formulsB for the iri^
nometrical ftisotioos of angles, the nnmencal solution
of plane triangles, the use of logarithmic tables, and
angular and exponential series.
41. Spherical Trigonometry, Napier's Bules, BolutioD
of Spherical Triangles.
42. Text Books :— SnowbaU's or Todhunter's Trigono-
metry, Hall's Trigonometry for Schools ( Ckri&Uan Know-
ledge Society), or any other of the modem treatises on
Trigonometry. Ma&ematical Tables ( Chmnben* Seriee),
VII. — CoKio Seotioss.
iJbawttii«r.^1UT. BsftbotooMw Price, M.A.. F.B.6., SsdMaa
Piotesmr af NatanU Pkikiwifhy ia the UaivMiity af Oxfosd.
48. The properties of the three curves treated geome-
trically ; &lso as deduced from the eone. The principles
of projectiOB, orthogonal and central, applied to derive the
properties of the conic sections from those of the circle.
44. Analytical Conies, including the equations of the
siraigfat line, the drole, the three conic sections, and the
genenil equation of the second degree.
45. Text Books:— Drew's Oonic Sections (itiMmatan).
Taylor's Conic Sections (JfaswuV/aw). Salmon's Come
Seetioos (Ltrngmone), Todhunter's Conic SecUons (Mac-
milkm),
VIII. — Navigation and Nautical Astbonomt.
Xanminer. — Be?. Joseph Woolley, LL.D., one of Her Majesty's
Inipeetort of Schools.
46. A good knowledge of Plane and Spherical Trigo-
nometry, of the definitions and terms used in Nautical
Astronomy, and of the various measurements of time
and their mutual eonvereions will be inquired, as well
as skill in the use of logarithmic tables, and neatness,
order, and accuracy in the numerical solutions of problems.
The candidate should understand the construction of
charts; the nature and laws of circular storms; great
circle sailing. ^. ; the methods of determining the lati-
tude, longi£de, variation of the compass, and error and
rate of a chronometer by astronomical obflervations, with
the demonstrations of the formulss employed ; the use of
Nantical Astronomical Instruments, &c.
47. Text Books:— The Nautical Almanac {Mwrra^),
Biddle's Navigation and Nautical Astronomy (Xov,
Essex-street).
48. Candidates in this subject should be allowed the
use of the Nautical Almanac and Tables during the Fxa-
minatim,
IX. — ^ASTBONOMY.
Examiner,^ J u* Qlaither, Bsq., F.B.8., Boyal Observatory,
Greenwich.
49. The principke of Plane Aftronomj.
50. Text Books :— Herschel's Astronomy {Longmane) ;
first chapters. Airy's Lectures on AslroBomy. Maddy's
Slements of Astronomy. Practical Astronomy (Oxr's
Gird* of the Bcienees).
n. The Examiner advtes that atteotioD be paid to in-
tefpolatioBs, at least inchiding second diflferenee, and
veeonraeDds the careful study of geometry, particularly
■olid geometry, ae well as plane and q^bsrical trigoao-
metry.
X.— PaiBciHiis OP MccoAjnos.
£WaM«iMr.— Bev. Jooathaa Bates, M.A., Fellow of OonvflW
and Caios Oolleee, Gamfaadgc.
62. The pr(^>ertie8 of matter, solid, fluid, and gaseoos .
63. Statics: The composition, resolution, and equili-
brium of pressures acting on a material particle ; and on
constrained particles; machines ; attractions.
64. Dynamics : the laws of motion ; impact ; pttyjee-
tiles ; constrained motion ; central forces ; oscillation.
B6. Rigid Dynamks : Motion of a rigid body afaooi »
point ; — of a free rigid body ;— of a system of rigid bodies.
66. Hydrostatics : Pressures of fluids ; equilibrium of
floating bodies ; specific gravity; elastic fluids; machines;
temperature and heat ; steam ; evaporation.
67. Hydrodynamics : Motion and resistance of fluids !i»
tubes, &c. ; waves and tides.
66. Pnenmaties: Mechanical properties of air; the
barometer, and other machines illastrating the mechanical
properties of air,
69. Text Books :— Todhunter's Statics, or Parkiosoo's
Mechanics. Goodwin's Mathematioi. - MilLery Phear's,
or Besant's HydrosUtics. Webster's Theory of Fluids.
The treatise on this subject in Orr's Circle of the Sdanoes.
Golding Bird's ElenMnta of Natural PhUoaophy. by C.
Brooke {OlmrthiU). Lardner's Handbooks on Natniml
niilosophy.
XI«— PbAOTIOAL MKOQAailGS.
AesiiNfMr.— T. M. Qesdeve, Btq., Pr o fes so r of Hedhaaics aft
tiie Boyal MUitary Aosdemy, Woelvieb.
60. The applications of the Principles of Mechanism to
Simple Machines. The Steam Engine.
61. Text Books:— Bourne's Catechism of the Stesm
Engine (XeMriiMfw). Seoit Bu«ell on the Steam Bngine.
Nasmyth's Klemaato of Mechanism, with remarks on
Tools and Machhieiy ( Weak). Ooodefve's Elamanta of
{Lon§mmu).
Xn.~-ELBCTBiorry axp Maohxxum.
JKeaMMer.^Obatles Braoks, Bsq., MJL., F.R£., Sargcon to
the Westminster Hospital.
62. Construction and Properties of MagMta; Mi^
netio Instmments; Terrestrial Magnetism; Diami^
iMiism.
68. Statical or Fruiklinio Electricity ; Yoltak^ £3eo>
trioitj; Bileetro-dynamfes ; Electro-telegiaphy ; Electro-
metallurgy; Thermo-Eleotrknty; Organic Electricity.
64. Text Books :— Golding Bird's Blementa of Katmal
Philosophy, by C. Brooke. ( CkurchiU.) Laidner's Haid-
books of Natural Philos^^ L^^^^^ '^ Jfaftsriy).
Fleaming Jankin's rapc^ on the CUactrieal InstranieaU in
C]a« XUI. of the Exhibition of 1662, for Electr»4ak-
gnnby. BlerMhal's DisooBiie on the Study of Katmal
Philos^l^ (Lmn^mem) for a gemni view of the
subjects.
Xni. — ^LlGBT AND HbAT.
JlbNHNtiMr.— Biflhard Potter, Bso., A.M., ProfiMnr of Hataial
Philost^j aod Astronomy in Uoiversity College, London.
66. What is the sense of sight ?*-«BMent theories
modem definitions and l^ypothosas of the nature of l%ht
—the especial j^vileges of animals whi^ poastts ot]|ns
of vision — the simple laws or properties of light required
to be known before we can discuss the structure of the
eye, and the construction of telescopes, mierosoopea, aod
other optical instruments— optical images real and vhtoil
— how do they occur in optical instruments.
66. Why do we diatmgnish between Physical and
Geometrical optics?— what are double iefi«otion of light
— ^polarizatkm of light — interference of light— example
of these pioperties, how shown — [^enomena of reeurri^g
colours— examplea— how are explained the ooloun of the
soap bubble— the colours seen on looking towarda a light
through the fea&ersof small birds— the ooloors of mother
of pearl— the rainbow, dec, d(c<-<the laws of the iolar*
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Amusr 12, 1864,
623
ferenoe of polarized light — ^to describe caset of these
■plfiDdid pheooBMna*
67. wWt are Om daftnitiam of haU, radiant, Utent,
mnd seoiible? — ^what is meant by caloric ?— hypotheses of
-tlie nature of heat — capacity of bodies for beat — the tem-
perature of bodies — how measured by instruments — de-
scriptions of thermometers and pyrometers— the scales of
tbermometen — ^how compared — how the volumes of
solids, liquids, and gases, depend on their temperature —
aboolute zero of cold — elastic force of vapours and gases
produced by heat employed in steam and air engines —
'vriDds from the unequal beat of the atmosphere, What
are the connexions and analoffiee of heat and light ?
68. Text Books:— The Libraiy of Useful Knowledge.
Brewster's Optics (Cabinet Cydopadia). Potter's Physi-
cal Optics, the descriptive and experimental treatise (or
pari first) ( Walton and Maberly).
mV^ — Chsmstbt.
Maeamrnm-.^A, W. WiUiannoD, Btq., F.R.8., Professor of
Cbe miitij , UniTenity OoDege, Londoo, President of tlM
Chemical Society.
69. Preparation and properdee of the chief gases, acids,
baftee, and salts. Laws of combining proportion by wei^t
and by volume. Analytical processes for the detection
and separation of metals, acids, dec Preparation and
distinctive properties of the chief kinds of alcohol, of
organic bases, 6xed and volatile organic acids, sugars,
woody-fibre, starch, Ac
70. Candidates are expected to be able to explain de-
Goai positions by the use of symbols. Questions illustra-
tive of general piineipleB will be selected from theibliow-
Ingf amongst other manufactures: Metallurgy of Lead,
IroD, and Copper ; Bleaching, Dyeing, Soap-boiliog, Tan-
ning ; the manufacture of Coal-Gas, Sulphuric Acid,
Soda-Ash, &c.
71. Text Books: — ^Fownes' Manual of Elementary
Chomistiy. Miller's Elements of Chemistry.
X.V.-- MniKQ AND Mbtallobot.
Examiner. — J. Arthur Pbillipi, Esq., Civil Engineer, Qndoate
of the Imperitl School of Mioes of France, &&
72. Candidates should be able to identify with facility
the ores of the more common metals, and be acquainted
with their chemical composition. They should also be
familiar with the forms of occurrence of the various me-
tallic ores, and the usual methods employed for their ex-
traction and subsequent purification by cru^ing, stamping,
and washing, Ac, Underground surveying, the principles
of ventilation, particularly as applicable to collieries;
a knowledge of furnace assaying, and a general ac-
qusdniance with the metallurgy of the mere important
metals are also required.
79. First-elasi certiftoalet can be givea to those only
who have either acquired some pia^ieal knowledge of
mining, or who possess a special acquaintance with the
metallurgy of at least one of the useful metak.
74. TextBooka:->DaDa^eMi]Mraiogy(7Vir6Rcr«jitfCo.,
Patemoster-rdw). MiU^WBAMBying(Bamiire), Manual
of Metallurgy ( Orifin), Useftd Metals and their Alloys
rUMifofi and Wright), X5n*9 Dictkmary of Arts^ Maaa-
netures, and Mines {Lot^nmufj. Peroy^ MetaUaryy
(Xen^nums). Metalluigy of Iron, Troran {8pm),
S.VI.— BOTANT.
AMsm{fier.--Dafiiri Oliver, Esq., 9.R S*, F.LJ9^, Prafesser of
Botany in UniTeraitj College, London, and Librarian of the
Berbafinm at the ^jal Qardens, Eew.
75. Sect. I.— The Structure of Plants and Vegetable
Physiology. The Functions of the VaHons Organs, aad
their Morphological Relational The Nature of the Prin-
cipal Tissues. The Meaning of Botanical Terms. The
application of Structural and Physi<dogical Faeta to
Practical Purposes.
79. Sect. it. — %stematic Botany. The general prin-
ciplee upon whkAi the Cl a i lfiO ation of PUnta is
The distinctive dkaf actors of the prhKipal British Natural
Ovdert of Planta. Naoiing GumaMMi Wild Floweia at
Sight. The sources of the most important Economk
VegetabU Prodncta:— Timbers, Fibres, Fniits, DrugSi &c.
77. Seetioa UL— Descriptive Bodmy. The Art of
Deserttrfng Plants Comactly in Scieatifie Language.*
78. Text Books :— Liadley's School Botany (Bradbmry
and .Bimni); Oliver's Lessons in Elementary Botany
{MaemUkm) ; Liodley'a Theory and Plactice of Hortl-
cnltore (Lcnguumi) ; DliverVOuide to the Kew Muasum
(pamphlet) ( W, h. amith and Son).
7^ Caooidates will be expected to return three conreot
answers to questions in Section I., three in Sedion II., and
at least two of the plants must be described and refenad
to their respective natural orders in Sect. III.
80. Students are very strongly recommended to the fre-
qoeai nraetioa of describing plants ; ai first on forms or
*' schedules,*^ as given in Professor Oliver's '* Lessons,"
page 59, and, when sufficiently advanced, at length, as
m the examples given at page 298 of tlie same wock,
and in Dr. Lmdl^'s " School Botany."
XVII. — AOBIOULTUBK.
JSga i iwer.— J. C. Bforton, Biq.
81. A fbw questions will be put on each of the three
principal departments of Agriculture, viz.: — (1) The
tillage, drainage, and manuring of the soil ; (2) The cul-
tivation of plants ; (3) Live-stock management and the
meat-manufacture. A certificate of pit>fioienoy will be
easily obtained by any one able to direct the lab<9ur of the
farm, who has been accustomed to consult any of the
standard works on English Agriculture.
XVIII. — Animal Physiology ux Hjelatiov to Health.
.fibMMStiMr.— John Marshall. Em}.,F.RJS.,F.E.C.S., Surgeon to
the Uaivenity College Uonpiial. and Lecturer on Anatomy
IB the GoTeraaent Bepu-tment of i5ctencc and Art.
82. The general principles of Animal Physiology, and
the applioaiioD of them to the preservation of health and
to the wants and emurgencies fi daily life.
88. Text Books :-— -Carpenter's Animal Physiology,
1859 (Bohn), Lsrdner's Animal Physics {WalUm and
Mabarly), Translation of Milne Edwards' Manual of
Zoology ( i2eiuAair). Marshall's Descriptions of the Hiunan
Body, with Atlas (Day and Son)^ for details of Anatomy.
XIX.^ — ^DoiUSTIO EOOKOMY.
^aramuier.— The Veiy Rev. Biohsrd Dawes, F.B.S..
Bmw of Hcrefori.
Questions for Male and Female Candidates.
84« Domeatio Economy being mainly based on the
applications of Chemistiy and Physiology, both male
and female candidates will be required to show an ac-
quaintance with the rudiments of these soienoea It
should embraoe the phenomena of nutrition, respiration,
the functions of the skin, Ac ; the rationale of lighting,
warming, ventilating, cleaning, disinfecting, Ac. ; of
cooking, preserving, Ac ; and the or^in and manufactuse
of hoosehold articles, as f)sr as this may be necessary for a
o(HTBot apfsneciation of their relative value fior use, and for
the detection of defective quality, adulteration, or fiaud..
85. The essentials of a healthy and comfortable dwel-
ling'— clothing in relation to sanitary principles— food,
animal and vegetable. Dietaries. EtfecU of stimulants
and narcotics. Fuel, and other household stores.
Weights and measnrfis. Keeping of household accounts.
Questions for Male Cmdidmtes only.
86. Materials and appliances involved in the oonstrao-
tionofdweUinga Co-operati»e Building aad In w is tia e nt
gfecietSes. Mutoal Provident Societies ibr varioa par-
poses. Bavhigs* Banks. Presni and da^srrad annaitiss*.
Lifing
are nrovided fbr the Baanrfoatien by te
Doeiety of Arts.
624
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Auousr 12, 1864.
Que$UoMfor Female Candidatee only,
87. The managenieot of infuita. The care of the rick,
Ac,
88. Text Booki:— For Introdnclory Scientific Know-
ledge:— Laws of Matter and Motion (Chambew* Edooa-
tional CouTPe) (Chamberi). Mechanics of Familiar
Things, hy Thomas Tate {Lmamane). ExperimenUl
Chemistry, hy Thomas Tate {hmgmane). l^hysiology
for Schools, hy Mrs. C. Bray (L<mgma>'9), For Domestic
Economy in general : — A Bianual of Domestic Economy,
by Tegetmeier (Home and Cohnial School Society) . Hoose-
hold Economy, by Margaret Brewster [CkmetabU and
Co.) . Domestic Economy (Qleig's School Series) {Long-
mam).
XX. — Political and Social Economy.
^mrnifier.— Charles Neate, B«j., M.A., M.P.Jate Profetsor of
Political Sconomy in the Uni?eiuty of Oxford.
89. Text Books :— Adam Smith (M'Culloch's edition).
Principles of Political Economy, by John Stuart Mill.
90. Some knowledge of the Commercial, Financial,
and statistical history of the United Kingdom will he re-
quired, for which *• Porter's Progress of the Nation,"
" M'Culloch's Commereial Dkitionary," and "Merivale's
Lectures on Colonisation and the Colonies*' (new edition),
may be consulted.
91. N.B The Principles of Political Economy, by
John Stuart Mill, need be studied by those alone who
aspire to a first-class certificate.
XXI . — QEOOBAPHr.
Examiner. -^yfm. Huffbet, Btio., F R.a.B.. Professor of
Oeogrsphy in Qucea't College, London.
92. Candidates must show a sound knowledge of Ele-
mentary Geography, physical and descriptive. Such know-
ledge must embrace an acquaintance with at least the out-
lines of the gieat natural features of the globe, the political
divisions of countries, and the localities of towns and other
places of importance. This knowledge will be looked for
m iiiller extent with regard to the British Islands, and
the various portions of the British Empire, than with
regard to other countries. The growing importance
of the colonial dependencies of Britain renders a know-
ledge of their geography now more than ever neces-
sary. The North American and Australian colonies of
Britain are hence proposed as a subject for more especial
study on the part of the intending candidates for the
ensuing year's examinations, and their attention is directed
to them accordingly. In evidence of the knowledge
possessed regarding those regions, the candidate will be
required to sketch, from memory, a map of any one of
the North American or Australian colonies that may be
named by the examiner. Such sketches need not possess
accuracy of detail, but should at least show the general
direction of coast- lines, mountain-chains, or river-courses,
with the localities and names of the principal towns.
98. Candidates who aim at the highest claes of certifi-
cate should be also prepared to answer such ques< ions upon
Geography in its relation to the Physical Sciences and the
History of Mankind, as involve a general acquaintance
with the subject of Climate, the laws of Meteorology,
the Distribution of Plants and Animals over the Globe,
the leading outlines of Geology, the Ethnographic
Division of the Human race, and the commercial
resources of different lands. This kind of knowledge is
looked for, not in place of geographical knowledge of a
more elementary kind, but as supplementary to it, and
throughout based upon it.
94. Text Books:— Manual of Geography, by William
Hughes {Longmane), Guyot's Earth and Man (Parker
and Son), Physical Geography* by Sir John F. W.
Henohel (A, and C. Black), Page's Introductory Text
Book of Geology ( fflaehvood). The School Physical Atlas
^her JohutoneX Philip t% or that puUithedby the National
XXIL — Emgldh Histoet.
Examiner, --O, H. Peanoo, Esq.,M.A.,ProfcnorofMofai
Histoiy, Kiog*s College, London.
95. English History and English ConatitatioDilHiitay,
Text Books :— The Student's Hume. Creasy's Bin asd
Progress of the English ConstituUon.
96. Special subject :— The BetgnsofJohD and HeoTf in.
Text Books :— Lingard ; and Blaauw's Barons' War.
97. The Examiner advises that candidates Bhoddleo
to connect and compare various periods with one towhsr,
and to follow the histoiy of institutions more oootiim-
ously through successive stages of growth. T\iey ire
also warned against that habit of declamation and elo-
quent reflection which occupies time and epace that migte
be employed to better advantage in a more carefiil recol-
lection of facts. The first class would be coosidrahlTai-
larged if the candidates would accustom themselveft te
answer questions on paper from time to time in the (wat
of their reading, and to submit such answers Tot oitsaa
and correction to those who superintend their studies.
XXIIL— EnQLISH LriEBATUBB.
JFacamtner.— Re?. Samuel Clark, M.A.. F.R.O.8., C\mne^<
ike Board of Examiner $,
98. Any two, but not more than two, of the auto d
the following list may be taken up for examinatioD:-
' Shakspeare.— Macbeth ; Henry V. ; The Tempdt
Milton.— Paradise Lost, Books I. to VI.
Butler.— The Analogy. .. ^ - .^.^
Reed.— Lectures on the History of English Umm.
99. Candidates are recommended to make » J*7 <!}^
fill study of the text of the authors they maj ^^^JT
questions on each author will be divided into *»« "^
the first intended to test the candidate's acq^^^J^
the text, the second his knowledge of the wbject^
and his criUcal and litemry information. FuU «!^^
not be given for answers in the second sechon, u w^
the first section do not prove satis&ctoiy. «„/--*.
100. The Examiner, though he speaks geno*uytt^
ably of last year's papers, says that some of the am
" have indulged in needless circumlocution, ^^[^
repeatmg the phraseology of the questions; «~ ,^
of the best qualified candidates have shown a wan* ^
acquaintance with the technicalities of grammar.
XXIV.— LoaiO AND MENTAL SCIESCB.
Examiner,— {yfiVL be appointed.)
101. Logic: Candidates will be ^P^^^'f^JJ^
questions on the different processes o^^^^^^^^
connection of thought and language. *'^^j^ ^ w
must attempt to analyse examples of reasoDmg.
detect fallacies. _ i-AfLotic,*
102. Text Books:— Whateley's Blem^J*®' *^
Thomson's Outline of the Laws of Thought. ^^
108. A Candidate for a second or t^jw-ctt" ^^^^
will be expected to prepare, in •ddiUon,*^ ^^^,0?
following books which he may Mlect:--J»J""gJ,^;
Logic. Book III., of Induction ; Bishop Bu«» !«^^
Pafey's Moral PhUosophy; Dugald Stewart a ^
of the Human Mind , Volume I. _^.i,^«- wSi^^'
104. A Candidate for a first-dassCerbfioaw j^^^,
peoted to prepare any two of these worio w
select.
XXV.— Latin and Roman Histob^
i?xam»»er.— Rev. F. Temple, D.D., Head H»fi^
Sdiool.
106. Cicero de Senectute and de Amicit>^
ofBarl?
JEneid, Book xiL . ^,t8i '^
106. Roman History to the death of A»» ^tf""-
Text Book :— liddell's Histoiy of Ito»«« ^ ^
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, Auoust 12, 1864.
625
XXVI.— Fmmoh.
E9amm9r. — Alphome Mamtte, Esq., MJi., ProfeMor of
French, Kiog't College, London.
107. The KzamiDation paper will be divided into three
parts.
106. The first will comprise grammatical qaestions and
an extract from a modem French writer, to be translated
into fiUiglisb. Candidates merely aiming at a 8rd class
certificate should confine themselves to this first part.
109. The second part will comprise, together with a few
grammatical questions, an English extract to be traoslated
mto French, and a list of idiomatic expressions to be ren-
dered from French into English, or vice verad. This
should be done satisfactorily by the candidate who aims
at a 2nd class certificate.
110. In the third part, candidates for a 1st class cer-
tificate will have to translate an English extract into
French (to which great importance is attached), and to
answer properly {in French) some dementary questions on
the two following subjects : —
1. French literature in the first half of the 18th
century, comprising the great writers that were bom
between the years 1651 and 1700 from (F6nelon to
Voltaire).
2. The History of France, from the Treaty of Rys-
wick to that of Aix-la-Chapelle (1697 to 1748).
111. Books recommended :—Mariette : Half-Hours of
French Translation ( WiUianu and NbrgaUt London and
Edinburgh). Nisard : Histoire de la Littirature Fran^aise,
vols. 3, 4 ( WUlpjms and Norgate). Masson : Introduction
to the History of French Literature {Black, Edinburgh).
Duray : Histoire de France, vol. 2 ( Williams and
NbrgaU).
112. The Examiner, in speaking of last year's papers,
says : — ** The translations firom English into French were
throughout very incorrect, and, like the grammatical
answen in the Srd class papers, betrayed a general ab-
sence of progresuve and systematic study."
XXVU.— Qebmah.
Bxctminer, — Dr. Win tier, Teacher of German in King's
College, London.
118. Schiller's Gteschiohte des dreisdgn&hrigen Kriegee.
SchiUer's Jungfrau von Orleans. uOthe's Egmont.
Eohlrausoh's Deutsche Gkechichte.
114. Extracts from each of the above works will be set
for translation. Each candidate must translate at least
one of them. First-class certificates will be given to
those only who translate well from English into German
imd write in German a well-expressed essay, on a subject
whidi will be announced to them when they come up for
examination.
XXVllI.— Italian.
Yalerio Plstraoei» Bsq., Professor of Italian in King's College,
London.
115. Candidates for first-class certificates will be re-
qulrad to translate into English some extracts from the
following works : — Dante, L'Infemo ; Petrarca, Trionfo
della Morte ; Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, cantos 1 and 2 ;
TasBO, La Gerusalemme, cantos 8 and 9. They must
also translate into Italian an extract from some English
anthor ; answer some grammatical questions ; and give the
proper or approximate English equivalenta for a cer-
tain nomber of Italian idioms.
116. Candidates for second and third-class certificates
will be required to translate into English selections from
the "^oUowing modem prose writers — Foscolo, Botta,
If anzoni ; and to answer some grammatical questions.
XXIX.— Spanish.
Examiner, — B. B. Agairre, Esq., Leetnrer on Bpanish in Kirg's
Coliege, London.
117. Candidates for a first-class certificate will have to
tranaUte an English passage into Spanish, to render into
English or Fiench several idiomatic phrases, and to write
in Spanish a short essay.
118. Candidates for a second-class certificate will have
to translate from English into Spanish, and to answer
several questions upon the Spanish verbs.
11 9. Candidates for a third-dass certificate will have
to translate from Spanish into English, and to answer
several grammatical questions.
120. Books recommended : — Conquista de Mejico, per
Dn. Jose Morales Santbtevan; Trozos escoiidos deloe
mejoree hablistas espanbles, por Dn. Carlos Ocnoa ; Estu-
dios filoldjios, por Dn. llanuel Martinez de Moi'entin. —
Hallam, Literature of Europe.
XXX. — Fbbshamd Dbawing.
Examiner, — F. S. Cary, Bsq.
121. In freehand drawinc^ the Candidate will be re-
quired to show a practical knowledge of the principles
usually applied in the imitation of natural and artificial
forms, suoU as furniture, manufactured articles, ornament,
foliage, and the human form.
XXXI. — Geomctbioal Drawing.
Sxamintr, — TbnmM Bradley, Bsq., Professor of Geometrical
Drawing in King's College, London.
122. Practical Geometry, or Geometrical Drawing, re-
quired by the Mechanist, Engineer, Builder, and all in
any way employed in the art of construction. The Can-
didate will be examined in Practical Plane Geometry,
the construction of right line figures of given areas, and
of curve lines required in the arts, d^. ; in Pntcticid
Solid Geometry, Elementary Problems on the line and
plane, and their combinations, the representation by
orthographic projection of simple solids from conditions,
and in the principles of Development as used in the con-
struction of Maps, ^, ; and in Elementary Per^wctire
Projection as far as it is required by the Architect.
123. Text Books :— Geometry, Plane, Solid, and Sphe-
rical ( Library qf Useful Knowleige) is especially recom-
mended as a work to be studied on Theoretical Geometry.
— Elements of Geometrical Drawing, published by the
Committee of Council on Education, 2 parts (Chapman
and JlaU). — Hall's Elements of Descriptive Geometry
for Students ia Engineering. Heather's Descriptive
Geometry. Also the following French Works : — El^mens
de G^Dui^trie Descriptive, par S. F. Lacroix ; Traits de
G6om6trie Descriptive, par Lefebure de Fourcy ; Nouveau
Cours raisonn6 de Dessin Industriel, par Armengaud, ain^,
et Armengaud, jeune, et Amouroox ; Bardin's Works on
Descriptive Geometry.
124. The Examiner, in his remarks on last year's pamn ,
says '* There is still a general failure in the Solid Geo-
metry, owing to a want of knowledge, both theoretical and
practical, of that of the line and plane in space ; this
deficiency compels the candidate to employ awaward and
circuitous constructions which admit of far easier and
more accurate methods. The candidates frequently dis-
regard the conditions, and give in constructions having
no reference to the question before them."
XXXII. — Thbobt of Music
Examiner.'— J iAkXi Hollab, Bsq.
125. Notation, the modem modes, intervals, time, sig-
natures, the stave, transposition, modulation, terms, and
characters in common use.
126. The Elements of Harmony.
127. Musical History and Biography.
128. Arrangements must be made, in the Previous Ex-
aminations by the Local Boards, to test Candklates, by
oral examination, in their knowledge or a|>preciation of
the sound of musical successions and combinations. A
form of the test to be used for this purpose by the Local
Board at the Previous Examination will be sent by the
Coundl to such Local Boards as may appiy for it, in due
time before the Examination.
%m
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF AETS, AmotT 1% 1861
EXAMINATION PRIZES FOR 1865.
THE PRINCE CONSOBT'S PEIZB.
130. His Royal Higlmess the late President of the Society was pleased to offer annuillj to
candidate who, obtaining a certificate of the fimt-dass in the current year^ shall have obtimad
that year and the three years immediately preceding it, the greatest number of 8U<^ oertifici
a Prize of Twenty-five Guikbas, and this Prise Her Majesty ike Queen hsi gmm
intimated her intention to continue. This Prize cannot be taken more than once by tkH
candidate. It will be accompanied by a certificate from the Society of Arts, settiag Ml I
character of the Prise, and the various certificates for which it wis granted.
GENERAL PRIZES.
*^* No Pdse in any aabject will be awarded to a Candidate who does not obtain a Certificate of the fint^daatbi
1. Arithmetic
2. Book-keeping
8. Algebra
4i. Qeometry
0. Mensaration.
6. Trigonometry
7. Conic Sections.
8. Navigation and Nan-
tical Aatranomy...
9. Aatronomy
10. Principles of Me-
chanics ^.,.
11. Practical Mechanics
12. Electricity and Mag-
netism
18. Light and Heat
14. Chemistry
15. Mining and Metal-
lurgy
16. Botany
17. Agricaltiire .,,.
( First Prixe, £5.
I Second Prise, £3.
f First Priee, £5.
I Second Prixe, £8.
f First Priae, £6.
\ Second Prize, £3.
f First Prize, £6.
I Second Prize, £3.
f Firet Prize, £5.
X Second Prize, £3.
f First Prize. £6.
I Second Prize, £8.
f First Prize, £5.
( Second Prize, £3.
( First Prize, £5.
1 Second Prize, £3.
f First Prize, £5,
\ Second Prize, £8.
f Fi«t Prize, £6.
( Second Prize, £3.
f First Prize, £6.
I S«)ond Prize, £8.
f First Prize, £5.
I Second Prize, £8.
j First Prize, £5.
X Second Prise, £3.
f First Prize, £5.
X Second Prize, £8.
■ First Prize, £5.
Second Prise, £8.
AddtUonal by Gift of
Sir Thonuw PhiUipf, F.Q.8. .—
Third Prize, £2 ; and
Three Prizes of Books, value
£1 each.
/ Firat Prize, £5.
X Second Prize, £3.
' First Prize, £5.
Second Prize, £8.
Adaitk«al by GHft of
J. O. MortoA, Btq..—
Third Prise, £2; and
Three Prises o Books, value
£1
18. Animal Physiology
(in fdation to
Health)
^FirrtPris^i(.
Seeond Prise, il
Hartj CbHNr, tt^-^
Third Prise, 12; lad
Thiee Prises of Soofa^"
£leMaL
19. Domestic Economy... { l^jj^lfe^ia.
20. Political and Social f First Prise, £6.
Economy X Second Prise, £3.
^^•o^^v^y {^^^^^%
22. English History
28« English Literatore
r First Prise, £5.
Seoond Prize, £8.
AdditknilbyOifi^
8lrC.W«rtP0rtIiW*^"^
Thiid Prise, £»;_«^
Three Prises sf
£1 eaeb.
r First Prise, £5.
Seoond Prize, £3.
8fr C.W«BtwortkKft^'
Third Prise, £«;«i.
Three Prises of BO(tt'
£leiob.
24. Logic and Mental f First Priss, £5.
Science { Second Prise, SS.
25. Latin and Roman f Fhst Prise, £5.
History | Second Prise, »•
2A FW«fih fFii»tPrise,£5.
26. Ifteoch I Second Prisa, iS.
27. German
•••»«. ••«..••••
f Fint Prise, £«.
ISMOOdPriw,^
9fl T*.i;... f First Prise, £«^^
^' ^^"^ I Second Prise, X8.
9Q ««.«IA f Fifst Prise, i^
29. Spanish | Second Fn». i*
80. Freehand Drawing ... {^;^^!^a
Seoond FHse, 13.
82, Theory of Mnsic {^uwi^^
JOURNAL OP THE 800IBTY OP ARTS, AuausT 12, 186i.
637
LOCAL EDUCATIONAL BOARDS.
'he foUowmg is a list of Che places at which Loail
rds have already been formed, with the names of
Sccretarifls, from whom intendmg Candidates and
}ra may obtain iaformation relative to the Examina-
is: —
Local Boa bos. Bkobbtaiiies.
^ --„ f AI r. James Sinclair, Mechaoics'
•^^^ • t iMtitntioB. Aberdeen.
rington Mr.H. G.Dnffield.Acerrogton.
Irie Mr. B. M. McCne, Airdne.
Mr. Barrow Role, M.C.P.,
Principal of the Classical
and Mathematieal School,
Aldershot.
Mr.F.Garaway, Schoolmaster,
Ashford New Town.
Mr. James Gould, Mechanics'
Inet., A8hton-ander-L3me.
op Mr.Thos. Newbigging,Baoup.
ibridge (Ireland) Lite- f Mr. Alexander Black, Ban-
iry and Mutual Im-'j bridge, Connty Down,
ro vement Society ( I reland .
bury Mr. John H. Beale, Banbnry.
net Mr. John Thimblebv, Bamet.
r.^ TBm. Wm. 0. McOollagh,
^ 1 BallysiDan, Belfast.
ningfaam and Midland j Mr.Thos.Martineau,Soliciior,
Dstitute
ershot and Famham
Hstrict
ibrd
iton and Dukiniield ...
i
lop's Storiford
dibrd.....
{hton (for Soawz)
aptoa (near Chat-
lam)
JB and BeilcB Adtflt
Bdncatioo Society,
Windsor
7 (Lancaahire) ^.
y St. Edmund's «
I, Cannon-st., Birmingham.
' Mr. F. Woodham Nash, B. A.,
Sion House, BIrchAOgw,
I Bishop's Stortford.
«^ Margerison, Blackburn.
_jft-_^ jMr.J.B.Qreen,ArchiteQt»A€.,
°**"^ — •• I Salisbury-street, Blandford.
Mr. W. H. J. Trakse, Moms-
gate.BoHon.
Mr. B. Whitaker, Meohaain'
Institution, Bradford.
Mr. Barclay Phillfpe,75,Lan8.
down^iUaee, Brighton.
Iftr. F. W. Cross, Athrassum,
Bristol.
* Mr. J. Greenleaf, 8, PixMpect-
row, Brompton, Chatham.
^BoT. Thomas Booke, M.A.,
St. AlbAo^itnet, Wind-
sor.
'Mr. Edmsnd Bunting, Athe-
nsBom, Bury.
^Mr. John Jackson, Head
Master of the Commercial
Sdiod, Boiy 0i. Edmund's.
iterbory ~Mr.W.D.Furlay,CaBt6rlmry.
lirie MeoluuilQ0'In8ti.rMi8s Jane ^ilUamson, Me-
tte 1 ohanies' lostitnte, Carlisle.
Bihsm, Bodiefter, f Mr. F. BuUer, 112, High-
irood, and Brompton 1 street, Chatham.
.imrf«.-i J Mr. W. Cutts and Mr. JesM
^'^^^ \ Oarrood, Chelmsford.
Mr. George Lord, High Town,
Crewe.
Mr. Francis Warren, Book-
seller, 181, High-street.
Mr. F. T. Steavenson, Dar-
lington.
Mr.T. Earland, 2, Wellington-
grove, Greenwich-road.
'Mr. H. M. Holmes, Hon.
Local Sec to the Society of
Aati, Lo«don<road, Derby.
Mc Wm. Mogg and Mr. Sa-
moA Obtamh, Medianic^
Institute, Devoi^ori.
we
*••.....••••..... ......
jrdon ...
lington
4ford ...
by
oopovl
^^^ {""L-^iuu^r ''"^p'""»'
fMr. Frederick W. Monk,
Faversbam i Managing Director of the
( Faversham Institute.
TMr. Moses Pro van, Account-
Glailgow AthensBum i ant, 110, West George-
( flftreet, Glasgow.
rMc John Craig, F.E.I.S.,
Glasgow InsUtotion i Glasgow Instuut ion , 37,
I Cathedral-street, Glasgow.
Glasgow Mechanics' In-f*^'/ "^^'L^^^JriS' ^''*^"
^^rClE«L",'"i£rr:|^^ J^A ^^' ^^^
»>Sian Unive;iity \ Westem-road, Glasgow.
InsUtution ( "t^eet, Gosport.
Gp««nwinh f ^'*- '^*^- Spencer, 3, Wintown-
weenwicn | ^^^^^^ Greenwich, S.E.
HaHfox Mechanics' Insti- ( Mr. A. C. Foster, Solicitor, 1,
tution 1 Westgate, Halifax.
Hali&x Working Men's /Mr. Geo. Gibb, Haley Hill,
College t Halifax.
{Mr. Thos. Preston Bruntoo,
and Mr. John Thomas Belk»
Solicitors, West HartlemxO.
Hertford Mr. J. L. Foster, Hertford.
Hitchin i^': "^"^^^ S'lL'J^' °'«^-
..-j^ down, near Hitchm,
Holmfirth : Mr. J. Batley , Holmfirth.
„ „ fMr. P. Blackmore, Young
^^^ 1 People's Institute. Hull.
XT A^ ( Mr. William Gee, Mechanical
^y^® 1 Institute, Hyde.
Ingrow-cum-Hainworth .. I a^^inworth.
' Mir. Edwin Barrett, 81, Com-
hill. & Mr. Herbert Wright,
( 44, Hand£ord-road, Ipswioh.
^JS!2S!5^t^n^/l^- Jo**"^ Sutherland, Post-
^^^ ^*^°!j *^®^' ®°™'^y
Haslingden ... Mr. J. Binns, Haslingden.
BawtenstaU ... Mr. T. Thomas, Rawtenstall.
r Mr. Bamett Blake, Apent of
Leeds West Riding Union* the Yorkshire Union of
I Mechanics' Institutions. '
T J V .. -u^^f m.^- I Messrs. M .Cranswick and H.
Leeds Young Men'sChns- J ciapham, 9, East-parade,
Leeds.
' Rev. H. D.Vaughan, St. Mar-
tin's Vicarage, Leicester.
Rev. R. M. Grier, B. A., Lk)b-
field.
' Rev. A. Hume, D.C.L., LL.D.,
24, Clarence-st., Everton.
Mr. Alfred Lee, Mechani&'
Institution, Lockwood.
' Mr.W.H.Hansen,City of Lon-
don College, Sussex Hall,
Ipswich
••• .•«.••
*t
it
k ..... .
tian Aaaodation ...
jjeioesmr «........#...........
Lichfield .
Liverpool
Lool^ood
V
London, City of London
College, Buanz Hall,K auu v^uukv, oueoo*. *^
London, E.C ( Leadenhau-street, E.C.
„ Royal Polytech- /Mr. James Cousens, Royal
nicInstittttkn(Limttfld) \ Polytechnic Institution.
London Metropolitan As-
ao cbiUo n : —
„ . f Mr. C. Baker, 16, St. Peters-
„ Bayswatcr ... | ^wg-pkoe. Bayswater, W.
„ Clapham Mr. E. Heller, Clapham.
TT.«v~«r f Mr. H. Gray, Working Men's
Hackney ^ Jmt, Triangle, H«knigr.
628
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 12, 1864,
Lond. Met. Absoo. : —
Lambeth ..
>•
,, Meohanica' In-
stitation
ft
»»
T»
Mr. T. Heller, Hercules'.
buildings, Lambeth, S.
' Mr. T. A. Reed, 41, Chan.
oeiy-laDe, W.C.
Mr. T. Timson, James-street,
NottiDg-hill, W .
Mr. B. Shaw, Cambridge-
square, W.
^Mr. C. Thompson, Pimlico
Literary Institution, Win-
che8ter>street,Pimlico,8.W.
Mr. Joseph Randall, 45, Mar-
^»* "•••••••;•• I shall-street. Golden-sq., W.
St. Stephen s, r ^r. J. Cawood, St. Stephen's
"'**'• ^ School, Westminster.
Notting-hill ...
Paddington ... ^
Pimlico
„ St. James's,
Westminster
Westminster
,» St. Thomas,
Charterhouse, Evening
Cla«es
i:
t>
Mr.Q. Phillipson, St. Thomas'
Charterhouse SchooL
n *u , Spitalfieldsand J Mr. T. N. Day, Abbey .street
Bethnal-green i School, Bethnal-green.N.E.
Stepney Dean- > Mr. W. F. Ives, St. John's
^^y 1 School, Limehouse.
Loath »^ J Mr. Benjamin Crow, Me-
1 chanics' Institution, Loath.
Lynn (King's) f Mr. T. Burton, 16. Buddng-
1 ham-terrace, Lynn.
Macclesfield ... j Mr. J. O. Nicholson, Maodes-
i field.
Manchester fMr. A. Jarrett, Manchester
1 Mechanics' Institution.
Middlesbro' J Mr. William Taylor, Mecha-
^ , \ nics' Institute, Middlesbro*.
MfH^ey Mr. Aaron TeUow, Mosiley.
S*^"*? - Mr. T. Gumey, Newbury.
NewcasUe . on - TynefMr. Joseph Fowter, St.
ate *^ ^*^^ '"-j -John's School, Newcastle-
NewcasUe-on.Tyne, 'm^I Mr^Ad^ Carse, 18, Mosley-
chanics' Institation, \ street. NewcasUe.
Nottiogham I^*". W. T^ndal Robertsoo,
1 Nottingham.
Oldham f Rev. John Hodgson, Queen-
1 street, Oldham.
Oldham Science School... I ^^' ^* ^' 'Al®**^^^^* Old-
lm*»*
- . , [Mr. Charles Dalton Wason,
^^^^y i Teacher, St. George'sSchool,
I Paisley.
Ptonbroke Dock (Mr. "^-^ ^^H' ^-
'1 Doclr^ard, Pembroke Dock.
Mr. C. T. Cotton, Long-cause-
way, Peterborough.
'Mr. Robert Belben, Aoooon-
tant, Longfleet, Poole.
'Mr. Andrew Murray, HJl.
Dockyard, Portsmouth.
Rev. W. Bashall. A.M., 8,
Cambridge • villas, Rich-
mond-hill, S.W.
Ml. Frederick Edwards, So-
licitor, and Mr. W. Unwin,
^, . ( Currier, Rotherham.
Rvde " ' J Mr. Benj. Barrow, F.R.C.S.,
^ 1 M.B.M.S., R^de.
Salford J ^^' ^™* Noar,Borough Trea-
I surer. Town Hall, Salford.
^Ihy , , fMr. William Allison, Bank
* X Manager, Selby.
Peterborough
Poole
Portsmouth ,
Richmond
Botherham ,
Sheffield
r Mr. T. Rowboiham, Pcopk
\ College, Sheffield.
Skipton Mr. George Kendall, Skipto
~ Mr. James ChapmaA, Upto
Slough
Southampton
Southern Counties' Adult
Education Society
South Staflbrdshire Union
of Educational Inst. ...
»f
»t
ft
»
}
»»
f>
grove, Slough.
Mr. W. Johnson, Atheneoz
Southampton.
'Hon. and Rev. S. Bm
Andover.
'Mr. J. Jones, The Triadl
Dudley.
Bilston Rev. H. F. Newboli.
Cradley Rev. J. H. Thompaoo.
Dudley Mr.J.Stokes,Solidttor,Dad]e;
Handsworth ... Mr. G. D. Boyle.
Einver Mr. T. Bolton.
Talbot, Ke«r
Smethwick ..A Chance's Libnry, Smetl
f Mr. F.
... i Chance'f
I wick.
»f
ft
wich
If
ff
ton .
If
Stourbridge ••• Rev. J. W. Orier, Awibl»%^
Walsall Rev. A. C. Irvine.
Wednesbary... Mr. C. Britteo.
^«;^ ^[^^{Rev. J. Whewell.
Wiiienhaii* ..! Mr. J. Bennett.
Wolverhamp- r Mr. J. N. Langley, MotIks
\ House, Wcdverhamplofi.
Wordsley Rev. J. Booltbee.
Wakefild {'*VS;fi!id."«*^ *^
Warminster Mr. F. Morgan, Warmiz^
^^'^ {"irS'w.E^'"'-™
Wellingborough { ^SowSS^ ^'"'*^ ^""^
Wigan 1^* •^!f^*^^^' ^^^
® X son-street, Wigan.
Woroeetershire Union of C Rev. Maorioe Diay, CoS^
Educational Inatitates. 1 Green, Woreeeter.
Vn*^ f Mr. Cbae. CamberUDd, In
^^ t of Popular Sowooe, Yoifc
Yorkshire Union :— ^
^ll' j;;;^}Mr. T. Copley. Aooi^
Ecdeshili ...!'.*. Mr. B. Baxter, Knnkehm
If
York
„ EstOQ Mines 1 %,_. «;^ j,,^^^,^^^
(Middlesbro') J ^* ^' SP^^^,
„ Fanley Mr. D. Haintwocth, Far^
HeM»BHdge{B-;„^^'*^ ^
Hiiiidet(Leed8) Mr. W. Cox, HoimIaC
IdlMMarLeeds Mr. J. HaU. Idle.
KeigUey /M^;^C. D. HudcMtln. Kajg
f»
II
It
II
„ Middlesbro'- fMr. W. Taylor, Mecbta
on-Tees { Inst., Middlesbro'-oo^Tta
(Messrs. Thos. Sbielcb aoi
,. Scarboroogh....] Edokood, Mebhukka* M
( tute, Soarboroogh. |
Slaidbum(Cli-lo^ rk t oi r.«
iii^[QQ\ \^ J- Rev. D. Jones, SUtdboni.
„ Stockslwidge
(Sheffield) I Dndge.
Mr. J. G. Baker. MmM
• place, Thirsk. ]
n
Mr. H. Robertshcv. Ststt
brid
Think
Bradford)
Wilsden (near
Mr. C. Petty, WIMer.
The^foregoing Programme of Examinationa for 18G5 is pablislied in a separate foim.
may be had gratia on application to the Secretary of the Society of Arta. A copy will be U
warded to each Institution and Loc^l Board in a few days.
JOOBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 12, 1864.
629
»
MCTROPOLXTAN ASSOCIATION FOB PsOlIOTIHa THE EdU-
OATXOH OF Adults. — On Friday, the 5th lost., aoODference
WM held at the house of the Society of Arts, between
members of the committee of the Metropolitan Association
and of the Ladies' Sanitary Association, to take into con-
sideration certain proposals for the promotion of female
edncaUon, espedaUy in the subjects of needlework and
domesdc economy. Mr. Harry Chester, the chairman of
Uie committee, in opening the conference said that her
Bc^ral Highness the Frinoessof Wales had been pleased to
offer an annual prize, through the aasoctation, open to
females of the working classes, and the conference was to
take into consideration the conditions upon which the
price should be awarded. As the progress of sanitary re-
form greatly depended upon an appreciation of its benefits
by the working classes, it was proposed to establish courses
of lectures, cla&iefl for instruction, and examinations, certi-
fksatea, and prizes in connection with the institutions in
anion with the association, in order to familiarise their
members with the laws of health, the construction of
dweUlogs, food resources, and the economy of cooking,
savings banks, and co-operative societies, and such other
matten as were of practical benefit to the working classes,
and a knowledge of which subjects might be applied by
themselves to the improvement of their social condition.
The particular scheme they had in view was that lectures
should be delivered on simple questions of domestic
economy in various districts • where working men's clubs,
mechanics* institutions, or kindred associations were in
existence ; that local boards should be formed; that after
the delivery of the lectures the working men's wives and
daughters should be invited to form themselves into a
dass ; and that there should be an annual examination
of suioh classes, followed by the awarding of certificates
and prizes for proficiency in domestic economy and
needlework. The ^hole scheme was to be founded
and carried out on voluntary principles, and it was pro-
posed that her Royal Highness's prize of a bible, whtc^
would be of the value of £5, and oe additionally prized
from having her name written in it, diould be given to the
female candidate who, having the greatest number of
marks in the examinations in elementary knowledge,
should also obtain a certificate of proficiency in plain
needlework. Various suggestions were then made as to
the best course which could be pursued to carry the
objects of the association into effect. It was unanimouriy
agreed that the persons who would be most benefited and
most easily induced to fall into the scheme would be
younf^ persons from 12 to 18, and that if habits of in-
dustrial competition could be promoted among that class,
another generation would see the homes of the poor
materially improved, waste avoided, and the resourees of
workmen made to go much iiiriher than they did at pre-
sent. The most cmial approbatioD was e x pr es se d of the
scheme, which will therefore be added to the forthcoming
pr^ramme of the assooiatioii.
WoBocBTKasHtaB Uiiioir or Eduoatiohal iMnmrrts.
— A quarterly meeting of the committee of this Union
was held on the 2nd July, when the annual report of the
examiners for 1864 was submitted. From this it sppears
that this year there has been a falling off in the number
of candidates and in the quality of the work done. The
withdrawal of candidates fhun the Dudley and Stour-
bridge Institutes may partly account for this dtmiiration
in narabers. Candidates who have competed in the special
and extra examinations are members of the following In-
stitutes: — Bromsgrove Literary and Meohanid^ uisti-
taie, Bromsgrove Church of England GtrU* Night School,
Dudley Mechanics' Institute, Hanlcnr Castle Institute,
Kidderminster Meehanics' InstHate, Ktddermfaister Mutual
Improvement Society, Kidderrainstsr St. Mary's Night
School, Reddlteh Night Sshool, Stourbridge Meehanics'
Inetitnte, BtottH>ridge Chureh of Bngland Yovng Men's
Association, Worcester Co-operative BeadiogH^>om, Ebley
Mental Improvement Society. In the Special Examina-
tions, senior branch, there were eight candidates, six of
whom selected Gospel History, one English Histoty, seven
Geography of British Isles. In the junior bi-anch there
were 28 candidates, 24 of whom selected Gospel History,
14 English History, 16 EugUsh Geography. For the
extra prizes the subjects were:— 1. Whately's Easy
Lessons in Money Matten, for which there were seven
candidates. 2. Health for the Household: nine candi-
dates. 3. Geography of Palestine: six candidates. 4.
Domestic Economy (for female candidates) : three candi-
dates. 5. Mechanical Drawing: three candidates. 6.
English Composition. 7. Essays on Phyaioal Education :
two candidates. 8. Euclid : one candidate. 9. Coleodo's
Arithmetic : several candidates. In the coarse of the
ordinary business the resignation of the Union's indefa-
tigable honorary secretary, the Rev. Wm. Walters, was
announced with regret, the rev. gentleman being about
to remove from Hanley Castle to Oldham, Lancashire.
citeS OUVEIERES DE MDLHOUSE.
The following is the substance of a report on this sub-
ject, addressed by M. Jean D allfus to tne IntematioDal
Philanthropic Congress, held in London in 1862 :—
Mulhouse stands foremost among the industrial centres
of France, and the praiseworthy Morts which the great
manufacturers of that town have made to improve the
oondition of the working clisses have been rewarded with
the most satisfactory and ^tifying results.
A sioiety was formed m 1853, with a view to build
small houses with gardens attached, to serve as dwellings
for one family, and to be soli at cost price to working
men only. Six hundred and eighteen houses have been
sQoeessively built. These houses, very soundly oonsferoeted,
are sJAcious enough to affoitl aoeommodation to flMadies
of six and eight persons. Their cost fbr the first yean
was between 2,000 and 3,000 francs. Now that more
aoeommodation is required, and that the materials are at
a higher price, they cost 2,600 finanes fof the smaUsr* and
3,600 francs for the larger ones. A term of sixteen years
is allowed for the pay a»ent, and the purchaser must, before
he takes possession of his dwelling, pay on account 300
fhmca. The remainder is to be paid by moothly iostal-
meoto, of which the average does not esoeed 25 fraaea.
Out of the 618 houses already built. 538 had besa Mid
up to the end of August 18^2. The sums reoeived
amounted to 650,000 franes, and more than ifty henses
had been entirely paid up. The sale increases every
year, and 255 houses have been porahased within the last
three years.
When the society was started, many difficulties and
prejudices had to be overcome. The working men had
never thought of buying houses ; they, for the greater
part, lived m some sorts of filthy aiod nnhealtl^ barraoksr
and the comforts of home-life were unknown to them.
The example of those who have left their wretched
abodes to live in the cheerful houses erected by the
society, has made such an impression on the working
population of Mulhouse, that every family now aspires to
possess a little house of its own. The society hope to
be able every year to build and sell from 80 to 100 of
tb^ houRes, and this during a long period.
The workman who lives in the New Cit6s Onvriferes
likes to remain at home. He tills his little garden during
his leisure hours ; and as he must be sparing to be able to
pay for his dwelling, the public-house is no longer thought
of. The population of the Cit^ Oovri^res is now about
5,000. Thn payments are made with the sreatest punctu-
ality, and the purchasers are often in advance. A fact
worth mentioning i«», that frequently young men who
enlist in the army give to tlieir parents the bounty which
they receive from the government to be applied to the
payment fbr the famity house. More than twenty cases
630
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Auoubt 12, 1864.
of this natare have been recorded within the last two
years.
The French Government, by a grant of 300,000 francs,
has powerfully facilitated the development of the Cit^s
Ouvii^res of AAulhoose. This subvention has enabled the
society to erect baths and washouses and an infant school,
a cooking depot and bakehouse, and other works of pnblic
utility — ^all devised for the greater comfort of the inhabit-
ants of the Cit^s Ouvri^res. As soon as new houses are
constructed the society borrow on them for a term of 20
years.* Nothing is refunded during the first five years,
and the society reimburse the money borrowed with the
product of the sales. The interest paid is generally 4}
per cent. Stores of articles of clothing, and of household
utensils and furniture, have been established by the
society. Thus the working men are enabled to save
much, whilst many well-contrived or iuipioved articles
come into general use. Wood is the kind of fuel pre-
ferred by the working population of Mulhouse, and the
use of that fuel occasions for every family an extra expense
of at least 60 francs per annum. But it seems likely that
wood will soon be superseded by coal, the society selling
the latter at reduced price, and supplying cheap stoves
appropriated to its use. It is believed that, when the
prejudice is got rid of, a yearly saving of upwards of
150,000 francs will be realized.
The Cii6a Ouvri^res of Mulhouse have already been
imitated in many manufacturing towns of the department
of the Haut-Rhio, as well as in a small town of the Grand
Duchy of Baden, where more than 60 liouses have been
built. The sale is everywhere satisfactoty, and more
houses are in course of erection. A certain number of
houses on the plan of those at Mulhouse were constructed
at Basle, in 1862, and the promoters of this movement
contemplate enlarging the scale of their operations. In
various countries and in many French towns, benevolent
persons do their beet to enable the working man to
uveet his savings in the purchase of a boose.
An association has been formed at Mulhouse among
the manufacturers in order to provide pensions for old
working men, and to erect an asylum for the invalids of
work. Large sums have been subscribed towards the
establishment of this Ufieful institution, and there are
•some manufacturers whose yearly contributions amount
to 16,000 fhmcs, and even 20,000 francs. More than
260 workmen at present receive a pension of from 150 to
^60 francs per annum, and 15 old men find a shelter in
the asylum, where accommodation for 40 is provided.
There is besides a house where travelling workmen are
supplied with food and lodging for one night. More
than 4,000 men in search of work avail themselves every
year of this charitable institution.
The population of Mulhouse is about 50,000, and there
are ten infant schools in the town. The children of the
working people receive in these establishments their first
education, and the habits of cleanliness and order which
they contract there contribute in a great measure to their
future welfare. When they leave the infant school
ihey are sent to one of the parish schools, where their
education is completed.
The baths and washhouses have proved a great boon to
the working classes of Mulhouse. Owing to the fact
that the hot water is generally supplied by the boilers of
the neighbouring factories, the expenses are not consider-
Able. A charge of five centimes for every two hours is
made for the use of the washhouses and drying-rooms,
and a very comfortable bath may be obtained at the price
of twenty centunes, linen included. Although tnese
charges are very low, the receipts exceed every year the
expenbes by 8.000 francs, which sum is applied to the ex-
tension and improvement of the establishment.
im ^.
but 3*60,000 fruSS!* "* ""^ *^ *^* *^^**^ ^^ ^ '^^^ ^
Abt ExHiBmoN AT Malines. — There is about to be
held at Malines an exhibition of works of art of tbe
Mediffival and Renaissance periods, c^intribated onka
from churches, convents, corporations, guilds, aod pn^tk
collections. The exhibition will be open from Use 2^
of August to the 25th of September. It. is said that the
collection will form the richest display of works of FleaiiA
art ever brought together, many of them beloogiDg te
convents which can only be seen with diffioilty at otha
times. Mr. Weale, of Bruges, has been entrated witi
the carrying out the exhibition and the prepaiatioa of tiie
catalogue, which is divided into ten sections, each am^ed
chronologically.
Fine Art in Fbancb. — The demolition of flie vatan
end of the gi'and gallery of the Louvre has beai com-
menced with vigour, and is to bo rebuilt In harmony vi&
the remaining portion, the work of Henry IV., wkick
presents so great a contrast to the heavy, tasteleas fCCfk'A
built by Louis XIV. and Napoleon I. The great maa<^
the pictures of the Flemish and later schools have in oc&
sequence been withdrawn for a tinie from exhibitioQ, ted
some of the master- pieces of Rubens have been {da»di>
the talU d*^tat, which connects the great gallery withfbf
new ones now occupied by works of the French vhoait
Another galler}', to be called the Little O lUery of Ki^
leon III., and situated in the upper portion of the se*
Louvre, is now being prepared to receive the worb t
Lesueur, Joseph Verney, and other French paiofeA—
The Delacroix exhibition, an interesting coUecUae
which is being made by the Soci^U NationtUe da Be^
Arts, will be opened shortly in the gallery of ik
Boulevard des Italiens. The government has granted tke
loan of the works of Delacroix at the Luxembooif tad
Versailles, and the local authorities of Nantes, Tons.
Nancy, Rouen, Lyon, and Arras, and sev^al private h-
dividuals, have followed the good example ; it is knovB.
however, that difiiculties have been Tailed in olber
quarters, and that the openine of the exhiHtioa he
been delayed thereby. This coUecUon is looked krvui
to with much interest, as the peculiar style of Delsa«K
places his work at a great disadvantage in a geoenl exJbi-
bition. — The Limoges exhibition has been highly sooce*-
ful, and the purchases amount to 40,000 firaDGS. Tbt
Emperor sent two gold medals, which were giv^ to
MM. Richard and Amaury Duval. At Peiigaeox^ cm tin
other hand, the exhibition has been a comparative £u1sr
and the poor class of works exhibited — or the low state ot
taste in that quarter — is shown in the fact that lik*
average price of the pictures sold did not reach ten poo^k
— ^A most remarkable fact at the present moment ■ tfe
immense number of public statues erected or in pn^rsc:
the illustrious subjects are not confined to any period v
class. Nogent-sur-Mame raises one to Wattean ; Samtee*
to Bernard de Palissy, the potter ; Vichy, to Madany ^
Sevigny, who first brought its springs into vogue ; Ksate.
to the late Minister Bdlault ; Boulogne-enr-MOT, to l>
Jenner ; Paris, to the deceased painter Flandrin ; Tubes,
to Baron Larrey, Napole(m I's army surgeon and &vooii».
Nimes, to its lo(dil celebrity, the Poet Bebool; Sasi
Malo, to Chateaubriand; Colmar, to Admiral Bmt
and Orange, to Comte de Gasparin, formeriy J&u^^
Prefect of Lyons, and a great friend to agricultora. Tv
last statue is now to be seen at the entranoe of the sqoE*
of the Louvre, opposite to the Institut. The {Kakk*
common in Paris, of thus exhibiting the works of tx
sculptor in the metropolis before they are sent to the pn-
vinoes, is one from which the artists of othor oooDtri*
might take a hint. It is gracious, aod a Intimate metf
of publioity. — An able sculptor, ArisOde flossoa, died r
oently at Bellevue, near Paris. M. Hoshni waa Ion ■
Pliris, in 1808, and was a favourite pupil of David d*Ai^e»
There isa fine group at the Luxemboorg from hv ka^
** The Qaardian Angel fiaising a fiepakUot ^uastf »
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, August 12, 1864. 631
amongst his other works are the fine colossal figures of
Summer and Autumn, in one of the great founuins of
the Place de U Concorde ; sutues of St. Bernard, at the
Madeline ; of Saint Louis, of M irguerite de Provence, of
Philippe lo Hardi, and of M^ralial Suchet, at Versailles ; a
fine figure of Ilayd^e, in the Grenoblo Museum; and
many statues on the new Louvre and other public monu-
ments. M. Husson was also a man of both literary and
scientific attainments.
Thb Copyriqbt Act op Enoravisqs. — An action was
reoentlv brought in the Westminster County Court, by
Mr. M'Lean, against a shopkeeper in High Holborn,
named Hall, to recover compensation for an infringement
of the Copyright Act of Engravings, by selling a print
of the " Prisoner's Widow." The damage:* were lam at
£10. The plaintiff stated that he had piid £700 for the
en^aviiig of the plate of that picture, and £150 to the
artist for the copyright, making £850. The print had
since been photographoJ, and the piratical traffic had been
carried on to such an extent as to do incalculable injiiry
to the publishers, who spent such large sums of money.
The judge considered that the defendant had rendered
himself liable under the Acf, and accordingly made an
order for the amount of damtges claimed and costs
amounting altogether to about £50.
Antwerp ExHiBmoN. — This was announced to open
on the 7th of August; the number of works sent by
French artists is about 150, and the list contains some
good names, though very few belonging to the front rank.
BaussBLs ExHiBmoN. — The SociitS du Circle Artistiqm
H LiUiraire, with a view to the encouragement of young
artists, has placed at the disposition of the directora of the
exhibition the sum of four hundred francs, to be divided
into two prizes, one to be given to the best sudy in oil, of
a head, the other to the best landscape, marine piece, or
sketch of animals, both after nature. 'I'he best six of each
kind to be exposed during the whole time of the exhibition
IRaitttfaituns.
Stbam Boiler Explosions. — The Engineer's report for
^one, made to the Manchester Association, says that
daring the month 272 engines have be«*n examined, and
419 boilers, 23 of the latter being examined specially, and
one of them tested with hydraulic pressure. Of the
boiler examinations, 364 have been exiemal. 8 internal,
•Dd 47 thorough. In the boilers examined, 154 defects
have been discovered, two of them being dangerous. In
two cases of fracture, described as dangtirous, the fractures
oooarred at the seams of rivets at the bottom of externally-
fired boilers. The double thickness of plate at the overlap
of these boilers appears to be unable to stand the duty
assigned to it, and cracks, in consequem^e, start from the
rivet holes. These cracks are not confined to the outer
overlap, but frequently run from rivet hole to rivet hole
in the inner one, and thus so weaken the plate that the
boiler rends in two. Another case of fracture took place
at the crown of a furnace tube of an internally- fired
boiler, in consequence of strengthening hoops having
been added without intermediate ferules. Though such
cracks in the furnace crown of an internally-fired boiler
may entail the expense of repair, there is no danger, as
with those at the bottom of an externally, fired boUer, of
their leading to explosion. Four case;* of external oorro-
sioD, described as dangerous, all occurred in internally-
ftred boilers, and were only discovered on going up the
external biickwork flues, which shows the importance of
«* thorough examinations." One of these boilers was set
upon a mid-feather, and found to Im corroded throughout
A considerable portion of its seating; while the plates of
another differently set proved to he eaten away to the
thiokness of one-thirty-second of an inch where concealed
by the fh>ot croes wall. Three of the rases of internal
groovioff are worth remark. Grooving is very constantly
niei wi£h cnoircihig the fomace mouth angle-irons at the
front end plates of internally- fired boilers, but in two of
the instances in question it attacked three or four of the
transverse seams of rivets at the crown of the furnace
tubes, completely undermining the overlap of the
plate ; while, in the third instance, the grooving
occurred at the ring seams at the bottom of the
shell, and at the immediate vicinity of the feed inlet,
showing the contraction of the metal produced by the too
local entrance of the water, and the consequent import-
ance of dispersing it by means of a perforated pipe. One
explosion, resulting in the death of one person, occurred
at an ironworks to a plain cylindrical egg- ended boiler,
fired externally, and not under the inspection of the
Association. The boiler was one of a series of five con-
nected together, and working side by side, being No. 4
from the left hand. Its length was 40 feet, its diameter 6
feet, and the thickness of the plates three-eighths of an
inch, while the pressure of the steam was 35S>., which was
quite moderate for a boiler of such dimensions. It had
rent into eleven fragments, which were scattered in every
direction. The character of these rents was peculiar. The
majority of boilers of this class divide into two parts at
one of the transvei^ seams of rivets, but this one had not
only rent transversely, but also longitudinally, from one
end to the other, so as to divide the boiler in the main
into four nearly equal parts, while these were again sub-
divided, and the sliell ultimately broken up into eleven
pieces. These rents were by no means confined to the
lines of rivets, but had run through the solid plates entirely
regardless of them, in many cases continuing for several
feet within a few inches of the overlaps, and though so
near, yet without running into them, but continuing in a
straight line parallel to them. Indeed, there was scarcely
a line of rivets disturbed, and some of the smaller frag-
ments were torn out of the heart of the larger plates without
a single rivet upon them. The boiler had ti«en originally
plat^ longitudinally, but on the seams over the fire giving
way some time since, it had been repaired with three
widths of plate laid transversely. These plates, which
were 3 feet wide each, extended to a short distance behind
the fire bridge, and it was at the ring seam of rivets that
connected the new plating laid trans voi-sely, with the old laid
longitudinally, that the primary rent occurred, and which it
will be seen was situated, as is so usual in these cases,
near to the bridge and at the bottom of the boiler ; whUe
the anomalous manner in which the boiler had rent was
due to the combination of the transverse and longitudinal
modes of plating. The manager of the works stated that
their externally-fired boilers were a source of constant
annoyance and expense, through getting out of repair,
and it was no uncommon thing for one of the ring seams,
a little behind the fire bridge, suddenly to rend through
the line of rivet holes, merely in consequence of the
slight change of temperature induced on the stokers'
cleaning out the fires with the door open. The fact of
these externally-fired boilers being ever found to give
way in this treacherous manner, seems a sufficient reason
to condemn them, especially at ironworks where the value
of the charge of metal in the blast furnaces, which far
exceeds that of the boilers, is jeopardised by them.
Another explosion took place at a colliery. In this in-
stance three persons were killed, and three others injured;
while the boiler, which was not under the inspection of
this Association, was the outer one of a series of three,
and, as in the case of the previous explosion, was of plain
cylindrical egg-ended construction, and externally-fired.
The boiler, which was plated longitudinally throughout,
was 32ft long, 6ft. Gin. in diameter, and made of plates
three-eighthsof an inch in thickness, the pressure of steam
being 36lbe. per square inch. The primary rent occurred
at a longitudinal seam of rivets over the fire, which, after
running in a straight line for some feet, developed trans-
versely, dividing the shell into three fragments, all of
which were thrown to a considerable distance from their
original seating ; while in addition, the adjommg boiler
was dislodged, and turned op on end by the force of the
632
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Aiwust 12, 1864.
ezploeion. When it is stated that the pUtes at the
fractured part proved to be very defective, and alao that
this boiler had leaked for some time at the seam over the
fire, 60 that the introductioo of bran had been resorted to
in order to stop it, it will not be necessary, after what has
already been said on the danger of these external-fired
boilers, to add anything farther to account for this ex-
plosion ; while it will appear that these boilers, whether
plated longitudinally, as in the present instance, or trans-
versely as according to the more usual practice, are alike
prone to explosion. A third explosion, by which one man
was killed, was due to the collapse of the combustion
chamber of a boiler of the double furnace or breeches
class, working at a flour mill, and which was not under
the inspection of the Association. The boiler was the
left hand one of a series of three, the shell being 7 feet in
diameter and 26 feet 6 inches long ; while the diameter
of the furnaces was 2 feet 9 inches, and that of the flue 3
feet 3 inches; the length of the combustion chamber
being 4 feet 6 inches, the thickness of the plates
three-eishths of an inch, and the steam pressure 46B>.
The collapse of the combustion chamber had taken place,
not at the crown but at the underside, and this arose
firom the fact, that while the crown was stiffened with
roofing stays, assisted by tie rods connected to the shell
of the boiler, the bottom of the combustion chamber was
comparatively unstayed, having but a single angle iron
running longitudinally on the centre line, in addition to a
small gusset on each side. These breeches or combustion
chambers have already proved a veiy fruitful source of
explosion, and it is important that those who employ
boilers of this construction should have these chambers
stayed with vertical water tubes, which act as internal
columns or struts, and thus prevent the top and bottom
plates of the chamber coming together; while, in
addition, it is frequently, if not always desirable, tliat
the flue should be encircled with an angle iron hoop just
at the waist or temiination of the breeches piece. In
some cases, where the pressure is low, this hoop of itself
would be sufficient, and under many circumstances would
peihape be more easily obtained than the water tubes.
An explosion occurred to the boiler of a locomotive engine
while attached to a passenger train just after it liad
stopped at a railway station. The engine was of the
ordinary type for passenger traffic, and built in the year
1849. It was not under the inspection of the Association.
The boiler rent in the barrel or cylinder portion of the
shell, which was composed of three belts or widths of
plates. The belt adjoining the fire-box was completely
severed from the remainder of the boiler, having rent
close to one of the overlaps at a longitudinal seam below
water line, and also through the line of rivet holes
of the entire ring seam on each side of it. This belt was
flattened out and thrown to the right, while the seam
dome, in consequence of the previous rupture, was torn
away, and blown to a considerable distance ; added to
which, the crank axle was broken, the wheel on the right-
hand side disturbed, and the tubes bowed outwards, the
remainder of the boiler receiving but little damage. On
examining the edges of the fractured plate it was clear
that the primary rent had occurred at the edge of the
overlap of thelorigitudinal seam of rivets, for there a deep
furrow was found which had eaten away the strength of
the plate. These longitudinal furrows are the most fre-
qtient source of locomotive boiler explosions, and there
appears to be no other way of detecting the silent pro-
greBs of these fuiTows in time to renew the weakened
plates so as to prevent rupture, than that of making more
freqtient ** Internal Examinations."
New Method op Hamoino DooBS.->Mr. George
Fawcus, of North Shields, with a view to obviate the
acci*lents that are liable to happen in the, opening or
clofiing of doors fitted as at present, proposes to form a
^ovo (a segment of a quarter circle) on the back of the
niaking it to revolve round the shaft of a pillar
or circular moulding, fitted to the door frame
The ordinary butt or other hinges at the bsck of tlw dm,
are to be replaced by pivot points, plates and Bcrsvi,biBdi
or crooks, at the top and bottom of the door, tU
oombioation acting like a rule joint, and so prsmtiag
no opening at the back, in whatever positkn ths door
is pUused. The doors may also be huog inthsototn
of the side frame, and so present the sameappeMioceof
door and frame on both sides. The door fnoMi majU
made of wedge-shaped sections, to economise tiisbir,ii
these may be cut obliquely from square pieoM. llore
space will thus be gained in the doorway for injtluif
of length passing tliroogh obliquely. There oaf W
gittoeful curves, that is, rounds and holiows, insUid oC
the mouldings with sharp comers, that so ouioh iooRMi
the labours of the joiner, painter, dsc It is expected ilat
doors thus fitted will be leas liable to be afisetei hf
warping, and will move more easily. The ordiavy boln
of spring locks may be made broader and rounded (A lik
a bulb edge, through which a small level soHaoemtlw
middle may be slotted out for holding, thus expoHD| in/
sharp comer or edge for contact in passing.
LoooMOTivB wiTU fiiaoT DBIVI50 Whxeu.— Osths
floor of the library of the Society may be seen a model of
a locomotive engine with eight driving wheels, fonbit
curves and steep gradients. The model is to a nk
of one-eighth the full size. The frame is rigid, indi»
provided with eight driving wheels of difleriogdiamctsBt
so that the machine will roll freely round doable revemd
curves of one chain and a half radius. By thii inio|i>
ment the total weight of the engine is reodeted wtiwd
for the purpose of adhesion, while the load is disliitated
over ao manv wheels as not to damage the ttik At
the same tmie, by the application of a brake, to k
operated by steam power, the whole of the 6^
wheels are retarded and set free rapidly by ths
driver putting steam on or off. The same tnacfaiM
is capable of being extended to twelve driven if
required. With the inovase of steam power in the loco-
motive, the increase of adhesive wheels has become a vay
important consideration. This is recognised on theOreit
Northern Railway, where Mr. Stnrrock ajyliei rieio
cylinders to his tenders to obtain the adheiioo ofian-
creased number of wheels, and thus, it is Baid,iseaiUtd
to draw one half more load. By the qratem oovih^
the increased power of adhesion is leodered oeopiAw
with ttie sharpest curves. This is a oUn of lag**
structure long aimed at by our friends on the ooniia*^
who have to work in hilly regiooi.
Tbb New FAcrroav Aot.— The objects of tiwsaelw
to provide for the effectual cleansing and f«tili iifla*
factories, and to regulate the labeor of childreB,yQ^
persons, and women employed therein. The fcclon<|J
which it applies are those used for the maiMifag*P> *
earthenware (♦•xcept bricks and tiles), of loeUer *^^
of percussion capA, of cartridges, paper statniog, aad iw-
tian cutting. An occup'er of a factory not kept ia 6|ii-
formity with this act is to be liable to a V^Z
exceeding £10 nor less than £8. With the "'^^J
thering the act a master can make rules to *<^"''*~JJ?^
nessand ventilation, which rules are to be ^'[^'^f
by the Secretary of State, and if a person emjploy* "
the factory should infringe them he is to be liaUa to *
penalty of £ I . The act provides that meals «» not te»
taken in factories used for the purpose '"^^"^^^^
also regulates the age of children to be employadj «»
are not to be under eleven years of 9g%,
Lifb-Pkeservimo Appuamobs. — There was a W
concourse of people on the Sehie and its qoi^ ^J^
day, when an ixhibition was made in peUio ofw
efficacy of belts, waistcoats, mattresses, and ^^*J* •'^SlI
filled with cork in saving life in case of shipwreck.^^
ailieles in que«tion were manu&ctured fcy * .^JS
company, on the system of Dr. Bi^ifd, who ^P^J^JJJJ
the proceedings in peivon. The matlressas and^w*^
productions ot this company differ from <>'*>«'• •JJS
internally of cork, in the fact that they aie dl?i«* "*
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS. August 12, 1864.
633
separate portions, so that, like a ship built with water-tight
compartments, a local injury does not materially interfere
with the general value of the article. The mattresses,
for instance, are composed of ten or twelve transverse
divisions, the ticlcing or other material serving for the
case being continuous on the one side and indented on
the other, to the whole thickness of the cork-stuffing, so
that the mattress is composed of so many parallelograms
hinged together on one side, and can be folded up with
great ease and convenience for stowing away or for
transport. The stuffing consists of cork in powder or in
shavings, the former being used where greater soilness is
required, and the latter in ordinary cases, and these are
prepared by means of special machinery arranged for
using up waste cork of all kinds, a very important con-
sideration in an economical point of view. The exhibition
which took place the other day had for its principal
object the exhibition of the value of cork mattresses as
life preservers; a number of these were thrown upon the
water, and a mattress, six feet by three, supported a man
sitting, lying, or kneeling with perfect ease ; even the
narrow mattresses used on boara ship, not more than
fifteen inches wide, possess buoyancy enough to sustain a
man of moderate weight, and, when fitted with straps
and buttons, form a most valuable life-belt. The
ordmary sized mattress for one person, containing about
twenty pounds of oork, will sustain two men in the
water without difficulty . After various expeiiments had
been made with the oork mattresses, belts, and waistcoats
nngly, a dozen of the first-named articles were strapped
together to form a raft, which carried a number of men
fiom the Pont Royal to the Pont de la Concorde, amid
the cheers of the assembled crowds. Similar exhibitions
have taken place at Biarritz, Dieppe, Cherbourg, and
elsewhere, and it is understood that the Company enjoys
the patronage of the Imperial Marine.
€ammttct.
Imtekkational Money Ordkbs. — The French and
Italian Qovemments have taken the initiative in a matter
of great importance to those who have relations with
fi>reign countries. The commercial world has provided
for itself the means of transmitting money from one
country to another, and for all but very small sums the
system is complete. When, however, the amount to be
remitted is below what is considered as a commercial
quantity, the trouble of making a payment is out of all
pfoportion to the business to which it relates. To meet
this want the government of Franco and Italy have con-
doded a convention for the establishment of money orders
between the two countries. The amount is limited to 200
fi«Dcs (£8) ; the fees are fixed at the rate of 20 centimes per
10 fhmcs (about 2d. for 8s.), or for any fraction of that
MUB whkh are to be paid by the sender, and no other fee
or tax of any kind to be charged on any pretence what-
orer. Moreover, these money orders are to be transfer-
able by endorsement. The date when this convention is
to be put into practice is not yet announced. It is difficult
to petceire any reason why this new arrangement should
not work as easily as any other function of the Post-office,
and it may be regarded as the first step in an important
and popular commercial reform. In connection with the
Sstem of money orders in general, it may be observed
at while the tax is at present greater in Paris than in
Ixmdon, the orders issued by the French post-office have
the great advantage of being payable at any one of the
mooey-order offices in the town, according to the con-
Tenience of the recipient.
MiMiifo Statistics. — From the returns of Mr. Robert
Hunt, F.R.S., the Keeper of the Mining Records at the
fioyal School of Mines, it appears that the value of the
nhlsrals produced in 1863, was £29.151,976, fhmi which
metals of the value of £86,364,827 were extracted. Of
gold quartz there were produced 386 tons, worth £1,600;
of tm ore 15,157 tons, worth £968,985; of copper ore.
212,947 tons, worth £1,100,554 ; of lead ore, 91,283
tons, worth £1,193,530; of silver ore 88 tons, worth
£5,703; and of zinc ore, 12,941 tons, worth £29,968.
During the same year there were sold 95,376 tons of
pyrites, for £62,035 ; and the rarer minerals— wolfram,
uranium, gossans, arsenic, and earthv minerals raised,
were of the value of £1,980,866. These items, with the
value of 9,101,662 tons of iron ore, £3,240,890, and
86,292,216 tons of coal, £20,572,946, raise the total
to £29,161,976, which was manufactured into nearly
£40,000,000 worth of merchantable produce. To produce
these results direct employment has been given to at
least 500,000 men, so that the mineral industnes of the
kingdom may be considered as alone supporting a popu-
lation of nearly 3,000,000.
Coal in the Soutueiin States. — An American paper
says that there are extensive coal mines lying on both sides
of the James river, a few miles above Richmond, being
about twenty miles from north to south, with an average
breadth of five miles. The coal is bituminous, and it has
been largely used for steam purposes and for the pro-
duction of gas. These mloes were probably the earliest
worked of any in the United States, mention being made
of them in the American Journal of Science of 1818, as
having been in operation for thirty yean previously. The
works, as now carried on, are at a great depth, the
deepest -shaft sunk being about 800 feet. Anthracite
coal mines have been opened within a few years in Mont-
gomery, Pulaski, and Wythe counties, and also along the
range of mountains in the western part of Augusta county.
In ^rush Mountain, along the north-western line of
Montgomery county, and in Price^s Mountain, six or seven
miles south-east of this, some very pood coal is mined.
The amount of coal mined in Virginia during the year
1860 was 382,000 tons, valued at about 700,000 dels, at
the mines. There are extensive beds of bituminous and
semi-bituminoos coal in North Carolina, in Chatham and
Moore counties in Deep River. There are also extensive
beds of semi-bituminous coal in Rockingham and Stokes
counties, on the Dan River. The only mines of im-
portance in Southern Tennessee are on the Sewanee
River.
Auction Salb of Shares in India. — The Indian
journals give an account of an auction sale of Back Bay
Reclamation Company's shares at Bombay. The profit
realised on the 400 shares sold amounted to upwards of a
million sterling. The average profit was Rs. 26,346 per
share. The company therofore will start with a re-
serve fund of 60 per cent on its proposed capital.
The sale prodnoed most extraordinary excitement. A
i^rsee acted as auctioneer, and most of the bidders
were natives. The first share was knocked down for
24,600 rupees, but the price speedily rose to 30,000
rupees, ana then to Rs. 36,000, at which price a goodly
number were sold. The fact of 400 shares of a company
which has not, nor is likely to commence operations for
tome time to come, fetching such an enormous premium,
is probably without a precedent.
C0lmm8«
The Financial PosrrioN of New Zealand appears
to be such as at present not to require any additional tax-
ation by an increase of customs duties. A colonial
paper maintoins that if at a later neriod this be the case,
and the treasurer's accounts should show a deficiency,
the Province of Auckland, *' which is the only one that
reaps material benefit fVom the war," ought to be called
upon to make good, at least to a consideimble extent, the
deficit produced by the war expenses. ** Thousands of
military settlers are to be brought to Auckland at the
cost of the colony. Millions of acres of fine land, obtained
from the natives by way of confiscation, will secure to
634
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, August 12, 1864.
AUckUnd the means ofoflTering inducement toimniigrants
to come, and for capital'iBts to invest their capital in that
colony. It is only jubt that, as Auckland is the only
(gainer by the war, it also should contribute a larger share
towarJs the expenditure which the war has already
entailed upon us."
BoiLDiNG IN Meldournr has been proceeding with
great rapidity. New and verv handsome house^i, shop-
warehouses, and stores are taking the place of old and
incommodious stmcturee. In every street evidences of
industry in this direction are presented. The building
trades never were more fully or profitably occupied.
The Canadian Tbade.— The official statement of the
arrivals and tonnage of ocean vessels at the port of
Quebec, up to the date of the departure of the royal
mail steamship Hibernian, sliows a falling off of 247' in
the number of vessels, and decrease of 115,653 tons iu the
aggregate tonnage— the aggregate number being in 1864
533 ships of 290,626 tons, against 780 vessels and 406.279
tons. The same returns show that up to the 7th of July
in the present year 12 steamers (ocean) arrived at Quebec,
of an aggregate of 16,902 tons, against the same number
of steamers of 17,417 tons — an increase in the tonnage of
505 tons. The coasting trade of Quebec has also shown a
decrease, the numbers being in 1864, 33 vessels of 2,636
tons, against in 1863, 40 vessels of 3,625 tons, a falling off
of 7 vessels and 980 tons.
Finances of Natal. — Twenty years ago, when Natal
first became British territory, its revenue at the end of
the first year amounted to £830. Five years later it was
£9,268, in five years more £28,648, at the end of another
five years £42,800 and in 1868 it reached £123.089— an
excess of more than £6,000 over that year's expenditure.
The growth of the revenue is stated to be in great part
due to the population drinking and smoking more. It is
calculated that the European population paid in 1863
taxes to the amount of £5 per head. Yet the expenditure
for education, loads and bridges and public works, immi-
gration, and mail carriage— barely exceeded £80,000.
©Mtuarj.
♦-
Edwik Ward Tbent was bom at Penn Mill, Yeovil,
Somersetshire, October 24th, 1810. His giandfather was
governor of Ilchester piison for more than thirty years.
When quite a boy he had a taste for making canals,
drains, &c. When about arriving at manhood, he
formed an ardent desire for a seafaring life, but his
mother being averse to it. it was abandoned, though with
long-continued regret. He then adopted the trade of
rope, line, and twine making, in which he excelled, and
which furnished him with a wide and congenial field Tor
experiment and invention. He produced a machine for
coiling flhips' cables, which it was till then asserted could
never be done. He introduced several improvements in
the machinery for spinning yam for rope-making, and
machines made on his system are now extensively used.
Some of the^e machines were shown at the late Inter,
national Exhibition. At the Great Exhibition of 1851
he gained a medal for the preparation of New Zealand
fiax {Phormium tenaz) and fishing-lines made of it ; and,
at Sir W. Hooker's request, the specimens were deposited
in the Moseam at Eew-gardent. He was the original
inventor of machinery for extracting the long fibre fi-om
the husk of the cocoa-nut, upon which he spent much
time and money. While manager of the Park Hemp
Works, at Old Ford and East Gkeenwicb, he made great
improvements in spinning machinery, besides inventing a
machine for finishing twifi«, which inoreased the eoonomj
of working and diminished the waste. The actiyity of
Mr. ^^f^^Bmind was shown in variooa other ways. He
^%e the promoter of ieveral oompanies for encouiaging
growth of hemp and fiax, and assisted in the forma,
or the Intercolonial Steam Navigation Company.
He also exercised great influence in the direction iJf
emigration. He was foud of travelling, and in Canada
and the United States alone he journeyed over 6/)00
fiiUes; having ti-avclled also in many other coootiies.
Some years ago he published a ** Tract" on the saiject of
training boys who had not been convicted of crimen on a
self-suppoiling system, for colonial life. lie had beien a
u)ember of the Society of Arte for about thirteen ycxn,
occasionally contributing a paper for insertion in this
Journal, He died at his residence, at Homerton, March
22, 1864, in the 54th year of his age.
^ttbluaii0ns |Bsnc5.
*»-
Diotionnaibb de CniMiE IiTDUSTBiELLF, by Mea&ieara
liarreswill and Aim^ Giraid, in five volumes octavo.
( Ferdinand Tandon et Cie.., Rue des Ecoles, Paris.) THob
work, as the authois say in the preftoe, is not, atiicily
speaking, a dictionary, but partakes of the mixed cliaracter
of a dictionary and a treatise. The object of the work is
to give detailed descriptions of the indostries whicfa we
based upon the phenomena of cliemistry. These indostriea
are classed in alphabetical order, and arc explained at
length, including the putting up of factories and the neces-
sary machines, utensils, and pkmt, as well aa the EDateriala
used, produced, and derived from them, and the method
of working them. Messrs. fiarreswiU and Girard haveaMO-
ciated with themselves in the underUking men epeeiaUy
known in their several branches of knowledge, ao as t»
render their work as ^r as possible an exact repreaea-
tation of the chemical industry of the period. Th©
dictionary is compi-ised in four volumes, the fifth volBme
being an introduction, in which is given the elenMaitsef
those sciences of which industrial chemi^ta should hara
knowledge. Among the contrilmtors to the book, inter*
mingled with the names of Barreswill and Girard, will be
found that of Gannal, attached to an article on the proaer.
vation of organic substances ; of Bouilhet, the diatingnidied
son-in-law of Christofle (electro-chemical depoota} ;
Maumen^ (oils, &c.) ; Iteveil (milk, butter, cheeee, te.j;
Kop (metals in ordinary use) ; Ste. Claire-Deville and
Paul Morin (aluminium) ; V^e (pharmacy) ; Davanna
(photography); Salv^tat (pottery); Balard (prodoctaoT
mline spring's) ; Peligot (glass and enamel) ; Banal (wumi
and spirits), and many others, including Beilhelot, Colai,
Perrault, Schlosing, Riche, Lesieur, Lucas, Sobreto, and
Girardin. Mous. Girard furnishes the aitidea on acida»
alkalis, minerals, nearly all the chemistry of THfltak,
waters, lighting by means of fatty bodies, essences, ethai^
&C. ; Ban'cswill the articles on paper, phosphoras, ooIoiti%
gelatine, glue, &c. The work generally ia ini^^nA^^
specially for the use of manufacturers and managjcm of
works who desire to make theuiselvea thorougli^
acquainted with the science and practice of the b
in which they are engaged.
Mbtrio Tables, in which the British standard tm
and weights are compared with thoee of tlie _
System, by C. H. Dowling, C.E. {Lockwood cmd Cb.).
This work, which was announced in a former nomber, (a
now published , and is thus arranged : — First there is .
history of our own standards of weight and
ending with a table of legal denomuiationa ;
nmilar sketch of the origin of the standard of the
System, with a table of the aystem appended aa in ihm
preceding case ; next follows the comparison betw«Qii tha
two systems, formitfg the **Data for the Tatdea," a
which the equivalents between the two systems are givM
reciprocally for every denomination of weight and moa
aara, from the lowest to the highest. In thia porUoB of
the work the equivalents are taken sometimes to the Ml
extent of decimals, but always to a large nnaiber, A»
ensare aocnnK^ in the results 'for the tablM. AolbacHy
is given at every step for the oorraot orwin oi ^m
fnndamenlal numbers by quotatioDS froai oneial
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Auoost 12, 1864.
ed6
tnmtt ia wWoh tltey may be readfly found. The detailed
ADd *' ready reckooing** tables follow, forming the balk
of the work^aod arepmectat iarae Uieezchaoge betweeo
tlM two ■^•ros of tae '* itatote" denomiBatioiis in each ;
aixty^foor tables are requhvd for this purpose, some of
iham extending, under the same head, for seven pages,
in order to reach the higher amounts likely to be sought.
Misoellaneous tables are added, such as pounds on the
square inch converted to kilogrammes on the square
centimetre, Ac. An elaborate thermometric table of
Fahrenhei^s.the Centigrade and Heaumur's thermometers,
with a table of oompaiison between the English and
Metric l>aronieters, close this onerous undertaking. Thb
li the first work of its khid poblished, and it appears to
ba in every respect equal to any of the wc^ks which have
been published by the governments of nations on adopting
the metric system permissively.
^m.
ANomrr Rohaw GAUOfoaR. — One of the latest acaui
aitions to the Neapolitan Museom is a Koman calendar
disinterred at Pompeii, in the neighbourhood of the Qaie
of Isis. It consistB of a square block of white marble,
having on eaoh of its four sides the information relating to
Ihree months of the year. First come the signs o( the
Zodise, followed by the number of days in each mouth,
and the indication of the nonos. The hours of day and of
night are carefully marked. At the periods of the winter
soUtice are read the words Mtmit mk%wm. All the above-
mentioned particulars are drawn up in perpendicular
oolninns. There are besides instructions respecting the
p rio aipa l agncolUiral opsimttoos to be undertaken in eaoh
month, with the names of the divinities to be worshipped,
and the religious festivals and rites to be observed. On
the tipper surface of the \Aock is the engraved figure of
Apol^ driving the car of the sun, sod on the lower
SDifaoe, Ceres gathering ears of oom in a field.
Lkad-poisokino or Cows. — Mr. V. Tnson, Professor
of Chemistry in the Royal Veterinary College, in a letter
to the Star says: — " In May last three cows, the property
of Mr. Mullins, of Rugby, died, after exhibiting symptoms
which could not be re^rrod by Mr. Watson, the veterinary
sorgeon consulted, to any disease with which he was
aoquaipted. On making a j^-morUm examination of
the cows fimgments of lead were foaod in their alioMntary
canals, espcdally in the retlculi or paunches. It was then
remembered that the whole of the cows affected, although
they had from November, 1863, up to the period of their
death in May last, been pastured at a distance from the
buttaof the Rugby Rifle Volunteer Corps, had, prior to
November, 1863, been kept in a field ac^oining tliese
butts. This field was carefully exammed by Mr. Wat-
son, and among the herbage he discovered fragments of
lead which eorresponded in evenr way with those ibiind
in the stomachs of the cows. Now the lead here re-
ferred to is that which had been scattered from the
targets consequent upon the impact of bullets, and is
called ' bullet spray.' Some of this spray had been
evidently picked np by the oows while feeding, it re-
mained in their stomachs several months, where, during
that time, it slowly, but continuously, underwoit solution
and subsequent absorption into the system, and so, doubt-
less, poisoned the anmials in question. Since the death
of the three cows, Uie owner has lost two more, under
Diracisely the same oircomstances as those already related^
The visesca of one of the cows whieh died last were sent
to me (br analysis, and I was enabled to demonstrate the
presence of lead, not only in the coats of the stomach and
mtestines, and in their oontenls, but likewise in the liver
and kidney, thus proving the passage of that poisonons
XMtal into the circulation. 1 mso had an opportunity of
^aamining the bullet spray, which enabled me to aseartain
^bat most of it was enomsted with a pale drab-ooloored
snbstance, composed ohiefly of earbonate of lead, a highly,
poisonous plumbio oompound. It was this carbonate of
lead whioh, I believe, more immediately caused the dsMlh
of the eows.'*
Snaa^uBOUB Navioatiok.— The Messrs. Russell are now
engaged in the mauufacture of an extensive and very
novel order for the Russian Government, who seem to
have resalved upon making that country a great maritime
power. A fleet of war veseels to sail under the surface are
now being constructed for Knssia. To afford some idea of
the msgnitude of the Russian enterprise, it may be stated
that the cost of the tubes alone for a single vessel of this
submarine fleet, will be nearly- £9,000. ft will contain no
less than thirty-eight lengths of wrought-iron tubes of
sixty feet each, having a 1 3-inch bore, and a thickness of
seven-eighths of an inch. The specifications demand
that they shall be capable of bearing a pressure of 2,00UB>.
to the square inch, and Messrs. Russell test evety tube up
to 2,6001b. The submarine boat which these tubes are
destined for, is of such dimensbns that it is estimated that
200 tons of iron and steel will be used in its constmctioQ.
The cost will, it is calculated, reach 175,000 silver roubles,
or £27,000, and the expenditure of this amount has been
authorised by the Emperor. Each vessel is to have
engines worked by compressed air, and to have a very
strong t>reak with provision for attaching large cylinders,
charged with powder, to the bottom of vessels, to be fired
by electricity. The parties navigating the vessel will see
what they are doing by means of ** bulls* eyes," and they
will be able to regulate the depth at which they swim,
generally keeping quite dose to the surfi&ce.
(Lisxtti^imtm.
Water Sopply of Naples. — Sib, — I read in your
Journal of the 8th of July, a report of Mr. John F. Bate-
man, civil engineer, upon the project of Signer Felice Abate,
of Naples, for supplying that city with water. Having
occupied mysdf with this subject, it is one with whieh £
am well acquainted, and 1 wish to point out, for the in-
formation of your readers, in the cause of exactitude,
that the data upon which Mr. Bateman has drawn his
conclusions cannot be accepted as correct by those accu-
rately acquainted with the subject. First— The length
of the Roman aqueduct of Claudius is 63 English mues
from Naples, not 47, as might be inferred from the r«part,
the exact length being 80 kilometres. Secondly— The
aqueduct of Claudius waa constructed now more than
eighteen centuries since, and was first destroyed Anno
Domini 70, the epoch of the first eruption of Vesuvius,
which destroyed Pompeii and Heroiuaooum. Nothing
but the two tunnels, formed through hills of rock, now
remain intact, if, indeed, these tunnels oan be Ikirly
admitted to be so. One of these tunnels is only two kilo-
metres, and the other six kilometres long, out of the
whole length of eighty kilometres. The state of the pre-
servation of the remaining portion is more than pro-
blematical; indeed, the route of the aqueduct must be
mainly traced by its ruins. How, indeed, could such a
work be expected to resist the effect of weather, and the
vibration the earth is subject to in these parts, for
more than eighteen centuries? Leturi, even in the six-
teenth century, estimated the simple repairs of the aque-
duct at two million dollars, or 9,500,000 fw., which, taking
the then greatly increased value of money into con-
sideration, would now give a very much larger sum.
Thirdly. With respect to the quantity of water yielded
by the springs of Serine. During last year, about Novem-
ber, 1863, a ooramission, specially nominated by the
Council of Naples for the purpose of studying the question
of the water supply in general of Naples, measured the
quantity of water yielded by the springs of Serino, which
were then found to yield only 4^46,700 gallons per day.
It is true, tliat in 1861, Mr. Abate measured the springs
636
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Auqdbt 12, 1864.
of Serino, aod rejpoiied them to yield 8,733^2 gall<Mis
per day. Still, for the supply of Naples the lowest yield
mciBt be taken into coDtideration. The daily qaaiitity of
water required bv Kaplep, estimated by Mr. Bateman at
finom 12 to 16 million gallons per day, over and above the
4,846,700 gallons, must be therefore provided for. This
leaves, according to Mr. Bateman's lowest estimate, a
daily quantity of 7 million gallons stiU to be provided for,
or, according to the highest estimate, 10 million gallons '
Astothepoesibility of augmenting the supply, as pro- 1
posed by Mr. Bateman, by coUecting the surface ^ter!
drammg from the surrounding mountains, into monster !
store reservoirs, even could this be done inacountnr like i
Nanles, where the temperature is high, the water, neces- '
sanly mixed with impurities derived from mountain I
torrents, would lose its freshness, and serious incon- '
veniences hygienicaUy would result. The principal'
element of success in an enterprise of this nature at Naples
would be the prefeerving the freehnessand the wholesome-
ness of the water. Fourthly— As to the revenue proposed
to be denved from the use of the fall of the water of the
aqueduct as a motive power, 1 am utterly at a loss to con-
ceive how such a revenue is to be obUined, knowmg, as 1
do, the mdustrial resources of this country. There is an
ia)undance of hydraulic power in the neighbourhood of
JNaple8,with mtinitely preferable conditions or advantaires.
as It IS situatod near the sea. Besides, the salubrity of the
water must necessarily be more or less iojured if works
and factories are to be established along the coui«e of the
aqueduct intended for the alimentation of a great town —
S.F.
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL PRINTED PAPERS.
^"°^/ V «, . DeHtertd on lith July, 1864.
M' WliTS*?^ "^ MeMurw (MetropoUiH Further Rrtnra.
410. CifU BUI ProoeiMt, &c. {AttivA^H^Jixm/ ^^
466. TraMportaaon ttom the Channel Wanda— MemoriaL
476. Poitage ( Auatralia and New Zealand)— Retoni.
477. Portage (Aoitralia)— Letter.
200. BiU— Portunouth Dockjrard (Aoiniiaition of Land«\/am«Mi«.i\
Gold Coast (MUlury OiSmdSunS^?. ^*^^^•™•^•*)•
New Zealand— Farther Papers.
Skssion 1803.
493 (vn). Import and Export Dottei— Return.
DeHvertd on July 16, 1864.
369. Goremmcnt Property— Return.
466. Schools of Art— Report.
468. Education (Inspectors* Reports)— Report.
469. Chamber of London— Annual Accounts
472. Superior Courts of Law— Return.
mS' mu^"" Works (Msnuftrturing Districts) Act (l863)-Report.
202. BlUs— Armagh ArchiepiscopaJ Revenues. /— j^».
2S* " i^"tl!<*»P«>ceeding8ConflnnaUon (Sussex).
2M* " £!j,^^W,.rks (Manufacturing Disilcts). '
" ^JJJJ5J*j*™*^°»P">'««neat of Lands (Irdand)(SuppIe.
Dredging or excsTating machlnef— IS63— G. F^mma aad J. «i«*^
Drinking Tessels, arrangement appHcahle to-lS60— F. L, tSmT
Bjfgs, preeerratlon of— 1642— T. Niebols.
Ere^.telegrapt.ie apparatus-1823— A. V. Newton.
Fabrics, treatment of printed or (hned— 1814— A. Barton. 1.
botham. and T. H. NerillT *
Felted cloth, ntianufticture of— 1835— J. Barcroft
nbrous materials, twisting and doubling- 1824— A. Topp uA J
Fllter-1799-A. Espirat and E. Sacboe. «PP «« J.
Fire-arms, breech-loading- 1774— Q. Daries.
Flre-armt, breech-loading- 1816— J. R. Cooper.
Flre.arms, breech-loading— 1844— T. Wilaon.
Fluids, Ac, raising and propelling— 1768— J. Beraajs.
Freezing mixtures, apparatus fbr agitating— 1821— J. WhitftiC
Gas lamps, lighting, &c— 1792— T. C. Ebdj and M. Bonloa.
Human diseases, applying chemical ftamigatioos to the
—1784 A. A. Bonnet.
Iron and rteel, furnaces for heating and smeHinr 1T86 J
Ln«Wf«t ♦c, chpcking the weight of— 1810— W. E. G«dn.
Machinery, fkdliuting reciprocating movements of— 17^^^ i
Machines, packing for— 1708— G. Hartshome.
Marking ink, mauufticture of— 1828— J. MoUer.
Metals, composition for preventing the oxvdation of— leOA— H.
De Briou.
Motion, apparatus for transmitting— 1802— T. Boarae
Motive-power— 1010— B. W. A. Sleigh.
Motive power— 1850— J. P. Ravaid.
Mowing and reaping machines— 1794— W. McI. Craaaton.
Mowing and reaping machines - 1851— W. E. NewUa.
Mules, self-acting— 1862— L. R. Bodmer.
Musical instruments— 1773— M. Henrr.
Oils, means of doconfrelatlng-1827— W. E. Gcdge.
Ordnance, *c., breech loading— 1760— J. Needham.
Ores, drying and ciilcining-1815— E. Young.
Paper, *c . printing and perfbrating— 1874— V. Waaoatracfcl.
Paper-hangings, manuCscture of— 1756— R. Smith and J. Booth.
Paper, nunuf^cture of— 1870— J. and W. Olire ami E. PartivtoB
Pianoforte and harmonium, oomUned— 1800 ^E. Lea.
Pig iron, manuteotnre of— 1789— A. Barclay.
Pumps, construction of— 1860— J. H. Beattie.
Railway carriages, construction of— 1754— J. S. Tucks.
Railway carriages, obtaining communication from one to
1837— W. S. Lftwson.
Railway signals- 1858— J. Lang.
Railway tracks, working of moving parts of— 1873— W
Railways, permanent way of— 1617— W. E. Gedge.
Rivet-making machines— 1829 - F. Peskett.
Safely valves— 1847— J. H. Johnson.
Sails, roeBng, Ac- 1806— O. Phalp.
Sails, reefing fore and aft— 1817— J. Hart.
Salt, manu&cture of— 1833— D. HaU and A. L. Roown.
Sewing machinery— 1822- N. Solamon.
Ships, Ac, armour for— 1778— J. Chalmers.
Ships, Ac., constructing and propelling— 1836— A. F. OalM>.
Ships, oonstructionof- 1866— M. boottT
Ships, raising sunken or stranded— 1871-J. A. P. UaeBride
Ships, screw propellers for— 1818— R. Lees.
SiUdum, fluoride of— 1766— R. A. Brooman.
Slate, marble, Ac., apparatus tor cutting— 1838— J. Clark.
Smoke-burning ftimaoes— 1798— F. C. Coasent.
Smoky chimneys, apparatus tor curing— 1704— 8. FVeenuou
SpindlM, attaching knobs to-1826-J. and J. L. Hinka.
Steam boilers, feed apparatus for— 1857— H. A. Bonneville.
/Vom CommiuUmen qf PatmU JowntU, Aufm9ik,
Patbmts Skalko.
fattttls^
-#-
From Commiuionm^i qf Patmit Journal, Augwt 6IA.
Grants or PaonsioirAL PaonoTion.
Agricultural implements - 1764 -F. W. Turner.
Artificial f^el— 1842-D. Barker.
Bottles, &c., machinery for washing- 1 783— T. Johnson,
mweries, io., apparatus employed in— 1841— F. Gregory.
»mfvilf°i? *"•■» "Mchinery for making-1866-J. Slater.
SS^*** Joo^i. AC.-1872 - R. CouchSian.
326. T. Snowdon.
334. V. de Stains and T. Rogers.
336. J. Smith.
338. W. C. Stobart.
346. P. Spenoe.
357. J. M. Paget.
361. A. and E. M. Denny.
368. T. White.
369. J. Henderson, S. C. Child,
and W. L. Duncan.
370. W. Winstanley A J. Kelly.
371. W. E. Gedge. ^
372. W. Drake/
375. F. W. Burton.
376. W. Riddle.
379. J. Redtord.
382. W. Whitelej.
389. O. Bohn.
396. W. C. Fuller.
428. R. 6. Syminstoa.
480. C. HulL
497. F. Wdl.
615. W. R. BowdHeh.
978. G. T. BoQ^teld.
1214. G. T. BousSeld.
1287. J. L. and J. Hlnka.
1290. G. T. Boiafl«id.
1429. A. V. Newton.
Fatbmts ov WHroH THi Stamp Dorr o» £50 bas Bns
I jSi-^^Broadl^. ^^- ^.^. ^^^
1976* Q H ^11 "^'- ^- ^' N^wtoii.
1¥I0, M, U. BOVUI. I 1007 A XT TjTnj. |j_.
2109. W. D. Pilfer. ' ' ««wtoii.
PAtBMTS on which THB StAMT DOTT 07 £100 HAS &HBy r
2182. P. Oarmichael. | aiga. r. Hoe.
^mxml d %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IIS VMON.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, AUGUST 19, 1864.
[No. 613. Vol. XII.
AjUMnmoemenU bj the Coanell : — B^mnripftrtftnt
Prooeedlng* of the Sode^ .•—Cantor Leotoree
y*Atent Lawi ... m. ...
KtamiaationPapen, 1864
1* ine Arts ••. ••• ... ... .,, ,„
BfaaufikctorM
C dconierco... ... ... .„ ... ...
OF
... 637
... 6i2
... 646
... 646
... e4T
... 647
CONTENTS.
Obitnarj
PablioatioiM Inaed
Notec ... ... ...
Erratum ... ... ...
ParlUmentary Reports ...
Patents ...
Registered Designs
• ••
• ••
• ••
•••
• ■•
• ••
• ••
• ••
•••
Page 648
... v4y
... 64»
... 649
... 649
... 660
... 660
Examinations, 18G5.
The Prcgramme of Examinations for 18G5 is
now ready, and may be had gratis on applica-
tion to the Secretary. A copy has been sent to
each Institution and Local Board.
H^mttWii at i\n S^atuii
CANTOR LECTURES.
«• On Chbmutbt Applied to the Abts." Bv Db. F.
Craob CALYEBrr, F.R.S., F.C.S.
Lkctubs v.*
Dbliveeeo on Thubsdat Evening, May 5, 1864.
BiLB, its properties. Blood, its oompositlon, and application In the
refining of sugar and mannfttcture of albnmen. AUmmei^ its appli-
cation to ealioo- printing and photograph j. JVittr, its oompositron,
properties, fiUslfleation, and preeenration. THns, its uses. A few
words on putrefltction.
Id thia leoture we aball examine the compoeiiion of
the variooi liquids eecreted in the human body and in
those of animals, and the uses to which these fluids are
applied in arts and manufaciuies.
BiU, — The composition and appearance of bQe vary
greatly in different animals. Usually it is a yellow,
green, or brown, thick fluid, with a marked alkaline
reaction, and containing about 14 per cent, of solid matter,
the most important constituents of which are, la human bile,
nmcus, two colouring matters, one yellow, (ehdqfyrrhitie)
the other green (bUivertUni), sugar, albumen, two organic
acids (cholie ana eholek), combined with soda, oleate
and margarate of soda, a non-ssponifiable fatty nuitter
icMoUaterwe), and several mineral salts. The two most
interesting substances in bile are choleio acid and
choleet^rine, which, when produced in undue proportion,
give rise to those odculi, the passage of which through
the biliary duct is so dangerous and painful. One of the
most valuable papers puUished of late is that of Mr. G.
Kemp, in the Transactions of the Royal Society, on
the converrion of the hepatic bile into cestic, — thus
he has shown that as the former is secreted by the
liver, and arrives by the biliaty duct in the gall
bladder, it is there converted into cestic bile by
means of a special fermentation, induced by a mucus
* This lectorc was No. YI. when the Coorse was delivered,
bat the present order of poblicstion has been adopted, m bring-
ing the whole sobject more •yitematieaUy before the reader.
secreted In the walls of the gall bladder. It is believed
by most physiologists tluit the principal function
of bile is to neutralize the acid fluids resulting from
digestion in the stomach, as they enter the small in-
testines, rendering them better adapted for their sojourn
there, and also facilitating their fermentation, one of the
most important phenomena of digestion. The employ-
ment of bile as a scouring agent has much diminished of
late years, owing to the substitution for it of benzine and
Sherwood spirit.
Blood. — The study of this all-important fluid is most
interesting, in a physiological point of view, for the 27
pounds of Uood (the average amount in an adult) which
travels through the whole of the human Irame in about
three minutes, fulflls three distinct functions, viz., — it
carries the various elements of food, as modified by
digestion, into the diflerent parts of the body requiring
them; it helps to remove from the system those sub-
stances which have fulfilled their required functions in it,
and which have been rendered useless by the wear and
tear of life ; and it conveys through the s^^tem the heat
generated by the oxidation, through respiration, of the
substances which have been absorbed during digestion, as
well as of those which have performed their part in the
human economy, and require to be removed therefrom.
It will, therefore, be easily understood that blood must be
a complicated fluid ; and the following table will give an
idea of the truth of this assertion : —
1,000 parts of Blood.
fFibiine 2-96')
180-86 of clotJ Globules 126-63 ll30-86
I Heraatosine 2-27 J
r Water 79087
Albumen *
Soda j
Phosphate of Soda
Lactate of do.
Carbonate of do.
Chloride of Sodium
„ of Potassium
Carbonate of Lime
^ „ of MagoesU V 86916
Ammoniacal Salts
Phosphate of Lime V 10-98
„ of Magnesia
Sulphate of Potash
Fatty Acids, free or
combined
Cholestorine
Lecithinc (phosphur-
retted fat)
Ceribrine, or nitro-
genated fat
869-16 of
serum.
100000
67-80
lOUUHX)
638
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Auodbt 19, 1864-
It will facilitate our study of this complicated fluid if we
class the varions compounds exist inff in ft under fix
different heads. Firstly, if blood, Ti^imedia^ly afW
being drawn (torn an animAl, is whipped with a bu-cU*
rod, the •ndi of the twigs will have hinging fi'om
them a stringy mass, which, after being well washed,
is grey and elastic, and is called fibrine. Secondly,
if the* blood so treated is mixed with a solution of
sulphate of eoda of sp. gr. 1*16, and the whole thrown
on a filter, the ccrpueculaa and the colouring matter
called hematotim^ will remain on the filter, and these
suUtances, with the fibrine, form, as shown in the table,
the clot of blood. Further, if the matter left on the filter
is treated with concentrated acetic acid, the colouring
matter is dissolved and the corpuscules are left as
yfllow discs. Thirdly, on boiling the fluid which passes
through the filter, albumen i» coagulated and can be eaail v
separated, leaving water and a few saline substances, which
are easily separated by evapoiating the liquid portion. Allow
me now to add a few remarks on some of the sul^stanccs
above mentioned. Fibrine represents the fibrous or
muscular paii of animals, hut has no direct application in
manufactures. The blood corpuscules in man are ellipsoid
disos. containing the colouring matter of blood. The
most interesting fact connected with the latter is that it is
united with a compound containing iron ; and although
iron does not appear to be an integral part of the colour,
ft ill its prei^ence appears essential to the existence of the
colour itself. The external part of the discs is composed
of flbrine, whilst the interior contains an albuminous fluid
(which difiers from the albumen of the serum in the fact
that it is not coagulated by heat) and which is called
globuline. The relative proportions of fibrine, globuline,
and hematosine, vary considerably in ditterent individuals,
aoeording to h* alth, age. and sex, and even during the
process of digestion. When blood is examined imder the
microscope, large colourless globules are found to float
with tho e just desciibed. Dr. William Roberts, of Man-
chester, who has examined the corpuscules of blood, has
observed that when they are dipned into a solution of
roaftenta, they assume not only a pmk colour, but that the
Dneleas of the disc acquires a much deeper shade. Further,
thaton theKidesofthediHC there aresmall projecti'^ns which
he calls pullulations, and whirh acquire a much deeper tint
than the remainder of the discs when plunged into the
magenta solut ion. Another curious fact lately observed by
M. Pasteur is that if blood is kept forseveral weeks in a cold
situation, air being excluded, the corposoulea disappear,
and are replaced by myriids of brautilul i^ well destined
cryntals. Lastly, there is a slight difference of oompoeition
between arterial and venous blood.
ArttrlsL Venouc.
Carbon 602 65-7
Nitrogen 16-3 16-2
Hydrogen 6-6 6-4
Oxygen 26-3 21-7
99-4 100-0
It is strange that while blood is so extensively employed
on the CofitinejjtJn various branches of manufacture that
in Pan^2<000tons of bloed are used by rugar refiners
ilirdly any such application of this fluid is made
in our own countr}\ It appears to me that the explana-
tion is to be found in the fact that on the Continent
beafits are generally slaughtered in public abattoirs, by
which iiieauK many of the refuse matters can be coUected
with advantage, and without being spoilt or polluted by
i)nsi'iU|>ulouH persons, whilst in this country, when- animalf*
are slnn^ht^red in innumerable private slaughter hou>es,
tho rifliculty and expen>e of collection, together with the
MbiHTii e of guarantee of quality, render the succeratul ufe
ot blood on a lar^e scale impracticable. There is an
udiiitional advantage in the system of public abattoitp,
^\hich 1 cannot helpnoticiugen oauaft^, viz., the guarantee
thereby obtained that the public food is not furnit>hed
liuni (iiroai^ed animals. The only employment of blcod
in its integrity in this country is as an article of diet, and
to some extent In the manufkcture of praasiate of potadi.
The serum of blood is sometlpif^i naed in F.nglai^, a* veil
as on the Continent^ ae one of the subetaucei rpentfel in
the proeeas followed to commuoicnte ip cotton too magui-
ficent colour called •* Turkey red."
Albumen (blood). — The employment of this sobelatioe
in the art of calico printing is of comparatively reoeni
date, as it is chiefly due to the introduction of the tar
colours and pigment styles into that art. To fix ftnlfmrt
witii this albumen (or that of egg) it is only nerawiiy to
dissolve in a gallon of water several pounds ef albomen
and gum Senegal, adding a little tar colour, such aa
magenta, &c., or a pigment, such as ultramarioe blue,
thetie mixtures are then printed on the cotton fiabrie,
and tho colour fixed by the coagulation of the alboineo
under the influence of high piessure steam. Bot the
3uantity of albumen used for this purpoee has greatly
ecreased of late years, owing to the intit>duction ofunmn
by Mr. Charles Lowe and myself, Heasra. Boberta,
Dale, and Co., and Mr. Gratrix, and also that of the
arseniate of alumina by Mr. W. A. Perkin. The sub-
stitution of blood albumen for that of egs is chiefly doe
to Messrs. Rohart, Roger, and Co., who, I oelievo^ prepare
it by separating carefully the serum of blood from the
clot, adding to it a small quantity of alum to separate
any colouring matter that may be mixed with it, and
evaporating the water of the serum by a current of air
heated to 100^, which leaves the albumen in the form of
yellowish scales, freely soluble when placed a^n In ooa-
tact with water. The most abundant aouice of albomea.
however, is the white of egg, and therefore let us glanoe
at a few facts connected with this substance, doubly im-
portant as an article of manufacture, and as one of food.
To give some idea of the extensive use of eggs, I may
state that in Paris there are annually consumed
178,000 000 eggs, weighing 28,000,000 pounds. The
composition of a hen's egg may be stated to be as follows : —
Shell 11-6
White 68-5
Yolk 80-0
lOOK)
The following are the respective compositions of the yolk
and white :—
ToOt.
Water 61-47
ViieUine 16-76
Oleine )
Margarine \ 28*d7
Cholesterine )
Phoepho-glycerio acid 1*86
Colouring matters ... 1*20
Mineral salts 1.34
lOOUO
WlOta.
Water 8C.S4
Albuinea It^
Menbrine 046
Ptiosphates,
Ohlorides, Ac
}... 0^
lOMO
An egg may be considered as couststbg of four parts,
the shell, membrane, white, and yolk. The aheU is
composed of carbonates of lime and magnesia, |^os-
phate of lime, and osTide of iron, tho whole bound
together by a nitro-sulphuretted substance. The pre-
hence of sulphur in this substance, as well as tn tSai-
men, explains why eggs give off sulphuretted hydnogen
when boiled. The membrane lining tlie shell is Sso
a nitroBulphui-ctted substance, much resembling In its
composition that of hum. 1 have already had ooeasioD to
Nl'eak of the interesting composition of tho yolk oi egg,
when mentioning its application in the glov« mano^
lacture, and on that occasion I drew your attention
to tho remaikable substance called vitelline, and to
the peculiar nature of the fats contained in yolk
ofeggp, but moie especially tho phospho glyoerk aci^.
attributing to them the peculiar properties imparted to
leather through their use. The white of egg <^ieffy
conMsts, as the above table shows, of a substance odlad
JOURNAL OF THE 800IBTY OF ARTS, August 19, 1864.
6M
albumen, whioh you will remember ie also foond io Uood,
and, 1 may add, that ii exists io the sap of all ^lauta. Albu-
men is a fluid of an alkaline reaction, auloble m water ; and
cogutatee at 160^ when undiluted, but when dissolved in
water the teniperatore at which It coagulates is raised
according to the extent of its dilation. Albumen gives
a precipitate with all metallic lalta, but one of the nio(>t
characteristic and delicate tests tor albumen in solution,
is bichloride of mercury or cotrosive sublimate. In tact,
albumen is the best aiiti«lote known to the action of
this violent poison, when taken Internally, as was proved
by its saving the life of I most eminent cheuiist (Baron
Thenard) in 1826. All adils, except phosphoric and
acetic, precipitate albumen from its solutions, but that
which separates it with tlie greatest nicety is nitric acid
When pUced in contact with hydrochloric acid for a few
hours, it assumes a very beauaful purple colour. W hen albu-
men is placed in shallow vessels, and then stored In a cham-
ber where air at 100^ is allowed to circulate, the water
evapoiates and leaves the solid albumen in the form of
yelluwieh semi-traospaient scales, whidi, strange to say,
will, if kept dry, resist putrefaction for any length of
time, although in its liquid form the large amount of
nitrogen ii contains renders it highly putrescible.
It is this solid albumen whirb is used by calico
priiiteis, as it is easily dui^Ivfd iu water and
reudeied applicable to their purposes. Albumen is
otten used io manufActures to clarify fluids. In some
instances the albumen in solution is added to the
fluid and caiT ed to the boil, when the dissolved albumen
coagulates, an* 1 in falling through the fluid cariies with it
meeiianically the nutuars in 8Uspen^ion, when it is oulv
necejtsary to decant the claiifieid fluid. In others it is
adtled at natural temperature, as in the case of wines,
where the tarmin, alcohol, an«i adds are the agents which
ooagulate the albumen. Allmmen was firrt applied to
photography by NiH|)ce de St. Victor, in the following
form : he mixed together intimately 10 fluid ounces of
dintilleil wiiter with the white of 10 fresh eggs; to this
he added 200 iT'^n* of chloride of sodium or chloride of
aiiiuioniuiu. The whole was well shaken in a bottle for
about ten minutes, a«d then allowed to stand. All that
was then required was to decant the dear liquor, and
apply it to the surfaces intendeii to receive the phutographio
iuiage. [Here the lecturer shortly described this photo-
graphic process, and alluded to the lecent application of
the liglit resulring from the combuttlon of magnesium
wlr«i manufactured by Messn. J. Mellor and Co , of
Sailbid. showing its applicability to photography, by using
tlU* light to take photographs during the lecture, suting
that the cost wsa eoiy a lew pence.] A gi^At many attempts
have been made to preserve eggs from deoav, the most
•oueesstul of which have been those of La Maison
Cormier du Mans, who coven the egg with an impermeable
varnish, packing them in sawdust, so that the egg shall
always rest on one eiid. Another pnx'ees is that of
ImHiersiiig the Ofcgs in Hmewater. Lastly, the whole of
the egg has been emptied oat of the shell* and evaporated
to a suUd tnass. I nmst not oonolude the snbiect of the
albuminous and vitelline suhitanoes without calliiig your
atientioii to the loUowing talde. which will give an idea
of the different allnimens and vitellines which Mr. E.
tVeiny lias succeeded in isolating and characterising :— >
Eoos or Biros.
Albumen ooagtilated by heat
Ku«tophscine
AllHi>iieii
Altftn albumen
Kxoi>hacine
JffU;.— The composition of this important fluid waries
not only in different classes of animals, bat also in ditiRsrent
individuaU of the same class. Further, the composition
of milk is mouifled \ty the influeooe of food, climate,
degree of activity, and health. Notwithstanding thaia
variations an average can be arrived at by numerous
analyses, and the loUowhig table will give a general idea
of milk : —
««
n
a
n
•«
All these solMances
acid I* are characterise* 1
neither by containing sulphur.
Ray
Ooldiiih
Cawp
Saliuon
'i'ttrtUs
1
{
KOOS OF FlSBKS.
Ichthine
Ichthidioe
Ichthuline and
Salmonio acid.
Kurydine.
All these substances are
characterised by
containing phosphorus.
WomsaV
Uiied Caseioe...
Butter
Sugar of Milk...
SalU
Water
152
88*6
650
4-6
881*8
1000*0
Cows'. Amss'
Goats'. (
44-8
81*8
47-7
6*0
87^8
lOOOO
18-2
11
60-8
8-41
4U-2
88-2
52*8
5-8
91 8-5 868*0
1000-0 10000
EWM\
45-8
120
600
6*8
8854
1000-0
The various substaooes comprised in milk may be classic
fled under three head*— ornam, curd or caseine, and whey.
Chmm, aoeordhig to Dr. Voeloker's^ analysis, is com-
posed of :—
Water 61-67 64-80
Butter 811-43 2540
Caseioe 2*62
Sugar of milk 1-56
Mineral matters ... 0-72 2*19
}
T-61
lOOKX)
10000
Fatty matleis..
77-5
J
And mav be considered as consisting of small, roimd, egg-
shaped globules, oomposed of fatty matters, enclosed in a
thin cell of casalne, which, being lighter than the fluid con-
taining them, rise to ttie surface and constitute cream, and in
propoition to the quantity of this removed fit>m the milk,
the latter becomes leas opaque, and aMsumes a blue tinge*
When exposed to the air fbr a short time in a dry plaoe
it loses water, becomes more oompact. and constitutes
what is called cresm oheese. When churned, cream un-
deigoes a oompl te change ; the caseine cells are broken,
and the fatty globules gmduallv adhere one to the other
and form a solid fatty mas%calle«i butter, and it is foimd,
on an average, that 28Ibs. of milk will yield one potmd of
butter. Fresh butter is oomposed of: —
'Margarine, '
1)1 ine.
Oaproine,
Caprine,
Butyrioe,
l^ Caproleine, ^
Caseine 1-6
Whey 20-9
lOOO
But as butter rapidly baeooes rancid, it is necessary to
adopt means to prevent this as much as fiosrfble, and the
following are the usual methods, ria. — working the
butter wfU with water, and then adding 8 or 4 per cent,
of common salt, or, melting the butler at a temperature
below 2L2^; but the fi>llowiug method, employed by
M. Bi^on, appears to give geneial satisfaction. It
consists in adding to the batter, water containing 0*003
of acetic or tartaric acid, and carefully clo^iing the veseeU
cuntaining it. The rancidity of butter is due U) a
fermentation generated by the caseine esikting in it,
which untol Is the fatty mattfiti into their lei^pective acids
and glvcerine, and as the volatile acids, hu'yrlc*, csproio,
Hm.^ have a niust diiiagteeable ta^te and odour, it is tliese
which imp«rt to butter the rank taste. Allow me to add,
• For further pftrtieolsrs on tbif •abject the reader is re*
femd Dr. Vodcker'f p«ptr, publiahed in the Jonm<il of th€
Bngal AffTteutinml Society of EngUmdj volone 24.
640
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Auoust 19, 186L
enjHusatUt that whilst botyrio acid powetseB a repalsive
•mell, its ether has a most 6agraDt odonr, viz., that of
pine- a] pie, for which it is sold in commerce.
Curd of Milk or C<ueme has, according to Dr. Voeleker,
the lollowing composiiion : —
Carbon 63'67
Hydrogen 7*14
Kitrogen 16*41
Oxygen 22 03
Sulphur 1-11
Phosphorua 0*74
following analyses deaily flltutrate this enrioos aofioD.
Composition of the oheese after 2 and 12 moothi}—
Total 100-00 I
And is easily recognisable by its white flooculent appear- i
ance. It is insipid and inodorous, like albumen, from |
which it differs in its insolubility in water, though it is i
dissolved by a weak solution of alkali or acid. But'
what chiefly distinguishee caseine is that it is not
coagulated on boiling, and that rennet precipitates
it Irotu its solutions. Dr. Voelcker has proved, how-
ever, in his researches on cheese, that the commonly-
received opinion, that rennet coagulates milk by decom-
posing the lactine into lactic acid, is incorrect, for he has
coagulated milk while in an alkaline condition, and it is
owing to tlie difference in the action of rennet on albumen
and caseioe, that chemists have been able to detect the
presence of J to f per cent, of albumen in milk.
ThLi important organic substance not only exists in milk,
but is also found in email quantities in the bluod o some
animals, ^uch as the ox, and in a large class of plants, but
more especially in the leguminous tribe, such as peas,
beans, &c. Caseine is the basis of all cheeses, and when
these are made with milk from which the cream has been
previously taken, the cheese is dry, but when part of the
cream lias been left the cheese is rich in fatty matters as
well as in caseine ; and 1 may add that the peculiar
flavours characterising different cheeses are caused by
modifying the conditions of the fermentations which the
organic matters undergo. The following researches
made by M. Blondeau illustrate this point, as well as the
modiflcatioDs which cryptogamic life under peculiar
circumstances may effect in the composition of organic
substances, and his interesting results were obtained in
studying the conversion of curd into the well-known
cheese of Roquefort. He placed in a cellar some curd of
the following composition ; —
Caseine 86-43
Fatty matters 1'86
Lactic acid 088
Water 11-84
Caseine 48-28
Margarine 18-80
Oleine 14-00
Butyric acid 0^7
Common salt 4*46
Water 19-80
Butyrate of ammimia •••
Caproate of ammonia
Capry late of ammonia
Caprats of ammonia
After 3 OMBtlit. AAerUMtfk
••• ••• •••
• vt ••••••
••• •••#•••
100-00
40-28
16«
148
....•#«
445
15-16
S«
7-Sl
4-lB
f2l
9H9
100-00
to which he added a small quantity of salt. After a
month, and again after two months, he analysed portions
of the same, with the following results: —
After 1 month. After a months.
Caseine 61-38 43-28
Fatty matters 16 12 32-31
Chloride of Sodium 4-40 4*46
Water 1816 1916
Butyric acid 67
100-00
99-87
The al>ove figures show a most extraordinary change in
the caseine or cuixl, for we observe that the proportion of
caseine gradually decreases, and is replaced by fatty
matters. Considering the circumstances under which this
phenomenon has occurred, there can be no doubt that this
airious conversion of an animal matter into a fatty one is
duo to a cn-ptogamic vegetation or ferment ; and if the
lloquefort cheese be exposed to tlie air under a bell jar
""-^r 12 months, the decomposition becomes still more com-
e ; for it is no lenger the caseine which undergoes a
formation, but the oleine of the fatty matters. The
The substances to which cheeses owe their peculiar flifov
are ammoniacal salts, chiefly composed of various oi)gisie
adds, such as acetic, butyric, capric, caproie.ind eurofeie.
I cannot better conclude my remarks on cheese uiiDbf
extracting from Dr. Voelcker's interesting papen t (bt
of his numerous analyses of different kinds of cbeefe:-
iwater... .. ..
Bnttor... »•• .
tCsMins ... ..
Sofsr ofmlUc ..
Lactic add
tMlneral matter
f Nitrogen ... ...
tCommonialt ...
30-32, 33-44 IS'IO ST«
28-i8| si-7«, arsij »•«
1-661 1-33; S-n W
4-31 i 4-43 411 «•»
lOOHW'lOO^MMll*^
The principal application of caseine in arts sod mm-
factures is that first introduced by Mr. B. T. PattiMO, who
used it cmder the name of lactarine for fixing j^txM
in calico printing. His process ooPflists in diy^ tbo
washed curds of milk, which he sells to the calico pnoter,
who mixes it with a solution of ammonia or weak ilba
which swells it out and renders it soluble in wittf. To
a solution of this substance, of proper consisteDcjri be mo
one of the tar colours, prints it, submits the gotxli to w
action of steam, which drhres off the ammoois, Wrsg
fixed on the fabric the caseine and colour. In ooo«-
quence of the insoluble compound which csaeioe 6^
with lime it has often been used as a substitate i(Xp»
or linseed oil in house painting, and it may beiuefaItoaa>|<
of my audience to know that when caseine is ^^'f'^ *
a concentrated solution of borax, an adherive w» ■
formed, which is capable in many oases of serring »"
purposes of glue or starch. Mr. Wagner hia inw*^
other useful application of caseine, o^iziog it tiu
6 parts of calcined magnesia and one part of oxi«"
zinc, and a sufficient quantity of water to inske tp*":
mass, which he leaves to solidify, and when <i7**J52
tremely hard, susceptible of receiving a high po"*
and is sold as a substitute for meerschaum. . . .
Tf%..-According to Dr. Voelcker, the compoBtw*
whey is as follows : —
Water 8965
Butter 0-79
Caseine 3-01
Sugar of Milk 6-72
Mineral Matters 0-8S
lOtHX)
lei
When whey is concentrated to the state of <7«P/j
kept in a cold place, it gimdually deposits fine ^^^J^
crystals, which, on further purification and '•"^jSIIJiBCft
tion, yield white quadrangular prisms of » ''*5JJ*JT
called lactine, or sugar of milk, which is highly ^sfi^^
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 19, 1864. 641
log. It if reorurksble that while aagar of milk has only
been known in Europe for a comparatively short period,
•vhere hoaicBopathists are its principal employers, in India
lactine has been known for a ^;reat number of years. Let us
now study some of the chemical facts connected with sugar
of milk. Thus cane sogar, when acted upon by nitric acid,
giTesoxalic acid, whilst lautine gives mucic add ; cane»ugar,
when unfolded under the influence of a ferment, gives
alcohol and carbonic acid ; lactine yiells lactic acid. As the
latter transformation is most important, in a physiological
and chemical point of view, allow me to dwell upon it
for a few minutes. The substance which possesses the
properly of most readily converting lactine into laaic
aoid,^ is cuueine after it has imdergone some peculiar
modificatioa, which renders it a ferment. Thus when
milk leaves the cow it is alkaline, but when exposed to
the air it rapidly becomes acid, and this is due to the
oonversioD of lactine into lactic add, a change most
interestmg as a chemical fact, sinoe both lactine and
lactic acid have the same composition, the only difference
beiqg that two equivalents of oxygen and two of
hydrogen cease to exist as such in the acid, but may be
considered as combined in the form of water with the
riomaining elements-^
Lwtine d, H., O..
2 LactK acid (C. H^ O^ HO)
M. Pastear has shown that this lactic fermentation is not
inerely confined to milk, but that it is a peculiar fermenta-
tion, differing from the previousone, which frequently occurs
during the decomposition of organic matters, and uidue to a
distinct ferment of its own; and his researches on lactic
fermentation have explained the fiict, observed by M.
Pelooze, some years since, that when a vegeuble snb-
■tanoe, such as sugar or starch, was put in contact
with chalk or other alkali and an animal Bul)statice,
lactic fermentation ensued, but until the researches
of M. Pasteur, we did not know why sugar and
starch, in these circumstances, should give Uctio. acid
instead of alcohol and carbonic add, which would be the
result of a fermentation produced by yeast. Lactic acid is
a most interesting substance to the physiologist, for it is
found in Urge quantities, free or combined with lime, in
gastric juice, in the muscular part of animals, or with
soda, in blood, and its production is easily accoimted for
when we remember that it can be prodticed'from the starch
and su^ar existing in our food. When lactic add is puri6ed
by various chemical means and separated from the fluid in
which it is combined, it presents itself as a s}*rupy fluid, of
an intensely acid reaction, which, when submitted to the
action of heat, first loses its one equivalent of water,
and becomes anhydrous lactic add, and on a further
application of heat loses still one equivalent of water,
and is transformed into a neutral substance called lactide.
This add, in a fk'ee state, has not yet received any im-
portant application in arts and manu&ctures, but I have
little doubt that it will some dav be largely employed,
for we have noticed in a former lecture its advantageous
use when produced from rye and other amylaceous snb-
siances in removing the lime from various skins intended
to be tanned or prepared as there described, and Mr. E.
Hunt has used it in the form of sour milk for the con-
rersion of starch into dextrine (see Journal of the Society
of Arte, December 28rd, 1859). I wish now to say
a few words on the mineral substances existing in whey,
and which play a most important part in milk as a
nutritious substance. We are all of us too apt to overlook
the importance of the mineral elements in food, and to
consider as essential the organic matters only. In milk,
however, its alkaline stlts, and especially the phosphate of
lime, are as easentLil (-is food) as caseine or fatty matters,
fbr if an infant requires the lactine to maintain respiration
and the heat of the body, the caseine to contribute to the
formation of Mood, the phosphate of lime is equally essen-
tial to the production of bone ; permit me here to state
that the pnotice adopted by some mothers of feeding in-
fants upon amylaceous subHances, such as arrowroot, sago,
tapioca, d^., in place of milk, U most peniiuious, iuv these
contain neither flesh nor bone forming element, and milk
is the only proper foo<l for infants.
Having now examined the general properties of some
of the most important constituents of mdk, let iis i^ay a
ftfw wonis on that fluid in its integrity. We all know
how rapidly milk becomes s>iur, cttpecially at a tempera-
ture of 70^ to W, and as this is owing," a:t already ex-
plained, to the foimation of lactic acid, the l)e»t way to
preserve milk sweet for domestic purpoiies is to ad>l to it
every day a few grains per pint of carbonate ot soda, to
keep the milk alkaline. 1?he possibility of preserving
milk for a lengthened period has repeatedly occupied the
attention of scientific men, as a most important problem to
solve for the benefit of persons undergoing long sea-
voyages, but up to a recent date with very imperfect
success. One of the best plans proposed is to add to
milk seven or eight per cent, of sugar, and evaporate
the whole, agitating all the time to prevent the formation
of the skin, and when reduced to one-fifth of its bulk to
introduce it into tin cans, which, after being subjected
for half an hour to a temperature of 220°, are hermeti-
cally sealed. In 1855, TAbb^ Moi^no drew the at-
tention of the members of the British Association at
Glasgow to milk, which he stated contained nothing
injunous, and which would keep for a long period.
This statement has proved correct, for I have hero
some milk which has been in the hands of the sec-
retary of this Sodety since that period, and which, on
being opened to day, was foimd perfectly sweet. But if
rAbb^ Moigno's piocess hasremained a secret, M. Pasteur
has succeeded in effecting the same end, and probably by
the same method. Thus he has found that if luilk be
heated to 212° it will only remain sweet for a few days, if
heated to 220° it will remain sweet for several weeks, but
if to 250° (under pressure, of course) the milk will keep
for any length of time. This, according to iM. pAj»teur,
is owing to the spores or eggs which generate lactic fer-
mentation being destroyed by the high temperature, and
thus the poMibility of fermentation b put an end to.
The adulteration of milk by various substances stated to
have been discovered therein, has, 1 think, been greatly
overestimated, as I have never found any of them in the
samples of milk which I have analysed, in fact the most
easy and cheapest of all is the addition of water. It is
comparatively easy to ascertain if milk has been tampered
with ; but, without entering into details of the methods
necessary to estimate the exact extent of adulteration, I
may mention the following plan : — If a glass tube, divided
into 100 equal parts, is filled with milk and left standing
for twenty-four hotirs, the cream will rise to the upper
part of the tube, and, if the milk is genuine, will
occupy from 11 to 18 divisions. Another practical
method is to add to the milk a little caustic soda,
and agitate the whole with a little ether and alcohol,
which dissolves the fatty matters ; this ethereal solution
is removed from the milk and evaporated, when the fatty
matters remain, and experience has shown that 1,000 parts
of good milk will yield 87 parts of fatty matters. Any
milk leaving no more than 27 must have been tampered
with. Dr. Voelcker suggests the employment of a hy-
drometer as a means of ascertaining the quality of milk,
as the specific gravity of that fluid ie an excellent test.
From a great number of experiments he has aj«ertainei
that good new milk has a sp. gr. of 1030, whilst if good
milk is adulterated with 20 per cent, of water, its sp. gr.
will fall to 102o.
Urine U a fluid secreted by the kidneys, which organs
separate from the blood as it circulates through iheiu any
excess of water it may contain, as well as many organic
substances which have fulfilled their vital lunclion in the
animal economy, and which require to bo remove 1 from
the system. The composition of urine varies greatly in
diflerent individuals, and in the same individual at difler-
ent times, and is influenced by diet, exercise, state of
648 JOURNAL OP THE 800IETY OF ARTS, AirousT 19, 18fl4.
LTI 1
health. Ac., as shown by Dr. Beiice Jcmi«i« and Dr. Kd-
waid 6niHh, but without deiailing these vailations, which
would occuprv far more thiie than the liiiiit»ot'a lecinre
would pel mil, allow ma to call your attention to the fol*
lowing table, nhowing the compositioQ of human and
herbivorous aniuiala' urine :—
Human.
Water •
Urea
Laoiioacid ^ i
Lactate of aroniooia
Extractive mattar
KraatiDo
Ertatinioe ,
Uippurio acid
ludican .....•..*........«
CoUuklAcidtW.Matvet) ..
Uric aoid ,
>fuootis
Mtiieral salta
9S800e
so-ioa
17140
1-000
0820
18*440
lit-
HOBtCS.
WaUr
Urea
Hippurate of potash.
Lactate of do.
Do. ofsoda
Bicarbonate of potarii
Oarlionate of Hme
Carbonate uf magnesia
Other salts
lOUO-tOO
910-76
8100
4-74
11-28
8-81
15*50
10-88
416
8-98
1000-00
The substances in human urine which call for Ppedal
notice are ur«*a and uric acid ; in herbivorous animals,
hippuric acid ; and in birds, uric acid.
Urea is a substance ci vstallising in various derivative
forms belonginff to the prismatic system — it is veiy soluble
in water and alcohol, and gives beautiful and well defined
salts with nitric and oxalic acids. Urea, under the in
fiuence of a mucous substance secreted at the same time,
and which is easily modified into a ferment, is rapidly
converted, by the fixation of two atoms of water, into
carbonate of ammonia, as seen by this formula : —
Urea...
Water
0. O. N. H^
O* H.
Carbonate of Ammonia G, U4 N^ H,
This will explain the strong ammoniacal odour arising
from urine alter being kept for a short time ; and as it
may be most important for medical men to be able to
preserve urine in its normal condition for several days, 1
observed a few years since a most eflectual method of
S reserving it, which is merely the addition of a few
rops of carbolic add immediately after the production
of the urine. Urea is peculiarly interesting to chemists,
as it was the first organic substance which they succeeded
in producing artificially fVom mineral compounds. This
interesting discovery was made by WOhler, in 1820, in
acting upon cyanate of silver by hydrochlorate of ammonia.
Since then baron Liebig has devised a more simple
procfSB, which consists in decomposing cvanate of potash
by sulphate of ammonia, whfeh gives rise to sulphate of
ix>tash and cyanate of ammonia or urea. The average
quantity of urea rejected daily by an adult man is
about an ounce, or 2| per cent, of the fluid itself.
Although human urine does not contain more
than 1 per cent, of uric acid, and this generally
combined with soda, still 1 deem it my duty to
say a few words respecting it, for it is often the principal
Ts« of gravel and calculus, owing to various influeocAS
K?^u **^5 ^^® rtrongly acid before its rejection,
•by the soda is neutraUaed, the uric add Uberated,
and this being nearly insoluble, Mpsrmtes, And \m i
tendency to form gravel or otknilus. Id &et, iht
deposit which occurs in this flaid is genenlly re|f^
sented by uric acid, phosphate of lime, and mi^ite>ii,
mucus, and colouriug matter. It may l>e here suiw thtt
calculi wen formerly held In great estlmatbD, tt^eMj
those formed hi the faitostine, and called htMi^
imd this was the case in Eastern coantiei notil teit
recently. Thus it ia related that a Shah of Pe>A
Bent to NapolMn the the Kirit, among other tilotMe
presonti, three beaoards, which were coosidsred to be
of great antiquity, and capable of eating all diNutf.
The urine of bihls atld reptlMa b«ing almost eotirelj com-
posed of urate of lime, explains why their rtfatt ii of
such value as a manure, which arises from its tia(i«{ifBii*
tion iuto carltouate of ammonia. When large m Metrf
this refuse undergo a slow and gradual decomposition, ii
ill the dry climate • f the Pac fio l«lalltl^ on the cuw'' of
Peni and Chill, i« eon-titutes guano. lnnayl«i"itr»itini
to know that in 1866, 6, and 7, a most lieauiilul (vW
was prepared fiom the uric add ctnitained in ijuino, «"<i
lined l-rHoly by calico printers and silk dyenuiKltr the
name of Itoman purple, or murMide.*
Bifore leaving thw stu'^y of tliis iiifporiant anitnil sKr^
tion, let me nay a few wordn on the urine of berlHv«noM
animals. It U geiieially alkaline, and eontaiui, Mdwij
aruuiatic principle, an acid di«:overe .by Lifb'g,a'Ml»»lW
htpptirio acM, together with uiea and urie ici<i i]<o
Ibund In humau urine. Hippuric acid U easily oMtl»ea
in the form of well defined crystals, by rapiiily e^-apont ng
the fluid containing it. This acid does not utia in the
food of the animal ; but benzoic acid, or its humologuc^
are found there, and during the phenomena of digntioD
the niirogenated principles praiucedby the wear ii'dittr
of life, fit themselves on the beiizoiu adJ, and convm"
into hippuric, as seen by this formula : —
Bencolo Add. Hipparle AeU.
C^^ H. t), + HO C,,H, U, N. +flO.
A further proof of the correctness of t»iis view ii th«»J*f
hip^Hirio aoid is treated with stnmg adds or ilkia, rt
transforms itself into benzoic acid, which oas be •■•»!
extracted.
PATENT LAWS.
The following letter, from Mr. Edmund Pwt'^'j?'
cently addressed to the editor of the TVmei, with the ^
in a leader from that journal, contain in a conveoi«nt rota
the principal ai*guments on each aide of thi« questioo:-
*' In your Saturday's article on Lord Stanley*! iprt^
you object to the conclusions he appeanto have amw"
with regard to the Patent Laws, and assert that Dm (n»
wav of dealing with the inventor is to let him i^iK
hiiuself; that if the Patent Laws were ***^'''***.,U[
morrow he would stiU have his priority, hisaecfrt; tj"
if he can keep hia secret he may derive ftotn v> vw
advantage he can, but that, if publication be a D'^''^
consequence of its use, the public should iM>t be caU<*
U|X)n to pay for what is in iu nature incapabls of ^f^
priation. . /
** It is difficult to see in what respect the publioatuD «
a new or improved process of manufactara '*"r'**j^
more • incapable of apiNxipriation' than the publiciwj
of ideas in the form of a book. Patent right oontt^^
to or>|tyright. One protects the development of tb<»J"
in words, the other in that of facts, and being the ii>««
fiactical, it has, perhaps, the better claim of th«J*|J
ndeed. the present Patent Laws admit this ptiiicipl^
they deny that protection to abstract ideaa wliich tnf
affoi^ them when reduced to a praclksal applieatwo.
" If, then, protection is denied to the inventor, how^
it be claimed for the author? The artist and de«Kn»
\^
♦ Sea. for farther details, the paper read by D'; O^JT
fore the Society, February 5th, 18eS«— /oumaA w. «..P' ^'^
JOURNAL OF THE SOOH^Ty OP ARTS, Auoust 19, 1864.
648
ftlao Mand on the aame footing as the inventor, and it
would scarcely be saggeaed so greatlj to discourage art
as to abolish the copyright io piotures and designs.
** The Pat«'nt Laws are no doaht capable of much im
provement. If it were practicable it would undoubtedly
be a great advantage for a tribunal of experts to decide
whether or not suggested inventions or improvements were
floflkiently novel and osuful to be woithy of projection, a^
altfO the term of protection their merit and importance
deserved } but I oonAdently believe that it is e8K)ntial to
the continued progress of the manufacturing industry of
ibis coantry that inventors should enjoy some protection
for their mventlons, and without it we should infidlibly
loie roaoh of our pre-eminence as a manufacturing nation.'*
" How if the inventor to * reward himself?* The public
wonld not pav him a ihustion more whether he be the in-
yentor or not, for the same thing that they can buy equally
cheap elsewhere. Even if it were pomible to keep any
branch of manufacture secret when rivals luive sufficient
iodncemeut to discover it, it is not to the advantage of the
public that imuroveinents should be concealed. Take the
rMent ca»e of Mr. Perkins's discovery in aniline colours,
which U of a nature that probably might have been kept
iooret with comparative ease. The ptiblieation ol his pro-
oees turned the attention of experimenters into the same
dhection. and kindred colours have since and in consequence
been discovered by Medlock and others.
*< Admitting fully that mooopoliesshould only be given to
an individual in the interests of the public, it is to their
beet interests that the inventor should be protected. The
proper duration of that protection is a lair subject for
difloussioo. It may be nseful to vary it in diflferent eases,
but the object to be kept in view should be to offer such
present advantages as will enooarage the prosecution of
experiments leading to discoveries, without afterwards
granting A monopoly for so long a term as to cause an in-
convenience to the public disproportionate to the good it has
derived.
" A great deal is said of the selfishness of the ideal
dtflooverer who, happening upon some improvement,
obafliably exaoti exoii>itant toll for the use of it, or else
iiudsta upon baiyiog his talent, and not being able himself
io make it useful refitses to allow others to profit bv it.
Practically, discoveries are not made in this way. Trees
of knowledge do not grow by the wayside, flrom which
passers-by can gather fruit withont an ettort ; and when a
roan has made a discovery, he is not likely to refuse a fair
price tor it. If he asks a high one and obtains it, his dis-
covery must be worth the price, and therefore ought to
hare it. At the worst the nation is debarred for 14 years
— not a long period io the life of a nation — from the use
of that wimh otherwise wonld probably never have been
oommnnicated to it at all.
4* it is saki that inventors are of such a gushing nature,
that without any sucli protection they would not refrain
from communicating tlieir diticoveries to the world. Pos
Miy this might be so wlien the discovery had been accom-
plished, and especially it may be true of essentially scien-
tffio discoveries, but I submit that the absence of the
proepeot of protection would most materially discourage
that long course of laborious, minute, and persevering
inqairy which forms the germ out of which— perhaps long
after, and in other hands — flashes some brilliant develop-
ment. The great discoverer is indebted, no one can say
how fiir, to the humble, patient inquirers who have pre-
ceded him ; they Have sought the same end, though they
may not have achieved the same succera. He, perhaps,
can afford to be content with his gloiy , but it was the hope
of profit that prompted ttieir labours and prepared the way
for his brilliant discovery. Discourage ttieni, and you cut
awi^ the foundation upon which he builds. All who
have had experience in manufactures know the great
amoont of labour and perseverance neoesoarv to make
eyeB the most trivial improvements ; the endless experi-
ments, disappointments, failures, and expense whieh pre*
cede sooeeii, and are too often never rewarded by it.
Who would incur all this if he is to possess no pro-
perty in the result should he have the good fortune to
obtain a valuable one? And observe, he wuoid not
•'ven bo placed on the same fboting as others ; he would
be at a great and positive dii«aa vantage. He would
have consumed time and money io elaltoratiiig Ids
ideas ; in other words, he would have expended capital
upon which he ought to receive interest; his neigh-
bours and rivals in pirating his invention could umi^r-
sell him in it through having avoided any such outlay.
Thus the original inventor would be more disadvantage-
oualy situated than any one else. Who then would be so
foolish as to invent ? It wonld be a temptation to manu-
facturer j to make no exertions on their own parts, but
to content themselves with pirating what othera were
doing.
*' it is all very well to talk of manuiketorers iHriving to
improve fur the love of the thing, and no doubt they take
a proper pridn in excelling in their several dufiai tments,
but they are iu buMiness lor the t«ke of profit, and con-
sideration and piofit form a fair and prO|jer siiniulujt to
ezcttllenoe, of which the greatest possible is when improve*
mentfl have arrived at such a point as to be of the nature
of property some kmd of limited monoply in them should
be given.
*' The argnments for the abolition of the patent laws
are occasionally bised upon the alleged interests of the
inventor— eoveo^ inventor-^ht is not compelled to avail
hi'iiftelf ot them, and at least he need not be provided
with a grievance he does not feel. It is said that some-
times a uMritorious invention is strangled in its biith be-
cause it is so fledged in with patents that it cannot move
hand or foot. If tliese patents are valuable the public 1«
advantaged, and can afford for a few years to dispense
with the one new suggestion for the sake of the numerous
successful existing ones ; if they are valueless, their pro-
{>rietors will be only too glad to accept some consideration
or the use of that from which they have hitherto de-
rived nothing but vexation and loss. If the new
comer is such a weakly bantling that it cannot afford
to pay for the use of existing patents it does not
merit sympathy. I cannot undeiatand why a patentee
should be assumed to differ from other tradesmen ; his
royalties, like any other commodities, m^y be bought at
a fair price.
** The cost of maintaining a patent at law is so consider-
able, and the risk of failure so great, that patentees usually
prefer to enter into equitable eompromlNe rather than em-
[)ark in an expensive law suit, and very few but really
valuable inventions are defended when attacked. The
public, therefore, are not seriously hampered by the exist-
ence of valueless patents ; and yet the hope of obtaining a
profitable monopoly affords the greatest possible incentive
to the enterprising inventors. Home inconvenience, too,
nnght be risked to insure the great advantage of having
new discoveries fully and fairly txplained, instead of being
kept as secret as poe^sitde, ana eventually, perhaps, dying
with the inventor. At the Manchester meeting of the
Koyal Association this subject was discussed, and an in-
stance was given of the in'onvenience occasionally expe-
rienced. The case was that of a railway company who
suddenly bethought themselves that solid wheels to their
carriages would be a good thing, but tiit^y found that they
could not adopt the idea because some one had patented it a
few years previotuly. This proves nothing excejpt that if
the railway c anpany had availed themselves ot the op-
portunity afforded them they might have adopted the
improvement some years betbre it occuiTt*d to their own
minds. If they could make no reasonable arrangements
with the patentee for the present a^ieof his invHition they
would not have to wait very long for the expiration of his
patent.
'* The present plan of prolonging patents for short periods
is admirable; it weeds out tne sickly and unprofitable
patents. People at flrrt are so sangnine of success that
they wQl pay large amonnta to secure a monopoly in th^
644:
JOURl^AL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 19, 1864.
inventions; bat when year after year passes and brings
them no profits, but plenty of outgoings, they become
sick at heart and demur to pay further sums to prolong a
patent which yields them nothing. It drops out of the
way of succeeding discoverers, who may, however, obtain
from it valuable hints and great assistance in perfecting
their own inventions.
*• Nearly every civil'sed nation has found it necessary to
afford protection to inventors; and it seems in the interests
of the coin Di unity at large to be so important to do so,
that I sincerely trust our present patent laws will not be
repealed imtil efficient substitutes for them are devised."
The reply of the Times it as follows : —
*' Mr. Pontifex misapprehends the effect of our remark
that if patents were abolished the inventor would still
have its priority and his secret ; he could use his dis-
covery, and, if publicity were a necessary consequence of
use, the public should not be called upon to pay for what
is in its nature incapable of appropriation. We were
arguing against any supposed natural right of an inventor
as the basis of our exbting legislation, and, consistently
with this view, proposed to leave him alone to make what
use he could of his discovery. We are not called upon
to interfere because use necessitates publicity. The point
is that the State or commimity at present goes out of its
way to make a bargain with an inventor. It says to every
man, < If you think you have made a discovery and will
come and tell the world what it is, you shall, provided it
is a discovery, have the exclusive use of it for fourteen
years.* The offer is all on one side ; if the man who
believes he is an inventor thinks he can make more by
keeping his secret, he never takes out a patent at all.
The State voluntarily offers terms which may be accepted
or refused on the part of the discoverer. No one would
have a right to complain if the community receded from
this position, and left inventors to take care of themselves.
It is, in fact, a departure from the ordinary principle of
non-interference in trade, to volunteer to create an ex-
clusive right; and the burden of showing that this
exception to the general rule is expedient rests upon the
upholders of patentn. It is in vain for iham to talk of
an abstract right in inventors to an exclutiivo U5c to their
discoveries. There is no such thing ; the inventor is no
whit damnified if he is let alone, a* id it must be shown
that it is to the advantage of the public to enter into such
a compact with him as is involved in the existence of
patents. This is the answer to the argument advanced
by Mr. Pontifex, derived from the copyriffht of authors.
It is quite true that the author can no more claim pro-
tection as of right than the inventor can ; there is no
such thing as copyright at common law ; but it is evident
that many arguments may be advanced in favour of the ex-
pediency of copyright in literature which are inapplicable
to patent right in arts. It is, for example, a sound
argtiment agahist the allowance of patents that the ex-
clusive right given to a discoverer in April prevents a
man who makes the same discovery by an independent
process in May from using is own invention. It takes
away his natural freedom of carrying out what he has
innocently invented. This is a fact of constant occurrence
in mechanics, but it would be ridiculous to suppose that it
can be paralleled in literature. No two men ever in-
vented the same book, and the copyright of one author
cannot derogate from the rights of a second. Whether
on the whole the arguments in favour of copyright are
sound may, perhaps, be doubted. If Mr. Pontifex thinks
them invalid, we shall not quarrel with him. It is no
doubt true that the best works of literature, those which
posness an immortal value, were written without the
stinmlus of cop^Tight, and it is equally true that copy-
right does directly produce some 1 aneful effects. But on
whatever side the balance may incline on the question of
^pynght, it is clear that the arguments in support of it
^?*Lf!Jir®^^' ^^^^ ^^^^ ^" support of patents, and we
are not driven, as Mr. Pontifex supposes, to the conclusion
that copyright must be abolished because we believe
patents to be unnecessary and inexpedient.
*< The real question at issue is, why shoold the State
go out of the way to invite mechani^ and chymieil in-
ventors to make a bargain with it ? What are the eooa*
derations which warrant Uiis tmusaal acUoD ? In whon
interest should it be maintained ? Is it to the idTtntige
of inventoia themselves, or of the capitalists who work
their inventions, or of the public at large, that a right of
exclusive use should be given to the man who regiKena
discovery ? We believe that on examination do oos of
these classes will be found to be benefited by thePUent
Laws, and if this conclusion be correct the Uw«ai«at
once condemned. It is, indeed, generally ickDOwkdgsd
that, whoever profits by Patent Laws, inventon do not.
Take any one of the numerous mechankal disoovenei
which have been patented within the last 20 yesn lod
search out the history of the inventor. He will, in t rut
majority of cases, be found to be a poor working eogow.
employed in some gre-at manufiictory ; astotheinreBtioQ,
it is not his property, he was compelled to sell the Pitait
almost befora he obtained it, and he is laeky \S,\ai^
of every sacrifice, he is not loaded with debts cootti^
in hu efforts to perfect his machine. And if thiibethe
case with a saocessful inventor, what can be oid of ibc
still more numerous class who are lured by false hopes
into endless discoveries which are neither new nor imj^
The position of the capitalist manufacturer is not much
better; whatever may be bis trade, he is coosUirtiy
exposed to the necessity of buying up one little h^t
after another, or to find his improvemt^ti hampered
because some trifling detail has been registered by t mio
with whom it is impossible to enter into a reiiooilw
negotiation. Not unfrequently he has tosaffertheocr-
tification of discovering that the invention he hsipir-
chaeed from one man had been previously pitentedl^
another, and he has to buy it over again oritop j|»
business. We believe that neither inventor norctjaaw
reaps any real advantage from the existing law.iDd m
the only persons who are benefited by it are the Pi^
agents and lawyers. The public at largo are tf» '^
sufferers ; they have to pay twice over for every P^'jJ'J*
vention, for they have to provide not only the hflw*^
rewards of caphal and industry, but the costs of exptf*
sive lawsuits and abortive schemes.
•• The defender of the Patent Laws will often «»»
that through their agency inventions cost the puUicBWie'
but he contends, on the other hand, that wiihoattheow
inventions at all would be perfected. Unfortunately w
him reason and experience alike discredit his irgum«At'
The instinct of economy is too strong in roan to rBJUJ*
any inducement to call it into exercise. The priecifK
of least action is a law of morals no less than of phyw*
Every man constantly endeavours for his own oonwpwn*
to do his work with the least labour, and thesaTing JK
labour is prompted by the immediate, and not t? ^
prospective, reward. Those who look upon the exi^fi^
of Patent Laws as the necessary condition to an i^^**^
may be asked whether there were no inventiooi bew*
patents were so much as dreamt of. The discovewift
printing and of gunpowder are two of the most unj**^
facts of modem history ; but no exclusive rights fwop*^
or rewarded their inventors. In our own day can it «
said that the hope of commercial profit promoted the at-
covery of the electric telegra4)h ? But it is unneoetfiry »
refer to particular instances. There is a country of Ew«l*'
small in extent but one of the most famous in the in"*^
tivearts, the chosen home of many of «he most del**"
forms of mechanical industry' — we mean Swiiaerland,wbfl»
until recently, and for aught we know still, no P***j
Law whatever existed. Discoveries were made ^^^'^^
inventions perfected in the interest of inventowth^
selves. Such an example dispels the notion that Pat*
Rights stimulate discovery, and disposes of the last arga*
ment of their advocate. The entire abolidoo of a ly*"*
which does not benefit the inventor, wluchhimpei*^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, August 19, 1861. 646
producer, and taxes the purchaser, would, in the words of
a great inventor, Sir Isambard Brunei, be ♦ an immense
benefit to the country/ "
rm^
EXAMINATION PAPERS, 1864,
The following are the Examination Papers set in the
various subjects at the Society's Final Examinations, held
in April last : —
{Chniinued from page 618.)
CHEMISTRY.
THREE H0UR3 ALLOWED.
Wo catididaU w allowed to answer more than three quettione
in each dwision.
First Division.
1. What loss of weight will 300 grains of oxide of
copper undergo by heating to redness, in contact with 6
grains of hydrogen? What weight of water will be formed?
2. How is nitric acid most conveniently prepared on a
mall scale ? What are its commonest impurities, and how
are they detected ?
3. How is chlorate of potash usually prepared ? How
much oxygen is contained in a pound of the salt ?
4. By what process is sulphur for the most part removed
from coal gas ? What compound of sulphur I'eroains in
the gas after the partial purification ?
6. How is silica detected in minerals? How separated
from water ?
6. Explain bv symliols the action of sulphuric acid on
bone-earth. Also, the action of ammonia on snperphos*
phate of lime.
Second Division.
1. Id what reaction does tin resemble arsenic and
antimony ? How is it separated from tbose metals ?
2. Explain, by an equation, the action of nitric acid on
metallic copper. Also, that of sulphuric acid on metallic
mentnry.
5. How would you analyse brass ?
4. How is alumina detected in presence of chromic
oadde?
6. How is magnesium prepared? Describe its chief
properties.
6. Describe the manufacture of soda, and name ist
cbief impuritiee, and explain how you would test for each
of them.
Thibd Division.
1. Describe and explain the process of sugar boiling and
al«o that of vugar renning.
2. How is acetic acid prepared from wood ? How is
acetic add distinguished from formic acid? How is
anhydrous acetic acid prepared ?
3. To what family of compounds does the essential oil
of bitter almonds belong ? How is it purified ?
4. What is the actidn of litharge and water on olive
oil ? Give the formula of some of the proximate con-
siituents of the oil ?
5. How is lactic acid most conveniently prepared in
large quantities? What is its composition? Describe
one or two of its salts.
6. What aie the chief constituents of opium ? Describe
their preparation and properties.
2. Give an account of the coagulation of the blood, of
the attendant changes in that fluid, of the influences
which accelerate, retanl, or prevent it, and of the chief
theories conceming the nature and cause of that process.
Does coagulation occur in the living body, and if so, what
uses may it serve ?
3. Name the chief proximate constituents of animal
and vegetable food and drink ; describe their general
sources and characters, and give their ultimate chemical
composition.
4. Mention some illustrations of the destination of the
several proximate conetituente of food and drink in the
animal economy ; and explain, on general principles, the
command man possesses of regulating the condition of his
body by the use of special kinds of food.
6. Give a ph3rsiological explanation of the way in which
drowning causes death. What is the condition physiolo-
^cally of a person apparently dead from recent immersion
m the water? What are the s()ecial objects to be aimed at
for his recovery ; and wliat might a non-professional per-
son do immediately for tlie attainment of those objects?
6. Name and describe that part of the eyeball which
receives and is excited by luminous impressions. What
oircumstanoes are calculated to preserve its Amotions un-
impaired, and what may weaken or destroy it.
BOTANy.
THBEE HOURS ALLOWED.
The Candidate is expeeted to answer correctly four questions
in Section Land six questions in Section II. ; Nos. 8, 9, and
10 of the latter each standing for an answer.
Section I. — Vbobtablb Phtsiolooy.
1. Explain the general nature of the chemical changes
which take place Svava^ germination. By what conditions
are the changes deterramed ?
2. In what what way are the functions of plants grown
in glass houses liable to be affected by nocturnal radia-
tion f How may its ill effects be obviated ?
3. What functions are liable to be interfered with by
transplanting f Explain this interference and how it may
be guarded against.
4. What is the micropgle 9 What relation does it bear
to the radicle f And, in the two principal types of o%-ule, to
the hilum f
5. What is meant by a spurious dissq>iment9
6. What part do oils play in vegetable economy ?
Where are they usually found ? Name three genera, be-
longing to different Natural Ordere, affording oil for
economic uses.
Seotion II. — Practical Botany.
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY.
THREE HOUaS ALLOWED.
1 . Descrllie the microscopic stnictuial olemeiits found
in the blood of man. What other animals beoldes man
possess a true blood? In what respect does the blood of
Buch animals differ from or resemble human blood
microscopically ?
1. Describe the stmcturo and theoretical composition of
the column of the flower of an Orchis,
2. Explain the morphological change in the so-called
double flowers of Jiose, Tulip^ and Dahlia.
3. Desciibe the principal modifications of the fruit in
British genera of Rosaceae (including Pomaceo!, Drt^Hiceoe,
Rouae, and Sanguisorbece).
4. What peculiarities distinguish (1) the structure of
the wood, (2) the form and arrangement of the Uaves, (3)
the structure of the pollen, and (4) tiie structure of the
female flower of Fines f
5. Give the diagnostic characters of the Natural Order
Cucurhitaccoi, •
6. How 'does wheat ( Tritieum) differ from rye {Secale)7
7. Name the Genus and Natural Order to which the
plants marked A, B, C, D, respectively belong, with
reasons for your opinion.
8, 9, 10. 'Describe the three plant) marked A, B, and
C, strictly in accordance with the form given in *' Descrip-
tive Botany," chap. vii.
646
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETY^OF ARTS, Auodst 19, 1864.
executioQ. Each design muet be accompanied l^ a scaled
tender, stating the cost at which this design can k
executed, the time the execution ia likely to Uke,u»i
the name and address of the artist The deaguiDd
tenders must be sent to the Soath Kensington Mataom
on or before the 1st May, 1865. The names of tk
judges will be published hereafter. The derigns to which
the prizes are awarded will beoome the proDerty ot the
Department, which, however, does not bind itself toeiecatc
either of them.
Fink Abts in Fbance.— The distribution of decontija
and medals to those artists to whom the priza jm
awarded by the jury of the late annual exhibition o:
works of art in Paris took place on the 13th instant, uodcr
the presidency of Marshal Vaillant, Minister of the Im-
perial Household and of the Fine Arts, who wai n^
ported by M. Nieuwerkerke and the other officers of ^
attached to the departm^it of the Beaux Arts. Forpc
years this ceremony has taken place in the Pilis^
i'lndustrie, where the exhibitions are held, but upon tbt
present occasion the artistic concourse was called togetbcf
in the grand salon carri of the Louvre, the estrsde ha^
erected in front of the '* Assumption" of Mnrillo, ud
facing the great work of Paul Veronese, the "5lir-
riage of Cana in Galilee." The propriety of thii fwMc^
salon, the walls of which are covered with the ektf rf'am*
of art, as compared with the bare, cold galleriei of Uw
Palais de I'lndustrie, for such a ceremony, is flelf-ovideDt.
The proceedings seemed animated by the prewnce of the
peniut loci ; and the recipients of the honoun awirdw
must have felt that they were crowned in the 1***°®^
great painters of the past, whose works hung •'^> f*
which still are the admiration, the wonder, and the <»■
pair of the artists and amateurs of our time. hiiiiRi'l^
to the medals awarded, and of which notice appeiwi la
the Journal of the Society of Arts in May lait, the panto
Cabanel and the sculptor Clesniger were madeofficeno'
the Legion of Honour, and four other French pWJto^
one engraver, a sculptor, and an architect, received tw
cross of chevalier. Three foreign painters receved m
distinctions, M. Willems being promoted from de^
to officer of the legion ; and M. Hamraan, a Belgi«flt «»
M. Achenbach, of DtXsseldorf, being nominated chevilMft
On the occasion of the last exhibition, no painting »
found worthy of the grand prize, and in "^^^P^Jf^.?
great medal was awarded to a deceased artist, f<*^!^
had done in previous years — ** a posthumoos hoooor wfl
upon his tomb." This is, of course, uosatiilicloiy toW
artistic world, and, moreover, many of *^''*^*!^^k!
of late refrained ftt)m exhibitiog their works. With ik
view to improve the tone of the exhibitions, *^ *" ^
further encouragement to men of genm and ^^f^^
Emperor announced, through his minister, it *^?^
ing, that he had created a new stimulus, under "J* *^
of the Emperor's Grand Prize, of the value ofWA^
Stainei? Glass Competition.— The Committee of francs (£4,000), to be awarded once in five yew to »^
Council on Education desire to obtain for the South i work in painting, sculpture, or architectjire which ntf/
Kensington Museum a design for a stained glass window, ' considered worthy of such honour. This great ^*I
having a northern light, with semicircular head, and of be at the disposition of a commission, presided otct cj
the following dimensioDs — viz., 18 feet 9 inches high to Minister of the Fine Arts, aud consisting of **^^"^
crown of arch, by 11 feet wide. The window may be seen ! bers, of whom six are to be of the Academy. T^jfj^
on a siaircase at the north-west corner of the Great will only be awarded to French artists, and it wiu
Northern Court. The architectural decorations of the awarded for the first time in 1869. ^^ ^
staircase will be of an Italian Renaissance character. The Dklaoroix ExHiBmoN. — The collective exhibwco
1^ w
AGRICULTURE.
THBEB HOU&S ALLOWED.
I.
1. How is the fertility of the soil increased by (a)
drainage, (b) tillage, {c) liming, and (d) rest in clover and
grass, respisctively ?
2. Describe the drainage of a clay-field on a uniform
and gentle slope, stating the probable depth, direction,
and interval of drain you would adopt, and the probable
cost per acre you would incur.
8. Name the operations in their order by which you
would conduct the autumn cultivation of a foul wheat
stubble.
4. Describe the operation of liming, naming the proper
time for it in rotation, the proper quantity to apply per
acre, and the time and mode of application.
II.
5. Name three or four commonly- adopted rotations of
crops, and state the circumstances for which each is specially
adapted.
6. State the dressings of manure generally applied per
acre to the commonly-cultivated crops of the farm.
7. Describe the cultivation or the potatoe and of peas,
relating the proper previous cultivation of the land, the
sorts selected, the seed time, cultivation during growth,
harve.«ting, and produce per acre.
8. What is the proper treatment, in order to its improve-
ment, of a poor and foul pasture ?
III.
9. Describe shortly the breeding and rearing of (a) cattle,
(6) sheep, and (c) swine.
10. What quantity of mutton are you likely to make
of 50 acres (say 800 tons) of Swedish turnips, 6 tons of
linseed cake, and 12 tons of good hay ?
11. What is the ordinary cost to the farmer of the
following operations: — (a) ploughing, (6) harrowing, (c)
rolling, {d) mowing clover, (c) hoeing wheat, (/) hoeing
and singlmg turnips, {g) cutting and harvesting wheat
(A) per acre, and threshing and cleaning wheat, oats, and
barley per quarter, respectively ?
12. What amount of capital is needed on a farm of
1,000 acres of light soil (cultivated on the 4-course system
of crops), under the following heads: — (a) rent and rates
— 30s. per acre, {b) labour, (c) seed and manure, (d) working
cattle and implements, («) live stock ?
(To be continued,)
im ^s.
subject of the design is furnished by the 88th chapter of I the works of Eugene Delacroix was thrown <^ ?L-
ter. The 'nounced, on the 13th instant, to a select nnmijerw^
design is to be on the scale of one inch
genius
Eoclesiasticus, verse 24 to the end of the chapter, ^.ux} ^^^sm^^^^i »» *»v ^.^^^^ *^»*m^^t ^ » .^^w.-.. . ^
design is to be on the scale of one inch .to the foot, and i and on the following day to the public It c*^'^j,
coloured. It is to be accompanied by a full size cartoon that it exhibits fairly the genius of the arti8t--thi»nJ»,^
of tlie design of a sufficient portion to show the execution, looked for in the ceilings of the Louvre, the Hotel « J^^^
and a specimen of a portion of the design executed in and other great public buildings; but,asacollecn<» .
glass, of the full size. The competition is open to artists ' pictures and sketches, if not complete, it is hjg^^v
of all nations. A sum of £40 will be awarded for the ' factoiy, and, with some few exceptions, the ^^*J? j^
design which appears to be most suitable, aud a sum of to advantage. The catalogue, which " ^^^'^^ V-S* t-
£20 for the next best design. The judges will be in- ' and gives the name of the proprietOT of each won^.^
structed to award the prizes to the designs solely upon ' gether with its dimensions, but unaccountably omn*
artistic merits, without reference to the probable cost of dates of the works in almost all cases, contains mow *^
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 19, 1864.
647
two hondred and thirty entries. The most important
works are, the two large pictures, the '' Battle of Ttille-
boui^" aod the " Taking of Constantinople," with the
portrait of Marshal TourviUe, from Versailles ; " Al-
gerian Women in their Apartments," ♦• A Jewish Wed-
ding in Morocco," " The 28th July, 1830," " A Scene
from the Massacres of Scio," and the <• Dante and Virgil"
from the Luxembourg ; the "Battle of Nancy," from the
gallery of that town ; " A Moiocco Chief visiting a Tribe,^
from the Nantes museum ; *' Christ on the Mount of
Olives," from the church of St. Paul and St. Louis,
Paris ; ** Arabian Musicians and BufTooos," from the
museum of Tours ; ** Marcus Aurelius on his Death-bed,"
from Lyons ; and the *' Emperor Justinian composing his
Laws," from the Chamber of Conseil d'Etat, Paris. The
great mass of the works of Delacroix are in the hands of
amateurs, his special admirers. Thus, the Baron de
Laage contributes nine, M. Aroza, eight, M. Haio, twenty-
nine, and Bourruet twelve works, without calculating
drawings and sketches. A remarkable work, " Tasso in
the Madhouse," is contnbuted by M. Alexandre Dumas,
Ills ; another, •' A Young Woman combing her hair,"
with a demon grinning behind the mirror in which she
regards herself, by M. Auguste Vacquerie. Another
ootable work is the *' Combat between Byron's Pacha and
Oiaour," the property of M. Malher. As regards the
sketches and drawmgs, their interest is diminished by the
fact of their having been seen so recently at the sale of the
artist's works, but those who did not see that extraordinary
collection will be well repaid by a visit to the present ex*
hibitioo. Foremost amongst the works of this class is the
««Diall pencil sketch known as the *' Education of Achilles,"
the future hero learning the use of his bow and arrow on
the back of a centaur, which Delacroix specially named in
his will to be offered for sale by public auction, and which
fetched the enormous sum of 2,500 francs (£100). In the
gallery is a bust of Eugene Delacroix, recently executed
by M. Carrier-Belleuse ; it is full of character, and will
llatm^tnrts.
Petboleum Oils. — The following instructions, relating
to the use of these oils for lighting purposes in Paris, have
been approved by the Prefect of the Seine and published :
— As there is danger in the use of petroleum oils, it is
important that the public should be made acquainted with
the precautions by which this may be avoided. Petro-
leum, properly purified, is almost colourless. The liti-e
should weigh not less than 800 grammes. It should not
at once take fire on being brought into contact with a
lighted body. This essential condition may bo easily
tested : a small quantity of the oil should be poured into
a saucer and the surface touched with a lighted match.
If the petroleum has been deprived of the light and very
inflammable oils, it will not only not take fire if alighted
match be thrown into it, but the match itself, after burn-
ing for an instant, will be extinguished. All mineral
oils, intended for lighting purposes, which will not stand
this test should be rejected as extremely dangerous.
Petroleum oil, even when deprived of the very light
spirit, called naphtha, which renders it inflammable
in contact with name, is, nevertheless, one of the most
inflammable materials known. If poured on linen cloth
or woollen fabrics its inflammability is greatly increased,
and great care is needed in its storing and sale. It should
be kept or carried in metal vessels only, and the stores
where it is placed should be lighted either by outside
lamps or safety lamps. A lamp for burning petroleum
and this class of oils must have no cracks or flaws in the
parts surrounding the wick. The receptacle for the oil
should be suflSdently large to hold more than enough oil
for each burning, so that the lamp may not become empty
whilst burning. Transparent receptacles, such as glass or
porcelain, are to be preferred, as the quantity of oil con-
tained may be seen^ The receptacle should be thick, and
^ the adjustments should be fixed on it, not merely by
doubtless become popuiar. Altogether, the DdacroVx ' t'ght tilting, but by means of some cement not affected
exhibition on the Boulevard des Itoliens will be a great i by the mineral oil. The sUnd of the lamp should be
attraction for those who have any artistic taste, and who
may visit Paris this autumn.
Sale op Pictures. — The works of art of the late M.
Sherbet te, deputy, was disposed of the other day by
public auction. The collection contained some works by
old and rather rare masters, but the connoisseurs were
away from Paris, and the prices realised were low, in snme
cases excessively so. A »' Holy Family," by Breemberg
< 1659}, went for £15; "Horses in a Stible," by Gdri-
cault, for less than £7 ; a pair of pendants by Guido Reni,
subjects '* Astronomy" and " Poetiy," the former repre-
aented by a young female, with her arms resting on a
fflobe ; the latter by St. Cecilia holding a lyre, were sold
tor £45. A clever painting by Jean le Due, ♦' A Concert
of Amateurs," went for little more than £10 ; " Cows in
a Field, near a Village," signed Paulus Potter, 1648,
fetched nearly £16 ; '* The Martyrdom of St. Victor,"
represented in sixteen compositions, painted on panel by
the Gothic School of Cologne, realised £56. Besides the
pictures there were a few sketches. A marine sketch, by
Copley Fielding, which went for 58 francs; two drawings
of horses, by G^ricault, which produced 333 francs ; a
pencil sketch of horses by Carl Vernet, sold for 130
finncs, and others of less importance.
RoBENs's Chefs-d'ceovre. — Those who pay a visit this
autumn to the church of Notre Dame at Antwerp will
have the opportunity, for the first time, of judging fairly
of the two grand paintings, the *• Crucifixion" and the
•* Descent from the Cross." These magnificent works
were, heretofore, not only placed out of the range of ordi-
nary vision, but the voUts, or wings, were placed in such a
maimer as to throw false shadows on the central composi-
tions. M. Durlet, the architect, has now removed the
pictures to a lower position, and has placed the three por-
tioiis of each subject in the same plane. This should have
been done long siiwe, but •• better late than never."
heavy, and with a broad base, to ensure steadiness and
render it less liable to be upset. Before lighting a lamp
it should be completely filled and then carefully closed.
When the oil is nearly come to an end the lamp should be
extinguished and allowed to cool before it is opened for
refilling. In case, however, it is necessary to fill the lamp
before it is quite cool, it is absolutely essential to keep
carefully at a distance any light which may be wanted
during the operation. If the glass of the lamp breaks, it
should be extinguished at once, to prevent the heating
of the fittings, for such a heating may be sufficiently
intense to vaporize the oil in the receptacle ; the vapour
may take fire, ending in an explosion destroying the Ump
and scattering in all directions a liquid at all times in-
flammable aod frequently in an inflaiued state. The
best materials for extinguishing these oils when burning
are sand, earth, and ashes, and very superior to water, lu
case of burns, and before the arrival of a medical man, it
will be found useful to keep the wounded part covered
with linen rags kept continually moistened with water.
€mxmtt.
Pattebn and Sample Post.— The following is an
outline of the modifications recently made in the regula-
tions :— On and after the 1st of September next, the fol-
lowing will be the regulations of the Inland Pattern and
Sample Post, viz. :— •• 1. The rates of postage will be re-
duced by one-third at each step in the scale of charge,
and will be : For a packet of patterns or samples not ex-
ceeding 4 oz. in weight, 2d. ; exccedicg 4 oz. but not
exceeding 8 oz. in weight, 4d. ; exceeding 8 oz. but not
exceeding 16 oz. in weight, 8d. ; exceeding 16 oz. but not
exceeding 24 oz. in weight, is. 2. The postage must be
648
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 19, 1864.
paid by stampe. 8. No packet of patterns or saDiples
must exceed 24 oz. in weight. 4. The patterDs or samples
most Dot be of intrinsic value. 5. There must be no
writing or printing, in addition to the address of the per-
son for whom the packet is intended, except the address
of the sender, a tmde maik and nnrabers, and the prices
of the articles ; otherwise the packet will be treated as a
letter. 6. There must be no enclosure other than the
samples themselves. The partkulars which are allowed
to be furnished under the preceding rule must in all cases
be given, not on loose pieces of paper, but on small labels
attached to the samples or the bags containing them. 7.
The patterns or samples must be sent in covers open at
the ends, so as to be easy of examination. Samples, how-
ever, of seeds, ^., may be enclosed in boxes made of
cardboard, or in bags of linen or other material fastened
in such a manner that they may be readily opened. Bags
80 closed that they cannot be readily opened, even although
they be transparent, must not be used (or this purpose.
8. If a packet of patterns or samples be posted altogether
unpaid, it will be charged with double the postage which
should have been prepaid. If n portion of tlie postage be
prepaid, even although only a penny stamp bo affixed,
the packet will be charged with the amount of the defi-
ciency, together with an additional rate of twopence. 9.
In order to prevent any interraption to the regular trans-
mission of letters, a packet of patterns or samples may,
when it is necessary, be kept back for twenty-four hours.
10. The rule which forbids the transmission through the
post of any article which might injure the contents of the
mail bags or the officers of the Post Office is so far relaxed
as to permit the transmission of scissors, knives, razors,
forks, steel-pens, nails, keys, watch machinery, metal
tubing, pieces of metal or ore, and such like, as samples,
provided that they bo packed and guarded in so secure a
manner as to afiford complete prot^tion to the oontents
of the mail bag and the officers of the Post Office, while
at the same time the samples may be easily examined;
and provided^ also that such samples as might be in them-
selves of intrinsic value are rendered unsaleable by being
slightly damaged before they are posted. 11. Informa-
tion as to the best modes of packing the articles named in
the preceding clause may be obtained at the secretary's
office, General Post Office, London. 12. The preceding
regulations do not affect the transmission of patterns or
samples beyond the United Kingdom. The rules and
rates of postage of the Pattern Post between this country
and various colonies and foreign countries remain un-
altered.
©Wtawg.
Pbopessob Febbier, of St. Andrews, was bom in Edin-
burghon the 16th of June, 1808, and died on the 11th
July, 1864, being thus nearly 65 years of age. His father
was John Ferrier, W.S., one of Sir Walter Scott's brother
clerks of session, and his mother was Margaret Wilson a
sister of Professor Wilson, the chief of the early brilliant
staff of Blackwood 'a Magazine, and well known to the
literary world as Christopher North, ffis aunt by the
father's side, Miss Susan E. Ferrier, was the authoress of
three novels that still keep their ground with the public,
namely, '^Marriage," •' The Inheritance," and "Destiny."
His mind grew and opened up in this literar}' atmosphere.
As a boy he had been amused by the pen-and-ink
caricatures of Lockhart, •' Tlio Scorpion who delighteth
to sting the faces of men," and astonished by witch
stories told by Hogg, "The Ettrick Shepherd." Bis
stholastic education waa begun under Dr. Duncan,
niinisU^r of Riithwell, an eainest classical scholar. It
was continued under Dr. Burnev, of Greenwich, and
n lerwaids at the Universities of Edinburgh and Oxford,
' 1, i?."*^** ^^ ^^^^^^ ^e took the degree of B.A. He
^nhv PI P"?® S*" ***« ^* y^^ »" the Moral Philo-
Bopny Class in Edinburgh, and his verses are still
remembered by his contemporaries at Oxford, one of
whom was Sir Roundel I Palmer, the present Attooiey-
General. In 1832 he, like most of the yooDgaspoaoii
to literature in Edinburgh, entered the FaoQity of
Advocates. His family connection with lawyers teoiirBd
him a fair amount of junior counsel practice ; bat he did
not care for forensic work and legal hair<splittifkg, and ha
most industrious hours were spent over metaphysical and
general literature. In 1837he married his coosin Margaret,
Professor Wilson's eldest daughter, who inherited not a
little of her father's witand talent. In 1888-39 hecontribotad
to Blackwood*8 Magazine a series of papers on the ** Philo-
sophy of GonsciousnoM," written in a popular and poelicil
style, and characterised by great aouteness, eloqueDce,
and ingenuity. He was elected Profenor of Univenai
History in the University of Edinburgh by hit brethreo
of the Faculty of Advocates, who were patrons in 1842,
and in the session of 1844-45 he read Sir WUtttm
Hamilton's lectures on " Logic and Metaphynee,** ooa-
sionally entertaining the students by speculatioDs of his
own, expressed in a more flowing style than Sir WiUiam'i
lectures, and illuminated by the enthusiasm of youth and
faith. In 1845, under the strong recommendation of Sir
William Hamilton, Sir E. Bulwer Lytton, and nany
others distinguished in literature, he was appointed to
the Chair of Moral Philosophy in the University <rf St.
Andrews, which office he held to his death. This chair
was formerly held by Dr. Chalmers, the great pulpit
orator of Scotland. When his father-in-law, Vtihms
Wilson, in 1852, through failing health, resigrnd the
Edinburgh Moral Philosophy Chair he became a candidal
for it, but was unsuccessful. He was again a candidate to
the same patrons, when Sir W. Hamilton's chair fell tzcua
through death, in 1856, and was again defeated. It wai^
thought that his not being a " Free Churchman** mili-
tated against his success in both these cases. Anotb«-
I>robable cause was, that he had edited a repoblicatioa of
i'rofessor Wilson's " Nodes AmbrotianaT in the text of
which several leading whigsand litterateurs were attacked.
In the interval between these two unsucoessfal canvasv^
for Edinburgh chairs, besides editing the popolar edition
of his father-in-law's works, he prepared for the maa his
" Institutes of Metaphysic ; a Theory of Knowing aftd
Being, " which was published in 1 854. For two or three y «u?
previously he had been teachbg the doctrines of it to hii
class, and he had the ideas pretty thoroughly thoogfat
out before he began to write, and long occAsianal
passages quite finished, but the general expression of the^
bulk of it was dashed off currenU calamo, and scanady
altered afterwards. For ease, perspicuity, variety, tit-
gance, delicate lights and shades, and the'glow of po^ir,
tlie. style of the work has perhaps hardly anv panJkl a
English philosophical literature. It has' almost ^
subtle lucidity of Berkeley or Hume, with a hnmoir
nearly equal to that of the latter, and more poetry thit
either, and a strength of idealistic faith not infisior to
that of Berkeley, to whom Pope ascribed " Eveiy virtue
under heaven." No historical portrait so closely resembloi
Professor Ferrier as that of Bishop Berkeley, in Trinity
College, Dublin. Upon his tall, spare figure, and beaatif^
classic face, nature herself had set the iraprera of {^i!a-
pher and gentleman. Among his lectures there w«ff
some valuable expositions of the liistoiy of philoeoph^ ,
and some curious disquisitions on the affinity ot tdiito
sophy and poetry, which it is hoped will yet be gitw
to the world. He succeeded the present Archbishop of
York as Examiner in " Logic and Mental Scieoco- to t!;-
Society of Arts.
MoNBiEUR Hachette,— On the 2nd of August to-ji
place in Paiisthe funeral of one well known in thelxteixn
world, and whose labours for forty ytsara have exer«i*^'i
cx)UMderable influence on the advaucemcnt of metti-
culture, ai. Hachette, the celebrated iHibliaher. if**
born at Bethel (Ardennes), in the year 16C0. At !■'
yearn of age he entered the Ecole Normale, which b*
quilted in 1822, at the time of taking his degree TU
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTy OP ARTS, August 19, 1864.
649
ieginniog of hia fortonei, so brilliant in the future, was
>f a modest character. He commenced his industrial
»reer with one single worlc, Le TraUi de Vernfiealion
Laiine, byM. Qnioherat, his fellow pupil, but he gradually
Tentm^ further, exhibiting great skill and tact in carry-
ing on his undertakings. He may be said to have done
more in the production of clasnoal works than any other
[nan of his age. His activity, however, was not limited to
mch works as these alone, but embraced literary works
o( all kinds. He died at the age of 64, leaving an enor-
tnoua business, well established on the firmest foundations,
which now rests in the hands of his sons and soos-in-law,
who, by following in the footsteps of their father, cannot
fail to render the business one of the largest of its kind in
bho world. M. Hachette was followed to the grave by
mcQ of note of all classes, bis son, M. George Hachette.
and his sons-in-law, MM. TempHerand Breton, attending
as chief mourners.
liotts.
Inblicatians |ssBtl».
The Linem Tradb, Amoismt and Modbbn. By
Alexander J. Warden, Merchant of Dundee. (Jjongmana
and Co.) The author, in his preface, states that the
object of his book is to supply a want that has long
oxiated, — a comprehensive history of so important and
ancient a manufacture as that of linen and the commerce
connected with it. The work is dedicated, by permission,
to the Chamber of Commerce of Dundee, to the directors
of which, as well as to other individuals, he considers
himself much indebted for information and for facilities
in the consultation of many works connected with the
subject. The author commences by treating of the
various raw materials employed, discussing the cultiva*
tion of flax, hemp, jute, and various other fibres, and
giving the statistics of the trade in them. He then
enters upon the linen of the ancients, the Bible linen,
the linen of the Egnrptians, the Phceniciane, the Grecians,
and the Romans. In Section 8 is given the substance of
some popular lectures, prepared by Mr. W. Miller, of
Dundee, and delivered by that gentleman to audiences in
that place. The author then passes on to tlie modem
linen trade, takiug first the continental, embracing the
Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, French, Russian,
Cliinese, American trade, and then entering upon that of
the United Kingdom, divided under the heads of
English, Irish, and Scotch, tracing the history of tlie
tiade from its commencement down to the present time,
with copious statistics derived from the Board of Trade,
and other available sources. The writer concludes his
book with a short and popular description of the various
manufacturing operations connected with the diflferent
materials employed. In doing this there is no attempt
to make his volume a handbook to practical manufacturers
— that was foreign to the object of the work, and would
indeed have been impossible without drawings. The
treatment of so complicated a subject would require a
volume to itself.
CorrsE AND Chicobt, their culture, chemical com-
position, preparation for market and consumption, with
simple tests for detecting adulteration, and practical hints
for the producer and consumer, by P. L. Simmonds,
author of the *' Commercial Products of the Vegetable
Kingdom," "A Dictionary of Trade Products," dec, with
numerous illustrations (E. andF. N, Span), — In this hand-
book the fullest descriptive and sUtistioal deUils are given
respecting the introduction and progress of the culture of
eottee in every producing country. Precise details as to
•apply and consumption are also given ; and a large amount
of chemical research as to the composition of variouf^
eoffttes, and the distinguishing chararteristics of the
^tferent commercial varieties of berries are fVumished.
There are ten good woodcuts, illustrating the ^lant, scenery
or plantations in the east and west, buildings, pulping
^Euushinery, Ac.
Safety in Railway Tbains. — The Board of Trade has
issued a circular to the various raUway companies, saying
that they have had under their consideration the com-
plaints, frequently urged on their attention, of the danger
existing or apprehended from the want of means of com-
munication between the different portions of a railway train
while in motion, and are desirous of calling the attention
of railway companies to this subject, with a view to the
consideration how far, by means of increased facilities for
communication between different portions of a railway
train while in motioi^ or other improved regulations, it
may be practicable to obviate the evils complained of. The
circular goes on to say : — ** Several expedients have been
suggested as calculated in some degree to further the
desired object. One expedient for guarding against
offences in railway carriages, which has been proposed, is
that of placing windows between the compartments of
each carriage. As these windows might be provided
with curtains, the privacy of the carriages need not
ordinarily be interf^^ with. As an expedient for pro-
viding means of communication between the guard and
the passengers, it has been suggested that every vehicle
forming part of a passenger train should be fur-
nished with footboards and handrails, which would admit
of the guard ^or, in case of emei^ency, other persons)
passing along the train. It appears to my lords deserving
of consideration whether this expedient, guarded, of
course, by carefully-framed regulations, to prevent abuse,
might not be generally adopted with very beneficial
effects. The use of a cord rurning along the train, by
means of which the guard can attract the attention of the
engine driver, has now existed on some lines so long as
to prove that there is no difficulty in its application." In
conclusion, the Board ask for the opinion of the directors
as to the practical value of arrangements of the nature
specified, and invite any suggestions which the directors
may think adapted to accomplish the ends in view ; par-
ticularly desiring to be informed whether, with a view to
the application of such means to the carriages of one
company passing on the line of another company, any
regulations of a genei'al and compulsory character are
deemed expedient.
f Cflins^onbtnts.
Erbatux.^Id the last Dumber, paragraph 6, page 620, for
»• 31st Fehrotry," read •* 28ih Februaiy."
PARLIAMENTARY REPORTS.
SESSIONAL PRINTED PAPERS.
Par.
Numb. DOivered on Uth and 19th JtOy, 1864.
406. Caraal Poor— Rwnlstionf, *o.
463. Ciril ConUogeoctet Fond'-AoooaaU.
484. Incomo Tax ( Ireland c— Rotam.
201. Bills— Criminal Justlco Act (1856) Extension (amended).
203. „ Westwinitter Bridre Trattc.
206. „ Bank Notes, ae.. Signatiiro.
208. „ FacUitiei for DiTUe Serrlce In Collocate Schools.
20S. „ Clerk of the Peace RemoTal.
210. „ SalmonFlsheriesCSootland) Acts Amendment.
211. „ Bank Post BUIi (Ireland).
213. „ Indian Medical Serrioe.
214. „ Com Acooonts and Returns.
216. „ We»t Indian Incumbered E^Utes Act Amendment
217. „ Exchequer Bonds (£1,600,000).
218. „ FortidcaUons ( Provision for Bxperses).
219. M Metropolis Management Act (1862) Amendment.
Denmark and Qermanj— Correspondence (ISSst.
Denmark and Gkrmanj (No. 7)^Correspondence (l<}64).
Delivertd om \9th July, 1864.
406. NaUooal Ednoatioo (Ireland)— Retonu
400. Soldleri and Police— Return.
491. PttbUoInoome and Expeoditars— Account fbr the year ended
30th June, 1864.
650
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 19, 18^4.
492 Metropolitan ImproTeroentA^Beturn.
212. BU1>— ConUgioai Diteans (amended).
220. „ Cathednd Minor Corporationf.
NortliAmerlca(No. 16)— Further Paper« respecttng the arrertand
impriaonment of Mr. Jamet MoHufh.
NorUi America ( No. 17)— Correspondenee retpectinf the enlUtment
of British Sabjecta.
DavB«nd on 2Qth Juty, 1864
431. Cattle DiMaMfl Prevention and Importation Billa— Report.
467. Convict Prlaon Dletariea— Report.
488. Bankruptcy— Return.
486. Bankruptcy— Uetorna.
221. Bill*— Private BUi Co«tf.
223. „ Poor Removal.
323. t, Deftoce Act Amendment.
394. „ Poor Relief (MetropoUt).
226. ,, Stamp Dutiei Act (1864) Amtndmeni.
ColonUl PoMenlona (Past and Preieat State) (Pari I.)— Report!.
Dthvtred on 2W Juif, 1864.
33t. Raat India (Engineers' EsUbUshment, Ac)— Returns.
46». Oas Companies ( Metropolis V-Acoounts. ,. _ ^^
478. West India Incumbered Estates Acts-Circular DelpatA,
Memorial, Correspondence, »o.
(09. East India (Paper Currency. *c.)— Papers and CorrMPOadeaee.
226. Bills-^PUoUge Order Confirmation (No. 2) (amended).
227. „ Bribery at Elections.
238. ,, CivU bill Couru (Ireland ) ( Lords AmeAdtttfiti).
229. H Portaea Island (RJfhU of Way).
Defence of Splthead^Report of a Special Committee.
DsHrered on Q3nd July, 1864 .
4 80. K itchen and Refreshment Rooms ( House of Commons )— Second
Report fktnn the Select Committee.
486. East India (Medical Service )— Despatch.
503. Redundant List (Public Departments)— Return.
611. Japan— Despatch.
330. Bill— TlUes (Ireland).
Delivered on 23rd and 26th /ttly, 1864.
383 (i). Turnpike Trusts— Index to Report.
468. Education (Inspectors* ReporU)— Keport of Committee, fto.
607(4). Poor Rates and Pauperism— Return (A), April, 1869 and
1864
610. Standing Orders Revision— Report.
610 (I). Standing Orders Revision— Report and Evidence.
231. Bills— .Mutual Surrender of Criminals (Prunla).
233. „ Masters and Servants.
233. „ Naval Discipline.
Defence of Spithead— Plan to accompany Report.
Public Qeneral Acts— Cap. 39 to 46.
Ddivtred on 2Sth Julf, 1864.
383. Population, Electors, Ac— Returns.
443. Manchester Parish— Ottclal Correspondence.
473. Turnpike Trusts— Returns.
496. Dockyards— Second Report teom the Select Committee.
603. Saltpetre (Calcutta 1— Account.
506. ConsUbles' Fees (Tunbridge Wells)— Return.
I 568. Civil List Pensions— List.
Railways in India— Report for the years 1863-64, by J. Danvers, Es-^.
Delivered on 21th Jufy, 1864.
343. East India (Bengal Military Fund) -Correspondence.
G22. Estimates for Civil Services (1864-6; — General Abstract.
Delivered on 2Sth July, 1864.
234. Hlshways Act Amendment BUI— Lords Amendments.
236. Rafiways Construction Facilities Bill— Lords Amendmwits.
236. Railway Companies* Powers Bill- Lords Amendments.
239. Contagious Diseases Bill— Lords Amendments.
240. Thames Conservancy Bill — Lords Amendments.
238. Improvement of Land Act (18C4) Bill— Reasons asdgnedby
the Lords for disagreeing to certain Amendments made by
the Commons.
620. Bankruptcy — Return.
Fubllc General Acts— Cap. 47 to 7'J.
Delivered on 2dlh JtUy, 1864.
617. Vagrants, <c. (Paddington, Ac ) — Returns.
621. Supply and Wavs and Means (Session 1864)— Return.
523. Fk'lendly Societies (Scotland)— Report.
639. Municipal Boroughs ( Ireland)- Abstract of Statement.
482. CapUin Melrillo White— Return.
236. Bills— Railways Construction FadliUes— Lords Amendmenti.
241. „ Pier and Harbour Orders Confirmation— Lords Amend-
ments.
242. „ Courts of Conciliation.
^wlst laoe machines— 1790— S. Whilehorst.
Valvea ~ 1834— U. Stevenaoa.
Washing machine— 1812— J. Coton- _
Water, cleansing or clariCring— 16«8— W. E. Kewton.
Water wheels, oonstrooUon of— 1768— m. G. Toatgne.
Window curtains, arrangiug and actuating— 1843— J.
Window siU and window garden, oombined-lMJ— J. ML
Windows, apparatus fbr shutting- 1878— C. W. Standiak.
Woollen fisbrica, drying and stretdilng— 1861— A- WyCtor.
Writmg, appai«tn> tor— 1686— O. Murray.
iVm OmimttitoiMrs ^ Potails /MnMl, JiV«*< Ud.
ArtUklal ftiel, manufacture of— liOt- R. A. IkoeHHi
Bedsteads, &c, metaUlo—1936-B. Cook*.
BoUers, preventing IncrusUtlons l»-'l8**--?'» J™*^., ^
Buttons, eontlrnBtton and tssleninM «f-178ft-0. de watOj.
Buttons, sha&ka fbr— 1911— P. G. Ba«6.
Chlniney-pola,co«iftruotlottof-1903— O.Oartw. _ ^ ^^
Copper on, ameUlnff of- 1606— P. Spence and H. D. PoohlB.
Cotton gUp, «c, twleri fbr— 1901— T. Bourne.
OofetOB, relltri ued In preparing, vlnnlag, *«.— ItlT— ■•
Manook, $tA Q* Di^kin.
Drags, ftc, adjusting the load contained in— 190^— P. H.
Flax, breaking and stamping— 1927 -B. Wai^^^
Floor ol'jth, manatoetore 0^—1931—8. HMrkfWUidu
Fire-arms, ascertaining the distance therefrom of o^faeto to
at— 1887 -J. Cope.
Fire-arms, breMai-IoadlBg^l896-T. Wilion.
Hides, tanning of- 1706— T. SliarF.
Hcraea, appaiitni fbr breaking— 1681— J. Nciwaovft.
Itott and ftaal, preventinc oxydttloa ef— 18V6— J. P. Cwmm^
KBl^Mrbo«ker tlssun, fbrmatioa of yam t ar 16 H t *
and C. O. Speyer. ^^
Liqtdds, apparatus for drawing off— 19SS— A. Bain.
Liquids, apparatus for measuring— 1897— J. P. Hearaey.
Mashing apparatus— 1931— C. (farton and T. Hill,
Pocket perfume fountain- 1891— P. B. Fontaai^.
Railway carriages, Ac, arrangemenu for stopping— 1693— J.
Railwsy carriages, signalling between passengoce and "-
W. T. W. Jones.
Raiiwigr trains, direct coomunloatloa between gastria
of— 1863— O. Lansdown.
Rifled ordnance, prq|ectUes for— 1866— B. Britten.
Sewing machines— 1923— A. Bndih.
Sliafts and girders, manufecture of— 1831— C. 8aiid<
Ships, propelling and steering— 1925— J. U. J ohns on,
Shot, shells, Ac -1772— J. McG. Croft.
Spinning and doubling, self-acUng mulee for — 1808 — C.
and J. Cooker.
Textile fiibrics, apparatus fbr finishing— 1879— S. HiMgr.
Umbrellas and sun-shades— 1761— W. White.
Washing machine— 1883— H. Moon.
Window blinds, rollers of— 19 09— J. Ev erard.
J^Hm(knlmitt^on^r$qf Patents JomrnmljAMfvtiV%A.
PATBlin S8A1.U>.
r.J.
399. P. C. P. Hoffmann.
401. J. and M. DeaTin, and J. H.
Sutton.
402. J. A. Lloyd.
406. E. Moore.
407. H. A. Jowett.
408. H. Newmane.
419. J. Travis.
420. B.C., R. J., and J. B. Ran-
some.
483. W. Hlekllng.
436. E. Butterwcrth.
436. J. B. Jade.
433. F. J. Arnold.
437. W. Hale.
439. B. B. Allen.
443. F. R. Mosley.
444. W. Brookes.
447. G. P. Gee and W. H. Gos-
ling.
448. J. Drabble.
449. J. Oldknow and J. Wood.
463. J. :Howard, J.
andT. Wi
467. C. EepUa.
470. T. Rowatfc, j«a^ and A.
Lighbodj.
473. J. P. Hi Her.
499. F. Banaotse.
496. J.M. WomU4SS.C«9«.
605. S.Cooper A J.M. W«nalL
630. W. Noton.
633. B. P. PMtor,>sa.
536. H. BeaalBoa.
660. M. Hearj.
676. B. CowJea.
684. J. P. WorraU.
689. T.Qre«iwood*H.]falkf.
647. C. AaduNon.
670. PJk.L.dei
1048. P. Bttih.
1342. J. Hamilton, Joa.
1457. J. Grant.
1603. W. E. G«dg«.
PiTtVTS oa WHIG* Tm Stamp Dorr or eao bam
|)atents.
From Commisrionert of Patents Journal, August 6th,
Grants op Peovisioital PnorEcnoir.
Steam boilers, indicating the density of the water used in— 1770— J.
Saunders.
Steel, nanoft&cture of— 1876— J. P. Chambeyron.
Stirrup*— lbl9«W.E. Gedgc
Submarine foundations, «c-1864-T. B. Heathorn.
ifngM funnels or monlds^isss -T. Dixon.
1990. R. A. Godwin.
1991. A. F. B. Falgas.
364. T. W. Ranunell.
1997. A. Barclay.
3063. W. Bennett.
3002. W. B. Gedge.
2039. J. Combe.
3103. W.Bainea.
3330. T. Greokwood.
3009. J. Jaeob.
3038. C. W. K
Mtllodaw.
3033. J. C. Martin.
Tab,
asiT.
^tpUtelt §ti^M.
Blind pulley-4639-<:aldioott and CoUina, Blrmingkaaa.
Match-box or holder for suspending anlnst a wal l 46 *< — Jmi Wsi
ley, 3, Royal-terrace, Norwocn, 8.
A shooting jacket and vest - 4641— Jno. Q. Bird, IS, SMBit-«f«et.ff
A metallie necktie fkstener or scarf rlag'->464S~Hall «Bt Dwcu
Blrmlngluun.
A candle and erease guard— 4643— Jas. Richd. 6r«av»si, 134, K««
Oxford-street.
^mxml d h
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIOPfS 11^ UNIOPf.
110th Sbssion.]
FRIDAY, AUGUST 26, 1864.
[No. 614. Vol. XII.
Proeeedliift of the Society :~CftBtor Leetoret
Prooaedlngt of IiutltaUoat
Fhotometrio BaUnee ^
f iwO Arcs ••■ ••• «•• ••« «,, ,,,
MtumtectOTft ••• ••• ••• ••• .M
•••
•••
•••
OF
Pace Ml
. 6M
... Wl
... 668
... 658
... 659
CONTENTS.
Coloniee
PubJcatlou iMoed
Notes ••• ...
Patents ...
Keflstered Deslfiia
...
...
...
* .«
•••
...
...
«••
..
...
.. Page 660
»• ••• oov
661
663
••. 663
liomMngs of tire Siamit
CANTOR LECTURES.
•* On CBBxnTBT Applied to the Abts." By Db. F.
Crack Calvefis F.R S., F.C.S.
LBcmmB VI.*
Deuybbbo on Thubsdat Evbniko, Apbil 28, 1864.
F]«ah, Its chief oonstltQeBts, boilisf and roastioff. Animat btadt,
its maoiifketare and applications. Varioos methods of presenring
animal matters. Emplojment of animal reftise in the manoikctare
of pruuiaf tf pcioMh. A few words oo the decs/ of organic
matters, and their itomentation and potreftcUon.
It will be oasily uDcleretood, by those who htye done
me the honour of attending this course, thmt this last leo-
tore most toaoh upon a variety of topics, in order to give
an idea of some of the applications which animal matters
receive, and which yet remain to be discussed.
FU$h.—U, Chevreul, in 1835, and Baron Liebig, in
1845, examined the changes which flesh undergoes when
place in contact with hot and cold water ; and the following
tjihle, taken (h>m Liebig's interesting work on the che-
mistry of food, will give you an idea of the composition
of fleah:—
{Cc
In
Action of boiling.
Coagulated albumen 29*5
Gelatine 6*0
solution 80*5
Fibres and membranea 164*0
Cold water.
Soluble 66
Insohible 164
Fat 20
Water 750
1000
Liebig and Chevreul further snoceeded in isolating, from
Ihe 30 parta soluble in water, some of the following sub-
stances:^
Kreatine C, H, N, 0^+2 HO
Kreatinine C, H, N, O,
Saroosine C, H, N, O^
Inotinioacid C.^H, N. O.^
Lacticaoid C, H^ O, +110
Guanine (Soberer) ... Cj^,Hj Nj O,
Xanthine (Streoker)... C^^ H^ N^ 0^
Glyoocalle „ ... C^ H^ N^ O4
Leucine (CloetU) Cj,H^,N, O4
Onnaxone
The moat important mineral salts in flesh are the
acid phosphate and lactate of lime, and, actsording to
^remy, the acid phosphate of potash and chloiide of po-
tassium. The atx>ve statement shows that flesh is a most
complicated substance, and it is eauy to conceive that this
most be so, when it is remembered that it is derived from
* Tl^e Ifcture wss No. V. wheo tbs coorie was dtlirercd.
blood, of which it contains a laige amount ; but a most in-
teresting and curious fact is that, wliilst blood is rich in
salts of soda and poor in salts of potash, in flesh the rela-
tive proportion of these aalta is directly reversed. Another
interestmg fact is the small amount of solid matter con-
tained in flesh, and also the small amount of nutritive matter
it yields to water under the most favourable circumstances.
1 repeat "the most favourable cirenmstancee,*' for when
meat is placed in boiling water the 3 per cent, of albtime|^^^ "
it contains Is coagulated, dosing the ve8sels of thB-^l^hT
and preventing all further exit of the fleshy fluids, and
such should t>e the case when meat is intended to be eaten
as boiled * meat and is properly cooked ; but when the
object in view is to extract the whole of the matter soluble
in water, as in the preparation of beef tea, then the meat
should be cut in small pieces, and brayed in a mortar
with water, the whole then thrown into clean linen and
pressed. The Juice of the flesh so obtained should then
be carried Just to the boil, again passed throujih the
strainer, and after the addition of a little common salt
will be ready for the patient. Beef tea, even prepared by
this process, which is certainly the best to my knowledge,
contains, as the table above shows, but a small quantity of
nutritive matter, there being only a little gelatine and a
small proportion of the other substances named above.
Chevreul attributes the odour of beef tea and meat soupa
to osmaxone, and Liebig to kreatine ; in fact, Liebig con-
siders kreatine to be one of the essential substances
characterising the aroma of various kinds of flesh. Liebig
during his researches on this substance succeeded in ob-
taining from—
Fowls' flesh 3*21 of kreatine.
Ox heart 1-37 „
Pigeon 0*82 „
Beef 0-69 „
Further he observed, that the flesh of wild animals 000-
tained a much larger proportion of kreatine than that of
those which wereconfloed ; for instance, that there was six
times as much in the flesh of a wild fox as in that of a
tame one. Allow me to say a few words on the properties
of this curious substance, which presents itself in the form
of moderately large white rectangular prisms, having
a pearly lustre, soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.
Although this substance is neutral, it is converted when
heated with hydrochloric add into another solid crystallized
substance called kreatinine, which possesses strong alka-
line properties. When kreatine, instead of being treated
by an acid is acted upon by baryta, it is converted into an
acid comix)und called inosinic acid. Liebig ultimately
succeeded in flnding these substances, as well as another
called sarcosine, in various animal secretion?. I shall not
take up more of your time by discussing the chemical
properties of these substances, but merely state that they
enable us to distinguish real soup tablets from spurioot
r
652
JOURNAL OF THE 800IBTY OP ARTS, August 26, 1864.
ones. For this porpoae k eolation of the tablet in cold
watsr ihoald be made, Whgti, if fetiilln«. it Will giv« ft
precipitate with chloride of ^nc, ^hillt tile nputidiii Od6,
which eontaiito gelatine but Do kfefttille, Will tiot do 66*
Another reaction tx, that the pure tftticle will yield 85 per
cent, of its weight to alcohol, whilst the imitation will
only yield about five.
Preservation of meat and animal mbitaneei.—^k low tern-
pemture is most favourable to the preservation of fiesh and
other animal substances, and under that condition it will
not enter into putrefaGtloh, the best proof of wiiieh
is that elephants in a perfect state of prstervation
have been found in Siberia buried in ioe, whete they
have doubtless existed for many thousands of yeatv.
It ii also well known that the inhabitants of polsr
regions preserve their meat fresh by bur>'ing it in snow,
t£i I mentioned an instance in one of my previods
lectures, viz., the preservation and Ideachinf of sturgeoti's
Uadders on the banks of the Volga. A high state of
desiccation or dryness also contributes powerfully to the
prevention of decay. Thus ia Buenos Ayres and Monte
Vkieo meat is cut into thin slites, covered with maiae
flour, dried id the san, ahd it is eonsnmed largely, under
the name of tasago or eharke, by the inhabitants of the In-
terior, and also ^ th« black population in Braail and the
West Indi«i. Further, dried meat reduced to powder is
used by travellers in Tartary and adjacent countries, and
I may add that of late years meat bisi'uits have been ex-
tensively consumed by the emigrants having to travel
ften the United States to California and the West Ooast
generally. It is stated that six ounces per diem of this
meat biscuit will maintain a man in good health through-
out the Journey. A remarkable instance of the preser-
vation of animal matter by extreme desicoation is
related by Dr. Wefer, who states that in 1787, during a
kmmey in Peru, he found on the borders of the sea many
bundfeds of oorpses slightly buried in the sand « which,
though they had evidently remained there for two or
three oentuties, were perfectly dry and free from putre-
ftwtioD. Although it is not within the scope of these
lectnres to describe the preservation of vegetable matters,
still I cannot refrain from mentioning the interesting
method adopted by MM. Masson and Gannal, by which,
as you are doubtless aware, vegetables are preserved in
the most perfect manner. Their process is most simple,
as it consists in submitting the vegetables for a few minutes
to the action of high pressure steam (70 lbs. to the square
inch), then drying them by air heated to 100^. when, after
compression hy hydraulic pressure, they are made into
tablets for sale, and when required for use it is only neces-
sary to place the tablets for five hours in cold water, when
the vegetable substances swell out to their former size and
appearance and are ready for cooking. As the presence
of oxygen or air is an essential condition of {Mitrefaction,
the consequence fs that many methods liave been invented
to exclude that agent, or rather, as I shall show at the
end of this lectute, the sporules or germs of cryptogamic
plants of animals, which are the true ferments or
microscopic source of fermentation and tmtrefaction.
Permit me to describe concisely some of the methods
propored ; and I believe that one of the best procesj^es
for excluding air was that invented by Appert, in 1804.
It consists in introducing the meat or other aniinsl sub-
stance Mrith tome water into vessels which are nearly
clowd, these are then placed in a large boiler with salt
(which raises the boiling point of the liquor), and the
contetita of the vessels are kept boiling for about an hour,
so as to exclude all air, and destroy, by the high tempera-
tuie, all the sporules or germs of putrefaction they may
contain, when they are hermetically closed. M. Chevalier
Appert has improved this process in placing the prepaied
vessels in a closed boiler, ly which means he raises the
temperature (by pressure) to 234®, efi*ecting thus the same
poipoee more rapklly and economk;alIv. To give you
an idea of the extent of this trade. I iiay state that M.
unevauer Appert prepared above 600,000 lbs. of mett for
the French Atmy id the Crilnea. I am aware thstt naoB;
modifieitltns have bten appUed to Ma |iroM»,terhB
shall 061^ mention lliftt of Mr. &.HeAU« Who addas
to the pre^oui principle of prte^Hlilton a tmall quaa^
of sulphate of soda, well known to be a powerftil aati-
septic. The beautiful specimens now on the table, whicb
have been kindly lent to me by Messrs. Fortoam and
Mason and by Mr. McAU, will satisfy you of the af^dica-
bility of the above-named methods for the preeervmtkn
of meat and other animal substances. Bat belbve coO'
eluding this part of my lecture, I moat add that tia
preservation of animal and vegcHkable Bahacaooea fay tibs
exclasion of air and cryptogams sporules ia atso a&ctad
bv other methods than those above described ; for tnsfanre,
they are imbedded in oil, or in glycerine» as
Mr. G. Wilson, or in saccharine syrupa« I
fbrget to mentu)n that several plans have been
for protecting animal matter by covering their
surfaces with coatings impermeable to air. Two of tfas
most recent are the following : — M. Pelletler has prop os ed
to cover the animal matter with a layer of gum, then
immerse it in acetate of alumina, and lastly in a
solution of gelatine, allowing the whole to dry on the
surface of the animal matter. The chaiacteria^ of thn
method is the use of acetate of alominft wknaAi ia not
only a powerful antiseptic, bat also forma an ioaolobla
compound with gelatine, thus protecting the animal
matter from external injury. Mr. Paglimri has lately
introduced a method which is stated to give very good
results. It consist in boillnj^ be&aoin re^ in a aolotko
Of alom» tmmeninff the animal matter In the aolalfci^
and driving oflf the excess of moisture by acarrBOtot
hot air I which leaves the above aotisaptias oo th« anbial
matter. It is scarcely tieoessary to maiitSofi the aid
method of using smoke arising from the oomhositioa of
various kinds of wood, except to state thai in Udi
case it is the creoeoto and p}'Toligneoaa adda wlUck
are the preservative agents. The mraeenralioo of
animal matter by a very similar aetton ia eflMed
by the nse of carbolic add, a prodoei ohtained fiom
coal tar. It is moch to ba regttttted that this wakh
stance, whush is the most powerfhl antiaepde knswa,
cannot be made available for the preservation of food, bot
there can be no doubt that for the preservation of orgpiaB
substances intended for use in arts and manniaelvaB, no
cheaper or more effective material can bo fboDd. For
example, I have ascertained that one part of oaibolieaeid
added to five thousand parts Of a strong sohitton of fjjm
will keep it perfectly sweet for at least two years, and
probably for an indefinite period* Also, if hides or iltean
immersed for twenty- four hours in a solution of one pax
of carbolic acid to fiity of water, and then dried in the air,
they will remain quite sweet. In fact, hidea and bones so
prepared have been safely imported (iom Monte Vkioo.
From these facts and many others with which I am
acquainted 1 firtiily believe that this substance ia de^dhad
within a iVsw years, to be largely used is an antise|tie
and disinfectant. I need hardly speak of the powtfdf
chloride of sodium, or common salt, in preserving animil
matters, and it is highly probable that the interesting
process described to you on the 18th April, fcnr Mr. J.
Morgan, for the emplm-ment of salt, is lAti^y to render
ffreat service in preserving animal food from petnefactioo.
But with regard to the feasibility of Ite oao Id Moots
Video and Ducuos Ayres, 1 cannot offer an oplnl op, ai it
depends upon so many local circumstances which ft b im-
possible to appreciate herci Messrs. Jones and T i ev Hhkk
displayed at the last exhibition some meat, fowK and
game preserved by the following process, which received
the approbation of the jurors. Meat is placed in a tia
canister, which is then hermetically closed, with the
exception of two small apertuies in the lid. It ia thtfi
plunged jnto a vessel containing water, and aflertheair
tiasb«en exhausted through one aperture by means of an air
pump, sulphurous aid gas is admitted through the neoad
apertaroi and the alternate actkm of ei^iaoailnig the air
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTr OP ARTS, Auouit 26, 1864.
66S
.. ^plapkhii^g the Milpharoaa aoid gas is kept up until
^'^whoie of the air has been remored. The solphnrons
^d gas in its turn is exhausted, and i^trogen admitted.
[7he two apertures are then soldered up, and the operation
I com plet^ . As I consider the action of carbon on animal
natters rather as a case of oxydation than of preservation,
shall reler to that subject fuither on, and shall,
beiefore, prtoeed to consider the employment of certain
iniaial mftlters not yet alluded to during this course
>f lecturer, such as the flesh of dead animals not
i«ed as food, and those other parts of their carcases
which have not been applied in any of the prooetses
klready described* The greatest purt of these refuse
natters are used for producing animal black, which
lifitirs from bane black, referred to in my first lecture,
>eioK used in the state of impalpable powder, whilst bone
>lack or char is couiposed of small hard grains. The
manufacture of animal black is generally carried out by
introducing into horiaontal retorts connected with a coil
or condenser, and with an exit pipe for the gases, some of
the animal matters mentioned ; on the application of heat
decomposition occurs, the oily matters distil and condense
in the worm, and constitute what is called oil of dippel,
formerly much used in the art of cturying certain danes
of leather ; water also diiitils, charged with a variety of
ammoniaoal salts, which are generally converted into
sulphate of ammonia for agricultural purposes. As to the
gase^, they are usually ignited and burnt to waste. The
cat bonaccous mass which remains in the retort is removed,
and giound to powder with water in a mill, allowed to
settle, and, lastly, dried and sold under the name of
animal black. Its chief uses are in the manufacture of
blacking and printing ink. Another manuiactnre which
consumes a hu'ge quantity of animal refuse, especially the
homa, hoo&, diM., of too inferior a quality to be used for
the purposes described in my fiist lecture, is that of the
yellow pittssiate of potash, a most important salt, for it is
extensively used in calico printing, silk and wool dyeing,
and in the uiauufacture of the pigment ealled pruasian
blue, lor gilding silver, copper, and other inferior metals ;
and lastly, it is the somTo from which cyanide of
potassium is procured, a substance much employed in the
art of photography. Let me now call your attention to
the mauufacture of piiissiate of potash, the greatest por-
tion of which is still prepared at the present day by the
old process devised by Dr. Woodward, F.B.S.*, in 1724.
It cottftista in introduciug into large cast-iron pots American
pearlash, melting it, closing the vessel, ami then setting
the mass in motion by means of a revolving shnfl. At
this period of the operation, hoofs, horns, and other
aiiimal refuio> Are introduced in small quantities at a
time. Under the influenoe of heat and of the alkali, the
nitrogen ot the organic matten splits into two parts, one
part Gombiniug with the hydrogen to form ammonia,
which escapes, whilst the other portion unites with the
carbon, producing cyanogen, which remains combined
with Uie potassium of the potash. After several houn
the operation is considered to be completed, and the
melted mass is nm out into small cast iron receptacles ;
when cool, these are placed in large vats with water, and
a jet of steam is introduced, and tlie whole is kept on the
bull for Several hours, when the cyanide of potaHsium is
partly decomposed, giving rise to carbonate of^ potash and
to cyanide of iron, for not only has a portion of the iren
of thu melting pots been attacked and combined with the
mass, but a certain quantity of iron filings has been used
duiiug the operation. However, two parts of the cyanide
of pota&sium combine with one part of cyanide of iron,
and the result is that a double cyanide, called ferro-cyanide
of potaaiium, or yellow prussiate of potash, is formed.
The liquors are tlien allowed to clear by standing, and
the aqueous solution is evaporated until a pellicle appears
on its surface, when it is allowed to cool, and the salt is
deposited on strings which have been passed through the
crysulUsing vat, and which facilitate the crystallisation
of tha prussiate salt. In consequence of the large amount
of animal matter used as compared with the quantity of
prussiate obtained, this salt has always commanded a
good price in the market, and has induced many eminent
chemists to try to devise cheaper processes for obtaining
it. To attempt here to give meroly an outline of these
varioua proposed plans would involve so much technical
description as would occupy far too much time for this
lecture, but I would recommend those interested in ttds
branch of manufacture, to read the learned account given
by Dr. A. W. Hoffmann, in his report on '* The Obemi<ad
Products in the last Exhibition," page 67, where tliey
will find the process of M. Qauthier-Bouchard for obtain*
ing salts of cyanogen from the ammoniacal waters of gas
works; those of Hr. B. T. Hughes and Messrs. Bram*
well, of Newcastle, for the conversion of nitrogen of the
atmosphere into cyanide of potassium ; that of M. Kam*
rodt, for decomposing ammonia by carbon carried to a
high temperature ; and, lastly, that of MM. Marguerite,
and De Sourdeval, for producing cyanogen from the
nitrogen of the atmosphere and fixing it by means of
barium. This latter process seems to be highly com-
mended by the learned reporter to whom I have referred.
I must not, however, omit to mention the ssientifio and
interesting process devised by Mr. Gelis, and based on
the ohenucal reaction which ensues when bisulphide of
carbon is mixed with sulphide of ammonium. Yellow
prussiate crystallises in large crystals belonging to the
octohedral system, composed, as before stated, of two parti
of cyanide of potassium, 2 Cy £, and one of iron. Of
Fe 4- 8 of water or H O. This salt is freely soluble io
water, but is insoluble in alcohol, and when mixed with
weak vitriol and heated gives rise to prussic acid,
which distils, and may be used either as a violent
poison or, in qualified hands, as a most valuable thera*
peutic agent. When ferrooyanide of potassium is heated
with several times its bulk of concentrated sulphurio
acid, instead of yielding prussie acid, as above, it gives
rise to a poisonous gas, tadled oxide of carbon, whioli bums
with a beautiful blue flame, and which we have all seen
burning in our fireplaces when the oombustitile
matter has lost idl its volatile constituents and
nothing remains but a red inoandesoent mass. When
chlorine is passed through a solution of this salt
chloride of potassium is formed, and the yellow piiis»iate
is converted into red prussiate or ferrlcyanide of potas-
sium, composed of 3 Cy K -f- 8 Fe, Gy,. When heated
with peroxide of mercury, potash, peroxide of iron, and
cyanide of mercury are produced, the latter being a most
violent poison. To produce Prussian blue on $lk with
this salt, all that is required is to dip the silk in a slightly
acidulated liquor oonUining a persalt of iron, and
when the silk is washed and morclaunted, it is dipped in
a weak aoidulated solutkm of yellow prus^te of potash,
when it assumes a beautiful blue colour due to the for-
mation of Pruasiao blue. To dye wool it is necessary to
pass it through a boiling bath compoaed of yellow prus*
siate, muriate of tin, and a small quantity of sulphuric
add. Piusaian blue is gradually formed, and fixes itself
on the fibre. To produce blue on caUooes, a solution of
yellow prussiate of potash is made, to which is added
some tartario acid and muriate of tin. Tliis mixture,
after having been properly thickened, is printed on the
calico, and then submitted to the action of steam, the
Prussian blue so [MXKinoed being fixed on the cotton Abre
by means of the oxide of tin, resulting from the decom-
position of the salt employed.
Nothing is more simple than to gild or silver metals by
means of ferrooyanide of potassium, or to eover iron and
other metals with copper. To obtain a gilding liquor, it
is only necesBary to Uke 1,000 parts of water, adding to
it 100 parts of yellow prussiate of potash, 10 parU of
chloride of gold, and 1 part of caustic potssh. Each of
these should be added successively, and the whole of the
liquor carried to the boil and filtered. It is then ready
for gilding silver or brass objects, when properly attached
to the pole of a galvamo battery. The silvering liquor is
654
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Auouit 26, 1864.
made by sabstitating for the chloride of gold, in tlie
above prooeM, feiTocyanide of silver, prepared by adding
nitrate of silver to a solution of ferrocyanide of potatsimn,
the white precipitate remilting t)eing washed and added to
the liquor intended for silvering. For covering zinc or
iron with copper it is simply necessary to substitute the
ferrocyanide of copper for that of silver. Ferrocyanide
of potassium, as above sUted, is also employed for the
manu&cture of Prussian blue, which was accidentally
discovered by Diesback.io 1718, by adding alum, contain-
ing iron, to the ammoniacal liquors sold to him by Dippel,
which were produced, as already stated above, during
the distillation of animal refuse. These liquors, bemg
rich in cyanide compounds, yielded with the salt of iron
of the alum, Prussian blue. At the present day Prus-
sian blue is manufactured by different processes, but they
are all based on the principle of mixing various salts of
iron with red or yellow prussiate, when donUe oyanidea
of iron Tor Prussian blued) are produced.
I shall now examine with you some of the various
causes which contribute to the destructioti of animal mat-
teia, when it arises fiom slow decay or putrefaction. The
first of these to which 1 shall have the pleasure of calling
your attention, is that observed by Dr. Stenhouse, who,
in 1854, made the curious discovery that, if the body of
an aiduial be buried in a carbonaceous ma«s, such as
charcoal, after a few months the whole of the animal,
excepting the skeleton, would entirely disappear ; and,
what was still more remarkalde, was that, though the ex-
periments were conducted within his laboratory, no un-
pleasant effluvia were apparent to those who were con-
stantly there. This eminent chemi^^t attributed the rapid
and complete destruction of animal tissue in these experi-
ments, to the oxidation of the animal matters by the
oxygen of the atmosphere ; but to enable you fully to un-
derstand how this occurs, 1 must call your attention to
the following facts. Lowitz, many years since, observed
that charcoal possesses the property of absorbing and con-
densing in its pores large quantities of various gases, and
Theodore de Saussure made an extensive series of expe-
riments, from which I extract the following data : —
One cubic inch of boxwood charooal, absorbed of —
Ammonia 90 cubic inches.
Hydrochloric acid 85
Sulphurous acid 65
Sulphuretted hydrogen .,,55
Carbonic acid 35
Oxygen 10
Nitrogen 7
Consequently the absorption or condensation of a gas in
charcoal appears to be in proportion to the solubility of the
gas in water, and althougn the condensation by a solid and
by a liquid may at first appear necessarily due to different
causes, and therefore to bear no relation to each other, yet
in my opinion these two actions are identical. Seeing
that the gas is condensed by the molecular attraction of
the solid, I do not see why the same attraction should not
be exercised by the molecules of the liquid. The different
degrees of solubility of various gases are no doubt owing
to their respective physical properties, such as specific
gravity, repulsive or expansive forces of their molecules,
&c. I may here mention that I am now engaged in a
series of experiments in the hope of throwing some light
on this interesting question.
Qay-Lussao in his researches on the condensation of
gaseshv charcoal, found that one gas may expel and take
the place of another gas already condensed in the char-
coal ; and Dr. Stenhouse, following up this observation,
states that the gases, vapours, and sporules generated by
the putrefaction of animal t^ubstances, are absorbed by
charcoal and brought into immediate contai^t with the
oxygen of the atmosphere alio contained in the pores of
the charooal, which oxidining or destroying the products
of putrefaction converte them into water, carbonic acid,
•citric acid, &c. These important scientific observations of
It
»»
II
II
II
II
11
II
i»
It
II
II
Dr. Stenhouse have already received pracUcal applieaie;
thus Mr. Haywood has established charcoal filten at ^
mouths of public drains, thereby arresting the eacap^
and diffusion in the atmosphere of the noxiona effloTia
given off by the putrefying matters in the aewen.
Further, charcoal respirators have become extemavdy
used since Dr. Stenhouse called pablic attentioQ to the
valuable properties of this suhvtaoce ; and lastly, atraes*
pheric filters, containing charooal, have been aoGoessfBllT
applied in the houses of Parliament to porify the entrrmg
air from any noxious gases it may oonuin befoie p aw i n g
into the building. The natural decay or deatnictioo of
organic matters is due to two perfectly distinct eames,
one of them ohf mksal and the other phyriologioaL T\m
former has been investigated by many of the most
eminent chemists of the day, and no doubt can remain
that the action of the oxygen of the atmosphere converts
the carbon of organic substancea into oarbonie acsd, the
hydrogen into water, the sulphur into salphonc add, ti»
nitrogen into nitric acid, the phosphorus into phospbork
acid, &c. Much light has recently been thrown opoa
these phenomena by Mr. Enhlman, who deeiiy ahowi
that the oxides of iron play a most important part
therein; thus that the sesqui(«xide of iron yielda im
oxygen to the elements of the organic mstttera ; that the
pnitoxide of iron thereby formed absorlM ox>y i from
the air, which reconverts it into sesquioxide, and thii
again yielus its oxygen to a fresh portioQ of organic
matter, so tliat tesquioxide of iron la m most po«r«rfiil
oxidising agent, it being, in fact, the oondenser of oxvgei
and the medium of its conveyance to and d^elziicM
of organic substances. MM. Chevreul and Knhlmum
have also shown that sulphate of lime acta io a
similar manner, namely, that it yields its oxTgea
to the elements of organic substancea, and is tin
converted into sulphuret of calcium, which having a gnat
affinity for oxygen is again rapidly converted Intosnlpata
ot lime, and thus the oxygenation ami destmction of the
organic matter is effected. Mr. Millon haa publiabod aa
interesting paper on the formation of nitre, or nitrate of
potash, thitMigh the ammonia generated dmug ths
destruction of organic substances being oxidised into nitiie
acid, which combines with potash, if present, and if not
with lime or magnesia, whicti are present in all soila. Mr.
Millon has remarked that this important chemloal reaetisi
is effected by an organic substance called hnmie add,
which add, or its homologuea, exists in large qoantitifli ia
all earthy loams containing much organic, and mm
especially vegetable, matters in a state of deoompoaitiaB.
Humic acid absorbs the oxygen of the atmosphere, wbick
oxidises the ammonia into nitric acid and water. The
chemical theory of the destruction of oi^ganio mattcn
through oxidation and their absorption of plants and
re-conversion into the same substances frtHn wh^ tbey
were derived, such as sugar, starch, g^m, oil, i swiiiris.
dec., or albumen, fibrine, gluten, oaseine, d^, was grei^
in favour a few years since, as it appeared to fulfil all tht
requirements of nature. It has, however, been graUlr
shaken by the beautiful researches of M. ratev
on fermentation, putrefaction, and spontaneona genen-
tion, which prove clearly that these ph^'slolpgioal actiooi
play a most active part in the destruction of ofgasie
substances. This most skilful chemist has demonsttated
that there is no such thing as spontaneous genetmlioa,nd
that the notion entertaioiS by some physiologists, that if
matter is placed in favourable circumstances as to heat
light, d^c, and in a proper medium, it will become tfVh
taneously animated, is undoubtedly erroneoos, and tfc^
life in all instances proceeds from a germ or egg io wfaiek
the vital principle is implan'ed by the Cneator. Ue
proves that life, even in the most inngnificant of mkros-
copic creatures, always originates thus, and that there ii
no single instance of matter being animated by pore^r
physical causes. Let me draw your attention toafiii
among many facts observed by M. Pasteor, proving ihtft
life is not a property of matter, like weight, elamHf .
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTy OP ARTS, Auoust 26, 1864.
655
oompr^nibiUty, Ac.t bat it always the resolt of a germ
eveo in its lowest development.
When arterial blood is oarefhlly Introdaoed from the
artery into a clean vessel, and there bronght into contact
with oiygen, no fermentation or potrefaction of the
blood ensues ; and if the experiment is repeated, sabstitut-
ing for the chemically prepared oxygen, atmospheric air
which has been passed through a tube containing pumice
stone and carried to intense heat, in this case also, there is
DO potrefaction or fermentation ; but if ordinary atmos-
l^erio air be used in the place of pore oxygen, or heated
air, and left in contact with some of the same blood, this
Tital fluid will rapidly putrefy, which is doubtless owing
to the oresence w the atmospheric air of the sponUes or
em of myooderma and vibrios, or organised ferments,
which give rise to the various chemical phenomena and
ehanges of organic matters into products which characterise
fermentation and putrefaction. The same results are
obtained when fresh urine is substituted for blood, an im-
portant fiMst, proving that the germs of fermentation do
not exist in the fluids themselves, and that fermentation
does not proceed from any molecular or chemical change
in the composition or nature of the organic substances
contained in blood and urine, but that the ferment from
which these phenomena proceed is to be sought for in the
atmonhere. 1 shall substantiate this view by several
other interesting observations made by H. Pasteur.
If aome aubestos is heated to a red heat and plunged
Into A liquor susceptible of putrefaction, such as a saccha-
rine liquor, no fermentation ensues, but if atmospheric air
is paaMd through asbestos at natural temperature, and the
latter then immersed in a similar solution of sugar, active
fcrmeotation soon takes place, proving that the atmos-
pheric air has left on the smfiuse of the asbestos sporules of
the myooderma vini, which being introduced with the
asbestos into the saccharine fluid, originated the well-
known alcoholic fermentation. AiK>ther beautiful series
of experimeotA by M. Buteur is the following : «He in-
tfoduoed mto 60 small balloons a small quantity of a highly
ptttresdble fluid, and after boiling the fluid in order to
drive out the air remaining in the balloons by the forma-
tion of steam, he dosed the small apertures, so that on
oooling the steam condensed and a vacuum was produced.
He then proceetied to open 20 of these balloons at the
foot of one of the hills of the Cot^ d'Or, 20 others at the
suoimit of the same (about 2,000 feet high, and the re-
maining 20 at a point near Chamounlx, and the fol-
lowing results were observ«)d : Of the fiist 20 balloons
the contents of 16 entered into purefaction within a few
days ; of the second 20 only 6 ; and of the third 20 only
2 gAve signs of fermentation. These results, as well as
some others published by M. Pasteur, prove that the
sporules or germs of putrefaction and fermentation exist
in all parts of the atmosphere, but more abtmdantly in
tha lower strata, which are necessarily in contact with
great quantities of organic matter in a state of deca^, and
th»t these spomles become scarce in the upper regions of
the atmosptiere, which are further removed from the source
of pollution. Further, he has proved, as I stated in my
lait lecture, when speaking of the preservation of milk,
that fluids extremely liable to fermentation or putrefac-
tion, may be prevented from entering into those con
dttions by heating them to 250^ or 260^, a temperature
at whksh the sporales cannot resist decompositioo in the
presence of water. M. Pasteur has advanced a step fur-
ther in this interesting inquiry, for he has demonstrated
tliat there are two dbtinct phases in putrefaction. In the
first there are the vibrios produced in the bulk of the
fluid containing animal matters in solution, and that these
microscopic animals resolve the organic subittaiiees into
more simple compounds; in the second pha^e, there are
produced on the sur&ce of the fluid cryptogams, which
ne calls mycoderms, and which absorb oxygen trom the
air, and oxidise the products developed by the vibrios.
In the case of the fermenution of vegetable sub-
itanoes, audh aa saocharine matters, there are mycodenna
(Mycoderma vmi), which resolve them into, say alcohol
and carbonic acid, while other mycoderms {Myeaierma
aeeti) are produced, and grow on the surface of the
fluid, oxidising the alcohol into water and acetic acid.
He therefore concludes that the animid vibrios and vege«
table mycoderms exist abundantly in nature, and that
tliey must be and are the most active causes of the
destruction of vegetable and animal substances which
have fulfilled their vital fimction on the earth, reducing
them into water, carbonic acid, ammonia, sulphuretted
hydrogen, Ac, which, in their turn, become the foods
of a succeeding generation of plants and animals. We
may therefore truly say that death is life in the constantly
reviving world.
M. Pasteur has observed another most curious
fact connected with these microscopic beings— (I say
microscopic, because it requires a most powerful instru-
ment and high powers to distinguish them, and to
ascertain that vibrios possess a vibratory motion
while mycoderms are stationary); this is, that vibrios
are the only animals which can live in pure car-
bonic add, and which are killed by oxygen even diluted
with another gas. Oxygen is essential to the life of my-
coderms, and some of them can also exist in carbonic acid.
Ijavtly, M. Pasteur has noticed that if a very small amount
of yeast is added to a saccharine fluid, the yeast will not
materially increase in quantity, because the new generation
which is produced lives on the remains of its parents ; but
if phosphate of ammonia or of lime and some sal
ammoniac is added with the yeast, the latter will rapidlr
increase and occupy several times its original bulk. It is
curious to observe that these microscopic cryptogams
require the same kind of food as man. Thus they require
nitrogenated food — so do we. They require mi neml food,
as phosphates — so do we. They require respiratory food
— so do we. They produce carbonic add as part of their
vital functions— eo do we. I cannot do better than con-
dude this part of my subject by giving the following
table descriptive of the various ferments observed by BL
Pasteur: —
FcBXBNTATIOir.
Myooderma
vioi.
Mycoderma
aoeti.
^
)
Resolves
sugar.
Oxidises
AlcohoL
r Alcohol.
Carbonic add.
Succenic add.
^ Glycerine.
{Acetic.
Water.
PUTBEFAOTION.
lf\fuiorial FermenU,
Vibrios resolve animal substances.
Bacterea oxidizes organic matters of an animal origin.
I should mislead you, however, if I did not call your
attention to another class of fermentations, which
are chemical in their nature and in their action.
This, for exam|:de, is the case when bitter almonds
are crushed and mixed with water. The^ amyg-
daline they contain is decomposed into prussio acid,
hydruret of benzoil, Ac^ by the ferment they contain,
which is called emulcine. Again, when black mustard is
reduced to meal, and placed in contact with water, the
my ionic acid it contains is decomposed into the essential
oil of mustard, a most corrosive fluid, and this is also
efiected by a special ferment called myrosine. Again,
when malt is mashed with water of a temperature of 170^,
iu starch is converted into sugar by a ferment called
diastase. We altto know that the starch which we take
into our stomachs as food is converted into sugar by
animal diaMtaM, which exists in the saliva as well an in
the pancreatic juice, and that this conversion is identical
with that which takes place in the ma«htub. In
fact the whole of the changes wi.ich our food under-
goes to reniier it fit for assimilation in the digestive
organs of the body may be considered as a series of dif-
ferent fermentations. What gives a further interest to
6«fS
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Awubt 26, 1864.
thwe chemical forni«nifl if, that not only are they all
nitrogenated, and poMees a rimilar compotition, hot they
present many identical propef ties, but each has its own
peculiar action, thai is, it will only oanse fermentation in
those matters which have been placed by nature in con*
tact with it. Thus diastase will not convert amygdaline
into prnssio acid, hydmret of bensoil, ito., nor will
myrosine convert starch into sngar.
In oondiision, it is certain that our knowledge of these
interesting phenomena of potrefaotion, fermentation. Ao.*
U yet in its infancy, and there is no doubt that many im-
poruDt discoveries in this intrioate branch of knowledge
will from time to time be brought before tde world, and
reward science for its persevering efforts.
»
ToBKsiiiBB Uhion. — The twenty-seventh aannal report,
presented at the annual meetinff at Sheffield, on the 18th
May last, congratulates the delegates on the continued
success which has attended their exertions. The pro-
minent position held by the Institutes of Yorkshire is
shown by their large number of members which, on the
Aggro^Ate, maintains iU rate of increase, and testifies to
the apprei>iation in which the work of popular education
and social improvement continues to be held. In most of
the departments of the Institutes there has been a con-
tinuous improvement. The summary of the returns for
1864 shows that the number of Institutes in the union was
131. The total number, of members is estimated at
28,600. Those Institutes, from whom reports have been
received, give the number of malee at 18,464, and of
females at S.107. The annual income of 91 Institutee is
£l2<a00. The nnmber of volumes in libraries of 100 In-
ititutes if 187,421. The number of books added during
the year to 100 Institutes was 5,080. The number of
lectures delivered at 60 Institutes was 407, of which 98
were paid and 8 14 gratuitous, and they have been classi-
fied as follows: — Scientific, 92; literary, 262 ; musiciJ,
58. in 68 Institutes, containing 16,418 members, the
number of pupils belonging to clames is returned at 6,761.
During the year, the agetit, Mr. Blake, has delivered 28
lectures, attended 17 soirees, and paid 62 visits to Institii-
tions, for the purpose of giving advice and asRistance, He
has also superintended the Society of Arts Examinations,
the examination of the Science and Art Department, and
other examinations in connection with the Union. A few
of the smaller Instttutef have either ceased to exist, or
have diMontinued their operations for a time. Either an
apathetic feeling for any mental improvement amongst
the young men of the neighbourhood, or the want of
suitable premises fn which to meet, or the absence of any
energy or perseverance in those who should manage the
Institute, or the difficulty of obtaining competent teachers
»t such a rate of remimeration as could be met by class
fees ; these causes have more or leas operated injnriously
in some few places, whilst in many places diffioiutiee of a
similar character have been overcome by a really efficient
secretary, with the aid of perhaps two or three praeticatly
working members of a committee. It has sometimes been
the (SMB that the loss of a good secretary has been fol-
lowed by serious damage to the wel&re of an Institute, if
it has not altogether proved fatal. On the other hand,
a slight majority of the Institutes in the union show an
Increase in the number of members. Some portion of the
increase in the number of members may be attributed
to the judicious introduction of entertainmente of a
eharacter more attractive to the great bulk of the popula-
tion. Attention has before been directed to the advantage
of popular readings at a small charge for admisiion. At
Skipton the plan of pennv readings has been tried with
5?** ??** success as to have been introduced into a con-
rtderable number of the surrounding villages. The last
leriee consisted of 24 meetings, and Uie total weefpts were
£97, leavfaig a baUooe of £41 in favour oC the hMtitotioi
after payment of all expenses. From the report it appm
that the chairmen who officiated at the meetingi ineiniti
the leading clergymen, ministers, magtstratei, pnf»
sional and private gentlemen. The Ripen leport re6n
to the no doubt very frequent oomplainti mi^ ^
the promoters of Mechanioe' Institutes, that tbor luth^
tiont languish and are not suffioieotly supported bf tin
working clasees. The report then prooeedi to MBtits
the great comparative succeM of public houses is tttnet*
ing the presence of the working da siei , and goaoota
inquire whether the Institutions are not aimiof (oebigh,
and whether they would not anooeed better ftmjM tha
introduced at least a few of thow features vhishnsdcr
the public-house so foocefsftil in feeuringtheiiwDNof
the working man. That these views havsocwdaiWe
foroe in them, is shown by the sooeefli whioh luiiMoM
the recent efforts to estaUiah working imo'i el(^ «
various parts of the oountry . The peat festme of thee
dubs as distinguished ihwi ordinary MechaBios'lffi^itito,
is the introduction of a mw* aodal eharactsriBlotkea.
Conversation is encouraged; ohees, dranghti, wwij
smoking room and singing are freely per.iiHtsd. Ttae
features are obviously a great innovatioo tiponthiedd
and formal aspect of Mechanic^ Institutes ss wk^It^
ducted, and the result has been a very much larger in«i
oftheworkmg men into the former clasi of Inrtttm
In Leeds for example, two Working Men's lD»titirtei»^
oonUin as many operatives aa all the fifteen 1I«m»»
Institutes of Leeds put together, and this, too, wiwa.
having in any degree diminished the number of li«»i«
the Mechanics' Institutes. Musical eoterUinmtiKiiit
popuUr recreation have beeo in qierttion •'J*^
Institutes, whilst a eombUiatioo of reading, fiogiBf, no*
Ution. and other means of pafsing an •«'«>»«*.*^
has been provided at others. Games of chenand owj*
as well as cricket, with other athletic wwrti. tow wj
made a feature of several Institutef. It hii »«•■
that lectures, either as a means of instrootioii or iwff-
ment, have ceased to interest, and have **«»."•£?/
measure superseded by other eouroes of attrsctn* r
does not, however, appear to have been the ^^^
the past year in the Yorirshire Institutes, ii uw^
show a slight increase in the whole nombw deUiw
and this increase is not in those of a literaiy cbm«^
which have dimlnuhed, but in a sroaU ^^•J^Jt;
which are denominated scientific, and more UW^
thoee devoted to musia The demands for grwi^
lecturers have somewhat decreased, while "j?*.^!^.
an improvement in the employment of pww'J^Jv,
turers. Attentfon is called to the importance rf wj^
lectures delivered at regular and sUted i"**'^^
oountry places, where monthly lectures ate "T ^
ticable, it would be advisable to select an •'«^
the period of the moon behig full, as 1«^***^^.
night has a considerable influence on many PfJ^rl
taking a walk of any distasce. In some »>r^rr
plan has been soecessfWly adopted of o^*«5kL,tt
habitants generaUy to take season ticketo for itf»*^ ^
a course of lectures, and the result hss been ^"^j^^
secure the committee against any risk o( over ^Vr^^
but also to induce many thua hitrodooed to ^^J*"*^
to become subscribers for its other '^^^^^V^k
reading-rooms of the several Institutes ars »*J""^
their efficiency. In some instances the ^^TP^
ance of the reading-room has operated to y^^
from joining the Institute, wheress if i* n*?2rt **
warmth and light, with Interesting P"'*"^^^
pertisal, and such appearances of oomfbrt as n«y ^ jj
elsewhere, it would be found a most ^^^
exciting desire for mental iinprov«®«"*\ . .r »rti,H
to the Examinations instituted by the ^^^l^.Jj0,
is important, in order to render the V***"* *:/«!• *i»oJ*
that the MJstruction to the dasses of the "Jl^rZg^^ jy
have especial reference to the future ^**°°^Jpf ^
this means the pupils would be in a b«W "*^
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTT OF ARTS, AuausT 26, 1864,
657
pftratioD thAD by deraltory eSbrto of their own. The
■Qccen of the evening daaiea might be coniiderably pro-
moted by the adoption of the eysiern of BlonienUry
BxaminatioDS which han been eiitablish^ by the Society
of Arts. It not only forma an excellent preparation for
the more advanced studies, but it aSbrdi encouragement
at a period when encouragement i« perhaps the moit
needed to stimulate the young to continue the education
ooinmenced in the day-school by attendance at the
evening olassea of the Institute. The elementary cer-
tificate, as the reward for the earliest effjrts in mental
culiivation, may often prove tha most effectual stimulus
to further efforts in the same direction. It haSt more
over, the additional advantage of simplifying the Pre*
liminary Examinations, which are inaispens^ble in re-
turning candidates for the Final Examinations of the
Society of Arts. The system has thus far made very
favourable progress*
PHOTOMKTRIO BALANCE.
An apparatos for weighing the photometric standard
eandle has been designed by Mr. T. W. Keatet, F.C.S.,
with the view of obviating the inconvenience, and in some
measura the difll(mlty, of. weighing the standard candle in
experiments with Bunsen's photometer. Tha value of
any means by which regular combustion of the candle in
photometrical experim nt can be secured is scarcely to be
overrated. This is the alement most easily disturbed in
aoch experiments, and it is also that which is of the
gimtest relativa importanoe, inasmuab aa the eandla is
ilM standard of refereooe, and any irregnlarity io the
manner of ite burning neoessaiily affeots tha final reeolts
to a serious extent, especially when, as is often tha prao»
tiee, the experiment is only continued for a few minntee.
Under all circumstances, however, it is essential that tha
burning of the candle should be rendered as regular ae
possible, and that the candle should be undlMtorbed and
its burning uninterrupted after it has been weighed*
These conditions cannot be fulfilled if the candle has to
be Uij^hted after weighing, nor if it has to be transferred
whilst burning from the balance to the photometer*
These difficulties the apparatus in question i» intended to
obviate. It consists in a particular arrangement of balaoea
adapted to the beam of Bunsan's photometer at the eod
which supporUf the candle, and it is so contrived that it
can be applied to any photometer of this construction. By
reference to the woodcut it will be perceived that tha
candle at the moment of weighing takes the situation
which it occupies during the photometrical experiment,
and that the act of weiihing is performed in such a
manner that it does not influence in the slightest way
the state of the flame; indeed, after the candle has
maohed its regular rate of combustion, it is not touohed
ontil the experiment ineluding the second weighing of tha
candle is completed.
The balance employed in this apparatos, as it is shown
in the drawing, is constructed with arms of nuequal
leogth^-tha distal arm, <a that farthest from the candle,
Iwtng twiee as long aa the other ; the only object of this
is the reduction of the weight of the oounterpoise, which
can thus lie made of half the weight that would be re-
quired if the arms of the balance were of equal length.
This not only facilitates the use of the instrument, but
it diminishes the total weight upon the centre knifa-
adgee.
BSFMBNOBS TO
TaS WOODOUT.
A A. Balaaos - bsam,
wltk anu of aMi^
leBftb.
B. Sopport tot osBtre
. Sopport
luil^sdi
C. ladea, witk seal* D.
e. BhUUBf nddle-
Aap«a ivslglit or
conntorpoiM.
p. Knift-odfo at ex-
emaltj.
C Boot Ibr Ulaooe
dnriof the ozperi-
H. Oaadlo.
I. CaMflirssa4le.
K. Sorow to o^loift e
holghtortiwoa^le.
L. Stool prqIoetioBf. hr
Whith tho eudlo>
eoM It iwpoadod oa
lud/o-odgof.
M. Brats rod, to wUch
It auaoiiod tho null
loalo-paa, N* aad tho
palaaoo-weii^t, O*
P P. PerttoaoffhooDd
or tko
balaaot.
Q. Bappert to ditto.
In the drawing, the balance is shown in the position
which it, and consequently the candle, would occupy
during the photometrical experiment, with the trifling
excepUon that the candle is one-tenth of an inch too low,
aa in the practical form of the instrument there is a con-
trivance for lifting the candle-holder ofT the knife-edges
00 soon as the weight of the candle is ascertained ; this is
done by a rack and pinion arrangement, which rsises the
candle-holder one-tenth of an Inch, and holds it fiitnly
whilst the power of the light is being estimated. After-
wards, the candle -holder is lowered again upon the knifb-
edget for the second weighing.
The manner of using this histmment is very rim pie.
A few minntes before commencing the photometrical ex-
periment, tha candle, being placed to the proper height in
the candle-holder, and fixed by the small screw, should be
lighted and idlowed to bom quietly until the flame has
arrived at what may be termed, with reference to the
photometer, its normal condition; this being so, the
shifting counterpoise must be gently pushed along the
balance-beam a little towards the centre, so as to allow
the candle to cany down its end of the balance. Atten-
tion mnst now be given to the instrument for a short time.
As the sperm is consumed and the candle becomes lighter,
equilibrium will be restored to the balance, and the candle
will very gently and grauually rise, so that the index of
the balance will be brought to aero of the scale. At that
moment the exact time by the clock nrast be observed, as
this is the starting-point of the experiment so far as the
oonsomption of sperm is concerned. The candle-holder
658
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 26, 1864.
most next be raised very f^ntly off the kDife-edges, when
the photometriual estimations can be carried on as long as
Biay be required. When these are terminated, it only
remains to make the second weighing of the candle. For
this purpose the candle is extinguished carefully, and as
qnickly as possible, and the time which has elapsed be-
tween the moment at which the index of the balance
pointed at zero of the scale and that at which the candle
was extinguished, noted. ' The candle-holder is now
i^in low^^ upon the knife- edges of the balance, and
weights are placed in the small scale-pan hanging below
the oandle-holder until the balance once more turns.
These weights represent exactly the quantity of sperm
consumed during the burning of the candle, the hour's
consumption being, of course, a question of proportion.
lint ^8.
Thb FBasoott Di THB HousB OF LoBM. — ^Tho Royal
Gommissioners appointed to consider the agreements made
by the Fine Arts Commission with artists, in respect ot
the wall-paintings to be executed for the Palace of West>
minster, have issued their report. They state that Ifr.
Herbert, in April, 1849, accepted the commission to paint
nine of the pictures, which were to be completed in ten
years, and for these he was to be paid £9,000. At the
end of fifteen years only one of these subjects — ** Moses
Bringing Down the Tables of the Law" — is nearly finished,
and three of the designs for the others have been sub-
mitted to the commission. Mr. Herbert has received
£2,000 on account of the painthig, and £1,800 on account
of the designs. The commissioners recommend that a
further sum of £3,000, in addition to the £2,000 already
paid, be awarded to him, on account of the painting
which he has completed; and they express the opinion
that the contiact, as regards the remaining eight pictures,
should be cancelled, or. should it be determined that the
other eight pictures be proceeded witii, a new and more
definite ap^ement should be entered into. As regards
Mr. Madise's pictures for the Royal Gallery, the agree-
ment was tor 18 subjects of various eizes. For the two
largest the artist was to receive £8,600 each, and for each
of the others say £1,000. One of the large ones, ** The
Meeting of Wellington and Blucher at Waterloo," is
finished, and Mr. Maclise has received for it the stipulated
price of £8,600. The second large picture is in an advanced
state, and on account of it the artist has been paid one-
half of the sum agreed unon, or £1,760. It is anticipated
that these two works will be finished in about eight years
from the time they were commenced. The commissioners
compliment Mr. Madise on the diligence and energy he
has shown, and the sacrifice he has made in foregoing his
private commissions for the great works. They recom-
mend that the sum paid for these works should be in-
creased to £10,000— £5,000 for each picture— the balance
of £1,600 to be paid on the first picture directly, and the
remainder on the completion of the other subject. As
regards the other subjects, the agreement to be cancelled ;
or, it so determined, a frtnih engagement might l>e entere<l
into with the aitist. The pictures tor the Peers* Coriidor
and for the Commons' Corridor, by Messrs. Cope and
Ward, are in a more advanced state. Mr. Cope has
finished six, and Mr. Ward five, of the eight subjecta
which each gentleman undertook. It is recommended
that they should be requebted to complete their com-
mianions with all reasonable despatch, and that £100 extra
on the stipulated price for each piecture should be awarded
to each artist. Of the seven compartments in the Queen's
Robing room, as well as the twenty-eight smaller com-
partments in the same chamber which the late Mr. Dyce
undertook, five of the seven large subjects were completed
when he died. £5,600 had been paid to him ; and the
SJ""**?'*?"®'^ *° mentioning his premature death, con-
laer tnat no mterfereoce or recommendation is necessary
on this point. The report closes with the exprevioB of a
desire that in future there should not be any aafaseqiieot
departure from any simiUu' contract which mmy be delibe-
rately agreed upon.
AosTuiAtf Abt Association. — ^VleDoa prese ols us whk
a very remarkable programme of an Art Kxhibiliao,
oi^nised by the Austrian Artistic AaK>ciatioo, of wlueh
rumour says the Duke of Saxe Cobnrg is the chief pro-
moter. The Exhibition of this society is to be penoa-
nent. and, with certain exceptions, the worka are to be
changed once a month. Artists are required to asod
their works in only a week previously, bat they ouist be
examined and approved by the council of adtnianoa. A
novel item in the regulations is, that artists are not l eq uii eJ
to send frames, the association announcing that it is pro-
vided in this respect for pictures of all siaes. The entbo-
rities have arranged that all cases addressed to tiis
association shall pass the frontier and the dooane withoot
being opened, and the society pays the carriage boik
ways of all works sent after written invitatioQ by artadi
abroad. Further, the directors of the Exhibitioa midef
take the sale of works exhibited for 6 per cent, eonmis^
sion. An agency will shortly be opened in Piiris^aBd
there is no doubt that many French artists wiU gladly
avail themselves of this opportunity of making
known to the public of the Austrian capitaL
PmufactnrM*
Bismuth fbom Old Typb. — M. Balard, of Faris^ bsii
in consequence of the high price of bismnih, tried lbs
experiment of recovering it from old type metal, and
he thus explains his mtSe of procedure : — Isi. Dissolvt
in nitric acid, in order to transform all the tin into
metastannio acid, which is separated ftom, the scdatioQ
by filtration from the nitrates of lead sum! bismuth;
it is then washed in water slightly acidulated, dried,
and reduced with charcoal. 2ud. In the liquid, nea-
tralieed to the utmost extent, strips of lesd are
plunged, which precipitate the bismuth in the metallie
state ; this is then dried and melted in the ordinary wa^.
2rd. The lead is precipitated from the latt liquid 1^
means of carbonate of soda, and afterwards dried and
melted. In order to obtain the sub-nitrate of biamiitli
in a state of great purity, it is only necessary to nemzahss
the liquid containing the soluble nitrates, aiid to dilote it
with a large proportion of water free froni oarb oaa tMi
chlorates and sulphates. In repeating these operatioas
the greater part of the contained bismuth may be sepa-
rated in the form of white oxide.
Pbintiko without Ink. — M. Leboyer, a printer of
Riom, in the Puy de Dome, has recently patented a oev
system of printing, in which the printing ink ia replaesi
by black paper, prepared with glycerine and lampblack.
The carbonised paper is extended over two cylindeci, aad
is shifted at each impression so that the pressure of tbs
types may not fall too often on the same parta. 'Ths
black paper remains always slightly moist, and may be
used two, three, or more times. The conveoieiice of
such a system, provided the result be satisfiwtory, is wek(-
evident, and it is quite possible that it may be applicabfe
for addre« cards — to which M. Leboyer has spectally
applied it — and to some other applications of the ssse
kind. Whether it can ever supersede ink £or genenl
purposes is a more difficult question to resolve.
Sulphate of Soda fbom Comiiom Salt. — ^M. E. F.
Anthon, of Prague, has announced a new method of
extracting sulphate of soda fit>m marine siUt, by means itf
gypsum or sulphate of lime. The theory of his prooea
is thus explained : — The carbonate of msguesta is deooia-
poaed by the gypsum foruiing on tho one band aulphats
of magnesia, and, on the other, carbonate of lime, the ttU
in the water being tranHforrneil by the sulphate of mag-
nesia into sulphate of soda, wliilo the sulphate of mag-
nesia is itself converted into chlotide of magnesom. The
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETY OP ARTS. August 26, 1864.
659
oUowing is M. Anihon's mode of operation :^Take an
>qiiivaleni of marine aalt, of gypsom, and of caldned roag-
lesiai, and mix therewith water equal in weight to six or
»ght times that of the marine salt, then, while the mixture
B Kept in a state of continual agiution, introduoe a current
>f carbonic acid gas until all the magnesia is thoroughly
imtorated ; the solution is then ponred off from the car-
Mnxate of lime, which is formed by the operation, and
evaporated in order to separate by means of crystalliaition
the anlphate of soda, and the chloride of magnesium re-
mams m the mother water. The decomposition of the
mixture given above is said to take three or four hours
at an ordinary temperature. M. Anthon recommends,
amoQgst other modes, for the preparation of the calcined
oiagiMsia, the use of magnesia precipitated by Ume ih>m
salt water.
Cnmntnt
Trx Nms Bids of Taoumoa, EoaAOOB.^-Last week,
M. Bonssingault communicated to the Academy of
Scienoes a paper on the nitre beds of Tacunga, in the
state of Ecuador. Nitre, or saltpetre, is a substance
ibrmed by nature in astonishing abundance ; it is to be
met with in rain, snow, hail, and fogs ; in the water of
ri vers, and consequently also in the ocean. It ii produced
io the air and in various soils ; but, though found every-
where, it is seldom found in large quantities ; the only
KK>t on the globe where it is met with in this diape is
Zarapaca, in Peru. Elsewhere this salt makes its ap-
pearance spontaneously, producing efiSorescences on the
surface not unlike vegetation. One day the soil is black
and damp ; the next is white and crumbles into dust.
The saltpetre is collected by sweeping the surface, and if
the weather continues fine, a new crop soon appears. It
is thus obtained on the banks of the Ganges after an
inundation; in Spain they obtain it by lixiviating
vegetable mould, wliich may therefore serve the double
purpose of a profitable nitre-bed or a rich corn-field.
Taounga is a town situated 59 minutes S. lat. and 80 deg.
10 min. W. long, from Paris ; it was built in 1524, on
the site of an Indian citv ; iu altitude is 2,860 metres, its
mean temperature 15 deg. centigrade. It lies between
two rivers, the Alaque and the Cutushee, and at the base
of the Cotopaxi. Its soils rests on a bed of trachyte and
volcanic tufa, and consists of fine sand containing particles
of trachyte and pumice-stone. The saltpetre effloresces
on its surikce, and is collected as above described. A
kilogrsmme of dry earth produces 18 per cent, of
nitre, independently of nearly 2} per cent, of nitrogen
combined with organic substances. Efflorescence of salt-
petre denotes an extremely fertile soil; indeed M.
Bonssingault considers fertility and nitrification to be
intimately connected ; the latter, however, depends in a
great measure upon certain atmospheritad conditions ;
thus, dry weather favours it; but damp, and especially
rain, will dissolve and wash away the nitre already formed.
Railway TaArrio. — Tne annual return from the Board
of Trade concerning the railways of the United Kingdom
exhibits in nearly every category a uniform increase for
1863 on the same statistics for 1862. whether it be in
mileage, passenger traffic, goods traffic, or the several
items of income and expenditure. Last year 173,605,485
^Mengers travelled on the railways in England and
Wales, which, taking the population at something tmder
22,000,000, would give an average of say eight journeys
for each individual. On the 31st of December, 1863,
there were in all 8.568 miles of way open, over which
3.811378 trains ran, carrying 173,605,485 passengers of
•U classes, exclusive of those who held season tickets, of
whom there were 42,991. In connection with the passen-
gei^ there were carried at the same time 55,242 carriages,
226,439 horses, and 327,147 dogs. The goods traffic
•hows the following results : — There were carried
39,737,074 tons of coal and coke, and of all minerals
55,613,041 tons; of general merchandise, 26,471,928
tons; while 2,123,833 catUe, 6,076,908 sheep, and
1,270,561 pigs were also carried. The passenger trains
travelled over 60,515,081 miles, while the entire distance
travelled by aU trains was 97,424,179 mUes. The
money received for the passenger traffic was £12,262,416 :
and for the goods traffic, £13,950,406 ; makine the totol
receipts from all sources of traffic, £26,212,822. It is an
important point to consider how this wonderful system of
traffic has been performed in respect of safety. Of the
3,811,878 trains, 51 met with accidents ; 44 of the aoci-
dents were to passenger trains ; and of the 173,605,485
passengers, 11 were killed and 371 injured. The total
number of passengers, servants, and others who suflfei«d
by accidents to trams in 1863, to all railways in England
and Wales, was, 18 killed and 402 injured. There were
129 people killed and 419 injured from every cause on
railwavs, including trespassers and people killed or
injured at crossings. The amount paid as compensation
for personal injury was £1 30,794. These are the general
statistics, which may be divided into a more particular form.
On the London and North- Western 19,185,751 persons
travelled, exclusive of 5372 season-ticket holders ; there
were 17 accidents, when two passengers were killed and
69 injured; £20,000 was paid as compensation for per-
sonal injury, &o. The receipts from passenger traffic were
£2,365^22 ; from goods traffic £2,914,937 ; the propor-
tion per cent, of expenditure to total receipts was 46, and
the net receipts £2,866,849. The Oreat-Westem carried
17,291,221 passengers, besides 1,975 holders of season
tickets. There were seven accidents. One passenger was
killed from his own misconduct, and 37 were injured from
causes beyond their own control. This company paid
£2,176 as compensation for personal injuries. The re-
ceipts were : — ^From passengers, £1,799,462 ; from goods,
£1,666,196. The proportion of expenditure to receipts
was 48 per cent., leaving a profit of £1,793,492. There
were 11,011,661 passengers on the Qreat-Eastem line.
Four accidents took place, by which seven passengers were
killed and 83 received injuries, which cost the company
£8,824 for personal compensation. £777,920 was received
on account of passengers ; £719,485 from goods ; the work-
ing expense was 52 per cent., and the net income
£719,903. The Great Northern had 6,003,515 passen-
gers. There were seven accidents, whereby one passen^
was killed and 18 injured. The per-centage for workmg
on this line was 50, and the total gross income
£1,594,169; the net income £791,182. These returns
will serve as examples of the great metropolitan lines;
but the following particulars are subjoined to illustrate
the working of the purely provincial undertakings: —
The Lancashire and Yorkshire lines carried, during 1863,
as many as 16,210,097 passengers, fit>m whom an income
of £741,107 was obtained, whUe the goods traffic yielded
£1,037,15-1, making a total gross income of £1,778,261.
The proportion per cent, of expenditure to total receipts
was 47, and the net profiU £947,479. There were three
accidents, by which 21 passengers were injured, but none
fatally. This company paid £8,351 as compensation for
pernonal injury.
Railway WoRKnto Expxmsbs. — The total working
expenses of the railways in England and Wales in 1863
amounted to £12,659,618, against £12,050,581, in 1862 ;
of the railways of Scotland to £1,617,204, against
£1,520,056 in 1862 ; and of the railn^vs of Irelsnd to
£750,412, against £697,772 in 1862. The aggregate for
the United Kingdom was thus £15,027,234 in 1863,
against £14,268,409 in 1862. The length of line in
operation at the close of 1863 was 12,322 miles, and at
the close of 1862, 11,551 miles. The toUls given do not
include steamboat, canal, and harbour expenses ; and the
figures in 1863 are also exclusive of the working charges
of the Oswestry and Newtown, Cowes and Newport, Bre-
con and Merthr Tydfil Junction, Cork and Einsale Junc-
tion, Dowlais, and Hereford, Hay, and Brecon. The propor-
tion of expenses to I'eceipts appears to have been reduced
660
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBT^ OF ARTS, August 26, 1864.
igainst 18-9U per cent, in ltf62 ; locomotive power, 2762
[)er cent., against 27-79 per cent, in 1862 ; repain and
renewals of carriageg and waggons, 9*33 per cent., against
8*71 percent, in I8G2; traffio charges (coaching and mer-
chandise). 27-93 percent., againnt 27*95 per cent. in 1862 ;
fates and taxes. 4*20 per cent., against 4*18 per cent, in
1862; government dut}*, 2-63 percent., against 2-63 per
cent, in 1862 ; compensation for personal injury, &c., 1*19
per cent., against 1*11 per cent, in 1862; coropNenaation
for damage and loss of goods, 0*46 per cent., against 0*48
per cent, in 1862 ; legal and parliamentary expensee, 1*30
percent., against 1*54 percent. in 1862 ; and miacellaneons,
6*40 per cent., against 6*62 per cent, in 1862.
Colonies.
Pboorms im Adklaidb. — The treasorer'a 6nanoitl
statement shows, in a cheering manner, the high state of
prosperity which the colony enjoys at present. Never
had a Sonth Australian treasurer such a favourable report
to present of the teal material progress of the colony. On
the 31st of March tlie population consisted of 141 ,068
aouls, and it was estimated that at the close oi this month,
by natural increase and by emigration, there would be a
population of 143,126. The gi-oss toul exports for the
year ending 31st March, 1864, amounted in value to
ie2 ,738,226, being an increase over those of the previous
year, up to the aame date, of £473,120, or nearly 21 per
eent. The staple productions of the colony are cereals,
wool, and copper, and the amount of export of those
articles is most encouraging. From the 81st Mardi, 186S,
to the same date 1864, the value of cereals exported was
£1,011,989, being an increase over the preceding year of
£807,511. But taking the half-year ending March, 1864,
as compared with the correspondhig period in 1868, the
increase is still greater. For the six months in the former
year the exports of cereals amounted to £873,247, while
for the six months in this year they were £596,181. By
the time the surplus cereals of the present year which can
be spared for export are disposed of it is estimated that
their value will amount to £1,310,000. This large
amount arises from two causes — first, from the favourable
yield of the last harvest, and secondly from the high
prices prevailing. The serious failure of the crops in
the other colonies has caused a large demand for our
cereals, and thus large prices have l>een obtained. To
show the importance of 8outh Australia as a wheat-
producing country, as compared with other wheat grow-
ing lands, the treasurer states that in Oalifomia there
were 263,208 acres sown, which produced 4,147,649
bushels, while in South Australia 335,768 aores gave
4,691,918 bushels. The population of Cklifomia is
380,000, while that of this colony is something over
140,000. California, then, with nearly three times the
population of South Australia, produced a leas quantity
of wheat; and her requirements for her own population
being nearly three times as great as those of this colony,
her surplus available for export will be proportionately
less. If these figures are correct we do not think that our
wheat-growers need bo under very eeiious apprehensions
that Calilbrnia will drive thom out of the markets of the
neighbouring colonic?. The export of wool for the year
ending March 31, was £770,835, against £682,991 for the
previous year, or an increase of neai ly £90,000. The ex-
port of copper had still more largely increased, showing
£695,803 as compared with £321,736 the preceding rear.
The ini()ort8 for the year ending 31st March, 1863 were
in value £1,842.734. in 18C4 they were £206,244, an in-
ci-caws of 12 pel cent. The quantity of land di>po6ed of
in this colony is 2,7oO,000 acre?, or an average cf nearly
20 acres to each head of the mi.iiJa'ion. In Victoria the
proi)ortion was un^er nine acres. In Victoria th« cul-
tivated area gives only four-fifths of an acre to oach in-
dividual, whilst in this colony it gtvev nearly four
acre5. Vine- growing has become an important Drani:h
of our industry, and we find that during last year th^e
were 5,779 acres laid down in vineyards, being an iocreaae
of one-fourth on the previous year. The vintage of 18<3
yielded 606,365 gallons, showing an increase of 183,533
gallons on the former year.
Tasmania. — The total customs* duties collected daring
the eleven months from July 1, 1864, to May 31, 1864,
were— at Hobart Town, £66,042 78. 3d. ; and at Laonceft-
ton, £62,676 2s. 6d., together £128,617 9s. 8d. Of this
amount £13,616 6s. Id. was for meaaorexnent duty,
£7,9 17 8s. lOd. having been collected at Hobart Town, and
£5,697 17s. 6d. at Launoeston. Suppoeing the raveooe
of the current month to be the average of the previoai
eleven months, say £11,500, it will give the aatoiiia'
revenue for the year ending 80th June, in nmod munben,
£140,000. Ministers expected to get £185,00a The
revenue yielded by the Stamp Act cannot be aocorately
ascertained, as postage stamps have been generalljr cm*
nloyed. During the quarter ending 30tb Se^tonbcr,
1863, the sale of stamps showed a decrease, bat the Stamp
Act came into force on the 1st of October, and at 31st
December, 1863, there was an increase of £341 Sa. 9d,
a:;d for the quarter ending Slst March an increaae of
£1,115 4b. 5d. If the increase on the last two quarters
is ascribed to the operation of this Act, we may eec down
the revenue it will have furnished at the end of the we-
sent month at £2,000, or about £3,000 per annum. The
Carriage Duties Act came into force on the 1 6th Oc-
tober, 1863, and to 31st December it yielded £1,336.
during the quarter ending 31st March £304, and Ur
April and May £144, altogether £1,728. If caootinaed
fur twelve months it would probably yield £1,900—
ministers calculated upon £1,750. In noticing the Land
Fund, it is only necessarjr to say that the quarter ending
3l8t September last mamfests an increase of £2,836 9». 7d
over the corresponding period of 1862— the quarter end-
ing 31st December shows a decrease of £2623 6s. 3d., and
the March quarter of the present year shows an IncreaM
of £16,527 8s. 9d. The latter large augmentatioD aroas
on the sale of land taken up under the old pree crip tive
right regulations, and payment for which in the b^noii^
of the present year, or forfeiture, was requlrod by an aet
passed last session. On the whole, the revenue appean
to have been pretty well sustained by the namerooa and
novel expedients adopted for the purpose. It remains to
be seen whether the expenditure has been watched ai
narrowly, and whether the statements which the troasoxer
is expected to make will prove acceptable to parliaBMot
and the country.
Map of Afbioa Durdio thb Romah Doxivatiov.— •
(DiffiMttfie, Paris.) The topographical department of tbs
Ministry of War, having completed the map of Fraoea.
upon which it has been almost exclusively ocxiupied ftf
thirty years, this important Imrtau has beeo re-orgaaiMd,
and a series of new and important works comoieBDai.
Amongst the first fruits is a recently-pobltdied atap cf
Africa during the time of the Romans, printed in ftas
colours, on two large sheets, and acooropanied by «i
explanatory notice or key. The map take* in all that fer-
tiou of Africa which lies between Morocco and Egypt, aci
between the Mediterranean and the 27th degf^e of lati-
tude; and we are assured that the director of the wert.
Captain Nan de Champlouis. has availed htnurlfof tki
most lecent and authentic infoimation. The physical ocft-
figuration of ihe country is indicated with giT«t carv, sbA
this is made the l^j-i* of the historical geographr of <k»
loca"*" "'^- -ivat object of the map hi qowtkn ists
g^ IS under the Romans mm compared wilk
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, August 26, 1864.
661
the results of modern igeogrtphy. With this view the
ancient and modem names of plaMs are given side bj side,
and distinguiahed by diffbrent colours, and a list of the
Latin names is appended, with references to the localities
which they represent on the map. One diflkulty in the
work was the fixing a certain date to that which related
to the Roman period. M. De Champlouis has therefore
taken the administrative divisions as established by Cali-
gula for his basis, and has placed four tables in the angles
of the maps to indkate the progress of the Roman
dominatk)n daring the course of its existenoe. Th« map
has been presented to the Institut by Marshal Randon,
and has obtained the commendation of that important
body,
Metrioal Globe. — M. E. Gosselin. of Paris, has in-
troduoed a new idea into the arrangement of globes. He
has produced a globe which gives all the most reeent dis*
coveries, including those of MM. Speke and Grant, in
Africa, and he has added an important feature, namely,
the giving to the surface of the artificial globe % certain
proportion in relation to the earth itself. The base
adopted is the metrical system, and the scale one in
60,000,000, so that the circumference of the globe being
80 centimetres two millimetres reprneent tOO kilometres.
In calculating distancns, therefore, it is only necessary to
take the actual measurements on this artificial globe,
write down the results, remove the decimal point five
places to the right, divide by two, and yoa have an
approximation to the actual distance on the surface of the
earth. On this globe the aqueous portions are coloured
blue, and the lol^ portions with a tint of bistre.
mm
^ttttS,
Dublin Imtkbnational ExBiBrrioN, 1865. — ^An in-
fluential meeting was held on the 5th inst., at the
Mansion House, Dublin, presided over by the Lord Msyor
of that city, when the following committees of advice
and assistance were appointed : — Lord Otho Fitzgerald,
Earl of Roese, F.R.S.; 8ir R. Griffith, Bart.; Major-
General Sir Thomas Larcom, K.C.B. ; Sir Robert
Shaw, Bart.; Vice-ProvoH Lloyd, Rv. T. Romney
Robinson, William R. Le Fanu, Esq., C.E.; J. Tuflnell,
Esq., M.D., F.R.O.S.L I Richard Butcher, Esq., M.D.,
F.R.C.S.I. ; George W. Hatchell, Esq.. M.D., F.R.G.S.T. ;
B. B. Stoney. Esq.. C.E.; R. C. Wade. Esq.: Francis
Bobinson, Esq., Mus. Doc.; J. F. Elrington, Esq.,
LL.I). Abmt. — Section No. 8. — Viscount Gough, K.P.,
G.C.B., P.O., K.8.1, ; General Key, Colonel Wetherall,
C.B. ; Colonel Whitmore. Navy. — Section No. 8.— Sir
James Dombrain, Captain De Couroy, R.N.; Captain
Wilcox, R.N., Maehinery. — This class includes machines
for direct use, carriages and railway and naval
mechanism ; manufacturing machines and tools ; civil
engineering, architectural, and building contrivances;
naval architecture and military engineering, ordnance,
armour, and accontrementa ; agricultural and horticultural
machines and implements ; philosophical instramentsand
processes depending upon their use; photographic ap-
paratus; muincal, horoiogical, and surgical instruments;
machinery employed in spinning and weaving, and in the
manufacture of wood and metal. &c. — David M'Birney,
Esq., J.P.; 0. P. Cotton, Esq., C.E.; J. Lentaigne,
E^., D.L.; J. West, Esq., J.P.; Hon. G. Handcook,
Viscount Dunlo, J. E. Vernon, Esq., D.L.; John Vance,
Esq., M.P. ; the Earl of Howth, Anthonv Lefroy, Esq.,
M.F.; Ion T. Hamilton, E-^q.. M.P.; Hon. St. John
Butler. Right Hon. the Attorney- General for Ireland,
Lord St. Lawrence, the Earl of Meath, Charles E.Bagot,
Esq., Percy Fitzgerald, Esq., MetaUie, Viireout, and
Ckramic Manufaduru. — This olasa embraces cutlery and
edge tools; iron and general hardware; working in
precious metals and in their imitation ; jewellery, and all
articles of virtu and luxury, not iododed in the other
classes ; glass ; ceramic manufacture, china, porcelaio,
earthenware, 4^. MitoeUaneout Mantifaeturet. — H. Fry,
Esq. ; Sir Robert Kane, F.R.S. ; James Forrest, Esq. ;
Sir R. Griffith, Bart. ; A. H. Bagot, Esq. ; Right Hon. the
Lord Mayor ; R. G. Coll is, E«q. ; Alderman Atkinson,
J.P. ; Arthur Guinness, Esq. ; Hugh Brown, Esq. ; Sir
Robert Shaw, Bart. ; Samuel Law, Esq., Governor, Bank
of Irehnd ; Xx>rd Viscount Southwell ; John Hatchell,
Esqi; Solicitor- General; John Henry Richards, Eoq. ;
Arthur Usher, E«q. ; J. Pirn, Esq. i^ ^r(«.— The Lord
Chancellor, Lord Talbot de Malahide, F.R.S., F.8.A.,
F.G.S., D.L.P. ; MarquisofKildare, Marquis of Drogheda,
Vinount Powersoourt, Lord Cloncurry, Judga Berwick,
Sir Bernard Burke, Sir J. J. Coghill, Bart, J. E. V.
Vernon, Esq., D.L. ; C. Smith, Esq., P.R.H.A. ; George
F. Mulvany, E^q., R.H.A. ; Thomas A. Jones, Esq.,
R.H.A. ; J. R. Kirk, Bf^q.. R.H.A. ; M. A. Hayes, Esq.,
R H. A. ; General Colomb, William MKay, E^q., LL.D. ;
Jacob Owen, Esq. ; Francis R. Davies, Esq. ; b. C. Hall,
Esq.; Right Hon. Alexander McDonnell, Earl of Charle-
mont, Sir Thos. Dean, Sir John Benson, Sir Georgtt
Hodson, Bart. Mr. Parkinson (Secretary to the Exlubi-
tion Committee) said that the result of the oirculais sent
out had been most latisfaotoiy. The refusals had been
few and far between. The meeting was addressed by Mr.
B. L. Guinness, the Earl of Meath, J^rd Powerscourt,
Mr. Gilbert Saunders (Chairman of the Executive Com-
mittee) Mr, Wm. Dargan, Sir George Hodson, Sir
Bernard Burke, and others.
KoBTH LoMDOH WoBKiNQ Mbn*s ExmBrrioN.-*On
Wednesday evening, the 17th of August, a meeting was
held in Am well-street schoolrooms, Clerkenwell, for the
purpose of promoting an industrial exhibition similar to
that held last winter in Lambeth, for the large and im*
portant industrial district comprised in that portion of
North London covered by Clerkenwell, Islington, St.
Luke's, Hoxton, Holbom, and St. Pancras. Mr. Thomas
Winkworth, member of the Council of the Society of Arta,
occupii^d the chair, and after giving a condensed history
of the exhibitions held in this country under the auspices
of the Society, with the late Prince Consort at its
head, went on to say that in tliose exhibitions the
skilled artisan was to a great extent practically ignored,
inasmuch as the persons invited to exhibit were
? generally employers of labour, and not workmen. Henoe
he masters took the lion's share of the honour;
but then it must not bo forgotten that tliey found the
capital and ran the risk. To obviate this anparent un-
fairness the Society of Arts determined to follow out its
original idea of encouraging the talent of the workman,
and offered prizes to artisans willing to compete in various
important branches of skilled industry. The Lambeth
Exhibition on this principle had been held last year, and
he hoped to see the same thing repeated in^ North London.
After other remarks, made for the encouragement of the
intending exhibitors, explanations of the details of the
proposed exhibition were given by the hon. secretary, Mr.
Watts, by Mr. Wm. Harvey, and other gentlemen. The
exhibition is to be held in October next, in the Islington
Agricultural Hall, and the exhibitors are to be working
men and women and small masters. Reeolotions ap-
proving the exhibition were agreed to, and the meeting
separated.
MiMiNO in Fbamob.— A report on the number of con-
cessions granted for the working of mineral deposits in
France shows that this branch of industry is progressing
rapidly. It appears that there exist in force 490 grants
for the working of coal, covering in all a supeificial area
of 6,226 kilometres, spread over the following depsrt-
nfients:— Loire, Gard, Aveyron, Isfere, H6«ault, Saone et-
Loire, Bssses Alpes, Nord, Bouches-du-Rhdne, Hautes-
Alpes, AlUer, Pas de- Calais. Mayenne, Maine-et-Loire,
Haute-Loire, Haute-Sadne, Var, Puy-de-Dome, Moselle,
Arddche, Sarthe, Bas-Rhin. Vauclose, Aude, Creuse,
Cantal, Vendue, VoMes, Corrfeze, Rhdne, Ain, Loire-
Inf^rieure, Dr6me, Tarn, Dordogne, Jura, Fhiist^re,
6G2
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, August 26, 186*.
Landes, Calradoe, Ni^vre, Manche, Tonne, Deox-B^vres,
Doaba, HaQtee-Pyr^n^en, and Pyi^n^es-Orieatalefl. The
kilometres is rather more than three-fifths of a mile,
English. The iron- mines opened are given at 124,882
hectares, or» in round numbers, 300,000 acres English,
divided amongst the following departments: — Ithrt,
Pyr^n^ Orientales, Qard, Moselle, SiBdoe-et-Lonre, Ar
d^che, Aude, Avevron, Doubs, Loire, Aio, Blanche, Nord,
H^rault, Jura, Hant-Rhin, BaaseS'Pyi^D^es, Vosges.
Sadne-et-Loire, Ari^ge, Bas-Rhin, Cdtenl'Or, Corse, var,
Cieuze, Corr^, Vanoluse, Poy-de-Ddme, Drome, and
Haute-Bfame. Besidea the permissions or concessions for
coal and iron mining, there are 247 in force for other
mmerals, indnding graphite, bitumen, pyrites, salt springs,
rock-salt, antimony, manganese, and other metals and
sulphur.
AoBicuLTiniB IN Fbakok and England. — The reports
which have appeared in connection with agricultural ex-
hibitions exhmit French agriculture as falling far short of
Serfectiou. It appears by the returns of the statistical
apartment of the Minister of Agriculture that the
average yield of wheat in France is Just half of that of
England ; the department of the Seine, which exhibits the
highest cultivatiou, produces but 26*72 hectolitres per hec-
tare, while the general average of France is 18*64, and
that of England 27 hectolitres ; 48 departments yield far
less than the average. 9 of them only 8*17. The fact of
the minute subdivision of the land having a constant
tendency to produce a low condition of fiuming is ad-
mitted on all hands — a poor farmer always farms badly
— but it is taken for granted that no change in the
national habit can be made in that respect. As regu^s
drainage, it appears that with all the aids afforded by the
€K>vemment only 145,000 hectares have been drained,
although the profit derived from the operation is cal-
culated at 20 per cent, on the outlay.
Flax.— An unusually large breadth of land is this year
under flax cultivation in Ireland, and there is every pros-
pect of a good crop. The accounts from the Contuient
are also mure favourable than last month, but generally
the crops there will fall short of those of 1868.
Churoh Towebs.— The tower of Strasburs Cathedral
has heretofore been coniddered the highest in Europe, and
that of Saint-Etienne, in Vienna, the next in altitude, the
former being 449 and the latter 489 feet high. The
tower of the latter edifice is now being rebuilt, and when
finished will o'ertop that of the former by five feet.
LoooMOTivn. —The number of locomotives owned by
the railway companies of the United Kingdom at the
dose of the year 1868 was 6,648. At the dose of 1862
the corresponding number was 6,898.
lafonts.
IVom C^mmiuhnen of Patenit Jwtnud, Augutl \9ih,
OaiHTs or PBonsioNAL PaoTionoir.
Aadion, eonftraction of— 1830~E. Ssell and O. Alllbon.
Boati, coostroction and propnlflfMi of— 1966— S. L. Coniini.
BottlM and jar», enTelopes or coTen for~l880 — E. Brimion.
Bottonf, manofactore of corerod— 1898 — Q. A. Hnddart.
Cane, machinery for preparing 1943— A. Outhrie and T. Traoey.
Carriage itept (folding)— 1985— J. Grice,Jan.
Cask! for Uqoide— 1966— W. R. Tajlor.
Caiter— 19S9— W. E. Gedge.
Cooks fbr rappIjiBg water— 1971— L. Young.
Cornet* and other masical wind in«tmment«— 1896— H. J. Diitin.
Cotton, wool, vc, preeaing and packing- 1947 — F. Thornton.
Crinolines- 1918— C. Hudigesaiigt.
Djeing and printing, green colouring matters fw— 1913 — H. Carter.
Electric telegraphs— 1973— P. A. J. Dt^ardhi.
FatMlcs, apparatus for coating with medical or other compounds-
1916— F. D. Delf.
«brous ™«^rials, machinery ftw hreaktog, scutching, Ac— 1928~B.
Plre-arm»-.i805'-J. S/me.
tK SI* tei"i**4l"«-"^*-'^- Redman and D. Kirkwood.
hire-arms, breech -loadlng-i 967— W. ColUna and W. Pountoey.
Fire-arms, Sec— 1993— B. H. Ifathew.
Koulardine (fklirio)— 1928— W. B. Oedge.
Furnace bars— 1945— J. Gothard and U. Qarlaad.
Furnaces— 1892— E. B. Wilson and C. De Bergae.
Healds for weaving— 1959— K. Edmondsoa.
Hjdraulio cranes— 1930— P. Q. B. Westmaoott.
L^ind, apparatus fbr cultivating— 1991' K. Daaaatt.
Metals, apparatus for makhig moulds for casting— ^L9S1— J.
Placards, signals, Ac, produdng luminous -2001— R. A ^
Postage stamps, Ac, apparatus for affixing— 1914 — H. T
Potteryware. glaies and enamels for — ViiV^—J. H. J ~
Power looms— 971— W. E. Qedge.
Printing tjpe, mannfkcture of— 1999 —A. Y. Newtoiu
Railwajs, securing rails on the permaaent waj of— IMT-^J.
Raiiwi^ stations, sweeping the platforms of— 1908 — O. "
Railwaj trains, oommuniml.ion between pemwu'iM
— B.TattenalL
Bidlwaj trains, oommunioatkm betweea the guards
1820— W. Booth.
R^waj trains, commnnimtioii b e t wee n , Um guards
1868— W. Dicej.
RaUwar trains, signalling oa— 1T96— T. WUson.
ReportLog, tjpe writing maohlae for— 1985^. Piatt.
Rivet holes, apparatus for rimming, so. — 1996— J.
Sails, apraratus fbr reelhtg or ftirllag— 191(h— W.
Smallwood.
Sewing machines — 1932— A. L. Wood.
Sewing machliiee— 1934— C. Bolton.
Shipbuilding, Ac, treatment of Iron plates for— l>a a - M .
Ships of war, construction of— 1961— C. P. Coles.
Ships, prevention of the Ibuling of the bottoms o^-lf 41 — F.
s^ W.
Slide valves— 1886— R. D. Sandeca.
bpring tension regulator— 1987— O. Haaeltlae.
Steam engines, packine and lubricating parts <
Stone, machinery for driving drifts throujj^- 1904— F.
IHTBITIOHS WITH COMTLRB SPBCIflOaTIOlm ftl.aB.
Fluids, apparatus fbr pumping— 1966 - O. A. NoweU.
India-rubber, apparatus for cutting— 1940— O. B. M. Gerard.
Phmofortee— 1939— T. J. V. Hoi.
Ploughing machhMS— 2028— A. B. Childa.
/Wm CommMotun qf PoUkU J ommm l , Amgwd
PATmTS SlALKD.
461. T. J. Hugles.
462. J. Sanders, jun.
465. J.H.HorsfolL
458. W. Rowan.
460. A. WalL
462. L. A. Dunien.
477. J. H. Johnson.
482. A. Prince.
487. T. C. Barradough.
489. G.BirtwisUe&li.FnrnlvaL
494. H. BarweU.
501. W. E. Qedge.
604. J. Chapman.
618. L. A. LanleL
527. O. Oase.
536. J. Cmt^ett.
556. U. CochraLBO.
609. H. E. ClUtoa.
610. J. Shortrldge aa
UowelL
664. B. Dar-
708. E. Borrows.
726. W. IJow«.
851. W. Chwk.
1283. J. Fowler, loB.
1351. J. Fowler mad T.
1420. W. fi. Newtoa.
1665. J. D. Adaoaa.
J. B.
PATIRS ok WaiOH TKI BTAKP I>0TT op C60 HAS BOBI Pab.
2056. O. T. Selbj.
2075. F. Gye.
2117. J. Cranston.
2069. S. Whitaker A R. A. Jones.
2065. W.Fitkin.
2089. J. M. Maui.
2135. J. C. C.
2193. D. Ward.
3088. M. A. P.
2148. 8. Corbeit.
Patbsts ok wBioa tek StAMP DoTT or £100 sAs aaav tA
2217. T. Ingram.
I 2223. H. Cattwricki.
2224. J.Daogllsh.
^ptere]r ^tsps.
Croquet stand— 4644- W. Cordeauxand C. Emust, Tork.
Fastening for a bracelet or catoh fbr articlee of JeweU aij KI J
Hermann Van Oioom, Black Lloo-street, Brightoft.
The l£aak Walton paragon winch fitting— 4646— Ooo. Jaeohs, X,
Cockspur-street, S.W.
Feeding trough— 4647— Jno. Webb, Hawkedon, BiraaiB^Ma^^
Self-oiliog top oedtre plate for floor door spri
Walters Wlikes and Co., BirmlogbAm.
Gun or rifle rack— 4649— William Tall^, Bietchl^, Backs.
Shirt oufl* (the Dane)— 4650— Jno. i^oa Field, 28,
cresceut, Chelses.
A spring bottle holder — 4651— Elklngton aad Co., Bimlagham.
Aoombined music stand and table- 4652 -fVedA. W. fiarlea;
Somerset-plaoe, Hostoa.
Whipple tree for ploughs— 4653— Edmund Edmnd,
Attachment for the inside handles of ceiriago
Adaais, Birmingham.
fimrnal d t\t
THE
mk 0f %xtB,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1864.
[No. 616. Vol. XII.
AnwwnfwntttU bj the Council r—ETMnfmtioin, 1865 ...
Prooaedingi of the Sodety :— Bzemliation Pepen, 1864 ...
Proceediogfl of Iiutltatkmt
QuA Dietarr— The Operatioiii of the Beoeat CommHteet
Art Remit oooletj—PropoMd Mode of Action
Weet London School of Art ^
ifme AXTM ... ... >•. .•« ••* ... *•> •••
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CONTENTS.
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PahUcatioos Imed
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Notei ... ...
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Correfpondeace ...
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Patents ... ^
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Examinations, 1865.
The Prcgramme of Examinations for 1865 is
now ready, and may be had gratis on applica-
tion to the Secretary. A copy has been sent to
each Institution and Local Board.
ItomMitss iol i\it S^anttji.
EXAMINATION PAPERS, 1864.
The foUowiog are the Wramination Papon set in ihe
Tariooa sotjeotf at the Sodety'e Final ExamiDatiooi, held
in April last:—
{OoiUmuedfrom poffe 646.)
MININa AND METALLURGY.
TRBBE H0UB8 ALLOWED.
1. Describe the ordinary prooefls of roasting lead ores in
the reverberatoiy ftimaoe, and the chemical changes which
take place doring the operation.
2. In what loodities is tin ore principally foand» and by
what apparatus and in what way is it cmshed and prepared
fertile market?
8. What is the principal ore of meroniy, and how is
qnibksilyer obtained therefrom ?
4. How would you ascertain, commercially, the amount
of copper present in an ordinary sample of copper pyrites ?
5. Give the composition of iron pyrites, and state for
what porposes it is onie^y employed in the arts.
6. From what source is the white arsenic of commerce
(aneoious add) principally derived ?
7. Describe the ordinary round huddle for dresnng ores.
8. How would you estimate, by assay, the amount of
rilyer contained in an ore of copper ?
9. Give, approximately, the composition of Welsh
steam ooaL
10. Describe the prooeoNS usually employed in this
c ountry for the conversion of wrought iron into steel.
11. If 900 cubic feet of water per minute be expended
oo an overshot wheel, 20 feet in diameter, with a 2-feet
bead, what wiU be its horse-power?
12. Describe the process of boring as employed in
searching for c^ and ironstone, dec
POLITICAL AND SOCUL ECONOMY.
TBBXB HOCUS ALLOWBD.
^^it Seriei to be antwertd, ifpouiUe, thwiffhoiU,
1 . Oiva a sketch of our Asiatic dependencies (exclusive
of Australasia), showing the diflerent products of each, and
the principal trade of each with Great Britain.
2. What was the original character of the East India
Company? How was that modified by successive acts of
Parliament, and what is the Company now ?
8. What are the proper uses of Bills of Exchange, and
how do you distinguish bond fide commereiid bUU fVom
those which are drawn for accommodation ?
4. What are now the limits of the issues of the Bank
of England, and what are the functions of the issue and
bankmg departments respectively?
5. Snow, by iostanoes, the pfogreas in the improvement
of roads in England previous to the introduction of rail-
roads? What are the different sortsof highways, and out
of what funds are they repaired ?
6. What is a drawback, and what a bounty upon ex-
portation, and upon what different principles are they
founded?
Second Series, Oplumed,
1. Under what dicumstances, and for what purposes,
are monopolies, either trading or professional, usefm and
right?
2. What questions are now at issue between those who
propose and those who resist the equalisation of the Sugar
duties?
8. To what special taxation, either in kind or degree*
s the ownership and occupation of land now subject, and
from what taxation is either of them either wholly or
partially exempt?
4. How far is it true that all taxes on the produce or
occupation of land are payable out of the rent ?
DOMESTIC ECONOMY.
THBSB HOUBS ALLOWKD.
1 . Explain what you underrtand by Domestic Economy,
and enumerate under different heads what, in your opinion,
it embraces.
2. In domestic expenses what rules would you lay down :
1st. As to rent.
2nd. Food and dothing.
8rd. Casual expenses.
3. What are the advantages, in purchasing the ordinary
necessaries of life, in paying ready money, and what are
the disadvantages in not domg so?
4. What are the relative advantages or disadvantages
to the labouring classes, in the purchase of necessary
things, to those living in large towns, and in rural parishes
widmy distant from mem :
1st. As to house rent.
2nd. As to food and olothing.
8rd. As to health.
664 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Septmcbkb 2, 1864.
5. What is the mort economicAl mode of cooking meat ?
and wh^? How ahoold a Joint of meat be boQed m ordpr
to iireBonp« the Joioes ?
6. Compare the tue of whea^flo^r itfi4 oi^ti|i4»l tn
4ififoi«Qt lArU of Great BritaiiK 9o« ii tKia to b»
aeeoonted for ? Whioh of the two k the more nouriBhiog ?
and why ?
7. Are there any objections to using salted meat as an
article of food ?
8. Describe any method by whioh fuel may be eoono-
mised. What prindplea should guide os in the choice of
oar clothing?
9. What kinds of food keen up animal warn^tbi siypp^
the waste of muscle, and produce bone ?
10. Explain how it is that hot water oflea breaks
orookary?
11. In efiectinff an insurance on one's life, or tn (pro-
viding against sickness by entering a beneBt club, what
precautions should be taken, and what dangeM should be
guarded against ?
12. What value do you attach to reading, writing, and
arithmetic, as qualifications for good household manage-
ment?
13. What are the leading principles of good manage-
ment in the mother of a family in the labouring classes?
14. How are the health, happiness, and morality of the
working man and his fiuuily aneoted by the cifcumttanee
of bit having a oommodious and fitting cottage to live in ?
1^
GEOGRAPHY,
THBBB SMma ALUIWUk
1 . By what eonditkms are the ^Mteni and western sides
of Britahi distinguished ftom on^ another — as to outlinoi
character of surfM^, mineral produce, and climate ?
2. In what counties are Kidderminster, Hallfkz, Stock-
port, Birkenhead, Pontypool, Stroud, Bridport, Dundee,
Wick, Glasgow, Paisley, and Bel&st ? Name any dis-
tinguishing branches of industry connected with those
places, respectively,
8. Describe briefly, as to natural featorea. ncAitioal
divisions, and chief tpwns, om pf the following coanvriea : —
France, Italy, Prussia.
4. Draw up a list of the British colonies iM^d dependencies
throughout the world, under the respective headings of
Europe, Asia, &c. Name the capital of each.
5. Write a brief account of Ganadai as to its pl^sioal
futures, productions, industrial resources^d chief towns.
6. Give, similarlv, a brief account of British Columbia
and Vancouver Island. Say by what routes they lire
accessible from Britain.
7. Give ^ btief account of Australia, as a wholo—with
reference to situation, natural features, climate, and
indigenous productions.
8. Write a brief description of New Sou^U Wales, stating
particularly the respective characteristics of its maritime
and inland divisions, the names and direetion of its principal
riversj its mineral produce, and the leadii\g conditions of
its clunate. Al90» s^y what oonstitK^ its principal
article of expoi-t.
9. In which of the Australian colonies are^ respectively,
the towns of Bathurst, Brisbane, Sydney, Cabtlemaine,
Geelong, Perth, Goulbum, LauncestoOj Hobart Town,
and Adelaide?
10. Draw an outline map either of New South Wales
or Victoria, marking ou it t))e dw«cticn of the high
grounds, the rivers, and the places of the priucipal towns.
11. What conditions, besides distance fiom tho equatoi,
tend to regulate climate, in so &r, especially, as tempeia-
ture is concerned ? Illustrate this by some examples of
contrasted climates, in the case of localities lyk\g within
tho same (or nearly the same) parallels.
12. State some of the more striking points of difference
between the flora and fiiuna of the Old apd New Worlds.
MBO, some utttaoces of th^ re^ectiv« c(i«figee made by
the agency of man between the one and the other (Cc.
instances of p^ts or animalf transferrod from the Qtd to
Uie N^w World, or pi/f$ vert^)
|r0mlrinj}s tA Instttntums.
Ebbw Vali LrrxBiBv and SoinrTiFio JiUfTmrum.
•.-Th# report Ihr the year 18631864, imd ai t)M anoQal
meeting of memlters, Ju\y 12th, X864, under the Ghainnan*
ship of the Rev. WQliam Hughes, M.A., Vice-Presklot,
states that there has been a considerable iocreaae in tht
Duuiber of subscribers, and the InslitutioQ li^ ip thk
respect, in a more flourishing condition ; bat it m pmSij
evident that the number of mamhen who arail thwi
selves of its advantages is ikr from comoieoaimte with
the number of inhabitants in these works and the ka-
mediate neighbourhood. The essay prise achess,
established some three years since, and to which mioj
persons not only in the place but the vioinHr handsomely
contiibuted, has failed to excite the interest or exenije
the intellect of the members this year. Althoogh fint
and second prizes of £9 and XI lOik were offered for
successful ftiaya on «aeh of two au^lwl^ hoth hi Biyif^
and Welah^and aqiountwg in the i^gp«^pv(e to £19, cnily
oma composition in each language ha^been «eiii in. Tba
English adjudicator, th^ {mv. |2vaa Lewis, H^«. y%au
of Aberdare, reports the cmy so ** ftnlf ilspuniisMu.^
marked " Truth,*' and whioh hat beea aaeertained to be
the production of Mr. Jabea Wall, to be wortt^ a pme.
It is with regret the Covmiittee anaoBnee th«t there his
not been any attempt at thft formatton of claases daring
the past yeatx The laqsieun^ which Um «tti%ptted many
visitors, has had but few acmiisitions, but, at the sasis
thae, has not diawB opoa ths rands of th» ssoiyly. The
only novel iNitoiiss whtoh have ehanacterlssd tUi ys sf%
transactions, are the introduction of penn^r iiisiliigi, mi
the substitution pf i^ po^ f«r the MlCIW soir6«. The
former were tried* as an experiment, op th^ ^imivcnvy
of the Shakspeare Tercentenary, when several iotefestiiig
selections from good authon weie mad, and the pro-
ceediqg4 w^o enlivened by the perfor<nanoQ of |^ms s^
duets trom hia works, Thii proved most tucQi^wfoJ, u4
the Committee would strongw rtKOmonwd that a aories of
these en^tainmen^ ihonld form piui <»f th« prc^;rsmve
for the ensuing year. Th^ piooia alao WW ^ vuy sata*
factory affair, many hundreds enjoying tho jpwntt^ |q
Caerphilly Castle— and the scone, tho rofreahiqoiili, t^
the amusements there provided, it is propoisd thli ytv
to repeat the efUertaino^^tt vai:yio£ Quly thtt sqcm, ^
arrangewenta are in prQgr«sa for ii U\p to C(igUa Otiih
at an ear\y opportunity, Vl&a numbfir of hoo4> 1b the
library (as pur oatalo^^ in 18(U, Xhciy «C« tA ffttd
repair wtth the ^xcepiiou of about tw«^^^ w^igd vwt^
re-binding. The atte^tiOA ^ ^ CoiAn^i^ dw hn^
been directed ta # revisioi^ of the WJ^kHi V9A ^ (imatiia
of a new aad compr«h«nftlve ott^vkigue \ and Uviy pnm»X&
call tho attention of their WACo^ssora U^ o9o^ Vik UMt moch
d^red o^^, DttfiVig the past se&r 1.Q8 vglnoMM h^^
been added to the shelves ; of these two voIuimqI hftft
bven prea«oted ; 136 ^ve bc«A muvfessaj by tte l^aHy ;
and tl>^ remaiAiAg41 f on^at, nt t\^ ^^ of t^ j^^^^y
which have Veen r^Oiouud ai^d IbdM V» the y^ieval \^
In addition tho Committ^ l^ve pavc>vag»l ^ ttw
reading-room maps of the «Q9^U of wi^ in PfnTOt*^ aM
America, and b«ig to tluxMgr out 9^ sugijes^iMi tUat lbs
walls of tho room mig^t bo atppr^priatelv aud nsRfciUy
hung with some good and l^^rge maps out of the gnttl^iog
balance in Cavour of the Institution- A aeo4 eluek ■!<>
would l>e a desirable addition to the reading-room. Tho
Committee beg gmtefolly to acknowledge their obliga-
tions to Um Sbto YalQ Qmtt^ «« ihtiv oMjUmwd
m.^lpific^oe.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ABTS, &«pt«mbbb 2. 1864,
665
OAOL DIETARY— THE OPERATIONS OF THE
RECENT COMMITTEES.
Sy Edwa^ Smith, M.D.,LL.B., F.R.S.» Aaaiitant-P^y-
•ician to the HospitiU for CoDflomptipn, BromptOQ.
The an^eolof the dietw^ iog«oUbaAftttimoied lo muoh
&ti|eDtioD, thut three pahlio (or fuatHpablic) bodies have,
'v^iihin the \ui fifteen months, been appointed by the
State to report upon it and other mbjeola involy^d in gaol
diecipline, yis., % Boiy^X Commission, having at ils head
£2arl Grey ; a Committee of the ^oose of Liords, with the
BUrl of Carnarvon as chairman ; and a Committee of
J&ledioal Officers to Oonviot Prisons, appointed by Sir
Oeorge GrcoTi with Dr. Gqy as chaiiman.
As I propose to limit my remarks to the department
Mrith which I am most familiar, viz,, to county and borough
jM'iaons, I shall only state in reference to the Ro^'al Com-
xnission that it received conflicting evidence as to excess
in the dietary of convicts employed on public works, and
reported* that, '* under these circumstances we are not
prepared to recommend positively that the rations of
tbese prisons should be diminished, but we think it de-
alrable that experiments should be tried in order to ascer-
tain whether ai^ reduction can safely be made." The
solid food io the diet at PorUand contained weekly
171 ounces of bread, 89 ounces of cooked meat (equal to
upwards of 50 ounces of law meat), HZ ounces of potatoes,
and 30 ounces of suet pudding, which, exclusive of liquid
food, yielded about 40,000 griuns of calbQ^ and IJOO
grains of nitrogen.
Tb1> FoBMSB DiSTAnT.
Before showing what has i-esulted Irom the labours of
the other inquiring bodies, I will explain in a few words
^ state of tne dietary question in ooonty and borough
gaols at the time when the oommitteea entered upon
th<ur duties.
Under the existing law there is no one authority which
is supreme on dietary questions, but the magistrates in
Quarter flewions of each county frame such a scheme of
dietary as they think proper for their own gaols, and send
It for appro^ to the Home Secretary, who may dis-
approve of it, but who has scarcely ever withheld his
ooncurrenoe. The Government prepared a scheme of
dietaiy in 1843, which it recommended to the magistrates,
but it has never enforced, and has never had the power to
enforce, its adoption. Hence in practice the magistrates,
and pMticularly the Visiting Justices of Ghu)ls are the
great authorities on the dietary of prisoners, but as they
can only act each for his own gaol the authorities are
numerous, uid, as I shall now show, widely discordant.
A return of " Dietaries for Convicts, &c.," issued by the
Qovemment in 1857, and the report of the Committee
appointed by George Grey, show that one-half of the gaols
throughout the country are non-confbrming in reference
to the Government scheme of dietary, and these differ
from the others in the partionlan of numbers of scales of
dietaiy, the relation of labour and duration of imprison-
ment to these scales, and the kind and quantity of food
in each scale. This diversity of ^stem is so great that
it has kmg been notorious, and is referred to by tbe
witnesses who gave evidence before the Xx)rds' Committee,
and in the reports of the Lords' and of Sir Q. Grey's
Committee, and was pointed out in detail by me in a
paper read before a special meeting of the Social Science
Ainooiation in 1859, and printed in the PhUanthrctnti of
that year. It is not neccwaiy that I should here
aojjyse these non-conformiog dietaries, and I wiU. there-
fore, only point out the scheme adopted by the Govern-
ment.
The basis of the scheme is, that the food supplied shall
vary with duration of imnrisonment and with labour, in
sucn a manner that it shail be greater as the sentence is
prolonged to four months, and Sut a prisoner sentenced
to hard labour for a shorter sentence shall have the diet
of one sentenced fbr a loiter period without hard labour.
Thus both hard labour and duration of imprisonment
were believed to demand increased food, end were in tha^
respect interchangeable. The theory in reference to
duration of imprisonment was, that a man in confinement
required more food than in freedom, and the demand in-
creased in proportion as the duration of confinement in-
creased, and it was based upon tbe fact, that the prisoner^
fell off in health and strength after submission to the
influence of the lower dietaries, whilst they remained in
statu ^uo, or thereabouts, when fed upon the higher
dietaries. I only stay here to add the remark that this
supposed influence of confinement was not proved in auy
way, as by placing the prisoners under short seotences
upon the fair dietaries of free labourers, but the prisoners
were empirically placed upon low dieti^ies, which Sir
George Grey's Committee state ** introduce a strong penal
element into classes one and two, for we have no know-
ledge of any class of persons who voluntarily limit them-
selves to bread and gruel for a week, much less for three
weeks at a time ;" and hence as they had supplied less
food than a man wants in freedom, it is more reasonable
to say that the higher dietaries were necessary, because
the low dietaries were insufficient to maintain health and
strength. The evil of the low dietaries was limited by
the short duration of their use, and the low diet was
supposed, but not proved, to be such that the body
could bear it without long-continued or permanent loss of
health and strength. It was further limited by befaig
restricted to the short sentences only, for the prisoners
condemned to long imprisonment began to be fea at once
upon the better dietary, but this limitation was removed
in a few gaols by the Visiting Justk)es, and a new penU
element was introduced, whk)h is now designated *< pro-
gressive dietaries," under whk^h every prisoner begins
upon the lowest scale of diet, and obtains better fbod as
the duration of imprisonment increases. Here also it must
be noted that it had not been proved that the dietary of
the lower scales was sufficient to maintain health and
strength, and if by comparison with the dietary of free
labourers they may be affirmed to be insufficient, those
prisoners who enter the gaol in fair health and strength
arc first lowered in both, and then, so Ikr as the scheme
permits, are restored to their former state.
Thus a scheme was formed on certain suppositkuis, but
without any proof on the followbg fundamental questions^
viz. :—
). — The effect of confinement absolutely over the
necessity for and due digestion and assimilation
of food.
2.— The effect of confinement in its progressive dura-
tion, assumiuff the sufficiency ox the food in the
dietaries for snort duration^
3. —The sufficiency of the lower classes of diets as
inferred from the food of free labourers^ and as
proved by the effects upon the body,
4. — The necessity for luxurious food in tlio higl)^
classes, as estimated by the same standards.
^.— The effect of various kinds of labour included
under the term " hard labour," with a yiew tQ
exactly adapt the dietary to the requirements of
each.
6.— The assumption that all kinds of labour denum^^
the same supply of food.
Yet the scheme was laid down with as much aj^Mircnt
precision as if the bases had been proved, and a plan of
five classes was devised which was to meet the Home Sec-
(b. op««tion of th« Acu (X« ud IT Vic*., e.». »i4 JO ud be rofficiwit .nd not ^"Jf, "»f" «"«^' *? ""/^^^
31 yE., 0,8) touting to Tt.iupoii.tton ud ituA 8eni.|>»«»»K»^ .tren^h."and ""»*»»»«<!'«*^*^i*°i'?
tude,lM3. ' ^^ ' iaoooaiitbeiiiadeuibulraoi«DtorpaiiHluD<w- OVftbn
666
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptbmbkb 2, 1864.
oooarred twenty yean ago, when the knowledge of the
nature and effect of fooNls was very small, and when
methods of research were scarcely discoTered, and were
restricted in their use to very few persons.
Such, then, was the state of the questions at the period
when the committees undertook to make inquiries respect-
ing them. A scheme was provided to meet different con-
ditions, not one of which had been duly estimated with
scientific precision, and from which, thmfore, there were
as many dissentients as consentients, and an actual assem-
blage of dietaries differing in the quantity, quality, and
kind of food supplied, and in the conditions in which they
were to be enforced.
I now proceed to describe the operations and the con-
dusioDs of the two Committees who undertook to investi-
gate the matter.
The Lobds* Commxtteb.*
Lord Carnarvon's Committee, when examining the
various witnesses on the discipline in gaols, ascertained the
views of gaol officials, and particularly of Sir Joshua
Jebb, in reference to dietai^, some of whom, as Mr.
Merry, Chairman of the Visiting Justices at Reading,
urged that the higher classes of dietaries were better than
the dietaries of the labouring classes in freedom, and
better than workhouse dietaries, and therefore wished
them to be reduced : they also admitted and approved the
penal character of the first-class dietaries, and also
approved of progressive dietaries. Others, as Sir Joshua
Jebb, expressed the opinion that prisoners need much food
in prison; and others still, as Mr. Perry, Inspector of
Prisons, thought that the present system worked well,
and that progressive dietarieb would be injurious to the
prisoners. «
Two scientific witnesses, having no official connection
with county prisons, viz.. Dr. Guy and myself, were also
examined, and as my examination took place first, the
questions and answers were, on numerous occasions, read
over to Dr. Guy, and his opinions solicited. The Com-
mittee were especially desirous to ascertain if dietaries
could be framed from which the meat element could be
excluded, and they asked me if I could frame new diet-
aries for county gaols. I affirmed that the two lowest
diets in the government scheme were too low to maintain
the health and strength of the prisoners — that the lowest
would be a starvation dietary to one long fed upon it» and
that, on the other hand, it was highly probable tliat more
meat was allowed in the fifth class than was necessaiy. I
regarded the third and fourth classes as those upon which
the health and strength could probably be maintained. I
declined to frame new dietaries, on the ground that much
new infoimation was needed before any dietary could be
fixed upon a final basis, and without this the scheme
would DC made up of guesses which would not carry con-
viction of its worth to the minds of others, and would
thus leave the question as unsettled as before. These
Questions were — the influence of confinement over the
digestion and assimilation of food, and over other functions
of the body; the necessity for the expensive and luxurious
foods, meat and fat, or the probability of supplanting
them wholly or partially by milk and starchy foods, and
the precise influence of the tread-wheel and other and
most diverse kinds of labour which constitute prison
discipline. These having been satisfactorily answered,
there would not be any difficulty in framing dietaries so
as to settle that question. Dr. Guy, on hearing that
answer read, concurred generally, but thought that it was
not necessary (although desirable) to determine the points
with so much precision, and was of opinion that it could
be got at roughly. He wished to supply a uniform quan-
tity of bread and a certain quantity of potato daily, and
was of op inion that the meat element might be omitted
• B«port from the Select Committee of the House of Lords,
* ISrH!l!*?7**^ Discipline in GaoU and Hootes of Correc-
from the dietary, and in proof fhmished tho CommSitae
with a series of dietaries so oonstnicted, bat wfai^ aa be
subsequently said, would require to be tested by ex-
perience. Hence both concurred in the neoeniiy far new
experimental researches, either roughly or minatelj made,
In order to finame new dietaries; and in refereooe to the
mode by which it ^ould be effected. Dr. Guy was of
opinion that a prison official, with one or two cosdjoUa,
would be the best mode, since a committee " is never of
more value than the beet man in it."
When the Committee sought to agree upoa tbeir
report, there was some difference of opinion in ftamnig
the clauses on dietary, but at length they agreed that the
dietary in county and borough priscms was veiy uantit-
factory from total absence of uniformity, mnd from the
irreconcilable inequalities in ihe nature and tbeamottntrf
food given ; and that the dietary firamed by the Secwfa n y
of State was not sufficiently based upon soientifio and
medical principles to be taken as a aatisfiadory gn^
Classes 1, 2, and 3, were thought defective as regank
quality of the diet, and clasMS 4 and 5 oontaia food
beyond the reasonable requirements of health ; aid ca
the evidence a diet of vegetable and fiirinaoeoos food, with
the assistance of milk and some slif^ht addition of meat,
might be used by the prisoners without riak to health.
Such were their views, but, decided as they are, they were
unwilling to act upon them, but add " that thej are not
prepared on their own responsibility to recommend any
one table of diet to be made uniform for all paaaoen,
but draw special attentfon to the medical evidence whkh
Dr. Smith and Dr. Guy have given, and to the four priad-
pal scales of diet subjoined." They then go on to my,
** but it appears that there are still medical and a u ien tift ?
questions as to the effect produced by confinement opoa
prisoners, and as to the necessity for certain iogiedieoti
in the food, whidi require further investigatioD. Under
these circumstances the Committee recommend that a
' commission be issued to inquire into these questions, wMh
authority to determine by experiment the points relemi
to them."
Such, then, is the position in which the qneetioD «■§
left by this Committee of the House of Liords. l%«y
found the present system unsatisfactory, the govemmaat
scheme a bad guide, certain classes of diet too low, nd
others two high, certain questions to be settled before the
subject would l>e ripe for final decision, the propriety of
taking such stem as would finally settle the qaesUoo, and
this on the full understanding that such inquiries would
delay the decision for one or two years. Henee tb^y
add their opinion to that of the Boyal Commission that
experiments should be made, and that in the absence of
them they were unprepared to take any action.
Sib Gbobob Gbet's Commttteb.^
The report of the Lords' Committee was made in 1863,
and in the following months manypersons were interasted
to ascertain the course which the Home Secretazr woold
pursue. As the number of chemists and physSologiflts
who could or would undertake such an inquiry was small,
it was soon ascertained that no Commission had been
issued, and that no scientific inquiries were in progress.
Silence and mysteiy seemed to hang over the subjeei, and
it was only in an indirect manner— that is, in answer to
an inquiry by a Visiting Justice, that it became knova
that a Committee had been appointed ; after wfaieh the
issue of a circular to Visiting Justices made the <Kt
widely known ; but the names of this Committee, with
the exception of that of Dr. Guy, were not roveided.
♦••Prison Diwipline, Ac.** "Copies of ^
between the Secretarj^ of State for the Home Departmcat sad
the loBpectora of Prieone, relating to the Report of a SekcC
Committee of the House of Lords oa Prison iKseii^tiBe ; aad
of the Report of a Committee appointed by tbs fieotetary of
State to inqoire into the dietaries of Oooatv sad BanmA
Prisons.**— H. C, 20 May, 1M4.— 318.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Septbmbbr 2, 1864.
667
in the answen to the questiooB aiked in the Hooae of
€k>aimons. The sole interest in this part of the question
tras the inference to be drawn as to the plan which would
be pursued in carrying out the wishes of the Lords' Gom-
xnittee, for the known opinions of the gentlemen ap-
pointed, as well as the special departments of knowledge
^th whioh they were and were not familiar, must neces-
■arily influeooe their method of handling the subject.
When the appointment of the Committee became known,
MB also the fact was ascertained that no chemist physi-
ologist of high-standing was engaged by the Committee
to assist in the inquiry, it was inferred that the course
recommended by the Lords' Committee would not be
pursued, and that the subject would be left to the guide
of so<:alled experience and statistical analysis.
I DOW turn to the report of this Committee, and pur-
pose to show what the Committee state they have not
aone, and then what they have done.
From this report we find that the Home Secretary
referred to the recommendation of the Lords' Committee
to the Injectors of Prisons — ^Messrs. Perry and Voules —
and they reported in a sense directly opposed to the view
of the Lords' Committee, and were of opinion ** that the
required modifications might be better ascertained by
practioal observation and experience than by a Commis-
sion with authority to determine these points upon
flpfentifio evidence sJone." (I remark, m/wusoiU, that the
word ** alone" raises a fiiilse issue, for the Committee
did Dot state that all questions of dietary were to be
•efttled by experimental in<^uiry.) Here arose a conflict
between two methods of inquiry— one trusting to the
fiJUadous mode of eommon observation practised by a
number of persons varying in powers of observation and in
special training; the other seeking to apply the exact
methods of scientific research by men who, amon^t their
compeers had proved themselves capable of makmg such
researches not unsuccessfully. That those who were not
familiar with such scientific researches should prefer the
readier, and, to them, the only available method of com-
mon observation or so-called experience, must necessarily
follow.
With two authorities, both agreeing in the necessity for
some change in the present system of diet, but differing
Udo ccbIq as to the mode whereby the change should be
effected— ooe content with imperfect knowledge and in-
exact results, the other demanding such additional know-
ledge as would place the results upon a sound and final
batiii a middle course was adopted, and a committee of
medical gentlemen, not known in chemico-physical re-
search aod in county practice, was appointed, who, at the
same time, were informed that they had to conduct
experimental researches. In reply to a question, Sir Q.
Grey writes—** It is one of those medical and scientific
miestions which, in the words of the report of the Lords*
Committe, require (hrther investigation, and which can
only be properly determined by experiment. One object
of the inquinr which you and the medical gentlemen
associated with you have been requested to undertake h
the solution of this question."
Having appointed this Committee, the Home Secretary
instructed them that the prison dietaries which they were
to recommend must be sufficient and not more than
sufficient to maintain the health and strength of the pri-
soners ; that they must not be in more favourable contrast
to the oidinary food of fne labourers or the inmates of a
workhouse than sanitary conditions render necessarvr ; that
they must bear in mind the different habits of life and
quality of food of free labourers in different parts of the
country, and that they must prove by experiment as to
whether the health of prisoners under long sentences will
bear their pasnng through the lower dietary of the
shorter sentences — a progressive dietary— or whether they
must be at once placed upon the higher dietary of their
own class.
The Oonmiittee in their report recapitulate the duties
assigned to thsm, and state that they are required to re-
commend dietaries for different durations of imprisonment *
to say whether the dietary for the longer sentences shal^
be progressive or not ; to avoid any approach to luxury*
and to take care that they shall not be excessive, and to
arrange that they shall be sufficient, and not more than
sufficient, to maintain the health and strength of the
prisoners.
Such are the duties assigned to and accepted by this
Committee, and they imply exact knowledge upon the
following sul^ects, viz. : — ^The effect of confinement abso-
lutely and in its duration ; the infiuence of labour in the
various degrees of prison punishments ; the amount and
kind of food which is exactly adapted to maintain health
and strength under the different conditions of sex, age*
locality, and habits of life, of duration of imprisonment
and diverse kinds of labour, and the necessity for the so-
called luxurious foods. Let us now inquire to what extent
the inquiries instituted by this Committee have set these
questions at rest.
What ths Comarm havs Lbft Ukdonb.
The effect of confinement is f^neially stated to be such
that more food is required in prison than in freedom, and
mih long sentences than with short ones, although in the
absence of the usual amount of exertion the contraipr
might seem more probable. Sir Joshua Jebb, in his evi-
dence before the Lords' Committee, stated such to be his
opinion, and in my evidence I explained It by showing
that the power of assimilating food is lessened in confine-
ment, so that a larger proportion of food passes off unused
by the bowels, but the degree in which this occurs is
unknown, and to determine it special scientific inquiries,
such as I had made for the British Association, were
necessary. Upon this, apparently, the Lords cited these
as fit subjects for scientific investigation. Sir George
Grey's Committee, however, in their report, when quoting
this recommendation of the Lords' Committee and the
statement of Sir George Grey, that they are requested to
undertake the solution of that question, remark that the
problem is ** not capable of solution by scientific inquiry,
but only by experience." They write : — " As we should
be sorry to disappoint any apjparently reasonable expecta-
tions which ma^ have been formed of the result of our
labours, we desire at once to express an opinion that there
is no experiment, or series of experiments, which we
could devise, or which we could hope to obtain facilities
for making, which would show the true effect produced
by confinement upon prisoners." As to the facilities
necessaiy for such inquiries, the Committee were acting
under the competent authority of the Home Secretary,
and might surely have obtained them; and if they were
unaware of the mode by which such experiments were
conducted, as they say they were, the fact that others had
devised successful methods, as well as the conclusion at
which the Lords' Committee had arrived, and the express
doty of experimental inquiry delegated to them by the
Home Secretary, would lead to the inference that they
should have ascertained from others more familiar with
such investigations the proper course to pursue. But after
having thus expressly stated that '* there are no experi-
ments, or series of experiments," whereby this question
could be determined, in the next paragraph they go on to
state a mode by which, in their opinion, it could be ascer-
tained, viz., by comparing two groups of properly chosen
men in confinement and in freedom ; and they add the
remark that *' such an experiment murt be one of consi-
derable duration." Such a mode of inquiry was open to
them, and no doubt much time would have been occupied
in it; but it was so stated in the evidence before the
Lords' Committee, and on that understanding that Com-
mittee advised the appointment of a Commision. If,
therefore, notwithstanding^their statement that no experi
ments could be devised, 'they did devise them, it was
surely their duty to have made them. But to make the
climax still less satisfactory, after sUting that they could
not devise the experiments, and yet did devise them, in
668
JODRITAL OP 1?HE SOCIETY OP ARTS, September 2, 1864.
the best paragraph they exciue themselTeB from prosecat-
ing them by • second contradiction as follows : — ** As the
opportunities for making such an experiment do not exist,
and cannot be created, it is obyioudy not in this direction
that we must look for ^ instruction.'* Such ' seems to be
obvious BO far as relates to their own acts, but it does not
follow from their own arguments, neither does it prove
Hut others could not have found ** instruction '* from such
Inquiries. They thus at once avoid a duty delegated to
them by Sir George Grey, affirmed to be necessaiT bar the
Lords' Committee, and proved to be practicable by a
witness who had performed it; and what do they give us
In place of it ? They say *' we most be content, there-
fore, td ad6pt and act upon certain [prevailing opinions
respecting the influence of health and the counteracting
effects of certain kinds of food and certain dietaries," —
that is, must accept as true that which they were specially
appointed to investigate, and which had not hitherto been
based upon scientific proof, but upon opinions only. Surely
no CoDimittee was required in onl«r that thla course might
be pursued.
The subject is a fhndamental one, for the whole fabric
bf the schema of dietary must be based upon it, and yet
the Committee have lefi it precisely as they found it^ and
baaed their recommendations upon an ** improved series of
ftujt
8.
H
But did thev not adopt some other method of proof
besides that of ** certain prevailing opinions?*' They
auote a statement made iv the Inspectors of Prisons, to
10 effect, that animal foood should not be withheld from
prisoners of the agricultural class, even in those counties
where meat forms a very rare ingredient in their ordinary
diet, because the confinement of a person lessens his
t>oWers of digestion and assimilation of vegetable food ;
and then add, " though not admitting of bemg put to the
test of experiment, wa adopt and are prepared to act upon
It, out of respect to the authority iVom which it emanates."
Thtis our highest scientific authorities become the Inspec-
tors of Prisons, and they nuke a statement of a purely
inientlAc character, which could only be proved by scientific
inquiries, and not by common observation or experience,
and yet the Committee affirm that no such proof can be
obtained ; but because the Inspectors state a fact, they are
*' prepared to act upon it out of respect to the authority."
Could anything be more illogical^to deny the proof, and
yet accept the authority, to be appointed to prove facts by
experimental researches, and to be content to record and
lict upon an individual opinion? Hence upon this import-
Ant and fundamental question the State u called upon to
act upon grounds not capable of proof, but upon ** prevail-
it)^ opinions," and upon approvea statements of Inspectors
or Prisons.
So much in reference to the question of the efiect of
confinement absolutely — ^what of the further influence of
duration of confinement, with a view to determine
whether the quantity and quality of food must be in-
creased in order to maintain health, as the duration of the
confinement increases ? If the efifect of confinement can-
t)ot be proved, how can proof be obtained of the effect of
duration of confinement? Upon this rests the proof of
the necessitpr for different scales of diet with different
durations of imprisonment, for the oondition imposed by
Sir J. Graham must be borne in mind, that for any, the
shoHest duration, " the quantity of food was to be suffi-
cient, though not more than sufficient, to maintain health
and stren^."
If a dietary for three days* imprisonment effect this
bbject, It will be equally fitted for three months' imprison-
ment, unless it be shown that duration of imprisonment
exerts such an infln^ce that more food is required to
maintain health and strength as the duration hioreases.
If the latter be true we shall require diff«wit scales of
dietary, increasing in nutriment up to the point when this
•fleet of duration of imprisonment has oWined its
5hf !!?iIl^^P®°'^' if *^^ any step can be taken towards
hto construction of dietaries we must know how much
more food is required by duration of impriaoomeDt
rate of increase with duration, and where the extmae
limit occurs.
It will be readily understood that as the C(»nmiitcs
could not devise any experiments to prove the effect of
confinement absolutely, they could not do so to prove the
effect of duration of confinement, and yet any ameatiSe
man who covdd ascertain the former, could prove the latter
also; and ihey cut the knot bjr simply foUowing iJu
example of the framers of the existing aoheme oC go^nsoi-
ment dietaries for county gaols. They critlcke aavcrriy
the grounds upon which the (ramers of thai echeme pro-
ceeded, and yet they accept this part of their moltf
without new inquiry, and whilst knowing thai tiiers an:
gaols in which the dietary is the same for all p n a on er a ,
and that fully one-half of all the gaols in the kieg^Ma
adopt schemes in which the duration of imprnonneet
differs from that of the government scheme. They ny.
** But as the dietaries thus recommended by Sir J.
Graham may be presumed to have repreeent^ bis real
opinions, at least, as faithfully as the coininents whidi
accompanied them, we shall to a certain extent teke thoa
as our guide. We shall assume that oriminala senteeeed
to short periods of imi^soament are not only to have
less food than thoee sentenced to longer periods^ bet that
the food ought to consist of fewer elements, and thcM Mt
of the most attractive character."
Hence, again, this Committee have entirely begged tht
question, and have assumed that which they andertorit to
investigate.
The question as to the pi'opriety of placing each prisoiier
upon the diet of the lowest class, and advanoiiig bin to
better food as the duration of his imprisonment pi o gi e ssw
through the different classes, must entirely rest xipoa two
facts : first, the sufficiency of the lowest dietary to Bals-
tain nealth and strength, and the necessi^ for a better
dietary with* duration of imjirisonment. iif Iba A»er
be not proved, you may place each man upon an in-
sufficient dietary for a time and lower his liealth to a
state from which he may or may not be raised hf the
better dietaries when he reaches them. If the latter be
not proved, then the whole progression may be anneoesssiy
and one class of dietary may suflSce, The Latter mm
neither proved nor investigated by the Committee^ and
for the former — how was so important a matter aetUet) ?
Of course by experimental proof, or if not, to take tb«
plan pursued by this Committee, by sufficient experivMe
and authority. Th^ neither adduce expoiment ocr
authority, but say, ** As it is obvious that it b qaite
pooiible to frame two distinct dietaries — the one on the
supposition that the prisoner is placed at onoe on the diet
of nis class, the other, Ac," and **that it is quite
practicable to do this wiUi due regard to the mafnttiaamr
of the prisoner's health, this Committee feel that the
grave responsibility rests upon them of deciding a
question, which, ceasing to be one of healUi, beoomes
one of discipline." They afium that it is obrioits thai
the lowest class dietary is sufficient for the maintenasa
of health and strength. How is it obvious? It is not a
self-evident proposition^ and they adduoe no prooC neither
that of experiment nor authority, and yet tliej aay ** it if
obvious."
They make amply an affirmation, and agabi beg the
question, and upon such reasoning take upon themaabei
to do that which the law only should do, viz., to dedde
upon a matter not of health, but of discipline. They
say, *' We accept the responsibility, and at onoe embnce
tiro alternative which commends itself to our jodgmeot
as most consistent with common sense and coninNB
justice, via. : that all prisoners, without exception, shall
graduate through the dietaries proper to all the sentoDesi
diorter than their own until they reaoh Uie dietaty
proper to their own class." Thus they assoma the
position of legialators and make an important law oa
their own affirmation, without ejcperiment, withovt 9tm
quoting authority, and in defiance of the diroctioii of the
JOURNAL 09 THE SOCIETY OP A»T9, September 2, 186i.
669
Home SecreUry who Appointed them, ADd who iDformed
them^ that " it ii oae or those medical and scientific
quettious which» in the words of the report of the Lords'
Oommitiee, require further investigation, and which can
only be pro^r(y determined by experiment. One object
of the inquiry which you and the medical gentlemen
aavooiated with you have been requested to undertake is
iho solution of this question."
Thev do not quote any authority ; yet it may bo added
thmi the Lords^ Committee^ acting in their capacity of
le^^islafcora. recommended this course. The Inspectors of
Pruons — the gentlemen to whose authority U(K>n scientific
m Alters the|v implicitly bow— objected to this course, as
indeed did the late head of the department to which all
th« Committee belong--Sir Joshua J ebb — in their
aoawers to the Lords' Committee: but with such a
weight of authority agniinst them, tney say *' we accept
the responsibility,*' and decree otherwise.
Hence upon the questions of the influence of confine-
ment absolutely, and as affected by duration, their tn-
atmctions are set aside, no experimental researches have
been undertaken, no scientific knowledge applied; but
action is taken upon tlieir own unsupported affirmations
— opon authority which they accept in one matter and
reject in another equally without examination — upon
** prevailing opinions " and upon the plans of those who
had preceded them.
Let us inquire as to the mode of determining the
qaestion of sufficiency, and noi more than sufficiency, of
the food supplied under the various influences of sex,
age, habits of life, locality, and labour.
As to food. It was stated in evidence before the Lords*
Committee that experiments were required to prove what
amount of food was ncoemry in confinement, and whether
certain kinds of food, which are expensive and luxurious,
are necessary to the system, and upon this evidence the
Loids advised that a Commission should be issued to
make experiments* Upon this Sir Oeorge Orey^s Com-
mittee remark that the medical and scientific questions con-
cerning whidi the Lords irecommended that fhrther
investigation should be made, are not distinctly stated.
They think that the proper ingredients in dietaries, and
the proportion in whicli thev should be blended, are well
kDOwn, and the only undecided question is the ouantity
of these ingredients which men require under different
ciroumstanoes. Henoe they find one subject, and that not
an unimportant one, on which thev had need of fhrther
inquiry, but th^ add immediately, " It is not known,
nor can we ascertain by any series of observations which
we can hope to be placed in a position to make, whether
a prisoner subject to the depressing effect of solitary con-
finement requires more or less food than the same prisoner
workinc in association in the open air.*' But that know-
ledffe lies at the veiy root of the question of sufficiency
or insufficiency, and must be obtained before a dietary
can bo fiaiuod which shall exactly keep the prisoner in
health ^ntl strength ; and yet, they make no experimental
inquires, nor obtAin now information of any kind. They
again refer to ** prevailing opinions,** which they soy
indicate that a liberal diet should be given in confine-
ment
What, then, do they look to as their guide? If the
proper quantity of food to be given to persons in confine-
ment is unknown, and they do not take aiiv steps to Add
io existing knowledge, how do they satisfy themselves
in discharging the important duty acsigped to them of
exactly adopting the food to the requirements of the
prisoners ? They ask the opinion of the Visiting Justices
of prisons, and accept that as their only guide.
As to age. They do not make anylnouiries of any
statement beyond tnat of recommending the dietary of
women for Doy9 under 14, In reference to sex they
affirm that a wonuin weighs one-sixth less than a mAn
And should hAve one-fourth less food thAU a man, but
they do not make any new inquirisA nor give Any proof
upon which to base such a stAtement, And In their tables
A greater difference is made, viz. : a redaction of one**
third in the quantity of meat allowed to women.
The habits of life and the kind of fbod of the prisoners
^hen in freedom were thoujg^ht of sufficient importance
by the Secretary of State to induce him to give the Com-
mittee special directions to consider tliem^ both in
roference to the quantity and quality of the food in prison
dietary; but what say the Committee on this subject?
They write, " It ts extremely difficult to ascertain what
the ordinary food of free labourer ist*' and " even if the
Inquiry were limited to the worst f^, via., AgHcaltufal
lAbourera, the true facts would not be readily obtained,
and it would still be more diffioulft to obtain such hn
aequaintance with the diflerent habits of life and quality
of food of free lat>ourers, in difiereot parts of the country,
as would admit of praotioal application to the dietary in
liand.*' Moreover the first would not be a guide if the
food were badly chosen, badly cooked, and not sufficient
in quantity, as they believe to be oommon in Urge
fiimflies and poor neighbourhoods. The standard require^
ment is not that which any class of labourers obtaiU) but
that of the actual necessities of the prisoner.
Hence ihoy do net investigate this subject, or^ AS 8tr
George Qrey wrote» '* bear in mind the varying oircnm*
stances, dec, beoause it is difficult; And yet At the very
time to which this refers, the inquiry had been made by
the Privy Council in every county in England, and the
required information oould have been readily obtained.
But although this was too difficult for them to undertake,
they excuse themselves by laying down an important and
trustworthy principle for their guidanoe^-that of the
necessities of the prisoners. Did they inquire into this
feet, and thus settle the question ? Not at all. No ex-
perimental inquiries as to the fbod which was required
by a prisoner in Any looAlity, much less in vArioui
locAlities, were msdO) And the mAtter was left preoisely
AS they found it.
But the most remArkAble oocurrenoo was the eouam
which they pursued in reference to Ubouri They leave
it to the Authorities, as at present, to affix their own
meaning to the term ** hard labour/' (which hitherto
has varied from receiving the instructions of the chaplain
to continuous labour on the treadmill, or at the ornnk),
and make oertaia Additions to the dietary without labonr.
They do not make any experimental inquiries as to the
effect of the various kinds of hard labour upon the body,
with A view to estimAte Accumtely the food whieh is
required to meet the wAste thus oAUsed, And thus to Aflbnl
A guide to the mAgistrsoy in the seleotion of labouri but
h£e as their minimum a labour which visibly increases
the breathing and opens the pores. How, then, is it
possible for them to apportion food to a oondition of the
body which had not been ascertained? They simply
avoid this part of their duty alio, and arbitrarily make
certain additions to the dietary en the ground of this hard
labour. But if the food which they advise should be
insufficient, how is their recommendation to be rendered
in accordance with the direolions whk)h they received ?
This they meet in a most amusing manner, by placing
their own responsibility on others — by recommending that
the labour be reduced till the prisoner on the dietary
prescribed by them is Able to bear it. They were directed
to Ascertain what food is required to sustain the health of
the prisoner with labour, and they fhlfil their task by
guessing At a scheme of dietAiy, And, thAt fAiling, te«
commend that (he labour bi brought down to th$ dktarv /
As this will scArcely be credited without proof Adduced,
I cite their own words :— ** We think it more roAsonable,
as well as more economical, to apportion the punishment
to the diet, than to raise the diet to the level of the
punishment. If, therefore, the labour on the crank or
treadmill, whether through the amount of exertion or its
duration, should in any case prove excessive, so that the
prisoners Are evidently suflfering in heAlth, we recommend
thAt the leboar be grAduallv reduced in duration and
severity till the prisoner, with the nsoal diet, is able to
670 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, Sbptkkbkk 2, 1864.
k
bj« it" If the mountain will not come to Matiomet.
aubomet moat go to tlie moant«in.
{Ihbe eontiaued.)
ART BBaULT SOCIETT—PBOPOSED MODE OF
ACTION.
Br 0. Brdob Aluo, Abqbitxot.
•J* *■.■*•" '^"fe'y diflfcult toimpKMon the thooKhti
Md mmd. of otJien the Uke Muue of the impoS of
My p.rt^ pUn of aoUon new to othe», bat longhold
it i??<rSif L"" ""S^-ll-opo^r. Sometime.. iSdeed.
M Z^^ ^ •^.' ■"»*'*■' "' "O "n*U difficulty and labou^
^^SSSrilf,*^,'"'*'**^ to be at the .h^t paiZf
t^l7& '" ^y «»mprehend the meantaig and ftill
S^ Lrt^" P^PO"'^. 00 -U> enable them to come
Ha^nTsn^A?"*"* "", "** "»«■'*• "od demerit, of it.
S^t'Z^^^J^" "bmitted to the conrnder-
»,^te.^M ".'^y "T *^«' '"If •ooomplishedf and it
^^^uL*t^ "1 P°^' °»t "o" beet and most
SSat ^^f,d e^nrj ** T'*''"^ *»»*• «> a. to «ve aU
w "lliSSt of M id«!" '^•P*'*" oomi«,h& and
5^1861 m^th.^* \^' /^"^ of the Exhibition
that Uye^ ™.!f. f "'l! *'"• ''"y «»«y «ffor««
^Sd3%^X[:.:^«<^?"'o?*»'tag. about them,
the wondar iiii^^V ■ * <*<'"1J» "> them. But
aU th^ eff^i J^'^. "*¥* ''''«° '' '^ wmembered that
Wv^rdEt^mcSl" 0^1-^° '*°''"«<* »° «" «■'-
flat nir&n. ^ .» , *owii^ on pmtr and on a
«^ SSfeS' S^k no^!*^^ *" designiagrW that until
hS SS^tS!".!'. 'yj •'"' handiwork in Iho material of
thL ta modera t^ J?„r'? ""* •»" 'ork. fairly rtarted
mdm^An^tt^t^ """"'y "«" movement in fine art.
artSTTtViifflcS;*^'^ "•" •" « inodem fine
Mn"wmtt?». ?'l rtrengthof this movement; but
the worf,- AriS'anri^t^- ^ThS- *- to do
art of totwing tTWr ™^;JS^ ?'"' *?" *o bring the
oonceirable pfan w^d' ZlT^,, Z^ ZZ\ fSZ
ISd^^*''*"v''*™®^^' *^ h«lp the workman to piS^
f^.UwoJdX?'^^^*^^ P^'^ •'^^ «^'<*^* this
mT ihl S5 ^ ^*'?°^ "" *^« government report just issned
??nn^ Jf^'^^u^^ ^»** '^'l their mode Sf it ^om
^one wiU say there has been lack of effort and S
plans, for the system has varied year by year, uid, inderi,
It would seem, at first sight, not a little torpriiogaDd
disappointing that more perceptible improremot ia
some one or other direction, or at least chaoge, did act
manifest itself. But there has been none. The As
Schools of the present hoar are as void of ytk&aluH
tnaterial, and even of artistic lesult, ss we titt
Schools of Design when they were a yes oii
now more than a quarter of a centoir i^. Tk
reason is plain enough, and it is this: thit, aocadi&|
to a law of art and of nature, bat a very fn ir,
in each generation, gifted by nature with tixirt
faculty in sufficient strength to make their woik, Mooff
ists on flat surfaces and as makers of repreientikicBs of
existing things, of any art-value at all ; m tint tiM
attempt to manufacture artists, and to urge ordiniy wd
to display this high and rare fiurnlty has, ai in the oaitan
of thmgs it must, ended in total failure. In ereiy igc
doubtless, a certain given number of minds are prodiai
capable, with cultivation, study, and practioe, of Kom-
plishing that great and rare art of painting pietoa
drawing, and engraving ; but such minds are veiy limked
in number, and cannot be added to from the wxsa
bulk of humanity by any process, poaible or oooceinbk
of art education. But to do this unposeibility hn been
the object, unwittingly, of the Schools of Design and the
present Art Schools, by the apparently easy and obnoes
process of taking and forcing the student, whether voik-
man or draughtsman, through a series of art "p^'
as they are termed, beginning with lines, and uxb^
through these grades suoceoively to— when it wis e^
in appearance possible — ^picture painting, or dnviog-
This has all failed. Neither picture-painten nor vdxm
can be thus raoduced, and the whole work, after tU the*
years of trial, has to be begun again from a new itiHioK
point ; and with, it is to be hoped, a total fotjetfitioai
and abandonment of all that has hitherto been dose or
tried. It is here that it is thought this plao of < ^
Society in Art would help to indicate the tisefar; *od
its consideration will, it is hoped, assist in hitaR^ ^
Society of Arts in its formation, for such a Society««»
always point to, and ask for, the great end of jH "J
power, via., the impress of it on material and in ofcjedi«
common and every-day use, and it would th« cow-
quently be the object of all Art Schools, whether vm
schools or private schools, to give to their students tta w
means, and those ordv required by them in their diuy
his ordinarv and necessary work some one or ofh<^"^
addition ; in short, to mi^e his wcwk fine art ^^^^^
see in the works of the past, and not merely orduuT
labour and manufacture, or handioiaft ,, ^j.
It must here, however, be noted and kept in iomv»
it would seem to be very doubtful how fiff the moH tw
lb wuuiu Beoui vo D© very aouDUUi now «» »« —
of our ordinary workmen will be able of ^^^
master the two-fold difficulty of drawing and art-^"*
manship. It is altogether beyond P^^^ P^Z
our workmen cannot, as a class, draw at all. To ^^
workman this necessary and primaijr art luB pj^
begun, i.«., the drawing usefiU to him in hii w^
working drawing— not this even for its ^^^tL^
simply for the purpose of enabling him to cqpy *J°^2jb.
ing on material, previous to and as a guide to i^^^T^
It would seem the better plan to confine the ^f°^^
his material and his work, and leave *he drawings
regular draughtsman ; and here again it is ^K^^
this proposed Society would act with pecolar and emwj^
energy, for it would never ask fbr ^^^^^^^ il^
sake, but it would demand such drawing only •«»
of interpreting the art work it had befow it. ^ ^
and pretty drawings and sketches would d« ^^^^iTS
and uncalled-for, the whole and sole interew "*?» ^^
design and its interpretation through thfjjffj?
one actually wrought from— to the art objeot «^'
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, September 2, 1864. 671
Th«0e principles, thas hastily sketched, are well exem-
nli6ed in the drawing accompanying No. 609 of the
Qociety's Jimmal, viz., the inkstand, or watohholder, to
be carved in wood, by Holbein, selected as the subject of a
prize to the art workman. We may suppose this to be a
geometrical sketch of the object in a shop or art factory,
by the draughtsman or artist in such establishment; and
a very difficult subject indeed tor an ordioaiy art workman
it is, for an accomplished artist, of power and long ex-
perience, could not do more than justice to the three
figures which help to support it, — indeed the arabesque
ornament alone wUl try the skill of the best of our execu-
tive workmen. The proposed Art Besult Society, while
demanding the inkstand itself, and recognising the actual
workman and wood-carver, would and must feel equal
interest in the geometrical drawing or rather drawings
required by the workman to execute the object from. No
workman in this case— to cite it fully as illustrative^
could well do with less than two elevations, a plan, and a
plan of the top, and perhaps a section, and it would be
such full-aized working drawings that the artist-draughts-
man would be called on to supply, and for which he would
be recognised and rewarded side by side with the work-
man. Everything should be clearly shown which the
workman has to form or carve, and nothing left for gneas-
work — hie power consisting in the ability to realize the
drawing in wood, and his art power in drawing the various
parts on the wood — and finally in carving them.
It is trae that the present action of the Society of Arts
is, it ia thought, defective, for whv should we go back to
the days of Holbein, or to Holbein himself, for this design,
good as it is; why should not some modem and livhig
draughtsmen in some of our shops or art factories have been
asked to oontribate a design for an inkstand ? What a
pity it seams that all opportunities to help the artists of
the present day should not be taken ad\'antage of, and
encouragement, and help, and hope held out to them. It
would seem absolutely certain that there are numbers of
artist draughtsmen thoroughly able to design and supply
workins drawings of an inkstand Ailly equal to this, and
more adaptaUe perhaps to modem uses. It would be the
duty of a future Society, suc^ as is here urged, to refeet
thoee productions of past times and dead artists, and to
encourage present times and living artists, quite as able if
only recognised and encouraged. The proposed Society
would invite in one year our artists in the shops and
art factories to contribute in competition designs and
working drawings of any art object which might be
thought most suitable, and within the capacity of
our present race of workmen, and such drawings
would then, in the following year, be offered to the work-
men in competition, to be worked from by them, and the
combined results, the drawing and object, exhibited
together as tests of the then state of designing and
executive ability of both draughtsmen and workmen.
Parts of objects only need be demanded, as the lower
part of a pilaster pannel, such as that from the Caste! R.
Paodino, given in the same number of the Journalt so
that but one drawing would be needed ; such drawing,
however, being a full-sized working drawing, and not a
mere sketch. The more complete the subject, of course
the better, as it would be more readily appreciated by
artiste and the public Simplicity of subject at first, and
easineas of execution, should be the guiding rules, till it
be shown by the resultant work how much and what is
now possible. Each year would doubtless add strengih
and Ability, and it would very soon become evident that
the art power of the past is not extinct, but only dormant
for want of proper and honest exercise, and that the
artistic strength of Donatello, Holbein, Fiamingo, Van
Leydeo, and others, whom the Society have now honoured
by patting their good works before our modem workmen,
are yet to be succeeded by modem and living men, if we
but give them the same change, and encourage them to
go to their work in the «une way.
WEST LONDON SCHOOL OF ART.
The second annual distribution of medals and other
prizes to successful students took place on the 20th
July. The chair was taken by A. J. 6. Beresford
Hope, E^., the President, who distributed the prizes.
Among the gentlemen on the platform were the
Earl of Powis, one of the patrons, Mr. Peter Graham,
the treasurer, Mr. George Godwin, F.R.S., Mr. Hubert,
Mr. Digby Wyatt, Mr. Joseph Clarke, F.S.A., Mr.
Macdonald Clarke, the master of the school, and Mr.
Lomax, the honorary secretary. The Chairman said they
had met together for the second time to distribute the
prizes gained by the students of what was the Marylebone
School of Art, but which had grown into the West London
School of Art, an important change. He thought there
would soon be a more material connection between the
school and the Arcliitectural Museum. Last year the
school had ten medals and two honourable mentions,
while this year they had twenty-one medals and eight
honourable mentions. In the national competition last
year they had two medallions, the highest distinction
conferred by the Department of Science and Art, and no
honourable mention, while this year they had three me-
dallions and one honourable mention. Nearly all the
works they saw upon the walls that night had been done
in the fii-st occupation of those rooms ; indeed, between
November and March, a period of about three months.
This was much to the credit of those who had done the
work.
The distribution of prizes then took place.
Forty-nine students (including one lady) having obtained
the mark " excellent*' in the time drawing or second grade
examination, gained prizes, which were severally delivered
to them, the chairman expressing the pleasure he felt in
doing so.
The next upon the list were the names of thirty-three
students who obtained the mark ** good" in the time
drawing examination.
The following students obtained medals for their
studies : —
Messrs. J. R. BeUdall, F. Braon, J. T. Foot, J. Gamer
M. M. Glover, C. S. Gordon, J. H. Grant, S. H. Ives, H.
Montford, G. S. Murdock, J. Peters, W. Poole, F.
Tebay, W. F.^Wetten, and E. Wormleightoo.
The entire number of medals taken by the above-
named students was twenty-one. Seven students were
honourably mentioned.
The following studenta obtained the national medal-
lion :—
Messrs. G. H. Ives, H. Montford, and G. S. Mur-
dock.
Honourable mention was awarded in the national com-
petition to Mr. W. F. Wetten.
A money prize, offered by Captain Jdliffe, M.P., for a
sketch for a atained glass window, was awarded to Mr. T.
Porter.
The following were entitled to prize studentship, having
passed in four subjects and taken medals :— Mr. H. Mont-
ford and Mr. C. S. Gordon.
The following obtained prizes in the Society of Arts
competitiou among art workmen: — H. Braun and F.
Braun, who, the chairman said, were brothers, and mar-
queterie cutters.
Six students of the school had, durioff the past year,
been admitted students of the Royal Academy.
In presenting the national medallion to Mr. Montford,
the chairman said that his work marked him out as a man
of high promise.
Last year's results were considered remarkable for a
school in its second year ; but a comparison with this
year's afforded the most gratifying evidence of the in-
creasing attainments of the students. A little over twice
last vear's number of persons worked successfblly this year
nearly three times last year's number of examination
papers, obtaining more than doable the number of ** good"
672
JOURNAL OP THE 800IETY OP ARTS, Sbptkmbiie 2, 1864.
marks, and mart than four imu the number of ** exedlenf
marks obtained last year.
Earl Fowls, Mr. Digby Wyatt, Mr. Peter Qraham, and
Mr. George Godwin addressed the meeting.
The vote of thanks was then passed unanimously to the
chairman.
im ^rts.
PoBUo WoBKS IN Fbamcb. — The city of Paris has
called upon certain selected artists to send in plans for the
proposed decoration of the Church of the Holv Trinity, to
which work the sum of 43,000 francs (£17,200) is to be
devoted. The municipality of Nantes is about to erect a
statue in honour of the late Minister of State, M. Billault,
and a letter just pubUshed by a youn^ sculptor, M. Aim€
Millet, gives a curious instance of NanlaU munificence.
The authorities of the place have published the terms of
competition for this work, which includes a statue of the
late minister and four decorative figures for the pedestal,
and offers the fortunate artist who may gain this grand
prize the sum of 14,000 francs (£660) for the whole, in-
cluding the superintendence of the casting in iron and
the cleaning and repairing of the casts. It is politely
suggested Uiat the Maire of Nantes has omitted a final
zero.
Industrial Art in Franob. — The Union Centrale des
Beaux Art appliques 2k I'lndustrie, of Paris, which has
already been mentioned in the Journal of the Society of ArU^
has received the authorisation of the government, and its
museum and library of works appertaining to the orna-
mental arts are to be formally opened on the 20th of Sep-
tember. The society's house is No. 18 in the fine old
square called Place Boyale, near the Place de la Bastile.
At the same time the Society will commence courses of
public lectures and conferences on all subjects relating to
udustrial art. Another society has just announced an
exhibition, to be held in the Palais de I'lndustrie, Champs
Elye^es, in September and October, also for the encourage-
ment of ornamental manufacture.
Grramio ExHiBmoN AT RooKN. — An exhibition of
French, and especially Rouenese/otimee, was opened in the
above town on the I6th instant. The auUiorities and
lovers of art of Rouen are working steadily and persever-
ingiy to establish a grand collection of the ceramic
wares for which the town and neighbourhood were once
so famous, and which now fetch such enormous prices.
An exhibition of the kind referred to was held there in
1861, and the profit, about 10,000 francs, was applied
towards the purchase of a very curious collection of old
ware, made by M. Andr6 Potter, the librarian and con-
servator of the Museum of Antiquities of that town. This
gentleman ddivered an interesting address, on the ooca-
the inauguration of the present exhibition, on the
pottery in question, which has been printed at length in
the Journal de Bourn,
Amsterdam Exhibition. — This exhibiti<m opened,
according to promise, on the 17th instant, and the attend-
ance was large, and included many distinguished per-
sonages; Prince Frederick, the uncle of the EiuK of
Holland, is the president of the commission, and presided
at the inauguration. The building is constructed on the
plan of the Crystal Palace. We talk of new styles of
architecture, and lament the incapacity of the present age
for inventing anything to take rank with classic and
Gothic, but Rome was not built in a day. Crystal Palace
architecture is making its way ; it falls very short at pre-
sent of a complete and systematic stylo, but it has features
which demand recognition and admiration; it is eminently
original; it meets one of the acknowledged tenets of
architecture — fitness for its purpose ; it is not like the
renaissance, a variation of a preceding style ; it is follow-
ing the course of Grecian art ; it is as independent and as
promising as were the first rude buildings from whii^
grew Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian ; and if tbe maoBt d
beauty and the capacity for a material reoderiDg of that
sense are not wanting in the people of the praieot age, the
system which has furnished half the oitiea of Europe md
America with eoonomksal and uiefol boUdings may be
the parent of a new style, for whkh the proper appeUatiaB
will be that of the English, or that of tlie nmfttofiitt
oentuiy.
Bayonnb ExHiBmoH. — The aoooonts of this under-
taking, as regards the fine art portion at leaet. Me noi
brilliant. The place devoted to the exhibitioa of Utt
pictures and other works of art is spoken of ee a abed, HI-
arranged and ill-lighted. Altogetuer the mnmngtrntata
seem to have given anyttung but satislaotioo, and, bosite
besides being unworthy of the undertakini^, tfaey are
sadly in arrear. This is a pity, as a good exhibitiao ef
B>ench and Spanish art and industry might have be«i oi
essential service to the two countries, and would eertsiniy
have been interesting to the whole of Europe.
RouRN Exhibition. — ^By an error the opeamg of this
fine art exliibition has been spoken of as to take place ia
1865 ; it really opens on the 1st of October next, aed
from the applications for space there is every Teiwn to
believe that the old capital of Normandy will haves
large and brilliant collection of paintings and oiber worio
of art.
FcMiLB Art in Franos. — ^It is well known that i
very large number of females find occupation in oonsec-
tion with the fine and industrial arts in France, and maey
have attained to high if not to the very first rank. Madaro<^
Lebrun is an instance in the last generation, and Boss
Booheur a very notable one at the present moment. The
prize lists of the Paris exhibitions always contain nme
names of lady artists, and the last exhibition afforded
more than the average number of instances. Laatlj, than
who have visited the Louvre on a student's day oannot
i^il to have noticed the presence of veiy many femak
artists and students copying or studying from the works
of the great masters. Lady artists in France, as elie-
where, naturally give the greater part of then aUeniion
to those branches of the art which require delicacy of touch
rather than deep study aud hard labour, so/ch aa miniature
and fan painting, porcelain decoration, water colour and
pastel drawings, but there are many remarkable exoeptions,
and more than one lady could be mentioned who ho&da in
France at the present moment a high poeitioo, if not in
historical, at least in pem-et animal, flower, and portiail
painting, and also in sculpture. But the employment o(
a female artist in the decoration of a church is an ua-
common, if not a unique occurrence, and the emfdoymeat
by the Prefect of the Seine of Mademoiaelle N^y
Jaoquemart on a work in the Church of Suresne, near Ptsii^
has caused a slight sensation in Parisian art circlea. Tht
young lady belongs to a family which has more than
artist besides herself amongst its members.
€titnMxct
Cotton in China. — The accounts of the psospe eU of
the cotton crops in the Celestial Empire are eooooraging.
The exports from the 2nd to the 27th of May aie u
follows: — From Shanghai for Liverpool, the Umim^Utd
with 6,960 bales, the Helvdlyan with 8.680 bales, the
Elitabeth Nicholson with 7,090 bales, tlie AuUr^Ua wiUi
4.990 bales, the Famty with 8.750 bales, the C^clom» with
5,160 bales, the />. ffx with 1,870 bales ; and for Loodoa
the Neville with 5,950 bales. From Hongkoog ihtm
sailed for Liverpool, tlie Olmleg with 7,162 bales, and for
London, the Chandemagore with 44 bales. The Dutch
ship Ttpee OouneilUteor is r^orted to have sailed fran
Tokidiama for London with 2,449 bales, making the ex-
port for the month 51,819 bales, and for the seascw (Iraa
June 1, 1863) 608.6^ baltf.
JOUBNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Septwcber 2, 1864.
673
iMFOVTi OF Wool. — The importo of flheep'i wool into
BUiglADd in April was on a Boale of great magnitode,
haviBg amounted to over 17 million ponndi against
14,285^000 Iba. in the corresponding month last year. The
doUyeries from Anstralia in April were enormoos, having
reached a total of 13,168,000 lbs. against 7,206,000 lbs.
in April 1863. The total imports, which in the first three
months this year exhibited a decrease as compared with
1868, now present some indications of progress. The
qnsuQtity of alpaca and llama wool received in the first
four months of 1864 shows a slight decrease as compansd
with 1863, bnt there is a decided advance in the imports
of woollen rags torn up to be nsed as wool. On the oUier
hand the great progress in the exports of woollen goods,
and the ffeneral activity in the liome demand for this
branch of manofactore are very strilting; and there seems
little probability at present of iocresMd imports of raw
materials having any inflnenoe on prevailing prices.
Gas Enoink.— In the Exhibition of 1862, io the French
department, was shown at work a small engine of this
oharaoter, made by Lenoir, of Paris. Ordinary gas from
the street mains is admitted, mixed with a certain amount
of oommon air, into a cylinder with a piston working in it
like a steam engine, and then exploded at eadi end by
means of a spark from a voltaic battery, thus giving a
backward and forward motion to the piston. The arrange-
ment is said to be specially adapted for engines not
exceeding 3-horse power. The amount of gas consumed
p^ horse power per hour is 60 cubic feet, aud this is
mixed with common air in the proportion of one part gas
to nine of air. The engine, when once set in motion,
reqaires no ihrther attendance, and no boiler or furnace is
needed. Mr. Wiley, pen and pencil case maker, of
Frederick-street, Birmingham, has just purchased one of
these engines in Paris, where tliey are getting into exten-
dve use, and it is the first brought into wis country.
Any person interested in the engine, it is understood may
see it in operation by applying at the works of Mr.
Wiley.
tf0l0ntt8«
The SvTTLniBiiT iir Noith Austbalia. — Three
vevels have been dispatched, the Mmry EUii and the
Taiala by the South Australian CK>vemment, and the
snrveyiog ship Beatrice^ under the command of Captain
Hutchinson, K.N., which is to co-operate especially in
the matter of coast survey. The vessels are to rendezvous
at Adam Bay, which is near the western entrance of Van
Diemen's Gulf, the idea being that the most suitable site
for a settlement will be found somewhere near or within
the mouth of the Adelaide Uiver. This locality is to be
expbred in the first instance, and if no suitable site can
be found the coast is then to be examined to the south-
ward. If this be determined on, the stock and stores are
to be landed, and a depdt to be established pending the
progress of further examination, so that at any rate there
will be a temporary settlement in this locality, and those
who are left io charge of it will have some experience of
the climate. The coast line to the southward is known to
be indented, but beyond that fact our knowledge is limited.
There may be some fine bays, but if, after examining as
far south as Victoria River, the right place cannot be dis-
covered, the expedition is to return northward and examine
the coast of Van Diemen's Gulf, and, failing any success
there, is to prospect the coa«t as far as the Gulf of Car-
pentaria, avoiding Port Eseington and Raffles Bay, but
looking closely at the west coast of the gulf as far as the
river Roper in Limmen's Bight.
Salmon. — The LauneetUm Examintr of the 23rd of
J one says: " A communication received a few days ago
from Melbourne states that there were at least S,000'youBg
swimming io the hatehing pond, and it is satis-
factory to know that every precaution has been taken to
ensure the safety of the fry. But, though highly satisfac-
tory so far, the enterprise cannot be said to have com^etely
succeeded until we have our own breeding salmon, which
will be from two to three years hence. To suspend
operations for that time would be folly. Now that the
packing of ova is ascertained, and the exact cost of its
transport can now be calculated, it is very desirable that
further shipments should be obtained for the next two
years. By this means there would be a succession of
fry coming on each year, until those first hatched are
spawners. The ponds are already prepared, and the
services of a skilled saperintendent must be retained for
a long time to come, so that the only expense will be that
actually attending transportation, and probably it would
not exceed £400. It is to l>e hoped that the young fish
now in our ponds will arrive at maturity, but an unforseen
casualty may carry them all off, and compel us to begin
the enterprise afresh, with all the delay and disappoint-
ment that would follow. If the plan now suggested it
will be a safe precaution, and will very materially hasten
the stocking our rivers with salmon. We trust such a
proposal wiU be submitted to Parliament, so that there
will be ample time for obtaining a supply of ova at the
approaching season.
Tblbgbaph. — The telegraphic extension from Deniliquin
to Hay (New South Wales), a length of eighty miles, was
opened for messages on the 9th of June, having previously
been inspected by the superintendent of telegraphs.
I^rogress is being made with the extension from Wellmg-
ton to Dubbo, and also with that from Braidwood to
Queenbeyan ; the latter line will soon be finished. The
tender of Mr. D. Macquarie has been accepted for the ex-
tensions from Mudgee to Murrurundi, at a cost of £37
per mile.
RAn.WATs.~The Sydney Herald^ 21st June, says : « The
veiy severe and disastrous floods with which the colony
has been visited during the past month have seriously
interrupted the carrying out of the railway contracts ; and
we have consequently little to report respecting the pro-
gress that has been made with Uie new extensions. The
continued rains not only put a stop to the worics, bnt their
effect on the roads must be for a time to render almost
impossible the carting of materials to the lines. The
contractors for the bridges at Penrith and at Singleton
have suffered losses from injury to thefar plant ; but other-
wise, upon the lines in course of formaUon very little
damage has been done to the works. The embankments
have, of course, sunk considerably, but this had been pro-
vided for by their being kept above the required level.
Considerable damage has, however, been done to each of
Uie existing lines."
British Amkrican TESBrroBY. — The Tofonio Leader
says: — In point of territory British America under one
Government would make one of the most extensive
countries in the world. It is impossible to state the area
with absolute accuracy, because many parts have been
only imperfectly surveyed or explored ; but it may, at all
events, be taken that Newfoundland comprises 40,200
square miles (many persons believe the number to be much
greater) ; Prince Edward Island is 2,178 square miles ;
New Brunswick, 27,105; Nova Scotia, 18.600 ; Canada
(according to Sir W. Logan). 330,000; Hudson's Bay
territory, 2,300,000, BriUsh Columbia, 200,000. Van-
couver Island, 15,000, making together 2.933,078 square
miles— a larger area than that of the United States (if
there be such a country now), and approaching the size of
Europe. The boundaries of British North America may
be taken to exceed 11.500 miles. But if for the present
the proposed confederacy stop short at the Red River, it
would embrace a territory more extensive than those of
France. Italy. Portagal, and Greece added together, and
equal to Germany and Spain united.
674
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Skptbmbmr 2, 1864.
Inbltcatiaiis |8snel>.
Ck qu£ pkut Ra€x>nteb une Gbiixb de Fbr oe
l'Influknoe des Femmes sub l'Arohiteotube, etc. —
(What an Iron Gate can tell of the Influence of Woman
on the Architecture of the C^ighteenih Ceutuiy.) By
C^sar Daly. Paris. — This is a brochure by one of M.
Vitet*s slighted esthetics ; in fact it purports to be a first
instalment of Conversations on Uistory and Esthetics.
The title is quaint, but apt, although it may require a
little ezplanatiou. M. Daly takes one of the beautiful gates
of the railinffs that enclose the choir of Saint-Germain-
TAuxeiTois, me church which faces the eastern facade of
the Louvre, and analyses it, as it were, in order to show
what a strange influence the efleminate manners and co-
quetery of the time of the later Louis liad upon art, even
religious art — how fashion norvaded the very sanctuary
itself, and how such an able artist and workman as
Dumiez, who designed and execnted tlie whole of the
beautiful work in question, in 1767, could so far depart
from the rules of art, and so utterly disregard the fitness
of things, as to ornament a screen in a Gothic edifice
with all kinds of flowing scrowls, rosettes, bows, and true*
lovers-knots, and, amongst other enormities of the same
kind, to curve the tall and spear-like stalks of the lily
with pretty flowing forms in accordance with the fancies
and habits of an age which had no more regard for nature
and true art than for anything else that did not belong
to the realm of courtly taste. Upon this text M. Daly
has written a very ingenious and esthetical discourse in a
small compass.
TBArriti DE LA FoNTE ET Du Feb.— (Treatise on Cast
and Wrought Iron.) By M. Landnn. Paris. — The author
of this work is a mining engineer, and lie details the
varions processes employed in the manufacture of iron
with considerable minuteness, the text being assisted by
cuts interepersed in the letter-press and steel-plates.
The volume is prefaced by a long and remarkable intro-
duction, entitled the history of iron, and which is not un-
worthy of the subject.
Souvenirs de Voyage et Causebies d*cn Collbo-
TioNMEuu. — (Notes of Travels and Conversations of a
Collector.) By M. Demmin. Paris. — This is a curious
little book, and will be acceptable to connoitseura visiting
Germany. M. Demmin is an enthusiastic admirer of
German Art, which he does not hesitate to place higher
than that of Italy, especially as regards the earlier periods
of the schools ; ho is also an industrious collector, and well
acquainted with the bye-roads and labyrinths of the
kingdom of Virtu. His book introduces the traveller to
collections but little known to the public at large, and
supplies curious information respecting dealers in works of
Art and curiosities.
|(0ttS.
College of Pbeoeftora. — At the last half-yearly
meeting of this corporation, the dean stated that the recent
examinations had been conducted with the utmost pos-
sible regularity and impartiality. The numbers who came
up for the pupils' examination, both in London and in
country schools, had greatly increased. Besides the
regular examinations by written papers, the college had
been called upon to test a larger number of schools by
oral examination. At the examinations for diplomas,
seven ladies and nine gentlemen presented themselves for
examination in various subjects. The report of the Council
remarked upon the steady pi-ogress which the college had
made during the last six months in all departments. The
number of candidates at the recent examination had been
larger by upwards of 100 than at any previons examina-
tion, and 220 more presented themselves than at the
corresponding examination last year. The Coondl sug-
gested that private schools should not iiiaiii(sitaiifill%
ness to submit to inquiry, should a Boyal CommiBBJB
middle- class schools be appointed. The Council npni
that progress had been niade since the Isst gsMDlBBS-
ingin the formation of the generdoommittee,vhidki
intended to represent the various assodttiooiof tkoeia
are more immediately interested in the RholutiR^
tration question, as well as to comprise iadhidDik^
known for their enlightened interest in edQeitioo.iMir
their influence with the public on all qoestioos vomi
with it. Enough has been done to aneitiD tkB s
eflfective opposition need be apprehended from tbe^
sion to such a measure as that sketched intbecraia
issued by the Council. W hat is now required ii tk Ktm
support of those who are favourable to thit plifi,itf^
to overcome the via inertim of goverameot so^ff^
ment. During the last six months the diploiBaofliitt'
tiate has been granted to four persons, and thU of Ams
to the same number.
Prbsebvation of Meat. — Monsieur Pagliiii ^
process for preserving meat by means of a otatafoe-
posed of a liquid formed of alum-water lod Un^
described in Dr. Calvert's last lecture,* hu jntpnieni
to the Academy of Sciences at Paris a aiodifaAa^
the process, which is stated to be very flii«»e«fQl Heix-
pregnates paper with this liqukl, and mikei xij^H
in which he places the meat. The Abb6 MoigwOB*
that he has had fresh-caught fish, thus padud, Kit im
the coast to Paris, which, notwithstandiiv ^ ^
heat, has airived in excellent conditioo. TImAIiUi^
enclosed some fresh meat in one of these bigii«fai<^^
hung up in his study for eight days daring ^F"|f
hot weather, and this, when op^ied, wis }'^'^^
and fresh. The liquid communici^ no oiplM*^
taste to the meat.
Monsieur Runge gives the following proce* fefwjw-
servation of meat : — He takes an earUwoww '•"'j^
convenient size, with a well-fitting cotTi •i ** "*
bottom he pours 20 to SO grammes of ^^^ ^'"''^
trated acetic acid, and places over it, at a is^j^ ^
about five centimetres, a small ^^^^fi^^^^J^^l^
which the meat is laid, and the lid '•p*** ^vvjS
of this arrangement is that the meat is Bu rroopow '?^
atmosphere of acetic acid vapour, and ii pwicnw iw
putrefaction for 12 or 14 days. |. •
Aniline Coloubs.— The Industrial 8ocirfy««.*^^
house have determined to award the '^^'^PJjjl
gold medal and six thousand francs) to Mtfsi- '^''^
Qofmano, Verguin, and B^champ. k^rM"
Destruotion of Tumouks by Galvaito ^j*^
M. K^laton, whose repuUtion as a wiigeooiiw^T^
has recently made a discovery, or itthcr i#J»
natural force, to the cure of one of the nwatpaiaWi^
of disease that afflict human nature, and he ^^^^
municated the fact to the Academy of Sc***** .^^
The object is the destruction of *amoaii by bb^» ^
electric current. Polypi and other tumoon fcnw* ^
natural cavities of the head and of other ptfti « ^J^i
are not only most painful, but their «3ttiriitioft« «»^
with the greatest danger, eqjedally when *^v^
head. M. N^laton has given a large «n«"^*f?Z
to this subject, and having arrived at the «nj^
all the means in general use were ezosedu^y
factory, resolved to tiy the effect of «^«^^*"*^\ii
been long known that when two needles <'*?*^^
the poles of a battery are pUoed in c<»*^*!'fj%i
of the human body a slight destniction ^^rjri
occurs, but little importance was attiched ^J^^^
N^laton, however, conceived the *^** ?[ju?^iS
to destroy tumours by inserting the "JJJr^^i
parasitic mass, and placing them in ooinmanMatwD^
powerful volUio pUe. In the firrt pUoe ** ^^Jpjifc
on a dog, and he found that when two rf^^^
connecteid with a Bunsen battery of nine eleow^
* See JomrmUf pi|t ^«
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, SBPTaitBBa 2, 1864.
675
trte^ in the flesh there aroee, after the current had
2 In mctioo for eight or ten minutes, an indnration of
oxteot around the positive needle and a corresponding
onljiff of the parts round the other, witli the formation
k iTrlute froth, composed of extremely minute bubbles
l^&B. After some other preliminary experiments, Dr.
Atoo had an opportunity of testing his new mode of
rft^OD, to whicn he gives the name of SUetro-puneture,
ho oase of polypus In the human subject. A young
[i» A tutor, nineteen years of age, entered into the
illjr of M. NAaton ; he was sunering from a large
oixlar tumour in the roof of the mouth, which caused
1 ^teMi pain and inconvenience. All the ordinary
des of treatment had been tried without success, when
JN'^laton decided on making an experiment with the
ctric current. Two needles were introduced into the
aocur, the pain was slight, and the white frothiness soon
<ie its appearance. The action was continued for ten
antes. The treatment was repeated at intervals of
Ht and ten dajrs, and maintained, after the first
■asion, for only three to five minutes ; the polypus began
diminish from the first application, and the patient was
*ed. in four months, without loss of blood, and having
Tered little pain. Dr. N^latoti has achieved few more
prtaont successes.
Cl.cb House FOB AnnsAifS. — At Birmingham, on the
th instant, an artisans' club house, which has been built
on the co-operative principle, chiefly by the men em-
>yed at the foundries and engine shops about Birming-
m Heath and Smethwick, was opened in that locality.
ie olnb begins with a weekly subscription of 3d., and a
ATftarly one of 2s. 6d. 'Quarterly members alone will
ve the right of voting, and one bagetelle table will be
s«nred exclusively for their use. The club will be open,
members only, every d^y (Sundays excepted) from
g;ht o'clock in the morning until ten o'clock in the
ening ; and to its members the following advantages are
fered : — Spacious, well- ventilated and lighted rooms, for
lokiog, reading, bagatelle, chess, draughts, dominoes,
c, Ac, refreshments, of the first quality, at very
aacmable prices; a reading-room, supplied with London
id local papers, magazines, &o, ; a bbrsiy of standard
)d interesting works of fiction, histoiy, biography, Ao, ;
lavmtory, fitted up with eveiy convenience ; free attend-
ooe «t lectures, reading, and classes, which will be
rganised at intervals during the year. There is also
ttached to the premises a gymnasium, with swings,
imping bar, climbing poles, Ac; an excellent quoit
roond and skittle alley, in connection with which it is
itended to establish dubs ; and a capital rifle galleiy.
?here will t>e classes for the study of advanced arithmetic,
•ractical mechanics, suod general and mechanical draw-
3g, with English literature and composition. The com-
aittee mre anxious to commence a glee and madrigal class.
Qramt's Pobtable Railway. — Mr. Hubble, steward
o Mr. liannerman, of Bam Hill, Hunton, Kent, writes as
oUows : — ** It may interest many of your readers to know
hat this railway was yesterday employed on the estate of
3. Bannerman, Esq., in this parish, in carrying wheat to
he stack, being, it is believed, the first work of the kind
^er attempted by rail. A good crop was cleared off a six-
lore field in the course of the day, and stacked in the
Seld in a decidedly expeditious and creditable manner ;
Lhe frequent shifting of the branch line and turntable
being eflected with remarkable ease and dispatch by one
man. The tackle employed consisted of 60 rods of rails,
two tmcks with ladders, and two turn-tables. Although
ooro-csrrying is not the kind o( work for which the rail-
way would be most useful in this district, where so little
is grown, yet 1 feel it to be due to Mr. Grant, who has
bestowed a very great amount of thought upon the sub-
ject, to state my conviction that the adaptability of the
railway for carrying com, as well as roots and manure,
most be a most important consideration in the great com
and root-growing districts of the kingdom, especially on
large holdinga, where steam is used in the cultivation of
the soil, and the horse-power of the farm is reduced to a
minimum. Although the field in question inclined up-
wards to the stack, one horse only was employed to draw
the two tracks coupled together. But it wot^d very fre-
quently happen in level districts that horses might be
entirely dispensed with. As I have said, however, theso
considerations rather concem our com-growing readers
than the hop-growers of this neighbourhood, who are
chiefly attract^ to the rails by the power which their
great bousing surface affords, of getting out manure, hop-
poles, &0., at any season, without having to wait for a frost
and of avoiding that injurious kneading of the soil which
carting off the root crops so often inflicts."
NOBTR LONDOK WOBIUNO Mbn's InBUITBIAL ExH1«
BrriON. — Sib, — The promotion of Exhibitions of Art,
Science, and Manufkctures is emphatically our province,
for to the Society of Arts the civilised world is mdebted
for the establishment on a gigantie scale of the only series
worthy of the name. To the example afforded by, and
the experience gathered at, the Great International Exhi-
bition of 1851, we are indebted for those of Paris in 1855
and at South Kensington in 1862, and of minor ones at
New York, Dublin, Cork, and elsewhere. At none, how-
ever, of these, were drilled workmen specially invited to
contribute the results of their talent and labour, for reasons
sufficiently obvious, and prominently because they could
not afford to expend the time and money such efforts
would necessarily involve. But the time would now seem
to have arrived when efforts in that direction exclusively
are called for, and at all events exhibitions of native in-
dustry are beins inaugurated by workmen themselves.
Already one such exhibition has been successfully held
at Lambeth, and another on a still more extensive scale
is in process of establishment for the larger district com-
prised in the term ** North London," and which it is
mtended to open on the 17th of October next, at the
Agricultural Hall, Islington. For the promotion of this
object laige meetings of the producers and their friends
have been held in suitable localities, the proceedings at
one of which, in Amwell-street, Pentonville, where I had
the pleasure of presiding, was reported in the last number
of our Journal, I must candidly confess that until then
(for I was unable to see for myself the contents of the
LAmbeth exhibition), the possibility of exhibitions limited
to national and even local skilled workmanship was rath^
no than yes with me. What I heard and saw on that
occasion ; the intercourse I have since had with persons
directly interested in the movement ; and what I hav
read on the subject, have removed any doubts I may have
previously entertamed. Tou will see by the enclosed
programme that these workmen have gone about their
great project in a workmanlike way.* They have sought
aod obtamed the patronage of well-known influential
gentlemen, principally residents in the North London
district, and have established a central committee of
persons well known in most of the departments of
sdentifio and art workmanship. The precise objects
of the proposed exhibition are succinctly set forth,
and rules and regulations for the guidance of intend-
ing exhibitors are drawn up with a true mixture
of care and common sense, which cannot be misun-
derstood or fail to ensure'sucoess if rigidly enforced. The
response has been most gratifying. One of the hon. secre-
taries, Mr. Batley, informs me by letter, that " this expe-
riment, for it is nothing more, is attracting public notice
in a very extraordinary way ;" and then proceeds to fumish
some illustrative instances, unnecessaiy to quote, but fully
bearing out the statement. The principal diflSculty is how
* Aa abstract of this programme appeared in the Society's
Journal a few weeks since, p. 603.
C7C JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, September 2, 1864.
to meet the applications for informiition and space In the
short time l>efore the exhibition opens, especially con-
(ddering that both the central and local committeea are
mostly composed of persona whose tinte is money and food
to themselves and ihcir families. *• Every day," says
Mr. lUllcy, •« bt inps us claimants for space of something
curious or artistic." iJul bcj'ilicg tin's difliculty there is
that preliminary one of the \va}R and means. Towards
the solution of this, the piwnoters have wisely adopted
the ocampleof the Council of our Society in 1862, and
invited guarantees principally amongst themselvei for
small sums, but not ol^jecUno^ to external help in the same
way. The probability of such guarantors being ultimately
called upon is veiy remote; nevertheleff, it is a precau-
tion which as men of business it was their duty to take.
There is also another mode In which the friends of skilled
workmen may more directly assist, but which I have
some hesitatfon in suggesting. A letter was sent to me
yesterday, from ^ a not very well-to-do working man,
anxious to exhibit what he describei aa *' a very osefal
article for poor people, viz., a portable oven, which could
be sold very cheap ; it Is to bake on the top of a stove
over a common fire." He is however unable himself to
get U cast, as he has »• but little employment, and it
woald coat about 30s.** This case explains what I mean,
and serves to show that if a Amd were raised for the pur-
pose of assisting in this and similar oases, the proper ap-
plication wouldreqnire great care and discrimination. In
most cases of real industrious talent, the employers of
labour are ready to assist, but there is tlie danger of
weakening that sense of self-dependence which is so
essential to self respect. It cannot be doubted, however,
that oaaea do exist in which no such danger need be
apprehended : whether my correspoodent, the inventor
of an economic oven, is one of them, or whether there are
other Ingenious and honest men aimiliarly situated, I am
not in a condition to affirm— I merely throw out the hint.
1 have only further to say at present that thu experiment
w, aa Mr. Itatley says, exciting great interest, not only In
the district of North London, but in other industrial
metropolitan localities, and even in large manufacturing
towns, such as Birmingham, and others of corresponding
imnortance. If it is as successful as wo must all wish It
to be, there cannot be a doubt that it will be largely
Imitated, and probably lead, at no disUnt period, to a
National Industrial Exhibition, which will supplement
and be aoai-celv less attractive than those great Inter-
national Exhibitions, to the eminent success of the first of
which— that of 1851— our late lamented Prince Consort
80 inllucntially contributed.— I am, &c., Thomas Wikk-
wrnrn.
Canoobiiry, Aug. 31, 1864.
^nUntt,
GaAiTTs or PKOnsroNiL Protectiok.
Anckora, ccmitmcdon of--l946— O. F. Dracc.
ABhnaJ ■uUtaacM.prcfcrratlonor-lSTO— A. Hettand F.W.fiatseli.
^^inS^fo*;!!^?'."***"^' ^'»^«'^««» *«•. t./-lMl-0. B. nolmei.
Ball TalTM*l9T2— J. Lewwaro.
Draeelata, chalna, *c., manofaetaro of— 2021— J. B. Bnflbat.
Cartridges, holder for-20U— A. H. WUUans. ^^
Coattog rarfhcsa, oompodttoa for -1496— T. J. Btighei sad W. H.
Uottaa.
Cokmring mattan, manoflictaro of— 1994— C Lowt.
Cotton nbrica, making non-inflammable— 1U37—B. O'Connor
Cotton, dtk. ac, rendering nnlnflammable— 1967— E. Hottln.
Curtain hooka, fto., manueicture of— 1889— .1. Mlcklln.
C/linders, pipea, &o., manuAicture of— 1964— M. Hanrr.
Joora and gatea, aelf-dotlng-1916— T. Nowby and 0. Smith.
hm apparattia fbr cookinit-l970-J. H. Jchnaon.
ElaaUcreolplenta— I9st— W. Clark.
El(ictro-gildlag-20a9— 8. Hooro.
. • S?^*' ^>«nn«*»» 4c.— 1886— H. Frejitadt.
ita, fltUngs for anapending-igoo-w/pnytoii and J. Stanley
Hats, itiftnlni or proofing— 1929— W. Bariwr.
tnaammaMe ab, apparatsa for g m w at lng— ifiO-tt. r.KtfcUii
Iron ahlpa, pravvoting the boUoma tnn flnliaf— IM^C. %a&^
Lk^uida, meaaoring the paaaage of— 19T7— W. Eiduidi.
Lo:>ma— 19te— D. Spein, A. Bord, J. Altken, aod M.QilMr.
LoQMia— 1980— J. L. Norton aad W. Aiaiwwlk.
Maata and apara, tabular— 1884— T. Moore.
Mill atrapa, &c., preparation of leather for— 19S2-J. Lfi«.
MoUvc power— 20M— A, C. PlUiner and J. C. HtU.
MotlTo pDWttr, lever machinea for obtatntng— 19n-lt.A.lraa
Moaieal box and albnma, ae., oomUaed— 1919-F. W.Bdam.
Pa^tr, «o^ preparatioa of tbraa for the prodietkaof-aN^.iiB.
J. Webb, and J. J. Honteiro.
PrQifMtlloa^lfeO— C. W. Laacaatar.
Baliwaj eatriagw aad breaks— 1 9M—L FkntQ.
lailwaj oarriagea, pasaenger safo^algBal tor l iftt I .ftyai
A. Barr.
Railway ralla, foitenhigs Ibr-lddd-M. A. 8mL
Rallwv aleeper— 2027-11. Oordiier.
RaUwva* pn imaa M t war of^lisa-J* Uveaaj fcad J. mtuk
Kallwv traiaa, oommoBioatioii batwean oaa part uA mtte-K
— T. Tomer.
Hallway traiai^oommimicaUoa betwesa paamtett iii |vMi
— M. Woodifiald.
lUUwv ttaina, oaumanioatloA batweea psMBiitiail fmihV*
— T. P. Caahin.
Rallwajr trains, oommontcatioa betweea tuntagm lad forM?
•^A. Tamer.
Bailwv tralna, oommnaicatioB betwaaa jiwii^iii lad !■»•*
—J. DUkea and E. Tomer. ^
Railway tralna, commanicattoo t>6tweea paanagen nd pdHB
— T. Morgan.
Screw bolta, maaofkctore of aota for^l94S->P. J. BnBfiO.
Seeda, apperatoa for cleaning— 1984— W. Maaoi.
Smoke, consomption of— 1964— W. Brookea.
Steam boilera or generaton ^I98a— O. DaTles.
Steam engines, automatioal regolator for— 199S-M. taibl
Stick lao, treatment of, for the maaofoctare ef iMl tea If*^
E. A. Pontifez.
Stores, gaa heaUng or oookl&p— ie02— C. Dank
Telegraphic apparatus (domMtlc)— 1405— W. H. ri«Na
Tin and terae pUtoa* manofkctare of— 196S>0. Liijikia.
Traction engicc, constructioo of-1978— M. PsTae.
Weaving, preparation of warps for^l988— R. hmMiaL
Weaving, rooda and boalda used In— 1848-J. C. Basialtf.
Woollen fobrioa (aragr olothB]h-19Ba— W. Stolt
iMVEimOVS WITH COMPLBTK SPSOCIICITKW f^^'
Plre-anaa, kc, breeoh-loadlng— 2059^B. Bvtoa.
Military oolllt. protection of— 2051 -L. Ywie-U"""; -^
Oleaglnooa aeeda, extracting oU, Ac, fh«i-«W-0.a*»^
PATBXt SaALID.
861. J. WhltworUi.
/V^orn (^MmiaffMifrt ^i^siMi/sviMt, i^^
PATurrs
6M« C. O. HUL
607. W. H. MeUor.
614. E. HomphiTa.
616. B. T. Hoghea.
616. J. Wild.
622. O. Davies.
628. F. P. Langenard.
632. J. Wright.
63T. B. P. Stookmaa and J. &
Scott.
639. 8. Pritchett.
640. O. T. Booifield.
641. O. P. Hatting.
642. W. Ibotaon.
644. D. Slator.
661. S. Boorae.
663. F. Smith*
667. L. HiU.
669. W. O. Beattle.
662. C. HomArey.
663. T. Oraj.
666. 0. Jordan.
666. J. RertU.
SlALtO.
669. J.PrtaaMi».8.D«^
676. C.E.Larf«kk.
672. W.MoIfaaaCRy^
614. r.WB Wart**"''
622. J.TajJjav
627. ».H.Co«;»'
641. J. Haway.
we. W. Clark.
687. W. Clark. - i^
796. B. ftrp-oa**!^'*^
tunsr.
601. J.O.BacW*
1128. J. Th«B|*^
1178. A.V.^^
1219. R.H.Hafb*
1232. J. W«w««g;
1376. W. B. J2«.
1486. B. WdttH^
1S34. J. Hotawa
1664. 0. Haiaill**'
1623. B. A. Boaj^
1676. W.E. <W|«.
Piftim OH tratdt wi Stimp tymt of H* ■** •**
2108. B. Elaon.
2281. J. B. Howell.
2116. W. CUaaold.
2179. J. M. Doaloy.
2123. a. Njre.
2900. O. Parry.
2186. W.CIari/^
2133.L.II.I'.P«*«^
2141. J. B«*Ji.^
2143. W. 8. Oaiaas»
2171. P. TayUr.
Patwits oir wmtm wi Staff Dbtt 0» «••«*• "^ '**
2260. J. Ponn. I 2166k H. BHi««'-
2261. J. J. Tooker A Q. Blaxland.
0Enia;l uf %
THE
mil ^ ^^^^
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Sbsbion.]
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 1864.
[No. 616. Vol. XIT.
Anmmnoemeiita bj the Council :—EumiiiAiioiM, 1866 ... Pag« 677
Prooeedliifi of the Sodetj :— Ezamimitlon Pap«rf, 1864 677
Proeeedinff of lutltatloat 678
QuA Dietary— The Op«ntloiu of the Recent Commltteet ... 679
KzhlMtioa of Jet Onumeoti 684
f1S9 tfLT U ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ■•• ••• ••• woO
COT^TBNTS.
MumflMtoret
Gdnmeroe... .••
Colonies
Pnblicttions Inoed
ItoCes ••• •••
Pnteata
•••
• ••
•••
• ••
•••
- ••
• ••
•••
•■•
• ••
• ••
••«
•••
•••
• ••
«••
• ••
Pac« 086
••• vWp
••• vBV
... 687
... 687
•.. ooll
Examinations, 1865.
Tlie Programme of Examinations for 1865 is
now ready, and may be had gratis on applica-
tion to the Secretary. A copy has been sent to
each Institution and Local Board.
EXAMINATION PAPERS. 1864.
The following are the ExamiDatlon Papers set in the
various sobjeota at the Society's Final Examinations, held
in April last : —
{Continued from page 664.)
ENGLISH HISTORY.
TBBBB H0UB8 ALLOWKD.
1. What were the prindpal divisiona of Britain in the
nin^centmy?
2. Explain fhmk-pledge, folc-land, socage, alod,
O0ciiage, tallai^, sabsidy.
8. Oive, with dates, a short history of the rdgn of
Henry III.
4. Write a short life of Becket, or of Wolsey, or of
William III.
6. What were the chief articles of the Petition of
Right?
6. Compare the powers of the crown in the reigns of
Bdward III., Elizabeth, Charles U., and Anne.
7. What was meant by the ** dispensing power'* of the
Crown? Give instances of ita abuse, and state whether
it has been abolished.
8. Give a short histoiy of the Poritan party.
9. What were the chief Acta passed in the reign of
Charles U?
10. Describe the trial and execution of Lord Stafford.
11. Write a short life of Sir Robert Peel.
12. Describe minutely any one battle.
ENGLISH LITERATURE.
tbbxk houbs allowed fob tbi two authors selbotkd
bt the candidate.
Chauoeb.
(PbOLOOUE TO THE CaNTEBBURT TaLES.)
Skctiok I.
1. A good man was ther of religioun,
And was a pore penoon of a toun;
But riche he was of holy thought and werk.
He was also a lemed man, a clerk
That Christe's gospel gladly wolde preche ;
His parischens devoutly wolde he teche.
Benigne he was, and wonder diligent,
And in adversite ful pacient ;
And such he was i-proved ofte sithes.
Ful loth were he to curse for his tythes,
But rather wolde he geven out of dowte.
Unto his pore parlwchens aboute,
Of his offr^nge and eek of his substance.
He cowde m litel thing han suffisanoe,
Wyd was his parisch and houses fer asondur.
But he ne lafte not for reyne ne thondur.
In siknesse ne in meschief to visite
The ferrest in hia parissche, moche and lite,
Uppon his feet, and in his bond a staf.
Tnu noble ensample unto hia sheep he gaf,
That ferst he wroughte, and after that he taught.
Out of the gospel he the wordes caughte.
And this figure he addid yit therto,
That if gold ruste, what schulde yren doo ?
(a) Express the sense of this passage in proae, by
changing every o^olete expression for a modem one, and
putting the word#in each sentence into their simple order,
so as to add aa little as possible to the number of the
words.
(6) Select each word which requires to be pronounced
differently from modem usage to make out the verse, and
mark how it must be sounded.
(e) Explain each peculiar construction.
2. Give a short account either of the Nun, the Knight,
or the Pardoner, using any of Chaucer's own words which
you can recollect.
3. Explain these words — aehatourt eomdel, fori^, a^/ate,
acate, vemtele^ ydwe, aUherbest, everkhon,
4. In what respects does the grammar of Chancer
mainly differ f^m modem usage ?
Section II.
1 . Sketch the general plan of the Canterbury tales.
2. Name the other principal works of Chaucer.
3. What is known of Chaucer's early life ? ...
4. Who were the most famous writers in English who
lived in the same century as Chaucer, and which were
their chief works? . . , m.
5. Give some accoimt of the sources from which Chaucer
took many of his stories.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, Sbptbibib 9, 18G4.
SiUKflPBBE.
(Kuia IiBAB. — ^RiOHABO II. — Ths Msbohaht of Vshick.)
Seotion I.
(«)
My wind cooliDe my broth
Would blow me to an ague, when I thought
What harm a wind too great might do at sea.
1 should not see the sandy hour-glass ran
But I should think of shallows and of flats ;
And see my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand,
Vailing her high top lower than her ribs,
To kiss her buriaL
W
W
id)
•)
O reason not the deed : onr basest beggars
Are in the poorest things superfluous :
Allow not nature more than nature needs,
Bian's life is cheap as beast's.
O, who can hold a fire in his hand
By thinking on the frosty Caucasus ?
Or cloy the hungry edge of apjpetite
By bare imagination of a feast r
Or wallow naked in December snow
By thinking on fimtastlo summer's heat ?
Needs must I like it well ; I weep for joy,
To stand upon my kingdom once again.
Dear Earth, I do salute thee with my hand.
Though rebels wound thee with their horses' hoofs.
—This is some fellow.
Who, haying been ptaised for blaotness, doth affect
A saucy roughnev; and constrains the garb
Quite from his nature^-
(/) How far that little candle throws his beams !
So shines a good deed in a naughty world.
1. In what connexion does each of the above passages
occur?
2. Express the sense of a, 6, and e in simple prose as
briefly as you can.
3. Notice every old word, or word used in an obsolete
sense, and eveiy peculiar constraotioQ.
Seotiok II.
4. Compare the characters of Kent and Glo'ster ; or
those of Richard II. and Lear.
5. From what sources did Bbakspere take the slorkB of
King Lear and the Merchant of Yenke.
6. What deviatiOfM from historleal faot are there in
Richard II. ?
7. State what yon know of the history of the texta
of these three plays.
8. Give some account of Shakspere's life before he
went to London.
Baoon.
(Essays.)
BecrioM I.
1. Give the substance of the essay, •♦ Of Simulation and
DiBsioiulation." How far do you agree with the piin-
ciples expressed iu it?
2. Explain the following passages, and notice anything
which is peculiai' in the words or coostructions : —
" Iu place, there is license to do good and evil ;
whereof the latter is a curse ; for in evil, the first
condition is not to will ; the second not to care."
'* Princes are like to heavenly bodies, which
cause good or evil times, and wtiich have mucli
veneration but no rest."
" Glorious men are the scorn of wise men ; the
admiration of fools; the idols of parasites; and
slaves of their own vaunts."
3. How does Bacon distinguish between goodneti and
Boodnea of nature f
4. Give an outline of the ess^r^Of Eory/orthi
* Of Seeming Wise."
5. *' The Kingdom of Heav«i is compind, not to bt
great kernel or nut, but to a grain of mwtard wi
which is one of the least of gnins, Imt hath in ii i
property or spirit hastily to get up and spread." Whd
Qse does Bacon make of this illustration ?
6. *' To seek to extinguish anger utteiiy, a bat i
bravery of the Stoics." Explain these wonk Wk
cautions are ^ven in the essay in whidi thej oecor fa
the due restramt of anger ?
7. Explain Bacon's use of the folUmimf «ai#-i^
tracUt oeM, nyrMf, percat€, om, mdioritj/t kudaimihi^
imbam, coen^HoH, ch(wnuuu
8. Give some of the words of very oomnum wmm
which were used in a di^rent ssnse in Baooo^time faa
that in which we use them.
Seotiom U*
9. Name the principal works of Lord Bscod.
10. Give an account of the first pablicatioa of tb
Essays and of the moft important editiooi of ths vork.
Craul.
(OoTLuisa ov TBB HisTOBT or TU Emuu
Lanouaqk.)
1. **Most commonly the effael pntamA bf ok
language upon another is ooEd&ned to the Toeabaluj
It is very rarely that two distinct gruBinstical strajts^ta
become intermixed." Show the besriog of thk stik-
ment upon the history of the Engli^ liagiiagi.
2. Give some account of the two great directs of the
French hmguage at the time of the Kotdmi Cooqae^
In what way did each influence the fbnnatioo ci tbe
English language ?
S. State the historical doubts regardifljt As /otefc .
4. Illustrate, bv means of a table, the tdttioi lo
which the Gothic langiiagefl ttadd lo 6leh other.
5. To what claios do those words beloog winch ue
English language has taken directly ttm the IauQ'
CKve examples.
e. Explain the ftmn Semi-BmrnuA giro ia Jw«»
of Layamon's Brut.
7. InwhatrespeetadidtheeArlyBlidiihffiiii^^^
from the Semi-Saxon ? What is the Oniralwi i
8. In what way did the QM of Treaoh beeooe tf tiKt
inEn^and?
9. What partleulars eUefly disHDgaUwd the ^
of the middle English from that of modem B» |M"!_
10. Explain the termt-^ JMnd^t lAmm^
Lingua FrcmcOf Bomanee, Eomaiet Jieo-Latin,
llhleeonUmted,)
rsMBBOKK Dock MechaHicb^ ^^"^^'^"J^J^
teenth annual report, to July, 1864, gtatc e thit " ^
present
an increase of 18 during the last tw^e meothi W
wai-ds of 60 members have, since 1862, kindly volant
an annual subscription of two shiUings, in addilw» j-
their regular subscription, amounting to ^^^ 'f\^^
be devoted entirely to the building ftnid. In'^JJjTgf
the annual examination in connection with the S<W
Arts, the Committee state that the namhcrof canU'w
for this year, and aleo the number of <^^^^^f^zZ
by them, are in excess of fortncr years, tcstlW ™^
increasing interest taken by the members in tM«ej^
impartial educational tests; and,ifAnodiic8lIoWHw^
in connectipn ^ith th^ Institute, irere iw^wJy w»wr
JOURNAL OF THB 800IET7 OF ARTS, Siptubbb 9, 1864.
679
a itLll farther Inareate in the number of candidates would
eoBiie. Eighteen oertifioates were awarded to the ten
memben who oaaied the examination thii year, one of
whom meceedea in gaining the first prize in geography.
Intending candidates are informed that a selection of the
text books, recommended by the Society of Arts has been
added to the library, and their attention is specially called
to the Examiner's remarks in the Journal for the week
ending Jane 24th ; and farther information may be ob*
tained on application to any of the members composing
the local board.
GAOL DIETARY— THE OPERATIONS OF THE
RECENT COMMITTEES.
By Edward SMrrn, M.D., LL.B., F.R.S., AssittantPhy-
sician to the Hospital for Consomption, Bromptoo.
{Continued from jHipe 670.)
What tbs CoMMrmB have Dome.
So far I have regarded the operations of this Com-
mittee negatively, and have quoted their statements as to
the parts of the inquiry which they have left undone* I
now proceed to show what has been done.
The Committee sUte, on page 24, " that we do not
hope to obtain any information applicable to our pun)ose
firom direct expeiiment. But what we cannot get from
experiment we may hope to arrive at by experience."
This is the ground on which they have proceeds, placing
on tbe one hand tjperimentf or as they elsewhere state
theor^t and on the other e^qterienee ; on tbe one band
precise knowledge, if they had known how to obtain it,
and on the other common observation, with all its
gradations of trustworthiness, instead of using experiment
for tbe purpose of acquiring scientific information on sub-
jects with which science alone could deal — as the effect of
confinement and the necessity for certain ingredients in
the food, and the experience well selected as to the
general effect upon health and strength.
Tbe first step which they take is to (uium§ a basis for
the dietaries, viz., the fitness of the present scheme of
dietary. After commenting upon the dietaries of 1843,
and stating (p. 27} that it is quite impossible to study this
table without coming to the conclunon ** that Sir James
Graham did uncooscioualy introduce a strong penal
element into classes 1 and 2, and a slight element of
luxury into class 5" and after stating on page 28 '* they
are strangely anomalous and eminently unsatisiacto^'*
they add to the first sentence their conclusions — "We
shall to a certain extent take them as oar guide. We
shall assume that criminals sentenced for short periods of
imprisonment are not only to have less food tnan those
sentenced to longer periods, but that the food ought to
consist of few elements, and those not of the most
attractive character." The^ auum§ as their starting
point that there shall be different scales of dietary in
prisons, which must mean, if it have any scientific value,
that thev ost wim that there is an effect in confinement
which demands increase of food as the inprisonment
endures. But such a fact cannot be allowed to rest upon
an assumption ; it is the very fact which Sir Qeorge Qrey
informed them was to be proved by experiment. Having
then assumed that there should be different scales of food,
it was an easy matter to assume that the existing plan of
five classes was the right one, and they at once adopt it,
and thus plsce on ateumptiont the whole framework of the
echeoie of dietary.
The next step was to appeal to eaperuncet as they state,
aD«l A series of questions was drawn up Dr. Quy and for-
warded by the Home Office to the Visiting Justices of
I'riBons to ascertabi the dietary in use, and their views as
to its fitness, and he appends a list of diseases which he
statee are '< usually ascribed to insufficient diet."
The schedule which is annexed is bssed upon the
Oo vemment schvme with its five classes and defined
durations of improvement, and no provision was made for
returns noon any other scheme. This at once indicated
that the framers were quite unacquainted with the system
pursued in county and borough gaols, for in the return,
entitled "Dietaries for Convicts, &G.," issued by the
Government in 1867, out of eighty-six county gaols fort|r
did not conform to the Government scheme, either in
number of classes of dietaries, or in the different duratioiis
of imprisonment to which each class was appropriated*
How then could any return be made bv these non-con-
forming gaols in the schedule forwarded to them ? It is
also stated by the Committee, that of one hundred and
forty county and borough pnmmB sixty.>three still use, wHh
approval or disapproval, this scheme, but I believe this
number included some gaols which, having accepted the
scheme of diet, have varied the duration of imprisonment
attached to lheai» and so far are non-oonformiog. Hence
it follows that no accurate returns ooald have been made
upon the schedule from one-half of all the gaols in the
kmgdom, and if they had been made in any other mode,
they could not have been analysed with those ef tbe oon
forming gaols.
The statement as to the diseases whksh they say are
ascribed to insufficient diet is theoretical enough. Thus
diarrhcsa, which is a seascmal disease or due to improper
and excessive food ; dysentery, which is almost unknown
in this country ; scurvy, winch has almost universally
disappeared ; scrofulous enlai^gements, whkrh depend upon
constitutiooal taint; boik and carbuncles, which occur
among ri<^ and poor alike,— are dted as such d ise as e s,
and this in reference to dietaries whksh extend over so
abati a period as firom seven days to twenty* one days, for
in these alone can there be any grave suspicions of great
defect in food. Such questions could never have been
proposed by one familiar with the short sentences in
county gaols, however singularly they may have occurred
to one accustomed to the long imprisonments in convict
prisons, and unduly impressed with the historical fact of
an outbreak of scurvy which occurred at Milbank forty
vears ago. The only question whksh has any value in it
is that of general failure of health and strength ; but it
must occur to every mind, that so general a condition
must be one very difficult to define — impossible in the
short period to which the lowest class of dietaries refer,
and to Visiting Justices, who are required by law to see
the prisoners three times in a year, or to surgeons who do
not devote their whole time to the duties of the gaol, and
whose visits in the absence of evident disease would be
little more than formal. Such an inappropriate list of
questions could only be^ answered negatively* and no in«
formation showing the sufficiency or insufficiency of the
dietary could be derived from them.
The Committee were directed to frame dietaries
** which should be sufficient and not more than suflksient
for the maintenance of health," and instead of finding the
IHtwf which the conditions require, they hand on the exact
words to the Visiting Justices, and, after seeking their
opmion, ask if any of the dietaries in use in the particular
gaol are, in their opinion, more than sufficient or insuffi*
eient for that purpose ; and upon the replies to these
questions, the whole report and Uie whole procedure (after
the aeeutiwtion of a basis as above stated) of this Com-
mittee is based. Not one proof do they themselves work
out — ^not one subject do they explore — not one fact do
they of their own labour add to knowledge ; so that the
Visiting Justices of Prisons are accepted as the highest
authorities on the dietary questions in prisons, and on
their views alone is the existing scheme to be maintained
or a new one devised. If this had been the view held by the
Committee of the House of Lords, or by the Home Secre*
tary, it would not have been necessary to recommend the
appdntment of a Comminion, which was intended to
have included in it the best informed men of the day
upon an abstruse and eminently sdentiflc question ; neither
need Sir George Grey have selected medical men, whether
specially acquainted with the subject or not, for no talent
680
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptbmbbb 9, 1864.
was required to draw np a series of questions such as those
proposed to the Visiting Justices, and a clerk would have
been far more fitted to have analyzed the replies.
It would be idle to stay to show that the Visiting
Justices have no claim to, and would repudiate this
position, and would at once defer their views on the
scientific aspects of the question to those whose scientific
training and medical education alone fit them to under-
take such a work. But it may be added, that the opinion
of the medical oflScers of the different gaols was also
sought, and that they are competent to arlvi*!^. ^nd would
guide the Visiting Justices. The medical othcers are
referred to only incidentally, and considering that the
questions were framed by medical men, I may add very
sapercilionsly. No direct reference was made to them —
no questions were proposed to them, nor was any K<'V,o/^n|e
forwarded to them by the Committee, but the remark is
appended to the questions addressed to the Visiting
Justices : — ** You ara requested, before answering these
questions and filling up these forms, to consult with your
medical officer, who will state whether he concurs with
you in the answers given." Notice the secondary part
which the surgeon is asked to play — the opinion of the
Visiting Justices on dietary is of so much value that
questions are specially addressed to them ; but that of
the medical man whose education has liad reference to
this very subject, and to whom the Justice must look for
«dvic« on questions of health, is of so little moment,
that it is left to the Justices to ask for it or not at their
discretion. A medical man having a right view of his
own position would decline such a reference ; or, taking
lower ground, would hesitate to express an opinion
advene to that of the chairman of the Visiting Justices
who might choose to ask his concuiTence.
If, therefore, with the present defective arrangement
in gaols, by which a medical man in general practice is
appointed the medical oflicer of gaols, and can devote
only so much of his time and attention to the prisoners
as may be necessary to treat their diseases, the opinion of
such medical officer could not command implicit faith,
the mode in which this Committee have thought fit to
ask for it deprives it of any value apart from that of the
Visiting Justices. It would be interesting to learn in
what proportion the surgeons to the 140 gaols have
expressed an opinion adverse to that of the Visiting
Justices.
It is impossible to discuss with any satisfaction the
analysis of these returns, which constitute the body of
the report, without having the details upon which the
analysis is founded, for it follows from the large number
of non-conforming gaols, that the analysis must have
been made upon returns which could not be treated in
one analysis, and that the results are erroneous, or that
the analysis has been made upon the experience of only.
a part of the gaols. In the analysis of the separate
classes, which commences on page 35, only a minority of
the gaols is included, for in the first class only 24 prisons
are cited, whilst the non -conforming gaols amount to
from three to four times that number. Yet upon such an
analysis the results are founded, as in the very class in
question (class 1, bread and gruel dietary), in which the
Committee state that ** a glance at the table will show
that the diet in this class is more frequently deemed
defective than excessive, and that where additions are
made they are often on a very liberal scale.'*
The analysis of the returns as to the question of
diseases, which the Committee say are attributed to
defective diet, states, that the question as to general
failure of health and strength (the word ** general " being
there italicized by the Committee) was, *' by a majority,'*
** answered in the negative ;" that as to ix)ils and car-
buncles ** may be at once dismissed ;" scrofulous diseases
were also *• comparatively of rare occurrence ;" diarrhcBa
** furnishes no indication that the dietaries are deficient or
defective ;** scurvy (on which and its supposed preventive,
potato, the Committee is great) had "formerly" oc-
curred or ** seldom '* occurred in eight gaols ao long a^
as 1845 or 1847, or " formerly occurred," or ouuSi iei l
** some years rince,'* but, as must have been expected by
any one acquainted with our present public dietanes, <k}e»
not now occur ; yet the Committee take crodit for the
forethought which dictated the inquiry, for they itata,
*' Among the diseases which Iiave been aUribated to
deficient or defective food, teurvy holds the fiist plaee,
and we were, therefore, prepared to expect importam
information from the return under this head. We have
not been disappointed. The above is the " importKit
information" which they state they hare reoeiried; and
as the returns have shown that no fcurvy exists waA&
the present scheme, they recommend an additioD to the
" potato element " in their new scheme dietary !
The analysis of the returns on the question of heahk
and strength is extended, and yet out of 140 gaok t^
replies of only 19 gaols are cited, some affinning and ex-
plaining, others denying the occurrence, ^enoe the
i-esult of this series of queries b as unimportant as the
value of the queries would have led us to expect*
The subject of loss or gain of weight ia diacnned it
length, but with exceedingly few data, and the analvwB
made upon an erroneous assumption of the present
upon the value of weight, for it is clear thai Tana
weight under a given dietary will occar with age — ^tke
period of growth — weight on entering the pnaam — thd
labour exacted — ^the varying effect on the spirits and
health by imprisonment— the power of digestioci aai
assimilation of a given and probably anusnal di^ary — the
season of the year, as proved by Mr. Milner, at tveU at tbs
quantity of food which is supplied. Tet the Commitfet
begin their remarks by the statement : *' As the wei^t of
prisoners is believed to supply a very precise and definite
test of the sufficiency of our dietaries ;" and haviiw tins
set up a test which nobody allows to be without fidlacj,
they easily find returns which show its untmstworthuMss.
Yet even here a very small minority of the gaols-^onlr 6
out of 140 — are thought sufficient for the dtscosstoa, and
from these they show " that weight of body varies with
work performed, with the diet supplied, with the weight
of body on entering the prison, and with ^ort as ireU
as long periods of imprisonment." They also import into
the argument certain isolated and exc^jUooal reealts. as
that at Millbank (which is not a county gaoL aid ia
which the conditions are quite different firom thosa ef
county gaols) there was gain and loss alteraatelj. At
Pentonville (also not a county gaol) and Glaagow then
was no relation of weight of body to increase, decrease,
or change of diet. (We might ask if these nhMo^m
were without limit, and if there would have beoi any
decrease of weight if the prisoners had been kepi with-
out any food, or increase if fed at an aldermaok: feast?)
At Wakefield those lost most who had the h&eX diet (but
all lost). At Liverpool there was a gain during the first
month and a loss during the second month, and at Wake-
field there was a loss over the whole twcdve noonUis;.
Hence, omitting reference to the convict g^ols, they
quote certain returns fh>m five county and borongh praon,
viz.: Morpeth, Wakefield, Hereford, Manchester Cite-,
and Liverpool : Wakefield showing a loss in the whme
twelve months ; Hereford a loss in the majority on the lower
and gain on the iiigher claasea of dietaiy ; Man<diester ia
1864, with the distressed operatives aboondhig, showing
some anomalies such as stationary weight on the lowsst
diet — this is for persons condemned for the short tens o(
seven days, and decrease with the better dietaries, aiul
different class of offenders, in the second and third daasra,
and increase in dietaries four and five, and in a supple-
mental return an actual increase in dass two, hot deciease
in the higher class three ; Swansea with a general Iob is
the low dietaries, and Liverpool with a gain on the lowest
a loss on the second, again on the higher dietaries.
Hence in these returns there is a general agreemeBt io
loss of weight with the low and gain in we^ht whh tka
higher dietaries ; and when there is a general g^n of
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, September 9, 1864:.
681
weight with the loweat dietary, as occurred at Manchester
and Liverpool, it is maDifestly exceptional, and is found
in the two towns quoted with multitudes of ill-fed youths
committing small crimes and suffering a few days* im-
prisonment. The general result of the analysis is to
throw doubt upon tlie value of weight as a test of
sufficiency of food ; and whilst the Committee point out
that heavy or light weight on admission, ** correspond-
ing doubtless in fact to difference of age," seems to have
more influence in the gain or loss of weight than any
other cause/' and also show tliat " original equality of
weight, of age, of residence in prison, of employment,
and of discipline, are necessary conditions of any sden'
tifie oompanson of one diet with another," they do not
attempt to isolate these different classes of cases — ^have
not obtained any new returns or made new experi-
ments whereby they could have been separated, and
the real influence of food over weight of body properly
ascertained— have left the matter just as they found it,
bat do that which is almost eqmvalent to a deprecia-
tion of important evidence, for after giving great pro-
minence to the returns from Manchester and Liverpool,
with their anomalies, and after having included only
five gaols in the analysis, they add in a single sentence —
« though it does undoubtedly happen that some small
groups of weighings which have been forwarded to us
irom the prisons of Peterborough, Stafford, Swansea,
Winchester, Preston, Bury St. Edmonds, and Exeter, show
a loss of weight in almost all the prisoners placed on the
diets of the shorter sentences, with a marked gain of
weight as the rule of the longer terms of imprison-
ment.** Hence the anomalous results in two or three
gaols — the general results, however, conforming — have a
higher value than the returns from seven other gaols
quoted, for the latter only << undoubtedly happens."
Their final conclusions are, that ** seeing then that the
test of weight fails to a certain extent, it is obvious that
we must ooake use of it only as one among several indica-
tions of suflScient and insufficient diet ;" and again, " that
gain or loss of weight is not to be trusted to as a tost of
the sufficiency of the dietaries.** This may be true of indi-
vidual cases ; but on their own showing it is not correct
in the aggregate, even in the gross and unsatisfactory way
in whicA weight at different ages, Ac, is taken, and
certainly oould not be true if the cases were selected into
c lasses in the manner in which they have pointed out,
but not carried out.
In judging of the value of dietaries this Committee
have followed the precedent which its chairman adopted
when he gave evidence before the Royal Commission and
the Lords' Committee of last year, and which, enlarged
and varied, he read at the Statistical Society, and pub-
lished as a separate pamphlet for distribution — that of
the gross weights of solid and of liquid food — from
which it follows that as solid food is more uniform in its
character than liquid food, and the latter cannot in that
form be compared with the former, the real comparison
of diets is made on the solid food alone, and valuable
fluids as gruel, with oatmeal and treacle, milk and soup,
aie virtually left out of the calculation. A striking
example of this evil is furnished by the very dietaries
which this Committee have framed, as I shall presently
show.
It U evident in a moment that to class together
potatoes and meat, and bread and cheese, and estimate
their value by their weight, as if they were one kind of
food, is contrary to the sense of a child ; and to omit
reference to four ounces of oatmeal and throe- quarters of
on ounce of sugar or treacle in a day's supply of gruel is
yet more absurd. It is true, that the mass of non-
medical persons know of no other mode of computation,
and with such the plan may be in some measure excused ,*
but at this day for medical men, and much more for
sdentifio men, to us it, is altogether inexcusable. I am
quite aware that the composition of food, and the mode
of calculating the nutritive elements, v not universally
known to medical men, and that the subject is abstruse
and uninviting, but for some years past no chemist or
physiologist has ventured to compare foods otherwise than
on their chemical composition ; and if gentlemen under-
take to be authorities on dietary questions, it is surely
little enough to ask them to make themselves familiar
with the composition of food, or at least, to use tables of
the constituents of foods, which may be readily obtained.
I am informed that efforts are made to impress upon the
minds of official men, and of influential members of the
Houses of Parliament, that the composition of food is
theoretical and inexact, and consequently that all calcula-
tions based upon it must be untrustworthy ; and as the
public is not familiar with such terms as carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, dec, such doubts are for the present received.
The Committee adopt something of this view, and
depreciate the modes of calculation used by Liebig,
Playfair, Lehmann, and by every chemist and physiologSt
of the day. They say {,^ige 69), *' The question whether
the sufficiency of the dietaries of 1843 can be tested by
the quantities of carbon and hydrogen assumed to be
necessary for the support of the body is one of the utmost
importance in its relation to the present inquiiy, for if
this test could, be shown to be sound in itself, and really
applicable to this purpose, the work of this Conmiittee
would receive the stamp of authority higher even than
that of the experience upon which we intend to found
them."
It is this very kind of inquiry which was required in
oixler to determine the effect of confinement, of hard
labour, and of other elements of prison discipline upon
the prisoners, and which this Committee stated that they
could not ascertain. Had they ascertained by exact
research the amount of carbon and nitrogen which kept
the body in health and strength under the different con-
ditions of prison discipline, they would have given ua
that which we require, or as Professor Sharpey writes,
'* We are sorely in want of trustworthy data to show the
absolute quatities of carbon and nitrogen indispensable
for health under different circumstances — that is, data
derived from experiments on human alimentation." Such
experiments have been made by many, hut in prison
dietaries only by myself; and what is required is an ex-
tension of them to all the conditions under which dietaries
are used. The method is simple and sound, and Pro-
fessor Sharpey again writes. " I cannot doubt the sound-
ness of the principle in which you propose to determine
the digestibility oi food in the case of persons in confine-
ment, viz., by ascertaining what proportion of food patwoi
from the body unused.** The method is also known,
and the results hitherto obtained are recorded in the Phil,
Ttaruae, and in tlie Transactions of the Brit. Amoc., and
the method could have been employed by the Committee,
or by the aid of qualified persons. Such, however, was
not their plan— they place what they call " experience "
before observation.
At this point they do me the honour to refer to my
labours in this field ; misrepresenting my statements, and
then seeking to throw ridicule upon them. I am made
to say that I consider 30,100 grains of carbon and 1,400
grains of nitrogen weekly — which, when advising the
Governriient last year, I stated to be necessary for the
Lancashire operatives— as a proper quantity for prison
discipline ; and they then proceed to show its fallacy by
supposing that in dietaries which afford less the prisoner
should lose, and in those which afford more the prisoner
should gain weight, and in exact proportion to the defect
or excess, and over any number of days or weeks that the
excess or defect is continued.
I will not occupy time in discussing the question, hut
will say that I have never mentions any quantity as
suited to prison dietaries, and so far from my having made
such a statement as they impute to me, I expres^ added
in the paper from which they quote {Journal of Society of
Arte, Feb. 19, 1864) that crank labour requires 45,000,
and tread-wheel labour 60,000 grains of carbon weekly ;
682 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Bbptiicbib 9, 1864.
1
md In my evidence before the LofdaT Committee I ttated
my inability to fWune any prison dietaries apon a sound
and final basis until farther information bad been obtained
by experiments in prisons. Having, however, set up this
standard and test, they proceed to quote the experiments
on weight at Hereford, Mancheeter, and Liverpool, before-
mentioned, to riiow that the result which they assert
ought to be found, did not occur either in any degree or
in the degree which they affirm to be needfuL Yet, as
already stated, even theae, in a general sense, show that
there u a gain in weight in the higher, and less in the
lower dietariee— the dividing line being about the quantity
whic^ I named for the Lancashire operatives, viz., 29,688
grains of oaibon and 1,888 grains of nitrogen in class 8
weekly. In the seven gaols hefyn quoted, viz., Peter-
borough, dec., this was almost the uniform result. They
uw a test which they say is very imperfect, and which
vet, dwplte of its fallacies, shows a general concurrence in
Its ikvour, but fails, they think, when it does not show
that the average gain or loss of weight of body exactly
corresponds with the defect or excess of carbon or nitrogen
the food contains. As if this were not sufficient, they
multiply the supposed loss or gain per week by the num-
ber of weeks of^ imprisonment, and this again by the
number of prisoners under inquiry, and then, as at
Liverpool, find that in sentences of twelve months the
total gain ought to have been 1,646 lbs., whilst in fact it was
86 lbs. in one series, and 26 lbs. in another. Is it not past
belief that medical men, oceupjong a position in which
they are employed by the State, should assume it to be
possible that if a man ate 1 lb. of food in excess daily, he
would increase in weight by that amount, and that this
weight should increase at the same rate daily for what-
ever time the excess of food is taken — ^tliat they should
use such an argument for any purpose whatever ? But as
I have never made the statement which they have
assigned to me, it is of little importance what aiguments
they use to show its fallacy ; yet I may add, that such
misrepresentations should not occur in State documents
and scientific discussions.
It now only remains fbr me to state the alterations
which have been made in the dietaries, and the effect of
them over ^e total nutriment supplied.
It has been already mentioned that the general scheme
is that whidi has been in use since 1848, viz., five classes,
each referring to a different duration of imprisonment,
and having a much smaller amount of food in the lower
than in the higher classes. The duration of imprison-
ment is increamd in all the (dasses, with hard labour,
except the first : the efiect of which is to prolong the low
diet of the 2oa class to four weeks instead of to three
weeics, and the medium diet of class 8 to three montiis,
instead of to six weeks. Labour is not any longer re-
garded as equivalent to a further duration of imprisonment,
but the whole dietaries are constructed on the basis of no
labour, and certain additions are made for hard labour.
There are also three additional kinds of food imported,
viz., Indian meal pudding, or, as I Judge fh>m the quantity
of fluid to be added to it, '* stirabout," suet pudding, and
cheese ; the first in the 1st and 2nd classes only, the
second in the 8rd, 4th, and 6th classes only, and the third
for the Sunday's dinner only in the four higher classes.
The general arrangement of the meals remam unaltered,
except that universally the Sunday's dinner is rendered
peculiarly uninviting by being composed of bread and
cheese only — a circumstance which is likely to make the
prisoners have a dread, wholesome or otherwise, of the
recurrence of that day.
As to the quantity of food supplied in the five dietaries,
the Committee (on p. 72) state, that if they had retained
the former plan of placinff the prisoner upon the diet of
his class, they would nmply have had " to dightly increase
the dietary proper to the shorter sentences, to somewhat
reduce those proper to the lonffer terms," but as they
'e determhied to make the metaries vtogremiye, ** a
ewhat larger addftioD will have to be made to the
diets assigned to the shorter ttfrms.** Hanoe they teteadai
clearly to increase the nutriment in the loweat dkt, as4
fhmi the remarks on page 27 it may be infen^sd that ih^
intended to diminish tliat of the highest diet. We win
now examine the result in each class in ocder —
Class 1, contained 7 Ihs. of bread,
2 oz. of oatmeal, and 6(oz. of sugar
or molasses weeklv, containing 19,8<K)
Now there is 8 lbs. of bread, 7| os.
of maize, 1} lb. of potatoes, ana 12
oz. of skimmed milk, containing.,,... 16,884
838
So that the aQbatitution which they have mad* hsi
resulted in lowedng this lowest dasi to tba «iiat of
1,000 grains of caiboo and 60 graini of nitrogea, kMlsiA
of manng, as they said, ** a somewhat Uxger adldilioQ."
This r«iii«(tb o^ oftstifdlflm is doubilen oving to tha fiHt si
disregarding the fluid food, and oompariner ^bm dkUnm
upoa tba solid food, whilst the gniel oo nt a iiwi d aat iimt ,
which aa bread was equal to 46} oe., or seaiiy S Vm.
weeklr. Thus the weight of solid food In oodom is '^ '
dietaries aammes a pfogroMJon la Ibllova^
labour :-.-
GLASS
1.
2.
0LA«
8.
4.
New scheme .*»
Old scheme ...
170
112
190
168
230
210
I
213
M
Whilst in the old scheme it was with and without laboBr
This table shows their intention to increase the low dfisir
It is also to be observed that whilst the commitmeoiB
under this class are usually with hard labour (and when ver
the crank or the treadmill exists that will be the labosr
supplied — ^the hardest labour known), no prorisioa for
fooa is made for such an one over tnat of^iha prisoow
oonfiued without labour, whilst doubtless the waste of
system is in the one case double that of the odber. The
importance of this may be properly eati mated when I
quote fh)m the returns of fkrm laboureia, obtained by Che
Qovemment, whkh show that the average quanti^ psr
adult, male and female, and Including in that tenn afi
children above ten years of age, in the worst M cooaty
of England, is more than 88,000 grains of carhoo a&l
1,190 graius of nitrogen weekly.
The committee have felt theae low dietaries to be i
weak part of their scheme, for on pi^re 72 they take OHKfa
pains to excuse their conclusions. Th^ say *• it is tnt
that these diets of the ihorter sentences do not wmtitfy tbs
requirements of theories based on experiments made upon
persons very differently circumstanced, and that ihtfr srs
open to adverse ooounent from those who, ootmaAed
with the absence of disease and the preeerva^oa of
health, insist also that the prisoner shall suflTer no loss of
weight. But the fkcts placed at our disposal have satlsftei
us that scientific data liave but a lionted and onoertatt
practical application, and that gain or loos of weight s
not to be truisted as an indication of health or aa a test (tf
the sufficiency of our dietaries." It will be obeei lul m
this passage, that whilst they reject sdentifio data, which
(as tbey could not use them to determine the efcA cf
confinement or labour or any other agent oommitted to
them for ioquiiy) it is likely that Uiey shoold do, th<y
did not use the knowledge upon which scieotific diti
would be based — that of the dietaiy of free labourers or
of paupers in workhouses-— as they were directed to dc
but which tiiey said they could not asoertaiu. Tbtf
place they whole argument upon on astertion which, si
they were not fiunUiar with oounfy ^Is, they ooold sot
base upon their own knowledge, via. : tliat healfli wm
maintslned under these oiroumstanoes ; and they throv
aside the evidence of loss of weight (which their oea
statements had shown to idmost universaUy oocor to a
considerable extent), that is, they do not use the meamof
proof open to the sdentifio man on the one
to the Don-adentifio man on the ^'^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptbmbhb 9, 1864.
68S
NItfMMI
OrftUM*
1,211
1,031
nor expe rience b at act on an aawriton which they oonld
not make on their own knowledge. It is repognantto
Qommon Mnie, and if it yet be tnie, ihonld have been
proved on the best known method, that adnlta in priaon
working the crank or the tread-wheel and losing weight
almoit nniverHdly (indeed at Wakefield it wat found
that dnring this fint week of work at the tread-wheel
and with thia dietary the kis was seven ponnds per man),
shoold keep in health and strength upon a dietary but
little more than half that of the worst- fed farm labourers,
their wives, and children over ten years of age. Such a
reanlt oannot be allowed to rest upon mere assertion or
common observation.
Class 2 — contained 10| lbs. of
bread, 28 02. of oatmeal, and 5 J oa. c^^p,
of sncar or molasses, and furnished Oniu.
weekly 26,748
The Committee have reduced tlie
bread by 2| lbs. and the oatmeal by
14 oa. They have omitted the
sogar altogether, and in their place
have supplied 16 ounces of skim
milk, I oz. of cheese, 86 oz. of
potatoes, and 10 oz. of maize, and
have reduced the nutriment to 22,468
thus caushig a loss of 4,800 grains
of carbon and 160 of nitrogen
weekly.
For hard labour the old system
provided onlv 1 pint of soup per
week, in addition to the dietanr
without labour, which was manf-
fesily adding insult to injuiy; but
this Committee liave made the in-
sult greater by omittbg the soup
and giving 1 oz. of cheese for the
Sunday's dinner. But as they had
taken away from the former scheme
1 pint of grud daily, they now re-
store it with hard ]alx)ur, and then
the nntiiment becomes 25,813 1,121
thna lesiening tlie diminution to
aboat 1,000 grains of caibon and
100 grains of nitrogen weekly. This
dietary is, however, on the average,
not more than three-quarters of that
of the worst fed agricultural labourer.
So much for the low dietaries. Let us now show the
eflbct of the changes upon the highest dietaries.
Class 5 — contained 9 lbs. 10 oz. of
liread, 16 oz. of separated cooked
meat, 22 oz. of oatmeal, about 4 oz.
of sogar, 3 pints of ioop oontaining
meat and dry and fresh vegetables,
7 lbs. of pocaioes, and 3 mnts of
cocoa, containing 5| oz. or sugar,
and offered in nutriment weekly... 86,608 1,610
The new dietaries contain 1 lb.
more hm&A, 6 oz. more oatmeal, 3
OS. of cheese, 14) oz. of flour, 8f oz.
of snet, the same quantity of soup
(oontaining meat and bone, fresh and
dried vesetableB), and if I read the
taMe right, 2 oz. of molasses, which
alferd 86,776 1,649
or an increase of 870 grains of carixm
and 40 grains of nitrogen weekly.
With hard labonr, which after six
months — ^the period to which this
class belongs — is never tread -wlieel
or crank u£our, and does not differ
from thai of an ordinary trade ; 4 oz.
of cooked meat, equal to 6 oz. of
uncooked meat, is given twice a week
in lien of 12 oz. of suut pudding,
and 1 on. of oheese is given extra on
Oivboa
OrsiM.
KitrOKen
Grainf.
87,600
1,790
33,782
1,666
35,996
1,606
86,257
1,733
Sundays, and 2 oa. of peas in place
of 1 oz. of barley in the soup thrice
a-week. This variation adds only
800 grains of earlion and 140 grains
of nitrogen per week--soppl3riDg
(with 2 oz. of molasses)
Class 4 of the old dietaries sop-
plied , ,..
The new differ from class 6 in
supplying 2 oz. of bread less, 1 oz.
of cheese less, and 1 lb. of potatoes
less, and only 1 oz. of molasses
weekly, and contains
The same nbstitntion for haid
labour is made as in dasi 6, and ttie
diet contains
Thus the biglier claisei are made higher than in the
old dietaries, and the extra allowanoe for hard labour is
only 700 grains of carbon in class 6t whilst in dass 4
there is an addition only of 260 grains of carbon sup-
plied, with bard labour.
Of the intermediate cUsi that oorrospooding very
cloaely with the diet which 1 thought to be necessary for
the Lancasbiro operatives, and that of the actual dietary
in towns — there is an increase in the new dietaries of 6(X)
grains of carbon and 80 grains of nitrogen, and the addi-
tion whu^ the Committee make for hard labour is only
400 grains of carbon weekly.
Thus the Committee neglaoling, nay, avowedlr dis-
carding scientific data, and guidea by their ever Jailing
ioBtr—e^qtermee^ha^ye, whilst making the low dietaries
higher, made them lower, and whilst making the higher
dietaries lower, have made them higher; and, under the
belief that they had made substantial additions of tpod for
hard labour, have, by withdrawing other valuable food,
increased these dietaries to a degree which is purely
nominal. A striking iUustcatioD this of the value of their
goido!
TSB PbKSBVT StATB of TKK Q0BSTIOV.
Bncfa having been the labonrs of the Comnfttee, what
is the present state of the question? —
1. It was desired to know, in order to support health,
strength and capacity for labour, whether more
food is needed in confinement than in freedom.
2. Also whether the quantity of food must be increased
as the confinement endures.
3. Also whether the quantity of the food must be better
in confinement, and particularly in prolonged con-
finement.
4. Also whether the vital powers, and particularly those
of digestion and assimilation, are so impaired that
a higher quality of food can alone be digested,
or a lover quality l>eiog given an undue portion
panes from the body unused.
5. Also the smallest amount of food required by an
average man without labour.
6. Also whether the conditions of confinement can be
so far assimilated to those of freedom, and par-
ticularly by adding exertion in the open air, that
if questions one to four should be answered affirma-
tively the required excess can be dispensed with.
7. Also what is the effect of the various kinds of hard
labour upon the waste and nutrition of the body,
and the amount and kind of food which will
exactly meet that waste.
8. Also whether meat in any qnaiitit^ is neeesnry for
any and for various terms of imprisonme n t.
9. Also whether meat may be wholly or partiallv sup-
planted by skimmed mUk and cheese, or both.
10. Also whether fiits may be wholly or partially sup-
planted by starchy food, for any and for eveiy term
of impite)nment.
It is to be obserted ^lat there is no class, nor any
eoosiderable portion of any class, of operatives in
684
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETy OF ARTS, Skptbmbbe 9, 1864.
this coaniiy which does not obUio meat in some
form, and separated &ts. Even in the worsi-fod
coonties, the average consumption by farm la-
bourers and their fiiimilies was 5^ ounces of meat
or baoon, or both, and nearly three ounces of
separated fats per adult male and female and chiU
were obtained weekly.
11. Also the digestibility of various foods in confine-
ment.
Sir Oeorge Gre}fi fiommitUe have left aU these quee-
tknt precmfy a» they found them^ and the informa-
Hon M itUl deeired,
12. We had a scheme of dietary supplying at one end
scarcely half the food of the lowest-fed dass of free
labourers, and at the other the food of the well-fed
operatives in towns, withobt proof having been
(Stained that the former could be borne without
injury to health, and that the latter was necessary.
— It is so now.
13. Also that five scales of dietary were necessary with-
out having proved that confinement demands in-
creasing food. — It is so now.
14. Also an addition was made to the dietary for those
condemned to hard labour, whilst they might be
employed in occupations the most diverse in their
effect upon the waste of the body — the same addi-
tion being given for all the varieties of hard la-
bour. — It is so now.
15. Also aditional food for hard labour was not made
in the lowest classes of dietary with deficient food,
and when in almost all prisons it is of the most
severe kind; but in the higher classes with pro-
bably abundant food, and when the labour is scarcely
ever of the severe kind.
All these remain precisely as before,
16. Also the addition for hard labour was, so far as it
went, substantial, but now it is only in substitution
of other foods.
17. Also the low dietaries were affirmed to be too low
to sustain health and strength. — They are now
made lower.
18. Also the higher dictaiicfl supplied meat daily. The
new ones give it with hard labour (which is the
usual sentence) five times a week. They were also
affirmed to be higher than that of free labourers
and of workhouse dietaries. They are now as
high or even higher.
19. Also the prisoner was at once put upon the dietary
of his class, so that if he were condemned to any
period beyond three weeks' imprisonment he
obtained the £itir average dietary of the operatives
in towns, and in most cases would retain his weight
and strength, and it was only for comparatively
short periods that the insufficient food was given,
after which he would get the advantages of free-
dom. Now, all prisoners must be very insufficiently
fed for one week, and insufficiently fed for four
weeks, during which they will genei-ally lose in
weight and strength— a loss which is to be made
up with the better dietary at a later period. As
the low diets are certainly much lower than
the diets of the worst fed men in freedom, it is
probable tliat the effect of this change will bo
disastrous. Had the low diets been only barely
sufficient to maintain weight and strength, the
system of progressive dietaries miglit have been
added, but it would not then follow that the pri-
soners would need the higher dietaries.
As a concluding remark it must be noted that the
Committee have taken great care to shield themselves
from blame in the event of their recommendations proving
to be injurious to the health of the prisonere.
1 have mentioned the proviso appended in reference to
labour, viz., that if the dietary which they recommend
should be found insufficient to maintaiD health aad
strength, the labour is to be brought down to the diaUzy 1
In their conclusions (page 76) they add further, "thai
prisoners sentenced to hard labour should not be requaed
to work at times, or under circumstances which woold be
deemed iniurious to the health of free labooren, and that
they shall not be required to do any work whi^ a
duration and Koverity would necessitate in ajiy vorida;
man an abundant and highly nutritious diet." That ii,
they provide a dietary for hard labour, bat as it auqr toL
be a tight one, there is to be no hard labour at all k (he
sense in wliioh it is generally understood, via., a 4iy*»
work at the tread- wheel or the crank !
As to the directions in reference to prc^reasive dietarieik
they append the remarkable proviso : — " Also that k
shall be the duty of the medical officer to eee every pri-
soner on admission, and certify his fitneas or otherwise ta
be placed upon the several dietaries in suecesmon, and thai
if the prisoner be found unfit, it shall be iocambdot apoa
the medical officer to indicate the dietary upon whkk ht
shall be first placed."
Thus of theur propria motu, without the experaaecia
wliich Sir G^rge Qrey informed them were reqaiscte.
and on their own affirmation, that " it is not a que^ka
of health but of discipline," they desne that tie
dietaries shall be progressive, and frame the whd«
scheme upon that decision — making, as they say, oa
that ground more abundant addition to the low diet^
and then throw the whole responsibility of this ad,
as also that of the injurious results of their dietaiy w^
labour, upon the medical officer of the prison, and Itsn
him at his peril to do as they had recommeiKled !
Is it simplicity which is here and throoghoot tha
report so strikingly exhibited by the Gomnuttee ?
Hence I venture to affirm that the late ioqaiiyhu
left the whole question practically as it found it,
and has afforded still stronger grounds for tiie imrtinnn
of a Commission of men competent to UDdertaka sack a
duty as recommended by the Committee of the Hocm
of Lords.
There are still the same grounds as before to bci^sve
that the low dietaries are too low and the high dk4antt
nnneoessarily high, to muntain health and sfcnaogtk;
that only one scale of dietary is nni oniBijf fat thd
maintenance of health and strengUi in c o siGnffMt
(varied somewhat in different parts of the kingdom) wiik-
out hard labour ; that a proper addition can be made foe
each kind of labour ; that a certain amount of labour naj
be economically employed to lessen the neeesuty §k thie
use of the richer foods by causing the oomideie
of the cheaper foods, and that the whole scheme
be both simplified and placed on a sound acientifie
EXHIBITION OF JET ORNAMENTS,
An attractive exhibition of jet-ornaments was h^ ia
St. Hilda's-hall, Whitby, on Tuesday and Wedneadir.
the 30th and 8 1st of August, under the auipsoes 6i the
Whitby Institute. The importance of cultivating rete-
ment and correctness of taste amongst the young worbs»
in jet induced the directors of the MeohanicB* TnstitUT
to offer prises for the best designed and most snaaoaflftillT
executed ornaments of tliat materiaL The fiist ex-
hibition, held last year, was highly pleasing and ea-
couraging in its results, and showed how modi tfca
capabilities of the trade might be developed by tU
introduction of novel designs and a better educated taole.
The jet trade affords permanent and lucrative empte;-
ment to a very large proportion of the adult and yootkfe^
population of Whitby, and the usefulness of an dSati to
give something of an artistic character to the prodaa^aoi
of our local jet- workers is admitted on all hands. Mr.
Thompson, M.P., has from the first taken a HvcSf
interest in tho sncccss of the movement; and ^
Marquis and Marchioness of Normanby also kind(y lait
JOURNAL OF THE SGOIETY OP ARTS, Sbptembbe 9, 1864.
685
A ooly their patronage bat their cheerful assuitauGe*
be Sooie^ of Art« plaoea £10, as a prize, at the
kxwal of the iDstitute to bo competed for. The
ihibitioo of this year was in every respect more l>iil-
lint, as well as moix) successfal, than its pr^eceik'^r.
lie hall was thronged by gay and fashionable groups of
leetaton ; pictores and works of art decorated the walls ;
Id some of the principal let-manufacturers displayed the
kdoest of their goods. The compelitora for the prizes
ore more numerous than at the previous exhtbiuon;
id the beneficial influenoe of the competition showed
self in enhanced beauty both of design and execution.
'he judges were the Marchioness of Normanby and
in, T. Bagnall in Class 3 ; and in the other classes
apt. Perdval and Messrs. T. Turnbull, sen., and
7. Stonehouse undertook the duty. The following
ere their awards i-^
Class 1.— Prize of £10 offered by the Society of ArU,
it the best set, comprising brooch, bracelet, and car-
rope of uniform pattern, John Speedy.
Class 2. — ^For tne best brooch of any value, £3. Ist
rize, John Speedy ; 2nd, John Thornton, £2 ; 3rd, T. Kings-
>n, £1. For the best bracelet of any value, £3. Ist prize,
7. LiUnn; 2nd. T. Kingston, £2; 3rd, Garbult and
^arnock. £1 ; For the best pair of ear-drops, £1. 1st
rize, J. Short ; 2nd, Jasper Bingaut, 10s.
Class 3-»(Mr. Thompson's prizes). — For the best
rooch of the retail value of from 10s. to 20s., £3, John
taw ; for the best bracelet of the same value, £2, J.
.'homtoo.
Class 4. — ^For the best brooch produced by any youth
nder 18 years of age, £1 10s. 1st prize, 1. Greenbuiy ;
nd and 8rd, no competition. For the best bracelet,
nder the same limitation, £1 10s. 1st prize, John
herwood; 2nd, Alexander Speedy, £1; 8rd, no com-
dtttiOD.
Class 6. — ^Best miscellaneous article not eligible for
)mpetition in an^ other class, £3, John Speedy.
Class 6. — Speoal novelty prize, exhibiting any new
pplication of jet likely to benefit the trade, £3.~The
idgea decided that the articles in this class did not
>aiply with the oondition.
Clasi 7.— Bust of the Prince Consort, prize of £4, Mr.
.brabam Varley.
Of the successful competitors, Mr. John Speedy, Mr. J.
hort, and Mr. Jasper Bingant are in the emj^oyment of
[r. Charles Bryan. Mr. Thornton, Mr. Lunn, and Mr.
aw are in the employment of Mr. J. D. Manle. Mr.
.iogston is in the employment of Mr. Huntrods, and
[r. Sherwood is with Mr. M. G. Qreenbury. Mr.
'hompson, in the course of his remarks at the presenta-
on of the prizes, suggested that the prize- articles should
3 purchased by the Institute, and kept as a yearly record
r progressive improvement in taste and workmanship,
Lr. Thompson offering to defray the cost of purchasing
&o prizes.
On Wednesday evening theprizes were awarded to the
iccessful candidates in St. Hilda's-hall, the Marquis of
onnanby in the chair, supported by the following
sntlemen : — H. S. Thompson, Esq., M.P., C. Richardson,
aq., Field-house ; C. Richardson, Esq., St. Hilda's ; J.
ichardson, Esq., Sneaton ; Capt. Percival, T. Bagnall,
sq., G. A. Peters, Esq., Dr. Wilson, Dr. Dowson, Dr.
aylerson, and Dr. Sherwood, the Rev. John Owen, R.
. Pannett, Esq., the Rev. W. Keane, M.A., and the
-cretaries, Messrs. J. Comer, Ruswarp; and R. T.
&8kin.
The Marquis of Normanby, Mr. H. S. Thompson, the
ev. W. Keane and others addressed the meeting.
Pecuniarily the result of the exhibition is quite eatis-
ctory, the donations having amounted to about £20,
lii £32 was taken at the door.
im ^rls.
The Pouutalks Collection. — This famous collection,
one of the richest in Europe in antiquities and pictures,
will be brought to the hammer early next year. The
catalogue, which will run to 2,500 or 3,000 numbers, is
expected to be ready in December. The sale is entrusted
to two of the nrincipal art auctioneers of Paris, aided by
four experts, all well known to amateurs of paintings and
objects of virtUfSaid will form one o^the most important
events in the world of art next spring. The exact date
is not yet fixed.
AusTEBOAU ExHiBrrioN. — A few particulars relative to
this bold undertaking, referred to in the last number of
the Journal, will not bo uninteresting. The Crystal
Palace in which the exliibition is held, was commenced
in 1860 ; the principal nave is nearly 370 feet long by
about 100 feet broaJ, and connected with this there are
four covered courts, each 150 feet long by 33 feet wide.
Besides these there is a gallery connected with two
smaller rooms or courts ; these together have an area of
about 2,000 square yards. The whole is surmounted by a
tower on which is placed a magnificent statue, represent-
ing the Genius of Civilization holding a torch in one
hand and a laurel crown in the other. Judging from a
woodcut which has appeared in a journal published in
Belgium, and from the reports of eye-witnesses, the
Dutch Crystal Palace is at once light, elegant, and im-
posing.
Mb. Bioknsll's Collection. — The Crystal Palace
Company have lately added to their exhibition of pictures
the collection of Mr. Henry Bicknell, which has been tem-
porarily placed at their disposal for the benefit of the
public. This collection consists of about a hundred works,
chiefly sketches ; and exhibited with them are ten sketches
by Mr. David Roberts, which are retained by the artist as
personal property, and which may be looked upon as
model illustrations of his style. These pictures are Akown
together, in a room apart from the 1,700 pictures which
make up the ordinary contents of the picture-gaUery.
♦
Ibon Manuvaotdbbb in Kkw Sooth Walks. — ^At the
Fitsroy Iron Mines the first Australian blast-fnmaoe will
ere long be in operation, and merchantable iron fVom
native ore will soon be in the market. It appears that
there are no grounds for supposmg that the quantity of
iron is limited, and there is a superabundance of fuel for
smeltmg purposes. In addition to the coal which has
already been worked by the company, large fresh deposits
have recently been discovered. Mr. Mackenzie, the
Examiner of Southern Coal Fields, has found, about four
miles from the mine, a seam of coal fiilly thirty-eight feet
thids, and, to all appearance, of excellent quality. The
seam is disclosed by the gorge of the Nattai River. This
is a thicker seam tlian any yet found in the colony. The
tliiokest at present worked, we believe, is at the Cardiff
Mine, in Lake Macquarie, but this new seam at Fitzroy
beats it altogether. The coal is too far from town to be
of any value for export, but, as an almost boundless supply
of fuel for local manufacturing purposes, it may be of very
great value hereafter. A seam thirty-eight feet thick,
after making ample allowances for the waste in taking out
partings, and likewise for bands of inferior coal, will yield
30,000 tons an acre. At lUawarra he lias taken up a
piece of land for working a promising stratum of clay iron
ore, which has already been traced for a considerable dis-
tance, and is supposed, with good reason, to underlie the
sandstone so familiar to the inhabitants of Sydney, and to
be identical with the stratum that reappears to the north of
Sydney, at Brisbane Water. Fitzroy was the first place
where uon was discovered in quantity in an 3cces>ible
68G
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Sbptembbb 9, 1864.
place, but thero was no need to have gone all that distance
to haye looked upon it. According to the statement in
Mr. Mackenzie's published lectare, it will be found at a
depth of about 100 feet at Manly Beach, and, at lome
greater distance, under our feet at Sydney, as the stratum
dips inland. Whidi predae locality will be the most
profitable to begin working at must be left to pracdoal
men to decide, but it is clear that there is an indefinite
scope for the manu&cture of iron, and when it is once
b^n, with results profitable enough to provoke imita-
tion, there will be no. lack of material to work upon.
Bbowv Dtb fob WooL.~M.Wiederhold has devised
a new method of obtaining a brown dye for wool. Per-
oxide of manganese in fine powder is mixed with dry
nitrate of soda, and heated to bright redness in a wood
furnace. The brownish product obtained is dissolved in
water and forms a green solution containing acid mansa-
nate of soda (chameleon minerals which gradually be-
comei red. When wool is steeped in this red liquor the
permanganate of soda becomes decomposed, peroxide of
maoganeae being dissolved in the pores of the fibrous
ti«ufl. The colour obtained is stated to stand well against
the eflbots of air and light.
GuH Ckyrrov. — Messrs. Pelouze and Manrey, in a me-
moir presented at the last meeting of the Paris Academy of
Sciences, states it as their opinion, derived from a long and
careful investigation of the subject of gun-cotton, that that
explosiva compound, if now better known as far its com-
poMtion, mode of prodoctioa, and properties are concerned,
IS still, with regaid to its employment in fire-arms, in the
satne positioQ as it was in 1846. ** Nothing, in fact,
anthonses us to believe that is possible, in the present
state of onr knowledge, either to prevent its spontaneous
oombustkm or to correct in a practical manner its liability
to bunt the we^ions at present used for gunpowder."
Gm.TiVA'noa of Cottov nr Fbarob.— Attempts are
being made to introduce the growth of cotton in the
depaSrtments of France bordering the Mediterranean. It
is BOW some yean since experiments were commenced in
the departmeot of the Qard. Theapinners of Molhouee
have neported iavoarably on the material produoed, and
it is confidently asserted that cotton may be pix>duced not
only experimentally, but fbr commercial purposes over the
whole of the fertile and irriguous lands of the Mediter-
ranean littoral. In 1868, MM. Foum^s and Th^ophile
Amaud devoted seven or eight acres of ground, on the
banks of the Gardoo, to the purpose, bat two or more
were not irrigated in time, and another plot was tbuBd to
be too near the river, so the experiment was confined to
hm than five acres. The following are the principal
poiota oontained in the report on the result: — ^This land,
principally consiating of fisHile alluvial soil, waa planted
in the middle of April, with 1501bs. short T.ntiMi^n^ Med.
The land had been prepared with two harrowiogs and a
dmssing, and the seed was pot in rows ten or twelve grains
together, in boles half a yaid apart. After the first
irrigatioB, ih% plants having atUined the height of four or
five inches, jlII the weaker shoots woe removed, and only
oBd-lea^tir^ach hole. After a second waterhig, when
the plants had grown oonsidetiibly, each was topped, and
still later the long lateral shoots were removed. In the
beginning of July the flowers began to appear, when the
pUolatioo was watered for the thud and last time. From
this time nothing was done but removing weeds. The
first pods began to open at the end of September, and in
October oommeoced the first cotton harvest in France.
The plucking was done by women and children, on dry
days, and was not completed till the middle of January.
The total cost of cultivation is set down at just over £40,
and the produce at 876 kilogrammes, value five francs
per kilogramme, yielding a net profit of about £38 on be-
tween four and five acres,
Wbldiko by Htdrat7lio Pbessobe. — ^A series of ex-
periments have lately been made in Paris by M. Dupor-
tail, engineer, in the workshops of the Weetem Railway,
to ascertain whether iron might be welded byhydranlie
pressure instead of by Uie sledge hammer. The latter,
mdeed has not a sufficient impetus to reach the ▼<ef7 oi^c
of the metal, while continuous pressure acts indefttttely
to any depth. In the experiments alluded to, H. Dopor-
tail caused two iron bars, an inch and a half in diamete.
and heated to the welding point, to be placed betwea
the piston and the top of an hydraulic preea. TTbe ban
were welded together by this means with extmofdinarT
ease, the iron bem^f, as it were, kneaded together, aiu
bulged out at the sides under the pressure. The eetko
of the press was suspended whmi ttie part welded ws
brought down to the thickness of ^e ban. After eoolo^
the welded part was cut through to examine the insde.
which was found perfectly compact. To try it, ooe of
the halves was placed under a forge hamm^ woghi^
1,800 kilogrammes, and it was not until the third strobe
that the welding was discovered.
€mm;a.
HjLRVBffT AUD CoBN TfUDE.—Measn. J. and K, Stargtr
in their circular for the 1st of this month, state thai " the
weather during the past month has ocmtinued wana aad
diy, enabling Sie farmers in all our eariy districta to 6dMx
their harvest under most favourable circnmetaitnee ; fa^
the yield is mnch complained of. This, we believe, h»
not been previously the case after a dry season daring ibe
last half-century, if ever before, and it ia goDeraUy attri-
buted to frosts while the wheat was in blossom. We had
a decline in price of Is. to 2s. per quarter earlj in the
month, which has been nearly recovered since. Uow &r
the failure of the turnip and other root crops will aflect ths
value of wheat remains to be seen, but the large arrivak,
and consequent moderate price of Indian com. will eaoip
that article to be largely used for feedipg. The iii^iocti
of wheat and flour from America, and airivals from the
Blaek Sea, have again been heavy, making the total im-
portatioo during the month of June 511.251 qn^ ag^iast
869.346 for May, 1864, and 558,481 ibr June, 1868. The
number of ships on passage from ports to the eaat of Gib-
raltar, notwithstanding the large arrivalsi is now oeariy
600, being an increase of 100 in the month. Prices of
wheat in France are declining ; this would fibaw that the
crop has proved better than was expected, unless, aa atMne
think, it is to be attributed to the shortoeas of water
keeping many millers out of the market. A little further
reduction would leave a margin for riiipmenta to 1^
land. The accounts from the countries oozdering co the
Baltic, for rome time past, describe the weather as wet,
cold, and boisterous, and that the crops, althcragh large,
aro much injured by the rains. Egypt continues to in-
port, and it is expected that Portugal will soon do ths
same.'
€tABtati»
Gold.— The quantity of cold-dust imported into Al
Sydney branch of the Boyal Mint from the 1st of Jannaij
to the 17th of June, 1868, for the purpose of coinsgs,
amounted to 255,081 ounces, and the coin iamed eon-
sisted of 457.000 sovereigns, and 480,000 half- ao vc re^
Total value, £697,000. For the same period of ths
present year the receipts of gold-dust hare reached
868,879 ounces, and the coin usued baa amounted to
1 ,817,000 sovereigns. This Urgt Increase in the quantity
of gold received is entirely owug to the large quantitiei
that have been received IVom ^Ibouroo and New Zea-
land during the last two months. The following tabk
will show the total amount of gold dual receiN-ed, and
coin issued, weekly, from the 8l8t of March to the 17Ui
of June, 1868 and 1864 :—
JOURNAI* OF THE SODIETY OP ARTS, Septbkbbb 9, 1864.
Jnotrj \ Ut Ktiitii SI...
CO,000
50.000
25fl00
fiO.000
4S.000
40,000
fiC/JOO
60,000
— 45,000
157,000 4tiO,O0O
fsuom
20,000,
30,000
46^100
« 27 1 B0,000i
iiUM 4 J SS^OOD
„ 11 1 llO^OOO
„ 18 1 I20J)00
jl ,317.000
s.e74
10,026
9.046
6j096
6.65*
e.363
i6.m
10,112
34,4S7
9,763
36S.379
Tlu qnaotity lof goM-dmt delireml b}- Dia BKOrCi fh>in
our •evertigoU-lielda during the month of AUy unoun led
to 27.008 Dze; For the coire^ionding month of the yetr
186S the raceipti reached S4,414 ou. The deoreue in
Uie month a, Iherefora, 7,806 ozg., er 21} per c«nt.
Dariag the lint five mwiUu of the prBsent yeu: the
quantUy or gold received by the G«cort« unouated to
181,070 oz*. Forthe wma period of Jhe year 1863 the
BDioanI wu 192.611 ou. The decreue on the five
montht ia thererore S1,£71de«., or aboat 32 per cent.
The diniinalioD in the yield of oor gold-fieldi it still
attributable to the imall qunntitiea that ore now received
rrom Forbes, Burrangong, «nd Braidwood, aa compared
with tut year. The quantity of gold having decreaaed
10 oonRidWaUy, Um QoverDinaDt have mad* the eecorte
'ortnighUy inslead of ffeeliJy, From aome of what
vers forDoivJr laomidfarad minor gold.fielda tha return*
ihow on iiaprovamiot. and thia ia fiartioulariy the caae
•ilh Orange and Stoov Cieek. The following table will
hov Iha quHfJUea of gold -dust received mojilhly by the
•Va^era, aeatitta), mai SotHian eaccrti diuing Um ' '
ive monthaof ths^ears I8G3 and 1864;—
It vill be aau from thia table that the deerMM from (he
Wetlem gf^-Salda la 3T,lIfi oe., or 86} per cest. ; Awn
the SoDthem. 20,222 oc., or 37 per sent. ; aod (torn (he
Morlhuv, 1,231 oi.,or S7 per cent.
im.
W*Manu
SoMban,
KotUiarD.
Jantiarj
Fehrwiy ...,„„.
Hr«rch
«9%8
18,371
12,911
22,S91
17,608
B1A81
14,902
12,076
12,812
14,152
4,466
2,479
April ,..,
3,664
M«r ..,..
2,664
101,426
75,472
15.743
i««.
11,171
18.243
16,202
11,786
14.669
10,764
10,377
18.948
10,363
9.803
2,280
1,248
£gV.;;;:::::::
2.127
8,696
64.311
66,260
11,609
luUiiitini liin).
ETUDHEIIBL'HwrOIBBDRL'd.UT — AHTIQDITK — MofKB
AoB — Teufs Uodebhe.— SiDdiea relative to the liiatory
ofArt. Fouivola. IBmo. {Mieiii.) U. Vitet, one of fb*
elder Ugbls of the French Acedcmj, and whose diagfr|4-
tloos on Art have made hia name knonn tfatpqglioiit
Europe, has Jott publidied four amall volno)ef of rery
vaWble maieriala for tho um of whoever may dare Uf
grapple with that gigintic aub'
M. Vitet recogniKB the great ]
and accords him the hiinour of t]
of Art, bat he pointa out the e
>rfc, as well aa the errora n
MDie field have brought ti
tho Qonclusion that ^ complete E
which qone but a literary Hen
uttdertake. Tbia beisg tba case,
fled with what M. Vftet offers,
emiya, moat, if not all of which
fore In the Bmue dn Dtui Ma ._. , .„
which well deserve to be preaented, aa tbey now are, in 4
collected form, lite following are aopie of the b^r
ktiowQ and moat important Itemi of the conlenta : — Pin-
dar and Oreelf Art—f be Eleusinian Marbles— AthefU
in the flrteeDth. sixteenth, and seventeenth cenluriea —
The Gampana Collection, specially interesting since ila
diaperaion and the eihibilion of a great partiun of it in
the Louvre— The Roman Cljtiatian Voaaics. The Middla
Agei are elaborately treated from documenta and tia>
ditiona of " Notre Dame de NoyoD," and in papers on
" The Architecture of England," " The Historic HoiiD-
menta of the Kofth-weat of France," aifd other apecial
aubjecta. Modern Art is examined In eesaya oa paiuting
in lUly, France, and tho IjOW Countriea; religious
miuic, dramatic mu^ic, a celi brated study of the works
of EuBjacbe Lcsueur, and another equally well known,
entitled " RapliacI at Florence." The collection includes
"■"'"""' "ilicea of tbe productions of recently deceased
a DelafOcho, Ary SclidTsr, Delacrion, donn to
Flandrin. One of tho most Interesting portions of tho
collection b that which treata of the famous fresco of
Saint Onorio, to which M. Vitet devotes nearly a hun-
dred [sgea. This work was discovered about twenty yean
alnce, veiled beneath the amoke and dirt of a Florentine
atelier, and haa called fortli much critical discussion- M.
Vitet adopts the conclusion of H. Jeai, who, in the
height of his euthuisasm, declared they might put him
to the rack without making him deny that the work waa
BaDbael'e. He would not permit the great painter him-
■elr, could he revieit this world, to say it waa not his.
" Kou may have your reason," he would say to him, " for
diaowning it, but that ittaao ia certainly youn." 11.
Vitet has hia peculiaritic«— what man of mark has not?
and one of them is a rather contemptuoua diaregard for
the worka of the eathetical school, and thia ia not un-
likely to be the cauae, or at leaat one of the causes,
why the young eaeayiat has perfened lo give the world
the result of hia laboura in a collection of brilliant and
valuable fntgmenla. rather than in the form of a complete
and harmonioua history. Had such a critic and essayist
aa H. Vitet been of an eathetical turn of mind, he could
scarcely have avoided writing a bistoiy of some, if not all,
of the great eras of art.
688
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OB* ARTS, Septbmbbr 9, 18G4.
railway traioa. A ^enea of experimenta was made the
other day on the Sambre-et-Meuae Railway, with a new
beake, invented by M. Micas. The movement ia trana-
mittAd with great rapidity by a aingle brakesman, and by
means of a simple lever, without any screw ; its mode of
action is the pressure of a wooden shoe against the wheels,
in SQch a manner that the latter are raised from con-
tact with the rail to a distance of not more than tho
twelfth of an inch. The experiments were conducted
nnder the eve of M. Gobert, the Government railway
engineer, and in the presence of several engineers of other
lines. The results are given as follows : — A train, with-
out an engine, and weighing 195 tons, was started on an
incline of 1 in 140 — at a s^ed of seven miles an hour;
the train was brought to a stand-still by two brakes, at 230
yards ; at the rate of ten miles and a half per hour, at 282
5ard8 ; and at twenty-one miles an hour, at 325 yards.
?he two brakes were coupled and worked by one man.
The next trials were made also with two brakes, but dis-
connected, and forked by two men. At eighteen and a
half miles per hour the train was arrested at 190 yards.
The next experiments were made on a level portion of
the line, with a train driven by a powerful engme at the
rate of thirty-three miles per hour ; a single brake brought
it to a stand-still at 433 yards, and two brakes at 190
yards.
Safstt Appaeatus in Foul Aib. — M. Galibert, of
Paris, has invented two apparatuses to enable persons to
enter, without danger of suffocation, places where choke-
damp or foul air may exist; and their simplicity and
ingenuity demand for the inventor a hearing. One of
these arrangements is intended for use at short distances
only from the outer air. It consists of a mouthpiece of
horn, ivory, or wood, pierced in two places for two india-
rubber tubes, of the length required by the circumstances,
fitted to the mouthpieces above mentioned, and provided
within with spirals of metallic wire, to prevent collapse,
and of a small instrument to nip the nose, and prevent
respiration through that organ. The mouthpiece is pro-
vided with a projection which is held between the teeth ;
the lips dose around and exclude the surrounding air, and
the operator draws fresh air through one tube while he
exhales that used by the lungs through the other. The
tfingue performs the part of a valve covering the two
holes in the mouthpiece alternately, and it is said that
after a few seconds the action becomes perfectly easy, and
as it were natural. Where the distance is at all consider-
able, and, consequently, the drag of the tubes considerable,
the moutlipiece may be held in place by means of a
band ; and, in tho case of the presence of gases irritating
to the eyes, a hooJ with glass in front is to be
added. The other apparatus is for use in places fur-
ther removed from the open air. In this the tubes
are replaced by an air-bag carried by the operator.
The same mouth and nose pieces are used, and short
tubes communicate with the bag, which is fixed on
the back by moans of braces or straps ; the latter is made
in the form of a Spanish wine -skin, and contains when
inflated atout seventeen gallons of air ; one emi of the
aspiration tube is connected with tho lower part of the air-
bag, and that of the respiration tul>e witli the upper end
of the bag, so that while tho warm air from the lungs
occupies the upper portion of the bag, the diver, as he
may be called, draws fresh air from the bottom. The
inventor says that such a bag will suffice for a man's
respiration for half-an-hour, the same air passing without
danger several times through the lungs. In cases where
tho duty to be performed occupies a longer time, the
operator is provided with extra bags, to take the place of
those which are exhausted, or with a second apparatus;
and in certain cases tliese may be drawn out and replaced
by others fVom without. The apparatus is also mentioned
as available in cases where medical men recommend total
»jnnjf»'Won, as a patient could with it breathe freely from
the bottom of a bath. M. Galibert's invention has been
extensively approved and adopted ; it has been reported
upon by the Soci^t^ d'Encourasemeat of PariLui^ih^
engineer.in-chief of the School of ITines; iodliiiie
in the municipal service of Paris, io tho BpuBiknui
the Credit Mobilier, the mines of Doochy, by tibe Piiiu
Gas Company, and many other estahliihmmto. Tit
other day M. Galibert, armed with his ippoita
descended into a cellar filled with the fonMioifboa
resinous substances, at the barracks of the FOmpeos,!
the Rue du Chateau d'£au, in the presence of God
Uhrich and all the officers of the ooipi, sod itami
there a considerable time without exhibatiDgtheeiigbtrt
symptoms of suffering.
Hotel Duu.—Itwill be remembered, thsti week i
two since the Bmperor issued a decree, iathelonDtf>
letter from Vichy, addressed to Manbsl Viilliu. Vi
Minister of the Imperial Household and of Floe An, s
tho effect that the rebuilding of the famoos bofi
I'HSUl Dieu, should be oommenoed ae soonaipoiAM^
that the works of the new opera should be dahwfl
order that the two new edifices shoold be cob|W«
crowned at the same time. ** I feel it very ia^ortiM
a moral pomt of view," aays Louis Napoleoo, **tottti
monument dedicated to pleasure shoolaoot be tiiv«
fore the asylum of suffering." This Imperiil o^ff ta*
course been put in train for execatioo wiiboot job a
time. The Hdtel Dieu of Pwis is certsiolj «« ^^
most celebrated establishments of the kiodinthiw
and in the pre-philanthropic age, before the tiw *«
Howards and FryB, it was looked apon is t ?^J**
deservedly so. At present its r^^>^® P^*""!*^^
and for many years it has been in a terrible c**^*;
position rendering much improvement ""■^P**}*" -iw
draft-plans for the new buildmg are prepand. It »w*
built on the island on which the old 0De8tiDdi,tat»a
other side of it, and will in fact occupy Desrlyw^
of the space between the Quai Napoleon ttdwe^"
du Parois Notre Dame on the one hand, aodb^»
Rue de U Cit6 and the Roe d'Aroolo <» *!»«^^"
new hospital will form a quadrangle, covering wv^
square metres, or about twice the space oocop^
old one and its dependencies.
fattnls.
QsAirrs or PmovisioxAL PEoncnoi.
Aniline, prododng colour from— 1049— A. H. A. ^jMSi^
Arches, floon, Ac, blocki for the oonatmctioB o^»»'*
BrickB, omamentol— 1009— F. Potts and G. Harte j. _^
Chronognphe, eleotro-balistio— 1S40— P. iE. ^SSmL
Croquet, articles used in the fame of— 1894— H. Jl«*^
Djelng and printing— i409—K. J. Hughes. ^^^
Djeing and printing, colouring matter for— 18S7— A. "'^ ,^^
Hammocks, method of sllnginr—lS44— E.T.St I^irt«<>^
Horsehair, preparation of sorgho plants as a lobni"'
C. F. Darcagne. ^iia-A.I*'
Laoffoages, apparatus to ikoilitate the aoquUtioa or-i'**'^
MasElng apparatus, self-acting— 11T7— J. Boy'
Ordnance and gun carriages— 1372— R. A. BtovoMM.
Paper, presses for stamping or embosring— 9eil--**ipr^
Ships, oonstmctioo of— 1033— T. H. HoWenssiaadB-*"^
Submarine works, construction oT- »4l— B. B. Sw--^^
Tapes, webbings, bands, ribbons, Ac— IWJ— J. MaAU.*"^
VegeUble fibres, treatment of— 1031— B. F. B«"Jl^
Vessels for naval and merchant serrioe— 1450— A. ws»
Wriogiog and mangling— 1076— J. B. HowelL
ImrsimoKS with Complsts SpicifWAtioiii F^"^
Boots and shoes, manulkctnre of— 2113— 0. HssdtiM*
Floor oloth— 20S4— A. Ford.
Patknts ok which tub Stamp Duty ow»9n^**°
2163. J. Har -is.
2150. R. Shaw.
2206. R. MoConnel.
2211. P. Efierts.
2213. F. B«nB»«v.
2203. F.B. 8^-
2243. R-CWWe-
S961. J. BOWW.
PATBirae CM wmon tbb Stamp Dott of XlW "*• "^
2^. T. Bradford.
2299. B. Leigh.
12362. J.HirrflOk
^mml 0f %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 1864. [No. 617. Vol. XII.
AnnoonoementfbjthA Council:— ExAmlnationf, 1865 ... Fige 689
Prooeedinga of the Sodet/ :— EzuninAtion Papon, 1864
Prooeedinga of IJuUtatioofl
DritUh Atioda t ion for the Advmnoeaient of Sdenoe— Bath, 1864
Tbo Dablin Internatioiua Exhibition in 1865
UtUUaUon of 8«wag« of Towns
The Pat«nt>offloe
689
691
691
695
696
697
Examinations, 1866.
The Prcgramme of Examinations for 1866 is
now ready, and may be had gratis on applica-
tion to the Secretary.
Itcmlrtngs jrf t|rt ^antii
EXAMINATION PAPERS, 1864.
The foUowiog are the Examination Papers set in the
▼ariooi iobjecta at the Society's Final Examinations, held
in April last : —
{Continued from j>age 678.)
LOGIC AND MENTAL SCIENCE.
THBBE HOCBS ALLOWED.
AU the candidtUee should attempt at least six questions in
the first Section, In each of the other Sections they should
(Mtten^ at leaH three questions.
Logic,
1. Illostrate the universal principle of reasoniDg as laid
down bj Aristotle.
2. Show that logic does not profess to famish a peculiar
method of reasoning.
3. What is the advantage of employiDg, in logic, un-
meaning symbols instead of words which have a meaning ?
4. Show how common terms are obtained, and how
they are merely inadequate notions of individuals.
6. Explain Opposition and Conversion, according to
Whateley, and oner any criticisms that occur to you.
6. Onlinate the following terms, first, in extension, and
•econdly, in comprehension:—
C^reek, European, Being, Animal, Man, Athenian,
and explain the relation between Comprehension
and Extension.
7. Give a table of judgments according to Thomson
and Hamilton.
8. Give a table of the syllogistic figures, showing the
places where the major premise, the minor premise, and the
middle term stand in each figure.
9. Show why the middle term must be distributed iu
one of the terms of a syllogism.
10. Show the faults, if any, in the following syl-
logisms : —
CONTENTS.
Fine Arti
Mano&oturM
CMnmeroo
Colonies
PubUoationi iMued
Notet
Patents
••ft
•••
• ••
• ••
• •■
• ••
•••
•••
• •
• ••
• •ft
• ••
•■•
•••
• ••
•••
• ••
«••
•••
•••
Pa^e 698
... 698
... 698
... 699
... 701
... 701
702
• ••
• ••
••• •••
Some works of art are useful.
All works of man are works of art.
Some works of man are useful.
All men are good.
A murderer is a man.
A murderer is good.
All men are corporeal.
No angels are men.
No angels are corporeal.
11. Give some classification of Fallacies,
Bishop Bdtleb's Sermons.
1. How may the subject of morals be treated; and
how does Butler treat the subject ?
2. Give a scheme of the appetites and affections of
human nature, and of their relations to each other.
8. Do you observe any inconsistency in the rank which
Butler assigns to benevolence in different parts of his dis-
courses?
4. If a man were to eat merely to support life, what
would be his principle of action ? If he were moved by
hunger, what woula be his principle of action ?
5. Show how we could have no happiness if we had no
affection but self-love.
6. Give a short abstract of Butler's eleventh sermon.
7. Give a short abstract of his system.
Palbt's Moeal Philosopht.
1. What are the three rules of life according to Paley ?
2. How do these rules often mislead us ?
3. State one or two arguments for and against the
qrstem of moral instincts.
4. In what does an act of duty differ from an act of
prudence? Criticise Paley 's doctrine.
5. Illustrate the doctrine of general consequences, and
show that whatever is expedient is right.
6. What two methods are there of coming at the will
of God on any point?
7. How are nghts divided ?
8. State and refntethe doctrine of the social compact.
Stbwabt's Philosoput of th» Human Mind.
1. Show how the phenomena which the mind exhibits
have no necessary connection with our opinions concerning
its nature and essence.
2. Give some instances of our tendency to blend well-
ascertained truths with principles which rest wholly on
conjecture.
3. What natural prejudices seem to have given rise to
the common theories of perception ?
4. Distinguish between efficient causes and physical
causes.
690
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptkmbbb 16, 1864.
5. What is Stewart's opinion as to our power of attend-
log to more than one thing at one and the same instant?
6. What is meant by the assooiatioo of ideas? State
some of the laws of association.
7. lllostrate the influence of association on onr tastes.
8. What are meant by our secondary desires ?
9. Explain Stewart's statement that the exercise both
of conception and imagination is always accompanied with
a belief that their otjects exist.
Mills' Logio.
1. Define Induction.
2. State and discuss the fbndamental principle or
general axiom of Induction.
8. Explain and criticise Mill's employment of the term
unecndiiionalneM,
4. Describe the kind of Induction wiiich is natural to
the mind when unaccustomed to scientific methods. How
does Bacon characterise this kind of Induction ?
5. Distinguish, after Mill, Proper Induction from Verbal
Transformations.
6. State and briefly describe the principal operations
wldoh Mill regards as subsidiary to Induction.
7. What is meant bv Anticipation, and what by Colliga-
tion in inductive inquiiy ?
8. Distinguish between Observation and Experiment?
9. Distinguish between Indaotion, Deduction, and
Analogy.
LATIN AND ROMAN HISTORY.
THKBK H0UB8 ALLOWED.
Section I.
Translate —
nium ego per flammas et mille sequentia tela
Eripui his humeris, medioque ex hoste recepi ;
Ille, meum comitatus iter, maria omnia mecum
Atque omnes pelagique minas coelique ferebat,
In^idus, vires ultra sortemque senectae ;
Quin, ut te supplex peterem et tua limina adirem,
Idem orans mandata dabat. Gnatique patrisque,
Alma, precor, miserere : potes namque omnia, nee te
Nequidquam Incis Hecate praefecit Avemis :
Si potuit Manes aroessere conjugis Orpheus,
ThreYcia fretus cithara fidibusque canoris ;
Si fratrem Pollux altema morte redemit,
Itque reditque viam toties. Quid Thesea magnum,
Quid memorem Alciden ? Et mt genus ab Jove summo.
1. Parse fully the words, hmMrii, itir, pdaffi, ioriemy
adirem, f>atritt cmniOf lucis, cUhard, viam.
2. Qive the perfect tenses indicative and the active
supines of the verbs eripuitfirebat, jpeterem, potett areesKre,
redemU»
Explain the allusions to OrpheWf Pollux^ ThetnUf
Aleukn
Section II.
Translate —
Quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae.
Sacra ferens ? Nosco crines incanaque roenta
Regis Romani, primus qui legibus urbem
Fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra
Missus in imporium magnum. Cui deinde f^ubibit,
Otia qni rumpet patriae, residesque movebit
TuUus in arma viros et jam desueta triumphis
Agmina. Quern Juxta scquitur jactanlior Ancns,
Nunc qnoque ism niminm gandens popnlaribns auris.
Vis et Tarquinios reges animamquo stipe rbam
Ultoris Biuti fascewue videre receptos?
Consnlis Imperium nic primus sneva^qno secures
Accipiet, natoFque pntcr nova bclla nio\cntcs
Ad noenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit.
1 . Parse fully the words, ramis, regis, (errd, cui, triumphis,
auris, natos, hdla,
2. Decline fully, resides, fasce9, secures, libertas.
3. Give the perftct tensee, indicative, and the sopiKs
of the verbs, nosco^ mUsus, m^iM, rtMnps^ mfmUsr, ris,
videre, tKcMet*
4. Explain the aQuiions to Ifvmt, Anefs4, end Bnim.
Section IIL
Translate —
Sed nbi ille adsedit, Catilina, ut erat pftratns ad ^
simulanda omnia, demisso voltu, voce aupplici poBteUa^
'* Patres consoripti no quid de se temere credocnt ; «b
familia ortum, ita se ab adulescentia vitam insftituiae, ti
omnia bona in spe haberet ; ne aestnmareni, aibi, pstrida
homini, quoius ipsius atque majorum plarima ^**^*ft^f a
plebem uomanam assent, perdita re pablica opos tmt,
quom earn servarct M. Tullius, inqailiaua civis »yi
Roraae." ad hoc maledtcta alia quom addarel* obfllsipvi
omnes, hostem atque parriddem vooare. tiiBi ilkfan-
bundns : '* Quoniam quidem oircamreotiia^ Inqah "* sn
inlmicis praecepsagor, tncendlum meom tvixxm mMUngamr
-^BeU Cat., § xxxi.
1. Parse fully the words, voUu, fasmOU^ tOi^ptrm,
obstrepere, ruin A,
2. Give the perfect tenses, indicative, and the asisaei
of the verbs, credererU, haberet, perdiU, addent, tfr^
eztinguam,
3. Turn Catilina's speech into oro^to rscto.
Sbotion IV.
Translat^^
Post eum diem quidam L. TarauiaiiiB addnelas it
senatum erat, qnem ad Catilinam proDcinoittein «x iiiBcs
retractnm atebant; is, quom se dioerei indicatanan de
conjuratione, si fides publica data esaei, Jians a eom^
quae sciret edicere, eadem fere quae Voltmciaa, depsott
incendiis, de caede bonomm, de itlnere hoatiam seDates
dooet; praeterea se missnm a M. CrasK>, qui GUi&at
nuntiaret, ne eum Lentulus et Oethegna aliiqiie cs
conjuratione deprehensi terrerent, eoque magia ptypeiAitt
ad urbem accedere, quo et oeterorum animos leloeiei ct
illi fadlius a perieolo eriperontor. eed nbi Taipiima
Crassnm nominavit, bominem noblleiD, maziuBis dMtii.
summa potentia, alii rem incredibilem rmti, pm liBSlri
verum existumabant. tamen quia in taU tempore tsalsvi
hominis magis leniunda quam exagitanda vidriKtei
plerique Ctasso ex negotiis privatia obnoxil ccsiolsBBBa
indicem ialsum esse, deque ea re poatulaot ati
-^BeUCaU,%x\v\\l
1. Parse fully ffofidtondem^ citororwn»
divitOs, OroitOtiidietm.
2. Give the perfect tenses indicative asd •iipicMio{6i
verbs diceret, sciret, edocet, Urrerent, rati, re/eratvr,
8. Decline fully itineretfidet, rem, vis, homimm,
SEorioir V.
1. What were the powers of the Dictator? By
? k
was he appointed, and for what pnrpoea
instances.
8. Give an acoomii of the seven oofvalshlpi of Ae
Pahii ? What great men bore this name f
8. What was the purpose of the Terenttliaa Law? Ta
what did it lead?
4. How did the first Decenvlrate dlflbr tnm tkaaseoed '.
5. What freed Borne fVom the (Equi and Volsri f
fi. Give an account of tlie great Latta War, and l^
final settlement of Latium.
SBcmoR VI.
1. Wlieo was penonal slavery hr debt abcdlabed sM
by whom ?
2. Give an account of the war ^dth Pyrrhna.
3. Write a life of Hannibal. What was tbe
his failure against Rome?
4. Narrate tlie sooceesive stepe by whidi
complete possession of Greece.
6. What was the character of the Eomati Qowmaam
of the provinces ?
6. Write a life of Cicero.
( 7b be contimted,)
tLomm fa
JOUAKAL OF THB 800IETT OF ARTS, Septbkbib 16, 18&S:. 691
'^- "■'
fttttt^i Bt Instttntums
Tbb Fayebsham iMarxTUTE. — Annual Mbstino. — On
Wednesday, the 7th of August, the tenth annaal meeting
of the Faversbam Institute wai held in the Leotore Hall,
Mr. James Higham in the ohair. The Managing
Director (the Mayor) then read the report, which stated
that at the present time there are no less than 1,125
members, showing a net increase daring the year of 120,
and the Institution is now the largest of its kind in the
county of Kent, and nearly the largest in the country.
The finances are in a prosperous condition, the debt con-
tracted last year to the treasurer is nearly liquidated.
The libcary is well supported. The classes, with the
exception of those for reading and writing, have not been
so successful as could be wished. The committee report
the success which attended tiie Junior examinations in
January, and the Society of Arts examinations in April.
At the former twenty-one candidates presented them-
selves, and wwe examined in one or more of the following
branches: — Arithmetic, English grammar, and composi-
tion, English history, reading, and writing. Nine of the
Gttodidjttes obtained priaes, which were publicly distributed
in Faversham, by 8. G. Johnson, Esq. At the Society
of Arts examinations in April, eight candidates under-
went the previous, and seven the final examinations. Of
these, two obtained third-class, two second-dass, and one
a first'dafls certificate. Through the kindness of friends,
the committee are in a position to give prizes to the
sncooeaful candidates. These prizes, t<Mfether with the
certificates, will be publicly distributed on an early
oooasioii. Prizes for answers to the questions in the
MonUdy Jowmai have been awarded to George Kay,
Frederick Austin, T. 0. Thomiuraft, and to the repre-
•enUtives of the late FredericiL Hills. The MonUdy
Journal has been published with considerable regularity
daring the year, and various other Institutes at Leeds,
Now port, and other large towns have followed the
example of the Faversham Institute, and are now pub-
liehiog monthly records of their proceedings. A bor-
tioultoral society, a musical society, a benefit society,
and a cricket dub have been established in conneetion
with the Institute, and are successfully at work ; and a
woridng men's dub has been affiliated to the Institute.
The committee have sanctioned the formation of an
eooDomio museum, similar to that established at Twicken-
ham, by Mr. Twining, one of the vice-presidents of the
Society of Arts. The success of this project will entitle
the Institute to a very liberal donation by Mr. Twining,
in the shape of museum furniture, whim it will tend
very greatly to increase the usefhlness of the Institute.
The committee have offered the following prizes, to be
competed for by members of the Institute : 1st, a book, the
value of a guinea, for the best ; 2Dd, a book, the value of
half a guinea, for the second best^ essay on the " advantages
to be derived from the study of history f also a book, of
the vsdue of ten shillings, for the best, one of the value
of seven shillings and sixpence for the second best, and
one of the value of five shillings for the third best
upecimen of pencil drawing. The essays and dimwin^
are to be forwarded to the Institute in November, and it
is hoped that the competitors will be so numerous as to
render a second ofTer of prizes desirable.
BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOtt THB ADVANCE-
MENT OF SCIENCE.— BATH, 1864,
Tho thirty.fourth meeting of the Association com-
menced on ^Wednesday, the 14th instant, under the
presidency of Sir Cliailes Lyell, Bart., LL.D., F.R.8.
Xhe Concral Comuiitteo held its first meeting at one
o'clock, and the first general meeting of the Association
was held in the Theatre, at eight o'clock, in the evening,
when Sir W. G. Armstrong, the President for last year.
resigned the chair to Sfar Charles Lyell, who delivered an
address, of which the following is an abstract :—
" The place where we have been invited this year to
hold our thhty-fourth meeting is one of no ordinary
interest to the cultivators of physical science. What
renders Bath a peculiar point of attraction to the student
of natural phenomena is its thermal and mineral waters,
to the sanatory powers of which the city has owed its
origin and celebrity. The great volume and high
temperature of these waters render them not only
unique in our island, but perhaps witliout a parallel in
the rest of Europe, when we duly take into account
their distance fix>m the nearest region of violent earth-
quakes or of active or extinct volcanos.
• • • • • .
" One of our former Presidents, Dr. Daubeny, has re-
marked that nearly all the most celebrated hot sprmgs of
Europe, such as those of Aiz-la-Chapelle, Baden-Baden,
Naples, Auveigne, and the Pyrenees, have not declined
in temperature since the days of the Bomans, for many of
them still retain as great a heat as is tolerable to the
human body, and yet when employed by the ancients
they do not seem to have required to be first cooled down
by artificial means. This uniformity of temperature,
maintained in some places for more than 2,000 years,
together with the constancy in the volume of the
water, wliioh never varies with the seasons, as in ordi-
nary spring, the identity also of the mineral ingre-
dients which, century after century, are held by each
spring in solution, are striking facts, and they tempt us
irresistibly to speculate on the deep subterraneous
sources both of the heat and mineral matter. How
long has this uniformity prevailed ? Are the springs
really ancient in reference to the earth's histoiy, or,
like the course of the present rivers and the actual
shape of our hills and valleys, are they only of high
antiquity when contrsstod with the brief space of human
annals ? May they not be like Vesuvius and Etna, which,
althoueh they have been adding to their fianks, in the course
of the last 2,000 years many a stream of lava and shower
of ashes, were still mountains very much the same as they
now are in height and dimensions from the earliest times
to which we can trace back their existence ? Tet although
their foundations are tens of thousands of years old, they
went laid at an era when the Mediterranean was already
inhabited by the same species of marine shells as those
with which it is now peopled; so that these volcanos
must be regarded as things of yesterday In the geological
calendar.
" The hot spring of the Pyrenees, the Alps, and many
other regions are situated in lines along which the roclu
have been rent, and usually wber& they have been dis-
placed or ** faulted." Similar dislocations in the solid
crust of the earth are generally supposed to have deter-
mined the spots where active and extinct volcanos have
burst forth; for several of these often affect a linear
arrangement, their position seeming to have been deter-
mined by great lines of fissure. Another connecting link
between the volcano and the hot spring is recogniz^le in
the great abundance of hot springs in regions where
volcanic eruptions still occur from time to time. It is
also in the same districts that the waters occsblonally
attain the boiling temperature, while some of the
associated stuias emit steam considerably above tho
boiling point. But in proportion as we recede from
the great centres of igneous activity, we find the tlienual
wateia decreasing in frequency and in their average heat,
while at the same time they are most oODspicoous in tlioho
territories where, as in Cential France or the Kifel in
Germany, there are conea and craters ittill so perfect iu
their form, and stream8 of lava bearing ftuch a relaion to
the depth and shape of the existing valluye, as to indijal^
ttiat the interual tires have becouio dormant in compara*
tividy recent times. If there be exceptions to this rule, it
is where hot springs are met with in parts of the Alps and
692
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Skptimbie 6, 1864
Pyrenees which have been violently oonvnlsed by modem
earthquakes.
• ••••■
. <* Dr. Daubeny, after devoting a month to the analyaia
of the Bath waters in 1833, ascertained that the daily
evolation of nitrogen gas amounted to no less than 250
cubic feet in volume. This gas, he remarks, is not only
characteristic of hot springs, but is largely disengaged
from volcanic craters during eruptions..
" Carbonic acid is another of the volatilised substances
discharged by the Bath waters. Dr. Gustav Bischoff, in
the new edition of his valuable work on chemical and
physical geology, when speaking of the exhalations of
this gas, remarks that they are of universal occurrence,
and that they originate at great depths, becoming more
abundant the deeper we penetrate. He also observes
that when the silicates, which enter so largely into the
composition of the oldest rocks, are percolated by this gas,
they must be continually decomposed, and the carbonates
formed by the new combinations thence arising must
often augment the volume of the altered rocks. This
increase of bulk, he sa3r8, must sometimes give rise to a
mechanical force of expansion capable of uplifting the
incumbent crust of the earth, and may idso act laterally
BO as to compress, dislocate, and tilt the strata. There
are probably many distinct causes of such upward, down-
ward, and lateral movements, and any new suggestion on
this head is most welcome ; but I believe the expansion
and contraction of solid rocks, when they are alternately
heated and cooled, and the fusion and subsequent conso-
lidation of mineral masses, will continue to rank, as here-
tofore, as the most influential causes of such movements.
** The temperature of the Bath waters varies in the
different springs from 117^ to 120o Fahr. This, as before
stated, is exceptionally high, when we duly allow for the
great distance of Bath from the nearest region of active
or recently extinct volcanos and of violent earthquakes.
The hot springs of Aix-la-Cbapelle have a much higher
temperature, viz., 135^ Fahr., but they are situated
within forty miles of those cones and lava streams of the
£ifel, which, though they may have spent their force
ages before the earliest records of history, belong, never-
theless, to the most modem geological period. Bath is
about 400 miles distant from the same part of Germany,
and 440 fVom Auvergne — another volcanic region, the
latest eruptions of which were geologically coeval with
those of the Eifel. When these two regions in France
and Germany were the theatres of frequent convulsions,
we may well suppose that England was often more rudely
shaken than now; and such shocks as that of October
last, the sound and rocking motion of which caused so
great a sensation as it traversed the southern part of the
island, and which seems to have been particularly violent
in Herefordshire, may be only a languid reminder to us of a
force of which the energy has been gradually dying out.
The geological map of the environs of Bath shows
numerous lines of fault or displacement of the rocks, and
one of these has shifted the strata vertically as much as
200 feet. There are other lines of displacement not yet
laid down on the map the existence of which must be in-
ferred from the different levels at which the same forma-
tions crop out on the flanks of the hills to the north and
south of the city. I have therefore little doubt that the
Bath springs, like most other thermal waters, mark the
site of some great convulsion and fracture which took
place in the crust of the earth at some former period —
perhaps not a very remote one, geologically speaking.
** If we adopt the theory that the nitrogen is derived
from the deoxidation of atmospheric air carried down by
rain-water, we may imagine the supply of this water to be
furnished by some mountainous region, perhaps a distant
one,^ and that it descends through rents or porous rocks
till it encounters some mass of heated matter by which it
-"s converted into steam, and then driven upwards through
fissure. In its downward paraage the water may derive
its sulphate of Hme, chloride of caldom, andotbsi^
stances from the decomposidon of the gypieaM,a^
calcareous, and other constituents of the rocks itadi ii
permeates.
. • • • . •
"Professor Bosooe, of Manchester, has bean litd7»
gaged in making a careful analysis of the Bilbv»m
and has discovered in them three metals which thef tm
not previously known to contain— namely copier, itra-
tium, and lithium ; but he has searched mmiM
cs9sium and rabidium, those new metals, the eziiace if
which has been revealed to us in the cooiseof theluifcv
years by spectram analysis.
• . • • • •
** It is impossible not to suspect that ihev«^s^
efficacy of some mineral springs, both ooM lud toil
in curing diseases, which no artificially ptpuvd n^
have as yet been able to rival, may be connected w**»
presence of one or more of these elemwjtaiybo^pf^
vioosly unknown ; and some of the newly fcoudiD^
dients, when procured in larger qoantities, hut fin«
medical science with means of combating diaweswciii
have hitherto baffled all human skill.
*• While I was pursuing my inquiries "?*^ *
Bath waters, I learned casually that a hot «P"°?^'jJ
discovered at a great depth in a copper mine near Ben™
in Com wall, having about as high a tempentnreiil»
of the Bath waters, and of which, strange to sa/jWJfr
count has yet been published. It seems that, In they*
1839, a level was driven from an old shaft so as te»»^
sect a rich copper-mine at the depth of 1,850 fcrt woe
surface. Through the contents of this lode^kflomi
the Wheal Clifford lode) a powerful ^gof W^
was observed to rise, which has co°*""***^*^ rj!?
undiminished strength ever since. TbewaterM«a
analyzed by Professor William Allen Miller, FAS,»^
finds that the quantity of solid matter is so j;re«tf°
exceed by more than four times the proportwojuf
yielded by the Bath waters. Ite compositioo ■ «w ■
many respects very different, for it «»*»"* ^!j^
phate of lime, and is almost firee from the «l**f ;^
sium . It is rich in the chlorides of calcium and wWb>
and it contains one of the new metals-casiam^'f
fore detected in any mineral spring in EngJ^'"* ,
peculiar characteristic is the extraordinary ab^»*!
lithium, of which a mere trace bad been foond^
feasor Roscoe in the Bath waters, whereas » "''' ^
hot spring this meUl consUtutes no less thanatf«nr
sixthpart of the whole of the solid contents. _.^
•'Hot springs are, for the most P*rt, cMif»^
alkaline and other highly soluble sub8tan(»,aj»'*^
role, are barren of the pi'edoiis metals, gold, ai'^'
copper, as well as of tin, platinum, lead, «»jMDy^
a slight trace of copper in the Bath waters hemg^^
tional. Nevertheless there is a strong V^^^^ ^
there exists some relationship between t»«Jf,fL
thermal water* and the filling of rents with ^^^]^
The component elements of Siese ores may, ^^Tj^
instance, rise from great depths in a state of »«»» ^^
or of solution in intenselv heated water, «"<*^ ^ lU
precipitated on the walls of a fissure as '??^^^
ascending vapours or fluids begin to P*^.7\?. j^bk
their heat. Almost everything, save the ^^*^y ^
silica, and certain gases, may thus be ^^^^iftii
before the spring reaches the earth's *^*^,i|f^
theory be adopted, it will foUow that the m^ ,
portion of a fissure, originally thousands "^^
fathoms deep, will never be exposed in WOO" f*^
to the miner until it has been upheaved by y^^ ^
of convulsions, and until the higher parte ^^'.Sjhbti
rent, together with its contents and the roda ^ »jji^
traversed, have been removed by •^^^J^J ^eflB«l**
A^es before such changes are *<***™P^' jj^^JjV-
mineral springs will have ceased to act ; so *^|[. -,iBf
of identity between the mineral '^S^^^^v^S^'
and the contents of metalUferoos veins,
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, September 6, 1864.
69a
Uiiog agminsi their intimate relationship, ia in favour of
bo4h being the oomplementary results of one and the same
natanl operation.
'* But there are other characters in the structure of the
earth's crust more mysterious in their nature than the
phenomena of metalliferous veins, on which the study of
not i^nga has thrown light — I allude to the metamor-
phiam of sedimentary rooks. Strata of various ages,
many of them once full of organic remains, have been
rendered partially or wholly crystalline. It is admitted
on mil hands that heat has been instrumental in bringing
about this re* arrangement of particles, which, when the
metamorphism has been carried out to its fullest extent,
obliterates all trace of the imbedded fossils. But as
ZDonntain-masses many miles in length and several thou-
sands of feet in height, have undergone such alteration,
it has always been difficult to explain in what matter an
amount of heat capable of so entirely changing the
molecular condition of sedimentary masses could have
come into play without utterly annihilating every sign of
stratification, as well as of organic structure.
** Various experiments have led to the conclusion that
the minerals which enter most largely into the composi-
tion of the metamorphic rocks have not been formed by
crystalliaing from a state of fusion, but that they have
been derived from liquid solutions — a process requiring a
far leas intense de|^ree of heat. Thermal springs, charged
with carbonic acid and with hydro-fluoiic acid (which
last 10 often present in small quantities), are powerful
causes of decomposition and chemical reaction in rocks
through which they percolate. If, therefore, large bodies
of hot water permeate mountain-masses at great depths,
they may in the course of ages superinduce in them a
crystalline structure ; and in some cases strata in a lower
position and of older date may be comparatively unaltered,
retaining their fossil remains nndefaced, while newer rocks
are rendered metamorphic. This may happen where the
waters, after passing upwards for thousands of feet, meet
with some obstruction, as in the case of the Wheal-
Cliflord spring, causing the same to be laterally diverted
so as to percolate the surrounding rocks. The efficacy of
such hydro-thermal action has been admirably illustrated
of late years by the experiments and obciervations of
S^narmont, Daume, Delesse, Scheerer, Sorby, Sterry
Hunt, and others."
• •••••
<* The study, of late years, of the constituent parts of
granite has led to the conclusion that their consolidation
ims taken place at temperatures far below those formerly
supposed to be indispensable. Qustav Rose has pointed
out that the quartz of granite has the specific gravity of
2*6, which characterizes silica when it is precipitated from
a liquid solvent, and not that inferior density, namely
2-3, which belongs to it when it cools and solidifies in the
dry way from a state of fusion. But some geologists,
when made aware of the intervention, on a large scale, of
water, in the formation of the component minerals of the
granitic and volcanic rocks, appear of late years to have
been too much disposed to dispense with intense heat
when accounting for Uie formation of the crystalline
and unsti-atified rooks. As water in a state of
solid combination enters largely into the aluminous
and some other minerals, and therefore plays no
small part in the composition of the earth's crust, it fol-
lows that, when rocks are melted, water must be present,
independently of the supplies of lain- water and sea water
which find their way into the regions of subterranean
heat. But the existence of water under great pressure
affords no argument against our attributing an excessively
high temperature to the mass with which it is mixed up.
Still less does the point to which the melted matter must
be cooled down before it consolidates or cr}*8tallizes into
lava or granite afl'ord any test of the degree of heat
which the same matter must have acquired when it was
melted and made to form lakes and seas in the interior of
the earth's crust.
II
The exact nature of the chemical changes which
hydrothermal action may effect in the earth's interior will
long remain obscure to us, because the regions where they
take place are inaccessible to man ; but the manner in
which volcanos have shifted their position throughout a
vast series of geological epochs — becoming extinct in one
region and breaking out in another— may, perhaps, ex-
plun the increase of heat as we descend towards the
interior, without the necessity of our appealing to an
original central heat or the igneous fluidity of the earth's
nucleus.
'* I hinted, at the beginning of this address, that the
hot springs of Bath may be of no high antiquity,
geologically speaking, — not that I can establish this
opinion by any positive proofs, but I infer it from the
mighty changes which this region has undergone since
the timo when the British seas, rivers, and lakes were
inhabited by the existing species of Testacea. Marine
straits extended, at a modem period, between wliat are
now the estuaries of the Seveiii and the Deo, as shown
by the discovery of marine shells of recent species in drift
covering the water-shed which divided those estuaries.
At the time when these shells were living, the Cotswold
Hills formed one of the nnmerous islands of an archipelago
into which England, Ireland, and Scotland were then
divided. The amount of vertical movement which would
be necessary to restore such a state of the surface as pre-
vailed when the position of land and sea were so difiierent
would be very great.
*• Nowhere in the world, according to our present in-
formation, is the evidence of upheaval, as manifested by
upraised marine shells, so striking as in Wales. Fossil
shells in stratified drift have been found at the top of a
hill called Moel Tryfaen, near the Menai Straits, and not far
from the base of Snowdon. The whole fauna bears testi-
mony to a climate colder than that now experienced in these
latitudes. A considerable part of what is called the glacial
epoch had already elapsed before the shelly strata in
question were deposited on Moel Tryfaen, as we may
infer from the polished and striated surfaces of rocks on
which the drift rests, and the occurrence of erratic blocks
smoothed and scratched, at the bottom of the same drift."
The President then discussed the supposed causes of
the glacial period, and specially mentioned one sug-
gest^ by a celebrated Swiss geologist, M, Escher
von der Linth, who ''gave it as his opinion in 1852,
that if it were true, as Kitter had suggested, that
the great African desert, or Sahara, was submerged
within the modem or post- tertiary period, that same sub-
mergence might explain why the Alpine glaciers had at-
tained so recently those coIoscaI dimensions which, reasoning
on geological data, Venetz and Charpentier had assigned to
them. Since E»cher first threw out this hint, the fact that
the Sahara was really covered by the sea at no distant
period has been confirmed by many new proofs. The
distinguished Swiss geologist himself has just returned
from an exploring expedition through the eastern part of
the Algerian desert, in which he was accompanied by M.
Desor, of Neuchatel, and Professor Martins, of Mont-
pellier. These three experienced observers satisfied
themselves, during the last winter, that the Sahara was
under water during the period of the living species of
Testacea. Other important changes in these regions
had evidently taken place, so great Indeed that a
map of Africa in the glacial period would no more
resemble our present maps of that continent than Europe
now resembles North America. If, then, argues Escher,
the Sahara was a sea in post-tortiary time.% we may
uniler«tand why the Alpine glaciera formerly attained
such gigantic dimensions, and why they have left mo-
raines of such magnitude on the plains of northern Italy
and the lower conntry of Switzerland. The Swiss pea-
sants have a saying, when they talk of the melting of the
snow, that the sun could do nothing without the Fohn, a
name which they give to the well-known sirocco. This
I wind, afler sweeping over a wide expanse of parched and
694
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sipthmbbb 16, 18W.
boniiDg mad In Africa, Uowi oooafioDally for dayi in sac-
c«ieion acroM the Maditerraneao, carrying with it the
scorching heat of the Sahara to melt the sdowb of the
Apennines and Alps. .... MM. Escher and Denzler
haTe both of them obserred, on different occasions, that
the thickness of one foot of snow has disappeared in four
hours daring the prevalence of this wind."
After mentioning other instances showing the great
power of this wind, and the important influenoe of its in-
termittent action, the President went on to urge that
much greater changes would result from its toi&l cessa-
tion. But this would ^ive **no idea of what must have
happened in the glacial period; for we cannot sup-
pose the action of the south wind to have been
suspended ; it was not in abeyance, but its character
was entirely different, and of an opposite nature, under
the altered geographical conditions above contemplated.
First, instead after passing over a parched and scorching
desert, between the twentieth and thirty* fifth parallels
of latitude, it would plentifully absorb moisture from
a sea many hundreds of miles wide. Next, in its coui'se
over the Mediten-anean, it would take up still more
aqueous vapour; and when, after complete satnratioD, it
■truok the Alps, it would be driven up into the higher
and more rariOed regions of the atmosphere. There the
aerial current, as fast as it was cooled, would discharge
its aqueous burden in the form of snow, so that the same
wind which is now called 'the devourerof ice' would
b<'come its principal feeder.
''If we thus embrace Escher's theoiy, as accounting in
no small degree for the vast size of the extinct glaciers
of Switzerland and northern Italy, we are by no means
debarred from accepting at the same time Gharpentier's
suggestion, that the Alps in the glacial period were 2,000
or 8,000 feet higher than they are now. Such a difference
in altitude may have been an auxiliary cause of the ex-
treme cold, and seems the more probable now that we
have obtained unequivocal proofs of such great oscilla-
tions of level in Wides within the period under considera-
tion. We may also avail ourselves of another souroe of
refrigeration which may have coincided in time with the
submergence of the Sahara, namely, the diversion of the
Gulf stream from its present source. The shape of
Kurope and North America, or the boundaiies of sea and
land, departed so widely in the glacial period from those
BOW established, that we cannot suppose the Gnlf-stream
to have taken at that period its present north-western
course across the AtUntio. If it took some other direc-
tion, the climate of the north of Scotland would, accord-
ing to the calculations of Mr. Hopkins, suffer a diminution
in its average annual temperature of 12^ Fahr., while that
of the Alps would loee 2° Fahr." A combination of these
and other conditions, which might be enumerated, would
certainly be attended with so great a revolution in climate
M might go far to account for the exoeesive cold which was
developed at so modem a period in the earth's history.
• • » • . ,
" The more we study and comprehend the geogniphical
changes of the glacial period, and the migrations of ani-
mals and plants to which it gave rise, the higher our
conceptions are raised of the duration of that subdivision
of time, which, though vast when measured by the suc-
cession of events comprised in it, was brief if estimated
by the ordinaiy rules of geological dasriiScation. The
glacial period was, in &ct, a mere episode in one of the
great epochs of the earth's history ; for the inhabitants of
the lands and seas, before and after ihe grand develop-
ment of snow and ice, were nearly the same. As yet we
have no satisfactory proof that man existed in Europe or
elsewhere duriuff the period of extreme cold ; but our in-
vestigations on this head are still in their infancy. In an
early portion of the post-elacial period it has been asoer-
tamed that man flourished in Europe ; and in tracing the
mgns of his existence, from the historical ages to those
immediately antecedent, and so backward into more aa-
cient tunes, we fiMoalij approach a dwBimilar gto-
graphical state of thingi^ when the dimats m coUa
and when the configuration of the soriaoe depirtode»
siderably from that which now pievails.
** Archssologista are satis6ed that in oeotral ISonfe^
age of bronxe weapons preceded the Bomin iimaoD ^
Switaerland: and prior to the Swias-Uke dvdlifi|i9^
the bronze age were ^oae in which sfcoos wesfon ^
were used. The Danish kitohen-nuddeai iMmtobiH
been of about the same date ; bat what IL Urtei In
called the reindeer period of the Sooth of FitMfi^
probably anterior, connected with a somevhit c^s
climate. Of still higher antiquity was that age of ndci
implements of stone such as were buried in tb«fl&^
drift of Amiens and Abbeville, and which wen m^
in the same gravel with the bones of extinct qaidn!}«ii,
such as the elephant, rhinoceros, bear, tiger, and !tm
Between the present era and that of tboie m^
vestiges yet discovered of our race, valleys hare )m
deepened and widened, the course of lobtenaoeiB mca
whujh once flowed throagh caveim has been eN«^
and many species of wild quadrupeds have disppen^
The bed of the sea, moreover, has in the same i^t(f
lifted up, in many pUoes hoodreds of fset, ibovt id
former level, and the oatlines of xoaoy a ooast eatniv
altered.
" MM. de Vemeuil and Louis Urtet hsn nas^
found, near Madrid, fossil teeth of the Africaodif^
in old valley-drift, containing flint implemaati oft^
aame antique type as those of Amieoi aod AbUr^
Proof of the same elephant having iohabitad Si^
the Postpliocene aod proluUbly within the HoBaDpew
had previously been ^ught to light by Btm Asi
during his explm^tioo of the boM-cavci of ?i^
We have now, therefore, evidence of man \am *
existed in Europe with three species of elepbaDt,tvoi'
them extinct (namely, the mammoth aod the iS2^f
tiquua), and a third the same as that which itill mnrm a
Africa. As to the first of these— the MainiwKii-i«
aware that some writers contend that itcooMo*' »"
died out many tens of thousands of years beibce ov tunc,
because its flesh has been Hound preaerved in xtjii
Siberia, in so freeh a state as to serve aa food for wp*
bears, and wolves; but this argument seenu tooKB^
cious. Middendorf, in 1843, after digging th^^*^
thickness of frozen soil in Siberia, came down opwu
icy mass, in which the capcase of a manunoihwasimbeoW,
so perfect that, among other parts, the popii ^^^
was taken out, and is now preserved in theMiartnf
Moscow. No one will deny that this elephant W J^
for several thousand years in its icy «ivel(^; «^" '^."^
been left undisturbed, and the cold had gone on toa«^
for myriads of centuries, we might reasonsbl/ ^P*^
the frozen flesh might conUnue undecayed astilaae^
glacial period had passed away. .^i
" When speculaUons on the long series o! f^^n
occurred hi the gladaland poetgladalperiodaarei^
in, the imaghiaUon is apt to take alarm atthaunio^
of the time required to interpret the mooamantsof ^
ages, all referable to the era of existing »P«** ^^
to abridge the number of centuries which ^^^
wise be indispensable, a disposition is abovii ^^
to magnify the rate of change in prehistoric *»* '
inventing the causes which have modi^^^j^
and inanimate world with extraordiDaiy and «b«^
energy, ^
" Twill now briefly allude, in condosion, toWi^
on which a gradual change of opinion hai »* '*\?
place among geologists of late years. ^"\*J^ it
ther ttiere has been a continuous «w**"^^ t?^
the organic and inorganic worlds, '"»^D*®™P*vJ!LJd^
and general catastrcmheB ; and ^^ocMff^^'^^^^
evidence can be obtained of a period »"***2W
creation of organic behiffs on the earth. '•*?Jf3i*
to remember when geologists dogmatised ^JT^^
Snestions in a manner Tvry difisraDt flrxn tbann
iiey would now yentare to indolge. Ibellefew*'^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptbmbkb 16, 1864.
695
the greater number now iDolioe to oppoeite viewt from
those which were ooce most oommooly eDtertained. Oo
the first point it ia worthy of remark that although a
belief in sudden and general conyulaions has been losing
ground, as also the doctrine of abrupt transitions from
ooe set of spooies of animals and plants to another
of a rery different type, yet the whole series of the
records which have been handed down to as are now more
than ever regarded as fragmentary. They ought to be
looked upon as more perfect, because numerous gaps have
been filled up. and In the formations newly intercalated in
the series we have found many missing links and various
iDtermediato gradations between the nearest allied forms
pfevioasly known in the anintal and vegetable worlds.
Yet the whole body of monuments which we are en-
deavouring to decipher appears more defective than before.
For my own part, 1 agree with Mr. Darwin in considering
them as a mere fraction of those which have once existed,
while no approach to a perfect series was ever formed
originally, it riaving never been part of the plan of Nature
to leave a complete record of all her works and operations
for the enlightenment of rational beings who might study
them in after-agus.
'' In reference to the other great question, or Ihe ear*
liest date of vital pltcnomena on this planet, tlie late dis-
coveries in Canada have at least demonstrated that certain
theories founded in Europe on mere negative evidence
were altogether delusive. In the course of a geological
survey, carried on under the able direction of Sir William
E. Logan, it has been shown that northward of the river
St. Lawrence there is a vast series of stratified and crys-
talline rocks of gneiss, mica-schist, quartzite, and lime-
stone, about 40,000 feet in thkkness, which have been
called Laurentian. They are more ancient than the oldest
fossiliferous strata of Europe, or those to which the term
primordial had been rashly assigned. In the first place,
the newest part of this great crystalline series is uncon-
formable to the ancient fossiliferous or so-called primor-
dial rocks which overlie it, so that it must have undersone
disturbing movements before the latter or primordial set
were formed. Then again the older half of the
Laurentian series is unconformable to the ne^er
portion of the same. It is in this lowest and most
ancient system of crystalline strata that a limestone,
about a thousand feet thick, has been observed,
containing organic remains. These fossils have been
examined by Dr. Dawson, of Montreal, and he has
detected in them, by aid of the microscope, the distinct
structure of a larse species of Rhizopod. Fine speci-
mens of this foosu, called Eostoon Canadmte^ have been
brought to Bath by Sir William Logan, to be exhibited
to tlie members of the Association. We have every
reason to suppose that the rocks in which these animid
remains are mclnded are of as old a date as any of
the formations named azoio in Europe, if not older, so
that they preoeded in date rocks once supposed to
have been mnned before any organic beings had been
created.
'* But I will not venture on speculations respecting
* the signs of a beginning,' or * the prospects of an end,'
of our terrestrial system— tliat wide ocean of scientific
coi^ture on which so many theorists before my time
have suffered shipwreck. Without trespassing longer on
your time, I will conclude by expressing to you my
thanks for the honour you have done mo in asking me to
preside over this meeting. I have every reason to hope,
rrooa the many members and distinguished strangers
whom I already see assembled here, that it will not be
iuferk>r in interest to any of the gatherings which have
preceded it."
A vote of thanks to Sir Charles Lyell was proposed by
the Mayor of Bath, seconded by Sir Boderiok Murchtson,
sMd cacried by Mclamatk>n.
THE DUBLIN INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION
IN 1865.
In order to soourxj an adequate representation of the
Manufactures and Industries of the United Kingdom,
the executive have applied to the Society of Arts for
their assistance ; and, with the sanction of the Coondl, a
oommiitee of advice has been formed in London to
promote, as far as possible, the snccess of the Exhi«
bition. The following gentlemen have kindly oonsented
to act on this committee i^Messrs. J. Anderson ; R. K,
Bowley ; E. A. Bowriog, C.B. ; Antonio Brady ; Sir David
Brewster, F.U.S.; Henry Colo, C.B.; Sir C. Wentworth
Dilke, Bart. ; Messrs. Thos. Fairbaim ; J. H. Foley, R.A. ;
Geo. Godwin, F.R.S. ; George Grove; William Hawes,
Chairman of the Council of the Society of Arte; R.
Hudson, F.aS. ; Owen Jones ; Charles Manby, F.R.S. ;
P. C. Owen ; Hon. B. F. Primrose ; S. Redgrave ; ^
Cusack P. Roney ; Sir F. R. Sandford ; Messrs. U. A.
Thompson ; E. Waterton ; J. Way ; G. F. Wilson,
F.R.S. ; Thos, Winkworth ; M. D^by Wyatt ; P. Le
Neve Foster, M.A., Hon. Sec. Tlie CouncU, desiring to
render such support as may be in their power, have acceded
to tlie request of the committee to be permitted the nas
of the Society's house for the transaction of business.
The building in which the Exhibition w'dl be held is
fast approaching completion. Designed to give to the
inhabitants of Dublin similar facilities for recreation and
instruction to those which the Crystal PaUoe offers to
Londoners, ihe Exhibition Palace and Winter Garden
will be found well adapted for an effective display
both of Art and Industry. A number of Irish noble-
men and gentlemen, anxious to take advantage of the
opportunity presented to them by the erection of this
building, have patriotically come forward to give their
support and cotmtenance to an undertaking which pro*
mises to be so beneficial to Arts and Manufactures in their
own country. The General Committee under whose
auspices the Exhibition will be inaugurated includes
some of the most iufiuential and distinguished public men
in Ireland, and a thoroughly Bationaf character is thus
guaranteed to the undertaking. On this Exhibition
Committee are found, among others, the names of the
Lord ClianceUor of Ireland, Duke of LeUister, Earl of
Rosse, Earl of Charlemont, Earl of Clancarty, Viscount
Googh, Viscount Powerscourt, Lord Talbot de Malahide,
Sir George Hodson, Sir R. Griffith, Sir Robert Kane,
the Lord Mayor of Dublin, Hon. St. John Butler,
Hoo. J. P. Vereker, Messrs. B. L. Guinness, W. Dargan,
Gilbert Sanders, F. W. Brady, J. LenUigne, W. Le
Fanu, dec, some of whom are already (avourablv known
by their co-operation in the Dublin Elxhibition of 1853.
The executive have entered into an arrangement with
the company who have erected the building, under the
terms of wluch the Exhibition Palace and Wmter Garden
will be placed at their disposal for the period of the
exhibition. Out of the receipts the company will be
repaid any cost they have been put to ior additk>nal
buildings erected for the purposes of the Exhibition, and
will also receive a certain fixed snm for the use and wear
and tear of their premises. Any surplus remaining after
these charges have been defrayed will be applied to the
purposes of Natk>nal Industry and Art, according to the
directiou of the Exhibition Committee.
Offers and asiuranoes of support have been reoeived
from many of the large towns and manufacturing districts
on the Continent, and applications for space have been made
by several of the principal manufacturers in England.
AlUiough not on so large a scale as the Great Exhibi-
tions of 1§51 and 1862, the Dublin International Exhibi-
tion of 1865 may be easily made both attractive and
successful. Every attempt which is made to turn the
attention of the Irish people to Arts and Blanufactures is
deserving of sympathy and support, and it is to be hoped
that the artists and manuiacturers of the United Kingdom
will on this occasion give their beet oo-operatioo.
696
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, September 16, 1864.
UTILISATION OF SEWAGE OF TOWNS.
A Belect committee of the House of Commons sat in
May, Jane, and July of the present year to inquire into
plans for dealing with the sewage of the metropolis and
other large towns, with a view to its utilisation for agri-
cultural purposes. The committee examined a great
number of witnesses, and the report agreed to, and just
published, is as follows : —
*J The ^ committee commenced their inquiry by ex-
amining into all those plans for utilising, in a liquid state,
the sewage of the metropolis, which had been laid before
the Metropolitan Board of Works, and were referred to
the committee by an order of the House. The com-
mittee have ascertained, from Cornish engineers of the
greatest reputation, the prices of the steam-eugines and
pumps which would be required to raise various quantities
of sewage to stated heights. Mr. Bateman, the well-known
water engineer, was examined as to the prices of the
mains and pipes which would be necessary for the con-
veyance and distribution of sewage over land, and the
estimated cost of laying them down and jointing them.
The committee has come to the conclusion that it is not
only possible to utilise the sewage of towns, by conveying
it in a liquid state through mains and pipes to the country,
but that such an undertaking may be made to result in
pecuniary benefit to the ratepayers of the towns whose
sewage is thus utilised. That benefit may, in a few years,
be greatly increased, for the amount of artificial manures
is even at present insufficient, and the sources whence
some of the most important are obtained will in a few
years be exhausted. Other means of fertilbing land must,
thei-efore, be resorted to.
"The committee, having examined the chairman and
engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Works, are of
opinion that more might have been done by that Board
towards the profitable use of the sewage of London ; and
that the completion of the outfall sewerage of the metro-
polis ouglit, at the earliest possible moment, to be followed
by the adoption of a system which may convert that sewage
from a nuisance into a permanent and increasing source of
agricultural fertility.
" Even if a pecuniary benefit were not to Ve secure!, yet
such a consideration should not deter local authorities
from taking such steps as are possible to free rivers from
pollution.
** The committee examined several witnes5es regarding
the pollution of the rivers and streams of the country.
There can be no doubt as to the injury which results from
the practice of conducting sewage and other refuse
matters into the rivers, whence numerous towns, villages,
and country populations derive their water supply. It is
imperativelv necessary that such a practice should be
discontinued. No efficient artificial method has been dis-
covered to purify, for drinking and culinary purposes,
water which has been once infected by town sewage. By
no known mechanical or chemical means can such water
be more than partially cleansed ; it is always liable to
putrefy again. Processes of filtering and deodonsation
cannot, therefore, be relied upon to do more than mitigate
the evil. Water which appears perfectly pure to the
eye is sufficient, under certam conditions, to breed serious
epidemics in the population which drinks it. Soils,
however, and the roots of growing plants, have a great
and rapid power of abstracting impurities from sewage
water, and rendering it again innocuous and free from
contamination. Mr. Ffennell, the chief inspector of
fisheries, stated in his evidence that sewage water in a
putrefying state is destructive to fish. A considerable
increase in the amount of food for the people, and of
revenue to the owners of rivers would, therefore, result
from purifying the rivers of the United Kingdom, which
are now contaminated by sewage and other matters.
^ ** If the sewage of towns is no longer to flow into
rivers, the only alternative which remains is to dispose of
it on the land. '^
**\i has been decided that it is a nuisance at commooltr
to discharge any sewage into a river. Yet the kvb
nevertheless, inoperative, for want of powers to remoretfe
nuisance.
** Until within the last thirty years it his beco t!ji
custom to utilise all the nightsoil and other refiueoatiK
land. Great obstructions used to be thrown inthsfir
of making house drains which should empty theoKlvti
into the street sewer. The use of the latter wu cooficed
to the conveyance of the surface waters of the tow
There was a service of scavengers, whose duty it to o
remove excremcntitioos matters in their carts; anditrs
the office of the mayors of towns to take care thit rive^
streams, and ponds were kept free from all noikf t
filthy substances. But when the modem yaifs-dK-^^
came into vogue, and the practice was iutrodasd o:
flushing house drains into the sewers, then the ^t-:
nightsoil first began to find its way into rivers. Yet-
removal of house refuse to the land would now be eg::
easier and cheaper than it was formerly, becaiue ona^
by suspension in a liquid is the cheapest mode of tnipf^
"In many towns of Lancashire there are to this dr
numerous cess-pits. This is the case with Uioehe^.
where the local authorities expend about £20,000 ij«
for emptying them, and then removing the contest* w
the land, and receive back 50 per cent by the ule rft^
material. A system of sewerage, and the necesauy wi'
to remove all the refuse in a liquid state to the «iij«^-
fields, would, in Mr. Rawlinson^s opioioo, cstue a «"=;
to the town.
*' The Commissioners of Sewers and the Boiri -'
Health took no steps to prevent tho introdactioocffc;
practice of flushing the refuse of houses into the A«j
sewers, and thence into the rivers. For they w«e s
opinion tliat no time should be lost in freeing hiytatsfi*
from the dangerous infection of putrefying wb^mefc:
and assumed that when this more pressing objeci had Irf
accomplished the law would be again ntf^iei >*
measures would be taken to free the riven and i^««**
refuse onee more to the land. ,
*• Dwelling-houses in the metropolis and miny p^«
England have already been freed, which has aa»w«
increased pollution of rivers. This latter evil is be«^
worse every year in proportion to the adoption of i W^
water supply, of a more perfect system of hooie drajaf
and the increase of the population.
" Dr. Acland and other witnesses believe thstrirsseB
be effectually freed from pollution only by exteodii?^
Local Government Act to entire watersheds; or, nu^
by establishing boards somewhat similar to the {««J
local boaids of towns, which should extend over th«*»J
area of eacli catchment basin, instead of being re*^;
to the precincts of each town . These wateiihed « «*
ment boards should, in the opinion of thwe wito«J^
have all the powers for this purpose ^^^J'J'y^
enjoyed by the local boards of towns : and they r^^
placed under the direct authority ^^^^ ""P^'IJSLu k
Home Office. They, furthermore, hold that H iWW
tho dutv of the Home SecreUrv to see that the u»^
the pollution of streams is strictly enforced b; w»
watershed boards. •;
*• The secretary of the local government offi*. tf ^
as Mr. Rawlinson, the inspecting engineer, wW" .
cuning in the necessity of appointing a ^'^^ JL*
catchment basin, gave a decided opinion that ^"•Jr'jj^
the watershed board should be merely to "F^'^
action of the local boai-ds within t^©"* district, andfii^
an obedience to the law in causing them to d**^ ,
polluting the streams, but that the necessary
wofb*^'
be carried out by the local boards alone. . ^d^
•* The committee recommend that the Jo^I*^^^
of completely freeing the entire basins of ^^^
pollution should be rendered possible by f^g^^t
lative enactment, enablhig the mhabitants of ^
districts to adopt some controlling V^^;^JZs\
pose ; but it should include a provisioo (ct c**"**^
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, SEPrEMBBR 16, 1864:. 697
local boards to render the sewage of their districta in-
noououfl by application to the land for agiicultural
pOfposee. The case of the valley of the Thatnea
(where tho purification of the river, which has been
sought by the expenditure of enormous sums, is to a
oonsideraible extent counteracted by the increased dis-
charge of sewage from the towns higher up the streams)
requires special and immediate attention.
" Before concluding the inquiry the committee received
aome evidence with regard to the measures now being
carried out by the Metropolitan Board of Works for
diverting the sewage of the metropolis. This inquiry
the committee have been unable to oomplete."
THE PATENT-OFFICE.
The report of the Commons' Select Committee ap-
pointed to inquire as to the most suitable arrangements to
be made re^)ecting the Patent-office, library, and museum
has been printed. The committee, in the first place,
report that the present office is totally wantiog in the
aooommodation requisite for giving full effect to the
Pfttent Law Amendment Act, 1852, and the patent system
generally. For this purpose suitable apartments for the
(JoaimisBioners, law officers, and clerks, with a record-
oflice and rooms for inspecting provisional specifications,
drawings, and scientific publications, should at once be
provid^l the place now used for the inspection of
claaeifications and drawings is little better than a dark
passage, in which there is barely standing room. With
regard to the library, the committee have found that it is
one of great value and utility, but that its utility is
seriously impaired by its crowded state and tho want of
sufficient attendants. The inconvenience to those who
frequent the office and library arisiog from this state of
things is such as to render some remedy imperatively
necessary. The committee consider that the want of in-
creased accommodation in respect of the Patent-office and
library is so much felt as to prejudice the due administra-
tion of the patent law, and they therefore recommend
that sufficient office-room, with an additional reading-
room and an extension of the library, should be provid^
with the least possible delay. The committee further
recommend that the library should on no account
be separated from the office. All witnesses concur in
this opinion.
The second point to which the Committee directed
their attention was that of the Patent Museum. The
Committee found that the Patent Museum was formed by
Mr. Woodoroft, the Superintendent of Specifications, b^
the request of the Commissioners of Patents, and that it
oonaistB of models and machines, belonging paitly to the
Commissioners of Patents, partly to the Commissioners
of the Exhibition of 1851, and partly to Mr. Woodcroft
himself and various private persons. This collection lias
been exhibited since 1857 in the iron building at South
Kensington. It occupies a floor space of only 6,700 feet,
and is too much overcrowded for classification or for due
inspection by vitdtoi^ The Committee are of opinion
that the term ** Patent Museum " tends to give an
erroneous opinion as to its character and olyect. The
Committee are of opinion that any special collection of
patented inventions made for the purpose of evidence,
illustration, or record of patent rights is not so connected
with a general museum of mechanical inventions as to
render the neighbourhood of such a museum to a patent
office and library or law courts necessaiy. It appears to
the committee that the chief purposes of a general mu-
seum is to illustrate and explain the commencement,
progress, and present positions of the mo8t important
branches of raecliauical invention; to show the chief
steps by which tlio most reuiaikablo machines have
reached tiiuir, present degree of excellence; to convey
interesting and useful information, and to slimulate in-
ventioo.
Tho Committee proceed to say that, in forming an
illustrative collection of inventions, it would be necessary
to adopt the principle of selection. This, however, does
not appear to the Committee to be an imuperable objection,
especially as no one proposes to substitute models for
specifications, which, for all the purposes of administering
the patent law, would still have to be consulted, and boar
the stamp of authority. Such a collection should contain
a selection of models of moderate size which should illus-
trate different departments of inventions, and also a selec-
tion of models of current patented inventions. This col-
lection should be exhibited in connection with the Patent-
office.
As regards tho Patent-office— that is to say, the office,
library, and last-mentioned collection, the following are the
sites respecting which their inquiries have been chiefly
diiected. — 1. Chancery-lane. — This is a block of land, oc-
cupied principally by old and dilapidated houses, and sur-
rounded by Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane, Cur-
sitor-street, and Took's-court. It is most conveniently
placed, being in close proximity to the law-courts at
Lincoln's-inn, the Imis of Court, and the New Record-
ofiice. Another site, immediately adjoining that last
named was suggested ; it extends to the north sido
of the Record-office. Should the plan for concen-
trating all the law courts in the neighbourhood of
Chancery-lane, which lias been recently under the con-
sideration of Government, be carried into effect, it will
afford an additional argument in favour of either site.
The cost of the first- named site, amounting to 5,878 yards,
was estimated at £205,000. 2. Fife-house.— This block
consists of Fife-house (in which the East India Museum
is now placed), an adjoining garden, and some small houses.
It contains in all about two acres, and appears to the com-
mittee to be well situated for the buildings in question.
The committee, however, do not consider that it offers as
many advantages as the Chancery-lane site would afford,
being more distant from the law courts and offices. This
has been estimated at the price of £52,800 per acre. 3.
Victoria-street. — This consists of a block of land in Vic-
toria-street, which would afford sufficient space for the
proposed buildings, but the committee do not consider
that the situation would be as convenient as either
of the two last-named sites for inventors, professional
men, and others who would principally resort to it.
This site is estimated at £66,000. It contains an area
of nearly an acre and a quarter. 4. Trafalgar- square. —
This has been recommended by some witnesses; but,
having regard to the recent decision of the House
upon the subject of the National Qallery, the committee
did not feel justified in entertaining the proposition. 5.
South Kenangton. — Ample space may be afforded in the
vicinity of the pi'esent museum for a general museum of
mechanical inventions. The land of this site is vested in
Qoverument for purposes connected with science and art,
but the committee have ascertained that the land in this
neighbourhood is of a high value.
The report proceeds to state that on a full consideration
of the advantages and disadvantages of these sites the com-
mittee have arrived at the conckuion that the balance of
advantages in favour of the neighbourhood of Chanoery-
Une outweighs that of the others, and they therefore
recommend it for adoption. The committee find that the
surplus of revenue beyond expenditure on the balance ot
accounts of the fees payable by stamps under the provi-
sions of the Patent Law Amendment Act, 1852, has
amounted to £173,044 up to the end of 1862, and that the
surplus for the year 1863, of which the accounts have not
yet been publbhed, is estimated to amount to £37,000,
making, up to tho end of last year, a total surplus revenue
of £210,044 [the Patent-office report just issued states last
year's surplus to bo £43,068.] Tho committee consider
that tho principal object of the fees payable under the
provisions of the Patent Law Amendment Act was to pro-
vide for the proper working of that measure, and not for
the purpose of increasing tho general revenue of the
C98
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptekbbr 16, 1864-
country. Without entering upon the question whether
or not a claiiii exists to have the mr{>lui) exclunively de-
voted to the purposes of the Act of 1852, the comuiittec
are of opinion that for the future the annual surplus re-
venue accruing from tiie operation of that Act should be
80 supplied to the extent which may be necessary.
|int ^rts.
AnT Exhibition at Malines. — An exhibition (referred
to in a former number) of works of Christian art of tlie
medissval and renaissance periods, on loan from churches,
corporations, and private collections, is now being
lield at Malines, under Government patronage, and will
remain opeu until September 25. It indndes ivory
carvings, enamels of the 12 th century, gold and silver
work, niello-work. Mosaics, tapestry, &c. The price of
admission is one franc.
SoHooL OF Fine Arts, Paris. --The annual exhibi-
tion of the works of the pupils in painting, sculpture,
architecture, and line engraving, is announced to take
place on the 21st of the present month of September ;
this exhibition only remains open for five days.
ABOurrEcrruRAL Prize. — The Due de Valmy has placed
at tlie disposal of the Academy of Fine Arts the sum of
X ,500 francs, to be given to the author of the best essay
on a general question of architecture ; the academy
has in consequence published the following theme : — " To
explain principles and rules of architecture ; to develop
the theory of the art as applicable to our epoch." The
essays are to be sent in on or before the 15th July, 1865.
Itanufattets.
♦
Flax in Ireland. — Lord Lismore, in a speech made
on the occasion of the Clogheen Union Farming Society's
Show, recently held at Cahir, in the county of Tipperary,
dwelt particularly upon the cultivation of fiax, about
which there is much difference of opinion among the land-
lords. Some consider the interest felt about it to be a
mania, which will soon pass away ; and they ask, if the
Irish small farmers have never been able to treat their
land properly for ordinary crops, how could they be ex-
pected to do so for a crop which requires so much care as
flax ? Lord Lismore first combated the idea that the
demand for flax depended mainly on the cotton famine,
and would cease on the i-estoration of peace in America.
Quoting the Board of Trade returns, he showed that in
1853 the importation of flax from Kussia and Belgium
was £3,300,000. Since that time it had increased to
£6,000,000, and he asked was it not reasonable that the
Iiish farmers should try to get some portion of that sum
which was paid for the raw material of our linen manu-
facture, and at the same time vastly extend employment
to those who were leaving the country in thousands for
the want of it. They had got in that Union this year
350 acres of flax, which was reported to be an excellent
crop, both in quantity and quality. They had started a
new scutch- mill, and since they began to scutch they had
four different offers to buy all the flax grown in the
union — two from Belfast, one from Limerick, and one
from Dundalk. They had an offer from a Dublin mer-
chant to buy up the whole of their seed, and an offer from
a Belfast merchant to buy up the whole of their refuse
tow. There would , therefore, be no want of a market and
good prices. A tenant of his had grown an acre of flax,
on which he had saved twenty-eight bushels of prime
seed, for which he would get 5s. a bushel, which woidd
be £7 an acre, more than the value of a crop of oats,
leaving the flax itself a clear gain. Another tenant fed
his calves with his seed, and never had such calves in his
life. Beginning in a small way, they would go on until
he had no doubt they would make a great revolution in
the indtietrial resources of the country.
Atmosphebic Steam Hammer. — An at
hammer and stamp is now being shown in operatiao m
Birmingham, under the supervision of the pAt»itee,3iL
Qrimshaw. Its mode of working is as follows: — ^Ao lir-
pump is worked by a band from a shaft, and forces air into a
reservoir, which is so constructed as to form the fraaevsk
of the machine. The reservoir, in its turn, commm^t^
with a cylinder, in whkh a piston worka with eo little itz-
tion that it can be moved up and down by band. This^c^
is, in fact, the hammer, inasmuch as at the end tiiiia
fitted a head, which may be varied in form to aoft uy
kind of work. The shaft, on which is fixed the fulkr-
wheel to which the pump crank is geared, has niodkui
wheel fitted upon it, which performs a very impcfxaat
operation. By means of a screw or lever (either will is\
the last-named wheel can be so moved to or frcm tb
the centre of the revolving plate, which is attacked t?
the *' cut off" valve, that the speed of the hamiDeraa
be varied entirely at the discretion of the operator. T)a
wheel and plate work at right angles to one another, tx.
when not in contact the hammer does not woik. Ttn
reservoir is capable of bearing great preamre, and viil
store up, eo to speak, a large amount of power, nntil it i^
wanted for a scries of smashing blows. A valve attaebed
to this reservoir prevents it bursting, and appears w I*
a valuable assistant means of regulating and vaiyiog tk
action of the hammer; and if it is true that ih&e »■
mospheric hammers and stamps can be worked with mask
less power than steam stamps, costing leas in tltt &<
instance, they cannot, from the simplicity of their cos-
struction, cost nearly so much to keep in repair.
€ommtt.
French and Belgian Tariffs. — ^BsDncrnis of Lr-
PORT Duties on British Produoe akd MAScrArrof*^
— By virtue of the provisions in the commensi tfoaiifs
between this country and France and JielgioD, far the
reduction of certain import duties in the tanA of tfeoK
countries on the 1st October, 1864, the rates of dntykned
on the under-mentioned articles will experience acoa-
siderable diminution from the Ist October nexi:~lfi
Fi-ance— On jute yams, jute tissues, woollen tian^ ina
and steel and wares thereof, brass and copp^' and vans
thereof, lead and wares thereof, zinc and waies tber«o%
earthen and stonewares, chemicals, perfumery, pupet, an*
ships and boats. In Belgium — On cotton yarns, ]mm
yams, jute yams, woollen yams, cotton prints, wvcS]^
tissues, iron and steel and wares thereof, brass aiid cof^
wares, and chemicals. The actual amounts of the da(K»
in force from the above-mentioned date will be iaooia
parliamentary paper. No. 493, of session 1863, parts 1 ^
10, which may be purchased for a few pence at the f^ca
for the sale of parliamentary papers.
Vintage is Fbanob. — A letter from Montpellier, of i^
4th instant, states tliat the long drought promises, accord-
ing to the vinegrowers, a vintage of excellent quality ht»
deficient in quantity. There has at last been a £sQ ^'
rain of short duration, but it has not been injarkras to tU
gathering of the grapes, which has commenced in eefta:
of the vineyards in the neighbourhood of the town. XL?
vmtage has commenced in the greater part of the depart-
ment of the Gard, and it is expected that the ptwiaaF
wiU be equal in quantity to that of the best yean, asi
that the quality will be excellent. The propneta? «
vineyards were apprehensive that the crop would be
deficient in consequence of the very dry summer, but tb«
rain which fell last month swelled the grapes and npan^
the injury they had previously sustain^.
Supply of Raw Siul. — The silk trade in Vnnsf
seems to be in almost as much diffbolty with lesped te
raw material as its sister cotton manufacture. The eci-
ture of silk in France has long been in an uoeatiifKiisrr
condition, the supply falb'ng short of the HAwm^fy^ or th:
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, September 16, 1864.
699
price fining from time to time to a rninous pitch. Great
eflorUthave been made in variouR directions to increase
the produce ; silkworm eggs have been fetched from
China and other places, with great care and cost, and
uiany new kinds of eggs have been introduced from abroad
with the hope of obtaining more hardy and more produc-
tive worms. The Magnanerie^ as a rilkworm nnrserj* is
called, in the Jardin d^Acdimatation in the Bois de Boulogne
of Paris, is just now an object of considerable attraction,
and contains many thousand worms of various kinds, and
amongst others the Bombyx mori of China, and the B,
blanche of Japan, which feed on the leaves of the mul-
berry; the Bombyx cynthia vera and the B, Arrindiat
which live on Uie castor-oil plant and the leaves of the
AUanihut, or Japan varnish tree ; and the Bombyx Yama-
mat and B, Permyi of China and Japan, which devour
oak leaves. These two latter are in the open air, and
hopes are entertained that they may acclimatise in
Western Europe. There is also another establishment
adjoining the Imperial model farm of Viucennes, where
M. Qu^rin-M^Sneville— whose exhibition of some of these
irorms and their produce in the French department of the
London Exhibition of 1862 excited considerable attention
—is pursuing their cultivation with a view to practical
-esults. In the meantime, the want of the eggs, or seed
IS it is called, of the silkworms already cultivated in
«>ance, is great, and apparently very difficult to
upply. Not long since some adventurous persons
.DDOunoed their intention of seeking a supply of
ggs in Independent Tartary, but they were warned
y the Ministry of Commerce that it would expose
hemselves to great danger in that country, and
berefore renounced tlieir project. News has since been
eceived from Teheran, by the Minister of Commerce,
fciat there would be a better chanoo of success in Persia,
nd the attention of cultivators is now directed to that
ountry. It appears, however, that several parties have
et oat on this errand from Constantinople, but have been
leierred from proceeding by information which they
obtained at Tiflis. The opinion seems to be that interested
ipeciilatora in silk have managed, for their own interest, to
irevent the French agents from obtaining a supply of the
ggs- Be that as it may, it is certain that the trade in
ilk worm eggs is but little developed, although the
leiuand is very great in Europe, and in spite of the
uocess which has attended the importations which have
een made from China. The cultivation of silk is carried
n in five provinces of Persia, Meshed, Yezd, Cachan,
lazenderan, and Ghilan, but the quantity and quality
ifior greatly. The worms obtain little of the care which
I bestowed upon them in France, where the duties of the
fiicalt^ur are constant and most troublesome. In
*ensia the worms are placed on rough wooden stages, and,
eing sopplicd with plenty of food, are left almost to
tieiuselves till the spinning time arrives ; yet is is said
lat the disease which has attacked the worms so seriously
I Froooe is not known in Peraia. The inference drawn
I that the Persian silk worm is more hardy tlian those
sared in France. The statistics of the cnltute in the
•rmer country ai*e not very complete, for the French
jthorities have been unable to procure even an approxi-
late estimate of the amount of silk produced in more
lan three of the above-named provinces. Cachan is
kid to yield only 750 kilogrammes — an insignificant
lantity— Yezd, 21,000 kilos.; and Qhilah, 206,000
lo9, ; in all about 478,000 lbs. English.
C0lonus*
MoBTALTTT IN THB SYDNEY SuouRns. — The Sydney
aiming Uerdldy June 18, says : -*• Before wo can com-
iie the proportion which the number of registered deaths
AFS to the number of persons living, we must, of course,
reftilly eatimate the numbers of the population iVom the
best data within our reach. As regards the city and
suburbs of Sydney, the population in each of the years
between the censuses of 1856 and 1861 cannot be more
fairly estimated than by assuming that the annual rate of
the ascertained increase had been unirorm throughont the
interval. The first of the annexed tables f<hows the
population in the middle of the year, estimated on the
principle above explained, and the number of deaths
registered ; the second gives the rate of mortality in each
of the years, with the mean of the three; and the third
the rate in each of the four seasons.
TABLE I.
EsTiMATRD Population in the Middle op bach Yjcab,
AND I^DIIBEB OP DeATHS BEGISTERBD IN EACH YbAB.
Sabarbt.
Whole suburbs. Population
Deaths ...
t>
Balmain Population
„ Deaths ...
Qlebe Population
„ Deaths ...
Newtown Population
,, Deaths ...
Redfem Population
„ Deaths ...
Paddington Population
„ Deaths ...
Concord Population
„ Deaths ...
St. George Population
„ Deaths ...
St. Leonards ...Population
f»
Deaths
1861.
1862.
1863.
37,801
596
89,300
789
41,406
846
8,991
63
4,206
81
4,482
84
3,768
66
3,969
106
4,182
87
4,290
68
4,520
98
4,761
87
6,789
186
7,163
209
7,686
241
6,863
98
7,281
126
7,618
160
9,887
41
2,516
50
2,660
58
5,707
74
6,018
78
6,886
94
8,606
50
8,694
43
3,892
40
TABLE II.
Annual Rates op MoirrALrrT to 1,000 Pbbsons
Living.
Subarbf.
1861. 1862. 1863. Mmh.
I
Whole suburbs
Balmain
Glel>e
Newtown ..
Redfern
Paddington
Concord
St. George ..
St. Leonards
160
15-8
17-5
15-9
20-0
14-3
17-2
130
143
19-3
264
21-7
29 2
17-6
19-9
130
11-7
20-4
18-8
19-0
18-0
20-8
21-6
18-3
18-6
32
27-1
21-0
17-6
200
190
14-8
13-6
10-3
12-1
Of the nine suburbs of London, the most favoured is
Hampstead, whose death-rate is 17*6 per thousand ; tlie
least favoured Chelsea, 26*6 per thousand. The most
healthy of the suburl)s of London is thus less healthy than
the healthiest of ours by 8*1 per thousand ; and the least
healthy of the London suburbs more healthy than the
least healthy of ours by 0*9."
Revenue op New South Wales. — From a comnara-
tive statement of the Consolidated Revenue of this colony,
and of the special funds paid into the Treasury at Sydney
during the quarters ended 8l8t March, 1863 and 1864
respectively, it appears that the total revenue proper for
the first quarter of the year 1864 amounts to
£290,806 6s. 5d., against £887,038 14s. for the corres-
ponding qnarter of the year 1868. The decrease on
the quarter is, therefore, £46,733 7s. 7d., or nearly 14
per cent. The princi|>al heads of revenue which sliow
a decrease are the customs, £24,274 ; duty on spirits
distilled in the colony, £7,246; gold, £5,664; l^nd,
£27,802 ; electric telegraph receipts, £1,552. There is
also a small decrease in the revenue derived from the mini
700
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptbmbbr Ifi, 1864.
receipts of £83 ; licenses, £276 ; fines and forfeitores, £151 ;
and rates under Chinese Act, £40. The heads of revenue
which show an increase are--duty on refined sugar and
molasses, £7,888 ; postage, £951 ; commission on money
orders, £237 ; fees of office, £30 ; rents, exclusive of land,
£1,090; railways, £3,852; pilotage rates, harbour dues,
and fees, £209 ; tonnage dues, Newcastle, £12 ; interest
on city debentures, £5,000 ; and miscellaneous receipts,
£1,068. In the Customs' revenue the falling off is in the
receipts from spirits, wine, tobacco, tea, sugar and molasses,
and coffee and chicory ; but from ale and beer, opium, and
other articles thera is an increase. For duty on spirits
distilled in the colony there have been no receipts this
quarter, and this aooounts for the lar^e decrease ; but on
the other hand there is almost a similar amount col-
lected for duty on refined sugars and molasses, against
nil for the first quarter of 1863. Under the head of gold,
the decrease is in the duty on gold, leases of auriferous
lands, miners' rights and business licenses ; but for fees
for escort and conveyance of gold there is a small increase
of £94. With regard to the land revenue, the principal
decrease is in the amount derived from the land sales.
For the first quarter of 1864 the receipts amounted to
only £24,775 against £52,185 in 1868, the decrease being
£27,860. The rents of land for pastoial purposes and
assessment on runs show an increase, but from quit rents,
licenses to out timber, <&o., on crown lands and mioeral
leases there is a decrease. There is a steady increase of
about eight per cent, on the postage receipts, but the com-
mission on money-orders has reached £255 during the
past quarter, against £18 for the corresponding quarter of
1868. Under the head of rents, exclusive of Und, which
includes tolls and ferries, wharfs, military canteen, Govem-
meot buildings, and Glebe Island Abattoir, the receipts
amount to £6,282 against £5,143 in 1863. It is satisfac-
tory to find that the railway tolls show an increase of
£8,852, or 13 per cent., the receipts being £32,587 against
£28,735 ; but from the electric telegraph receipts there is
a decrease for the first time of £1,552 or 17 per cent.
Under the head of Interest on City Debentures there is a
sum of £5,000 for the first quarter of 1864 against nil in
1868. Special receipts in the present statement published
by ^ the Government include immigration remittances,
which formerly appeared under the head of revenue
proper, but the difference in the past quarter and (hat of
1868 is only £496. There is a new item— Imperial
postage, £4,955 against nil in 1863. The total amount
received under the head of special receipts for the first
quarter of 1864 is £15,511 against £9,685 in 1863, which
is an increase of £5,925 on the quarter.
New Zealand Industbial ExHiBrnoN. — The Local
Committee of the New Zealand Industrial Exhibition
meet weekly, and have done good service in waiting
UDon the classes likely to send articles for exhibition.
There is every reason to suppose that the industry
and talent of Otago will be well represented. At the
meeting of the Committee, on Wednesday, 1 1 th May, it
was stated that 139 applications for space had been made,
requiring an area of 7,000 square feet, and wall space
equal to 3,761 squai-e feet. Several tradesmen are prepar-
ing articles expressly for the Exhibition, of a most
elaborate kind, tending not only to evince their own artistic
skill but the capabilities of many native products to use-
fulness and ornamentation. The building for their recep-
tion is rapidly progiessing, and the interest in the province
appears to be on the increase.
New Zealand Gold Fields. — Accounts from gold
fields, received since the publication of the last summary,
are encouraging. The escort returns show that the
increased yield of gold mentioned at that time has been
maintained, and, although there has been some excite-
ment among the miners in consequence of the glowing
accounts of discoveries of gold in the province of Marl-
borough, and several have left to try tlicir fortunes tliere,
the inducements scarcely appear sufficient to wanant the
idea that they will be recompensed for their change of
place, as the gold fields of Otago, when skilfully aad
persistently worked, afford ample return for l&boar. Tlie
various circumstances under which gold ia foond in tiis
province of necessity render slight flactoatiociB in tka
year inevitable. The rocks in which it is embedded yieLi
to atmospheric and thermatic atmospheric infioeooes, moi,
crumbling under the combined action of froal, air, and
water, are washed down by the mountain torrents into the
river beds. When, therefore, the nvet workings an
practicable, t^ey give in return for efforts an alpKgt m-
credible quantity of gold ; but, firom their very naften,
they are uncertain and fitful. The quantity of gold cx>
ported from the province of Otago during tbe oorsst
year to this date is 217,511 ozs. 8 dwts. The qnutitv
exported previously is as follows : —
1861 „ 187.6a5
1862 397.602
1863 580;238
1.165.530
Making a grand total ^of 1,388,041 ozs. 8 dwts. T%e
escorts have brought down 191,879 ozs. 16 dwt& It b
the general conviction of those qualified, from local koov-
ledge and previous occupation, to form an opinion, titai i
very large gold field exists in the Buller Valley. QoU
(digging* however, at present, is nearly confixied to t2»
River Mangles (80 or 90 miles from Nelson), the Mataki-
taki, and the Lyell. A few parties are al»o foond
scattered on the l^nks of the Buller itself. The whok
digging population is supposed to be about 250. Those
on the Matakitaki are estimated at about 110, who have
hitherto confined themselves to the lower 20 or 25 mik^
of the river. They are almost entirely given to digging in
the river bed, a very precarious operation. If the terraces,
however, admit of being successfully worked ther« will l>e
room for very many hands during the winter, and quite oat
of danger of floods. Indeed, the difficulty in that kind oi
work is rather the want than the excess of water. The ta-
races being generally deeply intersected by the water low-
ing across them to the river« the drawback to this mode of
working for gold is the necessity of going a long way back
fur water to where the higher level of the stream adinits
of its being led to the top of the terrace at its edge,
where alone it is said that diggers have a chance of
success. Such terraces are now worked very encouragingly
along the Buller and LyeU, and, should they geneiuly
prove profitable, will materially add to the extent of oar
workable gold fields. A visitor to the gold diggen is
much strudc by the great enterprise displayed by them.
They have often to engage in undertakings rsquiriug
risk, skill, and patience, before the actual work (k gold
digging begins. An abundant supply of water is one of
the necessities of the occupation, and haa often to be
brought considerable distances, through a diflieuU and
very uneven country. In one instance, at the Lyell, five
men, after having brought water more than half a mila,
have to lead it first over a deep rock gully, and finally
across the chasm of the LyeU itself, using for this purpow
troughs, slung, at an elevation of 100 feet, to trees, tb«
points of suspension being about the same numba* of feet
apart.
GoFPEB. — The fii-st parcel of fine copper received (rom
the smelting works at CadianguUong mine (New Sooth
Wales), since the formation of the new oompanv, has
arrived in Sydney, and is to be sold by auction by
Messrs. Mort and Co. It consists of ingots and cakes,
amounting altogether to seven tons. The wht^ or
this ore has been produced at the worlu since operattcM
were commenced on the 15th ultimo.
Alpacas. — It is understood that the Acclimatis&lu^
Society lately formed in Cauterbuiy, New Zealand, con-
templates puroliasing a number of the alpacas aLoui to W
sold by the New South Wales Government.
New South Wales. — The mining ojieraljiiiw %t
Colombo and other points of Uw ^i|ioalha\i-n lUtvr
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptbmbeu 16, 1864. 701
(New South Wale8) have recently been attended
with a run of bad luck. The late sudden liae in
the Upper Shoalhaven carried away a large quantity
of mining implements, and in one case the sluice-
boxcfl of one claim were floating about among heans
of timber, with the yield of the day in it, and only
saved by swimming for it. Races which had taken some
weeks to cut were broken up, and, on being repaired, were
found utterly profitless. The recent floods have com-
pleted the wreck that this sudden rise had (jgmmenced,
and the greater part of the miners have left.
Railways in New South Wales. — A contract will be
taken shortly for a branch line, half-a-milo in length, con-
necting the Parramatta Railway, near Haalem's Creek,
with the centre of the new cemetery. The line will enter
the grounds from the Parramatta end, and will rise with a
gradient of 1 in 44 and a curve of 18 chains radius ; it
will terminate in a dock 100 feet in length, the platform
being level with the floor of the carriage?.
ptts-
luWitattons Isstielr,
Lessons in Elementary Botany, the Part on Sys-
tematic Botany, based upon Materials left in MS. by
THB Late Professor Henslow; with numerous lUustra-
tions. By Daniel Oliver, F.R.S.,F.L.S.,&o. (MacmUlan
and Co,) 16mo., 817 pp.— Botanical text books abound in
all directions and of all sizes, but, with few exceptions, are
not eipreesed in terms suflSciently easy and elementary
to bo attractive to the large mass of those desiring to get
an insight into the study, which is apt to dishearten men
from its apparent abstruseness, arising from the mass of
scientific terms employed and the learned diEcussious with
which the earlier pages of the works are encut tbered.
Professor Oliver has endeavoured to avoid the? ^ diffi-
culties. His first chapter is devoted to an exao.ination
of the common buttercup, and becomes a lesson in respect to
the root, the stem, the leaves, the flowers, and the fiuits of
plants in general; and his second and third chapters, by
mefins of the very same specimens, illustrate the principal
functions of plants; while a fourth and fifth are devoted
to a compar&on of the buttercup with various other com-
mon familiar flowers, by which some notion of the dif-
ferences of structure which occur amongst plants is plainly
brought out. The sixth chapter explains the use of cer-
tain •* flower schedules" largely employed in teaching
by the late Professor Henslow— employed also by Pro-
fessor Oliver, as he tells us, with much advanUge in his
own class, and strongly recommended by him both for
private colleges and schools. The seventh chapter
describes in mrther detail the various organs and their
modifications ; and the eighth, closing the first part,
explains the minute structure and vital proceaws of plants.
The second part of the book is devoted to the classifica-
tion or systematic arrangement of plants, and in this portion
much use is made of the schedules, one of them bemg
devoted to a selected type of each natural order of our
British flora. The learner is told not to be content with
the examination of the plants used as types, but to try
and refer every flowering plant which is met with to ita
type. If this is done, he ia promised that in a short
time the natural orders to which most British plants be-
long will be easily recognised. The little volume closes
with instructions for drying plants, an appendix showmg
how to describe them, and a combined index and glossary.
The text is freely illustrated by good woodcuts, most of
which, as sUted in the preface, were '« drawn by
Professor Henslow's daughter, Mrs. Barnard, of Chelten-
ham, from the admirable sheet-diagrams designed by
Professor Henslow. and executed by Mr. Fitch for the
Committee of Council on Education."
Scaling and other Ladders. — Some time ago Mr.
George Fawcus presented a set of fire-escape ladders to
the corporation of Tynemouth, of which an account
appeared in the Society of Arts Journal,* He now pro-
poses an improvement on his former plan, by making the
rounds of the laddeis turned straight, with shoulders to
fit against the side pieces, a smaller part going easily
into and through the side pieces ; he secures the ladders
together by five-eight inch or other iron bolts below the
top and bottom steps, the ends of these bolts being squared
and fitted into plates let neatly into the side pieces, the
end beyond the side pieces being screwed, and neat screw-
nuts fitted on ; the outer sidee of the top and inner sides
of the bottoms of the side pieces are plated with iron
plates that fit over the iron bars. In the centre of these
bars there are open eyes either for fixing a rope tackling,
or an eyebolt fits round the open eye and the top step of
the ladder ; the upper end of this eyebolt is swelled into
a bulb-ended bolt, which fits into the open eye in the
middle of the bir below the bottom step of the next
ladder. When a number of these ladders are put together,
two small eccentric discs or round plates are fitted on the
back and front of the bulb-ended bolts ; these fall and
act like buttons, to prevent the bulb falling out of the
socket either way. This stay thus dovetailing into the
socket, the plates behind the screw-nuta, on the ends of
the upper bars, form steps or elects for the feet of suc-
ceeding ladders to rest upon.
The Calabar Bean and rrs Properties. — One of
the witnesses who gave evidence at an inquest held not
long since on a boy who was poisoned by eating Cala-
bar beans, at Liverpool, has received a letter from a
gentleman who has been a missionary in Calabar, de-
scribing the properties of the Calabar bean. The writer
gays: — "The Calabar bean, as an ordeal, is given in
various quantities fbom below a dozen to over a hundred ;
but a very small portion, less than half, of a bean is
sufficient to desteoy life ; while, on the other hand, entire
dozens of the bean have been taken with impunity, being
quickly rejected by the stomach and bowels. One bean
halved between a brace of infatuated duellists has cut
both ofl*; and a woman who was tried for witchcraft some
years ago, and who must have taken some dozens in the
process, was still living and in vigorous health last year.
When used by duellists, it is customary for the challenger
to bite a bean in two, consume his half, and hand the
other to his opponent, who is obliged to ea^ jt up.
This is said to be a common thing among the Ibebios.
When it is administered in public trial, the accused ia
compelled to eat up a few beans just as you see them,
whUe others were being pounded to pulp in his presence.
This is afterwards well mixed with water, and one part of
the mixture given as a drink, and the other administered
in the form of an enema. If the poison so irritates the
stomach and bowels as to be completely ejected, which is
often the case, the party escapes, and is pronounced
innocent ; if not he dies, and is therefore guilty. The
plant grows to a Urge size, one plant climbing some-
times over several trees, and almost entirely enveloping
them in its folUge. It is often to be met with on the
banks of the Calabar river. The flower is not unhke
that of the sweet pea. The botanical characters have
been described by Professor Balfour, of Edmburgh ; whUe
the powers of the bean have been to some extent tested
by Dr. Fraser, of the Edinburgh University.
Telegraphic Messages.— A reduction has been made
in the cost of telegrams in Paris. A message can now
be sent to any part of Paris for fifty centimes a,nd the
administration guarantees that it shall be delivered
within half-an-hour from the time it is dispatched.
• Vol. xU., p. 327.
702
JOURNAL OF THE SuOiETy OP ARTS, SBPraifBRB 16, 1864.
Loss OF Ltfb in Coal Miives. — By tho Inspector's
Report for tbc last year it appears that in that period
there were no less than 757 fatal accidents, resulting in
the loss of 907 persons in the coal mines of Great Britain.
MiNiKO ScuooL. — The 31ining and Smelting Magatme
•tates that the proposition for a Olasgow School of Mines
Is abandoned, the anticipated subscriptions ft'om coal and
iron masters not having been forthcoming.
Ipattnts.
Fram C^tmnittimtri qf P€amU JounuU, Stpttmher 9tk,
Grakts of PBonsiONAi. Protiotiok.
Aeroctfltlo mtohiiie— 2030~R. A. Broomaii.
Alimentary lubiUncei, prescrratlon of~20i3-^P. A. L. de Foni^ne-
morenu.
Arttfldal leather, mannfbeture of— 2096— R. Board, jun., and W.
DowiiiBf.
Axle* and axle-boxei, oonstnioUon of— 2054— F. Swift.
Bediitcadfl, conitruction of- 2117 — E. John,
Bonnets, fto., thread for the manufiicture dr Cftbrloi and omiroenti for
— 2124— R. A. Drooman.
Boota and ihoea, knife for cattinf the clampi of— 2002— P. Lasf .
Buildingi, sbop-fhmtf, Ac, apparatus for waahiof, &e.-2138—
W. C. B. Percjr.
Carriage spriap, apparatus fw ft)rglng-1769— W. Carr.
Caniage window!— 2112— E. Marshall.
Cast steel« mannfkctore of- 2031— B. A. Broomaa.
Cattle, troughs, racks, and enclosures fbr— 2190— A. E. Peirce.
Chimnej pteoei -2016- H. O. Tucker.
Chora*— 20M—O. HaMltine.
Clipper mowing machine— 1908 — A. B. ChUda.
Cl(^ei, ftc, apparatus tot receiving or holding— 2103— A. Newton.
Ooasenratories, hot water apparatus ft>r heating— 2000— J. Hilbank.
CoMoa, fte., presMi tot preasing— 3022— J. Hodgart-
CottoivopAidngt otoaaing, awl gbudag- 90S4— W. Hoehl, O. BrakeU,
and W, Gonther.
Cotton seed, cleansing and treatment of— 1906— R. D. EdwanU.
D]r<alng, 4ke., manmfectnre (rf oolonrs for— 2060— H. Parkes.
SagVt preaerration of— 2020— E. T. M onteith.
BlectHdty, hatteries for generating— 2063— J. Thomsaa.
Embankments, J^c, caissons employed in oonstmctlng— 2142— Q.
Fomms and L. Q. Mocre.
VabHea, machineij for tentering or stretching and drTing— 2111—
U. Jaokaao.
Fibrous materials, preparing, & c. - 21 14— E. Calvert and T. Edmeaton.
Fibrous materials, self- acting mules for spinnIng-2119— J. Cheetham.
FItawu substaneea, bleaching of— 2007— H. Potter.
Fibrous anbetaiiqea, ooverlng roUers for preparing, Ac— aiOO— W.
Allen and W. Johnson.
Fire-arms, breech -loading— 2048— T. WUson.
Fire-arms, loeki fcr— 20is— J. P. Llnds^.
FIre-ams, patehed balls lbt^-2014— M. Pe^»
Floating dock*— 2118— J. Campbell.
Fuel, manuAicture of nnnpressed— 2066— J. Grantham.
Garments, manuflwrturo and ornamentation of— 1694— B. Nlcoll.
Qaa, admission, exdoslon, and regiOation of— 3068 — C. B. Albreoht.
Gaa baniers-4002— R. PUkington.
Gases, regulating the pressure and snpplj of— 2044-* W. Dalaiel.
Grave monuments— 2115— J. Niren.
Gnna— 2034-W. H. Oox.
Hair plM— 2136— E. A. Broomaa.
Hand-drilling apparatus— 2042— G. HodgiOB.
Hemp, 6c c, treatment of waste from— 1839— R. A. Broomaa.
Rooaet, fto., preventing damp, insects, and vermin fhnn enterioff^
3068— F. FUchtiager.
Bmnaa excrement, reoeivlng, diying. and d«odorlainf-3072— F.
Tajlor,
^^^^}P pnmps, *c., stop cocks, Ups, or valvw omploTed in— 8080
— E. Taylor and W. J. Dornlng.
Iron and ateel, manuflwtore of— 2104— R. HilL
Iron, ooating with ateel— 2126- J. Lonea.
Jate, Ac, preparation of— 2093 -H. L. Koliewskj, R, Hart, and
J. F. Calder.
Laoo machiaery, bobbin carriages used in— 3008— W. Cope.
Laoe machinecy, manu&cture of fabric in— 2006— J. Haitshora aad
W. RedMte.
Looma— 2071— G. W. Harrison.
Looms > 8133— C. W. Harrison.
Haohinerj, disoonaeoling apparatoi fbr itopplng— 2140— A. F. Fos-
tidne.
Metallic nnts, mannfkcture of— 2067— E. H. Waldenstrom.
Minerals, machinery for cutting— 2121- F. W. Armitage.
Mines, lightiag and firing charges in— 2100— R. A. Bzooman.
Missiles, discharging and exploding under water— 1869— A. AlolaBdtr.
ijaper, applying water marks in--2037— W. Dove.
1 aper, ite., maaafkcture of— 2106 -II. Hathaway and W. Todd.
}w«^», tc, apparatus for landlne-20»7-H. Greaves.
^homaa. ^ *^"'®'» apparatus employed in taking-2123-R. W*
Railwaj oarriagea, signalling b etw e aa p a ssmen lad giMl,kH
3038— W. MiUigan.
Rail way carriages, transferring fkom one line of caili (0 ncftv-d
— G. H. and U. R. Cottam.
Railways, commnnioatioa between pasnaiini sad fi^ftfc
G. Witson.
RaUway signals— 2141— Sir J. MacneiU.
Railwv triina, apparatus for retarding and itopi^-in4-4lfi.
tliowa.
Railway tcalna, oommunioatiaA botwoea paMogtti ai gab-ai
-W. Clark.
RaUway trains, oommnnloatlon of paseengen bom eBxagi ti«
rlageh-aooa— C. CoMon.
RaUway trains, coiamnniwitloa betweea p— a ugii mi |Bri-fl
^W. Thomai.
Railway trains, onmaunlcaUon lietwoen paaeagen ai pR-VI
— T. H. Cleveland.
Sails, reefing and ftarling— S180— W. Bowdea.
Sewing niachinei7— 3040- A. Y. Newton.
Sewing maohines— 3010— G. Davies.
Ships, oombination of steam and air as a motlTepovatH:!^'
J. B. Andreuz and B. Coaloa.
Ships, Ac, sheathing and proteotioa of— 3131^L ESMa
Ships, propulsion of— 2066— J. O. White.
Ships, sheathing and ooatiog the bottoms of— 2094-T. i.Bf^
Ships, signalling apparatus on board of— 2133-K. A. Brase.
Silk floss, producUon of— 2032— S. and C. CoUiai.
Spinning machinery— 2074— B. W. Berwick and W. Batiej.
Stoves, portable— 1936— W. Prockter.
Submarine shells— 2064 - G. Davies.
Telegraph cables, machinery for winding, Ac— 208ft-*. A. 6»
Tubular and hollow articles, manufacture of— SOM-O-Ctk^i*
Jaques, and J. A. Fanshawe.
Watches— 2107— M. L. MuUer.
Water, apparatus for purifying— 2018— E. Aadties.
Water-oloeets-2129— J. Shanks. . ,
Water-eioaets, &c, supply of water to-3061-r. O.UiteW«
R. Heyworth, jun.
Water, raising and disohaiging— 2086— W. Bpeaoe.
Wood, machinery for planrng— 3110— E. HoaU
Wrenches— 2077— R. M. Black. „ ^^
Tarna, Ae., apparatus for waahing and aesadlar-30U-«<'>^
671.
676.
686.
687.
688.
692.
604.
605.
696.
697.
608.
601.
612.
613.
617.
619.
621.
033.
634.
639.
631.
634.
•36.
Patekts
W. £. Gedge.
J. Symes.
D. brodle. I
C. BrakeU. !
F. Spiers and C. Pond.
£. Bishop and W. Bailey.
N. Thompson.
J. L. Norton.
W. E. Broderiok and W.
Rces.
J. T. Way.
G. T. Bousfieid.
J. H. Soholleid.
F.Walton.
W. Wilson.
C. J. Sharp.
W< T. W. Jopee.
H. Simecter and J. BaU-
bridge.
J. Crompton.
O. B. Wallis.
L. A. Dairieii.
A. Smith.
J. Piatt and W. Richardsoin.
R. Fletcher.
SCALID.
639. T. PirkisioB, F- ^
643. H-Em****"*^*^
thevt.
644. S. HolBi^
646. W.E.G^,_
646. J.Pi»tta«4fl.W*
648. W. HeMBaf-
648. C.B.i»rosiWr
652. T. ChsmbtAj*"
654. T.P.TtVj* g^
660. A.H.Mirffc
661. B. F. Kiifia.
662. J. BowelL
668. J. Csittok
«W-H. »•<«*•
686. J. Bl«ri»*«.
692. J.GeDenierr
093. F.Dwcart.
709. A. B. CM*
766. W.CUJ^
784.' b1 Smith uil^^
807. £. Stott.
iYom OommiiiUmenqfPateHtt/otini^* ^^^w**
Pirsim M wnoB nn Stamp Dvtr or fiW ■** •*
8806. H. G. Jeaniage.
2241. J. Holland and G. OkelL
3863. R. A. Broomaa.
3326. W.Coi7,jun.
QMS. J.CottrfD'
2266. C. 0«««^
3285. «.!>»«*•
PAnim ox WHiOH tbs Btahp Durr orli^^*"^
8360. E. Lavender.
2S63. W. Crofts.
2381. G. B. Beaaea.
2613. £. Thompson and W. J.
Nicholson.
I2367.J.lf"l«-„,
,382. W. ^«**
^gisttwi gtsfis*
,-^4.
Geometric Joint for walking and umW««»f**[taii^-**^
1, Copley-terrace, Wealook-street, t^ "' ^'"^
North-road. ^ .- AW^*fK*i
Lantern or lamp cage-4660— A. Le«ll«, ^^^JmLC'**'^
Falae or ahowalidei— 4657— G. Barlofti 3i W* J«»"^
fmirnal trf %
THE
AKOOF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 1864.
[No. 618. Vol. XII.
Prooatdlngf of the Sodety :— EzMnlnatioa Papert, 1864 ... Page 703
ProoeediBfi of Initltatiou 705
BiitUi Awodrtion fbr the AdvABeeneiit of Scienoe Beth, 1804. 706
xTllie AT%m M. ••• .*. .*• «•. ••• ■(• ••« *,, 711
Meno fk c tig et ... ^m •— 713
... .«. ... ... .•* ••• ... ••> 710
CX>NTENTS.
Colooiee ... •••
Obltuerj
Pablicatioiu Imied
Pete&te ... ••
• ••
••e
••e
•••
•••
•••
.. Face 71S
•• ••• 716
... 717
>. ... f atf
718
|mt()mts8 iOff t|re S^amti
EXAMINATION PAPERS, 1864.
The followiog are the Examination Papen set in the
variotu BQbjecta at the Sooiety's Final Examinations, h^d
io Apdl last : —
(Ccntmuid from page 690.)
FRENCH.
THBEB BOUBS ALLOWED.
Pabt I.
Candidates for a Third-class CertiAcate are to translate
the following extract into English, and to answer the
grammatical questions thereto annexed (in the order in
which they are placed). This first part is all that will be
required of them.
F^nelon, dans les sages oonseils qu'il donnait 2k Jacques
IIL, montrait sa haute estime pour la constitution an-
fflaise, si forte H la fois centre le detpotisme et centre
ranarchie. U ^tait exempt de cet ^troit patriotisme qui
calomnie tout oe qui existe au-deU des fronti^res. Son
lime vertueuse avut besoin de s'^tendre dans runivers, et
d*y chercher le bonheur des hommes. " J'aime mieux,*'
diiait-il, ** ma famille que moi-ro6me ; j'aime mieux ma
patrie que ma famille ; mals j'aime encore mieux le genre
numain que ma patrie." Admirable progression de senti-
ments et de devoirs ! Des esprits faux et pervers ont abue€
de oe prindpe ; il meritait cependant d'etre autoris6 par
F6nelon ; o'est le eariUu generia humani ^happ^ de T&me
de Cic^ron, mais d€menti par les flSroces oonqudtes des
BomaiDB. .... Le christianisme €tait digne de consa-
crer, par la bouche de F^nelon, une maxime que la nature
a misB dans le cosur de I'homme. Quand oette v^rit^
teiomphera, nous oroirons an progr^ des lumi^res ! Apr^
tons ces oris patriotiques, qui ne sont tron souvent que les
derisea de I'^Isme, les pr6textea de Vambition et les
ijgnaux de la guerre, ne criera-t-on jamais en poaant les
annes et par un tobu qu'il est temps d'aocomplir : Vive U
rmre kumam ! L'hnmanit^ de F^nelon ne se bomait pas
dei speculations exag^r^ 2k des g^n^ralit^s imprati-
cablei, qni snppoeent rignorance du detail des anaires
humsines. Sa politique n'^tait pas seulement le r^ve
d*une ftme vertueuse. 11 avait vu, il avait jng^ la cour et
les hommes; il connaissait Thistoire de tons Tee sidles, il ,
etait dou^ d'une oertaine ind^pendance d'esprit qui le
mettait an-dessus des pr^jug^ d'etat et do nation.
VlLLEMADT.
1. Fkrse the first three sentences of the above extract.
2. Write the five primitive tenses of all the verbs con-
tained above, each verb to be given in a separate line.
8. Give the noun that corresponds to each of these
adjecUves: — Sages, haute, forte, exempt, itroU, veriueuae,
humain, faux, pervert, firoeea, dignea, patriotiquee, exagiriea,
4. Give the adjective that corresponds to each of these
nouns : — Ccnaeih, conetUution, deipotiame, univera, bonheur,
famUle, taw, vSriti, progria, Sgoiame, ambition, guerre,
ddtail, affaxrea, rive, esprit, nation.
5. Explain eet, aon, and t, in : — '< eel iiroM patriotisme ;"
" aon &me vertueuse ;" ne crie^a-^on jamus."
6. Explain the past participle in : — *' Une maxime que
la nature a miae.**
7. Show, by means of the article and a suitable epithet,
the gender of each of the following nouns : — Prieipice,
eaeon^te, maiaiae, inaignea, carroaae, vertige, doaque, monti'
eule, manage, ieritoire.
8. Write fhlly : 200 ehevaux, ehapitre 80, 220 peraonnea,
page 800, 385 vclumea, Van 1200.
9. Translate: — You trod on my toea; you trod on my
dreaa. The rendering of these sentences in French must
not be the same. Elxplain the difference.
10. Give wiUi examples the rule which refers to the
agreement of the adjectives nu and demi.
11. When is the preposition by expressed by de, in-
stead o(par, after a passive verb ?
12. Explain the difference of meaning between il a'eat
bleaai and il a*eat bleaad lui-mSme*
13. Translate: — 7%^ wiil hurt one another, (1) in
speaking of two only ; (2) in speaking of more than two ;
and also, They will fight againat each other, taking oaro to
put the preposition in its right place in French.
14. Conjugate the pretent, the imperative, and present
subjunctive, of a*en idler, mourir, venir, aavoir, faire^ and
vivre*
Past U.
Candidates for a Second-class Certificate are to answer
the next four grammatical questions, and to translate the
English extract and idiomatic expressions which follow :—
I. — Gbammab.
1. When is which to be rendered by " ce qui " or << oe
que," instead of simply by " qui " or *« que T Examples.
2. Show by exam[des how closely the logical connec-
tion of the different words in a sentence must be adhered
to in French.
8. Explain U in the following cases :— " C'est comme
je vous le dis ;" ** II en sera comme vous le d^rez ;"
** C'est meiUeur qne vous ne le pensez ;" '* Il est jenne,
du moins il U paratt ;" " Etes-vous son frfere ? Je Zesuis."
4. When should iU and theira be rendered by the per-
sonal pronoun en and the definite article, and not by the
possessive pronouns aon, aa, aea, leur, leura f
II. — Tbakslatiok.
**If time be of all things the most precious, wasting
1
704 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptbmbir 23, 1864.
time must be (as poor Bichard aaye), the greatest prodi
galiiy;" since, as he elsewhere tells us, "lost time Is
never iomd affain; and what w« fl»ll t«pM eMujdh
always proves little enough." Lit m, i^«i u^ «i9d In
doing, and dobig to Uie porpose ; so by dUigMoa sball wa
do more with lees perplexity. Sloth makes all things
difficult, but industry all easy, as poor Richanl says, and
" He that riseth late must trot all day, and shall scarce
overtake his business at night ; while laziness travels so
slowly that poverty soon overtakes him," as we read in
poor Bichard, who adds, •* Drive thy business, let not that
drive thee ;" and, ** £arly to bed and early to lise, m^«s
a man healthy, wealthy, and wise."
If we are ludustrions, wo shall never starve ; for, as
poor Richard says, ** At the working-man's house hunger
looks in, but dares not enter." Nor will the bailiff or the
constable enter ; for, " Industry pays debts, but dc^Mdr
wcreaseth them/' says poor Richard. What though you
bave found no treasure, nor has any rich relation Mi
you a legacy, *' Diligence is the mother of good luck," as
poor Bic£ard says, and *< God gives all things to industi^.
TbflB plough deep while sluggards sleop, and you will
have com to sell and to k«ep," says poor Dick. Work
whilo ii is called to-day ; for you know not how ntuch
yoa may be hindered to-morrow, which makes \i9or
Biobard say, ** One to-day is worth two to-moiTows ;" and,
forther, ** Never leava ih^t till to-morrow which yon can
do to-day." Bav jaxin FsAaiLUtf,
III. — Idioms.
J'y perds mon latin.
Cost un panier pero^.
J'ai ea maille H partir avec lui.
lis ont eu vent de la chose.
II ne ae le laissera pas dire deux fois.
Les maladies viennent & cheval et s'en retoornent & pied.
Auz grands portaux battent les giands vents.
Les oreilles out dd vous comer.
Quoi qa'il arrive, ne jetez jamais le mancho apr^ la
oogn^
Autant en emporte la vent.
PabtIU.
Caadidatea aiming at a first-class certificate are ex-
pected totrandate the above idiomatic expressions and
B^lish extracts, and to answer in French the following
questions :-^
LirsaATUBC — ^1. What are the piinoipU works of
Bosmet, Boileau, and Baoine?
2. Sketch the life of F^nelon.
3. Explain the spirit that pervades the writings of the
fpreat classical authors, from Moli^re to F^nelon, and trace
It back to its somve.
HnroBT. — Belate the circumstances attending tlio Re-
vocation of the Edict of Nantes ; and show its disastrous
results.
GERMAN.
THRKB HOUBS ALLOWED.
Each candidate is expected to translate one of the
following passages, to answer some of the grammatical
questiods, and Iuid into German several of Um sentences
and pieces given for tliis purpose. Candidates for a first
class must translate one piece of Section I., (e) (f) and (g), of
Section II., and 19 — 22 inclusive of Section 111., and write
the essay: —
Section 1.
Viglius von Zuichem von Ay tta, Prcsi cnt dcs geheimen
Baths, Staatstath und Siegelbewiihrer, gait jetzt far den
wiclitigstcn Mann im Senate und die m&chtigHte Sttttzu
der Krone und dor Tiare. Dieser verdienstvolle Greis,
dem wir einise schHtzbare Beitrttge zu der Geschichte des
niede r lindisoben Aulruhn vardankeB, und dcMsen ver-
trauter Briefwechsel mit s^en Freunden tms to End-
long derBel)eo mehrmals geleitet hat, war einer dsr
frdsstea Qaaht^gelelMiM seiier Shi$, dthu moekk Tbsokf
und Piie9t«r, und h«t|e s4^(m uoter 4ema. KataM* di«
wichtigitsn A«mter hekleidst. BmlJmg^ «iit 4m
gelehrtesten M&nnern, welche jenes Zeitalter ziertcD, ootf
an deren Spitze sich Erasmus von Botterdam hefimd, nut
dftem Beisen verbunden, die er in Gescb&flen dea Eainn
aostellte, batten den Kreis eeiner Kenntnisae nod Eriah-
rungen wweitert und seme Grrunds&tze in Tnanrhm
Stucken ttber seine Zeiten erhoben. Der RoImb Miner
Oelahnamkeit erOlUto sein gauzes Jahrhuodert uad tut
seinen*Namen zur Nachwelt^etragen.
2. Dies Eine nur vemimm ! Du zitterst jetzt
Vor dieser lebenden Maria. Nicht
Die lebende hast du zn ftirchteiL Zittre tot
Der Todiaa, der Eotbaufteteo. Si« wixd
Vom Grab' erstehen, eine ZwietrachtegdttM,
Ein Bachegetst in deinem Iteich heramniiii
Und deines Volkes Herzen von dir wenden.
Jetzt hasst der Britte die Gkftlrchtete ;
Kr wtrd sie rftchen, wenn sic nioht m«hr ist.
Nicht mehr die Feindin seines Glaubens, nur
Die Enkeltochter seiaer Ktfoige,
Des flasses Opfer und der Eifersucht,
Wird er in der Bejammertea erblickoB !
Schnell wirst du die VerEuderung er&hraa.
Durchziehe London, wann die blut'ge Thai
Geschehen, zeige dich dem Volk, das aoosi
Sich jubelnd um dich her ergoss, du wint
Ein andres Eagiaod aahn, «iB aadres VoUu
3. Wie leicht der Jdng^ng aohwere Lasten triLgi,
Und Fehler wie den Staub vom Eleide acbattdt !
Es wure zu verwundem, wenn die ZaaberknA
Der Dichtung nicht bekaoDter w&re. die
Mit dem Unm5glichen so gera ibr Spiel
Zu treiben liebt. Ob duaiuch ao, mein Fllivf»
Ob alle deine Diener diese That
So nnbedeuiend halten, zweifl' ich fast.
Die Majestftt verbreitet ihren Schutz
Auf jeden, der sich ihr, wie einer Gottheit
Und ihrer unverletzten Wohnoaig naht.
Wie an dem Fuase des Altars, bM&hmt
Sich auf der S<^welle jede Leidensohaii.
Da Uinkt kehi Schwert, da tfkUt kern drohead Wort*
Da fordert selbst Bdeid'gong keine Rache.
Es bleibt das weite Feld ein oflhar Baum
Ftlr Grimm und Unversdhnliclikeit genog.
D(^ wird kein Fmger droho, kein Mano wird
4. Prinz Fnmz Eugan atammte aas einer
das Savoyaohen Hausae ber und war in aeioer Jugsnd
geistliohan Staoda bestimmt; aber aein Geist mog iha
der Betracbtun^ der Geaoliiobte and in d«o Eaack
Strom dee tbntigen Lebens. Ala zwacozigkihrigM' Joi^
ling hot w seine Dieoste dew K4M)ig Ludwig an ; dianr,
der ihn wegan seiner Klcinheit oicht der BeMsbUmg w«i4i
fand, wies iha ab und rieth ihm, kn geistliohan ^Stande za
bleiben. Etigen wandte nch nach Oeatreich, wo der
TUrkenkrieg ihm eine Babn zu (^nen aohieo, und yairhneU
sich bald so sehr aua, dass dai* Kaisi r ihm nach der IW>
freiung von Wien im Jalue 1G83, wobai or ia^kr mifc-
gefochton hatte, ein BeitaiTegimeBt varlieh. Der H«ni^
Karl voB Lotlu ingcn erkaonta achon damals dea Heldan
in ihm. Leopold emannto i\m iai Jahre 1603 aiua FeUL*
mauBchall, und nun hutie ihn der Kmlg Ludwig gam
wieder fQr sich gewonnen ; er liess ihm die Staitfcaltcr-
eoliaft von Champagne und die WtLrde ainos llarsitalk
von Frankreich anhieten ; aber Eogen aatwortata dvmk
AbgeoiJncten: "Sagen Sie Ihrem Kdnige, d«M idt
ksLserlicher FcMmarschall bin, Welches ebon so vitl iat
als der franzdsische Maishallstab."
Section H. — GftamiAii ako lomtUk,
(a.) Dedine the peraonal pioaoQiis ar, aie, oa.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Sbptmcbbb 23 1864. 705
(b.) State the ooaipAiative and taperkthre of gem,
bald, nahe, hooh, and wohl.
(c) Whan moit tht proBouns der, diaser, jeD«r, welofaer,
igrea in gander with the subetantiye, and when do ihev
Dot? muifitrate the rule by two exainples for eaoh
prOBOOD.
(d.) Dedine the German of: good king, this beantifal
Bower, my Urge book, in every oaae of the aiaguUr aod
phiraL
(e.) State the third perwrn gi]lgl^ar, itreaeot and im-
[wrfeoi, both in the indioative and anbjanctive of : — ^weiisn,
{olteo, vamehmen, sehen, tragen, anbieten, abweiaen.
tidd, likewise, the participle paat of the preceding verbs.
(f.) When must "to be^ in oonoeetion with a past
larticiple be expressed by ** aein," and when by '* werden ?*'
[ilustrate the role by three examples.
(g.) Da geht's ja hoch her.
Da giDg*8 drauf nnd drein.
Da ist*8 einmal lostis zngegangen.
Sie haben sich sehr Instig Uber uns gemacht.
Machen Sie sich's beqaem.
£r kehne lich nicht daran.
Er wollte gar nicht dran gefaen, so sehr war's ihm isn-
fider.
Er schlog mn jede Elefnigk^t sein Leben in die
Scbanae.
Was geht das mich an ! Bines schickt slch nan einmal
licht fUr alle.
Darin hat man es in diesem Jahihondert viel wMter
(ebraeht.
Das mtlMen Sie nch aos dem Sione sohlagea.
Section III.
Translate into German ten of the following passages.
rbe writiDg, either in Baglish or Genaan characters,
uust be very legible.
1. He knew everything except that.
2. I should not have known him.
8. Do come to ns soon.
4. At what o'clock did he leave town ?
6. They had gone into the country for six weeks.
6. Will you have a glass of wine and a piece of cake ?
7. Thay were playing when we came into the room.
8. Let ns take a walk into the garden.
9. He is praised by every one.
10. This is the largest tree I ever saw.
11. What sort of books do you now read ?
12. I, who am older than you, give you that advice.
12. He has written his letter best of all.
14. I offered him a large sum, but he did not accept it.
15. The windows have not bean opened yet.
16. Not having heard of him daring the last fortoigfat,
made up my mind to depart alone.
17. He saved himself by jumping out of tiie window.
18. She has become ill V opting too mooh fruit.
19. There was much playing and dancing at my aunt's
mt night.
20. We ought to have done it long ago.
21. Would they had bean able to come 1
22. A man may have lived almost an age and tmvevsed
continent, minutely examining its cariosities, and yet,
fter having explored many a cavern, he may have left on-
etected a darker recess in his own character ; he may have
:>uver8ed with many people, in different languages, on
uBiberless subjects, but having neglected those conver-
nions with himself, by which his whole moral befaig
loald have been continually disclosed to his view, he is
etlor quaUAed, peiiiaps, to describe the intrigues of a
>F«igD court, or the progress of a foreign trader, to repre-
jot tlto niaoners of i he Julians or the Turks, to narrate
tie proceedings of the Jesuits or the adventures of the
ipgicio, than to write the history of his own mind.
Write in German a short essay on " The Advantages
n Bngliahmau derives from the Study of the German
language."
( 7b &0 wntmuea.)
IrffmMsgs 0I |iistttstums»
Bradford Hrobanios' IxiffrrrirrK. — The thirty -second
annual report shows that as regards the number of
members and financial condition, the Institute is in a very
hopeful state. The present number of members is 1,317,
showing an increase of 146 upon the previous year. The
receipts from subscriptions have been £528 1 9s. 4d . , and from
other sources £196 8s. 6d., total £725 2s. lOd., showiDg an
increase of £76 10s. lOd. over the previous year's income*
The total expenditure has been £692 l9s. 7d.. beioff
£60 lis. 8d. more than last year. The balance in hand
is increased from £75 Os. 6d. to £107 8s. 9d. During
the past year the committee have subscribed to the
London Library Compaoy for the loan of ICO volumes,
and by this means th^ have been able to offer the
members a larger supply of new works. The issue of
the books thus obtained has averaged seventeen or
eighteen per day. More money has been expended on
the library than in any former year, chiefly on account of
a greatly increased nntlay being I'equired for binding.
The following shows the state of the library up to the Ist
April, 1864 : — The number of volumes in the library in
the previous year was 8,332, which has been increased
to 8,500. The total circulation has been 37,189,
against 32,488 last year. The drcuktion of works of
fiction was 15,962, against 12,976 last year. Among
the lectures delivered were one by Geo. Dawson, Esq.,
on *< Socrates ;" one by C. P. Measor, Esq., on the
'* Extension of the Principles of the Factory Legislation ;"
one by Mr. Wheeler, on the " History of the Steam
Engine; one by Mrs. Balfour, on <* Dr. Johnson and his
Streatham Fiionds;" one by S. W. North, Esc]^., on
*' Some recent reseaiohes into the probable Ajitiquity of
Man ;" and one by Geo. Dawson, Esq., on *' Sir Thomas
More." The attendance was not very satisfactory.
Classes in writing and arithmetic, reading (higher and
lower) grammar, geography (elementary and physical)
English history, mathematics, Latin, French, German,
drawing, and chemistry have been in operation. The
number of students on the books was 616, with an
average attendance of 389. The numbers on the books,
as we& as those in regular attendance, have been rather
greater than in the previous session ; but this increase has
been chiefly in the elementaiy classes. The advanced
classes only show a slight improvement.
Nbwcastlb-upon-Tihb BIbobakios* iHSTmjTB. — The
fortieth annual report says that the Institution has lost
none of its efficiency and usefulness, and the various
departments are in a satisfactory condition. A thorough
revision of the members' roll has been made, and the
number is now 1 ,005, a great portion of them being working
men or their sons. 121 volumes of new books have
been added to the library during the year, a considerably
larger number than on the previous one. The issues
during the year have been 12,135. The namber of
newspapers has been increased since last report. Thu
classes in connection with the Institution have been carried
on very successfully. The numbers attending the classes
are -.—Chemistry, 53 ; French, 47 ; Latin, 9 ; arithmctio
and book-keeping, 11 ; English Grammar, 84; making a
total of 154, a considerable increase over last year's
attendance. The teacher reports very favourably of the
chemistry class, and the results of the Government
Science Examination were most satisfactory; of fifty
pupils, fourteen gained prizes, and seven received honour'
able mention. At the Society of Arts Examination there
were also several certificates awarded. Thete have
not been so many " Headings " as reported in previous
years. If few in number, however, they were eminently
successful, both in the attendance of the public and the
quality of the entertaiunicnt placed before thcni. The
balance from them (including m-oceeds from soiree held at
Christmas) was £11 4s. 8d. One half-yearly examination
in oiatoty, under the •* Thompson Bequest," has taken
706
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Siptbmbbb 23, 1864.
place alnoe last report, the snbjeot was ** The {nobable
eflect of the present AmericaD War on SUvery,** and
1st, 2nd, and 3rd prizes were awarded. In the debating
class the attendance has been good. In addition to
debates, short readings and recitations have been intro-
duced, having the effect of still more popularizing the
class amonest the members generally. Tne committee
regret the loss, by death, of the old and valued friend
and treasurer of the Institution, Mr. Robert Wallace.
He had held that office since 1846, and down to the time
of his decease he took an active part in its management.
Mr. Joseph Gowen, jnn., has been elected treasurer as his
successor. The balance-sheet shows that the expenditure
has been 1280 Is. lid., and that there is a balance due
to the treasurer of £26 18s. This is the only matter of
regret referred to in the report.
BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE-
MENT OF SCIENCE.— BATH, 1864.
The business of the Sections commenced on Thursday,
September 15th, 1864. The following is a list of the
Papers read :—
THUBSDAT, SBPTEMBER 15th.
SccmoM A.— Mathematical and Physical Science.
J. Glaisher. — Report on Luminous Meteors.
Professor Hennessy. — On the possible Connection be-
tween the EUipticity of Mars and the general Appearance
of its Surface.
Rev. T. W. Webb.— On a Suspected Change of Bright-
ness in the lunar spot Werner.
W. R. Birt — On the Importance of adopting Methods
for the detection of Change on the Moon's Surface.
Rev. T. Furlong— On the Probability of Constructing
Ellipsoidal Lenses.
C. Tomlinson — On the Cohesion Figures of Liquids.
M. Moggridge. — On an Easy Mode of Measuring
Heights.
Rev. E. B. Ellman.— On the Earthquake and Storm in
Sussex on the 21st of August, 1864.
Section B.— Chemical SasNCE.
Opening Address by the President.
Dr. Gladstone. — ^Report of the Committee on the ap-
plication of Gun Cotton to Warlike Purposes.
Dr. Miller. — On the Analysis of a Hot Spring contain-
ing Lithium and Coesium in Wheal Clifford.
Dr. Daubeny. — On the Bath Waters.
Dr. Paul. — Note on some of the Constituents of the Oil
known as Crude Paraffin Oil.
Section C. — Geology.
The President's Opening Address.
W. Sanders. — A brief Explanation of a Geological Map
of the neighbourhood of Bristol and Bath.
Professor Phillips. — ^Measures of Geological Time by
Natural Chronometers, with a communication from M.
Morlet
H. C. Sorby. — On the conclusion to be deduced from
the Physical Structure of some Meteorites.
H. Woodward. — On the family Eurypterid®, with de-
scription of some new genera and species.
U. C. Salmon. — On the Geognostic relations of the
Auriferous Quartz of Nova Scotia.
F. Von Haucr. — A Notice of the latest Labours of the
Imperial Geological Institute of the Austrian Empire.
Sir R. I. Murchison. — Note on the occurrence of the
same Fossil Plants in the Permian Rocks of Westmore-
land and Durham.
y^- ^epgelly.— On Changes of Relative Level of Land
and Sea m south western Devonshire, in connection with
the Antiquity of Mankind,
SaonoH D. — ^Zoology ahd Boxaht.
The President. — ^Inaugural Addren.
T. Spencer Cobbold, M.D., F.R.8. — Bmii of Enri.
ments respecting the Development aod MigimtioB a fte
Entozoa.
J. Gwyn Jeffi^ys, F.R.S.— FuHher Report on SteUiai
Dredging.
J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S. — ^Bemaiks on £E^lt>ir, a gem
of quasi-parasitio Mollusca, with particalan of tfii
Ehiropean species 8. TurtorU.
Francis Ualton, F.R.S ^First steps towmrda the Dioae-
tication of Animsls.
Sub-Sbotion D. — Phtsioukit.
President's Address. — On the Present State «f Ha
Dietary Question.
Rev. J. Slatter.— On the Dietaiy of the Agrien&Bl
Poor.
G. D. Gibb, M.D.— On the Varioaa Forms iiiwiiimT hf
the Glottis.
W. Turner, M.B.— On a Supplementary Sjitein sf
Nutrient Arteries for the Lungs.
W. E. C. Nourse.— On the Acticm of tbe Kervms
Tissue concerned in Perception.
SbOTION E. — GbOOBAPHY and B2THXOL0OT,
The President's Addren.
Rev. H. B. Tristram.— On the Physical and Pi^tkal
Geography of the Jordan Valley and Eastern Palestine.
Rev. G. Clowes.— On ^e Weetem Shores of the Desi
Sea.
Alexander Michie. — ^Notes on China,
Siberia.
M. Vambeiy.— On the Turcoman Tribes of Osotni
Asia.
M. Nicolas de Ehanikof.—On the Bthnoksr of Ifae
Iranian Race.
M. Alexander Hippius. — Russian Trade with Bokfaata.
Sectiok F. — Economic Sgibnce and SrATsncs.
The President's Address.
The Recorder of Bath.— SUtistios of Crime aai Cri-
minals.
Professor Levi. — Statistics of the Nuniber and Oecifa-
tions of Foreigners in England.
Section G. — Meobanioal Sctskcb.
The President's Address.
James Oldham. — Report of the Cominittee oa TiitI
Observations on the Humber, the Trent, and the T«t-
shire Ouse.
Wm. Fairbaim, LLJD., F.R.S— On the Medtfoiai
Properties of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable.
Admiral Sir Edward Belcher, communicatad hj Cnl
Doty, of the Confederate States. — On Toipe^»es nwd sy
the Confederate States in the Destruction of some of <£»
Federal Vessels of War, and the Mode of attaching thea
to the Rams.
Capt. Wheatley, R.N.— On Revolving Sails.
Capt. Wheatley, R.N.— On Plated fc^bips and th^
Armament
In the evening a conversazione took place ia ths
Assembly Rooms.
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 16tb, 1864.
Section A. — ^Mathematical and Phtsioai. Scuorx.
Dr. Gladstone. — Report of Committee oa Fog SimK
Dr. Gladstone. — ^On the Transmission of tlie hm Bi?
by many-colom*ed Solutions.
C. Cator. — On a new Anemometer.
Professor Rankioe, — On the Prc^ierties of eertiis
Stream-lines.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptbmbib 23, 1864. 707
W. H. L. Rotsell.^Oo Symbolical Expansions.
Ptoleaor Oayley. — On a Fonnola of M. Chasles re-
lAiing to the Contact of Conios.
Professor Cayley. — On the Problem of the in-and-cir-
oomsoribed Triangle.
T. A. Hirst— On the Generalisation of the method of
€(eometrical Inversion.
A. J. Ellis.— On Stigmatics.
Dr. Stevelly. — On a Mode of Determining the Velocity
of Sonnd.
Proftswr Phillips.— Notice of the Physical Aspect of
the Son.
Ssonos B. — Chsmioal Soibhob.
Bev. G. F. Browne. — On the Prismatic Formation of Ice.
A. R. Catton.— On the direct Gonyersion of Acetic Acid
into Botyric and Gaproio Acids.
Dr. W. Bird Heimpath. — On a new method of Disco-
vering the Hydrogen Compoonds of Arsenic, Sulphnr,
Antimony, and Phosphorus, when in company as a mixed
Dr. T. Anderson. — On some Bitominoos Substances.
Stewart Clark. — Description of an Apparatus for Esti-
mating the Organic Impurities in Atmospheric Air and
in Water.
Dr. Stevenson Macadam. — On the Pollution of Rivers
by the Sewage of Towns.
Dr. Henry Bird.— On the Utilisation of Sewage.
SlOTIOK C. — Geoloot.
C. Moore. — Remarks on the Geology of the South-
West of England.
H. B. Brady.— On the Foraminifera of the Middle and
Upper Lias of Somersetshire.
Professor Haikness. — On the Lower Silurian Rooks of
the South-East of Cumberland and the North-East of
Westmoreland.
Rev. G. F. Browne. — On the Formation and Condition
of Ice in certain Ice Caves of the Jura, Yo^an Jura,
Dauphin^, and Savoy.
W. W. Stoddart.— On the Lowest Beds of the Cliaon
Carboniferous Series.
Handel Cossbam.— On the Geological Formation of the
district around Kingswood Hill, vdth especial reference
to supposed Development of Millstone Grit in that neigh-
bourhood.
Sbctioh D. — Zoology and Botant.
Dr. Edward Crisp. — Contributions to the Anatomy of
the Quadrumaoa, with a compai*ative estimate of the
Intelligenoe of the Apes and Monkeys.
Dr. G. D. Gibb. — Special Differences between the
Larynx of the Negro and that of the White Man.
Rev. H. B. Tristram, F.L.S.— On the Ornithology of
Palestine, and the Peculiarities of the Jordan Valley.
Dr. Scott. — On the Turdui torquatui as observed in
Devonshire.
Dr. Herapath, F.R.S.— On the genus Synapta,
Sub-Seotiom D. — Phtsioloot.
M. Foster, M.D.— Report on Muscular Irritability.
R. Boyd, M.D. — Observations on the Measurements of
the Head and Weisht of the Brain in 696 Cases of Insanity.
W. Turner, M.S.— On Cranial Deformities. Trigono-
oephalus.
J. Thumam, M.D. — On the Obliteration of the Sutures
io one class of Ancient British Skulls.
W. B. Herapath, M.D.— On the presence of Indigo in
Purulent Disoharges.
John Daw, M.D. — On the Temperature of the Sexes.
T. S. Prideanx.— On the Functions of the Cerebellum.
John Petherick. — Latest News from Mr. S. Baker, the
Traveller in Central Africa.
James Fox Wilson. — Increasing Desiccatk>n of Inner
Southern Africa.
Dr. Thomas Hodgkin. — Growth of Desert in Morocco.
John Crawfbrd.— -On the Early Migrations of Man.
R. Stuart Poole.— On the Ethnic Relations of the
Egyptian Race.
Sbctiok F. — ^EooMOMio Science ahd Statistics.
James Heywood. — Report of a Conunittee of the British
Association, on Uniformity of Weights and Measures.
(A Deputation from the Chemical Section attended on the
presentation of this Report.)
Col Torrens. — On the System of Land-transfer in
Australia.
Samuel Brown. — On the Mortality of Europeans in
India.
Edward Spender. — On the " Truck-system" in some
parts of the West of England.
W. Chetwynd.— On the Progress of Postal Banks (Post
Office Savings Banks).
SscmoN G. — Meohasioal Science.
Professor Rankine, F.R.S.— Report of the Committee
for experimenting on the resistance of bodies moving
under water, as compared with that of bodies floating on
the surface.
T. Webster, F.R.S — Report of the Committee on
the Patent Laws.
Peter W. Barlow, C.E., F.R.S On the Power required
to overcome the Vis Inertiss of Railway Trains, with
description of Machine to propel Trains between Stations
without Locomotives.
Captain Selwyn, R.N. — On Submarine Telegraphy.
W. Symons.— On the Working of Underground Rail-
ways by means of Hydraulic Power.
In the evening Professor Roscoe delivered a discourse
« On the Chemical Action of Light.*
«»
SsOTtOE E.— GBOOmAPHY AND EtHHOUMIT.
Capt. R. F. Burton.* Ethnology of Dahomey.
SATURDAY, SBPTBMBBR 17th.
Section A. — Mathematical and Phtsioal Soienos.
J. B. Thompson.— On the Mechanical Theory and
Application of the Laws of Magnetic Inductico and
Electricity.
H. Keevil. — On the Development of Electricity from
the Rays of the Sun and other Sources of Light.
J. G. Symons.— On the Fall of Rain in the British Isles.
Rev. L. Jenyns.— On the Temperature and Rainfall of
Bath.
A. Catton. — On the Rhombohedral System in Crystal-
lography.
R. A. Peacock. — On a New Formula for Calculating
the Initial Pressure of Steam.
A. Catton. — On the Connection between the Form and
Optical Properties of Crystals.
SxoTioN B. — Chemical Science.
(On account of the Excursion, this Section did not meet
on Saturday.)
Seotioh C— Geology.
W. H. Baay.— On the Occurrence of Fish Remains in
the Old Red Sandstone of Portishead, near Bristol.
Rev. P. B. Brodie.— Remarks on two Outliers of Lias
in South Warwickshire, and on the presence of the Lias
or Rh€Btic Bone-bed at Enowle, its ftupMiiMiilMaL ex-
tension hitherto recognised.
C. W. Peach.— On Traces of .-r.
SheUand Islands. _ y^^<>^Scar-
C. W. Peach — On Boulder
J. Leckenby. — On the Boi
borough and East Yorkshire.
708
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, SaprncBut », 1854.
Dr. Dftobei^.— Oq the Gmm of the Eztricatioii of
CarboDic Acid from the Interior of the £«rth, and on its
CbenicAl Aoiioii mpon the ocmstitiMnts of Felqpathic
Rocks.
CommADder B. Pirn, B.N. — Notes on the Volcanic
Pheoomeoa aod Mineral and Thennal Waters of Nioa-
ragna.
J. W. Salter.— On the old Pre-Camhrian (Lanrentiao)
Island of St. David's, Pembrokeshire.
J. W. Salter. — On some New Forms of Olenoid Trflo-
bites from the lowest Fosriliferow Bocks of Wales.
W. H. Baily.^On some Now Points in the Stmoliire
d Pahtehimu,
J. J. WaULer.-*On two of the GoadilioBi of Ifte
sc^TabUity of a Ternary Cnblo Form into
G. Griffith.— Report of Commitlee ob Ibo
tion of Speotral Bays.
Fleemmg Jenkin. — Interim Report ott Tfaetnia- EimA.
PheDoraena.
Sflcmoii D.— ZooiiOOT akb Botaht.
(This Section did not meet on Saturday owing to Ex-
cnrsionB.)
Sub-Sbotioh D. — Phtsioloot.
The President.— On the Combiotttion of Food in the
Meals of the Labouring Classes.
B. W. Richardson, M.D.— On the Inhalation of Oxygen
Gas.
G. D. Gibb, M.D.— Note on the Action of the Bromides
of LHhlnm and Zinc
R. (Hmer, F.L.S. — On a Vocal Organ of an Aqoatic
InsBol.
John Gk)odman, M.D. — The Functions of the Liver.
L. T. A. Garter, M.D. — On the Lymphatics in the
Liver of Man and the Pig.
E. Crisp, M.D.— On the presence of Valves in the Ab-
dominal Veins.
SsonoN B. — Geooeapht avd Ethnoloot.
Viscount Milton and Dr. Cheadle.— An Expedition
across the Rocky Mountains into British Columbia, by the
Fellow Head or Leather Pass.
Richard Spruce. — On the Physical Geography of the
Peruvian Coast Valleys of Chira and ^nra, and the
adjacent Deserts.
Richard Spruce. — On the River Poms, a great affluent
of the Amazons.
fi. W. Bates.— On the Formaikw of the Delta of the
Amazons.
Kenneth Maclea. — A remarkable Storm and Beach
Wave at St. Shotts, Newfoundland.
John Crawiurd.-— On the supposed Stone, Bronze, and
Iron Ages of Society.
Dr. Henry Bu-d. — An account of the Human Bones
found in Tumuli, situated in the CotteswoM Hills.
Skgtiom F. — ^EooHomo Soiehob Am> SrAximos.
A. B. Middleton.— Sanitary Statistics of Salisbury.
Dr. J. A. Symonds.— -Sanitary Statisties of Clifton.
R. T. Gore — On the Mortality of the City of Bath.
Section G. — Mkohamioal 8omoi»
(This Section did not meet on Saturday owing to Ex-
cursions. )
MONDAY, 8EPTBMBBR lOra.
SECfTiON A.— Mathematioal and Physical Sciencb.
Col. Sykes.— Report of the Balloon Committee.
J. Glaisher. — ^Account of Balloon Ascents.
T. A. Hirst.— On a Transformation of Plane Curves
recently proposed by Professor Cremona.
A. Claudet. — On Photosculpture.
W, Hoggins and Dr. Miller.— On the Specta of some
of the Heavenly Bodies.
Rsl^?*'*«f Jenkio.— On the Retardation of Electrical
erc^nfTCrP? f" extensive lunar Plain near the Montes
•rcynii, which it is proposed to name Otto Strove.
Section B. — Cbsmioal Soxk^cs.
W. Poole King.— On the Prematare Decay iC fts
Frescoes in the Houses of Pfcrliamenl, xte Gun^aal
Remedy.
Maxwell Lyte. — On an apparatos for the presamiaB
or disengagement of sulj^uretted hydrogoi, osEboBk
acid, or other gases.
Dr. Phipson.— On the Black Stonea whieii fell fioai ^
Atmosphere at Birmingham.
F. Craoe Calvert, F.R.S., F.C.S.^Oo m new wAai
of extracting Gold from A ur i fe r o ns Ores.
Dr. Phipson.— On ttie Xedioinal Mods of the IsisBdif
Ischia.
Professor Tennant — On the Colourinff of Aptea.
Alphonse Gages. — On the Artifldaf T ro& mMm U
Anhydrite.
Fredlt. Field.— On a SpoGhneii of 'xtb Ote hilhsrltrv*
described.
P. Spenoe. — On Copper BmeHhig.
Dr. Machattie.— On the presence of Nictel isMettSr
Lead.
Dr. Maohattie.— A Suggestion oo the Deieetioo of
Poisons by Dialysis.
Dr. Smlivan.— On tiie FireeipiliitiDii of A3a^km
Silicates from Solution.
P ro f essor Wanklyn.— On the Batidiial Fornmh d
Rosaniline.
ProfesM)r Wsnklyli. — On the Co mp oel li bti of ecrbiQ
Organio Dyes.
A. R. Catton.— On the Molecular Ooostitiilioaef CMos
Oompoonds.
&mmxm O. — Qboloot.
Rev. H. B. Tristram.— On a Pnnn Ymimi'm
foond in the L^Anon.
Bev.H. B. Tristram.— On the FonHiioo of
Vall^ and the Dead Sea.
Rev. H. B. Tristram.— Notice of a Bitumen and
Deposit at the South-west corner of the Dead Sea.
Rev. H. B. Tristram.^On the Geology of F^aeskms.
Dr. Hector.— On the Geology of Ota^o, New 7nlistf
W. Keene.— On the Coal Veasores of New Snft
Wales.
J. Mackenrie.— On the New Sooth Wsles CosIlUt
J. Randall. — On the Position in the Great 0(£te» laA
the Mode of Workiog, of the Bath Freestone.
H. Seeley. — On the Signifkcanoe of the SequeDee oi
Rocks and Fossils.
E. R. Lankester.— On the Species of the Qmm
PterMpii,
Dr/T. Wright— On the White Liu of Doteetfiire.
Sbotioiv D.— -ZoolOot iaii> Botjot.
E. Ray Lankester.— On sertato polirtt tetlie
the Earth Worn.
W. A. Sanford.--Notfoe of ft New MSA
and some other marine animalk
Dr. Daobeny. — On the Decay of Species,
Natural Provision fat extending thdr DnratieB.
Frank Buckland.— On the Netwa mmarr af At
Oyster.
John Davy, M.D.— Some obsorvitlaw OB the fii^
mooidsB, ohieAy lelatiDg In thnir g nnn rni ie ft mu< h >
Thomas Jofansoa. — ^An AoootdI of tlie TTiiiiwAf
Accomplishment of the Phm to transport fi*l»?vy i O^ ts
Anstralia.
Rev. Thomas HinokB. — On some New S^^M
JOUBMAL OF THG 8001 GTY OF ARTS, Sbptimber 23, 1864.
709
Zoophytes, and on the ClaitifieAlNQ and Terininokgy of
the iiydroida.
Rev. Thomas Hincks. — On the Medosoid of a Tobu-
larian Zoophyte, and its return to the fixed condition after
the liberation of the Ova.
Dr. J. E. Gray — On the Whalebone Whale of the
British Coasts.
Dr. J. E. Gray. —On New Corals from the Shetlands.
Sob*8botiov D.^Pbtsioloot.
The President.— What is the Best Method of esthnalmg
^19 Nvtritive Yaliie of Foods and Dietaries?
The President.— Notritire elements in the Dietary of
the labouring Cliuees.
Thomas &yden, M.D.— The relative an^ special
applications of Fat and Sugar as Respiratory Food.
G^rge Frean.— Tlie use of Milk and Scotch Barley as
an Artk)le of Diet.
Francis Barham . — The alimentary character of Nitrogen
Gas.
T. S. Cobbold, M.D. — Meat as a source of Entozoa.
O. G. Monteith.~OB the Lentil as an Article of Food,
and its use from the earliest historical time.
SBCTfOH E. — GftOORlPHY AHD EtHNOLOOT.
A. R. Wallace.— Progress of Civilisation in Northern
Celebes.
Lieut.-Colonel Showers^ — On the Meenas, a wild tribe
of Central India.
Miss MuR* Mackenzie. — A Narrative of her Journeys
in the South Slav omo eovitries of Austria aad Tarke^in
Europe.
Sir Bohart Sohombnigk.— A Joaroey ta Xiengml and
Moalmein.
Dr. A. Baalian.— Sthook)8y of Cambodia.
John Crawford^— On Human Hybrids or Ciossss.
I>r. Shortt— Oa soma mde tribes snpposad to be
Ahoriginss of Southern India.
SioTKm F. — EoQMOMio SaiBSoa jlhd Stathvics.
Mi^r. General Hannyngton. — Some remarks on the
Frendi Ctilculating Machine. (The machine itself was
exhibited.)
The President.— Life Tables, by the Swedish Calcu-
lating Machine (with Photographs of the Machine bv
A. Claudet).
Ftokmot Fawcett.— On the Causes which produce the
present high rate of Discount.
Vwhuot Levi.— Statistics relating to the Royal Navy.
E. B. Eliott. — Military Statistics of certain Armies,
especially of those of the United SUtes.
J. Wilson. — Registration of Births and Deaths in
Ireland.
Handel Cossham.— Statistics of the Coal Trade :—
Colliera employed, Wages paid, and Social Condition of
the Miners employed In the Northern portion of tlio
Bristol Coal Field.
rimultaneoudy by Mr. Clements Markham, Honorary
Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, in Um
Mineral Water Hospital. Both places were filled to
overflowing.
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 20th.
Section A. — Mathematical and Physical Science.
Fleeming Jenkin.— Report of Committee on Electrical
Standards.
Professor Hetmcssy. — ^Report on the Vertical Move-
ments of the Atmosphere.
J. P. Gassiot.— On the Adaptation of Sulphide of Oaibon
Prisms, and the use of Telescopes of a long focal distance
in the examination of the Sun's Spectrum.
J. Browning.— On a New Form of Spectroscope, fn
which Direct Vision is obtained with Single Prism.
Professor W. B. Rogers. — An Account of Ritchie's Im-
provements in the Liquid Compass.
J. Glaisher. — On a New Arrangement for Measuring
the Rate of Evaporation by R. von Vinenot.
Professor Hennessy. — On the Regression of Tempera-
ture during the month of May.
Fleeming Jenkio.— Description of Electric Resistance
Balance constructed by Professor W. Thomson.
Rev. T. W. Webb.— On the Invisible Part of the
Moon's SutflMie.
Rev. W. R. Dawes.— On the Present Aspect of the
Discussion respecting the Telescopic appearance of the
Sun's Photosphere.
J. J. Walker.— On a Recent Descriptio&of an Iris seen
in the Lake of Lucerne.
A. Waugh.— On the Spectrum of Polarised Light.
S. Highley.— Description of a Cheap Form of Automatie
H^ulator for the Electric laght.
R. W. Hardy. — Speculations on Physical AstroDomy.
J. Hartoup.— On the Great Storm of December Srd,
1863, as observed at the Liverpool Observatoiy.
— Brothers.— Exhibited some Enlarged Photographs
of the Moon.
Seotxojt G. — Mechanical Scikncb.
James Heywood.— Report ef the Committee on Uni-
formity of Weights and Measures.
(Deputations from Sections B. and F. attended).
Pi-ofesBor Rankine, F.R.S.— On Units of Measure.
J. Scott Russell, F.R.S.— Report of the Committee on
Oun CotioB.
J. L. Stothert and R. Pitt.— On a Machine for Testing
Girderw.
J. Symes Prid«aju«— On tba GaMtrootkm of Shot Proof
Targets.
In the evenmg at the tiieatre, Dr. LivinasteiM gave an
aocoQftt of his explerations in South Africa danng the
lAst rix years. tin order to accommodate the BMrnbars
who were uaaUe to get seats in the theatre, artangemants
frere made for Dr. Livingstone's aocooBi bai^ read
Section B.— Chemical Soienob.
Professor Wanklyn.— On a Curious Example of Ethan
fication.
A. V. Haitx)urt.— An Account of some Experimsnts on
the Rate of Chemical Change.
T. Fairley.— On the Action of Hydrogen upon Organic
Polyoyanides.
Professor W. B. Rogers.— An Account of Apparatus and
Processes for the Chemical and Photometrical Testing of
Illuminating Gas. .,«*.. ^
ProfesFor Roscoe.— Description of a Chemical Photo-
meter for Meteorological Observation.
Professor Roscoo. — Contributions towards the Founda-
tion of a Quantitative Photography.
Dr. Paul.— On Useful Applications of Slag (torn Iron
Smelting.
Dr. Williamson. — On IsomorphiBm.
SBcnoN O. — Gboloot.
Preliminary Report of the Committee.— On the Distri-
buUon of the O^nic Remains of the North Staffordshire
Coalfield. _ ^ « ^ r^
Sir W. Logan, Dr. Dawson, and Dr. Sterry Hunt.— On
Organic Remains in Lauientian Roeks in Canada.
W. A. Sanfbrd.— Notiee of Carnassial and Csnine Teeth
from the Mendip Caves, which probably belong to FM
W. Boyd Dawkins.— On the newer JWiooeiw Faona of
the Caverns and River Deposits of Somersetshk^.
Dr. Falconer.— On Fossil and Human Remaias of the
Gibraltar Cave. ^ ^ .. «,_i.
Professor PhiU^w.— On Distribvtkm tff Qnmtt Blocks
from Wasdale Crag.
710 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, Sbptkmber 2S, 1864.
Fn>fiNBor Phillipfl.— On Excavation of Valleys near
Kirby Lonsdale.
Proftftor W. B. Bogere.— To Exhibit the Cast of a
Pecoliar Fossil foond in Mesozoic Sandstone of the Con-
nectifi^t Valley.
Sbctioh D. — ^Zoology ahd Botaht.
Dr. Holler. — On EuphoTbiaeem.
Dr. B. Perceval Wright.--To exhibit Professor T.
Haxley*s and Mr. Hawkins's ** Comparative Osteology.**
Dr. E. Gray.— To exhibit Von Beneden*s Work on the
Marine Leeches of the Coast of Brest.
Dr. Herapath, F.B.S On the Pedicellarin of the
Bckmodertnata,
C. Spence Bate, F.R.S.— On a Human Sknll and the
Bones of Animals found with Pottery in a EjOkken-
mddding, on the Coast of Cornwall.
C. Spence Bate. — On an Ancient Cornish Barrow.
Rev. A. Merle Norman. — Shetland Dredging Report,
on the EehmodermaUt of the Shetland Sea.
G. S. Brady.— Report of the Dredging Operations on
the Coasts of Northumberland and Durham.
Professor Balfoun— Notice of some Rare Scotch Plants
and Uieir Localities.
Jas. Buckman. — On Datura Stramonium and D, Tatuia,
Richard Beck. — Observations on the Spinnirets of
Spiders.
J. E. Daniell. — The Mollusca of Bath and an account
of a Parasite found in Anodon Cygnta,
B. Beddoe, M.D. — On the Testimony of Local Pheno-
mena to the Permanence of I^pe.
Dr. Baikie. — Extract of a letter from, relative to
MaoMltu^ Voffdii.
M. Moggridge.— Theold Welsh Mistletoe Cure for St.
Vitus's Dance.
R. Riddell. — On Baiata and other Gums regarded as
Substitutes for Gutta Percha.
0. Ottley Groom.— On the Food of Birds.
Sub -Section D. — Physioloot.
J. Hughes Bennett, M.D., F.R.S.E.— The exhibition
of a New Sphygmograph, by M. Marey.
B. W. Richardson, M.D.— Report on the Nitrate of
Amyle.
J. T. Dickson.— Cell Theories.
John Davy, M.D., F.R.S. — Some Observations on the
Horse Chestnut — its composition and uses.
T. S. Cobbold, M.D., F.R.S.— On Vegetables and Fruit
as a sonroe of Entosoa.
T. S. Cobbold, M.D., F.R.S.— On Water as a source of
EntOBoa.
A. Haviland.-'The Hour of Death in Acute and
Chronic Disease.
T. Junod, M.D.— On the Physiological Effect of the
Vacuum Apparatus.
B. W. Richardson, M.D The Physiological Effects of
Tobacco.
E. Crisp, M.D. — On the Size of the Blood Corpuscules
in relation to the Size of the Animal.
SicrnoN E. — GEoaaiPHY and Ethholoqt.
Captain Burton. — On the River Congo.
M'Douall Stuart. — Account of his Journey across Au-
stralia.
Albert Walker. — Journey along the West Coast of
Middle Island, New Zealand.
J. G. Taylor, H.M. Consul at DiabokixwNoles on
Kurdistan.
Sir C. Elliot.— On a recent Earthquake at St. Helena.
^1 • J a ^ Doughty.— On the " Jostedal Bww," a
Glacial System m Southern Norway.
T. Farrar.— Fixity of the Types of Man.
Professor Harley. — On the Potsooed Anowa of
Man.
Section F. — ^Ekx>NOiuo Scisnoc ahd STATunos.
T. Webster and J. F. Bateman.— Report on Sdsntifc
Evidence in Courts of Judicature.
Dr. Wilson.— Sanitary Statistics of Chelt^iham.
Rev. Dr. Hume.— On the XiOcality of the variGQi Re-
ligious Bodies in Ireland.
F. Purdy.— On the Quantity and Value of Grwa aft-
ported into the United Kingdom since the Repeal «f te
Com Laws.
M. Guerry, of the Institute of France. — On CriBke!i
England and Fiance.
James Heywood, F.R.S.— On the RecomnaeodatioDs tf
the Public School Commissioners for the IMslribQiioa d
School Time.
Lieut-Colonel Kennedy.— On the Britiah Hooieai
Colonial Empire in its Mutual Relations.
W. Tite, M.P.— Health Statistics of the City of Park
W. Westgarth.— Statistics of Crime in Australia.
I. Pitman.— On Brief Writing.
Col. Grant, R.E.— Notes on a Cotton Chart,
the effect of the Civil War in America on Cotton.
R. Herbert.— Statistics of Live Stock.
Section G.— Meohakioal SoisHcac
Professor Rankine, F.R.S — On some of iheStniMaf
Ships.
George Fawcus. — Improvements in Scaling and oAkf
Ladders.
Geoi'ge Fawcus. — Improvements in Folding Doost.
Captain A. Henderwn.— On the Praetieml ProgresB of
Naval Arichtecture in Ocean and River 8teaoen, «it^
Suggestions for Improvements in the Steerage of 4bt
Great Eastern, and large and small Lnon-dads, Bams^nd
Gun-boats, similar to the Assam Naatilos, by the «sof
Balanced Rudders in bow and stem.
Admiral Sir E. Belcher.— On ImproremeDts is fki
Structure of Ships of War.
Capt. Wheatley, R.N. — On Improvements id the I>»-
fence of Ship of War.
Zerah Colbuni. — On Steam Boilers.
George Glover. — On Instruments for the llea uuiW^
of Gas.
James Williams.— Experiments on the Elaatkily ef
Iron.
H. C. Sorby, F.R.S Exhibited and described Mioo-
scopical Photographs of various kinds of Iron and StseL
R. A. Peacock. — On Testing Cables.
George Bell Galloway.— On Life Boats for Sh^ ^
Steamers.
George Bell GaUoway. — On Improvementa in
Propellers.
Edward Charlesworth. — The new Elevator Qon.
G. Hartmann. — Description of a ParaU^ Ghnge.
In the evening a ^croscopical Soiree took |Jaoe ki &
Assembly-rooms, which was very numeroosljr atteodei.
WBDNBSDAT, SBPTBMBSR 2\wt. ISM.
Section B. — Chemioal BotmoK.
Dr. G. Kemp.— Memoiandum on Oeooe.
Wentworth Scott.— On some probable new
Thallium.
Professor W. B. Rogen.— To exhibit the
Mr. Cornelius, of Philadelphia, for Lighting Ota
by Electricity.
A. C. Kirk.— On the Prodnotion of O^ld by the Ii
pansion of Air.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, September 23, 1864. 711
8. McNHQian — Some observations on the Gonstitation of
the Atmosphere.
W. Gee. — ^Acooant of the mode adopted at the Brad«
ford Union for the Utiiization of Sewage.
Dr. Panl.— On the Disposal of Town Refuse.
Alfred Noble.--Oa Beaomnr's Porcelain.
S. Highley. — ^Description of a cheap form of Antomatic
Regulator for the Eleotrio Light.
Sbotioh O.-— Gsologt.
W. Bristow.— On the Rhcetio (or Penarth) Beds of
the Neighboorhood of Bristol and the Sonth-west of
£ngland.
Professor Hennessy'-^n Geological Climate.
Dr. T. Hodgkin. — Notice of some Geological Appear-
ances in the North-west of Morocco.
Dr. B. N. Rubridge. — On the Relations of the Silorian
Sohist with the Quartzose Rocks of Sonth Africa.
Dr. T. Wright. — On the Development of Ammonites.
H. Seely.-— On the Pterodactyle as Evidence of a new
Sab-class of Vertebrata.
M. Hubert. — Note on some of the Oolitic Strata seen
At Dondry.
W. W. Smyth.— On the Thermal Water of the Clifford
Amalgamated Mines of Cornwall.
A. Bassett. — On the Sonth Wales Mineral Basin.
E. S. Higgins. — On Otolites.
H. C. Hodge. — On the Origin of certain Rocks, and on
Uie Ossiferous Caverns of Sonth Devonshire.
Professor Tennant. — On Agates found on our Coasts.
Dr. P. Carpenter. — On the Connections between the
Crag Formations and the recent Faunas of the North
Pac^c.
Section D. — ^Zoologt and Botant.
D. W. Brittain. — On the Development of Cysticeroos.
Harry Seely. — Significance of the Septa, and Siphun*
coles of Cephalopod Shells.
nor Bookman, F.L.S.
— On a coriouB Form of
Professor
AquUegia vulparia.
Samuel Highley. F.G.S.— On the Application of Pho-
tography and the Magic Lantern to Class Demonstrations
in Microsoopio Science and Natural History.
Professor Balfour. — To exhibit Specimens of Cfvcoi
revoluta, C, (Xreinalia, and Cerotoeomia Mexkana^ and to
make remarks thereon.
George Bask, F.R.S.— On a very Ancient Human
Cranium from Gibraltar.
Frank Buokland.— -On Salmon Hatching and Salmon
Ladders.
Thomas Wright, M.D.— Notice of a New Ento-
mostraoon from Plymouth.
Frederick R. Surtees.— On South African Swifts and
Swallows
R. F. Wright— To exhibit some Trap-door Spiders
from Corfu.
SuB-BBornoN D. — Phtsioloot.
J. Hughes Bennett, M.D., F.R.S.E.— The Physiological
Aspect of the Sewersge Question.
SfiOTION E. — GCOGBAPHT AND EtHNOLOOT.
M. Y^mb^ry. — A Visit to Samarcand.
John Crawford. — On the Sources of the Supply of Tin
for the Bronze Weapons of Antiquity.
Samuel Mossman. — On the Atmosphere, showing that
ihere is a difference in its vital constituents North and
South of the Equator.
Hyde Clarke.— The Iberians in Asia Minor.
T. Symes Prideaux. — On the Principles of Ethnology.
Sir James Alexander. «-Notes on the Maories of New
Zealand, with Suggestions for their Pacification and
Preservation.
The Dae de RousiUon.-.On the Scythians.
W. Martin Wood The Hairy Men of Jesso.
Captain Algernon De Horsey, R.N.— On the Comoro
Islands.
John Cameron.^)n the Islands of Kalatoa and
Puloweh.
Keith E. Abbott, Consul-General at Teheran.-^n the
Province of Aserbayan.
Sir Gborge Bowen. — ^Advanoe of Colonication in North-
Eastern Austndia.
ExcarsionB, numerously attended, were made
to Stanton Drew and Badstock, Prome, Bristol,
and the Clifton Suspension Bridge, Salisbury,
Old Sarum, and Stonebenge.
At a meeting of the General Oommittee held
on Monday, it was decided that the next meeting
of the Association will be held at Birmingham,
under the Presidency of Professor John Phillips,
P.B.S., Professor of Geology in the University
of Oxford,
ip^
|nu ^5.
Abt im Bbloium.— The foUowiog notice of art
exhibitions now being held at Malines and Brussels
has been kindly contributed by Mr* John Leighton,
F.S.A.: — The exhibition of objects of religious art
in precious metal, wood, ivory, and embroidery,
now to be seen at Malines, the eodesiastical capital of
Belgium, was formed there on the occasion of the late
Catholic congress, though not completed as a show until
the latter pui of this month. It says mooh for the
liberal spirit animating the venerable religlras oorpoia-
tions on the continent to allow of their being seen by the
world at lar^ at all, and that in a secular edifice. The
works exhibited consist of implements, utensils, and robes
used in the offices of the Roman Catholic church — from
the period of the middle ages to our own day— and are
exposed to view in an orainary mansion, the Hdtel
liedekerke. Rue de la Blanchisserie, Malines ; and will
remain open until October 16th (three weeks longer than
was contemplated in the first instance), allowing persons
to examine the collection with a complete catalogue— an
advantage not enjoyed by the first visitors. It is a great
pity that such a fine collection should be shown in U^ in-
convenient chambers of a dwelling hoose, where nothing
is to be gained by enmnhUt and the watching is rendered
difficult ; whv not have shown them in some of the fine
medieval halls for which Flanders is so famous? For
instance, how glorious would the magnificent but
deserted hall at Ypres have looked, put to such a
purpose. The want of a large hall has been
greatly against the effect of the exhibition, that
as a show would have been vastly more popular in
Belgium, had it been at Brussels or Antwerp;, not
but that Malines has charms for the antiquary and artist,
the capital or seaport could not ofi'er. But in a collection
— where the art value, the historical value, and monetary
value are alike great— one feels at a loss where to com-
mence even in noting a few objects. Whether to hefpn
with Uie processional crosses of large siae, or the Byzantme
crucifixes from the earliest date, enamelled and set with
crystals, or with the ivory Jesus of the Renaissance period,
fixed upon a cross of ebony, full of the vigour and
drawing of Rubens' school, or with the pastoral staves-
including one of ivory of the sixth century, or with the
Diptiches of the eighth and ninth centuries, or with the
Monstrances. Of these, as others, some of the best
deidgDing will be found in combination with the
roughest work, and vice verm. Those numbered 406,
421, 488, (old) and 416 are fine; one from St.
712
JOURNAL OF THE BOOIByf Y OP ARTS, Sbwbmbhr 23, 1864
Jacqncfi, at Louvain, and another from Ghent, of the six-
teenth century, partknlady good — for the period. Of
old book covers there are two remarkably early ex-
amples, from Tongres and Namnr; the one from the
ScBura de Notre Dame de Namnr, being both beantifnl and
marvelloiis for variety of design, material and workman-
^ip. There is a very 6ne chaike (844) and an altar
cover of Fr^re Hngo de Oignies which is enrioosly
beantifnl— as also a chalice of St. Thomas k Beoket.
Of Reliquaries many are nniqoe and interesting, though
oflien very quaint in their forms, the finest, perhaps,
being that of St. Ghandelle. of Arras (twelfth cen.
tury). The " St. Epine," containing a thorn from our
Saviour's crown, was presented by Alexander of Scotland
to St. Louis. Mary, Queen of Soots, in 1587, gave it to
Elizabeth, daughter of the Earl of Northumtorland on
the scaiTold, by whom it paaMd to the English college, at
Watten, and, upon the suppression of religious houses,
came into the keeping of the Bishop of Ghent There is
alao a reliquary, in gold, adorned with precious stones and
enamel, that once belonged to Margaret of York ; and
others containing wood from the true cross ; portions of
the veil of the Virgin : the tooth of St. Nkholas, Ac,,
&o. Of shrines there are many, irom a very early date,
of gold, of bfMs, enamelled, jewelled, and otherwise
decorated. To enumerate all the remarkable enamels
(either cloisonne, Limoges, or other), nielli and repfjmtM
work, would be fatiguing ; or to tell of all the idlver and
brass candlesticks, the oorons, the silver and gold crowns
for statues here were impossible. There are a small
Mosaio of Roman work, presented by Sixtus IV. to the
Prince of Chimay, numerous rings of abbots, religious
bonses, Ac, including one of Sir Thomas More*s, and a
remarkably fine collar in silver — ^very picturesque and
quaint in its treatmeni--belonging to the goldsmiths'
guild at Ghent. Of embroidered fiMcs and priests' vest-
ments there is a grand show, including a tunic of St.
Bridget, left by Gunilda, the sister of Harold, to the
Cathedral of Bruges ; two chasubles that belonged to St.
Thomas k Becket, irom Tonmay, HKsluding some of the
Reoaissanoe perkxl; whilst hi the lower rooms are to be
seen some magnificent modem specimens of work, but
of inferior design compared with the earlier examples. In
modem work, the continental art- Workman is pre-emi-
nent, the ianlt being in the design, which, if good, isapt to be
▼eiy French, tending to the Renaissance ; the fact is, con-
tinental architects do not seem to be imbued with a purity
of Gothic feeling, being influenced by their own Flamboy-
ant style, which, whilst rich, has not the marked and simple
character of the work so well undentood of late years by
US. It is to be hoped that this exhibHion will open the
eyes of the Committee of Public Monuments in Belgium
to the importance of preserving their monuments and do-
mestic aichitectore, uid encourage a taate wanting it is to
be feared, in the npper classes abroad, if we may Judge ftom
the poor modem Btenoh edifices that are gradually taking
the place of the stately old Flemish mansions, of which
happily there rest so many examples, though many of them
are choked with paint, the leaded windows having given
way to large plates of glass in the casements. Thw is not
to be wondered at when the Committee of Public Mo-
numoitsare themselves painting <*8tone colour" the lofty
and rich tower of Malines Cathedral, and where they do not
destroy — restoring with a vengeance— removing in many
cases work of great value, for a modem edition which,
however clever, must always be a copy, and never can
have the qualities of the original. As to the timber
houses, th^ are ftst melting away— in Ypres alone some
hundreds having disappeared within a few years, as may
be seen in theMus^ of that town, where they have a nice
collection of drawings, by M. Bdhm, after the best of them.
Tothat zealous antiquary, Mr. W. H. James Weale (our
countryman), who has settled in Flanders, the Belgians
jw not alone indebted for the exhibition at Malines, but
rar many manuals and woiks on the antiquities and
«n treaaures contained in that mott intemtlng kingdom.
Whilst at Malbes they have an eihibitionof
art, at Brunels will be found another, someiktoovdii
its character, an international exhibitioDof etiiooi.S'
duding photographs from ooIosmI dmwiogi io nam
chrome ; the display being held in a temporarf iaOlif
of wood, situated at the rear of the B<7ilPilaoe;da
taining many works of a remarkable diBrael«r,Bai6f
them having been used in the preparUioB of moal^
rations— beuing the marks of thepoonoehdandtk
stilus — an interestbg show of a pnetfie&lehaiider.ad
not unpopular, if the attendance may be takn ■ i
test They are of all 8hB^)es and Bizw-frniB]^
spandrils to long friezes — ^the grandest big u i Ih^
the smallest fit for a book illnstration. At tbe ai
of the Grand Salon is placed Eaulbaeh's oonaa
work, « The Reformation," where Luther, iai^
in the centre, holds aloft the Bible, wludi M
its rays around upon the heroes of tba period, kt
own Shakspeare forming a prominent figwe is h
foreground. Echter has two aesigns, 1 belioreesfliii
for a railway station, *« The Telegn^" lad **^
Locomotive ;" Miiller, of Dussledorf, roo^ re&ioB
subjects ; Gafiens, of Antwerp, several histoicil wiki!
connected with that city ; Van Orsel, tbedrtwiigtv^
by him in the decoration of the Chorch of NotaepiK
de Lorette, at Paris, which is not the most di^
capital that sends, for there are several from Vieon a'
Berlin, including some large and small landKapMiCifl"'
power, in black and white, on paper. Of the Antwrp*^
it may be remarked that it is above an average exbiitia'
but few of the leading maatera of the Belgian tcboolbaK
absent — an exhibition that for arransementaDdpw
quidity would put our Royal Academy to the Wi
though an anaent corporation— an a<idemy twK ■
old as our own — it exhibits many more vcib m
that fairly — ^none being plaoed too high fcr oiw^
tion— or, where large, above two lines >'*|''^jr
being in black wooden boxes, that greailvinM*^
finmes, and make the sides square, mnui ^^
general effaot, the fine fillets of wood botira»thif«i>
filling up the space very agreeably. Of ^f^T^
but little and that well dispUyed; a portuDOi^
the pictures, but somewhat isolated, to jwwirtj'*
contrast. In architecture there are "^J^
drawings, though none are « pretty;" grona^y'"*'
elevations are included ; whilst of engBavingi,liw|i^
and other works of Fine Art, there is a gw**'5
to works in chased metal, the place of ^"'''^^
devoted to a clock case witJh figures in '€^*^**^Jj-
work in the round, as vigorous as if from ^^l
Quintin Matsys. ITie KxhibiUon was well at^
the Sunday morning at one franc, thou^ in thetf^
it would be free to the public in gencsal
The Louvbb.— Immense additions and ^^^^^^
have been made this year, and are atiUbdngmiW*
galleries of the Louvre. The " Musfe NaiwWMJ^
presents something new every month. The «pjf
the principal rooms of this collection has ***J5^TL
ferred to, but cmly in very seneralteriDa TbewP
of these has an interesting history of it« o»>J %^
formerly known as the Salle <k9 Siamt, and » "^^
the 8aUe dea Terrei-cuites. It is not one of the ca^
rooms of ttie edifice of Fran9ois I. ; in Wa**?^Tl
two apartments, one being used for the IVitas»«'^
where all matters c<mnected with the ^^'^fjljj
cussed and settled ; the other contained ibe o^^^
naval models. In 1766, these two roonii and tw*"^
them were all thrown into one, making .* ^ ^ ^
under the government of Louis XVIII. it JJjJJ)^
the ceremony of opening the chamben, '■•**^i
name. The new SaUe des Etaia, in the ^^^^
the Louvre, was built, and is now used, f^^jftf
purpose. It was in this room that the •*'*v^
Uon IIL was commi«ced, but untU lately ^^
were of a heterogeneous character. The v<^
and deooratkna reoentily eomplttfid $n "^r^
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Septembbb 23, 1864. 713
and elegunt ; the ial«e ceflmg, which was a mere deco-
vatiTe paintiDg on oanTasSf haa been replaced by one
of groiuid glasi, which has produced an extraordinary
improyement, not only as regards the amount but
also the di^Kwition of the lighti that falling from
above doing away with the aSulows which formerly
arose from the deep embrasures of the windows Mid the
projections of the glass cases. These latter are of
polished ebony, and with the antique red colour of
the walls and the liberal gilding of the ornaments
produce a very charming effect. Boneath an omamentid
architrave stands a reproduction in bronze of a well-known
figure of '* Victory," by Brescia. In the centre, on open
a4aad|!^ is a noble collection of Etruscan vases and sarco*
pliagi of lai^e size and of the most remote epoch. The
▼uses were made simply to hold water, oil, or wine, but
the purity and elegance of their form renders them worthy
of being placed in the first rank of ceramic ware. They
ase, moreover, ornamented, by mouldings on the clay be-
fore burning, with circles, geometric figures, friezes repre-
senting sphinxes, sacred animals, and hunting scenes, all
exhibiting an amount of art applied to vessels of common
use that shows a high state of artistic feeling. The
nerios of sarcophagi includes specimens of all sizes ; the
largest are surmounted by figures of the deceased occu-
pants, lying on the funeral couch and holding in their
hands the symbolic crown indicating that the cirde of
life is closed. In some instances the figures ai« crowned,
and have a collar around the neck ; these are supposed to
imply that the occupants were enrolled in the list of
IHeuz tmmett or saints. One of these large sarcophagi is
peculiar ; the figure of the defunct lies supported on the
left arm, holding in one hand a patera, and in the other
aiJtabeUum, or sprinkler of libation, in the form of a lotus
leaf; around the funeral couch are five winged genii of
death, and the sarcophagus is decorated with a running
ornament composed of gri£Sns snd sea-horses, fabulous
animals, supposed to convey the dead to Uie happy isles.
All these figures are separate, and may be detached from
the saroopha^, whicn is closed by another moveable
ornamental piece. The small sarcophagi are in the same
atyle as this last, but in tlieir case the ornaments are
much more elaborate ; they generally represent warlike
episodes, such as the battles of the Centaurs and Lapithce ;
the combat between Eteocles and Polynices, iic. One only
rqveeents a domestic scene, a man and woman lying on a
funeral couch surrounded by their family and slaves, in
accordance with the habits of the time, the slaves being
represented as children. Some few of Uie sarcophagi are
not of clay, but of marble, and in the case of the latter the
sculpture is of a very superior character. One design
includes ten figures, and represents the carrying off of
Helen. Some of the heads are gone, but what is left is full
of beauty and ease. One specimen, probably more recent,
or the work of an inferior artist, represents a family
travelling in a chariot drawn by two horses, coupled
by a yoke, the head of the family leading on horse-
back; the details are curiously elaborate, but the
ezeciution is very poor. Other examples are ornamental
with historical or mythological subjects, such as Orestes
pursued by the Furies ; Charon guarding the gate of the
infernal regions ; and the sculptures in general bear marks
of colour in which blue and bright reds predominate.
The other works in terra-cotta are enclosed m glass cases
placed against the walls ; these are of larger size than
those on the sarcophagi, and served for the decoration of
temples ; some are separate, while others form friezes.
The subjects are all from the Greek my thology, the most
common being the labours of Hercules, the exploits of
Theseus, and the doings of Jnpiter, Bacchus, Minerva,
Apollo, and the Seasons — Autumn being accompanied by
a pig, Summer by com, and Spring by flowers. These
bas-reliefs form really an exquisite gallery, and some of
the sculptures are of high value, and will doubtless attract
the eyes of all artists and connoinenrs who may visit the
Lomrm, Amongst the most remarkable axe ^— Medea
poisoning the drsgon, while Jason seeks the golden fleece ;
Ulysses and the Syrens; Ariadne lying on a panther;
several combats of Amazons of great beauty ; and Perseus
delivering Andromeda, a composition which it would
be difficult to match in the whole round of art, antique
and modem. With these friezes and metopies are
a number of specimens of running frieze mouldings,
used to finbh off the walls and hide the edges of &e
tiles; these are ornamented with heads of gods and
goddesses, and of animals, masks, leaves, and flowers,
and are the perfection of ornamental modellinga
The sculptcn: must either have executed them in situ,
or he must have studied with p;reat care all the cir-
cumstances of their intended position ; their coarseness
when viewed nearly, and their beauty at a proper distance,
are equally remarkable. A smaller room adjoining con-
tains an exquisite collection of smaU works, birought from
TarBUs by M. Victor Laogkns, when on a mission for Uie
Government. These consist of statuettes, collars, funereal
ornaments, comio and other figures, to be worn as orna-
ments, buffoons, and what not. They are full of hU^
movement, and comicality, and marvellously executed.
Amongst them are some objects of greater importance ;
a small bull, for instance, in the best style, ftrmale heads
of great beauty, and heads of men remarkable for their
vigour and the amount of character exhibited in small
compass. Lastly, there is a fine collection of jewellery,
exhibiting everywhere indications of trae artistic genius—
rio^, bracelets, earrings, light and graceful as can well
be miagined, and leaving our modem artists and artizans
little cause to smile at the works of the elegant purveyors
to beauty who lived twenty centuries ago. The Fope
has just sent to the Emperor the lance which was found
in the tomb of Charlemagne ; this will be placed in the
Miude du Souverainst in the Louvre*
Psmtfattnns.
" Orbbmbaoks." — In the Washington correspondence of
the Cmcifmati QaustU is given the following description
of the manner in which the manufacture of these notes is
effected : — To obtain aocess to the note-printing bureau
requires a pass from the Secretary of the Treasury him-
self. For obvious reasons it is a privilege rarely granted,
and never except under the most thorough surveillance.
No lady not employed upon the work is ever permitted,
under any circumstances, to enter that part of the depart*
ment. If for no other reason, the crowded machmeij
would make it dangerous. Ihe madiine shop is the first
room entered ; it is supplied with forges, lathes, planes,
and drills, capable of doing all the repairing neceraary to
be done to the machinery of the building, and to the
setting up and working of such new machines as are de-
manded by our exteimve paper circulation. The paper mill,
though not as extensive as one for general manufacturing,
is sufficient for all the labour required in making the note
printing paper. The manufacture of a paper combining
the qualities of wear, and being splitless and unphoto-
graphic, was a much-desired desideratum. Accordingly,
it was resolved to make some experiments, which were
entrusted to Dr. Gwynn. He has produced a paper as
firm as parchment, smooth as satin, and of a combination
of materials known only to himself, and secured to the
exclusive use of the Government. He has introduced
into it a fibre which cannot be photographed without dis-
colouring the paper to which impressions may be trans-
ferred, giving it the appearance of a coane, black spider-
web. Bising moulded into the body of the paper, it is im-
possible to erase it, and it muft be a great preventive of
counterfeiting by the photographic process, which has
lately been the most successful. The ink mills are six in
number, for making as many different coloura. Eadi one
is called a 4-horse power mill, though the whole six are
driven at the tame time Iqt an en^^e which one ooold
714 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Smtembee 23, 1864.
pick ap with one hand. It not only turnt theae mills,
bat at the same time nms three Hoe oylinder prestet. It
was made in Uie machine shop of the department, and
derivea its force from its great boiler capacity. The
engraving room is of more interest than any we have
yet been in. Here science and art are both displayed to
perfection. There is, perhaps, no engraving so fine, and
requiring so moch time to execate, as that on the plate
now beinff prepared for national note-pinting. One, the
size of a oiU, on which the workman has been emf^oyed
almost a year, is a copy of one of the painting in the
rotunda of the Oapitoi. The figures are of exquisite pro-
portions, and the water-lines, though plain, extremely
d^cate in their tracery. With the dngle plate, as it
comes from the hands of the engraver, it would be im-
possible to do the printing requir^ and as it is equally
impossible to have a number of plates engraved, it
becomes neoessaiy to repeat them in another way. This
is done in the following manner : — ^The engraving is done
on a plate of soft sted, just the size of the bill or bond,
and the cuttings are indentations. When finished, the
plate is hardened and taken to a *' transfer press," where
a roller of soft steel, just of a circumference to take in
the dze of the plate, is rolled over it under heavy pres-
sure, leaving Uie impression on the roller in a raised form.
This roller is in turn hardened, and then any number of flat
plates similar to the original are prepared and receive in
like manner the impression fVom this roller, and become
fae-nmiUt of the plate engraved; and we have produced
in a few minutes what it has taken months with chisel and
^eglass to make 1 The printing is now done on the old-
fa^ioned engraver's press, beins nothing more than a
simple iron roller, covered with doth and paper, to press
the paper into the indentations, placed in a strong firame,
and turned backwards and forwards by hand, by spokes
placed in the end of the roller. Two persons work at each
press — a man and a woman — the former attending the
plate, the latter the paper. The plate is kept warm while
working by a gas heater. The sheets when printed
are each laid between other sheets of thin brown paper,
to keep them from blurring, and sent in hundreds to
the drying-room. The first process of bond printing is
numbering the coupons and the denomination with a
yellow mordaunt, and, as they fly from the press, thepr
are bronzed, as they appear when issued. Yellow is
used because it cannot be photographed without showing
too plainly to be mistaken, as was remarked about
the fibre in the paper. This discovery was made
in the following manner: — When Mr. Clarke was
at the head of the Bureau of Construction, he had a
map made for military purposes, which it was necessary
to repeat. It was photographed, and an obscure road
marked with a fikint yellow line was discovered to be black
in the copies. He then photographed a specimen sheet
of inks or paints, and of all the colours, except black,
— ^yellow was the only one which might not have been
altered with ease with a touch of the brush. It was
black as the black ink itself. Hence any attempt to
photograph this colour will only lead to discoveiy — and,
as it is the groundwork of bonds and other securities,
and covered by the printhig, it seems another security
against fraud. The series-numbering is the last process
before trimming. The work is done by women, the
machines being worked by a treadle. The figures are
placed in the edges of six discs, placed side by side, and
fastened to an arm worked by the treadle, something
after the style of a Wheeler and Wilson sewing machine.
The discs are turned by a ratchet, and will number ftt)m
1 to 999,999. For consecutive numbering, a little hook
is attached to the ratchet, and the machine shifts itself.
Otherwise, the discs are turned by the number. The
trimming and cutting was formerly done by hand, and of
course very imperfectly and laboriously. There were
two things to be overcome in cutting by machinery— the
inequality of the register and the shrinkage. It was
dearable that the edges should be trimmed, that they
might wear well. If cut with a sttaighi knife tbejr vooU
be bevelled one way. As they are now cot, with ditsk
knives, they have an edge bevelled both wijl Tb*
greenbacks are printed four on a sheet Ooa oiefab
trims the margins, and another sepsratei them. T\k
latter is an ingenious oontrivaoee. It alits tbeofsr
fast, and lays them regulariy in a box, esch Kriee ^
numbers separately. The notes are lettered A. B^C,
and D, and the numbers on each are the aime; th«tiin
it is essential they should be kept carefolly ipiii M
of the boxes that receives them has a movetUebolis.
When the cutting for the day first commaDoa, tii
bottom is near the top of the box, but ai the <nttiof fn-
grosses and the number of the bills iDcreani,ankin
lets the bottom drop the thicknew of a bili, n t]» box i
kept jnst so full aU the time to make a till dide a
without doubling. It is intended that the cotUog sbnu
be a criterion by which to judge of the genoiMMof ie
bills, for every one must be the same width lod 1^
If the end of a bill be placed on the centre ofuKm
there will be found no difference in the width-u eoo-
ness wluch cannot be given by the hand. ThtcBStay-
cutting madiine is more complicated, as it cetslio&nyi
and files them in bundles of five dollan eich,isdli£
not sure but it binds and seals them. Wet prifiiiDf >
the process now used in this establishmoit. Thetcti^
is done by cloths instead of by dipping or ipriBklfflg,«
in newspaper printing. A room is pr^ared e^wJiLj 'J
this, with iron weights for pressing. EschiDub>»»
particular place assigned him, and idl work id bmsz;
and with precision and celerity. Ordhisy Wlh ire »eat
and dried three times during the priotiDg ; boi v
process will soon be done away with, 'or pP*^^
bong made to substitute diy printing m its m*
which there will be at least two advsntige»-«|ie»»J
better work. To do this some eigh^ hetty bjdne-
printing presses are being set up, when whit u a^
dry-printmg, or printing on dry paper, will, fiir^ **
time, be successfully performed. There ii i ^J^'
ceptible difference between the present wiytfitbt^
to be substituted. Specimen sheets show a ^^
pression and a remarkable distinctnesi with viucfaw
faintest water-line is made to stand boUl/ooO*
process, which is entirely new, has only been ifitnxaa^
after the most vehement and virulent W*^j^
sorts of stories were droulated of the wilding W|
crushed down, of there being an impoeabihty « »^
with a machine more than seventy-five impf«aw» r
day, and a hundred others of a sunilir chwoW. »
inviting men of judgment and skill in ma^uMfy^*^
the feasibiUty of the plan, Mr. Chise went on irf ^
structed Mr. Clark to continue the experiflM«J "j
perfect the system. The firet tests were ™*^Vl
pumps. Machine pumps are now being riggeaf/^
whole will soon be in motion. The cheis im W*^
upon eveiyone employed in this department, from wt^
down to the lowest labourer, operate at eveiy ^\i
even a blank sheet, much less a printed one, s j^
from one hand to another without b^ng ^J^.,
receipted for; and unless there is ^'*'*'"!j~?*Jrf
another through eveir process through which wp
has to pass before it is money, through ^^.^^^^
there cannot be an over-issue. The paper ii ^"t^
one room, and is re-issued from tlist room ai«*^
eighteen times before it is put into circolitioflj"^
counted, charged, and receipted for each tone, ^
counted, re-charged, and receipted for thiwp ^^
f>rocess that it passes after leaving thi« ro^ ,
lundred persons are empbyed in note, bond, and wj^^
making. It would seem as if this nnmber ^i^^.
month's time, to turn out money enough ^^''^Z^t
a-dozen such wars as we have on hand. ^" ?[ j^t^
dollars in notes of the required dcnominatioM » w ^
current business of individuals, is an *®""*!|!^^
paper, and when it comes to hundreds of '■Jr^
I grow into imall haystacks as to Bfase. ^wp^
JOUBNAL OP THE SOCIETY 01* ARTS, SsprBMBEa 23, 18 W, 715
prooees of printing each prenman takes about five
tmndred impresBions per day. By the hydranlic prenes,
it is expected that from three to five hundred impresriona
per hour will be taken.
Cotton. — 16,000 kilogrammes of raw cotton, grown in
Persia, have arived at Rostow, on the Don. This is a first
experiment made by mannfactnrers in the central pro-
winces of Russia.
The Flax Tbade. — ^Mr. Baker, one of the Inspectors
of Factories, in his last report, says that this trade is, to all
S4>pearanoe, exceedingly prosperous, and every spindle
and loom is working full time. The efforts for fiax cul-
tivation are likely this year to be most successful. It is
■Aid that 800,000 acres have been sown in Ireland, and
that large imports of flax will enable the manufac-
torers to tide over the time till our own growths are
sivailable. The words ** to tide over the time" are quoted
from a Belfast letter, as one of the strongest proots of a
possible scarcity of flax as well as cotton. By a return
recently made to the Belfast Linen Trade Committee
bjT the mill occupiers, it appears that, thouxh there are
eight fewer spinninar miUs in 1864 than there were in
1859, and 1,098 spindles less, yet that there is an increase
of fourteen per cent, more spindles at work in the latter
than there were in the former year. Moreover, there are
five new mills in the course of erection, capable of contain-
Ing 45,000 spindles, in addition to an extension of spindles
in the present mills of 50,688, making a total increase of
spindles 95,638. With respect to linen power-loom
weaving, it appears from this return that in 1869 there
were only twenty-eight weaving factories, containing 8,633
looms, whilst in 1864 there are forty factories, containing
8,187 looms, or an increase in five years of upwards of
125 per cent. Such is the result hitherto of the great
efforts which have been made to prosecute successfully tiie
flax manufacture in Ireland, a manufacture which carries
ag^culture idonff with it, and enhances both. Id England,
on the con traiy, between 1856 and 1862 the flax spmdles
decreased upwards of twenty-eight per cent., and although
we could have grown all the flax we needed at home,
we have been ccmtent to import it, and to pay to the foreign
farmer what we are now beginning to see might as well
have been distributed amongst our own people. It is hoped,
however, that the attention of our English ftrmers has now
heen sufficiently directed to the subject ; for though there
mav be some differences between the soil of England and
Ireland as to their applicability to flax culture, and in the
price of agricultural labour between the two countries, yet
our a^iculturists may rest assured that the Irish farmers
are idive to their own interests, and that a specific culture
would not have increased by upwards of 60,000 acres for
two years in succession, uidess the advanta|[es had been
commensurate with the risk and outlay. In addition to
the great improvements in machinery, whereby it is in-
tended that tne scutching process shall not only be econo-
mised and perfected, but brought home to the fiurmer's
door, it is stated that a new process of retting has
been discovered, whereby the fiax, when grown, can be
brought to market much more readily than under any
former system. It can now be retted in a few days, it
is said, in the most costless manner, without prejudice to
the fibre— indeed, with actual advantage to it, and without
the offence which line ponds are apt to communicate to a
neighbourhood, both in the air and in the fiesh of the
animals which happen to feed in or near them. If this
is 00, a great stride in fiax culture has been made.
€tststimiX[t
GuLTiVATioH ov TsA.— A Sydney paper recommends
the attempt being made to cultivate tea in Australia.
It UX9 : — *< The tea-plant grows very well in the Botanical
Garden at Brisbane, and there are many parts of South
Australia where it would grow equally well. China has
so long had the monopoly of iht tea trade, that people
have come to think that to China alone we must continue
to look. There is nothing special in the climate or soil
of the tea-growing districts in Chida — nothing that cannot
be matdied elsewhere. The greatest progress in tea cul»
tivation is being made in India, where, on the slopes of
the Himalayas the cultivation is being carried on with
great energy and success. The drawback to tea cultiva-
tion is, that some years are required before the first
returns come in, and that, therefore, some patience and
capital are requisite to enable the grower to wait for the
fruits of his labours. The vidue of the tea exported from
India has risen from £17,244 in 1842, to £192,242 in
1862. It has taken a long time, however, to give this
industry a thorough start. It was in 1834 that the
Government first directed its attention to the subject, and
instituted inquiries which ultimately led to the formation
of a plantation. Thirty years have elapsed since then,
though the cultivation is now iMginning to assume great
commerciid importance. We have the advantage of some
Chinese labour which might be turned to account, and if
we could add Aosdo-Saxon capital and enterprise to the
patient, plodding Chinese, we might perhaps get at results
that would surprise us."
Colmms.
ThB QoKKXSLAND BhBBP iNVXSrMBNT COMPAMT.— ■
A Sydney paper says : — '* A new Anglo- Australian
Company, under the title of * The Queensland Sheep
Investment Company,* has been brought before the public.
The capital is to be £400,000, and the object ia to buy
and work sheep runs, chiefly in Queensland, but also
in the other colonies. There seems to be a rage in
England for forming new companies, and, under these
circumstances, it is only fair that Australia should come
in for a share of the golden shower. There is room for
a Judicious investment of English capital in Australia,
and the process may benefit the colony as well as the
investors. The latter may draw good dividends, and the
former may enjoy to advantage the use of the capital.
Not that everyfaNody will be gratified. We have a class
of politicians amongst us who cordially detest all Anglo-
Australian companies, because they look u^n all dividends
sent to London as so much profit of which the colonists
have been nM)ed, forgetting the capital that was first
sent out to earn the dividends, and that the productive
employment of that capital has stimulated local trade,
and left a margin of local profit that would not have
existed but for the importation of the capital. Local
lenders of money do not care to see English capital
venturing here, because it tends to reduce the local rate
of interest ; and local purchasers do not care to have to
buy properties in competition with the agents of English
companies. But, though there are some interests in
&vour of close markets, the colony, considered as a whole,
gains by eveir importation of £^lish capital which can
6 profitably invested. English investors, however, will
do well to exerdse caution as to the colonial ventures they
make. Many comoanies have been got up which have
been little better tnan swindles. Flaming prospectuses
have been isnied in London, which, when read on this
side of the world, where both the properties and the
vendors were known, have excited no small astonishment
at the gullibility of the British public. Lands and
mines of an alleged ftbulous productiveness have been
sold to credulous shareholders, and have never yielded a
profit equal to the value of the parchment by which the
fee simple was conveyed. Sucb instances, which un-
fbrtunately have been too frequent, ought to make buyers
cautious. But there are always dupes to be found. It
would be a safe rule for Engllsn buyers never to purchase
a colonial property on the recommendation of the seller
merely, however plaaslble may be his description. I
716
JOURNAL OF THE BOOIBTY OP ARTS, Septembbb 2% 18fi4.
the property ia really worth the price triced for U, it will
bear inquiry ; and a Ixma-fide Tender would not object to
» conditlonai pale dependent for its ratification oo the
approval of some reliable colonial referee oompetent fo
advise the bayers as to expediency of the purehase.
With some such guarantee as this as to the soundnen ot
tiie investment, there are many things into whioh
English capitalisis may freely place their money m these
colonies, and draw therefrom a steady and Inerative
retnni.**
Imtbboolonial Tradv. — An Adelaide paper states that
this has assamed a briskness which has boI been paialleled
for a considerable period. This may be attributed to the
shortness of crops and the exhaustion of the stocks of
bread stuffs in the adjacent colonies. Besides the regular
trading steamers to Melbourne fully employed, there are
sailing vessels forming quite a fleet, their tonnage
amownting in the aggregate to about 6,000 tons.
^Isikmji.
Captain John Hannino Spekb, the discoverer of the
source of the Kile, was the second son of Mr. N. Speke,
of the Jordans, near Ilminster, Somerset. He was bom
in 1827, and entered the army in 1844. In 1864-6, in
conjunction with Captain Burton, he undertook an ex-
ploring and hunting expedition in Somali Land and other
parts of Africa, and there suffered severely from wounds
inflicted upon him by the Somali. In Blackwood** Magor
line he subseqaently published an account of hisadventufes.
After his return to England, in the summer of 1865, he
joined the Turkish Contingent, and proceeded to tlie
Crimea. When the war was closed he prcgeoted ao ex-
pedition to investigate the Fauna of the CaiieaBUB» but
abandoned the plan on receiving an invitation to rejoin
his old leader Burton in a new expedition te Africa. It
was while on this expedition that he first heard, from an
Arab merchant, of the existence of the Victoria Nyanaa,
for which discovery he received the gold medal of
Uw Royal Geographical Society. This was in 1868.
Captain Burton at that time lay sick at Kayek. Leaving
his leader, CapUin Speke penetrated to the Nyanaa, and
found its waters were sweet, and that it was tbjree or four
thousand feet above the level of the sea, on the high
plateau-land forming the watershed between Northern
and Southern Africa. He th^eupon beeaow oonvinoed
that this body of water must be the great soutliemmoet
reservoir, out of which the White or Main Nile flowed
at its northern end. He then returned to England. Sir
Rodorick Murcliison strongly encouraged him to enter upon
a fresh journey. Assisted by the Geographical Society and
by the Government, CapUin Speke enlisted Captain
Grant in his project, and these two officers followed the
Nile from its source to its raouih. He was kiUed on
ThuTbday, tlie 16th inst., by the accidental discharge of
his gun, while shooting io Wiltshire.
Chables Wbntwobth DiLKa, Esq., died August 10,
M Alice Holt, Farnham, the residence of his son, Sir 0.
Wentworth Dilke, Bart,,aged74. Mr. Dilkewasboni on
the 8th December, 1789, and at an early age obtained an
appointment in the Navy Pay Office ; being fond of litera-
ture, he turned his leisure to good account, by writing for
reviews and magazines; and in 1814 edited a valuable
collection of old plays. In June, 1880, he became p«l
proprietor of the Alhmmwn, and for sixteen years was
sole editor. This paper, commenced by Mr. Silk Buck-
ingham, in January, lb28, had long been conducted at a
loss. Mr. Dilke, in conjunction wiUt one or two friends,
purchased it, and after a few months they were able to aa
nounoe a most favourable prospect of ultimate socoeas ; htA
^^^^^^^ ^®''® alarmed at the steady drain on the funds,
««d the major part retired. Like the LUt^ary QaMe,
redn^'^-*'!"^?-' "^ ^^«"«*' l^i. <^« proprietors
'educed ,t to 4d. Theexpertoentwa8aboac«e,bat
Mr. Dilke argued, " if ttie readers of Uterary pepin h
so few as some imagine, who were the dO,0(X> fCKhnv
of the early volumes of the Family JLibrary? W^ ib
14,000 purchasers of the Lives of the Puntenrf-^i^
ject Hmited in its interest to the higbaet aai aai
reflned class of informed minds." Taking this wiitoi
: comprebeBsive view of the li t e ra r y poblic, the
of August 6th came out at 4d. All the baa
were reduced to the same prne^ Most of the
puMiafaKNii held aloof ; sevend of thena betng mtnm)m
connected with joornals of their own ; and aaagil Ai
advertisers in this mnnber, are only foond the wmm m
Fisher, Tih, Whittaker, Parker (Uslbrd), S(zai«^,Ii^
Boone, Hailes, and Moxon, beodea CoLliiiMo and Ca.
who took the bade page— nor did tfae large paklii^
come in fbr some time. Mr. Dilke did not, kcwm,
rely upon lowness of price exelasire^ foft snoets; hi
sought ihib Md of many of the literary oaMribss ti ^
perk>d ; and among the known coDtnbators, as evk a
188S, are the names of Thomas Carlyle, The fint
Shepherd, Allan Cnnninghaoo, T. K. Merrer, Tkaea
Hood, L^h Hunt, Charles Lamb. WiUiain taDea,aii
others. Talent and lowness of priee thoa cattitimA ••
cmred a large influx of literaiy readers. The ft^ at
numbers Ux the year 1832 were reprioted m npii 9*
cession. This seems to have induced the edttor ts'SB-
duce into his journal a series of artidea oa the
of the Nineteenth Century, as some data ftr
reading. These articles were given in eztea
out additional cost, and comprised : Eogliah
by AUan Cunningham ; French, by Jules Jaidi ;
by Dr. Wdff; Spanish, by Don. A. Galiano ; AmtfiK.^
Ilsv. Timothy Flint; OttomaB.byVonHaaiDer^FDliik^
Stanilas Kozmian ; and Arabic and PersiaB, by Maearalv»>
htm. Mr. Dilke appearsto have been evtf on ths wal^ ^
special matters of literary interest, hesoe the pe wh s w f'
Joseph Haslewood*8 manuscript relatliig to the ealslriMK
Roxburghe Revels, the publication of whkh ia Urn {Sf*
of the AUienceum attracted so much att^iiaeB a* the tiofr
Having brought the joum^ to a foremoet pentiea, ^
Dilke in 1846 entrusted ^te editOTriiip te Mr. T.L
Hervey, only occasionally contributing mrlidsa oa tat
literature of the eighteenth century, baviog nfeeow
more especially to Pope, Wilkes, and JnimuL Mr.BBb
did not remain long at rest; the first xmAvecih
DaUy Ifew8 was issued on the opening of t^e Bh&b0
for 1846, and the talent employed, together wilk *■
ample faads at its command, seenaed to anthil|it> i>
veiy best success. In a few monthe, h o w e e er. Ih*
anticipations were dispelled, and in tiie difioi^ 11^'
Dilke was consulted, and ultimately i\mu \mtai ■
oonnexion with his son, now Sir Wentworth TSttB, tf
whom he has been idways ably supported — to ttke ^
management for a limited period. He aeoordiBglf i
duced into that newspaper the free and iiide;
he had infused into his own journal, and at
the price flrom 5d. to SJd.—lt must be borne in
this was virtually to reduce the price to l|d., a» the
pulsoiy Id. stamp was then in full fbrce-— thoa the Ih^
iVaM became the fbrerunner of the cheep dai^ p^
The boldness of the prospectus issoed by Mr. Wm^i^i
by the Ught of onr every-day experknoe» ia sngiivy
instructive. A few words of extract maty be of hictf
*' The newspaper n the inteUectnal life of the mmAi**
century — the great agent of modern chdUaatMB. JM *
speak of the moral and political saie^oanli wheh ^
affords, it places all, whatever then: varietiea of forttBeia
position, on a level as to information. By its means ctk
the capitalist is enabled to contend suocesafoUy a^KMt^
wealthy rival for a knowledge of Uioee changes «i^
affect supply and demand, and, therefore, prioM. tV
number and oharactei* of the new8{iaper pf«K tf a
country are an admitted test of the entopiiie ai^ h^
gence of the people." The first iasne U the
price took place on thelst of June^ 184i6^
sale of from twenty*five to thirty ^'^"^ti^ mm$> It
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, Sbptmbbb 23, 1864. 717
evenJ years previotta to his death Mr. Dilke had ceased to
alee any active part in joarnalisin ; but, shat up in the
etirement of his Ifbrary, he worked incessantly, his chief
todies being the History of England under Queen Anne,
he authorship of the Jnnias letters, and the Pope
nysteries. It is to be hoped ihai these researches of his
alter years may at some Tutare time be issued for the
tublic service. The re m ains of Mr. Dilke were privately
[iterred at Kensal Oreon. on the 16th ult, followed to
he grave by members of his family and a few of those
fiends who had known Mm well and respected him
r> li€». AmoDgst thM» present weve Mr. Hej^orth
>!xon, Mr. Jelm Forsfer, Mr. Jamee Holmes, Dr. Doron,
Ar. Thoms, Mr. John Francis, and others. Twelve of
he oldest employes from the printing establishment also
lakl their tribute to the memory of the deceased by
heir presence. He was elected a member of the Society
»f Arts in 1849.
LiBs IirmnfTHXBS Pimsisnns nr t8<k7, o*afbks
/KvQjren ds la Chahbbe db Gommbbos. (Stslistios of
E^ris kpdnstiy, Ao.) — TU» is M veiT iuipoi h ui t work, the
-esalt of as toqniry set on foot four yesrt ago by the
Chamber of Commerce, and filli more than eleven
utndred quarto WSl^ It is th« result of ttie joint )aboura
>f M. Moreno Henrique and M. Emile Cottenet, who
liave prefaced the work with an admirable retwnd of the
results of the inquiry. This is the second census of
the kind that has been taken, the former having be^i
commenced m 1^(7 and finished in the following year.
The work now before us gives the total number of known
ndnstrial estafalisAimeots in Parlti at 101,171; of these
r,492 only furnish employment fbr more than ten woik-
nen; 31,480 have ft'om two to ten each; and the re-
maining 62,199 consist of soEiall masten, who either
employ one man or work alone. The total annnal
value of the productions of Paris is set down at nearly
£185.000,000; the estimate— for ft can only be approxi-
mative—ill 1849 was 06} millions. Of the former
Amount, the trades connected with food and drinks
Bnpplies 43 millions, clothing 18 millions, and the
bnilding trades 12 millions. The exports for 1860 are
gi^en at newrly £14,000,000, of which America took
^3,000,000, England £1,390,000, and Russia rather less
than a milUbn sterlmg. The total number of working
poople is |(tveD as 416^1 1, of whom 105,410 women and
25,540 children, male and fomale. The average of wages
is reported to be as follows : — 64,080 workmen earn from
ODo to three fcanes & day, 211,621 from 8fr. 25c to 6
francs, and the remaining 15,058 from 6 fr. 50c. to 20
francs per diem; of the workwomen 17,203 earn fhnn
50 centimes to 1 fo. 25c. ; 83,840 f^om 1 fr. 50o. to 4
francs ; and 767 from 4 fV. 50c. to 10 francs per diem.
The trades are thrown into ten principal groups: — 1st.
food ; 2nd, building ; 8rd, fomitnre ; 4th, clothing ; 5th,
spinning and weaving ; 6Uk, the common metal tndes ;
7th, ^Id, silver, and the other precious metals j 8th,
chemical and ceramic manufacture ; 9th, paper, pnnting,
and engraving. The tenth is divided into several
groups:— Ist, instruments of precision, music, and clock
and watchwork ; 2nd, skins and leather; 3rd, saddlery
and military equipments; 4th, brushes, brooms, Arc. ; 5th,
ornamental wares {artkie$ <k Farts) ; 6th, misoellaoeous
employments, including balls and concerts, baths, hotels,
&o., public vehides, and the public establishments for
slaughtering, prison workshops, the services of the
sewers, streets, and the Imperial establishments for
coining, printhig, tobacco manufacture, gas works,
theatres, Ac, It is iSie comparison, not of totals, but
more partioulttrly of special employments, that gives
these and other similar statistics a real value in the
eyes of foredgners, and therefore the most prominent in-
stances in each group hare been exteacted, giving th»
number of workmen and the average rate of wages in
each case: — The butchers number 2,697, are generally
fed and clothed by their employers, and receive from 1
franc to 9 francs per diem wages; bakers, 4,489, earn
from 1 franc to 8} francs ; distillers, 548, earning from
75c. to 8 francs; grocers, 2,624, wages from 50c. to
4} francs; waiters and others in caf6s, 4/)6d, generally
fed and lodged in the establishment, from 1 franc to
10 ihmcs; lestaurants, 7,340 people employed, earning
from 50c. to 10 francs, and living in the house; wme
shops employ 5,878 persons, who earn 50c. to 6 francs,
in addition to food and lodging; house carpenters,
numbering 5,015, earn from 2} to 12 francs; masons,
31,676, from 2^ to 12 francs ; joiners, 8,792, from 3 to 10
francs ; painters, 6,147, from 3 to 12 francs; iron workers,
for building, 6,175, earning from 8 to 11 francs; bronze
manufactuiers, 2,839, frt)m Ifr. 75o. to 15 francs; bronze
founders, 499, from 1 to 10 francs; bronze mounters,
chasers, and turners, 1,441, from 1 to 7 francs ; bronae
gilders, Iac<^uerers, &c., 914, from 1 to 7 francs ; imitation
of bronze m zinc, &c., 539, from 11 to 15 fiancs;
moulding and picture-frame makers, 1,764, from 1 to 9
francs; gilders on wood, 1,357, frwn 1 to 8 francs;
cabinet-makers, 7,951, from Ifr. 75c. to 12 francs; chair-
makers, 8,421, from 1 to 10 francs; lamp-makers, 1,543,
from 2 to 12 francs; iron bedstead-makers, 681, from
2fr. 25c. to 18 francs; marble-workers, 1,620, from
Ifr. 25c. to 10 francs; {Miperhangings, 4,459, from 1 to
15 francs ; deoorative painters, 826, from 1 J to 20 francs ;
cabinet carvers, 707, frx>m 2j[ to 15 francs; carvers on
wood for bronze and goldsmitns* work, 342, from 2 to 12
francs ; upholsterers, 3,591, from 1 J to 12 francs ; washer-
men and washerwomen, 9,574, from 1 to 8 francs ; honeiy
manufacturers, 3,223, from 50o. to 7^ francs; hatters,
8,854, from 1 to 15 francs ; shoe-makers, 18,082, from
75c. to 10 francs; stay-makers, 2,254, from 1 to 6 francs;
needlewomen, 5,191, from 1 to 10 francs; shirt-makers,
1,682, from 75c. to 10 francs; dress-makers (modistes),
8,852 men, from 1 to 10 francs, and 1,118 women, about the
same, and boarded in addition ; ready-made clothing, 2,617,
from Ij^ to 10 francs; tailors, 10,271, from 1 to 11 francs;
shawl manufacturers (the imitation Cashmere and other
kinds), 1.980, from 75c. to 20 francs; designers, 980, from
75o. to 20 francs ; tnmming-makers, 8,426, from 50c. to 9
francs; d^ers of yams and tissnes, 1,007, from Ifr. 25c. to
10 francs ; weavers of all kinds of tissues except sacking,
2,488, from 50o. to 20 francs; boiler makeia, 2,254, from
Ifr. 750. to 15 francs; cutlers, 820, from 75c. to 7 francs;
tinmen, 1,869, from 1 to 6 francs ; metal founders, 4,026,
from 50c to 15 francs ; machine-makers and engineers,
8,627, from 1| to 20 francs; chemists, dmggii£i, and
herbidists, 1^501 pupils and workmen, iWmi 1 to 8 francs;
the greater part of the pupils and lads being boarded in
the establishment ; porcelain-makers, 285, from 2 to 20
francs ; porcelain decorators, 1,872, from 75c. to 12 francs ;
chemical manufacturers, 1,749, from 75o.to 10 francs;
glass woricers, 988, from 75c. to 10 francs ; line engravers,
189, from Ifr. 75c. to 12 francs ; wood engravers, 109,
from 75c to 15 iVancs; block cutters for printing sAuflb
and paper, 221, ihmi 75c. to 7 iVancs ; seal engraven (in
meUl), 625, from 50c. to 10 francs; lithographic and
eopper-plale printers, 8,219, ihmi 50o. to 12 francs;
letter-press prmters, 6,158, from 50c. to 20 francs ; book-
binders, 2,499, from 50c. to 8 francs; watch and dock-
making, and frame-making for ditto, 2,886, from 75c. to
12 francs ; musical instrument makers, 928, ih>m 75c. to
10 francs ; optical and mathematical instrument makers,
8,108, 60c. to 16 francs; organ-makers, 1,513, from 1 to
15 francs; lighthouse-makers, 840, from 2^ to 12 francs;
pianoforte-makers, 2,101, from 8 to 12 francs; curriers,
1,660, frx>m 50c. to 2 francs ; tanners, 1,286, from 1 to 9
francs ; ooachbmlders, bomness set down at more than a
million sterling per annum, of which one-fourth is ibr
exportation, employs 4,957 workmen, at 75c. to 12 francs ;
military equipment makers, 6,^7, from 75c. to 8
frnncs; arttaolal flower-maken, amoonttng to a total
1
718 JOURNAL OP THE SOOlETY OB* ARTS, Sbptembbb 23, 1864.
of considerably mora than a million sterling per
annum, of which about one-third for expectation, 7,881,
from 50c. to 10 francs; hack carriages of various kinds
occupied 1,846 persons, at wages of from 8 to 8 francs.
Amongst the public establishments the following are
the most important: — The abattoirs occupy more
than a thousand persons at salaries vaiymg from 1 to
17 francs per day ; the clearing of the streets, sewers,
Ac, 8,648, the sweepers varying ftx)m 1 to 8J francs, the
waterers 2} to 3 francs, anid sewer men 8 to 4fr. 40c.
The markets occupy 290 persons, paid by annual
salaries, and 1,600 to 1,800 porters and 600 other per-
sons, according to the season, at from 8fr. 60c. to
llfr. 60c. The Imperial pr'mtlng establishment, 881
persons, at from 2 francs to 6fr. 60c. The (jh)bclins
manufacture, 103, paid annual salaries (not given), and
generally lodged and boarded in the establishment.
The tobacco manufactory employs 8,140 persons, the
average rate of wagep being for the men from 8fr. 64c.
to dfr. 88c., and for the women from Ifr. 86c. to
2fr. 34c. per day. The theatres, of which there are
83 in Paris, give employment to no less than 2,588
artistes and assistants of various kinds, the total of their
salaries and wages amounting in 1860 to 4,464,637
francs, or £178,181, while the administration occupied
439 persons, whose aggregate salaries amounted to
602.349 francs or £20,000, and 822 working men, whose
wages averaged 6fr. 25c. per day. The gross receipts
from omnibuses were 14,894,284 francs, or £696,671, and
they occupied 2,430 persons at 2fr. 76o. to 6 francs,
apd 620 workmen, at an aversge of 4 francs per day.
The total receipts from hack-carriages were more than
£480,000, and gave employment to 3,793 functionaries,
at salaries of from 2fr. 60c. to 6 francs, and 986 work-
men, paid from 3 to 7 francs per day. The gas works
employed 2,691 workmen, whose aggregate receipts
amounted to £93,672 in the year, when the consumption
pf gas was 76,618,922 cubic metres.
great extremes of temperature. He thiaks
germ may in this manner be pretenrad fiir a
time.
Ah»tiirt^
^BttS.
HoTATi School or Naval ABonrrECTUBR, South
Kkksikgton. — The Committee ot Council on Elducation,
having appointed Dr. WooUey as Inspector and Director
of Studies, and Mr. C Merrifield as Principal ; they have
also named as Vice-Principal Mr. Purkiss, the Senior
Wrangler and First Smith's Prizeman in the present
year.
DisoovBBY OF A Paoan Sepolohbe. — Au interesting
discovery has been made in a private garden at Luben,
in Prussia, — a place of Pagan burial has been opened up,
and many curious relics brought to light. A number
of funereal urns, ornamented with circles in various
colours, were found to contain some bones and a large
quantity of dust ; other and smaller urns contain the bones
of children. Beside these were found many household
utensils, handles of swords or other arms, articles of glass,
a broken statue of a divinity in clay, and a large number
of bones of various kinds of animals. The urns were sur-
rounded by large rcugh stones, and were placed separately
iu a bed of marshy soil, with their mouttu turned towards
the east. It appears that in past times the garden was
washed by a lake which reached to the Chateau of Luben.
The excavations are being continued, and the objects
found are placed in the Museum at Breslau.
Eggs. — In the French agricultural paper called Le
Bilier, the following method is given for preserring
eggs : — Dissolve in two-thirds of warm olive oil one-third
of beeswax, and cover each tgg completely with a thin
layer of this pomade with the end of the finger. The egg-
shell by degrees absorbs the oil, and each of its pores
iMicomes filled with the wax. which hermetically seals
them. M. Burnouf affirms that he has eaten eggs kept
two years in this manner in a place not exposed to too
SsUntf.
firom CowmMoMn qf PdUmU J m v nm U
vm.
Qbavts op PaOTnWKAL
Air, fce., reDdoriag wbitMioei Urn iw ? i c iii s to— SISV— J.
Bellf , foondiaf alina or rignsl— 214T— J. H. Jufcuswi
Chiouiaji, macihiiw tot nreeplnf— 2089~N. J. PXim
Flbroof •Qbttaaoas. l^jert emploTvd ia lorlat, siBbWf,
J. iTen and T. Ogoea.
Lunpt, wiok holdtn Ibr— 1271— H. Defriis.
Lint, auuraftkotore of— 20S1— D. 8. BrQWii.
Liqoldi and floidf, appantoi fiir heatiof aad
A. A. L. P. Cochrane.
MalUng , arrangementa ibr— 21T7— D. Walker.
Metal plpea, meana of makinf the iointi tif hi— Un— R.
Maili, mannfBctare of— 216S-~A. V. Newton.
Ordnance and prqleetUei— 2169— P. M. ParaoftS.
Orerooat— 2070— W. £. Gedfe.
Paintings, Ao., fflaiinf and varniihinf— 2143— A.
Paper, die, appljing liquid adhestre material.
—A. Smith.
Photographic prints, afiparatoa fat waahing— 30T9— J.
RaUwa/i, proTention ct oolHrioni, Ac— 2130 — W^
Railwaj tnini, communication between
— T. Wrv and R. Robinson.
Railwaj trains, oommonication between
—J. iJ. Qvj,
Reaping and mowing machines -2187— W. A. Umttrnt,
Reaping machines - 2006— W. Brenton.
Rolling mills— 2036— W. Yale.
Sewing machines— 2090— J. M. Steinbach.
Sewing machines, oonstraction of— 2173— M. A. F.
Ships of war and batteries, ftc- 2067— J. Walk«r.
Slabbing frames, Ac, roring intetmertiste 2183 — J.
Tabe sheets, expanding tabes in— 2171— E. K. and a.
Watch protector^ 2185— E. Borgess.
Water closets, Ac— 2069— H. Wilsoii.
Ixrnmov wxtr CoMPun SraoxrouiKMi
Files, oQttiag of— 2221— B. 0. Potter.
667. G. H. Openshaw.
671.
676.
676.
678.
680.
681.
682.
688.
W. S. Longridge.
B. T. WahefleM.
J. Larertj.
B. Howarth*
W. A. Ton Kanig.
H.Wood.
D. Dalglish.
J. Edmondson and T. la-
Patixts SaiLBD.
I 724. 8.
niW.
gram.
689. T. Gamble and E. Ellis.
690. L. A. Darrlca.
691. B. Fowler, Jan.
694. G. F. ChantreU and J.
Rejmond.
696. J. Barrell.
699. C. Hejrwood.
706. J. H. Albinson and J. Col-
Uer.
706. W. A. Martin &E.W7lam.
710. P. Berghaas.
711. J. ReiU7.
712. F. T. Mobon.
714. C. Hill.
717. J. MoMorran.
718. J. Bennie,Jan.
719. J.Lawsoa«J.Lawsoa,jv&.
721. J. LesUc
726. D. H.
727. J. Edis.
730. F.
733. W. S.
734. W. Rovtiedco
Ml W.
■IF. r.
736. T. H. Head
737. J.
739 F
749! A*. BiooinfcH.D.
770. M. HeuT.
816. W. B. NewtOiu
866. J. F. ShMy.
896. J. Dodfe.
966. G. HsmUIbou
991. W. B. M
1061. 8.
1240. J. Flotfiker.
1446. J. FoKler.
162i. T. Do^.
1777. J. Woekc
1786. J. Clanoa*
1788. T. F. Hodie.
ISOl. i - - -
IPAtMxts CM wnoa tee Stamp Dutt ov MQ mam msv PJ»
2279. B. A. Brooman.
2312. F. M. and B. L. Baasome.
2313. W. Tuzford.
2332. J. Gorman.
2346. 8. Hawkswortth.
2360. G. T. Boasfleld.
2273. W. Farlar.
2358. G. T. Bousfleld.
2340. W. Clark.
2301. If. Baa.
2316. F. BarMtt.
2335. J.C.CoQBBba4J.Wai^
2339. B. Braflte.
2342. J. H. WDieM.
2367. W. Tougaa.
2396. A. V. sWrtoa.
2423. J. A. r wIgN
PATiarS 0> WHICH TBB STAMP DOTT OT AMO
2414. W. Sflrith. 1 3422. 8.
^mxml fd %
THE
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 1864.
[No. 619. Vol. XII.
[*rocoedlj>gi of the Society :— Examination
Papera, laSi Pago 719
ProoMdingi of Institatioos : — ^Metropo •
litan Ataociatlon for Promotiog tho
Education of dalta 720
On the FirO'proof Gonatraction of Dwell-
lU|^o*«« ••• ■•• ••• ••• ••• T ^X
Britiah Aawdation, Bath, isei :— UtUisa-
tlon of Sewage 72i
Fine Arta: — ^Sonth Keniington MoMom
TAJBLE OF COT^TENTS
— Pablio Enoooragement of Art — M.
Monlssler — M. Paul Baize — Public
Statuet — Notre-Dame— Statue dlaco-
rered at Rome ^Annual Competition
for Prizes, Paris
ManuCM:tare« :— Butter— A Smoke-con-
suming Fumaoe — A New Oas Engine.
Commerce -.—Paper Exporta— Tea Cul-
tivation in India— Beetroot Crops in
Franco— The Wool Trade
727
728
729
Colonies : — Now Zealand— Productions of
Otago^Agricultnre in Califomia
Forthcoming Publication :— Ship-build-
iog, Theoretical and Practical ..
Notes :—L.al>ourer8* Cottages— The AU
hambra— Ladiw' Sanitarr Association.
Correspondence:— Fresh Efggs
To Correspondents :— Errata
Patents ... .. ... „, »,,
R^is tered Designs
730
731
731
732
732
732
73S
IwretWngs 0f lire ^fltutjj*
EXAMINATION PAPERS, 1864.
Tho following are the ExaminatioD Papers sei in the
various subjects ai tho Society's Final Examinations, held
in April last : —
( Condudedfrom page 705.)
FREE-HAND DRAWING.
THREE H0UB8 ALLOWED.
CandidaU* are not required to aUempt all the subfeett
given in this papery but may select thoee which are most in
accordance with their art educationl
Make a life^^ize drawing from the head of the model.
Draw one of the hands the size of life.
Blake an outline of the whole figure eighteen inches high.
Design a pattern for a picture frame.
Make an original composition of Wrestling.
DiBlonONS FOB THE LOOAL BOARDS.
Lei an old man or a boy be placed in an easy attitude
before the candidates as a model for them to draw from.
GEOMETRICAL DRAWING.
THBBE H0UB8 ALLOWED.
The constructionB must be accurate, and show dearly,
by plain and dotted lines, with appropriate letters of re-
ference, the principles on which they are based. They
may be pot in ink, or left in pencil, at the discretion of
the candidate, provided they are distinct.
No deviationi from the conditions of the questions can
be admitted ; and since no candidate must answer more
than two questioDs from any one section, he is advised not
to attem]^ more than the time will admit of his oom-
{deting, since little or no credit will be given for incom-
pleted or ioaocurate answers.
I.
1. Describe a circle of 1 inch radius, inscribe and eircum-
scribe two equilateral triangles, having the opposite sides
panJleL
2. Draw a square of 2*5 inches side, and inscribe six
others in succession, eaoh having its comers in the middle
of the Bidee of the preceding one : verify the construction
by drawing the four diagonals common to tho successive
squaree.
3. Draw two equal squares of 4 inches side, bavins a
common centre, the sides of the one being parallel to the
diagonals of the other : complete the eight small squares
having for one of their diagonals the middle segment of
each side of the larger squares.
4. Draw a quadrant of a circle of 2 inches radius with
a tangent parallel to either radius, divide the quadrant into
six equal arcs, and draw radii through the points of division,
produced to meet the tangent ; measure and write down
the lengtlis of four of the intercepted segments from the
point of contact of the tangent.
II.
1. Ck>nstruct a triangle with its sides 8, 4, 5 inches, and
draw the inscribed and circumscribed circles.
2. Make a square or an equilateral triangle equal to the
above triangle.
3. Determine by construction the longest side of a
triangle similar to that of No. I, but of tmWquarters its
area.
4. A line 3*85 inches long is to be divided into two
segments, so that the area of the rectangle contained by
them may be three inches.
^ III.
1. Draw the curve called an " oval" made up of arcs of
circles described with different radii, longest and shortest
diameters being 3 and 2 inches.
2. Draw the curve traced by a point moving from the
centre of a circle, so that the distance increases in the
same ratio as the angle contained by a radius through the
point, and any 6xed radius.
3. Draw the curve traced by the end of a string
gradually unwound from the circumference of a circle of
1*5 inches radius.
IV.
1. Three lines, 3 inches long, meet in a point, each is
at right angles to the other two, and two of them are in-
clined at 30^ and 60° to the paper ; represent theee lines in
plan and elevation.
2. An equilateral triangle of 2*6 inches side rests with
one comer on the paper, the other two 1 and 2 inches
above it : show it in a plan and elevation.
8. The plane of a square of 2*6 inches side is inclined
to the jMiper at 60^, and two comers of the square are 1
and 2 mches above the paper : show it by a plan and
elevation.
V.
1, A prism 6 inches long, its base a hexagon of 1*6
inches side, is cut obliquely by a plane inclined at 70° to
one face and cutting off 2 inches in len^h of that face.
Show tho remainder by a plan and elevation : —
a. In any position at pleasure, or
b. When lying horizontally on its longest face.
2. Draw the real form of tho section made by the
oblique plane.
720
JOURNAL OP THE SOOlBTr OP ARTS, Sbptkicbkr 30, 1861
8. Draw the 6gare which if cut out and properly
folded would form the prism thus shorte&ed.
4. A square prism 4 mches loog and 1 *5 inches side is
ended, by a pyramid 2*5 inches high with the same base.
8how this solid by a plan and elevation when its edges
are vertical and one (bcg is inclined at 30° to Ihc | lane of
elevation. Or,
5. When one face of the ^amid lies on the naper.
6. Draw the figure whicli if cut out and properly
folded would form this solid.
VI.
1. An oblique cone 3*5 inches high, radius of base I
inch, the apex being vettically over a point in the circum-
ference of base : draw a plan and elevation when lyiug od
any side, provided it is not the shortest.
2. Determine the plane which would cut this cone in a
circle of -75 inches radius.
8. Draw the figure which if cut out and rolled up
would form the surface of this cone.
4. Three spheres of 1, '75, '5 inch ladii lie on the
paper, each touching the other two ; determine a line in
whidi a plane touching all three would cut the paper.
VII.
1. A block of wood 6 inches long, 8 wide, and 2 inche"
thick, with all its comers cut off at *75 inches along each*
as to be represented —
1. In Isometrical projection, or
2. In Perspective projeoUon, the plane and distance
of the picture, and position of the block being
taken at pleasure, provided no face is parallel to
the plane.
2. A cylinder, 1 inoh radios and 4 inches long) is to be
shown —
1. In Isometiioal projection, or
2. In Perspective projection, with the same oonditiona
as before.
THEORY OF MUSICAL GBAMHAR.
I. Rdoimsntb of Musioal Gbammab.
(Am. 1 (0 6 mutt be annoersd on music paper, and in the
order of the pieetiona,)
1. Write the scales of Mi (E) and of Mi flat (E fiat),
with the essential sharp or fiat before each note.
2. Write the scales of Si (B) and of Do (C) minor, in
eveiy form with which von are acquainted.
8. Write Sol (G) and the minor third above it, La (A)
and the tritone above it, and Si (B) and the Imperfect
fifth above it.
4. Transpose the following into Si(B) minor, and write
it in f time : —
y^JjiiJUrfcV>^|JjJ,p
6. Write the following on the ban stave, at the
same pitch: —
i-ri-J^^Uftf^
6. Write a har or two in every kind of time with which
you are acquainted.
7. What is a musical phraee f
8. What is a chromatic interval ?
II. HaBMONT, CODNTEnPOINT, AND MuSICAL HlSIOBT.
1 . Which are the fundamaUaU of a scale or key ?
-. How doea a fundamental discord differ from a discoid
ny suspension?
3. When are two following combiDitkni aid lobe »
neeUdt Give examples of two eonnected ind of two b-
eonnected eombinatiobs.
4. State anything you know about Englkh mm a
the seventeenth century.
0. Add three parts to the following :—
e J fir rif F^
• » S S ! * I
43 .6 43 t 5
43 .6
75
S P i
6 Add a pari, or any number of pitis, in uy ^
of counterpoint, above or below the foilowiog:-
^' ^ ' J I [ ^ TTr~^
m
^
rTr7§
7. Harmonise the following . —
8. Divide the fbUowing into bars, id thilHfiUkBt
ctmnected melody. Gfot^ the qtuven.
IrmtMngs at
MM 1"J 1
<s
,iHiim'ii»-
Mbtbofolitak Absooiatioh foe J**'*''"?.^
Education of Adults.— The Fngtmn» ^ f*^
aminatioDfl» to be eondocted l^thisAflwaitif >!?
has iost been inaed. An EKaminatiooiBPW>^^
work will be hold on Saturday, lUreh 4, i*^^
female members of the iiMtitations in tmioa. Ti*r
aminatioos in Elementary Knowledge, ^^^ ^^^
Examinations required by the Society of ArteJ^
held in March. Her Boyal HigtaiM tks ^«*f;
Wales, the Patronefls of the AssodalisD, ii> "fl
graciously pleased to intimaAe her JPtentiwrL
annually a Bible of the value of three f"""* SS
with two guineas in money, as a Prize to ^rZ»
Cundidate who obtains a Certificate of P'^"^...
Plain Needlework, and the higb«t m*^"l^,
aminatioos in Elementary Knowledg^ flȤwr ^
The Special Examination in Behgioos Knowkd^iJ^
lished by the AswociaUon for the Meinbe«i«l»*?T
of Classes in InstituUoQs and SchooU in ^^r^l
is annually held, under the superintendence of m|^
Boards, and the Certificates and Prixes irc i^J]^
the Examiners appointed by the Lord Bishop* ».^
and Winchester. Candidates for the« ^^^^jzL
must be at least twelve yean of age,a4 ■•■^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTtf, SsPTaMBBa 80, 1864. 721
previously received from thiB Association, or from a Local
Board connected therewith, or with the Society of Arts,
a Oertificate or "Pass" for proficiency in Reading,
Writing, SimdLe Arithmetic, and SQelling. Candi-
dates of the Higher Qrade will receive a oertificate
signed by the bishop of the diocese. Candidates of the
Liower Grade will receive a certificate signed on bis
behalf, and by his anthority, by his chaplain. In 1865
this Examination will be held on Apnl Uth. The
Short-hand Examination is fixed for May 9th. The
Committee, recognising the great importance to the
working classes of a practical knowledge of Domestic
Iiioonomy and the Laws of Health, have suggested a
course of study in these subjects, and announce thoir
intention to hold an Examination on May 16th. This
Kxamination is intended to be preparatory to the
Kinal Examination in Domestic Economy by the Society
of Arts ; the questions to be proposed bv the Elxaminer
appointed by the Association will be simjue and practical.
To be entitled to Certificates, the Female Candidates
'will not be required to obtain more than two-thirds of
the number of marks required of the Male Candidates.
The Examination papers will also contain a sufficient num-
ber of questions within the range of study particularly
adapted to females, so as to enable them to obtain Certifi-
cates apart from a knowledge of those subjects specially
vrithin the competency of males. The following subjects
are included in the Syllabus : — Such &miliar notions of
the rudiments oC Science as are necessary for understand-
ing the laws of health and the principles of common
domestic processes; for appreciating tlM relative value
of household articles in common use ; and for detecting
defective quality, adulteration, or fraud. The essential
<dmraoteristic8 of a healthy and comfortable dwelling, as
exem^ified by some of the improved dwellings recently
provided in the Metropolitan District. Useful knowledge
ooooeming building materials, fittings, and furniture.
Fabrics ami Clothing. Adaptation of dress to weather,
occupation, and means ; effects of tight clothing. Elemen-
tary information coneeming the food resources supplied
by the animal and vegetable kingdoms ; their judicious
selection, preparation, &c. Use and abuse of condiments,
beverages, drc Household stores, and appliances for
warming, lighting, cleaning, ventilation, and the preven-
tion of noxious influences. Simple rules for the preserva-
tion and restoration of health ; for the comfort of the sick ;
for safety from accidents ; and for relief in cases of sudden
injury. The use of weights and measures, and the keep-
ing of household accounts. Easy instruction concerning
Savings Banks, Provident Societies, &c. Prizes to the
amount of Twelve Pounds are offered, through this Asso-
ciation, by the Committee of the Ladies* Suiitary Asso-
ciation, and will be selected by the successful Candidates
from a Ibt of books sanctioned by the Committee. A
course of six lectures on the sul^ts named in the Syl-
labus, illustrated with diagrams, specimens, dec, fVom the
Economic Museum at Twickenham, kindly lent by Mr.
T. Twinbg, will be delivered at various Institutions in
Union with this Association, by lecturers engaged bv the
Ladies* Sanitary Association. The Local Boards will also
conduct the Final Examinations of the Society of Arts, in
conformity with the regulations laid down by the Council.
ON THE FIRE-PROOF CONSTRUCTION OF
DWELLINGS.
By Hbhbt M. Byton, Esq., Architect.
In the report addressed to the Council of the Society of
Arts, entitled «* The Statistics of Model Dwellings,'** one
of the heads on which ftirther information was considered
desirable, was Fire-proof Construction, its best examples
and their cost.
With the view of adding some little information under
/mwimO, YoU XII., p. 91.
the above head, I have noted down some of the many
fire-proof inventions, in the hope that in the valuable
researches that are now being made by men of ability
into the best means of improving the condition of the
poorer classes of the poptuation through the salubrity
and cheerfulness of their dwellings, the Increased danger
necessarily attending the aggregation of several famiUeS
under one roof may claim that share of their attentive
consideration which is commensurate with its importance,
as most of the improved buildings are now erected with
wooden joists and floors, and some with even wood stairs,
built, as stated in an article of the Builder of Juno 7,
1845, and again, November 4, 1848, **aa if to burn.**
*< Houses so arranged that if once on fire there is little
chance of staying its progress ; being, In fact, a mere
bundle of sticks piled up;*' and also, quoting fVom a
pamphlet written m 1775, *' that among a society of men
so sensible, so learned, and ingenious, there never was a
single idea or the plan of an hour's thought adapted to
secure the bnUding or fiimily, who were oontinually sur-
rounded by and living in the middle of combustible wood,
from fiilling a sacrifice to the most trifling accidents of fire,
which building and family lieth every night in the year at
the mercy of a drunken fellow with the snuff of a candle, a
handful of shavings lying in a bye comer, a little thought-
less boy and girl, or a sleepy servant-maid drying linen
at the kitchen fire, besides many malicious accidents, to
be entirely burnt down and consumed before the morning.
Many neople wonder that a strong built house should be
so easily eonsumed, but this wonder ceases when they
consider that everything about us is liable to catch fire ;
our houses are floored, our rooms partitioned, and the
roof covered, with fir, a wood full of turpentine, and
enriched with two or three ooats of painting in oil,
besides all our furniture, naturally made of w<^, with-
out the least material or contrivance to check the fury of
fire, or prevent its rapid progress."
The Building Act merely deals with *' Dwelling-houses
for asperate families oontaininff more than 125,000 eubio
foet," which it compels to have firs-proof stairs and landings,
and with rooms tenanted by different uenons if contained
in a building exceeding three thousand six hundred square
feet in- area, where they are to be divided so far as they
adjoin vertically by party waUs, and so far as they adjoin
horiaontally by party arches or fire-proof floors ; and id-
though large Imildings can be erected without either
fire-proof stairs or floors, yet even these two sections are
avoided by erecthig one bailding in separate blocks, as was
done by Mr. Gibbs, near Yictona-street, and by Alderman
Waterlow, in Finsbnry. In both of these buildings wood
joists and floors have been employed. In all the buildings
erected by the Labourers' Friend Sodetv under Mr. Henry
Roberts's snperintendenoe, hollow brick arch floors have
been used ; and in the Portpool-lane buildings this plan has
been put to a severe test, as will be seen by the following
extract from the Builder : —
** Few of the laige fires which have lately happened in
the metropolis have been so extensively and rapidly de-
structive as that which has occurred in Portpool-lane, and
an examination of the ruins shows the great danger which
there is in keeping such immense stores of combustible
materials in the centre of a dense population as aie oflen
found.
'* Nothing could be more eomplete than the destruction
which in a ve^ ^ort time took place over a laige area.
On the west side of the area of the fire ate the ** Thanks-
givin^" Model Lodging Houses; on the north, Reid and
Uo.'s immense brewery ; on the south are closely-packed
ranges of poor dwelUugs, every room of which is thickly
inhabited ; on the east there are houses of a similar class.
Fortunately, on all sides, except that on which the model
houses stand, there was a considerable extent of walls,
without openings, exposed to the raging of the fire.
** The Portpool-lane model buildings are fire-proof.
The rooms are arched with brickwork ; the stairs and
tailings of slate, stone, and iron ; the window-frames were
722
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Septbmbkb 30, 1864.
of wood, bot these the firemen cat away with their axes.
The roof has been pNtrtly burnt, and if thia building had
been conatmcted on the uaual plan, there is little doubt
but Uiat it would haye been destroyed, for the flames
ni^ed in at the windows, and swept along the ceilings of
the rooms. The inmates have been put to inconvenience,
but their furniture has not been injured by the fire. In
other directions the poor people have suffered, and, what
is much to be lamented, thirty- six joiners have lost their
tools, which, we are told, on the avenge, were worth
about £80 to each man. In this way £1,080 has been
lost, and the calamity will deprive most of these men of
the means of providing for their families, for we hear that
few had thought of insoriog the property on which them-
selves, wives, and children, so materially depeuded.*'
It must be universally admitted that to secure compa-
rative immunity from fire in ordinary' dwelling-houses Is
a great desideratum, where even the resident is afforded
the security of party walls and parapets of fire- proof ma-
terial, guarding him from the carelessness of a neighbour.
Of how much more importance then must it be where no
such seoanty exists, with a neighbour above and a neigh-
bour below, all under the same roof, divided by floor
joists and boarding of timber, and in some cases with
wood stairs. A fire in such a building must inevitably
involve a whole number of families in one common disaster.
But not only for this chief reason, the security to life
and limb, ought the dwellings of the poor to be rendered
incombustible. They should all be sound proof, in order
to avoid the annoyance of the noise made by children, and
the heavy tramp of the adult over head, wearying and dis-
quieting at all times, but becoming intolerable in time of
Bidcneav. The solid incombustible material which would
form an effectual barrier against the progress of fire, from
its nature is equally a noo conducts of sound, and as
perfectly isolates the tenant of one room from the rooms
above and below him, as if he were living in an independent
tenement.
Another, and not unimportant advantage, is secured by
this method of construction. The floors are almost wet
proof, and the upsetting of a tub of water does not afflsct
the inmates below. A third advantage is, that all these
constructions form no harbour for vermin.
Before proceeding to notice the several systems in ex-
istenoe, it will be well, for the sake of deamess, to classify
the different modes of fire-proof construction under two
hMds, viz., brick, and concrete and iron. Commencing
with brick, the most simple system is the half-brick
arch. This has been employed at the model dwellings
at Birkenhead. The arches were tied together with
iron tiles, and abutted in the centre on an iron beam ;
the spaces between the upper surface of the arches and
the Bpandril were filled in with concrete, on which flat
tiles were imbedded. The arches were 7 feet span, with
a rise of 7 inches, forming a thickness at the crown of 13
inches. The cost of this system would, including iron
girders and tile floor, be about £5 per square ; if boarded,
and the underside made flat and lath and plastered,
£7 lOs. to £8.
Hollow Bbioks.
Kr. H. Roberts, in erecting the model dwellings at
Streatham-street and Portpool-lane, used hollow l^ks
slightly wedged-shaped, six inches deep, four inches wide
at top, nine inches long, and one inch thick, the rise of
the arches being three-quarters to one inch to a foot span,
set in Portland cement in the proportion of one part of
cement to two parts of sand, the bricks being wetted
before use. The weight of the arch was 37 lbs. to the
foot superficial, and when levelled up with concrete 70 lbs.
Each arch formed the abutment to the other, except at
the extremities, whore they were tied in with seven-eight
iron rods, secured to cast iron springers. Mr. Roberts
gives the extra cost of the brick arches at 128. per cent
on the contract of £7,370, which would be about £1 per
^nement, or 69. per square.
On an experiment as to the streogth of then aniwi. %
was found that one of 9 ft 6 in. span, (c aV an l a l w g tki
greatest weight that could ever be placed 00 ndi a flocr.
if covered with people, at the rate of 120 Ibe. per bs
superficial), would bear [safely fear times the we^
and broke down with six times.
Further particulars as to these azches are given Id tin
*' Essay on Dwellings for the LaboariDg Claiwi* %r Mr.
Roberts.
Mr. Bunnett has also patented a system of hc^bv-tiKt
floors, the bricks joggled at the sides, so tbat what laSi
and tied by iron rods, they lock together, each hrck
being in contact with, and supported by, the six adj^sa^
bricks. This form of flooring has been used at the Gm-
venor Hotel and the London and Brighton RaUny Sta-
tion, Pimlioo, and can be inspected at Mr. Braaett'i
Factory, at New-cross. Specimens and drawings cia ik
be seen at the South Kensmgton Museum, 46m. and Tt..
class Building Materials. Mr. Bonnett gives the oBit ■
follows, ready for the reception of floor-boards aad fbh
tering to ceiling : —
Per ttoare of Its teii
£ s. 4.
4 4
18 X 18-6
16 X ISO
16 X 12-6
14 X 10-0
12 X 12
3 18
8 18
4 4
5 8
8
«
8
6
Mr. Warren has also a system of flooring of boSsv
brick. Specimens may be seen at the Soctth Etsomg^
Museum, 45m. and 56z. class BuQding M&terials.
Various other methods with hikk. and tile havebva
adopted ; and for small spans flat tiles in eemgit. ^^
iron bonds have been suoeessfully employed, aad ft^
aiches of tiles are used in Italv and the So«(h ii
France ; but these require thick walls to resist the tbrws
of the arch. Anything out of the common way, bovefe,
is almost sure to be costly, on account of the d^BeaHj d
finding men to execute the work, and the care and troobk
it gives the builder, who, consequently, chargei a h%b
rate, not knowing with certainty what it wili eort Un ts
execute.
Among the many 83r6tem8 of the oombinatiaD oC im
joists and concrete, I will commence with thai most oo»
monly employed.
Fox ASD Babbbtt's St9tkm,
The principle adopted in carrying out this snttm d
flooring, is toe substitution of wrought or robed iroc
joists for the ordinanr timber joists, placed about two fcd
apart, and filled in between with concrete 00 wood tMw-
The surface of the floor can either be foniiafaed will tke
ordinary boarding, or with cement, tile, slate, ftoss, or
other material ; the ceiling can be either finid3B& ^
plastering to the strips that support the oonorets, sr If
fillets secured to the strips and lath-and*pUstered. Asf
required degree of strength is obtained by inoesssd d^
of joists and concrete. This system is wdl known, lva|
been in use for a number of years at most of the mv
banks, hospitals, hotels, railway stations, private hessa
and many of the model dwelling
The cost of the rolled iron joists is nearly as fcUov*:-
£ •. d«
8 feet bearing, about 2 per
10 „ „ 2 10
12 „ ,,860
14 „ ,,400
16 „ „ 4 18
18 „ „ 6 10
20 .. ..680
r»
»»
«t
t«
and from £3 to £4 10s. extra can be reckoned for tW
floor and coiling, depending upon the kind of ttU
adopted. Mention having been made of the i^UIczvi
this system at the Model DweUings in New-4treel-iD0v-
Dorset-square, in the report on the Statistkas of Tht^Stt^
Improvements, on inquiries I find that the
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, September 30, 1864r. 723
sc
inished with Portland cemeDt, which material has, on
ixperlenoe, been shown to be most unreliable for sach
»uipo8e, but was unfortunately used in many of the
■aruer buildings constructed on this principle. Asphadte
»r lead being the only material now recommended for
overing the roo&, care must be taJcen not to have the
ieilings plastered before the concrete is thoroughly dry,
*r else the ceiling will sliell off and give to the plastering
ouch the same appearance as if mixed with sea sand,
hfodels of the system can be seen at Mr. Twining's
Sconomio Museum at Twickenham, and at the South
Kensington Museum (not numbered ). The flooring of the
Picture Galleries there is also constructed on this system.
Beabdmobb's System.
This floor is constructed of vertical plates of sheet ironi
(vith angle-iron ri vetted through at the top and bottom*
These beams are then placed on the walls, about 2Ct» 6in«
ipart, and plates are livetted to the bottom angle-irons
ind the space between filled iu with concrete or earthen
pipes and concrete. This form of construction was
avolved by various experiments made by Mr. Fairbaim and
Mr. Hodgkinson (reported in The BuUder, Vol. vii., page
104j, who detenmned that the uniform presence of concrete
agamst the whole surface of the web and under the top
Hangei of the beam would produce the effect of a continuous
strut, and thus enable comparatively thin plates to assume
the true character of a beam or girder. Mr. Beardmore
informs me that he never took any steps to prosecute his
patent, on account of his professional engagements, conse-
quently I am not aware if it has been employed at any
bufldings. For large spans it offers great strength : the
cost for 14 feet spans would be about £5 per square for
the iron, and from £3 to £4 10s. extra for the floor and
ceiling. If placed two feet apart, with wood strips, as
in Fox and Barrett's system, the cost would be reduced to
£3 10s. per square for the iron — the weight of each
beam being about 1 J cwt.
Nasicttb's Patent.
This is similar to Fox and Barrett's, only, in lieu of
wood strips, iron plates are bent into the form of a seg-
ment of a circle, supported on chord or tension bars,
which have the ends bent upwards to retain the plates in
their curved position when subjected to pressure.
Ghbynb's Patent
Is also similar to Fox and Barrett's, only, in lieu of wood
stripe, corrugated iron plates are bolted to the lower
flange of the iron joists. Drawings of tliis patent may be
seen at Mr. Twining's Economic Museum, at Twickenham.
The Fbenoh Ststbms.
M. Thuase and M. Creuzot employ rolled ii'on joists,
of a slightly arched shape, placed at a distance of 3f^. 8in.
trom centre to centre, sjid connected at intervals of 8ft.
Sin. throughout their length by ties of flat bar iron on
edge, resung on the lower flange of the girder, and
fastened one to another either by wrought-iron straps or
cast-iron chairs ; upon these ties are placed square bars,
iiaw between each pair of girders, running parallel to
them (torn wall to wall, into which their ends are turned
down and built in. On the iron frame-work the thick
plaster ceiling is formed by a wood platform being placed
under, whilst the plaster is thrown from above, the
former being removed after the latter has firmly set.
In another method the iron joists are strutted, at
intervals of one foot, by square bars, resting on the flange,
and having their ends turned up to the height of the web
of the girder.
In a third method, the girdera are tied together in pairs
at 3 feet intervals by round iron bolts, nutted at each end.
Small square bars are hung on to these tie-bars, three
between each joist.
All these methods can be seen in model at the South
Kensington Museum, 24, 25, and 26 J., Building Materials,
as woU aa others by M. Bleuze, M. Zor^ and others.
which are fully described in the catalogue, and in the
Builder, Vol. xii., pp. 29, 95, and 150.
The following are the prices of M. Thuase's system :—
Beariags.
Depth
ofjoift.
Depth
of floor.
Weight
periqaare.
Price of
ironwork.
ft. in. ft. In.
10 to 11 6
11 6 to 18
13 to 16 6
IG 6 to 20
20 to 23
In.
4
4}
5}
74
In.
9!
Ibe.
870
420
465
510
606
£ •. d.
2 19 5
8 18 5
8 14 4
4 19
4 17 6
The Dernftt Abcu.
This name is given to a material composed, in part, with
either sulphate or carbonate of lime, together with broken
calcined cinders, bricks, and other porous material, formed
in a sod state, on centering, into arches of spans of fh>m
five to ten feet, and in spaces where larger spans are re-
quired the width is divided by girders of wrought or
cast iron. The abutments against the wall may either be
formed with a cant brick slightly projecting, or laid into
the walls. The thickness at the crown is from 2} to 8
inches, with a rise of about } inch to the foot The arch
will either form a floor finislied with a polished surface,
or it may be left rough, and paved with tiles, 0^ have a
boarded floor. The underside of the arch may he coloured,
or ceiling joists introduced to form a flat ceiling. The
material is stated to have been in use for the last ten years
in the Midland Counties with great success, and it has
been used in buildings that have settled considerably,
without in any way causing a flaw or crack in the arch.
The advantages of this material are its cheapness, viz.,
60b. to 70s. per square, little or no skilled labour being
required, and its extreme thinness (about 3 inches) at the
crown, consequently reducing the weight of the walls.
Not being able to speak of this material from any ex-
perience of my own, I cannot do better than quote flrom
a testimonial by Mr. G. G. Scott, who says : — ** 1 have
made use of Messrs. Dennett and Co.'s material for fire-
proof arching, and though 1 have, happily, had no prac-
tical experience of its efficiency against fire, I can bear
witness to its strength and its extreme convenience of
application. I have made use of it in positions in which
1 should have found it difficult to introduce any other fire-
proof material, and it has this advantage, that the arches
constructed of it are so entirely in one mass that they
cover the space like a compact shell or inverted basin,
and are, consequently, almost wholly free from lateral
prenure." A specimen of the arch can be seen at the South
Kensington Museum (No. 47 M., Building Materials),
five feet span, with a rise of 2} inches, 4} thick at the
haunches, and 2} at the crown. A similar specimen is
stated to have carried a weight of five tons without injury.
Mb. Wateblow's Ststem.
The floors to the landings and passages and the roof
in Mr. Waterlow's buildiuKS in Finsbury were composed
of clinkers, cidm, hard broken coke, and similar rough
calcined st^tances in the proportion of four parta to one
part of Portland cement, sufficient water being added to
bring the composition to the consistency of ordinary mor-
tar. Bars of three inches by half an inch iron, are
stretched edgewise across the building, from front to back,
at distances of two feet apart, and carried into the brick-
work of the walls and crossed by half-inch iron rods two
feet apait, forming a network of iron with a mesh of two
feet. A temporary scaffolding is then placed beneath, and
the material thrown in to a thickness of four inches ; in
the course of time the whole mass sets with sufficient
hardness to allow of the removal of the scaffbldmg. Mr.
Allen, the builder of the houses, states that the floors can
be erected for about £5 per square. This construction is
similar to the French system without thek girders ; and
724 JOURNAL OP THE 800IBTY OP ABTS, BipnicBn 80, WMu
UkiDg into ooDsideratioQ that the iron would hardly cany
iu own weight, that all depends DpoD the oonorete
formiog one homogeoeoiia inaaa, and that ihoold any
fracture occur the whole would fall, 1 do not think it is
to be recommended.
G6MBABATIVB STATSMKITi OF THB VOBSOOIHe DbSOBIP-
TI01M or FiaiPBOOF Floobs, pn Bquam op 100 Fnr
BUPBRTIOIAL, FOR A 8PAV OP 14 FBET.
ThicduMMofFloon Cost.
inlnohM. £ f. d.
Wood joists, inch boards, and lath
and plastered », 11 4 8 6
Sameifpagsed — 6 8 6
Brick arch, 4|-in. thick iron girder,
use of centreing, and levelled
upfortUes 18 & 20 4 16
Same if boarded, and the underside
levelled^ and lath plastered 24 7
Hollow brick arches. Cost depends
upon the price of bricks, which
would have to be made specially.
Fox and Barrett^s, with a cement
Burface 9 6 18
Same if boarded 11 7 8
Beardmore's boarded surface 11 8 6
French systems, about the same as
Fox and Barrett's.
Dennett arch 18 A 8 3 10
Utaed 14A4 6
If boarded, and the undersides
levelled and plastered 16 7 10
The thickness of the floor ought to be taken into con-
sideration, as it increases or diminishes the height of the
building. For instance, a buildipg of five stories with
brick arches and boarded floor, would require the building
to be 6ft. 6in. higher than another with Fox and Barrett's
system, which, in a building of the siseof the Streatham-
street Model Lodging Houses, would be about 12 rods, or
about £144.
BRITISH ASSOCIATION, BATH, 1864.
Utilisation op Scwaob.
The following paper, by Dr. Heniy Bird, was read in
the Chemical Section : —
To utilize the contents of the sewers, and to restore to
the land nitrogenous and inorganic principles which are
f^bstiacted from it in the growth of^ crops for the food-
supply of man and animals, is one of the most import-
ant questions of the day. Some laborious investiga-
tions by Parliamentary Committees and Government
Commissions have indeed shown that many of the
methods hitherto proposed for this object are not suffi-
ciently remunerative to stimulate commercial enterprise
in the application of sewage to the soil ; but they have
at the same time established the &ct that an enormous
amount of natural wealth is being constantly dissipated,
and finally lost to the country. Nor is this extrava-
gance the worst feature of the case ; for the continual
abstraction of valuable inorganic matters fh)m the soil
steadily impoverishes it, rendering it yearly less able to
maintain the life and vigour of an increasing popula-
tion, and gradually, though surely, turning a fertile
country into an unproductive desert. Even, therefore,
at some temporary sacrifice, to redeem these valuable
materials and apply them to their obvious and natural
destination would ultimately prove highly advantageous
to every district of the kingdom. The benefit of such a
measure would not be limited to the production of food.
The same works which would secure the utilization of
sewage, would protect rivers and watercourses from that
defilement and injury which are now progressing part
^^S!r^ 7^^ *^® advance of town drainage and the exten-
sion of chemical works, and which, if uncontrolled, must
at no distant period desiroy all our €pesb-«itar m
ofartruoi the channels of rivers by indoisfced dtfmU,m
render river water whoUv unfit for dooMstie «■ mi
human consumption. This too, ai atiA««i«ririf
to the clearance of fdrest and wood laada, and agnabn
improvements generally, the available sap|ily tf mte
from springs is mpidly dimimsinDg, and bceonsi^f ^efes^
sufficient in many pAaoes for the wants of the pee|iB. ^
less important is the sanitary aqpeci of tha ifaaiim. k
much information has been obtamed aodctraulatBd «tb*
sul^ that it is almost needleai to moaiBd t hi i 4a yi i
Uon that many diseaaes are caUad into aetin^lf Ae.
aocuniulations in drains and ditches, and hy tkms:-
tamination of running water with the ezoeCs of pef^
lous districts. Experience has shown thst aU dm^ta
are aggravated, and especially that e pi dg i'i sad fet
tilenoes extend and become more fatal in imm e wAw m-
familiea which breathe impure air and dxink W astir
Blood poisoning is a coannoo remit of poisoDsd a la
water. It is under such cjrcomstiiwwe asd coB^biim^
atmo^here and water supply, that aoarhOina, ^phaiA,a
intestinal fever and cholera break oiit» aptead, aad dsic^
The subject is, therefore, one of deep iaten* ^ £
persons concerned in the management of the sek |sv
and who is not so coooemed ? Thoa, on aaaitsiytfm:
as on economical grounds, the right nee of aesp k
inseparable from the pnblio safe^, and lawnti t l to 9f
public prosperity. In this matter, uwwow, j^
indispensable. The most fimatioal advooates of
Kt
action and personal liberty will hardly i> autu ie la ar
that the difficulty of the case can be met by i '' '
eft)rt. When this fails, in any aooh
the municipal authority, the magistiaoy, or tfas
government must act, or the whole popehtiv bh
suffer. Parliament should, therefore, be aaked ts k£m
the extension of sewage works in the ae^glihili»«
of towns and villages, in order to distrifaete sad ^
their excreta to the surrounding land, by iiiifsiiniii ai^
by other means ; and at the same time to sra^ot h
stringent enactments, the fouling of rivers vdtoikibt
sewage and other town refuse. The plan noa tsksfa-
mitt^ to your consideration baa never been tailsst
large scale, but it has been tested by a limited
and has been found to answer the purpose i
It is founded upon the physical properties of
on a few well-known chemical and mechanical
The following series of propositiona and axiom
these priBdi^es and the leading featurea of ay |i&
Sewage fiowing slowly through pools, or tanks, or — '
in vessels separated into three portions, the fiat
precipitated, and the intermediate fluid. 8. Tfai
of precipitation may be produced by the uae
simple, and easQy procurable deodoranta, to bs
specified. 8. Sewage, fitNn the natore of ita
rapidlv undei^goes putawfactioo, which injores lis
qualities, and causes deleterious and oOiamwm m.
The same fermentatkm may be produeed hf
fresh sewage to filter through masses of old
tanks, drains, and more rapidly in large
This process of decomposition may be arrt.
injurious results prevented by removmg the
matters of the sewage, and drying them aia hvta
perature with antiseptic diemioala. 5. In thedsaa^
tion of sewage, ammonia and other welatfie esMfO^
are evolved, and are soon dissipated « and kii ^
old sewage be dried liy sim^e exposme, it will bt itt
to possess but a low fertUiaing power, bat, if dnsi ^
sulphuric acid, the ammonia becomes fixed, dees ^'
is arrested, and the fertilizing prindpJes are
6. The ashes, sweepings, and other rsfosa of ^^ -
may be rendered available in the fertiliaation «f p«rl^
by percolating fluid sewage throQgh them, iar i** ' ;
three weeks, and diyingthe maas wUb solphuijisriii * '
compost may with Imle double or axjgsnss bssMis a^
at least ten shillings per too. 7. A
from sewage should be kept diy and
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbpthmbto 80, 1864. 725
boat, and rate. 8. Flnid tewage, however treated, con-
talns to solatioD and suspension fertilizing salts and
organio matters. The chemical composition of sewage
is well known, and its varying quantities and qualities
may be easily ascertained from published tables. It is,
ihereibre, unnecessary to dwell upon this point. 9.
S*liiid sewage can in every case bo used for the irrigation
of land. It should never be allowed to flow into the sea,
rivers, or brooks. 10. The more solid portions of sewage
may be easily separated fVom the fluid by allowing the
^hole to flow slowly through tanks and culverts, Intted
with sluices and tubes, to be constructed upon the plan of
models now ezhU>ited — the current being directed through
iho middle level without disturbing the surface or bottom
of the tank. The separation would be accelerated by the
me of sulphated clay. 11. Olay, especially the more
ftfroginons clay and sulphuric acid, mixed in the pro-
portion of one part of the latter with nine parts of the
former, in a dry state, forms a cheap and eflVcient
precipitant for sewage; it acta at the same time as a
deodorant. It does not in the slightest degree injure the
manure, but, in fact, adds materially to its fertilising
quality. 12. In the tanks already mentioned, the floating
matter should be daily skimmed off the surface of the
fluid sewage, then placed in a reservoir, and treated with
diluted sulphuric acid. The precipitated matters should
be also removed as often as the divisions or spaces between
the sluices and bottom of the tanks become filled, and
treated in the same manner with sulphuric add. These
matters so prepared may be dried quickly, at a tem-
perature not exceeding 150 degrees, by spreading the
mass upon heated beds of fine ashes or clay, in covered
sheds. When sufiSciently dried, the compost should be
crushed, to make it fit for drilling or spreading on land.
18. When the more solid portions of the sewage are thus
intercepted by sluices or traps, and removed (as above
directed) ofiensive emanations are materially lessened if
not prevented, and the fluid portion passes tolerably clear
out of the tanks. By this method, the faster caused by
the passage of fVesh sewage through masses of semi-solid
Ktrefying matter is idtogether prevented. It deserves to
repeatM — ^that in order to preserve the supernatant and
precipitated portions of sewage the most efficient and
economical antiseptic is sulphuric acid ; for it fixes the
ammonia, converts the vegetable matter into glucose, and
checks fermentation ; and all the resulting salts are known
to be excellent manures for crops of clover, roots,
Ac. As before said, sewage which has been dried by
simple exposure to the air possesses but very low
manurtog power, the ammonia and its carbonates having
escaped. But when dried as above, with sulphuric acid,
the nitrogenous principles and the phosphates are re-
tained, unless the temperature be raised so high as to dis-
engage fostid gases and decompose the sulphate of am-
monia. Another method of preparing sewage for agricul-
tural use, after treating it with sulphuric acid, would be
to distribute it among a number of cylindrical draining
tiles, placed over a bed of coal ashes or clay. These pipes
being filled, the fluid filters into the ashes or clay, and
water also evaporates from the surface of the pines. The
process should be repeated, until the tiles are filled with
solid residuum — ^which may then be removed for use.
The irrigatk>n of land with fluid sewage has been practised
SQOcessfuily and profitably in many places; but it is
said to be sometimes attended with oflensive smells per-
ceived at some distance, This, as I liave explained, is
in consequence of an undue amount of the more solid
matters being left to decompose upon the surface of the
land; and the objection does not hold good when those
matters have been separated (as before shownj fh>m the
liquid , before it is used for irrigation. But if, without that
preliminary measure, the contents of sewers be m{xe4
with ashes or porous earth, and exposed to the weather,
the compost hicreases in temperature, and decomposes
rapidly ; Uie heat of the mass drives off the ammonia, and,
after it has been washed with rain, it is hardly worth the
expense of carriage. Again, the more solid matter of
sewage may be readily indurated and dried, by mixing
it with common plaster of Paris, a valuable mineral
manure, which in no way lessens the fertilising properties
of sewage. Indeed, the value of both is increased by
combination. It only remains for me to exhibit the action
of sulphated clay, both in its dry state and in solution, as
also models for tanks, &o., and other means by which
percolation through town rubbish may be advantageously
effected. A solution of the sulphated ferruginous clfl^,
which may be called '* liquid sulphate of alumina, with
sesqui-oxide of iron,*' was sent for analysis to that eminent
autliority. Professor Taylor, whose report is annexed.
When thM deodorant is required to purify house-drains
and sewers, it should be applied at the very commence-
ment of the drainage system, namely, in the watercloeets,
sinks, cesspools (if any), and scullery traps, of every house
communicating with the common sewer; half-an-ounce
of the liquid, mixed with water, should be used on each
occasion, once or twice a day, or more frequently, by
means of the simple apparatus, a sketch of which is shown.
It would prevent the disengagement of ammonia and
sulphuretted hydrogen. It would precipitate the phos-
phoric acid of the phosphates. If it did not destroy the
specific germs of certain infections — as those of scarlatina,
or typhoid fever, d^.— it would doubtless check their
progress, by removing some of the worse conditions under
which they multiply and spread. Once more ; land may
be irrigated with fluid sewage by sub-soil or underground
channels. Drains may be made from nine inches to two
feet in depth, either of turf or of drain-pipes, or squares
nearly on a level, keeping, however, the outlet of each
drain below the inlet. The surface soil would thus be
saturated with sewage, without the production of noxious
smells, or disturbance of crops, or interference with the
cattle-grasiuff of the land, do much of the sewage as
might asoend by capillary attraction through the nine
inches of sofl to the surface, would be perfectly deodorised,
and a powerf\d manure would be applied directlpr to the
roots of the crops, enriching the soil to a considerable
depth. The economy — not to say profit — of these
methods of utilising the sewage of towns will be obvious
to anyone who will impartially investigate the proposed
measures. And I venture to hope that these sugges-
tions may lead to a series of experiments, under the
auspices of this Association ; experiments which, I doubt
not, will convince the most sceptical that the present
unjustifiable waste of valuable elements of food ought
no longer to be permitted, either by the legislature, or
by the local authorities of this kingdom. But, before
we conclude, let it be distinctly understood that neither
lime, sesqui-oxide of iron, alumina, nor any other
deodorant, except sulphuric acid, should be used with
sewage when the fluid parts arc intended for irrigating
land, for those bodies, with that one exception, take some
valuable ingredient from the fluid. One part of sulphuric
acid to 70,000 paits of sewage would be sufficient to main-
tain the fertilizing property of fluid sewage, until it had
passed into the drains over or into the soil.
Appendix. — ♦'Report of analysis of a deodorising
liquid. — The liquid is of a pale brown colour, its specific
gravity is 1*057, and it leaves on eva|>oration, 7-5 per
cent, of dry mineral residue. Its principal constituents
are sulphuric acid, alumina, and oxide of iron ; it has a
strong acid reaction. The following pro^rtions were
obtained by a quantitative analysis, the weights of each
ingredient being calculated from an imperial pint of
twenty fluid ounces of the solution : — Sulphuric acid
(specific gravity 1'78}, 464; alumina, 240; sesqui-
oxide of iron, 168 ; total grams, 862. An imperial
pint, therefore, contains two ounces (avoirdupois) of
the mineral constituents. The admixture of this
liquid in proper proportions with sewage, containing
sulphide of ammomum, alkaline phosphates and carbon-
ates, would produce a precipitate of alumina and oxide
of iron. If sulphide of ammonium abounded, black
726
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABT8, Siptkmbir 30, 1864.
lolphide of iron aod sulphar would in the first inatance
be precipitated. In reference to the phosphates, the
phosphoric acid would also be tlirown down with oxide
of iron. At the same time the nrecipitated alumina
would tend to purify the liquid by nxing and combining
with suspended and dissolved Impurities. The mixed
debits of alumina and oxide of iron thus containing the
solid ingredients of sewage in an innocuous form, woiUd be
in a favourable condition to act as manure. The alkaline
bases of the sewage including ammonia, would combine
with the sulphuric acid, forming soluble sulphates in the
dear liquid separated from the precipitate. The sulphate
of ammonia thus produced would act as a good fertiliser
of the soil. For the efficient action of tMs liquid as a
deodoriser and precipitant, the sewage should be alkaline,
or contain sufficient alkali (as carbonates) to neutralise
the^ acid. A few acres of land arranged in tanks with
sluices, dsc, for the use of sulphated day would be suffi-
cient to precipitate the sewage of the largest towns and
cities, even the metropolis, and render the fluid sewage
clear and nearly inodorous, and still a powerful manure,
containing in a gallon from four grains to twenty of sul-
phate of ammonia, &c. ; and the solid matters from the
tanks or reservoirs, when slowly dried with one-third their
quantity of earth or clay, will be found upon analysis to
contain from one to two grains of phosphoric acid with
other fertilizing salts and organic remains in every 15
pounds.
Dr. Gilbert said the question was how sewage was to
be purified to that it might be sent into the rivers with-
out damaging the water supply of the towns below ; and,
on the other hand, to what extent could it be rendered
available for agricultural purposes. In one district in
Edinburgh the fcpcal matters from 800 to 350 persons
went to an acre, and the amount of fluid sewage averaged
from 20,000 to 26,000 tons per annum per acre. The
ouestion arose how much might these quantities be re-
duced with advantage, so as at the same time to get the
sewage sufficiently purified to turn into the rivers. At
Croydon he had obtained much information. There,
about 250 acres were under irrigation. For six months
the average showed that the water went two and a half
times over the land, and was to a great extent purified.
The sewage of Croydon he eatimatod would contain four
grains of ammonia per gallon, including rain-fall, but
exclusive of rain-fall six and a half grains. After the
sewage had passed over the land it gave only two
grains of ammonia, showing a great purification. So
perfectly had the water been purified, that, although
years ago proceedings had to be taken on account of
the pollution of the river, now the people having the
fishing were actually putting up grates to prevent the
fish from going up the sewage drains. The purifica-
tion was arrived at by the application of about 6,000
tons per acre, and experience might show that lees
would do. He thought that about 6,000 tons would
be a very useful point to start from in the application
of sewage on a large scale. But the great dispute now
was, whether we should apply these large quantities to
the succulent crops only, or to very large areas, and idl
crops. He might, in conclusion, read a short paragraph
flpom a report which would shortly be published, asit ex-
pressed his views on the application of sewage to meadow
lands: — *' There is, of course, no question that, if the
manurial constituents resulting from the consumption of
the com and meat sent into our towns could be returned
to the land from whence they came, its produce would be
considerably increased ; for, with the mineral constituents
there would always be associated nitrogen, in amount
which would serve to render effective a considerable por-
tion of all, if not the whole, of some of these constituents.
If, however, human excretal matters continue to be
dilated with water to the extent recognised by the grow-
mg system of urban defecation, and if dilute liquid
aewage cannot be distributed in small quantities over large
Teas at a much lower cost to the former than his yet been
proposed, there is little hope that the maanrial
tuents derived from the human food seoi into q«
can be re-distributed over the area frooi which thaj
Indeed, having regard to the inappUcabQity of ^SaM
liquid sewage to arable land, except in amsdi <piantiti«.
and in particular seasons, and to tlie estinykled oortef ^
tribotion, it appears probable that the most fitrfii^i
mode of utilisation will be to limit the area faj ^9t^J^
the greater part, if not the whale, to permmneiil or «tbff
grasses laid down to take it the year round,
mainly to the periodically broken-ap xye-giMs laad
to the application to arable land of the aolid ~~
resulting from the consumption of the aewaged
obtaining other produce than milk and meat by
sewage."
Mr. TiTB, M.P., said the question of sowage
which had occupied his attention. As a member ef tfas
Metropolitan Board of Health the whole matter e< tie
disposition of the London sewage had been before hisi Ear
a considerable time. The London sewage waa Kwwlh i^ g
enormous in quantity. It was collected in iwirwiar
reservoirs, and then poured into the rtvera at times whe:
it would be swept out to sea. Thus the whole ww agc rf
London, containing important chemical coastitneati, n>
utterly wasted. He had no doubt that they shRM
relieve the basin of the Thames completely of the ww^
which fell into it from Chelsea to below Loodou ^t
with regard to the utilisation of the sewage they dM an
see their way clearly, and on another point they wsn ■
a great difficulty. This point was, what was to bea£»
of the drainage of the large towns above their diafrici
because it was impossible to join them with London, ma. A
was idle to seek to drain Oxford by any lateral draivfe
that could reach the sea. At the present time K a^rtoB
had made arrangements to pour ita sewage into tbi
Thames, but was stopped by an injunetioo obtained hfi^
conservators of the river, by which they had been tu^
that such nuisances could not be oontinoed. Hie qetf-
tion then remained, what was to be done with it? Two
&cts had been proved. At Leicester, where the experi-
ments had been carried on regardless of expeose, it was
proved that deodorising of sewage by lime would pvify
water, and prevent it becoming a nuisance to the ikssB.
Since then it had been proved that fish flourished Ihecc.
and the herbage and fruit, which before were p ois pn s i .
had now returned to their normal oondition. Thia&ot eas
also apparent, that the products which it had bean thougto
would be sufficient to pay for these works had proved m
entire failure ; and, except for the lime used,
very useful for the fertilisation of land, they had
utterly useless. The other fact was the ex]
Croyaon, which certainly did appear most
There the river formerly was polluted by the
farm of forty acres was then taken ; ordinsuy draini wve
cut, the sewage was turned into the land b^ore it maed
into the river, thus purifying it of its offensive ingred^Db,
and proving of great advantage to the land. CrvpAm
had thus solved the problem extremely well ; bat hm
such a system could be applied to London waa a pictica
still unsolved.
The Dean of Yobk said he understood that in tiK
Case of Croydon the sewage water was sent into the Tk&
in a comparatively pure state, so pure, indeed, that tt
could live io it. He also understood that the aavaf*
water there, though not exactly pure, was so to a grost
extent. Had any chemist made experiments as to vtst
effect the drinking of such comparatively pan wikr
would have on animal life ?
Mr. Trra, M.?., believed that such expertmeots hd
not been made.
Professor Williamson drew attention to the (act thil
when cholera prevailed lately in this country its ogi$j*
was believed to be irsced, in many instances, to the ^
that the sewage drained into the pump wells.
Professor BEMNarrr, of Edinburgh, observed thai «vi
importance had been attached to the qaei4ioD o£ deo&»>
sswaga. A
JOUBNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Skptbmbbb 30, 1864. 727
ZS
aiioD, and smeUs were regarded not only as a naiaanoe
bat were sappoied to be a canoe of disease. He believed
that the effict of smells as a oaose of disease had been
muoh exaggerated, and he instanced Montfiuicon, near
Paris, in proof of this. The sewage of Paris was taken to
Montfiuioon, was there allowed to dry in open pits, and it
was found not to interfere with the health of the district,
thoagh the smell was certainly terrific. In Cologne and
in Bd^am, the sewage was utilised in a similar manner.
The dried deposit of the sewage was rednoed to powder,
and as pondrette was conveyed to the land, where it
proved a most valuable manure.
Mr. TrrK, M.P., wished that the meeting should not
be misled by the last speaker. In Paris, cesspools were
still permitted; in London they had long ago been
denounced as the great cause of fevers, and were no longer
aUowed.
Dr. Llotd opposed the views expressed by Professor
Bennett. It had been proved that the smell of sewage
was noxious, and in the district near the river in Bath lie
had long noticed that amon^ those who resided there,
first came degradation, tiien ill-health, and then prema*
tnre death.
Oaptain Qaltov said he knew numerous instances of
disease from the state of the river Thames.
Mr. RoioraY, of Manchester, said cesspools, as in Paris,
were permitted in Manchester, and there was no evidence
that fever or other diseases prevailed there to a greater
extent than in other towns in the kingdom.
Mr. Thos. Wbbstsb confirmed the statement made by
Mr. Bumney.
BRITISH PHARMACBDTIOAL CONFERENCE.
At a recent meeting held at Bath, Mr. H. Deane, F.L.S.,
Present, in the cha&, the Report of the Committee on
*' Accidental Poisoning " was read by Mr. J. Raymond
King.
After referring to the great interest which the^ subject
of accidental poisoning had excited in the minds of
members, the desirabiuty of a thorough investigation of
the question, with the object of preventing the recurrence
of accidents, and the di&ulties which beset the question,
the report went on to state the course of proceeding
adopted by Uie Committee in order to make the discus-
sion of the subject interesting and practical. The Com-
mittee thought it advisable that their deductions and
remarks should be based upon Jthe results of statistical
inquiry. They carefully examined the cases of acci-
dental poisoning, as reported in the Pharmaeeutieal
Journal, bom July 1862 to June, 1864, inclusive. These
are 25 in number, and may be thus summarised : — Ten
cases in which the mistake was committed by the ad-
ministrator ; two by a sui^eon, one by a wholesale house,
one by a grocer's wife, and; eleven by retail chemists or
their assistants. The cases were elaborately detailed in
the report ; and after a careful examination of the merits
of each, and an intimation Ithat the Committee had
corresponded with many gentlemen likely to form an
opinion on the subject, the Committee came to the
following conclusions: —
1. That there ara seventeen out of the twenty-five cases
in which there is every reason to believe that a
thoroughly-effective poison-bottle , would have pre-
vented the accident.
2. That there are at least three cases in which, had the
poison sold been folded in black naper, and labelled
properly, the accident would not have occurred.
3. That 80 per cent, of the usual cases of accidental
poisoning may be prevented by the use of proper
precautions.
4. Ttiat only one of the 25 cases was the direct resnlt of
ignorance.
The practical suggestions and recommendations made
by the committee may be thus summarised :—
1. That to all persons engaged in the practice of pharmacy,
the fiudlities which eiust for acquiring a tneoretical
as well as a practical knowledge of their business,
render it incumbent upon them to do all in their
power to make themselves thoroughly acquainted
with their profession, in order to future safety and
usefulness.
2. That a separate and suitable part of their shops
or premises, be set apart for di^^ensing prescriptions
whei^ver this has not already been done.
3. That in the dbpensing department there be a reposi-
torium toxicorum, or poison cupboard, with lock and
key, in which should be kept all the concentrated
and virulent poisons ; or a snudl bottle of each, suffi-
cient for present use, the bottles being filled fh>m
store bottles, which should be kept in another and
larger store cupboard or room, as required.
4. That the labels upon all shop and store bottles be in
future BO placed that the whole of the label can be
seen at a glance, on the plan introduced by Messrs.
Ford and Shapland, of London, instead of writing
round the bottles, as at present arranged.
5. That, wherever practicable, every prescription be
checked by a second person before it is sent out
6. That liniments, loUons, and all poisonous liquids be
dispensed in bottles registered by Mr. Merrikin, of
Bath, and called *< Merrikin's Caution Bottles," as
being in the opinion of the committee superior to any
other bottles hitherto used for the purpose, and that
the labels be printed in red ink.
7. That the more concentrated and potent poisons, snch
as strychnine, morphia, prusdc acid, &c., should not
be sold in an unmixed state, without a medical order,
under any circumstances whatever.
8. That no pdson be sold in a dangerous quantity by any
assistant or apprentice without the express sanction
of the principal.
9. That every poiwn, in addition to its name, be dis-
tinctly marlced ** Poison " before it is sent out, except-
ing medicine dispensed from a prescriptkm where
the statement of the dose or use of it may be con-
sidered sufficient.
10. That dry poisons, such as oxalic acid, sugar of lead,
red and white precipitate, ^., be invariably folded
in black paper, and m addition to the name of the
article, that a label with the word ** Poison " in bold
white letters on a black ground be securely attached
to each packet.
lint irts.
South Kkmsinotoh Mcsbum. — ^In accordance with the
usual practice of the Museum in receiving valuable works
on loan, a collection of choice oil paintings of the Dutch
school, 56 in number, has been lent for exhibition by John
Walter, Esq., M.P., and is now arranged on the walls of
the gallery from which the Mulready pictures were lately
removed. The collection consists of worksby Berchem,
Both, De Hooge, Du Jardin, Gonzalcs'Coaues, Hobbema,
Maas, A. Ostade, T. Ostade, Paul Potter, Ruysdael, Van
Stry, Weenix, and other celebrated masters.
PuBLio Ehooubagsment of Abt. — Thirty-eight
artists have received commissions in connection with the
decoration of the new Church of the Trinity in Paris, the
total amount to be expended in ornamentation being
about £9,200. „, ^
M. Memissisb, a distinguished Mdnter, lost his life the
other day by falling from a scaffold in the Church of
Saules, where he was engaged in an important work.
M. Paul Balzb is about to execute, in the porch of
the new church, Saint- Augustin, in Paris, three pictures
of Faith, Hope, and Charity, in what is called pewiuret
I imaUUu sur lave, a new process said to be admirably
I adapted for decorative works^
728
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptembeb 80, 1864.
Public Statues are about being erected at Laveur,
to Count Las Cases; ia Dauphioy, to the Chevalier
Bayard ; in Normandy, to Richard Lenoir, the fauioos
rolf-made manufacturer; at Cognac, to Fran9oi8l.; in
Corsica, to the Doc de Padoue ; at Florence, to Dante ;
at Peaaro, to Rossini ; and at Maescyck, in Belgium, to
the brothers Van Eyck. This last has been inangurated
with great ceremony, the whole of the royal family being
present, and the scalptor, Leopold Wiener, being deco-
lated by his Majesty with the Cross of Leopold.
NoTBB Damb. — The npper portion of the front of the
north tranaept of this chnroh has just been completed,
and the magnificent rose window, entirely restored, is un
covered. This window is about forty-two feet in diameter,
and its details are extremely graceful.
Status DisoovsaBD at Rome. — There is much talk
about the discovery of a colossal statue, in lironze gilt, at
the deptli of fifteen feet, in the Court of the Palace of
Ihinoe Pio, in the Place du Biscione, at Rome. On this
rt stood originally the theatre named after Pompey,
first building of the kind in Rome built of stone. The
palace had recently been purchased by M. Righetti, who,
in order to enlai^ it, caused some excavations to be
made, when the workmen first found a thumb, and after-
wards a very fine arm, evidently detached from a statue
which must have measured twelve feet in height.
Anmual CoMPKTiTios FOB Prubs, Paris. — ^Tho exhi-
bition of the works of the pupils of the Paris School of
Art competing for the grand prize of Rome has just taken
place, with the remarkable exception of paintings. The
omission of the last arose out of an unfortunate aoddent,
under the new system : the awards were to be given by
juries elected for the occasion, and not by the Academy,
and in order to shut out all chances of canvassmg, the
memlieni of the jury were appointed at the latest moment,
but many of them were absent from Paris, and the con-
sequence was that only two or three attended, and the
adjudication of the prixe in painting stands, in conse-
quence, adjourned iine die. The subject for the competi-
tion in sculpture waa, ** Ulyssee Bending the Bow ;" and
two of the models sent in are very clever works, but
neither sufl^cionUy remarkable to warrant the prise, which
haa therefore been divided between the two young sculp-
tors, Delaplanche and Deschampr. The subject given to
the arohiteotural pupils was, ** An Hospice on the Alps,*'
and the results are a number of most elaborate drawings,
some of them exhibiting much talent, but not one of
them more valuable for architectuial purposes than a
theatrkal scene of the great Saint-Bernard. In this case
M. Ouadet obtained the prize, with the acquiescence of
the public, but no exhibition ever illustrated more fully the
objection made by M. VioUet-le-Duc and other reformers
to competitions in which the pupils are fixed to a given
subject, and that subject a fantasy. The failure of the
painting committee under the new system is a triumph
for the academical party, but the exhibition adds another
blow to the existing mode of education which fixes all the
conditions beforehand, and ties intuitive genius or talent
hand and foot. The world of art has had far too manv
"Ulysses bending his bow," and *< Belshazzar" palaces
perched on inaccessible mountains ; it wants to see the
individual capacities of artists evolved, for fear all ar-
chitecture should resolve itself either into copies of this
or that temple, on the one hand, or into the railway style
on the other. The specimens of engraving were consi-
dered unworthy of the grand prize ; the result is the failui-e
of two out of three competitions, and the adjournment of
the fourth.
PmfattttWB*
UuTTEB.— The Orocer says :— At present, in many parts of
liUgiand, much inconvenience is experienced from the scar-
city of fVesh butter. The proflti on thia nrCicle lisve orinte
years been greatly diminished, and BobstttatcB hx9% ho«
much spoken of. It ia worthy of remark tlwi Uw ifiiwfc
most famous for butter supply the moBiieat qoalify rf
cheese. We hoar much of Leioetier oheoao, btttwvn
not aware that that county excels oUmcb in its baitim
supply. A vegetable batter, superior in nahaem to tktt
produced from cow's milk, is obtamed fkom the ihsatn^
m Africa ; and at home here the ooDsnnipiiofi of mmm^
lade ia greatly on the increase as a ■o b a ti la te , Tkt
average price of Bi^lish butter, taking a aonea of ym»
over a wide area in this countty, ia la. per foomi; ikt
present price, in moat of our proi^neial markoto, h iku.
per pound ; but it has reached 28. at Stamfod. It apfmn
from our last week's market newi that at ryanawfhwi,
notwithstanding the short supply, butter mAd al laOid.
The scaivnty has been felt in Ireland, but ainniiki at
now increasing. Messrs. Lalor and Sobs, of Dakfio. is
their last circular, report the weather ai bi^ily fiLToaoUi
for pastures, and lai^^e auppliea with but a limifced daouad,
at a decline of fully Id. per pound on ooola, tad ia. to Cs.
per owt. on firkins, and the market doting viiboai an;
symptoms of recovery. The delivery from the m^u
kmgdom last week was only 2,669, against 8^800 iikia
in the correspondmg week of last year. The inpoctt.
however, of tbreign butter for the aame week ahov a wry
large uicrease— 20,062 agaiut 12,521 firidna in 1661. Ef
economy, and the introduction of sobatitiiieB, we maj
reasonably hope that the price of thia uaaftil artickoi
diet will in course of time be lowered, tbongh wa fta
it will never again compare with those of past yean.
A Smoke- ooKsuMiKO FmuiAoa. — There has for mas
time past been in operation at the engineoriog woiki d
Messrs. Moreland, 8, Old-atreei, CRy, a foraaoe, iaiMJiii
by Mr. E. B. Wilson, which ia said to eoooomiae AkI to a
considerable extent, and to be almost amofcoleai. It eoa-
sists of, at the bac^, a chamber or box to oontoui the
fuel, and a reverberating oven connected tlierawieir, tfai
flue being at the other end of the oven, and o o nn afjk wl
with the ordinary chimney-stack. Tho ooala are i^Bitfld
in the box, to which they are suppled penodkaUy—
about two or three times a day. Aa there are no %r^
bars in tho furnace, the air enters upon the aorfiieeof tkt
fresh coal m the box, causing a downward draft, at the
floor of the reverberating oven slants d o w uwarJa ttam the
coal box. The gas is thus slowly and continiioasly dis-
tilled until it comes in contact with the lover stttta ol
burning coals, when it receives its proper dote of ealone,
and passes into the reverberating oven, heatisff nr
material that may be placed tfiere, and jinmm away doaa-
wards by the flue which descends at a poini a Utft ■>•
wards from the mouth of the oven. In tiba «SBry
method of feeding a fbmace with fresh ooal, it ia tlnoim on
the top of that which is already ignited, and of
large quantity is thrown off in smoke and ia loal, tlMnfaf
greatly impairing the heating quality of the tmmm^ m
well as poisoning the atmosphere. In thia ftaranetbc
gas, which is formed by the contact of the ^^ ^* m nv» ^
coal, passes through the heated spaces, and is itself hoaierf
to the required temperature; it then passes Ihroagh th«
reverberating oven, and heats there any material ei^Qsed
to it, and the furnace may be so managed that aauadj
any of this gas shall pass off in smoke, bat will be nanlf
all consumed. Lookm^ towards the front of the fniav,
that is, the place at which the iron or other m at haa Id W
heated are inserted, the flames are observed «^w^<«g i&>
warda— not, as in ordinary funiaoes, flowing Im i kaaA
from the spectator. In fact, the prinoiple hero i
ia simply tliat of tammg a fire opside down, ot a .^.^
back foremost, so that die fresh coal ia applied at that <_
whence the smoke of its fint ignttiott aoea throng ^
fire and is consumed, instead of being pSaced on t£ea^
of the fire, whence the direction of the dm(% earnai it ^
as soon as evolved.
A New Gas EKonns, or patomoUur, the hiventfoB *
M. Bdon, has been hitfoduoed at tho paper ftdtjcy of Ji
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Sbptbmbbr 30, 1864. 731
»tKer onUying coal meaiares are known to exist, one at
klUia^ong, further gouth than Wollongong, and one
kbove Stroud, north of Newcastle. There are said to be
.wenty-aix different seams of coal, averaging three feet
n thickDess, or containing altogether 157 feet in thickness
>f ooal. The strata in which these seams are imbedded
repreeeDts a depth of five thousand feet. These twenty-
lix seams do not form an exhaustive list of coal measures,
tMii include only those which have been so far examined
is to be placed in their order. The collocation of other
known seams awaits further investigation.
Jf0rt([C0iian9 Intrlitatioits.
Shipbuilding, Theobetioal and Pbiotioal. By
Isaac Watts, Esq., G.6., W. J. M. Bankine, Esq., G.E.,
LIj.D., F.R.S., Frederick E. Barnes, Esq., James Robert
l^apier, Esq., with contributions by eminent practical
shipbuilders. Con-esponding and general editor, W.
J. Macquom Bankine, C.E., LL.D., &c. {WiUiam
Mackame), — This treatise will provide a complete system
of information on the Art of Shipbuilding, and on the
scientific principles on which it is founded. There is a
growing interest felt in the education of British Naval
Architects, and a strong desire that it should not fall
short of what is now being accomplished in France.
Hence one object of the work will be, to lay down the
Boientifio principles of Naval Architecture in as plain and
clear a manner as possible, for the benefit more especially
of young students who may desire to be well grounded,
in order that they may afterwards advance without hesi-
tation in the prosecution of their honourable and useful
Erofession. The work will extend to 400 pages, illustrated
y extensive tables, more than 100 woodcuts, and by
upwards of 30 large plates of ships v^d engines, taken
from models whose excellence has been proved by their
practical success. The following is a summary of the
contents of the treatise: — 1. Hydraulics of Shipbuilding;
or Buoyancy f Stability, Speed, and Design,^Th\B part ex-
plains the scientific principles which guide the Naval
Architect in designing a ship, so that she shall possess the
properties required of her, as to displacement, steadiness,
and speed, in order that she may fulfil her practical
object; and in computing the power which will be
required to diive her at her intended speed, whether by
sails or steam. 2. Geometry of Shipbuilding ; or Modd-
ling, Drawing, and Laying-off, — This part describes the
methods by which the model and plans of an intended
ship are coostructed, and the figure and dimensions of her
parts laid off. 3. Strength of Materials as applied to Ship-
building. — This part sets forth the facts and principles
known as to the strength of the materials of which ships
are built, whether timber or iron, and the application of
those facts and principles to practice. 4. Practical Ship-
building, — This part describes the processes gone through
in shaping and putting together the materials treated of
in the preceding part, during the actual building of ships,
together with their whole structure and fittings. 5.
Masts, Sails, and Rigging. — This part treats of the principles
of the propulsion of a ship by sails, and the structure of the
paits which effect that propulsion. 6. Marine Steam
Mgineering, — This part sets forth the scientific principles
of the propulsion of a ship by steam-power, and the
practical roles which regulate the construction and work-
ing of her engines. 7. Shipbuilding for Purposes of War,
— This part explains the principles and practice of the
art of building and fortifying vessels of war of different
kinds, and wiU be illustrated by plates of U.M.S.
Warrior, engraved from copies of official drawings
authorized by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty
to be made for this work.
flflttS.
Laboubebs* Cottages. — Mr. Disraeli, M.P., in a
recent speech before the Buckinghamshire Agricultural
Association, said : — " I consider it of the utmost import-
ance that agricultural labourers should be well boused.
In my opinion it is more important than a question of
food or raiment. I believe we all eat quite enough, and
many of us drink a great deal too much— but this I will
venture to say, that no man can be too well housed. A
perfect sanitaiy condition as regards habitations is one
whksh, whilst it preserves and defends the inhabitant from
the inclemency of the seasons, allows him to breathe and
enjoy pure and unvitiated air. For these reasons it is the
truest source of health and wealth. There are great
difficulties in the way, and the first difficulty is that it is
an investment for capital which does not bring as directly
an adequate return. This is an objection which 1 consider
fallacious. T he point is what do you consider an adequate
return ? Ask the farmer whether he would like to have
on his farm his labourers in healthy habitations, or living
two or three miles from the acres which he cultivates, in
miserable hovels which engender sickness and weaken
their energy and strength. The farmer will say directly,
* Give me labourers who reside on my acres and who
reside in houses which allow them to come to their labour
full of energy and vigour— energy and vigour given by
sound sleep and pure air.' The farm will then be more
valuable to the tenant, and if so it must be in the long
run more valuable to the proprietor, and this does tell upon
the rent. In this way the landowner will find an adequate
return for his investment. I do not say that this is an
easy difficulty to combat. It is a great one, but it must
be met. The question, however, is usually argued as if
the propiietor was called upon suddenly to sweep away all
the miserable tenements that he has inherited, and to
cover his estate with model cottages. That is impossible,
for you cannot in one instant effect this great change.
You cannot unhouse the whole peasantry of an estate at
once; it can only be done gradually. Take a model
estate of 2,000 acres. On that estate you require a mini-
mum of sixty cottages. The expenditure for erecting
sixty cotUges would probably be £6,000 or £7,000. I
have seen the estimate for such an expenditure. Well,
how is a man to expend £6,000 or £7,000, which is per-
haps three times his rental, unless he has, which we
have no right to suppose, other sources of capital ? No
one expects, because we have discovered a want in our
social system, and a duty to perform, that it is to be done
in a manner injurious to ourselves. Tou cannot expect
every landed proprietor to be a Duke of Northumberland
— a man whose mind is as extensive as his fortune, and
who built cottages on 200,000 acres at an expense of some
£500,000. Her Majesty conferred a ribbon on the Duke
of Northumberland because he created a Channel fleet at
the momentwe had none; buttheman who laysout £600,000
in building cottages on his estate as much deserves a blue
ribbon as the man who creates a Channel fleet, or even at the
head of a Channel fleet leads us on to victory. Every
man cannot do what the Duke of Northumberland has
done ; but every man can do something. He may build
a few cottages or repair others. You ought to keep before
your eye clearly and closely the object you have to attain,
and avail yourselves of every opportunity of accomplishing
the result. The other day I saw some inferior tenements
built by persons who speculate in building cottages.
1'hese inferior tenements were purchased and converted
into excellent cottages— not exactly model cottages, but
cottages in which a man may live in health and in some
degree of comfort and happiness. These are opportunities
which every man may avail himself of. This is a duty
which must be performed. The question is becoming
both in town and country one of paramount hiterest."
Thb Alhambba. — An extraordinary rumour is current
in Paris that this celebrated palace of the Moorish Kings
782 JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, Sbptwbeb 30, 1861
of Spain n for sale. It ia well known la the fioeat apeci-
men of its class, and as one of the most remarkable baild-
h^Bof the middle ages; ar.d it has a great historkal
interest, not only in relation to it9 founders and original
occupants, but to Charles Quint, Philippe V., and the
Abencerages*
Ladies' Sanitary Association.— Iq the aeventh annual
report of this Association, just published, the committee
congratulate the menibei^ on the increasing interest mani-
feited in their work. Dm ing the past year the committee
have issued upwards of 90,000 tracts, making a total of
upwardi of 708,000 published since the eatahSahment of
the Anociation. Clergymen and med ical men constantly
make application for grants of tracts for distribution
among the poor. Upwards of fifty ladies have attended
the college classes for chemistry, physioloffy, and public
health, under the teaching of Dr. Wood andDr. Richard-
son. The gymnastic classes have been conducted at the
Home and Colonial Training Institution, the British and
Foreign Training School, and the St. John's ServanU'
Home. Upwaitis of 12,800 poor children, mhabiting the
worst parts of the metropolis, were sent out into the
parks last summer under the charge of proper guides,
the expenses being defrayed from the special fund for
park parties. One of the most important of the opera-
tions of the Association during the past year was the
establishment of the " London Dressmaking Company,"
the aim of which is to establish a dressmaking businesafor
the furtherance of the following objects :— Ist, To frame
a model establishment which shall, by its example, teach
others how business may be canied on without detriment
to the minds and bodies of the workers. 2ndly. To induce
ladies to pay their bills regularly, and to give their
orders in good time. 8rdly. To provide a fund to be
used according to the discretion of the directors, for the
benefit of those employed in dressmaking. Several gen-
tlemen have delivered gratuitously leoturea to the
working classes in various parts of the metropolis.
Arrangements have been made for the deliveiy of a
course of lectures on Domestic Economy and the Laws of
Health at Mechanics' Institutions. Working Men's Clubs,
Youths' Institutes, and kindred societies; and in May
1866, Examinations will be held by the Metropolitan
Association for Promoting the Education of Adults in
these subjects.
Fbksh Egos.— Sir,— I see in your Journal of this date
a notice of how eggs may Ins preserved fresh by being
rubbed with a solution of beeswax and oil, so as to exclude
the atmospheric air. Aj}ropos of this suggestion, I would
be^ to observe that a Scotch farmer recent^ paid me a
visit, and brought with him a peace-offering of seven
dozen fresh eggs. These eggs had been all rub! ed with
salt butter as daily collected— according to an old but ne-
glected plan. And having now, with the assistance of my
childr^, got, alasl very near to the end of the aforesaid
seven dozeq, I have to testify that eveiy egg was not only
prfeotJy firesh, but as curdy as if it had been kid a few
hours before it was eaten ; and my friend informs me
that eggs so treated with salt butter wUl remain fresh for
months. Eggs of the above quality are sold to the Edin-
burgh shops at elevenpence the dosen, and if so, may one
not ask why we Londonera are obliged to pay threepence
each for not curdy— but for so-called, *« new-laid ?"—
Yours, &c, GsoBOB Wyld, M.D.
September 23, 1864.
Dattnts,
AAt.^ . 0*^>»T8 0/ PaOTISIOJIAL PEOnCTHHT.
AdhedTQ mixture— 807S-J. Allan.
A^giD^ftl trnploneati (Morw^giaa «fKMn>-ai»-L ai i
Artificial itone, m a n a lkctu re of- 2116— P. A. L. d« FbHiintm
Bedateadf, cabinet— 2180— A. Sharp. •■««»»
BoUona, manalkotartt of— isi»— O. Farmer.
C»mafe wbasla and azlaa— 2236— B. Glorw.
Coal, bewing^getting-2162-W. W. Borioa.
Cotton, Ac., ikitenings tat balet of— am— R. fikorti«df.
CoupUnff apparatoa— 2191— R. D. rbatmina
ElaMOc floidi, obtaining moUre power fram*22S8-D. C. im.
Electric telegraphi-2217-H. W. Cook.
En^e, eleotro-magnetio-aiSS— A. M. J. CeotlflUii.
Bngnei, prereating the escape oC iparlu from-SSIM:. Ifata?
FUteriaff apparatoa- 2178— T. U. Baker.
Ftre-armi and ordnance, breech-loadiar— UM-T. Wiha.
Fuel. artiflclal-2a26-K. F. FairST^^
Oaa TalTe and regulator— 2U2—E. IL Walter.
Ice, mannlhctwv of— 2236— A. C. Kirk.
Jute, preparation 0^2233— A. Belhommet.
Looma— 2135— W. BoUoagh.
Looma— 2201— J. and R. hhcrn>ck, and W. Hoaid.
LoooiB-2216— J. Holding. »-*«"• *««»•
Mnlei Ibr spinning— 2241— J. Baaka.
Naotical in«jumenta-2243-J. I.. MoLa^iad W. H.Ttai|«
Ordnance— 222t~C. Sanderson. ^^ ^^
Papier mach^, ornamentation of— 2186— A Salfb.
F^wiSf* *"?>•««■*<»■, Ac, apparatus to ca«faHir-l
Pini, 6cc, coating with metal— 2150— T. Fovlar.
wTY cStlir*' ri^naUing between pswofen «^ ^ad-i^
Bailwvt, constructing and workiaf-210t-P. W. Birisf .
Bailwaj trains, signals In-2127--J. Packer.
Stair rods, Ac, screw eyes ftr holding--ai66-D. QimUL
Thra^ng machines, filed sad portable oomblai4-ail-fi. *
S®*????. *®^» extracting jttice fh)m-2193-J. Ftanii*.
UmbreUaa— 2205— T. ResteU. ^^
^brellas, Ac, oonstruction of the frames o^-SlM-W. Oak.
WMte steam, heatins water by means or-2ai3-I>. Ha^ .
Weights, use of ma^ets in oy«rbalancing— 20i7-r. f . ftV*^
742. J. ud J. Wild. '*798. W. MirtU »d J^
V46. 8. Bark, T. Attwood, and
J. D. Robinson.
747. J. T. Stroud.
754. R. A. Brooman.
765. y. Dubonig.
768. T. W. RammelL
762. E. Leyer.
763. J. Sjmes.
766. E. Pace.
769. J. Lightlbot.
772. J. Bees.
776. £. Orether.
780. H.BoldenAB.S.Forshaw.
782. A. Heald.
786. 8. Trotman.
787. D. TreadweU.
790. T. Waller.
791. T. J. Smith.
793. J. WlUiamaon.
797. H. B^lej, L. Newton, and
J. Ureares.
862. J.Pi«stmA.Ja.iii^
Brooki.
808. J. Blctetoo.
816. 0. SsBtena.
639. T.Boont.
655. W. ClsclL
862. O. Smitk, jn.
963. J. H. JohMQiu
966. A. V. Hew**
967. W.Bhrkiitt.
993. P'H. Lonw*
1097. D. Clarke.
1125. T. H. RMk
1796. T. fihaip.
1740. W. 8peBM.
1742. W. Vuamik
1822. N. Salamoa.
1890. T.J. V.K»
1940. O.K. M.(ta«i
/Vwn OommisaUmin qf Patmt* Jomyui, S^l*^^^
Fatcvts om which th« BtAMW DoTT or «50 "« ■* '
1768. J. Adams.
2344. J. Graham.
2367. W. O. Creamer.
2365. W. Stableford.
2371. H. Plantron,Jan.
2376. J. Price.
2377. J. iaflob.
2398. G. BbsnU.
2417. D. lleC«n"»'
2940. M. Hemj. . _ |g*
2390. T.Br^ti^*"*
2392.B,A.Bwonil.
PATiaVS DM WHICH TBI BfAMF DOTT OF il09 ■*»»*'* '^
2460. W. B. Newton. | 3506. J. C. P««^^
2484. J. Lewis. 2463. F. 0. Bakffd •
2476. L. Newton.
The Branswiok starjeUj moald-T658«^^afe«s. Biiki* ^^
40, 41, and 42, Chaodosstreet, Strand, W.C. ,_^ ^m
Portoble rotary halr-bnuhlng machins--46W'2j0{'J[^
Lamb's-bnildings, Stephen s-gi«eD, DebUn; tad Vmam
Qriffln, 17, Suilbik-sireet, Dublia. , ^^^^^^
The dress- preserring church boQk>boz and kBeaUu M*** ti
William Howard, jun., 23, Great RvaeO-KreflliB^^
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, Ootobbb 7, 1864.
735
PROPOSED ART RESULT SOCIETY.
By C. Bbuos Allbn, Architect.
The object of this proposed Society would be to bring
agaio into practical operation the time-worn wmy of Art
production by the hand ai well as the mind of the artist.
Art baa been defined by Ruskin to be man's delight in
nature's works. Art may alio be defined as the enort to
copy in the unformed materials of the earth nature's
worlcs through the mind and by the hand of each indivi-
dual artist. All genuine works of art are thus, like pic-
tures, copies more or leas perfect of nature's works, indivi-
dualized and impressed with the individual Art feeling of
each artist, through and by the combined operation of the
directing mind and executing hand. Art is (he hand-
writing of the artist in material written on useful things.
All the old art was produced in this way, and was
simply the expression or the wants and feelings of the
old artists in material, impressed on useful objects, and
thus utilized and nude common public property.
Bui that which strikes the modem observer most in
looking at a work of antique art, whatever its nature,
whether wrought like the Runic ornament, or of the
highest order of refinement and finish, as the honey-
suckle ornament on Greek fragments, is its expresmon
of individualUy, Like the hand-writing of a man,
we can see, and are quite sure, that the same artist
who invented or copied from some natural object the
design, himself and with his own hands, executed the
work. It is in picture painting only that this time-
honoured mode of produdng works of fine art in tliese
modem days is practised through necessity. Pictures are
therefore now the only products of fine art wherein the
public see in its fulneas and completeness the whole
strength of the artist. In pictures alone do we see the
artist workman and the signature of his hand.
It is for the expi*e8s purpose of enlarging the range of
this old and only perfect way of calling forth and
utilizing the Art strength of the time that w\& proposed
society should work. As a perfect art result may be defined
as a useful object impressed with the art feeling of the
artist for the beautiful wrought with his own hands, it
sliould be the object of this society to endeavour to extend
this great principle of Art action from painting, as its sole
uiodem exemplar, to sculpture and the details of architec-
tare, as well as to the ordinary objects in common and
daily use as furniture and its ornamental details.
The necessity of some new mode of Art-action will be
ioen the more readily by contrasting the modem 8}'stem
:)f Art production, as now eveiywhere practised, with that
kvhich it is now proposed to encourage.
A work of Art in these days is not in reality an Art
kvork at all, t.e.,a work of utility executed by an artist, but
I work of manufacture — a work of utility executed not
by one man but by a number, more or less, of hands, fol-
lowing each other successively as the work proceeds to
M>mpletion, and these hands chan^gas the different and
leceasary pauses in the work admit Thus in Glass Paint-
ug the original idea or sketch, the cartoon or working
irawinff, and the actual glass are by at least three artists
>r worKmon. Sometimes very many more will be found
\o have been employed succeasively in the production, not
)nly of an entire window, but each individual piece of the
vindow and quarry will have passed through the hands
if several artists and workmen, that is, will have been
uanufactured, like a pin or a nail, and thus be the work,
lot of any one artist, but of that strictly modem Art-
lestructive process by which one artist is made to entirely
lullify the work of anether. In tlie production of a pic-
ure on canvass this process is impossible, the whole work
a by one artist from first to last, the original sketch or
dea, the diuwing and outline, the colour and nainting,
ud the final finish; it is impossible to manuiacture a
licture. Now the sole diflerenco between a painting on
anvass and a painting on glass is in the nature of the
naterial on which the colours are laid. Hence modern
painted glass has in reality no artistic value, and, by the
side of the old glass, nmy fairly be likened to a chroma-
lithograph by the side of a genuine oil painting.
It will be' the business of this society, if established,
to endeavour to revive and encourage the old-fashioned
Art process of the production of figures and ornaments on
glass by one artist, and to regard each quarry as a picture,
each quarry at least being the signature and handwriting
of one man.
In the art of Sculpture, again, as now practised, this
modem process of manufacture is made to accomplish its
most unfortunate and art-killing work ; the idea and clay
model, and the actual stone or marble carving, are each
by distinct artists and workmen, a machine doing the
intermediate duty of indkating on the marble the artist
work on the clay. Thus our modem statues and figures
are lifeless models, for the real and effective power of the
artist sculptor consists in the direct renderinjs^ in stone or
marble with his own hands the Art idea in bis brain, and
which his own hands only can interpret. To breathe
life into marble the sculptor himself alone is able, hwnd
and mind together.
It would be the vocation of this society therefore to
advocate and encourage the antique mode of carving and
sculpture by the hand of the designing artist himself,
whether an artist workman or a sculptor, whether a
simple ornament or a figure. It would try to revive the
oldest of all Fine Artwork, viz., hand-writing on stone, as
in Egyptian work.
In Architecture, the parent of the Fine Arts, this society
would seek to encourage among architectural students the
plan, as pursued by Inigo Jones, Wren, Pugin, and Bari^,
of each architect himself drawing the full-sized details
of buildings, mouldings, and ornament, thus creating an
architectural hand -writing, and a consequent expression of
the individual Aii feeling of the architect.
In common objects, as in furniture, paper-hangings,
woven fabrics, metal work, jewellery, glass, china, book-
binding, and others, as practised by the Art-workman in
the Art iactories and shops, it would be the express vo-
cation of this society, and of other societies which might
possibly arise from it — each one taking up a distinct
speciality, such as book-binding — to ask from our Art
workmen employed in these several Art trades specimens
of each man's skill in that special Art trade, such specimen
to be his entire work, thus evidencing to the full both his
aiiistic and manipulative power. To obtain from the
workman proofs and examples of his ability as an artist
would thus be the great and constant aim of the Art Result
Society. It would thus individualize the workman, and
help to give to the world each man's signature.
It would thus bo the province of th'is society to imitate
the old method — that which has given us modems all old
Art of whatever date, country, or style — of Art production
by the hand and head of the working artist ; but as the
method of Art production in the present day confines tlio
executive workman to his work, and so necessitates the
additional aid of the artist draughtsman and designer to
indicate his work for him, that is, to provide him with
the working drawing of the object whatever it is, whether
a roof truss or a jewel, it should be one of the leadii^
objects of the proposed Society \o notice and eacoan,^
side by side with the workman, the artist dnuykcsor*'*
who do this — a class of men now unreocyoiaeii «>i {..
terly unknown to the public.
The mode of doing this would be bjraAJ«: f n ^ i
Art draughtsmen designs and working tsr^ nr- ~ •■ •
set of common objects, of which njiciiai— ^ * v ^ <«.
in the shop windows, and award ii^ jam
petitors the Artist Council of th* m^'^*
most worthy and suitable. In iIh Ms«
premiumed designs and drawing
workmen in competition, to Ir •
the production of the oi^-^d !■»:
workman's art trade, tbes «^
publf'-' ^ Mt W «n ** '
^•<*
734
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobbe 7, 1864.
look at the prmciple and action of th^ earlier machineg
in which condeDsihle vapouis were uee^. The oature or
the fluid used necemarily determinefl, to a great degree,
the arrangement of such machines ; but in all, whatever
fluid be employed, or however arratigcd, a certain clo^
relation to a motive power heat engine may be observed.
In such engines there is always what may be called a hot
and a cold end ; at the hot end heat is absorbed, a part of
which is rejected at the cold end, while part is converted
into motive power; and the amount thus usefully employed
is proportional to the difference of temperature betwoun the
hot and cold ends. If fhcse temperatures become equal, no
power will be given out by such an engine, and, but for
friction, no power would be required to diive it ; but if the
temperature of what was originally the hot end be atill
further reduced, and an attempt made to diive it, power
will be consumed. As a familiar example, take the case of
an ordinary condensing 6team>engine, with a surface con-
denser; and, to make the illustration n^oio ulaio, we will
suppose that we have no natural means of keepiu^- t)ie
condenser colder than 200° Fahrenheit. Here the boiler
is the hot end, which absorbs heat from the fire, part of
which is converted into motive power, and part rejected,
being carried off by the cold water used in the condenser
to condense the steam. If we now allow the ire to die
out, and suppose no friction to retard our engine, when
the temperature of the boiler becomes the same as that of
the condenser, the engine will stop, for then the pressure
of steam in tiie boiler acting on one side of the piston
will be equal to the back pressure in the condenser acting
on the other. Let us suppose that we now again set our
engine in motion this time by driving the crank, the
piston working in the cylinder will, by removing the
boiler, after the manner of an air-pump, cause evaporation
to take place at a temf^rature lower than that of the
condenser, while on it« return tJie piaton will, by forcing
the steam into the condenser, raise its temperature to
200 degrees, at which we have the means of condensing
it. This condensed water being returned to the boiler,
the circle of operation is complete. The temperature at
which water boils so limits the cooling power of such a
machine as to render it practically useless ; out it is obvious,
that if for water we substitute a fluid with a sufficiently
low boiling point, we shall convert what is described as an
illustration merely into a practicable machine. Two
fluids are in practical use, sulphmic ether and liquefied
ammoniacal gas; but as the machine in which ether is
employed sufliciently illustrates the principle, and baa
been longest known, I will in a few words describe the
operation. £ther is contained in a small air-tight tubular
boiler, connected by a pipe to a cylinder and piston, with
suitable valves, by which the vapour, as fast as it is formed,
is abstracted from the boiler, at a pressure as near a vacuum
sks possible, under which circumstances other boils at a
temperature little above zero, abstracting heat to main-
tain its evaporation from any fluid, generally a current of
brine, that may be caused to flow through the tubes in
the same way that the hot gases of the fire ia a steam
lH)iler supply tJ^ beat necessaiy to maintain steam. On
the return stroke of the piston the ether vapour is ejected
from the cylinder, and forced into a tubular condenser at
a pressure about that of the atmosphere, by which its
temperature is so much raised that it may be condensed
by such water as can conveniently be got. The condensed
ether flows by a small pipe back to the boiler, where it is
again evaporated, and so on, continually. Such a machine
was in use for fully a year, at the works of Messrs. Young
and Co., Bathgate, for cooling the paraffin oil of which
they are the well-known makers, in order to extiact the
solid paraffin it contains, a substance of great value in itself,
and whose presence in the oil is otherwise undesirable.
This machine proving too small for the increasing size ol
the work, and the use of a material so volatile, inflammable,
expensive/and in all respects so dangerous as ether, being
?om"?^' ^'^^^^*'^'^» ^ ^^8 requested, in the beginning of
186^, to try if some eflicient substitute could not be
Ibund. Atmospheric air being the gobgtiilnto whSA it
once suggeated itsdf to me u not poly f/J% |ni wex^
sive, 1 oDmweDoed a series of experimento, wfai<^ at \m
resulted in a small model, by which I was able to fmat
pnercury. A large machine was immedlAlely pfooee^
with, which worked so satisfactorily that the ttte of tk
eiher machine was discontinued, and this year it tfae
same works a more powerful one has been cnetitf,
capable, if applied to such a purpose, of makac
tliree tons of ice in twenty- four hours. I ^
now proceed to describe the nature of this vauiiau
which, it will be seen, is allied to the air-ecigine is tfa»
same manner as the ether machine is to the stei&-«m^
If we enclose a quantity of air in a atrong veas^ i&K At
top of which we fix a common air-syringe, and foroe Ae
piston downwards by hand, we shall comprrp ^
enclosed air, which, by the power so speot, fil b
heated ; and if we now cool the wh<de apparatoi 4cm
to its original temperature, and allow the adrto&cnlb
piston gradually back, the air by tlie eflfort will be oo^;
but, ioa«(HUch as the cooled air will not ocoo^ tht sa
space as the air originally did, the piston wiu not ratan
to the poiuf at which it was when we commeaeei, mi
tliu0 le«^ ppwer will bo given out during the mnrMiw
of" the air than was ^nt in its com^ireSBOii. 1ft e as
necessary that the air he at the atmo^heric ptesort; f
au' of greater density be employed, the codUoff pove? (/
the machine will be increased. We have tmagsti^
elementary cooling machine, and as before povei h ^
in working it. To render this a practiofcle maduse, tb
first thing necessary is to perform the comiireasi^ a
heating operation, and the expansiou or coolixig c^ "
in separate compartments ; the one surrounded I9
to abstract the heat generated, ai^d the o&h^ mam
by the substance to he cooled, or from which heat ii te b
taken. The one compartment being thus TeiyoQlds&i
the other comparatively warm, the next thing n to posik
means by which the air can be continiuS^ ttac afeuU
from one to the other, without carrying ho^ fron tht
hot compartment to the cold. Thus, irtbe timpnT^TT
of the hot compartment be 70°, and that of tiLe ttid leo,
the air mu^t enter the cold compartment ^tepx^aj tA
expansion at a temperature as nearly zero as p^i^i^ mi
in returning to the hot compartment m.ust ealer it ^H-
paratory to compression, at a temperature as Bpi^T^
as possible. That beautiful invention of Stix&^, ^
regenerator, or respirator, as it is someilmes oalled, qia-
posed ordinarily of a large quantity of wire gauze, tbiSG^
which the air passes, enables us to accomplish thas va?
perfectly. When the machine is fairly a-ggiqg, tt:
layers of gauze next the cool comnartment become atodi
4s the compartment itself, and those next the hot en-
partment as hot, while the layers between thoae tUk ol
thi-ough the intermediate grsidee of tempeia.luie. Iks
the air, in passing from the hot to the oold coanpnttees-
warms the gauze and is itself cooled, and the <i 4i is a
returning is gradually warmed, cooliD|g the gaoas B ^
course ; and although the air is contmually neiitt M^
backwards and forwards from the hot consu^r^ntttl^
cold, and vice versi, no heat is convcye^t^ uEqk tk
hot end to warm the cold and interfere with th* e^Eii
power of the air during expansion. By the he^ sf ^
dia^ams, Mr. Kirk then explained the ArryogeKntt^
which this was carried out. He opncluded bv «a|
that the advantages attending the uae of his 9SS
were, that no expensive or dangerous fluid was ond^
which gave so little trouble, that the first mach^c^o^
for four months without being touched. Mr. Kii%, rt*^
request of the meeting, gave some explanations of |0ta^
his machine which had not been understood, and thcaso-
planations fully satisfied the meeting of thepracUeilttSv
of the machine. He further stated that the oosC 9P ^
machine, without boilers, was £700.
ProfeEsor Miller was glad to hear the madiio^ baftbtf
practically successful. The inventor had employe^ a V
principle in a new, simple, and effective manner.
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobhb 7, 1864.
735
PROPOSED ART RESULT SOCIETY.
By C. Bbuos Allbn, Architect.
The object of this proposed Society would be to briog
again into practical operation the time-worn way of Art
prodoction by the hand aa well as the mind of the artiat.
Art has been defined by Raskin to be man's delight in
nature's works. Art may also be defined as the enort to
copy in the unformed materials of the earth nature's
works through the miod and by the hand of each indivi-
dual artist. All genuine works of art are thus, like pic-
tures, copies more or less perfect of nature's works, indivi-
doaltzed and impressed with the individual Art feeling of
each artist, through and by the combined operation of the
directing mind and executing hand. Art is the hand-
writing of the artist in material written on useful things.
All the old art was produced in this way, and was
simply the expression of the wants and feelings of the
old artists in material, impressed on useful objects, and
thus utilised and made common public property.
But that which strikes the modem observer most in
looking at a work of antique art, whatever its nature,
whether wrought like the Runic ornament, or of the
highest order of refinement and finish, as the honey-
suckle ornament on Greek fragments, is its expresuon
of individualUy, Like the hand* writing of a man,
wo can see, and are quite sure, that the same artist
who invented or copied from some natural object the
design, himself and with his own hands, executed the
work. It is in jpicture painting only that this time-
honoured mode of produdog works of fine art in these
modem da}rs is practised through necessity. Pictures are
therefore now the only products of fine art wherein the
public see in its fulness and completeness the whole
strength of the artist. In pictures alone do we see the
artist workman and the signature of his hand.
It is for the express purpose of enlarging the range of
this old and only perfect way of calling forth and
utilizing the Art strength of the time that uiis proposed
society should work. As a perfect art result may be defined
R3 a useful object impressed with the art feeling of the
artist for the beautiful wronght with his own hands, it
should be the object of this society \o endeavour to extend
this great principle of Art action from painting, as its sole
uiodern exemplar, to sculpture and the details of architec-
ture, as well as to the ordinary objects in common and
daily use as furniture and its ornamental details.
The necessity of some new mode of Art-action will be
seen the more readily by contrasting the modem system
:)f Art production, as now eveiywhere practised, with that
»'hicli it is now proposed to encourage.
A work of Art in these days is not in reality an Art
work at all, t.tf.,aworkof utility executed by an artist, but
ft work of manufacture — a work of utility executed not
hy one man but by a number, more or less, of hands, fol-
lowing each other successively as the work proceeds to
xmipletion, and these hands changing as the different and
lecessary pauses in the work adnut. Thus in Glass Paint-
ug the original idea or sketch, the cartoon or working
1 rawing, and the actual glass are by at least three artists
>r workmen. Sometimes very many more will be found
.0 have been employed succeosively in the production, not
>nly of an entire window, but each individual piece of the
vindow and quarry will have passed through the hands
>f several artists and workmen, that is, will have been
uanufactured, like a pin or a nail, and thus be tlie work,
tot of any one artist, but of that strictly modern Art-
lestmctive process by which one artist is made to entirely
luUify the work of anether. In the production of a pic-
ure on canvass this process is impossible, the whole work
8 by one artist from first to last, the original sketch or
dea, the diuwing and outline, the colour and naioting,
,nd the final finish; it is impossible to manufacture a
>icture. Now the sole difference between a painting on
jinvaw and a painting on glass is in the nature of the
iiaterial on which the colours are laid. Hence modern
{Munted glass has in realitv no artistic value, and, by the
side of the old glass, may fairly be likened to a chromo-
lithogiaph by the side of a genuine oil painting.
It will be the business of this society, if established,
to endeavour to revive and encourage the old-fashioued
Art process of the production of figures and ornaments oq
glass by one artist, and to regard each quarrv as a picture,
each quarry at least being the signature and handwritiiig
of one man.
In the art of Sculpture, again, as now practised, this
modem process of manufacture is made to accomplish its
most unfortunate and art-killing work ; the idea and clay
model, and the actual stone or marble carving, are each
by distinct artists and workmen, a machine doing the
intermediate duty of indkating on the marble the artist
work on the clay. Thus our modem statues aud figures
are lifeless models, for the real and effective power of tlio
artist sculptor consists in the direct renderinjs^ in stone or
marble with his own hands the Art idea in bis brain, and
which his own hands only can interpret. To breathe
life into marble the sculptor himself alone is able, hand
and mind together.
It would be the vocation of this society therefore to
advocate and encourage the antique mode of carving and
sculpture by the hand of the designing artist himself,
whether an artist woiicman or a sculptor, whether a
simple ornament or a figure. It would try to revive the
oldest of all Fine Art work, viz., hand-iRiTiting on stone, as
in Egyptian work.
In Architecture, the parent of the Fine Arts, this society
would seek to encourage among architectural students the
plan, as pursued by Inigo Jones, Wren, Pugin, and Baripr,
of each architect himself drawing the full-sized details
of buildings, mouldings, and ornament, thus creating an
architectural hand-writing, and a consequent expression of
the individual Ait feeling of the architect.
In common objects, as in furniture, paper-hangings,
woven fabrics, metal work, jewellery, glass, china, book-
binding, and others, as practised by the Art-workman in
the Art factories and shops, it would be the express vo-
cation of this society, and of other societies which might
possibly arise from it — each one taking up a distinct
speciality, such as book-binding— to ask from our Art
workmen employed in these several Art trades specimens
of each man's skill in that special Art trade, such specimen
to be his entire work, thus evidencing to the full t)oth his
aiiistic and manipulative power. To obtain from the
workman proofs and examples of his ability as an artist
would thus be the great and constant aim of the Art Result
Society. It would thus individualize the workman, and
help to give to the world each man's signature.
It would thus be the province of this society to imitate
the old method — that whk^h has given us modems all old
Art of whatever date, country, or style — of Art production
by the hand and head of the working artist ; but as the
method of Art production in the present day confines the
executive workman to his work, and so necessitates the
additional aid of the artist draughtsman and designer to
indicate his work for him, that is, to provide him with
the working drawing of the object whatever it ie, whether
a roof truss or a jewel, it should be one of the leading
objects of the proposed Society to notice aud encourage,
side by side with the workman, the artist draughtsmen
who do this — a class of men now unrecognised and ut
terly unknown to the public.
The mode of doing this would be by asking from such
Art draughtsmen designs and working drawings of any
set of common objects, of which specimens are to be seen
in the shop windows, and awarding prizes to those coni>
petitors the Artist Council of the society might deem
most worthy and suitable. In the following year these
premiumed designs and drawings would be offered to the
workmen in competition, to be worked from by them in
the production of the object itself in the material of each
workman's art trade, these when premiumed, would be
publicly exhibited side bv side with the drawings, thtis to
736
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobkr 7,
evidence at one and the same time the skill of the de-
signer and the draaghtsman, and the skill of each indiyi-
dual executive workman.
It would also be the aim of the society to ask of the
artists of the day examples of their practised and more
learned skill in material ; as for example, an Art subject
etched on metal, wherein the ordinary Art practice of the
artist on paper or canvass is combined with the Art practice
of the workman in material, as may be instanced and
examples found in the works in niello, where Fine-Art
workmanship in perfection may be seen. It would ask
also of our painters painting on glass.
It will thus be seen that the special work of the Art
Result Society is not at present being attempted by any
existing Art society ; that its highest aim has been hitherto
in modem days uuattempted and almost unthought of ;
that the method will not be new, but old ; and that it
simply seeks to work into common things what is now
only to be found in paintings; and that it would but sim-
ply obey that great law of art, nature, and necessity which
compels the painting of a picture by one workman and
one only, and which will always equally compel the Art
production of the commonest object by one workman, and
one only. It is the price which nature demands for Art,
and which must ever be paid for it.
And it would be encouraged in its work by the conscious-
ness that the Art faculty of the present time is as great as
it ever was, as is proved in the works of Millais in painting,
Marochetti in sculpture, and Ruskin in leaf drawing, and
in the accidental efiorts of some of our Art workmen, as
seen here and there in Pugin's works and in Barry's
Westminster work.
It would simply seek to accomplish for the many what
the Royal Academy now does only for its painters.* As
an independent and distinct society, if divided into
sections, each taking cognisance of a single art trade, or
as the Art Result Department of the Society of Arts, it
would need for its Art action but a very simple apparatus,
and but a moderate annual fund.
A gallery or room would be required, in which should
be exhibited, for the inspection of Art workmen and
students, to assist them in the due comprehension of
real fine art workmanship, a small collection of spe-
cimcns of objects or casts appeiiaining to the art
trades proposed to be specially encouraged. There
should also be shown in this room, by way of com-
parison with these, choice specimens of the Art manufac-
tures of the day, to be selected from the shop windows,
and to be occasionally changed as the fashion of the time
changed, for the purpose of specially instructing the
student in the nature and mode of production of the Art
results in material and in Art as now applied to common
objects m the art manufactories, and in works of modem
fine art manufacture. It would be in the midst of these
examples of old and new art products that the works pro-
duced by the artist draughtsman and aitist workman
would be publicly exhibited, for the purpose of instracting
the public mind in the distinctive difference between the
modem art as now manufactured, and the same modern
art as it would be when the production of the individual
artist workman.
A small collection of casts and objects of antique art
have already been acquired towards this end, and some
libeial promises of modem specimens have been made for
the purpose of evidencing the present mode of Art manu-
facture. A collection has also been made of working
* It may be aieftil to remark that in this proposed mode of
atkiDfc of the iodiTidual workman the result of both bis hand
and mind labour, the ever.growing and necessary help of
machinery is not to be forgotten, in the stamping, printing,
and reproduction of Fine Art works, as woodcuts, eoint , paper-
hangiogfl, book corers, and the Uke. The proposed system is
intended to powerfully influence the original woodeut, die, or
wood block, works that, to be of any Art value, must be by a
*^ti* uld^ Pictarts and painted glass cannot be Sob
dramngt, by arUsfc workmen, to eiidanoe ibm
capacity of the workmen, and to ahow precinly vk
such detsil drawings am, and their practaoal uuaj aa
ap^ication.
This collection ahoold be confined stricUy to mIbiI A
jeots or oasts, whethw architectaral or otbenriMra^s
working drawings, and all models, Aetcihoa, litkqpafi^
engravings, photographs, and mere r^rtaeaimUmi ef tk-
Jects rigidly ezdnded, as it ia to be feared thai thas ka
a tendency to distract the attention of the atodeaifrs
the real Art- workmanship itself, aa seen oi4y in tfae eliBd,
and Ax)m its only means, the waking drawing, as Is ele
trae interpreter to a woricman. The Art Bealt&eiibf
would be a practical School of Art.
Cluts lectures should be inatitated for the
workmen in Art as applied to architectare and
ture. These lectures would be of the kind iMoiiatha
University and King's Colleges, not pc^niUr leote^
Memb^ and Art workmen would have at all tawi t>
opportunity of studying the collection and mtfarfipg tk
class lectures. But in this Art Beaoli Sodaiy, m £
others, it is hoped that the fact of doing f^^^ i:
encourage genuine Art-workmanship woold iDdnce wis*
to lend a helping-hand who could not woU benefit fraai
directly, when it is considered that the mode of aetk
is entirely new in modem days ; that ita plan «f A.",
action is now confined exclusively, and without a ^^
exception, to painters and pictm^e-painting, and tte !:f
its propoeed mode of directly employingtha Art iaajp
and manipulative power of the artist, whether aUdo^ J
workman, directly on the ob^^ itaelf, it woold ^ it
that value to such objects which ia now to be Smai ^
in old Art, and in what are called euriotitia.
$r0mMRg8 Bt Institsfima*
»
HiTOHiN Meohanios* iNBTTruTE. — A oiealiag WIS beU
in the library of the Institution, on the 14lh ^affomka,
to distribute certificates to those who had passed m wCiu
examinations, and to consider whether itweali ast iv
desirable to form a union between the local aooiriis c
this nature. The Rev. Lewis Hendey oocaniedthsfllBir,
supported by Harry Chester. Eeq., Joseph cSbanplsi, &;
C. Times, £sq., J. Pollard, Esq., dko. Tbe Ob^v
having explained the objects of the meeting, Mr. flan
Chester rose and said that it was not the first tiose kt hiE
been to Hitchin, but he had come before them wte Heir
society was not in such a flourishing oocMlitian « it «•
now ; he was pleased to sec that they had a fine M<r|. ,
large rooms, and an excellent library, and ahii
carrying out their scheme they had entered M
with the Society of Arts. He was also pleased
Hitchin society had taken part in the ezamintL^
he observed that they had but few candidates, y«l
few appeared to be successfhL There waa now
in London what ought to be established ii
namely, a Local Union of InsUtatiou. It ,
found to be as desirable here as in other parts of
where it had been adopted. These distriot «iAm
assbt in holding minor examinations and bdzMOf '
students forward until at last they became elwflL
candidates for the prizes given by the Society of i-"*^!
What he had proposed' was a union of aocietiei ^' •■^■*
out the whole county of Herts ; the oonn^, |
not sufficientlv forward to carry out this now, ^
appeai-ed to him to be a very spirited plaoe^
Pollard and others would meet witfi enooorsu.-
they were to form into a union, say the distriel if
Herts and Sooth Beds, making Hitijiin Ihe
institution. He then presented ^e cwtMoa^
J. Pollard read letters from the lostftnttans at
Royston, and St. Albans: Mr. StricUatid
from Stevenage and no rep^ had
fi*om Luton. The letters
bat
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobbr 7, 1864.
737
locietiefl to receive a report of the meeiiog, and to
be informed as to the aovantages to be derived from a
anion mich as had been proposed, and how il would affect
them. Mr. H. Chester said that in the nnioos eetablished
they never ioterfered with the management of each io-
llvldnal society, bat the object was to co-operate together
for the general good of all. The great thing was to ^et
a oompetent visiting officer, some such person as a certifi-
^ted schoolmaster, who would visit each society, form
lists of lecturers, Ao, He found that the life of a
iinion was comprehended in their visiting officer. Mr.
O. Times proposed '*That a sub-committee be ap-
pointed to consider the expediency of forming into a
union the Hitchin and the neighbouring Mechanics' In-
stitntions, and report to the general meeting.*' Seconded
md carried unanimously. A committee was appointed.
The Cfhairman then proposed a vote of thsnks to Mr.
B[arrT Ohester, seconded by Mr. J. Pollard, and carried
an^oiimously.
Lakoashirb and Ghsshibb Assooution. — In the
Kdncation Department of the Social Science Association,
held at York last week, a paper was read by Dr. Pank-
hunt on '* The Association of Lancashire and Gheshiro
Bfechanics' Institutes: its Objects and Operations." The
following is a summary: — This organisation is founded
upon A sense of the advantages of concerted action. The
chief objects of the Association may be shortly stated to
be— 1. To equalise the educational facilities and opportu-
nities of the several districts. 2. To establish modes of
procedure which, while uniform in essenUals, may be suffi-
ciently flexible to the needs of particular localities. 3. To
help Institutes to make provision for a regular course of
instruction by a connected system of classes. 4. To afford
opportunities to the Institutes to secure competent teachers
in classes. 5. To supply information upon and make ar-
rangements for conductmg examinations of the members
of the Institutes. 6. A special examination of an elemen-
tary character. 7. Incr^wed incentives to members of In-
stitutes to submit to examination by special prizes publicly
presented. 8. To furnish assistance by the ^nodical visita-
tion of a duly constituted agent. In addition to a number
of vioe-presidents and a general council, the practical
working is directed by an annually-elected executive. A
visiting agent is employed, whose time is exclusively
devoted to the promotion of the educational interests of
the Institutes, which are distributed into groups. An
itinerating library is provided, to which it is mtended
to add an itinerating art-exhibition. A list of paid and
honorary lecturers is furnished, to which it is proposed
to add a list of paid and honorary teachers, l^acilities
are afibrded, by the formation of local boards and other-
wise, for conducting the examinations of the Society of
Arts, the Department of Science and Art, and other
examining bodies. The number of Institutes in union is
86.^ The Association has conducted these examinations
during the past year. The elementary examination is
int^ided for candidates between the ages of 12 and 16
years, and forcandidates above 16 years of age who, from
the insufficiency of their elementary knowled^^e, are not
qualified |fi>r admission to the final examination of the >
Society of Arts. In working these examinations it was
determined — 1. To use the papers prepared by the Central
Committee of EducaUonal Unions. 2. To appoint a board
of examiners to estimate the value of the answers of the
candidates. 3. To give prizes to the most successful candi-
dates. To the examinaUon of the Society of Arts 25 Insti-
tutes sent in candidates. Science classes in connection with
the Department of Science and Art have been in operation
m seventeen localities. It seems evident that the labours of
the Association should be energetically directed towEurds
giving prominenoe to three points in the working of the
several Institutes, viz., 1. To press upon each Institute the
great importance of founding such a s}*stem of classes as
•hall place within ^e reach of every member the elements
of a sound and useful education. 2. To urge the ap-
Pl^tioQ of the nuMt earnest efibrts to introduce into sul
branches of the elementary instruction the utmost possible
soundness and accuracy. 8. To assist in arranging in
every district for the employment of one or two efficient
teachers to itinerate through the several parts of the
district. That teaching power which any sinele Institute
would be quite unable to provide by its unassisted efforts,
becomes easily procurable when several Institutes are so
grouped together that there may be a mutual participation
in benefits and burdens.
Yo&KSHiBB (Wbst Ridimo Educatiomal Boabd). —
The prizes, certificates, and medals awarded to candidates
at the Examinations of the Universities, the Society
of Arts, and Department of Science and Art, as well
as the Elementary Examinations conducted by the West
Hiding Educational Board, were presented on the 21st
September, in the Leeds Town Hall, by Sir S. Northcote,
Bart., M.P. Upon the platform were Mr. J. S. Pakington,
Mr. Henry Cole, C.B., Mr. Beecroft, M.P., Mr. Titos
Salt, Hev. Canon Atlay, D.D., &c. During the evening.
Dr. Spark performed a selection of music on the organ.
Mr. Harnett Blake read the report, from which the fol-
lowing are extracts : — The special object for which the
West Riding Educational Board was established was the
extension of the principle of examination as a test of the
results of education among all classes of the community,
both in Leeds as the centre, and in all parts of the great
county of York. Since the publication of the last report
numerous examinations have been very successfully con-
ducted by the Board. In October, the local examinations
for the University of Durham were held in the Town
Hall, Leeds. There were eleven seniors and fifteen junior
candidates, from Leeds, Tadcaster, York, Harrogate, and
Hull ; and of the eleven seniors three obtained second-
class and six first-class certificates, with the title of
Literate, and two passed. Of the juniors three obtained
third-class certificates, and six passed. In December the
examinations for the University of Cambridge were held.
There were four senior and twenty-four junior candidates
from Leeds, Wakefield, Bradford, Cleckheaton, York,
Harrogate, Pontefract, Woodhouse Grove, Boston- spa,
Tadcaster, Giggleswick, Stockton, and Morpeth. Of the
senior, one obtained a first-class certificate, and two
satisfied the examiners. Of the juniors, six obtained
first-class, six second-class, and two third-class certificates,
and four satisfied the examiners, being by far the largest
proportion who obtained honours of any place in the
kingdom. In January the only provincial matriculation
examination for the University of London was held in
Leeds. There were twenty-four candidates fron| Leeds,
Bradford, Halifax, Huddenfield,Ot]ey,Scarbro',Tadcaster,
Hull, Wetherby, Thirsk, Manchester, Liverpool, Accring-
ton, Wigan, Birmingham, Wolverhampton, and Bury. Of
these, seven passed in the first-class, nine in the second-
class, and one in the third-class. In March the elementary
examinations in connection with the Society of Aits, and
under the management of the Board, were held at Leeds,
Aoomb, Eccleshill, Eston Mines, Farnsley,Hebden Bridge,
Hunslet, Idle, Eeighley, Marske, Middlesbrough, Ossett,
Queensbuiy, Scarbro', Slaidburn, Stocksbridge, Stockton,
Thirsk, and Wilsden. There were ninety-five senior
candidates, of whom fi fly-nine obtained certificates, and
two hundred and seventy- one junior candidates, of whom
one hundi'ed and ninety-one obtained ceiiificates. For
these examinations twelve prizes for seniors, and thirteen
prizes for juniors were given by this Board. The ex-
aminations of the Society of Arts were held in Apiil, and
there were twenty-five candidates; and those of pupils of
Science Classes for the Department of Science and Art
commenced on the 2nd of May, and concluded on the 4th
of June. Thirty-three candidates were entered. The
local examinations for the University of Oxford were held
at the end of May and beginning of June. There were
eleven senior and fifty-three junior candidates from Leeds,
Woodhouse Grove, Fulneck, Halifax, Pontefract, Don-
caster, Bramham, Thorparch, Boston-Spa, Harewood,
Beverley, Scarbro', Sheffield, Buniley, and Newcastle-on-
788
JOURNAL OF THE 800IETT OF ABT8, Ootobbb 7, MWu
Tyne. A Mcond half-yearly examination for matricola-
tioD in the Uoiverfiity of London was held in the Town
Hall in June last. Ther« were thirteen candidates, and
nine of them were soccessful. Abundant evidence has
thns been afford^ of the extent and valae of the work
#hich is being done by the West Biding Edacational
Board, and the important aid which is given to the pro-
motion of the education of aU classes on the only sore
basis of sound instruction. — The Chairman said that it
appeared from an account of the results of the Oxford
University examinations, that while in 1858 only 87 per
cent, of those who presented themselves for examination
8atis6ed the examiners, in the present year no less than
67 per cent, satisfied the examiners. Considering that
this system of examinations was set on foot in order to
apply a test to the educational system throughout the
country, in order to ascertain how ftr the schools are
doing their work properly, and how far those educated
in them are receiving the benefits which the schools are
intended to confer, it must be satisfactory to see that
within the period of six years so large a progress had been
made. It was not only because the examinations which
this Board was conducting presented results of that kind
that he rejoiced at the work done, but because he was
glad to find that there was in this important metropolis of
the middle classes, a body of persons who were paying
attention to education, and whose co-operation would be
most valuable at the present time, when the education of
the middle classes is attracting so much attention in the
tountry. At one time people used to look upon and
speak of education as a simple amount of instruction or
as the imparting a certain amount of knowledge. By
degrees it began to dawn upon people that there might be
more in it than simple instruction, that education meant
not merely the imparting of knowledge, but the formation
of character, the formation of habits of mind, which
would enable people to acquire knowledge for themselves.
And then, strange to say, we had rather exaggerated
that truth, inasmuch as in many places there was a dis-
position not to overrate instruction but actually to under-
rate it, and to make so much of what we call the training
and discipline of education as to treat instruction-indefinite
instruction — in matters which might be of use to persons
in the pursuit of life, as if it were absolutely non-essential,
and should constitute no part of education at all. The
great difficulty to be met with was this, that we must
endeavour to combine, as far as possible, the educational
process with the instructional process. We must be care-
ful, in laying down a system of education, not to make it
either materialistic or too simply utilitarian, so as to drive
away the student It was desired to retain. If that was the
view to be taken they would see that it was of the greatest
importance we should endeavour, in laying down any sys-
tem ot education applicable to the middle classes, to provide
such a scheme of education as will at once give the most
that can be given in the way of general training and
general development of character, and which at the same
time will give that which they most need for the particular
pursuits to which they are to devote then* lives. The
Chairman went on to ar^e that the principle of *' supply
and demand" when applied to education was not sufficient,
OS there was in fact not enough enlightenment to produce a
demand, and that these examinations, as demonstrating the
value of education, exercised a most useful influence.
Examinations, judiciously conducted, fhmished the most
perfect test of the character of the work of any student.
How was the machinery for examinations to be supplied ?
We ought not in this matter to be wholly resting upon
the Government. It was a matter which the people of
England must mainly do for themselves. At the same
time they must not be too proud to accept asistanoe in
the way of advice, organisation, or encouragement on the
part of the Government, if such should be found desirable.
The aasiBtance from the Universities in this matter was
T^ ^**°*We, as well as that afforded by the Society of
Arts, and other bodies which undertake the management
of examinatfons of this sort. After touching vpcm kie
subjects of grammar-schools, and urging the ioiwrteace
of a wiser distribution of their eudowmentB, Sir ota&ri
Northoote concluded by a brief and eocooragliig iihrn
to the successful students, and then disiribaied thefna.
The Bev. Canon Atlay moved the finfc resolutiaBTiolb
effect that the Local Examinations oi the JJmraa&kg
Oxford, Camlnidge, and Durham offer an effectQal Dtii
of testing the soundness of educatioii in mid^liKii
schools, and, by the excellent arrangemoita and fomd
the West Riding Educational Board, had been nlKef
great advantage to the sohoolflof Yorkabire and tbtarab-
east of England. This was seoooded by Mr. Bmak
M.P., and carried. Mr. Henry Cole, C.Bu, moved &r
second resolution, as follows : — *' That the lyslea a
Elxaminations in special subjecta by the SodelfiCAitt,
with the award of certificates and prizes to flnaDiiid.aB-
didates, having proved a most valuable stunnlni to v^
education, and the Elementary ExaminatioDs in ooraA-
tion with the Society of Arts being a moit iptportst
aid to the members oif Mechamcs* and similar Iob&Ibii
in preparing them for examinations <^ a mon mtmood
character, they are deserving of pablic ■ujoct. la
order to render their advantages more geoenlly ai^
able." Mr. Pakington, in seconding the renUitiQii, ai
it was the ol^ject of the Local EkliHsatiofial Board, «stib>
lished in connectk>n with the Society of Arta, to grn
publicity to their poceedings and facilities to the mi^
dates who wished to attend these Kxaminatiora Vm
Society had found that a great and growing wast k»
been felt throughout the country of a test of the efao-
tion obtained at the classes in connection with MmAmk^
Institutions, and had thrown oat those indaoescsk t
the members. There had been lately instituted a Ooa-
mittee of Unions, meeting under the auspieei of tat
Society of Artd, to promote uniformity in the staadsi c^'
Elementary Examination in each provincial district, fie
had no doubt that if all the Local Educatiaoiil Bmi^
were as energetic, and carried out their work as efios^aij
as that of Leeds, the cause would prosper. The taais-
tionwas unanimously agreed to. Mr. Aldenaml^ai
moved a resolution to the effect that the Board ^fsi
entitled to the support of the public of TorkshlM aai J
the north-east of fengland. This was seoooded If is
Bev. Mr. Longsdon. On the motion of the Ibr. Co*
Atlav, seconded by Mr. Beecroft, M.P., a cordial vole «
thanks was given to Sir Stafford Korthcote for
im ^s.
ENCOURAOBMmT OF LlHB ESOBATIHO IV TuXL^
The recent competition for the grand priasof 1Ih*>
likely to prove important to the engT a vcr ' s at; Ik
specimens submitted to the jury were so in^rior M ^
Srize was awarded, and the fact is but too evidflot t^
1 consequence of the comparative cheapEKss of pM»
graphy, or from that and other oaines oomraied, thslar^
has become almost a uegleoted instrameot. Tarn ^
certainly greatly to be lamented, and the ar&tfe w^
of France has taken the alarm. There is in the Lporr
a department of Ohalcogiaphie, for the ezpnees pasf»^
encouraging oigcavmg, but it has not snmcieot Aadifr
the purpose, and perhaps the very natore of a _
mental establishment is against it. One oompiaidcj
against it is, that suffident enooumgemeDt is not
to native art. In these oiroumstanoeB the cHy antbsriiv
of F&ris have taken up the matter, and are abottt is cy
and raise up the engraver by giving him some inpnv
commissions. The first step taken is to be the gyi"*T
of the principal works whion omameoi the cJumiis s*
municipal buildings, and some of those In the tea oltf*
of Saint Eustache are selected to commeooe wiMk tk*
engravers have been oomndssiooed to mpnw1iMflisHi¥
ingi by H. Signol in one of the diapdi of '
JOURNAL OP THE 800IBTT OP ARTS, Ootobbr 7, 1864.
789
"istiDg of three subjecta and two single figures, at an
estimated expense of a thousand pounds. The plates will
remain the property of the city of Paris, and it is probable
that an anmngement will be made wHh the engraving
department of the Louvre for the publication of ^e prints,
as was done by the dty some time since in the case of
an engraving of a portrait of the Emperor after Horace
Yeniet The only kind of engraving, except that on
wood, which is much practised in France at the present
moment, is etching, and some of the works of this class
are admirable. There is a society of aqua-fortiateSt now
three years old, which has pallished some remarkable
etchings. The art is taught m the schools of art, and a
course is about to be commenced In the female school in
the RneDupuytren, of which Rosa Bonheur is, or was, the
directren. There are aho some important works of this
kind being executed for the government, which will
be notieed shortly. In connection with this subject it
may be mentioned, that the Superintendent of Fine Arts
has authorised the reproduction, by means of photography,
of the sculpture, both ancient and^modem, in the Museum
of the Louvre.
PuBUo Works of Art in Paris. — The present Is
harvest time for French painters and scnlptor?. In
addition to all the works which have been recorded as in
progress, a number of commissions have been given fbr
the decoration of the fine church of Saint- Sulpice, and two
small chapels have just been completed. M. Bonnegrace
has also recently painted a fine picture fbr the church of
Saint-Louis, in the island of that name. M. Saley,
member of the Institut, is 'now at work on a statue, to
be cast in bronze, of Francois Premier, for the vestibule of
the central court of the Hdtel de Ville ; and M. Crank
on a bust of the Empress, for the jthrono room [of the
same magnificent City Palace. In addition to these
commissions the Prefect of the Seine has purchased four
busts, attributed to Canova, representing the four
brothen of Napoleon, fbr the four angles of the Salon de
TEmpereur, in the same buildmg, decorated twelve years
since by M. Ingres. These busts were formerly at
Mahnaison.
Amieks Museum. — This is a new establishmeni on a
grand scale, and it and other provincial galleries are
being raised into Importance by the Qovemment of
Louis Napoleon. The Amiens Museum has been
declared to be Mos^e^umexe of the Louvre, and has, in
consequence, received some pictures fbr whkh there was
no proper »paoe in the Luxembourg gallery, and some
others out of the reserved stores of the Louvre. It is
said that it Is also in contemplation to send good copies of
famous pictures to the various provincial galleries. Such
distribations are most praiseworthy, and with such a wide
field open it is to be hoped that in a short time no picture
or statue worth seeing will be hidden in the store-rooms
yf the Louvre or elsewhere.
ExoiBrrioR or Cartoons it Brussels. — The litertfry
rod artistic institution of Brussels has just opened an
sxhibition of cartoons, under government patronage. The
saintets Kaulback, and the Eckels, of Munich ; Henri
7on Hess and Julius Schnorr, J. Henbach and C. Muller,
)f Doaseldorf • and the French artists Hippolyte Flandrin,
/ictor Orsel, and Chenavard, are prominent amongst the
txhibitoTS — one alas I posthumously. The carto{)ns con-
ri bated by the last-named artist are those intended for
he decoration of the Pantheon by the Provisional
Government of 1848, and which were to be seen at the
Jniversal Exhibition of 1856. The committee has had
he good taste to borrow some choice paintings in order to
nlivefi the appearance of the Exhibition, which would
therwiao have been of too monotonous a chaiacter.
The MmnoR Vbkusbb.— A report is current that the
ling of Bavaria has earned the three statues and the
1100110 torso of Venus to be withdrawn from the Uypto-
leque, and shut up in a private room in the Pinacotheque.
'hi^, if true, would be bad enough, but if, as asserted,
le finest of the three statues was thrown down in the
act of removal and •* broken into a thousand pieces," a
strange caprice has resnlted in a real misfortune. It is to
be hoped that the whole report is unfounded.
Sale or the Late Kino or Denmark's Gallert. —
The collection of Frederick VII. has been annoonced for
sale ; it includes six hundred works, amongst which are
pictures by Rembrandt, Rubens, Van Dyke, Robcra,
SalvatorRosa, Correggio, and other ^reat masters, but the
greater portion are the work of Danish artists. The sale
was to take phuw at the Chateau of Chrlstiansborg, hi
Copenhagen.
The Colossal Statue foukd in Rome. — This fortunate
discovery has given rise to [much conjecture, and to
accounts so contradictory as to create an impression that
either the whole story is a myth, or that somebody is
busy disseminating information he does not possess. It
is said, on the one hand, that the work is gilt bronze,
that it has been laid bare to the knees, but that the
excavations had been stopped by an irruption of water.
At first, it is said, the statue was taken to be that of
Pompey, because it was found in the ancient circus which
bore his name, but no resemblance could be found to existing
likenesses; then It was conjectured to represent Diocle-
tian, why, is not stated; lastly, the Corrupondanee
Litteraire calls it without hesitation " the celebrated Satyr
attributed to Praxiteles," of which copies exist in several
European museums, the Louvre amongst othera ; we say
copies, for all agree that the original was lost. The
broken statue ^st discovered is certainly an original ; the
artists and antiquarians who have seen it have no doubt
about that. It is moreover of remarkable beauty, and
has even been pronounced by a perfectly disinterested
person to be one of the finest bits of sculpture in
Rome. This statue, representing the Satyr of Praxi-
teles then, being an original, it may be safe to
conclude that it is the very marble which was wrought
by the chisel of the Athenian sculptor; in fact, if the
original existed at Rome, where could it have been better
placed than in a room of the apartments of the Emperors,
that is to say, precisely where it has been discovered.
The hypotheses and contradictions here are plentiful
enough, but the proofs of this bronze statue being the
original marble worked by Praxiteles are unfortunately
not quite conclusive. We must curb 'our impatience a
little, and hope that the exquisite Venus, so-called, of
Milo, may have a woiihy companion raised from the
Roman dirt.
Photoorapuio Pbintino. — A new invention is an-
nounced which, if it accomplishes what it is stated tv
effect, will give a great impulse to the Art. The nitrate
of silver and hyposolphite of soda, the two agents now
employed in the production of positive prints, are entirely
got rid of, hs well as the use of albumen for giving
a surface to the paper. Photographs printed on the
present svstem, with thtse substances, are, except under
special circumstances of very careful preparation and
careful custody, liable to fade and change, and no absolute
reliance can be placed upon them for lasting. Hence
it has been a creat desideratum in the photographic
world to attain the olject by using other substances than
those named above, which are known to chemists to have
in them, as it were, the seeds of decay. Carbon has been
tried in various ways, and great progtess has been made
of late in this direction, and very beautiful results, indeed
all that could be desired, have been accomplished, but
the process is not easy of manipulation, and requires great
care, time, and skill to effect, involving the risk of many
failures, so that, for general use commercially, it is not
likely at present to be adopted. The actual details of
the new process are not yet made public, but it consists
in coating a sheet of paper with collodion, in which
are dissolved certain salts of uranium. When dry, it
is exposed to the light under a negative, in the same
manner and for about the tame length of time as paper
prepared on the present system. It is then washed in
a liqtud, said to be an acid, whfch diasolves all the ura«
740 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, OoroBBa 7, 186*.
i ■ i fi
niam aaltt, after which it Is wished in plain water for a
few miirates, and the pictore it complete, the tone being
of a bistre colour ; this, however, can be changed into the
usual deep parple tone by the ordinary toning process. The
invention is that of M. Wothly, of Aix-la-Chapelle, and
its permanenqy is alleged to have been tested by a vast
namber of laboratory experiments. It must, however, be
added, that specimens done by this process twelve
months ago in this country, by M. Wothly himself or
his agent, do not come up to the periection of silver prints
in bMuty and delicacy, and appear to have decidedly
chaoMd. It is moreover stated* that a firm in Paris,
which commenced working the process there some time
since, has now abandoned it entirely.
DispuTB nr the Cabpet Tbade. — In May, 1868, an
agitation commenced in the above trade for an advance of
wages equal to 10 per cent, upon the weaving of Scotch
carpeting. In the following July the Carpet Manu-
facturers' Association held theur annual meeting at Halifax,
when a deputation from the workmen presented a
momorial setting forth their requests, but, after discussing
the question at great length, the meeting gave an adverse
decision. The deputation went back to their respective
districts and apprised the workmen of the result. Special
meetings of tne trade were held, and resolutions passed
urging on their central committee the necessity of using
their influence with Mr. William Henderson, of Durham,
president of the Masters' Association, with the view of
obtaining a special meeting of that body to reconsider
their decision. In compliance with a memorial to this
effect, the president consented to convene a special meeting
of the masters, in December, at Leeds, and when it took
place, the same deputation of workmen was once more in
attendance. The result was, that the masters admitted
the workmen's claims to be reasonable, and expressed their
own readiness to comply on condition that the manufac-
turers of like goods in Scotland would give a corresponding
advance to their workmen within six montlis from February
1. The workmen in Scotland now began agitating for
this advance, and a meeting of the Scottish manufacturers
was held on the subject in February, at Glasgow, the
Issue being, as at the ^i similar meeting in England, a
refusal to accede to the wishes of their workmen. The
agitation in Scotland still continued, and after ascertaining
the opinions of the workmen of Scotland upon the
question at issue, a united deputation of English and
Scotch workmen waited upon each of the Scotch masters,
and personally solicited tneir influence with Mr. Hugh
Wilson, of Kilmarnock, chairman of the Scottish Masters'
Association, with a view of obtaining a special meeting
of that body to reconsider the decision come to at
Qlasgow. A second meeting took place in July, in the
same city, which was largely attended, and the English
president, Mr. Henderson, was present by invitation. A
deputation of Scotch and English workmen also attended.
A long discussion took place on the question at issue,
ending in a resolution which would virtually have given
an advantage of 10 per cent, in the weaving of certain
fabrics to the Scotch manufacturers over their English
brethreo. This was at the time protested against, and a
meeting of the English masters was held a few days later
at Leeds, when a deputation of their workmen a^in
attended. At this meeting the English masters decided
to make these two propositions to the masters of Scot-
land : — First, a scale of wages giving to the workmen all
they asked for and establishing a difference of five per
cent, in favour of the Scotch over the English masters ;
second, a somewhat lower scale of wages establif^hing a
similar difference of five per cent. The Scotch masters
at once accepted the first proposition, and thus a compli-
cated question was satisfactorily arranged. The attendant
difficulties may be estimated when it is oonsidered that
the money interests of the English and Scotch masien are
opposed to each other, and that the intereate of the work-
men of each country were opposed to thoie of iMr
masters. * All matters being now fully arraogcd to ths
entire satisfi^stion of all parties, the new scale of wig«s
came into operatiim on the 1st of October. BoA ii
the brief history of an agitation worked throagbool oa
purely moral principles. While many other tndeaan
suffering under the lash of their own follies the esipet
weavers are reaping the reward of pnideoce and fan-
thought. Would it not be wise for other trades to fioiQow
the example this case presents, and let emv^oytn and
workmen meet annually to settle their dinefeooei br
reason and argument, instead of resorting to eoerc t o n and
intimidation? Many years have now elapfied oieetiie
harmonious feeUng betwixt the masters and waikn^
was disturbed, and now their relations are streogtheoed
by mutual confidence and respect.
Ikdustbial Exhibition in the Coaghmakivo Tbakl
— ^A meeting of the employers and workmen in the
above trade was recently held, at the Carriage Bazaar,
Baker-street, to consider the propriety of estaUkh-
ing an Annual Industrial Exhibition. The meetiof
was presided over by G. K. Hooper, Esq., who sta^
the great pleasure he felt in meeting so many ridlkd
artisans willing to support the proposal, mod be vai
quite sure that an exhibition, open to all braodiei
comiected with carriage building, woold prove vst
attractive, not only to members of the trade, bat tbe
general public, who were at present quite igDorant of the
method upon which carriages were constructed. Aesoki-
tions approving the object of the meeting, and abo
soliciting the co-operation of the Society of Arts and the
Worshipful Company of Coach and Coach Hanws-
makers, were moved by J. F. Woodall, Er}., G. ThniR,
Esq., and J. Bobinson, Esq., and carried nnanimooMy,
after which the meeting was adjourned until Ilianday,
the 6th of October, when a committee will be famed.
The Detebiobation or Cbtstalluation op 'Wboosht
Ibon. — An artkle in the Bn^neer reprodaoes the explana-
tion given last May by Mr. FtLgd, C.E., bsfavs tbs
Socie^, of the deterioiation of wrought iioo. It wiE fat
remembered that it was pointed out, and evidsnced hj
numerous experiments, that wrought iron is l en de fe a
more or less brittle by strains in excess of the limils ef
elasticity. 2. That a crystalline fractore is lao do o ed fay
any sudden rupture. 8. That a state of brjttlencss
whether due to defective manufacture or to iiiiissnrn
strains — ^would render a bar peculiarly liable to mptnra
under impulsive forces. 4. That rupture under sooh or-
cumstances must be sudden, and oooaeqacntlj ayauDine
in appearance.
Beet Boot Spmrr. — ^The Commiasiooeis of Inkiid
Bevenue in their last report say: — "After petieBt^
watching these experimental distilleries for seven jraaa
we are relieved fn>m further anxiety on the aabyeot by
the final relinquidunent of the mannfactore hj the last
of Uiose gentlemen who had embarked in the ondertakinK'
We understand that in all these cases the eTperimeot h«
entirely failed as a remunerative speculation.
Malt. — It appeara by the report of the Inland tte v e n s e
Commissioners toat the number of bushels charged with
duty in the year ended 31st Match, 1868, was AISX4JB9K
and in that ended 81st March, 18&1, 47,985,949. ahowiD«
an increase of 6.871,119. The quantity made in IS^&i
exceeds by 2,879,768 bushels the laigest ew bdbr*
charged in a like period. This is attributable to the us*
usuidly fine quality of the barley grown in England is
1868, and to the small stock of miut oo hand at the end
of the previous year. The stocks at the present tne
are very considerable, a circumstance which mnA W
taken into account iu estimating the dnty for the coneat
year.
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, Ootobbr 7, 1864.
741
Contnum.
Ska Fibhcbies Couuission. — It appears from evidence
^en before this commission that considerable changes
ve of late years taken place in the extent and profitable
aracter of the fisheries on the coast between the month
the Mersey and the Isle of Man on the east and west,
d Cumberland and Carnarvon Bay on the north and
lih. During the last 20 years the number of boats
) ployed has not materially increased or decreased, but
e boats have been of larger baild during the last few
tars. Within four or five years past, a practice very
jurioas to the fisheries generally has grown into
miidable proportions, and threatens to destroy the
pply of soles, haddock, plaice, turbot, and other fish,
iiioh has hitherto been equal to the demand of the
iverpool market, and a large extent of country besides,
he shrimping boats, which fish on the mud and sand
inks in the Mersey, upon which vast numbers of young
sh feed, carry, besides their shrimp nets, trawling nets,
ith very small meshes, and during the months of
uguat, September, and October, they catch enormous
aantitiea of the young fish and bring them to market,
'o this the dealers attribute the great falling off which
as been observed during the last four or five years in the
>ring fisheries. The supply of soles has diminished
ery greatly, haddock has almost disappeared, and the
eneral decrease is described as very serious. The
ritnessos examined by the commission did not consider
he shrimping injurious, but they urged the necessity of
prohibiting the use of small mesh nets on the feeding
tanks ; and some of them recommended a restrictive
inactment forbidding the dropping of a net within ten
niles of the mouth of the river. It was even suggested
hat if such regulations were imposed the supply would be
doubled next year.
€B\mt.
Cultivation of Suoab in Qukessland. — In the
selection of land for a sugar plantation, care should be
taken that the soil is adapted for the purpose, as ohiefiy
m this will depend the quantity of saccharine matter.
The yield on the most favourable soils is doable that of
»lcareon8 marl or sandy soils. The plantation should be
Dn an incline if possible, or on a high level, so that it will
Dot be subject to swamping, and will not require much
drainage. Black clay is the most suitable, as it will
retain the moisture longer than any other. Alluvial soil,
from 12 to 14 inches on clay, is also very good. Rich
alluvial soil is good, but canes grown in this ground will
not have hold suflBcient in the soil to withstand strong
winds. As they grow very soft in this soil, too, strong
winds are likely to do them much damage. The varieties
of sugar canes being indigenous to China, it was from
thence the^ were first imported into the West Indies and
other colonies. They iiKdude the green, the ribbon, the
Mexican, and Otaheitan. The ribbon stands next to the
green in growth, but the others are very backward.
When the canes attain their full height, and are ripe, they
should be cut down at once and manufactured, and not
be allowed to sprout from the eyes, as the juice then loses
its sweetness and takes double the time in boiling to the
consiBtency of sugar. Also before the canes are ripe
there is the same effect in boiling. In cutting the plants,
as in planting, each labourer takes his row, cutlass in
hand, the cutter's wife, or a lad, behind each cutter tying
up the canes with the refuse tops ; they are brought to
the margin of the field, tied up in small bundle, and
then packed in the cart and taken to the mill for grinding.
Adslaidb.— South Austbaluh Sooiett of Abts. —
The 7th annual report says that there is much reason for
coDgratolation and great eneounigeineDt in the fact of
the Institution having attained the 7th year of its exist-
ence. In the first year of its operation, the Society num-
bered 05 members, the present year's list contains 221
names. The annual Exhibition, which in 18d7 yielded
£64 Us., with an attendance of about 1,800, yielded last
year only £55 6s., with an attendance of nearly 8,000,
the larger portion of whom were admitted free. Thus it
appears that the annual Exhibitions have been popularised
by free admission on certain days, and it is expected that
this liberality on the part of the Society will be productive
of good effects in subsequent years. The art oqjects col-
lected for exhibition have met with a more extensive
appredation. In the number of works of art sent in for
competition the increase has been immense. In 1857 not
more than four pictures were sent in, while in 1863 not
less than 46 were admitted. In fact, there has been a
rapid advance iu the number, and a not less marked pro^^ress
in the style of colonial works of art, and the Committee
have observed with pleasure that year by year the colonial
pictures exhibited are becoming more numerous, more
mteresting, and of higher artistic value.
Nbw South Wales. — The customs revenue collected,
at the port of Sydney during the month of May
amounted to £47,657 15s. 2d. For the corresponding
month of the year 1863, the receipts reached £98,537 0s.3d.
The decrease on the month is, therefore, £50,879 5s. Id.,
or about 51] per cent. The reason for this great falling-
off in the customs revenue is owing to the fact that at
that time last year considerable excitement was caused by
the Conference at Melbourne, and this induced specu-
lators to take out almost all the wines and spirits then in
bond, on which it was supposed the duties would be
increased. During the first five months of the present
year the customs revenue has amounted to £231,756 7s. Id.
against £325,473 78. 6d. for the same period of the year
1863. The decrease on the five months is, therefore.
£93,717 19s. 7d., or 28} per cent But during the
present year £16,0C0 was received for duties onder the
new tariff, which did not nass, and this amount has idnce
been refunded, consequently the decrease on the present
year will amount in round numbers to £110,000, or 84
per cent. This falling-off in the customs revenue, bow-
ever, may not average more than 17 per cent, for the
year, because during the last six months of the year 1868
there was a considerable decline, and the revenue for the
month fell as low as £29,000. The average monthly re-
ceipts for 1863 amount to £52,000 against £43,000 fbr
the present year. The decrease per month is, tiierefore
equal to £9,000, or 17 per cent. The following are the,
amounts received monthly during the first five months
of the years 1863 and 1864 :—
1863. 1864.
January £62,945 18 7 ... £49.509 6 8
February 48,075 9 ... 49,259 19 2
March 54,54'! 4 10 ... 41,147 12
April 61,371 8 1 ... 44,181 14 11
May 98,587 8 ... 47,657 15 2
£825,473 7 6 £231,766 7 11
Minerals of Nbw South Wales. — Each colony ex-
cept New South Wales has already become distingidshed
for some special productions : — ^Victoria for its agricultural
and auriferous wealth ; Adelaide for its copper tmd wheat;
Western Australia for its timber and'fishenes; Queensland
for its pastoral capabilities. New South Wales, despite
the aid she has reoeived from her magnificent harbonr
and from other adventitious circumstances, has now
ceased to hold her own as a wool-growing country, has
failed as an asrieultural country, and has been furly out-
stripped by Melbourne in matters commercial. Nothinp
has been attempted in New South Wales as compsr
with what has been accomplished elsewhere to unfold
render productive the natural wealth of the country, i
its mineral wealth. No colony in the Australian gi
possesses coal in the quantity, or of the quality, or in
742
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OF ARTS, October 7, 1864.
fayourable sites io which this valuable mineral is to be
foQiid in New South Wales, and this even in close
Ticinity to the capital. Many valuable clays and ores
aboand throoghoat the colony, particularly iron and coal.
These minerals at this moment exercise a paramoont io-
flaence over oar destinies in many parts of the world,
and they most inevitably continue to do so, ai least
daring tiiis iron age. Iron ore ia to be found in many
parts of this colony side by side with coal beds. Notably,
at Brisbane Water, there are rich lodes of iron ore almost
overlying bituminous coal beds, and in close vicinity to
thick strata of fire clay. Lime shell is procurable at the
same spot at several wharves, alongside of which vessels
much above 100 tons burden may be moored in perfect
safety. Sach a fortuitous combination of all the elements
requisite for the production of iron can hardly be exceeded.
But at Brisbane Water its value is peculiarly enhanced
by its existence within twenty-five miles of Sydney
Harbour. Stiange to say, this valuable product was
ignored, until recently undeniable proof of its reality was
aSforded by the importation into Sydney of specimens of
each mineral direct from Brisbane Water. These have
excited much public attention, and it is to be hoped thev
will be turned to profit. It is in contemplation to work
some of the gold mines of New South Wales by Victorian
companies. In the latter colony, gold mines are worked
with profit, giving only a return of ten pennyweights to
to the ton. In the former colony, a yield of double that
amount is not considered remunerative, and mines giving
such a yield remain now deserted.
Emigration to Mklboubmb. — A return published by
Government shows that in the eleven months ending 25tn
Hay last, 1,579} statute adults f representing 1,844 persons
of ail ages) were sent from England and Wales under the
immigration regulations ; from Scotland, 573 adults (668
persons) ; and from Ireland 8,427 statute adults (or 8,687
souls). There were thus 5,579} statute adults or 6,148
persons of all ages sent from the three kingdoms during
the past eleven months under the regulations.
FLoutt FROM South Australia. — An Adelaide paper
states that there is now every prospect of that gi'eat
desideratum being attained — the export of South
Australian flour in barrels, and not in bags. This change
has been urged for years past, but it was feared that the
extra cost of barrels would preclude the use of the
former. An enterprising merchant of that city lias sent
orders for the shipment of a larce quantity of barrels,
and also forwarded instructions io his agent to open
negotiations with the best American houses with a view
to a regular supply of American flour barrels for the
export trade of South Australia.
Birds roR Australia. — A New Zealand paper states
that the ship Violtt has airived from England. A very
large number of British birds were i^hipi^ on board of
hyr bttt we st of them died on the voyage. Out of six
>(fozen spaiTows only two sui-vived ; all the larks died.
Eight blackbirds, twelve starlings^ eight linnets, eieht
yellow- ha m me rs, and some chaffinches and greenfinches
were landed.
Itt Mitatiaas Issn elr.
POOKET-BOOK OF PRACTICAL RULBS FOB THB PROPOR-
TIONS OF MoDintN Engines and Boilers for Land and
Marine Purposes. By N. P. Burgh. {I^fon,) Oblong
82mo.. pp. 190.
pRAOTioAL Illustrations of Modern Land and
Marine Engines. By N. P. Burgh. (£^on.) This book
shows in detail the improvements in high and low pres-
sure, ordinary and surface condensation; together with
Oomish land and superheating marine boilers. Imperial
*blio.
The Engineers* Guide to the Rotal and Meboak-
iLK Navies. By a Practical Engineer. Third edition,
irefully examined and revised by Mr, D. F. M'Oarthy.
( Virtue,) This work contains the new Act of ParlianMot
wiih hints on the QueaUon of the Board of Trade Be-
quirements; also a full account of the iudlcaLor, Sic^
illustrated with diagrams, &c., and oral qoes^oos and an-
swers, assisting the engineer to pass the viva voce Ex-
amination. 12 mo. cl. mL, pp. 144.
The Anthropolooioal Socikt? has just issued anotba
volume, " The Plurality of the Hunaan Race," by Geocge
Ponchet ; translated and edited by Hugh J. C. Beavan.
In thtf, while bearing testunony to the valiid of M.
Ponchet'fl writings, the translator stateE thiU hii own
opinions differ considerably from the author's, and especially
upon the question of spontaneous generation.
^ttUs,
Streets named after Artists. — ^In the reottDichaogei
made in the street nomenclature in Paris, the namet a(
literaiy, scientific, and artistic oelebritieB have been largdy
introduced. In the list are the namea o€ Fniumti,
B^ranger, Laplace, Victor Cousin, Fremel, Dupin, Ber»
nard-Palissy, Casimir-Delavigne, Vemei, Harvey, Titks.
Rubens, Niepce, d'Alembert, Lalande, MarmoDtel, De
Musset, TaJma, Claude Lorrain, Decamps, Lanaet,
Beethoven, Donizetti, Scheffer, Petrarch, Pouasin, BelKffl,
Raphael, Ingres, Le Sueur, Delaroche, Galvazd, IhvU,
and Davy.
Discovery of an Immense Mass of Flint Ikpuoissts.
— Last year, what is supposed to have been the remains ^d
a place of manufacture m the time of the age of sUisc,
was discovered at Pressigny, in the French department of
Indrc-et-Loire, by the Abb^ Chevalier. A more im-
portant discovery has recently been made io the same
neighbourhood by Dr. L6veiU^, of Grand-Pr^sesiguy, and
it has been communicated to M. £lie de Beaoinoot
and the French Academy by the Abb^. It appear*
that the quantity of half-worked fiiots and imple-
ments found in' this supposed ancient manufactofy ie
immense, and they lie sometimes almost abaolutcOiy on
the surface of the ground. The largest apedmois
yet found are about eight inches long, and most of
these are of an irregular prismatic shape, tapering at both
ends ; the ploughmen turn them up by tnousuids, and
pile them up at the edges of the fields. The peaante,
struck with their form, have given them the name of
pounds of butter. The finished implements ooaiil
principally of hatoheta, hammer heads, knife-blades six to
eight inches long, scrapers, and lance heads. The «i^
pMed manufactory extends over several ftcres. Bui tibe
most interesting discovery of all is that of a lai^ Uock of
hardj brown, free stone, which is scored on the mnf$sx
with deep angular grooves, which appear to have been far
the purpoflto of polishing the fiint implements ; this sAata
measures about ten inches by six. Most of the flint ii
white, but many of the pieces found are of a reddish
colour. The immense quantities to be found mav
be guessed from the fact^ stated by the AbNs
GhevAlier, that two persons from Poitevioa collected
many hundred weight in a few hours without diggn$
or otherwise disturbing the ground. The site Is know
as the Claisi^re, and is situated nearly at the highert iwrt
of the plateau which divides the valley of La Claiae than
that of La Creuse. It is situated at an altitude of rather
more than three hundred feet above the sea, and ntarlj
that height above the rivers in the neighbouring valleja
The soil is a mixture of clay and silex, the latter beiDf
both in grains and nodules ; it is not more than five c*
six feet deep, and reclines on a bed of chalky loam. Tfa^
formation is said to resemble that of the free stone nn|f
of Fontainebleau, and to be beyond all questioD aide-
diluvian.
Provikcial Rewards for Ikdustrt ik Fiukox.— TU
General Council of Uie Department of the Somtnd Ka*
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Ootobbr 7, 1864.
743
r soma time voted a etim of money for the parpoee of
warding medals and recompenses to the most deserving
nongstthe industrial clttses of the neighboarhood eTery
tree vears. The distribution took place recently m
ae of the galleries of the Mus^ Nasoleon, in the chief
»wn of the department, Amiens. The whole of the
ouncil was present, and the proceedings were marked by
reat enthusiasm. The prizes varied ft-oni 25 to 200 finmcs,
id were accompanied by medals. The number of reoipi-
it8, male and female, amounted to fifty, and the priaes
ere bestowed for inventions, improvements, and services
'.ndered to industry, for fidelity, and for long service.
'he most Doputer recipient of a first class prize, with
Iver medsl, was a workman, named Pierre Charles
uirct, a native of the lock-making tou n of Vimere ; he
43 years of age, and his inventions and improvements
-o Kaid to amount to three or four times tmt number,
.mongst other achievements, he is said (0 have reduced
le cost of the manufacture of fumitura locks to the
ctent of 40 tier c«nt. ; he is the inventor of a nmchine
tr bending the plates of the locks to sharp angles With
reat piecision and rapidity ; the machine works by steam,
ad is ht use in the worka of M. Talery Fonroier, at
^ar^^iiies. Amongst the prizes (br long service, one was
iven to a widow 86 years of age, who had served ibr 74
cars in the same employment. The President of the
hainber of Commerce of Abbeville took the opportunity
r citing the example of a gentleman present, M. Petin,
ho, having quitted Amiens an artizan with twenty pounds
I his pocket, became maire of a neighbouring place, and
roprietor of a factory which employs more than six
lousand hands.
Kino's Collkob (Losdoh) Evbhiko Classes.— These
lasses will commence on Monday next. Professor Levi's
ouTse tlus year will commence with a lecture on the
»re«ent state and prospects of the rate of discount, and
nclude lectures on commercial crises, on the principal
rades of the empire, on means of communfcation, on
oinage and I)anking, and on commercial law, including
hippmg, partnership, bills of exchange, and other branches.
Abo&oologioal Disoovbbies nr Fbanob. — During ex-
avations lately made on the l)OiderB of the wood of
tochecardon, in the outskirts of Lyons, a Roman camp
las been laid open. The remains of iron arms were found
a ffreat quantities at various depths, as well as fragments
»f onus armour, fibulas of curious form, rings, buckles,
tivers ornaments, pieces of metallic mirrors, and other
bjects. At the depth of about twenty feet several arms
rere found entire ; swords, axes, lance heads, arrow points,
(ortions of casques and shields, all in iron, and in fair pre-
ervation. There were found also medals of Domitian,
Antoninus, Marcus- Aurelius, and one in silver of the
Cmperor Alblnus. The position of this newly-discovered
amp, situated on the summit of a hill on the banks of
he Soane, near another camp long known to antiquarians,
lear Ecully, ^ves rise to the belief that here occurred one
»f the sangumary episodes of the great battle between
Ubinus and Septimus- Severus, which was concluded,
iccording to the opinion of the savaru, on the plain of
iathony, on the opposite bank of ^e river. The anns
bus discovered have been purchased by M. Vaganay, a
veil-known sotiqaary, residing in the Bue Imperiale at
Liyons. Another important discoveiy has been made by
ho dredging of the River Mayenne, at Saint-Leonards
ord, near Brives, namely, the foundations of a Boman
>ridge, which, it is supposed, was a wooden structure and
mly for foot passengers and equestrians using the ford, in
he middle of which stands an ancient mile stone bearing
he remains of an ancient inscription. It is supposed that
he road from Neodunum (Jublans) to Ingena (Avran-
hes), passed over the river at this spot. The workmen
uive discovered a large quantity of Roman copper money,
irincipally of the time of Augustus, Tiberius, Germanicus,
Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Kerva,
Tn^, Adrian, and Antoninus. Most of the coin is new,
nd without oxidation. With theae were many snudl
ornaments in bronae, including two small hatchets and a
number of brooches or mantle pios. The authorities of
the place and the govamment eogineer on the spot have
organised the fearoh, wbidi oreatea an intenae interest,
and whfeh will ftmdan valuable matter for the museum
just established at Hayenne. The presenoeoftheliii^
quantity of ooiiis is acooonted for in the following
manner: — The Bomaos were in the habit, when orottiog
a stream, to throw In small pieces of money and oma-
ments, as propitiatory offerings to the divinity to whom
the river was dedicated. When the river Vilaine was
deepened at Benaes, and that of Morgan at Villeihlncbe,
In tke yeara 1841 and 1842, an immense quantity of coins
and other small objects was found. Amongst the rem a
portion of a terra-cotta statuette was found, conjectured to
be an image of Venus Anadyomene, to whom it is imagined
the river was dedicated. M. Trouillerd, of the Mayenne
bAr, is engaged in drawing up a memoir on the subject Ibr
the EvapStot. Bm^ and Jublans are marked in the old
Itineraries as stations on the roads from Valognte fo
Tours, and fttmi Lyons towards Coriallum, to the east of
Cherbourg, and as the name of the town of Brives signifiea
in the Ceitio language a fort, it seems probable that such
a building existed near the spot reforred to. A third dis-
covery has taken place at the Chateau- Galllard, near Mie
Andelys,* where the entrance of a tower has been laid
bare, but funds are wanting for pushing the examina-
tion. Some small objects have, however, been brought to
light — a small crucifix, a key, and a coin. The last is of
the coinage of Henry VI., proclaimed King of England and
France in 1482. On one ride are the arms of the two king-
doms, with the words, ** Henrious — Francorum et Angliss
rex," and on the other sMe a cross, a fleur-de-lis, and a
leopard, with the words '* Henrious— Sit nomen, K.D.I.,
Benedictum." Not long since a coin of John, King of
Bngland, was fotmd near tho spot.
PosTAOB TO HoLLAND.—Letters may now be sent, vU
Belgium, for 8d. the }oz., if prepaid, and if sent unpaid,
or Tosofflciently stamped, they will, on delivery In
Holland, be charged 8d. additional. Hitlierto the charge
has been 6d. the }oz. through France. Newspapers are
still sent that way, the charge for 4oz. being 2d.
FoBxiQK Postal ARRAMaEMKiiTS. — The French Go-
vernment has for a long time offered to increase the
initial weight of letters between France and Ensland from
7} grammes (or ^oe,) to 10 grammes, but the British
authorities decline the proposal, on the ground that there
exists no English weight corresponding with the 10
grammes whidi is about four-twelfths of an ounce. The
Tima* oorreepondent is of opinion that a special weight
might be created, but that is a suggestion that seems
scarcely feasible. The matter is very important, and the
present weight ridiculously inadequate to the wants of
the two countries; and in case of the slightest over«
weight the receiver of the letter is mulcted to the extent of
Is. (or Ifi:. 20c.), the amount of the double postage less the
stamp employed. The initial weight for letters within
the limits of Paris is 15 grammes, that is to say, accord-
ing to the arrangement between the Erenoh and English
post-offices the equivalent of over ^oe. The French, there-
fore, not only have our initial weight while we have not
theirs, but it is actually the Parisian unit—lO grammes
behig that of the provinoes. It oertafaily , therefore, seems
more reasonable to ask the French office to adopt the
}oz. than to expect the authorities and people of England
to adopt the 10 gramme weight. The post-ofikes of
both countries have set an example to all other depart-
ments in the way of reform, and it would be a great boon
to both nations to get rid of the quarter omice, which
has already disappearsd between France, Belgium, Italy,
and, we believe, some other countries. Perhaps our
Government will not think it ir^fra dig, to make another
effort, and thus obtain another boon for the English mer-
chant and manufacturer.
* In the deptrtment of tbe Bore.
744
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ABT8, OoroBm 7, 1864.
MovET Obimuis bbtweo Fbawcb akd Italy. — ^The
arrangement already noticed in the Journal for the pay-
tnent of small smnt through the French and Italian
potta, came mto effect on the firtt of the present month.
Theamoont of each order is limited to a maximnm of
dOO francs, and the tax is 20 centimes per 10 Iranos, that
ii to say, two pence oo eight shillings nearly. Another
important ooodition is, that the orders are txmsferable by
iDdonement The extension of this excellent arrange-
ment to England can only be a matter of a little time,
the difBcolty of remitttnar sums too small for a banker's
check being most seriondy felt by the poorer portion of
t^ natives of one coontry residing in the other — and the
nnmber of English of smaU means in Paris and other parts
of France is TeiT considerable.
SuBMABtHB ELKcraio LioHT. — Important experiments
have been made with the electric sabmarine light, or
•'Lantern of Neptone," as, in one case, it has been
christened. At CronsUdt, with an appaimtns anmnged by
M. Von der Weyde, and under the soperintendence of
General Kimbbe, the chief of the Russian Ministry of Ma-
rine, and GenenlTodtleben, and other officers, the lantern
has been used in the operations for opening the channel to
allow the passage of the new monitors, and it is reported
that at a depth of sixteen feet a diver could easily dis-
tinguish objects at a radios of about thirteen feet ih>m the
lantern. The other experiments were made at Lorient
with the apparatus of M. E. Baain, in the presence of a
commission specially appointed for the purpose by the
admiral and maritime perfect of the department. In the
first place the power of the light was tried on the great
basin, which is more than three hundred feet long, and io
which were the Eutopkn and another vessel. The report
savs : — ** It may be said that daylight reigned over the
whole of the basin, even in the remotest comers.
Engineers went over the vessels, and could see aU the
details perfectly." A mast was erected for trying the
effect of the light with regard to signals; the ship Dudiayla
was anchored at a dbtance of 700 metres, nearly 2,280
feet from the mast, and another vessel, the Panama^ at
SOO metres distance. Signals were then made to and fro,
the light being thrown alternately on the mast and on the
ships with perfect ease. A diver was then sent down into
seventeen feet water, and amongst other evidences of the
power of the light was the reading of the decimal
divisions on a metrical scale specially prepared for the
purpose, and thrown down to the man who was at six
metres, more than nineteen feet and a half from the
lantern. It is said that the report of the Commiasion
will declare the light applicable for all submarine works,
as it has already boen found to be in the case of extensive
building and other operations. The fish were attracted
in great numbers and swarmed around the hmtem.
^aUttts.
Firem OmmiuUmen qf Patau* Joumat^ S^pUnAtr ZQth,
GBAimi or pRovtsiovAL PROTRonoir.
AdTertitlng, mMU of and ftpparatni for— 3349— L. J. Faine.
Anilioe, ooloniing matteri obulnod from— 2344 — J. H. Johnion.
B«romet«n,iGalMof anoroidandmercorUl— 2267— J. B. Hiuitingtoii.
Blast fkiniacet-2369— C. Attwood.
Bookalidet— 33S1— J. C. Hunter.
Boots and ihoof, oloanlBg the lower parts of— 2287— J. M. Napier.
Bricks, roanafkctore of— 2128— C. Russell.
Carriage axles— 2283— B. Richards.
Chlorine, manofkctore of— 2313— I. Bagfs and W. SlmpsoB.
Chromlam, nuurafkctnre of salts of— 2176— J. K. Leather.
Collieries, Ac., elcTators for raising water and minerals from— 2007—
A. Alison and J. Sbaw.
Concrete, mixing the materials for making— 3214— T. D. Ridley.
Cotton, gins ttit cleaning seed— 2303 >C. H. Robiason, J. Fijer, aad
A. Djson.
Cotton gins, rollers for— 2019— W. Richardson.
mSfS?* "»■*"""«"*• ft* naoMuring and registering— 3S47^J. E.
fj~» '■■•U"*^ *» articles of— 1281— J. Edwards.
i^jeing and printing, oolooriog maUers for— 3181— W. H. Perkin.
Eggs,i«BeTalorthee»UV-22«s-^WsJJ. - _. ^ *
Engines, Ac, wheals and azl^MiM *f-»Wi-#t ^i^iSS"
Engines, locomoti»o— a285— B. a h mg h t wr aad w^J m^. V^ *"
Engines, rotary steam and water power— «1«»—^ w^i^*^*-
Fkbrics, wadding, felt, and watCTproof — M P S ■ J.
Fencing, spinning or twisting wire tor— 2010 — O.
Fire-anns, breech-loading— 2144— E. Petito.
Fire-arms, breech-loading— 2146— T. Wl»_^
Floor doths, manofkctare of— 2271— 4. B. Wood*
Gasalien-2369-J. R. Caftrata.
Healds, making or knittIng-2333-E. Higham aa
Hydrants or Are cooka-2277-R.ChriaMfc
Inks or writing fluids, maanflustve o'— '*5%^;SiIL-
Iron hoUow ware, maaaflMtnre of— 3230— ». #. Tmfmr*
Jacks, roasting— 2234— J. M. Fisher.
LiiM)oats-214f-^. White. ,^ ^ ^^^ , _
Lighting, gas aad other flnWf or Uqnldi tor— JtiO-^. J.
Marine steam engines— 2231— J. Dean.
Needles, manntoctore of-2224— B. Sehld^ar^^^
Ovens, constroctioo of, kc— 3268— A. M. Pe«Ma.
Pmnps, doable aotkmsahmetiedtoro^3l8a--A.lIfle. ^^
RagsTSe., bleaching coloured-3167-^W. lu Dgaca a aaH^COW.
RafiwaTi, pormanent war of— 30 04— B .C. " —
Railway trains, commmueatlon between *
—A. A. I>aris.
Railway trains, communication between
— R. T. HaU.
Railwi^ trains, oommnnicatlen betweea
—0. W. Howell.
Shafts or axles, ana-fHction beariagi
Ships and tessels, arrangements for pi.,.^
Ships and ressels, ooostmetion of— 3300— W. ~^^—
Ships, cleuring the bottoms of— 2m— J. Harrtska.
Ships, Ac, constmctioa of— 2168— T. E. Symood^
Silk waste, processes tor tteathig, Ac— 33i7— C F. H.
Skates-3309—U. Roger*. „ « , ^.^
Steam engines, osclllating-2204— H. OLofcalta.
Sogar, mannfsctnre of— 3317— R. A. Broomaa.
Syphon with a closing apparatus— 3342— F. L. oa
Tar oils, treatment o^-2379—D. H. Bim^uu
Threshing and dressing machines— 2303— A. WalUs aad W. ^
Tramways, ifcc-3184— W. H. Ward.
Urinals— 3194— T. Taylor. ^ ^
Ventilating, fkn to be emplcyod fbc— 3316— B. T. »^v»-,
Vessels of war and fbrtifloations, oonstmotloB of— Slfr— w . J
Water, machine ibr fbrclng up— 2373— C. BterMC
Wheel, screw and worm, ac, for propeUlag r—
N. Stabber.
Wheels- 3296— R. W. Sierier.
Wind engines -2164— J. T. Hewes.
IXTBHTIOIIS WITH COMPLBTa SPBOirtOAl
Bedstead— 2263— S. A. Baron.
Bed-Uble— 2262— 8. A. Baroo.
Buttons, studs, Ac, mannfkctore and uIbc _
Photographic pictures— 2347— A. H. P. S. WorU^
PntfectUes— 2361— J. Mackv
Ships, sheathing to Iron or steel— 336»—a. B.
aadW.W.Ti
PATSanS SSALBD.
643.
804.
806.
800.
810.
812.
814.
821.
822.
826.
826.
827.
828.
837.
842.
846.
847.
860.
866.
861.
863.
E. Rowing.
W. Holbrook.
W. Holbrook.
J. Hicks.
J. Bttllough.
A. Prince.
T. Coltman.
J. Hunt.
J. Capper.
E. Lindner.
W. CaUoott.
B. J. Edwards.
E. U. Parod.
J. Smith.
E. K. Dntton.
J. N. DonglaM.
A. McLaine.
J. Platt, E. Spenoer, and
J. Dodd.
E. T. Hughes.
W. T. C. Pratt.
J. H. Johnson.
PATIXTS CM WHICH THB BTAlir DOTT Of ««#
2418. 8. RowselL
2462. C. G. Hill.
2638. W. Clark.
3441. P. A. F. B(>b(Mf.
2464. W. T
3466. T.
3483. T. a.
PArairrs dm which thb Stamp Ddtt or £100
2657. R. H. Hughes. 2^33. J. M. _
3617. W. Henderwm. as6S. J. Ptekar,
2621. E. Leigh. 2631. P.
3633. J. Q. (tunings.
Iimral 0f %
THE
«tg 0f '^xi$,
AHDOF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Sissiok.]
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 14, 1864.
[No. 621. Vol. XII.
BriUah AiMoUtioa, 1864 :— On a New
Method of Extnctlnf Gold from Aurl-
tKOQM Oiee—MeaforemeAt of Qw»~~
Copper Smeltlnf— Lightinf Om bj
Eldctrioitj Page 745
?roceodlnn of Inftitntioos : ~ Glaigow
Mechaoloe' Inititatien — Nailnrorth
Litermtyand Meehaolcs* Institute— UI>
Tcrftoa Lecture and Sdentiflo Asfo>
elation 747
riie Applioatlonoffilectriotj ... .,^748
teport of Uie Coinmi»ioaers of Patents
for 1M3 ... , 750
'Abonren* Cottagei 751
t^ajbXjx: of contents.
Pine Arte t^Dleooferr of Antiqoidea at
Rome -Pompeian Disooreriee 752
Ifaaafkctoree .•— North London Working
Claiees Bihibition — The Working
Man's Industrial Exhihltioa Moremeot
— Iron Manofketnres in Corsica— Steel
Manofkctore in BordeaoX'-Linen Ma-
notectore in Ireland 763
Ccmmeroe:—Flai— Foreign Trade in
Canton— Cotton in Texas— Metrical
Sjftem in Bnenos Ajres— Commeroo
of the F^i Islands — French Coast
Flsherlee^WooI Imports— Orchella
Weed .M ••• ... ... ... 763
Colonlei :— Progreas of Victoria— Aus-
tralian Sugar- Rerenue of Qoeenaland
— Ratlwvi 1& Queensland— The Rere-
nue of Natal— New South Walee Re-
▼enne— The Alpacas in Australia —
The Imports of Natal ... ... ... »66
Publications Issued :— The Past and Fu-
ture of Architecture— An Essar on the
Principles of Painting T6«
Notes :—Archjsologicall>isooreriee— Ca-
nadian Fish— Ojster Consumption in
Paris — Fishing bj Electric Light-
Waste of Silter in Photograph/ ... 767
Correepoodence :— North London Work-
ing Claases Industrial Exhibition ... 767
Patents 768
BRITISH ASSOCIATION, 1864.
On A New HvTHOD of EIztbaotiko Qold fbom
AuBUTEBoua Obcs.
By Db. Gaioi Oaltebt, F.B.S.
The followiog paper was read in the Ghemioal
Section : —
At the preeent time, when the aariferooa oree of
}reat Britain are aUraoting poblio attention, it may be
dvmntageoofl to persons interested in gold mining to be
imde acquainted with a new and simple method of extract-
3g gold from snoh ores, which presents the advantages of
ot only dispensing with the costly use of mercozy, bat of
too eztractmg the silver and copper as well as the
old which the ore may contain. Farther, it may be
tated that the process can be profitably adopted where
tie lunoont of gold is small, and the expense of mercury
uwequently too great. Without entermg here into all
lo details of the numerous (about one hundred) experi-
lenta which I made some years since, before I finally
rrived at the new method of extracting gold which I
ave now the honour of communicating to the meeting,
How me to state a few hfstB which are necessary to give
senaral view of the subject. If 2*2 parts of pure and
aely-divided gold, obtained by the reduction of a salt
r that metal, be added to 100 parts of pure sand, and
Laced in a bottle with a saturated solution of chlorine
IS for twenty-four hours, only 0-5 of gold is dissolved.
' the same experiment be repeated, but, instead of
ilorine water, a mixture of chlorine water and hydro-
ilorio add be used, 0*6 of gold is dissolved. If, instead
^ employing hydrochloric acid and chlorine gas, a
ixture of sand, reduced gold, and peroxide of man-
ioese, with hydrochloric add, are placed in a bottle,
4 of gold is dissolved ; so that it would appear that,
ider the influence of nascent chlorine, the gold is more
ladilT dissolved than when the same gas is mixed
1 eolation with hydrochloric acid previously to beiog
laoed in contact with the auriferous sand. Still these
■ooeeees leave a great deal to be desired in a commercial
>int of view, as more than a third of the gold remains
idieeolved; and the same results are obtained if the
iloiine gas be generated by another method, vis., by
tding to the auriferous sand a mixture of chloride of
dioin, sulphuric acid, and peroxide of manganese.
siog convinced, therefore, that nascent chlorine gas was
fit juid proper agent for dieaply extracting gold firom
ores, and that it was only necessaiy to modify the method
of operation, I allowed the mixture of hydrodiloric add
and peroxide of manganese, or of sulphuno add, peroxide
of manganese and chloride of sodium, to renuin for
twelve houra in contact with the auriferous sand ; and
then, instead of washing out the solution of gold, I added
a small quantity of water, which removed a part of the
acting agent, and this was made to percolate several times
through the sand ; by which method 1 succeeded in ex-
tracting from the sand, within a fraction, the whole of
the gold. I then repeated the last experiments with
natural auriferous quartz, and easily extracted the two
ounces of gold per ton which it contained. I therefore
propose the following plan for extracting the gold on a
commercial scale :— The finely-reduced auriferous quarts
should be intimately mixed with about 1 per cent, of
peroxide of manganese ; and if common salt be used, this*
material should be added at the same time as the man-
ganese, in the proportion of three parts of salt to two of
manganese. The whole should then be introduced into
dosra vats, having false bottoms, upon whidi is laid a
quantity of small branches covered with straw, so as to
prevent the reduoed quartz from filling the holes in the
udse bottom. Muriatic acid should then be added if
manganese alone is used, and diluted sulphuric add if
manganese and salt have been employed, and, after bavins
left Uie whole in contact for twelve hours, water should
be added so as to fill up the whole space between the fidse
and true bottoms with fluid. This fluid should then be
pumped up and allowed to percolate through the mass,
and after tnis has been done several times the fluid should
be run off into separate vats for extracting the gold and
copper that it may contain. To effect tms, old iron is
pla^ in it to precipitate the copper ; and after this has
been removed, the liquor is heated to drive awapr the
excess of free chlorine, and a concentrated solution of
sulphate of protoxide of iron, or green copperas, is added,
which, acting on the gold solution, precipitates the gold
In a metalllo form. By this method both sold and copper
are obtained in a marketable condition. If silver is pre-
sent in the ore, a slight modification in the process will
enable the operator to obtain this metal also. It is simply
oeoessary to generate the chlorine in the vitriol, manganese,
and chloride of sodium process, taking care to use an ex»
cess of salt, that is, six parts instead of three, as above
directed. The purpose of this chloride of sodium being
to hold in solution any chloride of silver that may have
been fbrmed by the action of chlorine oo the silver oce,
746
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, October 14, 1864.
and to extract the metal, the following alteration in the I
mode of precipitation is necessary: — ^Blades of copper
most be placed in the saline eolations, to throw down the
silver in a metallic form, then blades of iron to throw
down the copper, the gold being then extracted as pre-
vioosly directed. I think the advantages of this prooess
are, 1st, cheapness; 2nd, absence of injury to the health
of the persons employed; drd, that not only is the
metallic gold in the ore extracted (as is done by mercury),
but it attacks and dissolves all gold which may be present
in a combined state, besides enabling the miner al^o to
extract what silver and copper the ore may contain. I
cannot, however, conclude without reminding you of what
is generally underrated — that is, the heavy expenses
which attend the bringing of the ore to the su: .''u.oc, ita
crushing and preparation, to render it in a pro/3r state
for being acted upon either by mercury or by any othoi
agents.
MsAsuBEMEirr OF Gas.
In the Mechanical Section Mr. Qlover read a paper on
the Measurement of Qas. The following is an abstract : —
When about fifty years ago coal-gas was introduced,
the want of a measure for its sale was at once felt. This
was clearly indispensable in the event of its becoming a
staple article of merchandise. To meet this want, Mr.
&imuel Glegg invented the instrument which, from the
circumstance of its measuring part being a drum revolving
in water, hat been denominated the wet gas-meter.
Ingeniooa in principloi it has been found to have defects
in practice. Its chief defect arises from the evaporation
of ue water, causing constant variation in the measuring
capacity of the meter. This variation is acknowledged,
even at the present day, to reach as high as from 20 to
80 per cent. There has been no lack of effort to remove
this defect. Ingenuity, labour, and vast sums of money
have been lavished upon it. Even could the level of the
water be preserved at the same plane, the inclination of
the meter would eause.it to vary in measurement. And
were the instrument so made that the sides of its
measuring chambers should be at right angles to the
plane of the water contained in it, this condition could
only be preeerved by making the bottom of tiie meter
as perfect a phme as the water, and parallel with it,
*and the floor or shelf on which it is placed would re-
quire to be equally so, and to be maintained so. The
meaanrement also varies according to the amount of
pressure of the gas as it enters the meter, this pressure
varying from 6-lOths of an inch water-pressure to six times
that amount, according to circumstances. These causes
of variation are constantly at work, and impart the in-
stability of the water to the measure itself. It is
attempted to retard the evaporation of the water by
placing the meter in a cool situation ; the consequence
10, that some of ihe constituents of the gas are condensed ;
the water gets thick and tarry ; the inner surface of the
measuring chambers is coated with viscid substances;
layer upon layer is deposited, and the size of the chambers
diminished. Wherever the meter is placed the variation
Si«ly aquestu»-ef^Bgree. Should its situation be warm,
the evXpo^Mn goes on rapidly. To preserve an uniform
measurement, Mr. Glegg, shortly before his death, in-
vented a method of floating the drum. The simplicity
and theoretical beauty of this invention are apparent ; and
could the revolving drum be kept perfectly balanced
and free from deposit, the water from impurity, the
pressure of the gas from variation, it might be hoped
that one serious practical ot»jection to the wet meter
had been removed. Sudden and unexpected extinction
of the lights occur from the float falling in wet meters
when there is too little water; and when there is too
much, from the water passing over the lip of the spout
and excluding the gas. From this cause lamentable
disasters have occuired in public assemblies, as iu churches
and theatres. And surely it is a most ui^ustiflable addi-
ikm to the dangers of railway travelling, to expose the
signal lights to such contingenciea. The intaresft aUke of
the pu^ and the gas eompanlet zequired tliaft the m^
should be no longer evaded, but fairly mek Tha |ra-
vailing dissatis&ction, and the antagooism prejndidal to
both which it necessarily created, at length draw the at-
tention of the legislature to the subject. The moe Ik!
that gas is not a liquid or solid, but an aeriform hodj,
does not make it less desirable that a purohaaer tktomi
obtain the quantity he pays for, or that the seller sboaU
t>e paid for the quantity he delivers. If aeeuiity be gtra
lor the just measurement of gallons of oil and pooedtof
candles, it is equally required for cubic feet of gaa Tbe
Astronomer Royal's fitmiliarity with the snbjeoi of tht
Standaid Weights and Measures, specially qaaiifyia^ hia
for such a duty, and his services to the Exchejooer in cm-
nection with tliis subject having been acdmowledgod as d
hi^h value, their lordships appUed to htm to aaasiii pR>-
viding the instruments and apparatus reqoired by Ilia Ad
Acting under the authority of the Lords GommMaDer^
and with the assistance of Professor Mill^*, of Catoi^idgQ,
the Astronomer Royal provided a bottle for ■iiwiiti^
the cubic foot defined in Section 2. The idea of a Up^
standard of measure necessarily involves the higfaaA
attainable accuracy. Nothing short of thia will mikif
either the Legislature or the public. Any amooot k
error which can b3 averted is a self-inflicted eriL Tba
subject of weights and measures, even for aolids aad
liquids, is confessedly one of great practical diffiooliy.
The records of the Boyal Sodety aboiidaDtly testify bov
much time, labour, and thought have been given Is
the solution of those apparently simple qnesliotia — What
is a potmd weight ; what is a yard ? But in ooD^^ocli^sa
legal standard measure for gaa, thediffiooltiea atre neceasanly
much more complicated. An aSriform body has to be
measured ; invisible, highly elastic, vaiyio^ in voia»e
with every barometric change, very complex in its eoa*
stitution, afleoted by every change of temperatnra^ bi^
to condensation, and to be absorbed by water, of whieh ^
is also an absorbent. In constructing a staadanl
theae various properties required to be taksnlaio
and the following conditions were conndered
that the metal for making the bell ahoold be
would resist the chemical action of the eonatitaarta af
coal gas and water, that this anti-corronve ^^^^^"^^
should readily part with water, and be sngiciently haid
to renst change of form, the application of any ocdinsn
forces ; that the beU should be a truly cyloidnQal vtew,
having a correct seal engraved upon it, at ooee Iq^iblB aad
durabk, to indicate its capacity in cobio faat, and the
decimal part of each foot ; and that by strict attcartioQ to
the mechanioal adaptation of all the parts of the fastm
ment, and the selection of materials and fonns best
adapted to their purpose, it should, as a w)Mila,mork
easily, steadily, and correctly. The graduatioe of the
holders involves nice scientific considerations, and a mxm
of experiments requiring great delicacy and care. Althoogh
the cubic foot bottle was accurately adjusted for ooBtaia-
ing the legal standard or unit of measure, yet there wm
no method known by which it could be used directly ia
the graduation of gas holders, or the divtiion lato
multiples and decimals of a cubic foot. The instttnatfit
called a transferer was resorted to, consisting of an uppe
chamber containing exactly tlie volume of one col^ loiA,
and adapted with proper arrangements of cocka axid ptpos
by repeated discharges of the water, filllAg the uffa
chamber, into the lower chamber, to discharge in sooec*-
sion nny number of volumes of air, each of one cubic foot,
into any vessel properly prepared for their recepik^s.
With this iustrunieoi, trial upon trial was roado, Imt viU
no satuifactory result. It was open to seiious otjectioiA.
The filling of the bottle produced agitation of the water.
dbplacing air from the water, and entangling variahL
quantities of air in miuute bubbles, many of wbiolia^
hered to the inner surface of the boltla,' Every wm
which suggested itself was tried to make it availahUr ^
these failing to give a uniform resuUi ft was laid
JOUBNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobbk 14, 1864. 747
LDidogoiif methoda of tranflferriDg the eziot oobio foot
r air to the gms koldera were reorted to, by which
>me of the obieotioos to the transferer were ob-
iated, and a doser approximatioo made to unifor-
lity of renilt. Still wis anifonnity waa not such
I to justify their adoption in the division of the toale.
Eventually * phm was adopted whioh was found free from
be same liability to error. Instead of using tiie cubic foot
ottle indirectly through the intervention of a second
esMl, as had hitherto been done, the second vessel was
ispensed with, and the bottle was used directly. Close
lie opening caused by the withdrawal of the plug with
lass; solder a piece of leaden tube to the end of the tap;
onneot this tube with the gy-holder to be tested ; place a
istem below the bottle whidi has been secured in a fixed
osilion; raise the cistern steadily, without agitation of
tie water, throogh the entire length of the ^ttle un^
tie water veaohes the point where the plug of the tap, had
i been retained, would have stopped it, the entire volume
f air, via., one eubic foot definea by the contents of the
ottle will be found to have been transferred to the gas-
lolder. Tested by numerous experiments, the results of
his method have been invariablV satisfactory, and it has
amoved a diflfioulty long felt by meter md^ers in the
radoation of their holders for testing meters. To reduce
3 practice the idea of a machine for the accurate measure-
lent and correct registration of gas, the experience of half
century has shown to be no easy problem. The con-
IruoUon of a good and durable dry ^as meter involves a
lultiplicity of mechanical and chemical considerations, to
ach of which its due weight must be assigned. A subtile,
ivisible, elastic, and complex fluid, susceptible of change
1 ooodiiiott and volume from very alight variations of
amperature and pfessure, has to be accurately measured,
nd the result must be correctly recorded. The instru-
lent is self-acting. It must do its work in ados^
hamber, eootiniiously or at intervids, and fno from all in-
erfereooe. The parts of the instrument which come in
ootaot with gas must be made of anti-corrosive material,
nd the material forms and combinations of its different
arts must be so accurately adapted as to produce steadi*
eas, oniibrmity, and correctnen in its movements.
Vhilst gas, having become a staple commodity, one of
tie Decenaries of life, that it may have a real practical
aloe the instrument for its measurement must be nro-
ooed at a price which will place it within the reach of
very class. Healizing these essential conditions, and ap-
roaiohing as near as may be to the accuracy of the stand-
rdiS, the dry gas meter has taken the place to which it is
niiiled, as a valuable addition to many ingenious and
tfefal oontrivanoes of mechanical science.
Copper Smbx/tiho.
Mr. Spence read a paper on Copper Smelting and the
leans of economising the sulphur evolved in the opeim-
on . He said he had for some years directed his attention
> this subject, and his aim had been to erect works on
>und chemical principles. The first furnace he erected
aa successful in calcining the small ores with a small ex-
eoditure of ihel and labour, with elimination of all the
ilphur from the ores if that was required, and it enabled
im to send all the sulphur so eliminated into the vitriol
tiambers as sulphurous acid gas. Very soon afterwarda
e erected additional fhmaoes, and all the sulpharic add
lade at his works since the end of 1861 had been made
xjm these small ores by similar fhmaoes. The amount
r sulphur wasted in copper smelting, and which could be
sonomised for the use of such calcining furnaces as he
ad erected, was something enormous. It bad been
tti coated at £70,000tons per annum, which at the present
ine would be worth £456,000.
LtoHTiMO Gas bt ELKTraiciTV.
ProfesMr W. B. Rogen exhibited an invention by Mr.
ornelius, of PhiladelJ^ia, for lighting ^as by electricity.
: ^vas the first time it had been exhibited in Europe.
be eleetrioal apparatus was attadied to a common gas-
burner. It was an application of the prinoiple of frictional
electricity (the apparatus being a modified M>rm of electzo-
phorus), and as soon as the Professor removed a stopper
of vulcanite, the friction generated an electric charge,
and the gas was instantly ignited. It could be arranged
BO as at the same instant to light the whole of tlie
burners in a room. It was the invention of a man of little
education, who had turned his self-gained scientific
knowledge to a practical application.
Olasqow Meohanios' Institution. — On the evening
of Fridapr, 80th September, a meeting of the directors of
this Institution was held in the hall, for the purpose of
distributing the certificates awarded by the Sodety of
Arts at the last examination. The chair was occupied by
Professor Anderson, of the Glasgow University, who took
occasion to explain the mode in which the examinations ai«
conducted, for which the certificates and prizes are given.
He was glad to say this Institution holds a very creditable
place, and had held a very creditable place among such
institutions all over the country. It was his pleasing duty
now to distribute certificates to the number of 47, and in
addition to that three of the Society's prizes had been
awarded to students of the Glasgow Mechanics' Institute
— the 3rd prize in English Literature, the 3rd in Animid
Physiology, and the 2nd in Bookkeeping. Professor
Anderson then proceeded to the distribution of the cer-
tificates, after which he said that this was now the fourth
time in which he had the honour of presiding on such
occasions. The certificates which he had just d&ributed,
47 in number, had been divided into three di^rent sets
—7 first, 19 second, and 21 third-class certificates. The
number was larger than last year, but smaller than in the
first year. The chief difference lay in this, that the
number of first-class certificates was not so large as on
any previous occasion. In the first year's competition the
number of first-class certificates had been larger, in pro-
portion to the number of candidates, than in any other
Institution in the country. He thought that, at aU
events, the position of the Glasgow Institute was respect-
able, and he trusted that those intending to present
themselves at these examinations would aim at the higher
class certificates, so that the Institute may in future years
more than mamtain the position which it has gained.
The Institute was only one of four in GlaflM;ow which sent
u^ candidates to the Society of Arts, and it lias at all
tunes carried off its just share of certificates, and more than
its just share of prizes. Professor Anderson explained
that a high standing at the examinations was not merely a
pleasing success on the part of the young men who gained
It, but that it opened the way to more substantial rewards,
as Government situations of considerable value and im-
portance were thrown open to the successful candidates.
Two young men had gone from this Institution to
Government offices, because of the high standing they
had acquired at the examinations, and one young man,
partly trained at the Mechanics' Institute and partly at
the AthensBum, and who had had the good fortune to carry
off the highest honour at the disposal of the Society of
Arts (the Prince Consort's Prize), was, he believed, offered
a Government appointment, which, however, he refused.
Many of the branches of study pursued at the Institute
were, he remarked, of special service in the bufiinesa of
life, and he was very glad to find that there were others
coming under the head rather of the ornamental tlian tlie
useful. He waa r^iced to find that here the two branches
were combined. We most have something to (all back
upon in after years — some pursuit the indulgence in which
will lighten our daily toils — such as music and drawing.
The t^ency in theee countries had been rather to depre-
ciate such studies, and to imagine that whilst the useful
must be attended to, the ornamental may with safety be
748
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, Ootobir 14^ IBM.
disregarded. He beUered that people hid now found oat
their mistake ^n tliis point, and was glad (o find that in
the Inatttnte there was saoh a happy combination of the
two elements. — Mr. R. B. Smith proposed a vote of thanks
to the Local Board, coupled with the name of Professor
Anderson, for their generoos performance of the task of
oondocting Aeee examinations. — ^Professor Anderson, in
the name of the Local Board, begged to return thanks for
the manner in which the motion had been made, and in
dobg 80 remarked that the duties of the Board were not
of a vexy laborious character, but involved rather more
oare and discrimination than labour. The orindpal labour
they had was the setting of papers for the preliminary
examination. — Bailie Ck)uper moved a vote of thanks to the
chairman, which was earned.
NaILSWOBTB LiTllURT AMD MsCHAKIOS* iKflTITXJTB. —
On Tuesday, September 6th, the annual general meeting
was held. The chair was taken by the president, M. H.
Whish, Esq. The eleventh annual report states that the
number of members has considerably increased ; the finan-
cial condition of the society has improved ; the attendance
at lectures has been good, and the penny readings have
been very successful. The number of members at the
close of last session was 176 ; the number now on the
society's list is 223, showing an increase of 47. The only
point left to be desired on this head is that there was a
Lugger proportion of members at the ten shilling subscrip-
tion. The balance due to the treasurer has been consider-
ably reduced during the past year, and this in spite of the
unavoidable incurrence of several extra expenses, amount-
ing to £12, four pounds of which have been spent in fitting
up the ooflee room, and the result has been a great ac<^ui-
aition to the society. The report shows that the receipts
for the year have been £181 4s. 5d., the expenses
£162 10s. 9d., leaving a balance on the year's account of
£18 tSs. 8d. in favour of the society, and reducing the
old balance ^m £82 16s. OJd. to £14 Is. 4}d. The
committee believe that there is eveiy prospect of com-
pletely clearing the Institute from debt during the coming
year, and recommend that £5 be voted fbr the Improve-
ment of the library. The attendance at the society's
lectures during the past session has been highly satis-
factory. Beddes the opening entertainment, there
were nine public lectures, five of which were given gra-
tuitously. The penny readings have been eminently
suooessfVil. The audiences were large, and appeared to be
greatly interested in the pieces that were read. The
committee believe that the penny readings may be ren-
dered still more interesting by a little more attention to
arrangement ; and recommend that a sub-committee be
formra, whose especial province it shall be to engage
amateur readers and musical performers for these enter-
tainments, and also to draw up a few rules for the better
regulation of the readings, as to time, and in any other
re^pedB that may seem desirable. The coffee room has
beoi much frequented. The games of chess, draughts,
and bagatelle have been extremely popular. An excursion
took place to Ozleworth-park, the .seat of J. Bolt, Esq.,
Q.O., M.P., whose kindness in throwing open his grounds
to the members of the Institute, at a few hours' notice,
and under circumstances of great emergency, was grate-
fully appreciated.
Ulvebston Lbctubb akd Soiektifio Association. —
In presenting their fifth report, the committee diow
that they have endeavoured as usual to provide the
members with lectures of a high dass. The session
opened with a lecture by the Bev. Hugh Stowell Brown,
on ** Common Sense;" then followed George Dawson,
Esq., who gave a lecture on " lU-used Men ;" then came
Dr. Spencer T. Hall, with a lecture on the ** Origin, His-
tory, and Destiny of a Drop of Blood." Professor Qrem-
bank as usual gave a night of Beadings from Shak^)eare
and others. James Glaisher, Esq., gave an interesting
lecture on Balloons. These were the whole of the paid
lectures, some of which were not suocessfbl in a pecuniary
point of view, but intellectually they were so. In addition
to these the society is much indebted toi
who lectured gratuitously. A leotnre on ** Twldlw^
Improvement," by Dr. Baiter; " Tho Stni^^ ifel fc
Victoiy," by John Johnson, E^., of liwqBoI;
«* Macbeth," by Mr. Wm. 8alm<ns ; " Wanla: M
and Imaginary," by the Bev. M. Moaelj; •* A VUt
Antwerp," by Dr. H. Barber; ♦• Natural Hktofy,*!!*-
trated by the magic lantern, by H. Field, Es^.; "UA
Bacon," by Mr. B. Pearson ; a series of ttmifkm if
Messrs. J. P. Morris, B. Pearson, and O. C mm:
*< Geology, and its Practical Beeulta,** by the Bbi:V.
THI ; «* Taxation as it Is, and as it ought to ba^^WMB
Noble, Esq., of Liverpool; ** Cardinal WalMy,'*V^
D. C. Moss; " Peace and Wftr," by John JohnsHV Aa
a second series of Beadings by Measn. W. SsSm. X.
Pearson, J. P. Morris, and J. Cockerton ; ** Men Ht laie
risen from the Working Classes," by Hr. J. MM;
"The First Traces of Man in Britain,** tfltx.1.^,
Morris. This last lecture brought the aoMJon tp a dot
This session there is a slight decreaae in the aaabvtf
members, the list at present standing thos ^-Sonon;
members, 5; ordinary, including 12 laxUes, 105; a(|t«a>
tices, 12 ; total, 122. A discussion claas was fiatiM fc
the mutual benefit of the members, bat firom mmt m-
explained cause It gradually dwindled into oUfrioiL &
committee think this a matter of regret, aeeiiig tiof Ai
formation of classes for mutual improvemeoC might be As
means of keeping the association more aUve. Tbe bC'
mation of a naturalists' class has often been
THE APPLICATIONS OF ELECTBICITf.
A grand prize of 50,000 fhtncs. offered by tbe b^tnt
of the French, has been awarded to M. RnfamknCasd
has given rise to a veiy remarkable report iqKin tl«iB^
ject In general.
The prize was originally offered in 1852, and its m«ai
entrusted to a commission composed of tbe ibBtmk^
gentlemen: — ^M. Dumas, senator, Prvidal; Jfbtmt,
Pelouze, Regnault, Etayer, Serres, Becquerc^ ; Bam C.
DupiB, Baron S6gnier, General MorIn, Oeoeral
and H. Sainte-Claire Deville, all members of the
M. Reynaud, inspector-general of roads and bridges, «d
chief of the lighthouse service, and M. Jaznin, Piulissnr
of Physics of the Faculty of Sdenoes in Paris.
In 1858, the commission proceeded to the awasi, ni
came to the decision that there was no applkatlon U
sufllcient importance to warrant the disposal of wA ft
prize, but petitioned the Emperor to idlow tbe nSbtUt
stand good for the next period of five jreara. Tha tnssBt
report announces a notable improvement in tbe arplinstffiii
of electrical newer, and awards the grind praalo M.
Ruhmkorff'. M. Froment has been raised to tts gnflacf
officer of the Legion of Honour, at the suggestioa of flw
commission.
In the third place the commission recommend tbe repe-
tition of the offer of the prize of 50,000 fraoos, aodtu
recommendation has been acceded to by tbe Empoot.
The report of the commission is firom tbe pea of iM
President, M. Dumas.
M. Bnhmkorflf, it appears, was formerly a mAmuM ia
the employ of some of the beat instrameot makos b
France, became afterwards a manu&otorer on Ids osi
account, and finally head of one of the fint wUkiUkaaaM
in Europe. He is essentially a self-edneated and sslteadi
man, and. In the words of the report, ** worthy to mtn
as a model to the many intelligent workmen engaged la
the manufacture of instrumenta of predion."
After referring to the discoveries of Amp^ie, <£ntedt,
and Faraday, the report goes on to aay : — B^nxj tisM
that the electricity or the mle comes into contaol irKh s
conducting wire and proauoes a eurrant Ibecete; evefj
time that the communicatioa and tiie ebneBt an
interrupted, the phenomena which are piodii feai l an Ml
confined to such transmlanon or i uteim|4l da if ^
cunent. The bodies in Hbt nelfi^ibociibood ti'itm f^
JOUBNAL OF THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, Ootobhr 14, 1864.
749
doctor are inflaoDoed. If the wire which reoeives the
current ia wound round a bobbin, and this in its turn is
enveloped in another bobbin of uncharged wire, each
time that a direct current is created or interrupted in
the former, a current is produced in the latter iu the
contraiy direction. In multiplying these interruptions or
in rendering them more frequent, the inductive coil be-
comes an electrical apparatus of a special and novel kind,
and presents phenomena which resemble those of the
Slate machine. From the year 1851 M. Ruhmkorff has
evoted himself to the construction and perfecting of
auch apparatus; and he has succeeded in giving his name
to it, in raising it to importance in a scientific point of
view, and in endowing it with an amount of energy
which fits it for the basis of serious applications. The.
apparatus of Ruhmkorff, then, combines the two forms of
electricity which were separated by a long interval, that
of the irietional machine and of the pile. The eflects of
the Ruhmkorff apparatus are well known ; it can be
charged almost instantaneously ; its spark inflames com-
bustible substances, melts metals and trie most refractory
niinerals, and reproduces all the effects of lightning, and
pierces without difficulty masses of glass four inches in
thickness.
Electricity can now be employed to illuminate glass
tubes in such a manner as to be highly useful in mines, or
other places where there is danger of explosion ; under
water, for divers ; and in surgery, for throwing light into
the mouth or other parts, without producing any sensa-
tion of heat. The Buhmkorff apparatus has been found
particularly useful for marking the instant of the de-
parture of projectiles and that of their striking any object,
and thereby measuring their velocities. Five hundred
have been constructed expressly to infiame the gas used in
the machines Lenoir ; and it is in everyday use in quarries,
tunnels, and other situations for the firing of trains of
powder, for which its regularity of action, its great power,
and the distance through which it operates, render it
peculiarly adapted. The few elements which it requires,
stated at three in lieu of a hundred, and its capacity for
firing eight or ten trains or mines at the same instant, are
also great additional advantages. In 1858 it was em-
ployed with great success by Lieutenant Tr^ve, of the
French nav^, in the removal of the bars formed in the
la^nes of Venice ; and in 1860 it was with it that the
principal fort of the PeXho, in China, was blown up by
the iUiog of eight mines simultaneously, and that the
strong iron stockades were cleared from the bed of the
river.
The report dwells at considerable length on the applica-
tion of electricity in the mechanical arts, for purposes of
illumination in cdectro-metallurgy and in surgery.
With req>ect to the first of these divisions, the report
says, that notwithstanding the great improvements that
have been made, the *' electric-horse*' costs at present
twenty or thuty times more than the <* steam-horse,'* and
that, *< as a motor for works requiring power, electricity
is therefore yet far from supplying a substitute for steam."
But there are many cases in which it is serviceable, such,
for instance, as in the machine Lenoir, in which the
sodden ignition of gas causes an instantaneous elevation
of temperature, first on one side of a piston in a cylinder
and then on the other, and thus creating a motor ; or
for producing, at a given moment, and at a distance, the
movement of light meohanioBd appliances which direct the
action of other parts moved by powerful mechanical
means, acting in this latter case after the manner of the
nervous system in animals, which transmits the orders,
and leave to the muscles the task of carrying them into
effect. In this way it has been used to throw into action
the brakes of railway carriages, causing the impetus of
the wheels themselves to retard their own i»x>gres8 ; and,
acting on the same principle, experiments have been
made with the view of making steam boilers feed them-
selves spontaneously.
Eefer«qce Is made alflo to the engraving of rollers by
means of a design drawn with non-conducting ink on
metallic paper ; to the copying of a design from one roller
on another, as in the machine of M. Gaiffe ; and to the
pantographic apparatus of M. Cazelli, which is described
as capable of transmitting from one end of France to the
other despatches in any language whatever, tracing draw-
ings, or whatever is delineated on a sheet of metallio
paper prepared for the puipose, and reproduced oo another
paper rendered chemically impressionable to the electric
current ; to the weaving machinery of M. BoneUi, which,
although not found to succeed in complicated work, will,
it is expected, be eventually applied usefully in other
cases.
"But," says the report, " it ia in those cases in which
the mechanician desires to transmit a feeble force to a
great distance, as it were, with intelligence and exactitude,
that electricity stands at present without a rival," and it
is thus that it is so eminently adapted to telegraphic pur-
poses. M. Dumas dwells very emphatically on the
system of Mr. Hughes, the American, which is explained
at length ; and, looking at the inconceivable rapidity of
transmission which is obtained by it, the learned reporter
believes that if to the combinations of Mr. Hughes were
added the celerity of finger of a pianoforte player, there
seems no reason why a reporter should not be able to
transmit a speech to Strasbourg, Marseilles, and Bordeaux,
while it is bein^^ spoken in Paris.
The commission, however, properly points out that the
practical application of the wonderful powers of electricity
depends greatly on mechanical exactitude, and says that
the combinations of Bonelli, Cazelli, and Hughes re-
mained in the condition of mere experiments until M.
Froment, a manufacturer of instruments of precision in
Paris, undertook their construction.
As regards illumination by electricity, the report com-
mences with a reference to the extraordinary combinations
and experiments of Sir Humphrey Davy (after whom it
may be mentioned, en passant, a street has just been
named in Paris), with a pile of 2,000 elements, having a
superficial area of more than a hundred square yards, and
which M. Dumas himself repeated thirty years since in
his public lectures, and then refere to the Bunsen pile,
which contained but thirty elements, and to the many
unsuccessful experiments made to light towns by elec-
tricity, an attempt designated as a mistake, on account of
the fkct that the value of electric illumination is in great
single lights, which are unsuitable to purposes where
dissemination is required. Reference is inade to the
application of the hard residue of the gas retort in place
of charcoal; to the production, by M. Jaquelain, of the
Paris School of Mines, of an artificial substance cheaper
and purer than the former ; to the arrangement of M.
L6on Foucanlt, by means of which the light itself
regulates its conductors; to Mr. Staite's invention for
the same purpose; to M. Serrin's self-lighting regulator;
and lastly to the new apparatus invented by M. Foucanlt,
which M. Dumas considers the best yet produced.
The report then anives at the application of dynamic
electricity to the same purpose, and details the results
that have been arrived at by means of the scientific
apparatus of PixU, as applied, in Belgium, by NoUet to
practical purposes. A Parisian company, the " Alliance,"
has applied a modification of this apparatus with perfect
success in the slate quaries of Angers, in the workshops of
the railway of the north of Spain, and many other places.
The most important application, however, of the kind haa
been made at Havre, an electric light having been placed
on Cape La H^ve, near a light-house of the old kind of
the first order. A comparison of the two gives the fol-
lowing results : — The light of the latter is equal to 600,
and that of the former to 8,000 carcel lamps, the cost of
the oil-light being equal to seven centimes for each unit,
while that of the electric light is rather less than two
centimes, the expenses of the light-house and the interest
on the capital engaged all included.
The report gives qpecial praise to M. Oudiy for his
ISO
JOUfeNAL OF THE 600IETY OP ARTS, OoToami 1^ 1864.
gtlvano-pltBtlc work on cast and wrought iron, noticed at
length in the Journal^ some time since, and the Emperor
has rewarded M. Oudry with the Cross of the Legion of
Honour.
With respect to medical electricity, the report alludes
to the success which Dr. Duchenne, of Boulogne, has met
with in the treatment of chronic affectioBs of Uie nerves
and muscles, and to one hundred and forty cases, reported
by M. Middeldorf and other surgeons, of the successfhl
treatment of polypi and tumours, by means of platinum
wires heated by electricity. (In connection with this im-
portant subject the reader is refsrred to a late notice in
the Joumci^ of experiments made by Dr. Nelaton.)
In the conclusions of the report, M. Dumas says, as
the chemist declares that there u neither creation nor loss
of matter, so the philosopher maintains that there is
neither creation nor loss of power ; heat, light, magnetism,
and electricity are but manifestations of various conditions
of an ether in movement, and are transformed one into
the other with the utmost &cility. Of these forces, elec-
tricity haa l)een the most recentlv studied, and its properties
are still the most mysterious, in spite of the grand dis-
coveries which have been made. It may be said, in fact,
from the observations made since the commencement of
the century, that of all the manifestations of the move-
ments of tiie ether, those which give rise to electrical
phenomena are at once the most delicate and the most
ruitful.
REPORT OF THK COMMISSIONERS OF PATENTS
FOR 1868.
It appears from this document that the number of
applications for provisional protection recorded within the
year 1863 was 8,309; the number of patents passed
thereon was 2,094 ; the number of specifications filed in
pursuance thereof was 2,068 ; the number of applications
lapsed or forfeited, the ap]^icant8 having neglected to
proceed for their patents within the six months of pro-
visional protection, was 1,215.
The Act 16 Vict. o. 5 enacts that all letters patent for
inventions, to be granted under the provisions of the
Patent Iiaw Amen(unent Act, 1852, shall be made subject
to the condition that the same shall be void at the expira-
tion of tliree years and seven years respectively from the
date thereof, unless there be paid, before the expiration of
the said three vears and seven years respectively, the
stamp duties in the schedule thereunto annexed, vis., £50
at the expiration of the third year, and £100 at the
expiration of the seventh year. The patent is granted for
fourteen years.
Four thousand patents bear date between the 1st
October, 1852, and the 17th June, 1854 (being the first
4,000 passed under the provisions of the Patent Law
Amendnieut Act, 1852). The additional progressive
Ftamp duty of £50 was paid, at the end of the third year,
•«tt^ J J186 of that number, and 2,814 became void. The
additional progressive stamp duty of £100 was paid at the
end of the seventh year on 690 of the 1,188 patents re-
maining in force at the end of the thini year, and 796
became void. Consequently nearly 70 per cent, of the
4,000 patents became void at the end of ibe third year,
and nearly 90 per cent, became void at the end of the
seventh year. The proportionate number of patents be-
coming void, by reason of non-payment, continues nearly
the same to the present time.
All the provisional, complete, and final specifications,
filed in the office upon the patents granted under the Act
since 1852, have been printed and published in continua-
tion, with lithographic outline copies of the drawings ac-
companying the same, according to the provisions of the
* Vol xfi., p. 105.
t VoL xii., p. 074.
Aot 16 and 17 Vict. c. 115. Thb provkional spedfloi-
tions filed in the office and lapsed and forfeitfed, have alio
been printed and published in continuation. Printed
certified copies of the specifications filed in the oflia, as
also certifi<Ml copies of patents, and of ihe Reootd Book of
Assignments of Patents and Licensee, with copifli oi md^
assignments and licenses, have been sent, in oontimiatioQ,
to the Office of the Direetor of Chancery in Edinburgh,
and the E^irolment Office of the Coort of GhanovylD
Dublin, pursuant to the Act of 1852 and the Act ofl^and
17 Vict c. 115.
The work of printing the spedficatkne of patenta osda
the old law, 18,561 in number, and datfaiK tirom 1711 to
1852, was completed in 1858, and copies thereof are stk!
in the office, at the cost of printing and paper. Afaitradi
or abridgments of specifications, In clane«, and elirooo-
logically arranged, of all specifications of ^ienta, from tbs
earliest enrolled to the preoent time, are m ooozae of pre-
paration and publication.
The classes already published and on sale at (he offee,
at prices covering the ooet of printing and paper, are r-
1. Drain tiles and pipes; 2. Sewing and embraiderT; S.
Manure ; 4. Preservation of fbod ; 5. Marine propiuiioB ;
6. Manufacture of iron and steel; 7. Aids to looomoiieB :
8. Steam xmlture; 9. Watdies, docks, and other tioie-
keepers ; 10. Fire-arms and other weapons, ammnnitaoo,
and accoutrements ; 11. Paper (Piut L Hannfaclare d
paper, pasteboard, and papier madi6) ; 12. Paper (Fvt IL
Cutting, folding, and ornamenting, indodinx enveliM,
cards, paper hangings, ^.k 18. Typogn^hie, fithographk,
and plate printing ; 14. Bleaching, dyeing, and priotu^
fabrics and yams ; 16. Electricity and magnetiam, thnr
generation and applications ; 16. Manufacture and a^^fi-
cations of india-rubber, gutta percha, isc, int^lrylin^ sff,
fire, and water-proofing ; 17. Production and ap^oatioQ
of gas ; 18. Metals and alloys ; 19. Photography ; SO.
Weaving; 21. Shipbuilding, repairing, aheaihmg, hatodi-
ing, &c. ; 22. Bricks and tiles ; 28. Plating or coettog
metals with metals ; 24. Potteiy ; and 25. Medicine,
sumry, and dentistry.
The following are in course of preparation : — ^Prepara-
tion and combustion of fuel ; Steam engines ; Spinning ;
Railway sienals and communicating apparatna; Musk
and musical instruments; Bailways: HydianUos; Oik,
animal, vegetable, and mineral; Laoe; Ventilatiao;
Agricultural implements.
BOBMDUUL
As Aoooxmr of Stamp Dums, rsoolred tmder the Aseio
Stamp Doties tar FMi (16 YiM. o. S), ftr tito^Mr.
I i. d,
3,309 peatfoMibr gnat of LettanPatnt, aft tfeaoh^ ia,MS • •
2,301 notioM of intention to pcooMd wiHt apfUosHoeit
at £6 each ... ... „ ^ .^ ULSBS d
30 notion of ottjeotioii to the gnat of Letton RMsst,
■* Xfm onon ... ... ... ..* a., „, ^^^ ^ff ^
6 notloM of o1)j60«ion to the eeeUaf of LeMen rstiMt,
M £2 eecu ... ,M ... ,,, ,„ ,^ ^^ \j g ^
2,096 wftrrantj fi>r Petente, et <8 each ... .„ ._ ie,4TS ft
2,09iPetenti seeled, et«6e»eh ^ .^ 10,47« • •
2,011 tnalSpeoiflcetkmifiod, si Meaeh ^ ^ 1«J08S • •
fi^oompleteSpecifloetioat filed, si «6ea«h ^, ^ saa • •
S26 entries of aasignmente of Patents and liceaeeiy at
o9, each ... „. ,„ ,,, ,„ ,., ,^ t^ \§
780 learohei and laepeotioae, al U. eadi -. ^. m t 9
12,866 Iblioe of oOee oo^ee of docunenti, al 9d.per
loiio ••• ••• ... ..« .. ,,, ^, ,^^ XOT 4 4 I
(86 Patenti npon which the pt ogi'ew ! » e stamp dily o^
MO has been paid .^ ... ^ 9*.aa0 • t
212 Patents upon whioh the profnsahe stamp istjr ef
£100 has heen paid „ ... ^. MlJMm « I
e daplicate Patents issued In lien of original Patents
]oetordeitrojred.£6eaoh 4« • •
S petitions on appUoatioa itar disdaimen, £S each ^ «a • •
Y caveats egalnstdisolaimen, at £2 each ... ... U § •
V new Patents granted upon Ber Hi^lestT's Order la
Coanoil under the iOth seotloa of the Aot (186aL
being a pieloagatioB of a Filcal gnatad pmeai iS
the Aot, at... ...
•••
a I
^IMyftS U *
JOURNAL OP THB SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobioe X4, 1864.
781
tAXJUffOB fiHUn OP IWOOMK ikND ExPBNDITUBB FOB TRE
Ybab 1863.
RiOBIPTS. £ 1. d.
tampdiitiefinlieaoriiMf 110,313 U 4
y Stamp dutiM on the nle of printi of Bpeoiflca-
wom^ Ao» ••• ••• ••• ••• !•• »•• ••• 1,886 4 o
1112,198 18 10
Pathbkts.
'••■ lo llk« law oAoen of England
^kWMf 01AFK9 •»• •.« ••• ••• ••• ••• •••
AlAriM of tho offioart and olerki In the Patent Uffioo...
•ompaniallonf ... ... ... ... ... ...
tomnt and laddantal ezpeniet In the Patent Office ..
kmt of etatioBfliy supplied bj Her MiOet^'i Statbaerj
Ofloe, bookj for the itee librar/, and binding, kc*
t«ntofoaoea, ratet, and taxet ...
[eaara. Sjre and Bpottiawoode tor printing 8pecifloa>
tlfloa of Pali. : Li, indezef, Ac, and lithogn4»her'f biUi
tor drawings acoompanjlng fipeclfloationi
tost of paper rapplied to the printer and lithographer
1^ Her MaJestj I Stationerr Office
'•43mt of ooals and other fael lappUed to the P^ent
OOoe hj Her Mi^esty's Office of Works, and Airnituro
SUM repairs... ••» ... ... ... ...
Ixpenios incorrod In respect of the Museum at South
Ketulngton . ... ... ... ...
alaries of oAceri and clerks fbr ditto
A^raiiM Stamp dntj account as l>eIow
A/rplMS /neofiM for the /ear 1863
£ I.
O,OT0 I
826 10
6,874
4,684
4,6T7 a
866
617
16,673
2.604
6
6
3
d.
1
7
649 9
678 16
730
20,676
43,968 3
6
9
£112,198 18 10
LABOURERS' COTTAGES.
The following ia fi-om the Dailjf UTews :—
Our •gricoltural labourers will aoon be better housed.
£very speaker at the iiiral festivals of this autumn, from
;he Harvest Home to the District Agricultural Assooia-
lion Meeting, has plenty of difficulties to enumerate and
leacribe ; so that if we were to read all such speeches, and
ook no further, we should wonder that a subject so hope-
less, a thing so impraoticable, should be discmssed at all.
fet it is discussed everywhere and on all occasions ; and
thia of itself is ground enough for a strong assurance that
whatever is desirable in the case will be done. When it
a once agreed, fh>m end to end of England, that any con-
lition of social life is in need of amendment — that it is
* extremely serious'* — that it is ** very urgent" — the
natter is sure to be taken in hand before long. If the
lifficoltv lies merely in settling whose business it is to
nake the reform* or bow the change can possibly be
ifforded, we may be satisfied that the needful thing will
looQ be done. We are never very long, in our day, in
Soding out that great mischiefs do not answer, and that
it must pay somebody— probably everybody — to change
those mischiefs into benefits. Therefore we believe tlut
[the mischiefs of bad cottages being generally agreed
npon), our rural labourers are likely to have ^tter
iwellings from this time forward than they have ever
had before.
And how is this to come to pass ? It may bo useful,
in view of this question, to bring together and compare
* The Act of 1862, In liea of the old daUe« upon Patents, impo«ed
a Revenue Stamp dutj of £5 upon the warrant of the law (Acer, £10
apon the oertlflcate of payment of the progrenlTe fee of £40 at the
expir»tkm of the third jear, and £30 upon the certificate of pajrment
of the fM of i: 80 at the expiration of the Mventh jear of the Patent.
The Ad of 1863 (16 Vio. o. 6) conTerted all the foe* Impoted by
the Act of 1862 into ttamp datiet.
The iliVMCM Stamp dutj accoont tat the year 1S63 If aa followt :~
2,006 warrants of the law cffioen for Patenta,
at £6 each 10,476
686 Patents on which the progreMtre dutj of
£60 has been paid at the end of the third
year tnm their respectiTC dates (£10
beinf JUvmut Stamp datj and £40 0m
■tamp datj), 686 at £10 each 6,860
213 Patesti on which the progreariTe dntj of
£100 has been paid at the end of ths
setenth rear from th^ respecttre dates
(£20 being Rerenue Stamp datj and
£aO fee stUDp duty), 312 at £20 each... 4,340
£90,675
a few of the sayings of leading oountiy geotlemea who
have lately t>een speaking on the subject.
In one and the same newspaper we find the following.
Crowded and stinking cottages are an intolerable eviL
This appears in every speech, and is nowhere disputed.
Ah we go on, we learn that landowners cannot be ex*
peotod to supply good cottages on unremunerative terms :
— ^that labourers cannot, out of agricultural wages, pay a
remunerative rent : — that landowners cannot let improved
cottages to labourers at a practicable rent, because tha
tenant farmers regard such an act as an onftir competition
for labour : — that it is due to the tenant fanner that his
labourers should live near their work :T-that it is good
for the labourer that he should live near his work, to savo
a great waste of his strength and time:— -that the
lal^urer is a man and a membNor of society, and likely to
prefer living at a distance from his work, on account of
the sociability of the town or the village, and that be has
a perfect I'.^lit to please himself in the matter:— that no
decent cottage can be built for less than £100 ; that six
per cent, is considered a very fair return for the outlay i
and that this is more than rural labourers can pay : — ^that
when cottages are properlv ventilated, drained, Sto.f the
tenants are not enlightened enough to value the benefit,
but stop up the air-channels with old pettiooats, showing
that such improvements must wait tUl the poor people
are wiser :— that there is a groat danger im^nding — the
danger that labourers earning 10s. a-week will be invited
to the factory districts to earn twioe or thrioe as
much: — that there is no fear thai rural labourers
will ever leave their homes, their landlords, and
their employers, on any inducement whatever: — thai
it is unpatriotic and cruel to encourage countiy people
to emigrate, far from their natural protectors, and the
gentry and the farmers who were their early (Hends.
There is much more, but this will do. Here we see the
rural laboaror in a remarkable nosition. His earliest
friends and b<^ protectors are the landowners and fitrmers
in his neighbourhood ; yet fVom them— his employexs—
he receives wages which will not afford the rent of a de«
cent house, and the landlord must not give him better
accommodation for the money, because the tenant farmers
will not allow it ; and the tenant farmers are not to re-
quire the cottager to live near his work, because he must
please himself about living in society or in a retired situa-
tion. But we need not show up the inoonsistenciei and
absurdities of the statements hasarded. We need only
ask whether the labourer is not hardly used if he may
neither have a wholesome house for the rent he can pay,
nor wsges which will pay for a wholesome house, nor neo-
dom to accept an invitation to earn better wages. Turn
the case which way we will the labourer is the afBioted
party. This will not do, and it cannot go on. Since the
Society for the Improvement of the Dwellings of the
Labouring Classes, last lifay, passed seven resolutions on
how the thing might in part be done, it has been dear
that the rural class will not be left to be bandied about
between the landlords, the ftrmers, and Uie parish officers.
We are shown what the Legislature can do, and therein
we are shown what the Legislature cannot do, and some*
body else must therefore undertake.
If it is true, as we believe, that the improvement must
be eanctioned by commerciid principles, it follows that the
wages of rural labour must be determined by the same
principles — whether the pay is to be all in money or partly
in house-room. As for the cost of good cottages, it varies
largely in different parts of the country. Lord Lvveden
said at Wellingborough last week, that nothing short of
£100 will build a good cotta^ ; and this is true in many
places, while in certain districts, where the materials are
present and the conditions fhvoorable, a thoroughly
wholesome and comfortable dwelling of four rooms and
extras can be supplied fbr £60. However this may be,
on any spot, the dwellings must yield the interest of the
capital and the ooet of repairs. None bat the low
qpecnlatow of whom we hait se mnoh would deeire a
762
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, Ootobbr 14, 1864.
larger retani tbfto this. Where is it to come from ?
1^0 donbt from the income of the inhabitants. If the
dwellings were in existence they would be eagerly applied
for as soon as the neighbourhood had seen how well it
answers to pay a somewhat larger rent, to esoape sickness,
inability to work, doctors* bills, and the endless waste of
ft)od, clothes, and fumitare which takes place where
damp and dirt are present. If, after all, the wages are
not enough to pay a rent of from £4 to £7, the wages will
rise. All indications point to such a rise of wages. The
labourers themselves are rising in intelligence and char-
acter as the art of tillage advances. Where agricultural
machine^ is employed, the men are like a dinerent race
from then* fathers ; and the economy of time and force
l»y the use of machinery at once improves the pay of the
men, women, and the boys employed. In such districts
there are always people who perceive that it answers
to build new cottages, or to put such as exist into good
condition.
If arbitrary impediments are in the way, they must be
removed ; and if certain iaciiities are needed, they must
be supplied. The remainder of the law of settlement,
universally condemned as it is, will have to be repealed ;
and the Act by which Irish gentry have been, since 1860,
enabled to borrow money to build cottages may be ex*
tended to England, according to the second of the seven
resolutions referred to above. In a rising district, where
agriculture advances, and wages with it, profeanonal
builders will erect dwellings, if the landowners and
farmers, and the labourers themselves, are not beforehand
with them. It is not an enterprise which need go a-
be^;inff, when its bearings and prospects are once un-
derstood.
Yes, even the Ubonrers themselves. The co-operators
are obtaining a footing in the agricultural districts, and
both farming and cottage improving flourish in their
hands ; and there are building societies, good as well as
bad, which exhibit the tempting example of labourers
living in homes of their own. In all directions, perhaps,
the prospect is more hopeful than in districts where
gentlemen at the after-dinner table rise to tell the prize-
taking labourers at the bottom of the room, as Lord
Lyveden did recently, that it is a sliooking thing that
their fkmily dwellings are so bad, but that neither the
landlord can be required, nor the farmer expected, nor
the labourer enabled, to mend the case. If there is any
thing elsewhere so dreary as this it is where, as in
Buclunghamshire the other day, the rural labourers were
informed that it was a shocking thing to go where they
would earn more, while no promise of prosperity was
offered as an inducement to stay. One of the most com-
fortable things said was at that meeting, when Mr.
Hubbard, M.P., related that two of his farming tenants
had offered him five per cent, on any outlay be would
make in improving the dwellings of their labourers. He
agreed ; and here was a sound practical beginning. When
such a step is taken, others follow ; and before long there
will be no further hearing for croaking philanthropists
who stand up to preach that some things of vital con-
sequence must be done, but that there are no possible
means of doing them.
im ^tti.
£4,000, and as the line of stone skbseooliDHi,itii
thought not improbable Uiat another ttitnemiykeot
cealed there. It is conjectured that tkii taluUenfir
was purposely overthrown and buried pretiooi to sa
barbarian incursion, and arched over for stfetf, by tkes-
scription F. S. C./faeium Senatu eonnMo (dooel^dftn
of (tie Senate). The feet were probably brokttgff is
overthrowing it, but there is no trace of thepdsul
The back of the head, as the statue Uy o& ill Hetbi
probably been lost by corrosion. The ^tao^wBKia
point at the existence of a temple of Heroolciitt^
point, or, with still greater probability, of Fkn.
PoMPnAN DisoovKBiES. — ^A number of stitM Isn
lately been found amid the ruins of this itru^pIriEe-
esting j^laoe ; they are of bronze and of iniiUe,iiIhR
a high interest in an artistic point of viev. Sote^t^
former have enamelled eyes, and all have vdka,
tu'aceiets, and anklets of precious stonea Thw ititai
decorated a beautiful temple conseoratei io Jm^id
which is itself in an excellent state of pmemtiai. A
large number of skeletons were found on tb^ptraMOi i
this temple, and it is conjectured that man; oftbeiniii
tunate Pompeians had, at the commenoemeDtoftkgrtf
eruption, prostrated themselves before theArioeofi^
^dess, whom they hoped might preserre them ftoal^
impending danger. These interesting itatofli m uf
being reproduc^ in terra-cotta. Tlit part of the ic«
which is now being laid open is in a woodcrfiil ttij «
preservation ; the pavement of the streets is desJW *
being equal to anything that exists at the P«**^^
Europe. The material used was lava in imgnltf kj»
but fitted with great nicety, and it appeanOattw*
block became broken or separated from tht adjoioiflgse,
it was the custom to fill in the interstices aDdooooecittv
parts by means of iron cramps, instances of «A JJv
being found ui all quartera of the town. TbiitoJ«
pavement is attributable to the invention of J**^^
gioians. The Pompeian streets were prow injj_«f
walks, formed in some cases of mere beatea w*^"
others of lava and of small htk\a Uid in B«»Jt^
These footpaths were raised generally skw tMD*'»^
from the road, and the pedestrians were I*?**^^
posts or by a low parapet. The streeb ^Tr
naiTow that a man could step across from one ad*™*
the other, but in the wider streets and ^»'o~P^
curious arrangement existed to prevent *^*V?!^
from soiling their shoes and clothes, fl»*-*iW» JT '
stepping stones being placed at inta-vab in ""JJ^
that a person on foot could step from one side to w<^
without descending. Such an arrangenMOt, ^"JJ"?^
venient to the foot passenger, would have been db^
patible with a large carriage traffic
^mtMaxts,
DisoovsBT OF AirriQurriBs at Bomb. — A man sinking
a shaft for a well close to the Campo dei Fieri, came upon
some stone slabs at a depth of 30 yards, placed at an angle,
and bearing the letters F. S. 0. These slabs were found
to cover a colossal bronze statue, 18 feet in height, of
Hercules, perfect except the feet, which are wanting, and
the occiput, the whole strongly gilt. The club, too, on
which the statue leant when in an upright position, is
wanting, but the left hand bean the apples of the Garden
of the Heqperides. Its value is estimated at upwards of
NoBTH London Wobkino Clasbb' ^''**"!^
HiBmoN. — The formal openmg will take pli«<**^
next, the 17th inst. At 8-0 p.m. the Chaini*'A'l
Russell, K.G.) will be conducted to thepUtfom^
committee and officers. On the chainnan fwTr;
the Psahn C— " All people that on EaiA. 4^ »
moniaed by Dr. 8. S. Wesley, will be sung t^^
The report wiU then be read by Mr. W. J* v^,e
Secretary ; at the conclusion of which the **^c ^
inspect the Exhibition, during which tJ'BOjJv "^^
Wesley (of Winchester Cathedral) wiU p*"",^
Waies*s grand organ. On the chairman «U«|jBjJ^
platform, hie Lordship will deliver an addn*^ ^
the Exhibition open. A special ode, ^^^fT^^
H. Bellamy, Esq., and set to music l>y Dr. o^ ^
will be sung by Miss Louira PyWt ■JJJ ^-g
Miss Elliot Galer. Mr. Lewis ThomaaW<JJ
I'rayer will be offered by the Rev. Robert ^¥^^0
Incumbent of Clerkenwell, during whioh IhN"^^
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, October 14, 18W. 763
earnestly request perfect order and silence. The iDaugnral
ceremoDv will couclade by the choir and assernbly singing
the National Anthem, tlie solo by Miss Louisa Pyno. On
same evening there will be a concert, and a portion of the
afternoon music will be repeated. The Exhibition vvill be
open daily from 9 in the morning till 5 in the evening,
admittance sixpence ; from 7 till 10 in the eveoing, ad-
mittance twopence. On Wednesday, October 19th the
children of Uie ^ad of Hope Choir will attend and sing
during the evening. On Thursday, October 27th, the
Tonic Sol-Fa Choir will attend and sing under the
direction of Mr. Sari. The band of the Caledonian
School will attend on one evening during the time the
Exhibition is open.
The Wobkino-jiam's Jndustbial Exhibition Movb-
UENT. — This movement has, it appears, spread to
Birmingham, as a meeting was recently held in that town
for the purpose of considering the proposal contained in a
letter from Mr. Joseph Everard, to hold an industrial
exhibition in Birmingham, of a similar character to that
now being held in Loudon. After some formal business,
a deputation was appointed to wait upon the Mayor to
ask for his co-operation, and also to ask for the use of the
committee-room of the Town Hall for a public meeting.
Ibov Mamufactubbs in Cobsioa. — The iron works of
Toga have greatly increased the trade and importance of
Bastta, in the immediate vicinity of which town they are
situate. The cast iron produced is much esteemed, and
is converted into wrought iron of superior quality, steel,
&c Messrs. Petin, Gaudet, and Co., of Hive de Gier
(Loire), the proprietors of the works, furnished to the
French Government the armour-plates for the frigate La
Oloire, and other iron-clads. In the recent trials of
armour-plates in England, the rolled plates delivered by
thb firm were very favourably mentioned for the superior
quality of the iron, which, no doubt, came from the Toga
forge, though the manufacture of the plates was inferior.
The Toga works were originally established in 1840, and
after undergoing various vicissitudes of fortune, came into
tiie hands of the present proprietors in 1854, since which
time their operations have greaUy increased in impoiiance,
and are yearly becoming more extensive. At present the
works possess four blast engines, three of which aro con-
stantly at work. The machinery in use is of a total of
330 horse-power, distributed as under : —
Blast engines 180 b. p.
Motive 100 „
Hydraulic lifts 50
330
»i
i>
Two hundred workmen are comployed at the works alone.
From 600 to 900 tons of Newcastle coal are consumed
annually, but the ore is fused with charcoal, 22,000 tons
of which are used per annum. Half of this quantity is
imported from Sardinia, the remainder is procured from
the forests of Corsica. Thirty vessels are in the continual
employ of the company, and 70 more are freighted, as
occsasion may require, in the year. The average annual
quantity of iron ore now used amounts to about 30,000
tons, containing 60 per cent, of ore, and the average
quantity of cast iron produced may be reckoned at from
17,000 to 18,000 tons. About 700 tons of hammered
iron, of excellent quality, are also produced yearly at the
works. The ore is imported from the islands of Elba
and Sardinia, and fVom Spain and Algeria. The firm
have lately acquired an iron mine in Saniinia, and will, in
future, make use only of the Elban and Sardinian ores.
Stxkl Manufacture ik Bordeaux.— Among the few
manufactories of this district there is one which has
recently attracted some attention ; it is the steel manu-
facturing establishment, situated on the Biver Lisle, an
affluent of the Dordogne, known under the name of
<'Lea Acieries de Saint Seurin." In it three different
systems of treating the metal are employed. Firstly, the
cementing process; secondly, the system of Bessemer;
and thirdly, the old process of melting in small pots a
mixture of steel and iron m order to obtain different
qualities of cast steel. The principal manufacture is that
of bar steel, both rolled and hammered, for all purposes.
In many industries the use of steel is rapidly superseding
that of iron, consequently there is an increasing demand
for large blocks of steel worked down to different shapes
by the steam-hammer. The manufactured articles are
chiefly confined to springs for railroad and other carriages,
the quantity turned out being estimated at from 80 to
100 tons a month ; and rails, conical bolts and balls, for
the French Ordnance Department, are also being manu-
factured. About 400 hands are employed in this estab-
lishment, of which ten are British subjects. The coal
consumed up to the present time has been almost exclu-
sively British, amounting to about 12,000 tons annually ;
but measures are to be taken to employ the French coal
from the department of the Aveyron, as the quality has
greatly improved of late, and the price is considerably
below the English. About 2,000 tons of English pig iron,
chiefly from Cumberland, are annually converted into
Bessemer steel, and 200 tons of bar iron are imported from
Sweden for cementing purposes. But here, again, a
change is contemplated, for the intention of the company
is to treat French iron in place of British. No English
capital is engaged in the concern. That represented by
the estabUsliment is £68,000, besides a loan from the
French Government of £48,000, which has been laid out
in buildings and machinery.
LiNESf Makufacturb im Ibelaiid.— a company has
been formed at Cork for introducing the linen manufac-
ture into that city, and they recently held their first meet-
ing. A building is now being erected at Blackpool, a
short distance from the city. The chairman said that the
company were entirely independent of the flax-growers of
the South, and could carry on the business of their mills
successfully if there were not a stalk of flax grown in
Monster ; still, they were roost anxious to cooperate
with them. It was the opinion of a great many good
judges that the flax grown this year in the South is of ex-
cellent quality, though it has been in many cases insuffi-
ciently watered, and submitted too long to the action
of a burning sun. This has greatly lessened tlie value
of the article. They had purehasod from a farmer the
produce of one acre, which realised £33. The returns
for the growth of flax in Ireland for the last two
years show an increase for Ulster of 70,000 acres, or
three times more than the entire extent of the flax
crop in all the east of Ireland. In Ulster in 1863 tho
crop covered 207,000 acres, this year it is 278,000, while
m the other three provinces it is onl^ 23,688. The in-
ference is that the Ulster farmers, being the best judges,
would not have extended the cultivation of flax if they did
not find it profitable.
€m\mtt.
Flax. — The Cork papera give an account of the open-
ing of a flax-market m that city on the 5th October, and
it seems to have been a good beginning. The market
was held at the southern end of the Corn-market
Trustees' premises, and consisted of 19 loads of unscutched,
and about 140 stone of mill and hand-scutched flax. The
latter came principally from Limerick, the neighbourhood
of Mallow, Clonakilty, and Bosscarbery, while the
former was brought in from the districts about Cork.
Some of it was superior, and showed signs of considerable
care and attention having been bestowed on it in the
variotis processes of preparation for market, but other lots
were badly prepared, and looked as if they had had but
very little steeping. Of competition there was not much,
there being only two or three buyers present, but com-
petent judges eiprefsed it as their opinion that in each
case tho full value of the flax was given. The figures at
754
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ABTS, Ootobir 14, 1864.
=vr
which the different loads were aold are aa follows :— <5 at
£8 a too; 1 at £7 16s.; 1 at £7 5s.; 5 at £7 ; 6 at
£6 10 ; and 1 at £6.
FoBEiON TuADE AT Ganton. — ^A comparison of the
returns of the past with the preceding year will show a
decrease generally in the trade of the port, but by no
means to the extent anticipated. To begin with imports,
the total value in sterling for the year 1863 is estimated
at £2,281,854 against £2,412,615 in 1862, showmg a
decrease amount&g to the sum of £131,161 in the past
year's trade. As regards the causes of this decrease, the
falling off must be attributed as much to fiulure in supply
as to failure in demand, the rise in piece goods, owing to
the American iupply of raw ootton ceasing, having brought
the fDreign into competition with the native manufactures,
and as the Ohinese prefer the latter, from being heavier
and of more lasting quality, they abandon the former
the moment its price places it beyond the denomination of
being a cheap article for clothing. Comparing, for instance,
the imports of ootton manufactured goods for the two
preeeduig years : —
18S3 18S3
American drills pieces 30,966 2,196
Shirtings, grey , 126,629 48,829
Ditto white , 49,788 44,696
T cloths, 86 yards „ 4,670 ...... 6,066
Ditto 24 , „ 20.601 28,802
Cottons dyed —
Figured, pUin „ 21,627 20.100
Damasks „ 3,667 3,006
Printed „ 11.382 16,812
Muslins , 610 ....^ 1,984
Handkerchiefii dosens 28,067 27,121
Velveteens pieces 1,711 4,813
Cotton velvets „ 1,060 2,626
Yam piculs 20,834 14.819
Cotton. Bombay raw „ 36,928 488
A krge deficiency in plain goods appears, and particularly
in the article of Bombay raw cotton, whilst in fancy goods
the difference is rather in favour of 1863. This latter
may be accounted for by the heavy stocks on the manu-
facturers* hands, which rendered their going off beneficial
to the holders, and therefore the prices were not affected
in a ratio proportionate to that of the plain manufactures.
But if the imports of woollen manufactures he taken—
^, , 18S2. 18S3.
Blankets pairs 3,610 3,849
Broadcloths pieces 167 148
Camlets. English „ 3,993 4,831
Do. Dutch „ 610 697
Do. imitation ,. 644 1,761
Habit and medium cloths „ 666 1,496
Flannels „ 271 352
Lw^°g» ,, 3,441 4,641
Long«Ua „ 8,660 11,863
Sp. stnpes , 9,007 7,448
Woollen andj^cottoo
raUtures 8,769 6.769
>»
It will be seen that the balance is generally in favour of
1863, and this arises from the fact that wool has not been
subjected to the fluctuations of raw cotton, or deficiency in
supply, and therefore, if anything, there has been an im-
provement, and not a deficiency, in this branch of the im-
port trade. The result of these comparisons tends to
show that the decrease in the value of the import trade of
1863, namely, £131,161, is owing as much to foreign as to
native influences ; and that, under such circumstances, the
past two or three years will afford no criterion of the
capabilities of Canton as a mart for foreign manufactures.
The import of opium in 1863, as compared with 1862,
differs in amount but litUe. The tempUtion!to amumrle
so valuable an article, and the faciUtles the coast affwds
Z.^^iV^TT.u^X' »»•«♦' *^* >" '^^ probabaity what
passes through the Canton Custom-house is for local con-
«imption only, and so it will be until the Chi^Le wthTi-
ties establish a preventive service. Tlw TiilnB af tb
export trade may be taken at £5,862,089, a^iM
£4,060,746 in 1862, showing a decraMe of £196^.
This may chiefly be attributed to the abort sufipiks^
tea, the export in 1863 being len than in 18€S Vf M
leut 7,418,8901bs. ; but, less though it be, it is nsssfiua
was anticipated, the opinion being at the dosssf lait
season that little or no tea would oome a^un to "
But notwithstanding this, not only did tk oon
but the tea-men held out for high rates, and
obtained them. As regards silk, the export of iuse
years, 1862-63, is mu6b. on a par.
Cotton nr Tsxas. — ^According to late aeeooste bm
Texas it appears to be expected that the greviai Mttea
crop of that State will be as laige this jear siswtt
was, owing to the amount of negro lahoor tiwt haka
transferred thither from LouisJana, Hknifii. cA
Alabama, the r^on of the war moTementt. PiakB| s
now in progress, and the probable yield it l i fas e Biel ft
be more than 460,000 bales. It is ifwet^ titst all ib
other States in the Southern Coofedeiaey cowhiMiA wC
not make an equal amount this year,
and still suffers, from, the war, bat her
compared to those of other South^n States, sr b
measured by her own abilities. There is eud to be i
great leak on the fh>ntler of Texas, thro«g^ whkh k|«
quantities of cotton are finding their way into Xoib
and thence to Europe. It is ass^ied that penooiia Tov
hold nearly 600,000 bales of last year^ ot^ of attA
which, added to the supplies within the linea of ftrti^*
and the parishes of Louisiana bordering od the Sai
River, wotdd give a total probably of at least a adfia tf
boles.
Metbioal SvsTBic nr Buenos ATBsa. — The smn-
ment of this province has just determined that the «e rf
the decimal metrical system be rendered dbUaiorj •
the province of Buenos Ayres from the IsTj^BBsn-,
1866. It is probable that this example wiUbefnaflly
followed by the other provinces of the reppUk.
CoMJiEBoa OF THE FiJi IsLANDo. — Two Aasto&K
companies, eomposed of merchants of wealth and foaAM.
have invested capital largely, and formed exJtemmoi
important establishments in Uiese MiUnde ; one tm^t^
alone having erected machinery for preparing oil foBtte
cocoanut at an expense of over £7,000. la tboss m^
the nut is ground, sweated, presMd, and caked by smb
machinery of the most improved deacriptioB. Tb
quantity shipped in the half year ending Jane» 1863, v»
460 tons, valued at £22 per ton. Other and urns
resources of the country, such as cotton wad ooAba, {an
also worked into encouraging existence. Amour tbeci-
ports in the half year have been 320 picula (13s3bL o^
of beche de mer, or tripang, valued at 48a. Hm pni:
1,700 lbs. of tortoise shell at lOd. ; and l^SOtta
mother of pearl shell at 4d. the pound. A §nt «k^
prishig men have devoted their attention to the growlkct
coffee; 12,000 trees are under caltivatlon, half of vfecS
are expected lo bear fruit this year. Kxperienoe bm^a^
that the climate and soil are admirably adapted for (»
successful production of cotton, and a considerable wains
in pro|>ortion to the white popolatloo, have got IiK«
plantations; 7} tons have already been ^ip|ied. Hi.
a ton of tobacco had been exported to Sydney ; the v^
grows luxuriantly in the islands. Sugar, airowreot i^
other products are used for island consumptioo. Tfars
are now about 3,000 sheep in the islanda landed frtf)
Sydney. This importation has been a decided mxm
and generally they are doing well. Aa theidieapiB
being introduced by men of capital, it ia not impnlai-
this interest will largely increase in a few yearm. TVn
are as yet but a very limited number of hoiaea and
but of swine there are 6,000 head.
Fhbmoh Coast Fishbubs.— Notwithstanding
advantages at which the fishermen on that part a
coast are plaoed in comparison with parts nearer to '
such as Dieppe, the carriage of fish from whioh
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, October 14, 1861. 755
one-third less than from Calais, Boalogne, and Dunkirk,
forty additional boats were bnilt and Unnched at CiUais
doriogthe seasons of 1862 and 1868. The number of
boats engaged in the fishing trade at Calais and the
adjacent ▼Ulages, is 185, emplo3ring 682 men. The
herring fishery most be regarded almoit as a monopoly for
Boulogne; the value of the take of herrings by the Calais
fishermen dining the last season having b^n (mly £1 ,801 ,
whereas at Boulogne it amounted to i&d,110. The port
of Qravelines, following the example of Dunkirk, has in-
creased its trade in the Iceland fishery.
Wool Impobts. — The total imports of sheeps' wool
last month were 56,457 bales, and of goats' wool 2,716
bales. Of the sheeps* wool 10,811 bales were Australian,
6,540 South An-ican, and 12,187 East Indian. A good
deal of the Indian, North Afirksan, and Turldsh wools are
now received at LiverpooL
OaoHiLLA Wbid. — ^The consumption of this dye lichen
hi Franoe and (Germany would appear to be on the increase.
About 17,000 owt., shipped in each of the last two years
fiom the republic of Ecuador, appears to have gone to the
Continent.
€fAnwiti.
Pboobbbs of Viotoru. — In 1851, when Victoria for
the first time obtained a legislature, there were but eighty-
one manu&ctories in the colony, although the first settlen
landed on the banks of the Yarra in 1885, although the
first newspaper of the colony was published in 1888, and
the bounds of the dhr of Melbourne were set out in 1848.
Ten years after the first regulations for the sale of land
in Fort Phillip were issued, in fact, the whole of the
follmongeriee, mills, boat-building establishments, d%.,
every workshop, in short, to which the name of manufkc-
tofy could be given, did not exceed the small number
already stated. Last year the aggregate number was
708, and when the examhiation is carried t>ack it is found
that the rate of progress has increased rapidly of late
years. The reason why is easily given. The growth of
wool and the scraping of gold from the earth no longer
sngroswd the attention of the producing classes. It can-
Dot be said that legislation has done much to bring about
the change. This oobny is still without the oil from the
olives, of which there was some expectation two or three
^ears ago, and the cultivation of raisins and currants, rice
ind hops is still behindhand. The increase of manufactories
is due to the efforts of the colony tobecomeitsown supplier of
irtides of import requiring greater capital and skill in their
manufacture than thoee simpler products which have been
Sivoored by the l^islature as special industries. The
[>re8ervation of beef for export is not a new industry in
this colony, but it is now packed in casks of colonial wood
ind colonial make. Cattle and sheep are not only sent
k> New Zealand, but Melbourne assumes to Dunedin the
K)0iUon which Aberdeen maintains to Smithfield, as its
mrveyor of fresh as well as cured meat. Steamship
>ailding is also another industry not new, but the com-
>iiiation of iron and wood in the product of the shipyard
s new, and the first vessel built in the colony on this
>rinciple was launched not long since. There is steam
nachuiefy at work supplying cordage of all kinds, from
he smallest to the largest sizes. A steam collier, the
irst over engaged in the trade, now plies between Mel-
K>ame and Newcastle, and a second of very much larger
limensione is about to make her trial trip. The colony,
ID longer dependent on Boston, now manufttctures the
ce which is regarded as indispensable in summer.
Chemistry has also been applied to other arts, and by its
id are produced on the bimks of the Yarra a variety of
urodootA indispensable in a manufacturing community.
k>ota are maae partly, at least, by machinery, and alio-
^ther of colonial materiaL l^Yom portable caps and
pecifica for disease in sheep (and the last forms no incon-
siderable item in the table of exports), Victoria has
advanced to cigars, which are paid to rival those of
Havannah and Manilla. No longer finding it necessary
to resort to the London markets for the finest description
of binding and book-work, this colony will soon also be
independent of Europe as regards printiDg paper, the
machineiy for the first paper mill beiog now in course of
importation.
Australian Sugab.— A Queensland Cotton Company
have recently exhibited a sfdendid sample of sugar-cane
grown on their plantation. The cane was pronounced by
competent judges as equal to the growth of any part of
the world, and it has arrived at maturity in something
less than ten months. In Queensland, the prospect of
sugar cultivation on a profitable scale is said to be
becoming every day more manifest.
RsvKsns OF QuBBii8LAND.»The following is a state-
ment of the consolidated revenue of the colony of Queens-
land, and of the special funds paid into the Treasury at
Brisbane, during the quarter ending 80th June, 1864,
compared with the corresponding period of 1863 : —
Ciutonii ... ... —» ...
Land B«Tsaiie
A OHBfv ... .•• •.•
LIC6I10M ... ..• ... •„
Foci of Office M. ... ...
Finetuid Forfbltoref
Reatf (esdutlTe oC land)
PUoUm, Harbour Duet, and Fees
CItU Serrice Supph^ Fund
Blootrlo Telegraph Receipti ...
MiaooUaaeou Beodpta
Special Recelpte
1864.
1863.
£38,660 10
8
£31,066 18 11
14,986 11
3
16,907 12
8
8,466 11
9
2,670 19
1
7,764 14
8
4,843 7
3
2,178 11
6
1,463 1
1
261 17 11
813 13
9
97 16
8
72 18
9
491 12
6
607 7
4
336 3
3
1,368 11
6
1,161 9
2,681 10
8
708 7
6
6,003 16
3
3/)68 10
6
6 8
£78,266 8 6 £62,759
Showing an increase in the total of £15,507 Is. 9d.
Eleotbio Tileobaph in Quebnsland. — ^The estab-
lishment of telegraphic communication between Brisbane
and Moreton Bay has been most successfully accom-
plished. The work was commenced on the 28th of June.
The most favourable place for starting the connection
between Stradbroke and Moreton Island bavins been de-
cided upon, it was found that, in order to avoid the flats
and sand- banks, about 1,800 yards more cable would be
required here than was expected ; and altogether about
four miles of cable were yet to be laid. It is not intended
to use any portion of the cable which remains after laying
the necessary quantity between Cleveland and Dunwidi,
as it is not thought desirable that any splicing of the cablo
should take place. The landing of the neceasaiy appa-
ratus was found very difficult and laborious, owin^ to the
nature of the wide beach that extends from Dunwich into
the sea. It was, however, successfrilly accomplished. The
land line from Lytton to Cleveland, and from the north
to the south side of Stradbroke Island, is being rapidly
completed, and it is expected that, rimultaneously with
the arrival and laying of the remaining portion of the
cable, it will be ready for the transmission of messages.
Railways in QtfKKNSLAND. — The works on the rail-
ways are progressing favourably. A branch line is being
made from the new storehouse at North Ipswich to the
recently constructed railway wliarf on Uie north bank of
the Bremer, on which the whole of the rails, rolling stock,
stores, and plant, will be landed. The first section of the
railway from Ipswich to Bigges Camp (21 miles) is to be
ready for public traffic by the 1st June, 1865, but by
Christmas next locomotive engines will be running upon
the line, employed in carrying rails, ballast, contractors'
materials, &c. So soon as the Loan Bill is passed, the
Government will proceed with the construction of the ex-
tension of the railway to Dalby, which it is hoped will be
completed by the Ist January, 1868, or under three and a
half years from the present time. The surveys of the line
from the Toowoomba to Warwick are nearly completed.
Although the country through which this line will run is
very broken, and will be troublesome to the engineers, the
gradients and curves will, generally, be unobjectionable.
756
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Octobbe 14, 1864.
The Rkvekub of Natal, for 1868» was estimated at
£00,028, and it realieed £118,343. The excess arbes
from a general increase of the Tarioas fteios of revenue,
Customs' duties £5,000, and transfers £3,000, being the
chief items. The revenue for 1865 has been estimated at
£137,145, being an increase oyer that estimated for tliis
year of £32,000, and £23,000 over the actual receipts of
1863. This large increase is based upon the actual re-
ceipts of 1863, t^ether with the progressive increase of
former years, the reports of the collectors of revenue, and
the receipts of this year. The expenditure, as usual, has
been made to tally nearly with the revenue.
New South Walks Bevemub. — A comparative state-
ment of the Consolidated Beyenue of New South Wales,
and of the special funds paid into the Treasury at Sydney,
during the quarters ended 30th June, 1863, and 80th
June, 1864, respectively, shews that the total revenue
proper for the quarter ended SOth June amounted to
£337,511 15b. 6d. ; for the corresponding quarter of 1863
the receipts reached £450,978 6s. 2d. There is, there-
fore, a decrease in the quarter of £113,466 10s. 8d., or
25 per cent. The heads of revenue which show a
decrease are the Customs duty on spirits distilled in the
colony, gold, land revenue, licenses, fines and forfeitures,
and miscellaneous receipts. Those which show an increase
are Mint receipts, postage, commission on money orders,
railways, electric telegraph receipts, pilotage rates, and
tonnage dues. The decrease in the quartePs revenue is
chiefly owing to the fallincr.off in the Customs; the
decrease as compared with the corresponding quarter of
1863 being £93,859, or nearly 42 per cent., and on duty
on spirits distilled in the colony there is a decrease of
£21,315, or 83 per cent The gold revenue shows a
decrease of £2,303, but on the Mint receipts there is an
increase of £2,810, m consequence of large quantities of
gold having been sent there from Victoria and New Zea-
land for coinage. The land revenue sliows a decrease of
£4,441 ; the receipts for the quarter ended 30th of June,
1864, being £42,516, against £46,956 for 1863. The
postage receipts exhibit an increase of £2,511, and the
cotnniission on money ordera an increase of £227. Under
the head of licenses there is a decrease of £1,631, but
from fees of oflSce there is a small increase of £31, and
from fines and forfeitures a decrease of £593. The
amount of rents exclusive of land exce^ the correspond-
ing quarter of 1863 by £585. The receipts from railways
show a satisfactory increase of £3,455, or 13 per cent,, but
from the electric telegraph receipts there is only the paltry
increa^ of £15. From pilotage rates and hi^bour dues
there is an increase on the quarter of £1,544, and from
tonnage dues, Newcastle, an increase of £539. The ratee
under the Chinese Act amount, for the second quarter of
1864, to £70, against £60 for 1863. Under the head of
miscellaneous receipts there is a decrease of £700. In
this return is a new entry, viz., the proceeds of sale of
Treasury bills applied in payment of service of 1863 and
previous years, under Act 27 Vic. No. 8, £204,907 198. Ud.,
and this sum is carried out by itself as a decrease. Under
the head of special receipts, there is an increase of
£20,431 38. ; the receipts for the quarter ended the SOth
of June, 1864, being £35,105 158. lid. against
£14,674 12s. lid. for 1863. Fqr the fiwt quarter of the
year 1864 the total revenue proper was £290,305, and this,
together with £337,511, the receipts for the quaiter
ended the SOth June, will make the revenue for the half-
year amount to £627,816. For the same period of 1863,
the revenue reached £788,016. The decrease in the half-
year is, therefore, £160,200, or 20J per cent.
The Alpacas ik Austbalia. — A Sydney paper states
that Parliament having determined last session that the
flock of alpacas, brought six years since from South
America by Mr. Ledger, should be disposed of, arrange-
ments were made for the sale of the animals at Win-
Kello, the property of Mr. Edward Payten, who for the
T^« V ° "^^l^^ ^" ^^^ c^5<» of the flock. Sir
John Young, who waa accompanied by the Premier and
the Minister for Lands, attended the iile,at vkiith*
were about 150 persons present. The flods, wVi^te^
bered 307, was divided into lots of firom fonrtoua
animals, the majority of the lotAoonsstingof foviaaii,
one pure alpaca, and one weth^. Tha wboktt'h
animals were in very good condition. The aa^iiBa^
before commencing the ode, referred to the asaa^xa
attending Mr. Ledger's enterprise, and also tsiiito
that the experiment made to miiodnce alptcvisliVB.
toria had proved a failare, the whole of tiu ss^
having died. The sale was th^ proceeded vit.ia
there did not appear to be & diq>oeitlon on the pm&fAi
buyera to give the price thai was expected by ibiGo^
ment, who were not prepared to let the uiiiBikioKt
sacrifice. After unsucceasfnUy offerii^ cevenI]fl«i<E^
three of which found purchasen, the lootiaDeemS'
structed to close the sale. Subsequently, hovewr, a
other lots have been sold, com^ising sltpgetbir^
seven animals, for which the Goveromait iiifeFK&iii
£1,068 15s. Althouffh the sale was aiwntfsfiil, tk
amount realised will be considerably moie1kBti»c9
of the management of the flock for another far, lali
the meantime there will be an increase bi exeee^tix
number of alpacas dij^posed of, as no le8stlual(^<^^
females are reported to be with young. llieOcT^
ment have, therefore, sustained no ka by i^ <u
Amongst the purchasers were the Sopernit«B« -^
Auckland, the Acclimatisation Society of VJctom^Si
Acclimatisation Society of New South Wlle^*wUalls
Auckland. ,^
The Imports op Natal in 1863 were ii"^
being an increase of £23,000 over 1862, wi^ *J °?^
for 1863 were £164,000, or 21 per cent over ^^-/^
increase in the export of ivory was about BO P^^ .
wool 30 per cent. , and on sugar 50 per cent, ^^'^^f'fj^
three great staples. The amount of sogir «»»^
the colony is also very considerable. In the ^^f\
ton blankets and sheets, in 1863, a faUin^tf »* ^
place, which may be accounted for P*^y '9^J"2jS
made into coats,'and also by the idea l«'»^^
Customs dues on these articles were likely ^ w reoBf
On beads there was in 1863 an incresae onj^.^
weight over 1862. Under the item o( ^vaaiion^
falling off of about 2,000 picks, which wiS J!<f *°a»
bably made up for by the number of hoea, wdkH m^m
taxed. The increase in the impOTt*tioD ofJP ^
for the year 1863 was 16,000 gaUoM; OcariyiPJ^
piece for every man, woman, and chiW. ^^m*
blankets there was an increase of 4,591 pw"'/*";^^
notwithstanding the high tariff and ite evaBwn ty "^
coats.
i »feUtafioas ^m l
The Past and Fdtdrb op ABOHrrwjn^ (7 ^^
et VAvenir di VArchUeeturelhy the Doo de V*"^- ^ ^
(Michel L^vy, Frferes, Riris).— The Doc ^y*^
well known as an architectunU connoisseur, afl»^^^
as an amateur of the Grecian style, ****V^iii'l
work he has taken up the subject from ^"'^^ofthgH
he has thus contributed to the art li*<«»**J^trf»
with M. VioUet-le-Duc, M. Cesar Daly, *^^tftirf«
intent on, if possible, reforming V^^'^niave^'^
opinion with respect to the very importw^^
art education and scholastic dogma. tta \!S^^
An Essay on thb PaiKotFLSB or ^^^ i0r
Restout, painter in ordinaiy to Louis Ay-,«^'^
M. de Formigny de U Londehasdia*^^"^;^^^*'^
this lilUe work by a painter who ^^fr^^^^SZ^^
nutation a century ago. The Ws*^*^ Ffltrtitfr^
been made known to the worid by »• ^^zZ!iafii^,
the SociiU de* JStmix ArU of Caen. ^^ ^fl 'f
RestouU, tlie elder being the D«I*^-'rf (fW*
Jonvenet ; the younger became » m^STLW ^
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, Ootobto 14, 1864.
767
Ideiny of Paria in 1717, and fourty-foor of his works
[eatalogued by his editor. Of these, the gallery at
! fJloud posMsses a pictare of '* Arethosa flying firom
i punait of Alpheus;*' and in the Loavre are a ** Ck)n-
kation of Saint Paol," and " Christ healing the
ipple ;** other examples are to be seen in the museums
'Vouen, Tours, Caen, and in the Hotel de Ville of
bnooD. The work of Jean Restout indicates a man of
kad and critical mind, who looked upon painting as a
loos art, and demanded of the painter an amount of
Idy for which, unfortunately, few have at once the time
ft iho inclination. He says a good painter should have
hir aoqiAintanoe with geome^, perspective, anatomy,
tohaDios, geography, and music ; with physios, in order
4 to offbndagainst the eflectof nature; with the characters
d passions of men ; with sacred as well as profane his-
ry ; and should know the poets, the habits and customs
all the ancient people, their i)5tee, games, sacrifices, and
neralfl ; their architecture, fbmituro, arms, dresses, and
aipages. The remarks of the writer on the fundamental
iceasity ofgood drawing are trenchant and pointed : —
Before attempting composition," he says, " the young
tist must know how to draw well ; for the former in-
odea the idea, the colouring, the chiar*oscuro, and the
ntlment of the picture Artists generally paint
I they draw.** This is a sharp hit at slovenly painters,
ho ianoy they can paint out or over their original faults,
it one can hardly say it is too severe. It is evident that
oan Bestout was a sharp disciplinarian, and, considering
le condition of art at the time in which he lived, this
roves him to have been a man of a decidedly original
dd aelf-relying turn of mind.
istts.
Abohjbolooioal Disoovkribs. — Two interesting monu-
nents have been discovered near Alatri, in the 0am-
tagna Romana. This town, of Pelasgio origin, and cele-
brated for its Cyclopean walls, is situated on the top of a
nountain, and being at the time of the Romans ill pro*
rlded with water, toe Censor L. Betilienus Varus, as a
selebrated inscription tells us, caused an aqueduct, 840
eet high, to be constructed between Alatri and the neigh-
K>aring mountains ; it being expressly state.l that he built
t with arches, and provided it with strong pipes. The
>re6ent researches ordered by Pope Pius IX., in order to
enow the supply of water to the town, have led to the
liscovery of a large portion of the old aqueduct. From
he survey made by Father Seochi, it appears that the
owest pomt of the aqueduct lies 110 metres below the
ughest point of the town, a figure which coincides with
:he 340 feet of the inscription. Here, therefore, there is
ID aqueduct built 160 years before Christ, in the sluipe of
i reversed syphon under a pressure of eleven atmospheres,
it is diflBcnlt to say how much water was conveyed by
his aqueduct, but it was evidently sufficient for the
^onsamption of Uie town, since the piers of the arches
neasure no less than five feet nine mches in breadth,
rhe total length of the syphon is about six kilometers,
rhe other discovery is a field under which a complete
tystem of drainage was executed by means of long
pipes made of brick clay, and on an average a foot and a
kilf in diameter. They are now stopped up with sedi-
ment, and are 2} metres below the surface of the soil. This
leid was probably the parade ground mentioned in the in-
scription as having been laid out by Betilienus, whose
attention to the interests of his city was well rewarded,
lince he was twice appointed censor, and a statue was
erected to his honour.
Canadian Fish. — A correspondent of the Athenaum
desires to draw the attention of the Acclimatisation
Society to the celebrated •• white fish** of the Canadian
lakes, especially of Lake Michigan and the Manitou
I}<lands, the acknowledged excellence of which fish, with
ils northern habitat, would seem to point it out as a most
valuable addition to our northern lakes of Cumberland
and Scotland, now almost valueloM ; whilst the difficulty
of transporting the ova ih>ni the Canadian lakes to
England would be much less than that experienced in
the caae of bringing the Silurua from the Aig^isoh to our
shores.
Oystbb Covsumftion nr Pabis.— Notwithstanding the
high price at which they are sold (generally ih>m 8d. to
lOd. a dozen), it has been calculated that 7,000 to 8,000
baskets are daily emptied in Paris. Every basket con-
tains 150 oysters, so that 1,200,000 are daily consumed
there.
FisHiNo BT Elsctbio LiOBT. — The use of electricity,
as a submarine light, is developing rapidly. In the last
number of the Journal the application of the light to
nautical purposes and in snbmaiine works was referred to;
its use in sea fishing is also of interest. It is well known
that fish, like moths, are attracted by light, and to be
fascinated by it. Fishing by torch or other light has been
long practised on the French as well as other coasts. The
boats carry a skillet ^i their prow, and a blazmg fire is
kept by means of fir cones and resinous woods, but this
is only one of the many modes in use. In 1857, Mons.
J. Atonguia de Fran9a-Netto, an engineer of Dunkirk,
made experiments in the Gulf of Finland, setting himself
the following problem :^To obtain a light that should
illuminate the water to the depth of 50 to 200 yards, uui
which should not be disturbed, like the boat beacons, by
the movement of the waves. He made use of a sub-
marine electric light, and in one case four men took a
thousand pounds weight of the finest fish in fortpr minutes,
or as much as twenty or thirty would have obtamed in the
ordinary manner. Having proved that a submarine light
affected the fish in the same manner as one above the
waves, the next thing was to obtain a lamp that would
support the pressure, and the director of the famous glass-
works of Baccara has produced for the purpose crystal
globes nearly twenty inches in diameter, a oentimetro, or
two-fiflhs of an inoh,*in thickness, and weighing upwards
of fifty pounds. Subsequent experiments, some of which
were made by order of the French Government, have clearly
proved that all kinds of fish are attracted by the ligh^
and that when they have approached within a cextain
distance they seem powerless to quit the spot, and hover
about the spot till captured or driven away. Mons.
De Franca- Netto has invented a new kind of net, or trap,
to use with the light, and both have been tried on the
coast of (England as well as of France. Means are being
taken to apply the system on an extensive scale.
Wastb of Sn.vBB in PHoroaBAPHT.— >MM. Davanno
and Girard have addressed a series of papers to the
Academy of Sciences on the subject of photography,
making some curious revelations with regard to the waste
of precious metals in the operation. For instance, the
silver alone which is employed for photographs in Paris
amounts to several millions of fhmcs. Now, as only
3 per cent, of the silver employed remains on the photo-
gmph, 97 per cent, will continue to be lost unless some
method be found for recovering it. MM. Davanne and
Girard, who make this startling announcement, propose
that plates of copper be put into the argentiferous liquid,
whereby in the course of three or four days the silver will
be precipitated in a spongy state.
€mt$tmmt .
NoBTH London Wobkino Classes* Industbial Esc-
HiBtTioN. — Sib, — ^In our Journal of September 2od you
inserted a letter of mine on the above subject, in which I
gave a sketch of the rise and progress, so far, of the
movement. That which was then in a comparatively
incipient condition, is now an accomplished fact, and
the Exhibition will be opened on Monday next, the 17th
inst., at 3 p.m., by Earl Russell.^ I expressed in my
• Sfe page 752.
^ *i
768
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OF ARTS, Octobbe 14, 1864
letter a pretty oonfident expectation that the invitation
to exhibit would be extensively responded to, bat I had
no idea that the applications for space would so far exceed
the limited amount then at the disporalef the oommittee,
tlial, instead of cotitentiug themselves with the modest
4)imensions of lite minor Agricultural Hall, they would
be compelled to take the larger one. This has, however,
Koved to be tlie gratifying reeult, and the publio will be
•th surprised and pleased to find in that great building
articles of British local Indnetiy suitably arranged, mr
exceeding in intei*cst anything of the kind that haa
hitherto been exhibited in the metropolis. In my former
letter I said that '* the woikmen had gone about their
great project in a workmanlike way,*' and this will be
found to be eminently tlie cacc. The j^arantee ftmd has,
without solicitation on their part, snived, I believe, at a
total bevond £400, and ranks among the fubecribers to it
such well-known and respected names as Lord Shaftesbury,
the Chancellor of tlie Exchequer, Biiss Burdett Coutts,
Assistant- Judge Bodkin, Alderman Lusk, Messrs. J. A.
Nicholay, Harry Chester, Samuel Morley,and many othen
equally eminent, besides a veiy large number of their
own body. The financial committee, however, have not
been tempted by this handsome resource in ease of need,
to incur any unnecessary pecuniary obligations. The
central committee (a numerous body) have given their
valuable services gratuitouply, and the directort of the
Agricultural Hall Company have placed the great hall
at their disposal on very liberal terms. Much vocal and
instrumental talent has also been ft-eely oflered and accepted
for the opening ceremonial, and Earl BusmII will, on thai
occasion, be well supported. It is intended to distribute
frizes (none peccmiary) and testimonials, but the precise
nature and value of the former must depend on the surplus
means placed at the disposal of the committee, when the
Exhibition is finally closed. I hope, however, that under
any circumstanees,*6omeof the more wealthy well-widierB
to movements in this direction will be disposed to assist
this f\ind by special contributions. The gentlemen who,
at the request of the central committee, have under-
taken the delicate and important duties of adjudication,
will only be too happy to find that their desire to give
extensive encouragement to skilled and other workmen,
is not circumscribed by limited financial resources* — ^I am,
&o., Thomas Wimkworth.
GAnonbui7, Ootober 11, 1864.
'^nttnU.
f^rom OmmisiUmirt af Patent* Journal, (kUXnr tth.
Grants of Pkovisioval Pbothotiov«
Aerial navigiukm— 2299'H. A. F. Menjums.
Air. Ac, iteam engine* for blowing, Ac— aiB2--J. T. Crostand.
ArtJ«cl»l ftiel— 2278- J. H. Johnion.
Atmotpheri^preaiurc, Ac., sppanttis fbr propelling by— Mlt^— Sir
J. 8. Liillie.
Booti and ihoe*, manufacture of— 2246— G. Haeeltiat.
Bottlei, stoppcn fbr— 2386— N. Thompion.
Boxef, ca«!f. &c., oongtntcUon of card board, Ac—a268— W. Auitln.
Bozei, Mftt/ match and ftuoe— 2289— A. Flgge.
Briokf, 4 c., kilM for drying, burning, As.— 22Y0— T. B.Cramploa,
Brashes— 2292-J. Vero. '
cablet, manolkotarlngtelegraphie— 2341— A. V. Newton.
Candles, manufacture of— 2339 ~ W. Palmer, jmu
Cements, Ac, fire resisting— 2320— E. Tonng.
Chromic add and chromates, manufacture of —1362— F. O. Waid.
Cigars, manufacture of— 2319— J. H. Johnson.
Door locks -2367— A. J. Adams.
Doors, win dows, Ac, alarum applicable to— 2284— W. Lea.
Engraring ..process of— 2190— P. E. Placet.
Eje prote^ctors, manufttctnre of— 2337— H. Tale.
Fabrics, mbrddering woTon or spun — 2301 — A. Hlnins.
Fibroos Materials, spinning and winding— 2286— J. Smitli.
Fibrous 'ubstances, bleaching— 2230— H. Potter.
Firear'°s, breach-loading— 2308— R. A. Brooman.
Fire. arms, construction of— 2383 — J. Jongen.
Fl ©ur mills— 2212— L. F. Goodbody.
GHns, gun carriages, and prqfectUea— 2236— O. Clark.
India-rubber, driring straps and tubes of Tulcanised- 2aW— M. L. J.
I^avater.
Iron and steel, manaflictare of— 2278— F. Tatss.
Lamps, bomecB Hw— 239T— I. Watts, joa.
Lightning ooodnotors— 2364— A. BestMh.
Lnbricatug, spparatos for— 3314— J. L. Conrdw.
Lubricators— 42«— 8. Bennett.
Jf aUeatle Iron, mannfaetnre of aUba or btoaao l i Wk y whi
Metal, apparatus fbr cvttiaff or ahaartng— >y t . Mia'
Metal, rolliog, bending, •xA circlfefpMiSf-lBiaW^iyi
Mines, lubricating the axles of ouruiges te cooie/iai OHliii^
3366— J. Q. Hey.
Motion, eontiniioas r ot ary Mta— 1*. Ooknb*.
Kails, ^ikes, Ac, mannlkctmre oT— 3361— W. Whttlla
Newspapers, Ac, oontrivanoe fbr cutting (»ea—SS74-C.ini,
Pi4>er, apparatus fbr damplBg— 3306— w. OlariL
Phos^aret of iron, ftc, mamBfaotareai— aSM— 1. AtasHk
Photographers, enrek^e tn/nm tat th ajBis qf»3IOI J .&Hil
Photographs, cases or receptacles fbr— 2373— K. H.*lMi.
Pipes and dears, obtaining light fbr— 4386— r ~
Pitch and qMritoons oUa, separatloB ef,fk<n. i
ander and W. B. NaOoa.
Porcelain, glass, Ac, ornamentation on— 1981— W. Oh^
Railwaj o^al apparatus — ^3312 — F. Hovendeo.
Railwajs, permanent waj of— 8306— W. Claik.
Rallwajs, fteptUing trains oa^-8367— T. Moj.
Bailwur trains, fommnnJcatlnn betweaa
— W. Chubb and 8. Fry.
Ralhraif ton-tablet— 23tS— M. D. Jeflk^^j*.
Bibbons, ac, wearing— asaa—B. Fhido,
Bereans and devee— 2363 — J. BUI.
Sewage matters, utUisation of— 2329— T. and T. F. IfUNi'
Sewing machinery— 2196— A. V. Newton.
Ships, Ac, protecting the aides and bottoms of-MW-' T.J.Pa a
Steam boilers, prerenting ijiorostation in— 33II— A. T. ••J**
Steam engines. Ac, labticator for the cyUaden aid iili«*-W-
B. Townsead.
Telegraphs, batteries and electrie printing— It36-K. A. 1
Telegraphs, printing bj eleotricitj fbr— 236a-J. H. 8N
Threads or yarns, manufkctaie of— 3306— W. WUUms.
Ventilators, ooostrnction of hoods for— 3364-E. Bolt. ^^
Vessels, casks, Ac, fermenting, charging, Ac— 31»-^- '"'■*
Volatile minerals, Ac, dlsUUation of— 3283-4. B. Bom.
Warming apparatus, portable— 2363— B. BattcniV'
Wet gas meters— 2310— E. Smith.
Wood, machinerr fbr entdnr— 3108— H. OtaftflO*
Worts, Ac, madding and ooollng— 329a— W. UnrtBei*
INVRNTIOKB WITH COMPLBTa iWOIflCAnOW IH*
Cotton bales, labels or tags for— 2387— G. HsnUiiie.
Harrefting machines -2442— O. T. BoosAdd.
Ores, Ac, breaking and grinding-3396-0. Bsswia
Petroleum, Ac, adapting cuks to relalnr-349a-^* a tw^
PavBMTC SaALan.
877.
878.
681.
882.
886.
892.
893.
896.
904.
906.
•10.
•18.
914.
916.
918.
919.
926.
928.
981.
932.
934.
986.
936.
937.
989.
J. Picking.
D. Moeelej.
N. Wood and J. Stookleij'.
B. Pratt.
B.Thatcher.
'J. Howell.
J. H. Simpson.
J. Misbet.
W. B. Gedg«.
T. C. Jones.
F. A. P. Plgon.
T. Chamberlaamt.
J.Lillie.
M. L. Peters A W. Haikei.
A. J. F^raser and F. Bqolro.
W.Qadd,jttn.
A. Andi|^.
J, C. ETans and J. 0.
Thompson.
J. Keilson and J. OilUes.
T. W. Miller.
J. Cope.
P. A. le Comte de Fon«
tainemorean.
J. BuUough.
T. Steven and C. Battj.
F. Browett.
Ml. H. fllfflM-
968. A.W.W*.
•77. O. »i«gLi
•92. A. V. »*•«•
997. W. OI«k.
L006. J. 0. ^-ay
!JS;:J:?:»-»"
Lantcr.
008. A. W(^
iOi4. J. C. Bj^
1663. J. w. J**
I W. A. W^
20S6. A.B.Caw*
PATim CM WmOB THB BTAlir Dl»W 0F»»''
2486. J. Tweedale.
U96. T. Hui^es.
8499. A. Chaplin.
3634. J. J. Bussell.
8611. 8. Bremner.
3607. W. Catford
Wheatiey.
and J. 8.
lag.
2631. O.W.W*
PansTs ON wuiOH raa
3641. W. E. Newton.
3663. J. Combe.
8666, J. Warbortoa.
-M60 III •'■■'*
JHKiM*
Imarnal 0f %
m
THE
AKDOr
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Ssbsion.]
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 21, 1864.
[No. 622. Vol. XH.
AiiBoaMMiienti bj U10 Ooondl :— Nodoo
to iMtttottou „. Pig« Y59
Korth London Working OImni Iniiif-
trinl BxhiMtloB ... .^ ... ^. 759
PrinuiT Initraotioii in FHtnoo 760
Prooooolnft of Imtttatiou i-^Bftnbmj
Bdooot tfehool ... 762
FIno Arts :— Rojnl Aoademj of Braiiels
— Piiblio If onnmonti — Architoctomi
^otos ••• ... ... ,,, 763
IfuofketaNt >-Bxhlbltloiint B^joono—
.Agrioaltanl JUohinorjla Amerion—
766
OF CONTENTS.
Earl GnuiTillo*! Iron Work* 764
Commcroo: — The Potroleom Tndo—
WnJInohtnn Petrotoam— Tho Adoito-
mtion of Cotton in Indln
Coloniot .— Tho (Nntnl) Now Pablio Of-
iloet— Now Zonland— Coal and Water
Sopplj at Notion— Bailwajs in Na-
•"• ••• .. . «•• ... ... ••• Tvw
Obituary :— The Doko of Newowtlo ... 766
Publioationi iMued :— The F^nch Aea-
dei^j of Ineoriptiona and Belles-Let-
tree, Ao.— L'Hlitoire do la 8affe«e et
da Chmt — La PhUoeophie ladivl.
doalifto— Loi Oabliii— BibUoth^Qo
utue ... ... ... ... ••«
Notes :~Oreet Central CatUe MarkeCand
Abattoir Ibr Paris— The International
t66
Oporto— OTter
rwlthovtFlro— H
767
Pl«»ts
Correspoodenoe :— Dwellinn Ibr the La-
boorinff • Clams— The Lord Major^s
Dinners— The Squares of London ... 767
*aienW ... .« ••• amm mm» 119
NoTioB TO Institutions.
A copy of a Bill, containing brief partioalars of
the Examinations, has been forwarded to each
Institution. Thb should be suspended in the
Reading-room, or some other conspicuous situa-
tion.
NORTH LONDON WORKING CLASSES
INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION.
Thii Exhibition was foroaally opened by Earl Russell
in the Agricaltaral Hall, Islington, on Monday last, in
the preseooe of an immense conoourae of people, all of
whom were admitted by tickets at the prices of 2s. 6d. and
Is. each. The noble Earl arrived at the hall at 3 o'clock,
and was condncted to a platform by the committee of
officera. On his taking the chair, the ceremony com-
menced by a choir of 1,000 voices smging the Old Hon-
dredth Pudm, accompanied by the organ, which was
played by Dr. Wesley, organist of Winchester Cathedral
and College.
Mr. Watts, the bon. seoretaxy, read a report of the
mani^ng committee, composed of working men, stating
the droomstances onder which the Eihibition bad been
set on foot. They were enoooraged, they said, to mider-
take it from the soooess which attended a Working Man's
Exhibition in the sonth of London, and from a convic-
tion that there was moch talent among the working classes
which lay dormant for want of fitting opportonities for its
exercise and appreciation. They eventually resolved to
ibrm a North London Exhibition, indoding the districts
of Clerkeowell, Islington, St. Panoras, St. Luke's, Hoxton,
St. Andrew's (Holbom), and Bloomsbury,but not exdadiog
exhibitors from other parts of the metropolis should the
committee have sufficient space at their disposal. It was
to consist of objects manufactured by the exhibitors, either
at specimens of skilled workmanship, or examples of self-
taught handicraft, and they had been greatly assisted in
cariying out the project by local committees. They at
length placed themselves in communication with the
directCHV of the Agricultural Hall, who entered into the
scheme in a friendly and encouraging spirit, and offered
them the tose of their large hall upon liberal terms. With
the aid of BIr. Le Neve Foster, the Seoretaty to the Society
of Arts, they appointed adjudicators to award the prizes
fh>m among the council of that Society. The committer
referred, in passing, to the success attending the guarantee
fund for carrying out the objects of the Exhibition. The
amount promised, if needed, was X350, £50 of which had
been guaranteed by Mias Burdett Coutts, and £100 by
Mr. Samuel Morley. The exhibitors were 866 in number,
and the articles shown by them occupied 5,980 ft. of wall,
2,012ft. of counter, and l,750rt. of floor. The classifica-
tion adopted was as follows :— Ist, professional workman-
ship ; 2ixi, amateur productions ; 8rd, inventions and novel
contrivances ; 4th, mechanical models ; 5th, architectural,
marine, and ornamental models; 6th, artistic objects;
7th, ladies' work of all kinds ; 8th, miscellaneous articles.
These classes are thus represented :— ClasB 1, skilled. 288 ;
2, amateurs, 98 ; 3, inventions, 91 ; 4, mechanical models,
56; 5, marine, 80; and ornamental, 75; 6, artistic, 165;
7, ladies' work, 75 ; 8, miscellaneous, 85. It was im-
possible to refer to all who had kindly assisted in the un-
dertaking, but special mention was made of Miss Louiia
Pyne, Miss Leffler, Mr. Galer, Mr. Thomas, Dr. Wesley,
Mr. W. H. Bellamy, and Mr.. Glenn W^ey, for their
kind and gratuitous services in the musical department.
At the conclusion of the report, the Chairman inspected
the exliibition. On his return to the platform.
Earl Russell said, he had to congratulate them on the
exhibition which he had just seen. It had given him the
greatest satisfaction to observe the works of skill tuad in-
dustry of the North London working classes, and they
deserved the highest credit. It afforded him pride and
pleasure to be the fellow-countiyman of men who had
so employed their time, who had exhibited the greatest
ingenuity in the works that they had peilbrmed, and in
that manner have done credit to the countiy to which
they belong. Those who first conceived the thought of
this Exhibition of Industry did but justice to the industiy
of their countrymen, and he congratulated them on the
great success which had already attended their efforts. It
was thus that this country gave another proof that the
working classes of London are, as he believed, the highest
in the world, the most distinguished in the works that
they perform, the most ready to accomplish anything that
might be set before them, and thus make this great com-
munity Uiat which it ought to be — the head of the civil-
ized world in all those works which betoken civilization
and progress. He was happy to accede to the propottl
when a wish was expressed that he should preside at the
opening of this Exhibitk>n, and he must say that he bad
760
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP AETS, Ootobbb 21, 1864.
^
DO ;ooiioeptioii that the worka of industry which were to
be shown would betoken bo much skill and show saeft
beanttfal remltft of the operations of labDor.
A special ode, appropriate to the occasloil, w^itleb bf
Mr. W. H. Bellamy, and the moiio of whksh ^m ooAi.
posed by Dr. Wesley, was then song by Miss Louisa Pyne,
Hiss Susan Pyne, Miss Leffler, Mr. Elliot Galer, Mr.
Lewis Thomas, and the choir. At its conclusion prayer
was offered by the Bev. Robert Maguire, M.A., Incum-
bent of Clerkenwell ; and *' I know that my Redeemer
liveth," was sung by Miss Louisa Pyne.
Mr. DiOBT Betvodb, M.P., pr op osed a TOte of thanks
to the Chairman. He said, if anything could enhance the
admirable arrangements of the committee under whose
anspioea the work had been nndertidcen and carried out, it
was the selection of the noble and illustriousperson who
had presided at the opening ceremony. When they
lookM bai^ on tiie career of Lord Ruraell, there was no
public man, he thought, who had 4 higher claim on the
natitude of the working classes. During a long public
life his name had always more or less been identined with
the welfsre and progress of the people, social and political,
and no man had done more iu his time to unshackle com-
meroe and promote free trade, the benefits of which were
DOW experienced in every grade of society. His labours
had also tended to give a material impetus to the intel-
lectual devdopment of the working classes by the estab-
lishment of a cheap press. He concluded by proposing
that the thanks of the meeting be tendered to Ban Rus-
aell for presiding at the opening ceremony of the Exhibi-
tion.
The motion having been seconded by Mr. Gbobos
Cbuigkshamk, was earned with acclamation.
Earl Russell, in returning thanks, said he had himself
been a working man from an early period of a long life.
He remembered that when a measure was brought into
Parliament by Sir Robert Peel for promoting freedom of
trade with regard to many articles of art and manofao-
ture, many of those whom it affected came to him (Earl
Russell) and complained that while they were exposed to
oompetition, and while their trade would be thrown open
to all the nations of Europe and the world, the bread
which they ate was taxed, and they wished him to oppose
the measure. He then told them tbat in his opinion no
such injustice could long continue ; that if trade was thrown
open to the competition of the whole world com would
not be taxed for many years, but that all would have the
benefit of f^ee trade. And .so accordingly a few 3rearB
afterwards the com law was repealed. With that ex-
ample before them he might well say, that while the
working classes showed their present mdustzy and skill
whenever any question arose in which their rights and
privileges were concemed, whatever was just and for the
common benefit was sore to be sanctioned by Parliament
in the end. They might depend upon it that thn was a
country in which, by means of discussion, by means of the
Press, by means of Parliament, by means of public opinion
expressed in a thousand ways, truth at last Would gain the
supremacy, and, under God, eveiy evil would be a£>li8faed.
The choir and the assembly then sang the National
Anthem, Mbs Louisa Pyne taking the solo parts.
There was a concert in the evening, at which portions
of the music used at the opening were repeated.
The committee decided at the outset not to offer pecn-
nlaiy premiums. They are, at the same time, desirous
that the prizes shall be worthy mementoes of the occasion,
and valued by the holders as marks of distinction. The
adjudicators are Mr. Thomas Winkworth, Mr. Peter
Graham, Mr. D. H. Clark, Mr. G. F. Wilson, Mr. J. A.
Nicholay, Mr. Digby Wyatt, and Mr. Le Neve Foster.
The Exhibition is open dafly from 9 in the morning till
5 in the evening, admittance 6d.; and from 7 till 10 in
the evening at a charge of 2d.
The number of paying visitors on the three days,
Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, amounted to 89,218.
Of these, 20,116 entered on Wednesday.
IB-
«rtbe
fiftki
PRIMARY EDUCATION IN FRANCE.
General Morin, Director «f the drntervatoire^
delivered $A ttddreal qb this Mjed beftxe tha
stitute, wh^ preddipR at m impoitaiil
** Five Ad^Mlies." ne folkMHbg ii a li
most interesting portions of this adoreas : —
After having shown the interest which the pabUc iaka
in the question of primary schools, and referred to ths
law of 1833, in which he pointed oat the ddtBcta, thi
speaker showed the melancholy state of France, ai odd*
nju^ with titat of o^ier eoimtries, with Tej^**^ ^ p spi lsf
iQstractioo. *• We know,** he said, "that in the whok
of Germany and Switzerland, whatever miiay be the faa
of government or rdigion, law and eosloB heA onkt
primary education compulsory. The £ath^ of a iaraily
is never allowed, to the detriment of society, to depmna
his children of early intellectual food, anj morattHiof
fbod for the body. It is also reeegniied er eiw w b eie Ikd
society ought to provide it for those dindzen lAem parnii
cannot pay for it for them.
" Definite laws and regtilationa eatabliA lUi eb%i-
tion. A special and stikt watdi is exerdied to lame
its accomplishment, which is ftniher provided fcr tf
graduated penalties, whkih are, first, mdmoBitioB kom §
magistrate or special authority; then m fine; wod las^, tf
necessary, imprisonment. These roles are m slrictly ob-
served in the Swiss Republic as in the Empire of AiMtriL
The obligation is not Umited to fteqnent atfcBdatiui st
the primary school from the ace of six to that of ioorteei
years, but it is also extended to Sunday aohools op to
the age of sixteen or eighteen, nnlen Ihe fmuig man eia
prove that he is engaged in a hi|^her ctha of «lodii% at
can show a certificate from hSs wiritaal dsraoiQC that hi
has leant all that ii taught in the schoc^
" It is instructive to notice that, hi no wmv, does fha
obligation imposed on the fkther, td give Ut diQAra
primary instruction, interfere with his authority, oar widi
the choice of what he has ^em tanght, siooe the paresis *
are perfeody free in ^e choice alike of msstma isd of
methods, and are only obliged to prove tiiat tb^ cluIdieQ
really receive instruction. The frict of the educatuQ
being obligatory does not imply that ft nrart be gxa-
tuitous, as those opposed to this systert aver ; ft is mn t
tax On the citizen in fiivour of society, aa w^ aa eb Oa
fiither for his children ; and he Is only exwaed ftem pay*
ing it when it is beyond his means.
" Further, primary instruction is so periee tfy tjuu i J fcirf
as a social duty, that those parents wtio 1iav6 their <UI>
dren taught at home, are, as well as tiie tiher inh^baMi^
obliged to pay the educational tax until ^tear ch Bdre a
have obtained the age of sixteen years. In Finirii aH
heads of families have equally to subscribe for the t^iatj
of the schoolmaster, whether they have ch i Mr a n or mC
In Switzerland there is, in the canton of 29ttticlt, a
flcial law which imposes dn every bride 6ouilak to 4«d
in the commune, as weU as on every new faooMhdl
which is set up, the obligation to make a wedding artaeai
to the treasuiy of &e teho<A, the mfaiigmm o€ wbUk k
fixed."
General Morfn here quoted a pagMige frooi M. Ooorii
on the necessity of instructioti for a free people, t^ba^t aQ
for a people where universiil suffrage extsfs, aad kd ** ^
showed how cdmpulsory tnstruetidn might be
" Experience shows tliat it is not aadiftctili as oae
think to oblige even all the children of a comonni
attend the primary school. The monidpal end
siasiical authorities can exercise great ininence in tMh
respect, and obtain the desired result. L^al au tt Kah y^
exercised in so legitimate a cause, is readfijr acceftel
even in countries which are the least prepared ftr IL
For instance, when the Prussian Government tookjoaa
don of the Duchy of Posen, which then counted a luHUui tf
inhabitants, and had only twenty primary adioals« ft iBlfe>
duced the obligation of attending the newaehoola vhlkSi H
established withoottfae least resist anoe being efiat«tf,Hl
JOURVAb OF THE SOOIBTT OP ABTS» OotOBBB 21, 1864.
7«t
DOW evvrf Ott0 tberD c«i immL IftefV^plaoewkereilhM
been peraeveringly inaiitod wpoa, ioeh aa obligatkm hat
been readily accepted, and hat ra{Hdly beoome a onttom ;
we must allow, however, that its complete execution has
Botnetimea met with difficoltiee which ooold not be im-
mediately rarmoanted. In places where the habitations
are very Widely scattenid, and the means of commonica-
tion are dittcult, as well as where the state of monds is
low, real obstacles arise which mnst be taken into account.
Thus, in Austria, while the real attendance at the schools
is in the provinces of high and low Austria, of the Tyrol,
of Bohemia and Moravia, 98-6 per cent, of the number of
children, the proportion is reduced to 84 per cent, in
Styria, to 72 per cent, in Garinthia, to 55 per cent, in
HuQj^, to 34 per oeni. in Venice, and even to 20 per
cent in Croatia.
" But it is light to noUoa that there is this peculiarity
connected with the diflorioo of knowledge in the Empire
of Austria, that the people of whiob it is eomposed speak
nineteen different Ungoages or dialeets, so that it is
necesaary almost everywhere to teach in two different
languages, German and the maternal dialect We can
also understand that the principle of natk>oalities is not
much liked by a govemmenl which has so many diflisrent
countries under its rule. In ntite of these natural
obstacles, and the difficulty of gettmg Isolated popiUations
to join in an intellectual movement, the principle
universally exists. So that the exoeption astonishes us,
when it does not present itself as the evident consequence
of special circumstances. Thus the colonel of a regiment
in one of the little German States, having found, in a
contingent of 400 men, four who oould not read, the faet
was considered so extraordinary that an inqnhy was
instituted to diaoover the reason.
'•Proofs of the success of the law are fumidied by
various statistics, which at the same time show the
importance of the results obtained. Thus the commercial
statistics of the Grand Duchy of Baden show that
amongst those ooodemned to varioos punishments, that is,
among the worst of the popnlatioB, in 100 individuals of
either sox, there was only an average of two men
and five women who could not read or write. In
Saxony, according to an official document, in 1,741
rural schools the average number of children which ought
to attend them is 137 lor each school, and the number of
actoal pupils is the same. Two schools, however, only
have one pupil; the greater part have more than the
legal number, from the presefioe of strangers who are not
included in the census. In the towns of the same king-
dom, which have 275 8choq|p, the result is the same.
" In Prussia the number of children who go by choice
to the primary schools, as compared with those who
are comp^^ to attend, is 97*8 for the b(>ys, 97*1 for
the girls, giving 97*4 for the average.
We have not yet exaot statistios of the schools in France
to show how numy children have really been at them
every day, in summer and in winter. We cannot, there-
fore, make a comparison with regard to the attendanoe,
analogous to that which can be inade in Austria. This
hiatus will soon be supplied by the documents which the
Minister of Public Instruction has had collected, and then
only shall we be able to judge the effects of the attendanoe
being compulsory or free. And, what is still more im-
portant, the government will fae in a position to recognise
more precisely those departments in which its action may
be more specially exeraised to remove difficulties and
overcome local resistance.
" Bui although attendance at the schools may be insured
by the action of the law, it may still be asked whether the
result obtained is realty satisfintory, and what is in iact
the {>er-centage of young people able to read and write
amongst those who are compelled to attend the schools,
compared to those of the same age who are not so com-
pellea. Our knowledge on this subject is not so com-
plete at one could wish. However, a km examides may
be given.
*< in Bavaria»attOBgi* the young soldion caUsd toartia
!n 1864, the number of tbois who oould onfy read and
write imperfeotly was a|i average ot 8 per cent te
Pruana, the statiitics of recniiting sh6w that m 1«> i^
omits arriving at the oorps, there was only an avenge ef
three who could not reed and write. In Saxonyt the
average number of those who can neither read aor wHie
for tiie years 1847, 1848, 1851, and 1862, k 16-5 per eeirtt
of uneducated.
** If we compare the results obtained in Germany with
those whksh are oarefully coUeoted every year in Fraooe
by the Minister of War, we are forced to aeknowledge
the i nf erio rit y of France in this respeet, and the dow pro*
greas which we are making in primsfv instruction. Taking
each year from 1828 to 1862 indusive, it appeal^
taldog the stalistiQa of reondting throngboBt the whme of
France—
1st. That out of 100 men of 20 years of age, in 1828^
there were 58, or more, who could not read nor write.
2nd. That at the thne ef the promulgation of the law
of 1888 on primary instruction, Uiere were 46 out of the
100 who were thus ignorant
3rd. That after this beneficent and popular law had
been in exeoutkm for 29 years, in spite m the oontiimal
pecuniary supplies given t^ the State, there were still in
1862 more than 27 per cent of men of 20 years of age
who could neither read nor write.
<* If we represent gmphically the results of this statement^
we obtain a curve which may be said to give the geometria
law for the decrease of ignorance. The melancholy
slowness with which the number of young people who
can neither read nor write decreases, is thus shown, in
spite of the increasing resources that the communes, the
Departments, and the stote never cease to eontribote to
this fundamental part of public instruction. We see, til
faet, that while the sum devoted by the State to primaiy
instruction had risen from 100,000 (ranos in 1829 to
4,797,000 francs in 1861, that is to say, had become forty-
eight times as much, and that the number of schools had
been more than trebled, the number of young peo{de of
20 years of age, who could neither read nor write, had
only dimfaiished in the ratio of 52 to 27, or less than liali^
This diminution, indeed, appears to become more and
more gradual, in spite of the increase of expenditure ; and
it thus appears that unless other measures than mere in*
creased expenditure and the establishment of new sehocda
are taken, there is no hope of reducing the proportion of
perfectly uneducated persons to 10 per cent, in less than
fifty years.
«* The statistics drawn up W the Mmister of War, be-
sides showing the general results to which I have referred,
show the great differences between the per-centages of
young men of 20 years of age who can neither resd nsr
write, in the various departmenta of France. No load
cause, however, such as the nature of the ooimtfy, the
occupation ^whether agricultural ox manufocturing) of the
peoDie, or tbeir moral condition, can be discovered which
explains the immense differences which exist in the pro*
TOrtion of educated perMms in the various departments*
For instance, the departments of Donbs and Gard, which
figure in the first rank, are mountainous and agricultund,
covered with forests, die. ; so are the departments of Ar-
ri^ and Fioistirre, which stand at the bottom of the list
The department of the Mouse, which occupies the third
line, has larae valleys where cattle are fed, and it is the
same with the Dordogne, which stands No. 81, and with
Indre-et-Loire, one of the most foitile parts of France,
which stands No. 68. The department of Haut-Rhin,
standing No. 9, has as many manufactories as the Nord,
which stands No. 56.
** On the other hand, the favourable moral influence of
the clergy acta to as great an extent in the departmeiita
of L% Bretagne and Le Midi, which are the most behind*
hand in education, as in that of Bas-Rhin, which stands
No. 3 on the lirt. The department of La Setae, with f tt
numerous schools of various Irinds, ooly standi N^ It.
762
JOUBNAL OF THE S00IET7 OF ABTS, Ootobb 21, 1864.
It 18 trae thmi there are tome pansbes there where there
are five times m many children as the schools can find
rooms for. In Paris itself, it appears that whilst in
397,069 workpeople of both sexes, whose state of education
has been ascertained, there are only 12 per cent, who can
neither read nor write ; in certain trades, snch as chemical
works, there are 74 per cent, of workmen in this state of
Ignorance, while among the girls employed in the Indfer-
match manofactore there was not one who coold read or
write.
« Among the general causes which, besides the absence
of legal obligation, tend to inflaence onfitvonrably the
state of primary instruction, one of the most injurious in
the agricultural districts is the irregularity of school
attendance at one season of the year as compared with
another. Recent statistics on this point have not been
drawn, but it appears that in 1829 and 1838 the ratio was
as follows: —
Tav.
Winter.
SmunMr.
1a •Qmm«rto that
Ib wintar.
1829...
969,340
543,529
0-56
1883...
1,200,715
696,206
0-58
Showing that the attendance in summer was little more
than half of that in winter.
** One great cause of this ii the carelessnen of the
parents, the want of attention of the authorities appointed
to inspect the schools, and particularly the small interest
that the teacher has in the real progress of his pupils
under the present arrangements.
. " The want of Sunday and evening schools during the
winter, where the education of those who had already
been taught a« children could be continued, and where
adults of neglected education might make up for lost
time, is another serious evQ. Field and 'factory labour
would not interfere with attendance at such schools, and
the expense of their organisation would not be heavy, as
the teachers in primary schools might be employed in
them at a small addition to their sidary. Elementary
education would thus be improved in its character, and a
large number of young workpeople would be rendered fit
to attend courses of lectures on technical subjects, which
might then be established in the various towns with great
benefit to the people.
** As to the very great number of children who work in
the factories, the French law of 1831 , under which they
are allowed to work ttom the too early age of eight years,
for eight hours out of the twentv>foiu', on condition
that they attend some school either belonging to or
distinct from the factory, is often evaded, to the great
detriment of the physical and moral development of the
population, and also of industiy itself, as there is often
great difficulty in finding intelligent overseers amongst
the very ignorant workpeople. There are happily many
honourable and numerous exceptions to this unhappy state
of things, and the influence of the Industrial Society of
Mulho ii^ an gh o f several heads of esUblishments, as well
tb(» example of what is done so sucoessfhlly in Austria
and in Scotland, will lead, we may hope, in a short time,
to a radical reform in this respect, and the rule will be
adopted of dividing the day for children into equal parts,
one of six hours devoted to work, the other to the
primary school and to rest, or to the exercises so neces-
sary to children. Up to this time I have only referred to
the results obtained with the instruction of boys, because
the only statement of the real effects of the actual organi-
sation of primary instruction that we possess, is furnished
bv the Mmister of War, and is obtained by the working of
the law, which makes military instruction obligatory.
After passing in review all that has been done for the
instruction of women, the speaker said, '* That in spite of
the continued growth of the budget allowances for primary
schools, we must not conclude that on this head our
country is more liberal than other countries in Europe.
In fact, according to the official accounts of the budgets of
the different European states, the proportion of sums
devoted to public instruction, and to mSOtuey mikM%m\f
land and sea, is as nearly as poariblo aa foUowa:—
Stins.
PsoroKTsoaAL
BoDssv a
Paar or «■
STOfraa to
Sarrioci.
Pafcte
France..... •
0*295
0270
0^6
a219
0-218
0-214
0-182
0-128
<H>U
Austria
0019
Prussia
(HH4
Bavaria
OiXM
Wurtemberff
0-Off
Saxony ,,...
0^07
Grand Duchy of Baden...
Kingdom of Hanover ...
(HSS
OKHS
I
" The preeeding comparison shows na ilwt
liberal with regard to edacatioa thaa mmy «lhK
States, and has not yet either organiaed si ln m ant a r r ii-
struction, or instraotion in tenhnicaT indusliy ^ in aaai^ ai
complete a manner as most of the Qennaa Sftafta^ ao thai
we need not be astonished at its inferioiitj in napaefc of
education which the statistical reporta of the
War reveal. Ifnew sacrifices are demanded to
in a wise and piaetical manner, the omniaatioii <x pn>
maty instmetion, in aooordanoe with the law of 1831,
everything leads to the belief that they will not ba w&k-
held. But, at the same time, we ought to resneoibartbat
the progress of instruction is far from inmaaini^ VOfm^
tionally to the expenses incurred and to thio OBBbar tf
schools, and that, to these angmentatioiiB of makad
means, measures of another kind most be added.
*' If our manners, if the national chanictar wHl nek
submit to the le^ eoercioD, which is need with ao sHidi
ease and success m (Germany and 8witaeriand» tiisn auj
t>e found other means of obtaining the same teauliL In tm-
sidering the elementary instruction which it is i%bt to
give children, as a debt dne from the fiither aooaha
ottiaen, ooght we not also to eooalder the pajmeol of
teachers as a special and just oootribatioD, wtubb aUtke
inhabitantB who have the meana ought to pay ? If this
principle be allowed, more efitoacioaa meaaov '
which exiat at present ought to be taken. The
would be then more directly interested ia
child profit by the instmetion which ha waa
to pay for, and thus attendance at the aehooL
tnailv be rendered obligatory by the impnaklon of
tax, instead of its beinjgf necessary to havo reDoiiBai,M la
Germany, to fines and impriw^pwent.
" A measure of this character has already been aiifrfal
in nearly half the departments of France^ and tbe l^al
generaliaation of thia measure, until now opcia^ ia saeh
locality, would be a great step towards oUain^^a
regular attendance at the sonoola, and Uum aaala
promote the cause of edooation."
$r0rttlmigs tA Instttnt
Banbubt Soiknob Sobool.— The last report aqra tet
at the close of the fourth year a more mailDed
been attained than in any former year. 61ve e
been in operation during the year, via.: — J
drawing, conducted by Mr. Pidgeoo ; animal pl^yaok^
and soology, by Mr. Beale ; phvaiologiBal, atmctmal, and
economic botany, and systematic botany, bj Mr. Baod^.
The attendance at all of theae claasea haa been good, »d
the coadnot of the stodeots aatia^etoiy. Darings the
session a dose and lenath^ied inspection of eaob ^km
was made by J. F. laelin, Esq., one of fier lla}aalf^
Science School Inspectors, who eneaaed hiiaatif m
thoroughly satisfied with the methoda of taarhfag bbi
ployed. The results of this year*b May aotani^itott . 1^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobee 21, 1864. 763
le SoMDce and Art D^Mirtmeni wo m followa:— 47
•odaoia nt ibr ezAmiiMMiao, fome is mora than one
ca>jact. 10 oat of this Domber nt in meohanical drawing,
11 of whom paoMd, obtaining I bronze medal, 7 prizea,
nd 9 hon. mentiooa. 27 aat in animal physiology, of
^hom 21 paaed, obtaining 6 prizes and 9 bon. mentions.
aat in Togetable physiology, obtaining 1 bronze medal,
rrisM. and 1 hon. mention. 11 sat in systematic botany,
of whom passed, obtaining 1 silver and 1 bronze
ledal, 6 prizes, and 8 hon. mentions. Whereas 70 per
tint, of the students who sat for examination in the
nechanical drawing class obtained prizes, the average
«r cOTitage of prizemen on the students sitting in the
amo aiibject throaghoat the remahiing schools of the
dngdom was barely 28 per cent. Again, in vegetable
•hyalology, 75 per cent, of the Banbory students obtained
riflta against an average of 56 per cent, in the remaining
ohools of the country, while m systematic botany the
ler eantage is at 55 to 84 in favour of the Banbuiy
kshacd. Yhe above calculation takes no account of the
nedala gained by the students, of which there are 1 sOver
Jid 2 bronse offeved for competition by the Department in
•ohnbject. The Banbury Schools have taken 8 of these
utMoe medals and 1 sUver, the latter being the highest
liatinotioo attainable in any one subject The results
^ven above have not been surpassed, if indeed they have
»MO equalled* by any other school, however sucoessiul ;
och high per centages of pnaes have only been approached
II ona or two of the Irish schools, where the students are
>f a different and higher dass, and the appliances for
aaching far more complete. During the last session the
Science School has been placed in Union with the Society
>f Arts, and seven of its students sat in the Ezamina-
;i0D held by that Society; five of these were suocessfol
in obtaining certificates of various grades. At the last
annual meeting a resohition was adopted that a local fund
liiottld be formed to supply prizes in addition to those
tarnished by the Department. £7 was contributed for
this purpose by members of the Central Committee and
other ftiends of the School ; this fbnd has been appro-
priated to the purchase of books, which will be given to
the most sucoessiul of the students. The value of the
Soieoce School has received a prompt illustration during
the past year. By makins a persevering use of the
advantages afforded him by the mechairical drawing class,
one of its members has succeeded in raising himself fh>m
the woriunan's bench to the &r higher poaition of a pro-
iBisioBal draughtaman. The prize for Looal Herbaria,
offered by C. Faulkner^' Esq., appears to have s^ted
a good competitioo. The conditions of the competition
were that the plants should be gathered within eight
miles of Banbmy, and that th^ should be deposited
with the teacher of the class, bemoe the end of «June in
iha prewnt year,^— properly dried, mounted, named, and
arraoged acoordms to the natural system. In awarding
the prize, more value was to be given to rare plants, and
eepecially such as were new to the locality, than to those
of common occurrence. Three collections were sent in
at the prescribed time. One contained 498 species of
flowering plants, and gained 608 marks ; another con- 1
taioed 607 species, and gained 585 marks ; the third con-
Uioed 495 wcies, and gained 590 marks. The prize,
after a careful examination, was awarded to Reuben
French, he having obuined the highest number of marks,
becaose his ooUectioo contained the greatest number of
new and rare pUnts. The other collections were, how-
ever, so very meritorious, closely approaching in number
of marks, and even exceeding in number of speeimens,
that which obtained the prize, that the secretary and Mr.
Beesl^ determined to give priaee of less vakie to these
also, asa recognitioo of the intelligence and indostiy of
their tthibiloti. Mr. Cadbnry*s prize was awaided to
Tbooas Waid for the greatest number of species and
neatness of amogemeot; Mr.Beesky's wm given to
AlfreaOfiMidu
line ^.
KoTAL AoADBMT OF Bbumels. — ^M. de Eeyser, recently
appointed director of the Belgian Academy, has just pro;
nounced a rather remarkable inaugural speech. After a
few remarks on the chara.teristicdiffeencesof Qreek and
Roman art and the causes of the decline, which had
become most complete about the time of Constantino, and
on the long period that the debasement continued, because,
according to M. de Keyser, no one, no school, took for basis
the only eternal foundation of all art, the study of nature,
he arrives at the revival in Italy, and dwells with artistic
delight on the labours of the Toscan school, the works of
Cimabue, Giotto, and Masaocio, and the great artists of
the next period, Michel Angelo, Raphael, and Leonardo
da Vinci. But his chief subject is naturally the Flemish
school, of which he says, it came into existence almost at
the same time as that of Tuscany, and exhibited, especially
at the outset, not only great depth of sentiment, but also
great novelty in technical modes of expression. He then re-
ferred to the decadence of the Italian snhool, which had
not exhibited any sign of revival for at least two centuries,
and added, that though Flemish art had certamly had its
periods of poverty, when bad taste, fashionable caprices,
political misfortunes, and other circumstances sometimes
seemed to threaten it with utter destruction of the tradi-
tions, which are its principles of vitality, that it had
escaped from such disaster, and still possessed masters
devoutly following in the paths of their ancestors of the
seventeenth century. M. de Keyser concluded with an
energetic protest against the idea of a school departing
from its traditions, its original idea, aod attempting to
graft in its stock the taste aud the methods of another
and a dififerent one, concluding with a declaration that, in
his opinion, mural painting— of which, however, he spoke
with the greatest respect — was utterly opposed to the
spirit of Flemish art, or which Rubens might be taken as
the most splendid embodiment. The artistic world agree
almost unanimoosly vrith the new director of the Academy
at Brussels, when he says, with laudable patriotism, that
Belgium has taken a high position in the movement which
is now going on, and there is every prospect of her main-
taining the spirit of her traditions, and a high plaoo
amongst the schools of the present period. The many
recent exhibitions which have taken place bear testimony
to the foundation which exists for this prood claim and
congratulatory anticipation.
PcBUo MoNUMSMTs. — The people of Nice are about to
raise a statue in memory of Massena. — A larze and fine
medallion of Rossini, modelled by H. Chevalier, is now
being cast in bronze, and will be placed in the saloons of
the Grand Opera and Thtttre Italien of Paris, if not in
other lyrical theatres also. — Koanigsberg has raised a
statue of its &mous logician and critic, Emmanuel Kant,
who was bom in that town in 1724, and never quitted it
till his death, in 1804. The inauguration was appointed
to take place on the 18th of the present month. The
only inscription on the pedestal is the surname of the
savant — ^than which nothmg could be in better taste or
more effective. — The Aci^emy of San Fernando at
Madrid has accepted the plans of M. M^ina for a monu-
ment to the great painter Murillo, which is to be placed
opposite the Museiun of Paintings, at the entrance of
the Prado.
ABOHrraoTUBAL Notes. — M. Viollet-le-Duc has just
completed a beautiful chapel with crypt, in the style of
the commencement of the thirteenth century, on the
property of M. Florent-Ijcfebvre, Maire of Monchy-le-
Preux, near Vitry, in the department of the Pss-de-
Calais. The stone altar, the coloured glass, the lead and
the iron work are of great delicacy. The consecration
took place a few days since. — The new building of the
Hungarian Academy at Pesth is to be decorated with
statues of Leibnitz, Newton, Descartes, Galileo, and
Raphael, in terra-cotta.
rH JOURlfAL 09 THB fiOOIBTT OF ABT8, OomnsE fil, 1884.
IPtofottsrts*
lUkUoqftl ExhtbUloB has been held here, wbioh haa only
recently doied. The baildkig wm a tampoEar^ atnioiaie
of wood and oanTaa, lighted from the top with a lofty
pprtioo of the same mateiial, decorated with the ama of
^r»nce, Parii, Madrid, and the Spaoldi p^vinoaa rqma-
lented by their prodiKsta. It waa arnionnoed to open on
the liMh of July, bat waa noi completed ibr aome time
%iim the offioial inaogoratioa. In the large oomiyard,
1^ which the pnUio entered, alood a orocifix of coloaml
aiae in bine granite, the prodnctioo of a qnanyman
named Penrot. Some well-known Paris hooaaa sent
aome fine speoimena. Among the soldamitha^ work
Fromani-MeQiioe exhibited portiooa of a dinner senrice
made ibr the Paiba of E^pt, and valued at 600,000f. ;
a tft^otTA, or Oommunion cup, ftom the design, it is aud,
of a P<diah lady, preaented by her to the Church of Pan ;
a nch and f xquisittly sculptored chalice ; a aecond one,
efKsnutpd with rubies and tarquoiaei; and a lea service
for the Emprasa of the French. Christofle, of Paris,
also aant speoimena of ailver-gilt artidea of the mme
kind ; Qleaioger and Fremiet their hroncea, and in iron-
work groups of atatnes Cor fountains, doga and honee*
htads as oroameota for kennels and stablea. Ooe gallery
waa devoted to the AubusMHi tapestry of BequiUart and
Cloqnar^ and pomelain of Bordeaux nianu£K!tnre. Tisauee
of varioua kinds, houae furniture, musical inatmmenta of
eveiy variety, metals, orea, agrieultural products, plosgha
of many forma, machinery, ootton from Algeria, minerala,
gw, apecimens of hard wood from Africa of dark cc^r
and capable of high perish, cedars of Uebanoo 4D0 yean
old, specimens of Paris pottery, imitations of Italian
majolica, *c, filled several galleries. Though the Ex-
hibition profiMsed to be Franco-Spanish, yet Spain did
not oootrtbnte muoh in the way of natural products.
There were in the agricultural section a fow samjidea of
Malaga aud Xiegrooo wines, as well m wheat, r3re»and
maiae of Cordova. In an annexe was a flower and fruit
show. There waa a Department of Fine Arts, but the
pictnrea do not appear to have been generally of the
highest claas. There were some good portraits, a dance
in the court-yard of a poaada by M. Fieroa, and a
picture of the cathedral of Burgoe and a chapel of that
of Toledo by the same artist. In this department Paris
oontribated two portraits by Bicard, sketcmes of scenery
in IiYance and the East, by MM. Conrbei, Corel, and
Brest, and, aa a speoimen of historical painting, ConieiUe
reading one of hia tragedies in the H6tel Bambooillet.
A NeanoUtau beggar-boy, by Bonuat, of Bayonne,
attracted much attention. Bordeaux and Lyons sent
0ome sood landscapes, and among other objects of art
were sketches in water-colours by the late Eugene Dela-
croix. At first the price of admission waa over 2 fr., but
towards the doae it waa reduced to 60c, except oo one
day in the week, when a franc was diarged.
A0Bioui;TOXAii MAOBurnr m Amkbioa.— The use of
machinery is largely on the increaae. The com is now
planted, cnltivatad, cn^ threshed oiU, taken to market*
warehouaed, and loaded into vessels by machinery. A
boy with a rolling cultivator can do the work of twenty
men with the hoe, and do it better. A new binding
machine, which naea wire, haa been introduced, with the
following results aa compared with hand labour :—
Bt Maohinx.
dolf.
One binder, per day... 2 00
Board 60
20iba.wii« 5 00
7 60
Bt Hand.
doll.
6 binders, 1 day each 10 00
Board, 1 day each... 2 60
12 60
7 60
Eabl 6mAWiLLi^8 Inmi Woaxa.— Ertansawa
are being made to Earl QraaviHeffa I wmwcA e, «i
by the ereotioB of a large number of pod ^ll ifig
and roUing milla. Tha new woika will
banka of fie canal, and are dose to Um
railway.
Profit on maohiDe ......i.«.... 00
Cmnntsct*
Thb PvnoiAUii TBADfc— Theahlpmantn of
from New York during the preaent year to %l
the world amounted to 12,943,486 gallom,
13,491,877 in 1863, being a iallmg-off of 44Mtt
The ahipmenta to Liverpool dniing the
499,646 gallons, against 1,648,447 in 18<a. to
1,644.099 gallons agaiiwt 1,646,447, in 18€S, toOla^^av
817.388 giOlons againat 360/979 in 186^ and to Cs*
2,129,313 galloaa against 1,193469 io 186$. S|m sh^
ments from Boston this year were 946,613 _
1,332,779 in 1868, from Phnadelphif 4,«d3JU
agiOnat 4,283,646 in 1863, from Baltioiara <
•gainst 728.671 in 1863, and from other porta tjn
gallons against 288,643 in 1863; makii^ tka «at4 A^-
ments from the Western Continent in 1664, 19,40}JBB
gallons againat 20,102,316 last ypar. The
which tiua article la taking in Fraaca naay be'
from the fact, that in the first seven montbaof
year the total quantity imported waa 9,796 iana •
counted by weight), and that all, with the innsfiiw al
the ioaignificaat quantity of three tons, waa taken oat «C
bond for cooaumpUon. Of the 9,796 tooa \M9
from Eqgland, 1862 from Belgium, 8,039 from
States, tiiie rest from other countriea. The
value of the whole waa in round fignraa SJXWfSL
(£212,000). The recent modificatioD in the mftii
dutiea in Italy will, no doubt, lead to the Infrodaeliott af
this oil into that country on an extensive acdya akna.
Wallaobxam Pst80(*bdii. — A late immber of tba A^
ieeknisehet Journal ejpeakMot a new outlet of earth ail ii lia
rich and remote province or principality of WalWlia
The Qerman jounial, after warning oommefoa to
ber that the oil wella of Pennsylvania and CaBM
a way of auddenl^ jpoing out, " thaoka, in a
measure, to ih» indisonminate way in wittoli liah i
Earth is ao bored and t#(^)ed, as to make it easy
gas to escape, by which ibe petrolemaDi would i
forced up, or else ior water to get in and flood or
up the spriDgs," goes on aa i<41owa
other petroleuma fast coming into the maikot. Jfnti
speak of the Burmese Bangooo oil, which baa
to England as ballaat, and is used in many
refineries, in January of the preaent year. Ilia llnt<
of Wallachian oil reached IxMidan^ U waa of S80 '
and the company which brought it have cloned a
to deliver 20,000 tuns in the year 18Si. ▲
** Wallachian Petrcdenm Company" haa aiae
formed. Two apecimena of the Wallachian oQ
aa foUowa with an average quality of Peana^lwwtmi
GqUmut ..•..M.»....M Qxssaiih Bcomu
Fltiidltj (wAter=l) 0*^3
8p«elfle graTlty„.... a^SlS
flnitll .M.....*........* Ifcdttsts^
StCQOff.
The genoral reault of Dr. Otto Boohner'a analyais h, iat
the Wallachian product ia a valuable oootrihctlte k
commerce and indnatry, although he doea imH think it ho
demonstrated its fitness to compete with tke y&UvlBtm 4
Pennsylvania. Dr. Bachner, tiowever, hoa not ibimd ^
experiments confirm the laserticn of Amerioaii analpaii
that the lighter Pemuylvania oils of a apecdftof^MT K
0*80, givea 90 per cent of boming oU. B&Mpfi
result has been 70 per oent, of whwh from tt |M||t
oODt. w«i of ■" — '"'
o-as
a-sM
JOURNAL OP THB SOOIETY OF ARTS, Ootobw 81, 1864. 7M
Tbb AD^miiuTioii OF OoTTOv ut I»f>iA^->At ft nodBi
meeting of the Glasgow Ohftmber of Ckmimerce, Or.
Forbes Watson spoke on the sapply of cotton ftom India.
The cotton trade, he said, was in a rtry onsatis&otory con-
dition. The cotton grown in India was very mach sapexioc
there to what it was when seen in this country. When
it arrived here it was very dirty, and tliis arose mainly
from the fact that the prodncer had no interest in pro-
docing a good article ; he got as much for dirty cotton as
he got for dean. Kow, unless some measures could be
adc^pted to ptoduoe H dean, he did not see much hope
for the ftitore ; and his impresnon was that, when the
war was over, tfiey (In India) were Ukdy to go back into
their dd position. The Indiaa cotton was BOt gathered
dhty, but it suffered from dirt being fraudulently put
amongst it while it was being conveyed between Goojerat
and Bombay. Portions of the cotton were taken from
the bales, and stones, dead animals, or water, substituted.
A bfll had been passed to grapple with this fraudulent
dealing, and he had no doubt this measure would do
good; but they required something more. They had
get European houses in India purchasing good cotton,
and sending it home to this country fak their own name.
If these houses could grasp the whole cotton trade of
India, and the Baropean agents be brought into contact
with the producers, ihisa he was in hopes that good would
result, but at present this was not prectloable. He
thought if there were agents in the interior of India who
had a knowledge of cotton, and who could point out from
exam in ation where the good cotton and bad cotton was pro-
duced, it would have a sood effect. What thi^ wanted
was, something that would produce rapid action ; and he
was of opinion that this could be best eflboted hy the
thorough dastdfioation of cotton by skilled dassifiers— the
pick of the men fttnn brokers' oflfees here— who would
be paid high salaries and be above temptation. If they
had a system by wtkich these men would be appointed to
classify the different bdes, he bdieved they would bring
about all that was required. The merchant would only
bay cotton after ft had been daaslned and passed through
the peess. He believed that a system could be introduced
for ft thorough aami^ing of the cotton, ftnd it waa for the
meabert of the Ohftmber to say how it was to be carried
out. An a ssod atfo o might be formed for the purpose,
bat probably it would be better for the Government to
uftd«ruke the work.— Hr. Dunlop sdd it would be ft
niost Aesimble thing if the length of the sUple could be
im)«oved. It was grown on a very smdl scde, and
cotton was the worst paying crop they coold raise in that
coantry. That was tlie reason the high prices had not
had the effect it was supposed they would have. They
were DOW giving six or seven times the price, hot they
had not got either the qoantity or the qusJity ; the price
had not had the effect of bringing good cotton into the
market, hot the quantity had improved. It was quite
apparent that there had been no improvement in the
handling of the cotton in India, while the cotton im-
ported from China was remaikably well deaned. It was
ft mfttter of very greftt importance that the cotton should
be improved, and he thought they were not likdy to get
it well assorted unless something Uke what Dr. Forbes
Watson had proposed was carried out by the Government.
— Sir. Galbmith concurred in the remaiks made by Mr.
Dunlop; and after a short discussion, the matter was re-
mitted to a committee to consider it sod report, and com-
m n nio a t e with Dr. Forbes Watson on the fubject.
^ttlsm.
Tbb (Natal) Nbw Pobuo Omois proposed to be
ereeted at liaritcbuig are estimated to cost £18,000 alto*
gether, and are pUin bat suhstantial in chanoter.
Hsw Zialams.«-Aji fttlM liM iMdy been pobliihod
oontaining six gedogioal maps of New Zedand, with
descriptions, by Drs. Von Hocbstetter and Peterman, pub-
lished at Gotha the end of last ytM*. The first of the
series is a generd chart of the islands, indk)ating the
localities of gold, copper, chrome, iron, sand, graphite,
coal, nephrite (on the west coast of this island), and the
active volcanoes, with an enlargement of the Auckland
Isthmus. The second takes in the southern part of the
province of Auckland, and purports to be aoomplete chftrt»
showing all tlie varioas formations, with enUrgements of
the Tanpo and Lakes district. The third map is thai of
the Isthmus of Auckland, showing with great deaniesv
the extent of volcanic country and the pMuliar volcaiiitt
hiUs which stand like a skin eruption on the levd surfaoe*
This is the map which Mr. C. Beapliy, of Auckland, i|
accused of having pirated from Dr. Von Hochstetter*«
copy in hit charge and sent to the Geographicd Society
aa his own. The fourth map comprises the districts of
Aotea and Kawhia, on the west coast of the same island.
The fifth Ib ft map of Botomahana, the hot spring and
the adjoining district. And the last is the provmoe of
Nelson. Though all the descriptive part of theie OMps
is in German, they will be found to convey abundanl
information to the student of any country, inasmuch
as science, which is of no nation or tonmie, has here sel
her marks In unmistakeable edoun. Dr. Von Hocfastetter
is ready to allow both this and other evidenoes of the
work to be open to any one approaching thorn with tm
eoquiring spvit.
COAI* AMD WaTU SvPTLT AT NbUOII.— TwO Wlls
have been prepared by the Nelson Government for this
purpose. The object of the ood bill is to authorise tho
Superintendent to raise a loan of £^,000 for the poraaso
of opening and working the mines in the province. Thia
loan it is proposed to raise by debentures of £100, bearing
8 per cent intenat, payable hdf-yearly out of the
revenue of the province. A sinking fond of £2 per
cent, per annum is provided for the liqaidfttioo of toe
debt, such sinking fund to be invested in such manner aa
the government snail direct. The bill contains another
dause not bearing specially on the cod loan, but still of
importance to that loan, as showing that the government
desire to see their small existing liabilities wiped off, and
this will afford further secoril^ for the new loan shonld
such be deemed necessary. The totd debt of the
Province of Nelson, after deducting the share follng to
l>e borne by the now distinct Province of Marlbon/, fa
£81,500. To liquidate this debt a sinking faoA of 10
per cent, is now proposed. The loan of MSOfiOb
for water works is proposed to be raised on the samo
terms as the cod loan, by £100 debentures, bearing 8
per cent, interest, for which and for the prinoiod (which ia
payable in 80 yean) the revenue of the province is to be
pledged. There is a marked difference oetween the two
loans. The cod loan is decidedly for an object of pro-
vindd importance embracing all interests, commerald
and agricultoid, rurd and urban. The water works is
purely locd, and affeots benefidally only a limited number
of the city inhabitants, while, shonld the bill pass, manr
will be subjected to a heftvy rate for water from whksh
they gain no advantage whatever.
BAUiWAVs VK Natal. — A cdonid fMiper si^ 4ho
nomind capttd of the Naid Oentrd Bailway Company
is subscribed. It proposes to oonstmet a line of raiiwur
suited to generd traffic from Durban to Maritabuig ; this
line is to he carried round by the Isipingo and between
the Umlaas and iUovo Bivers to the capitd of the ooiony.
a distance of about 70 miles. But the precise line of
route must not be viewed as finally fixed, and should any
shorter and more direct route than that at present sur-
veyed be pointed out, the CkNnpany will gladly adopt ik
In the BUI submitted by the Company distinct pro^Uoa
is made for ftu ftltemfttive line for the Ust fifteen nules of
the distftnoo to be traversed, thai is, for the portion nearest
Maritdmrg. A lino 50 or 60 miles long would be woriced
mk mnAk \mmm a»nn^l QOgt thftU ft M»M> AD miles lonSMT. and
766
J0T7BNAL OF THE SOOIEirE' OF ABTS, Ootosnt 21, ttfii
:a
which pnMOfl throagh connby th^t would for some time
to oome prestQt few iDdocemeDts ia the ehApe of inter-
medUte traffic wAiranting a deviation. Upon this line a
go^mment gnarantee m aaked by the Company of 6
per oeni. oo the capital expended. That capital is
nominally fixed at £600,000, bat presoming the line
du>ald be 70 miles in length it might be £50,000
more. Thia guarantee, then, may be looked upon as
essential in one shape or other to the construction of
railways in KataL And in return for this concession the
government must also exact several necessary conditions.
Power of supervision is maintained over the working
and reguUtioo of the line ; thus a check is placed
upon extravagance, needless expenditure is curtailed,
and the Company is compelled to work the line at the
minimum cost. But this is not all. One very important
feature of the system, and one that has been almost
wholly overlooked, is that the sums paid by a colony
towards the guarantee are not lost for ever. They oome
back to the exchequer. Whenever the line pays more
than the guaranteed percentage, the GK>vemment steps
in and shares these profits. This may be confirmed by
dting the case of India; there, up to the 81st of
December, 1861, the Qovemment had paid altogether on
account of guarantee £6,286,896 ; but it also had received
back and had to place against that £1,250,000 sterling.
This, too, was at a time when few of the lines constructed
were completed — when few of them were yet in a
position to make returns. There are, of course, other
concessions given in addition to a money guarantee, such
as ffrants of land or mining rights. These are what the
coal company ask, and it seems probable thai an Overberg
Bailway would be cheaply obtained at a samfice, say of
600,000 acres, of waste land, and of a mining monopoly for
twenty years over a certain area of countiy. Unless there
are n^pid means of transport, and & stimulated stream of
immigratioo, the land must remain waste, and the mines
must be undeveloped for years to come.
Ths Dukb of Kewoastlb died on Tuesday eveoiDg,
the 18th iost., after a protracted and severe illness, at
CJumber Park, Notts. Henry Pelham Fiennes-Pelham-
Clinton, E.G., fifth Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne,
Statfbrdshire, twelfth Earl of Lincoln, Privy Conncillor
in £k)gland and also in Ireland, one of the Council of the
Duchy of Liancaster, Lord Warden of the Stannaiies, and
Lord Lieutenant and Cuatos Botulorum of Nottingham-
shire, was the eldest of the six sons of Heniy, fourth
duke, by his wife Qeorgtna Elizabeth, daughter of the
late Edward Miller Mundy, Esq., M.P., of Shipley Hall,
Derbyshire. He was born in Charles-street, Berkeley-
Suare, on the 22nd of May, 1811, and was educated at
ton, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he took the
usual B.A. degree in 1882. He was returned to Parlia-
ment at the general election of December, 1882, as one
of the members for the Southern Division of Nottingham-
shire. He entered the Lower House of Parliament as a
Conservative. He voted against the ballot, the removal
of Jewish disalalities, the admission of Dissenters to the
universities, the revision of the pension list, and the limi-
tation of Parliament to a throe years* duration, and sup-
ported the com laws and the Church Establishment in
Ireland. He married, in 1832, Lady Susan Harriet
Catherine Hamilton-Douglas, only daughter of the late
Duke of Hamilton and Brandon. He had five children
by this union— a daughter, Lady Susan Charlotte, now
the widow of Lord Adolphus Vane Tempest, and four
sons, of whom the eldest, Henrv Pelham Alexander, Earl
of Linoohi, was bom in 1834, and married in 1861
HenrietU Adela, daughter and heir of ttie Ute Henry
Thornaa Hope, Esq. On the form^ticii of the first Peel
Ministry, the late DBke^ then Earl of Linocin, held office
asoneoftheLordsof theTresMii7;ittdiilHiirtflffft
Bobert Peel had be«i six years out of sffies, tbst Wiim
returned to place in September, 18il, the te €o»
misionership of Woods and Forests mM ghsofeliii
Lincoln. This he relinqui^ed in Jsmsiy, IMia
accompanying the Lord Lieutenaot to Irelud.a(^
Secretary, a post which he resigned whsQ hii pvtf nM
ftom office in the following month of Jolv. TheUtf
Lincoln, owing to the gradual chaogs in nvoor of lAd
opinions, which came upon him, ielt obliged, ia Fekssf,
1846, to vacate his seat for South NottJogfauMhintai
months afterwards, however, a vaosncr oecamdMi
representation of the Falkirk Boighs, for widobisw
returned ; and this constituency he rep rsMDiriifllih
removal trom the Lower to the UppsrHoanrfAt^
ment, in January, 1851, as Doke of Vem^ h
December, 1852, he accepted the poit ofSdONR «f
State for the Colonies, which be eaolu^i
June, 1854, for the then newly-created poit of to^
tary of State for the War Departraent. lo thUofiei^
he had to bear much of the odium attsohkf totkiAks^
deen Cabinet because the army, and ttfgtMj^fOk
missariat, was mismanaged dxaiag the esrly guicf tk
Ensaian War, and he th«eforo letirad ft!»ttip(i«»
the House of Commons assenting to Mr.Bseteck^Btfis
for a parliamentary committee to ioqoire into the MeK
the British army before SebastopoL He did DOtifia
take office until 1859. when he returoed toh»fa»
poet at the Colonial Office, which he fioslljr ^^^I!^
months since on the ground of failipg healUi. J*»
the Prince of Wales paid a visit to Canads, the Dib*
Newcastle was selected to be theoompsDiooof hv^
His Grace was elected a member of the Sode^ a in
in 1853.
The Fbbhoh AcAnunr of lMOsiPM0»*2n>to»!
Lrtbbs, &o. {L'AndmM Aeadime in lvff^^\
BMet'LeUret), by M. Alfred Maiiry/-Thi» i»« <*•
history of the early periods of the Midifl^^'J
competent writer. Established in order to "•"•■•;!
whole s:^stem of histoiy, the acidemy "■^'■'IJ?*
meticed its operations in a veiy modest o"*^ JTJ
posed the devices for the medals stnok io ^f"*^
Louis XIV., and for the monumoiU erected to »«•
the Grand Monarch. Its firet attena ooe tww Ultowici
numismatics and lapidaiy woit. SoOWAi***'^
King employed the new aoademy to c**°^*^rtv
the tapestry of the rc^ palaces, and to «yi*"Jf ^^
grammes of the ffites and ceremooiei st Verwwj- .
time, however, its sphere of operation ^"^JJf 'J^S
more worthy ; the academy took up the ■W£S
coins and the sulject of mytholcgy ; but in thsil^^
oentuiy the difficulties which sunouoded thfl**^
were enormous. The church opposed these iD#^^
historic dogmas stood in the way at eveiy^^^
in 1785, that EUie Blandiard KandalieedkiiejWg
by reading a paper on *• Magical Ex«a»*' JJJJJIi
out, in terror : — *' You are walking oo fl«insi«J*J^
with a deceitful crust of ashes r Wv^^^^S
was denounced as atheist and libertine for diiliff>^
the eraof Niebohr, Beaufort, and Arnold, to doswwr
of the early histories of Rome. Not to Wj^lJ^Jsff.
and Remus was, at that time, treason «»J*JJ7ii
Floret was absolutely flung into the ^»^J^!fz^Md
own associates in the acadenav for ""J""^ i
that the ancieut Franes senred in to* J^JJ^
Oaasar. At length, howevei-, the ««*^a7tf*^
the right path and succeeded in fo^^'^^J^^
logy became an admitted and ef«o ^V^jj^f
Ancient inscriptions 'were deeB)bsred, sua t"*^ ^
of old monuments thus evolved; **fJ2^i^
guagee were taken np tad the fisW'«1«"^
JOUBNAL OF THE SOOIETT OF ABTS, OoTiMDEt 21, 1864. 767
widelr extended ; and Sannrit wm found, or BOppooed to
bATe been (band, to be the matrix, the typical form of the
whole famflv. The learned author has groaped the main
fiieta of the biography of the academy, dorinff two centa-
riea, together wiUi great skill, in a ansle volame, which
wHl doobtleas be highly popolar with the greatly in*
oreanog dass of arohaologtsts and antiquarians. Some
of the early entries are amusing enough. For instance,
Nicholas Henrion, one of the early members of the
academy, invented a system by which he could calculate
the emaot bodOy stature of the patriarohs and demi-gods ;
the resalt of the application of this standard was to prove
that Adam was 128 feet 9 inches high, Eve 118 feet
9|iDcbee» Noah only nine feet less, Abraham not more than
27 or 28 ftet high, Moses 13 feet, and Hercules 10 feet.
We may well say, if we credit M. Henrion, that there
were giants in those days, and we have since been growing
*• sDoaU by degrees, if not beautifully less." M. Maury
either has brought out, or is about to publish, a similar
volnme containing the chronicles of another academy,
that of the aeienees.
Amongst other works Just published in Paris are the
following: —
L'HuTontx !>■ LA. 8AOI8S1 BT Du OouT, f\rom the
earliest time of Greek oiviliaation to that of Socrates, by
A. Mord, 8vo.
lijL Pbilosophib IxiDiviDUALiaTa, a study of the works
of Humboldt, by Ohallemel-Lacour, 18mo.
Lks OuBLiBs, a life of Bernard Palisqr, by Louis
Andiott 12mo.
M. Leneveux, a gentleman of philanthropic views,
commenced some five years since the publication of a
series of small books at 60 centimes each, under the
generic title of the BibUoihigue DUU, and has devoted
himself to the object with great energy, in spite of all
kinds of difficulties and discoiragements. The projector
has, however, obtained the aid of several eminent writers,
well known as friends of the cause of popular education.
The whole of the works published are original, and
amount at present to thirty-six volumes, M. Leneveux's
intention being to carry it to a hundred. The scientific
portion indo^ ** Astronomy,*' by Professor Catalan ;
*■ An Introduction to the Study of the Physical Sciences,"
by Professor J. Moraod ; ** History of the Earth," by
L6on Brothier; <« Elements of Health," by Dr. Louis
Cruveilhier ; and other woriu on chemistry, pneumatics,
mechanfcs, and medicine.
^ttta.
QaxAT CavTSAL Cattlk Market ihd Abattoib fob
pAsza-^The extension of the limits of the City of Paris
has disarranged the old arrangements ibr the slaughtering
of cattle, which is not allowed except just at the outskirts,
and most of the old abattoirs have been pulled down,
and others rebuilt beyond the fortifications. This is,
however, but a temporary measure, as, before long, there
is to be but one gieat abattoir for the whole of Btris.
This establishment will also be in connection with one
great cattle market, which is to replace those of Poissy,
Sceanx, and La Chapelle. The joint establishments will
be at La Villette, close to the canal of that name, and to
the cirtular railway, which will shortly be completed,
when it will form a means of junction between all the
lines of railway having termini at Paris, as it already
does to three or more. The undei^ground works of tlie
great abattoir are already completed, with their system of
drains terminating in the canal above mentioned. The
buildings themselves are alio raised some yards above
the ground; they include 407 soaldinff-houses for 1,200
butehers, with vast pens for cattle and sheep. All the
calves sent to be killed are to be examined by competent
ioqiQtteiBi ancl those promising to makt good oowt are
to be set apart for sale, to be purchased in fact by the
establishment for re-sale to private individuals. The
nuurket is to be erected by a company, which will, for a
certain number of years, receive a toll on all the cattle
sent to market. It is expected that this new establish-
ment will effect a great economy in the article of butcher's
meat, as at present the animals have to be sent for sale to
Poissy, Soeaux, or La Chi^>elle, thence to the various
dauffhter-houses around the city, and aiWrwards to the
butoheis, whereas, when the new market and abattoir are
completed, the graders will send direct to it, and there
will remain only the carriage of the meat to tlie butchers
within the dty. There is an importation into France of
cattle firom Germany, Hungary, Servia,and the Danubian
provinces, and the cost of conveying a bullock from Vienna
to Paris is no less than 62 francs (£2 lOs.) ; the reduction
of the expenses in the case of French breeders and feeders
is expected to have a very beneficial effect on the home
trade.
Tub iHTBBVATIOSrAL EXBIBITIOK AT OPOBTO. — ^A
crystal palace was commenced at ^}porio in 1861, the
first stone beins laid by the devoted King Pedro V., and
is now nearly finished. It is proposed to hold an inter-
national exhibition therein, ana Dod Fernando, the father
of the King, has been placed at the head of the com-
mission for carrying out this intention. It is said that
the Exhibition is to open in June next, but this will
scarcely afford time for sufficient notice.
OrffrxB ExHiBrnoN.^-Doctor Anatol Gillet de Gren-
niont is engaged in giving a series of lectures on maritime
culture at the Jardin d'Acclimatation in the Bois de
Boulogne, Paris, and one of the lectures being on os-
treiculture, an invitation was addressed to the proprietors
of the great ^ster beds of Begneville, the Isle of Tridy,
Concameau, La Bochelle, the Isle of B^, Marennes,
Arcachon, and other places, to send each not less than
twelve dozen of oysters for public exhibition on the oo-
oasion. A report is to be made thereon and published in
thejoumids.
CooKDca wrrHOOT Fibb^— M. Babinet, of the French
Institute, has laid before the Academy the result of his
experiments in this directioo. His recipe is : — Place your
food in a black pot, cover it with a pane of glass, and
stand it in the sun. The water soon boils, and the
food is said to be of better flavour than if cooked in the
ordinary way.
Mboicinal Plants. — ^Mitcham produces annually from
80,000 to 40,000 bushels of roses, and about 11 tons of
chamomile flowers. Lavender yields from 10 lbs. to 20
lbs. of oil per acre. Four hundred of chamomile flowers
are about the yield per acre, giving from 8 to 10 lbs. of
oiL Penny royal gives about 12 lbs. per acre.
DWELLINGS FOR THE LABOURING CLASSES.
StB, — I request you to record in the Journal of the
Society of Arts^ for friture reference, the accompanying
obswations of Mr. Gladstone on the working of the
F^M^ry Acts, which he delivered recently at Bolton, at
the opening of the Famworth Park, the gift of Mr. Barnes
to the town. They are useful in their bearing on adalt
education, which the Society promotes, but are especially
so in reference to the dwellings of the poor, which I trust
it will become the work of the Society to ameli(»ate.
What Mr. Gladstone says of the factory system before the
law intervened, ** that, partly owing to the state of the
law, and partly owing to human infirmity and negligence,
much was discovered that called for amendment," may
be applied in the same words to the labourers' dwelliiigs.
The manufacturers were *' first of all placed under jealous
and microscopic examination, and much criticism was the
result. But those employers of labour have now beconio
in many iostanoes, the standard-bearers of enlightened
766
JOURNAL OF TB3 800IET7 OF ART8, Ootobbk n, lUL
impTOvament m VBgardi thtlrreUtieM l«tMr woikmc^**
Let the law Kki%ei the dwellings of the poor» end tke
owners of thoM dwell Agt, (o •< jetlons tnd mieroMMio
exaailnattoD" of impartial poUio aothorities as a begin-
niog, poblio opinioo will Itself, without further meaturei^
efMA much reformation ; and whea the ToloBtary relbnM-
tion stops shmi, then let the law step ia and hasten it. It
is the duty of the oommoowealth to declare thai its lahitars
and expenditure to promote the health, the adoealioa, aad
the moral improvemMit of its people shall not be nea-
tralised by hHBian sel6shBess and neglect, or any theoratio
pedantry for prefadioes whksh have been assumed to ba
principles of political economy. In a broad point of i4siw,
pottioff aside smaller dlffisrenoss, the dottes pkead oo
manofaoturers might be imposed on landlords, and what
landlords ought to d0| bnt could not be made to do by
law, onions coold do. Manufaeturen eoea protested
against the factory laws as interference with the sacred
principle of laittez ftnre, but they have now become the
** standard-bearers of enllshtened impswement.** Let
analogous measures be taken with landlords, liegimiiiitt
with those represented by eorpoiations of all kinds, lneln£
ing especially colleges. Although the cost may fUl, in
the first instance, upon them, as on the manufaotnrera,
the community at last will pay it. The numerous alio-
sioQs to the dwellings of the labouring poor whioh have
been made during the recess, by leading public men of all
partied, prove that the Society of Arts has wisely taken up
one of the most pressing questions of the day.
I am, in., HENBY OOLB.
161h October, 1864.
itkii<
The following are the remaria of Mr. Gladstone :t^
The presentaUon by Mr. Barnes is happily not an
isolated act. It is part of a great system, part of a mat
movement. He is, indeed, the representative, and the
honoured representative, of a principle and a tendeoey
which is among the very best characteristicsof the age.
In this busy, stiiring, critical, induslrioua. entsrprifling,
money-making, money-accomnlatiog age it is well that
while these pursuits have full scope given it should net
be forgotten that there are other wants wd other foterests ;
and, in particular, I call Mr. Barnes on this occasion tha
representative of a deep and growing conviction with
respect to the relation that ought to prevail, and that
happily now to a very great extent does prevail, between
the employer of labour and the labouring population of
the land. I think, ladies and gentlemen, that it is abont
80 years since a eentleman of high character and of great
ability, employea in the public service in Ireland, created
very considereble alarm aud apprehension by putting
forth in a concise and telling form what was thought the
somewhat revolutionary doctrine that ** property has its
duties as well as its rights.*' The doctrine was received
by many for the moment as revolutionary— as if it were
some monstrous conception aiming at the breaking up of
society ; but that dreaded monster, if such it was, has
now become a domesticated idea. It has entered with
us into every house, and it lies as quietly by our firesides
as if it were the favourite dog or cat of the fiunily.
Property has its duties as well as its rights, and the rela-
tion of the man who employslabour to the man who gives
labour never can be permanently satisfactory or secure if
the exercise and practical form of that relation are confined
to the mere settlinj^ of the cash account of the wages of
the man. It is domg violence to the principles of human
nature, it is running up a score against ourselves, it is
offendioff against the will and designs of Divine Plrovi-
dence, if we refuse to recognize the fact that moral asso-
ciations and social and endearing ties of affecti<m belong
to, and ought never to be severed from, the relation be-
tween the master and the workman. Well, now, dream-
stances brought about a result which at first did not appear
to be satisfactory to the manufacturing districts of this
country, but whioh I believe was a matter calling for tho
thankmiMM. I mm thii: U
enplo3Kr and lafanaiw bad never Wso iai
thorooahly andearefnlly esamiaedmillteni
mined in the ease of the&otay ^nissi. WMiiti
mined itttB flMoh waa brought to light ihatvui^h
ttsAMtoiy. There on benodoibtatsll.istwti>J
that, partly ovii« to the state ef thi U» i
owing tn hnman hifirmity and negligfos, nad
oowTid whish oalled fiv amendmsnt. Utei
thai the alata ef the faotonr s|«lsm eisDsttkKI
In aqr iMpeoi wcm than the slate of thtflOMil I
between tteeoqih»yes«and thegivnof IsMriis
theoonntiy; bat yea were first of all | hBidiaji
■Ml ■riareaooiiia nwaminitien. Mnoh mHUm
renltc bngbeaii were sent ahroid throa^ lki<
The idea bsBan to foe enteitainediD wn^fi^
the fiMtocy popoiatkm was a dabsssd neWOB,!
those who employed them wwe a set of t|Milir
and, moreover. It was believed thatihasvii
hopslsssly inooinble in the natnte of 4e 4
yon will well recollect that the igooMNii
of white aUvenr was liy many pnom ii ^
applibd to it. I don't know that H wasi ray]
prooeas for T^anoaahire to nndeigo that as'B'"'^
after all, Lancashire has oome better oa^ of Hthsl
have been expected. For what has wna hkeif
the laws have been amended, and with the r
the law there has come— whatt I'o *■■
law can of itself eecore a wiser, a *^*'**»*"J"
thnndc, a more enlightened qpiiit on ^Pf ,
employers of labour, a more orderly hitai '
intelligence, a stronger oonfidenoe, a nwro *
system on the part of those by whom W*"^'
is not too mucn to aay, though I d<mbt i»|
remain to be done, it is not too much to ^'
thing like a moral transfiNinatioD bM ~
district in which I speak, and in oo pirt <
than here, in the drcumstances of the ^^Jr^
say the manner in which suffering fctf ^SJ-afc
surest test of what oooatitntes the *^ "SfT: far
the question of the estimation in ^^^^^
population are to be held by the rest of thdrWiJf^
men. Now let me turn more ^^ij^^^^
has brought us together to-day. J^jSJ^l
labour — fmean the masters of ftctories-^^^^^
of all plaoed under critical and jealoii «*JJ|JP2^
now become in many instances, in instanooMW^^ ^^
the standard-bearers of enlightened ^f^^r^g^
gards their relations to their workmen. 'J/J?*!
tooversUte the irapertanoe of this Cut ^^^^
more clearly proved by a long experienos •■*. ^i^
of that commercial power, eneigy, tod 5""Jr^,g
Providence has imparted to the British nstoon,w"^
or be it for evU. But I hold it is lor good. ^^
this country have already become, sad ''^^'r^ |
destined yet more extensively to **?**' JIV^ I
the world at large. At this momsnt, u ^^y.^
formed by the best anthoriaes, of •^'^ rLg?*
bread that are consumed in this couotiy one a^r^^
of a foreign soU; and perhaps we ^^^^m
not with precise accuracy— but lor i^*5.JLrtail
the parallel I am giving the wbstantialOTtt-J^^
venture to assert that for every ^'o y.^Jf JlSi"
somed throughoot the globe one yard u '^ Z^t0
facture; U that beso, wemustlooktoUwM^'J^,
as a system destined forastiU for^^ ^^^^Tosi
economical and social arrangements of ^^fj^tp f
ladies and gentlemen, it is not ei^'/^rj!!!*^
will agree with the sentiment, to m>]» "^"[^
of perhaps 80,000 people in ths ^'^^'^^^
hours; and yet, with a certain allowaiwos*^^
to the necessities of poblio apeMoa g* LzST ^H
yenture to say that I have m^ «*«""^
JOUBNAL OF THE fiOOIETY OF ABT8, Ootowe 2X, X864.
799
;he mad in IB of the demoaooor and throagh Um
iouBtcoanoos, with ibo popolatiou la the oourae of ihk
oondng of oertainly nol f«r ^or( of the onmber that I
lave mentioned. No nun could aee the faoei of that
)opQUtioci withoat being aware Uutt* in point at any rate
>f general inteU%eoce, he bad no reaaon to aoppoae thai
hey were Mkdly to be in any reapeot unwortnv of the
lobleSritiah nation to which th^ belong. Well, bnt there
ued to be an idea that loyalty and the factory Qwteoi did
lot go well toother. I Bhould like to know wb^t hai
>ecome of that idea. When Her Majesty, in days brighter
OF her than now, traversed the streets of Manehester,
ras it possible that anything oould exceed the manifesta-
ion of loyalty and love that the receiyed from the bighent
o the Invest of t)ie popolation V 'Swords Ihenselves would
ail me if I were to attempt before you to describe the
itfeotionate attachment which prevaded thia entire com-
n«wity {^ between the people and the o6cupier of the
rhrone. Well, but intelligence is a great thing, and
oyally is a great thing, bai there are o&er things which
constitute the happioeito and well-being of the community
it large. Now, there ^9 been in former times an
mpreaaion abroad that the effect of the iaolory system
vas to weaken or dissolve the sacred ties or the
amily ; tba^ it introduced disobeOlence to nestle like a
lerpent in the very hearth of the 4mily ; that the rela-
ions of the yonng child and the parent and the parent
md the child were vitiated and destroyed oy the prema-
ore independence of your youthful labourers. Now that
s a fair deeoription not, thank God, of the state of things,
mt of the impression which once prevailed with regard to
he state of things. Well, now, I think it may be said
hat, with respect also to this great and vital queetion, the
sxperience of the last few years has not fluled to throw
ipon it a flood of light. I think it has completely
exploded the idea that less attachment b foU 1^
;he parent for the child, or le« attachment felt by the
shildren for their parents, in the heart of the manufac-
Uiring diatricts than in any other portion of the oomnui-
lity. I should humbly presooie to say, having had some
)pportunity of forming a judgment, that I nave been
latonished to see the fetreo^h, the warmth, the nncon-
)U«rable tenacity of domestic affection among the people
>f Lancashire employed in mannfactories. AU these are
points upon which I may say that the factory system may
i^ery well afford to stand or fUi, but I caonot help think-
ing tiMU there are many things connected with it that
may be taken as an example by other classes ; take the
ipirit of order and discipline which pervades our factories,
Qot the mare restraint which is imposed on the labouror
^hile he is within the walls of the factory itself, on the
oontrary, it is the formation of a habit, and if you aakwhy
it is that tena of thousands and hundreds of thousands can
be simply self- governed and self- arranged without out-
rage, wiUiout difficulty, without disorder, without the ap-
pearance in almost a single instance of the authority even of
the police, it is in a great degree on account of that habit
of order and discipline whi3i is to be found within the
wallsof those establishments. But take a point of still greater
importance. If we are to judge rightly the operation of
that system, it has this eflfeot, it brings the people together,
and they acquire an interest in one another, a publio
opinion, so to speak, forms itself among them, and that
publio opinion is favourable to morality and good conduct,
and the peieon who goes astray is lelt to have committed
an ofience against the character of those with whom he
or she may l^ associated in working ; but it is QOt possible
to conceive a principle more truthful or more valuable for
the real advancement and improvement of the working
classes than that that opinion should thus spontaneously,
naturally, and healthfully be engendered among them, ao-
coiding to which the order of working men and working
women may become, as it were, an ^eotual minirter of
virtuoi and vice and mischief will be discouraged in their
first be^nning. I will now torn to ano£er matter,
with regard to which the factory qratem may not,
perhaps, «tand so well. It may be aaid» with tmth, that
in-door oooopation has not a veiy favourable operation on
^le physfeal development of the people. We must speak
onr mhkUi in an anemUy pi Wngiiahmen aooh as this, and
it WW at one time too tme of the factory system that,
from delbotive ventilation and othtt' eansee, it was anything
bat wholesome at regaida the bodily health of the popu*
lation. Now, the bodily health of the people is a matter
of vital eonseqnanoe. When God Almighty made man
to be a compo^ being of body and aoul, he intended the
W^fare of tjie two to go together, and yon could not have
in operation a ayftem which should give yon a etonted
and enfeebled people without finding before veiy long that
the evil effsots of that sjrstem were likewise leaving their
mark on its mental character ; but here, also, I trust we
may aay that a vast improvement has been effected.
There is no reason— at least, so I am given to under-
9iand, and oon6dently hope-^there is no reason in
the nature of things why factory labour should be less
favoniable to heaUht when due care is taken, than
other ^-door labour. I am now at a point when I think
we can aee the benefitof the munificent endowment which
Mr. Barnes has j^resented to the community of Famworth.
In-door labour is not of neceaaity unhealthy, but yet it
cannot be denied that it requires the counterpoise of out-
door recreation. It is desirable that those who spend the
great bulk of their time indoors, whether in factories, in
tool-shops, or in any of the other great establishments of
industry, should have the means, when their labour is
d(>ne, of innocent, healthful, and useful recreation. It is
monstrous to suppose that it can be the natural c<Hiditi<m
of society that one portion should live as if they had
nothing at all to do except to seek for amusement from
morning to night, and that the other portion of society
bhould find itself shot out from recreation altogether.
Such a state of things can neither be pleasing to God nor
beneficial and acceptable in the sight of man, nor can it
conduce to the [vosperity of the country and the stability
of its institutions. Here is the great fact, recognised 1^
such ao's as we are endeavouring to carry out and to place
in commemoration to day. Here we have before us a
scene in which, as we hope, (Vom genemtion to generation,
the > oung and old of Famworth will seek for health and
re(reshment afler the hours of honest labour have come
to a close ; but it is not only bodily health which is in-
terested in this question, mental health demands that com-
munion with nature should not be forsaken and renounced.
This is one of the truths which it has been the obligation
and necessity, but likewise the honour and duty, of the
f resent generation to bring forth from darkness into light,
dare say it is a fact that we do not even yet feel that as
we ought to do, or give it that effectual application in
practice which it requires ; but it is m>foundly asso-
ciated with the well-being of mankind. C'>nmmnion with
nature: why, the phrase, if used perhaps so recently
as a century ago, would have sounded almost like the
accents of an unknown tongue. At any rate, it would
have been taken as the mere dream of a yisionary en-
thusiast if it had been supposed that it was a thing to
be recommended for the health, recreation, and habitual
enjoyment of a vast population. Within that time,
however, great changes have taken place. In order to
illustrate this point, which is one of deep interest and
importance, I may go a little further. It has been long
a subject of discussion among learned men whether the
ancients, who, as you know, in point of genius reached
the very greatest heights of which human nature appears
to be susceptible— it has long been a question whether
these andents had any love for nature or natural scenery —
which we call landscape. That subject is still keenly dis-
cussed ; and I do not believe any one can assert that a
taste foft the beauties of nature, such as we now understand
them, was largely developed among the most cultivated
nations of anUquity. Departing, however, from the
mieation of natural beauty, there can be no doubt that
the oommunion with nature which takes the form of
770
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootomb 21, 1864.
B»tanl hiitory — knowledge of plants, trees, and eo on—
wu a thing ntiwer dreamed of ai forming a part of tbe
patrimony of mankind at lai^e. Some philosopher,
giving scope to his penetrating and searching mind, might
attempt to register what human knowledge had ac-
cnmulated on this subject ; but one would be laughed at
if one were to suppose that it were possible for a Boman
or Qreek to find pleasure and satisfaction in the familiar
communion with nature through the medium of humble
and individual objects. A^ain, it was debated how it
came about that in beautiful countries the pcq^mlation did
not care for the aoeneiy, and Lord liacaulajr, in his
<• History of England," soes into an argument at to
why the beauties of the Highlands of Scotland were so
long n^leoted.
The Lord Matob*! DnnnBBs.»SiB,— 7^ Timet
recently announced that a City Committee had been
appointed to superintend the coming feast of the Lord
Mayor's induction to office. I would like to lugffest to
this committee the idea tiiat these corporation dinners
require a reform, and are really very bad, and not credit-
able to the wealth of the dty, and do not cratify the
majority of the Tisitors who eat them. A fine iUtmiinated
menu is plaoed before each guest, but it is ootonouB that,
after serving the turtle soup, it is a mere scramble to get
anything else named on the carte, I once had to dme
off green peas only, although tempted with a long list
of all sorts of things, which it was impossible to
obtam, yet nothmg could I get but peas, whilst I
appealed in vain to every waiter who came within reach.
The way in which public dinners are given at the Hotel de
VilUt at Paris, offers some useful suggestions to any
valiant reformer in the City. On one occasion when I
dmed with six hundred people at the ffotel de VUle, every
guest obtained a first-rate dinner, of excellent quality
and variety, and adminbly served. And the method of
it was this : a complete dinner of soups, fish, erUr^et,
pikee de reeietanee, game, Ac, was provided for eight per-
sons; the dishes were admirably contrasted with each
other; the wines were appropriate to each course; I
counted that my glass was changed uzteen times I there
wei'e four waiters to every eight pei-sons, who attended to
them and no others. This dinner for eight was
perfect, and the secret of giving every other person of the
company the same advantages simply consisted in repeat-
ing the same perfect dinner as many times over as there
were parties of eight to be provided for. I advise the
City Committee for the next Lord Mayor's day to follow
this • example. Let them provide for a party of eight
persons, the two turtle and another (say white) soups;
the turbot and another fish ; two entries ; the venison and
roast beef; the sweets and the ices. Let them avoid the
riot and uncertainty of a hundred other dishes named in
a men^r^nd stick to these, and then multiply the fixed
;s by the parties of eight invited. Instead of placing
fore every one a bottle of burning sheny and handing
round only disturbing champagne, let them select a glass
of appropriate wine fo go with each dish, and offer it to
the guest following each dish. Let them Insist that each
set of waiters attend only to their own party of eight,
and not wander off to distant Common Coundlmen with
the prime outs of turbot and venison. By following this
simple method they may inaugurate an epoch of reform
In civic dinners which is extremely needed.*— I am. Ac
FciiHE BOIIMBBLT. '
Tmu Hquabes of London.— Sib,— We have intro-
duced gardening with great effect into our public paiks ;
why cttiiiiot it be introduced into some, at least, of our
if|uai SM. Why shbuld not some of them be thrown open,
aiid laid out with flower-beds, and paths for the people to
• Tills Sttf KCitlon appssrs to vtiy praetiosl. that it U hoped
11 ns; b; aifopted at asy fatort amdmsary diansr of the 6e«
walk through instead of nmod. Ttks lAkf^Mfm
for example; throw down tbe nils, Ity H oil si
garden, and keep it well tended ind walenl I In*
lately been to Paris; and while all iroondwalMad
dusiy, the small "Places," with their hriliiiBtvviD
and bright flowers, were a chirmiog relief t» tbt ^
There can be no real reason why we caiiDOt hm wA
thiuj^ here. I shnply throw oat the idc mfl J^JT
that it may be taken up by some pnelkil tMiiat-
I am, &0,, F,
laUnti.
firmOMmtt9him-iqfPeimiiJomd,oaiirU^
Qbaitb of PaonsioxiL PBoncnoL
Ajae bOKM— S828— J. Clark. ^ ^.t^m.\
Blsatftinttoes, tcapplyiaf to Mefal p gpQUi tt>*l>"'°*"
J. A. HarrlMtt.
Olodu, meus of aetattlflf etoetrto-asn-W. Chrt.
Doors, fsrden gatet, Ac. utobw fer— 1174— f . W««>
DjtAng and tanniny— 8336—11. Unxj.
Eai^ Koremon— 2384 -J. and W. wem. ^^ « i a
Flbroasiiiat«iala,roU«n and whoelt te 4iBiiiH>»-^^^
Mackonzia.
Flbrona fotetonces, MeacihiBf— 2326— H. Potlv. .
Files. maGhineiy fbr cattiaf'— 8366— P. A. L. * IlilMMM*"
Flro<amia— 2330— O. Lister.
Fire-arms, breeeh-loadiof^2322— J. H. WalA.
Fire-arms, breeoh-loadinf— 2371— J. P. Harria. , , . „^^
Floor cloth. manoflMrtore of— 2340-J. B. Kidd iid J. Ciuv.
Flokimetera— 2364— H. Bennisoo. ^ ^.
Fnel. apparatus fi»r feneratiiig fas for -2SS7-^ B> »■"*■
Fnnkitore. article 0^2368— W. H. Orth. ^w-M
Qas flttinn, chandeliers, ao.. representiaf tha|ltti|«i<^*'^
cards, Ac. -2362— J. T. Strood.
Hair brushing appar ato a 2 366— R. Oitkr.
Hooped skirts— 2370— R. A. Broomaa.
Lift boats— 2346— D. CUmie.
Liquids, maohineiy tat ralaiBC~2348— B. A Bio»is
Looms— 2380— W. Whitehead.
Metal, shears fior oattin|^2372— I. ParkM.
Minerals, apparatus Ibr workinr— 203— T. IVj""^
Ovens for baklnf , apparatas osed ia-a37ft-T. fw- . ^ ^
Photography, obtainhig sor&oes in « rebeio* "A •«*" ^
aid of- 2338— W. B. Woodbmr.
Pomps— 2374-J. C. Wilson. *
RaUway ero8sinn~2344~H. Bridgewstcr. . --j f
Railway trains, commani<ation between ps—^"* ** *^
— C. W. AUen.
Sails, reefing, ftvling, Ao.— 2368-^. Fiif» . , -y.
Salt cake, manoikctare of— 2316-0. Soott, jOBn « '• ^^
Sewing machines— 2366— H. C. SymoDs. ,_-
Ships, apparatas for steering— 2376— H. sod H. Wm ^^
Ships, Ac, protecting the ^es and bottoms flf-on--]*.!^
Throstle spinning, stc, apparatas Ibr sibedag m^H^"^
A. Pemberton and J. Ford. _ -ju-i.
Vehidei, disconnecting lever to r«leas»-a321-J- »• 'j^^
Vehicki, registering apparatas applied to-ll<6-w. vm^-
Paybsts Biaud.
948. W. OTenden, sen., and W.
OTonden.Jon.
965. J. C. Goombe.
966. H. B. Barlow.
960. A. Priest and W. Wool-
noagh.Jan.
961. W. PaytOD.
962. W. E. Oedge.
963. M. B. Cooper.
964. J. RUey.
971. W. B. Oedge.
974. O. DaTies.
976. J. E. Spratt.
982. W.O.C5ooper A J. Fletcher.
994. J. StandoTen.
996. H. Wial^v_.
999. H.AB«BJ»
1000. H. A
1001. H. A
1011. T. PepP«'
1012. O.DWK"-
1016. W. L. Bar
10(2. E. Tv*w-
1068. C. H. Ptm_
1072. T. 0. OWito-
1600. J. 0.'^
1686. J.fl.Jj*5*
1932. A. L. WooO.
1994. 0. Lows.
2084. A. Ford.
firmnOommMmtrtqfPeimtt/mrMkOtt^^
Payivtb o> wnoH nn Btamt Dott or «m m >■■' '^
2642. T. B. Cotlingwood sad A.
Batter worth.
3668. W. Maouab.
2609. B. Mushet.
2637. R. Mnahet.
2646. 0. BriMA A A. Chatanae.
2666. CWpM^ g^^
2683. W.T.Wi**
3124. W. BsU.
2601. P. Bob***
PiTans ox WHwm na Stamp Dott of !!•• ■*••*" **
3633. O. Rhodes.
3614. O. O. Alger.
2690. T. R«steiL
2628. F. H^»l«*
Irniral 0f %
THE
mh d %xis,
AND or
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Session.]
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28, 1864.
[No. 623. Vol. XII,
TATBTiir* OlE" CX>NTENTS.
inoanoenienli br the CofticU :~Com-
menoenMne of the Hundred and Ele-
Tenth Seerion Pnce
smoUUon of the IntornaUonal Exhibl*
tloQ BoUdioff ... ... ••• ...
•oceedlnn of Inilitatioof : — Hertlej
Inttitatton-^Hitohin Meohuiics' Innti-
tation and Pablio Llbnurr
jio Art! t — Rooen Exhibition, M asooms,
ImproTorae^takAc. — Pine Art in Paris,
anufkciores :— The Vutor/ Act in the
Pottariet— Hardening Cart Iron—Al-
oohol fhxn Coal Qa*— Pattern Port—
Sewage Mannre .«• ••* ... •».
otnmeroe :— Aberdeen StrawberryTrade
ni
771
771
773
77S
777
778
—Rage— Petroleam— India Robber—
The Oanale of France- Tenerlib Co-
chineal ... ••• ••• ••• .M 776
Coloniet .—Natal— ReprodnotiTe Works
— Immigration in Tasmania — Salm<»
in Tasmania -Raliwv* ^ Viotoria ...
Obitoary:— William Tait
PabUcatioos Issued :— The Reptiles of
British India— A History of the Spiders
of Great Britain— Military Sonrejing
— Pisdooltore et Coltore des Bau—
Importanxa Ecooomiea del Peed et del
loro Allevamooto Artlfldale— Diction-
anr of Geography... ... ... ...
Fortnoomlng PabUcatlons : ^ Chemical
778
Technology— Ganot*s Pbyslcs
Notes :— Electric Telegraphy— tfdentlfle
Bzpedilfton to Mexico— The Hastings
and St. I^eonard's Industrial Exhibition
— Crinolines — Railway Statistics in
France — The American School of
Mines— A New Dlsoorery in Pompeii—
Rerived Corks — lUomlnatlon of Street
Names— Discovery of Vestiges of the
Ancient Aqoednct of Alatri
Correspondence :—r
bearing Poor-
Elementary ai
Meetings ft>r the Ensolng Week ...
Patents ... ........
77»
77 »
78t
782
782
^mtmarmii bj % Cinmtil*
The One Hundred and Eleventli Session of the
Jocioty will commence on Wednesday, the 16 th
>f Novemher, when the Openmg Address will be
ielivered by Wm. Hawes, Esq., F.Q.S., Chairman
>f the Ooimcil.
DEMOUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL
EXHIBITION BUILDING.
Tawdty afternoon, at half-past threo o'clock, the
deniolitioD by gunpowder of the remaining portions of the
Dreat Ebchibitioo Bailding was proceeded with by the
Corps of Royal Engineers from Chatham. There were
present on the occasion C^eral Sir J. Burgoyne, Ck>lonel
LoT«lU Colonel Scott, Captain Fowke, Lieutenant
Knocker, and a party of the Sappers and Miners under
Colour-Sergeant Csuin, Professor Donaldson, Sir Stuart
Donaldson, and a large number of scientific gentlemen,
together with a considerable crowd of sightseers both within
ai^ wiUiout the ruins of the structure. The engineering
operations had been completed during the day for the pur-
pose of disolaoing one of the two towers that supported
the ffreat dome. The height of each tower ayeraged 70
feet by 42 feet square, the weight being 1,200 tons, the
thickness of the walls being an ayerage of fh>m three to
four feet, the superficial area of the towers being about 40
feet square. In order to dislodge this mass of masonry the
amount of charge applied was proportioned in the amount
of 112 Ibk of gunpowder to each tower; and, in accord-
ance with this arrangement, precisely at half-past three
the rignal to fire the battery at some fifty yards dis-
tance from the structure to be demolished was given (the
range in front of the road having been cleared by a strong
force of the L division], when suddenly, with scarcely any
audible report, one half, but one half onlv, of the tower
rolled over with a loud crash Into the Exhibition-road,
leaving the other half of the tower standing intact. In
the oourBo of an hour the debris was removed fVom the
road. It was then determined that no further operations
sboold take place in connection with the removal of the
other half of the tower. A consultation took place
amongst the engineer* with Sir J. Burgoyne, and it was
determined that the engineers sliould *< shove" it over
by leverage, or by a further additional charge the next
morning*
frffmlnnss at InstMons*
Habtley IssTrroTioN. — In presenting to tho Town
Council of Southampton their first Annual Report of the
progress of tho Institution since its organisation m the year
18^, the Hartley Council express the satisfaction with
which they look back upon the history of the Institution.
They cannot, in giving an account of their stewardship,
point to the achievement of any brilliant triumphs, but
the^ unhesitatingly assert that although the progress
which the Institution has made may have not been sur-
prising, it has at least been continuous, that its develop-
ment hss kept pace with the opportunities which have
offered for the extension of its usefulness, and that it hai
realised, so far as time has as yet allowed, all the expec-
tations which a rational regard for the conditions in which
it is placed, and the machinery at its disposal, could have
formed of it. It is, indeed, one of the disadvantages
under which the Institution has laboured that at its origin
ideas were formed and exoectations encouraged by somo
persons as to the work which it was to do, which, if realised
at an, can only be so afler the lapse of a considerable
time, and by the aid of much greater resources
than it at present possesses. Apart fi-om the direct
educational mfluenoe which it has exercised, it has,
indirecUy, been the means of fostering the exertions of
other Institutions. Thus it has provided accommodation
witMn its walls for the meetings of the Polytechnic,
AthensBum, and Microscopic Societies ; and it has greatly
promoted the establishment of a society* which is cal-
culated not only to contribute an important share towards
the advancement of knowledge in this locality, but also
to fhrther materially the interests of the Institution itself.
By these and other means the Hartley Institution is gra-
dually coming to t>e looked on as the recognised centre
of all associatkins. If the Institution had been of no
further service during this the first year of its organi-
zation, tlian to gather all these* asMxriations together
withm its wallp, the Council would have, on these gnmnds
* The South of Soglaod Literary and Philosophical Society
which flscets in tb« iMtitutioo.
772
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobbb 28, 1864.
aloD6, reaaonabk cause for eongratiilatton* Bot they have
a still mora tangible source of saiiflfaetion In the \ittm$
number of persona who have availed themseltei df the
advantages of the Institution. The number of members
enrolled during the year has been 531, of whom seven are
life members, 19 are honorary life members, 181 are family
members, and 874 are ordinary members, but this state-
ment by itself gives a very imperfect idea of the number
of persons who have fi-equented the Institution during that
period. Putting aside all reference to the large numbers
who have visited the Museum on public days, and to the
casual attendance upon lectures, the ticket of each ordi-
nary member carries with it a duplicate admission to the
privileges of the Institution for one of the members of his
family ; in addition to which, he himself has the power
of admitting friends io the museum, library, and reading-
room, so that the real number of persons frequenting the
Institution is considerably greater than the mere Ust of
members would indicate. The Hai-tley Council, there-
fore, feel Justified in asserting that the Institution, during
the short period that it has been already established, has
exercised an unquestionable, though, perhaps, in many
respects, a silent influence oh the mental culture of the
town and neighbourhood. However desiiablo it may
have appeared that it should assume the position and
fbnctions of an educational establishment, the Hartley
Council are convinced that in the present stage of
its career such a course would involve requirements
with which it is totally unable to comply. Even were
the machinery available for such a purpose, much more
extensive than it really is, it is veiy questionable whether
the Institution could enter on such a path as has been
adopted bv the Mechanics' Institutes of some of our larger
towns without interfering seriously with the objects which
are specified in the scheme laid down ibr its management
by the Court of Chancerv. Under these circumstances,
and as all movement in this direction must be of a tenta-
tive character, the Hartley Council have confined their
eCTorts for the establishment of classes to those branches of
knowledge for instruction in which the Institution possesses
adequate appliances, or to those in which the experiment
could be made without incurring any serious detriment in
case of failure. The growing importance of natural science
as an element of general education, and the absence in the
town of any recognised means of instruction in it, seemed
to offer a favourable opportunity for opening a daes in the
most popular branch of scientific study — chemistry. A
French class has also been established. Although the
attendance on these classes has not l)een so large as could
have been wished, the Council hope that as tliey become
more widely known they will be better appreciated. When
the subject of the appropriation of the Hartley bequest was
under consideration, the attention of the Town Council
was urgently diawn by Dr. Lyon Playfair and others to
the desirability of including instruction in navigation
amongst the objects for which it might be made available.
The utility of such a school is beyond question, and it is
hardly possible to see how it could l>e more favourably
started than in connexion with the Hartley Institution,
especially if a teacher be appointed possessing the certifi-
cate of the department of Science and Art, in wl;ich case,
with the aid of a modeiate fee from tlie students, there is
every reason to believe that the Fchool would be almost
if not entirely self-supporting. The Hartley Council,
therefore, recommend that rteps should be at once taken
to commence a school of navigation in connexion \\ith the
Institution, and request power accordingly to take such
steps. The Hartley Council have received an application
from tlie committee of the School of Art requesting
that tlie school might le transferred to the Institu-
tion. Alihoiigli the Council consider that the miion
of the school with the Institution miglit have its ad-
vantages, |)erhai>8 more prominently by the facility
it would afford to the furtherance of the establishment
of the navigation department before alluded to, they
regret that the acoommodjitiop of the Institution at pro-
sent is not fcch as io meet aU ihp feqoireiBenta of the
School of Art. It may be a tenrfUentioti Ii«h«flar to
Effect a Separate building on tb^ tidooen^Ml uJid bclM
the lecture hall of the Institution, and the Council will
at the proper time bring the subject more folly beftyre ibe
Corporation. The library contains at the present time
upwards of 5,000 volumes of works in all departmentt of
knowledge, the majority of them bdng of a standard
character. The expenses connected with the fmnffiUof
and completion of the building have been so great tba
year that the Coimcil have bmi eompelled to devete a
much smaller sum to tlie augmentation of the Vbary
than they could have wished, but they trost that m
claims of the former kind diminish they wiU be gndual^
enabled to do fuller justice to so Itoportant a departmeol
of the Institution. The reading-room attracts a ooeader-
able number of visitors during the day, bat the Ccandl
regret that it is not so largely freauented in ^e eveomg
as they oould wish, more especially by that class of tbe
community who might have been expected io avail ttiein-
selves of its resources at that time, viz., clerki, tnd*
assistants, and others engaged during the day. This ii
the more surprising as it was with a ^>eefal view to the
interests of this class that the hour for doring the reading-
room was prolonged from 9 till 10 p.m., and that tJbs
terms of admission to the lostitation were made so low as
to be little more tlian nominal. The Council trust tlat
employers will impress upon their assistants the importani
advantages which the Institution holds out to them, and
will exercise their influence in inducing theui io join it
The Council have received several suggesiioiis on t^
subject of introducing newspapers into the reading-room,
but have not hitherto felt at liberty to reootomend Urn
adoption of sueh a course to the Town CooociL Tbe
Hartley Council have every reason to report stisiiictorily
of the progress which the Museum has made siDoe iHm
opening of the Institution, especially when it is re-
membered that with scarcely an exceptioD the wbolo of
the specimens have been received as inalnntary contriba.
tions, the necesf^ry demands upon the iucome ol the In-
stitution rendering it impossible for the Coundl to take
advantage of several opportunities whidi have occontd
for the purchase of partial, or complete collecticms, and
which under more favourable circumstances they would
have been glad to embrace. Although it most be the
work of many years to place the Museum on a footmc
worthy of the institution and of the town, the ComicS
feel no hesitation in asserting that it already oSers mneh
that is both interesting and instructive ; and they wooM
more particularly instance the nucleus of an economicil
collection which it contains as one which, when more com-
plete, will be calculated to be of great value in prontotii^
the education of the public in a knowled^ of tb<»t
** familiar things," lut which liave been hitherto too
much neglected as a branch of popular instructioo. TU6
large number of peisons who visit the Museum on yohVis.
days is a good indication of the interest which ii
awakens, and the Council hope that as their resofiices
increase they will be able to make it still more nsefol as
a means of education. They need only further observe
that the present arrangement of the contents of tbo
Museum is necessarily only of a temporary cliaracter, and
that the labelling of the specimens is proceeding as tapVlhr
as circumstances « ill permit. The donations, both to tho
Museum and library, liave been very nuTuerous*. Tbe
following lectures have been dtlircred in coniiect;oti wilh
the Institution during the past year ; for thofc* marked whh
an a&tcriFk the Council are indebted to the j^ratuitoni^ asBist-
ance of the Rentleuien by whom they were kinnh* pivwt :
— " The Solar Spectrum," by Dr. libnd ; •* 'i Iw^uiMty of
plan of the Veitebrate divlnion of the Animal KingiJom."
hy Mr. Waterhouse Hawkins; "The rclatii*n vf tire
Vepeiahle Kingdom to the natural wants of Man." t«v
Dr. LankcBtcr, F.U.S. ; " The LiJe and Writing* of iUhit
Goldsmith," by the Rev. J.U. Ikllew ; ♦•* The Wcsjwn,
of the Modem Artillerist," hy Captain Drayeoo, BLA..
JOUBNAL OF THE SOOIBTT OP ARTS, Ootobbb 28, 1864. 773
'< Life and Light/^ by Mr. B. Hant, F.aS. ; «< Some iUiu-
trationa of speoial adaptation in the Animal Kingdom,"
by Mr. Goaae, F.B.S.; ''Scientifio Besearches in the
hi/?her regions of the Atmosphere," by Mr. Qlaahier,
F.R.S. ; " The Nature and Origin of Coal," bv Dr.
Bond (two lectures) ; *' The Metamorphosis of the lowest
^ibes of Animals," by Dr. Carpenter, F.B.S. ; ♦" The
Age of Bronze," by Mr. J. Lubbock, F.B.S. ; " The
Oases," by Mr. J. Pepper ; ** Coal in its relation to
Modem Civilisation," by Dr. Bond (two lectures) ; *' The
Life and Writings of Milton,*" by the Bev. J. M. Bellew.
A course of three lectures was also given during the
month of June by Dr. Bond, in illustration of some of the
contents of the Museum. The attendance upon the
above lectures was, on the whole, good and encouraging.
Although the Hartley Counoil are prepared to acknow-
ledge that isolated lectures on literary and soientific
subjects have a certain value in an educattonal point of
view, there can be no question that in most oases they
give so imperfect an idea of their subject as to be of but
very limited utility for educational purposes. With the
view of obviating as far as is possible this defect the
Hartley Counoil propose to provide short courses of
three or four lectures each, alter the example of the
Koyal Institution and others of a similar character. The
Council report that the experioient of the fint of a series
of concerts in illustration of the music of the great
masters, which was given in May last, and devoted to the
music of Mozart, was in every respect a satisfactory one.
They hone to repeat these concerts on a more extended
scale. The balance-sheet of the income and expenditure
of the Institution is itubmitted, showing an annual income
of £1,243, of which £866 I9s. lOd. is derived from per-
manent sources, and an expenditure which leaves a bidanoe
of surplus in the treasurer's hands of £6 5s. 4d. The
Hartley Council, in compliance with one of the dausos of
the scheme for the management of the Institution, which
specifies that a sum of not less that £50 shall he yearly set
apart towards the establishment of an observatory and the
i'orraation of a botanic garden, have set aoart the sum of
XIOO for the above purposes, being £50 for each of the
two years that the Institution has ^n open.
HiTOHIN MbCHAHIOB' INSTITUTION AND PuBUO Id-
BBABY. — The annual meeting of the above Institution was
heU at th<^ Town-hall on Friday evening, the 17th of
October, 1864, Mr. John Morgan, vice-president, in the
chair. The report stated that, during the past year, the
library had been more used than in any previous season.
The entries this year amounted to 6,286, showing an in-
crease of 805 over last year, and 90 over any former year,
aHii a gradual increase from the year 1859. The sob-
s.'riptions had increased, and by a careful expenditure,
tht) income had proved rather more than sufficient to
defray all diarges, notwithstandmg a loss on the lecture
account. Seven lectures were delivered during the winter
sennon, but the attendance has gradually diminished.
Thi3 low charge made for admission of members and their
families was established with the object of inducing larger
nunihdrs to attend the lectures, but the committee regret
that, in consequence of the small attendance this year,
the receipts have fallen short of the expenditure. The
coaiuiittee tru^ that the course of lectures for the coming
season will meet with general approval. At the last
Examination of the ISociety of Arts, held in May, two
members obtained Certificates of Merit — one for pro-
ficieucy in Geography, the other for Free-hand Drawmg.
Tlie sub-couiuiittee appointed to consider what steju could
be taken to carry out the project of a Union of Institutions
in this naighbonrhood, report that they do not find it
prasticabie to form such a Union at the present time.
The sub-committee have entered into oommmiication with
the neighbouring Institutes. The replies received have
b^u either unfavourable or doubtful Until classes are
in existence, and in active work, for carrying on which
the ne^d of co-operation is felt by the Institutes, the
project does not apfwar likely to receive support.
iiu ^s.
BOUBN ExHIBmON, MOSCUMB, iMPBOVBltENTfl, dso.—
The capital of Normandy has always been one of th©
most interestmg phices in France, but, during the last six
or seven years, it has become as remarkable for ita encour-
agement of art as for its antiquities. In 1888, or there*^
abouts, the authorities and amateurs of the neighbourhood
seem to have determined not only to protect and illustrate
the artistic remains of past centuries, but to render Boned
the local centre of modem art In the year 1884 a
society was formed, with the title of La SocUU de Amis
des Artif " to aid the progress of art in Bouen, and to en-
courage artists by the purchase of works from the exhibi-
tions organised by the municipal administration." The
condition of membership is the payment of thirty franca
on the occaston of each exhibition, and subscribers pay ten
francs each, the pictures pnrohaaed being distributed by
lotteiy amongst both classes, every ten francs carrying
the right to a chance. For some years the exhibitiona
were annual, but at present they take place every second
year, and, since the establishment of the society, it haa
purchased and distributed nearly a thousand pictures, at a
cost of upwards of 180,000 francs. The progress of the
Society is best indicated by the fact that in 1849 the
Society was able to expend 6,594 francs on 46 works
of art, and in 1862 it laid out 21,520 francs, and di^*
tributed 60 pictures amongst' its members. The ex-
hibitions are held in the Hotel 'de Ville,andthe muni-
cipality votes a sum of money to cover the expenses, and
another in aid of the funds of the Society, or for the
purchase of works of art for its own public gallery. The
amotmts of the two votes this year were, respectively,
6,000 and 2,000 francs. The exhibition, in order not ta
clash with others of the same class elsewhere, opened on
the first of the present month, and is to remain open till
the middle of November; the price of admission for
five days in tlie week is hy tickets, which cost 25
centimes, or less than 2}d., and each of these gives
the right of participating, pro rata, in a secondary
lottery arranged by the authorities. Finally, there are
two entirely free days towards the end of the exhibition
The number of works of art in the Exhibition now open
is 819, and many of those are by well-known artists,
amongst whom may be mentioned AndnS.Bellang^, Court,
Flandrin (Paul), Flers, Glaize, Grobon, Grosclaude,
Gudm, Guiand, Hamon, Hillemacher.Holfeld, Jacquand,
Lefebvre, Leleux, Magand, Fasini, Phillippoteaux, Schnetz,
Vauchelet, and Yvon. A large proportion of the pictures
were sent by artists resident in Paris, and in going through
the Exhibition last week we recognised many works whidL
attracted attention at the Paris Exhibition, but the resi-
dent artists of Bouen and other parts of Normandy have
supplied a fair share, and it should not be forgotten that
of those who have taken up their abode in Paris, a great
many are natives of Normandy. M. J. Court, the
present director of the public gallery of Bouen, the
painter of a large well-known picture now to bo seen in
the Exhibition Boissy-d'Anglas, presiding over the Na-
tional Convention, and formerly one of the most popular
portrait painters in Paris, is a native of Bouen ; so are
Eugene Bellang^ and many other well-known artists.
The pre^nt Exhibition is arranged in the public gal-
lery of the town, and, as was formerly the case with
the Paris exMbitions when held in the Louvre, the
temporary collection covers the permanent one. The
luter dates back as far as 1809, and the works have
been mostly obtained within the department itself; the
Imperial government has, however, contributed many
works of art puroha^ed at the Paris Exhibitions fur distri-
bution among provincial museums, and only the other
day some remarkable pictures and busts were received
trom the Departuieut of Fiue arts in Paris ; the mui.icipal
authorities have also voted several sums to purchase addl-
772
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobsb 28, 1861
alone, reasonable eanse for eoDgratiilatkm* B9t tbe/ hare
a still more tangible sonree of Batisfaetion in Ih^ hitf9
number of persons who hare availed themseltet df the
advantages of the Institation. The number of members
enrolled during the year has been 531, of whom seven are
life members, 19 are honorary life members, 181 are family
members, and 874 are ordinary members, but this state-
ment by itself gives a very imperfect idea of the number
of persons who have frequented the Institution during that
period. Putting aside all reference to the large numbers
who have visited the Museum on publte days, and to the
cssual attendance upon lectures, the ticket of each ordi-
naiy member carries with it a duplicate admission to the
privileges of the Institution for one of the members of his
family; in addition to which, he himself has the power
of admitting friends io the museum, library, and reading-
room, so that the real number of persons frequenting the
Institution is considerably greater than the mere list of
members would indicate. The Haiiley Council, there-
fore, feel Justified in assertioff that the Institution, during
the short period that it has been already established, has
exerdsed an unquestionable, though, perhaps, in many
respeots, a silent influence oh the mental culture of the
town and neighbourhood. However desirable it may
have appeared that it should assume the position ana
ftmctions of an educational establishment, the Hartley
Council are convinced that in the present stage of
its career such a course would involve requirements
with which it is totally unable to comply. Even were
the maohineiy available for such a purpose, much more
extensive than it really is, it is very questionable whether
the Institution could enter on such a path as has bec^
adopted bv the Mechanics' Institutes of some of our larger
towns without interfering seriously with the objects which
are specified in the scheme laid down fbr its management
by the Court of Chancerv. Under these circumstances,
and as all movement io this direction roust be of a tenta-
tive character, the Hartley Council have confined their
efforts for the establishment of classes to those branches of
knowledge for instruction in which the Institution possesses
adequate appliances, or to those in which the experiment
could be made without incurring any serious detriment in
case of failure. The growing imnortance of natural science
as an element of general education, and the absence in the
town of any recognised means of instruction in it, seemed
to offer a favourable opportunity for opening a daes in the
most popular branch of scientific study— chemistry. A
French class has also been established. Although the
attendance on these classes has not been so large as could
have been wished, the Council hope that as tliey become
more widely known they will be better appreciated. When
the subject of the appropriation of the Hartley bequest wan
under consideration, the attention of the Town Council
was urgently diawn by Dr. Lyon Playfair and others to
the desirability of including instruction in navigation
amongst the objects for which it might be made available.
The utility of such a school is beyond question, and it is
hardly poadble to see how it could be more favourably
started than in connexion with the Hartley Institution,
cspeciallv if a teacher be appointed posseshing the certifi-
cate of the department of Science and Art, in wliich case,
with the aid of a moderate fee from the students, there is
every reason to believe that the pchool would be almost
if hot entirely self-supporting. The Hartley Council,
therefore, recommend that ftepe should be at once taken
to commence a school of navigation in connexion with the
Institution, and request power accordingly to take such
steps. The Hartley Council have received an application
from the conunittee of the Scl>ool of Art requesting
that tlie Pchool might be transferred to the Instltu-
lion. Although the Council consider that the union
of the Hchcol with the InBtitution might have its ad-
vantages, perhai« ^^ovq prominently by the facility
'^^'onld afford to the furtherance of the estahlishment
of the navigation department before alluded to, they
regret that the accommodation of the Institution at pre-
sent is not 0ncih as to meet 8& ths isqaireiMDyoffc
School Of Axti It may be i bmidtoM^ M^ to
eteci a Se{Mat6 building on iM liiioc«i|y tsfldbdU
the lecture hall of the Institution, and the CkraDcQiill
at the pro|)«r time bring the subject mors ftiUy bdonthi
Corporation. The library contains at the praeot tisi
upwards of 5,000 volumes of works in all departDesuaf
knowledge, the majorify of them being of i ^oaki
character. The expenses connected with the fmaisi^
and completion of the building have been lo gnttis
year that the Cotmcil have been compdlsd todmtet
much smaller sum to Uie augmentatioQ of the IBsrf
than they could have wished, but they tmt tk h
claims of the former kind diminish they wHlbegisdi^;
enabled to do fuller justice to so important s dqprtmA
of the Institution. The reading-room attneti t eoMle-
able number of visitors during the daVibattheCoeiQi
regret that it is not so largely frequented iD tbe erm;
as they oould wish, more especially by ihst dia of tk
community who might have been expected toirflltbeis-
selves of its resources at that time, viz., daki, tndi
assistants, and others engaged during tbe diy. Thiii
the more surprising as it was with a speriilntftotb
interests of this class that the hour for6IoKDgibeRi&^'
room was prolonged from 9 till 10 p.m., and thit tin
terms of admission to the Instttntfon were mide n lota
to be little more tlian nominal. The GoodcQ tnffttte
emplo3'er8 will impress upon their asBistaots the importm
advantages which the Institution holdionttothKD,!^
will exercise their infinence in inducing them to joiii it
The CouncU have received several eoggestifloi on ik
subject of introducing newspapers into the reiding-nw,
but have not hitherto felt at liberty to rfcotamtiid to
adoption of sneh a course to the Town C«nwl|TM
Hartley Council have every reason to report atafiicto^
of the progress which the Museum ho made Botthi
opening of the Institution, especially '^*° '*A^
membered that with scarcely an exception tw toolfi
the specimens have been received as ^ontiiycontmw-
tions, the necessary demands upon thevoasneoi the*
stitution rendering it impossible for tbe Cotmdl tot^
advantage of several opportunities which have occnntf
for the purchase of partial, or complete colle^ ««
which under more favourable cucomstincM »*J'T
have been glad to embrace. Although it rooit »!«
work of many years to place the Museum on i M
worthy of the Institution and of the town, the ^
feel no hcMtotion in asserting that it already ow* »^
that is both interesUng and instructive ; and th^f^
more particularly instance the nucleus of an ^^^^^'"Jt
collection whidi it contains as one which, when more^
plete, will be calculated to be of great value in prowj^
the education of the public in a tnowled« w «*
" familiar things," but which have been ^^^^^^
much neglected as a branch of popular '"'^'^"'^-jjg
large number of poisons who visit the Museum »F
days is a good indication of the interert ^^^
awakens, and the Council hope that a« their nm^
increase they wiU be able to make it still more ok^«
a means of education. They need only fuiintf a^
that the present arrangement of the <»"}T,%'
Museum is necessarilv only of a tc^^po^^y ,. .lih
that the labelling of the specimens is F^^^^f^'^ii"'
as circunistanceH will permit. The donatiow, W'" ^
Museum and library, have been ^^'7 ."""'^^°L ^iit
following lectures liave been delivered »D<^""^i ijj
the Institution during the pai^t year ; for those d^%.
an asterisk the Council are indebted to the gf^l'^'f^^i^jt
ance of the Aentlemen by whom they were KJ"'^^•^^^^
— ♦♦ The Solar Spectrum.'* by Dr. Itond; '* ^^i,'
plan of the Veitebiate division of the Animal MPf ^^
hy Mr. Waterhouse Hawkins; "Tho r«l«^;?J '.|t
Vegetable Kingdom to the natural wants of i»j»' •
Dr. Lnnkestcr, F.R.S. ; " The Lite and ^Vntin^« *
Goldsmith," by the Rev. J.M. Ifellcw; ^'If^iYft:
of the ModeiD Artillerist," by Captun mW^ *^
.Lei ol A2=u^' [T 1-. -=^;li^ -_. _ _
JO of Brijjje,' r- Ji. . , , - _ .i
*s." by Mr. -.' ;■■=»- ■ _ .. = - —
rxic-nCivilUltiot' - > JE ^ — -r- - — _. -
ileuid WriliDgiii i_ji -i.j. _— . '= -_
«.. )«lm. ™. « E. .:„ rZT ) S 1,
i..»i.,«a«,,,», ^.,...- , irs^
O- limilod oinnr to- b;^.^;^. ..... - [., OM Men
-■* ^ fluting V z k ,^ ■ ^^ ,
""'Srt^-" ' "■• ■ ■ of-is
cdlfia
>[! OrgaDia
Mr making
[.orWby
ulditional
10 Tol lowing
[y euforeed:
tiro feet in
;h dimeosioiu,
.tar. and. Th»
Aue. Th!» nile
Mm, and, iodted;
ovo, apart from iu
litr of anr material,
..icnu may, wh
, iwentj-Ionr houn
774
JOUR NAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Ootobib 28, Ua
iions, and many doaatibna have enriched the collection,
which inolodea some remarkable works. Amongst others
may be mentioned ** The Virgin Surroonded by Angels,*'
known as the ** Vierge de Saint-Sixtei" by Raphael, and
small hot fine works by the same hand, and in that
master's best style. The " Virgin in the midst of a group
of Young Girls," by Van Eyck. The "Conversion of
Saint-Matthew," by Valentin. ** Saint Fran9ois," by
Anabale Carraoci. A *< £ooe-Homo,*' by Miguard, and
E'ctures by Jouvenet, Vemet, Lahire, Le Guerchin,
Bmonier, and other masters, besides some good pieces
of Boulpture, ancient and modem, the whole forming a
very worthy collectk>n. In the year 1833 also was
founded the MutSe departmental cTAntiquUSst which was
opened to the public in the following year. Bouen
offered several buildings well suited for such a pur-
pose, amongst others one of the churches supprrased
in ITn-Saint-Pierredu'Chatel, an edifice of the 15th
century, the tower of which is entire and of great
beauty, now occupied by a shot faotorv — but the cost
of putting such a building in thorough repair placed
it out of the question. No one building could, however,
have been better adapted for the purpose, namely,
the ancient convent of SainU-Marie^ a cloistered building,
forming a quadrangle with a garden enclosed. The
entrance is by a gothio porch, in one comer, which, like
two sides of the quadransle, is vaulted, and seems exactly
designed to secure a collection of specimens of ancient
art ; and here is already a museum which in some respects
may vie with the Hotel Cluny in Paris. The glory of
the place, the first objects that meet the eye, are the ex-
quisite stained glass windows brought from the Church of
Saint Elor, now a proteetant chapel, and other dismantled
cdifioes in the town ; the^ are in admirable condition, and
for design and colour have few rivals, and their size being
just suitable for tlie old windows of the convent they are
seen to perfection. These beautiful windows illustrate
the progress of the art from the 13th to the 17th
century, to an extent which does not exist in any otiier
museum in the world. The specimens of eodenastical
sculpture in stone and wood, terra-cotta works, church
furniture and utensils, are numerous, and some of them of
rare beauty, especially the enamelled works of the earlv
Christian period, in the semi-Byzantine style. There is
also a large collection of flints illustrating the age of
stone ; of bronze implements and arms ; of armour of the
middle ages and renaissance ; of pottery, glass, and metal
works of the Qallio and gallo-Roman periods, found prin-
cipally in the excavations at Lillebome ; a mass of objects
of middle age and renaissance art; a good collection of
coins; a few fine Limoges enamels ; and some specimens
of mosaic, including one Roman pavement fourteen feet
square found at Brotorme. Among the archieological
curiosities are several charters of the 10th, ilth, and
12th centuries, one signed by William the Conqueror
and his son Rufus (with crosses, merely, of course),
and bearing date 1038; others of Henry I. and Richard
I., all in excellent condition ; the oldest, however, is one
of Richard U., Duke of Normandy, of the 10th century,
but without date. There is a small glass box contain-
ing what remains of the heart of Richard Coeur de Lion,
found, together with a monumental effigy of that monarch,
in the Cathedral of Rouen not long smce ; some curious
early watches ; the double-bladed sword-stick with which
the Minister Roland committed suicide after his wife's
execution; and two s^'ords used by Talma on the stage.
The larger specimens of sculpture and other objects are
placed in the garden, or built m appropriate positions into
the walls of the old conventual building, which is a
mass of beautiful arches, sculptured key-stones, bas-
reliefs, and mural tablets and ornaments ; and side by
side with these and with ancient fonts in stone and lead,
is a heap of stone balls, one of very large size, with which
Henry V. and others pounded the walls of Rouen duiing
the mimy sieges which it has sustained. The brothers
Coroeme were natives of Rouen, aod the houses in which
they were bora were only demolished aiborttiiMafo,ad
the door of that in which Pierre was bom ii now lonai
in the museum forming the entrance to one of thedte
The museum is growing at a rapid nte, ind will doilt.
less become one of the best in Frtnce, oot of Fn; l\
not yet catalogued, hence the importance of the detd
here given, but most of the articles are carefoUy IMi
A few weeks since a very interesting feature m M
to it— and which was one* of the princtpil inhnsaktf
our visit to the town— namely, a fine ooUecUooofthtdH
Fdieneetj earthenware of Rouen aod other pUn^ii!
by M. Pottler, the conservator of the moma, ti
purchased of him by the local anthoritio. 7h
collection is arranged in five principal groapi, lift fee
subsidiary series of illustrations, in one Hoe dpraa^
admirably arranged and perfectly lighted. IkiA
great compartment contains ipecuneoa of the«ignil
ware and its first artistic development, the oldei i«a
being a water botUe insoribed with the place lodditecf
manufacture— " Falct k Rouen, 1647.*^ TMi ii fc
earliest known epoch of the art in this loeiStf, dm^
from Nevers, and mtroduoed by one Jehia Cmtoi
belonging to a family of old potters of ^j|j*
The princip^ makers known are Edme PotattiSwd
Saint-Etienne, who obUined a patent, or ««»«», far
the manufacture in 1644. and his son Louii,wbow)toiKd
a similar grant from the Crown in 1673, and whoofci
porcelain as well as fatences. The specimeci of thi
early period are of a milky white, with deagMw »»
in the Indo-Chinese style in use at Nereis; tatuj
Poteiat studied in Holland, and afterwardi otrohnj
imitations of the ware of that country and, «»nwU/^<
Japan. The second large case and two amall onei exla^
the manufacture at its most brilliant pc™^' ?f^
towards the end of the seventeenth centaiy, wm««
Minister Colbert did all in his power to encomg* ^
Rouen manufacture, and brougtit the wire now w
notice of the king. The events of the time «W m
in an extraordinary manner. The (Xf^J^Z
finances was so bad that Loms XIV. ^m w^
descend from gold to silver pUte, and *» «F*f
from silver to earthenware. Saint Kroflfi, o»»^
moirs, says: — «« Many were compelled to iimb^
plate to the Mint and to adopt faTeooe'*; »»J^\r
the one hand, became the mother of i"P^''®*il,^
other, and the poverty of the Court was the mm^
the Rouen potters. The beauty of the J^ * *T
period is certainly remarkable ; the p^^ V^-j
colour and texture, the forms are simple w^ '•JJJvT
the omamenUtion is varied, ^&^^ 'StJf^Tii
executed ; the blue became slightly mixed ^'J^
in some cases yellow and green were ^"*'^°?t?. |i
some BEdad bowl, signed Brament, 1C99, ^^^^..^
specimen of golden colonr. The omamentaijewiu«^
bv hand, and consequently each piece «]*?"* JjL
amount of originalitv. The boldneai and deho^ ^
work favours 3ie opinion that the oatlinei were m^_
artists and the filling in by the hands of wooen. iw
icquien, wnicn says \an »*» ^ --v' i^
possessed had been earned by her *^.rL-Q^
had the entire durection and management « wn^rr
ture of fatence, and of all the nteoMls ^P*^
thereto during his Ufetime. The number o» K^^.
the best epoch amount to mow than a "^l ^ pSw
elude a number of veiy large round "tJJJVJiJJ^
shape; many of the plates bear the arm« of iwow^
for which they were made, while otheti •"^(^
decorated with the words and music <>f P^JJ^r^airt-
jug, signed " Anno Domini, 1708,28e Joillet. «^,
able as one of the few specimens of ^*** J***^^
the human figure is treated with nochsnoow^I^^
is that of Venus or Ariadne «l«»f*og^"JtJSjii
1^ surrounded ytiih foliage, flowers, wrdii*»'*^
JOURNAL OP THE SOOTETY OF ARTS, October 28, 1864. 775
wied colooxB. There is also a fair collection of other
articles, such as writing desks, inkstands, pierced sugar
castors, salt cellars, tripods, cornucopias and vases. There
are some our ions copies of Chinese designs; and seven
pieces ornamented in niello or black arabesque, on a
chamois coloured ground of great beauty and variety.
The examples of the third division commence with the
eighteenth centuxy, and exhibit undoubted indications of
the decline of the art more especially with respect to deco-
ration ; the forms also are less pure and Uie applications
more fantastic, but including several historic pieces, such
as a service with the arms of the Due de Montmorency-
Luxemboui*g, governor of Normandy. The fourth
section of the exhibition shows the absolute decay of
the art — tortuous forms, uncertain drawing, and glaring
colours, in short rococo of the worst kind, relieved,
however, here and there, by fine bold pieces of ware,
worthy of the former periods. By 1780, or (hereabouts,
almost all trace of artistic feeling had disappeared, and the
Bouen manufiMiturers, who had enjoyed a high reputation
for a century and a half, gave themselves up to the pro-
duction of the commonest crockery. After that period
the manuiacture almost ceased entii'ely, and the present
exhibition derives additional interest from the fact
that groat and successAil endeavours are now being
made to revive it in Rouen and other places. The
gem of the exhibition, or at least of the curiosities
included therein, is a celebrated violin of the ordinar>*
aiae, which was in the collection Sauvageot, and which
furnished M. Ghampfleury with the theme of a poem.
This piece is of a late period, but its ornamentation is
admirably executed, but resembling the productions of the
Dutch makers rather than of the ^«nch. The principal
design represents a lady playing a spinette, a gentleman
^th a violin, and three or more other figures in the
costumes of the time of Louis XIV., while a group of
angels in the clouds exhibit musical instruments and
books, and one of them holds a scroll with the following
inscription : — *< Musica et gloria in Aer." The other parts
of this curious piece are ornamented with great taste and
flkilL Since the above was written we have an account of
the discoverv in a sand pit, in the village of Ozon, near
Chatelheranit, of another musical instrument in faYence —
a kind of ophicleide. It is also covered with paintings,
which are said to be highly artistic. In the interior are
three letters, A R O, otners being illegible, and it is sup-
posed they formed the word Pesaro, and that the
specimen discovered is of the fiimous Majolica ware
which ornamented the palaces of Tuscany in the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries. This curious example is to be
placed in the museum at Poitiers. The fif\h division con-
sists of specimens of ware from other parts of France and
from abroad, but this is too incomplete to call for any
special remark. The demolition and changes that have
been and still are being made in the town, deserve
special notice, but it must be deferred to another
opportunity.
Func Abt in Pabis.— The pupils of the EeoU da
Beaux Arts who obtained the prizes for Rome the other
day, six in number, were entertained at dinner at Saint
'Cloud by the Emperor on Sunday last, together with the
Minister of the Imperial Household and of the Beaux Arts,
and the chiefs of all the departments andpublic establish-
ments connected with that ministry — Comto de Nieu-
werkeike, Comto Baciocdii; Messieurs Courmont,
Camille Doucet, Auber, Robert Fleuiy, and Schnetz.
In the evening the Empress presented e^ch of the young
artists with a photographic group of the Emperor, herself,
and son, signing each copy with her own hand. Acts
like these are lM>th graceful and politic, and tend to main-
tain the artist in the high social position he holds in
France. — The municipal authorities of Paris have voted
ibo sum of 66,000 ihmcs for the repair of the stained glass
windows of the various churches in the city. The restora-
tioas are to commence with Saint-Germain-rAnxerrois,
Saint- Bustache, Saint-Gervais, Ssint-Severin, Saint-
Meny, Saint-Sulpice, Saint-Etienne-du-Mont, Saint-
NlooIas-du-Chardonnet, and Kotres-Dame-des-Blancs-
Manteaux ; a long list, biit far i^om completo.
ItMrafattttTM*
The Factobt Act in the Pottkbies. — An impression
appears to prevail in some parts of the Potteries iiuX the
limitation of the hours of work imposed by the Factories
Act Extension Act does not take effect until the 26th of
January next— that being the time when children of
twelve will work full time. In theory, the Act has been
in operation since the 26th of August last, although,
owing to the absence of the official atMtraots, it has not
been made effective. Copies of the abstracts, however,
are now being supplied to the manufacturers throughout
the district, so that it will be no longer safe to disregard
the provisions of the Act. S. W. May, Esq., has been
appointed sub-inspector for the pottery district.
Haboenino Cast Ibon. — A patent has been taken out
for a new method of hardening the surface of castings.
When the piece is filed up, or otherwise finished, it is brought
to a cherry red heat, and then immersed till quite cold ia
a solution composed of 1,080 grammes of sulphuric acid,
and 65 grammes of nitric acid to 10 litres of water. It is
added that the thickness of the stratum hardened is suffi-
cient for all ordinary purposes, and that the iron suffers no
distortion.
Alcohol fbou Coal Gas. — ^Berthelot, in his new
work, comprising the whole of his lectures on Organic
Synthesis, delivered at the College of France during the
present year, has demolished the proposition for making
alcohol from coal gas, showing that the process is ex-
tremely costly and the resulting spirit extremely im-
pure.
Pattebn Post. — The Postmaster-General has issued
an order that on the 1st November next, and thence-
forward, patterns of merchandise may be transported by
post between England and Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland, by packet,
at the following rates of postage, which must be pre-
paid by means of postage stamps, viz. : For a packet not
exceeding 4 ozs., Sd. ; above 4 ozs., 6d ; above } lb., Is. ;
above 1 lb.. Is. 6d. ; above 1^ lb., 2s. ; every additional
} lb., 6d. Special attention is directed to the following
rules and regulations, which will be strictly enforced:
lst« No packet of patterns must exceed two feet in
length, breadth, or depth; exceeding such dimensions,
it will be treated and charged as a letter. 2nd. The
patterns must not be of intrinsio vaJue. This rule
excludes all articles of a saleable nature, and, indeed;
whatever may have a value of its own, apart from its
mere use as a pattern ; and the quantity of any material,
sent ostensibly as a pattern, must not be so great
that it can fairly be considered as having, on this ground,
an intrinsic value. Packets containing patterns of intrinsic
value will be treated and charged as letters. 3rd. There
must be no writing or printing other than ^e address of
the sender, a trade mark and numbers, and the prices of
the anicles; otherwise the packet will be treated as a
letter. 4th. The patterns must be sent in oovers open at
the ends, so as to be easy of examination. Samples, how-
ever, of seeds, drugs, and so forth, which cannot be sent
in open covers, may be enclosed in bags of linen or other
material, tied at the neck ; bags so closed that they cannot
be readily opened, even although they be transparent,
must not be used for this purpose. Non-compliance with
this rule will also subject the packet to be treated as a letter.
In all other respects the regulations of the colonial book
post will apply to the pattern post with the above colonies.
Under these regulations, in order to prevent any inter-
ruption to the regular transmission of letters, a packet of
patterns may, when it is necessary, bo kept back for
twenty-four hours beyond the time when, in the ordinary
776
JOUBNAL OF THE BOOIETT OF ABTS, Ootobb 28, WML
oountfil would be forwarded. N.B. — ^The rale which
forbida the tiananiiflmon through the poet of any article
likely to irjure the contenta of the mail baga or the
peraon of any officer of the Poat-office ia, of coorae,
applicable to the pattern poat; and a packet oontaiiiiog
anjrthiDff of the kiiid wfll be atopped and not aent to ita
deatioatMD. Another order, to the fame effect, atatea
that OD the lit November next, and thenceforward,
pattema of merchandiae may be tranamitted by poat
between England and the Bepnblic of Hayti, by packet,
at the above ratee of poatage, whidi most in all caaea be
prepaid by meana of pofitage atampa.
Bbwaob Makubb. — Baron Liebig, in a letter lately
addresaed to Lord Robert Montagu, aaya — ** The natural
lawB which govern the permanent fertility of Boila and
the increaae of their produce are, from drcumstancea
which I cannot detail here, very little understood by the
Britiah iarmers ; and hence arises a fear that the use of
sewage, which ought to be a lasting benefit to agriculture,
may he regarded, after a few years, aa a veritable detri-
ment by the same farmer who, in ihe first years of its
application, would assuredly give it his approbatbn. In
what may be termed its natural state it is not a universal
manure, like stable dung, which is efficscious at all times
and on all localities, but a special manure, the continual
application of which exclusively tends to impoverish the
land. If clearly understood and properly managed, the
employment of sewage wiU prove a blessing to agricul-
turo ; and those who, by unwearied perseverance, have at
last seen the consummation of their labours, may justly
be looked upon as the benefactors of their fallow-men.
But loud would be the outcry should the agriculturist,
either by his own ignorance or the want of forethought
in others, find himself misled. Our name would then
become a byeword, and instead of gratitude be recollected
with a curse. There aro two things which must be done
—first, it must be made intelligible to all that sewage in
its natural state does not replace stable dung in its entire
efficacy, and that, if used exclusively, it will produce
abundant crops (mlj/ for a time ; seo(»dly, that in each
crop the composition of sewage ought to be corrected,
according to the nature of the soil, by adding those in-
gredients which aro wanting in sewage, and which the
plants to be grown requiro in the largest proportion. The
composition of sewage being once perfectly known, a
receipt for what is to be added could be made out and put
in the hands of every fiuiner who uses it ; and it remains
a Question whether it Is not possible for the company
itself to add those ingredients wanting in the sewage
according to the demand of the crop to be grown."
f. 4.
16 6
15
14
15
3
13
3
12
3
12
15
15
9
16
15
6
16
6
13
11
11
O
9
6
which even paper maken did not sa ia^pate
ago, has arisen from several caoaea, the
the large importatioB of low qnalitiea
forced on the market. Tha prkaea of
last five years have not been lover
average of Egypiiaii oottooa maj be
and the auction prioei are ioiiiidtobe
viz; —
1860 Janoaty
June
November •••
1861 October
1862 February
May
June
October
1863 January
February
April
June
November ...
1864 June
July
October
ebi^ of
tia
aa BMmk,
11 6
10 9
10
10
12
14
3
O
6
S
13 9
12 O
16 6
16 6
14
12
3
14
13
14
12
10
O
o
o
o
o
u
u
w
10
8
9
9
11
12
12
12
12
<
9
9
9
6
S
s
3
9
12
12 <
11 9
9
Woollens have also shared in the genanldefavaioaot
trade, and at the public sales oo the 6ih of Ootebo tfa»
prices realized show an average dediiie of about 10 pa
cent, on previous auction rates July 29th ; the decfiass
most marked in the lower qualitiea, for which thsrt »
little demand. Should any orders be received tegRT
blankets from America, these low clawaaa viU isBpsK.
The chief feature to notice in wooUana ia the isopal of
French rags (four or five shipments bavhig been nia^s
a trial), and taking into consideration the deprassed Stan
of the Yorkshire markets caused t^ the Leeds Ba^of
Company and other ftilures, prices realised aiauaadifjwW
satisfactory.
PETB0LEUU.~The exports from New Yoik ft*
January 1 to September 20 amounted to 15,6S7^
gallons, against 14,597,246 gallona the Bame perioisf
1868. The following is the quantity exported '
ports fix)m Januaiy I to September 17 : —
18M.
Gallons.
Boston 1,110.644 i,ar7,«ai
Philadelphia , 5,145,767 4,3»6,395
Baltimore 647,844 ...... jn^
Portland 5,836
lao.
€BtOMttt
AfiXRDEas Stbawbibbt Tbads.— Daring the present
season, from Aberdeen, the quantity sent sonthward chiefly
to London, to be manufactured into preaerves, amounted
to about thirty-five tona. This is independent of consider-
able quantiUes used at home for the manufacture of '< pre-
serves" on the wholesale principle, and for ordinary
domestic use, &c., which must have brought up the total
quantity to something like 50 tons. A ton of strawberries
is worth from £25 to £80. This important branch of
market-gardening promises to extend. It is only a few
years since strawbmes began to be eotported southward
at all, but the demand is beyond the supply.
Rags. — ^Messrs. W. Greame and Co. remark that the
downward tendency in prices of paper rags still continues,
and where salea of low descriptions have been forced,
prices have shown a decline of nearly 80 per cent, from
those rulmg in June last, leaving a heavy loss to im-
ports, and in low qualities of Syrian, Greek, Turkey,
aad Bombay cottons the decline w even greater, whue
Ibe finer qualities above 20s. in value have not given way
-«than 10 per oent. This eztraordinaiy leduotkn.
Total 6,909.691
sxport
I States
Same time 1862
Total export trom
United States 22,546,957 ...... 21,889,191
6,79130
u,8da»isi
6,242,911
India Bubbeb.— In the last ten yeaia there has hm
exported from Para 1,059,952 arrobas of fine nBm,»sl
378,792 lbs. of ordinary. The Brazilian airoha h nJ^
more than 32 lbs., and henoethe total ahinoMDts hn
been upwards of 20,600 tons. Formerly the fosap^
shipments were to the United atatea, now the priocfil
exports aro to the United Kingdom. Last year t^W
owta. were received in Great mtain from sdl qwtsi
The tree which yields the mithy aap in Soath inart
is found in great abundance on the banks of the Avatf
and most of its explored tributaries. Prevtooa to 18IC' I
was exported in but small qnantitlea, and cliie% liftt
form of ahoes. After that pcoiod, new applieaHoai irf ^
article having been made in England and the l^As^
States, the export of shoes was aoon ditmntlmi s d, Va
dupments in bulk largely increased; whick lis iiumsj rf^
some altoations owing toeircumstanees aflboUa§<— a-
lug markets, has ainoe been progreanve. aOoAiidV
spasmodio exertions by profttai whioh eqoal in AteA*
wages of a moolh given to oidlnaiy woA. liTw
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobbb 28, 1864.
777
civilized labouriog popaUtioa of the provioce, neglectiog
the coltare of the soil and those iodastnal pursuits by
which they might be pennanently benefited, flock to
the marshy dbtricts in which the rubber tree is found.
There passing many months of the year, with slight
shelter and slighter clothing, with no sanitary regulations
and no precautions against the malaria which pervades
the bauKs of the Amazon and its tributaries — ravajg^ed by
intermittent fevers, and spending in nightly orgies the
mone^ so recklessly acquired, their numbers are fearfully
diminished, and the population demoralized, with no
benefit to themselves and no permanent advantage to the
state, which is poorly compensated by a heavy export
tax for the sacrince of its prospective prosperity. As the
rubber tree is found principally upon the public domain,
apon which the rifi[ht to labour without restriction or
qystem is free to all, it is not likely that these evil influences
will speedily bo diminished. The tree is but little
injured by the extraction of the sap. It is found in
abundance on the islands at the mouth of the Amazon,
and on the banks of that river and its affluents in the
Province of Para — ^the Xingu, Topasoz, Amosoz, Gary,
and Tocontios. Beyond the limits of the province, higher
up the river, even to the borders of Peru, as new tribu-
taries are explored, a more abundant growth is found, and
there seems no immediate limit to the preparation of the
India rubber, except the scarcity of hands for its collec-
tion and the unhealthiness of the distiicts in which it is
procured. India rubber is found in great abundance in
the forests along the whole of tJie sea coast of Ecuador,
and there is much enthusiasm for the extraction of this
elastic gum, which is already an important artkle of
export From the port of Guayaquil 2,227 owts. were
shipped in 1863.
The Gamals of Francs are assuming an important
development. Notwithstanding that the total tonnage of
the barges passing on the canals has increased from 1,246
million tons in 1860 to 1,495 million tons in 18G2, or an
increase of one fifth, the Government is urging the con-
struction of additional canals, even in opposition to the
railroads.
Tbnkbiffs Ooohinbal. — Cochineal is the principal
article of export possessed by the landowners of the
Canaries, and constitutes the chief wealth of the islands.
It was first exported in the year 1831, and has gone on
progressing until it now reaches 1} to 2i million pounds
annually. There are, however, material annual fluctua-
tions, caused by ^tber great heat or very heavy rains,
both of which causes destroy many of the insects. It is
calculated that a fanegade of land (about 1 acre 16
perches) destined for the cultivation of cochineal, if
suflSciently watered, will produce in the following year
at least 250 lbs. of cochineal grain ready for sale. This
quantity, at the price of 3s. 2d. per lb., will realize
£39 lis. 8d. Deducting one-fifth in order to cover the
cost of planting, pressing, &c., the net profit of the cultiva-
tion will amount to £81 15s. From Guatemala the ex-
port of cochineal ranges from 600 to 750 tons per annum,
according to the character of the season.
€Bhm,
Nay AL.— I«lax culture is one of the branches of industry
to whicli midland farmers look with much hope. About
two years ago Mr. Colin Hunter arrived here, with the
view of establishing the cultivation of tliis product in
i<latal. Since tliat time he has introduced large quantities
of seed, and erected very complete and costly machinery.
This seed was distiibuted among about forty farmers, all
of whom planted it. The result, though not generally
suocossfnl, has not in any way shaken the confidence of
the formers in the ultimate success of the enterprise.
Several accidental causes militated against the plant. The
seed was not acclimatised. The proper seascm forsowinsr
was not known. Unusually severe weather interfered
with tlie young crops, and a particular sort of caterpillar
proved very destructive. The first of these drawbacks
will soon be ren^edied ; the second can only be obviated
by experience which is now sained, and the last two will
disappear when larger local knowledge teaches the farmer
Uie right time of the year to plant in. It was stated in
evidence before a committee of the Legislative Council
that the formers re^qain confident about the iVitare, and
attribute the failure of the crop to the foregoing incidental
causes. As a proof of this they are determined to try
again, — encouraged by the results attained in those cases
^here the crop has been fortunate enough to mature. The
Council has, therefore, recommended that the seed now
in Mr. Hunter's possession, and which is of a superior and
more suitable description, be purchased by the govern*
ment and given to formers applying for it, under the con-
dition that it be grown for seed. This will involve an
expenditure out of the reyenue of a few hundred pounds,
but when it is considered that the object sought after is
the introduction into our midland districts of a new ex-
portable product, adapted to the circumstances of small
farmers, and always enjoying a ready market, the outlay
seems a wise and reproductive one. Flax culture, like
every new industry, may need a little nursing at the off-
start, but when it is once established, in a ^rt of the
colony where some new agricultural industry is so much
needed, all feel convinced that it will amply repay the
sacrifice.
BiPBonnonva Wobks dt Tasmaitu. — ^The Select Com-
mittee on what is termed ** Reproductive Works," have
brought up their report of what they sat to consider,
namely, new roads and tramways.
B0AD8.
1. Launceston and Bingarooma
2. Bridport and Scoit'a New Country
3. Scott's New Country to Join Ban-
garooma
4. Bridport and Scott's New Country
Boad
5. Green's Creek (Port Sorell) and
West Taraar Boad
6. Ulverstone, running southerly ...
7. Direct Huon Boad, from Hobart
Town to Leslie
8. North-West Bay and Sand Fly
Basin Road
9. Southport and Port Ksperanoe
Tramroads
10. Tramway Cam Biver
11. Boad from Cambridge to the Blufi
12. Bridge over the Leven and Forth
88
18
To Cost*
I
5
14
• ••
20
11
16
28
6
...
...
£11,040 1
8,294 6
1,600
8,860
842 19
9,000
8,101 16
11,200
18,662
600
2,000
2,650
There is a bed of freestone twelve miles from Launceston
on the line, which has been used for grindstones and
building purposes at 8t. Leonard's, and fifteen miles from
Launceston tnere are ridges of slate that could be used for
flagging and roofing. It is in appearance similar to English
slate.
luMiaBATiov iM Tasmania. — ^The select committee
appointed on the 14th July, 1864, to inquire as to
whether any means could be devised whereby immigra-
tion might be encouraged with increased advantage both
to tlie immigrant and the colony, having examined many
competent witnesses, report that they commenced their in-
quiry with a full sense of the vital importance to the best
interests of this community of an influx of sgricnltorists
and small farmers, who could be induced to settle down
and cultivate the agricultural areas contemplated by the
Waste Lands Act, 1863, and have kept in view the adoptioQ
of some plan untried in Tasmania since the aboUtioii of free
grants in 1831| by which a popolationooold be enoonraged
778 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, OoroBte 28, 1864.
to settle on the waste lands, and after having the galdance
of a number of witnesses, have decided to reoommend to
your house the following plan: — That free grants of
small locations shall be nuide to emigrants in proportion
to the amount expended by them in bringing themselves
and their families to Tasmania, and grants to be limited
to certain areas, and to be conditional on actual residence
and occupation and cultivation. No grant deed to issue
until the required conditions had been fulfilled. The
daas of emigrants with whom this scheme might first be
tried is, in the opinion of your committee, that known in
(Germany as small freeholders, who possess sufficient means
to emigrate at their own expense. They are known to
be a moral and industrial race, and your committee have
evidence of such a class having proved highly UAefol emi-
grants in South Australia. If located in communities they
would form the nuclei of large and thriving settlements in
those neighbourhoods where the policy of the present
ministry proposes to establish reproductive works. The
committee confidently anticipate that some such scheme
as that now propounded would further the interests of the
colony, and one of the greatest recommendations would
be the absolute absence of any expenses.
Salmon in Tasmania. — It is now ascertained that the
number of living salmon in the breeding ponds at New
Norfolk is not less than 6,000, and there is reason to
believe may be as large as 10,000, instead of only 8,000 as
estimated some time since ; and that of trout there are
quite 400.
Railways in Victobia. — The traffic returns of the
Victorian railways for the month of July show the follow-
ing results :—
S£SS«? ^^^^ Good..
Murray line 23,629 £761 6 4 £1,426 14 10
Ballaratline 18,176 6,069 18 8 6,988 3 2
WiUiamstown line 26,184 6,760 13 8 11^80 8 9
Together these results give £18,691 189. 8d. for pas-
senger traffic, and £20,309 6t. for goods, making a total
for the month of £33,901 6s. 6d. agsinst £93,641 6s. 6d.
taken in the corresponding month last year.
©Wtaarj.
Wuxiam Tait.— The death of Mr. Tait, of Prior Bank,
formerly and lone known to the public as a publbher and
a politioian, and from first to last held in much esteem by
a large circle of private friends, took place a short time
sinoe. About 16 years ago, when Mr. Tait retired from
business, he purchased the house and property of IVior
Bank, near Melrose, where he has chiefly resided ever
since, though still retaining his house in Edinburgh. His
naturally vigorous frame and careful and temperate habits
ensured him good health until last January, when a severe
influenza was followed by a slight attack of a paralytic
nature, fVom which he never quite rallied, and which was
twice repeated. Latterly his weakness increased, and he
died on Tuesday morning, the 4th of October. His age
was 72. He was unmarried, and the nearest relative he
leaves is his sister, Mrs. Adam Black. Mr. Tait was a
man of very distinct individuality of character. He was
able in all things to follow the bent of his own independent
will, for his father, a successfol builder, left him wealthy.
While in business as a publisher, his easy circumstances
removed from him one motive for very active exertion,
and such attention as he bestowed on his profession was
in a great measure directed towards the promotion of his
political opinions — hence it is believed that he did not
add materially to his wealth during the period of his
business life. In 1832, he estoblished Tail^a Edinburgh
Moffogine, It appeared for some time in the shape and at
the price (2p. 6d.) of the eeUUished magazines; but he
soon reduced it to Is., thus taking an important step in
Tt progress of cheap literature. This periodical did
much to stimulate and freshen the Kbeial caatt,tbeeKn
so, perhaps, that it was not very closely boond to {irtf
purposes. Any one who had a bold utd origiaal liati
to say, if he could write tolerably, was pretfy ama
setting out the *< bit of his mind " in TUfi Mtjok,
however much it might oflend prejodioa, Mhfc 9
personal. Mr. Tait's j^itacs were profenedly thai of a
mdependcnt Radical, swayed by a strong (Henflf faiaf
to the Whiff part^. In the great contest fbr the ^p^
sentaUon of Edmburgh in 1847, when a eoalitb ««
formed between the radicals and the toriei ladde
teetotallerB and the publicans, Mr. Tait mHauL
against the conduct of those with whom he mailyicttd,
and came to the hustings as the seconder of Munhj.
Bfr. Tait had received a liberal educatioD, m 1 coi-
siderable reader, and enjoyed literature both wfaabeni
concerned in its practical furtherance and io thi «tt{)f
his retirement. One of his diief enjoymeoti i»ii
music, and he was no mean performer on ihtfUaaktit
He was above the ordinary siase, handfiome iiid itrai|
built, with an erect walk and a certain gnva aqfesuo,
caused by absence of mind, to which he wu i gpod deal
liable. He was a good, easy, kindly mio it kwi*
afl*ectionate to relations, and attentive to frieods, of vks
a luge drde will long and sincerely mooro hiilin.
^tttrUcBUoRS Issue).
The Reptilbs or Bbttish India, by Albert C
GOnther, M.A., M.D. (published for the Bay Sodelf. ^
Hardwkke).
A HlSTOBY OF THE SPIDBBS OP GbBAT Bsnill. 8j
John Blackwell. (Bay Society. R. Hardwidu.)
MiLiTABY SmivBTiiia, inclndiog the F'^'^/
Topographical Drawtog, by CJapt.Lendy,F.fli.Jl*5'
Director of the Practfcal MiliUiy Collef^ 8«*«T
(Atchley and (^.)— This work, (^pt. Leody <i»*ii
chiefly written for the benefit of the large a^io^^
have no knowledge, or, at all eventi, ta m^
knowledge only, of militaiy surveying. Thewrt'
illustrated with a beautiful collection of pUttf ^"^
the various methods of representing ground, tt
PxsoiouLTUBB IT GuunmB DBS Eaux, by P. J«p«*
(Paris: Libraire Agricole.)— This work, \a tiim}
treating generally on the sabject, gives a hi^ ^ ">
and a summary of such of the Frendi laws mWi^
fresh- water fisheries.
Importanza Eoomomica DEI Pesci rr ^_^
Allevauento Artifioiale. (Torino: G. ^'™*
Comp.)
Digtionabt of Geooeapht, Descriptive, ^P*i
Statistical, and Historical, forming a complete ^^
gazetteer of the world, by Keith Johostoo, FJtJ^,
New - — -
title
the work
alterations
where, consequent on the political cbangei wDicfl»»^
taken place smce that period, are noted. The pftf^
of colonization in our own and the B'reochcolaittJ^
geographk:al discovery are duly noted, si ****** .-
numerous localities in the United States wW»«J
late come into notice connected with the ■*™^'*5?2
the KederaU and the Confederates. The text h ooowJ
in 1.402 pp., closely printed in double <«J«°^^ *^
population of each place is given from the ^*|j*J"?0
returns, the trade and products noted, the *J[^^
and land routes given between places of comiiff^
portaoce, with notes on dim&te, 4ka
5^ew edition, 1864. (Longman and 0).)-The^
;iUe of this work, as it appeared in 1S5I. is jj*^
)rk itself has been entirely rearranged, ^w^
tions of territorial boundMies in Europe ttJJ^
rbicb w*^
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, Ootobku 28, 1864. Y79
^inrtlftoming |iilriitatiirns.
CwRUiCAh TKonNOLOOT, by Mesfirs. Richardson and
WaiU (Bailli^), a new volume (600 pp.) of the llluB-
trated Scientific Library, will appear in November. It
will omtain articles on aluminium, sodium, soda, potash,
arii Adal stone, phosphoms, lucifer matches, hjrposulphite of
Boda, borax, minenJ waters, saltpetre, nitric acia, gun-
powder, gnn-cotton and fire works, with description of
their properties, mode of manufacture, and applications.
OANor'sPBTSios, experimental and applied. (Bailli^re.)
IflfttS*
Electbio TELKOBAraT.^The statistics of the tele-
fi^phto system in the United Kinedom— that is, of the
telegrapfcM open to the public, for uiere are mimy purely
private lines— are remarkable and interesting. The cam-
biltdee and operations of the system have steadily in-
creased year by year. In 1861, there were 11,628} mUes
open; hil862, 12,71U miles; while last year the lines were
extended to cover 18,892} miles, which, however, consisted
of 65,012 J miles of separate wires. The number of sta-
tions was increased in proportion, and last year there were
1,765 open, containing 6,196 histruments, through which
about 8,400,000 messages were sent. In additu>n to the
lines actually on British soil, the submarine lines to Calais,
Boulogne, Dieppe, Jersey, Ostend, Hanover, and Denmark,
with which the other lines are more or less all in connection,
cover 887 miles, with 2,683 miles of wire. This line has
upwards of 8,000 stations in foreign countries. The mes-
sages sent by it to and fh>m foreign countries were in
1861, 280,000; in 1862, 810,696; and in 1863, 346,784,
whQe the mileage was not increased. The several lines
were last year. Electric and International, 8,280 miles
of line and 89,042 of wires, 1,022 sUtions. The
number of messages sent by this company during 1863
has not been [ascertained, but, calculating the proportion
of increase from the returns of the two years immediately
preceding, may be estimated at nearly 2,000,000. The
British and Irish Magnetic, 4,196} mQes, 17,2671 miles
wires, 464 stations— 827,424 messages; South-Eastem
Bailway, 316 miles, 2,642^ miles wves, 94 sUtions, and
62,968 messages were sent ; London and Brighton Rail-
way, 212 miles, 641} miles wires, 46 stations — 43,208 mes-
sages; London District, 107 miles. 430 miles wires, 81
stations— 247,606 messages ; and the United Kingdom,
831 miles, 6,099 miles wires, 48 sUtions, whence 226,729
roenages were forwarded.
^ SoiENTiFio ExPBomoM TO Mexico. — Several dis-
tinfcuished men of science have been appointed to proceed
to Mexico, and some have already sailed. Two engineers,
Messieurs Goillemin and Cognet, known by their voyage
to Madagascar, are to examine the mines. M. Brasseur
de Bourbourg, who is known as having examined deeply
into the history and language of the Astecs, is to pursue
his studies of the interesting subject of early American
civilizatioD. M. Boucourt, a painter attached to the
Museum of Natural History, is to explore the mountains
of the country ; this aKist returned from Siam five years
since with a splendid collection of eketdies and a vast
mass of specimens of natural history. M. M^h^in, another
artist, is joined in the commission ; he has made an ex-
pedition to Egypt and Syria and brought home some very
finej)hotograpbs iVom the banks of the Nile; he also
originated an ingenious method of taking copies of
hieroglyphics and other carvings on stone by means of
thick moistened paper, which dries quickly and hard
under an eastern sun, weighs compahitively nothing, and
yields an excellent cast in plaster. The mode of working
IS simply to wet the paper and press it carefblljr into the
design with a sponge. Three or four proars smce a fac-
simile of an E^ptian obelisk, covered with figures and in-
scripUoDSi was exhttrfted by H. M6b6din in the PAlais de
llodustrie ; this was produced by the process referred to,
but the moulds themselves were set up and brushed over
with whitewash or something of the kind. The illusion
was complete ; no one imagmed the material to be other
than stone.
Thb Hastings and St. Leonabd's Ihdustbul Exhi-|
BmoN.— The Hastings and St. Leonard's Working Classes' /^
Industrial Exhibition was formally opened on Monday/^
the 17th inst., under the most auspicious ciixnimstances,
io the Temperance Hall, Norman-road West, Hastings.
Cbisolinrs.— " We lately mentioned," says the Nbrd, •
** that a manufactory at Lyons had received an order for
300,000 kil(^ammes of steel bands for making crinolines.
That quantity, which at tlie first glance might appear
exorbitant, is far below the reality. One house alone in
Paris sells annually 600,000 kilos, of those hoops. In
order to form an idea of the extent of Uiat branch of com-
merce the calculation must be made that every woman or
^rl has at least two of those articles of dress, each weigh-
mg on an average 600 grammes, being one kilogramme of
steel for each person. As, therefore, the adult female
population amounts to 12,000,000, it is that number of
kilos, of steel which is annually used for the fairer portion
of the French people."
fiAiLWAT Statistios IX Fbanoc — It appears, from a
a publication issued by the Ministry of Agriculture
and Public Works, that the total length of railway
open to the public during the year 1862 was 67,209
kilometres (five- eighths of a mile each), which pro-
duced 2,000,736,007f., or an average of 34,962f. per
kilometre. The receipts per kilometre in the different
countries of Europe were as follow: — France, 46,781 f.;
Great Britain and Ireland, 40,4l7f. ; Saxony, 37,162f. ;
Austria, 33,709f. ; Prussia, 30,946f. ; Belgium, 29,712f. ;
Wurtembui-g, 27,068f. ; German Duchies, 26,423f. ;
Russia, 26,046f. ; Holland, 26,008f. ; Hanover, 24,007f. ;
Italy, 22,070f. ; Bavaria, 2l,737f. ; Spain, 20,966f.; Den-
mark, 16,207f. ; Portugal, 9301f. ; Turkey, 6,028f. ;
and Sweden and Norway, 4,883f. The cost of oonstmc-
tion of the French lines, consisting of a network of about
20,000 kilometres, is estimated at an average of 362,960f.
per kilometre, at the charge of the companies. If that
outlay is compared with the grora receipts of 46,78 If. per
kilometre, which is reduced by the working expenses
(about 40 per cent.) to 27,469f., the result will be that the
capital invested in the form of shares or obliffations pro-
duces a revenue exceeding 7} per cent. Such a return,
without being excessive, would 'be satisfactory if the
companies could consider it to be definitely acquired, but
such an illusion is not to be permitted. There sill
remain 10,000 kilometres to be opened, and admitting
that thev will produce an average of 30,000f. per kilo-
metre, this second portion of the French network will
only leave a dear income of 16,000f., deduction being
made of 60 per cent, for the working expenses, the pro-
portion of which increases as the gross receipts diminish.
So that the net produce per kilometre being destined at a
future date to amount to 2l,234f. 60c. only for the whole
of the French network, that average will represent but
6f. 85c. per cent, of the capital invested, a rate corres-
ponding exactly with that at which the companies contract
their loans. As to the engagements to assure the execu-
tion of the French lines, entered into by the public
treasury, which lias to aid the companies in paying the
interest on the capital absorbed when they are unable to
do so themselves, the guarantees granted to the railway
companies may be estimated as likely to amount in eight
or ten years to 30,000.000f. annually. There is no
doubt a considerable sacrifice, but one justified tty the
grandeur of the work which will then be accomplislied.
Tub Ambbioam School of Mines. — The immense
value of the mineral deposits of the United States is so
well known to Englislimen that it lias long been recog-
nised by them that the judicious application of capital is
all that is required to elevate the mineral industries of
the country to that proud positioo of being first in contri-
780
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Ootobbb 28, 18M.
bating to the general wealth of the nation. Hitherto
great inconvenienoe has arisen from the difficulty of ob-
taining reliable information from America as to the
peculiar merils or disadvantages of any particular miaen^l
property brought under the notice of Englitih capitalists ;
there were no American engineers who especially devoted
ttiemselves to the subject, and Eoglitth engineers*, specially
sent out, were necessarily unacquainted with the peculiar-
ities of the districts re)X)rted upon. The difficulty will
henceforth be removed; a well- constituted School of
Mines, the first session of wliich wQl open on November
15, being now attached to Columbia College, New York,
the principal chairs having been given to the most com-
petent men that could bo found, many of whom have
honourably distinguished themselves at the Imperial b'chooi
of Mines at Paris, and other schools of equal reputation.
The standard of instruction will be as high as in any of
tho mining colleges of Europe, and the advantages which
must thus accrue to the mineral interests of America can
saacly bo over-cetiurated. It must be particularly
gratifying to Englislimen to find that Columbia College
should bo fiivt to found bo important an institution as the
AnK'rican JSchool of £linc!>, ^lnce that college must ever
remain a connecting link between Enijland and Afnerica.
It was originally founded as King's College, New York,
I.y George 111., at the same time as the now celebrated
University of Gottingcn ; and although some trifling in-
tirnal dissensions for a time prevented Columbia CoUege
from attaining the distinction of its twin sister, it u to be
hoped that impediments no longer exist to its onward
progress, and that both as a school of mines and as a
university Columbia College will be known and respected
throughout the world.
A New Discovbby in Pompeii.— The recent excava-
tions at Pompeii have led to another interesting discovery.
A square block of white marble was found near the Isis
gate, on the sides of which the Roman calendar is
engraved. Each side contains tliree months in three
columns, over each the zodiacal sign of the respective
month. Inttresdng, and for some even important, notices
are written against the days, with regard to astronomy,
agriculture, and the religion of the Romans. Thus the
days of the religious festivals, Ac, are accurately marked.
Near tho top Apollo is seen driving the chariot of the Sun,
whilst below, near the base, Ceres is engaged collecting
com into a sheaf. This curious remnant of bygonp days
is now placed in the museum at Naples.
Revived Coeks.— The attention of the French public
has been called by M. Stainslaus Martin to the employ-
ment of refuse corks as dangerous to public health. It is
the custom of tlio Paris scavengers to collect those whic^
aie brought down by the sewers, and sell them to persons
who make it their business to revive Uiem. If tlie coiks
are of unsightly shape they are re-cut; while, if containing
holes, these are filled up with mastic, and then smeared
with a powder to give them a proper colour. Such corks
used only to be employed by the ink andbhicking makers,
I ut theu- low Drice (os. 6d. per 1,000) has of late induced
i-clailers of bottled beveragesto purchase them. M. Martin
asks It there be not ground for alarm lest some of these
corks may have been formerly used to stop bottles contain-
ing poisonous substances ; for although a good cork is not
pei-meable, a bad one, full of holes, may readily become
tho recepta<^^le of particles of verdigris, carbonate of lead,
ai-senic, or an infinity of other poisonous substances, which
may bo more or less soluble m water, wine, beer, cider,
vinegar, milk, or oil. The Medical Times expresses a hope
tliat these revived corks may never give rise to juridical
errors, causing the innocent to be doc&ed guilty.
Illumination of Street Names.— Several attempts
have been made to render the tides of the streets of
Pans as visible at night as in the 'day time, and at last
*ypf ^®"J\y, Tl^*^ f?.^^- "^^^ ^^^« '» *he neighbourhood
mnnnl^'^rl;?^^*"® ?^° "^^ ^W^^ "P «" the foUOwfUg
manner :-The frame in which the letters are set is made
in the form of a rectangular trough, the upper and lower
portions being pierced with holes to allow of prop^Tsti-
lation, and within this is a gss tNpe with tntmlQ^
small jets aocordins; to the length ot the tablet, ui m-
sequeutly , the nuniber of transparent lettcn to bo filB»
nated. The upper part of the box, or troi^e^is
allow of lighting and repaira, and k okBedtffiQOoile.
poise concealed in the stonework of the vaUs. Wtn
not informed yet of the cost of this very uaftlKiitfep
ment. It was only in 1728 that the etieets wmmki
with their names ; previously to that timeitwHiase
matter of local knowledse and tnuiitioD,aiditisliKk
wonder, therefore, that the names of vam ^nsktd
other places became so altered and vokamedtiuiiti
now very difficult to traoe theu* derivation. Of thaty
street now called Ru9 Qitle-Oceur is a remtihhkEr
stance; there are two or three readings of tib onfau
meaning, but none of them satis&otofy. The pntatiliif
seems to be that flie present title is the comifrtkioii
proper name.
DisoovKRir or VsarnoES op toi Asctat iornit^
OF Alatei.'H. p. Seechi has sent* to M.£lied«i)^|
mont, for the Paris Academy of Sciemei, m ^cooat 4
his discoveries at Alatri, famous for its Rwoid Pti»-
gian origin, and its so-called Oyclopesn walW f^ituitd
on the summit of a mountain of me ApeooiBeTii^ »
was entirely without water, and the valley irooid h n
nearly four hundred feet deep. A weil-kDOWii jat^^
records that L. Betilienus Varus brought witer fc* h\
town from the neighbouring heights by Dea&i of a
aqueduct 340 feet high, and that for tliii V(rkl}«»
structed strong arcades and pipes. Surveyi oidered Ijii
Pope for the present supply of the tows bite ^'^»
to the discoveiy of the ancient aqoedoct ^ob^^
nearly its whole length. The level of the loveSiin<'
the construction agrees exactly with ths %arei <i ^
inscription quoted above, and thus we find so iq»^
with a reversed syphon, under a preaioo of ek^
atmospheres, constructed 160 years be/ore the ooibisc^
ment of the Chri»Uan ere. The dimeoBOU of tin j^
of tho aqueduct are about six feet bf four feet vn i
half, and it is calculated that the coodoit wttnfici^|J
furnish the public baths and fountains ind the vw^"
the town, whidi is found to be crossed io tfeiy dif^
by leaden and earthen pipes. Near theAciopoi^"f
been found some brazen pipes, which tre belM ^'^
referred to io the lAtin words of the imcriptiM
flatulet solides. The aqueduct is cooBtroeted pr^
according to the rules laid down by Vitiuviiu; «»}*
carried on a level with the Acropolis lor sboolthw"*!
then descending the dde of the moontaio to tbeii^
point, runs again on a level for 600 or 600 7*^
then agam ascends. At preoent nothing bot the v0^
tions remain.
€mtt}immt.
Dwellings of the Labovbiso Poor.— Snr-hw
papers of Thursday (2lBt October), Lord ^^*1
ported to havo declared at Lynn that tho 1»* fJX
ment wanted amendment. The pspen ^ ^2.
reported that the Duke of Rutland had add it/^
cultural meeting as follows :— *• He had obserredBi^
all the speeches that had been made *^.I*"*J5
cultural dinners — and he had observed it wiUl (be gre^
possible pleasure and satisfaction— allneionhidta*?^
to the condition of the labourer, and mow ««p**^
the condition of the labourers' cottages. Thii »»*J;
tion which it was for the welfare of the H^^^j
this countiy to consider. It was importsnt, « om
them to consider the comparative meriti ^[Jf^A-
farm-yard manures ; the rotation of crop*, ■■J^J
should grow instead of wheat was, nO **55^
portant ; not less important was the ^Ofi'%'3i?M
steam plough was an implement thM V<f>)i9Py
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, October 28, 1864.
781
or the ooilay, or whether \i was an ezpensiYe toy. Im-
>ortant as all these and a hundred other questions were,
>aramoant and foremost of all was the oonditioo of the
abourera and the condition of their cottages. The
aboarer was the sabetratum of the soil — ^the man whose
lands most cany out whatever thoy intended to do» and
he man the valoa of whose labour produced the value of
he land." I beg leave to suggest to you that you should
arefoUy examine the newspapers jmblished since the
Conference on this subject at tlie Society of Arts, and
tx tract shortly the opinions of the several speakers on the
ubject of the dwellings of the poor» The collection will
(6 very useful for reference hereafter. I suggest also that
he Council with this subject adopt the course they
uccessAilly followed with that of copyright. Immediately
>D the opening of Parliament let a large deputation be
>rgamsod to wait upon Lord Palmerston to ui^ that the
government take up the matter and devise the necessary
emedies. The Society and others may suggest, but the
responsibility for finding, out and doing what it needful
"ests clearly with the government of the country. If this
>o done, the Society will be in much better position to
lold its annual conference later in the semon, and take
itock of what has been done dnoe the last meeting. —
1 am, Ac, A Membbb.
Squabes of London. — Sib, — In last week's Jounudt
* P.," who has lately returned from Paris, institutes a
somnarison between the small ** places,** with their
>rilliant verdure and bright flowers and our own Leicester-
iquare. Gardening might equally well be applied to the
churchyards of many parishes in the centre and suburbs
3f London new falling into neglect and decay from the
incertaioty which prevails as to their future destiny. A
sircnlar from the proper authorities of each churchyard to
surviving representatives, to put their memorials in order,
tlie removal of such as had fallen into decay and un-
claimed, a tree or a flower bed placed therein with the
judicious eye of a landscape gardener, would change that
which is becoming an obnoxious reproach to all concerned
into spaces of beautv and moral value in our ' midst, and
secure from future desecration the open spaces, which the
Cliancellor of the Exchequer pointed out at Fam worth
was the crying want of great and growing cities and
would remind the authorities — that property has its
duties as well as its rights— and prevent any fidgettj^
promoter of money-getting joint-stock oompanles from
turning his attention m that direction. — I am, &c,
Hbnbt Wcbbbb.
Thb Elbmbhtabt and Final Examinations^ — Sib«
— The experience of the last eight years has [incootestibly
proved the great value of the Examinstions of the
t3ociety of Arts to the members of mechanics' and
similar Institutes; and I believe it will be found that the
Elementary Examinations will, when fairlv tried, pove
of yet greater advantage, because they will be applicable
to a much greater number of candidates, and not only
stimulate class instruction, but assist Local Oommittees
in preparing candidates for the Final Examinations. An
examination, even if unsuccessful, is a great assistance to
the candidate; and from the many opportunities for ob-
servation which I have had as Secretary of the West
Hiding Educational Board, I am convinced that those
candidates who have been submitted to previous ex-
aminations are almost in all cases the most successful.
The system of Elementary Examinations which was
commenced in 1862, has hitherto been but verv partially
adopted, and as it has proved of great value where it has
been tried, 1 give a brief summary of my experience
during the la^i few weeks as Visiting Officer of the
Society of Arts in the Yorkshire district, in the hope that
it wQl encourage similar eflbrts, and induce many other
Institutes to mllow their example. On Friday, 16th
September, I visited Slaidbum, a small town in the Bow-
land district. There was a large meeting in the Court
House, the rector of the parish in the chair. On the
platform were four other clergymen, two country gentle-
men, and Messrs. Jonathan and Robert Peel were only
prevented bom being prese&t by a domestic calamity.
After ao addren from the ohairman, Mr. Wilkinson, a
large landed proprietor, preaeoted no lev than eleven
Elementary Oeruficatea to members of the MedumicsP
InstitntioQ. Tlie most livelv interest was taken in the
prooeedinga, and the meetmir was one of the most
crowded ever rsmembered. On Wednesday, 81st Sm-
tember, thero was a large meeting in the Town Hall, Leeds,
when Sir Staflbrd Northoote, Bart, M.P., presented a
very large number of certificates and prizes to the
successful candidates at the Elementary, the Society of
Arts, the Science Glass, and the Universities' Examina-
tions, held by the West Riding Educational Board.
There were full reports of the able speeches on the
occasion in The Timet and other newspapers. On Friday,
28rd September, I was at the annual meeting of the
Bradfora Mechanics' Institution, which was very fhlly
attended. Alderman Law, who was in the chair, pre-
sented a large number of certificates and prizes to the
succeesfhl candidates at the Society of Arts, local, and
School of Art Examinations. On Monday, 26th Septem-
ber, I attended a meeting of the Stockton Meohanicfl^
Institution, when Joseph Dodda, Esq., the chairman,
presented several certificates to successful candidates at
the Elementary Examinations, and expressed himself so
well pleased with the scheme that be offered five guineas
to be given in local prizes next year. Mr. Joseph Byers,
late Mayor of Stockton, and an old member of the
committee, md he was much Ratified with the pro-
ceedings ; he feared that the Institutes were degenerating
into mere news-rooms and libraries, but the Elementary
Examinations were restoring them to their legitimate
functions as educational institutes. On Friday, 80th
September, I was present at the annual meeting of the
York Institute of Popular Science and Literature. S. W.
North, Esq., the chairman, presented several of the
Society of Arts Certificates to successful candidates, after
whidi I explained the svsUm of Elementary Examina^
tions, and recommeodea its adoption. The Rev. H. V.
Palmer, Mr. Dyson, and other members of the com-
mittee expressed their great approval of it, and an
animated discussion showed the interest which was
excited. On Saturday, 8th October, I attended the
annual soiree of the Hebden-bridge Mechankss' Institu-
tion, which was held in the Ebencaer Schod-room, and
was fuUv attended. H. W. Horsfall, Eeq., who was in
the chair, presented two senior certificates to successful
candidates at the Elementanr Examinations, after which
I addressed the meeting, and pointed out the many ad-
vantages, not only to the members but to the Institute,
and the most lively interest was manifested. On
Monday, 10th October, I was present at the annual
soii^ of Pudsey Mechanfcs* Institution. There was a
very full attendance, and Alderman Carter, of Leeds, was
in the chair. I gave an explanatton of the mode of con-
ducting the Elementary Examinations, and pointed out
the many advantages which would be obtamed by its
adoption. On Wednesday, 12th October, I was at
Faversham, in Kent, where the Mayor, P. W. Monk,
Esq., presented the Society of Arts Certificates to mem-
bers of the Institute who had been successful at the
Examinations. I called the attention of the meeting to
the importance of adopting the Elementary Examinations,
and the next day had a conference with the Committee
of the Kent AMOciation of Institutes on the subject. On
Monday, 17th October, I attended the annual soir^ of
Hunslet Mechanics' Institution, the large hall of which
was filled. The Mayor of Leeds, O. Kussey, Esq., was
in the chair, and there* were also present three aldeimen
and three town coundllors of Leeds. The chairman
presented to successful candidates twelve Elementary
Certificates and three prizes, given by the West lUding
Educational Board, beside two Certificates of the Society
of Arts. The proceedings excited considerable interest.
782
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIETY OP ARTS, OfltOBBB 28, 1864.
and Alderman Blacklwme, the Presidcntt offered £6 for
loc4 prizes next year. On Wednesday, 19th October, I
^*^t''*^<^t At a meeting of the ThinkMeohanieir InKltu-
lidn, w^^h visa fully attended. Sir WUliam P. Gallwey,
Barl., M.lf., «»B in the chair, and bad the agreeable duty
of presenting to the suocessful candidates at the Ele-
mentary Examinations no less than forty-five certificates
and six prizes given by the West Biding Educational
Board, besides six prizes given by the InsUtntion for suo-
ceaB at the £l<;mentary Examinations. On Friday, 2lBi
October, I met a full Committee of the Oasett Mechanics'
Institution, to confer with them on the public presentation
of six Klenientary Certificates and one Prize, given by
the West Hiding Kducattonal Board, which had been
gained l>y members of tlio Institution. The President
otfered three local prizes for n^xt year's Examinationii,
for which active prepaiattons are being made, though the
Institutiun labours under the disadvantage of having no
building. Besides the above, meetings have al^o been
held at Middlesborough Mechanics' Institution, and
Aoomb Literary Institution, for the presentation of Society
of Arts and Elementary Certificates, but I was unable to
attend them on aocoimt of other engagements. — I am,
Ac, Babmett Blikb.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Tois. ...Anthropological, 8. 1. Mr. C. Carter Blake, ••Oa the
Anthropolqcical Papers read at Bath.** 2. Capt. B. P.
Burton, " On a VWt to DahomoT.**
Tacii8...Linn»ui, 8. 1. Mr. Moggrldce, **0a tome Orchidi of
tho tfouth of France.** 2. Mr. Bentham, ** Oa La40»
iobimn,**
Chemical, 8. 1. Prof. Wankl/n, ** Iiolation of Electro-
nentire Hadicle Valerjl.** 2. Mewn. Graham, Staart,
and Baker, •• Existence of Nitrogen in Btoel.** 3. Mr. W.
Baker, ** Concentration of Nickel in Lead by Pattimoa't
ProcoM.** 4. Prof. Church, «*Kflect oflgnlUon on Gar-
net*, &€.,** and ** ColoQiinf Matter of Certain fiocki.**
Looms— 2460— O. H. Caitree.
Monej, apparatus A» ooontiafr— 23M-J. Bchasahr.
Motive power, transaiitting— 2433— J. H. J«tenu
Oils, mMMatrj for reflnlnff— 2S4S— A. % Bitajns •
PipeiL maehinerj tat mo«Minf~233S«P. B«r.
Prinlbf Cjjiittderi— 3400— R. A. BioiMua.
Pnrses, books, Ac, ftstenings for-3434-C. Shether.
PurMM, boxes, Ac, flwtenings for— 2381— W. Clsrk,
Qoarrles, tUes, bricks, Ac, kilns fir bandag-S39»-T.Bmitt.
Uailwaf oarrlages, breaks for— 2429-S. Batsaua.
Raijwaf trains, oommonicatinf signals Ia-1T55~E. BvMv.
RaUw^ traina. eommnnioating, watifaiag, and iigBiOii|tkiii|M
— 2166— g. Barber.
Tuum^Y ♦^*'", -«r""«"f TrfTrmrffi iraMMinn iwt iMii ft ^ f
Farmer.
BaUwaj tom-taWei— 2445— C. Greenv^.
Reaping or nuiwing machines -2418— P. WlBton.
Resinoas snbstanoes, pnrifring- 2443-J. and T. JflhuMr
Rifles, Ac— 2403— U. C. Uorxj and E. WUsoa.
Sails, reefing— 2309— O. AUix.
Sails, reefing and ftarUng— 2438-T. A. Swiabant.
Screw threads, apparatus for forming— MSI— B. Dnlu:
Ships, bolts nsed in the constroction of-2336-J. H. lHAit,)n,
Shop ftonts, Ac, apparatus for llghthig— S890-F. "NlaaRi.
Soda, Ac, decomposlag common salt in the BMunfteiantf-aB'
J. Johnson.
Springs, raihvaj carriage* Ac— 2404— W. F. Heaioa.
Steam boilers, apparatus for heating-2441-A. Moan.
Steam engines-2437— Q. Haseltinc
Steam engines, slide and cat-off valves liar-2391-A. OiML
Tap, high pressue non-leakage— 206ft-S. Shanaad A. DnMk
Tea, ooSbe, Ac, obtaining extracts from- 2420-^ LojkL
^niread, machinery for winding— 2452— H. Comat.
Vehicles— 2416— W. ClarkT^
Ventilators— 243S—T. K. CaUard.
Vessels, registering the oouree steered 1>f-33S0-W. Artte.
Welding metalB-a43»— H. J. Standi/ and W. Prawr.
Wire fences, manufkcture of— 2419-^E.0.aadJ.Gi«eBlBC,aM>I'
Shield.
Wood, application of thin strips of , to new and onM piqnNHSn
— G. Itevies.
Tarns and threads of silk, apparatus for drtsdag. te.-SU(-I.L
Hands.
Ixvumoxa wim CoxPLBn SracinoAnoa Ruo*
Fomaoes, Ac, mo^g mtea or Are-t«ra te-tflM. 2dL
Power looms— 2632— W. B. Oedge.
Sattnls.
/hwi Qnnmiiikmen qf Patatit Journal, OcMtr 2ltt.
Qbivts of Pbotisioiial PnOTBOnOH.
Albumen, substitute for— 2428— R. A. Brooman.
Alumina, treatment of sulphate of— 2407— A. A. Croll.
Ammoniacal preparations— 2432— R. Laming.
AnilUie, Ac, rendering soluble oolonrs in elT^ala derlred from— 2411
""R. A. Brooman.
Arms, breeGh.loading-2340— W. Greener.
Booti and shoes, manufoctore of— 2209— P. A. Le Comte de Fontaine-
moreau.
Break blocks— 2401-O. Lindslejr.
Bricks, Ac, mannfoctnre of— 2440— T. Dobson.
Cocks, Talves, and tops-1473— P. B. 0*NeiU.
C®«^ n«t, separating coir fibre fkom the husk of— 2431— G. T.
Uonsfleld.
Collarsj^HiBi;^., machioeryfor embossing, Ac— 2414— W^B.Newton.
CottOBTmachlner/ for ginning -2400— J. T. I'endlebuty.
Patshts Sxalbo.
^, ,».' °*^'»*»«'7 '<» opening and cleaning— 2302-W. Crowther.
Distilling apparatus, steam machinoij and sea water— 2410— W. H.
Orarelej.
Drilling braces and screw keys— 2395—8. Aller.
Engines— 2331— E. R. Handcock.
Fabrics, apparatus for coating and flocking— 2422— J. H. Johnson.
Filter presses— 2101— O. Davies.
Fruit dresdog machine, portable— 2091—W. H. Bamiooat A D. Barr.
Hair brushes, mounting rotarj— 2412— J. Jennings.
Hinges, manuftwAure of— 2426- W. E. Godge.
Human bodj, surgical appliances for the support of parts of the— 2409
C. O. Gumpel.
HTdrostatic rotor/ engine, obtaining continuous motion b/ means of a
— 2335 -B.W. A. Sleigh. / .«.»
Injectors, adapting and appl/ing pneumatic— 2334^ J. Rhodes.
Iron pipes, apparatus for casting— 2357— W. Scott.
Knitting machinerr, needles emplo/ed in— 2427— L. and C. Cashmore.
Ladders, construction of— 2421— H. Drace.
Ladies' iK)ots-2408— H. J. Kcer.
Lighting and TcntIlatiDg-2393-C. Defries.
Liquids, fermoototion of— 2394— J. Watts.
Locks, latches, Ac- 2446-H. A. BooncTiUe.
hicien? '""* ^^° ""^""^^ ^ ■» "^»«>» ^« shad-2291-F. Tol-
L om»— 2417- J. S.Crimshaw.
087.
089.
1000.
1017.
1018.
1019.
1024.
1020.
1028.
1029.
1030.
1033.
1035.
1036.
1037.
1038.
1039.
1040.
1043.
1044.
1045.
1047.
1049.
1061.
1064.
1066.
1060.
8. Harrison and W. Cl«>
ments.
J. P.Harriss.
F. Potts and C. Harre/.
G. F. Harrington.
J.Thompson.
J. E. Du/ok.
G. J. Worssam.
T. P. Treiptfkis.
D.Lewis.
D. Husse/.
J. M. Pratt
T. H. HoUemesi and H.
Jordan.
F. O. Griee and H. Bennett
H.Bennett.
J. Dodge.
J. F. BrinjOi.
H.Marsden.
W. Crofks.
J. 8/mes.
D.Harris.
G. Haseltlao.
W. Tvlor.
T. S. Truss.
W. Thorold-
L. A. Durrieo.
J. White.
T. J. Searle.
1060. R.A.BlQQ■M•
I063.L.B.0.]iMb.
1084. J. CookNB.
1066. R. MsUiBcJo.
1067. C.O.Pa i i Ml '*
1069. A. Notoaa.
1073.M.A.r.M»«W.
1063. W.CObbMT-
1101. J. flaat. ^ „ _,^
1110.8,a«raa«tt5*^
1136. B.B«aasi«CW.ff«^
1138. A. V. Ntwtoa.
1161. A. Baitli^.
1168. J. F. EBpoa. _ ,
andH.Whitahiii
1172. H. Aittsa. ^^
1195. A.AHlonaadAHll»wt
1207. H.A.B«w»U»^
1233. W.E.Kewtoa.
1301. J.BalidsadJ.lIeWJ*
1631. J. Corti!7. ,-fc-,
1651. O.F.GiahamAW.F'F'
1681. B.F.Startenat.
1609. G. BasslOas.
1906. G. A. NomlL
2076. 0. 0. Bopilo.
2113. O. BsiclUM.
Patkmts dm wHioa nn Stamp Dott orOOBUun ?*»>
2664. J.H.JohMi*-
2656. I.L.Filwn»«*"n-.
2062. J. C. Hesioa f^*'^
2666. J.MeCsaaad B-O-Sflf
2666. R. A. Boyd,
2744. R. Mosbee-
2669. E. Chsmbeis.
2638, F. 0. Waid.
2597.
2616.
2635.
2660.
2625.
2632.
2652.
2680.
2649.
C. D. Abel.
C. De Bergnc
H. Frost
A. Morel.
F. A. Calrert
J. H. Johnson.
G. Daries.
B. J. La Mothe.
J. F. V. Dellry.
FATIvn ox WHICH TBI STAJir DOTT OF il09 141 HH'^
2672. H. Wimball. I 2753. W. SMaMk
2673. B., H.. Add F. C. Cocke/. 2707. J. MadatOili.
2696. T. and J. ilamUton. | 2731. A. West
^mxml fd %
THB
AND OF
THB INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
110th Sbssion.]
FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 1864.
[No. 624. V0L.XIL
TA'RIiB OF OONTENTS.
▲aaoaaotpiMtf bj the CoaacU :— Notloe
to WlMBPfin «•• . ••• ••• FlfO
I>90»jotWoodOu^inn ... »m
FrooMdlnn of fiwtUnttoni ^— Bmqp Mo-
obaniot'^ InftitotioB — Newport Athe-
BWUu ••• ••• ••* ••• •••
Fine Arts : — Rooen Demolitiona and Im-
proTomantt — Pbotognpbj — The Na-
tional GaUeiy
MeaaAMtiiret :— Large LooomotlTe— Ex-
plodve Materialt— Canadian Ezhibl-
Hon— Baonnoai SheOeld Coftiaf—
783
783
786
787
Paris EzbibitiOQ of 1867 788
Commerce : — Pottage between France
and England — Steamers at Panamar~
Trafflo Retoma— Trade with t-orelgn
Nations — Caleb Harbour ~ Aninul
Hanore Manofkotore— Coal in France. 789
Colonies :—Acolimad4ation— Hirer Cod
—Victoria RallwaTS— Sale of Alpacas. 700
Obitaarj:— JiAia Leech 792
Publioatlons Issued :— The Essentials of
' Spelling ' 792
Notes :~ Roman Drainage — Efl^ of
Eallw^TB on Incobatioa— AccUmaia-
tion of a Chinese Fi*h in France— Pro-
duce of Three Potatoes— The Working
Women's College — North London
Working Classes Industrial Exhibltidn
—South London Working Classes In-
dustrial Exhibition— Flax— Disooveiy
of Gold Coins— Cotton Exhibition at
Maples — Geological Congress In France.
CorreqModepce .<— Studj of Geometry ...
Meetings for the Ensuing Week
PMests .•• ... M. M.
792
793
794
794
^mtmtmris hjt t^t €tmtiil.
NonoB TO Members.
The One Hundred and Eleventh Session of
the Society will commence on Wednesday, the
16th instant, when the Opening Address wOl be
delivered by Wm. Hawbs, Esq., F.G.S., Chair-
man of the OonnciL
On Wednesday, the 28rd instani, a Paper by
Wm. Fairbairn, Esq., LL.D., F.R.8., " On the
Application of Iron to the Purposes of War and
Naval Architecture," will be read.
The Ghair is taken at Eight o'clock.
The following are the dates of Meetings for
the Beesion : —
1864. November
— — 16 23 80
December 7
1865. JanuAry —
FebruAiy 1
M«n^ 1
Auril 5
t»
ft
»f
ft
Jime
14 21 —
— 18 26
8 16 22
8 16 22 29
— 19 26
8 10 17 24 81
— — — 28*
There will be three Oourses of "Oantor'*
Lectures on the following subjects during the
ensuing Session :--
^ Od the Relation of SdeDce and Art to Mannfactorea."
By B. Watkbbousb Hawkims, Esq., F.G.S.
"Oo the Applicatien of Geology to the Arts and
Manofaoiiires." By Profenor D. T. Anstbd,
M.A., F.R.S.
<* On the Application of Chemistry to the Arts.** By
Dr. F. Cbaob GALVxirr, F.R.S.
These Lectures are open to Members free of
charge, and a Member has the privilege of
introducing ONE Friend to each Lecture.
* The Annoiil Oenenl Meeting : the Chair will be Ukea at Four
e'oloek. Ho VUtor* are idmi^ea ^ |))if H t^llnff-
Particulars of the Courses will be duly an-
nounced in the Journal.
The following Institutions have been taken
into Union since the last announcement : —
Nailaworth Literary and Mechanics' Inatitation.
Oswestxy Literary loBtitatioD.
Hamilton Mechanics* Institation.
Christchoroh Working Man's InsUtate.
DECAY OF WOOD CARVINGS.
The Commission appointed to inquire into the canses
of decay in wood carvings and the means of preventing
and remedying the effects of soch decay, have made theS
report. The committee consisted of Thomas Graham,
Chairman, John O. West wood, W. Gibbs Rogers, Peter
Graham, J. C. Robinson, John Webb, John G. Grace,
George Wallis, Secretary. The instmctions received from
the Committee of Conncil for Eldncation were to inquire
into the causes of decay in wood carvings, with the view
to pr(*serving the valuable decorarive examples, being
public property, now in the South Kensington Museum,
and the committee divided their attention to : — 1. The
various causes of decay, and best means of arresting it ;
2. The means which it would be safe to adopt with ob*
Jects already much damaged ; 3. The enclosure of objects
in glass cases, — if likely to promote decay and dry rot ;
4. The best means of preventing the commenoement of
decay. As to question 8, the Commission are tmanimoua
in opinion that no iojtirions effects could possibly follow
such a coarse.
On the causes of decay the Commission have been guided
by the ftcts brou^t before them by J. O. Westwood,
Esq., M.A. Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford (their
colleagne), whose report on this point they insert in
exteruOf as follows :~
" The insects which in this country are found to be the
most injurious from their habit of burrowing into the
wood of furniture, belong to three species of beetles, of
small size and cylindrical in form (the better to enable
them to work their way through the burrows in the wood),
belonging to the fkmily Plinuke, and known under the
systematic names of Ptilinus fectinicomitf Anobium «(rta-
turn, and Anobium tetseUiUum,
784
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Novimbbb 4, 1864.
*' The 6r8t of theee is abont one-fourth of an inch in
length, and the malv) la diatinguiahed by ita beautiful
branched anteimn ; the second, which is by far the com-
tnooost and moat destructive, is about one-eighth of an
inch long and of a brown colour, with rows of small dots
down the back ; and the third is abont one- third to one-
fourth of an inch long, the back varied with lighter and
darker shades of brown scales.
*' These insects are produced from eggs depofflted by
the females in crevices of the wood- work, from which are
hatched small white fleshy grubs, resembling the grubs of
the cockchafer in miniature, which generally lie curled
upon their sides, making very little use of their six small
feet fixed near the head ; it is in this state that the insect
is chiefly injurious, although the perfect insect itself also
feeds on the wood. These grubs make their buiTows
generally in the direction of the fibre of the wood ; but
when it becomes thoroughly dry and old, they burrow in
all directions.
'* When full grown they cease eating, cast off their
larva skins, and appear as inactive popsa or ohr3rsalids,
with all the limbs lying upon the breast enclosed in little
sheaths ; after a short time the perfect insect bursts forth.
" In this country, according to my own observation, the
appearance of the insect In the perfect state takes place
uniformly during the first hot days at the beginning of
summer. 1 believe the beetles are long lived in ineir
final form ; as they may be met with during the summer,
but the greater number seem to come fortli simulta-
neously : such is certainly the case with Piilintupeelkamit,
as it has attacked my own bedpost, and I haveaunual oppor-
tunities of observing its appearance and have mticb lessened
ita Dumbers by destroymg ©vory specimen, for which, of
course, I am on the look out. The powers of deatructkm
possessed by these insects is eztraordmary in cases where
they find a piece of furniture suitable to their taste. I
have known a new bedstead completely reduced to powder
in three years, and where they do take a liking to a piece
of furniture, they se«>m to devour every particle of the
woodwork, and as the perfect insects potsess large wings
beneath their hard wing sheaths, they are often seen flying
in the hot sunshine out of doors, evidently in search of
suitable woodwork for themselves and their progeny.
I have had the deid flooring of an underground room de-
stroyed by the AnMum ttriatum and they are also equally
destructive to beams and rafters of houses, churches, etc. ,
making their entrance at the ends if the beams have been
varnished (which of course teaches us that the ends of the
beams should be rendered obnoxious to them by coats of
paint or aaturation). In the perfect state, the insects of
the genus Anolfium are well known under the name of the
*' Death Watch," aa these insects produce the taking
noise occasionally heard in old houses. It is also the
Anobium slriatum which is so injurious in libraries, the
grub burrowing through entire volumes, and feeding upon
the paper and especiaUy the poiUd backs of the bouks.
** The destruction of these insects, when enclosed in
artKloi of furniture, is by no means easy , although, with
caret much mischief might be prevented. The saturation
of tho wood with some obnoxious fluid previous to its
being used up in the manufacture of objects of value would,
I should think, be beneficial. When manufaotured, of
course the siae of the object aflbrds a greater or less
degrte of facility in operations for the destruction ot the
grub.
•• In the cafes of articles where many smaller pieces of
wo<.d are joined together, saturation would be dangerous,
AH would alM) the placing of small objects in tin boxes and
^uMeclinK them to heat bv plunging the tin case into
boiling water (a practice which we employ to destroy the
eiubs which get into our insect lH)xes). .
•• Various infiisions have been used for saturation,
imongst ^hlch crcoKote appears to be the most eflective.
It han In fact been found that the woodwork of the jetties
It riyniouth satuiated with crco«^oto have resisted the
ictloji of li»o marine insects which have done so much
damage to the wood^ marine ereotkmi tU nraod tki
coast.
*' A strong infusion of colo<^nth and qoissii, ipiiiu
of turpentine, expressed joioa of green walnuts, aad fj{^
ligneous add, have all been proposed, lo bol dimtta
the ravages of the Anobium on books bai bea pceTcotd
by washing their backs with a fluid oompooDd cicamm
sublimate ( 10 grains ) and 4 ounces of akohol, isd lbs
paste used in the book covers is there also mixod with
alcohol.
** Herr Temmnick preserved his booki from l^
Anobium by dipping them in a soloti<m of (pm.
Except on a siuall scale, however, the atuttkn ^
ftMniture seems scarcely practicable. Fumigitioo mm
however to be more available. For small otjeeti 1 kofft
no better plan to destroy the .^no6fiif» than that vbieh
has been adopted successfully at the BodleiaD Libarf m
my recommendation, against the book worm, oaml; ts
enclose a number of volumes in a box, shotting quite doa,
and placing a small quantity of beoaioe in awMratthi
bottom of the case. The same plan might be adofMd
with small onuimental woo4Uwork8,enclosiDgtheBiin glia
cases shut as nearly air tight as posnble. Thk pUa is bii
seems to me the most efficacious and answen ose of tJK
special questions submitted to the commisrioo. I tlunkil
very beneficial to enclose infected objects in lOch em
as it enables one to examine them at liberty day bj dst
through the glass, and ascertain whether any powdff Wh
from Uiem, caused by the working of the larva or vbeotbi
perfect insect appears. 1 believe in this manner, nail
objects might be freed from the ravages of aoj Ivn
which they might have in them. Of comw, if Wt a-
posed, they would at a future time {ie, »****• ^1
menoement of the following summer, wh«o the itnw
appear in the perfect state) be subject to a freeh "«^'*
and therefore continual enclosure in glaas ^o^^f^ *
perpetual protection agaiont the insect, which 1 B*^f*^
sigr is not an hiherent object in the constitotioo of ^ ^^<
but one which accidentally finds its way there.
«• Fnmigatioo, even, on a large scale, migW taadoptM
by having a room made as air-tight as po«b^i i^^'CHj
up the chimney, pasting the window-frames, •t^« jjj
placing infected furniture in it, burning **""■**• *S
ing the room with fUmes of pnissio acia or ^■^""J'v^
plan is adopted with success for the destruction du^
obnoxious domestic insect, and I believe wooH t*
answer against the anobium, espeddly if practised at tM
time when the perfect beetles mske their spp***"*'
their destruction at that time involving, of coww, the f*
vention of further injury by their progeny.**
With regard to the best means of stopping the d««y.
when commenced, it was decided that certain experiiKW
should be carried out to ascettain the eAeotof thebeu*
ment proposed by the chaitman and by Pi«6«or J-^
Westwood ; and the niatler, for this purpoee, wai plf*
in the hands of the secretary, Mr. Gcclge Wslli*. in*
expeiiments were carried out to the satiaftotioo o^
commission, and the course of proceedings tod the i«*^
are as follow : —
At the end of April, 1868, when, firom the «IJ[|2S
of certain specimens of carved work, the worn* •rfJJ^
to be developed and active, a large jflass ^•^T.^'r!^
air-tight as circumstances would permit, was fiiW
examples of furniture, Ac. The bottom of thii <t«*J
covered with white paper, and the upeclmene ^^^
work were raised above the surface by plscing ^^^
wood at convenient i;oints. This inturtd the ^^^^^
lation of the \&y>ouT over the whole surface of lh«f*>F
A dozen small sauceis, with pieces of sponge satui"
uith carbolkj acid, were distribated abont the boitoo «•
the case. r^^Ant
The carliolic acid was renewed eveiy tbree cr fofl^o'JJ
for a month, and a strong vaponr pervaded tke ca*" ^
that period, during which there wis no ■lft"*^„
worms, dead <r alive. At the cod o(^r^i»^^
were removed, and the doors of the esse thiown op*"'
JOURNAL OF THE 800IBTY OF ARTS, Novbmbkb 4, 1864.
78«
thai il might be well ▼eotttftted and deared of Tapoor,
after which it was closed ag<dn, bat the aauoen were not
replaced. This olodog oT the caae without onng the
vapour was to prevent the enape of any beetlea which
might make their appearance in the event of the vapoor
of Uie oarbolio acid not having destroyed the wormt.
About the middle of Jane, a fortnight after the case waa
oloeed again, beeUes were aeen crawling npon the white
paper with which the bottom waa covered. Theee
beetlea would, no doubt, deposit their ova in the usual
oonrM, and as they could not escape, a considerable
Dotnber of them were found dead upon the while paper
with which the aurfkoe underneath the carved work was
covered.
In order to test the efficacy of chloroform and benzine,
two small glass cases, as neaily ab-tight as possible, were
selected, in which were arranged, early in May, specimens
of ornamental wood- work, all more or less in bad condi-
tion from the worm. The bottom of each, as in the pre-
Tioua experiment, was covered with white paper, and the
objects to be acted upon raised upon small blecka of wood.
In one case chloroform was uaed, and in the other bensine,
io a similar manner to the carbolic acid.
Within a week after the experiment oommenoed it was
evident that the action of the chloroform hid destroyed
the worms as they came to maturity, and in a fortnight
all ihe specimens of carved work having been tskeo from
the case, and the dust produced by the action of the
worms bhaken out, a number of dead ones were found, as
also some dead beetles ; but these were evidently those of
past seasons.
On examining the spedmena of carved work placed in
the case treated with benaine, there waa no appearance
of worms or beetlea dttd or alive. The two cases, with
their contents, were then kept open for a week, and
thoroughly ventilated to dear them as far as possible of
all tumes of either chloroform or benxine.
After this they were dosed again, being then ft'ee from
all traces of vapour, and they tutve been kept dosed ever
aince. Throughout the summer, the temperatoro being
the same as that under which beetles appeared in the
ease treated with carbolic acid, no traces of worms or
insects were visible, nor could the remains of any be dis-
covered on the white paper, with which the lower surface
of each case was covered. It would appear then that the
action of the vapour of carbolic acid is not sufficient;
whilst chloroform and benxineare volatile and penetrating.
The experiment with chloroform appears to prove that
the vapour kills the worm, and tm no beetles appeared in
the case during the summer, it may be inferred that it
killed all the worms within its influence.
The Commission inter that benxine is more efiective
than even the chloroform. It certainly might have hap-
pened that there were no ova in the aiticles placed in the
case treated with benxine, and therefore there would be
no worms developed to kill ; but this is not probable htnn
the condition of the specimens and the statement of
tlie attendant in whose charge they had been in the
Haseum.
As regards saturation, the experiments were made with
corrosive sublimate, dissolved in methylated spirits of
wine, ss suggested by the Ohairman ; the ol^ect being to
ascertain the effects of this upon the sur&ce of the wood,
asregsrds grain and colour. The solution was mixed
to the strength of half an ounce of corrosive sublimate in
half a pint of methylated spirit, hot this was evidently
too strong a solution. One experiment was upon a small
carved aitd fluted column which had been vamiahed or
partially French polished. The specimen had been
already submitted to the action of the vapour of chloro-
form. The result on the surface waa simply to slightly
disturb and renox-ate the varnish or polish. Another ex-
periment was made upon a portion of an ancient wood
cornice which had been placed .in the case in which the
oarbolio acid had been used. The decorated portion had
oHgioally been stamcd and varnished, but the specimen
was bare at the back. Ttie whole was saturated with
the mixture by laying on with a house-painter's sash tool.
The visible effect upon the stained and varnished surftioe
was simply to renovate the varnish and stain. A third
experiment was upon a piece of carved poplar, which was
free from all surface treatment and just as left by the
carving tool. The grain of the wood was not raised by
the solution; but alter it was dry, the carving had the
appearance of having been varnished. This would be
decidedly objectionable in all cases in which it might be
desirable to preserve the original colour and unpolished
surface of the wood. No experiment as to the efifect of
saturation in a solution of corrosive sublimate in water,
y used by Mr. Rogers at Belton, was made. Because of
the great risk to delicate carvings or pieces of furniture by
their immersion in water, or the bringing up of the grain of
the wood by treatment with a brush ; and because the vspoti-
sation by bensme appears to be quite suffident to destroy
the larvsB, whilst the methods suggested under the head
** Prevention" appear likdy to accompli^ the object of
warding off fliture attacks.
On the subject of restoration, the facts communicated
by Mr. W. G. Rogers are the most important, and may
be considered as decisive as to the practicability of re-
storing the most delicate works to as nearly as possible
their original condition, and even by this restoration
rendering them proof against the attack of the larvs in
future. In 1865 the carvings by Grinling Qibbons, at
Belton House, were in such a condition as to render it
absolutely necessary that something should be done to
prevent their complete destruction. To this end, they
were pUced in the hands of Mr. W. Q. Rogers, who
reports that the first step he took was to have the various
pieces photographed, as a means of recording the position
of each detail of the ornamentation, dtc. The whole of
the works were in a serious state of decay, portions being
completely honey-combed by the worm. In order to
destroy or prevent any future development of the insect
within the wood, Mr. Rogers caused the whole to be
saturated with a strong solution of corrosive sublimate m
water. The colour of the wood, however, suffered so
seriously by the action of the mercury, that it was found
necesBary to adopt some means of restoring the original
tint. This was effected by ammonia in the first instance
and subsequently by a slight treatment wifli miu-iatio
acid. After this, the interior of the wood was injected
with vegetsble gum and gdatine, in order to fill up the
worm holes and strengthen the fabric of the carvings,
A varnish of resin, dissolved in spirits of wine, was after-
wards spread on the surface, and then the dismembered
pieces were put together, in conformity with the photo-
graphs taken as records prior to the work of restoration
having been commenced.
The present condition of these carvings, seven years
after the operations detailed had been completed, is re-
ported as completely satisfactory.
As regards the prevention of decay or attack by
the insect, the satoratioa with spirits of wine and
corroaive aublimate, as proposed by the chairman,
(torn giving the effect of a slieht varnishing it would,
in many cases, be objectionable. From experiments
tried by Mr. Peter Gh'aliam, it appears the desired object
can be attained without in the slightest degree changing
the appearance of the sur&ce of the wood. Mr. P. Gra-
ham cauaed spedmena of carving, on which no preparation
whatever had been used, to be coated with thin, clear,
parchment sixe, such as that used by gilders and others.
This, being an animal substance, is not attacked by the
worm, whfch feeds on vegetable matter. The sped mens
experimented upon bjr Mr. P. Qraham showed no appear-
ance of any siu-faco treatment after having been gone over
with the size.
The Commissioners, however, suggest that it would be
desirable to mix a small quantity of corrosive sublimate
with the size before apply iug it, in the proportion of tay
sixty grains to a pint of the size.
786
JOURNAL OF THE 800IET7 OF ABTS, NovEHBsa 4, 1864.
The condufliont at which the ComminBion arrived are,
1. That the action of the worm may be arrrerted and
the wormitnelf destroyed by TaporisatioD, more eepeoially
by the vapour of the benzine, as appears from the ex-
perhnents reported, and also from the snocessfiil resolt*
arrived at in the Bodleian Library, at Oxford, in the
destruction of the book worm.
It would be advisable to have a room, sufficiently large
to take in any piece of carved work or furniture which
may be required by the museum, which may show
symptoms of decay. This room should be to constructed
that it can be closed and made as perfectly air-tight as
possible, but with means of renewing the benzine placed
in saucers from time to time as it evaporates, withoui
opening the ordinary means of access or entering the
cnamber ; as also of ready ventilation after the objects are
considered to have been sufficiently treated, and before any
person enters the room for the purpose of removing them.
The process must always be carried out during the
spring and early summer months, according to the state
of the temperature and the observations of those in charge
of the carved work, as to the action of the worm, which
is manifested by the fine dust falling from the worm-holes,
crevices, Ac.
2. That the practicability of complete restoration
of carved work is fully shown in the results of Mr.
Rogers' labours at Belton, as detailed. The important
question, however, as to the restoration of gilded carved
work, and of panels on which pictures have been
painted, and which have been attacked by the worm,
presents difficulties which, at present, there seems to be
no means of overcoming ; as in neither case could the
objects be immersed in water, or submitted to the action
of gelatine. That the worm could be destroyed by
vaporisation, as in all other cases, appears certain, and
there is no reason to suppose that the vapour of the benzine
would influence either the gilding of the one or the colours
of the other, especially if applied in the latter case to the
back of the picture.
8. That after the worm has been destroyed by the
course of action proposed, further attacks from it can be
prevented bv treating the carved work with a solution of
corrosive sublimate, either in methylated spirits of wine,
or parchment size, according to the suifaoe character of
the carving or wood-work ; the strength of the solution, in
each case being, as before stated, 60 grains of the chloride
of mercury to a pint of fluid, whether spirits of wine or
parchment size.
In a note appended to the report by Mr. Qeorge Wallis,
it appears that the cases treated with chloroform and
benzme were kept for observation throughout the spring
and early summer months of 1864. As there appeared to
be some action going on in the first named case, the final
examination of both cases was deferred until 1st August.
In the case in which chloroform had Ixten used, the worms
bad been active, especially in one piece of wood work, as a
cons^jiK^le amount of dust fell from it when shaken, and
.^JDJImber of newly made holes were distinctly visible.
Ko beetles could be discovered, nor were any worms found
which could be considered as the development of this
year, although several fell from the holes, evidently of
last year's growth, as they were very dry. Nine small
objects in carved wood had been plac^ in the case treated
with benzine, in which, as stated in the report, no appear-
ance of life was manifested in 1868. On examination,
eight of these were again found without the slightest
appearance of new dust, although all of them had been
seriously worm-eaten before placing in the glass case.
The ninth specimen, in poplar or willow, had evidently
l)Q*m the subject of their operations. The dust inside
showed that the worms had been developed this year, and
had attacked the top and sides of this casket, whilst four
dead beetles were found, three inside the casket, and one
a few inches outside of it on the white paper with which the
bottom of the glas-i case remained covered. All the opera-
tions of the insect in this'glsss case had been confioed to
this casket; neither dost, dead wonns, Darbeetki,Y«i
found in or near any other object. The glaa cw«
being opened imelt strongly of the beosios, ahhoogb it
had been left open for a period in 186S,aiilitediithi
report. From these facts it would appear thit tbeon
deposited previous to tho objects beiog mbjeded to Ibe
action of ohlorofbrm or benzine, were not aU developed fai
1863, the season in which the experimsatiwrniudi;
and that in any future action based on thseiperimM
reported, thii &ct should be taken into aooooDt, lad ti»
vaporisation repeated more frequently than woidd oite-
wise have been neoeesary if all the ovaofoneveirfin
developed and came to matority in the oezt
IrstttMngs 0t InstMioiii.
Baoup Mbohaviob* lK8Trruno«.— The diAibotioo «(
the Prizes and Certificates won by itudeoti of thti loiti-
tution in the Science and Art Department, Society U
Arts, and Lancashire and Cheshire Uoion Examinm
took place on Thursday, October 20th, Mr. J. Qretrei a
the chair. The chairman delivered the prini to the o^
cessful candidates in the following oraer:-'AlfredW.
Andrews, Lancashire aud Cheshire Uaioo; oeitifiati.
W illiam H. Barr, Science and Art Deparuneot : loorgeu
Chemistry, 1st class Queen's Prize ; Organic Chenii«jr|
honourable mention. Society of Arts: Cbemietiy,Sn
dass certificate. James Greenwood, LsDCubire au
Cheshire Union ; certificate. James Grime, Uodiun
and Cheshire Union ; certificate. William Loci 8asM
and Art Department: Inorganic CbemiitiT, Irt ^
Queen's Prize; Organic Chemistry, Bod dm Qwhi
Prize. Society of Arte : Arithmetio, 1st dies evw^;
Algebra, 2nd ditto ; Chemistry, 2nd ditto. John IM
Society of Arts; Arithmetk;, 8rd class ccrtifiote. JMW
Morton, Society of Arts: AjithmeUc, 2Ddclj«oerti«i|«j
Chemistry, 8nd ditto. Henry NuttaU, Bcm» tfd^
Department: Inorganic Chemistry, Isi cha Qo^'
Prize ; Oif;anic Chemistry, 8rd class ditto. Society (i^
Arts: Arithmetic 2nd class certificate; Cbemi^i^
ditto. John Robert Pilling, Lancashire and C\m»
Union, certificate. WUliam Pilling, Lenoiihire «»
Cheshire Union: certificate; Arithmetio, prise £1. Jtf^
PiUing, Society of Arte : English History, 8rd (^J^
tificate. John H. Bakestimw, Lancashirs and (»t^
Union : certificate. Joseph Shepherd, Lsncuhiis >^
Cheshire Union : certificate. Geo. Wm. Sutdiffe, U«J-
shire Union : certificate. Science and Art I>«J*^
Inorganic Chemistry, 1st class Queen's Prize; Ocff"^
Chemistry. 8i^ class ditto. Geoi^ Howarth W^
Science and Art Departmoit: looiganio (^^^^^^^^^^
class Queen's prize; Oi|[ank: ChemMty, pstfed. B^
Stewart, Science and Art Department: looigaBR tl^
mistry, 8rd class Queen's Prize; Oiganio CbeiW;
passed. Socie^ of Arts : Arithmetic. 8rddaM0«ti8fl»w,
Chemistry, ditto. Robert Stewart, Society of ^
Arithmetic, 1st dass certificate ; Algebn, 8rd (lin&
James Howker Smith. Society of Arts: Arithroetec,»»
class certificate. John Whitaker, Uncuhire and GliefBn
Union : certificate, Joshua Lord Wolfenden. Sc»«»Jr
Art Department : Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd .d*"^°2tr
Prize ; Organic Chemistry, honourable meotioo. ood^
of ArU: Chemistry, 8ni dass certificate. J^ieiwa^'
Sdence and Art Department; Inorganic Chemj^j.^
class Queen's Prize; Organic Chemistiy. 3fd dMKJ*;;
Society of Arts: Arithmetic, 8rd class certificate; t«j
mistry. 3rd ditto. Several reciiatiOQS were P][*J^
the Newchurch hand bell ringers played some p»«»»
music Votes of thanks were given to the <**>^**J*^ „
others, which brought a good evening's eotertaioo*"
a close. , f A^
Nbwpobt Athikjeum.— The monthly jo««»*\^ ^
iBititutioD statefl as foUowB :— •♦It has reoentty WBF'
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP AUTS, Novbmbbr 4, 18(54. 78 7
[to the diraotoFs of the Neirpoft AiheDAum to Uke
oeoMMiy utMM for the t'onn%tioQ of a Looal Board of
-mioerB in thu town, in oonoiction w Uh the Society ot
I. Tne proponal ia one that demaods attention, aod
are aaored ihat the diroctors will be quite prepared to
Eied in the matter, when a saffioient numlter of mem-
hafe figoified their desire to become candidates at the
OBohing enmination."
jfiw ^S.
Boun DsiioLrrioaB ard iMPBovBimm.— It is next
lo iinpoarible to let light aod air into a town, to convert
erooked alleys into straight and wide streets, to create
open spaces where, prevtoosly, a mass of old hooses was
intersected by narrow and tortuoos lanes, without giving
offence to the antiquarian, and running the danger of being
called Iconoclast by the archsBologist. Whether the site
be Loodon, Paris, or Roueo, the improver must be pre-
pared, not only for opposition from those who are in-
vaded, but also for complaints from those whose reminis-
oenoes and sympathies are interfered with. The loono-
davits, if so they must be called, of Rouen, will not escape
the usoal fate ; they will be accused of destroying what
can never be replaced, and of having substituted modem
common place tor picturesque antiquity ; yet they seem
to have been as considerate as possible in the matter, and
never to have obliterated a worthy specimen of antiqidty
except where the health, necessities, or conveniences of
living men, women, and children absolutely demanded it.
Besides secondary alterations, two fine new streets, at
right angles to each other, and forming a cross of which
the long arm runs almost due north at right angles to the
river, and, on the map, reminds one of the " signature" of
William the Conqueror, or Richard Ccsur de Lion, on the
old charters referred to last week, have been driven
through the very heart of the old town, and at the Inter-
section of this cross is a large square, planted with great
taste, and christened Place Solverino. On this spot
existed some of the oldest houses in Bouen ; and where
now are brilliant grass plots, trim gravel paths, shrubs
and flowers in gay luxuriance, and many of which
would have recalled to the eye of Richard Goour
de Lion the lands of his brave antagonist Saladin, and
caift iron garden seats for the good folks of the nineteenth
century, a few years since was a mass of picturesque
houses which could scarcely be called habiutions, and
streets which 8catx.*ely deserved the name of thoroughfares.
Many very curious and some beautiful old fronts and
gables have been demolished, but there is no help for it,
and the student mtist look for them now in the illustra-
tions of books, in the delightful works of a Turner or a
Prout, or in the more matter of fact productions of the
»mera. But if the demolitions have obliterated a good
deal of what was curious and interesting In Rouen, it has
brought many of the great attractions of the place out of
ihadow, and has facilitated access to them. The glorious
shurch of St. Ouen now stands between a beautiful
pleasure ground and a larse place at the end of one of
the new streets, and if the Hdtel de Ville, an ugly
trnHding, in giMwt-Corinthian style— an old convent i^th
a modem ftce— did not abut against the north transept
)f the church, the latter would be exidbited in all m
p'andeur and beauty. A secondary street throws open to
riew the curious church of St. lladon with its beautifbl
Nuoted windows. The tower of St. L«utent, perhaps the
ineet in Rouen, is also disengaged frum the buildings which
brmerly half hid it from view ; and St. Qodard, St. Patrice,
he pictunssque Palais de Justice, St. Vincent, the tower
»f the renaissance church of St. Andr^ ; the fkmous old
«lfry» the Tour dt la Oroi$e horloM, commenced, as the
[nsint old Uiscription says, in *« MCCOXXlllI.and nine,**
nd tSnished in •• MGCCXXIIII. and eiffhteen,"— a roond-
boot method of writing 1888 and 184f-HUid many other
remarkable buildings, are on or near to the line of these
two principal new streets, and are thus rendered far mor&
aooessible tor the visitor. These two grand streets are
named the Sue de flmperalnce, and the Mue de VHoiel de
ViUe ; they form the principal features of the new town,
and their architecture ia not unworthy of the locality
which they bisect. The authorities have not fallen into a
servile imiution of the streets of Paris, but have selected
a style of building which is peculiarly suitable to the
habits as well as the character of the town. The houses
are not, like those of Paris, composite buildings, divided
into apartments for the accommalation of a dozen or more
families, but are, with few exceptions, single residences,
and, consequently, on a much smaller scale than those of
the capital. The style almost universallv adopted is that
of late renaissance, in red brick of excellent quality, re-
lieved, very libendly, by &cings of Caen stone, and
although, as a rule, the houses are not much oru wnented,
the doors, balconies, and other conspicuous features are
treated with much boldness, and generally with good
taste. On the whole New Kouen, although touUy
unlike, is not unworthy of the capital of Normandy,
and when completed will do honour to its renovators, who
have had extraordinary difficulties to cope with, small-
nesi of means being one of the greatest Visitors to
France will do well to break their journey and give a
few hours at least to the new town, the old edifices, the
museums, and the Galleries of Rouen, not omitting,
beyond everything, the famous old Hdtel de Bourgther-
oulde in the Pli^e de la Pucelle, where Jeanne d'Aro
is said to have been burned. Montfacon, Ducarel, Dibdio,
Ootman, and Dawson Turner have all dwelt lovingly on
this remnant of the middle ages ; Dc Joliment, Nodier,
Taylor, and de Cailloux have made known its beauties by
graver and pencil; and Le Provost and Barabe have made
It the subject of special memoirs. It was commenced
about the end of the fifteenth century, by Guillaume La
Boux, Lord of Bourgtheroulde, who was alive in 1486,
aod finished in the eirly part of the following century
by his son, also Guillaume, who was Abb^ of Aumale
and of Val Richer, and was employed by Fran9oi8 I.
in the negotiation of the Concordat. The building con-
sists of a house in the peculiar style of the period,
and another building at right angles with the former, evi-
dently more recent, and apparently erected to supply the
want of large state rooms m the former. The fronts of
both are covered with sculptured bas-reliefs, executed on
the walls themselves. The subjects in the original house
are chiefly pastoral, and are disposed over the walls in
almost as free a style as the ornaments on a Japanese
cabinet, but the sculptures on the subsidiary building are
arranged in a regular manner. The front of the last-
named portion consists of a door and three windows, all
highly decorated, and beneath the latter are large bas-
reliefs of the famous meeting of Henry VI 11. and
Francois I. on the field of the cloth of gold. The outer
panels represent each of the monarchs with their retinue,
while that in the centre exhibits their meeting. Over the
windows is a sculptured frieze, the subjects being
evidently scriptural or allegorical. Altogether the Hdtel
de Bouigtheroolde is one of the most remarkable build-
ings of its period, and is, moreover, in very good pre-
servation, although it has fallen from the condition of a
noble residence to that of a house of business. The
interior has suffered terrible changes, but one small
octagonal chamber on the first-floor in the tower, forming
a part of the older portion, is in good preservation, and
its carved woodwork aiui decorated ceiling present ex*
cellent examples of the interior ornamentation of the
period.
PHOTOoaAPHT. — The Photographic Society of London
has juiit distributed among its meuibeis a re<luced copy of
Mr. Robinson's com positk>n photograph — *' Bringing Home
the May."
Tbs National GALLEBT.--The National Oalleiy has
joft been enriched by the magnificent gift of Lord Taun-
788
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, NoVhmmb 4, 1861
toa of hU eelebrated piotore of the Annunoiation, by Oarlo
Cravelli, signed and dated 1481 . The other acquisitions
during (he vacation are— a portrait of OhristoferoLongono,
a Milanese nobleman, by Andreo de Solario, dated 1605 ;
'< St. Book with the Angels," by P. Morendo, dated 1618 ;
and a portrait of a Venetian Senator, by Bonsignori, signed
and dated 1487. The gallery will be re-c^ened to the
public on Monday, the 7th instant.
"^jmMmt,
Large Looomotiyb. — The late Mr. Stephenson oon-
itraoted a powerful looomotive for moantmg sharp in-
clines and tnmmg conres of small radios, by coupling two
engines baek to back ; each of these weighed about twenty-
seven to^ and the locomotive thus constructed drew double
its own weight at the rate of twelve miles an hour.
Such is the account given by a French engineer of the
locomotive in question. M. Petiet, chief engineer of the
Chemin de fer du Nord of France, has recently constructed
a locomotive with the same object; in this case two
engines are united in one maefaine, having four cylinders
and twelve whecds coupled. It has no tender, and carries
its own fuel and water, and when loaded weighs in round
numbers sixty tons. The heating surface is equal to
about 265 square yards. This locomotive is said to have
drawn a train, weighing 860 tons, a distance of nearly
4,000 yards with several gradients, of which the sharpest
was eighteen in the thousand, with three curves of little
more than three hundred yards radius. M. Petiet says
that it could act perfectly on a curve and counter-curve
of 186 yards diameter in a distance of little more than
200 yards. After the above experiment in traction had
been nsade, the locomotive was placed at the rear of the
train, and pushed the train backwards over the same
ground with perfect ease. M. Petiet believes that if it were
ever necessary to work curves of eighty or ninety yards
radius only, it would simply be Deoessary to augment the
amount of play given to the two central axles of the
machine earriage. The experiments were accompanied by
a difficulty which arose from the construction of the
bridges, which were not high enough to permit the engine
to pass through without lowering its chimney. The trials
took place in the presence of the €k>vemment Engineers of
Boads and Bridges. The railway from Turin to Genoa,
for which we believe this engine has been constructed, has
inclines as great as 86 in the 1,000, but the report says
nothing about the c^Moi^ of the new locomotive in such
cases.
KxFLOsivB Matbbials. — ^A very interesting operation,
which attracted a great number of spectators, was per-
formed recently, at St. Ouen, near Paris. A large
floating dock on a new construction^210 feet long, 86
feet wide, and 18 feet high^was launched on the canal.
This great ir(m boat, or floating dock, is intended for a
store, to hold all descriptions of spirits, oils, or other in-
flammable liquids. These substances, which are so fre-
quently the cause of disastrous fires on land, are now to be
secured on water, where they will be comparatively safe
from fire. Each of the 100 compartments into which the
iron boat is divided is sufficient to contain 260 hectolitres.
Ten similar floating warehouses are to be built for the
company of the docks of St. Ouen, of which five are
already on the stocks. The iron boat was launched side-
ways into the canal of St. Ouen. After having glided
along the slides placed under it, the iron mass, once in the
water, moved forward more than forty yards by the
force of impulsion. The operation was performed with
complete success.
Canadian ExBiBmoK. — The annual provincial exhibi-
tion of Upper Canada was held this year at Hamilton, on the
Last four days of September. About 30,000 persoas paid
for admission. The articles exhibited wei« moie than
e/XK) in number, the live stock exceeded 2,000 ; but the
exhibition included also not only agriecdtonlla^biMrt
and farm products, but manufactured good* of ill \ia^
works of fine art, and ladies* work. Of the mpiog id
mowing machines the judges reported thit tlMi^ then
was considerable difierence hi the quility of thsmdme,
it was all well dcme ; the machines, u a wbok, vroogfat
well, no breaking down, no total fidlures. TImmd^
of grain exhibited were pronounced eftransly good,aDi
the judges conmdered that the statements geooilly nude
of the failure of crops must have been somewbii a-
aggerated. The preddent. Colonel JohnsoD, fa clon{
the exhibition, gave a statement (from the retimi i^
patently of 1860 or 1861) that the prodactioQ of snin,
peas, beans, and potatoes in the State of Kev Ycrt
amounted to 27 bu^els vex head of pODolitiQD, in
Pennsylvania 82 bushela, in Michigan 42, in Ohio (9, tet
in Upper Canada nearly 56 bnsheu per hesd. Hetfittd
that the season just dosed had shown theifflportUMof
drainage. The fitrmers who had their liDdfl dnind
were able to get in their crops at a time wbeo nib a*
drained could not be worked at all in coofeqneooe of thi
spring rams ; and it was remarkable how flight thie(b:b ^
of the drought of this summer had been upoodnioed bod
as compared with undrained. But the yield, he ad.
taking all the various productions of the fidd into locmot,
is likdy to prove somewhat below the avenge.
Enobmous Shsftield Casting.— In July wst a w»«|"
fbl attempt, by Messrs. J. M. Stanley and Co., th« MiJ-
land Works, was made to cast an auril block weigluDglw
tons. The enormous mats of iron took aii weefa tocwl
and it was then, by meana of hydraulic power, liftedbos
the mould. Last week the same firm were eo^ Jb
casting a second anvil of precisely the »sme a» w
weight. The mould, which was twelve feet iqoin li
the base and eleven feet aix mches deep, wy dog oaiD
the centre of the workshop, and from five fuiwjw coo-
structed at intervals round the building, the molta ins
was run. The first fhmace was •• Upped " at fix o clock
in the moroing, and in about twelve houn the looavd vw
filled. The opportunity was embraced by Mew*. Sttoky
for testing their newly-patented rotary engine. An vauii;
engine of 12-horse-power was used to drive ^ P'''^
of the blow-fans. It was worked at a preawreof SOlbi, la*
the fans made 1,400 revoUitfons per mioote. Tmbb*
engine, which is of 10 horse-power, <1"^® ^*"**^*5*."?
dimeosione, was worked at the preesore of 50lbi., asd tbi
fans made 1,600 revolutions per minute. "^P^l?^
worked much easier than the one on the old priwipWi •*
consumed about half the quantity of fheL Tbecootno*
castings referred to are intended for the goo inaBQu^
of Messrs. firth and Sons. For months pset mes w*c
been engaged preparing for them •* beds" of ttW^
dinary solWity, the necessity for which will be sffow
when it is known that each anvil has to receite the \m
of a twenty-five- ton Nasmyth hammer. Exteori''"*^
tions are going on in the steel melting departtneoi^tut
works of Messrs. Firth. The building »*«r^^
tween the steel melting furnaces has been ^^^^"^''^'7^
other furnaces in its room erected. When cowpKW,
there will be, in a spaoe of 160 feet long by 60 feel «>^
170 meltmg pots, and an ingot of steel of fiom twtiw w
fourteen tons wdght will be turned out at oMcaiw^
In the centre of this department will be erected a po*t^
ful steam crane. u
Pabis ExMfflmoN of 1867.— It is not aW^
setaed where this coming Univwsal ExWbitioa ii to w
held. There was a general impresskn •broad thai w«
building commenced by the unfortunate P«™!???
ExhibiSwi Company, at Auteuil, would be made anUiw
for the purpose. It Is admirably situated for »ch » I^
pose, standing as it does at the junction of thietn»«»
roads: a raUway. an American tramway, and the m«.
while the foundations and a considerable «>^<>°°^^Jl
stone and iron worit are executed. The Champ* »»
has been under oonsideratioQ of the authoritks, h^iu^
ia probably an oljooUeii te ifaut op lofiae •«»>"* '^
^
JOURNAL OP THE SOOIBTY OF ARTS, NovBMBaft 4, 1864. 789
^vdltory exhibitioos for one to two years; and now it is
daid that it ia probable the site of the exhibition of 1855
will be again employed. Bat the Palais de I'lndustrie
la mnoh too sniall for the purpose, and large
axinextti would be absolutely neoessaiy. It will be
remembered that on the former oocasioD the maohinery
was placed in a long building erected on the Quai de la
Gonf€»renoe, thai a large cinjolar building, formerly a
pancumina, which stood between the two, was also used,
and that all three were united together by means of the
garden, and a wooden rialto, which passed over the
ordinary road and the tramway. There are two great
objections to a reoetition of this an-angemeut, namely,
the ontting up of the Champs filys^es, which have been
beautifully planted since 18o5, and the interruption of the
trafifio along the quays. The Parisian public was rather
Burprleed the other day by a statement to the etfect that
the building for the 1867 exhibition would be built over
the Seine, and, stranse as it may appear, the rumour is
not unfounded. M. A. Barrault, formerly engineer-io-
ohief of the Palais de Tlndustrie, has written to the
editor of the Opinion NaUonaU^ protesting against the
project attributed to him, of placing the new building
under a tunnel, covering the Seine from the Pont d'Alma
to the Pont de la Concorde (a distance of full 4,000 feet),
but he admits that he is occupied on a plan, of which the
scheme has been presented to the Emperor, and of which
the following is an outlines — ^M. Barrault proposes to
make use of the Palais de I'lndustrie, and to erect
additional buildings over the Seine, which flows at Utile
more than 200 yaraA from the building in question. He
proposes to cover the Seine to the extent of 850 metres,
or more than a thousand feet, by means of wood-work
nearly level with the quays, whicli are much higher than
the level of the river, and supported by beams resting on
piers built in the stream ; this erection to be connected
with the Palais de Tlndustiie by means of a large covered
gallery crossing the public road and the quays. One
advanta^ claimed for this curious arrangeoient is that
the pubhc will have means of direct access to the exhibi-
ttoo on each side of the river.
(LttMiSXtt
PosTAOB BSTWSBN Fbahob axd £»0LAin>.— This sub-
ject is still discussed, and as the oonsideration of points
connected with it may aid in the establishment of a more
liberal arrangement, it is well to keep the public mind
informed upon the bubjeot. The French press has echoed
the oomplamts of the public on several points, and the
authi^ities have felt compelled, at last, to reply to the
various statements and queries put forth. As ^gards the
demand for an increase of weight for letters passing between
England and France, the official note siys, in reference to
an article in the DdiaU, ** The writer asks how stands the
negotiation between the two countries with req>ect to
the postal tariff, and states that England proposes fifteen
grammes (Joz.) for the initial weight of international
letters, now Hxe^at 7| grammes. In this case again no
negotiation is on foot. The English office would doubtless
gladly accept the weight of lialf an ounce (a little len than
fteen grammes), but this could not be accepted by France,
as the standard of weight for a single letter on the one
hand, because it does not correspond with any division of
the metrical system, and on the other, because France,
having adopted the weight of the giumme for its inland
service, cannot accord to strango^ what she refuses to her
own population." The latter portion of this reply has
some weight, but it is inconceivable how any one in
authority could pen the former part relative to the fifteen
grammes, when that is just the weight used for Paris and
the whole of the department of the Seine, which supi^ies
a vast proportion of the whole oorrespoodenoe of the
cooBtiy^ and is, moreovtr, used, with its multiples, over
and over again in the scale of charges for iM*inted mattar.
When the official writer points to the fact that a news-
paper costs a penny for the shortest postal distance in
England, and only eight centimes when sent " fk>m
Marseilles to the Orkneys,*' and that while the French
post-office carries a small printed circular for one oentimei
the English office charges a penny, or ten centimes, for
the smallest scrap, it is clear that the post*ofllces of the
two countries are neither consistent with each other nor
with themselves, and the sooner they become so the better
will it be for tlie commerce, the private interests, and
the revenue of both countries.
Stbambbs at Panama. — There are already no less
than nineteen steamers a month arriving at and departing
fi-om the Isthmus of Panama, ris. :<— The regular Ihie
from New York ; two lines from Europe ; steamers from
Oarthagena and Nicaragua; steamers mntdng on the
South Pacific coast and on the coast of Central America,
besides lines to California. The Central Am«ioan line
has just been obliged to add a third steamer of larger
capacity, by another year cotton will probably become
an important staple in nearly all the Southern republics.—
Panama Star,
Tbaffio Retubhs. — The traffic receipts of railways in
the United Kingdom amounted, for the week ending
the 8th October, on 11,596 miles, to £688,405, and for
the corresponding week of last year, on 1iJB61 miles, to
£622,450, showing an increase of 885 miles, and <^
£65,946 in the receipts. The gross receipts on the four-
teen principal railways amounted, in the aggregate, on
8,216 miles, to ^61.060. and for the corresponduig week
of 1863, on 7,994 miles, to £507,825^ showing an faicrease
of 222 miles, and £58,735 in the receipts.
Tbadb with Foatiau Nations. — ^The Select Com'*
mittee appointed to inquire into the arrangement between
the Foreign Office and the Board of Trade in reference to
the trade with Foreign nations, have considered the matters
to them referred, and have agreed to the report. They
come to the conclusion that the mode of proeednre must
be by the Foreign Office eonsulting the Board of Trade, and
upon that supposition they had brought before them two
suggestions: — 1st. That there should be, within the
Foreign Office itself, an officer or officers who should take
speciid oharge of the correspondeuce of the Board of Tnwle ;
and andly. That the Board of Trade should be put in
direct communication with the members of the consular
and diplomatic services upon commercial matters. Th«
committee continue : — Upon the first of these suggestions
difft rent opinions have been expressed, but, after carefhlly
weighing them, your committee are of oj^on that such
departmental change would be of service. To the second
of these suggestions the committee have devoted much of
their time ; on the one hand, the advantages of direct
communication between the department whose duty it is
to promote commerce and those servants of her Majesty
whose duty it is to watch the interests of such commerce
abroad are self-evident. On the other hand, inasmuch as
the members of the consular and diplomatic service must
be appointed by the Foreign Office, it may be inconvenient
for them to be in communication with any other depart-
ment. Tour committee, however, agree with the Earl of
Malmesbuty, and with Sir Emerson Tennont and Mr.
Mallett, the two gentlemen who have the charge of foreign
commerce at the Board of Trade, in the belief that there
will be no danger of collision between the two offices if
all correspondence with consuls and foreign ministers pass
through the Foreign Office, so that the Foreign Secretary
could acquaint the President of the Board of Trade if the
instructions of the latter be at variance with hit own.
Your committee think that if the Board of Trade were
thus enabled to carry on communication through the
Foreign Office, that department would be more quickly
informed of such facts as it is its duty to public ; would he
able more speedily to serve the interests of iodividual
merchants; and, in transactions in which its opioion ii
asked by the Foreignoffioe, to obtain thalfUl inibniiitkm
790 JOUBWAt OF TSB BOOSXTY OF AETS, Novucbie 4, 1864.
withottl whkK iti opioioii ia of little T«loe. Yoor eon-
mittM cOMAade with the follovfo^ rooonmandatioiM for
the InprtvwiflBi oC (ke raUtkw of th* Foreign Oflke to
the Bo«id of Taide:— let. IWt the Bowd of Trade be
^aeod Bore nsarty upoo ea aqaelity with the Foreigo
OOaalkaa it «alpreseiit»ia order that itiopinioo, when
a«ked, omj luTe doe weight* and that ita chief be always
a meatber of the Oabioet. 2odly. That the Board of
Trade be pat in diraot oommoiiioatioo with the membera
of tha dipJomatie and conaolar aervioea, and that aoch
oommoaioadan be carried on thnxigh the Foreign Oflftoe,
with aoch proviaioBa aa ahall prevent ooUiaioo. Laatly.
That an of&seor offioen be appointed in the Forwign Office
to condnot Ha eorreipoodeoce with the Board of T^ade.
OiLAB HAaaomk^lt haa long been felt that the baaln
of Calaia k fiir too amall for the oommerce of the port ; in
fact, it ia 80 amall that veasele have aometimea to jrait for
weeka, to the great ooit and inoonvenienoe of th^ owners,
before they can land their cargoea. A project for enlarg-
ing the port haa been drawn up for aome time, but militant
coBsideimtiona have heretotore stood in the way. It is
said that theae have now aU been removed, and that
the woric will i>e proceeded with immediately. The
extent of the floating basin will be nearly doubled, and
the qaaya will be inoreaaed from 580 to 1,100 metres
in length, when, it ia oaloolated, there will be room
for the reception and nnloaling of all the veaaels that
arrive even in the bomest part of the year.
AxiMAL Mavubb IIahufaotobb. — The Ckemieal New
8ay8:-^*ln the Jeunml tTAffneuUnrw FraUque, M.
Barrel givea aome interesting details on the subject of
the manu&cture of animal manure at Aabervillien.
Thia aaannfiustory oonsumea every year 8,000 horaea, 200
donkeya, 800 cows, 800 piga, 9,000 cata and dogs, 6,000
kilogrammes of meat unfit for food, 600,000 kilogrammea
of ottU from the Pariaian abattoirs, and 600,000 kilo-
graiamea of other refbse animal mstters. aueh as skins,
noma, ^^ The raw material ia first cat up and boiled to
extract the grease. The fltssh is tbeo separated from the
bones, pressed, and dded. it ia afterwards ground and
siftedt and tha dried bones, which are also anbmitted to
the same proceaa, mixed with it> forming a manore con-
taining 85 per cent, of nitrogen and 55 per cent, of
phosphate of lime. The blood is collected separately,
and also made into manure. The soup obtained in the
boilkig is strained, and the solid matter thus cdlleoted is
added to the rest. The offal ia piled in alternate layers
with other oi^ganic matter, anch aa wool and parings of
horn and hoofs, with which is mixed a certain amount of
mineral phosphates. The heap is weU moistened with
the atraiued soup, fermentation is set up, and the whole is
gradnally transformed into excellent manure. During
this process the phosphate of lime breaks up into plMS-
phono compounds, more or less soluble, and various aalta
of ammonia are formed. This is really a much better
use to put dead horses to than making them hitosaaaMont
de Lytm or fiUU de hauf for the cheap rettaurateitn.
Coal in Fbancb. — Although extensive coal mines have
been discovered in the department of Calais, during the
last few years, the import of English coal does not in any
way diminish. The following statistics will serve to
show the increase in the consumption of coal in France
dming the last 75 years, in tons —
CoafomptioB. Imported.
1789 600,000 220,000
1811 773,000 „
1830 2.4 •0,000 600,000
1840 4,290,0 1,290.000
1845 6,200.0vX) 2,200,000
1852 7.900.000 3.000,000
1860 13,600.000 5,2»K).000
1863 15,200,000 5,200,000
It will thus be seen that of the 15 million tons of eoal
annually eooaumed in France, about two-thirda (vaked at
£4,718,000) aie obtained in tha eoontiy itself. Franoe,
however, cannot daim to be a ooal-prodoolog'
the quantity extracted in Belgium being of equal sloh
and the Zollverein exceeding her, varying ftom 14,"^
to 17,000,000 tons annually, whereaa Eng *
doced 18,000,000 tooa only in 1800, fhmi
in 1862, repceseoting a valne of nearly
The coal districts, however, in the Paa de O
aaid to be in a prosperous condition, the qaantityl
in 1859 having bean 504,890 tons against I.lf* '^'
1868.
Colonus*
AooLiMATUATiov. — The following PAp«r was
recent meetfaig of the Acclimatisation Soeiety of
— I think it may not be unserviceable to reodndi
regard acdimatiaation as the new-fangled hckkj sf i
crotchetty enthusiasts, that it has beoD prablifl
England for a period of 1200 years— dating frooi thii
at which the tirst wheat was sown in her soil— sad i"
up to the oommencement of the stxteenth
which period great efforts seem to have beeo oMds
introduction of exotic flowers, finiits, and
mother country was singularly destitate of
population subsisting, as some of the early aettlen«n
eolony did, upon beef, mutton, and '* damper.*'
there is a striking similarity between the
England in the dawn of her civiliaatioo and tttfli
Australia at the present time. Sho waa both a
and a sold-produdng ooontry ; and her axporta
of gold, silver, tin, copper, wool, and hones. Kst
pursue this parallel ftirther, however, I will at ones ;
ceed to point out what acclimatisation has dons
England m regard to fndiB, flowers, and eaoolenta.
very rose which we adopt as a national emblam, aid
fess to consider so purely English, ia an alien, md
brought awar from France, Flanders, aod Italy.
honeysuckle which garlands the hed^^erows anA
the porch of the peasant, came ongioally fiam Ki
America; while the lavender which the fin
deposits among her snow-white napery io the
finen-chest, is a native of the south of Earopo. So,
are the rosemary, the mignonette, tha lily, and the
English shrubberies are indebted to Hoagaiy far
•( golden tresses " of the laburnum, to Fortngial fert
laurel, to Italy for the bay tree, and to tha Liavmol fori
weeping willow. The common daffodil, ••thas
before the swallows dare,** is of Italian lioesBe ; ths'
foxglove is a denisen of ihe Canary lake, and tha
flower, with its sacred symbols, is a native
America. In fact, if you were to strip our '^gtiiH
gardens, green lanes, woods, and meadows of thair
decorations, you would rob them of half their ba aoty .i
English descriptive poetry of half its charm. Svea^
hawthorn, so mdispensable to the snrlvan poet mid
landscape painter, la derived from North America.
the best of my belief, England does not
as one indigenous vegetable ; and, until ~tha time aft
Tudors, what little garden stuff her so^
did consume was imparted from the Netherianda.
tnay remember that Shakspeare makes Sir Andrew
cheek account for the duloeaa of his mind fay
** I am a great eater of beef, and I bcdieve that does
to my wit;" and, in the absence of any aDeealaot
tables, his excessive consumption of animal food isi
allaurprising. Nor, considering their veiy restrietad
of diet, can we feel much sui^rise at. Qoeee
rolmst maids of hon4iur making such heavy OMala ef :
beef, and beer as they are reported to have dene. Al
this time, however, it seems to have ooomred te
beef-eating, beer bemused, and slow-witted
tliat it would be cheaper to import garden seeds i
tables, and more wholesome to eat na«^«ea^
than to feed upon aooh half<4x>ttea giikigaM «M I
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, KoYfiMBBB i, 1864.
791
i%roiB HolUnd in the holda of broad-bottomed and
^miUng loggen*; and haviog onoa opened their minds
! Jim oouviction, they began to east their eyea orer the
r qoartera of the world in search of yegeUUea. So,
ronrae of time, th^ proonred broccoli, beana, and canli-
ren, ftom Greeoe; peaa from Spain ; canots and celery
n FlADdem ; aapaiagna and kidn^ beana from Ada ;
xaam^ artiohokes^ and cabbage from Holland: panley
u Bgypft; and potatoea from South America; and
fioeforth the kitenen garden formed as indispensable
apparteiumoe to the mansion and the manor noose as
i pleaaaanoe, the battery-hatch, or the bowling-
)en. Of iodigenoos fruits also, Old England waa
aentably destitute. All she could boast of was a few
ide berries, growing wild upoo brambles, for 1 am
ubtAil whether even the crab waa natire to her aoil.
»i of the fruits which now flourish in her gardens, hot-
iiae«» and orchards (none of which fruits, by the way,
3 aakl — apoo the authority of Mr. Hawthome~to be
mparabla in flavour with an American turnip), were in-
>daoed between the years 1620 and 1600. luly sent
ir Uio molbeny ; Syria, the apple and the plum ; Por-
gal, the gr»pe ; Potia, the nectarine and peach ; Flan-
iTB, the Boooeberry, the finer descriptioos of cherry and
m atrawbeny ; Greece, the cunant and the apricot ;
Qstria, the quinoe; Spain, the pomegranate and the
cnng&B and lemooa," so popularly asK)oiated with ** the
die of St. Clement's;" and North America, the raspberry
id the walnut. It waa early in the aame oentury, too,
lat fi^glaad borrowed from the Netherlands, and planted
I her Boathem countiea the most beautifbl, and withal
le meet useful, of all creepers— the hop plant. Imagine
le ooodidon of the people of England without bitter
oer I — and without the means of brewing it, unless by
le employment of obnoxious and unpalatable drugs I
?he beverage which has immortalised the nsm«3a of Basi
nd AUsop, which baa been the means of strewmg the
Liminit of the Rhigi and the slopes of the pyramids
rith the vitreous evidenoes of John Boll's ubiquity;
rhich has saade the tropical heat of an East Indian sum-
aer eediirable; which has imparted its own briskness
ind sparkle to Australian picnics; and which has given
englishmen of the nineteenth century the new sentatkn
rhioh Xeixee ineffectually signed for— this beverage, I
ay, ia one of the fruita of acclimatisation, and must be
sken credit for accordingly. Fully to appreciate what
his beoeOcial agency has accomplished for the mother
ioontiy, we have only to picture one of her counties
lenuded oi every natural feature which has been
Mrrowed from abroad. Take the county of Kent for
Bzample, and obliterate from its surface those lovely hop
Sardeos, with their '* long-drawn aiales," overrun with
K living tracery of green and gold ; those leafy orchards.
Blowing with their ruddy fruitage ; those rippling fields
of yellowing wheat; those picturesque hedgerows of
basel and hawthorn ; those stately gardens at Koowle,
Cobham, and Peoshurtt; those chequered maises of
colour which beautify every cotuger's patch of homely
flowers ; and the face of the country would be not merely
transformed, but deformed. It would be as unlike the
Kent of to-day as a noble fresco would be unlike its former
■elf after having received a thin coat of whitewash. I
leave to other and to abler hands the task of showing what
*ccljmatisatk» has done for England in so far as the
animal kingdom is concerned ; for the subject is a wkle
one, and ia entitled to more akUfhl treatment than I am
qualified to bestow upoo it. 1 have confined my attention
to one particular only ; and I have aelected this theme
^>«caoM it appears to me that we ought to derive en-
couragement here from the knowledge of what our fore-
others accooif^ished elsewhere, under circumstances
«>P«ottlly unfavourable to the work; for I need not
i^n^iad yon, that in the sixteenth century the meana of
communication between the different conntriea of the
world waaa few in number, tedious in operation, and liable
to aU' sQvti of obstrootfens. The timid somplea, sordid
suspicions, and jealona fean of one nation frequently pio-
bibiied or impeded the exportation of such seed or plants
as were likely to prove beneficial to another ; and all
forei^era were looked upon as hateful rivals or natmal
enemies, whom it waa lawfhl to defhmd in time of peace,
and to pltmder and pauperise in time of war. If this
stupki and barbarooa policy ia not wholly exploded, it is^
at any rate, disooimtenaiioed by the more enlightened
dtisens of the more civilised nations of the worM in oar
time; and hence the work of acclimatisation ia com*
paratively eaqr, and a gratifying reciprocity of feeing and
efibrt is exhibited by its friends in different coontries. In
applying ourselvea to the work in this colony, we may be
animated by such a retrospective glance aa that which I
have taken at what has been effeoed in thii way, with
a view to multiply the means of subsistence and the
modea of e^ioyment, an well aa to augment the attrao-
tivenesB of the natural scenery and the charma of social
lifo in Enffland. Coming into the inheritanoe of theie
thioga, both aa a matter of custom and right, aa auch of
us did who were bom there, we are very apt to take it
for granted that they existed from time immemcnial, and
to Uiink no more of them than we do of the common
bleasiogs of light and air. But when we fiixi npon in*
quiry and reflection, that the energy, the enterprue, and
the forethought of acclimatisera in the sixteenth century
mainly contributed to make England the picturesque
garden which it is in the nioeieenth, we may not im-
reatonably ask ourselves whether it is not in our power to
confer similar obligatkMis upon those who are to come
after us in Austnuia. When we are invited to make
some little sacrificea of time and money for noaterity, we
should reject as a malignant insult the sneering rejoinder
of ** What has posterity done fbr us?*' The questkNi
which each generation haa to propose to itself under such
ciroumstanoss is this. What fiave preceding generations
done for our own ? And if any mao will deliberately ail
down and compate the sum of his ohligationa— the magi*
nifioeoce of the inheritance he enjovs— the legacy
bequeathed to him in art, literature, uid science by the
illustrious dead:— if he will take into aooount the
inventions which have virtually trebled the term of hia
existence — ^whioh have multiplied his delights and
mitigated hia sufferings— whion have given the day
labourer of to-day the command of comforts and enjoy-
menta inacceasibre to the meet powerful monarohs two
centuriea ago— which have made life infinitely happier
and more beautiful for all than it was formerly possible
to be to the most favoured children of fortune^if he will
honestly calculate thia debt, ** the long result of time,"
he will be startled by its magnitude, and will feel that
nothing but the baaest ingratitude or the most degrading
selfishness could influence him in refusing to bestow
upon posterity the slender pittance it may be in his power
to oflbr, not in requital, but in acknowkdgmeot of what
he owes to those who have departed **to join the mi^rity."
In connection with this subject we may add that the
great salmon experiment appears to be progressing in
Australia as satistactorily as the most sanguine of its pro-
moters can desire. The parr, numbering about 800 in
Victoria and 6,000 in Taamania, by the last advices were
about two months old, and perfectly healthy. An im«
portent question agitating the minds of the acdimatisers
was as to the best means of disposing of the Victorian con-
tingent. Some recommended the Gipps Land rivers, and
others the Gellibraod, in ihc Otway district; whUe a
third section, who had an eye to the advantage of market
proximity, suggested the Yarra, which runs by Melbourne,
as best depository for the young salmon. To a»ist in the
solution of the difficulty, Mr. Ramsbottom, who brought
out the ova from England, and who has the soperinteud-
enoe of the salmon breeding-ponds in Tasmania, had
specially come ov«$r from Hobart Town, and gone up the
Yarra between forty and fif^y miles. So far aa we can
learn he haa seen nothing to warrant the impnsskm that
it would not make a aaitabld salmon stCHWi. Witlta'
792
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Novbmbek 4, 1864.
Oeek or Badger's Cr«ek, it appears, would form a
dtmrable nursery. Both are in the neighbourhood of
Uount RidJell, and both are fed by epriugs and saow.
Mr. Banubottom waa also to proceed to Gipps Land, in
order to make an inspeotlon of the rivera in that part of
the colony. An interesting diocn«ion as to the Intare
borne of the salmon took pltoe at the eoiwermikmi of the
AooUmatisation Society. Mr. Ramsbottom was present.
He expressed his belief that in about twelve months
hence Uie young tlsh would be ready to go down to the
sea as emolts, and that in another year there would be
stlmon in the river selected for the^ experiment, though it
would not be fit for mtfrket. In order to preserve the
salmon from poaching, Mr. Ramsbottom recommended the
imposition of severe penalties for such offences until a re*
torn can be obtained. When this return comes, he says,
the colony of Victoria will have about 60,000 in plaoe of
the 800 now in its poifie^on.
BiVB« Coo. — Tne first fresh Murray River cod ever
imported and cooked in Tasmania was served up to a
dinner party at Brisbane. The fish was dispatched
ftxnn Eehuoa on the 18th of August, 1864, and arrived by
rail in Melbourne, where it was immediately put on boai'd
the steamer CUy of Launeestm, and was received in
Launceston on the 20tli, in excellent condition. The
flesh of the Murray River cod is not flaky like that of the
English cod, Imt is very close and firm, and rather coarser,
and does not possess the same flavour. The Tasmanian
Book cod, though much smaller, more closely resembles
the English n»h,
Victoria Railway. — The revenue of the Melbourne
railway, for the four weeks ended July 27, amounted to
£3,201 15a. 4d., as compared with £2,999 Uken in the
equivalent period of last year. Upon the Hobson's Bay
and St. Kilda lines the receipts for the four weeks,
ending July 27, give a total of £5,482 19s. 7d. against
£4,347 18s. 7d. received in the corresponding period of
last year.
Sale or Alpacas. — Ten of the alpacas reoently offered
for sale by the New South Wales* Government have been
■eoured for Victoria at £21 each — a sum ridiculously low,
considering the enormous expense attending the importa-
tion of the animals from Peru.
(Dlrttuars.
JoHK Lkeoh, the prince of modem caricaturists, died on
Saturday evening, the 29th of October, 1864, at seven
o'dock, in the 47th year of his age, after an illness of some
months. Bom in 1817, and springing from a middle-
class family, John Leech was placed at the Charter-
house, where he was contemporaiy with Thackeray, with
whom in latter life he formed an intimate friendship.
His friends intended to bring him up as a surgeon, and
after leaving school he was placed with a general practi-
tioner at Hoxton. The readers of Albert Smith's «• Ad-
ventures of Mr. Ledbury" will recollect the extraordinary
vagaries of Mr. Rawkins— a character fiiithfhlly repro-
duced from tlie original, the surgeon with whom Mr. John
Leech lived, and who was a constant souix^e of mirth to
his pupil and his companions. About this time Mr.
Leech determined to turn a talent for drawing, which he
believed himself to possess, to some practical account, and
he used to give a half-humorous half-pathetic description
of his carrying half over London a large lithographic stone
which ho had engraved, and which he vainly solicited
various publishers to purchase. About this time came
the establishment of Punch, and very shortly after its
start Mr. Leech joined the new speculation, which he at
onoe greatly aided, and of which he eventually became
the marrow and the strength. His sketches, always full
of life and character, were at first very erode and rough ;
IT'x. **y y®**" **« mellowed and improved ; year by year
his hand gained greater canning, while his eye kept all
its freshness ; year by year he enlarged his scope aad »
creased his knowledge of his art. Of tlkesa cbarEJq
woductioDa of his peocil th^^ ia no need to wpak. I
has k)een complained of him that he ww too haw.
but it was DO aflfeotation in him to draw whii fet 4>
lighted in, and all bis horaineBi waa gmSama^
and varied. He drew English women smddMJfcaa
no other man could, and be followed tte Ute ■
female dreai with an aocurMy and a q^tea taf
were positively surprising. No aoooer ws
change in the shape of bonoeta, in the mode fl#
the hair, than you found it quietly aatinaed la ^vm
week's Punek. So keen was hie ofaeenratioa that^
ft^uently woriced a change in the faahioDabie Jaa^k
the street, in the artidet sold by the pa
hucksters, in the alang cries and chalf of the
He detested foreigners, and in his dxa.wiqge dSalid m 6
their eooentricities and imperfections with grin faw
and onoe remarked, '* I only drew tiiem as tib^ s»'
Ton should see the dbgusting carieatore of £i^gfisli
and women now in every priut-riiop In Paas." flii jm»
scape was as wonderful as his 6gare*drawiog; with a «r*
few touches he brought before yoa what be
marvellous reality — a rolling eea with flying tcad at
heavy clouds banking up to windward— diA ai
—41 croquet lawn—an open huotio^-eoootiy— a
field — a Scotch moor — a aalmoo river — noChi^
amiss to him. The nature of his employBi^it, ud fy
bably a great sensitive of oi^nisatioa, nMde be
peculiarly susceptible to annoyance Iran noiMB;aaB
such an extent bad his bodily and mental powen
from these that he was ordered by hie madioal atl
to travel abroad during last sommer. fie ratesesi fe
England somewhat better In physical health, bai •«
more sensitive to the torture of the street ofgia tfi
similar sources of noise. He waa not, however, tksq^
by hii ftiends to be such a terrible suflTerer as he no?
was, and on Friday he was able to call npOB hii mcdMe
maa and oonault with him tor some time. On Saiari0
so little apprehension was entertained of aay lenoaB art
that a par^ of children were enjoyhig themedfet itu
honse when he expired.
Ths Essehtials of SpcUiiMo.— Acompi«heDav«da»
fioation of the difficulties of English spelling and vale tf
roelling, and exercises thereon, adapted to the Be««A
Code Examinations, the Civil Service KTaminaiisit mi
to schools generally. Third edition, reviaed and mUm^
by B. Jones, B.A. (E. Pitman).
^m.
Roman Dbaikage.— M. P. Seochi has sent to K. I&^
Beaumont, for the Paris Academy o( Sciences, as srhi
of the discovery of a field near Alatri, beneath vbx^
exists a complete system of drainage by bmiv ci
burnt clay pipes, averaging fifteen inches in disaMf
more than three feet in length, and aomewlist ht
than an inch in thickness. At pesent these a^ <n
full of sediment and clay, and lie seven or e%M fc^
beneath the surface ; but it is said to be evidttt tb«
this depth has been increased by progreeaive depaBtf.»ii
that formerly the drains were much nearer tbeBBHP
The pipes enter each other little more than an ktdkoi
a half, and there is a space of about a centimetre (enntf
the diameters, evidently to allow for InfiltratiOB. hf
supposed that the field so carefully drained wwthsjJir
where military exercises occurred, and which is aimias
in the inscription already referred to aa llftvlte ^
formed by the same Betiiienos, who nnM ttltTw^
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, Notbmdbr 4, 1864.
798
SOT for hill pablic services. At his deaUi a sUttle wu
id in his honour, and his son was roleasea from militaiy
ice.
rpEcrr of Railways osr Inoobatioh. — A strong
»icion is sfloat that the constant hal4t of riding in rail-
carriages roost be it^rtous to the brain and tbanerroas
em of man, and there is something like collateral
[ence of this supposed fact in the effect of the vibration
^e incubation of fowls in France. It is found that in
hen houses situated very near railways hatching is ex-
Qcly difficnlt, and that vast numbers of eggs jlM Very
chickens, and thi* is attributed, with every shdw of
Km, to the vibrations of tlia earth» whioli, of oourfee,
the more intense ai\d of longer duration in proportion
ho length of the trahi and its speed, and the proxituity
he line of rails.
i OOLIMATATION OF ▲ CRnTMB FlSR IV FEillOB*— The
dimatation Society of Paris has for a long time made
leavoors to intro^luce into the waters of Algeria and the
th of Fraooe tha famous aoarami, a native of Ohina,
which is acclimatized in Mauritius and Boutf)On, where
)ro8per8 and multiplies in a remarkable manner, and at
gth ita efforts seems likely to be suoceMibli M. E.
juard, a proprietor of property id Mauritius, has trans-
tted to the society seven living specimens of the flsh ra-
ved by way of Marseilles. These have been left in charge
Barth^lemyLa Ponimerage, the dlreotor of the Museum
Natural History of Marseilles, id order that they may
:ome accustomed to the eHmate of the country.
Pboduob op Tbbkb Potatoes. — The Ilanlt Advertimr
tea that three large- sized potatoes, planted in Mr.
jisom'tf garden, at Hawthorn-cottage, on Southampton-
nmon, were this week dug up, and found to have pro-
ced 863, weighing in the aggregate 71 lbs. A dozen
(ighed 16 lbs., and four select^ from the dozen weighed
lbs. The largest single potato weighed 2 Iba. 7 oz.
lese potatoes were planted about three feet apart, and
pi well earthed up as they ^rew, eacli root forming a
lall mound alwut 18 Inches high.
Tub Wobkimo Wombm'b CoLLBes.— This college will
en on the 26th instant, at 29, QueenVsquare, Blooms-
ry. On that evening, at eight p.m., there will ba a
Deral meeting of students and teachers, at which the
esence of intending students is particularly desired, and
which addieases will be given by the teachers explaoa-
ry of the purpose and aim of the college. Classes
ive already been formed in English grammar, French,
ittunetic, geography, Latin, English history, geometry,
awing, social eoooomy, English literature, and botany^
here will also be preparatory classes eveiy evening for
ritiog, reading, and the first four rules of arithmetic.
Noara London Wobkino Classes Industbial Exbi-
TioN. — Nearly 200,000 persons have visited this eihi-
tion since the opening on the 17th ult. It will remain
>Gn till Monday next, when the closing ceremony will
) performed by the Chancellor of the Excbeouer. The
wrards of the adjudicators will be published in a fbw
iys, and the prizes will be distributed by the Earl of
haflesbury in Januaiy.
South London WoRKnio Classes Indtjstbial Bx-
ifimoN. — A public meeting, explanatory of the object,
id in furtherance of the exhibition of works of skill and
idustry pro p osed to be held in South London, was held
n Tuesday evening, the 1st of November, at the Rose-
mary Branch Assembly Booms, Peckham, tmder the
residency of J. T. H. Cotaell, Esq., F.L.8., who was
ipported by Captain Dresser Rogers, O. M. Murphy,
#q., O. Livesey, Esq., W. H. Miller, Esq., 8. 8. Taylor,
'•sq., drc. Mr. G. Ml. Murphy explained that the succew
ttendant upon the exhiidtion which was recently held
X the Lambeth Baths had encouraged the promoters to
kake another effort in the same direction, and they had met
> inaugurate an exhibition on a larger and more conapre-
ttsive scale, but nevertheless one wnich would be connned
Xclusively to the productions of the labourbg classes*
Thin Exhibition wotild differ materially from the last,
and also fW>m that now open iti the north of London,
inasmuch as it was intendea to offer money prizes, Varying
in value ih)m £l to £10, aa it was thought that itiany
working men would be put to a great expend, and might
incur an outlsy which they could Hi afford, in preparing
articles (br exhibition ; and the priaei wore intended to
reeottp them tbtt otitlay in sotte slight degree. Hoikrevef ,
if the exhibitor preferred it, ha might have lema other
memento in lien of money, aa it was not intended to fbire
money priaes upon those who Would prtsf^r loniethinff
else. The guarantee iUnd was tor the expense incuiTtfd,
and was totally distinct fVom the prizes. A resolution,
«• That this meeting, having heard the statement of the
hon. secretary of the South London Working CUtflses
Industrial Exhlbitioo, hereby approtn the project and
accord it their most hearty inpport," wai cwried unani-
mously.
Flax.— It is ftlated, on good anthotiijr, thlit the flax
crop of Ulster, ibr 1863, was worth at leaat £20,000,000 to
the country when manufactured.
DnoovBBT or Old Coins.— During excavation! made
at Saint Pons, in the department of the ll^rault, in
France, a mass of 800 to 400 coins wis diaoovered ; they
are of silver, very thin, and but little oxidised. They
are what are called Sols Melgorienfl money, fttrock In the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries, at Melgueil or Manguio,
by the Bishops of Magueloae, and were current throughout
Lower Languedoc A piece of copper was found with the
coins, and ii conjectured to have fbrmed a portion 6f the
purse in which they were originally contained.
CoTTOM ExHiBmoR AT Naplbs.— A curious announce-
ment has appeared in the French journals which it will
be best to give in the exact terms employed : — ** M.
Flourens announcea that an exhibition is to t« opened at
Naples, concerning cotton. A seientiflc congress is to be
held during the last fortnight, tad the French savantfl are
invited to attend.'*
QwouMWAv CoNoatss, IH FaAaoi.— The ftrst meeting
of this congress took phie the other day at Marseilles,
and hae Jiut commeiiced a series of visits to the various
places of interest, in a geological point of view, in
Province. More than fbrty members of the societv were
present, including several foreigners, but no English name
appears in the list given. The first meeting wa^ princi-
pally devoted to oommunioations made by Mesrieurs
Cogand and Matheron, who have given special attention
to the geology of Province, and who were elected presi-
dents. The oongrafs will devote two days to a visit to
Murtignes and Bene.
9fe[
- - ft
f^mtv^mOimti
Study or Gbomxtbt.— Snt,— I take the liberty 6f
saying a few words in vour Journal as to the science of
geometry. It is felt by many, and I think rishtly so,
that this is rendered unnecessarily abstruse. The range
of education is now very great, embracmg as it does nearly
fifty different branchea. It is troa that but few, com-
paratively speaking, master the elements of all of them,
but this is not material ; even our Gamaliels admit that,
as I believe, education must, ere long, be subject to
a process of dmplificatioD. What is the difficulty in
malring geometry comprehensible to the million ? It is
not supposed by me that a general excelleace will be
attained in this, far horn it. Some minds no doubt seem
but little adapted to the undetstanding of the phvsical
sciences. However this may be, it is really deftlrable to
do something in this direetion, even if it only be tolesaen
the wear and tear of oor braini. An nndue expenditure
of this character weakens the mind, and unfits the student
for the ** struggles of life.*' This is, I thiuk, as yon wEl
agree with me, wortbv of consideration by the Council of
your Society. Indeed, I might ny that thia queitioo in
794 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, NoVembbe 4. 1864.
volvM aeveml resulU of serious iroporUDoe. At praient,
however, 1 pftpt these by, though on aiMither oocation 1
mtkj advert to them. Why, sir. is Euclid still retained
as the school book oo this subject? In settling this ques-
tion 1 wish to be understood as entertaining the most
prorouod veneration for this philosopher. Beyond all
question his theories and problems afford excellent practice,
and are, as is generally felt, well calculated to discipline
the mind for &e ooi»sideration of abstract subjects. This
is all very well for persons of maturity, but these' are ill
adapted to our yputn, whatever our practice may be to
the contraiT. Why cannot the results be given simply
as observations and ruW? It seems to mo that this would
answer every ordinary purpose, and be a great relief to
our ooU^pans. Mv apology is due for venturing to make
these suggestions, but 1 beg leave to say that I write
under a sense of duty. Youths well instructed in the
outlines of geometry would, I think, subsequently
acquire with j^easure the deeper truths of this sdenoe. }t
has been remarked of PalisBV, the French potter, that he
mainuiaed his health by the pleasure he took in his
studies. We little conceive the labour we can tmdergo
when we work with pleasure and delight. Perhaps you
will favotir me by the early insertion of this letter in your
Journal; this will call the attention of your learned
readers to this subject. — ^I am, Ao,, J. Gdlvebhousk,
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
MOK.
Tubs..
.Bogntl Init., 3. Otnenl Moathlj M«eUng.
Medical, 8. General Meeting, l. Dr. Oibb, ** On Throat
Congh." 2. A. Balmanno Squire, M.B., ** OnDiaeaNfof
the I) kin oaued bj the Acanu.**
.S/ro-Emtlao, 7*30. Mr. Joaeph Bonomi, M.R.8.L., ** No-
tice or certain Fragmenta of Sgyptlaa Sonlptnre under the
Portico of the Moieum of Bath?
WiP. ...Oeol gical Rode^, 8. 1. Mr. V. Martin Duncan, M.B.,
** On acme Foadl Corali from Jamaica.** S. Mr. Ralph
Tate, F.O.8., ** On the CorreUtion of the Iriah Cretaceoni
Beda." 3. Hia Excellency Sir C. ElUoti, KX.B., "On
the Earthquake wMA occurred in St. Helena, on August
Ifth, 1864.** Communicated by the Secretary of State for
the Coloniea, through Sir C. LyeU, Bart., FJt.8., F.G.d.
$aftnts.
/V-offi CcmmMantn qf PaUtUt Jotimai, Octobtr 2Blh,
GBABTS or PBOVtStOHAL FaOT B OT IO ir .
Baga, fto.~2507— G. Cdea, J. A. Jaquee, and J. A. Fan^hawe.
Baking apparatua— 2499— M. and T. Qillingham.
Bolta, nuta, and Hreta, forging— 2447— E. DaTiea.
Bookbinding— 2491— E. L. Mcolaa.
Button holea, machinei Ibr working— 2657— C. T. Judklna and
W. H. Goaling.
Chains (flat)— 2492— J. Webster.
Chains (toothed) for working In chain wheels— 2515— J. Slater.
Cfaimnej cap— 2463— T. Brown.
Chromium, aalts of— 2460— B. Marndies and J. K. Leather.
ClirooomAter watches— 2576— W. E. Newton.
Coal, &c., obtaiDing fiiel, Ac, from— 2487— J. Cassell.
Coffer dams— 2593 <-J. Shaw.
Cornice poles— 2517— J. V. Jones and G. J. WilUama.
Crinolinea— 2377— C. J. W. Maohon.
Deodorising substances— 2569— A. Hill.
Diuance indicator— 2597— R. A. Brooman.
Dress fiutenings— 2514— J. G. Tajlor.
Driving bands and ohidns— 2474— E. Allen.
Electricity, transmitting currentsof— 2533— W. R. Sykes.
EnTelope machines— 2501— G. H. Reay.
Fermentation, apparatus used in— 2535— J. Watts.
Fibrous substances, dressing and finishing— 2483 ~R. M. Hands.
Fibrous substances, tube fhunes for spinning— 2549— H. Mason.
Fire-arms, breech-loading— 2469 — ^A. Mulr.
Fire arms- 2482— G. N. Bolton.
Fires, composition ftir lighting— 2503— J. W. Nottingham.
Gunpowder, barrels or casks for— 21^9 — W. HalL
Hair-brushing apparatus— 2457 — C. L. Oliver.
Heating and illuminating by hydro-carbon Tapour— 2510— F. WUklni.
Hydraulic rudder break— 2567— A. Paul and E. PauL
Hydrocarbons, manufkcture of— 2525— J. Watson.
Indla-rubbcr threads— 2516— R. Stoir.
Ink, manufacture of— 2506— W. E. Newton.
Iron, bronze colouring— 2504— H. Tucker.
Jewellery, setting stones in— 2577— J. Ludwig.
T.
Knifo bladea*2589— F. Walten.
Leather, hardening— 2477— H and F. J.
Ladies' waist buckles— 2543— J. H. Brietl«7-
Lenses— 2539— J. H. Dallmeyer.
Lifla-boats— 2473— C. CSiapman.
LooomoCion. ikdUtatiinr- 2498— B. H. J<
Looma 2455 ■ E. T. Hughes.
Lubricating apparatus— 2541— W. Gtailt.
MetallicbBttons— 2467— J. P. Turner.
Motive power— 2494— B. H. Huch and F.
Motive power— 2555— F. A. Calvert.
Needles— 2365— R. 8. Bartieet.
Nut and iobster crackers— 2521— A. 8.
Ordnance . c— 2476— R. S. Prowse, H. Dako,
Ores, puriiVing— 2472— G. Haseltine.
Organ pipes-2493 H. T. Wedlake and F. J. KteO.
Photcf^aphy on doth, Ac— 2 465 -P . A. to
PK^ectUee— 3480— W. E. Newton.
Propelling madkineiy— 2464— P. A. le Oomt« de
Pmasiates of potash, ma n n tkctnre of at S t — T
RaUway carrlagea— 2609— F. WaUdns.
Railway signala— 2461— W. Andenan.
Railway signnls— 2512— L. G. L oi sea n .
Railway tnina, commnnication between
2518— M. J. Rice.
RaUway wagons and caniages— 2637-^.
RaUway wheel*— 2601— J. Whldsty,
RefHgerators— 1501-^. Macarthy.,
SaU (doths, Ac, (kbric suitable for~aB61
Sewing machines 1634— W. Brookes.
Sewing maohines 2Bt7— J. Hayea.
Shipa, constructing and arming— 2478— A. Jadfisoa.
Ships' sails, reefing, Ac, — 2490-J. Botchart mad B.
Ships* sails, reefing and ftn-ling— 2489— T. flhoroj and J
Ships* saUs, reefing and filing— 2551— E. P a iae a.
Ships* saUs, reefing and AirUnr-2591— M. Gav^.
Signals— 2456— F. Tdlhausen.
Slide valves— 2502— T. Adams and G. J.
Spring mattress— 2055— J. C. Desnmeur
8team-cultivatioii>2481— H. S. Coleman and ▲. O. K.
Steam engines, slide valves far— 2464— J. W. Qibeoo.
Stoppers for bottles, &c— 2573— N. Thcmpeesu
Taps, cocks, or valve»-M95— T. Lambert and H. C.
Telegraphic posts— 2463— F. W. Shielda.
Theodolitea, Ac— 2375— J. Lister.
Toba«x>, &c, rolling and twisting— 2479 — ^R. E.
F. O'F^rreil.
Vegetable fibrous materlala, pv^art
Water, machinery tor raising— 252»^F. Nohisk
Weaving, battens for^M2»— J. T. Cook.
Wool, oiling— 2471— G. Daviea.
Tarns, preparing— 2475— T. KenjoBt Juu
iBTSntOH WITB COMPLm
Fire-arms, breech-loading— 9690— W. SntfL
^i^
Patsbts Sbalsd.
1076.
1076.
1078.
1080.
1082.
1089.
1090.
1004.
1095.
1096.
1100.
1103.
1104.
1105.
1108.
1113.
1114.
1115.
1122.
1124.
1126.
F. T. Aldridge and M. J.
Jackson.
R. H. Smithettaad J. Da-
vidson.
R. H. Smlthett.
J. LitUe.
J. McCaU and B. G. Sloper.
O. C. Burdict
J. K. Crawfbrd.
R. A. Brooman.
R. A. Brooman.
J. Mieussey.
J. L. Norton, F. Gregory,
and J. Salmon.
W. I. Meacock.
G. GeU and W. Caflteate.
F. S. Barker.
A. V. Newton.
P.Ward.
B. H. Newby.
D. Nevin and W. Coppin.
Y. Parftwy.
J. Potter.
W. T. Henley.
U9L, C. J.
1132. J. Qwdaar, _
O.H.WaiB.
1199. O. RaseltiM.
1141. L, J.,0^ U,i
1. LHi^
1146. G. Hoilissa flii A I
1164.
1162.
1163.
1173.
1330.
1226.
1278.
1293.
1394.
1584.
1648.
1656.
1680.
1751.
1853.
F. Martin.
J. R. Abbott.
W. PowelL
F. B. WMtea
F. BlaekweO.
W. B. Newtaa.
J. Adams.
G.Coles, J. A.
J. A.
D.
J. EUiaaadJ.
S. Fox.
F.J.B^g.
B. Si^Uh.
G.
/Vom C o mmi inicmin qfPmtmU /e i i rf,
PATSXTS OS WHIOB THS STAMP DOTT OV £60 XAJI
IsC
2668. W.Wharton.
2671. E. Green and E.Gree&fjon,
2675. T. Moore.
2698. W. and T. Ryder.
2707. F. Bennett.
2766. J. Archer.
2751. J. H. Johnson.
2728. A^ J., and J
2763. A. F. Ti
HtMitdl.
3863. G. T.
27se. E. Leigk.
2712. J. 8. ~
^Ji
PATBKTf OH WBtOB TBI BTAMT DdTT OV fttOO BAS
2721. J. Newall. I »788. J.
2777. G. H. and R. R. Ceitam. 360. D.» B.,mI
2782. M. F. Isoard. I
Imirital 0f %
THB
0mtg d ^xis,
AND OF
THE INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
HOth Session.]
FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1864.
[No. 625. Vol. XII.
TA'RTi'W OB* CONTENTS.
iLnnooneeintiits hj the Coondl :— ITotiM
to Memben Page 1W
3n th« Prepantioa of Fael from Megea. 195
rhe North London Workiag Claieei I»-
dnetri*! Exhibition Y9t
Proceedings of Isstitations:— OlMgoir
Athenjeam T98
MnnnftMtoref :— Minium of Iron 798
Ooloalea :— Labour Market, Melbourne. 199
Notef:-Propoied Indoitrial Bxhibitioa
in Maiylebone — Exhibition at Copen-
hagen— Cijital Palaoe in Holland—
The Railwaj Tonne! under the Ap-
peninee m. ... ••• m. •— 199
Correapondence :— DweUingi of the La-
boorlng Olaaaet ... ... 199
Meetings ft>r the Enraing Week ... ... 800
Patents ... ^ .m m. m. 800
Lift of Presenta m. ... ... ••• 801
Index ... *•. x^ *•• *** ** 803
Title Pagc^YoL XII.
^mmtmwii bs t\t €imal.
NOTIOB TO MbMBEBS.
The One Hundred and Eleventh Session of
the Society will commence on Wlsdnesday, the
16th instant, when the Opening Address will he
delivered hy Wm. Hawbs, Esq., P.Q.S., Chair-
man of the ConnciL
On Wednesday, the 28rd instant, a Paper hy
Wm. Fairbaibn, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., " On the
Application of Iron to the Purposes of War and
Naval Architecture," will he read.
The Ohair is taken at Eight o'clock.
There will he three Courses of "Cantor*'
Lectures on the following suhjects during the
ensuing Session : —
<* Od the Relation of Sdenoe and Art to Manafactores."
By B. Watebhousb Hawkins, Esq., F.G.S.
*' Oo the Applicatien of Geology to the AHa and
Manufactures." By Professor D. T. Akstbd,
M.A., F.U.S.
<* On the Application of Chemistry to the Arts." By
Dr. F. Cbaob Caltbbt, F.B.S.
Mr. B. Waterhouse Hawkins will commence
his course on Monday evening, the 12th of De-
cemher.
These Lectures itre open to Memhers free of
charge, and a Memher has the privilege of
introducing ONE Friend to each Lecture.
Particulars of the Courses will he dulv an«
nounced in the Journal,
ON THE PREPARATION OP FUEL FROM
MEGASS.
By HsHBT MrroHKLL, Esq., M.D. (of Trinidad.)
A List of Memhers of the Society is issued
with this day's Journal, in a form suitahle for
handing with the volume.
It is almost unnecessaiy to inform those interested in
colonial property that the stalks of the sogar-eane, or
megass as they are usoally termed, form the principal,
and in many cases the sole material used as fuel for
evaporating cane-juice in the manufacture of sugar. On
their supply, theroibre, in sufficient quantity, and of
suitable qoalitj, doponds much of Uie pUnters' success in
harvest ; and dry megass thus becomes a very important
element in preparing for market one of the necessaries of
life.
But to obtain this indispensable article is a labour
attended by many counterbalancing drawbac1i[8, as may
be seen by following the megass in its passage from thie
mill to the furnace. The canes, on leaving the fonner,
have had their juice more or less fuUj^ expressed by the
rollers, and the crushed stalks are either removed by
hand or carried oflf on endless webs to large sheds, or
Ugki, where they are packed for storage till such time as
they appear dry enough to serve as niel. As the solid
refuse of the cane is bulky, the logies for its reception
must be proportionately spacious, and accordingly on larse
esUtes they cost from £1,000 to £1,500. Under the
actual system of manufacture they are indispensable, but
their presence, stored with a highly combustible material,
is a source of continued uneasiness to the proprietor. A
spaik from one of the chlmnies, or from the pipe of a
careless smoker, may set any of the logies in a blaeo, and
involve the whole sugar works in one destructive con-
flagration. Even when the fire is confined to the logie
and the logie itself insured, the non-insured megass fuel
is consum^, and the genend result is that the manufiu>
ture of sugar is arrested or conducted under heavy disad-
vantages. The megass logies are exposed to other and
more destructive influences, at the hands of incendiaries.
The expense which accompanies the present use of
megass as a fhel does not end with its storing in the logie,
as on an average only from 65 to 75 per cent, of juice
is extracted from the cane by the mill, and as the ripe
cane ii known to consist of ten per cent, of woody fibre
and ninety percent, of juice, it follows that nearly thirty-
five per cent, of weight remains in the megass ; this, if im«
mediately dried, would furnish as fuel not only its ten
per cent, of woody fibre, but an additional five per cent.
796 JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, NovBMBBa 11. 1864.
of BOgar, ftn exceedingly good, although somewhat expen-
flive combustible. The available material for the fur*
naoes would thus be increased fifty per cent., and be more
than sufficient for all evaporating purposes required on a
sugar estate. But this unfortunately is not the course
puTBoed at present. The cai^ stalks, soaking io th^
readuaiy sweets, are consigDed in a mass to tfce k>giA
where, under the influence of heat and moisture, an active
fermentation immediately commenoeR, and their consti-
tuents are replaced by equivalents of acetic acid and
water, which are not only incombustible themselves, but
impede the combustion of the woody fibre till such time
as they are dried out before or after being thrown into
t^e hopper, entailing in the one case loss c^ labour, and
in the other loss of heat already generated. There thus
takes place in the logie a direct loss of thirty-three ^er
cent, of the ftiel consigned to it, while the remainder Ites
soddening in its own moisture, and solidifying by its own
weight tUl dug out for transport to the furoaee. Even
here the expense and inconvenience attending the present
mode of using megass as a fuel do not end ; to inaare ita
quality it should be spread out in thin layers to the sun
and wind, after which it must be gathered up again and
carried to the fomace hopper*
The expense involved in manual labour alone, con-
nected with the present treatment of megass as a Aiel, is
enormous, and requires separate mention. On a well-
conducted property (without mechanical assistance) five
haodfl per day per hogshead of sugar made, were absorbed
in the transfer and diatribation of the cnuhed cane, and
about as many more in spreading it out to sun and wind
when damp, as it usually is in this climate. Leaving al-
together out of oonsidecation the laat-meotionod class, and
supposing the megass to be uniformly dry when taken from
the logie to the fitmaoe, it will not be difficult to estimate
tile saying in labour vhich would thus be effected,
aay in Trinidad. Tkke the eix>p at 40,000 hhds.,
which it has averaged for some years; this is usually
«ade in 100 days, or at the rate of 400 hhds.
ner day ; this at 5 hands per hhd. is equivalent to a
aemand for 2,000 haoda during Mop. To save then
21,000 hands in a country supplied with labour from India
and China, at the raie of £21 per head, is equal to a
money saving of £42,000, not once in a way but per-
naanently, while sugar«making is continued. The saving
of labour to Cuba or Demerara would of course be pro-
portioned to their larger crops. This saving may be
dcBcrUaed in another form, viz., without any increase in
tlie nnmberof immigrants imported, 2,000 hands would be
Iftwrated from an employment no longer necessary, and
nade available for carting out manure, weeding yonng
oanes, and other agricultural operations of paramoont
importance, which are now from aearth of labour almost
or entirely neglected, to the great injury of the ensuing
crop.
The evils arising from the use of damp fuel are not
limited to points of plantation economy; they extend
much further and involve th6 social well-being of the
coloniei more than is usually aupposed. Damp fuel pro-,
tracts the hours of labour at the sugar-works from 15 to
18 or 20 hours, sometimes even longer, and the estate
labourers, though fond of the crop season and its indul-
^BAcies, though willing and enduring to a degree unsor-
passed elsewhere, become fagged and disgusted. The
appetite for ardent spirits, rarely dormant, is whetted and
too freely indulged, while the promiscuous employment
of the sexes in protracted night work leads to an amount
of social demoralisation which no preventive or i-emedial
steps can reacii, and which most tell sadly against the
industrial and moral future of both the peasantry and
ttieir employers. Night work was the distinotive and
most abhorrent feature of slavery, and its abuses, patent
to every disinterested eye, led more directly to emancipa-
tion than the unseen horrors of the middle passage.
Having thus, as shortly as was compatible with the im-
portanee of the matter, pointed out the cumbrons insecority
of the megass logie system, the absolate wute of neirlr
S3 percent, of l£e fuel consigned to the logie, the a-
penses, not merely of construction, bat of hand hbor
entailed by its maintenance, and, though list not loit
the social degradation with which it hu hithet)
leavened and oontarainated those exposed io ita DliMOot
it is time to say a few words on an irra&gUMBt utich,
in all probability, must soon displace it Ad appoitos
has been invented by Mr. H. Warner, called i " megis-
siccator," which is a machine for rapidly dn-vng the
crushed cane stalks; itissimplyachamberofironorotfeer
convenient material, traversed by a seria of cadfes
metallic webs, on which the megass travels for a Io&r:
or shorter period exposed to a current of heated air till it
falls out at the lower end as dry as tinder. The chambc
is of size proportioned to the power of the mill to vM
a is adapted, and is so placed as to receive tbo (XtM
canes directly from the mill roller on one extrcmityof
the firot or highest of the endleM metallic wefai. Tbe
webs are in three or four tiers superposed horizontaUr
one over the other. The megass travels along the fct
tier of metallic webbing till it falls on the second oae,
moving in a contrary direction, and placed atoot tbra
foet lower, along which it returns to drop oo the tharJ
and so on till it finally reaches the fiiraacc hopper. iJ
thb arraogement if automatic, none of the banJi «&
ployed in the old system are required.
The megass as it travels along the chamber on iV
metallic web encounters a current of heated air, itm^
an ascending or descending direction as the caae my be.
This heated air is taken by a fanner from the prodoctioi
combustion as they pass along from the sigar bofltJ* w
the chimney. Its amount is regulated aocording to tiK
size and speed of the fanner, whi<A last, in oommon wi^
the metallic webbing, is driven by a small engme^
unconnected with the cane mill, experience haTingswjJ
this to be Feqnistfe. The heated draaght may be coow
down by an admixture of cold tk to •"T ^^ *'J
leaves the fanner, and t^is obviates the leait wm»
the megass being inflamed in the appirtto. OftM^
however, there Is no real danger at any time. |*^
when the waste heat is received fiom a iiuuftti]l)&v
boiler it has been already pretty well exhausted, ay »
400* Farenheit, and becomes stiJl further lowered More
reaching the fanner. In the experimtfital trids of^
megassiccator, whfeh were oonductedoa ^^'^''Mf ^
the fanner, which was six feet in diam«tofi*^^
curved blades, never attained a speed over 2S0 rcit^-
tiona. The webs weie G feet wide, the two upi^ o^
19 feet, and the third 23 feet long, in all about 60 lA
and as they travelled at the rate of from 5 to 7 uk"^
minute the megass consequently took from U to -J •'r;
to dry ; the triaU, which were repeated at intervals m
the season, while satisfactory as to the principle toj'^^^
afforded ample opportunity for noting such modtb i^^
as might be useful in practiee.
The heated air fifom ordinary sugar pans, mbm » n^j
tltubular boiler is not used, ascends the chl®^.,^j
700^ If then it should be cowji*«
temperature of about ..^ . ». «.w»...^ — , ..^
desirable to employ it without much dilutioo, tbe udj-j^
must be so arranged as to drive the heated *lrtOgl»^
wards through Uie chamber, and th«s briof the i^
air first in contact with the megass wet **'**** f.j]
mill, in which state it is so uninflammable that ii ^
immediately deaden and ultimately extinguish Uw-
introduced into the most energelleally-acting iu|^
excess of moisture will thus be opposed to ®*^^^ji-,|
and all danger of fire a^-oided ; as a fiirthof I^^L
jat of steam may be made to enter *!»• <^^»*" ,i,!-A|
GonUnuoo^y with the heated draught, or *J* "Iv^^
necessary by the attendant. To preveol the ^ _^^
action of extreme heat on the vanes of the •*" . ',^^,
as occasionally occurj to dampen, it is '^^^^'f'^^^ient
i^g the former to make proviskm tor •^"*^***"f JlJ^ w
air fi-om without, or the fanner may b« «>P**^tj
draw the products of combustion throogh th« c^^
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, November 11, 1861. 797
isie&d of forciD^ them through. These details, however,
re unnecessary in the present general description.
The donkey-engine need in the trial workings was a
•hoTBe power, and inadequate to drive the fanner, and
t the same time enable the web to carry away all the
mshed canes from a mill which was grinding nearly
hhds. per day; the web received, however, two thirds
f the megass, which was thoroaghly dried with the
inner speed already mentioned, and at a temperature in
le chamber which never exceeded that of the surround-
ig atmosphere by 100^. This low temperature requires
word of ezplanation ; although the draught left the mul-
tubular at a temperature varying from 400*' to 450^, it was
3oled down to ISO** F. as it passed the fanner, by the
Btion of a damper so hung as to abstract more or less the
eated air while it admitted the cold. This precaution,
'hlch was adopted to avoid all danger from fire, was carried
nneceasarily far, but established unequivocally that a very
loderate temperature could, with an increased soeed of
uiner and an aooelerated movement of the webs, dry the
rhole megass. This last observation is important, as it
roves that in practice the niegassiocator may be success-
illy worked even when much of the heat otherwise lost
las been already utilised by the employment of multi-
abular boilers, while by its adoption the disadvantages of
he common boiler system will be compensated by a
upply of good fuel more than adequate for all require-
aente.
It is noteworthy that the effect of flame from megass,
rbich has been dried without losing its redduanr sweets,
I not limited to the apparent theoretical results of the
ombufltioQ of the 10 lbs. of woody fibre + 5 lbs. of sugar
t ooDtains. Coal as a fhel is twice as powerihl, weight
or weight, as woody fibre and sugar, but in daily practice
t is found that for an equal area of grating bar surface
;ood megass far surpasses coal in speedTness of action and
ntensity of result, whether for evaporation from the range
f sugar pans, or rairing steam in boilers. With good
Iry megass a square foot of grating bar will often •vapor«t«
idoibs. of water per hour. This subject has never been
practically examined, although as far back as 1782 Casaux
emarked, that **as applied to sugar pans the long
ambent flame from dry megass was decidedly superior
o that from any other fuel." The intensity of the
volume of flame produced by good dry megass is probably
lue to the fact that the loosely aggregated tissue of this
uel when used alone completely fills up the furnace
:hamber« so that it bums without the flame being diluted
»y much more air than is required for combustion, and this
sdiown by Bankine (see his work on '* The Steam engine
ind other prime movers," p. 284) to make a difference in
ome cases of 2,000^ F. in the temperature of the flame.
The iatensity of the heat thus furnished by the increased
luantity and superior quality of the fuel dried by the
negassiocator is accompanied by great primary economy in
Lhe orieinskl erection of the sugar works, which, although it
somes late into the field, will be duly appreciated by those
who raise chimnies in these regions of earthquakes and
burricanes. A set of works calculated to boil oflf 600
hhds of sugar requires a stalk over 100 feet high, which,
with its appliances, will cost at least £1,000, its draught
will be at the outside 1 lb. to the square foot, while a
megassiccator for an estate of the same scale, of the best
material and workmanship will cost leas, and not only
fhmish a draught equal to a chimney one tfiousand feet
high, but dispense altogether with the use of such a stalk
and the expense of its erection. The results obtained
from the fanner in the working trials were quite in
accordance with the views of Prideanx, as laid down in
his valuable treatise on fhel. While the fanner revolved
at the moderate speed already mentioned, and diverted
the heated draught iVom the chimney, the contents of
the sugar pans boiled fiercely, but when the fanner
2€ased playing and the draught returned to the chimney,
the syrup subsided to a sluggish simmer. The chimney
ihowed a direct disadvantage compared to the mechanical
draught. Should any doubt remain on this point it will
be dissipated by reference to an experiment by the
Nestor of flues (see Williams on ** The combustion of coal
and prevention of smoke," Weale's edition, page 179),
who states that he obtained not only 240^ more heat,
but saved 28^ per cent, fuel by substituting fanner action
for the ordinary chimney draught.
To resume briefly the advantages of the megassiccator,
as contrasted with the ordinary mode : it presents sim-
plicity of construction, facility of erection, durability of
material, united in a mechanism independent of the
general motor power, automatic, self-contained, scarcely
admitting of derangement, requiring but the space of an
ordinaiy boiler, and entirely excluding the risks arising
from accidental or wilful firing of megass logics. Under
its influence the question of fuel on sugar estates assumes
a novel aspect. Ko longer scant and of bad or unequal
value, the megass increases 50 per cent, by the operation
of drying, or rather 50 per cent, is saved which would be
otherwise lost by fermentation. This abundant supply of
fuel used in the manner indicated, under circumstances
the most fkvourable for combustion, is of necessity ac-
companied by speedier evaporation, and this, in its turn,
by earlier closing hours; the work of the boiling house
following fast on that of the mill, the daily labours of a
sugar estate may close with sun-down ; and though last,
not least in pohit of economy, as the quantity of fuel
prepared is in excess of all requirements, there will be no
occasion, with the mere view of economising fuel, to
substitute multitubular boilers where they do not already
exist for those of ordinary construction.
The megassiccator is certainly a great imi>rovement on
the present faulty system. The time will, however,
assuredly come when the principles of a juster economy,
correctly reduced to practice, will enable the planter to
extract all the sugar fh)m the cane, and to return the
residue to the soil as manure, or convert it into paper, for
which it is well adapted, not only by texture but by
qoantity, the weight of the cane-stalks annually consumed
as fuel in the West Indl«e alone being somewhat over a
million tons, for the ten per cent of woody fibre in the
cane is considerably heavier than the sugar it 3rield8.
The cane-stalk also possesses this marked advantage over
the bamboo, and most other textile plants extensively
used in paper-making, viz., that when divested of its
external covering, and 'thoroughly washed, the fibrous
pulp remains of dazzling whiteness.
THE NORTH LONDON WORKING CLASSES'
INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION.
The exhibhion which has been held at the Agricultural
Hall during the last three weeks, was formally closed,
with some ceremony, by^the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone,
Chancellor of the Exchequer, on Monday evening, the 7th
of November.
The ceremony was similar in character to that observed
at the opening, when Earl Russell presided. Shortly
after seven o'clock in the evening the Bight Hon. W. E.
Gladstone, accompanied by Mr. Arthur Kinnaird, M.P.,
and Mr. Samuel Morley, was escorted to the chair on the
platform by the members of the committee. The choir,
numbering several hundred voices, then sang the Hun-
dredth Pealm.
Mr. W. J. Watts, the secretary, then read the report,
which, after acknowledging thankfully the guidance of
the efforts of the committee by the Giver of All Good,
stated it was originally intended to close the exhibition
on the 2lst October,' but representations were made
which induced the committee to extend the time by one
week, and they were the more easily enabled to do this
through the liberal manner in which the directors of the hall
had met them. Although there had been a very general
request that the prices of admission should be Increased,
the committee felt bound not to change them during the
time for which it had been originally announced they
7^
JOURNAL OF THE SOOIBTY OP ARTS, Mty
11, IMi
would be charged ; but when it was determiaed to keep
the Exhibition open for an additional week the committee
fixed the charge for admiation at 6d. The mimber of
persons who hM visited the Exhibition was as follows : —
On tlie 17th October, 4,860; the 18th, 10,233 ; the 19th,
16,350; the 20th, 10,820; the 21st, 8,300; the 22Dd,
11,849; the 24th, 17,635; the 25th, 17,000; the 26th,
16,000; the 27th, 22,000; the 28th, 12,242; the 29th,
14,932; the 31st, 7,600 ; the2ad November, 7,000 ; the
3rd, 5,000; the 4th, 4,413; the 5th, 4,090; making a
total of 196,926 persons. Notwithstanding the largeness
of the attendance only six policemen had been engaged
in the building, aud there had not been a single case of
wilful damage or loss, but a few glasses had been acci-
dentally broken. The prises awarded by the adjudi-
cators numbered 336 — first class, 81, and the second
class, 76; hooourable mention, 179; in addition to
which 10 special prises were awarded. The priaes
wouli consist of a certificate, which in itself would
be a work of art of considerable merit, in the
Italian style. In the centre there would be a photo-
graphic view of the exhibition, supported by figures of
Strtdigth and Beauty and Labour and Taste ; Fame and
Fortune would be at the base, and between them a
medal representing the Qenius of the Exhibition. On
shields would be a record of the opening of the Exhi-
bition by Earl Russell, the closing by the Right Hon.
W. E. Gladstone, and the presentation of the prizes by
the Earl of Shaftesbury, which would take place in
January at Exeter Hall. As a memorial of the exhibition,
the report also stated that an illustrated oatalogue would
be published.
Dr. Wesley's Ode, oornposed for the opening of the
exhibition, the words by W. H. Bellamy, Eaq., was sung
by Madame Louisa Vinning, Miss Susan Pyne, Miss
Leffler, and Mr. Lewis Thomas.
The right hoB. chairman was then conducted round the
exhibition. Dr. B. 8. Wesley performing on the organ in
the meantime.
On the chairman's return to the platf^mn the Rev. T.
W. Fowle, M.A.,of Holy Trinity, Hoxton, offered a prayer.
The choir having rung the " Halleli^ah Chorus,"
Mr. Gladstone addressed the meeting at considerable
length, and declared the exhibition dcMed, and the pro-
ceedings terminated with a vote of thanks to the chair-
man, proposed by Mr. Samuel Morley and the Hon. A.
Einnaird, M.P., followed by **Qod save the Queen."
^r0m^s 0t |nsttt«ti0X5i
Glasoow ATBBNjnm. — The certificates awarded by
the Society of Arts to the students of the Athensom, and
the prizes ofiei-ed by the late Hu^h Tennent, Esq., to
the most successful students, were distributed on Tuesday
week, at a public meeting held in the Lower Hall of the
Institution. The Hon. the Lord Provost presided, and
around him were W. West Watson, Esq., City Chamber-
lain; Councillor Neilson; M. Provan, Esq.; Dr. Pritohard ;
J. G. M'Gill, Esq., Chairman of the Board of Directors ;
Robert Allan, Esq. ; A. H. M'Lean, Esq., and other mem*
bers of the Local Board of Examiners. Proceedings were
red by the chairman calling on Mr. Provan to read
report of the Local Board of Examiners, which
stated that the number of students examined by the
Local Board this year at tlie sifting examination was
52, beiog an increase of five above last year, of
whom 50 passed and two were rejected. Of theee 42
presented themselves at the Annual Examination,
and 38 obtained certificates, four being unsuocessful.
Blfty PSfers were worked and 45 certificates grantedi
via., 19 first claai, 17 second class, and nine thhxl oksa.
There were in all seven priaes awarded, of which four
were second priaea, two first fHxm, and the priao giv«i
by the late Prince Consort, bsiog 25 gsioeB, ud
the highest cartifieate in the gift of thi 8ocii^,wk:t
was publicly presented to Mr. John AQsn, the ataak
eompeUtor, by the Priooe of Wales. TheiUiAHrtLiw
in number, who gained the priaos, via^ Uean. Aliuftiff
Johnston, James Wade, James DougiU Bortkiti u4
John Allan, were each eolitled to £5, given \^h lite
Hugh Tenoeot, Esq., whose loss was deeply fcfabftU
Institution, he having, by stimolating tiM efinU «i 4t
AthensMim stndente, aided largely in oasbUi^ 4a t»
attain the distinguished place which tbejr held is to
Examinations. The Lord Provost then duirktti
the oerUfioates, and gave away the moDej jrni i^
by Mr. Tennent. In addresMng the laeeliog, the \ai
Provost said that he had very mnch fktmn m bet^
present, and having the honour of preseotiog tben »-
tificates. It was a very happy ides of the Soatr vi
Arts-*the institution of theaepriaesand certificates far»-
petitive Examinatwna. That Soeiety wu is » poitU :»
stimulate the attention of young men attoodiogthiTirw
classes of this and similar Institutes in a w*y that (sii
not well, perhaps, otherwise have been dooe. iltbi^
one of these oeiiifieatea might not have verjr siadiTihi
in the eyes of somo, yet they were of mtidi whittt*
voung men themselves, in having stimsUted thea 'a
take the position in these classes they had taktA ut
would prove of peculiar value in their fntnw life,ttthff
would show that, at an early stage of their career, they tat
a high possition in the various sabjeots of theintadir <*
those who were not suoceasful in getting thew ^^^^
but who might very nearly have acquired ooe ot t»
it could be said that they had not been alta^a-
rewarded, for undoubtedly thejr had given elo»ff «ttaf*
to the vaiiona departaaents of study to which th^ ™
addressed themselves than they would o^'^^^^^'^^T^
He had to-night given away sums of ■osey ^w »»
been left by one of their towasaieD,whai«a *f?
great interest in oKMt things conosoted wHb tts |iw *
the citir. and «w«»lbr wi& the edocatiis (rf Jh«;JW
Ux. Tennent had for a long tioae given ^M^»^^
to the classes conneeied with the AttMaana^jH J^
many years he had takan an iotwsst ia mtt* i^
gi-essing through the Univei«ty, ohieflb^ ^ \^^^
following out studies in divinity. He n»f*5Xi ,
these young men teachers in eloootioa, and ^^'^
some other of the subordinate departmeat^ '^f'J^T
their attention by priaes. Sevtfal of ihew he toj »"
pei-manent by bequest or gift, made soiae y«*"J^ ^
death. He had made provision for a portioB of «•
the case of other Institatk>na, but hii being <^^^. <.
denly had. perhaps, prevented that provi«ion fwjw
sUtution which there is little doubt beecBteinpW*^ * J
city of Qki^ow had lost in him an «rtim»ble cit«»>
many Institutions, to which he had o»t^**»**iV^
friend. He r^iced, in looking over the "I^L^v,
Sodety of Arts of last year, to obwrve the p(*»« ,
thU Institution had taken. Looking »\*Jj^ U/.
students who went forward (rom the -^^t^JJjLj
InsUtution had attaiood a larger P«>P<>«''»^*lIJ^^
prizes and first-lass certificates than »»yj^l-,,
tion in Great BriUin. Mr. John Allan (fttw^^
prizeman) moved a vote of thanks to be gt^ ^^
members of the Local Board of ^^^^JLTtt *
moving this vote, he made a special ^iSr^-^
labours of the secretary, Mr. P«>vid- iTfp^
warmly supported the moCion, to wbwn "^['^^w
replied. Mr. M'GiU having moved a vote ^rrv,
the Lord Provost for presiding on the oooaewu, ^
ceedings terminated.
Pms^tnitf.
Mnrnm or laov* — The
NaUofmUi of Puris, has awarded
dedai^a^***'
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP AJITS, NoymBm 11, 1864. 7dft
for his preparation of Mmium de/tr iPJitArgJum — ^ibe
mm« of the plao« of maDufketore in Bclginnu The
SocUiU d* Encouragement and the SociSU OerUrt^ det Arehi-
tecUtt also of Pans, bare likowiee reported favourably on
the product. Tbe nuninm of iroo is said to anairer all
the purposes of white lead, and other preparations of the
like kind for painting, and to possess more solidity, to be
cheaper, to last longer, and to have an especial valoe in
preserving iron fhmi oxidation, and rendering the snr&ee
of wood hard. Remarkable freedom from add or adnltera-
tion is claimed for M. de Gartier's product, which is also
eaid to lie on iron snrfacee evenly and smooth Hkm a var-
nish, eOectually excluding air. It is in use on the Belgian
railways and steam boats, and also in the army and the
prisons ; and it is iMommended for drasnog oasvass for
awnings, tarpanllngs, and other protecting sheets. It
works with linseea boiled oil, like any other pigment, or
with cold oil with a Uttle dryer aaoh at mharge, but
not turpentine ; but for painting iron, to be ezpoaad to sea
water, litharge most not be used. It must be mentioned,
however, that it is of a dark brown colour, bat its toae
may be changed by the addition of Maok, yellow, or
green. Its durability is said to be two or three times
greater than that of white lead. It will bear a great
amount of heat, md, mixed wi A tar, foms an exoellevt
pigment for boats, hardening the wood in a remarkable
manner. When n^ed with oil it does not separate again
like whitelead, or become clotted. The foUowmg are the
proportions given for its use : a kilogramme of minium,
with 14 kit of oU, and ^ kil. of drier.
CiSlOItUS*
Labovb MaBxar, UxLaooainE. — The eold inclemest
weather (Augvst^ 1864) has prevented farming operations
and caused an almost cessatfon of demand for ^at de-
scription of labour. Harrictd conplfm nneoonimbercd with
young ehtldven are In moderately fair demand at steady
rates of wages. Thoroughly competent servants, enabled
to give good refereooes, are in steady request, but young
women unused to household work, or suited only for farm
work, are numerously unemployed, and find dtfBculty hi
procuring situations. Male domestics of all kinds are
comparatively hi little or no request. Rates of wages are,
however : — Married conples, £60 to £70 ; female cooks,
£40 to £52 ; hooseraaids and laundresses, from £85 to £80 ;
nurserymaids, from £16 to £18 per annum ; men oooks
for hotels, £55 to £60; j^qghmen, j640; grooms and
coaBhrnen, fron £40 to £60 per annum ; gardeners, 25s.
per week.
|| ■ .i || I I M r
^tut.
Pboposeo hrMwnuL ExniBmoir nr Mabtlbbove.-^
The All Souls (St. Maryiebone) Glob stands forth as one
of the greatest successes yet achieved in this movement,
smd as pointing out how, in connection with it, the co-
operative prineiple may be intro^oeed with advantage.
It started at the commencement of the year on a basis of
Don -sectarianism and perfect equality, twopeaee per wedi
0jad no entrance fee conferring the use of two bagatelle
rooms with three boards, a suite of rooms for riding,
ehess, draugMS) dx)*, o^per a pipe, and a suite ditto for tM
saon-emokers, a large room at back where elocotion,
Bioging, and other classes are held and concerts given. A
00- operative store has been started, and the report of the
committtee shows a profit of 19 per cent, on the first
month's working. The members can also obtain good
jmd cheap coals by co-operation, a coal dub i>eing in
action on the premises. The committee now invite the
working men of Marylebone to join in holding a working-
daaaea industrial exhibition at Christmas Ume in the
school-room of Great Portland-street, where a public
meeting will flhortl)r be held on the subject, with Jttr*
Peter Uraham as chairman.
ExHiBTrioN AT CoPBNHAOEK. — There has for some
time been a strong desire tliat there should be a general
exhibition of the manufactures and works of art of all
the Scandinavian States, and that it should be held in
Copenhagen, in the same way that exhibitions of the
same kind, which were first held in London, have since
taken place in Paris and elsewhere. A committee for
carrying the wishes that had been expressed on this sub-
ject was therefore some time ago appointed, of which hit
Royid Highness Prince Oscar was selected to be the
president, and the report has just been published, in which
It proposed *' That an exhibition of the products of the
three Scandinavian States— Sweden, Norway, and Den-
mark — ^ould take place in the summer of 1866, and
that for that purpose a crystal palace should be constructed
at Uie expense of the state and of Uie capital."
Cbtbtal Palace ik Hollako. — A Ci^stal Palace baa
been opened at Amsterdam with great solemnity, and in
the presence of inhabitants from all parts of Holland.
The model of Sir Joseph Paxton's structure of 1851 baa
been adopted with much success, and the structure offers
a remarkable contrast to roost of the public and private
buildings in the capital. The project was started as long
ago as 1853, but in consequence of all kinds of hindranoea
being offered, the building was not commenced till 1858,
and since then many circumstances have combined to pre-
vent ita completion ; but the projector. Dr. Sarpathi, has
at last expenenced the satisfaction of seeing the building
finished and opened with an exhibitbn of art and industry.
The patron of the andertaking. Prince Frederick, uncle
of the King, presided at the cereaMmy, and replied in a
most gratifying manner to an address from Dr. Sarpathi,
whom the Prince decorated with the Order of the Lion of
the Netberkadk
The Bailwat Tunmel infi»« the Appbhiwes.— The
tunnel under the Appenines, on the Bologna and Flo-
rence line, has juai Uen opened to the publie. Travellers
may now proceed from Imln and HiUn to Rome and
Naples without any other i nterr upti on on the railway than
the. few miles_wbich separate Civtta Veochia from Or-
bitello, on the
9==!
DwELUNos OF THE Laboitbiiio CLASSES. — Sm, — The
continued ventilation of that important question —
the house accommodation of the labouring class (and
more particularly of that portion of the body employed
in agrienltitre)— cannot bat prove of great benefit, tot
it is one of those cncnmstancee wbk^, sanotiooed
by long usage, has become strengthened by time,
till the mind has become so aoeoalomed to it aa t«
turn with Tepsgnanoe from iAy alteratton. I do Heft
mean to sajr tnat there is at the present time any avMvkui
to considenng the subject, for it is manifestly admitted
on all hands, and oft every po ss i bl e oeeasien, to be one of
the crying subjects of the di^. But I do submit thsct ^
question is not genetally viewed In that light which
conraion sense wo^d direot ns to look at it. That H is
impOBsiMe teoarry out the improvement of the dweDhras
of the lafcourii^ class, as a mere act of charity, is pUJift
without further proof. That by sicb means the bcnevo*
lent views «r iBdividmas may be earned ont is admitted,
and much and sincere praise is due for such attempts—
but through the length and breadth of the land this
would be nitile and inefficient. So, likewise, to open the
door for greater publicity for speculative builders in this
matter, would only aggravate the mischief, by rendering
that more easy which has already produced misery and
degradation enough, in unfit and imperfect dwellings.
But common sense will teach us that, in order to make
sooh a movement as we deahe lasting and universal, the
800 JOURNAL OF THE SOOIETT OP ARTS, NovBiana 11, 1864.
:^
sympathies and desires of the class mast be excited to
farther it. That to have men and families appreciate
the blessings of decent Christian homes, they must learn
to practise those qualities which give warmth and cheer-
i^ilnesB to the domestic hearth>--the qualities of tem-
perance, free-thought, and self respect. Without these it
may be asserted that the poor man, were he placed in a
palace, would find no home. It is with the view, there-
fore, of thus bringing the action of the labouring class
into this question that 1 argue in favour of the adoption
of any system which would give stimulus to the produc-
tion of such qualities as I have enumerated before, and
whksh will fit the poor man for a home where they might
be called into exercise ; and this system, I humbly think,
may be found in co-operative action, of which we have
lately heard so much ; and I sincerely believe that by
giving every encouragement in our power, as individuals,
to a plan which has m many instances worked so much
sobitantial good among the poor, that we shall generate
a mong them feelings which will make them appreciate
more decent dwellings, and those which more befit a
Christian country, thim the loathsome dens in which they
are now often found. Thus will their sympathies be en-
listed in fiivour of the movement, and the end of it, viz.,
the improvement of the classes, be effected by the very
means intended — their having, or trying to have, better
dwellings. — I am, &c., J. Babks Boaunos.
Mel/ord, Sndbuj, October 29, 18S4.
MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
How. M.B. OeogrspUesl, Si. 1. PrMtdent'i AddreM. 2. Captain
R. F. Burton, ** On the Prwent State of oar Knowledge
with regard to the Sooroe of tlieMUe. 3.TheIaiteBichud
Thornton, **Joam^ to the Snowr Peeke of Kilimn-
n^Jaro. 4. Letters from M. da Chaiun and Baron Ton der
Decken.
Tins....Ci?U Engineere, 8. Ifr. G. O.lfana, **0a the Decay o
Materlali in Tropical Climatefl, and the meChodf Ibr ar-
resting and prOTentinc It.**
Statirtlcal, s. Mr. E. T. Blakeley, ** On the Oommerdal
Progreif of the Colonies, 1868 to 1863.**
Anthropological, 8.
.Bocletj of Arts, s. Opening Address by Wm. Hawes,
F.Q.S., Ch^rman of the Coancil.
THVBS...Llnnioan, 8. 1. Mr. Blaokwall, ** On the Movements of In-
sects orer Polished Sarfkoes.** 2. Dr. Shortt, ** On a huge
Banjan Tree in the Chinglepnt district.**
Chernlcal, 8. Dr. Marcet, " On the Brine of Salt Meat.**
Professor Wankljn, ** On the Nature of the Ccmpoond
Etheif.**
WaD.
IJattntg.
I^rom CdmmittUmtrt nf PaUnU Jommalt NcvmXnt VK
Grahts or PBoyisioicAL Pbotbctxoh.
Blasting, safety ftisees for— 2568— W. E. Newton.
Boots, ac, cutting oot and pricking the soles and heeli of— 9S3Y—
H. E. Craren and T. Carrack.
Bricks, tiles, Ac« manufacture of— 2627— B. 8. Anderson.
Carriagee— 2672— J. Maodonald.
Oartridgee— 2623— W. Rlchaids.
Cases and frames, printers* composing— 8619— W. O. Walbraok.
Casks, Ac, emptjing the contents of— 26U— B. H. Taylor.
CentriAigal machinery, applicable to pumps, ftc— 2603— J. E. A.
Gwynne.
Coals, &c, machinery employed in gettlng-^613— J. O. Jones.
Compasses- 2459— E. Y. F. Huntzlnger, Jun.
Corns, bunions, &c., eradication of— 2663 — T. Randle.
Cotton-pressiog machinery— 2462 — H. Nelson.
Fabrics, oompMitlon fi>r SniAinp or renorating — ^2576— J. Johnson.
Fibrous substances, preparing— 2640— J. Hall, W. Dunkerley, and S.
Schofleld.
Fire-arms, breech-loading— 2609— S. Westwood and H. Broadhurst.
Fire-anns, caps fiir— 2324— F. L. M. Dorranlt.
Fire-arms, conversion of moule-loading into bNech-]oaders->24S8—
T. Tomer, Jun.
Fire-places 2S43— B. B. '^lleon.
Fringes, mannfkctnre of— 2667— J. Walmdey sad V. 6. Rtat
Furnaces and crudbles— 2318 — T. A. Bochoswn.
Garments, means of attaching trattosu to— 2S31— J. W. Sott.
Gods, breech- loading— 2686— T. Tuner, jun.
Ink bottles, fiuteners fbr pockei— 2S31— J. Cooke.
Jute, Ac, preparation of— 2606— H. I*. Kolsewdcr nSi^A
Knives, hafts or handlee for spring— 2580— W. aalF. W.^et
Magneto-electric machines— 2486— C. H. CoUelto.
Metal cornioe, &c, manufkctnre of— 2611— T. AUood.
Metal sheets, corrucating, fiating, or f^hioBing -«?4-C. }9L
Mirrors, ovens emplojedin the inannftrrtnre o^a448-J.H.isss
Motive power— 2461— B. J* A. Bromwich.
Oils, apparatus tor distillinr— 2663— J. Nimmc
Oils, extracting fhm bitominoas sobeCanoes— 216f-C.6 •I«^
ProJoctHcs 2587— J. P. Harrfas.
Pumps, construction of— 2633 — H. Batocosn and E. G. tend
Parses, dgar-cases, Ac— 2651 — F. Jenner.
Railway trains, signalling on— 2280— J. Adams.
Reaping and mowing mafJiinae — 2616 — ^E. Bocmliy*
Rotaiy engine— 2629— O. Schorb. _-^v ^
Sail-doth, threads and yams employed in the msDitetait-a
— Q. H. Harrington, and H. and F. Y. Hawetsoa.
Sails, reeflng and frirling- 2568— €. Howard aad W. Wioi _
Sheep's wool, preparation erf, ibr medical purposes-»S3-»» Sffl
Ships* bottoms, preventing the foaling of— 2645-J. BoKt
Ships, propellers for— 2488— 8. Yaile.
Silk, twisted— 2424— W. Clark.
Steam-cultivation— 2466— W. Steevena.
Stays and bodices, covering boaks fbr— 2584— G. Hgfl^r.
Theatres, producbi^ <9tical illaaiona in— 2564— J. ■■*]J^
Tabular boilers, preventing leakage in— 3444-C. B.Bca>
Yams, washing— 2251— A. Wever.
Iirvsxnoir wini CoifPi.BT8 Btncwoam Ru*-
Fish hooks, manufkctore of— 2888— C. O. Crori^.
945.
1120.
1135.
1140.
1143.
1147.
U48.
1149.
U60.
1162.
1166.
1150.
1158.
1159.
1165.
1166.
1167.
1176.
Patbhtb
A.Normandy.
J. McDoweU.
H. H. Henaon.
W.Simpson.
J. J. MOler, Jan.
J. TmnbalL
W. Hirst.
A. Rieder.
C. P. Bt«wart and J.
Greoham.
A. SwcmelL
J. H. Johnson.
•I . zl • vcSmoB.
J. Wavish.
J. Cameron.
E. Hejwood.
H. Woodward.
E. Tombs.
G. Pulsford & G. WalUnnd.
Sbilid. j
1180. T-W-sadB^S;**!
1181. J. A. Wsak<;a.
1193. W. WdM.
U96,T.M.0Wwie.
1198. B. WajOB.
1210. B.F.Wrbs. -^
1224. B.Oytts^l^**'
1357. l.B.Childi.
1261. 0. Homfcsj.
1300. O.Shs;^^
13SI. W. B. ww»
1480.F.A.«.ti.«»^*^*-
1762, C. CIs^
1860. J. P. B«««-
1913. H. Csijer. ^^
2088. A.A.L.P.O«W»
/VOM OoffMiiMiefMrt Of Polcn^i
PAnXTS
1170. J. Chambeis.
1182. S. Dreytous.
1184. J. Rowland.
1185. M. Morgans.
1192. J. Brown and A. P. Prios.
1194. J^ J. and J. Booth.
1203. W. Home.
1204. J. L. Norton.
1205. T. N. Kirkham and Y. F.
1208. R. D. Dwyer.
1200. J. Dodgeon, J. Gankroger
and W. Shaokleton.
1211. E. Myen * T. G. PrQgen.
1216. G. Haseltine.
Sbalss.
}S:g:55ss.
1225. P. Cr«t«>'
1323. J. B. WJ^
1342. W. B. Hjrt^
1912. H. Att»0»*
2069. B. BffUic
a3i3.D.Brtdlo.
PATiarS 01 WHIOH TBS Stamt Dott ot»»' *^
2746. M. and M. Myers, and W.
HiU.
2777. R. Fethney.
2810. A. B. Beraid.
2772. B.W^*
Patbxts om wnoH tbs Btamf Dott or ^^
mir*
2802. C. E. Amos.
2803, C. Clay.
2824. J. -A****-
J
JOURNAL OP THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Novbmbbr 11, 1864.
801
LIST OF PRESENTS.
The following Presents have been made to tlie Society during the past year. The thanks bf
the Society have been forwarded to the donors : —
Pbesehts. Dovobs.
Specificatk>D8 of Ffttenta up to the CommiMioxierB of
present time, and Indexes FatenU.
Abridgments of ditto ,,
Commisaionen of Patents' JouimaL „
loanud of the Sooietj for the En-
coaragement of Bianofaotores at
Munich, 1861-62 Society.
Dfficial Austrian Report on the Inter> Austrian Ministry
national Exhibition of 1862 of Commerce.
Sand-book of Average, by Manley
Hopkins Author.
rweniy-seyenth Annual Report of
the Art Union of London Art-Union.
Foonial of the West of TCngUnrf
Society of Agriculture for 1863 ... Society.
liemoixB of the Royal Astronomical
Society, Vol. xxxl., 1861-62 „
yitiquiUes found on the sea coast of
Cheshire. Rev. A. Hume, LLJ).,
Report on the International Exhi-
bition of 1862, by J. W. Del
Campo „
(pargo's Statistics and Observations
on the Mines of Cornwall and
Devon, 1864 „
Die Science of Vision, by Arthur
Faraey Samuel Paney.
Uusirated Catalc^e of the Brett
Collection Jacob Bieii.
"he Exhibited Machinery of 1862, by
jy» K. Clark, C.E Author.
!udimentary Treatise on Cottage.
Bailding, by C. Bruce Allen»
Architect „
leports of the Royal Society of
Taamania, 1869-60 Dr.MilUgan.
«port of the Inspectors of Factories
for the half-year ending 81st Oct.,
1863 Alex. Redgrave.
tAtiatict of Kew Zealand for 1862... Colonial SeoreUry.
„ The Colony of Victoria
for 1862 „
DOther Blow for Life, by George
GKxiwin, F.R.S A Author.
ipport de rAdministration de la
Cominiasion Imp^riale sur la Seo-
tion Frangaise de I'Exposition The Commis-
XJoiverselle de 1862 sioiu
Pbbskhts. Donobs.
Tables for oomparing British with
Metre Weights, and Measures and
Weights, by C. H. Dowling Author.
Additions to Uie British Museum
Manuscripts, 1846-7 Trustees.
United States' Patent OfiSce Report, Commissioner of
1861 ^.... Patents for U.S.
Introductory „ „ „ „
Australian Building Stones, by J. Q.
Knight, F.R.LB.A •• Author.
Catalogues, &c. , of the Italian Cotton Commendatore
Exhibition, held at Turin Devinceozi.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of
India (PaUaontologica Indica),
parts, 2-5 (Geological Survey.
Smithsonian ContrUmtlon* to Know- Smithsonian InsU*
ledge, Vol. xiii tutlon.
■ Miscellaneous Collections,
Vol. T.
— ^— ^-^— — — Catalogue of
Minerals „
Report, 1860 „
1862
Proceedings of the American Philo-
sophical Society, Philadelphia,
Vol. ix., No. 70 Society.
Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the
President of Harvard College, Harvard Univer-
18^2-63 sity.
Catalogus Universitatis Harvardiann,
1863
Report of the British AsKxdation for
tne Advancement of Sdenoe (New-
castle-upon-Tyne), 1868 ..•« Association.
The New Process of the Preservation
of Meat for Food, by J. Morgan... Author.
Military, Medical, and Surgical
Eraays, prepared for the United
States Sanitary Commission,
Edited by W. A. Hammond, M.D., United States Sani-
United States Army taryCommission.
A Succinct Account of the Works and
Purposes of the Sanitary Com-
mission of the United States Army „
Report on the Plains and Rivers of
Canterbury, New Zealand, by
W. T. Doyne, C.E Author.
Proceedings of the Royal Societv ... Society.
Prooeediogs of the Royal Geo-
graphiciu Society „
Proceedings of the Linnaaan So-
ciety „
808 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OP ARTS, Koybmbw 11, 1864.
Pbesezitb. Doscobs.
ProceediDgt of the' Soci^t^ des
Sciences Natarelles de Grand
Duch€ de Loxemboorg, 1864 Society.
Proceedings of the Society of Anti-
quaries Society.
Proceedings of the Royal Institation
of British Architects.....'. Instiiate.
Proceedings of the Institation of
Mechanical^lngineers, 1864 Institution.
American Journal of Science and Messrs. SiUiman
Art and Dana.
Canadian Journal of Industry, Science, Toronto Canadian
and Art Institute.
Journal of the Royal Agricultand
Society, 1864 „
Dictionary of Chemistry, by Henry Messrs. Loogman
Watts, B.A. (in continuation). and Co.
Transactions of the Institute of
British Architects, 1862-68 Institate.
Transactions of the Institation of SmithaoDiaB
Naval Architects, 1862 and 63 ... tntitfi.
Transactions of the Historic Society
of Lancashire and Cheshire, Vol.
XV., 1862-3 Society.
Transactions of tiie Linnsean Society Society.
„ „ Zoological Society „
Journal of the Royal Geographical
Society, 1863 Society.
Annales de la Soci6t6 Libre dee
Beaux-Arts „
Journal of the Royal AaiaUc Sodety,
1864
Jones's Essentials of Spelling Aatbor.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE READING ROOM.
The Council beg to acknowledge, with thanks to the Proprietors, the regular receipt of tlie following Jooraik
and Periodicals: —
WEEKLT.
Agricultural Review.
AthensQum.
British Journal of Photo-
graphy.
Builder.
Building News.
Chemical News,
Cosmos.
Engineer.
Gardeners' Chronkle.
lies Mondes.
London Review.
Mechanics' Magazine.
Mining Journal.
North British Agriculturist.
Photographic News.
Reader.
Social Science Review.
FORTNIOHTLT.
Canadian News.
Cotton Supply Reporter.
|f(»THI.T.
Artizan.
Art Student.
Bulletin de la Sooi^t^ d'En-
courajjement pour I'ln-
dustne Nationale.
Bulletin du Mus^e de Tin-
dnit-i-Ti
Canadian Naturalist and
Geologist.
Civil Engineer and Arohi-
teots* Journal.
Educational Timea.
Engineers' Journal (Cal-
cutta).
Intellectual Observer.
Journal of the Board of Arts
and Mana&ctoref for Up-
per Canada.
Journal of the Chemieal
Society.
Journal of the Franklin In-
stitute.
Journal of the Horticultural
Society.
Journal of the National Life
Boat InstitntioB.
Journal of the Pharaift*
ceutical Sodeiy.
London, ISdiulnuftb , ■aair
Dublin Philofloplucal Ms-
gazine and Journal of
Science.
Mining and Smelting Ma-
gazine.
Newton's London Journal
of the Arts and Sdenoet.
Photographic Journal.
Practical Mechanics* Jounnl.
Presse Scientifique des Deux
Mondes.
Revue da monde
Technoiogiet.
The Hoitdogical
The Institute and
Gazette.
Veterinarian.
QUABTSBLX.
fine Arts Renew.
Journal of tei V^iiiiV^r
Society.
Joomal of the Bogral IMft
Society.
Journal of the Royal XUM
Service InstitotioB.
Joumai of SdeDoe.
JouTittl of the f^mWd
Society.
jropBiar cnaeiiee nsfvww.
ERRATA.
Page 114, ool. 2, line 6 tfom Gotten, lot «*fla** fted *« wooL**
318, ool. 1, Use 6, of Dr. Marwt'i ipMob, for ** 1«m Mrtieaic
add " read ** more carbonic add.**
fi69, col. 1, line 9, for "«f iti profteson** read "to Ita wo-
fMfon; " and line Si , fbr ** but the artiali haflu ** nad ** the
artiat* not haring."
)>
)t
««
Page 620, parafriph 6, for <* Sltt Fabmaiy
r, 687, ooL 2, Une 10 ftioia bottom, bote* *■
"joang.'*
„ 68S,ooL2,llne37,fitt'*Pttoia''z«ad**PaT!a.*
INDEX TO VOL. Xn.
808
INDEX TO VOLUME XII.
A.
ate, F., water lopplj of Naplei, S«5, 63S
el, F. A., examination of buUdUur Ooaef.
esttiu of, lai
"t experimental inqoiriM retpect-
Off loclfer matches, M
-, H. O. H., H&
1 rftte., 143
idenyr, Ffcnch, blstor/of, Ttt6
, Rojal Scottlah, proddent el ooied,
alhnatation of Chtneto (Uh in France, 783
jlimatiantlon Society, New Sooth Walea,
Ukwornu, 126
cUmatiMtlon SooittT of Qceai Biilais,
aeeting of. 344
■ — - I of VlfltoKiai paper
ead at r«eent meeting oC Y80
; — SodeUea In ▲netmlia and
7ew Zealand, 377, 438
anu, W. B., radial railwi^looomotiTB, 666
, on W«lMler*s paper on Patent
*aw«, 391
■ * eifht-irtieeled looomoavt.
J. 632
lre«.
ehairnum'i, at openiiiff of lioth
»«ion,2
-- — i»H.R.H. Ibe nririilaai. te«
Olaldo Sodetj *f ArdTitt
Blaide InlMMir market, a41
Alaide, progren in, 660
, time baU at, 167
ica, map of; under the Booaaa doqiiBatko,
60 ""
— , Western, trade with, 32
ican coffee, 156
rioultural chemistrr in FraoM, 486
ricultural inftroctioo, bifW. WaUaee
>ft>, 104
ricoltana atatbtlea, 602
rlcoltural laboorers' cottarea, J. B. D«a-
>n, 420
ricnltore, portable rallwar' med la, 676
ricoltore, Britiih, Prof. Doaaldaon, 61
■ — — in France and Englawli 662
■ — in Cali/brnia, 730
in Taamania, 326
in Now Zealand, 308
— • in Victoria, 167
iri, ancient aqoedoet at, diaoovety of Um
(mains of, 780
— , Roman drainage, diaoowr at, 702
«rt gold medal, award of; to Sir Bowlasd
UU, 363, 381
, letter firom Sir R. Hill,38l
— • Institute, Dundee, meeting ttit the
romotionof, 61
— memorial, oonunenconent of, 466
. . sculpton empUmd on, 610
ohol from coal-gas, 776
>xandra.park, 467
"— , reuoral of the ezhibUioa
QUdingto,260
^ali works. Act respecling, 107
a"" C. Broee, piopoial ftr an Art Rofott
etj, 434, 664, 670, 736
"T; — •- . plan fbr combining VatioMl
•"«»7 »ad Royal Academy, 6W
•«J,U»e flock of, in Mew Sostb WalM.
^* *86, 700, 766
"' ■-, lale ot, tM
etioaa cotton, reoeipti la E^aad. 1813.
H a67
Andes, MilwayaoroM the, pfopoiad,61
Animal decomposition, 108
Aniline colouri, award of Oollfus prixe, 674
d>e waste, use of, in the preparation
of pi|mants and writing ink, 97
Animu charcoal, prooets tot the restoration
of, 48
Antwerp, exhibition at, 631
Annual general meeting, 646
• officers elected at, 662
■• election of trustees of Soane Mu-
seum, 663
Appenines, (^eniag of railwv^ through the,
799
Apjohn, Dr., manual of metalldds, 260
Archaaological discoveries in the CampMma,
767
France, 743
, interesting, 680,618
Institute, meeting of, 613
Architecture, the past and future 6tt I^ Doo
de Valmy's prixe, 608, 757
Argostoli, water-mills at, 113
ArmitH«> Mr^ disc., 200
Armstrong, rifled gun, preUmlnaiy trial of
the OOO-pouHdar, 48
Amott, Dr. Neil, elements of physics, 361
Aromatic trees, 327
Arrowroot, diminished preduetka of, 126
— , la If ew Doom Wales, aet
Art AssociaUoa, in Austria, 658
An Belgium, J. Lelghtou, 711
Art criUcs, Dr. Waagen, 16
Art education, industrial, in France, 463
Art, enoourajiement of, in Paris, 727
Art education in Paris, 290
Art exhibitions in France, 276
Art, result society, proposal fiv, C. B. Allen,
434, 664, 670. 735
, state aid to, ^peeoh of Mr. Lowe,
M.P., 14
, under diAeolties, 691
Art, workmanship prixes, lettert from a
correspondent, 321, 339, 354, 451
I I , works in compe-
tition for, 37, 76, 91, 103, 117, 131
Art workmen, on the propoaed connection of,
with the Royal Aoidemy, letter from a
" (Quondam R. A. student,** 47
120
J. Leighton,
263,
»9
Art workmen, prixes oAbred for, list of*
364,458,583
Art workmanship, awatd of prixes, 76
-«— examples, remoral of; to South Ken-
sington, 91
Artificial light ani lighting matorials, B. H.
Paul, 311
Artists, French, 437
Ashburton, the late Lord, notioe of, 326
Ashworth. Mr., tUte,, 450
Astronomical and meteorological science,
French sisociatton for the adTaaoemeat 0^
657
Astronomy and meteorology, associaHoa for
adTanoeaiant of ia France, 467, 567
Atkinson, J. Berington, on fresco painting as
a suitable mode of mural deoocatioB, 194,
226
■ ■■■ , di§e,, 337
Atlantic telegraph, 438
Australia, border customs ia, 60i
,eoalia,730
, eattlvation of tea hi, 716
■ ■, Dutch trade with, 2a
-, emigratioa to, 343
Australia, Western, pasturago. Sec, 259
, sugar in, 377
, Pacific route, 343
, wool in, 343
AustraUan colonies, by Sir Chas. Nicholson,
Bart., 30
Axullne, discorery of, by Mr. S. Piesse,'31
B.
BachhoAier, Dr., disc, 42, 182, 183, 236, 251
318, 351, 371
Balance, photometric, 657
Balance sheet, 621
Balata, as a substitute for gutU percha, 229,
245
Balxe, M. Paul, palntlnp emaillfies en lave,
727
Banbury Mechanics* Institution, donatioa to
found, 73
Band saws, 268
Bar iron la Bydaer, 307
Barometer, w. Hkks, 323 ; W. Syaioasoo
468
Bateoian, the late Dr. Joseph, notice (^, 141
Bayoane, exhibition at, 672, 764
Beadel, the late James, notice of, 398
Beef, dried, fhun the river Plate, 124
Beetroot, crt^ of in France, 729
. SDirit, 190, 741
Belcher, Adm. fltr 13., disc., 274, 350, 386,
414, 672
Bengal asricultaral exhibition, 292
Bentley* K^ disc., 250
Best, the Hon. aad Rer. S., disc,, 431
BeCheU, J., disc^ 362
Bhore Ghaut Incline, 128
Bibliothbque utile, M. LencTeux, 767
Bicknell collection at the Crystal Palace,686
Bibliography, scientific, in Paris, 540
Bielefeld, the late C. F., noUoe of, 859
Billon's gu engine, 728
BioffTMhy, sdentiflc, 540
Bird, H., Dr., utHixaUon of sewage, 724
Bishop, Mr., diic., 163, 199, 251, 450
Bismuth, the recorery of; ftom old type,
658
Bisulphide of carbon, 604
Blashfleld, J. M., <f<se., 200
Blake, B., 468, 486, 781
Blockade, laws oi, Mr. Hastings* lecture on,
63,76
Boat, foldi^, 306,327
Boat building in New Zealand, 501
Boiler explosion, report of, Blanchester Asso-
ciation, 71, 240
Bombay meehaalcs* iastltutioo, doaatioa to
fouad, 73
BoaeUi, ^ypo-eleetric telegraph, 172
Boots aad shoes by machinery, 137
Border customs in Australia, 605
Botany, elementary lessons in, D. OUrer, 701
Bowker, T. E., on improved dwellings for
labourers, 581
Boyle's Tentilators, 163
Bradfleld reserroir, the, 366, 400
Brakes, railway, 687
-, experiments la Belgium on
anew, 73
Brnxil, coal la, 342
Brett, the late J. W., aotloe of, 168
Bright, Mr., oa the pateat Uw, 189
Britbh-Americaa territory, 673
British AsBodaUoa, meeting of, at Bath, 674,
691, 706, 724, 733. 746, 746, 747
■ ■ .- , oh*
itraot of Presideat*s address, 691
801
INDEX TO VOL. XH.
1
BxUbh AnocUtion, meatinc of, ftt B»th, liit
of all the papers read, 709
BritUh Museum, difGontinoanco of mlUtaij
guard at, 143
. , Tentflation at, 3i
, annual accounts of, 439
Brook, Rer. R., gift to the South Keasiagtoa
Museum, M8
Brown d/e for wool, 6S6
Brown, 8., on the metric i^Tttem of weights
and measures, and its proposed adoption in
this cottnti7, 163
firowa, the late Sir W., notioe of, 293
Bruedant*s new gaUenr, 613
Bmil,Comt6 de la Tour d«, Naplee water
■upplj, C3ft
Brush -making fibres, 5M
Brussels, R<»al Academjo^ iaaogiiral speech
of M. de Kejser, 7S3
— , exhibition of cartoons, T39
. exhibition prixes oflbred, 631
Buckland, Flrank, on fish hatching, 267
, rftoc, 86, 449
Bnekmaster, elements of mechanical ph jsies,
359
Bugs, destmetion of; 641
BnOdiag fbr institutions, 104
Building stones, results of eramlnatJon <tf, by
F. A. Abel, F.R.8., 134
» eflbct of smoke on, by A.
Voeleker, 146
Barges, W., lectures on ine arts, as applied to
induftrr, ^llabus of, 161 ; (intiodnelory
lecture). 193; ^ais, 311; pottery, 339;
iron and brass, 346 ; gold and sUrer, 366;
furniture, 381 ; the wearer's art, 397
Bnmoll, O. R., C.B., on the organisation of
the *• Corps Imperial dec Ponts-et-Chans-
sfes** In FVance, 383
, dUc, 386
Burr, H., dUe.^ 374
Burra-Burra mine, 167
Burslem Institute, award of prixes fbr dedgnt
in ceramic ware, fbr the deooratloii of flMade
of Wedgwood Institute, 48
Butter, soarcitj of, 738
C.
Calabar bean, properties of, 701
OaUb harbour, 790
Calendar, a aste at Roman, 635
Califbmia, agriculture in, 730
Calvert, Dr. Grace, on chemistry applied to
the arts (Cantor lectures), 659, 571, 684,
697, 637, 651
, extracting gold ttom
ores, 745
Cambridge local examinations, 344
— — , fbmale candi-
dates fbr the, 100
Canada, customs duties in, 694
, mines in, 190
— — , slates of, 49
■, wine in, 208
Canadian finance, 360
-^— • exhibition, 788
-^— ^ seal fisheries, 668
■ Telegraph Company, 438
trade, 634
Canals in America, 306
In France, developement of, 777
Canton, fbreign trade at, 754
Cantor lectures, Mr. Hastings, syllabus of, 38,
on the law of blockade, 53, 76 ; on the law
of contraband, and the capture of prirate
property at sea, 177 ; the foreign enlistment
act, 178
- — , syllabus of W. Burges*
lectures, 117
, syllabus of Dr. CalTort's
lectures, 281
, W. Burges, fine arts applied
to Industry (introductory lecture), 193;
glsM, 211; pottery, 229; Iron and trass,
246 ; gold and direr, 266 ; fUrnltoro, 281 ;
the weaver's art, 297
-, Dr. Craoe Calrert, on che
nistry applied to the arts, 569, 671, 684,
697, 637, 651
■, courses of for cnstiing ses-
sion, 1864-6, 783
Capo Colony, tobacco In, 398
Capo Town Mechanics* Institution, 72
Carbon photographs, by Swan, 267
Cardwell, Mr., wc., 222
Carpet manufacture, action fbr alleged in-
fringement of patent, 291
Carpet trade, dispnio In the, 740
(Cartoons, exhibitions of, at Brussels, 739
Cashmere shawls, r^ulations Ibr the manu-
facture of, 172
Cashmeres, Indian, 334
(Tatting, an enormous, 788
Cast Iron, hardening of, 776
Cattle market and abattoir, great eentral, for
Paris, 767
Central committee for elementary examina-
tion, results of examination In 1864, 635
Ce que raconte una grille de fbr de I'ln-
flneaoe des femmes sur rarchiteeliire, 674
Chadwick, E., dOe., 86, 334
Chain cables, on the testing of; F. A. Pagtt,
C.B., 403
ChaUoner, CoL, disc., 6T
Charcoal, animal, proeew Ibr the rttloraHon
of; 46
Charges at hotels, 30
Charing-cross rallwi^, opening oi; 143
Charley, W., on flax crop. 1863, 154
Chatham dock -yard, machinery in, S76
Cheek, G., on submarine ships, lis
Chemical tedmolocy, RIchardaon M»d Watts
on, 73
Chester, Harry, his address to the melfop6Utaa
police, on education, 106
» on Mr. Webat6r*a paper on the
patent laws, 394
-, dbc, 6T
China cotton, 376
grass, 437
Christoae, M., the late, BOttoe U, I7i
Churchill, Lord Alfred, M.P., di9e,, STl
CIndiona, cultlration of. In Jamaloi, 157
Cltte onrribres de Mulhoose, €39
Clarifying wines, 376
Clark, D. K., cydopcBdia of exhibited ma-
chinery, 466
Clarke, G., disc, 386
Ch^ pans, sugar boiling in, SI
Cloth shearing madilne, 616
Clothes, cutting of; by machinery, 133
Club-house for artiaana, 675
Cluny, Hotel, specimens of Frend& fhieaee,
ftc, la, 239, 453
C^oach-making trade, Industrial Exhibition
in, 740
Coal, imports of. Into LoadOB, 33
,la6nstralU.aatt -.
, In France, 790
, In New South Wales, 208
, In New Zealand, 398
, in the Poqjaub, 376
, in the Southern Statos, 633
-^, and iron in France aod oChor ooontriea,
377
Coal and water supply in New Zealand, 763
Coal mines, loss of life In, 702
Coal, on the waste of, P. L. Simmooda, 463
Coal-fields In BraxU, 343
(Cochineal, Teneriflb, 777
Codfish, rirer. In Tasmania, 792
Coffoe, African, 166
, oonsomption of, 189
, as a disinfectant, 360
■ , and chicory, P. L. Simmonde, 643
Coffer-dam, portable, 437
Ck>hesion flgiut> of oils, 246, 279
Cirinage, bronxe and copper, 176
Coins, diacorery of old Roman, 17
-, the current gold and sUrcr of ill
countries, work on, by L. C. Martin and
C. Trubnor, 33
Ck>ld, the production <^, by the expaaatoa of
air, A. G. Kirk, 733
(3ole, H., C.B., on dwellingi Ibr^e labour-
ing classes, 767
, on Mr. Webster's paper on
the patent laws, 390
., disc., 66
Collyer, Dr., dUe.^ 371
Commercial law, intematloaal. Prof. Leone
Lerl on, 99
Competition In French trade, 140
(Conference of Institutions, thirteenth annual,
523; subjects for discussion, 457
-, report of secrctaiy, 623
— , appendix
and tables of statistics, 526
district agents, 530
unions, adrantagci of, 531
-, working men's dubs, 533
-, education of females, 635
-, phyrical education, 536
-, yonths' institutes, 636
-, prixes for art- workmanship, 637
Conference, OB aUee^t Antfbi
rernment of iastttsMu ti bk»i
hare obtained the oartilaaa a am
tioiia,637
. publlAlataaWKr:
Conference oa dwtfIiifi«fhtoBiir<*
203; points fbr d'ecoia, S; leti
meetijig, 457, 4T3, 4«S
Cooking withoot fire, TSt
Co-openulve aodetks is QMlaLX
CopcAhagea, exhU^ttsBK, »
C<>pper teom CadJangannanai
Copper mine, Sydaaj, HI
^■^— mining oaLiksaapate,*
paint, 341
— ^— smeltbg, Mr.9pssn,nT
Copyright, Mr. Blad'iWB,m«*
304; report of coaauiin,fn
Copyright in eagrariafi^ ssaka ^ ^
caeea,577
'.tdkubutt
meat of, 631
Corka, rerlred, 760
Cora, preeervadoa of, II
ComeUos Ughtiaggasliydidiifii^^ .
Comish mines, mmmpOmdiatft*
CoameUe poiaons, 614
Cottage boiidtagiaHsvZiriai^
Cottagea, agrlceltBral, iripi r«^ ■
eompetitionfbrDeBl09|ciM.Ul
- 01 III aasrt
J. B. Denton, MJ.(XEn«»
Cotton, adolteralim of; let ts |V*>
in India, 765
— , Anaerican, 617
eoltiratien laA]ccris,W
-f^ia(a.M
01
,exhIbitlOBoe.atTBria.3C
f^HB China, J7f,«TJ
the Gold (kNst.IC
.growlng*ffHew8oiA»^
of; 519
in Pfpras, 138
Jamaica, 360
Mexico, 391
— .—_ ^■■■■BlmLlll, K**^
the Rirsr Platav^
Texas, 764
(3ottofl> maaulbccans, 10008,11'
, market, 678, •» „,„,^s
; new kinds of. P- K?Sf!?»»
;oBclalral«eoi;Ujw<ift-*'
1863,89
,Perslaa,71l
, Sorat, 268
; prixes to M^Jrt^W
Cotton Supply Assooaaoe, » ^^^^i^
Cotton and labour mff^> » ^-'^^
Ber**on, 49 ,. ,. ^
CouncU, list of. fbr >?":*I' Staff
Cow'a milk, fxperimenti to IW»
Crace,J.0.,*»e.,2«.»«
CrawfM, J., difc, 26
Crinoline, 779 „ ,^
Cruikshank, G., *^!i2«« »
Crystal Palace at Amit«*»'"^
Culrerhousc, studj rfpyfji IT
Customs* ports, *c W of, if- w"—
Currant trade, «ke. 8» -^,^v*
CJydopoedia of meftU art! ("ww*^
Cyprus, cotton la, 138
D.
Dalton.Dr.H.G..«»^^°'"^
on animal deoo«J«^^ ,^^^
Daly, Cfsar. '* Co q«». ^
griUe defer, 4c.. •"^si
Danish imports ^^^S^ a( "^^
Dart, R.. on the atmtK» «
a«wagc,100
Daries, Mr., dt$e* IM „^,._-|ri u,H '^
Dary, Sir Homphr^. »«»»*
aance, 596 . iwMMei^^
Darys, Dr. (BUbop of I"**"*^
Decomposltloo. aataiaj. «g ^^i9
megisthereon, ^'l^^^fS^^.
DecStUre arts, by Jh^ ySBf V
works of, 43e^6 I6^W^"jtfi^
■ketches by. MT
INDEX TO VOL. XII.
806
Danennm, 0(dd and ooltoa in. 335
Dcnnuui, J. L., oa Um tUm and Ua tnkt^ 336
Denmark, King of, aUe of gaUeiy, Y39
Dentoa, J. B., C.B., on the eoonon/ of
agrlcoltnral ootUgea, Ac, 420
— •<Km.,433
Danton prizef, deilgnaln oorapetitkm fbr, 131 ;
report of jutlgea on, 401 ; oxhlbitioa of
deaigos, 419
Dedgns tot neir 1>aiJdlnK> on ilte of exhibi-
tion 1862, 142, 378. 389 ; award of pricea, 417
Despatch, pneiunatic, 191
Detatched lever eecapement, prise ftwv 27t
Diamagaetie action of water, 309
Dlckee, Mr., due., 183
Dickson, Dr. R., dtie., 80, 224
Dictioniiaire de chimie induatrlelle. Barrel-
TiUe et Qirard, 634
Dietariee, gaol, bj Dr. Bd. Smith, 065, 679
—----., public and prirate, bj Dr. Ed.
Smith, 212
-, use of sugar in, 101
DUke, the late C. Wentworth, noUce of, 716
DUw^n, Mr., M.P., oommittee to enquire into
patent oOlce, Ac, 468
Dinnera, Felix Sununerlj on, 790
DiilocaUons, instrument fbr the reduction of,
102
Disraeli, Mr., M.P., on hOMiirers* eottagee,
731 ■
Distribution of prizes, ** Sooiit^ dea Baaux
Arts appliquea h rindustrie," Paris, 105
Do^ca, amalgamation <tf St. Catharine's and
London, 17
Donelan, J., list of oostoms* ports, Jto., lU
Doors, new mode of hanging, 632
. DowUng, C. H., metric Ubiea, 634
Drainage, Roman, 792
Drawing cop/ books, elementary, 175
Drying chambers, new potter's, 171
Dublin ExhibiUon, Royal Society, 1864, 17,
172, 455
, international, 1865, the,
486,661.695
Dundee, Albert Institote at; meetinr ftr the
promotion of, 61
Dutch colonies, the, 190
trade with Australia, 241
' pain-tings, loan of Soitth Kensington
Museum, 727
Dwellings ftor the labouring olaaea, 263, 363,
2dl ; Tote by City of i^omdau Air, «*• ^ww-
ftrence oo, «72, 4^; letter on, J. Banks
Bobinaon,
Dwellings, fireproof, construction of, 721
Dyce, the late W., R.A., notioao^ 241
E.
Eagle, P. A., gold and other mining in Vic
toria, 460, 483. 499, 538, 654
Early photog raohs, alleged, 142
Earwenware, adraaced prices of; 343
Ecote dea Beaux Arts, Paris, re.ornalaatioa
oi; 31, 95
Economic museums, oAr by Mr. TwIiUng to
aid in promotioa of, 480
Edgar, Mr., dise.^ 251
Edgington, B., oa Capt. Fowke*0 monaler
tent, 619
Education in France, 191, 344, 760
and the poUoe ft)ree, by Harry
Cheater, 106 ' ^
Egga, preserving, 718 ; Dr. Wyide, 781
Elcho, Lord, M.P., disc, 902
Electric fertiliser, 137
light, Oshing by, 596, IVt
-, submarine, 744
tolographf, statistics cC 71f
tell-tale. Smith's, 602
- regulators, letter on, by W. Ladd»
74 : 8. Highley, (Ki-.. 30 ; Letter on, _
telegraph, Bonelll's Type., 172
-, New Zealand, 360
Electricity, the appltcatioas of, 748
applied to gas lighting, 74T
Electro -metaUargy ia pui«, 306
Electrotype ropi>^ of Plaa Qatea, ISO
£JemenUry examinations, 486
Elements of physios, by Dr. Anotl, 36t
Elgin. Earl of, th« hu«, notice of, 80
Ellis. Dr., disc, 68
Eogrii^li art, French opinion of; 340
Engra'ving, lino, encouragement of, in Fnmce
T38
-■ on metal, on an laetnataneMH
tboa of, M. Vial, m ™^
Engraving on metal* on an initaotaneona jda-
^od oi; Davies and Hunt« 227
ph(
inallsation
J. Leighton. 184
Ermitage ooUectlon, St. Petersburg, 592
Etudes sur Fhistolre de I'Art (studies relative
to the study of ait), M. Yltet, 687
Examinations, notice o4 in chairman'i ad-
dress, 5
, offer of a priae for Italian by
local board of Royal Poiytedmic, 37
■, iu>tioe to local boards, 91
, list of local boards, 298
-, prizes and oertiUcates awarded
to candidataa, 1864, 503, 522
, Secretary's report to Council,
523
529
-, elementary, results oi; 525
-, Examiners' reourka, 525
«, table of candidataa* occupations,
-, tables of reaolts, 526, 627, 528
, papers set in 1864, 675, 589,
O0%«ia,£4A. 563, 677, 689, 709, 719
-, dominations for snoceasfkil can-
didates, 584
-, programme of, fbr 1865, 619
-, Government appointmenta, 402
of the Society of Arta« Bamelt
Blake on, 486, 781
, Cambridge local, 344
Exhibition industrial, NOW Zealand, 1865, 16,
174, 292, 604, 700
' , Hastings and St. Leo-
narU', 779
building, tflbct of wind on, 89 ;
removal of, 70, 771
— 1861 and 1862, menuvial to record
sites of, 364
. 1851. commissioners of, election
of president, 37i
, 1862, demolition of bnildinff of,
771
606
-, agricnUnnl i%Franee^ 376
— »Aigaiian univttsal agricultural,
— , Amsterdam. 672, 685, 790
-) ancient, in Egypt, 120
— , Antwen), 631
«r* A^ikiu^ f/» indoatrj, Paris,
distribution of priaes, 105
, art at Malinea, 630, 098, 7U
— — , art in France, 276
695
-, Bengal, 292
~, bouquet holders, 159
— , Brussels, prizes oflDerod, 631
— , Brussels, cartoons, 739
■»*, Canadian. 788
— , at Copenhagen, 799
— , Dublin international, 486, 661,
486
-, DabHn milHary indnstrial, 112
-, Dublin, industrial, 1864, 17, 172,
604
-, industrial In the eoachraaking
trade, 740
-, industrial at Sierra Leone, 343,
>, intematiottal, at Opotte, 707
in Jamaica, grant tor prizes re-
quested, 190
, Jet ornaments, at Whitby, 604
, Lahore, 300
— — ', living artists In France, 322, 403
, Malta, 246, 265
— — — . Marylebone working classes, pro-
posed Industrial in, 799
, North EJondoa working classes.
i67, 592, 661, 675, 752, 767, 769, 793, 797
of building materials in Switzer-
land, 430
517
of C3tton in Vaples, 793
- of cotton at Turin, 342
- ef Mulnady's works, 106, 243, 276
- ofoystera,Boisde Boulogne, 767
-, Painters Btainers' Company, • 17,
-, Paris, 1867. 780
-,pennaneattn Paris, 500 -^
-, railway agricultural ia France, 541
-, South London working classes.
73,266,304,708
, stained glass, Soirth Kensington,
00,041.500
-, Sidney, 400
*— I Vienna intematloBal, 61, 191
Exhibition, Rouen ceramic, 672, 773
; — — , worlLing-mon's, proposed at Bir-
mlngliam, 753
"» 1862, Juyr Reports, 117, 131
'-» building, renioval of. ifii •
to MusweU-hiU, 20(La(IO """*»«'*»
••♦ site dcsi^nis for building ob*
142; designs received, SJi, 399, 417 "
Explosions, boiler, report of the Mftn^i^^ ntqp
AssodaUon on, 71, 240, 306, 396
Explosions in mines^ method of preventiAff»
486
Explosive materials, slaring on water, 788
Eyton, H. M., on the lire proof oonstruotioia
ofdweUingiy72I
P.
Factory act, new, 632
acu, extension of, 518
in the Potteries, 775
Faience, old French, specimens o^ in tha
Hotel Oluny, 239 -m .-rr
Fairbalm, Dr., on mills and millwork, 98
Farming in India, Ueut..CoI. Groeoaway, 400
Farr,Dr..(«sc., 169
Fatness, ellbcts of liquids in producing, 606
Fawcus's fire-escape ladder, 327, 701
" ' ' mode of luuiglng doon» 632
Fees on railway bills, 113
Felt, substitute for, 180
Female art in France, 672
■ art-students, 323
candidates for examination, 100
Fencing machinery, mill-owners fined for ne-
glecting, 32
Ferrier, the late ProfiMsor, notice of; 648
Fertiliser, electric, 137
Fennell, Mr. (Goremmeni inspector of flih-
erles), disc., 273, 448
Fibres for l»rushmalcing, 566
F^i Itlaads, commerce of, 754
Financial statement, Sodety'i^ 521
Fine arts in Bordeaux, 430
France, 540, 655, 676, 614, OBOy
646, 730
Italy, 692
— Paris, 200, 333, 436, 591, 775
•> schools of, hi Paris, 31, 95» 106
Fire-arma, Ameaeaa,H. W. Revelry on. 34
!>• brijrade bill, lU
Fire-escape ladfler, >w«oii»«, 327, 70L
Fire-proof construction of dwelUaga, H. H.
Eyton, oo the, 721
Fish, Canadian, 757
preserves in France, 007
hatching, FVank BudUaad on, 267
Fisheries of France, 015, 754
— , Canadian seal« 560
Fishing by electric UglU, 695, 757
Flax, New Zealand, 15, 191
, ia Tiswania, 377
, tow and waste, Frenah dn^ on, 291
, crop of, in I«eland« 1863, report by
W. Charley, 164
, cultivation o^ in IreUmd, 662,' 698
in Natal, 777 '
■ , growth of, in AnstraiJa, 377
, nuudut la Cork, opening of;.753
, on the CeetlBent, 504
, enppiy nf, £. W. Ttent. 115
, trade, tlie, 715
in Ulster, vahMcf, 793
Flint Impteneeais, diaeeraty oC 742
Folding boat, 306
, H. w» Beveley* 387
Foreign natieas, trade wHh, 789
fbreigaars in England, sta tis tics Ot the num-
her and ocoupauonsof. Prof. Leone Levi, 733
Forging noUs. by photcffrapliy, 113
Fothergill prize, 10
Foul air, safety apparatus in, 600
Fewke, Caytain, awasd oT Government priae
for destgna totlMlldingaonfiaa ef exhiblilflSk
ofliOO,4t7
■ ., hk aiQiiitor teat, B. Eding-
ton, 619
-, A. Hur-
ray, 541 ■ " ,
Fowler. J.. *«<•-, 07^
Fox, the late W. J., noMce of; 51B :»
Fox, Tabot Mr., cheaieal photographic
engraving by, 31
France, exporU from, 306, 438, 616
, raUway statlaUcs in, 779
, trade In, 32, 140
— * — , woollen tnde in, 300
em
INDEX TO VOL. XII.
Itnmtt «nd Balglani, rtdocOoa of import
diitl«t,698
i^MUU^Mr.,due..l69
Freer, the taie Arohdeaoon, notioo of^ 98
'ErcBoh artiiU, 437
, opinion of BngUfh art, 340
f^TMOo ^ntinc , u » ioitable mode of mtml
decoration, J. Berington AtkinB0ii,194,2a5
, J . Lelghton, 204
■ in water tlam, hy E. M. Ward, 8t5
Frefooes, H. C. Lacgr, 23f
<— the, in the Hooeo of Lofdi, 668
Frnittrade,2tl
Fuel, preparation of from megaM, T06
Furnace, oil lamp, Qrlfln*a, 117
Fomitore, exporb of; 343
TjU, W.Wallaoe,onagticaltBrallmt n ictiOB ,
103
O.
Oalet, dlsaatrouf eflbola of the lato, 134
Oaltoa, F., meleorafraphioa, 83
Gambia, export of groiukd nnta, 136
'Qtuoi dietarr, raeratloM of the reeeat com-
mitteee, Dr. E. Smith, 666, 679
Ganot, Prof., on elonentary phjnicf, 73
Gardner, E. V., <Mm;., 337
Gas, meararement of, 746
Gai enrine, Lenoir, 673, BiUon, 738
Gae Uchtinff, C. Tomlinioa, 619
, \}j electrlcitj, 747
, proflti on, lia
Geographj, diotlonarj oi; Keith Johnitone,
778
Geological conrren in FVanoe, 793
Geameti7, ftodj of, 793
Genera, the watchmatlpg trade in, 368
tlenoi^ ettabliahmenti at, 133
German J, prise hlftorj of, 360
Ge«ner, the late Dr., notioe of; 56T
Ghiberti gates, caft« of, 341
Gilbert, Dr., (Mfc., 86
Gilbert, J. U., on the metropolitan lewago,
101
Gill, Dr. W., the late, noUot of, 60
Gladrtone, Dr., difc., 43
Gladttone, T. M., dise.^ 413
•, the Right Honourable W. E., on
direBian fbr the lahonring oil mm, 768
Glaisher, Mr., on the ■tora(LO''0«ftr-eo, ss*
Glaaf, ormiii>iit>*iim wr«l
dlTering, 173
Qlenelg eettlement, 368
Globe, metrical, 661
Glover, on meawrement of gae, 746
GodaTC«7 rirer, opening of the, 666
GodfHj, the late Mr., notice of, 98
Gold coinage, Sydnej Mint, 616, 686
— in Qneenaland, 397
— ooa«t, cotton ftrom, 167
— , extraction of, from anrlfaroai orti , Dr.
Grace Calvert, 746
— - in New Sooth Walei, 186, 618
New Zealand, 16, 136, 616
— VanoonTer's laland, 341
Victoria, 167
Gold and other noining la Victoria, hf P. A.
Eagle, 460, 483, 499, 638, 664
Gorge'i preserraUon of meat, 19
Goanelle, the late M., notice of; 100
Graham, Peter, disc., 373
Grain, export of, firom South AnitraUa, 341
Great Eaatem steam-ihip, pnt ap Ibr lale
336
Greece, reeooroea of; 118
Green, the Ute J. H., F.R.8., notfoe oL 111,
Greenawaj, LieQt.-ooL, fkiming la India,
466
Greenbaokf, maanfkotore of, 713
Gregson, 8., M.P., dite.t 39
Grej, J., dite., 69
Griffin*! oil-lamp ftimaoo, deioriptioa of; 131
Oroond, value of, in the metrtqpolif, 33
Groond-nnta, export of, firotn Gambia, 136
Goano, decline in export! of, 666
Gon, Maokajr'i new, 369
Gon- cotton, the preoent ftate of luowledge
in regard to, 367, 686
Gun!, !tor7 of the, bv Sir E. Tennant, 617
Oornej, S., M.P., dttc, 373
GotU-peroha, labiUtatei ftr, 339, 246
H.
Haohette, the late Monflenr, 648
Hall, Mr., cTtw., 274
Hall, the late Samnel, notice ot, 109
Hamiltoii, E., di$e., 38
Hammick, Mr., disc., 68
Hampton-ooort, the gallerlea at, 31
Hancock, Walter, di$e,^ 384
Harding, G. P., on cold drawing itoel and
other tube!, 279
, the late J. D., notice of, 89
Harrlo!, Mr. (Poor Law Board), disc., 331
Harvest and the corn trade, 686
Halting!, G. W., hii lectare on the law of
blockade, 63, 76
, on the law of eontraband,
and the oaptnre of private proper^ at lea,
177
—>-, on the tottHgn onlbtmont
act, 178
-, diic., 383
Hawet, W., letter on the new ijitem of
weight! and meaaoro!, 179
, di$e., 163, 168, 361, 338, 372, 433,
460
, conference on Ubooren* dwel-
Ungs, 473, 489
Hawe!, T. Gomev. tobacoo at the Cape, 696
Howard, C. P., dUe., 433
Hi^jwood, Mr., dice., 387
Heat, laying on, 138
Henri II. ware, 693
Henrj, M., on trade marki, 143
Henemin, Mr., dite., 183
He/wood, J., aise.t 167
Hick!, barometer and thermometer, 333 ; W.
STmona* letter on, 468
Hignlej, S., on Ifr. Holmea* paper on mag-
neto- electridtj, and it! appllcirtion to U^t-
hoose porpoies, 43, 89
Hill, Sir Rowland, award of Albert Gold
Medal to, 363, 381
Hilton, Mr., due, 361
Holbein, !appoaed vrorks b/, 691
Holland, E.^M.P., diic, 67
Holmw, F. H., dite., 41, 43
, on magneto-eleotrldtj, and it!
appUeation to Ufhumue parpoaee, 39
U7,43
.,B.High-
, Sir William, "Balato** «abrtltate
- ■
ttit gutta percha, 239, 3 46
. I TTw aTi ■i^rr iif T' g * n "f lf ^/ ' ^r *' ~^^
~ Horolofical Institnte, priae oflhred bj, 377
Horae-red poaltir, 667
Hotel Dien, Pari!, 688
Hotel!, charges at, 30
Hunt, Edmund, on Mr. Webiter*! paper on
the Patent Lawi, 393
, the late W. H^ notice of, 336
I.
Illuminated mannacripta, aale of, tn Parla, 341
Illumination of atreet namea, 780
lUnaiona, optical, 209
niustrated booka, 169
Imp<^ta and Exporta, Increaae of; alaoe 1864,
191
, fVenoh, 1863, 806
Incmatation in ateam-boUetf, W. C. Page,
376
Incubation, effect of rallwaja (m, 793
India-rubber, exporta of from BraiU, ftc, 776
— ^— — telegraph wirea, 693
Indoatrr, rewarda fOr In France, 743
Induatrtal Art in France. 136, 673
Indnatrial Exhibition, mlUtarT, at Dublin, 113
, North London Work-
ing Claaaea, 467, 693,661, 676,763, 767, 769 ,
793
., T. Winkworth, 676, 767
-, opening of, bj Lord Ruaaell, 769
-, South Loudon Work-
ing Men^a, 73, 366, 304, 793
-, working men*8, move-
ment at Birmingham, 763
Insrea, exhibition of worka bj, 677
Ink, pigment and wrlUng, 97
InacripBona et Bellea Lettroa, French Aca-
demj of; bj Alfred Maurj, 766
Inatittttiona, Thirteenth Annual ConfBreaoe,
633. See alao ConOsrence.
International Exhibition Building, removal
of, 191, 200, 260, 771
_ ^gt Vienna, 61, 191
Inventiona, new, H. W. Revele/, 193
Inventiona, Unaeon to, 3S4, <1S
Iron mannCactarea la Vev Soift Wrii^l
iaCenleiLm
Iron, minium of, 798
-i— , hardening of eaat, 71S
trade in Scotland, IS3
In New Sooth W«]«,ttl
1 wrought, deteriorstioa l^ttt
and ooal in France ud
377
Iron-dad ahipa, 113, 138
Italian, oObr by the local bondoT^fi^
iedinio laatttntion of a pclM te, a
Italj, cotton in, 306
Ivorj trade, the, 196
salee,343
J.
Jamaica, ehlneona in, 167
, p t o p oeed grant to pHai,1Sl
, cotton in, 390
, immigradoo iatoi, 131
Japan, British trade with, 49
— — , cotton in, 640
Japanne paper, P. 1<. 8iniiO(B«.l»
Jarvia, Dr., his instromeatf toiki^*
ofdlalocationa, ^c, 101
Jesae, E., on memorial ta]40tt,ai
Jet omamenta, exhibitioB of; at Wufif.r
Jonea, J., diMC,^ 861
Jordan, Mr., dUe.^ 38
Jonbert, Mr., disc,, 183
Jojce, A. J., on vlbratioBia
Juryreporta, 117, 131
Jute, 71
— , auppTj of, 343
Kangaroos, increaae of. in Aa*jB».*fi
Keatea* photometric balaaee, 697
Kerr, Profenor, diic, 300 ^^ ^^g^jri
Kershaw, Jamea, M.P., the l^****^
Kirk, A. 0., produotioo of cold. T»
Labourers* cottages, the Deolai Ji**^
^BamsttKaUf
News," 761
.. oa, fhSB to -»
..paper OB, bj J-**
Denton, 420 . • » ar
dwelHnga, l«pco«<.T.i.»^
kett, 681
poration of London, fa Ci«J«2J,
Labouring classes, dwellii^ to, w^"^
on, 363, 363, 419, 4 67,4T1,4 tf ^^
"^,]b. &^
•tone, 767
on, 780
3U
naid, letter, 498
i«-^
Boblnson. lettnr, 799
Laqx, Henry C, fkesooea, fjn ,.
Ladd, W., on electric wgolato^" g
Ladders, soaUag and olhor, 0- 1"*^
701
Lahore exhibitiea, 306 ^..^.^iar^^
Lamp posU at Paris, elsclro-tw^ £<
Landrin, M., trait£ deUto» «»**■''
Langdale,Mr.,*se.,9il ^^^5
Langaton, the late J. H., »f - *^
Lankeater, Dr., disc, 84, 8» ^
Lavrrenoe, F., due., 41, !•». "J* Jo
Lawrence, the lale F., ^^^Zi
Lawton, the hUe Jobs, notto*""
Lend-poiaoning of cows, 93t
Lectures, popular in Parii, ^ ^
Leech, the late John, aoito ^^^^
Leighton, J., on art-ftok«» •*
Academy, 129 ^^bsp^
, on Vlal% !«»»«■*
184
.,onartiaBe^""'IL'
-,onfr««JOP^I^£^
,theR«yslAaaa«^^
Lenaoat, Lord H. G., dir., 1*^
INDEX TO VOL. XII.
807
Length, on sUiulMdi ot, hj Sir J. F. W
HencLel,9d
Lenoir*! gM engine, 6Y3
Lerl, Prof. Leone, oa intenuOloiiAl oom-
merdnl Lnw, 99
, («M.. 170
— , etattittot of loreigiittB
in Engltnd, 733
Life-boat Institation, the BoTtl Nntlonnl, 324
Lire-boeta for the Nnvj, 46
Life preeenring nppllanoes, 632
Lhrht, artifloinl, B. H. PmI.SII ; letter, W.
8jinoiUK346
Limeetone in Qaeendnnd, 219
Linen manoflMtore, IrelaAd, 563, 763
, trade, the, ancient and modem, by
Alex. J. Warden, 649
Llrerpool Free Pablio Library, annual re-
port,34
Local Boardi, list of, 298
Lock, O., on wood earring, 20S
Look, Mr., di$e., 183
Looomotloa bj hjdraolio power, and pro-
poealf fbr metropolitaa railwv*> W.
Sjrmons, 129
Locomotire, radial railway, 566
LooomotiTO, eight-wheeled, 632
tor inolinef, 788
Locomotiree, railway, namber of, 123, 662
London eaba, letter <m, 62
■, itreet trafflc of; 173
Lord Harora' dinners, Felix Snmmerlly on, 770
LoM of life in coal mines, 702
LoQTre, alterations in, 52
, the new works at, 437, 464, 712
Lowe, J., on oyster coltnre, 442
— , disc., 450
Looifer matches, experimental inqniriee re-
•P^eting, by Mr. F. A. Abel, 46
H. O. H., 116
Lnmley, Hr., new patent rudder by, 32
Slaaa, Prof., diamagnetic actioa of water, 369
Macfle, J. A., di$e., 386
Slachlnerr exhibited In 1862,a eyclopcsdia of,
D. H. Clark, C.E., 466
, fencing, millownert teed for ne-
glecting, 32
., at Chatham dockyard, 376
Mack ay's new gon, 359
Maokaj, T.. dii*^ Vt
Madden, Mr., dUe., 334
Magnesium, photographs by light Of, 419
Mahogany trade, the, 50
Malines, art- exhibition at, 630
MmU,740
MalU. Exhibition in, 245,265
Manure, animal, manufliotnre of, 790
Manuscripts, illuminated, sale of, 341
Maroet, Dr.^ petroleum, its eoonomic value,
smd a rislt to the petn^enm wells of Canada,
330
-, disc, 237, 318
Matylabone, proposed industrial ezhibitioa ia,
799
Massenn, monument to at Nice, 763
MaadBlay, the laU T. H., notice of; 410
McCiererty, the late Capt. J. J., notioe of, 98
Heaeuremantof gas, Mr. Glorer, 746
Meat, preserration of, Oorges, 19
, Rungs, 674
, J. Morgan, 278, pi^er
on, 347
, Pagilari, 674
- , Sidney Morning HeraM
on, 376
Meehanieal physics, Bnckmaater^s elements
of. 259
Mechanics and engineerii^, meeting of com-
mittee, 76
ModaU and prizes, presentation of,byH.B.H.
the Prince of Wales, 543
Medicated wines, and the exdse, 141
Medicinal plants, culture of, 767
Meeting, annual general, report of, 547
Meetings, erening, for session 1864-5, an-
nounocment of, 783
MiSKTiNoe, OaoiNinr, of the 110th Session.
Papers read :—
1st Meetine .'•Opening address by W.
Hawes, the ebidrman of council, 2
Snd Meeting :— ** On the Australian colo-
nies, their condition, resources, and pros-
pecte,** by Sir Charles Nicholson, Bart., 20
3rd Meeting :— *- On magneto-electridty
and Its application to lighUuNise pur-
pose*," bj F* H. Holmes, Es)., 39 '
4th Meeting :»** On ag rlc nltaw l pioei es s,
its helps and hindrances,** by J. Clul-
mors Morton, Esq., 54
6th Meeting :— ** On the economic Talne of
foods, haring special reforenoe to the
dietary of the labouring dasses,** by Dr.
Edward Smith, F.R.S., 7Y
6th Meeting :— ** On the injurious efR»ets of
smoke on certain building stones and on
regetation," by Dr. Augustus Voeleker,
146
7th Meeting :—** On the metric system of
weights and measures, and its proposed
adoption in this country,** hj 8. Brown,
Esq., F.S.8., 163
8th Meeting : — ** On a method of instan-
taneous engraTing on metal,** by Monsieur
E. Vial, 179
0th Meeting:— ** On fresco painting as a
siUtable mode of mural decoration,** by
J. Berinffton Atkinson, 194
10th Meeting:— ** On prlrate and public
dietaries,** by Dr. Edward Smith, M.D.,
F.R.S., Ac., 212
11th Meeting :— ** On petroleum, its econo-
mic value ; and a Tiait to the petroleum
wells of Canada,** by Dr. Maroet, F.R.S.,
230
12th Meeting:— ** On the Terlilcation of
olive oil, by means of its cohesion figure,*
by Charles Tomlinson, Esq., 246
13th Meeting:— ** On tkh hatching,** hy
Frank Buckland, MJL, M.R.O.S., Ac.,
267
14th Meeting :— ** On the organisation of
the CoriM Imp€rial des Fonts et Chaus-
s(es, in France,** by G. R. Bnrnell, C.E.,
Ac., 282
16th Meeting :—** On arUfldal light and
lighting materials,** by B. H. Paul, 311
16th Meeting: — "On the principle of
imitation as applied to the decoratire
arts," by Thomas Purdie, 329
17th Meeting :—** On a new proeen of
presenring meat,** by John Morgma,
F.R.C.S.I. 347
18th Meeting:—** On the patent laws,** by
Thomas Webster, M.A., F.B.S., Bar*
rlster-at-Law, 366
19th Meeting:—'* On the patent Inws,** by
Thomas Webster, M.A., ftc, renewed
aothKeeSSg :— ** On the testtngw AmU
cables,*' by Frederick Arthur Paget,CJS.,
403
21st Meeting : — ** On the economy of agri-
cultural cottages, considered with regard
to the Interests, the position, and the
duties of the labourer, the tenant- fsrmer,
and the land owner,** by J. B. Denton,
M.Inst.C.B., 420
22nd Meeting :— ** On <^er culture,** by
James Lowe, Joint-Seoretaiy of the Ac-
climatisation Society of Great Britain,
442
Megass, prepa r ation of tml ttcm, 795
Melbourne, Customs* returns, 158
— , Board of Agriculture, premhimi
oawedby,594
-^ , crown lands, sale of, 279
1 emigration to, 742
, imports and exports, 455
, new mineral In, 279
-i^— > , Ubour market, 799
Memorials of distinguished persons. 364
Memorial tableu to distingulfhed periMis;
letter on, by ** EpsUon,*' 363
-^— >— ^-^— on London houses, 610
, E. Jesse,
612
— — , reltasal by the Board of
Worlu of permission to erect one to Tur-
ner, 32, 51
Men of science of Great Britain, distingnlahed,
W. Walker, Jun., 568
Mernr, Mr., disc., 222
Meschin, Dr. De, dise.^ 169
Messina, bridge over, straits, 344*
Metalloids, manual of. Dr. J. Apjohn, 260
Metals, useful, and their alloys, 209
MeCeoragraphica, by F. Galton. F.R.S., 33
Metric system, liucnos Ayres, 764
— — of weights and measures, John
Bennett, 277
—_- of weights and measures, and
Its proposed adoption in this country, paper
by Samuel Brown, F.S.9., 163
, "y-
Boptic table of, C. If. Dowling, 191
Metric taUee, O. B. DvwUoff, eS4
Metrical globe, 661
Metropoman Board of Works, faieoBM and
expenditure, 128
rallw^r tditmof, 1864, 01, 907,
rallw«y«f aoUre power fl»r, by
255
W. Symons, 129
railways, report of Parliament-
ary committee on, 255
sewage, northern onUkU, dli-
charge firom, 468
Mexico, French sdentlie e^edhiOD to, 960,
618,779
, cotton in, 291
Meyerbeer, the late, notioe of, 410
Miller, Dr. W. A., diic., 43, 43
Mills and mill-work. Dr. Falrbalm on, 08
Mineral, a new, 278
Mines in Canadn, 190
Cornwall and Demo, statlstioi of, 942
Cornish, consumption of timber In, 342
-, explosions la, 486
-, school of, in America, 770
Mining in Frimce, 661
school in Glasgow, pr^odtiOB fbr
abandoned, 702
statistics, 633
MitcheU, Mr., dite., 449
Minium ot iron, 798
Model dwellings, ststlstfcs of, 91, 441
Money orders, Intematiooal, 633, 744
Mont Cenis tunnel, the, 289
Montreal, natural history socie^ of, 670
Morgan, J., preserration of meat, 278, 347,
disc, 352
Morse, P. B., submarine telegra^y, 484
Morton, J. C-, on agricultural progrees, Ita
helps and hindrances, 54
, the late John, notice of, 016
Mortality in the suburlM of Sydn^, 699
Mosaics, Florentine, applied to bo6kbindllig,
341
Mother of Pearl, Panama, 640
Motive power, new, 141
Mulhouse, oltJ^ oovrifcrea, 029
— , school tor teaching medianloal
weaving at, 138
, schools at, 343
-, spinning schod at, 693
Mulready, the late W., R.A.,propoeed monu-
ment to, 97
— , exhibition of
the^werk* of; 105. 243, 276
, sale of works bj, i8f
Murdoch, Mr., dUe., 382
Murray, A., on Capt. Fowkee* monst«r teat,
541
Museum for InventkMis, 324,416
Museums, Natlcmal, opening of oa Sundays,
petition of the trades delegates of London
in fkvour of, 394
Museum, Amiens, 730
N.
Nantes, shipbuilding at, 16
Naples, water supply of, F. Abate, 666
■ , Oonntde
U Tour de BruU, 635
Nash, E., patent laws, 487
Natal, adaputlon of, to the alpaca, 196
, climate of, 50
, export of wool from, 50
, finances of, 634
— — , imports of, 756
, improvement of the breed of horses
In, 126
, railways in, 765
, revenue of, 756
, sugar crop, 279
-, flax culture in, 777
National Gallery, addition of pictures to, 31,
787
, Ireland, opening of, 939,
601
-^^— , vote of grant reftised, 601
■, proposed new, 439
, and Royal Academy, plan
for combioiDg, by C. Bruce Allen, 609
National Museums, petition tnm the trades
delegatesof London for raenlog on Sunday,
294
Nature printing, fH>m steel, 258, 291
Naval Architects, Institution of, annual meet-
ing, 303
, on the education of, Rev.
J. Woolley, 303
Naval Architecture, Sdiool of,*242, 718
810
Sabmarlne ihip, 113
— — vessel of war in Franoo, 343
Subway H. W. Revelej, IM
Sofv holliag in day panf , 31
■ t coMumptioo of, 189
■ ._. -t CuUivation of in i^oMniUiid, 149, 740.
789
• duUec, eqoaliaatioii of, 98
in Atutralia, 377.
— — — Prance, 71
—— - machineiy, treaiias oa, bjr K. P.
Borgh, 72
manufacture, the, 593
t on tho u«cof indietariei, W.Sjmona.
SOS
' trade, international IfgWation on the,
atatiatica, 307
' reflneriet on tho Clyde, 194
Sulphate of soda, extraction ot ihun ^»"««5 nr
salt, 658
Snmmorlin, Mr., dfaf., 43
Sunday in London, letter from acorrespoodant
in Berlin on the opening of public aaUe-
ries,33 •
Snrat cotton. 358
Sutton, T., dry collodion proceaiea, 501
Swan's carbon photographs, 257
Swedish tariff of duties 124
S^ney prize, 10 ; award of, 131, 145
Sydney, customs retnrna» 241
-, money order i^tem* 241
INDEX TO VOL, XIL
Timber, import of in 1803, 189, 391
^'•l* between Fi«ite« and NorvM,
Time ball at AdelaSda, 157
Tin plate trade with America, 65«
Tobacco, oonaumptton of, 189
— » cuUrratJon of at the Cape, 398. $00
— in New South Walai,
016
Tomlinton, C, rfisc., 261
on eaa l^fating, 519
3461 lettof OB, 379
M. Walker, 279 ~~
'^^lH'i *••*• ^ ^^ P^**«> Wipeotlj*,
from the paper manuflujturers of the aorth
of France, 291 ^""
Traoy, Mr., Jmc., 163
Trade, intaroolofiial, 710
Trade in Fpance, ttatiatiaaof; 14»
Trade marks, 140
■-. M. HeM7, 143
• f H. NichoUs, 159
— .ifraudulent, the aoi r«p«etlog,
- exhibitioa, 465
', mortality in, 699
^^?^,^» ***^» '20; artlfleial liahtinB,
345; I>arometer, 408; on locomoSon by
hydraulic power, 129 ; on safety in railway
traiaa, 585 ; on sugar in di^tarie^ 101
125
T.
Tait, tha late WUUam, notioa of, 778
Tanning matariala, in^potta of, ia
343
Ta^iiB^ French and Belgian, 098
Tasmania, prcj^oted railway In, 126
-, rirer cod in, 799
" in, 377
IMS,
^riculture, 335
furniture, 379
janu, 519
t immifradon In^aifi^-i**-
, popttlati— myiWS, 010
~, reproductlT* worka in, 777
— , revenue of, 060
^, salmon In, 001, 094, ttS, ttS
, new pine fimat, 300
Tahiti, exporta of, 10
Taxes, 191
Taylor art priiet (Ireland), 841
Tea, shipments from China, 391
Tea, consumption of, 109
, increased imports of, 438
, cultivation of, in Australia* 715
-, in India, 729
Teacher's certificates, Science and Ait Depaii-
meat, 133
Technology, chemical, Richardson and Watta
on, 72,779
Tegetmeier, Mr., d1»e., 280, 819, 450
Telempfa, extesflon of, tn Now Sooth
▼Vales, 673
register, new, 500
stations, nimiber of, 138
wires, indta-rabber corered, 593
company in Canada, 439
district ia Paris, 701
Telegraphic improvements, 100
Telegraphy, handbook of praottoal, las
— '^, sttbmarfne In ItaSy, 159, 484
penary for usiaf , in the Duehy of Nasaaa*
^43
Trade and navigation raturna, 807
Trade with foreign nations, npoii of
mittee, 789
Traffic returna, raUway, 709
Traitd de la taite et dn fcr, 074
TraaaportaUoa to Tietorla, 158
Trent, E. W., on the suply of flax,-ll5
Z ; -» the late, notice of; 034
Trevelyan price, 10; SydneM MomH%0
on, 378 '
TuWng, solid metal, 267, 979
ToUoch, the late James, F.R.S-, B«tleai)<,127
Tmmours, defitnietloa o<; by galfaaio a«ti«D,
Tufhell, Mrs dim,, 988
Turin, cotton exhibition, 342
Tunnel, Mont Cenis, 289
Twining, T., oflbr to aU la ftn&MHon of
eooBomio museums, 489
Typo-electrio telegraph, Bonolli*i, 172
J Ui i i .. ! . ! .. . . aii iT.- ^iJEteanagii
by Alfred Staadage, 50
Useful arte, cyclopaedia of, by C. Tomlinfon, 73
Useful metals and thair aUo/i, 203
vaccination of sheep, 243
Valmy, due do, architectoisl prize, 098
Vanadium, its existence in pig iron, 33
Vancouver's Island, gold ia, 941
, Uaporta into ia 1803, 343
^seSJS^^iir'** 4ocr of tbs cajiai, k
Washington, the Ute Eear-AdadnL aa
of, 126 -«»«.s*a.
Watchmakii^j trmie, th«, ia (fatn.isi
Water, diamagnetie Mtm at. w
Water supply. Naylea, F. Aliak, M
TourdaBniU,«35 •C«t>a
Water-mills at Argoatoli. ill
Water-wheel, andeafc, ao4
Wearing, mechanical, schoa! fa levkK.!
Mulhouse, 138 *•
Webber, Mr., disc., 433
W^gwter. T., M,A^ on the pater. 1?
367,381; letter bv E. Hiat, Xss -
H. Chester, 394 ; ditto W. B. ^a--*. _
ditto £. Kash, 4«7
Wedgewood loaatoto, 4a, \i$, m
WelghU and mcaaaffM,tbe BMn^Kai,;
Hawcs, 170
_ ,^, , prOfHMl Mi. j:
Wehiing by hydraulic pretMre. 6«*
West London School of Art, 471
Western Australia, pastnra^^ *c-. :^
—7 . whatiatr In. 1»
Wheat, rust in (K«r Sonth 4r*kil3i:
Whitworth laatitnta, openiog o(, lU
Williamson.. Pra«»aor, due., a», 2i:
Wilson, G. F., dtsc, 15a. 23t, S5l,;;i
Wilson, Newton, disc., 374, 3el
Wilson, R., dmeu, 909
Winchester croaa, aeatarati(»«f, 113
Wlndow^^Bardeaa, town, 454
Wine tn Booth Australia, U$
in Canada, 308
-^<nth#actia»Qf «xyB<a^faa,M.fe
tholot, 71
^- . M.r*-
teur, 97
statistica, 370
— ImAa, 291 I inLoodoo.50«
^ the French, 134
Wines, medicated, and the excise, 141
, clarifying with tggs, 378
Winkwocth,T., c««f.,35l,3?7 ^^
, on ^e North Lonte Wtd-
lAg Mens Exhlbkioa, 675, 767
Wood carvings, decay of, report of «©»-
don, 783
,186
— , electric, statistics of. 779
-, submarine, Morse, F. B., 484
-7 . ia Spain and Algeria, Siamen's
cable, 159
Tell-tale electric. Smith's. 003
Textile manufacturesjactivlty In, 134
Thackeray, the late W. M., notice of, 100
"^ . Ufc of. bv T. T
Taylor, 159 ."»or, ayi.r.
Thames embankment, 73, 001 : ftmadMiai
stone of, laid, 595
Thermometer, Hick's new maxIflMiai, 899
Thermometers, porcelain lealea, 97
Thomas, Mr. LynaU, trial of ^^ riaid 800 lb.
gun, 48
Timber, ooasumpUonoHn the Co»kk «!■•*,
Varley, Mr., disc, 250, 338
VenUlatlon, British Museum, 34
Ventilator, Boyle's patent, 163
Vial, M. £., on a method of iaftaatanfloaa
ongrarinff on metal. 179 ; J. LeJ^toa, 184;
Davies and Hunt, 337 ^^
Vibration in ateamera, A. J. Joyea, 469
Victoria, agriculture in, 157
, told mining in, 400, 483,499
, lightning roek, blowinff up of, 8T9
, price of bread in, 579
. pr<^res8,of, 765
, railways in. 778, 713
, transportation to, 158
Vienna international exhibition 1800, 51
Vine, the, and ito fruit, by J. L. Donman,
330
Vintage, the, of 1863, 49
— ', in FYaace, 1804, 098
Voelcker, Dr. Augustus, on the ii^Jmioos
effects of smoke on certain building stoaea,
and on v^cUtion, paper by, 140
W.
Waddilove, Dr., di$e,, 109
Wagner, tte late RodelplM, aotioa of; 600
Walker, M., on Mr. Temlinaoa'a paper on the
verification of olive oil, 379
Walker, Wm., Jan., memoirsofdistlagaisaiad
men of aoienoa hi Great Britain, 000
WalUa, O., <Mse., 189
Wanklyn, Profesaar, Jiie., 318, 808
War, science in relatloii to, aJwitlMu ~
latkHu,44
Warden. Alex. J., oa tko Baoaiwido,
and modern, 049
; G. Lock, 205
Wolfram, in oombinatioa with hva, M
Wool, Auatralian, 343
, arrii-ala of, at Port Elinbedik ^
prices there, 49
, brown dye ftr, 080
aales East India, 7»
trade, lUte of the, 1J4, tW
(New South Wal») 397
— in France, 306
' — imports of fhnn Aastralis, !>>'
ttles, 694
Woolley, the Ber. Joseph, an tbt
of naval aaohitaola, 303
Wcr«Mt«r,thalfaM2ais<<lili<f,3S7
Working Clasaea Sonth London Indo**-
Exhibition, 355, 304, 793
— Korth Loodoa la*"**
Exhibition, 407, 592, 6«I, 6T«, «B, '*'
759, 793, 797
Working Womena*C^e|a,7t3 ^ ^
Works of art, mai^et pnce rf H ^laa*.^
. laiea of, in P«*». ^^'*^*'
453.403,404,047 *^^ *
Works of fine art, iotersatieoaCeub'^ "
copies of, 357 -
World, history of, to tfia prtteat time, r.
Bii^th,lU
Wornum, R. N., disc, iW
Wyld, Dr., disc, OG
Tates, J., disc., 167
, the hitc J. Aahton, noUwy, »
Yeai^-boak, tho ttatamiw^ S50 ^'
Yucatan, cotton in, 619
XlAowirogsui^ltf
410
4
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