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u
Journal of the New York
Botanical Garden
New York Botanical Garden
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SCIENCE UMMK
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Journal
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Volume VIII, 1907
Published by the aid of the
David Lydig Fund
Bequeathed by Charles P. Daly
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JOURNAL
OP
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL
First Aisistant
Volume VIII
With 5 Plates and 37 Figures
1907
PUBLISHSD POR THE GARDEN
At 41 NoKTH QuBXM Stkbbt, LAMCAtraa, Pa.
BT Tmb Nbw Eka PBtlfnilO CoMFAwr
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Press op
NLW Era PRINTIN6 COMPANY
Lancaster Pa.
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Okkiobrs, IQOT.
President— D. O. MILI,S,
Vice-President— ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Treasurer— CHARLES F. COX,
Secretary— N. L. BRITTON.
BOJWRD OIT NlAl^^OBRS.
1 . ELECTED MANAGERS.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER.
ROBERT W. DE FOREST, W. OILMAN THOMPSON,,
JOHN I. KANE, SAMUEL THORNE,
D. O. MILLS.
2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
The President of the Department of Public Parks,
HON. HENRY SMITH.
The Mayor of the City of New York,
HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN.
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman.
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, ,
PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE,
CHARLES F. COX, PROF. H. H. RUSBY,
HON. EGERTON L. WINTHROP, Jr.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Direcior.in Chief.
DR. W. A. MURRILL, First Assistant.
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums.
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator,
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator. .
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator.
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Curator.
DR. C. B. ROBINSON, Assistant Curator.
GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener.
DR. C. STUART GAGER, Director of the Laboratories.
DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian.
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist.
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer.
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.
DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian.
PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant.
197038 ^^.^
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Aembers of tbe Corporattoiu
Gborge S. Bowdoin,
Prof. N. L. Britton,
Hon. Addison Brown,
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler,
Andrew Carnegie,
Prof. C. F. Chandler,
WiLUAM G. Choate,
Charles F. Cox,
John J. Crooke,
W. Bayard Cuttino,
James B. Ford,
Robert W. de Forest,
Henry W. de Forest,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
Gen. Louis Fitzgerald,
Richard W. Gilder,
Hon. Thomas F. Gilroy,
Hon. Hugh J. Grant,
Henry Graves,
Henry P. Hoyt,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
Morris K. Jesup,
John I. Kane,
Eugene Kelly, Jr.,
Prof. James F. Kemp,
John S. Kennedy,
Prof. Frederic S. Leb,
Hon. Ssth Low,
David Lydig,
Edgar L. Marston,
D. O. Mills,
J. PiSRPONT Morgan',
Theodore W. Myers,
George M. Olcott,
Prof. Henry F. Osborm*
Lowell M. Palmer,
George W. Perkins,
James R. Pitchbr,
Rt. Rev. Henry C Pottbr^
Percy R. Pyne,
John D. RocunrsLUCR,
William Rockefeller,
Prof. H. H. Rusby,
James A. Scrymsbr,
Henry A. Siebrscht,
William D. Sloans,
Nelson Smith,
James Speyer,
Francis L. Stetson,
Dr. W. Gilman TnoMnoii,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Samuel Thorne,
Prof. L. M. Underwood,
George W. Vanderbilt,
Hon. Egerton L. Winthrop, Jr,^
William H. S. Wood.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. 85. January
PAGB
Collecting Cacti in Southern Mexico r
The Rapid Growth of the Young Paulownia 13
Notes, News and Comment 16
Accessions 19
No. 86. February
Exploration of Southern Florida 23
The Mitten Collection of Mosses and Hepatics 28
Nature Study as an Education 32
Notes, News and Comment 43
Accessions 44
No. 87. March
Report on a Visit to Jamaica for Collecting Marine Algae 51
Publications of the Staff and Students of the New York Botanical Garden Dur-
ing the Year 1906 60
Notes, News and Omiroent 69
Accessions 70
No. 88. April
Report on the Continuation of the Botanical Exploration of the Bahama Islands. 71
Report on a Visit to the Island of Montserrat 81
Spring Lectures* 1907 - . .- 88
Notes, News and Comment 89
Accessions 91
No. 89. May
Need of Additional Funds 95
Early European Botanists in Japan 99
Why is a Substance Poison ? 1 10
Some Features of the Mountain Flora of the Philippines . . 113
The Economic Garden 117
A New Flower Garden Adjoining the Conservatories 118
Notes, News and Comment 119
Accessions I2i
No. 90. June
Exercises Commemorative of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Birth of
Linnaeus 123
Notes, News and Comment 139
Accessions 140
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viii CONTENTS.
No. 91. July
The Breathing of Plants 143
Leaf Blight of the Planc-Tree 157
An Attractive Philippine Shrub in 1* lower 161
A Collection of Fossil Gums 163
Notes, News and Comment 165
Accessions 167
No. 92. August
A Collection of American Desert Plants • .... 169
An Old Locust Post 173
Some Little Known Edible Native Fruits of the United States 175
The Economic Garden 189
Report of Lectures on the Preservation of Wild Flowers 193
Notes, News and Comment 196
Accessions 197
No. 93. September
Autumn Lectures, 1907 201
Water Lilies and Other Aquatics : Their Relation to Horticulture 202
Notes, News and Comment 220
Accessions 222
No. 94. October
Further Exploration in Jamaica 229
The Absence of Undergrowth in the Hemlock Forest 237
A Rare Seedling at the Propagating Houses ... 240
Notes, News and Comment 243
Accessions 245
No. 95. November
The Boulder Bridge 247
The Ames Collection of Orchids 250
The Self- Pruning of Trees 252
The Tardy Defoliation of the Trees 254
New Maseum Cases 254
Notes, News and Comment 255
Accessions . . 258
No. 96. December
The Work of Professor Lucien Marcus Underwood 263
The Evaporating Power of the Air at the New York Botanical Garden .... 269
Notes, News and Comment 274
Accessions 276
Index 279
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIII. January. 1907. No. 85.
COLLECTING CACTI IN SOUTHERN MEXICO.
Dr. N. L. BRi'nroN,
Director-in-Chief,
New York Botanical Garden.
Dear Sir : — In accordance with the agreement by which the
Department of Botanical Research of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington is to aid in the investigations of the Cactaceae by
yourself and Dr. J. N. Rose, 31 cases of living specimens were
shipped to you from Tehuacan, Puebla, via Vera Cruz, on Sept.
13, 1906. Some of the specimens included are of massive size,
and if induced to grow in New York will soon furnish material
to illustrate their entire life-history. A set of photographs illus-
trating the habits of many of the species is being sent you by mail.
In connection with the activities of the Desert Laboratory an
effort is being made to obtain a comprehensive idea of the vegeta-
tion of the arid areas of the continent with especial regard to the
composition of the flora, the factors affecting distribution, and the
general physiological behavior of the more highly specialized
forms. A study of several localities in southern Mexico with
these ends in view was made in August and September, 1906,
and I was so fortunate as to do this work in company with Dr.
J. N. Rose, who is engaged in a taxonomic study of the flora of
the regions in question. This arrangement greatly facilitated my
own work, and by our joint efforts a large number of species were
secured, some of which are as yet undescribed, and many have
1
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not previously been represented in horticultural or botanical col-
lections.
In our first trip afield we were guided by Dr. C. G. Pringle to
a locality on the lava slopes of the Pedregal, a few miles south of
Mexico City. The irregular surface of this volcanic forma-
tion is pitted with cavities and caverns, some of which are large
enough to enclose an ordinary dwelling house, and the variety
of conditions of moisture and shade gives opportunity for a wide
range of vegetation. So luxuriantly do the plants grow in these
places that the openings of the caves, or pits, will be choked with
their branches and foliage.
This locality has been visited by Dr. Pringle many times and
Fig. 2. Opuntia and Dr. C. G. Pringle.
is a type locality for many species collected by him. We found
several species of prickly pear, some of which have not yet been
described, and it was also seen that species so closely related as
not to be easily separable were in the closest proximity.
Early in September we started to examine the desert valleys
which lie along the main backbone of southern Mexico in the
states of Puebla and Oaxaca at elevations of 1,200 to 6,000 feet.
Tehuacan, situated in one of the northernmost of these arid val-
leys, was chosen as a favorable place for centering our work and
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assembling living plants for shipment to New York, Tucson and
Washington. Headquarters were made at the Hacienda El
Riego, west of the city, near the foothills of the range bounding
the valley on the west. We met Mr. W. L. Morkhill, general
manager of the railway, the Ferrocarril Mexicano del Sur, in his
office at Puebla, and in his car at Tehuacan, and plans were made
by him by which laborers and materials were secured for us by
Sr. Daniel Tellez, superintendent of the tram lines of the railway
system. In addition Mr. Morkhill arranged with the general
manager of the Interoceanic Railway that the car loaded with
plants at Tehuacan should be sent through without change or
delay to the wharf at Vera Cruz where the crates could be
lightered out to the steamer. It is difficult to acknowledge
properly the amount of material aid and kindly cooperation re-
ceived from Mr. Morkhill in this enterprise.
The town of Tehuacan lies in the middle of a valley running
north and south on the eastern side of the main continental ridge,
and this and the neighboring valleys and slopes are a part of one
of the most striking deserts in the world, the xerophilous vegeta-
tion offering features of adaptation and distribution not previously
encountered elsewhere. The abundance of the Cactaceae rivals
or surpasses even that of the southern part of Arizona and of
Sonora, and, a half dozen of the species being massive forms,
the landscape is highly characterized by them. Cercus Weberiy
C: geometrizans^ Cephalocercus macrocephaliis, Piloccretis fidviceps,
P. chrysocantha, P. tetetzo, Escontria chiotilla, together with four
or five other undescribed forms reach a height and attain a bulk
as great or greater than the saguaro. The amount of water
stored by such plants on any given area is so great that planters
have actually considered the feasibility of obtaining it in quanti-
ties by crushing the plants with machinery.
Nopals, tunas, and prickly pears in general are in abundance,
and here as elsewhere in Mexico more than one variety practically
free from spines have been under cultivation for some time. Of
the half dozen species of Echiiiocactus one forms huge mounds of
small individuals as much as three yards across, while E. grandis
might as rightly be included among the trees as the saguaro
( Cereiis gigaNteus),
GooQle
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The fruits of a large number of species of Opuntia and of a few
of Cereus, are used in quantities for food and may be found in
great abundance in the local markets. A few of the prickly
pears produce a fruit, which is shipped long distances, and even
finds a way to New York markets. A liking for these fruits is
Fu;. 3. Echinocactus grandisy and Dr. J. N. Rose, on Rancho San Diego east
of Tehuaciio.
an acquired taste ; probably a residence in Mexico would hasten
the acquisition, the insipidity of these fruits forming a possibly
welcome contrast to the fieriness of the *' chile " and the corrosive
effect of mescal. Many of these plants are grown around the
primitive homes of the natives as apples, peaches or pears might
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6
be around a farmhouse in the United States. In addition to
yielding fruits the stems make admirable hedges or barriers,
although when planting for this purpose alone some species of
Cereus are generally used.
The evaporation in the Tehuacan region must be much in
excess of the precipitation, yet it was noticeable that the various
species of Oputitia were to be seen growing on dirt roofs of adobe
dwellings, on stone wills, and even in crevices of brick and stone
high up on cathedrals and other tall buildings. The air tempera-
tures are favorable to such exposure but the protective and
regulatory devices of such plants must be of the highest kind.
No desert has yet been visited by the writer in which the
storage function is so highly developed and exhibited by so
many genera of plants as in the arid region of Tehuacan. In
addition to the cacti, euphorbias, agaves, and related forms, the
tree morning glory {Ipomoea sp.) has a soft thick trunk into which
a knife may be easily thrust to the hilt and is chiefly a storage
organ. Three species of Beaucarnea^ relatives of the yucca,
known locally as ** sotol " have the bases of the trunks swollen
to a thickness of seven or eight feet with a height not more than
two or three times this measurement, by the formation of an
immense mass of spongy tissue with great capacity for retaining
water. Like many other plants showing similar adaptions these
trees sit directly on the surface and may be easily pushed over,
especially after dead.
On the jungly slopes we encountered Rhiis potentillaefolia,
and found its poisonous effect on the skin as virulent as that of
any American species, and the results as severe and lasting.
Here as elsewhere in Mexico it was found that the broad leaves
of the agave are sliced and the dried plates used in covering the
huts and enramadas of the peons and Indians.
After a general preliminary reconnaisance around Tehuacan
we proceeded southward by rail to Oaxaca de Juarez, where we
were so fortunate as to encounter Prof. Conzatti, of the Escuela
Normal, who has long been known as an ardent student of the
flora of this region. From him we obtained much valuable infor-
mation not only as to distribution and general features of the
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region, but also as to the uses of various vegetable products
found in the local markets.
Oaxaca lies on an elevated plain. The precipitation in the
immediate neighborhood is rather high owing to the close prox-
imity of the mountains which act as condensers, although at an
elevation but little below, the vegetation becomes distinctly
xerophytic. Here it was found that the Indians and travellers in
general used a peculiar storm cloak, consisting of a mat made
from the leaves of a palm with three rows of overlapping thatch-
ing inserted on one side. A second pattern, not seen so often,
was thatched more densely by leaving free ends of the fiber over
Fig. 4. Group of natives in storm cloaks of thatched palm.
the whole surface. With two of these carried in a roll by a cord
across the shoulder the traveller was provided with clothing by
day and bedding by night. Lying upon one of these waterproof
cloaks with the second above him the Indian seems heedless of
the fact that the legs from the knees downward were exposed to
the night air.
Following the line of least resistance it was found that the
facilities for travel provided for going to the ancient ruins at
Mitla 35 miles to the southeast would take us into a region
densely populated with cacti and affording a view of the sur-
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8
rounding desert. The journey was made by diligence, and the
route lay through the village of Tule made famous by the giant
ahuehuetl, or cypress (Taxodium mucronatutfi), which stands in the
church yard. This tree by the claims of local patriotism is the
greatest in the world, while for a long time it has been cited as the
oldest living. Both these claims are incapable of actual proof,
although the tree has much to justify an interest in it. It measures
1 54 feet and 2 inches six feet from the ground, but it may be really
two or three individuals fused together as it divides into that
Fig. 5. View of basal portion of giant cypress of Tule, Oaxaca.
many main branches within fifty feet, as may be seen from the
accompanying illustration. This tree has been an object of ob-
servation for more than two centuries, and on one side is a
tablet, partly covered by the growth of the outer layers of the
trunk, signed by the great naturalist. Baron von Humboldt, and
probably placed there by his direction a century ago.
The road to Mitia runs down the drainage system of a tribu-
tary of the Tehuantepec river, among fields of maize and agaves,
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9
and is fringed much of the way with hedges of cacti especially in
and near the villages. Among these were seen several species
which seemed to lack descriptions among known records.
The village of Mitla is situated in latitute 17° N., at an alti-
tude of about 4,000 feet, conditions which cooperate to give the
vegetation a pronounced desert character. The famous ruins
near by testify to the former existence of a type of civilization with
the indelible impress of the desert upon it : a civilization in
which cooperation or communism was carried to the greatest
Fig. 6. Roadside scene between Oaxaca and Mitla. Cereus eburnetis, Cereus
sp., Agave and Beld of maize.
extreme, as it must have been among the ancient pueblos of the
deserts of the United States. In the light of the conclusions of
the meteorologist we may assume that no matter how long ago
these ruins were peopled, yet a climate similar to that of to-day
must have been experienced by the builders of the ancient temple.
Before leaving Mitla we were afforded the opportunity of in-
specting a distillery for making mescal, the fiery whiskey derived
from the juice of the agave. When the great rosettes of this
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10
plant (several species are used) are mature they are uprooted and
the blades are cut away near the base, leaving a core made up of
leaf bases and the lower end of the undeveloped inflorescence
axis. A rock-lined pit is filled with the cores and baked thor-
oughly, and after cooling the juice is pressed out and collected
in great vats of rawhide supported on a framework of mesquite
branches. After a week of reeking fermentation in the open air
distillation is accomplished by a crude but effective apparatus in
which condensation is secured by the cooling effect of running
water brought hither in earthen and wooden conduits. So far
as experience and information may be relied upon the devotees
of this beverage cherish the ambition to quaff" it as fresh from the
Fig. 7. Agave, **chular miel,'* from which a tlachiquero is taking the sap for
pulque. A reservoir made of the raw skin of a pig is carried on the back.
still as it is possible to get it, and before any of its stinging quali-
ties have been lost. Several kinds or types of this fluid are made,
of which one of the better quality is known as tequila.
In addition to these various preparations the production of
pulque seems to be one of the profitable industries in the agri-
culture of Mexico. The agaves used for this purpose have the
centers of the rosettes hollowed out when mature and the sap
exudes by bleeding pressure into this cavity, from which it is
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11
collected and taken away once or twice daily. This is deftly
accomplished by the use of a long gourd in the hands of the
tiachiquero, who thrusts one end of the gourd into the liquid
and puts his lips to the other perforated end and sucks, with
the result that the sap is drawn into the gourd and then
emptied into the whole pigskin carried upon his back. Fermen-
tation quickly ensues and the resulting pulque is used in enor-
mous quantities. It has the appearance of skimmed milk diluted
with water and is characterized by an ill-favored odor which
clings long to the person imbibing. The water supply, even in
the remoter parts of central and southern Mexico is not of the
best quality, and the traveler is between the danger arising from
drinking from contaminated streams, and the disagreeable neces-
sity of using the illy flavored pulque with the general result that
one is endured at times and the dangers of the other are incurred
when the taste of the safer beverage palls.
On the return to Tehuacan Dr. Rose and I left the train
at Santa Catalina where we were met by a section crew with a
push car and taken down to Tomellin, thus giving an opportunity
for the examination of the vegetation at closer range than that
afforded by a moving train. Many interesting and unrecogniza-
ble plants had been seen on the journey southward and we ex-
pected to secure some valuable material by the trip. In this we
were not disappointed, and by the courtesy of Mr. Morkill who
arranged the matter for us we experienced one of the most thril-
ling rides in Mexico.
The railway grade drops 2,346 feet in the descent from Sta.
Catalina to Tomellin, a distance of 22 miles, running down a
steeply walled Canada most of the way, crossing the stream by
bridges at various angles and curves, through tunnels and around
curves in a short radius made possible by the narrow gauge of
the track. Our car was a wooden platform about eight or nine
feet long and half as wide which rested by open, wooden U-bear-
ings upon two pairs of car wheels. Our crew were evidently of
the determination to show us that a Mexican could slide down
hill as fast as an American. Standing erect the foreman used a
handspike thrust through a hole in the platform against one
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12
wheel as a brake, while we sat with feet dangling from the front
edge of the platform, the middle being occupied by agaves, cacti
and other plants collected, while the crew formed a fringe to the
rear. Within a few hundred yards the car would gain a speed
of over thirty miles an hour at which rate we would dash down
to the apex of a curve around a cliff, which we would round with
the wheels climbing the outer rail, the track visible only a few
feet ahead, and a very sufficient drop below us.
The slopes examined during our frequent stops were replete
with interest. Crass ulaceae were abundant, the sago-palm, Dioon
edule, was found in the ravines, a Beaucarnea was abundant on
the northern slopes, while in one place we faced a great hillside
thickly covered with tetetzo {PUocereus tetetso), the individuals of
which were as large as the giant cactus of Arizona.
Tomellin was reached in the evening, where we found shelter
in the staff house of the railway by the courtesy of Mr. Morkill.
Portions of two days were spent here in securing additional ma-
terial and shipping all of our collection to Tehuacan. At this
elevation we found the principle giant cactus to be Cereus Weberi,
a huge form which divides a few feet from the ground into a
cluster of thirty to fifty branches which may be eight or ten
inches in diameter. This species, growing at an elevation of 1,200
feet in latitude 19° N., is perhaps the most tropical of the massive
forms. Here was also to be found the much-branched slender
Escontria chiotilla, also a tree.
Arriving at Tehuacan on September 8 we began immediately
to complete our observations and prepare living specimens for
shipment. A gang of laborers, a team, and a carpenter were
kept busy for a week measuring standing cacti, by which suit-
able wooden jackets could be built, and packing all securely
for the journey. The entire lot was assembled on a vacant piece
of ground near the baths of El Riego and from there was taken
to the freight station at Tehuacan on a tram car from which a
transfer was made to a freight car. The latter was sealed and
sent despatch to Vera Cruz. To this point Dr. Rose proceeded
to attend to matters of clearance and shipment, and when the
plants where safely aboard the S. S. Monterey they were accom-
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13
panied to New York by Mr. Joseph Rose Jr., who had assisted
in the preparations throughout.
The shipments to the Desert Laboratory came through safely
and are already in use in our experimental observations.
The regions visited by Dr. Rose and myself during the trip
were easy of access and many of the localities had been previously
seen by Dr. Pringle, Dr.^ Rose, Prof Trelease or other botanists.
We had almost constantly in view, however, mountain ranges and
valleys from which no specimens have ever been obtained and in
which no examination has been made of the flora. In fact, this
applies to the greater part of southern Mexico not directly ac-
cessible from the railways and stage lines. It would be safe to
say that not more than one-tenth of the main topographical regions
of southern Mexico have been explored by the botanist. Some
of this territory might be reached from haciendas, but the greater
part may be investigated thoroughly and profitably only by means
of a small independent expedition carrying its own outfit and
supplies, as most of the country has nothing beyond the resources
of scattered Indian villages in which the traveller is apt to meet
with little beyond "no hay" and the tardy service of a people
living in the very home and seat of the spirit of " manana."
Respectfully, ,
D. T. MacDougal.
THE RAPID GROWTH OF THE YOUNG
PAULOWNIA.
The tree from which the accompanying illustration was made
was purchased early in May, 1905, and placed in its present posi-
tion near the drinking fountain but a short distance southeast of
the Museum. It was a rather sorry looking object upon its
arrival, and at that time did not appear to have before it a long
and prosperous career, but appearances are often deceptive, as
the sequel here will show. The tree was planted and the first
year made two new shoots from the roots, one of which was re-
moved. The wonderful growth of this one shoot during the
Digitized by VjOOQIC
14
past summer shows clearly that it is not always safe to venture
an opinion as to what a young tree may do, even though it
Fig. 8. A young Paulo wnia tree ( Paulownio ionientosa),
appear a weakling, for it may have wonderful recuperative
powers. The shoot, when spring opened up last year, measured
Digitized by VjOOQIC
15
two feet SIX inches in height, and at the end of the growing
season the stem had attained a stature of sixteen feet six inches,
a gain of fourteen feet in one season's growth. As indicated in
the illustration, its leaves are large and showy, giving quite a
tropical aspect to the plant, which has attracted considerable
attention from visitors to the Garden. This tree is known to
botanists as Patdownia tomentosa^ or sometimes as Paulownia
imperialism
Its rapid growth and magnificent foliage when young are not
the only attractive features of this species. As it matures it
spreads out into a shapely tree with widely spreading branches,
bearing leaves much resembling those of the catalpa or Indian
bean. During the late summer and fall the flower clusters are
formed. Their growth does not proceed beyond the bud stage,
however, and they remain in this condition during the winter, the
tree at that time presenting an odd appearance with its two kinds
of inflorescences, those bearing the brown woolly flower buds,
and those with the much larger capsules which are pointed and
black and remain attached to the tree for a long time. About
April or May the flower buds expand, before the leaves are
fully out, and a full-grown tree at such times is a delight to
the eye, with its rich mantle of scented flowers borne in great
profusion in large clusters. The flowers are purple and resemble
those of the common foxglove in color and form. A fine speci-
men of this tree is located near the Lorillard mansion in Bronx
Park. It is many years old and perhaps has not many more to
live, but it is still vigorous enough to put forth a wealth of
flowers nearly every year.
This tree is a native of Japan, where it is known as Kiri or
To. It attains there a height of thirty to forty feet and a trunk
diameter of two to three feet. It is found most commonly in the
southern parts. of the country, thriving in the valleys, especially
in those exposed to the hot sun. It was originally described
by Thunberg as a Bignonia, under the name of Bignonia
iontentosa^ and it was not until some years later that Siebold and
Zuccarini recognized it as the type of an undescribed genus, to
which they gave the name of Paulownia, in honor of Anna
Digitized by VjOOQIC
16
Paulowna, a hereditary princess of the Netherlands. It was
introduced into cultivation in Europe by Siebold, and seems to
have flowered in England for the first time out of doors about
1852. It is a member of the figwort family, to which belong
also the foxglove, the mulleins, the speedwells or veronicas, the
beard-tongues or pentstemons, and many others of our well-
known plants.
George V. Nash.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. M. T. Cook has been awarded a research scholarship at
the Garden for 3 months, beginning Januaiy i.
Professor J. C. Arthur and Mr. F. D. Kern, both of Purdue
University, Lafayette, Indiana, are continuing their researches on
plant rusts in the Garden herbarium during the month of January,
and completing their monograph of these minute destructive fungi
for publication in '* North American Flora,'* part of it being
already in press.
The Botanical Society of America met at the Garden on De-
cember 29. The programme, including the address of the retiring
president, was completed by 1.30 P. M. Over a hundred persons
remained to luncheon.
The lichen collection of Dr. H. E. Hasse, of California, con-
sisting of about 3,000 species and many duplicates, has been
recently presented to the Garden by Mr. John I. Kane. Most
of the specimens are from America, many of them having been
collected by Dr. Hasse in California, while a goodly number of
European specimens are scattered through the collection.
Mr. Guy West Wilson, one of the student guides at the
Garden, presented an interesting paper on the ** Downy Mil-
dews ** at the meeting of the botanical convention, December 5.
The members of this class are filamentose alga-like fungi which
are either aquatic or aerial. The aquatic forms, of which Sapro-
legnia is an example, are parasitic on fishes and other animals.
The aerial members of the class are parasitic upon green plants.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
17
These are divided into two families upon the basis of habit of
growth and method of germination. The first, Albuginaceae,
contains a single genus, Albugo, the species of which are known
as white rusts. This genus numbers about fifteen species, seven
of which are North American. Of the latter all but one are of
economic importance. The second family, Peronosporaceae,
known as the downy mildews, contains seven genera with about
one hundred and ten species, sixty of which are North American
and many of which are of economic importance.
Miss Gertrude S. Burlingham has been conducting some
experiments at the Garden to determine the effect of magnesium
salts upon plant growth. Magnesium salts in the absence of
calcium salts are generally considered to be toxic to plants.
Dr. Loew makes the statement that ** Plants succumb soon when
placed in diluted solutions of magnesium salts and no other. In
fact magnesium salts can exercise their nutritive functions only
in the presence of a sufficient amount of calcium salts." With
the view that the inhibitory effects noted by Loew might have
been due to the use of excessive amounts of magnesium, experi-
ments were undertaken to determine the effects of magnesium
sulphate in dilute solutions, using the water culture method.
Seedlings of abutilon, pea and corn about 3 cm. long were used.
They were suspended over the mouth of beakers either through
holes in paraffined cork, or from glass rods. Growth was
measured for the first 168 hours. The magnesium sulphate
solutions were made up with distilled water and chemically tested
Kahlbaum salts. In each series seedlings were grown in
distilled water as a control. From the results obtained these
conclusions are drawn : that as with calcium, so with magne-
sium, there is a dilution in which the toxic action is lost and
stimulation begins, this dilution varying with the type of seed-
ling; that from this point there is a gradual increase in stimula-
tion with each successive dilution until a maximum is reached
beyond which the growth decreases to the control ; and that the
vitality of seedlings grown in proper dilutions of magnesium sul-
phate is greater than in seedlings grown in distilled water.
Two notable contributions to fossil botany by Dr. Arthur
Digitized by VjOOQIC
18
Hollick have been issued during the past month by the United
States Geological Survey and by the Maryland Geological Survey.
The first * represents the results of about fifteen years of field
work and critical examination of material collected by the author
and others on Staten Island, Long Island, Block Island, Martha's
Vineyard, Nantucket, the Elizabeth Islands and Cape Cod. A
large part of this material, including many of the type specimens,
is the property of the Garden, and the remainder belongs to either
the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, the Long
Island Historical Society or the United States National Museum.
The work was undertaken at the suggestion of the United States
Geological Survey in order to solve, if possible, several perplex-
ing problems in the geology of the region by means of the evi-
dence afforded by fossil plants, and the results attained in this
connection are condensed on p. 29 in a correlation table of the
insular and allied formations. The total number of species
described is 222, including 31 which are new to science. The
ferns and fern-allies number 6, the conifers 27 and the angio-
sperms 189.
In the second of these contributions, t E)r- Hollick has
written the part on fossil plants, in which some 40 species are
described and figured, including 11 new to science. Under
agreement with the Maryland Geological Survey a free set of the
specimens upon which this part of the work was based will
become the property of the Garden. It is by far the most exten-
sive contribution to the palaeobotany of the Pleistocene forma-
tions which has been published in America and the material
represents a collection which is not duplicated elsewhere in this
country.
The total precipitation at the Garden during the month of De-
cember, 1906, was 2.36 inches. The following maximum tem-
***The Cretaceous Flora of Southern New York and New England."] By
Arthur Hollick. [ Monographs of the U. S. Geol. Survey, Vol. L. | 4to, cloth, pp.
217, pis. i-xl. I Washington, Govt. Printing Office, 1906.
t ** Systematic Paleontology of the Pleistocene Deposits of Maryland." | By Wm.
Bullock Clark, Frederick A. Lucas, O. P. Hay. E. H. Sellards, E. O. Ulrich and
Arthur liollick. | Pliocene and Pleistocene Rept., | pp. 153-281, pis. xxxiv-lxxv. )
Maryland Geol. Survey, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, December, 1906.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
19
peratures were registered: 55° on the 6th, 55° on the 15th,
46.5° on the 2 1 St, and 42° on the 29th. The minimum tem-
peratures during the same period were : 9° on the 4th, 14° on
the I2th, 9° on the 19th, and 12° on the 24th.
ACCESSIONS.
PICTURE COLLECTION.
I photograph of Professor T. C. Frye. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
I photograph of group of botanists at Vienna, June, 1905. (Given by Mrs. N. L.
Britton. )
1 photograph of the original Concord Grape vine. (Given by Dr. L. M. Under-
wood. )
30 plates from various sources.
12 photographs of scenery and buildings in the New York Botanical Garden.
3 photographs of Professor Hugo de Vries* Garden at Amsterdam. (Given by Dr.
D. T. MacDougaiy.
2 photographs of portrait of Governor Cadwallader Golden. (Given by Miss A.
M. Vail.)
I photograph of Arbor Vitae at Natural Bridge, Virginia. (Given by Miss A. M.
Vail.)
1 photograph of Botanical Garden at Brussels. (Given by Miss A. M. Vail. )
2 photographs of Idaho scenery. (Given by Miss A. M. Vail. )
MUSEUM AND HERBARIUM.
28 specimens of North American Ustilaginales. ( Given by Mr. G. P. Qinton. )
21 specimens' of Oxnlis from Mexico. (By exchange with the U. S. National
Museum. )
4 specimens of mosses from New Hampshire. (By exchange with Miss Annie
Lorenz. )
10 specimens of mosses from Nova Scotia. ( Collected by Dr. C. B. Robinson. )
13 museum specimens of CauUrpa from Ceylon. ^By exchange with Dr. Nils
Svedelius. )
200 specimens of fungi from the western United States. ( By exchange with the
Missouri Botanical Garden. )
I specimen of fungus fix>m Washington, D. C. (Given by Mr. P. L. Ricker.)
6 specimens of fungi from Nova Scotia. (Collected by Dr. C. B. Robinson.)
50 specimens of fungi from England. (Collected by Mr. C. E. Hartley- Smith.)
I specimen of fungus from Georgetown, Conn. (Given by Professor L. M. Under-
wood.)
176 specimens of North American plants. (By exchange with the Herbarium of
Harvard University.)
8 specimens of Swedish plants. (Given by Dr. Nils Svedelius. )
172 specimens from California. (Collected by Mr. A. A. Heller.)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
20
3 specimeos from Nova Scotia. (Collected by Mr. C. L. Moore.)
87 ferns from Cuba and the Isle of Pines. (By exchange with the U. S. National
Museum. )
30 specimens " Musci Acrocarpi Boreali -American! " (Distributed by Professor
John M.HoIzinger.)
224 specimens from Guatemala. (Collected by Mr. Charles C. Deam.)
30 specimens of fungi from California. (By exchange with Mr. S. C. Edwards.)
17 specimens of fungi from Grenada, W. I. (Collected by Mr. W. E. Broadway.)
I specimen of Physcomitrium Kellermani from North Dakota. (Given by Dr. J.
F. Brenckle.)
23 mosses from Alabama. (By exchange with the Geological Survey of Alabama. )
97 specimens from British America. (By exchange with the Geological Survey of
Canada. )
I specimen of Catharinea crispa, (By exchange with Miss Annie Lorenz. )
7 specimens of fossil plants from North America. (By exchange with Professor
D. S. Martin.)
32 specimens of hepatics from New Zealand. (By exchange with Mr. T. W.
Naylor Beckett. )
1 specimen of oak gall from New Jersey. (Given by Mrs. W. A. Lyall. )
3 specimens of conifers from North America. ( By exchange with the U. S.
National Museum.)
2 specimens of Juniperus Knightii from Wyoming. (Given by Professor A.
Nelson. )
100 specimens of wild vegetable foods of North America. (Given by Dr. H. H.
Rusby.)
5 specimens of blackberries. (Collected by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. )
I specimen of roots of Brauneria angustifolia. (Given by Messrs. Peck and
Velsor.)
15 specimens from Michigan. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
400 specimens from the Barbados. (By exchange with the Department of Agri-
culture* Barbados, W. I.)
900 specimens from Jamaica. (Collected by Mr. William Harris. )
184 specimens from Washington. (Collected by Mr. Carl C. Engberg.)
I specimen of Pinus strobiformis. (By exchange with the Forest Service.)
150 specimens from Indiana. (By exchange with Mr. Charles C. Deam.)
3 specimens of conifers from California. ( By exchange with the Forest Service. )
6,000 specimens from Porto Rico. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton and others.)
57 specimens from British America. ( By exchange with the Geological Survey of
Canada. )
I specimen of plant impressions in calcareous tufa. (Given by Mr. Guy W.
Wilson.)
500 specimens from Nova Scotia. (Collected by Dr. C. B. Robinson.)
2,400 specimens from Costa Rica. (Collected by Mr. Wm. R. Maxon. )
700 specimens from Cuba. (Collected by Mr. Norman Taylor.)
33 specimens from Colorado. ( By exchange with Mr. George E. Osterhout. )
8 mosses from Rarotonga, Cook Islands. (By exchange with Mr. T. W. Naylor
Beckett. )
69 specimens from Utah. (Given by Professor A. O. Garrett.)
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21
I specimen of Cuscuta from Georgia. (Given by Dr. R. M. Harper.)
2,000 specimens ffom subtropical Florida. ( Collected by Dr. John K. Small and
Mr. J. J. Carter.)
39 specimens of fungi from Nova Scotia. (By exchange with Dr. A. H. Mackay. )
1 specimen of Andreaea rupestris from Massachusetts. (Given by Miss Cora H.
Clarke.)
5,000 specimens from Jamaica. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton and others.)
100 specimens, ** Fungi Columbiani *' Century XXIIl. (Distributed by Mr. E.
Bartholomew.)
92 specimens from Mexico. (By exchange with the U. S. National Museum.)
279 specimens from California and Lower California. (Distributed by Mr. A. A.
Heller.)
318 specimens from the Philippine Islands. (Collected by Mr. A. D. E. Elmer.)
2 specimens of orchids from New England. (Given by Miss A. M. Vail.)
50,000 specimens of mosses, being the herbarium of the late Mr. William Mitten.
15 specimens of fungi from New York. (Collected by Dr. W. A. Murrill.)
2 specimens of fungi from Oneida, New York. (Given by Mr. Willianv. R.
Maxon. )
10 specimens of fungi from Brazil. (Given by Mr. G. Bresadola. )
83 specimens of marine algae from New Zealand. (Collected by Mr. R. M.
Laing. )
I specimen from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with the Bureau of Sci-
ence, Manila.)
4 specimens of fungi from Alabama. (Given by Dr. R. M. Harper.)
50 specimens of fungi from New Hampshire. (Collected by Mr. P. Wilson.)
100 specimens of fungi from British Honduras. (Collected by Mr. Morton £.
Peck. )
6 specimens of fungi from Europe. (Given by Mr. L. Romell.)
1 fungus from South Carolina. (Given by Mr. E. W. Berry.)
5 specimens of fungi from New York. (Collected by Mr. G. W. Wilson.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
2 plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with Mrs. B. B. Tuttle.)
1 plant for the conservatories, from Cienfuegos, Cuba. (By exchange with Mr.
F. Weinberg.)
2 plants for the conservatories. ( By exchange with the N. Y. Zoological Garden. )
2 plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. F. Weinberg.)
389 woody plants for the borders. ( Purchased. )
214 plants derived from seeds from various sources.
16 packets of seeds. (Given by Mr. C. Werckl6.)
2 packets of seeds. ( By exchange with Bureau of Plant Industry. )
I packet of seeds. ( By exchange with Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. )
I packet of seeds. (By exchange with Royal Gardens, Kew. )
I packet of seeds from Oklahoma. (By exchange with Dr. J. C. Arthur.)
I packet of seeds from Jamaica. ( By exchange with the Public Gardens. )
1 packet of seeds from Cuba. (Collected by Mr. N. Taylor.)
2 packets of seeds from Nova Scotia. (Collected by Dr. C. B. Robinson. )
Digitized by VjOOQIC
22
2 packets*of seeds from Pennsylvania. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer. )
34 packets of seeds from the Arnold Arboretum. (Collected by Mr. W. W.
Eggleston.)
3 packets from Bartram*s Garden. (Collected by Mr. W. W. E|s;leston.)
2 packets of seeds from Philadelphia. (Collected by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.)
I packet of seeds. (Collected by Mr. A. Miller. )
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIII. February, 1907. No. 86.
EXPLORATION OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief.
Sir: In a former report on an expedition to Southern Florida,*
I called attention to the fact that it had been our good fortune
to explore some of the islands lying in the everglades southwest
of Miami while they were yet uninhabited. During our recent
expedition to the same region, the value of our earlier explora-
tions was emphasized by what we saw of the destruction caused
by the hurricane that had recently swept south Florida. Had we
not acquired a fundamental knowledge of the native vegetation
of that unique and fascinating region as early as we did, our
knowledge of the relation of the flora of south Florida to that of
tropical America would have remained very imperfect.
With your permission I left New York on the twenty-second
of last October, and proceeded direct to Miami, Florida. I was
joined on the way by Mr. J. J. Carter, of Pleasant Grove, Penn-
sylvania, who continued my tireless associate throughout the ex-
pedition. Upon the invitation of Dr. Ernst A. Bessey, who is in
chaise of the Subtropical Laboratory of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, we established our headquarters in the
laboratory building of that institution, and to Dr. Bessey and his
associates, Mr. Fawcett and Mr. Wester, we tender thanks for their
constant cooperation and association. We were also accompa-
nied during most of the field work by Dr. H. C. Cowles, of the
•Jour. N. Y. Bot Card. 5 : 49. 1904.
23
Digitized by VjOOQIC
24
University of Chicago, who, together with Mrs. Cowles, is study-
ing certain features of the Florida flora.
The object of our field work was mainly two-fold ; first, we
had planned a survey of Long Key and several adjacent everglade
islands which, taken together, form the southwestern extremity
of the chain which appears north of the Miami River ; second,
we had arranged to continue the survey of the Florida Keys, in
order to secure and to preserve the knowledge of the native flora
of that singular chain of islands before it becomes further obscured
or wholly destroyed by the advance of civilization. The high
water in the everglades prevented us from getting more than a
distant view of Long Key, consequently we continued explora-
tion on the larger group of islands lying between Miami and
Camps Longview and Jackson, and through the courtesy of Mr.
Johnson, of the Florida East Coast Railway engineer corps, we
were enabled to penetrate a wholly unexplored section of the
everglades lying between the present terminus of the railway and ^
Key Largo, including a portion of Cross Key. Our interesting
experience on the latter island indicated further important dis-
coveries when its flora shall be more thoroughly explored. This
island, together with a parallel and almost similar formation, consti-
tutes the only natural and approximately complete land-connec-
tion between the Florida Keys and the mainland of the peninsula.
As we reached the field about a week after the occurrence of the
hurricane already referred to, we had an opportunity to observe its
effects on the vegetation. The everglades were exceptionally full of
water, a condition caused not only by the heavy rains of the recent
storm, but also by those of a very wet season preceding it. On
the islands of coral sand-rock, the pinclands were uninjured ex-
cept for the relatively insignificant loss of myriads of pine trees
which were blown over by the wind, the number being especially
large because of the fact that the trees growing directly on the
exposed rock cannot make tap-roots. The islands ranging from
the vicinity of Homestead Station southward had been completely
submerged during the latter stage of the hurricane ; the water
lying to the northwest being pushed out of the everglades by
the extremely high winds, swept over the islands, and poured
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25
into the everglades to the southeast. The hammocks were
greatly injured, the very small ones isolated in the higher por-
tions of the pinelands being especially damaged. With only
the slight external protection of the slender pine trees to break
the force of the wind, their vegetation was practically mowed
down.
These little hammocks were the homes of many of the botan-
ical treasures of the region. Within them were formerly discov-
ered numbers of West Indian plants not known to occur elsewhere
on the North American mainland. The half dozen of these ham-
mocks which we examined critically during this last expedition
were found to be almost total wrecks. Their complete natural
restoration will be a question of at least a century, if the home-
steader does not finish the destruction already accomplished by
the wind. Formerly, the spreading tops of the tall trees, whose
trunks varied from two to four feet or more in diameter, interlaced
with one another, and the branches were further bound together
by means of numerous herbaceous and woody vines. The direct
sunlight was thus wholly excluded from the inside of the ham-
mocks, and no matter at what angle the sun might be, twilight
reigned there from sunrise to sunset. Many species of plants,
both flowering and flowed ess, that could not even exist elsewhere
in the vicinity, were found to thrive there luxuriantly.
In the case of the Florida Keys, some of the upper islands
were twice completely submerged during the hurricane, first by
the water blown in from the ocean while the wind came from the
southeast, and then by the water blown out from the bay when
the wind came from the northwest. Elliott's Key was a conspic-
uous example of devastation. Under normal conditions the veg-
etation of this key is luxuriant, both the herbaceous and woody
plants growing in such masses as to be almost impenetrable at
most places, and, as seen from the bay or from the ocean, exhib-
iting a solid bank of green. During our last visit this key pre-
sented the aspect of a desert ; the herbaceous vegetation and
small shrubbery was temporarily almost annihilated by the
deluge of salt water, while the trees and shrubs presented leaf-
less and apparently dead*skeletons, the wind having whipped off
Digitized by VjOOQIC
26
every leaf. Several weeks after the storm all of the trees, as if
recovering from the shock, started simultaneously to put forth
not only new leaves, but also flowers.
Our investigations on the keys were confined to the northern
ones.^and we have learned that on account of their floras, as well
as their position, Virginia Key and Key Biscayne, which lie op-
posite Miami and Cocoanut Grove, are to be associated with the
mainland, which ends as a narrow peninsula just north of them,
and not with the rest of the keys ; from which, moreover, they
are separated by an interval of almost ten miles, leaving out of
consideration the insignificant Soldier's Key, which is a mere iso-
lated sand-bar about five miles south of Cape Florida. Their
vegetation consists of a dense growth of mangrove on the side
facing the bay, the usual tropical beach flora along the ocean and
a few of the sand-dune plants which are common for many miles
northward along the coast.
Our work on the mainland was considerably impeded by the
effects of the hurricane, the high water in the everglades, which
in some sections partially submerged the islands and filled all of
the prairies, and the fallen trees throughout the pinelands greatly
delayed our progress. We experienced the most difficulty in
making progress to the southwest of the settlement of Cutler,
where time was consumed in mending both harness and wagon.
Naturally, accidents happened in the more unfavorable places.
At one point in the everglades, when the doubletree and one
singletree of the wagon and three traces and several minor straps
of the harness all broke simultaneously, the driver, before he re-
covered from the shock, had the charity to suggest that he ride
the horses to the nearest point of dry land and that the rest of us
pull the wagon out. Contrary to the exhilarating effect which
the environment of these rugged and uninhabited regions had on
most of us, it seemed to have a uniformly depressing effect on
our drivers. This was most plainly shown by the fact that we
had a new driver on each successive excursion. The monotony
of wading the submerged prairies, which are usually dry at that
season, was varied by both the depth of the soft mud and the
number of the treacherous pot-holes in the rock bottom under
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27
the mud. In fact^ we became so accustomed to an amphibious
mode of life that several of the party complained that they did
not feel natural when deprived of the aquatic stage for any length
of time.
We have now accumulated enough knowledge of the. flora of
these islands of coral sand-rock in the everglades to make the
solution of many problems, both general and local, very interest-
ing. This chain of everglade keys is a miniature of the Florida
Keys, both in its crescent shape and its flora, and also of the
West Indies in the character of its vegetation. It is surrounded
by the everglades, except where the upper islands touch Biscayne
Bay at points from Miami to Cutler. Before these islands were
elevated to their .present altitude, they were probably surrounded
by a shallow sea just as the Florida Keys are at the present
time. This being the case, we can easily account for the tropical
American flora now inhabiting them. After sufficient elevation
had taken place, the surrounding sea was transformed into the
vast spring now known as the everglades. Conditions becom-
ing favorable, the plants of the flora of northern peninsular
Florida advanced southward and naturally took complete posses-
sion of the area that was formerly the sea, thus surrounding and
isolating the wholly different flora of the islands. In fact, the
two floras are so sharply delimited that one can often stand with
one foot on plants characteristic of the high northern regions and
the other on plants restricted to the tropics. It is not an un-
common experience to see colonies of plants common in Canada,
such as the arrowarum {Peltandra)^ the lizard's tail {Saururus)
and the ground-nut {Apios), growing side by side with tropical
palms, cycads, orchids and bromeliads.
The total area of these islands is perhaps about one hundred
and fifty square miles. Those that we have explored have
yielded between five and six hundred species of native flowering
plants, surely a very large number when we consider that the
solid rock is exposed everywhere and that soil in the sense
thSit we are accustomed to think of it does not occur there.
The close relationship of this flora to that of the West Indies is
now established by the fact that considerably more than one half
Digitized by VjOOQIC
28
of the species found on the islands south of Miami are also native
in Cuba and the Bahamas.
Since the publication of my last report on exploration in
southern Florida,* and a subsequently printed paper on the
species added to the flora of that state.f we have secured over
fifty more species not before known to grow on the North Ameri-
can mainland. Eight or ten of these are complete novelties, in-
asmuch as they are not yet described. Noteworthy among the
recent collections, which make an aggregate of 3,200 specimens,
are seven species not previously included in the arborescent flora
of the United States.
Respectfully submitted,
J. K. Small,
Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium.
THE MITTEN COLLECTION OF MOSSES AND
HEPATICS.
William Mitten died at Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, England, on
July 20, 1906. Following his last request, his daughter. Miss
Flora Mitten, offered his entire collection of mosses and hepatics
to Mrs. N. L. Britton and the collection was purchased for the
'New York Botanical Garden for ;f 400, the donors being Messrs.
D. O. Mills, Andrew Carnegie, J. Pierpont Morgan, Jas. B.
•Ford, Geo. W. Perkins and Charles F. Cox.
At the request of Dr. Alfred Russell Wallace, Mr. Mitten's
executor, a representative of the Garden, Mr. R. S. Williams,
was sent to pack and ship the collection, which was received
safe and in good condition on December 6, 1906. Besides
twenty large boxes full of mosses, the collection contains ten
boxes of hepatics. Mrs. Britton also received as a gift from Miss
Mitten a large photograph of her father and his personal copy of
the ** Musci Austro-Americani," his greatest work, which, strange
to say, is absolutely without notes or writing of any kind, as Mr.
Mitten was in the habit of laying memoranda and descriptions of
subsequent additions in the covers with his specimens.
• * Jour. N. y. Bot. Card. 5 : 157-164. 1904.
t Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3 : 419-440. 1904.
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Two accounts of Mr. Mitten's life and work have appeared,
one in the Journal of Botany for October, igo6, by W. Botting
Hemsley and the other in the Bryologist for January, 1907, by
William Edward Nicholson, both of which are interesting per-
sonal sketches, the latter giving a bibliographical list, but neither
of them containing any account of his collections. In a letter
dated September 5. 1906, Dr. Wallace states that *' Nobody
ever touched, or hardly ever saw these collections but Mr.
Mitten himself and a few specialist visitors. Although I have
never examined them myself, as a friend (and a son-in-law) of
Mr. Mitten for forty years, I know something of them and I am
inclined to think that they constitute the richest (or nearly the
richest) private collection of those groups in existence, while it is
doubtful if any public collections are much richer. Mr. Mitten,
as you know, has studied and described mosses for nearly sixty
years, and for a long time was the greatest British authority on
them, and received collections to sort, name, and describe from
collectors, museums, and travelers, in every part of the world.
Of all these he reserved sets for himself, and has thus accumu-
lated an enormous collection, the nomenclature and arrangement
of which he was at work at up to the end of his life."
Beginning in 1851 with a list of mosses and hepatics from the
vicinity of his home in Sussex, the 57 titles which follow include
studies of the mosses and hepatics from Quito, Portugal, New
Zealand, Panama, the East Indies, Tasmania, Fiji, Tropical
Africa, the Azores, Japan and China, Samoa, Ceylon, St. Paul,
and St. Helena, Bermuda, Kerguelen, Cape of Good Hope,
Morocco, Polynesia, British Guiana, Socotra and Borneo.
His largest and chief work was the description of the mosses
of South America, including Central American and West Indian
species! This was published as Vol. 12 of the Journal of the
Linnean Society in 1869. It contains 659 pages and includes
603 species and 19 genera new to the region, of which the types
are in his herbarium. It was largely based on the collections
made by Richard Spruce in his travels up the Amazon, Orinoco
and Rio N^ro and across the Andes, and by Jameson, in Peru ;
as well as those made by Lindig and Weir in New Granada ;
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Burchell and Glaziou in Brazil ; Funck and Schlim in Venezuela ;
Martens, Galeotti and Bourgeau in Mexico ; Godman and Salvin
in Guatemala, and by Seemann in Panama. Collections from the
West Indian islands include the following : From Jamaica by
Swartz, Purdie, Wilds, Wilson, Hart, Jenman and Harris ; from
Cuba by Wright ; from Grenada by Broadway ; from St. Christo-
pher by Breutel ; from Trinidad by Fendler and Cruger ; and from
Haiti and Santo Domingo by Swartz. He had very few mosses
from the French Antilles, a lack which has already been sup-
plied in the Garden collections by the purchase of the herbarium
of Pere Duss, made in the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique,
which contains many species whose type localities have since
been destroyed by the volcanic eruption* of Mt. Pelee.
His collections are not as rich in European exsiccatae as that
of Jaeger, but they supplement those already at the Garden with
several sets that were lacking, notably Spruce's Mosses of the
Pyrenees. There are also two fine sets of Drummond's First
Arctic and Canadian Collections of North American Mosses,
secured during the second Land Arctic Expedition under the
command of Sir John Franklin, in 1828. One of these sets was
the property of Sir John Richardson. He also had a set of
Drummond's Second Collection from the Southern States, 1841,
one of Sullivant's Musci Alleghanienses, 1845, and one of Sul-
livant and Lesquereux's Musci Boreali Americani, First Edition,
1856. Besides these he had collections from Richardson made
in the Northwest Territory from the vicinity of Great Bear and
Great Slave Lake ; from Davis Strait and Arctic America by
James Taylor ; from Lake Winnipeg, Saskatchewan and the Rocky
Mountains by Bourgeau in Palliser's British North American Ex-
pedition. 1859; ^"d from the Northwest Coast, Vancouver Island
and British Columbia by Menzies, Lyall and Douglas. The
mosses of the 49th parallel, or the northern boundary of the
United States, were named and listed by Mitten, in the Proceed-
ings of the Linnean Society, 1864. From John Macdun, he re-
ceived a fine set of the mosses of Ontario. He also had speci-
mens sent by Dr. C. W. Short from Kentucky, Chapman from
Florida, T. P. James from New Hampshire, and John Torrey
rom New York.
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Among the most valuable of his collections are those made by
the various Arctic and Antarctic Expeditions. Among these are
the sets of mosses from Spitzbergen collected by Parry and Ross
in 1819-1820, from the herbarium of Robert Brown, and those
collected in Greenland, Baffin's Bay and Melville Island by
Franklin in his search for the Northwest Passage. There are
also collections made by Seemann on the Voyage of H. M. S.
Herald in 1 845-1 851 at Panama, by the Transit of Venus Expe-
dition in 1874-1875, by Moseley on the Voyage of the Chal-
lenger in 1875. including specimens from Bermuda, and by the
Roraima Expedition in British Guiana in 1884.
Asiatic mosses are represented by collections in the Himalayas
by Hooker and Thomson ; in Nepal by Griffith ; in Ceylon by
Thwaites ; and in Burma and the Straits Settlements by Griffith.
A few Chinese and Japanese mosses also were described in 1864,
Those from Borneo, Sumatra and Java, including Fleischer's
Musci Archipelagi Indici, will be very useful in naming the recent
collections made in the Philippines by Mr. R. S. Williams. The
collections from New Zealand made by Hutton and Kirk and from
Samoa by Powell seem to be largely duplicated and available for
exchanges. Besides these, there are other Polynesian mosses
from Fiji and New Caledonia, and Australian mosses from Mel-
bourne, Port Philip, Gippsland, Victoria and New South Wales,
African collections were received from Central Africa, collected
by Bishop Hannington and from Kilimanjaro by H. H. Johnston ;
from West Africa from the Cameroons and River Niger ; from
Southern Africa, including Rehman's exsiccatae of 1875-1877 ;
from the Cape of Good Hope by Milne and Eaton and McGilli-
vray and Burchell ; from Madagascar by Pool ; from Mauritius
by Ayres, Balfour and Telfair ; from Bourbon and Socotra by J.
B. Balfour ; from St. Thomas by G. Mann ; from Algiers and
Morocco by Sir John Ball ; and from Fernando Po and St.
Helena, the Azores, and the Atlantic Islands of Madeira and
Canary.
Local mosses from the vicinity of Hurstpierpoint and other
parts of Sussex and Kent, which had been made up into sets for
exchange, are also well represented ; together with several dupli-
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cate sets of Drumniond's mosses of Scotland and collections of
his own from Wales.
The entire collection abounds in beautiful drawings, which
usually accompany the specimens. It frequently happens that
every species in a cover is illustrated.
NATURE-STUDY AS AN EDUCATION.*
Nature-study has been exploited during the last score of years
in this country in various ways. It began here as an off-shoot of
the so-called object-lessons introduced by Dr. Sheldon into the
Oswego Normal School, and received further stimulus in the
Cook County Normal School under Dr. Francis Parker and Mr.
W. S. Jackman, who attempted the first formulation of nature-
study as a distinct subject, and prepared a text-book of numer-
ous isolated suggestions for the teacher, these suggestions
ranging through many subjects and sometimes going far afield.
And yet the key-note of the book as stated by the author rings
out strong and true : " Let us place the children in the woods
and fields that they may study nature at work."
About the same time (1889), Mr. Arthur C. Boyden of the
Bridgewater Normal School championed the new idea, began
teaching in the state institutes of Massachusetts, and got out a
pamphlet on the "Study of Trees in Plymouth County** ; one
of the first of a long series of fluttering nature-study leaflets by
men and women who, knowing much or little or nothing at all
about the subject, have found the theme a good one to write
upon. At the same time, also, a department ot nature-study was
organized in the Summer School of Cottage City under the name
of elementary science, and in the latter part of the eighties, na-
ture-study under the name of elementary science was receiving
consideration in many schools in several states.
From 1890 to 1895, exhibits of nature-work were common in
cities, the display at the World's Fair in Chicago being the cul-
mination of this phase of development.
♦Read before the convention of the New York Botanical Garden January 23,
1906. Published simultaneously in the Garden Journal and the Nature Study Re-
view.
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About ten years after the first introduction of elementary
science into the grades, two men came forward to whom children
will be grateful for centuries to come. Of all the numerous
writers who have considered nature-study from one standpoint or
another, the principles set forth by Professor Bailey of Cornell
and Professor Hodge of Clark, are as sane and practical as any-
thing yet presented. To little people shivering over their first
experience in the clear, cold atmosphere of science, a warmer
temperature and more genial atmosphere were eagerly welcomed.
While there is no doubt of the constant advance of nature-
study over the country as a whole, yet the gain is not the
mushroom growth of the first few years, and this is well. There
has been lack of fibro-vascular tissue, and in more than one place
nature-study has been dropped after a trial. This has occurred
in a few large cities where the problem is most difficult, or where
the school-board has failed to recognize the value of nature-study
as a means of education, or in some cases where the teaching has
been inadequate.
Nature-study, then, has already passed through various phases
with us : first came the experiment followed by the exhibition
which so inspired the on-lookers that it straightway became a
fad ; then came the period of reaction and criticism when nature-
study became less serious — more of a recreation — and here
came the opportunity to run in the unusual, the exceptional, the
sensational in nature literature, which is not nature-study at all,
though it may be very good literature ; and now our leading lights
tell us that nature-study is an idea, an atmosphere, an attitude, —
in a word, it is spirit. This, then, is the promise of the future,
and our prophets prophesy wisely and well. But we cannot hope
for any universal fulfillment of the prophesy for several genera-
tions to come — not until there has been time to train our
teachers, and they in turn have had the opportunity of training
the children who are to be the parents of the next generation. In
the next generation we may begin to look for parents who will
not destroy the attitude, the atmosphere of nature-study, which
is an inherent part of the nature of the normal child. He inherits
from ancestors remote a primitive love of nature and every natural
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object. Any child of three years turned loose in a small space
out-of-doors where there is good clean dirt with worms in it, and
pebbles, where green things are growing, where the chance cater-
pillar and toad and small snake are free to come and go, has
amusement for a summer. Some one has well said :
<* Out-doors, God amused him ; in-doors his mother ;
And the finite can never satisfy as the Infinite/'
It is only when the child learns from others that he " must not
touch the toad or he will get warts," that the harmless garter-
snake is a poisonous reptile, that the caterpillar will bite ; that
his faith in nature is shaken, the nature-study atmosphere dark-
ened, and the nature-study spirit hampered.
Dr. M. T. Cook says that in Cuba he frequently gave his one-
year-old son small snakes to play with, and the child considered
them the most interesting kind of a plaything, until at the age of
four he began to run with other children. In a short time the
boy became afraid of snakes and is still afraid of them. Profes-
sor Hooker, of Mt. Holyoke College, had a little visitor whom
she found it hard to entertain, so she brought out some snakes
which she called her " little friends.*' The child was delighted,
and played with them happily until she heard some one call them
snakes, then dropped them in fear and disgust.
A child in the first primary grade of the University School for
Girls in Chicago brought a tiny leafless twig to her teacher and
asked her to use it for the nature-study lesson. The teacher
thought it a rather small affair, but a leaf-bud or two offered
suggestion, and the teacher held out for what seemed to her a
very creditable length of time and then turned with relief to a
gay picture of an oriole on the wall. But the children did not
want orioles in pictures on the wall ; they wanted a little live
twig, and the small girl who had brought it in raised her hand
and asked severely, ** Why don't you go on with the nature-
science ? "
That which we are to aim for, then, we have at the very be-
ginning ; but by the time that the child goes to school he has
lost more or less of it, and it is more difficult to restore it in a
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soil that has been sterilized than it would be to start anew in
fresh soil. Allowing for individual exceptions, I have found it
true tl^t interest in nature-study in schools where the subject is
not a vital one varies inversely with the age of the children, and
that the difficulty in exciting an interest varies directly with
the age.
The problem that confronts us is, how shall we recover that
which has been lost ; how shall we reach the ideal, the pervad-
ing atmosphere that colors, the idea that permeates the whole life,
the nature-study spirit. Now the child of the graded school has
many teachers. It is a chance if he ever has one who really un-
derstands and fully comprehends just what Bailey means by atmos-
phere and attitude and idea and spirit It is possible that one
may be all this and that the school may have the spirit and never
know it. I am not sure but this is the essence of the whole
thing — the spirit free because unconscious of itself.
At one of the State Summer Schools held in Bennington,
Vermont, a young teacher came to me and told me how much
she regretted the impossibility of having any nature-study in the
little rural school where she taught. '* The parents are not
willing that the time should be given in school," she said, " the
programme is already crowded, we have no money with which
to buy books. Put,*' she added, " there is a little brook back of
the school house, and the children and I stay out there about all
the time at recess and noon and we all go early in the morning
before school. We have a series of pools, and in them we have
several kinds of fish, and in one pool we have some salamanders,
and in another turtles, and in another pollywogs. We feed them
and keep the pools in order and the children do have such a good
time. Then a little house-wren came into the school house and
built her nest on the stove-pipe by the chimney, right in the
school room. And the children would keep just as still as pos-
sible so as not to disturb her."
This dear girl assured me over and over again with tears in
her eyes that she would be so glad to have nature-study in her
school, but that it was simply an impossibility ! This illustrates
how difficult it is for one to grasp the real significance of the
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study as presented by even so plain and simple and straightfor-
ward a speaker as Professor Bailey.
Atmosphere is intangible at best, and not an easy mark for the
inexperienced. One may be sure the arrow will hit somewhere,
even if sent at random, and many of our public-school teachers
have evidently taken refuge in this thought, and the result is
random and haphazard.
The result would be the same and perhaps the idea might
seem more definite, if, with the idea of attitude as the ultimate
goal, we should begin by aiming at some nearer mark. To in-
spire the boys and girls with a vital rational interest in their im-
mediate natural environment — an interest that shall continually
widen with the circles of growing experience and knowledge
founded on experience, and so lead to a wider environment —
this is concrete and feasible.
In the country, there is such abundance of material that the
question is one of choice ; in the more cramped conditions of the
larger cities, the question of choice is largely eliminated, and
here it is necessary to seize upon every natural object that comes
within the reach of the children and to widen their pathetically
limited environment by constantly reaching out. always from
something they have seen or experienced, to the things beyond,
and to inspire them with a desire to learn what lies outside the
few blocks which immediately surround them. Settlement-
workers tell us that most children in the crowded tenement dis-
tricts seldom go beyond the half-dozen blocks which supply the
necessities of life. A little girl of nine years was taken to the
country for the first time. She was amazed beyond measure ;
she had attended the public-schools, but she had never been
told that the earth was not paved all over, and it had never oc-
curred to her that it could be any other way. Let us teach the
children to love the parks, not simply as pleasant places in which
to play but as places where one can know the trees as individuals
that in time may become one's comrades and friends. To know
the trees that are in our parks, to know them by their outlines
and buds and twigs and leaves and flowers and fruits, and to
watch the changes in them from week to week and season to
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season is to have an unfailing resource for pleasure throughout
life. To teach the child a proper appreciation of our parks and
scenery and to make him feel a sense of ownership in them is to
make him some day a better man.
We can do no better and go no farther today than did Aris-
totle when he said :
** It is clear then that there are branches of education and learning which we
must study with a view to the enjoyment of leisure, and these are to be valued for
their own sake ; whereas those kinds of knowledge which are useful in business are
to be deemed necessary, and exist for the sake of other things. It is evident then
that there is a sort of education in which parents should train their sons, not as being
useful or necessary, but because it is liberal or noble."
In commenting upon this passage, Burnet in ''Aristotle on
Education '* says :
*'Here in simple form is the perennial problem as to whether the end of educa-
tion is culture, or to fit us for the business of life. The most ardent business men will
tell you that they work hard in order that they may be able to retire ; the misfortune
is that when they have retired they are very oflen at a loss what to do with their time.
*' An education which took as its aim to train people in such a way that they could
rightly enjoy the rest which they have earned by a life of toil would, we can see, have
a good deal to say for itself, and might be quite as ** practical '' as one which merely
anticipated the "useful and necessary" activities of the business life itself. It might
sound strange at first, but it would not be amiss if we were once more to speak with
Aristotle of the noble enjoyment of leisure as the end of education in its highest sense.
It is just the want of such an education that makes men put up with that very poor
and cheap substitute for theoria, the life of amusement.
•* The Gospel of Work is a noble one and has been nobly preached^ but the neglect
of the still higher Gospel of Leisure has produced the results which Aristotle has
indicated so clearly. We cannot always work, and if our education has not fitted us
to use our spare time rightly, we are sure to take to the life of mere amusement. We
all know men who would be transformed if only they knew what to do with themselves
when they arc not at work. We can all see that whole classes of the community arc
sunk in needless degradation just because their lives are a succession of periods of
overwork and intervals of low or vicious relaxation. And we can see too that the end
of the nineteenth century, the century of work, has been marked by a morbid, an
abnormal growth of the craving for amusement and excitement which has threatened
at times to break up society altogether. It is from the Greeks that we can best learn
the cause and cure of these ills."
Of the thousands of poor and ignorant people who visit the
New York Botanical Garden during the spring and summer and
autumn months, on the one day of leisure in the week, one does
not dare to venture a guess at the per cent, of those who really
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care for the things of the park aside from space and coolness. If
only these people had been educated to an appreciation of nature,
what an additional inspiration this place would become in their
sordid lives !
President Cleveland went fishing when the affairs of state be-
came too taxing ; President Roosevelt hunts bears. When the
little boy in the first grade of to-day becomes president, the same
instinctive craving for nature may be satisfied in a simpler way if
nature-study be rightly taught. It was not the fish that President
Cleveland wanted ; he could have bought them with much less
trouble at the market. It is not the bear-skins that President
Roosevelt .wants ; he can buy them at the furrier's. What both
men want is the free pure air, the untrammeled woods, the sound
of rippling water, the call of the thrush, ferns, moss and wild
things ; in a word, nature. And, after all, fish and bears are only
excuses ; just the same results could be had by hunting with a
camera, or in listing the trees or studying the ecology of a
region, or in hunting for rare ferns.
The most serious problem of nature-study just now is the
teacher of nature-study. At present she must be born, for she
cannot be made, except in a few places. Without question there
are some excellent teachers who would never become good
teachers of nature-study, no matter what advantages they might
receive. But with these rare exceptions, the good teacher would
also make a good teacher of nature-study if only she knew her
subject. How can she have any adequate comprehension of that
which she has not herself experienced ? She did not have na-
ture-study in the grades when a child herself; she did not get it
in the high school except in rare instances ; there are scarcely a
score of normal schools that offer nature-study as nature-study ;
and the number of colleges that offer such courses can be counted
on the fingers of one hand. Courses in biology, including botany
and zoology, are now generally offered in the college, the normal
school and the high school ; but these courses are largely domi-
nated by the spirit of the scientist and the specialist — and
rightfully so.
A little girl said to me : ** I don't care at all for botany, but I
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just love flowers.*' Now the specialist may love botany and not
care for flowers. Particularly if he works along histological or
embryological lines, he may be wholly ignorant of nature in any
field except the somewhat limited one bounded by the horizon of
his microscope. I one day asked a most enthusiastic and suc-
cessful instructor in one of our leading universities what a certain
common wild-flower of that region, new to me, looked like.
This man had made something of a specialty of the points
brought out in the development of this particular flower and
had prepared many slides from it. He replied that he did not
know what the flower looked like, and did not care, that that was
not the point ; that he did not know any flowers by their names
in the field, he had no time to learn them, and he did not know
what good it would do him if he did know.
A student had just finished her research on a problem con-
nected with pines and had taken her degree. She was out
driving with a friend who inquired about some pines they were
passing. '* Oh, I don't know anything about our native pines,
not even their names," was the reply.
Even in the high school the courses in botany and zoology
have been until quite recently too technical and limited to cer-
tain lines to fit the requirements of college entrance. Fitting for
college and fitting for life have been two quite different things.
And nature-study should be taught in the grades. Where
shall the teacher learn ? Can she get it from books ? A few
summers ago I was riding on the front seat of a trolley car
through a beautiful Vermont valley at sunset. A woman whose
dress and general air bespoke culture and refinement sat beside
me. She was wholly absorbed in the pages of a book and
utterly oblivious to the surrounding beauty and glory. I con-
cluded that she was doubtless so familiar with the place that its
charms were no longer felt, and I pitied her. We passed a large
and stately building on a hillside. ** Pardon me," I said, " will
you kindly tell me what that building is? " " I'm sure I don't
know," was the reply. *' I was never here before." and she re-
lapsed into the book again. Then I was seized with curiosity to
know what she could be reading. The car gave a favorable
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lurch, I leaned over, and caught the title of the book, "Self-CuU
ture," and the chapter-heading at the top of the page read '•^The
Love of Nature.*'
In addition to the quickened and widened environment of the
child, which should be the first aim of the teacher of nature-study,
we q^iay look with assurance for many valuable results which are
by-products. In the past one or another of the by-products has
too often been mistaken for the main object. This was especially
true at first when it was claimed that the greatest gain to be
derived from the study of natural objects is increased power of
observation. This increase is a natural result ; one looks at the
things he is interested in, and the more things one is interested in
and the more he is interested in some one thing, the more he sees.
*' It is active seeing, not passive looking which constitutes obser-
vation," says Professor Ganong. The result should culminate in
visualization — the power to reproduce subjectively that which
has been seen objectively.
The nature-teacher said to the third-grade class of a school in
Missouri : ** Children, I want you to watch a spider and see if
you can learn something about it that you did not know before.
Then I would like you to write down whatever you find out and
bring it to me." The next day Locke Sawyer brought in the
following to his teacher : " Onct I sawn a spider spin his web.
He span it on the winder-pain. I watched him as clost as I
could. He went along in front and spun behind." Here is the
real thing — visualization: one sees the spider with the boy,
" going along in front and spinning behind." The delighted
teacher, carried away by the enthusiasm of the moment, began
to tell the children how spiders spin, how they have a little res-
ervoir of adhesive liquid substance within, which is forced out and
hardens into a thread on exposure to the air. Locke was vastly
interested ; he wanted to write down what the teacher had said,
and at his request his paper was returned. This is what he
added : *' Inside of himself the spider has two tin cans. These
are for its web, which is glue before it is spun."
A second scientific value of nature-study is that it develops
the power of reason. One learns to generalize from the particular
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and to make critical comparison. The whole subject of adapta-
tions comes in here and appeals strongly to the child. Bills and
beaks and teeth and feet and tails take on new interest when one
grasps the fact that they are to serve some special need. Nature-
study leads to faith in causality, which involves the belief that
every phenomenon is linked with preceding factors. The child
is freed from superstition ; and bats that cause your hair to fall
out, and toads that cause warts, and devil's-darning-needles that
sew up your ear if you ever told a lie, lose their terrors and
become objects of interest and perhaps companionship.
Of the cultural instincts which are developed, we may note
briefly :
1. Power of expression ; the child can talk about the thing he
is interested in, he can write about it, he can make a picture of
it. But let his teacher remember that these are the products of
nature-study, and that nature-study can never be the product
of talking or writing or drawing. The child's language should
be more accurate and logical. He should learn to tell the truth
and not exaggerate. Laboratory methods should lead to greater
skill and dexterity in the use of the hands.
2. Knowledge for its own sake and love of knowledge should
result from the widened environment of the child. Knowing his
own surroundings, he is able to interpret what he reads and
geography takes on a new meaning.
3. The aesthetic values of nature-study are not to be over-
looked in a time when utilitarian ideas are as prominent as today.
Let the child know that the sky and clouds and sunset coloring
and the river and hills beyond are his in the same sense in which
the parks are his — to appreciate and enjoy. Whatever one can
see that is beautiful is his own as much as though it were his
individual property. All that any one can do with a beautiful
object is to contemplate it with appreciation and enjoyment It
is possible for the poorest child to be richer than the multi-
millionaire.
4. The industrial and economic side of the question appeals
to many, especially to parents and school-boards. Plants and
animals beneficial and injurious, pests and their extermination.
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problems of food and clothing, of shelter and sanitation and
personal hygiene, all become a legitimate part of the great subject.
5. Finally, the ethical value of nature-study which results in
happiness to the individual is most important. One is never
happier than when riding a hobby and riding hard. Birds or
butterflies, trees or mosses, ferns or fungi — it doesn't matter, so
long as one has an absorbing interest in the world without.
Health and happiness are not to be despised in these days of
nerves and constant (Remands for new sensations.
To the love of all created things nature-study should lead, and
if it be true that love is the greatest thing in the world then
nature-study is indeed justified. A man who ranks high in the
scientific world showed this spirit when he carried a tub of sea-
water back to the beach from which it came, a distance of some
rods, and poured the water into the sea saying, ** I could not see
any life there but it would be a pity to run any risk of destroying
life needlessly."
That the country -boy will see more of interest and beauty in
his surroundings, and that the city-boy will learn greater appre-
ciation of the country may be reasonably expected ; but not until
the agricultural side of nature-study has been much developed
can we hope for that which will help to solve the greater problems
of rural districts. Nature-study has no need to demand more
than rightfully belongs to her.
Mary Perle Anderson.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Mr. C. F. Millspaugh, of the Field Museum of Natural History,
Chicago, spent about two weeks at the Garden before his departure
for the Bahamas.
Dr. N. L. Britton and Mrs. Britton left New York on Feb-
ruary 1 1 for the Bahamas, where they will spend several weeks
in botanical exploration. Mr. C. F. Millspaugh will join them
at Nassau.
Dr. Marshall A. Howe returned on January 30 from an ex-
pedition to Jamaica, where he devoted five or six weeks to col-
GooQle
Digitized by VjOOQ
43
lecting and studying marine algae in Kingston Harbor and
vicinity and at Montego Bay. When the disastrous earthquake
of January 14 occurred, he was at Montego Bay, where the shock
was comparatively light. His Kingston collections, which were
stored at the time in a wooden office building on the water-front
of that ill-fated city, were uninjured by the earthquake and es-
caped the subsequent fire.
In connection with the New York meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, during Convoca-
tion Week, 1 906- 1 907, an exhibition was held at the American
Museum of Natural History, from December 28 to January 14,
by the New York Academy of Sciences. The purpose of the
exhibition was to illustrate the most recent advancement in the
diflFerent branches of science. The Associate Committee for
botany consisted of C. Stuart Gager (Charman), George Francis
Atkinson, William L. Bray, John Merle Coulter, Margaret Clay
Ferguson, Byron David Halsted, Edward Charles Jeffrey, Duncan
Starr Johnson, and Lucien M. Underwood. The botanical ex-
hibit, assembled from various institutions and workers through-
out the United States, consisted of herbarium, alcoholic, and
living specimens, photographs and drawings, microscopic prep-
arations, new apparatus, and literature ; representing recent ad-
vancement in physiology, morphology, taxonomy, paleobotany,
teratology, pathology, cytology, horticulture, the pedagogy of
botany, and the development of botanical gardens and labora-
tories. There was a total of about forty-five entries, making
the botany exhibit the largest, but one, of the exhibition.
Of the precipitation for January, i^}4 inches of snow fall were
recorded in addition to 1.54 inches of rain. Maximum tempera-
tures were recorded of 58° on the 4th, 67.5° on the 7th, 52.2°
on the 20th, and 37° on the 2 2d. Also minimum temperatures
of 27.5° on the 6th, 16.5° on the loth, 10° on the 17th, 0° on
the 24th, and 1 1° on the 31st.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
44
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM DECEMBER x, 1906, TO FEBRUARY
I, 1907.
Adams, George. Micrographia illustrata. London, 1746.
Batsch, D. a. J. G. Ch. Botanique pour Us femmes et Us amaUurs des planets.
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Bautier, Al. TabUau analytiqut de laflore Parisienne. Ed. 6. Paris, 1849.
Beebe, C. William. The bird, its form, and function. New York, 1906.
(Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
Bentley, Robert. A manual of botany. London, 186 1.
Bentzel-Sternau, Albert. Ober die neueren Fortschritte der Lichenologie,
Prcsburg, 1859.
Bernhardi, Johann Jakob. AnUitung tur Kenntniss der Pflanten, Erfurt,
1804.
Blackwell, Elizabeth. A curious herbal, containiug five hundred cuts of the
most useful plant s^ which are now used in the practice of physick, London, 1 75 1 &
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Boitard, Pierre. Manuel complet de botanique, Deuxi^me Edition. Paris,
1828.
Boll, J. Verzeichniss der Phanerogamen- Kryptogamen-Flora von Bremgarten.
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BoREAU, A. Catalogue raispnni des plantes phanirogames. Angers, 1859.
Boreau, a. Flore du centre de la France, Paris, 1840. Deuxi^me Edition.
Paris, 1849. 4 ^^Is.
Boucher, J. A . G. Extrait de laflore d * Abbeville et du dipartement de la Somme.
Paris, 1803.
BOURGUIGNAT, J. R. Catalogue raisonni des plantes vasculaires du dipartement
deVAube. Paris, 1 856.
Bradley, Richard. New improvements of planting and gardening, 4th ed.
London, 1724. 6th ed. London, 1731. 7th ed. London, 1739. 3 vols.
Br^BISSON, a. de. Flore de la Normandie. Caen, 1869.
Briquet, John. Biographies de botanistes Suisses, Geneve, 1906. (Given by
Dr. N. L. Britton.)
Brongniart, Adolphe. Enumeration des gin res de plantes cultivis au Muskum
d" histoirenaturelU de Paris, Paris, 1 843. Deuxi^me edition. Paris, 1 850. 2 vols.
Castkl, RENfe Richard. Les plantes. Ed. 3. Paris, 1802.
Chandler, Alfred. Illustrations and descriptions of the plants which compose
the natural order Camellieae and of the varieties of Camellia Japonica. London,
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Chatin, Ad. La truffe. Paris, 1869.
Chevallier, Francois Fulgis. Dissertation sur Us cigues indigenes. Paris,
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Clair ville, J. P. de. Manuel d" herborisation en Suisse et en Valais. Win-
terthour, 1811.
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45
Clerc, Louis. Manuel classiqtu et ilimentaire de botanique, tPanatotnie et de
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Cooke, M. C. A plain and easy account of BriiUh fungi, London, 1862.
CoRREVON, H. AND Masse, H. Les iris dans lesjardins. Geneve, 1907. (Given
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' CossON, E. AND Germain, E. J^ore descriptive et analytique des ehvirons de Paris,
Paris, 1845. 2 Tols.
Cosson, E. and Germain, E. Suppliment au catalogue raisonni des plantes vas*
culaires des environs de Paris, Paris, 1843.
Cosson, E., Germain, E. and Weddell, A. Introduction d uneflore analytique
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Deutsche SUdpolar- Expedition, igoi-i^j. Band 8: Botanik, Heft I. Beriin,
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DoiSY, C. Essaisur Phistoire naiurelle du dipartetnent de la Meuse, Verdun,
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DuNAL, Michel Felix. Considirations sur les fonctions des organes. Aoraux
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DUPONT, J. D. Double /lore Parisienne, Ed. 2. Paris, 1813.
EdwArds, John. The British herbal. London, 1770.
Em er y, H enri. Etudes sur le role physique de P eau dans la nutrition des plantes,
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FAURts, C. DE AND Becquerel, A. Recherchts sur les conferves des eaux ther-
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GiBELLi, G. La malattia del castagno. Modeoa, 1879.
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GONNET, P. H. L*ABBfe. Flore iUmmtaire de la France, Paris, 1847.
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Hess, Hinrich. Uleber die Analogic in Form und IVirkung der Pflantm,
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KOlliker, Albert. Verzeichniss der phanerogamischen Gewdchse des Cantons
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Kreutzer, Carl Jos. Anthochronologion plantarum Europae mediae, Wien,
1840.
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ment de la Haute- Vienne, Limoges, i860.
Lange, Willy and Stahn, Otto. Gartengestaltung der Neuteit, Leipzig.
1907.
Lb Berryais, L. R. Traitk des jardins^ ou le nouveau de la Quintinye, Paris,
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LiNDLEY, John. The vegetable kingdom, London, 1S46. Ed. 2. London,
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Thellung, a. Die Gattung Lepidium (Z.) R, Br, Zdrich, 1906. (Given by
Dr. N. L. Britton.)
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siologie vigitale. Paris, 1837.
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kunde, MUnchen, 1907.
Wagner, Hermann. Die Pfianzendecke der Erde, Bielefeld, 1857.
Wenderoth, Georg Wiijielm Franz. Lehrbuch der Botanii, Marbuig,
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Wepfer, Joh. Jacob. Cicutae aquaticae historia etnoxae^ commentario illustrata,
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worfen. FQnfte Auflage. Beriin, 1810. Another edition. Wien, 1818. 2 vols.
Williamson, John. Fern Etchings. Second edition. Louisville, Ky., 1879.
(Given by Miss Julia T. Emerson. )
Young, Edward. The ferns of Wales. Neath, 1856.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
287 specimens '* Musci Indiae orientalis." (Collected by Mr. W. Gollan.)
3 specimens of fungi from British America. (By exchange with Mr. E. W. D.
Holway.)
378 specimens from the Philippine Islands. (Collected by Professor A. D. E.
Elmer.)
I specimen of Pinus strobiformis. (By exchange with the Forest Service. )
160 specimens of Polygonum from Connecticut. (By exchange with Mr. L.
Andrews. )
23 specimens of drug plants. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer. )
Digitized by VjOOQIC
50
i6o specimens from British America. (By exchange with the Geological Survey
of Canada. )
32 specimens ** Hepaticae Indiae orientalis." (Collected by Mr. W. GoUan.)
40 specimens <<Lichenes Indiae orientalis.*' (Collected by Mr. W. Gollan.)
75 specimens of Cuban plants. (By exchange with Estacion Central Agron6mica,
Cuba.)
5 specimens of hepatics from Rarotonga, Cook Islands. (Collected by Mr. T.
F. Cheeseman.)
1 specimen of Smiiax rotundifolia from Nova Scotia. (Given by Mr. J. E.
Barteaux. )
38 specimens of mosses from New Zealand. (Collected by Mr. T. W. Naylor
Beckett)
224 specimens from Guatemala. (Collected by Mr. C. H. Deam.)
125 specimens of fungi from Costa Rica. (Collected by Mr. W. R. Maxon.)
2 specimens of flowering plants from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with
the Bureau of Science, Manila. )
I specimen of Lobelia from Maine. (Given by Mr. O. W. Knight. )
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
I plant for the conservatories. (By exchange with Mrs. B. B. Tuttle. )
3 plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. M. Richter.)
I plant for the conservatories. (Given by Mrs. Steele.)
40 plants for the nurseries. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Ind. )
44 cuttings for the nurseries. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Ind.)
26 plants derived from seeds from various sources.
20 packets of seeds from Western Australia. (Given by Mr. C. S. Thorp.)
I packet of seeds from Florida. (Given by Dr. J. K. Small.)
1 packet of seeds from Florida. (By exchange with Mr. P. H. Rolfs.)
2 packets of seeds from S. California. (Given by Mr. L. R. Abrams.)
35 packets of seeds from S. California. (Given by Mr. S. B. Parish.)
I packet of seeds. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Industry.)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. Vlll. March, 1907. No. 87.
REPORT ON A VISIT TO JAMAICA FOR COLLEC-
ING MARINE ALGAE.
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief.
Dear Sir: Pursuant to your instructions, I spent six weeks
(luring December, 1906, and January, 1907, on the island of
Jamaica in making collections and field studies of marine algae,
and I beg to offer at this time a brief and informal report on the
expedition, I left New York December 9 on the Prinz August
Wilhelm of the Hamburg-American line and reached Kingston
the evening of December 14. Through the kind intercession of
Mr. William Harris, the superintendent of Public Gardens and
Plantations of Jamaica, Mr. David Henderson, one of the leading
merchants of the island, very generously placed at my service a
workroom in an office-building in a lumber-yard near the water-
front of Kingston at the foot of East Street. The first day after
the unpacking and settling down was spent in company with
Professor Charles Wright Dodge of the University of Roches-
ter in getting acquainted with some of the peculiarities of Kings-
ton Harbor, the " Palisadoes," and the outlying islands or
** cays," under the able tutelage of a resident naturalist, Mr. P.
W. Jarvis of the Colonial Bank. In conditions like those found
in Kingston Harbor and vicinity, very little in the way of marine
collecting is possible without using a boat, so I engaged by the
week the services of two negro boatmen, with their dug-out
canoe *, in which sails could be raised when the breezes favored.
* Made from the tniDk of the ** cotton-tree," CW^^v pentandra,
51
Digitized by VjOOQIC
52
Kingston Harbor is nearly enclosed by a low narrow tongue of
land about eight miles long known as the ** Palisadoes." The
bottom of the harbor is for the most part muddy, and wide stretches
of it are covered with ** eel-grass " or ** turtle-grass ' — Thalassia
testudinum. In the Bahama Islands, Bermuda, the Florida Keys,
and Porto Rico, the Thalassia is often accompanied by interesting
marine algae of such genera as Penicillus^ Rhipocephalus, Mali-
mcda, Udotea, and Caulerpa^ and its leaves often bear a variety
of algal epiphytes, but in Kingston Harbor, at least at the time
Fig. 9. Hope GardeDS, Kingston, showing herbarium- and office -building
joung date-palms, etc.
of my visit, this eel -grass seemed to occupy the field to the ex-
clusion of nearly everything else. However, certain kinds of
algae were to be found on either shore of the harbor ; and on the
roots of the mangroves, which were especially abundant near the
mouth of the harbor, were collected the species of Bostrychia^
Polysiphonia^ Catendla, etc., which commonly affect such situa-
tions throughout the West Indian region. In a little creek con-
necting two mangrove-fringed lagoons were found a few specimens
of the rare and interesting Acicularia Scheiukiiy occurring in sur-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
53
roundings very similar to those in which I found it some years
ago in Bermuda.* On the long outer beach of the Palisadoes —
the low, brjish-grown, cactus-covered reef and sandbar which
forms the harbor's seawall — several rather uncommon deep-
water seaweeds, such as Dictyurus and Haloplegma, were picked
up in considerable quantity. But the low islands and scarcely
covered reefs lying in the open Caribbean from one to five or six
miles outside the harbor afford the most interesting collecting
grounds for marine algae in the Kingston region. Of special in-
terest among the algae found on these cays may be mentioned
the forms of the lime-coated Galaxauras, several species of the
unjointed corallines — a group which had previously been little
collected in Jamaica — , and the very luxuriant display of Caulerpa
davifera and of the related but evidently quite distinct Caulerpa
racemosa (C tiviferd), Caulerpa davifera formed extensive
handsome mats on coral reefs mostly from the low-water line
down to a depth of only one or two feet ; C racemosa grew in
slightly deeper water and in somewhat more protected places,
yet the two were often found intermingled and retaining their dis-
tinctive characters perfectly. I had noted the association and
distinctness of these two species {forms or varieties of various
authors) on several other of the West Indian islands, but nowhere
else have I observed the two in such luxuriance and perfection of
development. It maybe remarked here that the tides at Kings-
ton are so light (usually with a range of one foot or less) that
they can be ignored in the practical work of collecting. A smooth
sea, especially if one is to reach the outside cays in a dug-out
canoe, is of much greater importance than a low tide. In De-
cember, at least, on the south shore of Jamaica the sea is com-
monly calm during the morning hours and indeed up to eleven
or twelve o'clock, by which time the daily breeze has made its
surface more or less rough. I therefore planned to make my
collections in the morning and forenoon and to arrange and pre-
pare the specimens in the afternoon. On only two or three days
of my nearly three weeks' stay in Kingston was the sea suffici-
ently boisterous to make venturing outside the Palisadoes in a
* Sec Ball. Torrey Club 28 : 323. 1901.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
54
canoe unsafe. And there was not a drop of rain during this
period (nor for some weeks before and after) at Kingston. The
bright warm sunshine made the possible discomforts of sea-wet
clothing scarcely noticeable.
On January 3, I went by rail to Montego Bay on the north-
west coast of the island, a distance of 1 14 miles, as the cars run,
from Kingston. Here ten days were devoted to the collection of
marine algae, with good results, a considerable number of species
occurring here that were not met with on the south shore. The
Bogue Islands, in the southern part of Montego Bay, with their
Fig. 10. Montego Bay, Jamaica.
outlying shoals and reefs, formed an especially good collecting
ground, and reefs to the north and east of the town also proved
to be of much interest. With the aid of a carriage I was able to
explore the coast more or less thoroughly for a distance of four-
teen miles to the westward of the town of Montego Bay and for
eleven miles to the eastward. Except among the Bogue Islands
the sea roughened earlier in the forenoon and was in general less
easily workable than in the vicinity of Kingston. On arriving in
Digitized by VjOOQIC
55
Jamaica, I had engaged return passage on the Prins August Wil-
heljn, scheduled to leave Kingston the twenty-fourth of January.
It was my plan after finishing the work at Montego Bay to spend
a few days in collecting at Port Antonio and then make a brief visit
to Cinchona, the tropical station of the New York Botanical Gar-
den, in the famous Blue Mountains of Jamaica. But something
happened which had not entered into human calculations. At
about 3:35 o*clock on Monday afternoon, the fourteenth, while I
was picking up my specimens and collecting outfit for moving on
Fig. II. The Bogue Islands (** pseudo- atolls"), Montego Bay.
to Port Antonio, occurred the great earthquake which made itself
felt throughout the island and brought ruin to its metropolis,
Kingston. Little damage was done at Montego Bay, but the few,
brief, and conflicting telegrams which reached us that evening and
the following day told us plainly enough that a great disaster had
overtaken certain other parts of the island. The next day I was
on the point of going on board one of the United Fruit Com-
pany's banana-laden steamers bound for Port Antonio, as I had
previously planned, but was finally dissuaded by the company's
local agent, who told me that the hotels in Port Antonio were
Digitized by VjOOQIC
56
reported to have been destroyed by the earthquake, that it was
accordingly a poor place for one requiring board and lodging to
go to, and that I would better remain where I knew I had a good
roof over my head ! When it was too late for my purpose we
learned that this story about Port Antonio was false or at least
enormously exaggerated, but, at the time, coupled with the
reports that were coming from Kingston, it seemed plausible
enough.. Wednesday, the coast-wise steamer Anio of the Royal
Mail line was due, going towards Port Antonio, and I decided to
take passage on that. But the Ar/io came neither that day nor
Fig. 12. bhore scene on northern coast of Jamaica, near Montego Hay.
the next and it was announced that her captain had been killed
in Kingston (which proved to be true) and that whether the Arno
would come or not was quite unknown. Meanwhile my goods
had remained packed awaiting developments, though it may be
said that heavy rains in the forenoons and stiff breezes in the
afternoons would have interfered seriously with collecting during
those days, even had it been attempted. On the following Satur-
day, however, a fair day's work in collecting about Montego Bay
was accomplished. By Thursday the telegraph office was receiv-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
57
ing messages for Kingston and I tried to ascertain by telegram
how my friends in the Hope Gardens had fared and whether the
proposed visit to Cinchona, for which partial arrangements had
already been made, was still feasible. This telegram, as I after-
wards learned, was delivered the following Saturday evening.
The telegraphic reply, to the effect that the friends in the Hope
Gardens were uninjured but more or less homeless, and that the
Fig. 13. View near the foot of East Street, Kingston, taken eight days after the
earthquake of January 14, 1907, showing effect of the shock alone without tire. (The
writer's laboratory was half a block from this, on the opposite side of the street. )
projected trip to Cinchona was no longer to be thought of, I have
not received yet. However, on Monday, one week after the
memorable fourteenth, I started by rail in the direction of Kings-
ton, going on that day as far as Spanish Town, where the night
was spent and whence, with the aid of the next morning's light,
I proceeded to reconnoitre the stricken capital of the fair island.
The havoc wrought to the second largest city in the West Indies
Digitized by VjOOQIC
58
by a few seconds of heaving and trembling of the earth's crust
and by the subsequent fires was something fearful and saddening
to look upon. The principal business part of the town had been
devastated by fire as well as by earthquake, and in the complete-
ness of its ruin was now quite suggestive of an exhumed Pompeii.
In the' remainder of the city and in the suburban residential areas,
about ninety per cent, of the seemingly more substantial buildings
had been either destroyed or very seriously damaged by the force
of the earthquake shock alone. The number of human lives
blotted out by the catastrophe was then and will probably for-
ever remain unknown, but the true number is doubtless some-
where between one thousand and two thousand. At the time of
my return, eight days after the disaster, the streets had been suf-
ficiently cleared of debris for the passage of carriages, but remains
of human bodies were still occasionally being recovered from the
ruins of the buildings. As is usual in cases of earthquake, the
wooden houses had suffered the least of any, and as my col-
lections made in the Kingston Harbor and vicinity happened to
be stored in such a building which the subsequent fire did not
reach, I had the fortune of finding all my specimens of algae safe
and uninjured. I was also greatly relieved to discover that com-
paratively little damage had been done in the Hope Gardens,
which are about six miles outside of Kingston, though Superin-
tendent Harris's home, in which I had enjoyed the privilege of
residence during my stay in that region, had been rendered unin-
habitable for the time being. In leaving Kingston Harbor for
New York on the morning of January 24, it was of much geo-
logical interest on passing Port Royal at the harbor's mouth to
note the evidences of a considerable subsidence at this point as a
result of the earthquake. The former sandy and pebbly beach
had disappeared, the water now reaching the sod-covered soil, and
a group of cocoanut-palms previously, of course, growing on
terra firma, was now partially submerged, their crowns and the
upper parts of their trunks appearing above the ocean at a dis-
tance of several yards from the present shore-line (Fig. 14).
The marine algae secured on this expedition to Jamaica com-
prise possibly 3,000 specimens, representing 605 collection num-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
59
bers. As usual, the dried material for the herbarium was sup-
plemented by specimens preserved in fluids. The marine flora
of Jamaica had previously received considerable attention and is
perhaps as well known as that of any of the West Indian islands
with the possible exception of Guadeloupe and Barbados. Sir
Hans Sloane, who lived in Jamaica from December, 1687, to
March, 1689, was apparently the first to collect, figure and
describe any of its seaweeds, and his descriptions and the speci-
mens that he carried back to England were cited by Linnaeus,
Ellis & Solander, Dawson Turner, and other of the earlier writ-
FiG. 14. View showing subsidence at Port Royal as result of earthquake of
January 14, 1907. The former sandy beach has disappeared, and cocoanut-palms at
the point of the peninsula are now surrounded by water and partially submerged.
ers. In more recent years, the lamented Dr. James Ellis
Humphrey, who in 1897 fell a victim there to the "island
fever,'' Dr. J. E. Duerden, then of the Institute of Jamaica, and
Mrs. Cora E. Pease and Miss Eloise Butler, who made visits
to the island in 1891, 1894, and 1900, have brought together
somewhat extensive collections which have formed the basis of
Mr. F. S. Collins' paper on ** The Algae of Jamaica," pub-
lished in 1901. Mr. Collins* list includes 224 marine species.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
60
The specimens now secured will add a considerable number to
this list, though several there mentioned were not observed. It
is to be hoped that at some time in the near future it may be
possible to make another visit to Jamaica in order to explore
especially its northern and eastern shores, which should materi-
ally supplement the present representation of the Jamaican
marine flora in our herbarium.
Respectfully submitted,
Marshall A. Howe,
Curator,
PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF AND STUDENTS
OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
DURING THE YEAR 1906.
Arthur, J. C. Eine auf die Struktur und Entwickelungsge-
schichte begriindete Klassifikation der L^^redineen. Result.
Sci. Congr. Internal. Bot. Wien 331-348. 1906.
New species of Uredineae — IV. Bull. Torrey Club
33 : 27-34. 8 F 1906.
Reasons for desiring a better classification of the Ure-
dinales. Jour. Myc. 12: 149-154. 29 S 1906.
A new classification of the Uredmales, Jour. Myc. 13 :
188-191. 8 N 1906.
New species of Uredineae — V. Bull. Torrey Club 33 :
513-522. 8 N 1906.
& Kern, F. D. North American species of Peridermium.
Bull. Torrey Club 33: 403-438. 30 Au 1906.
Banker, H. J. A contribution to a revision of the North
American Hydnaceae, Mem. Torrey Club 12: 99-194. 13
Je 1906.
Bamhart, J. H. Keller and Brown's Flora of Philadelphia.
Torreya 6: 37, 38. 19 F 1906. [Review.]
Chloronyms. Torreya 6: 85-88. 23 My 1906.
Britton, E. G. [Goebel's] Organography of plants, especially
of the Arc/ie^oniatae and Spermaphyia. Bryologist 9 : 10-12.
2 Ja 1906. [Review.]
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61
Britton, E. G. Notes on nomenclature VI. Biyologist 9 :
37-40. 3 My 1906. [Illust]
Britton, N. L. Circular relative to membership. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 7:1. Ja 1906.
The Students' Research Fund. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
7: I, 2. Ja 1906.
Dr. MacDougal's new work. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
7 : 2-4. Ja 1906.
Additional members of the Garden staff. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 7: 4, 5. Ja 1906.
The Cuban columneas. Torreya 5:215. 10 Ja 1906.
Progress of construction work 'during the winter. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 23, 24.' F 1906.
Report of the Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the
year 1905. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. $: 1-15. 13 F 1906.
Notes on West Indian Cruciferae. Torreya 6: 29-32.
19 F 1906.
Contributions to the flora of the Bahama Islands. III.
Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 137-143. 19 Mr 1906.
The classification of Cactaceae, Jour. Hort. Soc. N.
Y. i: 15. Ap 1906 ;■ Plant World 9 : 171, 172. Jl 1906.
The hemlock grove on the banks of the Bronx River
and what it signifies. Trans, Bronx Soc. Arts Sci. 1 : 5-13.
My 1906.
Recent botanical explorations in Porto Rico. Jour. N.
Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 125-139. /. 4.-^12, My 1906.
A large oak struck by lightning. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 7 : 154-156. /. 20, Je 1906.
First grants from the Students' Research Fund. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 157, 158. Je 1906.
Galaciia Odonia Griseb. Torreya 6: 149. 25 Jl 1906.
Recent explorations in Jamaica. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
7: 245-250. /. 43. N 1906.
Cook, M. T. The embryogeny of some Cuban Nymphaeacea^,
Bot. Gaz. 42 : 376-392. //. 16-18. [30] N 1906.
Eggleston, W. W. Crataegus of Dutchess County, New York.
Torreya 6: 63-67. 25 Ap 1906.
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62
Evans, A. W. HepaHcae of Puerto Rico. VI. Cheilolejeunea,
Rectolejeunea, Cystolejeuneay and Pycnolejeunea, Bull. Torrey
Club 33: 1-25. //. 7-j. 8 F 1906.
The Hepaticae of Bermuda. Bull. Torrey Club 33 :
129-135. //. 6, 7 Ap 1906.
Gager, C. S. The content of the high school course in Botany.
Plant World 9 : 47, 48. F 1906.
Forestry in the public schools. Plant World 9 : 69,
70. Mr 1906.
Relation of amides to plant growth. Plant World 9 :
70. Mr 1906.
[Hall's] The book of the Rothamsted experiments.
Plant World 9: 70, 71. Mr 1906. [Review.]
The first decade of the Garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Card.
7: 154. Je 1906.
The Garden and the public schools. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 7: 156, 157. Je 1906.
The status of biological science in the secondary schools
of Prussia. Plant World 9: 144-146. Je 1906.
De Vries and his critics. Science II. 24: 81-89.
20 Jl 1906.
Pfeffer's Physiology of plants. Torreya 6: 1 5 1- 153.
25 Jl 1906. [Review.]
[Reid's] The principles of heredity. Plant World 9 :
172, 173. Jl 1906. [Review.]
[Sargent's] Lichenology for beginners. Plant World
9: 173. Jl 1906. [Review.]
Knuth's Handbook of flower pollination. Torreya 6 :
173-175- 25 Au 1906. [Review.]
Symbiosis in Gunnera manicata. Jour, N. Y. Bot. Gard.
7: 214-217. /.J7. S 1906.
Tuber formation in Solanum tuberosum in daylight
Torreya 6: 181-186. / /. 27 S 1906.
Outline study of seeds and seedlings. Plant World 9 :
208-218. S 1906.
Further note on the formation of aerial tubers in Solanum,
Torreya 6: 211,212. 25 O 1906.
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63
Gleason, H. A. Notes on some Southern Illinois plants. — III.
Torreya 6 : 5-8. 25 Ja 1906.
The genus Vemonia in the Bahamas. Bull. Torrey
Club 33 : 183-188. /. /-^. 7 Ap 1906.
A revision of the North American Vernonieae. Bull. N.
Y. Bot Gard. 4 : 144-243. 4 Je 1906.
The pedunculate species of Trillium. Bull. Torrey
Club 33: 387-396. I Au 1906.
Haynes, C. C. Cephalozia Francisci (Hook.) Dumort. Bryolo-
gist 9 : 5, 6. /. 7-j. 2 Ja 1906.
Moss exchange club. Census Catalogue of British
hepatics. Bryologistg: 28. 3 Mr 1906. [Review.]
A list of hepatics collected in the vicinity of Little
Moose Lake, Adirondack League Club Tract, Herkimer Co.,
New York. Bryologist 9 : 62, 63. 2 Jl 1906.
Some characteristics of Lophozia inflata and Cephalozia
fluitans, Bryologist 9: 74, 75. pi. 6. I S 1906.
Ten Lophozias. Bryologist 9: 99, 100. //. p. i N
1906.
Hollicky A. Origin of the amber found on Staten Island. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 11, 12. Ja 1906.
The type of Zatnites montanensis Font. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 7: 115, 116. Ap 1906.
A fossil forest fire. Proc. Staten Id. Assoc. Arts Sci.
1 : 21-23. 9 Jl 1906.
Insect borings in Cretaceous lignite from Kreischer-
ville. Proc. Staten Id. Assoc. Arts. Sci. i : 23, 24. 9 Jl
1906.
An addition to the flora of Block Island. Torreya 6 :
190. 27 S 1906.
[Fossil plants in] Maryland Geol. Surv. Pliocene and
Pleistocene. 217-237. pL 67-75. D 1906.
The Cretaceous flora of southern New York and New
England. Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv. 50: 1-2 17. pi, I'-^.o.
D 1906.
& Jeffrey, E. C. Affinities of certain Cretaceous plant
remains commonly referred to the genera Dammara and
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64
Brachyphyllum. Am. Nat. 40 : 189-215. //. /-j. 22 Mr
1906.
Howe, M. A. Some photographs of the silk-cotton tree (Ceiba
pentandra), with remarks on the early records of its occurrence
in America. Torreya 6: 217-231. /. 1-6, 26 N 1906.
Postelsia, the Year Book of the Minnesota Seaside Sta-
tion. Torreya 6: 250-253. 13 D 1906. [Review.]
Fodlie, M. &. New American coralline algae. Bull. N.
Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 128-136. //. 80-gj. 17 Mr 1906.
Two new coralline algae from Culebra,
Porto Rico. Bull. Torrey Club 33 : 577-580. / /, 2. pi.
23-26. 1,9 D 1906.
Kern, F. D. Methods employed in Uredineal culture work.
Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. X905 : 127-131. N 1906.
Kirkwood, J. E. The pollen-tube in some of the Cucurbitaceae.
Bull. Torrey Club 33: 327-342. //. 16, 17, 20 Jl 1906.
MacDottgal, D. T. The delta of the Rio Colorado. Bull.
Am. Geogr. Soc. 38: 1-16. /. i-d. Ja 1906.
Report of the Assistant Director. Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 5: 16-33. 13 F ^9^-
The origin of species by sports and mutations. Jour.
Hort. Soc. N. Y. I : 13, 14. Ap 1906.
Mazon, W. R. Report on a collecting trip in Costa Rica.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 187-193. /. 2j, 24. Au 1906.
Mtirrilly W. A. Collecting fungi in Maine. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 6: 199-202. Ja 1906.
A key to the Agariceae of temperate North America.
Torreya 5: 213,214. 10 Ja 1906.
The Polyporaceae of North America — XIII. The de-
scribed species of Bjerkandera^ Trametes, and Coriolus. Bull.
Torrey Club 32 : 633-656. 22 Ja 1906.
The pileate Polyporaceae of Central Maine. Torreya 6 :
34-37. 19 F 1906.
A serious chestnut disease. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7 :
143-153-/ ^3-^9' Je 1906.
Further remarks on a serious chestnut disease. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7 : 203-211. /. 25-jo. S 1906.
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65
Mttrrill, W. A. A new chestnut disease. Torreya 6 : 186-189.
/. 2. 27 S 1906.
A summer in Europe ; some foreign botanists and botani-
cal institutions. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7 : 221-237. /. j-?-
4.2. O 1906.
How Bresadola became a mycologist. Torreya 6 : 233,
234. 26 N 1906.
Nash, G. V. The coco de mer, or double cocoanut. Jour. N.
Y. Bot. Gard. 7:7-11././. Ja 1906.
Notes from the conservatories. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
7- 37-39- F 1906.
Report of the Head Gardener. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
5: 65-72. 13 F 1906.
A guide to the conservatories. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
7: 51-101. //. J/-J7. Mr 1906.
A new begonia from Bolivia. Torreya 6: 45-48. 16
Mr 1906. [Illust]
The flowering of Queen Victoria's agave. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 7: 163-167. /. 21, 22, Jl 1906.
Pond) R. H. The incapacity of the date endosperm for self-
digestion. Ann. Bot. 20: 61-78. Ja 1906.
Varieties of roots developed by English ivy. Bot. Gaz.
42 : 318. O 1906.
[Linsbauer, L. & Linsbauer, K. Vorschule der Pflan-
zenphysiologie] . Bot.. Gaz. 42: 394. N 1906. [Review.]
Geotropic stimulation and position. Bot. Gaz. 42 : 398.
N 1906.
Absorption of solutes by soils. Bot. Gaz. 42 : 398. N
1906.
Solution cultures. Bot. Gaz. 42: 399. N 1906.
Robinson, C. B. Lord Avebury's Notes on the life history of
British flowering plants. Torreya 6: 38, 39. 19 F 1906.
[Review.]
The history of botany in the Philippine Islands. Jour.
N. Y. Bot Gard. 7 : 1 04-1 12. Ap 1906.
The Oiareae of North America. Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 4: 244-308. 13 Je 1906.
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66
Robinson, W. J. The filmy ferns {Hymenophyllaceae). Plant
World 9: 219-221. /. 33-37. S 1906.
Rusby, H. H. Report of the Honorary Curator of the eco-
nomic collections. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5 : 42, 43. 13 F
1906.
The home of Dudleya Rusbyi. Torreya 6: 50, 51.
16 Mr 1906.
A floating orchid {Habenaria repens). Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 7 : 112-115./. 3. Ap 1906.
The April wild foods of the United States. Country
Life in America 9: 718, 719. Ap 1906. [lUust]
Wild foods of the United States in May. Country Life
in America lo : 66-69. My 1906. [Illust]
The June wild foods of the United States. Country
Life in America 10 : 202-204. Je 1906. [Illust]
A historical sketch of the development of botany in
New York City. Torreya 6: loi-iii. 20 Je 1906; 6:
133-145. 25 Jl 1906; Plant World 9: 153-161. Jl 1906;
9: 186-190. [Illust.] Au 1906.
Wild foods in July. Country Life in America 10 : 328—
330. Jl 1906. [Illust]
The August wild foods of the United States. Country
Life in America lO: 436-438. Au 1906. [Illust]
Wild foods of the United States in September. Country
life in America lo : 533-535, 564, 566. S 1906. [Illust]
Observations in economic botany made at Oscoda,
Michigan. Jour. N. Y. Bot Gard. 7: 211-213. S 1906.
The wild foods of October. Country Life in America
10: 598, 600, 602, 604. O 1906. [Illust]
The wild foods of November. Country Life in America
ll: 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94. N 1906. [Illust]
Recent progress in pharmaceutical education and legisla-
tion. Columbia Quart. 9: 26-29. D 1906.
Rydberg, P. A. Astragalus and its segregates as represented in
Colorado. Bull. Torrey Club 32 : 657-668. 22 Ja 1906.
Grayia or Eremosemium, Torreya 6 : 8-10. 25 Ja
1906.
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67
Sydbergy P. A. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora — XVI.
Bull. Torrey Club 33 : 1 37-161. 7 Ap 1906.
Flora of Colorado. Agr. Exp. Sta. Colo. Bull. loO :
i-xxii. 1-448. map. Au 1906.
Bossekia or Rubacer. Torreya 6: 165-169. 25 Au
1906.
Selby, A. D. Studies in etiolation. Bull. Torrey Club 33 : 67-
76. pL 4, 5, 14 Mr 1906.
Shafer, J. A. Hibiscus oculiroseus Britton. Torreya 6: 233.
26 N 1906.
Shreve, F. A collecting trip at Cinchona. Torreya 6 : 81-84,
23 My 1906.
A winter at the tropical station of the Garden. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 193-196. Au 1906.
The Hope botanical gardens. Plant World 9 : 201-207.
/. 2^32. S 1906.
Small, J. E. Studies in North American Polygonaceae — II.
Bull. Torrey Club 33 : 5 1-57. 8 F 1906.
« Report of the Curator of the museums and herbarium.
Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5 : 34-41. 13 F 1906.
Taylor, If. Collecting in the mountains west of Santiago, Cuba.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 256-260. N 1906.
Botanical notes on the vegetation of the high Maestra.
Forestry Quart. 4: 270-273. D 1906.
Vail, A. M. An interesting accession to the library. Jour. N.
Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 25. F 1906.
Report of the Librarian. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5 : 44-
64. 13 F 1906.
Wilson, G. W. Mycological notes from Indiana. Torreya 6 :
191, 192. 27 S 1906.
Notes on some new or little-known members of the
Indiana flora. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1905 : 165-175.
N 1906.
Rusts of Hamilton and Marion Counties, Indiana. Proc.
Indiana Acad. Sci. 1905 : 177-182. N 1906.
A travertine deposit in 'Tippecanoe County, Indiana.
Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. X905: 183, 184. N 1906.
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68
Wilson, G. W. The identity of Mucor Mucedo. Bull. Torrey
Club 33: 557-560. 19 D 1906.
Wilson, P. The American Dragon's-blood-tree. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 7 : 39, 40. f, 2, F 1906.
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69
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Professor William Trelease, director of the Missouri Botanical
Garden, left St. Louis on January 24 for an expedition to the
West Indies.
Mr. John F. Cowell, director of the botanical garden at BuflFalo,
paid the Garden a visit early in March to- examine the living col-
lections of tropical and desert plants.
Dr. John A. Shafer, Museum Custodian, returned on the first
of March from a collecting trip of several weeks duration in the
island of Montserrat, West Indies.
Bulletin No. 17, containing the annual reports of the Director-
in-Chief and his associates for the year igo6, appeared March 7,
1907.
Mr. W. T. Home, who spent considerable time at the Garden
in i903-'o4 while holding the fellowship in botany in Columbia
University, has been appointed head of the department of plant
pathology in the Estacion Central Agronomica de Cuba, a posi-
tion recently held by Dr. M. T. Cook.
Volume 7, part i, of the North American Flora, contributed
by Professor J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University, Lafayette, Indi-
ana, appeared March 6, 1907. This part is devoted to two fami-
lies and a portion of a third in the large and important group of
parasitic fungi popularly known as rusts (Uredinales).
The total precipitation recorded for the month of February
was 2. 19 inches, of which there were 1 1 inches of snowfall on the
5th, I inch on the 6th, and 6 inches on the 25th, making a total
of 18 inches of snowfall for the month. Maximum temperatures
were recorded of 47° on the 2d, 48° on the loth and 14th, and
37° on the 20th ; also minimum temperatures of — 2° on the 6th,
I® on the 13th, 3° on the 23d, and 2° on the 27th.
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70
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
25 specimens " North American Musci Pleurocarpi. " (By exchange with Dr. A.
J. Grout, for the Columbia University Herbarium. )
20 specimens of fungi from England. (Distributed by Mr. C. E. Hartley-Smith.)
25 specimens of fungi from Utah. (Distributed by Professor A. O. Garrett. )
70 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from central New York. (Given by
Dr. J. V. Habcrer.)
2y8oo specimens of marine algae from Jamaica. (Collected by Dr. M. A. Howe. )
245 specimens of hepatics from North America. (Given by Miss Caroline C.
Haynes. )
47 herbarium specimens from Utah and Idaho. (By exchange with Oberlin
College.)
125 specimens, being the plants collected on the late Peary Polar Expedition.
(Givenby Dr. L. J. Wolf.)
8 specimens of fungi from various localities. (By exchange with the Royal Gar-
dens, Kew, England.)
71 specimens of fungi from western Pennsylvania. (Given by Professor D. R.
Sumstine. )
II specimens of fungi from Europe. (By exchange with Dr. P. Sydow.)
15 specimens of fungi from southern California. (Given by Mr. S. B. Parish.)
4 specimens of parasitic fungi. (Given by Dr. M. T. Cook.)
92 specimens of fungi from Mississippi. (Given by Mrs. F. S. Earle.)
200 museum specimens of marine algae from Jamaica. (Collected by Dr. M. A.
Howe.)
163 specimens of fungi from Honduras. (Collected by Mr. Morton E. Peck.)
113 specimens of fungi from the Philippine Islands. (Given by Professor A. D.
E. Elmer.)
7 specimens of fungi from Pennsylvania. (Given by Professor D. R. Sumstine. )
70 specimens of fungi from Vermont. (Given by Miss Gertrude S. Burlingham. )
1 specimen of Ravenelia Piscidiae. (Given by Professor J. C. Arthur.)
15 specimens of fungi from various localities. (Given by Mr. Perley Spaulding. )
30 specimens of fungi from Jamaica. (Given by Dr. D. S. Johnson. )
PLANTS AND SEEDS, FEBRUARY, 1907.
2 plants for the conservatories from Mexico and Lower California. (By exchange
with National Museum through Dr. J. N. Rose.)
I plant for the conservatories from Acklin's Is., Bab. (Collected by Mr. L. J.
K. Brace.)
I plant for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. Pauls.)
1 packet of seeds from Hiscayne Bay, Fla. (Collected by Dr. J. K. Small.)
2 packets of seeds from Holland. (By exchange with Professor H. DeVries.)
20 packets of seeds from West. Australia. ( By exchange with Mr. C. S. Thorp. )
35 packets of seeds from S. California. (Given by Mr. S. B. Parish.)
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIII. April, 1907. No. 88.
REPORT ON THE CONTINUATION OF THE BOTAN-
ICAL EXPLORATION OF THE BAHAMA
ISLANDS.
To THE Scientific Directors.
Gentlemen : Pursuant to your authorization I continued botan-
ical exploration in the Bahama Islands during parts of February
and March of this year, being absent from the Garden for this
purpose from February 1 1 to March 29. I was accompanied by
Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, curator of botany in the Field Museum of
Natural History in Chicago, who has been cooperating with me
in previous work in this field, the expenses of several expeditions
and the museum and herbarium specimens obtained having been
divided by the two cooperating institutions. I was also accom-
panied by Mrs. Britton, who rendered much assistance in col-
lecting and preparing specimens, and at Nassau the expedition
was joined by Mr. L. J. K. Brace, a botanist resident there, who
had previously done much collecting in various parts of the
archipelago in the interests of this investigation, his remunera-
tion and collections being also divided between the Garden and
the Field Museum.
Dr. Millspaugh, accompanied by Mrs. Millspaugh, proceeded
to Nassau by steamer from New York, while Mrs. Britton and I
went by way of Florida ; .this course permitted me to revisit the
Subtropical Laboratory of the United States Department of Agri-
culture at Miami, Florida, now in charge of Dr. Ernst A. Bessey,
the base which has been used by the Garden's several exploring
71
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72
expeditions in southern Florida. The valuable experimental
work of this institution is being vigorously continued, especially
in plant breeding investigations, and its usefulness as a scientific
center has been much increased by the purchase of a power-
launch, secured by private subscription which was aided by sev-
eral members of the Garden. By means of this boat we now
expect to obtain a much more complete knowledge of the plants
of the Florida keys and of the mainland shores, its use being pro-
vided without further expense to the Garden. I discussed some
details of this desirable work with Dr. Bessey, and also plans for
the further exploration of the Everglades, and hope to be able to
detail Dr. John K. Small, head curator of our Museums, to make
a part of the needed exploration this year, in continuation of his
previous studies, inasmuch as it is most important that the flora
of southern Florida be as accurately known as possible by the
time the botanical survey of the Bahamas is completed, there
being an intimate relationship between the floras of these two
regions.
Arriving at Nassau by steamer from Miami on February 14,
two days were given to outfitting and to the collecting and ob-
servation of certain plants growing on the island of New Provi-
dence, relative to which additional information was desired- Mr.
Brace was commissioned to explore the northern part of Andros
Island, situated some 30 miles west of New Providence, where a
number of species known in the Bahamas only from that region
were collected in 1890 by Dr. and Mrs. John I. Northrop. Dr.
and Mrs. Millspaugh had reached Nassau two days before our
arrival and had attended to most of the details of preparation
for our trip to the out-islands, and on February 16 the party
sailed for Eleuthera on Mr. W. J. Pinder's staunch schooner
** Nellie Leonora," previously chartered for our use, and used by
us during our cruise to the northern Bahamas and to the Exuma
Islands in 1905. The landing point sought was the picturesque
cleft with steep rocky walls, called the " Glass Window," where
Eleuthera Island is very narrow, though its total length is more
than 70 miles ; here easterly storms send the surf through in tre-
mendous volume and with magnificent force. This point is dis-
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tant only about 60 miles from Nassau, but very light winds de-
layed our arrival until late in the morning of February 1 7. We
immediately landed and walked northward about two miles to
the beautiful nearly land-locked bay on which the town of Har-
bour Island is situated, obtaining among other interesting plants
additional living specimens of the Bahaman agave which we
had previously seen on many other islands, but which grows
here in large quantities, and some plants were in full flower.
The plant is really so abundant at this point as to give character
to the landscape and is known by the natives here as elsewhere
under the name of bamboo. We reached the town by sail-
boat and here Mrs. Britton and Mrs. Millspaugh remained for
two weeks, Mrs. Britton exploring northern Eleuthera, while Dr.
Millspaugh and I returned at once to the " Glass Window " where
the schooner awaited us and proceeded with the study of the flora
of Eleuthera from that point southward.
On February 18, we walked southward about five miles to
Gregory Town, the schooner preceding us along the coast.
This walk and the one of the previous day gave us a very good
idea of the flora of the north-middle part of the island ; the most
interesting plant secured was a small cycad (genus Zantia) with
very narrow leaf-segments growing in white sand in the shade of
shrubs, evidently a rare species,, as this is the only point known
to us where it occurs, although we were told that it grows else-
where on this island ; like the other Bahaman Zamias it is called
•* bay rush " and its roots furnish starch similar to that obtained
from the sago palms (genus Cycas), Near Gregory Town we
saw the spiny shrub Catesbaea spinosa^ with its large drooping
yellow flowers, dedicated by Linnaeus to Mark Catesby, a cele-
brated botanist who explored some of the Bahama Islands in
1725 and 1726 and subsequently published two folio volumes
with two hundred colored plates entitled " The Natural History
of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands," a rare work, of
which our library possesses a good copy. It is known that
Catesby visited Eleuthera, and it is possible that the shrubs seen
by us are descendents of those originally found by him, although
the species occurs elsewhere on this island ; it is also found on
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74
other Bahamian islands and is in cultivation in gardens in Cuba
and Jamaica. Sailing south the afternoon of the same day, we
reached Governor's Harbor and devoted February 19 and 20 to
the study of the vicinity of that town, the bridle road enabling
us to cross the island, here less than two miles wide from west
to east, and return a different way ; we collected specimens of
many interesting species on these section lines, some of them
not hitherto known from Eleuthera, the best ground being a
valley lying parallel to the eastern shore where fresh water
wells supply the washerwomen of the town with water. Here
there is also a considerable area of fresh water • marsh and
numerous small plants seldom seen in the Bahamas occur,
among them a rare little grass and a purple-flowered aster re-
lated to the asters of our own coastal marshes. In white sand
near the town we found a showy yellow-flowered Mentzdia^ new
to the Bahamas. Governor's Harbor is a center for the cultiva-
tion of pineapples, especially on " red-lands," which occupy
swales and valleys where the soil resulting from the washing
down of the leached limestone by rainwater contains much iron ;
these lands are much esteemed in the Bahamas for this industry.
Our next collecting point to the south was Rock Sound, a
large shallow bay on which the town of New Portsmouth is sit-
uated, which is one of the best harbors for small vessels in
the Bahamas ; two days were spent here, an east and west road
across the island making a cross-section of its vegetation practi-
cable : it may be remarked that the Bahaman scrub-lands and
coppices are usually nearly impenetrable, except for very short
distances, without a road or trail, owing to the dense growth of
the shrubs and trees. In this vicinity we first found the ** pep-
per bush " {Croton\ a fragrant shrub of the Spurge Family
which we had long desired to see growing ; a low prickly pear
cactus (Ppuntia) with extraordinary armament of spines was
secured for the conservatories, and complete specimens of another
shrub of the Spurge Family [Lasiocrototi) with leaves strikingly
reticulated on the under side, hitherto known in the Bahamas only
from Andros Island. Sailing south around Powell's Point, the
two days of February 23 and 24 were given to a study of the
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extreme southern part of Eleuthera, where low rocky plains and
sand-dunes yielded some species not found further north.
Little San Salvador, an island some 6 miles long and averag-
ing perhaps one mile wide, lies nearly directly east of the southern
end of Eleuthera and about 9 miles distant, and here we spent
February 25 and 26. It is uninhabited, but some farming is
done by people who come from Cat Island, about 9 miles to the
east or northeast. The soil is mostly white sand, and indian com
and guinea com are the principal crops. The island is interesting
from the great abundance of the hog cabbage palm {Pseudophoenix
Sargeniii), its common name referring to the use of its trunk for
pig food ; this palm, which formerly existed in quantities on some
of the Florida Keys, but has now been nearly or quite exter-
minated there, exists on Little San Salvador in thousands, and
was in full fruit at the time of our visit, the clustered bright-red
three-lobed berries being conspicuous in the landscape. The
palm occurs on nearly all the Bahaman Islands, but in the inhab-
ited ones is much used for pig food, and is thus liable to extinc-
tion ; we already have good specimens in the conservatories both
from Florida and from the Bahamas, but a supply of the ripe
berries for growing a crop of seedlings was collected. There is
excellent fishing on the reefs about this island and a plentiful
supply of several kinds was caught in a couple of hours in one
afternoon.
The northern end of Cat Island was reached during the night
of February 26, and Orange Creek was made the base of opera-
tions for the next two days, including a walk under the guidance
of a native completely around the northern end of the island,
covering some 1 5 miles or more, the longest tramp that we in-
dulged in, which brought us back to the boat after dark, but
with large collections. Cat Island was long supposed to be the
land first reached by Columbus and the name San Salvador was
applied to it and accepted by the English ; in fact, San Salvador
is still the name used by the Bahaman government, or at least
by some of its departments, though it is now known that the real
San Salvador of Columbus is Watling's Island, which lies some
40 miles further to the southeast. It is unfortunate that the
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name given by Columbus has now been generally abandoned for
either island, although an attempt has been made on the sailing
charts to restore the name San Salvador to Watling's Island,
with the result that when San Salvador is mentioned one is left in
doubt as to which island is really meant. In the vicinity of
Orange Creek we first saw one of the rarest and most interest-
ing small trees of the Bahamas, apparently related to the trees
known in Jamaica as "pride of the valley" [Spathelid), classified
by authors in the Rue Family, but whose botanical relationship
is somewhat doubtful. These trees form slender unbranched
trunks bearing large pinnate sumac-like leaves in crowns at the
top ; they grow for several or many years and then produce a
large cluster of flowers and fruit above the crown of leaves, after
which they die ; the tree was seen again further south on the
same island, but in both instances in fruit, its flowers being still
unknown.
The Bight Settlement, some i6 miles north of the southern
end of Cat Island, was our next collecting ground, and here we
went into camp in a house for six days while the schooner sailed
back to the ** Glass Window," took the ladies on board and carried
them to Nassau, returning to us with stores and mail on the
morning of March 7. This stay of six days enabled us to obtain
a quite complete knowledge of the plants growing within 5 or 6
miles of the Bight, and we secured specimens of a number of rare
and interesting species ; among these, mention may be made of
another practically spineless prickly pear cactus {Opuntid) with
small red flowers, growing abundantly in rocky soil, and new to
our collections, a duck-weed (^Lemna) not before known in the
Bahamas, covering tfie surface of a small shaded pond and doubt-
less brought there on the feet or feathers of some migratory bird,
specimens of an interesting shrub of the Vervain Family, known
in the Bahamas only from Cat Island, and a most viciously spiny
Acacia, a shrub or small tree to be handled only with great cau-
tion. The work on Cat Island was concluded by spending
March 8 at Port Howe near Columbus Bluff*, a bold rocky head-
land at the southern end of the island, where, among other inter-
esting plants, good specimens of a rare spiny shrub related to the
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potato {Solarium) were collected, the species being known only
from this island and from Great Exuma, about 50 miles to the
southwest, where it was found by us on our trip of two years ago.
Cat Island is some 45 miles long and is more hilly that any of
the other Bahamas ; the charts maintain that it contains eleva-
tions of about 400 feet ; I ascended several of the hills, which in
each case were claimed to be the highest on the island by the
residents, but could find no altitude by the aneroid barometer
greater than 205 feet, though it is possible that some of the hills
may be slightly higher ; this cited height of 400 feet had been
doubted by Mr. Brace, and so far as my observations go there is
probably no elevation as great as that on the island.
Conception Island, lying about 25 miles southeast of Port
Howe, was next visited, and studied on March 9 and 10 ; this is
the smallest of the islands studied by us on this cruise, being only
about 2 yi miles long by somewhat less than 2 miles wide. It is in-
habited by only one family, and farming operations are carried on
on a small scale but are successful. It is highly elevated in places,
but the middle part of it is occupied by one of the most continuous
and striking level salt-plains that I have seen anywhere in the
islands, subject to overflow at high tides, but quite dry at this
time. The fk)ra is not strikingly different from that of the
islands further north and west, but good living specimens of the
tall woolly cactus previously found by us on Cave Cay of the
Exuma chain were obtained and the sandy portions of the island
were beautified by the trailing white passion-flower of these
islands. A few species known hitherto only from farther south
were found here.
Watling's Island, topographically, historically, and in some
respects botanically the most interesting of the islands visited
and the most eastern point reached on our cruise, was explored
from March 12 to 15 and we should have been glad to spend
more time upon it, for as it was we studied only its north-
em part. The island is about 1 2 miles long and 6 miles wide,
rather hilly, with a maximum height according to the charts of
about 140 feet, and contains numerous salt-water lakes, uncon-
nected with the ocean, the two largest of these occupying perhaps
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one fourth the total area of the island ; these large lakes give
a character to the topography and landscape not seen elsewhere
in the Bahamas. The course of our exploration during these,
four days extended from Cockbum Town on the western side
across and around the larger lakes to the fine lighthouse on the
northeastern side which section was explored from Graham's Har-
bor at the northeast end southward some five miles to where the
monument to Columbus stands, and then from Graham Harbor,
back to Cockbum Town across the northwestern part of the is-
land. We found the Agave (** bamboo ") which we were seeking
well developed at one point on the shore of the largest lake and
obtained good specimens of its fruit, leaves, and young plants for
cultivation. As it had passed flowering we were unable to obtain
the blossoms. It seems to be somewhat different from the com-
mon species of the northern island, having leaves which are much
more feebly bristle-margined, and pods which are sharp-pointed
and much larger. The common species also grows on Watling*s
Island and plants were brought along for comparison. The shrub
or small tree of the Mallow Family discovered here several years
ago by Professor Coker, during the expedition of the Geograph-
ical Society of Baltimore to the Bahamas, and named by me Mai-
vaviscus Cokeri, was seen in abundance at the type locality where
it was obtained by him, and also in many other places along the
lakes and on the borders of swamps, and we obtained good speci-
mens of its fruit, which was not before known, as well as of its
pretty bell-shaped greenish-red flowers. The plants of the north-
eastern side of the island proved to be in many instances different
from those of the western side and among them we saw for the
first time the Bahamian Mimosa, a shrub which grows in great
quantities on the borders of marshes^ but formerly known only
from islands further south. Graham's Harbor is very pictur-
esque, its bold cliffs of white limestone contrasting finely with
the green vegetation of the shores and the deep blue water of the
ocean.
The monument to Columbus erected by the Chicago Herald
in 1 89 1 stahds on a headland about five miles south of the
northern end of the island on the eastern side, and we were much
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interested, of course, in going to the locality determined at that
time as the most probable point where Columbus first landed,
and in taking note of the plants which he presumably saw here.
These are all well known Bahaman species and species growing also
on the shores of many other West Indian islands ; it is probable
that the one which first attracted the discoverers of America was
the sea-grape {Coccoloba Uviferd), a common shrub or tree of all
West Indian sea coasts, which gets its common name from its
edible grape-like bunches of fruit. The headland on which
the monument stands is loc'ally known as Crab Cay. The
structure is unpretentious and was believed by my companion
from Chicago to be a chimney of a ruined house until he reached
it; it is about 12 feet high and constructed mainly from loose
rocks picked up in the vicinity ; it bears a marble globe with an
outline of the continents engraved upon it and a marble slab
which states that at this point Columbus first set foot upon the
soil of the new world. A small cube of granite and a brick,
which we were informed by one of our sailors, a native of Wat-
ling's Island, was brought from the house of Columbus in Genoa,
complete the decoration of the monument.
Our explorations were completed by a visit to Long Island,
lying some 50 or 60 miles southwest of Watling's Island,
where there is one good harbor on the eastern side at Clarence
Town, which was made a base of operations from March 16 to
19. Long Island lies on the same bank as the Exuma Islands,
which we explored two years ago, and contains many of the
species which we collected on that chain ; a few were found
which we had not before collected in the Bahamas, the most
interesting of these being a low spurge (^Euphorbia), Sailing
north from Clarence Harbor, or rather drifting, as we were here
delayed by two days of calm, we touched for a few hours at Cape
St. Maria at the northern end of Long Island on March 2 1 and
returned to Nassau, arriving there early in the morning of March
23, and proceeded to pack the collections, Dr. Millspaugh
returning to New York on the Royal Mail Steamer " Oronoco "
on March 25, Mrs. Millspaugh having preceded him, and Mrs.
Britton and I returning on the twenty-sixth by way of Miami.
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80
Having March 27 at Miami, I was enabled to again visit the
Subtropical Laboratory of the United States Department of Agri-
culture and to select some plants for our conservatories and to
collect some specimens in the vicinity. We reached New York
on the afternoon of March 29.
Our work in the Bahamas was aided in many ways by the resi-
dents, and our thanks are due and are gratefully tendered for
information and assistance to Hon. Herbert A. Brook, Registrar
of the Colony at Nassau ; to Rev. John P. Jackson of Rock
Sound, Eleuthera; to Andrew 3. M. O'Brien, Esq., Resident
Justice ; to Rev. C. P. Shaw of the Bight Settlement, Cat Island ;
to Mr. Simeon Devoe, Assistant Resident Justice, at Port Howe,
Cat Island ; to Mr. F. L. Christie of Conception Island ; to Rev.
Marshall M. Cooper, and Resident Justice Rigby of Cockbum
Town, Watling's Island, and to R. G. Williams, Esq., of the
Harbor Estate, Watling's Island ; to Rev. C. B. T. Wilkinson,
M.A., Resident Justice, Gilbert Albury and Charles A. Abbott,
Esq., of Clarence Town, Long Island.
Before leaving Nassau, I had a very pleasant interview with
Sir William Grey-Wilsbn, governor of the Bahamas, and con-
sulted with him relative to the additional exploration work which
is necessary to make our survey complete, in so far as an ex-
amination of islands as yet un visited by us or our agents will
complete it. The principal points still remaining for examination
are the southeastern islands of the archipelago, including the
island of Samana, Miriguana Island, the several islands of the
Caicos bank, the Ragged Cays, and at the extreme southwest
of the archipelago the small islands on the Cay Sal bank. I
secured from Mr. Pinder the use of the same schooner for a pro-
posed trip to these islands toward the end of the present year.
The governor was much interested in the further exploration of
Andros Island, the largest of the group, and the nearest large
island to New Providence. The interior of this island at its widest
part, which is 40 miles or more, is unknown, either geographically
or botanically, having never been penetrated, and no one knows
what the conditions are in this terra incognita. He assured me
of governmental cooperation at some future time when it might
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81
be convenient to attempt the penetration of this presumable
wilderness, and I hope that we may be able to explore it.
Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Britton,
Director-in- Chief,
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE ISLAND OF
MONTSERRAT.
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief.
Sir: Pursuant to your instructions, I visited the island of
Montserrat, and spent about five weeks there in botanical explo-
ration. I embarked from this city on the Quebec S. S. Korona,
January 5, landing at St. John's, Antigua, on January 15, where
I was somewhat delayed, awaiting an opportunity to cross
over to Montserrat, which presented itself on the night of the
17th in the shape of a little sloop, on which I secured passage.
Arriving off Plymouth about dawn the next morning, I was
quickly passed by the officers of the port and shortly after 7
o'clock found myself in the delightful home of Mr. F. W. Driver,
of the Montserrat Company, to whom I had letters of introduc-
tion from Mr. T. A. Hedley, their agent in New York. Mr.
Driver became very much interested in our proposed work, and
after giving me much timely advice drove with me to the house
of Mr. Dudley Johnson, on Cocoanut Hill, where I secured ac-
commodations and made headquarters during my stay on the
island. The remainder of the day was consumed in securing and
arranging my equipment, recovering from the effect of the pre-
\io\is night's experiences on the sloop, and becoming acquainted
with my surroundings. The next day, January 19, just two
weeks after leaving New York, I was at work collecting the plants
of the region immediately surrounding my headquarters, and
exploring a nearby " gut," as the deeply eroded ravines are called.
During the weeks that followed almost continuous collections
were made in all sections of the island.
Owing to the ruggedness of the country, the multiplication of
distances by the necessarily circuitous roads and trails, and the
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steepness of the mountain sides, the employment of horses and
negroes was a very necessary inconvenience. Much time was
also lost by the nightly return to headquarters, which the lack of
suitable camping facilities made necessary, especially as it was
prudent to get back, at least to good roads, before the early trop-
ical darkness set in. The exploration of the higher and floris-
tically richer portions of this or similar islands would be greatly
expedited if one were equipped so as to be able to remain in the
higher altitudes several nights in succession.
My plants were dried in numerous well-ventilated packages of
dryers not over three inches thick. These were spread out in
the sunshine and frequently turned ; also promptly brought
under cover in case of showers, which occurred rather fre-
quently, by a boy who was employed for this and other purposes
about headquarters. This arrangement expedited matters very
materially and relieved me of much anxiety concerning the un-
dried material while afield.
Active exploration was kept up to within a day of the time of
departure, early in the morning of February 21, when I took
passage on a Royal Mail steamer for Antigua, where I had a day
and a half to await the S. S. Parinm for New York, thus giving
me time to have the partially dried specimens taken to the botan-
ical station at St. John's. Facilities were kindly put at my dis-
posal there, which, with a day of bright sunshine, enabled me to
dry most of them and prepare the remainder for the rest of the
voyage, through which they came in good condition, arriving in
New York with me at noon, March 2, just eight weeks from the
time of departure, three of which were consumed in transit.
Montserrat, situated in latitude 16° 45' north and longitude
61*^ west, is one of the British administrative group called the
Leeward Islands. It is about 27 miles southwest of Antigua,
the seat of government, but about 40 miles from port to port,
its greatest length, 1 1 miles, being approximately north and
south, while its greatest width is 7 miles. The outline is quite
irregular and is estimated to contain about 40 square miles. The
island is wholly volcanic in origin and is very mountainous, the
highest peak, Chance's mountain, reaching an altitude of 3,000
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feet, while several others are 2,500 feet or more in height. The
coast is generally very rugged, except for a narrow beach on either
side of Plymouth, about three miles long, and one of smaller ex-
tent on the windward side. There are no enclosed bays and the
several salt marshes are very small. Two of those which I ex-
plored contained little of interest, except for the fact that most
of the species one would expect to find there were absent. In
one I found a few small bushes of black mangrove, Avicennia
nitida L. A third marsh, which I saw from the distant hills, is
said to contain mangroves, but 1 was unable to visit it or to ascer-
tain which of the three genera they represented.
The beach affords the usual plants common to a similar envi-
ronment throughout the West Indies, while the old-world plants,
Vinca major L., the periwinkle of our gardens, and Calotropis
procera R. Br., the so-called French cotton, were very conspicu-
ous, the former exceedingly abundant. The much-feared man-
chioneel, Hipp<nnane mancinella L., is very abundant and reaches
large dimensions. The most common woody plants near by are
"wild coffee," Clerodendron aculeatum (L.) Griseb., ** French
cashaw," Prosopis juliflora DC. and the *' cashaw," Acacia tortuosa
Willd., the latter very common throughout the dryer portions of
the island. On the coastal cliffs the dry thickets are composed
of a variety of shrubs and stunted trees, conspicuous among them
being several species of Croton, Plumieria alba L., and a tall
upright cylindrical cactus belonging to the genus Cereus.
On the windward side the bleak wind-swept cliffs support a
species of Agave, two prickly pears, Opuntia, a Turk's-cap cactus,
Melocactus, and Plumieria alba L., while the more gentle slopes are
covered with an impenetrable thicket composed mostly of the
currant Xxt.^, Jacquinia armillaris L., and "white cedar,*' Tecoma
Leucoxylon Mart. The northern end of the island is very rough,
rocky and dry, its highest point. Silver Hill, being less than
1,300 feet. It is covered with a xerophytic growth composed
largely of the above-mentioned plants, together with fiddle-wood,
Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacq., white alley, Guettarda, three
or four species of Coccoloba, and a great variety of other woody
plants in lesser numbers, among which are found several orchids
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and bromeliads, one curious association * being an attractive
yellow-flowered orchid growing among the spiny stems of a tall
cactus. On the wider portion of the island the slope from the
sea to the base of the mountains which run east of the longi-
tudinal axis is quite gradual and is under cultivation, except
where the spaces between the deeply eroded guts are too diffi-
cult of access. These guts as a rule are very dry and barren,
and are strewn with large boulders, showing the effect of the
torrents that occasionally rush through them. The most con-
spicuous, if not the commonest, plant here is the silver fern,
Gymnogramme calomelanos Kaulf. Near the mountains the guts
retain more moisture and harbor many of the plants common to
their tributaries higher up the mountain ravines.
The mountains, which begin their usually abrupt ascent at an
altitude of i,ooo to i,2CX) feet, support a luxuriant and constantly
increasing vegetation, except on wind-swept exposures. This
consists of a variety of hard-wood trees, among them Spanish
cedar, Cedrela odorata L., snake wood, Ormosia dasycarpa Jacq.,
** Spanish oak," Inga laurina Willd., galba, Calophyllum Calaba L.,
'* locust," Hymenaea Courbarill^., two kinds of burwood, Sloanea,
bayberry, Amomis caryophyllata (Jacq.) Krug. & Urb., and a
great variety of shrubs, among them many kinds of Melasto-
maccae, a Podocarpus and Weiiimannia pbmata L. A tall tree
fern, Cyathea arborea Swartz, often 25 feet high, is very abundant
and frequently forms dense, almost pure, forests up to 2,000 feet,
where it is replaced by the mountain cabbage palm, Euterpe
oleracea Mart., which also forms almost pure growths extending
to the highest summits. Throughout all this range there is a
great variety of smaller flowering plants both terrestrial and
epiphytic representing many genera, such as Begonia^ Piper ^
Pepcronia^ Marcgraavia, Heliconia, Phil ode ndruin, and Cariu-
doidca, together with orchids, bromeliads and ferns in great pro-
fusion.
Three very small bodies of fresh water, all that I could hear
of, were visited, the highest in elevation being Chance's pond,
situated at an altitude of about 2,800 and at a short distance from
the top on the eastern side of the mountain of that name. This
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85
pond was very disappointing, as it contained no characteristic
aquatic plants of interest, neither did its margins support a flora
differing materially from that on the surrounding mountain sides.
Two ponds in the northern end of the island harbored a few
plants each of the water lettuce Pistia siratiotcs L., while the
larger one. on Silver Hill at an elevation of about i,ioo feet, also
contained two or three plants of the white water lily, Castalia
ampla Salisb.
The Soufrieres, of which there are three, are not, as usually
supposed, situated on the mountain tops, but in deep ravines at
an altitude of about 1,300 feet. They consist of numerous fis-
sures containing boiling water and emitting steam and sulphurous
vapors, surrounded by deposits of sulphur, white, yellow and red
earth and rocks strewn with charred wood, parched grass, and
an occasional dead tree or fern trunk still standing. The vege-
tation nearest to them consists of mosses and slime-like algae
within and bordering the streamlets of hot water, the higher
plants thriving nearest being a large bluish Cypcrus, a low tree-
like Lycopodium called hartshorn, two or three species of ferns
belonging to the genus Dicranopteris, and a bromeliad with
brilliant scarlet inflorescence.
Botanically this island is scarcely known, the only collections
of plants made thereon, that we have any knowledge of, having
been collected about 1802 by a Dr. John Ryan. I was unable
to obtain any information about Dr. Ryan during my visit, and
there are no white men of that name on the island now.
Economically, Montserrat has been in an unenviable position
for sometime past, owing to the visitation of serious earthquakes,
floods and hurricanes in rapid succession during the last twenty
years, which, added to the depression already caused by the
constantly declining price of sugar has reduced the white
population to less than 100 persons among a total of nearly
14,000 inhabitants. It is distressing to look upon the great
piles of stone, the ruins of once stately plantation buildings
and spacious mansions and see near by the cheaply constructed
makeshifts that have taken their place. On the other hand, the
negroes seem to have profited to some extent, as these conditions
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86
have made it possible in many cases to acquire small areas of land,
so that several of the larger estates are also held by them.
Sugar, formerly the staple product, has become unprofitable,
chiefly owing to the fact that the primitive process of extraction,
in which scarcely half of the saccharine contents of the sugar
cane is secured and that of an inferior quality, is still in vogue.
If a central factory were established on a modern basis, the in-
dustry would no doubt still be remunerative, but the transporta-
tion of the bulky cane over such a rough territory would make
the project seem impractical even if sufficient capital to establish
the factoiy were forthcoming.
Although Montserrat is known to the public almost wholly
on account of its lime juice, this fruit and its products are pro-
duced on a commercial scale only by one concern, the Mont-
serrat Company, a British corporation which owns many of the
best estates and has hundreds of acres planted with limes. The
output of fresh juice, however, is contracted for by another British
company in such a way as to give them a complete monopoly
of this product. Although considerable more juice is extracted
than this concern handles, it is quite impossible to obtain it for
shipment into the United States ; the surplus' is concentrated to
about 12 per cent, of its bulk or neutralized with a calcium salt,
forming citrate of calcium, both products being commercial
sources of citric 'acid. Considerable volatile oil of limes is also
produced.
Arrow-root, the starch obtained from the tubers of Maranta
arundinacea L., is produced in large quantities and of very
superior quality. Papain, a digestive substance similar to pepsin,
obtained from the milky juice of the "papaw," Carica Papaya
L., was formerly produced in considerable quantities and con-
stituted an important industry, but competition from Asiatic
countries, it is said, has reduced the price so that it is no longer
profitable. The large green fruits are scraped and the juice
which flows for a few minutes is collected in a small vessel, this
operation being repeated a number of times until the fruit begins
to ripen. The fresh juice is brought to persons who prepare
the papain, and is paid for by volume. This industry formerly
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87
furnished an income for a great many persons without capital,
for the plant is very abundantly spontaneous in many places.
Cacao, the seeds of Theobroma Cacao L., is being successfully
grown in the central mountains, especially by the Montserrat
Company, which also has experimental plantations of vanilla,
pepper, pimento and nutmegs.
Bay oil, the volatile oil obtained from the leaves of Amoniis
caryophyllata (Jacq.) Krug. & Urb., a tree common in some of
the mountains, is also produced in considerable quantities. It is
the basis of the popular toilet article known as bay rum.
Vegetables in great variety are grown, mostly by the peasants
in their "provision lands,'* which are usually situated in a fertile
spot on the side of a mountain, at from i,ooo to 2,ocx) feet alti-
tude. These are often so steep that the soil must be held up in
step-like fashion by logs, usually the slender trunks of a tree fern,
kept in position by several stakes driven below them. Here are
grown in promiscuous confusion sweet potatoes, yams, tanyas,
arrow-root, okra, tomatoes, egg-plant, peppers, squashes, beans,
etc. Bananas and plantains are also grown here. The peasants
also grow with less success such products of temperate gardens
as potatoes and cabbage, but these are usually a failure during
the summer months.
The cultivation of Sea Island cotton has been carried on very
successfully and on a considerable scale for several years, and the
product from this island has been bringing excellent prices in
England. It is to be hoped that this will continue and that the
practical results will equal the not too modest expectation of those
who advocate the planting of ** cotton, cotton and more cotton."
If it will do for the whole island what it is reported to have al-
ready done for one or two estates, it will deserve to replace the
ancient emblem of salvation now prominently displayed on the
coat-of-arms of the island.
This report would be incomplete if I failed to mention my ob-
ligations to His Honor, Lt. Col. W. B. Davidson-Houston, Com-
missioner of Montserrat, for the gracious interest he displayed in
our work ; to Mr. Fred. W. Driver for favors already mentioned ;
to Mr. W. tRobson, curator of the botanical station, for his per-
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88
sonal interest and enthusiasm constantly displayed, and for the
sacrifices and discomforts endured on my behalf in the ascent of
Chance's Mountain and other excursions ; to Mr. Dudley John-
son, my host, and to Mr. E. Gilks, his manager at Roches, for
facilities afforded while in that most interesting but inaccessible
region ; to Miss H. Kirwan for the gracious manner in which she
dismissed the charges of trespass so seriously filed against me by
an over-zealous servant while collecting on Fergus Mountain, on
one of her estates ; to Mr. J. T. Allen, editor of the Montserrat
Herald, for his personal guidance through the higher mountain
ravines of his remarkable estate ; and to Mr. Jackson, curator,
and to Mr. Thibou, foreman of the botanical station at Antigua,
for aid and facilities afforded me at that institution.
Respectfully,
J. A. Shafer,
Museum Custodian,
SPRING LECTURES, 1907.
To be delivered in the lecture hall of the museum building of
the garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock,
as follows :
April 27. **The Life Story of a Tree," by Dr. C. Stuart
Gager.
May 4. ** The Flowers of Trees and Shrubs Growing Wild
near New York City," by Dr. N. L. Britton.
May II. *' Jamaica: Its Flora, Scenery, and Recent Disas-
ter," by Dr. M. A. Howe.
May 18. "Water Lilies and other Aquatic Plants ; their Re-
lation to Horticulture," by Mr. G. V. Nash.
May 25. **The Influence of Vegetation in the Formation of
Recent and Ancient Swamps," by Dr. Arthur Hollick.
June I. "Some Little Known Edible Fruits of the United
States," by Dr. H. H. Rusby.
The lectures will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise.
They will close in time for auditors to take the 5.34 train from
the Botanical Garden railway station, arriving at Grand Central
Station at 6.05 P.M.
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The museum building is reached by the Harlem Division of
the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to the Botan-
ical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the
Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. E. B. Copeland, of the Bureau of Education of the Philip-
pine Islands, called at the Garden on April i.
Dr. Kristine Bonnevie, Konservator at the University of Kris-
tiania, visited the garden on March 29.
Professor A. W. Evans spent a few days at the Garden during
the last week in March, consulting the Mitten collection of mosses,
recently acquired by the Garden Herbarium.
Professor Edward A. White, of the Department of Botany,
Forestry, and Landscape Architecture of the Connecticut Agri-
cultural College, Storrs, Conn., was at the Garden on March 29,
consulting the Herbarium. Professor White removes to the
Massachusetts Agricultural College on July i, where he has
been appointed to the newly established professorship of flori-
culture.
Dr. Melville T. Cook, who has been pursuing investigations
in the laboratories of the garden during the preceding three
months, has received an appointment, under the Adams act, as
Plant Pathologist at the Delaware Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Newark. The appointment took effect on April i. Dr.
Cook will at once enter upon a study of fruit diseases, giving
special attention to the crown-gall affecting the genus Rtibus.
The New York Academy of Sciences will commemorate on
May 23, the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus.
In the morning of that day there will be addresses at the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History and an exhibition of animals,
minerals, and rocks known at the time of Linnaeus ; in the
afternoon, in Bronx Park, there will be addresses and exhibits at
the Botanical Garden and the Zoological Park and the dedication
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90
of the Linnaean Bridge ; in the evening, there will be simulta-
neous exercises at the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute and at
the New York Aquarium.
Construction work during the winter has been mainly restricted
to the excavation of stone from the ledges in the rear of the Mu-
seum building, a small force of men and carts having been used
continuously, the stone taken out being used for the telford foun-
dation of roads and paths and deposited on grades prepared during
the autumn. The foundations for all the paths on the Fruti-
cetum have now been laid, and the driveway along the east side
of the Bronx River, from the Long Bridge north to Newell ave-
nue, is nearly all paved. As soon as a supply of broken trap-
rock and screenings can be obtained, these paths and roads ipay
be completed.
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Dr. C. F. Millspaugh returned
during the last week in March from a successful botanical survey
of some of the outer islands of the Bahamian archipelago. Visits
were made to Eleuthera, Little San Salvador, Cat, Conception,
Watlings and Long Islands. This was the fourth in the series of
expeditions made by Dr. Britton to the Bahamas, and the third
by Dr. Millspaugh. The large amount of material thus brought
together, supplemented by collections made for the New York
Botanical Garden by Nash and Taylor and by Brace, and the
earlier collections of the Northrops, of Hitchcock, and of Coker,
will serve as a tolerably satisfactory basis for a descriptive treat-
ment of the interesting flora of these islands.
The Garden recently purchased from Mr. Charles H. Stern-
berg, of Lawrence, Kansas, a choice collection of 44 selected
specimens of Cretaceous (Dakota Group) fossil leaves, which
includes one oi Liqtiidambar integrifolia Lesq., the ancestor of
our sweet gum, about 8 inches in length by 1 1 inches broad ; a
branch of Andromeda Pfaffiana Heer, with six leaves attached ;
two specimens — counterparts — of the fruit of Ficus neuro-
carpa Hollick, first described in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botan-
ical Club for February, 1903, ahd seven other leaves which
apparently represent undescribed species. The two species last
mentioned are of special interest for the reason that fossil leaves
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91
are seldom found attached to the parent stem and the fruit of
figs are exceedingly rare as fossils.
Professor Theodore D. A. Cockerell, of Boulder, Colorado,
recently transmitted to Dr. Hollick a collection of undescribed
fossil plant remains from the Tertiary beds of Florissant in that
state, with the request that he examine and describe them.
Among them are several beautifully preserved flowers and fruits
and a moss with fruiting capsules. The matrix is a fine shale in
which the impressions of the outlines and even the delicate
tissues of the anthers and petals of one of the flowers are clearly
defined. An illustrated description of the moss by Dr. Hollick
and Mrs. Britton is now in press for the Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club and the other remains are being critically ex-
amined and will be figured and described in the near future.'
The total precipitation recorded for the month of March was
2.31 inches. Of this amount 7 inches fell as snow. Maximum
temperatures were recorded of 50.5° on the 2d ; 50° on the 9th ;
61° on the 17th ; ^7^ on the 23d ; and 75° on the 29th ; also
minimum temperatures of 9.5° on the 7th ; 9° on the 12th ; 26®
on the 2ist; and 28.5° on the 26th.
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM FEBRUARY I TO APRIL 15.
Alyon, Pierre Philippe. Cours de botanique pour servir A Viducatiofi des enfans
de S. A. le Due d' Orlians. Paris, 1787-88.
AscHERSON, P. & OTHERS. Botanik von Ost'Afrika, Leipzig, 1 879.
AUTRAN, E. & DURAND, F. Hortus Boissierianus, Gendve, 1896.
Beijerinck, M. \V. Beobachtungen und Betracktungen Uber Wurzelknospen und
Nebfwwuneln. Amsterdam, 1886.
Bergen's Elements of Botany, Key and flora, Southern States edition by S. M.
Tracy. Boston, 1899. (Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.)
Botanual Letters, 109 letters from botanists from the collection of Mr. J. J.
Ciooke. (Given by Miss Vail. )
Brockmann-Jerosch, H. Die Pfianungesellsthaften der Schweizeralpen, i
Teil. Die Flora des Pushlav. Leipzig, 1907.
Celakovsky, Ladislav. Beitrdge tur Fortpjlamungsphysiologie der Piize,
Prag, 1906.
CiRiLLO, DoMENiCO. Plantarum rariorum regni Neapolitani. Neapoli, 1788.
(Given by Miss Vail.)
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92
Cor R ENS, C. Gregor Mendels Brief e an Carl N&geli 1666-1873, Leipzig, 1905.
COUTINHO, A. X. L. Curso de siMcultura. Lisboa, 1886. 2 vols.
De^fmer, W. Botaniscke und Landioirkschaftliche Studien auf Java, Jena,
1907.
DiELS, L. Jugendformen und Blutenrtife im Pflanunreich. Berlin, 1906.'
FiriiNG, Hans. Die Reizleitungsvorg&nge bei den Pflanzen, Wiesbaden, 1907.
FRfeMONT, John Charles. Geographical memoir upon Upper California,
Washington, 1848. (By exchange with the Library of Congress.)
Gautier, Joseph. Train de la faille des grands arbres cTagriment. Paris, no
date.
Goldsmith, Sophie. Beitrdge zur Eniwirkelungsgeschichie der Fibrovasalmassen
im Stenfrel und in der Hauptwurzel der Dicotyledonen. ZUrich, 1876.
Gubernatis, Angelo. La myihologie des plantes. Paris, 1878-82. 2 vols.
Hansen, Adolph. Vergleichende Untersuckungen ueber Adventivbildungen bei
den Pflanten, P>ankfurt a.M., 1 88 1.
Henry, Augustine. A list of plants from Formosa. Tokyo, 1900.
Holtermann, Carl. Der Einfluss des Klimas auf den Bau der Pflanzengewebe,
Leipzig, 1907.
Knox, John P. A historical account of St, Thomas, W. I, New York, 1852.
LANfesSAN, J. L. de. Mimoire sur le genre Garcinia, Paris, 1872.
Linnaeus. Systema vegetabilium, Editio decima tertia adomata a Joanne Andrea
Murray. Gottingae et Gothae, 1774.
LOTSY, J. P. Vortrdge Uber botanische Stammesgeschichte, Vol. I.' Jena, 1907.
Lower California; Its geography and characteristics. New York, 1868. (By
exchange with the Librarian of Congress. )
MiEHE, Hugo. Die Selbsterhittung des Heus, Jena, 1907.
Murillo, Adolph. Plantes midicinales du Chili. Paris, 1889.
Osorio, Nicolas. Estudio sobre las quinas de los Estados Unidos de Colombia,
Bogotd, 1874.
Pelletier & Caventou. Analyse chimique des quinquina. Paris, 1 82 1.
*Persoon, C. H. Tentamen dispositionis methodicae fungorum, Lipsiae, 1797.
Pierrot, Edouard. Culture du cafiier, Paris, 1906.
Prain, David. Memoirs and memoranda, chiefly botanical. Calcutta, 1894.
Reg el, E. von. Index pianta rum. Petropoli, 1824.
Kegel, E. von, & Tiling, H. Florula Ajanensis. Moscou, 1859.
SchoNFELDT, Hilmar von. Diatomaceen Germaniae. Berlin, 1907.
Sudre, H. Les rubus de V Herbier Boreau. Angers, 1 902.
Sydow, P. Deutscher Botaniker-Kalender fUr i8gg. Berlin, 1898.
Trinius, C. B. Panicearum genera. St. Petersburg, 1834.
Vandercolme, Ed. Histoite botanique des salsapareilles, Paris, 1 870.
Vries, Hugo de. Arten und VarietSten und ihre Entstehung durch Mutation,
Berlin, 1906.
Walsh, James J. Catholic churchmen in science. Philadelphia, 1906. (Given
by Dr. N. L. Britton. )
Wendland, Hkrmann. Index palmarum. Hannoverae, 1854.
Wiesner, Julius. Die elementar Structur und das Wachsthum der lebenden
Suhstanz. Wien, 1892.
Wint, Paul de. Essais historiques sur les iardins. Paris, 1855.
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93
PICTURE COLLECTION.
398 reproductions of botanists' portraits. (Given by Dr.'D.'^T. MacDougal.)
24 pictures of trees from various sources.
24 portraits of botanists from the Torrey collection.
79 pictures from various sources.
2 portraits of Mr. C. G. Lloyd. (Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood.)
22 plates from the ** Botanical Magazine.'' (Given by the Royal Gardens, Kew.)
I framed colored print : portrait of Gerard. (Given by Charles F. Cox, Esq. )
I framed colored print: portrait of Bernard de Jussieu. (Given by Charles F.
Cox, Esq.)
107 plates from Jaume St. Hilaire, Plantes de France. (Given by Miss Vail. )
7 illustrations in the greenhouses of the New Y ork Botanical Garden.
6 photographs of a sugar mill in Cuba. (Given by Dr. L. M. Underwood. )
1 phot(^raph of Dr. Charles E. Bessey. (Given by Dr. Charles E. Bessey. )
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
73 specimens of flowering plants from British America. (By exchange with the
Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. )
6 specimens from Colorado. (By exchange with Professor T. D. A. Cockerell. )
2 specimens of Crataegus from Vermont. (Given by President E. Brainerd.)
50 specimens ** Phycotheca Boreali- Americana,'' Fascicle 27, for. the Columbia
Herbarium. (Distributed by Messrs. Collins, Holden and Setchell.)
15 specimens of Crataegus from Rochester, N. Y. (Given by Mr. J. Dunbar.)
31 specimens of Crataegus from Missouri. (By exchange with Mr. E. J. Palmer.)
25 specimens of flowering plants from the eastern United States. (Given by Mr.
K. K. MacKenzie.)
18 specimens of Crataegus from New York. (Given by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.)
747 specimens bf flowering plants from Montana. ( By exchange with Professor
L. M. Umbach.)
9 specimens of Crataegus from the vicinity of Philadelphia. (By exchange wi^h
Mr. B. H.Smith.)
2 specimens of Crataegus from Rochester, N. Y. (Given by Mr. M. S. Baxter.)
7 specimens of flowering plants from the Philippine Islands. ( By exchange with
the Bureau of Science, Manila. )
I specimen of Crataegus from Indiana. (Given by Mr. F. D. Kern.)
50 specimens ** Musci Krond. Archipelagi Indici et Polynesiaci." (Distributed
by Prof. Max Fleischer.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
27 plants for the conservatories from Montserrat. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
I plant of bamboo for the conservatories from China. ( By exchange with Buffalo
Botanic Garden. )
300 packets of seeds. ( By exchange with the Botanical Garden, Bonn, Germany. )
&> packets of seeds. (By exchange with the Warley Place (>arden, Great War-
ley, England. )
7 packets of seeds. ( By exchange with the Botanical Garden, Lund, Sweden. )
138 packets of seeds. (By exchange with the Botanical Garden, Hamburg,
Germany. )
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1 8 packets of seeds. (By exchange with the Botanical Garden, Mt. Holyoke
College, South Hadley, Mass. )
12 packets of seeds. (By exchange with the Botanical Garden, University of
Catania, Italy.)
4 packets of seeds from^the Platte River, Nebraska. ( By exchange with Prof. C.
E. Bessey.)
lo packets of seeds from Costa Rica. (Given by Mr. C. Werckl6. )
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIM. May, 1907. No. 89.
NEED OF ADDlt-IONAL FUNDS.
(Statement authorized by Board of Managers May 9, 1907.)
As the development of the Garden as a great educational in-
stitution proceeds, the need of additional funds to supplement its
ordinary income in order to properly expand its work becomes
apparent. The Board of Managers now hold three such funds,
as follows :
1. A bequest of the late Ex-Chief Justice Charles P. Daly, in
memory of Mrs. Daly's grandfather, David Lydig, known as the
David Lydig Fund, amounting to 1134,149.86, and yielding about
JlfS^S annual income. By resolution of the Board this annual
income is devoted to publication and is of great assistance and
value.
2. A gift by the Misses Olivia E. and Caroline Phelps Stokes
of ^3,000, as a fund for the preservation of native plants, yielding
^120 annual income, which is devoted to lectures and literature,
advocating the purposes for which the Fund was established.
3. Fees paid to the Garden by students registering for special
privileges are credited to the Students' Research Fund, which
now amounts to about ^2,700, and yields about* ^108 annual
income, grants from which are made to aid the investigations of
especially meritorious students when required.
Foundations for other objects are greatly desired, and it is
believed they would- add much to knowledge. They may bear, .
in general, such personal designations ks donors may desire to
indicate.
95
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96
1. Exploration Fund, The obtaining of plants and of speci-
mens of their products from distant regions little known botan-
icaliy for public display and for expert study, is one of the most
important duties of the Garden ; a fund not less than J>250,ooo,
yielding ^io,ooo or $12,000 annually, is needed.
2. Horticultural Fun t — In order to develop horticultural
work, to promptly secure and exhibit all horticultural novelties,
to investigate horticultural problems, to establish and maintain
decorative plantations, a fund not less than $100,000 is needed
to yield at least $4,000 or $5,000 annually.
3. Library Fund. The Library has been built up by gifts from
friends of the Garden and is now a noteworthy collection of
botanical and horticultural literature. To render it more com-
plete and to permit the purchase of all books published on botany
and horticulture, a fund of $50,000, yielding about $2,000 a year,
is required.
4. Conservatory Fund, For the purchase of rare, large, or
otherwise interesting and valuable plants for the public conserva-
tories whenever offered by dealers or collectors,a fund of $50,000
is required, to yield about $2,000 annually.
5. Herbarium Fund, The herbarium is the most important of
the permanent scientific collections of the Garden, because it pro-
vides the necessary means for determining the names, features
and relationships of plants. It should be continually increased
by the purchase of specimens from collectors all over the world,
and a fund of $50,000. to yield about $2,000 a year, should be
provided for this purpose.
6. The Lecture Fund, Public lectures on botanical and horti-
cultural topics are important educational factors, and the lecture
hall in the Museum Building is provided for this purpose. Money
for the preparation of illustrations and the payment of lecturers
additional to members of the curatorial staff of the Garden is
needed, in order that at least one public lecture a week through-
out the year may be delivered. A fund of $25,000, to yield
about $1,000 a year, would accomplish this.
7. Illustration of the ** North American Flora'' It is very de-
sirable that illustrations in coloc of native North American plants
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97
accompanied by descriptive letter press should be published, and
the collections at the Garden furnish the specimens needed. The
preparation of drawings, their reproduction, and the printing and
editing of such a work would need a fund of about ^30,000, to
yield ^1,200 to $ 1,500 annually. The total cost of issuing sixty
to seventy-five plates a year would be about $4,000, but more
than half of this cost would be met by subscriptions to the work,
and in time they might defray the entire cost.
8. Scholarship Funds. For the support of trained deserving
students while investigating botanical and horticultural problems.
Several such funds from $10,000 to $25,000, yielding $400 to
$1,200 annually, could be operated with signal advantage to
science.
9. Laboratory Fund, For the purchase of apparatus and
other materials for the laboratories provided in the Museum
Building. The laboratories are most important adjuncts to in-
vestigation and they should be well supplied with all necessary
equipment; a fund of $20,000 to yield $800 to $1,000 a year
is needed.
ID. Fund for Horticultural Prizes. In order to stimulate the
production and exhibition of horticultural novelties, it is desirable
that the Garden have a fund of $10,000. to yield $400 or $500
a year for the recognition of such work by experimenters in any
part of the world, the prizes to be in money or as medals.
1 1. Fund for Botanical Prizes. In order to stimulate scientific
botanical discovery, the power to recognize original observations
and other noteworthy contributions to botanical knowledge, by
prizes, either in money or as medals, a fund of $10,000 should
be provided to yield $400 to $500 annually.
12. Research Funds. Several funds from $5,000 to $50,000
yielding from $200 to $2,500 annual income are desired, to be
devoted to the solution of unsolved botanical or horticultural
problems.
It is also very desirable that the general Endowment Fund of
the Garden be increased. The present endowment has been con-
tributed as follows :
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Columbia University $25,000.00-
J. Pierpont Morgan 35,000.00
Andrew Carnegie 25-,ooo.oo
Cornelius Vanderbilt 25,000.00
John D. Rockefeller 25,000.00
D. O. Mills 25,000.00
Hon. Addison Brown 25,000.00
William E. Dodge 10,000.00
James A. Scrymser 10,000.00
Willif.m C. Schermerhom 10,000.00
Mrs. Esther Herrman 10,000.00
Hon. Charles P. Daly 5,000.00
Oswald Ottendorfer 5,000.00
Samuel Sloan 5,000.00
George J. Gould 5,000.00
Helen M. Gould 5,000.00
John S. Kennedy 5,000.00
William Rockefeller 5,000.00
Arnold, Constable & Co 5,000.00
Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood 5,000.00
Mrs. George Whitfield Collard, in memory of the late
Josiah M. Fiske 5,000.00
Morris K. Jesup 2,500.00
Mrs. Melissa P. Dodge 1,000.00
C. P. Huntington i,coo.co
Tiffany & Company 1,000.00
David B. Ivison 1,000.00
Hon. Seth Low 1,000.00
Samuel Thome 1,000.00
H. C. von Post 1,000.00
Mrs. Percy R. Pyne 1,000.00
Fred F. Thompson 1,000.00
John Innes Kane 1,000.00
Mrs. Frank Ferguson and Mrs. W. G. Nichols, in memory
of their father, the late H. O. Armour 1,000.00
M. F. Plant 1,000.00
James B. Ford 1,000.00
Francis Lynde Stetson 1,000.00
Hugh N. Camp 250.00
Smaller contributions 160.00
Life Membership Fees 18,750.00
Total $300,660.00
In preparing a habitation for the Botanical Garden, the city
has expended over ^1,250,000 upon its buildings, grounds, and
roads, and it contributes also to their maintenance as a part of the
park system, for the health, instruction and enjoyment of the
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people ; but for support of the life and soul of the Garden, as a
valuable and progressive scientific institution, we must look mainly
to the public-spirited citizens of New York. Much has been
already done, as a glance at its work will show. The Directors
have expended nearly J!30o,ooo of privately contributed funds
and have invested a fund of about $335,000, similarly derived as
already stated ; and in gifts of plants, books, apparatus and the
deposit of collections, have received about $225,000 more, mak-
ing a total of about $860,000 contributed by individuals.
The Garden has won an honored and a world-wide name for
what it has so far done, but it must have means for progress.
Will you not help in this endowment for educational and scien-
tific work ? Remittances may be made to either of the under-
signed.
C. F. Cox, ' N. L. Britton,
Treasurer, Director 'in- Chief,
Grand Central Station. N. Y. Botanical Garden.
In behalf of the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical
Garden,
Addison Brown,
Oiairman of tfie Executive Committee.
EARLY EUROPEAN BOTANISTS IN JAPAN.
For our first knowledge of the rich botanical treasures of
Japan, we are indebted to commerce and the Dutch East India
Company. With the exception of a few years (16 13- 1623) in
the early part of the seventeenth century when the English had
a small trading-post in Japan, the country was closed to all
foreign nations except the Portuguese, the Dutch and the
Chinese. In 1640 the Portuguese were expelled and until the
middle of the last century, entrance was denied to all except
the Dutch and the Chinese.
Three illustrious names, Kaempfer, Thunberg and Siebold,
head the list of European workers upon the flora of Japan. It
is interesting to note that each of these men went out in the
employ of the Dutch East India Company ; that each made the
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difficult journey from Desima to Yedo in order to accompany
the Dutch Ambassador on his annual visit to the Court of the
Emperor ; that the vocation of each was that of the physician
while botany was but an avocation. Each on his return to his
native land wrote long and informally of his impressions of Japan,
and these works are invaluable in that they picture the condi-
tions that obtained in Japan before her ports were opened to the
nations ; each also produced a botanical work of permanent
value — works that persist as comer-stones in the foundations of
Japanese botany.
Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1716) was a native of Lemgow in
Westphalia and was educated at the universities of Cracow in
Poland and Konigsberg in Prussia. He spent much time in the
study of '* Physick and the Natural Sciences " and so paved the
way for the useful observations and discoveries which he after-
wards made in his travels. From Prussia he went to Sweden,
where his scholarly attainments brought him into great repute at
the University of Upsala and advantageous offers were made to
him. This was a score of years before the birth of Linnaeus.
There is a tendency to forget that botany did not begin with
Linnaeus, who is often called the ** father of modem botany."
He may be the ** father/' but if the ancestry should be followed
up, the grandfathers and great-grandfathers of modern botany
would form a most respectable family-tree.
Kaempfer, however, preferred foreign travel and accepted an
appointment as secretary of the embassy which the Court of
Sweden was then sending to Persia. Three years later, the
negotiations with the Persian Court were concluded and Dr.
Kaempfer entered the service of the Dutch East India Company
as Chief Surgeon to the Fleet. After touching at various points
on the shores of Persia and Arabia, the coasts of Malabar, the
islands of Ceylon, Sumatra and Java, he arrived in Japan in the
autumn of the year 1690. His experiences in that country are
most delightfully told in the thousand pages of his History of
Japan, In these volumes there is the fascination that comes
from telling a thing for the first time when every detail is new,
and there is the added charm of the beautiful country with its
conservative and art-loving people.
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The first settlement of the Dutch had been on the Island of
Firando, but in the year 1638 they were commanded by the
Emperor to demolish their factory and warehouse, and this for
no other reason, says Kaempfer, than that " they were of hewn
stones handsomer than the buildings of the country and because
the year of our blessed Saviour's nativity was engraved in the
front/' With this unexpected order they were obliged to comply,
•* not only without showing the least mark of dislike but even
with seeming satisfaction " ! Soon after the expulsion of the Por-
tuguese, the Dutch were ordered to their abandoned site on the
little island of Desima in the harbor of Nagasaki. Kaempfer
gives a lucid description of this island or "prison" as he calls it.
" In shape it nearly resembles a fan without a handle, being of an
oblong square figure, the two longer sides whereof are the seg-
ments of a circle. It is joined to the town by a small stone
bridge at the end whereof is a strong guard-house where there
are soldiers constantly upon duty. Just before the bridge towards
the town is a place built of square stones where they put up the
Imperial Mandates and Proclamations and the Orders of the Gov-
ernors. Two orders of the Governors are continually to be seen
there on so many boards ; one of these relates to the regulation
of the Guard, and the other is directed to the street-officers of
Desima, and to all persons who have any business there and are
on this account obliged to go in or out."
Once a year the Dutch ships put into harbor and the men
were allowed to remain on the island for the two or three months
of their stay. Then the director with a small number of men,
only seven in the time of Kaempfer, remained on the island, where
at all times they were watched by guards and inspectors. That
there might be no occasion for the Dutch to acquire the Japan-
ese language, the government insisted upon a body of one hun-
dred and fifty interpreters.
Once or twice a year, the few Dutchmen who remained were
permitted to take a walk into the adjacent country, particularly
to view the temples. This privilege was more frequently granted
to physicians and surgeons under pretense of going to search for
medicinal plants. But it was a somewhat expensive luxury as a
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great retinue must accompany all such expeditions and be treated
to a dinner, and one must "see his purse strongly squeezed for
the most common civilities."
After the departure of the ships, the director of the company
with a numerous suite set out on a journey to the court of the
Emperor to make the usual yearly presents. This was a great
undertaking, for the way was long and tedious, " three hundred
and twenty-three Japanese leagues of different lengths," nearly
a thousand miles by land and sea, Kaempfer says that upon the
journey they were '* allowed no more liberty than even close
prisoners could reasonably claim. We were not suflfered to speak
to anybody, not even without special leave to the domesticks and
servants of the inns we lodged at. As soon as we came to an
inn, we were without delay carried upstairs, if possible, or into
the back apartments which have no other view but into the yard
which for a still greater security is immediately shut and nailed
up."
One wonders how with so many restrictions Kaempfer was able
to botanize by the way. But he says that in addition to the
various things that travelers usually carry along on their jour-
neys, he had for his own use a large Javan box in which he
*' privately kept a mariner's compass, in order to measure the
directions of the roads, mountains and coasts ; but openly and
exposed to everybody's view was an ink-horn, and I usually filled
it with plants, flowers and branches of trees, which I figured and
described. Doing this, as I did it free and unhindered to every-
body's knowledge, I should be wrongly accused to have done any-
thing which might have proved disadvantageous to the Company's
trade, or to have thrown any ill-suspicion upon our conduct from
so jealous and circumspect a nation. Nay, far from it, I must
own that from the very first day of our setting out till our return
to Nagasaki, all the Japanese companions of our voyage and par-
ticularly the Commander-in-chief were extreamly forward to com-
municate to me what uncommon plants they met with, together
with their true names, characters and uses which they diligently
inquired into among the natives. The Japanese, a very reason-
able and sensible people, and themselves great lovers of plants,
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look upon Botany as a study both useful and innocent, which
pursuant to the very dictates of reason and the laws of Nature,
ought to be encouraged by everybody." Still Kaempfer con-
fesses that at the very beginning of the journey he took whatever
means he could to secure the friendship and assistance of his fel-
low-travelers '* obliging some with a submissive humble conduct
and ready assistance as to physic and physical advice ; others
with secret rewards for the very meanest services and favors
received from them."
Had it not been for this adroitness and tact and skill in over-
coming the prejudice of the Japanese, it is doubtful if much could
have been accomplished. The pioneer botanist in Japan must
needs be a diplomatist as well as a botanist. Many of the inter-
esting facts thus obtained are embodied in a chapter of his history
under the heading '* Plants of the Country." This relates more
particularly to those of agricultural or economic value while the
Atnoenitates Exoiicae contains a catalogue of all plants noted in
his travels with ** descriptions more accurate and botanical."
He tells us of the kus or " Camphire-tree " and the preparation
of " camphire " ; of the urusi or ** Varnish-tree which affords a
milky juice, which the Japanese make use of to varnish, or as we
call it, to japan all their household goods, dishes and plates of
wood, and this from the Emperor down to the meanest peasant " ;
of the " Tsianoki or Tea-shrub which is allowed no other room
but round the borders of Rice and Corn-fields, and in other
barren places unfit for the culture of other things ; the common
drink of the Japanese is brewed from the larger leaves of this
shrub ; but the young and tender leaves dried, powdered and
mixed in a cup of hot water into a sort of Soup are drank in
houses of people of quality."
He says that " Japan may vie with most, if not all, known
countries for the great variety of beautiful Plants and Flowers
wherewith kind Nature hath most liberally and curiously adorned
its hills, fields, woods and forests. Some of these the Japanese
have transplanted into gardens and improved by assiduity and
culture to the utmost, and indeed to a surprising degree of per-
fection. . . . There are numberless varieties of Feverfews and
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Lillies growing in this country. The first are the chief ornament
of the houses and gardens, the others of desert and uncultivated
places. Nor hath Nature been less kind with regard to the
Narcissus, Flowers de Lys, Clove-Gilli-Flowers and the like.
But these several flowers fall as short as others of their kind,
growing in other countries, in strength and agreeableness of
smell, as they exceed them in the beauty of their colors. The
same holds true with regard to most fruits of Japan which are
far from coming up to the pleasant aromatic tastes of those which
grow in China and the Eastern countries. . . . Numberless
plants grow in the fields, upon hills and mountains, in woods
and forests, in morassy grounds, in barren and uncultivated
places, along the Sea-coasts and in short, everywhere. Of all
these, there are but few but what afford their roots, leaves, flowers
and fruits for the sustenance of the people. . . . There is a great
variety of mushrooms, most of which are eat. ... Of all the
soft submarine plants, there is hardly one but what the Natives
eat. Fishermen's wives wash and sell them and are very dex-
trous in diving them up from the bottom of the sea in twenty to
forty fathom depth."
In the appendix, there are some delightful papers on " The
Natural History of the Japanese Tea-plant," **The Making of
Japanese Paper" and "An account of the Moxa, an excellent
caustic, with a scheme showing what parts of the human body
are to be burnt with that Plant in several Distempers."
After eight years abroad, Kaempfer returned to his native town
intending to practice medicine and publish his travels and scien-
tific observations at leisure, but his success as a physician so con-
sumed his time and energy that only the Amoenitates was pub-
lished in his lifetime. To Sir Hans Sloane, who purchased all
his unpublished manuscripts, is due the publication of his " His-
tory of Japan,'' which was translated into English from the
original High German by Scheuzer. From this English transla-
tion it was later rendered into French, then into Dutch and
finally (1777) again into German.
We hear of no further botanical work in Japan until Linnaeus
had nearly attained his allotted three score and ten years. Then
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it was that the young Swede, Carl Peter Thunberg (1743- 1778),
his pupil in botany and a graduate of the medical department of
the University of Upsala, became interested in the botany of
Japan. At Amsterdam he had repeatedly heard regret expressed
by the professors and botanists of the botanical garden that so
little was known of the rich flora of Japan. This suggested to
him the idea of visiting that country. Through the instrumen-
tality of influential friends he soon secured an appointment as
surgeon on board a vessel of the Dutch East India Company and
proceeded to Japan by way of the Cape of Good Hope and the
island of Java. His Voyages au Japon published in French
are as quaintly interesting as the " History *' of Kaempfer, and
his experiences were strangely similar. The condition of the
Dutch settlement showed no change and restrictions were per-
haps more severe than ever. We cannot improve on his own
way of telling his own story :
" My first care on landing was to provide myself with inter-
preters and to secure the favor of the officers who frequented
our little island (Desima). My knowledge of medicine gave me
more than one opportunity to be of service to them as well as to
their sick relatives and friends. In short my frank and open
manners won their confidence. I was not likely to inspire with
much uneasiness the inspectors of commerce who could very
well see that all my attention was focussed on medicine and
botany. . . .
" I was so fortunate as to discover in the wild plants of the
country some valuable medicinal properties and took advantage
of these discoveries for the purpose of obtaining a permit which
had never been granted to any European, to explore the region
about Nagasaki in order to collect plants and seeds. I succeeded
beyond my expectations, but almost immediately the favor was
recalled.
" Before granting the permit, the Governor, fearing some in-
novation, had caused search to be made throughout the records
of the country to ascertain if such a concession had ever been
made to a European surgeon. He discovered that at some time
considerably remote, during an extremely fatal epidemic when
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106
the ship's remedies had become exhausted, that a Dutch surgeon
had been allowed to land and search the environs of Nagasaki for
medicinal herbs. This discovery had the effect of immediately
raising all scruples. But unfortunately the Governor examined
the case a second time and found that the Dutchman had been
of the rank of Second Surgeon while I was a First Surgeon.
Therefore was I in no way entitled to the same privilege and it
was promptly withdrawn !
"A circumstance of this kind is of tremendous importance in
the eyes of the Japanese who are conservative to an inconceivable
degree. They pride themselves upon the strict execution of the
wishes of their sovereign without troubling themselves to inter-
pret them or to make the slightest concession to circumstances.
As for myself, while I was in no way regardless of the counter-
order, still I was more determined than ever. I attempted to
•convince the superior officer that there was really no marked
^difference between a First and a Second Surgeon ; that the First
Surgeon had passed through the lower rank of the Second, and
that the Second had the right to aspire to the rank of the First !
These observations so wise met with approval and were sufficient
to raise the last scruple of the Governor who once more rendered
me the permit, but so late that I was unable to profit by it before
the month of February. It was with great regret that I had
spent the entire autumn waiting for that miserable revocation."
In the meanwhile, however, Thunberg's ingenuity hid helped
him but. He goes on to tell us that ** Fortunately several of
the interpreters had become my pupils in medicine and surgery.
Under my supervision, they treated the sick of the village. As
remuneration for my lessons, I demanded of them all the plants,
flowers and seeds which they could collect in the neighborhood
of Nagasaki."
On the fifteenth of August, they landed the animals from the
ship. Cows, calves, sheep, pigs and deer were brought every
year from Batavia, not only for the consumption of the Euro-
peans at the factory, but also for the provision of the vessel on
its teturn voyageJ- These animals were kept in a stable upon
the island and during the winter fed upon rice, rice-straw and
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107
the young branches of trees ; at other seasons on such leaves
and herbage as the native servants were able to gather from the
neighboring mainland. " Never once/' says Thunberg, " did I
forget to examine the fodder which was brought regularly twice
a day, and thus it was that I found some very rare plants, some
of which I judged worthy to figure in the herbaria of Europe/*
Then he adds plaintively, " These discoveries only served to ren*
dcr more exasperating the species of captivity which bound all
Europeans to the narrow and desolate island of Desifna/'
On the seventh of February, after the final grant of the long-
delayed permit, Thunberg made his first botanical excursion into
the environs of Nagasaki. To the modern botanist who clam-
bers about with only his tin box for company, this seems like a
formal and imposing occasion. He was obliged to take a
numerous retinue of interpreters first, and interpreters second,
of banjos of different grades, of cmnpr adores^ and a multi-
tude of employes. This numerous suite was as hungry as in
the days of Kaempfer and " occasioned considerable expense
in the way of refreshment whenever the route led by an inn."
"Yet," Thunberg adds, "I had not ih^ complaisance to limit
them, and it was necessary that they should accompany me over
the hills and through the mountains."
These excursions were made once and sometimes twice a week
until the time of the departure of the Dutch Ambassador whom
Thunberg accompanied to the court of the Emperor. This
journey was a repetition of those of Kaempfer's experience, and
although Thunberg does not tell us how he did his botanizing^
we know from his Flora Japonica that it was not neglected. The
mountains of Fakonia and other places along the route and
Yedo are constantly quoted as the localities of plants which he
describes. This work published in 1784 contains descriptions
of about one thousand species, and is marvellously accurate and
complete when one considers the circumstances under which the
material for it was collected. On his return to Sweden, Thun-
berg was made Demonstrator of Botany at the University of
Upsala, and in 1 784 was appointed Professor of Botany and oc-
cupied the chair left vacant by Linnaeus until his death (1828).
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108
He published several important works and numerous memoirs
in the transactions of many Swedish and foreign societies, in
fifty-six of which he held an honorary membership. Fifteen
years before his death, he received the title of Commander of the
Order of Wasa, and one likes to think of him as Sir Carl Peter
Thunberg, distinguished botanist, traveler, gentleman, a man
** sweet and amiable and who enjoyed general esteem.**
Philip Franz von Siebold was the last of the great European
botanists to visit Japan in the days before the awakening. He
was a member of an illustrious German family celebrated for its
learning and scientific knowledge. His grandfather was an
eminent physician ; his younger brother Carl Theodor Ernst has
been called the " Nestor of German Zoology." With a view to
improving the trading relations of the Dutch, he was sent out by
the East India Company. He went out not only to act as their
physician and to plan improvements in the sanitary conditions of
their island prison, but also as a man of science with a determina-
tion to further its progress in every possible way.
Well equipped with scientific apparatus he arrived in Desima
in 1822 and for six years made the island his headquarters.
Already conditions for scientific work had improved to a consid-
erable degree and he had comparatively free access to the coun-
try, while his reputation as a physician and scholar, brought him
many visitors from all parts of Japan. Some of these became his
ardent students. His valuable stores of information were con-
stantly increased by trained natives whom he sent to collect for him
in the interior. In 1826 he accompanied the Dutch Ambassador
to Yedo and was allowed to remain behind, the only foreigner in
the city. Unfortunately, however, his zeal in scientific pursuits
outran his discretion, and for getting possession of a native map
of the country, he was imprisoned and finally compelled to leave
Japan.
On his return to Germany, he published not only those works
on the fauna and flora and natural history of Japan that for a
half-century made him the first authority on those subjects, but
he wrote also upon the history, language and literature of the
country. His most important work from the latter standpoint is
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109
Nippon: Archivsur B esc hriebung von Japan ^v/hxcYi first appeared
in five quarto volumes of text and six folio volumes of atlas and
engravings. In 1897 his illustrious son, the Baron Alexander
von Siebold, revised this work, the edition appearing in two
large attractive volumes with many illustrations and printed in
German. As we have already noted the corresponding work of
Kaempfer is available in the quaint English of the early eighteenth
Fig. 15. Monument to Kaempfer and Thunberg erected by Siebold on the
island of Desima.
century, while that of the Swedish Thunberg is in French. The
scientific descriptions of all are in Latin.
In 1859 Siebold undertook a second journey to Japan and was
invited by the Emperor to his Court. With the consent of his own
government, he entered the Japanese service as negotiator be-
tween Japan and the powers of Europe, but his services were of
short duration, for various intrigues combined to compel him to
retire from his post and ultimately from the country. To his
son, Baron Alexander, fell the honor of moving in those ever-
widening diplomatic circles that were instrumental in rendering
Japan accessible to the ideas of the West.
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110
The name of Siebold is connected with the introduction of
many rare and beautiful plants into the Gardens of Europe, more
particularly, Japanese lilies, camellias, and chrysanthemums.
His herbarium of the plants of Japan contained about two thou-
sand species and twelve thousand numbers. The types of the
Flora Japonicazx^ now in the Herbarium of the Imperial Academy
of St. Petersburg : Thunberg's Japanese types are in the Deles-
sert Collection at Geneva ; Kaempfer's plants of Japan and his
manuscripts are preserved in the British Museum.
Siebold's Flora Japonica consists of three large folios contain-
ing colored plates of numerous rare and curious plants. On the
title-page we find a tangible record, here reproduced, of the
monument to Kaempfer and Thunberg which, at his own ex-
pense, Siebold erected to their memory on the island of Desima.
In the Leben und Wirken von Philip Franz Siebold by his son, it
is with singular satisfaction that we read that his surviving stu-
dents and the nobles and statesmen of Japan have erected a monu-
ment in Nagasaki in honor of the man who, according to the
closing lines of the inscription, deserves the first place among
the men, ** welche Kenner und Vertreter der europaischen Wis-
senschaft waren ; folglich ruht der Ruhm der grossen That, der
Einfuhrung der Civilisation im heutigen Japan, auf Siebold, des-
sen Andenken dieser Stein gewidmet ist.'*
Mary Perle Anderson.
WHY IS A SUBSTANCE POISON?
The study of poisons and their influence upon living organisms
has always been prominent in animal and plant physiology. The
reason for this is, that since poisons more or less disturb the so-
called vital processes and tend to change the behavior of an or-
ganism, the belief has prevailed that the study of poisons and of
poisoning will bring us nearer to a solution of the mystery of life
itself.
The word poison ordinarily suggests ** skull and cross-bones,*'
but the term is rather elastic in meaning so that it is possible for
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the same substance to be a food in some cases and a fatal poison
in others according to the concentration and conditions. A
poison may accelerate the vital processes, may retard them, or it
may stop them.
It is now firmly believed that the so-called vital processes are
chemical reactions largely. The digestion of starch to sugar
which occurs in plants and animals is a chemical reaction. Each
advance in chemistry and physics offers a new basis for an ad-
vance in physiology so that now considerable attention is being
paid to the separate vital processes as chemical reactions rather
than to the activity of the organism as a whole, which is of course
much more complicated. Gradually more and more of the vital
processes can be carried on in test tubes, so to speak, and the
real nature of poisoning will probably be discovered by an under-
standing of the conditions prevailing when a poison affects a single
chemical reaction. Thus the effect of poisons upon the digestion
of starch and upon the digestion of protein have been studied.
We may think of a chemical reaction between two substances
as a rearrangement of the matter composing those substances
which results in the formation of a third substance different from
the original ones. A poison, then, is a foreign body whose pres-
ence alters the rate of reaction between two others. Modem re-
search has shown that any third substance more or less alters the
rate of a given reaction. In this sense every substance may un-
der some conditions be a poison. To understand why a substance
is poison apparently involves a knowledge of why any third body
has an influence, great or small as it may be. Any number of
hypothetical questions might be asked here but it is evident that
the fundamental nature of matter and the properties of its ultim-
ate constituents are involved.
Before modern research had revealed the important part taken
by electrical energy in chemical changes numerous attempts were
made to correlate the poisoning capacity of the elements with
their physical and chemical properties as then known. Thus com-
pounds containing the heavy metals, mercury, copper, lead, etc.,
were found to be more poison than those containing the lighter
metals such as sodium, calcium, ietc. In all those efforts the ex-
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ceptions encountered were so numerous as to make a satisfactory
explanation impossible.
According to the modem view chemical action is largely an
affair between small particles called ions. Each ion carries an
electrical charge. Some ions carry a negative charge and others
carry a positive one. Some ions hold their charges much more
tenaciously than others. When an ion loses its charge or gains an
additional one it suffers a change and likewise the ion from which
it gained the charge or to which it lost one. Now we may think
of a living organism as an association of ions between the mem-
bers of which there is a constant interchange of electricity. This
interchange is outwardly manifest as the so-called vital processes.
As long as the interchange remains in natural equilibrium the
organism lives, but when this equilibrium is disturbed the organ-
ism is poisoned and death is a matter of the degree of the dis-
turbance. Suppose a foreign substance, an ion of mercury, for
example, approaches this association of ions (our living organism)
and comes within the sphere of influence. It is an experimental
fact that the mercury ion does not hold its charge very firmly,
so that some ion member of our association steals the charge
carried by the mercury ion. The electrical equilibrium previously
existing in the organism is thus disturbed by the additional charge
and perhaps a total readjustment of the electrical relations occurs
— the organism is poisoned. Now suppose some other ion in-
stead of the mercury, for example a sodium ion, reaches the
sphere of influence of our organism. Since the sodium ion
holds its charge too firmly to lose it, the chemical relations of
the organism remain undisturbed — the sodium is not poison.
This is essentially the latest theory of the real nature of poison-
ing. Those substances are most poison which hold their charges
least firmly. This theory was advanced in 1904 and has been
supported by two subsequent investigations by different men.
During the past six months a test of the theory has been
made in the laboratory of the Garden. The digestion of fat was
selected as the chemical reaction upon which the effect of a
series of poisonous metals was tried. This reaction had never
been tested and it proved to be more favorable for the pur-
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pose than others so far tried because the sources of error are
much less. The results invalidate the theory. The poisoning
power of the metals tried did not bear a. definite relation to the
energy required to separate a charge from its ion. The results
also strengthen the view that a general law formulating the par-
ticular nature of poisoning and applicable in all cases, cannot be
found. It does seem probable, however, that an explanation
can be had why of two substances affecting a reaction one is
more potent than the other. This would be a forward step, and
our results have suggested a promising clue.
Raymond H. Pond.
SOME FEATURES OF THE MOUNTAIN FLORA
OF THE PHILIPPINES.
When one thinks of the Philippines and their vegetation, the
first idea is that of a purely tropical flora, and until comparatively
recently there was nothing in botanical publications and there is
to-day practically nothing in current literature to contradict such
an impression. And yet, even had no direct evidence been
obtained of the presence of a very different element, a little re-
flection should lead us to expect something of the kind. Between
the extreme northern and southern islands there is a difference
in latitude of over sixteen degrees, about the distance which
separates New York from northern Labrador or from the central
Bahama Islands ; though as the Philippines are entirely within
the tropics, the resulting changes there should be less pronounced
than in regions farther from the equator. But there is another
element of still greater importance to be considered, altitudinal
variation. The Philippines contain a great many hills, although
none are so high as some in Formosa on the north or Borneo
on the southwest. The highest are in Mindanao, the most
southerly of the large islands, but the greatest mass is in Luzon,
at once the largest and the last island of importance to the north.
Nearly its whole northern half is mountainous, and the conjunc-
tion of northern latitude and high elevation has permitted a very
different flora from that of lower levels. The higher peaks
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farther to the south show the same tendency, but not so
noticeably. Naturally, the lower-lying and therefore the warmer
portions of the islands are the better known.
Until a generation ago, botanical information regarding the
Philippines had been obtained either by expeditions which spent
a comparatively short time in the islands, or by resident Spaniards,
and much of the work of the latter was unreliable. Both explored
the country around Manila, and most of the visitors penetrated
at least as far into the country as the great lake of Laguna de
Bay, and climbed some of the hills in its rear. Another some-
what frequent stop was at Zamboanga, in Mindanao ; but atten-
tion was almost confined to Luzon. A much more strenuous
collector was Hugh Cuming, who spent several years there
gathering shells, plants and birds, and in so doing seems to have
visited nearly all of the principal islands. There is strong in-
ternal evidence that he never reached very high levels on any of
the mountains, and was not beyond the edge of the hills of
northern Luzon. The diflficulties were not all physical. The
Spanish hold upon the wilder portions of the group was so slight
that no collecting could be done in any such place until a com-
paratively short time ago.
About twenty years before the American occupation, Sebastian
Vidal, director of the Forestry Bureau, took the initiative in the
exploration of Benguet, which is the province forming the south-
western portion of the nu)untain region above mentioned, and
more recently Loher penetrated into Lepanto-Bontoc, adjoining
Benguet on the north.
A few of the species which to us most strongly suggest tem-
perate conditions were known before their day. Oaks were de-
scribed by Blanco in 1837, and several kinds are now known;
the first pine was described in 1847, having been collected by
Cuming a few years before. Some beautiful orchids sent to
England by him had brought collectors representing many of the
leading horticultural firms of Europe to the islands, and one of
them. Wallis, discovered the beautiful white Philippine lily, Liliunt
pftUippinense, now frequently cultivated, which is very abundant
in the pine forests of Benguet, the most southern home for any
species of this genus.
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It has remained for the new regime to disclose more fully the
nature of this northern flora, and to greatly augment the number
of species known from the Philippines by the exploration of many
other districts as well, including the three highest mountains in
the archipelago, Apo and Malindang in Mindanao, and Halcon
in Mindoro. At least a thousand species new to science have
been found, and already about three fourths of this number have
been published.
Perhaps we can most vividly realize the character of much of
this hill vegetation by glancing at the names of some of the
plants which compose it, remembering that while many of them
are found only at the highest altitudes, others occur lower down
upon the slopes. There are several species of raspberries, blue-
berries, sedges, rhododendrons, and violets ; fewer species repre-
sent the rushes, everlastings, gentians, hollies, cresses, willow-
herbs, loosestrifes, bayberries, wintergreens, barberries, clematis,
and honeysuckles ; and there is probably only one kind each of
buttercup, rose, meadow-rue, thistle, sow-thistle, St John*s-wort,
anemone, chick weed, stone-crop, eyebright, bedstraw, lobelia, aster,
wild lettuce, golden-rod, strawberry, ash, maple, and willow.
Even these familiar names show very inadequately how differ-
ent is the general aspect of the highlands from that of the low-
lands, which is undoubtedly tropical.
It is among such species that we find those that show the most
important connecting links with the flora of other countries.
Thus, Boenningliausenia albiflora Reichb. f , a plant closely re-
lated to the rue, and previously known from the Himalayas and
the mountains of western China and Japan, has been collected in
Benguet by Mr. Williams and others. Thesium psilotoides was
originally described by Hance from a few specimens found near
Canton, in China. Mr. Williams found it also in Benguet, and
it has since been collected farther north by Mr. Merrill. Ana-
phcdis adnata DC. and A. contorta Hook, f., natives of the moun-
tains of India and southern China are now also known from
Luzon.
Ten times as many similar cases might be quoted, and instances
where the species are closely allied but not identical are still more
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numerous. These throw a great deal of light both upon the earlier
geological history of the islands and the origin of their flora. It
is evident from the foregoing that Luzon was connected with con-
tinental Asia since these species were evolved, but yet long enough
ago to permit th,e differentiation that has taken place in a very
large number of other cases.
Still more noteworthy, perhaps, is the presence of a distinct,
though much smaller, Australian element, first noted over twenty
years ago by Mr. Rolfe and recently emphasized by Mr. Merrill,
and it is again significant that these species are mainly from the
mountains.
The oddly -shaped island of Celebes, lying to the south of the
Philippines, shows many points of floristic similarity with them,
and especially with the nearest large island, Mindanao ; but the
cases known at present seem of less interest.
A Bornean element is also known to exist, but investigations
in this direction are least developed. It is certain to be very
pronounced, if for no other reason than that the geographical
limit between the two areas is ill-defined. Important explora-
tions have recently been carried on in the large connecting islands
of Mindoro and Palawan, but the results are not yet available.
The indications are, however, that much the greatest number
of connecting links will be found to be with Formosa, as would
be expected from its geographical position and general resem-
blance to the northern Philippines. Its flora, as recently worked
out by Professors Matsamura and Hayata, already makes this
evident, and, as little collecting has yet been done at elevations
above 2,000 feet, many discoveries of the greatest interest are
still to be expected ; it is among these that we would look for
the greatest number of plants belonging also to other countries.
From another point of view, the climate indicated by this semi-
temperate vegetation in the north of the islands suggests most
important possibilities for their future. Advantage has already
been taken of this more bracing temperature from the standpoint
of health. Much of the land, in Benguet at least, is known to
be very fertile, and is already under high cultivation, and the
rapid improvement in conditions farther north and fuller investi-
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gations thus made possible will soon make known the agricul-
tural capabilities of that part of the region as well.
C. B. Robinson.
THE ECONOMIC GARDEN.
Ever since the New York Botanical Garden was opened to the
public, the need of an economic plot, where visitors, especially
the younger and city-bred ones, might see the principal hardy
useful plants in a growing state, has been keenly appreciated,
but not until the present year have the conditions been favorable
for its establishment. Late in the summer of last year, a plot
of half an acre, lying just north of the Morphological Gar-
den, was set apart for this purpose. This plot, to be known as
the Economic Garden, occupies the upper or northern end of a
valley which lies to the eastward of the large conservatories.
The southern half of this valley is occupied by the Hardy Her-
baceous Garden, the three gardens together rendering this valley
one of the most beautiful and interesting horticultural sites in the
vicinity of New York, The valley, at the site of the Economic
Garden, is only about fifty yards wide. An old drain which ran
through the center has been converted into a rivulet, connecting
a chain of small pools, from which the meadow slopes up to a
rocky ridge on either side. Both of these ridges are occupied by
a sparse natural forest growth. The margins of the slopes have
been planted with the more important useful trees and shrubs,
foods being represented upon the western side, and medicines,
tanning and dye products, etc., upon the eastern side. The open
meadow is laid out in beds, planned upon the unit system, where
herbaceous plants may be found, their separation corresponding
with that of the woody plants. The units are classified, so far as
practicable, upon an economic basis. The growing collections
represent one or more varieties of many of the plants cultivated
for their material uses which will endure our climate. Besides
these, a large number of the plants used by the aborigines,
especially food plants, are represented. In the rivulet and the
pools, many aquatics and marsh plants, such as calamus, cat-tail.
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rice, both cultivated and wild, taro, and wappatoo have been
planted.
It is expected that this garden will become a very popular
feature in the grounds, after its plants have become well estab-
lished. It is notoriously true that many of our city people, even
adults, have no idea of the character and appearance of the plants
from which our most important vegetable products are derived.
Aside from this fact, people of much more pretentious knowledge
will be likely to find here subjects of novelty and even of surprise.
The economic garden, moreover, is expected to furnish much
new or complementary material to the Economic Museum. It
is planned to form an economic department in the new series of
glass houses soon to be built, which will complete our present
economic series of exhibits.
H. H. RusBY.
A NEW FLOWER GARDEN ADJOINING THE
CONSERVATORIES.
To the north of the Conservatories, between the terrace and
the opposite ridge on which the pines are located, is a flat area
lying between the paths, about five hundred and fifty feet long
and fifty-six feet wide, divided into five rectangular plots. This
tract has been retained in green sward until very recently, but it
was decided this spring to plant the two largest of the five plots
with flowers and shrubs.
Each of the two plots referred to is about one hundred and
seventy-six feet long and fifty-six feet wide, making a total in the
two plots of about 19,712 square feet. It seemed desirable to
so arrange the planting as to make it attractive during both win-
ter and summer. This was of easy accomplishment so far as the
summer was concerned, and to insure this for the winter it was
decided to plant large masses of conifers and broad-leaved ever-
greens in the center, allowing them to run out here and there in
small masses. Between the irregular margin thus produced and
the surrounding border, measuring ten and one half feet wide,
have been planted deciduous shrubs in masses.
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The entire central rectangular area, measuring about one
hundred and fifty -five feet by thirty-five feet, is planted with ever-
greens and deciduous shrubs. This will give during the summer
a solid effect of green, relieved by the masses of color produced
by the flowers of the deciduous shrubs ; while during the winter
the dark green of the evergreens will make a pleasing contrast
with the surroundings. Of the border of ten and one half feet
referred to, a band eight feet wide has been devoted to herbaceous
plants, made up largel)^ of perennials, with some annuals, among
-which will be found many old-time friends.
The remaining two feet and a half has been retained in grass,
•making a green frame to the whole planting. Suitable show
labels, giving desirable information, will be placed in position
shortly.
In the planting of these plots, about one thousand conifers
and broad-leaved evergeens have been used, five hundred decidu-
ous shrubs, and two thousand two hundred herbaceous plants.
It is a pleasure to again refer to the generosity of Mr. Lowell
M. Palmer, who has contributed the large number of conifers
and broad-leaved evergreens necessary to make this planting
-effective.
George V. Nash.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Under a Park Department contract with Kelly & Kelley,
ground was broken on May 3 for the boiler house of the new
public conservatories to be erected on the east side of the garden
•near the Bleecker Street entrance.
During the building of the masonry retaining walls at the
driveway and path approaches to the Mosholu Parkway and the
Woodlawn Road, it was of course necessary to break the border
.screen of trees and shrubs along the railway at those points.
The gaps have been filled this Spring and the border screen is
now intact from the Elevated Railway Station north to the
"Woodlawn Road. Considerable planting has also been done at
ithe base of the retaining walls at both these driveway entrances.
Active work in the construction of the stone bridge to replace
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the old wooden ** Blue Bridge " near the north end of the Hem-
lock Grove, has been in progress during the month of April
under the Park Department contract with M. J. Leahy. The
same underlying stratum of sand and gravel on which all the
other bridges in the garden rest was found at this point and forms
a footing for these structures which could not be better. This
layer occupies a position about six feet below the average surface
level of the river. As already described, this bridge is being built
of boulders selected from old stone walls in the grounds and of
others which grading operations have unearthed.
Much progress has been made in grading, sodding and sowing
the banks about the lakes during the month of April and the
telford foundation of the path system around the lakes is now
very nearly complete, so that as soon as a supply of trap-rock
screenings can be obtained they may be completed for the use
of the public. It may be of interest to record that the price of
broken trap-rock and trap-rock screenings has been greatly
advanced since last year, competitive bidding last year bringing
out a cost of $1.87 per cubic yard delivered at the garden,
whereas the lowest bid obtainable this spring is ^[2.15 per cubic
yard, and even at that figure it is difficult to obtain screenings
free from a large amount of finely comminuted stone or sand.
Arbor Day exercises were held at the garden on May 2 and
May 3 in connection with the nature-study lectures given to the
children of the public schools of Manhattan and the Bronx. Re-
marks appropriate to the occasion were make by Dr. Britton and
Dr. Murrill.
Dr. Hollick addressed the pupils of Curtis High School, New
Brighton, Staten Island, giving an account of the origin and
development of the movement and calling attention to the fact
that the inauguration of Arbor Day in New York State was due
to an act introduced in the State Assembly in 1888 by Assem-
blyman George Cromwell of Staten Island, now President of the
Borough of Richmond.
The total precipitation recorded at the Garden for April was
4.93 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 70° on
the sth, 56° on the i ith, 57® on the 21st, and 68° on the 25th ;
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also minimum temperatures of 26° on the 2d and 6th, 31^ on
the nth, 29° on the 20th, and 37® on the 2Sth. The mean
temperature was 48°, or 4.3° above the normal for April for
New York .State.
ACCESSIONS.
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
430 plants for the outside collections. ( Purchased. )
26 plants for the outside collections. (Collected in the vicinity. )
64 plants from the Bahamas for the conservatories. (Collected by Dr. N. L.
Britton.)
I plant for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. Harding.)
I plant for the fruticetum. ( Given by Mrs. Dyer. )
I plant for the nursery. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Industry.)
3 plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with Dr. 1. D. Cardiff.)
24 plants for the conservatories from Cuba. (Collected by Mr. W. R. Maxon, by
exchange with the United States National Museum. )
16 plants for the conservatories from the Bahamas. (Collected by Mr. L. J. K.
Brace. )
I plant for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. D. (xriflfiths. )
3 packets of seeds from Corea. (Given by Dr. R. T. Morris.)
89 packets of seeds from Siberia and Corea collected by Mr. T. N. Meyer.
(By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Industry. )
19 packets of seeds. (By exchange with the United States National Museum
through Dr. J. N. Rose. ) •
1 packet of seeds. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
2 packets of seeds. (By exchange with the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.)
179 packets of seeds. (By exchange with the Botanical Garden at Leideni
Holland.)
18 packets of seeds. (By exchange with the Botanical Garden at Dublany
Austria.)
18 packets of seeds. (By exchange with the Botanical Garden at Groningue,
Holland. )
102 packets of seeds. (By exchange with the Botanical Garden at St. Petersburg,
Russia. )
3 packets of seeds from Cuba. (Given by Prof. M. T. Cook.)
1 packet of seeds. (Given by Mr. R. C. Schneider.)
3 packets of seeds from Montserrat, W. I. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
130 packets of seeds. ( Purchased. )
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
6x specimens from British America. (By exchange with the Geological and Nat-
aral History Survey of Canada. )
2 specimens of Oataerus from New Hampshire. (Given by Mr. Percy Wilson.)
too specimens "Fungi Columbiana*' Century XXIV. (Distributed by Mr. E.
Bartholomew. )
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2 specimens from Mexico. (Given by Mr. C. G. Pringle. )
1 specimen of Nothoscordium from Florida. (Given by Mr. S. Rapp.)
3,000 specimens from Montserrat and Antigua. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafcr.)
2 specimens of Crataegus from eastern Pennsylvania. (Given by Professor C. L.
Gruber. )
2CO specimens *< Cryptogamae Formationum Coloradensiam." (Distribated by
Professor F. £. Cements.)
20 specimens of Crataegus from Missouri. (By exchange with Professor William
Trelease. )
2,000 specimens from the Bahamas. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
10 specimens from California. (By exchange with the University of California.)
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIII. June. 1907. No. 90.
EXERCISES COMMEMORATIVE OF THE TWO
HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE
BIRTH OF LINNAEUS.
Exercises commemorating the two hundredth anniversary of
the birth of Linnaeus were held May 23, under the auspices of
the New York Academy of Sciences, at the Museum of Natural
History, the Botanical Garden, the Zoological Park, the Aquarium,
and the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute.
In the forenoon, at the Museum of Natural History, American
animals, shells, minerals and rocks known to Linnaeus were
exhibited by a committee in charge, and letters and cablegrams
from other societies appreciative of the work of Linnaeus were
read by the Secretary of the Academy. Short addresses were
also made by some of the representatives of these societies who
were present. Then followed the main address of the morning
by Mr. J. A. Allen on " Linnaeus and American Zoology."
Exhibition of American Plants Known to Linnaeus.
The exercises were continued in the afternoon at the Botanical
Garden. Visitors were received under an arch bearing the name
of Linnaeus decorated with flowers known to him and draped
with the American and Swedish flags. After luncheon, an exhi-
bition of American plants known to Linnaeus was held in the
museum building. Nearly a thousand species of flowering plants,
including potted plants and cut flowers, were shown, besides
several species of ferns and a few of the lower cryptogams. The
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botanical writings and portraits of Linnaeus occupied a conspicu-
ous place in this exhibition.
The following address was then delivered by Dr. P. A. Ryd-
berg, Curator :
Linnaeus and American Botany.*
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen :
I have been asked to make a short address to you on Linnaeus
and his relation to North American botany. That the selection
fell on me was not because I was the most able one to deliver
such an address, for there are many abler men present, but simply
because I was bom in the same country as Linnaeus. In fact,
my grandfather came from the same province of Smaland and
Fig. 1 6. The twin-flower, Linnaea borealis, a plant especially belored by Lin-
naeus and dedicated to bim by Gronovius.
even from a parish adjoining that of Stembrohult, in which my
illustrious countryman was bom.
In the early part of the seventeenth century there lived in
Jonsboda, Smaland, Sweden, a farmer named Ingemar Svenson.
He had three children, two sons and one daughter, the grand-
* Address deliyered at the New York Botanical Garden, May 23, 1907, by Per
Axel Rydberg, on the commemoration of the two hundredth anniversary of the binb
of Linnaeus by the New York Academy of Sciences.
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mother of Linnaeus. On the Jonsboda farm stood a very large
linden tree, so old and with so many traditions that it was re-
garded by the people as a holy tree. Any damage done to this
tree, it was claimed, would surely bring misfortune upon the head
of the perpetrator. When the two sons began to study for the
ministry, it was natural that they should think of this tree in
selecting a family name. They called .themselves Tiliander;
Tilia is the Latin for the linden or basswood, and andros the
Greek for man. It may not be amiss to state that at that time
the common people of Sweden did not have any family names,
and this is true to a certain extent even to-day. A man was
known by his given name, the given name of his father with the
word son appended, and the place where he lived. The farmer
mentioned above was known as Ingemar Svenson from Jonsboda.
His father's name was Sven Carlson and that of his grandfather,
Carl Johnson. The names of his two sons would have been
Carl and Sven Ingemarson had they remained in the peasant
class, instead of Carl and Sven Tiliander.
. The daughter married a farmer, Ingemar Bengtson, and her
son's name was Nils Ingemarson, until he entered the " gym-
nasium.'' He was also born in Jonsboda and, when selecting a
name, he naturally also turned to the same old linden tree as his
maternal uncles had done. He called himself Linnaeus. It is
remarkable that two of his father's maternal granduncles also
.bore another Latin form of the same name, viz., Lindelius.
Some claim that even this name was derived from the same old
linden tree, but this is scarcely in accordance with the facts.
More likely it traces its origin from the Linden Farm in Dannas
Parish, where their ancestors lived.
But what has this genealogy to do with Linnaeus's relation to
North American botany? Perhaps nothing directly, but in-
directly a great deal ; for the circumstances and surroundings
under which a man is born and reared to a certain extent make
the man. In his younger days, Sven Tiliander was the house-
chaplain of Field»marshal and Admiral Viscount Henrik Horn,
who was for many years Governor of Bremen and Verden, two
cities with territory in Germany acquired by Sweden through the
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Thirty-years War. During his stay in Germany, Tiliander learned
to know and love botany and horticulture and established around
Viscount Horn's residence in Bremen a garden which was remark-
able for that period. When both returned to Sweden, Tiliander
brought with him the choicest plants from this garden and planted
them around the parsonage of Pjetteryd Parish, of which he had
been appointed rector. Here at Pjetteryd, Nils Linnaeus spent
most of his youth, studying in company with his uncle's sons.
Later, both as curate at Rashult and as rector at Stenbrohult, he
surrounded the parsonages with gardens, in which he grew many
rare and interesting plants. In the midst of these, Carl Lin-
naeus, the famous botanist, was born and reared. Later, while
a student at the university, he spent a summer vacation at home
in 1732, and made a list of the plants in his father's garden.
This list is still to be seen in the Academy of Sciences at Stock-
holm. Although defective, the first four classes being unrepre-
sented, it enumerates 224 species. Of these, many were at that
time very rare in cultivation. Professor Theodore Fries in his
biography of Linnaeus enumerates 36 of the rarest of these.
Among them we notice six American plants, viz., Rhus Toxico-
dendron, the poison oak, Mirabilis Jalapa, four-o-clock, Asclepias
syriaca, milk- weed, Phytolacca decandra, poke- weed, Ante?inana
(now Anaphalis) tnargaritacea, pearly everlasting, and Solanum
tuberosum, the potato. It may be remarked that the cultivation
of potatoes was introduced into Sweden about twenty years later.
We see from this that Linnaeus had learned to know some
American plants even in his early childhood.
Carl Linnaeus was born the 13th of May (old style), 1707, at
Rashult, an annex to the parish of Stenbrohult. His father was
the curate there, but two years later, at the death of his father-
in-law, Samuel Broderson, he became rector and moved to Sten-
brohult. In the fall of 1714, Carl Linnaeus entered the school
of Wexio, and graduated from the " gymnasium " in 1727. His
parents, especially his mother, wanted him to study for the min-
istry, but he had no love for theology, nor for metaphysics, nor
the classics. He learned Latin tolerably, however, because that
language helped him to study the natural sciences. He decided
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to study medicine and entered with that view the University of
Lund, which was nearest his home, but remained there only one
year, learning that there were better facilities at Upsala. At the
latter place he soon became acquainted with Professors Rudbeck
and Celsius, two of the most prominent scientists of that time.
Fig. 17. Linnaeus at the age of thirty, in Lapland dress.
and was allowed to use their libraries. The former, who had
many duties to perform, soon asked Linnaeus to give for him the
public lectures in Botany. The income from these gave Linnaeus
means to support himself and linked him closer to his favorite
study. He became acquainted with practically all the plants of
GooQle
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the gardens and fields of the whole region around Upsala and
learned all the scientific names given in the books at his disposal.
The latter was not an easy matter, when we take into consider-
ation the form of scientific names at that period. For example,
the most approved name of the common blue-grass that adorns
our lawns was : " Gramen pratense paniailatum majus, latiore
folio^ Poa Theophrastiy Other names of the same grass were :
" Gramen vulgo cognitum^'' " Gramen pratense majus vulgatus^'
and ** Gramen alterum et vulgare^ In the first publication by
Linnaeus, it appears as ^^ Poa spiculis avatis compressis muticisy
I think that Linnaeus and his contemporaries had much more
cause than we to exclaim : *' Those horrible Latin names ! " To
us the same plant is known as Poa pratensis L., the name adopted
by Linnaeus in his " Species Plantarum."
The lectures given by Linnaeus for Professor Rudbeck became
very popular. This was especially the case after his return from
his Lapland journey. Some persons, especially Dr. Nils Rosen,
became jealous of his success and induced the University faculty
to pass a resolution by which no one who had not taken the
corresponding degree was permitted to give university lectures.
Linnaeus had not yet received his doctor's degree, and hence
was debarred. As Holland was offering at that time excellent
facilities both in medicine and in botany, and as living expenses
were lower than elsewhere, Linnaeus decided to visit that country
and take his examinations there. He received his doctor's
diploma at Harderwijk, and afterwards went to Leyden, where
he became acquainted with three of the greatest botanists of the
time, Boerhaave, Burmann and Gronovius. George Clifford, the
wealthy burgomaster of Amsterdam and president of the East
India Company, was a great lover of plants and had a splendid
botanical garden at Hartecamp as well as a rich library and her-
barium. On the recommendation of Boerhaave, Linnaeus became
Clifford's physician and curator of his collections and garden.
Here he lived in luxury, beloved as a son.
Clifford furnished Linnaeus with means to publish five of his
first books, **Systema Naturae,*' " Fundamenta Botanica/' ** Bibli-
otheca Botanica," ** Genera Plantarum " and *' Flora Lapponica,"
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the manuscript of which he had brought with him from Sweden.
In the first of these, Linnaeus presents his system of classification.
He divides Nature into three kingdoms, the mineral, vegetable
and animal. In the vegetable kingdom, he brings out an alto-
gether new classification, based upon the sexual organs of
plants. He divides the kingdom into 24 classes, the first 23
Fig. 18. Linnaeus at the age of forty.
containing the phanerogams and the last the cryptogams. In
the first 1 1 classes are included plants which have from i to 1 2 free
and practically equal stamens ; 19 the 12th and the 13 th, plants with
many stamens ; in the 14th and 1 5 th, plants with 4 and 6 stamens
respectively, of which 2 are decidedly shorter; in the i6th, 17th
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and 1 8th classes the stamens are united by their filaments; in
the 19th they are united by their anthers, and in the 20th they
are adnate to the pistil ; in the 21st and 22d the flowers are uni-
sexual, /. ^., the stamens and pistils are in different flowers, on
the same individual in the 21st and on different individuals in the
22d ; and the plants of the 23d class have both unisexual and
bisexual flowers. The classes were divided into orders. In the
first 1 3 classes the orders were determined by the number of the
pistils, in the 14th and 1 5th by the fruit ; and in the i6th to i8th
and 20th to 23d by the number and distinctness or union of the
stamens. The classification of the 19th class is too corhplex to
enter into here. The 24th class was divided into 4 orders:
Filices, Musci, Algae and Fungi.
This system of classification is purely artificial. Linnaeus
himself regarded it only as temporary, and expected that it would
soon be supplanted by a more rational one, based on natural re-
lationship. The Linnaean system served its purpose, however.
It became a means by which it was possible to tabulate every
known genus of plants. Before this time there had been no sys-
tems at all, or such crude ones as we find even to-day in some
popular flower-books, where the plants are classified by the color
of their flowers. If the natural systems of DeCandolle, Bentham
and Hooker, and Engler and Prantl are too complicated for
popular books, why not go back to the simple system of
Linnaeus? It would at least give a good insight into the struc-
ture of the flower instead of the mere color.
In his '* Genera Plantarum " Linnaeus applied this system to
all known genera of plants and gave each of them a concise and
plain description.
Clifford had many American plants in his garden, but he sent
Linnaeus to England to visit Sir Hans Sloane, Professor Dillenius,
and Philip Miller, in order to secure American plants grown by
them. Both Sloane and Dillenius treated Linnaeus at first with
coolness, because he ** confounded " botany. On his farewell
visit to Dillenius, Linnaeus politely asked him what he meant by
"confounding botany." Dillenius took from the library the
first few pages of Linnaeus's own " Genera Plantarum " and
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showed him where there was written at numerous places " NB."
Dillenius stated that all the genera so marked were wrongly de-
scribed. The first example he pointed out, if I am not mistaken,
was CannUy placed by Linnaeus in his first class, which contains
plants with but one stamen. Botanists before this time had
described it as having three stamens. To settle the dispute they
went out into the garden and the living plant showed that
Linnaeus was correct. Dillenius then retained Linnaeus for
several days and found that the older botanists in most cases
were at fault and the young Swede correct. From being an
opponent, he became a friend of Linnaeus and let him have all
the plants he wanted.
After his return to Holland Linnaeus continued his work in
Clifford's garden with renewed zeal ; and completed his ** Hortus
Cliffortianus," a large folio, in which are enumerated and de-
scribed all the plants found in Clifford's collections, together with
synonyms and citations of nearly all botanical works then in ex-
istence. In preparing this work he became thoroughly
acquainted with almost all the literature referring to American
botany, such as Morison's " Plantarum Historia," Plukenett's
*' Almagestrum Botanicum " and " Phytographia," Petiver's
" Gazophylacium," Sloane's '* Jamaica," Plumier's " Plantarum
Americanarum Genera," " Plantarum Americanarum Fasciculus
Primus " and ** Filicetum Americanum," Catesby's '* Historia
Naturalis," and, later, Cornuti's " Canadensium Plantarum
Historia."
After completing the "Hortus Cliffortianus," Linnaeus re-
turned to Leyden, where he spent some time helping Gronovius
wjth the editing of his •* Flora Virginica," based on a large col-
lection of plants collected by Clayton. Here again he came in
contact with American plants.
Linnaeus then returned to Sweden and became a practicing
physician. He was soon appointed Professor of Medicine at
Upsala, but by common agreement he exchanged chairs with
Rosen, who held the professorship of Botany. He now began
work upon the most important book of his life, his " Species
Plantarum." In this he tried to include a short description of
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every known species of plant, together with the most important
synonyms and citations. In this book the Linnaean binomial
system of nomenclature was used for the first time. Linnaeus
was not the first to give plants names ; nor was he the first to
name genera. Many Latin plant-names had come down from
antiquity, while others had been proposed by his predecessors.
Men like Toumefort and Micheli had in some cases clearer ideas
of genera than Linnaeus himself. Neither was Linnaeus the first
one to use binomials. In Cornuti's work on Canadian plants, for
example, we find almost as many binomials as polynomials ;
but it is doubtful if Linnaeus had seen Cornuti's book when he
first wrote his *' Species Plantarum." He does not cite it in
the first edition, but does so in the second. Linnaeus was, how-
ever, the first one to use binomials systematically and consist-
ently. Before his time botanists had recognized genera and
applied to them Latin nouns as names. In order to designate
species, they added to these nouns adjective descriptive phrases.
These consisted sometimes of a single adjective, as in Quercus
alba, the white oak, but more often of a long string of adjectives
and adjective modifiers, as in the case of the blue-grass mentioned
above. The specific name had hitherto been merely a description
modifying the generic name ; from this time it became really a
name, although a single adjective in form. An illustration of the
pre-Linnaean form of plant-names might be had if, instead ot
*' Grace Darling," one should say, ** Mr. Darling's beautiful,
slender, graceful, blue-eyed girl with long golden curls and rosy
cheeks." " Grace " is just as descriptive of the girl as this whole
string of adjectives. It may be that '* Grace " is not always appli-
cable to the person to whom the name is applied ; but this is also
often the case with many specific plant-names. Asclepias syriaca
and Rumex Brittanica are American plants, and Rtibus deliciosus
is one of the least delicious of the raspberry tribe. This inven-
tion and strict application of binomial names could not but cause
a revolution in Botany. Since the appearance of ** Species
Plantarum" in 1753 it has been possible to pigeon-hole not only
genera, but also species of plants.
Before this useful book was printed, Linnaeus had become
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better acquainted with North American plants, and in another
way. Baron Bjelke, the vice-president of the Court of Appeals
of Finland, had proposed to the Royal Academy of Sciences at
Stockholm to send an able man to Iceland and Siberia, countries
partly in the same latitude as Sweden, " to make observations
and such collections of seeds and plants as would improve the
Swedish husbandry, gardening, manufactures, arts and sci-
ences." Dr. Linnaeus suggested North America instead, and
recommended one of his pupils, Professor Pehr Kalm, of Abo,
for the proposed expedition. Kalm spent two years in North
America, traveling through Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York
and Canada, and making large collections of seeds and plants,
which were preserved as living or dried specimens or as alcoholic
material. During his stay at Raccoon, New Jersey, he discov-
ered our mountain laurel. The Swedes of Raccoon called it
spoon-tree, because the Indians made spoons from its hard
wood. Kalm adds in his journal about this tree : " The English
call this tree a Laurel, because its leaves resemble those of the
Laurocerasus, Linnaeus, conformably to the peculiar friendship
and goodness which he has honored me with, has pleased to call
this tree Kalmia foliis ovalis, corymbis terminalibus^ or Kalmia
latifoliay Here Linnaeus himself gave an illustration of both
the pre-Liniiaean and the post-Linnaean nomenclature. Kalm
became acquainted with several of the naturalists of this country,
C. Colden and his daughter Jane, Bartram and Clayton, and.
through Kalm a correspondence was established between them
and Linnaeus. Linnaeus also corresponded with John Ellis, who
resided in the West Indies, and Dr. Gardiner, who botanized in
Carolina and Florida. Later he bought a set of plants collected
by Patrick Browne in Jamaica, and received a part of the collec-
tions made by Jacquin in the West Indies.
When the second edition of the *• Species Plantarum " appeared^
in 1762, Linnaeus knew and had described nearly 1,000 plants
indigenous to the United States and Canada. Besides these, he
described about 1,000 more, natives of the West Indies, Mexico
and Central America, and 400 or 500 South American plants.
His knowledge of American plants was small compared with
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134
what he knew of plants of the Old World. '* Codex Linnaeanus,"
which enumerates all plants named by Linnaeus, contains not
fewer than 8,551 species.
Linnaeus died January 10, 1778, honored and esteemed by all.
Some of his work will doubtless live as long as Botany is studied
by man.
We see from the preceding account that we may consider
Linnaeus one of our American botanists. Even the little plant
Fig. 19. Hammarby, the country home of Linnaeus near Upsala, Sweden. From
a recent photograph by W. A. Murrill.
which Gronovius dedicated to the Father of Botany, the twin-
flower of our woods, with its exquisite perfume and its dainty pink
flowers, belongs to a genus essentially North American. The
genus Linnaea contains four forms, all closely related. One of
these, the original Linnaea borealis, is confined to the mountain
regions of northern and central Europe. Linnaeus discovered it
on his Lapland journey and it was then considered a very rare
plant. Now it seems to be more widely distributed than it was
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135
at the time of Linnaeus. Perhaps it is of American origin and
has become modified since it transplanted itself on the other side
of the ocean. The other three forms are North American. Lin-
naea americana Forbes, which has usually been confounded with
its European cousin, is common in the woods from Labrador to
Alaska, and extends in the Rocky Mountains as far south as New
Mexico. L, longiflora (Torn) Howell, is found in the mountains
from Northern California to Alaska. The fourth form is, as far
as I know, undescribed and unnamed. It is with great pleasure
that I here propose the following name and description for this
species :
Linnaea serpyllifolia sp. nov.
A delicate plant with long creeping stems, 1-4 dm. long,
sparingly hirsute ; petioles 2-3 mm. long, ciliate ; blades broadly
oval or round-ovate, 5-8 mm. long, minutely crenulate, obtuse,
sparingly hirsute, more or less coriaceous and shining, slightly
paler beneath ; peduncles 3-5 cm. long, sparingly pubescent and
more or less glandular above, 2-flowered ; bracts 2-3 mm. long,
linear or lance-linear, obtuse ; pedicels 5-8 mm. long, glandular-
pubescent ; hypanthium subglobose, in flower slightly over i mm.
long> glandular-puberulent, purplish ; calyx-lobes 2-2.5 ^"^•
long, linear-subulate ; corolla pink, open-funnelform with a very
short tube, decidedly oblique, about 6 mm. long and 5 mm. wide.
This species differs from L, borealis and L, americana in the
very narrow and almost glabrous calyx-lobes. In this respect,
it agrees with L. longiflora : but it is distinguished from that
species by the differently shaped corolla and by the leaves, which
are broadest at or below the middle, instead of above it. It differs
from all three in the smaller size of the flower and of the leaves,
and in the indistinct toothing of the latter.
Alaska: Cape Nome, 1900, F, E. Blaisdell (Ty^ in herb. N.
Y. Bot. Card.) ; Kotzebue Sound, Amott,
Apparently the same plant has also been collected on the
island of Sachalin by F. Schmidt, but his specimens lack flowers.
Exhibition of Lantern Slides of American Flowers
Known to Linnaeus.
Dr. H. H. Rusby then showed selected colored lantern slides of
the flowers of the following North American plants known to Lin-
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naeus ; early blue violet, hardback, partridge pea, purple flower-
ing raspberry, dwarf cornel, jack-in-the-pulpit, harebell, alum-
root, meadow beauty, ground-nut, button-snakeroot, wake-robin,
swamp rose-mallow, marsh-marigold, skunk cabbage, water hem-
lock, cardinal -flower, large blue flag, butterfly-weed, pickerel-weed,
sea-side goldenrod, five-finger, large blue gerardia, black-eyed
susan ; sweet elder, swamp honeysuckle, witch-hazel, rhododen-
dron ; laurel magnolia, flowering dogwood, sweet-gum, locust-
tree, black birch, fringe-tree, tulip-tree, and American linden.
American Trees Known to Linnaeus.
At the conclusion of the exhibition of lantern slides, Dr. W.
A. Murrill led the way through the grounds of the Garden from
the museum building to the Linnaeus Bridge and pointed out
certain species of American trees known to Linnaeus. The fol-
lowing trees were observed, in the order given, and some of their
characteristics briefly mentioned ; tulip-tree, sweet-gum, red
maple, red cedar, sweet birch, white pine, white ash, sugarberry,
flowering dogwood, sassafras, buttonwood, butternut, white elm,
red oak, white oak, hemlock, chestnut-oak, and American linden.
Dedication of the Linnaeus Bridge.
A handsome new bridge over the Bronx River on Pelham
Parkway, between the Botanical Garden and the Zoological
Park, was then dedicated by the unveiling of a bronze tablet
commemorative of Linnaeus placed thereon by the Academy of
Sciences. Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the Garden and Presi-
dent of the Academy, made the following address :
Address by the President of the Academy.*
The recognition of the work of famous men is one of the hap-
piest duties of mankind. It stimulates our endeavors and en-
courages us to make efforts which we would probably not make
without their examples before us.
To-day we do homage to a distinguished man of science, and
* Delivered at the dedication to Linnaeus of the Pelham Parkway bridge over the
Bronx River, by Nathaniel Lord Britton, President of the New York Academy of
Sciences, May 23, 1907.
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the unanimity with which the scientific societies and institutions
of the City of New York join in this tribute is in itself evidence
'of the value which is placed upon his contributious to natural
history.
Science has nrtade great progress during the two centuries which
have elapsed since the birth of Linnaeus. Theories have in large
part given place to ascertained facts or have been replaced by other
theories based on more accurate knowledge of natural objects and
of natural phenomena. The contributions of science to the wel-
fare, comfort and happiness of mankind have made present human
life widely different from that of two hundred years ago, and this
amelioration of our condition, and the more general diffusion of
knowledge has been accompanied by a vast improvement in
morality.
The ceremonies of to-day are worthy of the great naturalist
whose birth they commemorate. Societies and institutions all
over the world join with us in honoring him, and are represented
here by delegates or have transmitted documents expressing their
appreciation of his life and labors. The public natural science
institutions of New York have come to take leading parts in the
subjects they teach and illustrate. Public and private philan-
thropy have developed them with a rapidity almost phenomenal,
for they are all yet in their infancy, and on a scale commensurate
with the dignity of the metropolis of America. The cordial co-
operation of a municipality with public-spirited citizens to build
and maintain such institutions for the welfare of the people and
of science, finds here, in New York, its maximum evolution, which
has as yet, however, by no means reached its complete develop-
ment nor its maximum usefulness. What shall be said of their
position and importance when after fifty years the New York
Historical Society opens the tablet which we now place upon this
bridge ? And, what discoveries will Science have made for the
benefit of the human race during these next fifty years ?
The selection of this bridge recently constructed by the Park
Department, as a permanent memorial of Linnaeus, is most appro-
priate. It is situated just outside the New York Zoological Park,
with the New York Botanical Garden a short distance to the north,
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being thus between the two institutions which teach the subjects on
which the fame of Linnaeus chiefly rests. The suggestion that
it be known hereafter as the Linnaeus Bridge came from the
Director of the American Museum of Natural History.
On behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences I now
unveil this tablet and present it to the City of New York, there
having been placed in it copies of to-day's program and other
documents befitting the occasion.
The tablet was then unveiled by Dr. N. L. Britton and accepted
for the City by the Hon. Joseph I. Berry, Commissioner of Parks
F'iG. 20. Tablet placed on the Linnaeus Bridge by the New York Academy of
Sciences.
of the Borough of the Bronx. Its location is shown in the
frontispiece, and its wording in the accompanying photograph.
The key of the tablet was accepted by the New York Histori-
cal Society for safe keeping until May 23, 1957. Addresses
were made by Mr. G. F. Kunz, President of the American Scenic
and Historic Preservation Society, and Mr. Emil F. Johnson
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139
President of the United Swedish Societies of New York. Appro-
priate music was furnished by the American Union of Swedish
Singers.
From the Linnaeus Bridge, the party entered the grounds of
the Zoological Park and, under the guidance of Dr. W. T. Homa-
day, the Director, and several members of his staff, examined the
zoological collections with special reference to animals known to
Linnaeus.
The exercises were continued in the evening at the Museum
of the Brooklyn Institute with addresses by Messrs. F. A. Lucas
and E. L. Morris, with an exhibition of lantern slides, and musi-
cal numbers by the Glee Club of the United Swedish Societies.
A reception at the Aquarium given by the New York Zoolog-
ical Society to the New York Academy of Sciences and Guests,
about five hundred people in all, closed the exercises of the day.
Features of marine life known to Linnaeus were then demon-
strated, and the first view was had of the Aquarium collections
under illumination by night. The centennial of the Aquarium
building was commemorated at the same time.
W. A. MURRILL.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Miss Anna Murray Vail, Librarian, is at present in France,
where she intends to remain during the summer.
The seventh annual meeting and exhibition of the Horticul-
tural Society of New York was held at the Garden on Wednes-
day and Thursday, May 8 and 9. The seventh summer exhibi-
tion was held June 12 and 13.
Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, Curator, delivered an address at
Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, on May 13, in, con-
nection with exercises commemorative of the two hundreth anni-
versary of the birth of Linnaeus.
The exercises at the Garden in honor of Linnaeus were
attended by the Swedish Minister, from Washington, and by the
Swedish Consul, Vice-Consul, and President of the United Swed-
ish Societies, from New York.
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Mr. Wladimir H. Lipsky, the well-known Russian botanist
and botanical explorer, recently spent several days at the Garden
examining the library and collections.
The nature-study lectures and demonstrations for the benefit
of pupils of the public schools in the borough of the Bronx and
a portion of Manhattan closed for the spring term on June 4, to
be continued in the autumn.
A collection of fossil gums containing some very rare and
choice specimens has just been presented to the Garden by
Messrs. G. W. S. Patterson & Co. of this city. A description of
this collection will be published at an early date.
The total precipitation recorded for May, 1907, was 4.05 inches.
Maximum temperatures were recorded of 72° on the lOth, 83°
on the 14th, 70° on the 24th, and 71° on the 30th ; also mini-
mum temperatures of 34° on the 5th, 30° on the 12th, 44° on
the 1 8th, 37° on the 22d, and 41° on the 28th.
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM APRIL 15 TO JUNE i.
Arkansas. Annual report of the geological survey for 1888, Vol. 3. Little
Rock, 1888. (By exchange with the Library of Congress. )
Bailey, Edward. Hawaiian ferns. Honolulu, 1883.
Balfour, Edward. Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, 3d
edition. London, 1885. 3 vols.
Belli, Saverio. Endoderma e periciclo nel G. Trifolium in rapporto colla teoria
delta stelia di V. Jhieghem e DoulioL Torino, 1896. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton. )
Belli, S. Observationes critiques sur la rialiti des espices en nature au point de
vue de la systimatique des vigitaux. Turin, 1 901. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
Benincasa, Michele. Come si coltiva il tabacco. Parte prima and parte secunda.
Roma, 1907.
Botanical magazine; index from its commencement in ly 87 to the end of 1^04,
London, 1906. (Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.)
Chodat, R. Principes de botanique, Geneve, 1 907.
Druce, C. Claridge. The Dillenian herbaria. Edited, with an introduction,
by S. H. Vines. Oxford, 1907.
DUTROCHET, Henri. Physiologische Untersuchungen uber die Beweglichkeii der
Pflanzen und der Tiere, Leipzig, 1 906. (Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia
University.)
Fremont, J. C. Narrative of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in
the year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843-44, Washing-
ton, 1840. Another edition, Washington, 1845. Another edition, New York, 1846.
Google
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GODFRIN, J., & Noel, Ch. Atlas manuel de Pkistohgie des drogues simpler,
Paris, 1887.
Greenwood, Laura. Life among the flowers. New York, 1880. (By ex-
change with the Library of Congress. )
Hanausrk, T. F. Die Nahrungs^ und Genussmittel aus dem Ptlanzenreiche,
Kassel, 1884.
Hansen, Adolph. Goethes Metamorphose der Pflanun, Giessen, 1907. 2 vols.
Hill, Leonard. Kecent advances in physiology and bio-chemistry, London,
1906.
Kylin, Harald. Studien Uber die Algenflora der sthwedischen Westkuste. Up-
sala, 1907. (Given by Dr. M. A. Howe.)
Lange, Joh. Hevisio specierum generis Crataegi impritnis earum, quae in hortis
Daniae coluntur, Kjobenhavn, 1897.
Mann, GusTAV. Chemistry of the proteids, London, 1906.
Michael, Helen Abbott. Studies in plant and organic chemistry and literary
papers. Cambridge, 1907. (Given by Mr. Francis R. Abbott.)
MiCHAUX, ANDRt. Travels west of the Alleghanies made in lygj-^ by Andrf
Michaux; in 1802 by F. A. Michaux ; and in 1803 by Thaddeus Mason Harris.
Edited by Reuben Gold Tliwaites. Cleveland, 1904.
MiGULA, W. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland turn besiimmen der h&ufigeren
in Deutschland wildwachsenden Pflanun, Leipzig, 1906. 2 vols. (Deposited by
the Trustees of Columbia University. )
Newstead, Robert. Monograph of the Coccidae of the British Isles, liOndon,
1901.
Nisbet, John. Our forests and woodlands, London, 1900.
N[orton], E. H. Brazilian flowers drawn from nature in the years 1880- 18S 2
in the neighborhood of Pio de Janeiro . . . Coombe Croft, 1893.
Oviedo y VALDfes, GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE. Historia general y natural de
las Indias , . , publicala la real academiade la historia. Madrid, 1 85 1 -55. 4 vols.
Paris, E. G. Index bryologicus : editio secunda. Paris, 1904-06. 5 vols.
PRAIN, D. Botany of the Laccadives, Bombay, 1 893.
Sw eet, Robert . Geran iaceacy the natural order of G crania . Ix>ndon , 1 8 20-30.
5 vols.
Tucker, Arabella H. Trees of PVorcester. Worcester, 1894.
Warder, John A. Peport on forests and forestry. Washington, 1875.
WiLLAN, Rhoda Maria. Flora Parvula; or, gleanings among favourite flowers.
London, no date. ( By exchange with the Library of Congress. )
Williams, H. L., & Langdon, E. C. From one generation to another. New
York, 1906. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton. )
Zeiller, R. Etudes sur la flore fossile du Bassin. Houiller et permien de Blanty
et du Creusot, Paris, 1906. 2 vols. (Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick.)
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
4 mosses from Connecticut. (By exchange with Mr. George E. Nichols.)
287 specimens of Pubus from eastern North America. (Collected by Mr. W. H.
Blanchaid.)
300 specimens of marine algae from the Barbados. (Collected by Miss Annie L.
Henderson. )
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I specimen of Polyporus anceps from Massachusetts. -(Given by Professor E. A.
Burt.)
30 specimens for the economic museum from Montserrat, W. I. (Collected by
Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
I bowl made of a redwood burl from California. (Given by Mr. Rodney Bums.)
6 specimens of cassava starch and products from Montserral, W. I. (Given by
Mr. A. S. Weeks.)
539 specimens from Central. America. (Collected by Mr. H. Pittier.)
I specimen of Claytonia multicaulis from Iowa. (By exchange with Mr. M. P.
Somes. )
I specimen of Puccinia melothriae from North Carolina. (Given by Dr. F. L.
Stevens. )
I specimen of PUrospora Andromedea from California. (Given by Mrs. H. L.
Britton. )
490 specimens from Mexico. (Collected by Dr. C. A. Purpus. )
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
55 plants for woody collections. ( Purchased. )
I plant for herbaceous garden. (Given by Mr. E. S. Steele.)
19 plants for conservatories. (Purchased.)
I plant for herbaceous garden. (Given by Dr. L. R. Abrams.)
6 plants for herbaceous garden. (Given by Miss D. W. Marble.)
I plant for herbaceous garden. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
520 conifers for nurseries. (Given by Messrs. I. Hicks and Son.)
1 plant for herbaceous garden. (Given by Mr. E. N. Howell.)
51 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with United States National Museum,
through Dr. J. N. Rose. )
2 plants for herbaceous garden. (Given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.)
1 plant for herbaceous garden. (Given by Dr. H. J. Banker.)
9 plants for conservatories. (Given by Messrs. Siebrechtand Sons.)
I plant for herbaceous garden. (Collected by Dr. P. A. Rydberg. )
I plant for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. Oakes Ames. )
1,800 plants derived from seeds from various scources.
1,127 plants for woody collections. (Given by Mr. Lowell M. Palmer.)
24 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Lowell M. Palmer.)
I packet of seeds from the Bahamas. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
I packet of seeds from Colorado. (Given by Mr. D. M. Andrews.)
3 packets of seeds from California. (Given by Mr. S. B. Parish.)
I packet of seeds from Mexico. (Given by Mr. J. T. Nagle. )
8 packets of seeds from California. (Given by Mrs. H. L. Britton.)
1 packet of seeds from Antigua. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIII. July. 1907. No. 91.
THE BREATHING OF PLANTS.*
There is probably no scientific question concerning which er-
roneous notions are more wide spread than the one regarding
the difference between animals and plants. Ask the '* average
man " what this difference is and he will tell you, in the first
place, that animals have motion while plants have not ; or, if he
is especially conservative, that animals have locomotion while
plants have not ; and, second, that plant respiration is just the
reverse of animal respiration. Animals, he says, *' breathe-in
oxygen and breathe-out carbon dioxide, while plants breathe-in
carbon dioxide and breathe-out oxygen." It is with the latter
of these " differences " that we are concerned in the following
paragraphs.
By way of a gentle introduction it may be stated at once that
plants breathe precisely as do animals, and, second, that they do
not " breathe " at all. This seeming contradiction is explained
when we remember that, as we think more accurately, our terms
must be more carefully defined. In ordinary conversation
" breathing " refers to the inspiration of fresh air into the lungs,
and the expiration of the air that has been used. Obviously
plants have no lungs. We cannot see them breathe.
But this exchange of fresh and foul air is only incidental to
the real physiological process, properly termed respiration. Not
all animals have lungs. Earthworms, insects, jelly-fish, and
others may be mentioned as familiar examples of this fact. The
* From a lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden, October 27, 1906.
143
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real process, to which the physiologist applies the term respira-
tion, has to do with the use that is made of the inspired air.
From the lungs this air, in man for example, is taken up by the
blood. Part of it the blood uses in its own respiration, the re-
mainder it carries to all the tissues of the body, and delivers it to
the individual protoplasmic units or cells. These cells take up
the oxygen according to their needs, use it in performing
their work, and return to the blood the carbon dioxide that re-
sults. Carried by the blood back to the lungs, the carbon
dioxide is given off to the air in expiration. All of this is com-
mon knowledge. Respiration refers to that part of this process
which goes on in the individual cells, while the term breathing
may be to advantage restricted to the work of the lungs. Res-
piration, then, is a cell -process, and every organism that is alive,
and every living cell of that organism must respire. The cells of
our fingers, our eyes, and our hearts respire, as well as do those
of the lungs. All plants are built up of cells, some of which are
alive and some not. All the living cells of plants respire, just as
truly as do those of animals.
It is difficult to demonstrate the cell processes, but the out-
ward manifestation of them — the absorption of oxygen and the
evolution of carbon dioxide — is very easily shown.
Into each of six fruit jars place portions of the different parts
of plants as follows : into the first fresh roots, into the second
stems, into the third leaves, into the fourth flowers, into the fifth
germinating seeds, and into the sixth nothing. A lighted candle
will continue to burn when placed in any of the jars. Seal them
all air tight. If, at the end of twelve hours, a lighted candle is
thrust into each of the jars, it will be extinguished in each of the
first five, but will continue to burn as usual in the sixth. This
shows us that the air in the five jars has become poorer in oxy-
gen, while that in the sixth jar is apparently unchanged. If now
we pour clear lime-water into each of these jars, the water will
become milky in each of the first five, but will remain clear in
the sixth. This indicates that in the first five the amount of car-
bon dioxide has been increased, but not so in the sixth.
Since the only difference between the first five jars and the
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sixth is the presence, in the former, of parts of living plants; we
must conclude that the change in the air is due to the vital acti-
vities of the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds. But an
absorption of oxygen and an evolution of carbon dioxide, we
have learned, is the outward indication of the cell- process called
respiration. In this, and in many other ways, it may be shown
that plants respire.
It will be seen here that plant respiration is not confined to the
leaves. Nothing can be more misleading than to speak of leaves
as the " lungs of plants." If any comparison at all is to be made
they could better be called the stomachs of plants, for in them
processes of digestion go on with as much, if not more, vigor
than does respiration. Moreover many kinds of plants such as
bacteria, algae, fungi, liverworts, and others, have no leaves, but
respiration goes on in them notwithstanding, and trees in winter,
after all. the leaves have been dropped, continue still to respire.
No vital activity is as important as respiration. Food may be
supplied, water and air may be abundant, but without respiration
life is impossible. The power to respire marks the chief difference
between the living and the non-living. In the realm of living
things it is universal and incessant. It is always in all essentials,
the same process, whether in plants or in animals. The failure
to recognize this fact gave rise in the latter half of the last cen-
tury to the doctrine of vital dualism. Because of the supposed
difference between animal and plant respiration, it was argued that
there were two kinds of life. A clearer understanding of the vital
processes of animals and plants, however, has taught us that
life is one. No clearly defined line can be drawn between the
two kingdoms.
As great differences exist between certain animals, and between
certain plants, as are found between animals and plants. But
the process of respiration is everywhere the same. Even dry
seeds, which certain German physiologists have considered as in
a condition of ** Scheintodt " (apparent death), are respiring. The
boquets in our vases, the celery and lettuce on our tables, the
potatoes and apples in our cellars, as well as the trees, shrubs
and herbs, indoors and out, are constantly, day and night, taking
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in oxygen, exchanging it in the living cells for carbon dioxide,
and returning the latter to the surrounding air.
Even in regard to the amount and rate of respiration the sup-
posed diflTerence between animals and plants breaks down. Under
favorable conditions the process may be even more active in
plants than in animals. In man the carbon dioxide produced
in twenty-four hours equals about 1.2 per cent, of the body
weight, but in some of the moulds the amount has been found to
equal 6 per cent, of the dry weight of the plant. Bulk for bulk,
very active bacteria may consume oxygen 200 times more rapidly
than man. In both kingdoms respiration is accompanied by an
evolution of heat.
In plants, as in animals, the rate of respiration varies with the
age of the organism, and with external conditions. Breathing,
which is the expression of respiration in man, is most rapid with
infants, and decreases with the approach of old age. So it
is with plants, for germinating seeds and young seedlings respire
more rapidly than mature plants. Increase of work is accom-
panied with increase of respiration in animals : in trees, also, the
process is more vigorous in the spring, during the work of bud-
opening and the putting forth of new leaves and flowers. Under
bodily pain or mental excitement we breathe more rapidly, so
also does a plant that has been cut, or otherwise injured, or sub-
jected to any stimulus, as, for example, violent shaking. A ther-
mometer placed in a dish of cut onions, for example, will indicate
the existence of a fever (due to the wounding of the tissue), just
as surely as if placed in the mouth of a typhoid patient.
This question is far from having a merely academic interest,
Practices that have been in vogue since man first began to till
the soil, and that must be continued as long as agriculture is
carried on, depend, in part, upon the respiratory function of
plants. I refer to plowing the soil and hoeing the crops. It is
not alone to get the soil into a suitable physical condition that it
is broken up by the farmer. The roots and other underground
parts must have air to respire, just as much as the parts above
ground, but if the soil is hard and compact this need is but poorly
met. The plow, the spade, and the hoe facilitate the thorough
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aeration of the ground. For the same reason it is desirable fre-
quently to loosen the surface of the soil in flower pots, and this,
in part, is why flower pots are made of porous material.
Emphasis has been laid upon the fact that only living things
respire. While this is perfectly true of the physiological process,
it is not true of the mechanical act which may be designated as
breathing. The entire soil area of the globe is subject to great
inspirations of atmospheric air, and expirations of the gases re-
sulting from life processes underground. This process is neces-
sary to the healthful respiration of soil-organisms, and of the
underground portions of all land plants. Without it land vege-
tation would perish and the world would become a desert.
The " breathing " or aeration of the soil is accomplished in a
variety of ways. In all regions where it has a depth of fifty feet
or more, the ground at a certain distance below the surface is
soaked with water, so that all the spaces between the soil particles
are completely filled. The upper surface of this moisture is called
the water-table, and above it the soil contains only capillary
water. The interspaces between the soil particles are filled with
air, and only the surfaces of the grains are wet. The level of
water in a well marks the level of the water-table in the soil.
In the spring, and in other wet seasons, this water-level stands
at a greater height than in periods of dry weather, and, as it falls,
air from above ground enters the soil. When the water-table
rises, gases are forced out.
The gradual heating of the soil during the day causes the soil-
air to flow out, while the nocturnal cooling is accompanied by a
current in the opposite direction. Wind blowing over the sur-
face causes an outflow, the calm that follows an inflow. Thus
the great soil-breathing goes constantly on.
It is in this way that fresh air is continually supplied, not only
to roots, but also to the soil-bacteria, some of which are able to
convert the nitrogen of the air into a form available to other
plants, others of which are able to convert the ammonium-com-
pounds into nitrates and the nitrates into nitrites, in which form
it may be utilized by higher plants. For we must remember
that bacteria must respire as truly as ourselves.
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The question as to what becomes of all the roots, and why the
soil never becomes clogged, may possibly never have occurred
to some of us. Several causes explain this, one of which is the
process of putrefaction, which is explained by the respiration of
a certain kind of microscopic plants. These plants are called
anaerobes, because they normally respire anaerobically, that is,
without the presence of free external oxygen. Some of them
are unable to respire at all if free oxygen surrounds them. If,
therefore, the aeration of the soil is interfered with, these plants
find ideal conditions for their growth and activity, and the soil
becomes "sour," and unfit for crops.
From the above considerations it . becomes clear that agricul-
ture, the most fundamental of all human industries, depends for
its successful pursuit upon practices whose whyfore is found in
the fact that plants respire.
But husbandry is not the only point where the respiration of
plants touches our daily lives. Upon the respiration of the yeast-
plant depends the enormous brewing industry of our own and
other countries, and upon the respiration of another yeast-plant
we are dependent for the lightness of our daily bread, for the
fermentation involved in " raising " dough is a kind of respiration.
The difference between a *' good '* and a " bad " cigar is partly
attributable to a similar cause, for the difference is connected
with the curing of the tobacco, and this process involves the
respiration of bacteria. So, too, does the tanning of hides, and
the separation of flax and hemp fibers from the plants that pro-
duce them.
Cold storage warehouses and refrigerator cars are made neces-
sary, in part, because of the respiration and universal presence
of myriads of microscopic plants that float in the air, for, whereas
heat accelerates respiration, cold retards it. The turning rancid
of butter, the souring of milk, the formation of vinegar from
cider, are all dependent upon the same process. If plants did
not respire canned fruits and meat would seldom spoil. That
a hen's egg is a miniature botanical garden is a bit of that truth
that is stranger than fiction. The ovophytic flora enters the
egg in the body of the fowl, before the formation of the shell.
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and the respiration of the entombed plants is one reason why-
eggs will not always remain ** strictly fresh," and why cold
storage will prolong the period of their freshness.
The difference between green and black tea is largely owing
to the fact that, in the case of the latter, microscopic plants have
been allowed to respire among the moist leaves of the tea plant
until a critical point is reached, when the plants are killed and
the respiration stopped. A well regulated banquet must termi-
nate with cheese and black coffee ; but is the cheese Camembert,
Roquefort, Neufchatel, Brie, or Schweitzer ? That depends upon
the kind of plants that respired within the cheese during the
process of its ripening. Formerly it was not thought possible
to produce a given kind of cheese except in a given native
locality ; but this is no longer so, for, since it has been known
that the difference depends upon the activity of plants, these little
organisms can be shipped to any locality where it is desired to
manufacture a given kind of cheese.
The wide range of relationships indicated above depends upon
the fact that carbon-dioxide and water are not the only by-prod-
ucts of respiration. Many other substances result, the discus-
sion of which would lead us into technicalities beyond the
scope of the present lecture.
But someone may be raising the question of the value of
plants in the sick room. It is hardly necessary to more than
mention the subject, for now that we know that plants are con-
tinually respiring, and in precisely the the same manner as are
animals, it is at once recognized that they would have the same
kind of an effect on the air of a room that a person or a burning
gas jet would have, though possibly not to the same degree. If
the plants were abundantly supplied with green leaves, and were
well exposed, even to bright diffused sunlight, they would sup-
ply an insignificant amount of oxygen to the air. But at the
same time they would be sources of carbon dioxide. And when
we recall that the "plants" in a sick room are usually cut
flowers, often not over fresh, and that flowers respire more vigor-
ously than any other part of a plant except germinating seeds, we
do not need to be further enlightened as to their power of puri-
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150
fying the air. Our "scientific knowledge, however, should not,
as it is often liable to do, get the better of our " sense uncom-
mon, men call common sense," for the brightness and cheer that
flowers bring to the sick need never be sacrificed for fear of their
evil effects upon the air.
The discovery and elucidation of plant respiration was one of
the most, if not the most, important contributions ever made to
the science of plant physiology. It throws a flood of light upon
metabolism, and in metabolism is locked up the secret of secrets,
whose finding out is the ultimate problem of all biolog}', viz.,
the answer to the question. What is life ? It is fitting, therefore,
that we should know something of those masters of experimental
investigation, to whose wonderful skill and untiring labors we
are indebted for what is now known of the subject.
Since the process involves an understanding of the relation
between plants and air, it is obvious that it could never be under-
stood until the nature and properties of air were clearly compre-
hended. On this question we are all familiar with the fantastic
notions of antiquity. Thales, of Miletus, had taught that all
things were made from water, but Anaximenes, his fellow towns-
man, declared that everything is made of air. And, since it is
the air that gives his life to man, it must be his very soul. From
this it was justly inferred that the infinite air was God, and that
it is the source of all the gods and goddesses.
Diogenes, of ApoUonia, went a step farther, and said that the
whole world is a living being. Air is not only the soul of man,
but also the soul of the world. By an ingenious logic, he reasoned
that air " knows much." " But that which has knowledge," said
he, '*is that which men call air; it is it that regulates and governs
all, and hence it is the use of air to pervade all, and to dispose
all, and to be in all, for there is nothing that has not part in it." *
How surprised he would be to-day to find how near he came to
expressing the truth ! Since, said Diogenes, plants have no air
cavities, and since they are wholly unintelligent, the intelligence
of man is due to the flowing of air through his body in the
blood.
* Draper, Intellect. Devel. Europe, p. 73. New York, 1870.
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These early notions persisted for centuries and were slow to
disappear, for when the early investigators discovered the com-
ponent fluids of the air they called them ghosts. The term has
persisted to this day, only we translate the German Gakst or
Geist, by gas, and speak of the various gases of the air.
We are indebted to Van Helmont for the first experimental
knowledge of the nature of air, and of the relation to it of plants
He is one of the most peculiar figures which the history of sci-
ence presents to us. Bom (in 1577) in an epoch of transition,
he formed, says Claude Bernard, the connecting link between
the mystic savants of the middle ages and the modern experi-
mentalists.
As many of his biographers recall, Van Helmont possessed
concerning fire, air, gas, earth, and water knowledge well in ad-
vance of those of his time. He had a clear perception of aeriform
fluids, and of their role in chemical phenomena. He first gave
attention to organic chemistry, was the first to introduce the
balance and computation into his researches, determined the
nature of flame, and laid the foundation for the chemistry of air.
It was he, moreover, who coined the word gas or gas, and used
it as it is understood to-day.
Chemistry and plant physiology are indebted to Van Helmont
for an experiment that is very remarkable, considering the age in
which it was made. This experiment consisted in effecting the
combustion of 69 pounds of oak carbon. After the carbon had
been consumed there remained only one pound of ashes. Van
Helmont concluded that 68 pounds of carbon had been converted
into an invisible air, which he called the gas, or spirit of the
wood. It was he who discovered the property of this gas of
turning lime-water milky. Subsequently he found it in fermen-
tation vats, and in air that will not support respiration or com-
bustion. It was the gas which to day we call carbon dioxide,
the discovery of which is thus due to him. Van Helmont died
in 1644, He was the last of the alchemists.
Notwithstanding the example of Van Helmont, the world was
slow in adopting the experimental method. Scientists continued
to discuss what they thought was so, or what ought to be so.
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For this and other reasons we find scientific literature for the next
hundred years, and even as late as the middle of the nineteenth
century, burdened with a mass of misinformation, such as, for
example, the notion that leaves are the lungs of plants, that they
inhale by one surface and exhale by the other, that in breathing
the inspiration was at night and the expiration at day.
One preconception that was a hindrance to progress was the
idea that plants possessed a system of organs and functions
analogous to those of animals. This thought is most fully
elaborated in that strange poetical-scientific book, The Botanic
G^^irrfd-w, published in 1791 by Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of
the great evolutionist. *' It is easy to conceive," says the author,
how a peristaltic contraction produces the flow of sap in plants.
'* There is ... a complete circulation in the leaf; a pulmonary
vein receiving the blood from the extremities of each artery, on
the upper side of the leaf, and joining again in the foot-stalk of
the leaf, these veins produce so many arteries or aortas, which
di.sperse the new blood over the new bark. . . . And I was
induced to believe the existence of a venous system correspond-
ing to the arterial one in the barks or roots of plants, as well as
in their leaves and petals. ... I think there can be no doubt
that the leaves of trees are their lungs. . . . The circulation in
the lungs or leaves of plants is very similar to that offish."
So late as 1830 Brongniart described a circulation in plants
analogous to that of the blood in animals.
It is easy enough for us to smile at these crude ideas, but I
wonder what the scientific world will be saying of us one hundred
years from now, or how broadly the audience will smile then as
some lecturer quotes from the books we take so seriously, to
emphasize how superior is the knowledge of his time over the
hazy notions of 1906. The difference between the Darwin who
died in 1802 and the one who was born in 1809, is not so much
a difference of mental ability, as of mental inheritance. The
pioneers of science have labored, we have reaped the benefits.
I must pass over the work of Black, who discovered that car-
bon dioxide is a constituent of the atmosphere, of Ray and Boyle,
who discovered that seeds would not germinate in a vacuum, of
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Saluce who " demonstrated *' that air in which candles had burned
out was vitiated by the heat, and could be restored by exposure
to extreme cold, and of Hales, who, as late as 1769, taught that
respired air was vitiated because it had lost its elasticity.
The scientific successor of Van Helmont was Joseph Priestley,
preacher, historian, linguist, theologian, revolutionist, scientist.
Bom in 1773, he became pastor of the church at Needham at the
age of twenty-five, but was forced to leave the place because of
his Unitarian tendencies. He was versed, not only in Latin and
Greek, but also in Hebrew, Arabic, Chaldee and Syriac. Among
his writings one finds such titles as Theory of Languages, Ora-
tory and Criticism, The Constitution and Laws of England,
Matter and Spirit, Comparison of Heathen and Christian Philos-
ophy, The Doctrine of Necessity, The French Revolution, On the
American War. Laughed at in France for being a Christian, he
was decried in his own country for being what many called an
atheist. After being attacked by a mob which tore down his
house in Birmingham, because of his sympathy with the French
Revolution, he went to London, but could hardly secure lodg-
ings there, as every one feared that the house in which he dwelt
would be torn down. Shunned by members of the Royal
Society, he took refuge in America, and made discoveries enough
in science to make half a dozen men famous.
•'The interrogation point," said DeCandolle, "is the key to all
the sciences." With this key Priestley unlocked the door that
led to the discovery which became the foundation of both chem-
istry and physiology, the discovery of oxygen gas. This dis-
covery was celebrated at the grave of Priestley, in Northumber-
land, Pa., on August i, 1875, as the starting point of modem
chemistry. It was Priestley, also, who discovered the osmosis of
gases through a bladder membrane. He rejected Van Helmont's
term " gas," as being a needless introduction of a new term, and
in its stead employed the word air in a generic sense.
The discovery of oxygen, in the year 1775, is described in his
" Treatise on different kinds of air." Chemists in that day knew
that the atmosphere contained "fixed air" (carbon dioxide),
*' phlogisticated air" (nitrogen), and "phlogiston," a term used
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then as many of our terms are used now, to cover up ignorance.
Priestley furthermore recognized that all of these components
were unfit to support respiration and combustion. They extin-
guished flame and life alike. What is it then, that makes burning
and respiration possible ?
He sought the answer to this question in nature herself. The
method was that of experiment. In order to ascertain the effect
of these different "airs," he placed in them small animals. He
clearly showed that combustion, respiration, fermentation, and
putrefaction all have a similar effect on the surrounding air. He
became especially interested in trying to find out why the air
never becomes permanently vitiated by respiration, and why ani-
mals do not suffocate, though a multitude of generations of living
beings have worked for millions of years to vitiate the air by ab-
sorbing immense quantities of ** dephlogisticated " air (oxygen),
and returning oceans of "fixed air" (CO J, and though the fixed
air is continually supplied from flames, volcanoes, and other
sources. The theory of Saluce, referred to above, was based
upon the fact that cold prevents fermentation and putrefaction,
while heat promotes them. Priestley resolved to test that theory
by means of experiment. To that rfnd he burned candles in an
enclosed space, or let animals remain there until the air would
no longer support combustion or respiration. This air was then
exposed to the cold of a hard frost, but even then flames went
out, and animals expired when placed in it. Thus the theory of
Saluce was disproved, as well as another current theory that heart
vitiated the air, for animals lived at ease in air that had been
passed through hot tubes. What could the true explanation be ?
Again the question was put direct to nature. " It becomes,"
said Priestley, " a great object of philosophical inquiry, to ascer-
tain what change is made in the constitution of the air by flames,
and to discover what provision there is in nature for remedying
the injury which the atmosphere receives by this means."
Priestley found that animals could not live in air in which a
candle had burned out ; he also demonstrated the converse, show-
ing that a flame would not burn in air vitiated by the respiration
of a mouse. We can hardly overestimate the importance of this
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experiment. It was the first experimental evidence of the simi-
larity between combustion and respiration (confirmed later by
Lavoisier), and marks the first step into the realm of physiological
chemistry.
See now the unlocking power of the interrogation point. Do
plants, said Priestley, behave as animals do ? Can they live in
an atmosphere where animals suffocate and flames go out?
Then followed that famous experiment in which, after a mouse
had suffocated under a bell-jar, and it was shown that another
mouse expired instantly when introduced into the same jar, that
a sprig of mint was placed in the same space. Not only did it
not die, but it thrived with unusual vigor. Moreover the air
after ten days, would enable a mouse to breathe with the greatest
of ease. When later experiments of Priestley gave sometimes
different results, and seemed to indicate that plants may also
vitiate the air, he rejected these as **bad experiments," and
accepted only the ** good experiments."
See, in his own words, by how narrow a margin he missed the
discovery of plant respiration. ** I have found that a fresh cab-
bage leaf, put under a glass vessel filled with common air for the
space of one night only, has so affected the air, that a candle
would not bum in it the next morning, and yet the leaf had not
acquired the smell of putrefaction." However he attributed the
result to incipient putrefaction. It is a source of regret to us all
to know that the discoverer of oxygen died in ignorance of the
fact that it is concerned in plant respiration, or even that it had
anything to do with combustion, for his last published writing
was a lengthy and spirited defence of phlogiston, and a refutation
of the theory that combustion is merely rapid oxidation.
Priestley is universally acknowledged as the discoverer of oxy-
gen, but his claim rests partly upon priority of publication. Two
years before the appearance of his treatise, the same discovery
had been made in Germany by Karl Wilhelm Scheele, but no
public announcement was made of it. Priestley had called
oxygen dephlogisticated air; Scheele called it "fire air." He
proceeded at once to find out all he could about it, and found,
among other things, that germinating pea seeds convert it into
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what he called " aerial acid," his name for carbon dioxide. Thus,
in a chemical laboratory, by a chemist, was made the discovery
of plant respiration. These experiments were afterwards con-
firmed by Lavoisier, the father of modem chemistry.
In 1770, Jan Ingen-Housz, trying to straighten out the con-
tradiction of Priestley's experiments, placed green plants in sun-
light under water and showed that sunlight and leaf-green were
both necessary for the evolution of oxygen, but he thought that
the oxygen came from the water. Twelve years later Senebier
proved that the oxygen came from the plant, and resulted from
the carbon dioxide which the leaves had first taken from the
water.
Finally, in 1821 and 1822, Theodore de Saussure established
the fact that oxygen is indispensable to the life of the plant, and
that all parts of the plant, in darkness as well as in light, take in
oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
The famous Liebig, in 1841, rejected the entire theory that
plants respire, as based on **a weak and unstable foundation."
He considered that the carbon dioxide given off at night was
merely that taken in by the plant during the day, but not decom-
posed because of the absence of the sun's rays. To his great
prominence and authority may doubtless be attributed the per-
sistence, even to this day, of erroneous notions concerning plant
respiration.
It was Garreau who, in 185 1, insisted on the necessity of con-
sidering the two processes of respiration and photosynthesis sep-
arate and distinct, and this position was afterwards accepted by
Sachs, and formulated into a general theory.
I have given only the barest outlines of this history. The
battle raged long and fiercely over questions of fact and questions
of priority. But, fortunately for the world, the settlement of
scientific questions seldom, if ever, depends upon opinion or the
majority vote. They are not matters of opinion, and not debat-
able, but must be settled by direct appeal to nature, through
observation and experiment.
C. Stuart Gager.
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LEAF BLIGHT OF THE PLANE-TREE.
The plane-trees in the Garden grounds have been seriously
attacked this season by a fungous disease which causes the leaves
and young twigs to die and change color as though scorched by
fire. During the month of June the disease was at its height
and the results most conspicuous. It is not confined to this
locality, but occurs wherever the plane-tree grows, appearing
each season about the time the first leaves are mature. Last
year I observed it on the oriental plane in Italy, where the trees
usually begin to recover from its attack about the middle of June.
A late spring with damp weather is favorable to the growth of
the fungus and induces an epidemic of the disease such as oc-
curred here this season.
The fungus {Gloeosporium nervisequum Sacc.) was first described
by Leveille in 1848, but was not recognized in this country un-
til nearly forty years afterwards. Three species of plane-tree
are subject to its attack : Platanus occidentalis and Platanus
racemosa of North America, and Platanus orientalis of the Old
World. The active vegetative portion (mycelium) of the fungus
lives within the leaves and twigs ; the fruiting portion appears in
brown patches on the twigs or veins of leaves that have been
killed. If one of these brown patches is examined with a lens,
a number of dark dots will be found ; these dots are small pus-
tules containing numerous minute, colorless, egg-shaped spores,
which when mature are distributed broadcast by the wind and
communicate the disease to other plane-trees.
The effects of the fungus are usually not lasting except in the
case of trees already weakened by disease or starvation. The
plane-trees are rendered unsightly for a few weeks, then new
foliage appears, and by midsummer all traces of the disease have
disappeared. It often happens, also, that many of the branches,
especially those near the top of the tree, remain entirely untouched
and are able to tide the tree over the period of attack with very
little loss.
Not so, however, during a season like the present one, when
every tree, in all its branches, appears to be infested with an ex-
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ceedingly active form of the disease. Leaves, petioles and young
twigs have rapidly succumbed to its attacks and young branches
Fig. 21. Western plane-tree, Pla tonus oaidenialis^ in the Garden ground
attacked by leaf blight.
two or three feet long have been found entirely killed by girdling.
The dormant buds that develop later will find little nourishment
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at hand and a short season for growth and preparation for another
year; the number of branches already dead will doubtless be
considerably increased by the ravages of the winter's cold among
unseasoned twigs ; and another spring will probably find the
plane-trees much less able to cope with the fungus than they
were this year. On the other hand, fortunately, the trees will
probably have several years to recuperate before another epi-
demic appears like the present one.
No treatment of the disease can be suggested. Spraying is
out of the question because of the immense size of the tree and
because the fungus lives within the leaves and twigs and cannot
be reached by the spraying solution. It is always desirable to
see that the general health of the trees is good and that all dead
wood that can be easily reached is removed.
The plane-tree is of little use except for shade. The wood is
coarse-grained, difficult to smooth and cannot be split. Of 'the
Fig, 22. Twigs from the tree shown in Fig. 21. Most of the leaves are attacked.
three North American species, Platmius occidentalis is by far the
best known. It is one of our very largest trees, occurring in
river-bottoms as far north as Massachusetts, and often growing to
the height of 100 feet. The oriental plane-tree, Piatanus oncn-
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160
talis, is often met with in cultivation, especially in cities. It dif-
fers from our native species chiefly in having smaller and more
deeply cut leaves and usually somewhat clustered fruit. It is a
native of western Asia and was brought to Europe by the Ro-
mans, who, with the Persians and the Greeks, held it in great
veneration, planting groves of it and using it for shade about
their homes and shrines. The Persian fire-worshippers often
held their feasts beneath this tree, as the Druids were accus-
tomed to do beneath the oaks in the forests of northern Europe.
The plane-tree is an excellent shade producer, the leaves ap-
pearing at the proper time in this latitude and remaining on the
tree as long as could be desired, when they give place to the per-
sistent and graceful fruit. With a little protection it passes the
northern winters uninjured and develops rapidly into a splendid
and shapely tree large enough for the widest avenues or capable
of being adapted by pruning, to which it most readily submits, to
very narrow streets. Such is the activity of its young wood and
bark that the stem is at times completely girdled without appre-
ciable injury, and the outer layers of its cortex are annually
sloughed ofT during late summer and autumn, leaving the new
layers beneath entirely free from soot and dirt accumulated during
the summer. It is partly due to this, perhaps, that it enjoys with
the Ailanthus the distinction of being best adapted to parts of
cities where smoke and dust abound.
Plane-trees are comparatively free from either insect or fungous
pests, with the exception of the leaf blight. The annual sloughing
of the bark is considered by some a drawback to its use on city
streets ; its foliage is rather late for southern latitudes, but often
persists in a healthy condition after that of other trees has suc-
cumbed to heat and dust. In some cities of southern Europe
complaint is made of the thick hairy covering which becomes
detached from the young leaves and twigs and gets into the nose
and mouth, producing an inflammation known as ** Platanus
cough." This tree is, however, most widely and abundantly
planted in the cities of India, Persia and Europe, while in
America it is deservedly growing more popular as a street tree
every year. In London it is considered by many to be the only
tree that will thrive in the dirt and smoke of so large a city.
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Of the two common species of plane-tree, the eastern is smaller
and of closer growth than our native species, though less hardy
and less beautiful in form. It was for some time thought, also,
that the eastern species was less subject to attack by the leaf
blight, but this is probably not the case. In this country the
oriental plane-tree is usually preferred, while in Paris the western
species is used exclusively, since it seems to conform better to the
style of pruning adopted in that city.
W. A. MURRILL.
AN ATTRACTIVE PHILIPPINE SHRUB IN FLOWER.
The shrub from which the accompanying illustration was made
has been referred to before in the pages of this Journal. Always
beautiful at its flowering period, it has surpassed its former efforts
in the magnificence of its display for the past few weeks. This
Fig. 23. An attractive Philippine shrub, Medinilla magnifica^ in flower in the
cooservatories of the Garden. This specimen has a spread of twelve feet and a height
of seven feet.
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shrub, MedinUla magnifica, may be seen in the conservatories on
the north side of house no. 4, not far from the large plant of
Anthurium Veitchiu It was originally secured as a small plant
through an exchange with Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, in 1900.
The accompanying illustration, in which over fifty flower clus-
ters may be counted, gives no idea of its rich coloring. The
leaves are of a deep green, which color serves to intensify the
bright pink of the flower clusters, which are sometimes a foot
and a half long. Not only the flowers themselves are pink, but
the rachis of the cluster and the large bracts are of the same
color. It is frequently found in cultivation, but is not often seen
so large as this. The plant is well worth a place in any collec-
tion, for it is not difficult to grow and flowers often when only
two or three feet tall, although to see it in its greatest beauty it
should have attained something like the dimensions of this speci-
men at the garden, which has a spread of about twelve feet and
a height of seven feet.
This species was first brought to the attention of horticulturists
by the Messrs. Veitch, a famous English firm. It was exhibited
by them at the spring meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society
in 1850, where it was awarded a large medal, under the name of
M, bracteata^ a Javan species, an error which perhaps gave rise
to the statement made in the original publication that the plant
was a native of Java. This was later corrected by Hooker, who
gave the correct locality as Manila, where it was discovered
about 1847 by Mr. Thomas Lobb, a collector sent out by the
Messrs. Veitch.
Mr. R. S. Williams, who has spent considerable time in the
Philippines collecting plants'for the Garden, says that he found
it occurring not infrequently in north central Luzon, especially
in the neighborhood of Baguio, province of Benguet, where it
thrives on the sides of moist shady ravines at an elevation of
about 5,cxx> feet. He describes the shrub as of a straggling
habit, broader than high, with a diameter sometimes of twenty
feet and a height of eight to ten feet. The specimen in the con-
servatories, although not so large as this, fits well the above
general description, so it may be taken as a characteristic example
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of this showy shrub in its native home. Mr. Williams secured
no specimens of this plant except at Baguio. It has, however,
been found by other collectors in the vicinity of the Baco River,
in the northern end of the island of Mindoro, about three hun-
dred miles to the south. Its present known range may therefore
be taken as indicated above. Data would seem to indicate that
in its southern station it grows at a lower elevation than in its
more northern home. George V. Nash.
A COLLECTION OF FOSSIL GUMS.
The Garden has recently acquired an interesting and valuable
collection of fossil gums or resins, donated by the firm of G. W.
Fig 24 A mass of yellow Kauri, from New Zealand, 17 in. in diameter and
weighing 29 lbs.
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S. Patterson & Co., 8i Pine St., New York. The spedmens
include a number of large single masses and several boxes of
smaller fragments, all of them representing material utilized in
the manufacture of varnish. The largest single piece, weighing
about twenty-nine pounds, is shown in Fig. 24, and smaller
pieces in Fig. 25.
Such gums are generally known under the rather loosely
'applied trade names of gum Anime, Copal, Dammar resin and
Kauri or Cowrie. They are all natural products of species of
trees now living, but the only material used in making varnish is
obtained from the ground, in a semi-fossilized condition at the
bases of the trees, or in localities where the trees are now
extinct.^
The Kauries are derived from species of the coniferous genus
Dammara or Agathis ; the Copals are for the most part products
of leguminous species belonging to the genera Trachylobium and
Fig. 25. On the left, a mass of brown Manila copal from Borneo, 8 in. high ; in
the center, yellow Kauri from New 2^aland, 10 in. in diameter; on the right, black
Kauri from New 2^aland, 8 in. high.
Hymenaea, while the so-called *' black-dammar resin" is derived
from the burseraceous species Canarium strictum Roxb., and the
** white dammar" from the dipterocarpaceous species Vateria
Indica L.
Among the varieties represented in the collection are yellow
' A discussion of this subject from a commercial standpoint may be found in the
National Standard Dispensatory, pp. 1 306-1 308. 1905.
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and brown Kauri from New Zealand (Dammara {Agaihis) aus-
traits Salisb.), Dammar resin from Java {D. orientalis Lamb.),
Copal or gum Anime from Zanzibar {Trackylobium Homeman-
nianutn Haync), white dammar or Manila copal from Borneo
{Vateria Iftdica L.), and Brazilian Copal {Hymenaea Cour-
baril L.).
None of the living trees produces such quantities of gum as
are frequently represented in these fossil masses and the reason
for this extraordinary production in the past has never been satis-
factorily explained. Apparently certain conditions favoring the
secretion of gum must have prevailed which were different from
those of more recent and modern times.
Arthur Hollick.
NOTES. NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. J. A. Shafer and Dr. M. A. Howe represented the Garden
at the second annual meeting of the American Association of
Museums held at Pittsburg, June 4 to 6.
Dr. W. C. Coker, Associate Professor of Botany at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina, was engaged in cytological research at
the Garden during the greater part of July. ^
Dr. J. E. Kirkwood has recently been promoted to a profes-
sorship of botany in Syracuse University, and the botanical work
there is now recognized as an independent department of the
university instruction.
Dr. M. A. Howe attended the summer meeting of the Vermont
Botanical Club at Pownal, Vermont, July 2 and 3. Pownal is in
the extreme southwestern part of the state and is celebrated as a
botanical collecting ground.
Professor F. S. Earle, formerly in charge of the mycological
collections at the Garden and later director of the Cuban Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, is spending several weeks here, con-
tinuing his investigations of the gill-fungi.
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Dr. N. L. Britton represented the Garden at the fourth annual
field Botanical Symposium, held at Newton, New Jersey, July
I to 8. The region about Swartswood Lake is of great interest
botanically and was formerly one of Dr. Britton's favorite collect-
ing grounds.
Dr. Arthur Hollick, Curator, delivered an address at the open-
ing exercises of the St. George branch of the New York public
library at Central avenue and Hyatt street, Staten Island, June
26. He also participated in the commencement exercises of
Curtis High School on June 27.
Mr. Guy West Wilson (M. S., Purdue University, 1906), who
during the past year has been engaged in mycological studies at
the Garden, has been appointed professor of biology in the Upper
Iowa University at Fayette, Iowa, and expects to begin work
there next autumn.
Mr. Fred J. Seaver, university fellow in botany in Columbia Uni-
versity during i9o6-'o7, has been appointed assistant professor
of botany in the North Dakota Agricultural College and assistant
botanist of the agricultural experiment station at Fargo, North
Dakota.
Miss Winifred Josephine Robinson, Instructor in Biology at
Vassar College, has been granted a leave of absence for one year.
During this time Miss Robinson will act as Laboratory Assistant
at the Garden, and continue her investigations on the taxonomy
of the ferns of the Sandwich Islands, the life history of the filmy
ferns, and the nutrition of the pitcher-plants {^Sarracenia),
Professor M. A. Barber, of the University of Kansas, Professor
W. L. Bray, of the University of Texas, Professor F. E. Lloyd, of
the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Professor F. L.
Stevens, of the North Carolina Agricultural and Mechanical Col-
lege, and Messrs. Hermann Schmidt and Louis Weiss, explorers
of the valley of the Amazon, were among recent visitors at the
Garden.
Meteorology for June, — 'I*he total precipitation recorded for
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June was 3.85 inches. The heaviest rainfall (1.88 in.) occurred
on June 29-30. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 76°
on the 9th ; 87^ on the i6th ; 90° on the 22d ; and 91.5° on the
26th ; also minimum temperatures of 42° on the ist and 13th ;
44° on the 4th ; 59° on the 20th; and 57° on the 28th. The
mean temperature for the month was 66.75°.
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
8 specimens of mosses from Connecticut. ( By exchange with Mr. George E.
Nichols.)
15 museum specimens from Montserrat. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer. )
25 specimens of marine algae from the East Indies. (By exchange with Mrs. A.
Weber-van Bosse. )
25 specimens of fleshy fungi from Vermont. (Collected by Miss Gertrude S. Bur-
lingham. )
3 herbarium specimens from Canada. (Given by Brother Louis Arsene. )
520 specimens from Egypt. (By exchange with the Botanical Garden, Zurich,
Swit2erland. )
300 specimens ** Plantae Mexicanae." (Collected by Mr. C. G. Pringle.)
10 museum specimens of fossil Kauri, Copal, and Dammar. (Given by Messrs. G.
W. Patterson & Company. )
2 specimens of mosses from Massachusetts. (Given by Miss Cora H. Clarke.)
25 specimens, ** Ustilagineae'* Fascicle 8. (Distributed by H. and P. Sydow. )
4 specimens of Pinus from Miami, Florida. (By exchange with the Subtropical
Laboratory, Miami, Fla.)
1,667 specimens from the Philippines. (By exchange with the Bureau of Science,
Manila. )
1,854 specimens from Colombia. (Collected by Consul Lehmann.)
49 specimens of lichens from Jamaica. (Collected by Professor Duncan S. John-
son.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
3 plants for nursery. (Given by Dr. A. Endy.)
I plant for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. ¥, Weinberg. )
88 plants from Panama for conservatories. (Purchased from Mr. Otto Munch.)
I plant for herbaceous garden. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
30 plants for nursery. (Given by Mrs. Dyer.)
9 plants for conservatories. ( By exchans^e with the U. S. National Museum,
through Dr. J. N. Rose. )
5 plants for nursery. (Given by Mr. O. E. Jennings.)
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4 plants for herbaceous garden. (Given by Mr. Quercus Shafer.)
1 plant for herbaceous garden. (Collected by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
49 plants derived from seed from various scources.
23 plants for herbaceous garden. (Collected by Mr. Norman Taylor.)
2 plants for herbaceous garden. (Given by Miss D. W. Marble.)
6 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Subtropical Laboratory, Miami,
Florida. )
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIII. August. 1907. No. 92.
A COLLECTION OF AMERICAN DESERT PLANTS.
In many parts of the world, wherever local conditions are such
as to result in a small precipitation, dry arid regions, known as
deserts, occur. In America there are many of these. One of
them extends from our own southwestern country down through
parts of Central America, including the vast region of Lower
California. Many of the islands of the Bahamas, as well as
many parts of the West Indies, are of this desert character. In
South America large desert areas occur on the western slopes of
the Andes.
It has been our aim in the past few years to bring together
here at the Garden as large a collection as possible of living
plants from these arid areas, especially from those of North
America. The result has been a collection of desert plants
second to none in the country — a collection especially rich in
the cactus and orpine families — and it is from this collection
that the plants have been selected which fill the large bed in the
court of the conservatories. These form only a portion of the
entire collection. Many other plants will be found in houses
no. 5 and 6 in the conservatories, and a large study collection is
grouped in the propagating houses. Many other desert plants
from other parts of the world may also be seen in the conserva-
tory houses referred to above. In the court of the conserva-
tories, however, only such plants are to be seen as have origi-
nated in the American deserts.
Deserts, or regions subject to long periods of drought and at
169
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the best having but a small rainfall, have a vegetation all their
own, and the plants which go to make this up are provided with
various means by which they can live through these long dry
spells. Plants as ordinarily constructed could not survive the
extreme conditions which the desert plant is called upon to meet.
The perpetuity of such species is insured in a number of ways.
In the first place, a great many of the desert plants are annuals,
that is, the plant dies, root and stem, after completing its life
cycle, depending for the continuance of its kind upon seeds,
which it usually makes in great abundance. These seeds lie
dormant in the ground until favorable seasons of moisture arrive,
when they germinate and make the desert look like a flower
garden. This method, of course, is not peculiar to desert plants,
but it is one means by which they are perpetuated.
It is, however, among the perennial plants, those which live
for several years, that the adaptive methods which make up the
characteristics of the desert plants and give to many of them their
odd and queer forms are most conspicuous. A glance at this
collection of plants in the conservatory court will show how
different from most plants they appear. Various methods are
resorted to in order to accomplish the same essential end, the
storage of nutriment and water to carry them over the drought.
Some have the stem much enlarged at the base, as in the hua-
riqui, Ibennllea Sonorae, of Sonora. A specimen of this queer
member of the watermelon family will be found in house no. 6
of the conservatories. These large bodies lie around in the desert
like large knots of wood, with apparently no life in them, but
when the rains come they start into growth and send up long
green stems which blossom and bear fruit. When the fruit is
mature, the stems die down and the plant assumes its dormant
condition until the next rainy season. In some cases, as in
certain cacti, tubers ' are made in the ground, which serve the
same purpose. In others, the stems and branches, or both, are
enlarged and fleshy, and serve as storage organs. This latter
condition is found largely in the cactus family. In the hedge-
hog cactus, Echinocactus, it is the stem that is greatly enlarged,
often forming globose or cylindric bodies, a foot or more through
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and several feet high. The capacity of such plants to store water
is often taken advantage of by the Indians who inhabit the region
where these plants grow. Selecting a large-sized specimen, the
thirsty Indian cuts off the top, macerates the pulp within, and
squeezes it and drinks the water which it contains. In other
plants of the cactus family the stems and branches are composed
of flat or cylindric joints, which serve the same purpose. This
is especially the case in the genus Optintia, to which the prickly
pears belong. Here the large flat joints are often referred to as
leaves. This is not true, however, the real leaves being usually
very small and inconspicuous. They are to be found on the young
shoots only and soon drop away. The stems and branches in
these plants act not only as storage organs but also perform the
functions of leaves.
In the century plants, which belong to the genus Agave ^ of
which many representatives will be found in the center of the bed,
the leaves become thick and fleshy and serve as storage organs.
This sometimes leads to the plant's own undoing, as man, taking
advantage of this storing capacity of the plant, deprives it of its
sap, which he manufactures into an intoxicating drink. This is
particularly true in Mexico, where century plants are very com-
mon ; several species are used by the Mexicans in the manufac-
ture of " pulque." Some of the century plants also yield a fiber
which is of great value. Sisal hemp, an exanyjle of this, is man-
ufactured from the fiber of the sisal plant. Agave rigida, which is
cultivated in many tropical regions for this purpose. In the
orpine family, also, it is the leaves which act as storage organs.
A number of species of Echeveria and related genera will be found
in the bed. In the genera Dasylirion and Beaucarnea it is the
much-enlarged base of the plant which acts as a storage organ.
In all of these plants which have a perennial stem, whether it
be the leaves or the stems which are of primary importance to the
plant, it will be noted that the epidermis, or outer layer, is so
constructed as to prevent the free transpiration of water, thus pro-
tecting the plant from the extreme evaporation which would
result in the hot sun of the desert — a drain which the plant
could not supply from its scanty water supply.
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The bed containing this collection of American desert plants is
fifty-nine feet long and eighteen feet six inches wide. It contains
about five hundred and sixty plants, representing seven families
and about two hundred species. The families are arranged as
follows : the amaryliis family, to which belong the century
plants and furcraeas, is confined mainly to the center of the bed,
the furcraeas running out to the border on the northern end. In
the center of the bed are a few of the tall columnar cactuses, rep-
resented by the genus Cereus, A group of these, as well as some
species of the genus Pilocereus, a closely related group, will be
found in the southwestern corner. Conspicuous among these are
the saguaro, Cereus giganteus, and the rare Cereus PringleL The
western side of the bed is devoted to a group of the prickly
pears, the genus Opuntia, in both the cylindric and flat-stemmed
types. In the northwestern corner are a number of plants of the
hedge-hog cactus, Echinocactus, already referred to. Here also
will be found plants of the turk's-head cactus, Melocactus, on two
of which will be found the dark-red spiny cap, which gives to the
plant its popular name. It is from this portion of the plant that
the flowers and fruits appear. On the eastern side of the bed are
the members of the orpine family. In the southeastern corner
are the members of the lily family, represented by the genera
Yucca, the Spanish bayonet, Dasylirion, Beaucarnea and Hesper-
aloe. Near by, in the southern end, will be found a single large
plant of the genus Fouquieria, which contains five or six species,
all American. A small specimen of the desert palm, Neowash-
ingtonia filifera^ also finds a place here. Two much larger spec-
imens of the same genus, Neowashingioftia robusta, will be found
in house no. 13, on the north side. The pine-apple family is
represented by a plant of the genus Dyckia,
George V. Nash.
AN OLD LOCUST POST.
Not far from the eastern boundary of the Garden there is a
neglected family burying-ground about one hundred and fifty
years old, formerly enclosed by a fence, the posts of which were
made of black locust. A single post about four inches thick
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and a yard high is all that now remains of the fence, ai^d this
doubtless owes its preservation to a wild black cherry tree with
a forked trunk which has grown from a seed dropped at its base
by a passing bird and has for some years enclosed the post and
effectually protected it from mechanical injury. This tree is now
fifteen feet in circumference at the base and the larger fork is
nearly three feet thick, indicating an age of from sixty to a hun-
dred years. During all these years the post has been exposed
to the elements, but is still fairly well preserved and will probably
last for many years to come.
The black locust, Robinia Pseudacacia L., grows naturally from
Georgia north to Pennsylvania and west to Iowa, and has been
extensively planted and naturalized far beyond its original bound-
aries. It is abundant about New York City, some of the trees
being very old. Early in the seventeenth century it was intro-
duced into Paris by Jean Robin, herbalist of the King, from seeds
gathered in Virginia ; and in 1636 Vespasien Robin planted a
single specimen of it in the Jardin du Roi, which is still alive.
In 1753 Linnaeus assigned to this tree the name Robinia^ in
honor of Jean Robin and his son.
There are four species of Robinia in the United States, three of
which are trees and one a shrub. They are all ornamental, being
cultivated for their foliage and flowers. Robinia Pseudacacia^ the
most abundant and best known species, has probably been planted
more extensively both in this country and in Europe than any other
North American tree. Its foliage is light and graceful, and its
conspicuous clusters of flowers, which appear in May and June,
are both showy and fragrant. Over thirty ornamental varieties
are known.
This species also furnishes an exceeding valuable wood, which
is hard, heavy, close-grained, and very durable. It is used for
posts, treenails, clubs, bows, fuel, the construction of houses,
shipbuilding, street-paving, etc. The durability of its wood is
remarkable. The post mentioned above is a proof of this, and
many other similar cases might be cited. It is said on good au-
thority that the locust posts used by the early Virginia colonists
in the construction of their first rude huts were still standing in
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a fair degree of preservation a hundred years after they were
placed irf the ground.
As a shade tree, the black locust is successfully cultivated on
the streets of Paris, where the top is kept small and spherical
and the branches thickly clustered ; in this country, however, it
cannot be recommended for shade. It is a rapid grower, hardy,
easily propagated and transplanted, and does well in poor soil ;
but is angular and scraggly in form, with brittle branches, short- .
lived foliage, unsightly pods, and troublesome sprouting roots ;
and, moreover, it is often seriously attacked by insects and fun-
gous pests.
The chief enemy of the locust is the locust borer, .Cyllene
Robiniae Forster. This insect riddles the trunk and not only \
kills the tree but renders the wood unfit for use except for fuel.
Another enemy of the black locust is a bracket-fungus, Pyro-
polyporus Robiniae Murrill, the large brown fruit-bodies of which
may often be seen in great numbers on the trunks of old locust
trees throughout the southern states and as far north as Con-
necticut. Several insects and fungi attack the foliage of the
locust, but the damage they do is usually insignificant compared
with that done by the borer and the bracket-fungus mentioned.
W. A. Murrill.
SOME LITTLE KNOWN EDIBLE NATIVE FRUITS
OF THE UNITED STATES.*
There is probably no other center of population in the world
where the variety and abundance of fruit is so great as in New
York, nor where the supply represents such an elaborate series of
systems of production, transportation, storage, and wondrous hor-
ticultural arts by which our new varieties are originated and de-
veloped. Our citizens may be regarded as epicures in these
products. Not only have we at all seasons a liberal variety of
fruits to select from, but we have learned to be content with noth-
ing less than the choicest varieties of each.
It is somewhat difficult for such people to even imagine con-
ditions which are easily recalled by those of us who are able to
* From a lecture delivered at the New York Botanical GardeD, June x, 1907.
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look back to a childhood of half a century or so ago, when many
of our staple fruits were absolutely unknown in the markets, and
when the varieties of those then staple were few and so poor that
the best of them would now scarcely find a sale. There were
seasons when such common things as apples, oranges and lemons
were absolutely unobtainable. The banana came occasionally,
to the extent of a few bunches, and might be had at the rate of
ten or fifteen cents each, and its tropical associates, now so com-
mon, were known only through the accounts of travellers. Many
of our present small fruits were either known only in the wild
state, or were cultivated merely for a domestic supply. There
was no regular trade in them, though the accidental surplus was
often marketed, yet as often allowed to go to waste. When we
endeavor to picture these conditions to our pampered children,
we find it like trying to picture hunger and thirst to one who
never experienced them.
It is almost equally difficult for us to realize the relatively
worse conditions which faced our early settlers and constituted
the status naturae of the aborigines. They knew practically noth-
ing of improvements under cultivation, and but little of preserv-
ing methods, yet they depended upon the fruit supply, not for
their luxuries merely, but to eke out the quantity of food neces-
sary for actual existence. We can, however, readily understand
that it would be necessary for a people so circumstanced to eat
many things which we would, at first thought, regard as unfit for
human food. It is of this class of fruits, particularly, that I wish to
speak to-day. The subject is perhaps of more than mere histor-
ical interest. Some of these fruits have been pronounced by ex-
pert and learned judges to be worthy of a place among our
modern supplies, and amenable to great improvement by modem
methods of treatment.
We shall first consider a group' of fruits of a peculiarly acid
character, giving them a semi-medicinal value as antiscorbutics
or correctives in addition to that of ordinary fruits. The type of
this class is the cranberry, the cultivation of which, scarcely
known in my boyhood, is now one of our important agricultural
industries. The small cranberry (Oxy coccus Oxycoccus) is but
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little known in this locality, being a plant of northern bogs.
The slender stems run through the sphagnunm, and the berries,
about half as large as those of the cultivated species, lie, usually
singly, partly concealed in the moss. These berries are largely
collected by the Indians, and are marketed by them in many
northern towns. They are very sour, but are preferred by some
persons to the common cranberry.
Two fruits are commonly known as *' mountain cranberry,"
one in the southern Alleghenies, the other in nearly all far nor-
thern localities and southward in high mountains. Both grow
on small erect shrubs instead of on creeping stems like our cran-
berries. The former is, however, classed as a cranberry ((?.
erythrocarpus). Small is probably correct in maintaining it as a
distinct genus, under the name Hugeria. Its fruit is small, red
to purple, and sour, and is not largely eaten. The other is the
well-known mountain cranberry of Europe {Vaccinium Vitis-
Idaed), It is very largely used, and is a commercial article. It
is classed with the blueberries. Its fruits resemble those of the
smaller cranberry in size, but are of a deeper red. When fresh
they are slightly bitter, but lose this flavor when properly cooked.
Although the discussion of such well-known fruits as blue-
berries and huckleberries is out of place in this lecture, two
members of the group call for special mention. Every berry-
gatherer is familiar with a fruit known to country-people as
"poison huckleberry," or "green huckleberry." In the books
it is mostly called deerberry. We used to know the plant as
Vaccinium stamineiim, but it is now quite properly kept apart
from that genus as a Polycodium. Contrary to popular belief,
there is nothing poisonous about these fruits, which were very
generally used by the aborigines. They are not palatable like
the blueberry, being sour and slightly bitter, but may be cooked
like the mountain cranberry. The other is the so-called
southern or mountain gooseberry, of the southern Alleghenies.
It is described as especially valuable for cooking and more ought
to be known concerning it. Even its botanical identity is in
question, though it is probably Polycodium tnelanocarpum.
The two remaining fruits of the cranberry group are not even
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t
distantly related botanically with the preceding species. The
high bush cranberry ( Vidi/rnum Opulus) is a close relative of the
black haw or nannyberry ( V, prumfolium and V, Lentago). The
latter are also sometimes eaten, but are dry, of weak flavor, and
palatable only after the action of severe frosts ; while the former,
the cultivated form of which is our snow-ball shrub, is juicy and
acid, and a fair substitute for the cranberry. It inhabits the
northern part of the north temperate zone, the world around.
Not only was it an article of the aboriginal cuisine but it is still
eaten by country-people in northern North America and even
gets occasionally into their markets. The fruit of V, alnifolium
is of very similar appearance but I cannot be certain that it is
eaten.
To our ancestors the barberry was the ante-type of our present
cranberry, being largely cultivated for its fruit, strongly acid, and
of a peculiar flavor, which the cranberry, good as it is, cannot
approach. It is probably due to its smaller size and "seedy"
character that its use has been so largely abandoned. Neverthe-
less it has not yet altogether lost caste. Only very recently an
old-fashioned friend has informed me that she never fails to
procure a supply of this fruit for making a winter preserve that
she and her favored acquaintances regard as unequalled.
Very similar to the cranberries, in nature and value, were the
native crabapples of this country. The cultivated crabs, though
sour enough in the unripe state, have had their acidity much
mitigated by cultivation. In their natural condition they were
extremely acid, but were stewed and used, not only by the
Indians but by generations of settlers, as we use cranberries and
pie-plant, as much for their wholesomeness as for their pala-
tability . One of the most valuable properties of this fruit was its
permanence after being cooked when unripe, without the addi-
tion of sugar. In the northern parts of our southern states these
trees were very abundant, often forming dense thickets, like
the wild plum. Four native species of this genus (Mains) are
recognized.
In the arid regions of the west and especially in the far north-
west, a substitute for the crabapple is found in the large fruits of
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some species of rose, notably R, Nutkaensis. These fruits are far
less acid and more sugary than the crabs, and the " apple " sauce
and pies made from them are of the utmost importance to the
Alaskans. It is a long step, both botanically and geographically
from these to the "apple pies" of the far southwest, made from
the Mexican banana, the fruit of the Spanish bayonet {Yucca
baccaia), a plant of the lily family. It is not difficult for any of
you to picture this plant in your imagination. Think of the
common Yucca of our gardens twice enlarged and much stouter,
with leaves ending in spines so stout and sharp that a falling
horseman may be impaled upon them, and bearing upon its flower
stalk several fruits much resembling in form a stout banana.
Between the inner seed capsule and the skin there is a pulp from
a quarter to a half inch thick which, when sliced off, may be
made into a pie resembling an apple pie of rather weak flavor.
Not all of the fruits used under the name crabapple pertain to
the genus Malus, The thorn-apple, produced by the enormous
genus Crataegus, has probably been much more largely used than
is known. These fruits are very inferior to the crabs, being dry
and of a weak flavor, with a slightly mucilaginous consistency.
Nevertheless, the best of them occasionally find their way into
the market, and several species have been considerably improved
by cultivation. One species is the commonly cultivated *' crab-
apple" of the city of Mexico and its environs.
The gooseberries and currants, of similar nature to the fruits
already considered, can scarcely be classed as little known, yet
it will surprise most persons to learn that we have some sixty
species of these plants growing wild in the United States, and that
in many localities they occur in masses, producing large quanti-
ties of delicious fruit. Of the currants, probably the most used
sort is the yellow-flowered, tall species, eight to twelve feet high
{Ribes tenuifloruni), of the southwest. Its fruit is said to be equal to
the currants of cultivation. In the northwest occurs a species that
produces heavy fruit-racemes six inches or more in length. Of
gooseberries, we have two series, one with smooth, the other with
prickly fruit. In general, the latter are of richer flavor and would
be preferred but for their forbidding exterior and their very thick
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skins. Like the currants, they are of various shades of green,
yellow and red. It may be remarked that several species of the
Rocky Mountains (^R. cereum, R, inebrians, etc.) are narcotic
poisons.
One of the least known, yet, to the taste of the speaker at least,
one of the most delicious of our native small fruits, is the Buffalo
berry {Lepargyraea argentea). The plant, in many parts of the
northwest, and fortunately in partially arid regions, covers square
miles of ground, to the exclusion of most else. It produces its
one-seeded oblong berries, as large as huckleberries, greenish or
pinkish with purple blotches, in the densest profusion. The
Indians spread skins beneath the bushes and shake the fruits off"
by the bushel. During the season they almost live upon them,
and they dry great quantities for winter use. The flesh is juicy,
sweet and acid, and its flavor may be compared with that of a
rich and sweet lemonade. They are prepared in many ways,
some of which involve the crushing up of the seed with the pulp.
The seed is soft, of not unpleasant flavor, and apparently fatty and
nutritious. There are many species of this genus in the northern
hemisphere, and a number, even of those cultivated as orna-
mental shrubs, are delicious. They exhibit a considerable va-
riety of acidity, sweetness and flavor. A related and similar,
though larger, fruit is the silverberry {Eleagnus argentea), which
extends farther north.
Closely related to the crabapples and thorn-apples, but of to-
tally different character from any of the fruits so far considered,
are the service-berries, also called June-berries, sugar-berries,
shad- berries, and by various other local names. They pertain
to the genus Amelanchier, now recognized as containing about
twenty species. These fruits have the structure of the apple and
pear, but the core is thin and soft, so that the entire fruit can be
eaten, like a blueberry. The specific determinations of these
plants are so obscure that one hesitates to use their botanical
names. The one most largely used is the Canadian service -berry
{Afnelanchier Canadensis and probably one or more closely related
species). It is a large shrub, and often becomes a small tree.
Its fruits are eaten in almost every conceivable form. One of their
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most important uses is that of being pounded up with chopped
meat and the mass frozen for winter use, the ** Pemmican " of the
Canadians. In the northwest occurs a similar group (A, alnifolius,
A, Cusickii, etc.), regarded as the best and most important fruit of
the region. The Canadian Amelanchier is common about New
York, where it is known as shad-bush, but it rarely fruits so far
south. We have, however, several small shrubby species, like
blue-berries, which produce delicious sugary black fruits.
Of our blackberries, raspberries, grapes and plums, I shall not
speak, since all are well-known and have contributed important
cultivated forms, but there are some important facts concerning
aboriginal uses of our native cherries which are not generally
known. It may be mentioned in passing that the wild red cherry
{Prunus Pennsylvanicd) so very abundant everywhere to the
northward, is far from worthless when well-grown and perfectly
ripe. It is rather sour, but yet contains much sugar and is de-
cidedly rich in flavor. Its chief defect is the small amount of
flesh in comparison with the large stones. Our common wild
black cherry {Primus serotina^ but more appropriately separated
in the genus Padus) has well-known uses in wine making. It is
represented in the arid western regions by others with larger fruits,
but these consist almost wholly of the large stone, the flesh
being so slight in amount and of such poor quality that their use
on its account is out of the question. These fruits are largely used
by the Indians for the sake of the seeds contained within the
stones. To understand this subject, we must recall well-known
facts regarding our sweet and bitter almonds. The former is well
regarded as one of the most nutritious, wholesome and delicious
of our table delicacies. The latter possesses the same constitu-
ents, but associates with them substances which, as soon as
brought into contact with water, develop prussic acid, not only
poisonous, but intensely bitter. The cherries are close relatives
of the almond, and agree with the bitter almond in these partic-
ulars. The western Indians have learned that water will re-
move the objectionable substances and leave a very useful food
substance ; so they pound up these fruits in great quantity,
pulp and seeds together, and subject them to an ingenious
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leaching process, forming the residue into durable cakes for use
in time of need.
A far more important cake-making fruit is what might be ap-
propriately called the black checkerberry or wintergreen of the
northwest. The limited use of our common red checkerberry
{Gault/uria procumbens) in the northeast is well-known, the fruit
even finding its way, in small quantity, into the New York
market. The use of these fruits is very healthful, and mixed
with sugar, or even eaten plain, they are quite palatable ; yet
they are dry and rather insipid. The black one {G. Shallon), on
the contrary, is sweet, somewhat juicy and of excellent mild
flavor. It grows on the northern Pacific coast and adjacent
islands, on a bush three or four feet high. These shrubs cover
large areas, as do our huckleberry bushes, and produce their
fruit in great profusion. It is a staple article of food with the
Indians during its season, and the cakes made by pounding it up
constitute in some sections almost the sole vegetable food of the
winter season. Related to these fruits, and of similar flavor to
that of our checker-berry, is the little white teaberry {Chiogenes
hispidula) of northern regions. It grows on a creeping, matted
plant, amidst the moss. The fruit is unimportant, yet constitutes
an item in the aboriginal bill of fare. The same may be said of
the little partridge berry {Mitchelld), the special value of which
consists in the fact that it can be collected in early spring, upon
the melting of the snow. Even the fruit of the little Moneses or
one-flowered pyrola, is collected by these hard-pressed natives.
This is known to us as a very rare and beautiful little bog-plant,
but far to the northward it grows freely among the wet sphag-
nums, and yields sufficient fruit to be worthy of collection.
In the same class of products belongs the little bunch-berry
{Cornus Canadensis), which can be collected in great quantity in
all our northern districts, where the plants grow in great beds.
The fruit is a dry, mucilaginous and weakly-flavored drupe, but
is not devoid of nutriment.
Let us pass from the consideration of these very small and
relatively unimportant fruits to two very large ones, the largest
of our wild edible fruits. Their very similar names, papaw and
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paw-paw, have caused them to be not a little confused in the
popular mind. The papaw {Carica Papaya) is a distinctly trop-
ical fruit, but has been introduced into southern Florida, where
it makes a scanty growth and produces fruit of fair quality. It
is a peculiar soft-wooded tree, bearing at the summit an umbrella-
shaped crown of huge leaves. At two or three years of age it
begins to fruit, and thenceforward produces fruit freely during
its life, of from seven to ten years. The fruit has the form and
size of a musk-melon, though somewhat pointed. Its pulp is
similar and the cavity is thickly covered with rounded black
seeds resembling swan shot. The pulp is of peculiar flavor and
one must learn to like it, but it is sweet and agreeable. It might
be compared in flavor and consistency to an over-ripe and in-
ferior musk-melon. Its great value lies in its high percentage of
nutriment and in its power to aid in the digestion of other food
eaten with it. When unripe it is irritant and even somewhat
poisonous, owing to its milky juice.
The paw-paw is probably to be considered as our richest and
most delicious native fruit. Indeed, people are not wanting who
esteem it the most delicious of all fruits produced in this country.
It is a close relative of the sour-sop, sweet-sop, custard-apple
and chirimoya, queen of American tropical fruits. The small
tree is abundant in the southern United States, from Arkansas
east, and produces its fruits in late summer. Those who know
them best say that they should not be eaten until dead-ripe and
touched by frost. The fruit resembles a small short and stout
banana, but is one-sided and slightly curved. Its seeds, as large
as marbles, make bulging points upon its outline, and between
them lies the rich, creamy, deliciously sweet pulp. It passes in
ripening through the same color changes as a yellow banana. It
is common in western and southern markets, and there is a no more
needed and promising field for experimentation in horticulture
than this remarkable fruit offers.
The fruits thus far considered are mostly of very considerable
importance, and not very ** little-known." Let us now pass on
to consider some which are rather in the nature of curiosities to
us, yet important products to those whose general supplies are
scanty and poor.
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The shallon, which I have described as a very important small
fruit of the northwestern tribes, is represented southward by a
most distinctly related one, of very inferior quality, yet consider-
ably used for the simple reason that little else is offered over
most of the districts where it grows. It is the manzanita (mean-
ing little apple), produced by several species oi Arctostophylos,
especially by A, pungens. They are very interesting and beauti-
ful shrubs, with pale-green or glaucous evergreen leaves and
terminal clusters of reddish-yellow fruits. The latter are apple-
shaped, but scarcely exceed a half inch in breadth, and are usually
more or less grooved from base to summit. They are rather dry
and sour, and quite astringent, but cooking renders them suffi-
ciently palatable to the Indian. They are also pounded up with
other substances to form cakes for preserving.
The apple family itself supplies a similarly used fruit, the Cali-
fornia holly {Heteronieles arbutifolia), in southern California and
adjacent Mexico. It is closely related to our mountain ash
{Sorbus), and is a very handsome plant. The shrubs grow thickly
and exhibit dense masses of dark and glossy foliage, against
which lie the large clusters of rich crimson fruit. The latter is
not very astringent, but bitterish, and it would be difficult for
any of us to class it as edible, yet its use is not unimportant to
those impoverished people. The closely related choke-berry or
choke-pear {Aronia arbutifolid) performs a very similar role for
the eastern tribes. This small and more slender erect shrub is
everywhere common along the Atlantic and very abundant in
many sandy salt-marshes, and all berry-pickers are familiar
with it. The fruits are of a rich glossy purple-black and much
resemble our large black huckleberry. They look very tempting,
but are found to be flat and puckery in taste.
The very puckery properties of the unripe persimmon, and its
sweet and edible properties when thoroughly ripe, are too well-
known to require more than mention, but reference may be made
to the extensive use of another very astringent fruit, the sumac-
berry, produced by various species of Rhus. Its use for the
preparation of an acid, refrigerant drink, when nothing else is
obtainable for the purpose, has been handed down to the present
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day. The Indians also pound it up into cakes, for use as a
food. It is not unlikely that the nutrition of the contained seeds
has much to do with this use.
An even stranger fact is the use by the northern Indians of
cakes made by pounding up soap-berry (Sapindus), This fruit,
as large as a marble, consists of a thin, translucent, gummy,
wrinkled pericarp, of red or orange color, loosely enclosing a
single large hard seed. The pulp is not only acrid, soapy and un-
palatable, but contains considerable saponin, a distinctly poisonous
constituent, and one can but wonder at its use. Quite a number
of vegetable substances containing saponin are used as Indian
foods, but always after some leaching process for the removal
of this constituent.
A fruit that reminds us much of the soap-berry in its appear-
ance is the saw-palmetto of our southeastern coast region, where
it is produced in prodigious quantity. Its properties are, how-
ever, very different. Although it leaves an acrid taste after free
eating, it is sugary and nutritious. It is used in large quantities
for fattening hogs and chickens, and it was formerly eaten to a
considerable extent by the natives.
A northern visitor to our south Atlantic resorts looks with
curiosity upon the use of the fruits of the passion-flower, known
as may-pops, but people from the tropics are familiar with the use
of a number of related species, some of almost sickish sweetness,
others as acid as the lemon. This fruit is elliptical and as large
as an ^^%^ It has a crustaceous rind, like a mock-orange gourd,
which, when stepped upon, emits a popping sound, whence the
common name. The interior is a mass of translucent, slippery
pulp, clinging tenaciously to a large number of small seeds. It
is commonly eaten by swallowing the mass entire, like an oyster.
Unfortunate is the modern lover of fruits who has not access
to a supply of our native eastern black mulberry {Marus rubra\
one of the most highly esteemed, and justly so, of aboriginal
fruits. This tree, when well grown in an open space, is widely
spreading and thickly clothed with large leaves, making it an
admirable shade tree. In early July it is loaded with deep
purple-black fruits nearly an inch in length and about as thick
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as the little finger, full of rich purple juice, and so tender and
soft as to be scarcely marketable. They are highly esteemed
by most persons, though of too heavy a flavor for some. The
European mulberry, much cultivated, is not to be compared
with this. South westward we have several smaller, less juicy,
and in every way inferior species.
A group of fruits not nearly as well known as they should be
are those produced by many of our southwestern Cactaceae,
Some of these are very small, no larger than the sharpened end
of a lead pencil, and of similar form. It is probably for this
reason that they are not better known, for some of them are
really excellent. Many, even among those of larger size, are sour,
slimy or "flat," and would not commend themselves to the
civilized taste ; but a few are large, well-flavored and highly
nutritious, and are not only among the most important of Indian
foods, but have been highly valued by all travelers who have
become familiar with them. The most important of them is the
pitahaya of the Apaches, produced by a large columnar cactus,
Cereus Thurberi, of Arizona and northern Mexico. The fruit is
of the form and size of an orange, green externally, containing
a rich crimson-scarlet pulp with innumerable small, imbedded
seeds. This pulp is sugary, juicy, rich and well-flavored and
is the cream of Indian existence during the late summer, when
they subsist almost entirely upon it. While the pulp is the
flavored portion, the seeds are more important, owing to their
highly nutritive qualities. This fruit is cooked and preserved in
many ways, and from it are made both syrup and alcoholic bev-
erages. The famous giant cactus of Arizona {C.giganteus) pro-
duces the saguaro, a fruit similarly used. It is elliptical in form,
and the pulp is of a deeper crimson. The facts stated suggest
the use of the fruits of the common prickly pear cactus of the
Atlantic coast. These small, yellowish, shriveled fruits, about
as large as plums, are rather dry, mucilaginous and insipid, ex-
cept for their mild acidity, and we do not find them palatable.
Nevertheless, history records their use, by both aborigines and
settlers. They were usually stewed and strained into a mass
much resembling apple-sauce.
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188
A fruit much more agreeable to the civilized palate, though of
a peculiar flavor that is as objectionable to some as it is esteemed
by others, is the ground-cherry, husk-tomato, or cherry-tomato,
produced by various species of Physalis^ in the tomato family.
There is a wide variation in sweetness and flavor among the
several species. The best is produced by the very sticky plant
that we know botanically as P, viscosa. The plant grows in sandy
soil near the coast, rarely reaching a foot in height, but spread-
ing out to twice that breadth. It bears an ovoid, pointed husk an
inch or more long, inside of which is a yellow, sticky, sweet berry.
It is ripe in the late blackberrying season, when it is much sought
by children, and is relished by adults. It reminds us slightly in
its flavor of the much larger berry of the mandrake, or may-
apple, a rather well-known fruit also often eaten, though scarcely
to be called good.
The elderberries are also fruits of a peculiar strong flavor,
objectionable to many people. Their use for making wine is
very familiar, and this wine is a very superior article. Their use
in pie-making is also quite well known, but their former very ex-
tensive use as a food among the savages is a historical fact
not commonly recognized. There are quite a number of species
in America, black, red and even blue in color, and all seem to
have been employed. A fact more difficult for us to realize is
the use, apparently never extensive, of the wax-berries {Sym-
phoricarpos), and the fruits of various species of honeysuckle,
both reputed as somewhat poisonous.
My lecture should include an account of a number of interest-
ing semi-tropical fruits growing along our southern borders, from
Texas eastward, including the sea-grape {Coccolohd), the cocoa-
plum {Chrysobalanus), the downward plum (Bumelid), and fruits
of the genera Condalia, Zizyphus, Forestiera, Cardia, Ehrectia
and Celtis, The qualities and uses of most of these fruits are,
however, very little known as yet and I will content myself with
having exhibited these pictures and made reference to them.
H. H. RusBY.
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189
THE ECONOMIC GARDEN.
In the May Journal reference was made to the new Economic
Garden then in process of installation. Since that time much has
been done in the development of this feature. Many of the more
common economic plants are now represented, and the collection
has been labeled. Each bed is furnished with a large sign indicat-
ing the general nature of the contents, and each plant in the bed
is supplied with a smaller individual label giving useful informa-
tion in regard to that particular plant.
Through the center of the tract devoted to this garden is a
broad aisle of sod about thirty-two feet wide, at the southern end
of which is a pool ; from this pool flows a narrow brook running
the length of the valley to the southern end of the Herbaceous
Grounds, with several widenings here and there in the shape of
small pools.
To the east of this aisle are the beds containing the plants from
which are derived fibers, medicines, condiments and relishes.
The bed containing the fibers is the most southern one, and is
not far distant from the pool referred to above. Here will be
found some of the plants which furnish important fibers, such as
cotton, linen, ramie, and jute. Following this are several beds
devoted to medicinal plants. In these will be found, among
others : foxglove and aconite, both valuable remedies in heart
troubles ; rhubarb ; belladonna ; licorice ; tobacco ; dulcamara ;
castor-oil plants, from the seeds of which is extracted the well-
known castor-oil ; coltsfoot ; wormwood, which is used in the
manufacture of absinthe; horehound ; stramonium, with its poi-
sonous leaves and seeds, which is known under a variety of com-
mon names, such as devil's apple, mad apple, apple of Peru,
devil's trumpet, and Jamestown weed, from which last has arisen
the corruption Jimson weed ; catnip ; pennyroyal, from the leaves
and flower- tops of which is obtained the oil of pennyroyal ; tansy;
eupatorium, or boneset ; valerian ; and conium, or poison
hemlock.
Among the shrubs lining the woodland border will be found a
number of medicinal plants familiar to many. Among these are :
Hamamelis Virginiana, from which is obtained the common and
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191
popular remedy known as witch hazel or Pond's extract ; prickly
ash, Xanthoxylufu Americanutn^ also known as the toothache-tree
and Angelica-tree; Rhamnus Frangula ; ceanothus, belonging
to the same family as the Rhamnus, and sometimes known as
New Jersey tea and red-root ; hydrangea ; and the shrubby
yellow-root. Along the brook referred to above will be found
additional medicinal plants, such as sweet flag and magnolia,
placed there on account of the moisture which they require.
At the extreme northern end of the series is a bed devoted to
condiments and relishes. Here will be found such old and well-
known plants as lovage, fennel, lavender, thyme, sage, spearmint,
nasturtium, mustard, horse-radish, anise, marjoram, savory,
balm, and caraway. In the brook will be found the common
water cress, Roripa Nasturtium,
To the west of the grass aisle are the food plants. Here are
plants which furnish some of our most well-known foods. These
have been grouped according to the part of the plant which is
used. Three of the beds are devoted to such plants as furnish roots,
tubers, corms or bulbs for food, or, in general, those in which the
underground parts are used. Among these may be mentioned the
potato, onion, leek, yam, oyster-plant, beet, carrot, radish, tur-
nip, parsnip, sweet potato, and Jerusalem artichoke. To plants
in which the stems or leaf-stalks are used a single bed is allotted.
Here will be found such common food plants as asparagus,
celery, rhubarb, kohl-rabi, and sea kale. The leaves of many
plants are used for food ; to such plants two beds are devoted.
Some of the commonest vegetables belong here, such as cabbage,
kale, Brussels sprouts, parsley, lettuce, spinach, dandelion, and
chicory. A small bed \s devoted to such plants as furnish edible
flowers, represented here by broccoli, globe-artichoke, and cauli-
flower. To such plants as produce fruits, eleven beds are allotted.
Here many of our commonest foods will be found, such as the
egg-plant, tomato, okra or gumbo, peppers, squash, pumpkin,
cucumber, muskmelon, citron, and watermelon. Some of these,
as for example the tomato and egg-plant, may not be popularly
known as fruits, but they are strictly so, for a fruit is a product
derived directly by growth from the flower. These are usually
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192
classed among the vegetables, a term of broader scope than the
term fruit.
To grains and seeds are given four beds. Some of the common
cereals are planted here, including wheat, rye, and barley.
Among other well-known plants in which the seeds are used for
food are buckwheat, beans, lentils, peas, sweet corn, pop com,
and peanuts. To fodder plants, in which the herbage is used,
are given two beds. Here will be found such well-known plants
as white clover, red clover, crimson clover, alfalfa, spring vetch,
winter vetch, timothy, red-top, Kentucky blue grass, and field
corn.
In the collection of shrubs between the beds and the westerly
path are a number of plants which produce foods of various kinds.
Here will be found, among the nuts, the chinquapin, the filbert
and the American hazel-nut. Among the berries will be found
the currant, both red and white, the huckleberry, and the blue-
berry. There are other kinds of fruits which are popularly called
berries, but which are not. To this class belong the strawberry,
the blackberry, and the raspberry, all of which are represented
here. A fruit of this kind is known as a compound fruit, for it is
made up of several smaller fruits, each the product of a developed
ovary in the flower. In the strawberry it is the receptacle on
which these ovaries are placed which enlarges and furnishes the
luscious flesh of that fruit, the seeds appearing as the small yel-
lowish objects on or near the surface. In the blackberry each
of these seeds is enclosed in a juicy covering, a collection of these
forming the so-called berry. The receptacle in the best black-
berries is also enlarged, so that there are two elements of food in
such fruits. In the raspberry, as is well known, the receptacle
remains on the bush when the fruit is picked, so that only the
seeds surrounded by the juicy coverings are used.
Some of the food plants will be found along the brook. The
taro, Colocasia esculenta^ is one of these. It is a member of the
family to which our common jack-in-the-pulpit belongs, and like
it has a corm. It is this part which is edible and is used in trop-
ical regions, including the West Indies, very much as the potato
is used in temperate regions. Rice, Oryza sativa^ will be found
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193
growing in the small pool referred to above. This is largely
grown in our own southern states, and also in immense quantities
in Asiatic countries, where it is the staple article of food. Near
this is a clump of the wild or Indian rice, a native of North
America. It grows in swamps, and in some places covers large
areas. It is of frequent occurrence on the Hackensack marshes
in the neighborhood of New York City, and in other places of
similar nature. It was largely used by the Indians for food.
There are at present in the Economic Garden thirty-one beds.
In these, and along the brook and in the shrub borders, are con-
tained about two hundred and thirty different kinds of economic
plants, classified as follows : food plants, one hundred and forty ;
fibers, six ; medicinal, sixty-five ; condiments and relishes,
eighteen. George V. Nash.
REPORT OF LECTURES ON THE PRESERVATION
OF WILD FLOWERS.
New Brighton, New York City,
August 2, 1907.
Dr. N. L. Britton,
Director 'in-chief^ New York Botanical Garden,
Dear Sir: Upon receipt of your letter of May 9 last, authoriz-
ing a grant to me of ^200 from the Stokes' Fund to be used in
defraying the expenses of a lecture tour in aid of the cause of
plant protection, I proceeded to New York, and, after making a
selection at the Garden of about fifty colored lantern slides from
the Van Brunt collection, continued to Summit, New Jersey,
from which place an invitation to lecture had been several times
extended me by Mrs. Georgiana K. Holmes, founder and secretary
of the Nature Study League. Bad weather and a local Board
of Trade dinner on May 10, the evening of the lecture, inter-
fered somewhat with the attendance, but the interest displayed
by the school children, many of whom spoke to me after the
lecture, was very gratifying.
On May 1 1, 1 went to Nantucket, where a day was spent walk-
ing about the island and observing the interesting flora of the
sandy prairies and scrub pine groves. The mayflower is here
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194
the most abundant of spring wild flowers, carpeting the moors on
the south side of the island and lending a rich, spicy fragrance to
the ocean breezes that sweep over these exposed tracts. It is
in less danger from picking than from the surface fires which are
of common occurrence in spring. These fires, kindled chiefly
through carelessness or accident, run rapidly over the dry vegeta-
tion of the moorlands, but fortunately do no lasting damage.
The later blooming wild flowers suffer more or less at the hands
of summer tourists, but I was glad to observe that the residents
of Nantucket as a whole are keenly alive to the importance of
preserving the natural beauties of the island, and carefully guard
the localities for many rare plants, especially the Scotch heather
and the two European heaths [Erica cinerea and E, tetralix^
which occur there. I lectured May 13 in the historic old
Unitarian church to a large and appreciative audience, every pos-
sible courtesy being extended by the pastor. Rev. Edward Day,
and by Principal B. D. May of the High school.
The following day I left for Boston, lecturing there in the
rooms of the Boston Society of Natural History under the au-
spices of the Society for the Protection of Native Plants by in-
vitation of its president. Professor Robert T. Jackson of Harvard
University. The talk there was rather in the nature of a com-
parison of the work of the two Societies, the relations between
which have always been of the most cordial nature. There
can be no doubt that the large population of Boston and its en-
virons has been greatly enlightened on the subject of plant pro-
tection by the many excellent leaflets distributed by our sister
organization.
I then went to Springfield, where several days were spent visit-
ing friends, resuming my tour May 22 with a lecture at Brattle-
boro, Vermont, in the Baptist church, under the auspices of the
Young People's Society. On May 23 I addressed a large audience
in the music hall at Woodstock, where the preliminary arrange-
ments had been kindly made by Mr. and Mrs. Franklin S.
Billings. On May 24 I spoke in St. Johnsbury in the attractive
Fairbanks Museum, whose curator, Miss Delia Griffin, is keenly
alive to the importance of plant protection, and is doing an ex-
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195
cellent work among the school children. May 25 I reached Bur-
lington, where Professor L. R. Jones of the University of Ver-
mont, one of our own members, had made all arrangements for
the lecture in the science hall of the university. The attendance
here was one of the largest that the .hall has contained, and
several new members were enrolled. I remained three days in
Burlington as the guest of Professor Jones, visiting points of
botanical interest, and on May 29, at the invitation of President
Brainerd, spoke in the chapel of Middlebury College at Middle-
bury, enjoying afterwards the privilege of inspecting his wonderful
violet garden.
May 30 I left for Ottawa, where I was hospitably received by
Mr. J. M. Macoun, of the Geological Survey, and entertained
that evening by the Ottawa Naturalists* Field Club, under whose
auspices the lecture was given the following evening in the
Normal School, with a large attendance. June i I spoke at the
University of Toronto, in Toronto, through the courtesy of Pro-
fessor R. Ramsay Wright, enrolling more new members for the
Wild Flower Preservation Society here than in any other place.
Indeed, my experience in Ottawa and Toronto indicates that the
people of Canada are fully as interested in this subject as those
of our own country, and suggests the advisability of an extended
tour among the smaller cities of Canada at some future time.
I had expected to lecture in Montreal, but owing to the dis-
asters by fire which McGill University has recently sustained, it
was thought advisable by Professor Pen hallow to defer it. My
tour came to an end June 6, when I spoke at the Murdock
school in Winchendon, Massachusetts, with a large attendance
of school children.
Although the total number of new members gained for the
Wild Flower Preservation Society is not, perhaps, as large as
might have been expected, I consider that the tour has been
highly successful from an educational point of view. The leaf-
lets printed by the Society and the linen posters issued by the
Garden have been widely distributed, and an effort has been
made in each locality to indicate the specific line of work that is
most required.
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196
It seems to me that we may already detect evidences of suc-
cess in our campaign for plant protection, and that we may look
forward to more important accomplishments in the future.
Respectfully submitted,
Charles Louis Pollard,
Secretary- Treasurer,
Wild Flower Preservation Society of America,
NOTES. NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton will sail for Jamaica August 24.
Professor F. S. Earle returned to Cuba August 10.
Mr. W. R. Maxon spent several days at the Garden during
July and August studying the fern collections.
Mr. Charles L. Pollard has recently been appointed Curator of
the Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences. He will be
located in the new Richmond Borough Building, to which the
collections belonging to the Association will shortly be moved.
Dr. H. H. Rusby, Curator of the Economic Collections, has
recently been appointed official expert in drug products to the
United States Government, his chief duties being to determine
whether or not importations are true to name and suitable for use
in medicinal preparations. Dr. Rusby has for nearly two years
occupied a similar position with the Department of Health of this
city, in which the drugs and medicines sold here were tested and
passed upon by him as to quality.
Among recent visitors at the Garden were Professor Douglas
H. Campbell, of Stanford University, California; Dr. H. N.
Whitford, of the Bureau of Forestry of the Philippine Islands ;
Dr. C. D. Howe, of the Biltmore School of Forestry, North
Carolina ; Dr. D. T. MacDougal, of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington ; Professor and Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell, of Boulder,
Colorado ; Dr. J. McK. Cattell, of New York ; Professor Duncan
S. Johnson, of the Johns Hopkins University; and Professor
William Bateson, of the University of Cambridge, England.
GooQle
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197
Mr. Samuel Henshaw, who served for some years as head
gardener of the New York Botanical Garden, died on Staten Island
on July 1 6. Mr. Henshaw was active in the preliminary work
of developing the Garden, and was employed in 1895 to oversee
the planting of a temporary nursery on the east side of the grounds
near the site of the present nursery, and in 1896 did the prelim-
inary planting of a portion of the border screen along the New
York Central and Hudson River Railroad near the station. He
was appointed head gardener in 1897 and served until the end
of 1900, at which time he resigned. He served on the Commis-
sion of six experts appointed by the Board of Managers on July
17, 1896, to prepare a general plan of development of the grounds,
this report having been submitted to the Board of Managers
November 30, 1896, and approved December 14, 1896. In
1 90 1 he was commissioned to proceed to the West Indies to
obtain specimens of living plants for the conservatories.
Meteorology for July, — The total precipitation recorded for
July was 1.66 inches. The heaviest rainfall (0.51 inch) oc-
curred on July 2. Maximum temperatures were recorded of
88° on the 2d ; and 93° on the 8th, i8th, and 25th ; also min-
imum temperatures of 55° on the 3d and 13th ; and 59® on the
2 1 St and 26th.
ACCESSIONS.
UBR.\RY ACCESSIONS FROM JUNE i TO AUGUST I.
Andrews, *H. C. The heathery ; or a monograph of the genus Erica, Ed. 2.
London, 1845. ^ ^^l^-
Comer E, Joseph. Les desmidiies de France, Paris, 190 1.
Daubeny, C. Essay on the trees and shrubs of the ancients, Oxford, 1865.
De Vries, Hugo. Plant breeding ; comments on the experiments of Nilsson and
Bar bank, Chicago, 1907.
Farlo W, W. G. On some impurities of drinking-water caused by vegetable growths.
Boston, 1880.
GAUrife, Albert. Les thiories et les applications nouvelles de la greffe, Paris,
1907-
Ham pel, W. Die moderne Teppich-gSrtnerei, Siebente Aufiage. Beriin, 1907.
HANDEL-MAZZErn, Heinrich Freiherr von. Monographic der Gattung Tar-
axacutn, Leipzig. 1907.
Johnson, Charles. British poisonous plants, London, 1856.
JoST, LUDWIG. Lectures on plant physiology. Authorized English translation by
R. J. Harvey Gibson. Oxford, 1907.
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198
Junk, Wilhelm. Carl v. Linni und seine Redeutung fUr dU Bibliographie.
Berlin, 1907.
Klebs, Georg. Ober kunstliche Met amor phosen. Stuttgart, 1 906.
Klocker, Alb. Fermentation organisms ; a laboratory handbook, tr. fiXHn the
German by G. £. Allan and J. H. Millar. London, 1903. (Deposited by the
Trustees of Columbia University. )
Knapp, F. H. Botanical chart of British flowering plants and ferns. Bath, 1 846.
Kraemer, Henry. Text-book of botany and pharmacognosy. Philadelphia,
1907. (Given by the Torrey Botanical Club.)
Laing, R. M., & Blackwell, E. W. Plants of New Zealand. Christcharch,
1906.
Loudon, Jane. The ladie^ floiver-garden of ornamental greenhouse plants.
London, 1848.
Maryland Geological Survey. Baltimore, 1907. 4 vols. (Given by Dr. Arthur
Hollick. )
Menzrl, p. Ober die Flora der Senftenberger Bi'aunkohlen-Ablagerungen. Ber-
lin, 1906. (Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick.)
MOLISCH, Hans. Die Purpurbakterien nach neuen Vntersuchungen. Jena,
1907.
MOl.LER, GUSTAV. Mikroskopisches und physiologisches Praktikum der Botanik
fur Lehrer. Leipzig, 1907.
Myrick, Herbert. Sugar : A netv and profitable industry in the United States.
New York, 1897. (By exchange with the Library of Congress. )
Newman, John B., ed. Illustrated botany. New York, 1846.
Schleidkn, M. J. Die Pflanu und ihr Leben. Sechste Auflage. Leipzig,
1864.
ScHWARZ, G. Frederick. The longleaf pine in virgin forest. New York,
1907.
Selby, Prideaux John. History of British forest trees. London, 1 842.
Smee, Alfred. The potatoe plants its uses and properties. New York, 1847.
Smith, John. Historia filicum; an exposition of the nature^ number^ and
organography of ferns. London, 1875.
Smithsonian Institution. Annual report of the board of regents of the Smith-
sonian Institution. Washington, 1854-93. 27 vols. (Given by the Smithsonian
Institution. )
Weismann, August. Ueber den Einfluss der Isolirun^ auf die Arthildung.
Leipzig, 1872. (Given by Dr. J. H. Bamhart.)
Wilbrand, J. B. Die natUrlichen Pflanzenf ami lien in ihren gegenseitigen Stel-
lungen.
Giessen, 1834. (Given by Dr. J. H. Bamhart.)
Zahn, Karl Hermann. Die Hieracien der Schweiz. Zilrich, 1906.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
20 specimens of ferns from Staten Island, New York. (Given by Dr. Philip
Dowell.)
100 specimens of fungi from the Philippine Islands. (Given by Mr. A. D. E.
Elmer.)
63 specimens of mosses from Japan. (By exchange with Mr. J. Cardot. )
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199
86 specimens of flowering plants from Cuba. (Given by Professor F. S. Earle.)
I specimen of Rhododendron catawbienese from eastern North Carolina. (Given
by Professor W. C. Coker. )
26 specimens of mosses from Jamaica. (Collected by Miss Clara £. Cummings.)
6 specimens of Hepaticae from Vermont. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.)
30 colored drawings of fungi. (Given by Mrs. F. S. Earle.)
50 specimens " Uredineen," fasc. 42 and 43. (Distributed by Drs. H. and P.
Sydow. )
360 specimens from Cuba. (Collected by Mr. W. R. Maxon. )
15 specimens of mosses from Jamaica. (Given by Professor D. S. Johnson.)
4 specimens of mosses from Costa Rica. (By exchange with Mr. J. Cardot.)
3 specimens of Femes roseus from Newton, New Jersey. (Collected by Dr. N. L.
Britton.)
6 specimens from the vicinity of Philadelphia. ( Given by Mr. S. S. Van Pelt. )
I specimen oi Phytophthora Phalictri, (Given by Mr. Guy West Wilson.)
228 specimens from California. (Collected by Mr. A. A. Heller.)
18 specimens of North American Peronosporales. (Given by Mr. Guy West
Wilson.)
60 specimens of mosses from Connecticut. ( By exchange with Mr. George E.
Nichols. )
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
17 plants for conservatory pools. ( Purchased. )
3 plants for conservatory. (Given by Mr. V. E. Rix. )
I plant for conservatory. (By exchange with United States National Museum,
through Dr. J. N. Rose. )
8 plants for conservatory. (Given by Miss Helen M. Gould.)
9 plants for conservatory. (Given by Mr. E. F. Cabada.)
27 plants for nursery. (Collected by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
I plant for nursery. (Given by Mr. P. H. Do well. )
84 plants derived from seed from various sources.
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/.:* VIEW IN THE NATURAL POND.
The margin is fringed with native plants, including the pickerel weed, elderberry, and asters.
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIII. September. 1907. No. 93.
AUTUMN LECTURES, 1907.
To be delivered in the lecture hall of the museum building of
the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock,
as follows :
Oct. 5. "The Salton Sea and its Effect on Vegetation," by
Dr. D. T. MacDougal.
Oct. 12. " Collecting Fungi in the Wilds of Maine,** by Dr.
W. A. MURRILL.
Oct. 19. "The Forms and Functions of Leaves,*' by Dr. C.
Stuart Gager.
Oct. 26. "The True Grasses and their Uses," by Mr.
George V. Nash.
Nov. 2. " The Giant Trees of California : Their Past His-
tory and Present Condition," by Dr. Arthur Hollick.
Nov. 9. "The Progress of the Development of the New
York Botanical Garden," by Dr. N. L. Britton.
Nov. 16. ^' Edible Roots of the United States," by Dr. H.
H. RUSBY.
The lectures will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise.
They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:33 train from
the Bronx Park railway station, arriving at Grand Central Station
at 6:02 P. M.
The Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of
the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botani-
cal Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the
201
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202
Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park. Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated
Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue.
WATER LILIES AND OTHER AQUATICS : THEIR
RELATION TO HORTICULTURE.*
Why is it that aquatic gardening is not more frequently resorted
to in landscape effects ? Is it the fear that it may involve too great
an expense, or that it may be difficult to secure plants for the
purpose? In this as in many other things you can spend money,
and plenty of it too, in developing a water garden, but beautiful
results may be obtained with a comparatively small outlay of
money, for many of the plants may be secured in the immediate
neighborhood, the only expenditure necessary being one of time
and patience. There are so many spots, now unsightly or adding
but little to the beauty of the surroundings, that could be so
vastly improved by even a little care in planting, that it seems
incredible that they should be allowed to remain as they are.
Many an old swamp or bog, or a pond or lake with unsightly
shores, may be turned from a dreary waste of weeds and tangle
into a thing of beauty, awaiting but the touch of the artistic hand
to effect this transformation. Here may be found many plants,
called weeds in their uncultivated condition, which, if but trans-
planted and given a chance, will respond quickly and well repay
the care and attention bestowed upon them. This is the height
of the horticulturist's art — to remove the enemies and unfavor-
able conditions, thus allowing each plant to tell its own story in
its own way and bring its message to mankind.
With the site in view, the question arises, how shall we develop
it into a water garden ? If the old swamp be near a wood, as
many of these old swamps are, the work is partly done for us,
for this wood will make a delightful background, giving dainty
modulations in green during the summer, and in the fall an ever-
changing scheme of autumn tints. The absence of a wood need
• From a lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden, May 18, 1907.
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203
not deter one, however, for much may be done in the planting of
the margin of the water garden to supply this want. The ques-
tion now arises, how shall we do this planting ?
In the first place, what kind of water garden do we want —
what kind of a water garden will lend itself to our surroundings ?
An old swamp or bog cannot be so developed without the ex-
penditure of a considerable sum, for it may be necessary to build
a dam to retain the waters of our spring-fed or brook-fed site, or
it may require considerable digging and dredging, so the finan-
cial element must obtrude at times, and cause us to pause in our
artistic impulses. If means are at hand, it is hard to imagine a
more delightful occupation than turning one of these old neg-
lected spots into a thing of beauty, and watching it develop day
by day, as it more nearly approaches the ideal. Perhaps a pond
is already at hand, and needs but a touch here and there to trans-
form it. In such a case the task is much easier, and the expense
involved comparatively light, for the purchase or transplanting of
plants is the main item. Where an old swamp or pond is not
available, an artificial pond may be made, and by properly locat-
ing this and exercising care in its planting, beautiful and natural
effects may be secured. Or if only a small yard or lot is at one's
disposal, let him not despair, for his love for aquatics may be in-
dulged, to a limited extent of course, by building an aquatic tank
of cement and brick ; but let it appear as such, for frank artifi-
ciality is much to be preferred to poorly imitated naturalness,
and in narrow quarters landscape effects are not natural. Even
half barrels may be used as receptacles for aquatic plants, if these
are sunk in the ground, and kept supplied with water.
Disregarding the smaller attempts at water gardening referred
to above, let us consider the development of the larger efforts.
In a well-arranged water garden there are two features which
must be borne in mind, the fringe or margin, or what we should
use as a frame for our completed picture, and the picture itself, or
water garden proper. The first of these is by no means an un-
important factor, for upon the proper selection of plants to com-
pose this frame much of the beauty of vista and harmony depends.
Here we may fail at the start, especially if the site selected re-
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204
Fig. 29. The old swamp as it was for years. The large tree on the right is a
weeping willow, shown in its summer attire on the left of the following picture. The
site of the dam is indicated by the old fence.
Fig. 30. The same swamp after its transformation, viewed from the opposite
direction. The dam may be noticed running out from the weeping willow on the
left.
GooQle
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quires the use of cement in forming the margins of our pond, tor
this well-defined artificial rim must be obliterated by the plant-
ing, if we hope for any but stifT and unnatural effects. We will
assume that the drudgery of forming our pond is over, and that
all is ready for the planting. Perhaps, if care has been exercised
in the preliminary operations, we already have a number of shrubs
on the edge of our pond ; at all events, this must be our first
consideration, for they are essential features in the scheme. It
will not be possible here to enumerate all the plants which may
be used in the making of a water garden, but some will be men-
tioned as suggestions for others. It is always well to bear in
mind that many of the plants of the immediate neighborhood
may be used to advantage for this purpose.
In the planting of the frame referred to above there is quite an
array of shrubs from which to select. The smooth alder {Alnus
rugosd) is one of these, with its mass of staminate aments borne in
tassel-like profusion in March or early April, more attractive at
that time from the lack of other signs of approaching summer.
The American elder {Sambucus canadensis)^ more commonly
known as the elder berry, deserves a place here for its profusion
of flowers in early summer, followed by the large masses of purple-
black fruit. Then the arrow- wood ( Viburnum dentatum) may be
used for its showy flowers ; and the sweet pepper-bush {Clethra
alnifolid) for the same reason and for the added charm of a de-
licious perfume. The swamp honeysuckle (Azalea viscosd) and the
Carolina rose {Rosa Carolina) may both be added to our list of
desirable plants, both old-time favorites of our swamps and low-
lands. The Virginia winterberry or black alder {Ilex verticillata)
should not be forgotten, its bright-red fruit being very attractive.
The calico bush or mountain laurel {Kalmia latifolid) is too pop-
ular a favorite to need an introduction here, and its usefulness
for this purpose is quite evident. The sheep laurel {Kalmia
angustifolia\ a small shrub of our swamps and low grounds,
may be used where rose-colored flowers are wanted. The
leather-leaf {Chamaedaphne calyculatd), the privet andromeda
{Xolisma ligtistrina), and the stagger-bush {Pieris Mariana), all
members of the heath family, are valuable for this purpose. The
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sweet bay [Magnolia virginiana, or M, glauca as it is sometimes
called), itself an inhabitant of swamps, should not be forgotten in
making our selection. Its flowers are of waxy whiteness and
sweet-scented. The button -bush {Cephalanthus occidentalis),
bearing its white flowers in ball-like masses, may be desired by
some. The American holly {Ilex opaca), with its dark evergreen
foliage and bright-red berries, will add much to the effect. There
are, of course, many other shrubs which may be used, but from
these a good selection may be made, or they may serve to sug-
gest others.
It may be desirable to use a few trees, if the effect seems, to
require them. The sweet gum {Liquidambar Styraciflua), the
leaves of which are 5-7-pointed and turn a deep crimson in
autumn, is a favorite. The pepperidge or sour gum (Nyssa
sylvaticd)y the swamp oak {Quercus palustris\ and the red maple
{Acer rubrum) suggest themselves here. The weeping willow
{Salix babylonica) is effective where a tree with pendant branches
is desirable.
Of herbaceous plants there are many which may be used in
the composition of this frame. Any swamp or lowland will fur-
nish a host of native species which will lend themselves admir-
ably to the purpose. With our wealth of wild asters and golden-
rods, sunflowers and daisies, tickseeds and coreopsis, an abundance
of material is at our hand for the mere transplanting. Among
others of our native plants may be mentioned our t^o common
blue flags [Iris versicolor and /. prismatica) ; the pickerel weed
[Pontederia cordata), that picturesque inhabitants of the swamps
and river margins, often giving a blue tinge to the shore vegetation
with its spikes of flowers ; the lizard's-tail [Saururus cernuus), in
contrast with the last with nodding spikes of white flowers ; the
marsh mallow [Caltha pcdustris) with its bright yellow starry
flowers ; the American white hellebore ( Veratrmn viride) with its
stately stalks of green, adding a touch of variety ; the swamp
loosestrife or willow herb [Decodon veriicillatus or Nesaea verticil-
lata), a rampant grower, and especially well adapted to conceal
an artificial margin ; and last, but not least, the swamp rose
mallow [Hibiscus Moscheutos), sending forth its bright pink blos-
soms in August, when it is exceedingly attractive.
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Among the ferns which may be used are the American royal
fern, the cinnamon fern, and Clayton's fern. Do not forget to
add to these the stately ostrich fern. Some of our native orchids
may be employed also. Among these are the yellow fringed-
orchis (Blepliariglottis cUiaris), the small purple fringed-orchis
{Blepltariglottis psychodes)^ the grass-pink {Limodorum tuberosum
or Calopogon pulchellus)y and the showy lady's-slipper {Cypripe^
dium reginae). Of course there are many plants from other climes
to select from. The Japanese iris {Iris laevigata, or /. Kaemp-
feri, as it is more frequently called) is a prime favorite among
these, its flowers being perhaps the largest and showiest among
the irises. It may be had in a host of forms, remarkable for
their beauty of coloring and shading. If a mass of purple is
• desired, nothing, perhaps, will give it more effectively than the
spiked loosestrife {Lythrum Salicaria\ an old-world plant, but
found sometimes quite commonly as an introduction here. For
a rich-red effect nothing will excel that conspicuous plant of our
stream borders, the cardinal flower {Lobelia cardinalis). This
planted in a mass with a border of green produx:es a most striking
effect. Its near relative, with blue flowers {Lobelia syphilitica),
the great lobelia or "blue cardinal flower," is useful where
masses of blue are desired.
The aquatic garden would not be complete without the grasses.
Showy and ornamental kinds suitable for this purpose are not
numerous. One of the most striking, an annual, is the wild rice,
or Indian rice {Zizania aquatica). This is a luxuriant grower
and very decorative, its large panicles making their appearance
in August and September, and its bright green foliage adding
a touch of spring freshness to the season. Another which may
be used is the common reed {Phragmites Phragmites or P, com-
munis) of our meadows here, with grayish-green foliage. This
is a taller grower than the wild rice, and its inflorescence when
mature has a feathery effect, much resembling that of the old-
world reed {Arundo Donax\ a much more vigorous plant, but
not as hardy here as its American relative. The Japanese reed-
grass {Miscanihus sinensis) and its various forms have the ad-
vantage of being late bloomers, when almost all else has failed.
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209
and hence are a decided addition to the frame. At all times they
are graceful in their foliage effect, and later with their feathery
plumes are very attractive objects. Among the sedges our
choice is rather limited, and we must borrow our most effective
plant from northern Africa. This is the Egyptian paper plant
{^Cyperus Papyrus^ or Papyrus antiquoruni), from which the
ancients made their papyrus. It is a noble plant, of a deep rich
green, raising its large inflorescences six to eight feet in the air.
These are unusual in appearance, and give an aspect of unique-
ness to the surroundings. It is not a hardy plant, requiring the
protection of a greenhouse during the winter, and this is its one
drawback. It is often desirable to produce an effect of upright
lines, and for this purpose nothing is better than the cat-tails,
which are so abundant in some of our marshes. Either or both
species may be used, the one with the narrow leaves {Typha
angustifolia) perhaps being more graceful than the broad-leaved
form \Typha latifolid). For a decorative plant for the shallow
water near the margin of the pond, one should not forget the
arrow-heads {Sagittarid), of which there are several species
available.
With the above plants to select from and such others as indi-
vidual taste may choose, a varied and effective frame may be
made for our water garden. If you wish to introduce something
of a tropical effect into the surroundings, use some of the aralias,
already referred to, to which add a few specimens of the castor-
oil plant {Ricinus communis), its star-shaped leaves standing out
against the other foliage. If you wish to carry this tropical effect
still further, introduce a plant or two of the Abyssinian banana
{Musa Ensete), a quick grower from seed, with ample broad leaves.
The thalias {Thalia dealbata and 7! divaricata) are available also.
It is hardly necessary to state that all these plants, with the ex-
ception of the aralias, are tender, and need the protection of a
greenhouse during the winter.
So much for the frame or fringe of our water garden. Now,
what shall we use in the garden itself? Here w^e may explore
the realms of horticultural knowledge and select some of the
choicest plants. Of course the plants of first interest are the
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water lilies. The large royal water lilies of South America belong
here also, but I will consider them later. The horticulturist's art
has supplied many superb things by the careful perpetuation of
occasional strains or by the creation of new ones through the me-
dium of hybridization. I shall consider first only the hardy sorts,
leaving the more tender kinds for consideration when I treat of
the royal water lilies ( Vicforia), which require a similar treat-
ment. Among the white-flowered forms, there is nothing more
dainty or attractive than our own native pond lily or water lily
(^Castalia odoratd), that graceful frequenter of our lakes and ponds
or slowly moving streams. Its delicious fragrance and dainty
form place it in the foremost rank. The tuberous water lily
{Castalia tuherosa)^ also a superb white, but lacking the delicious
perfume of the other, is a welcome addition. The collection is
not complete without the little pygmy water lily {Castalia tetra-
gona, or C pygmaecL), the smallest of its kind, with white flowers
sometimes under two inches in diameter. In native hardy yellow
lilies, we have the Florida plant {Castalia flavd) , unfortunately a
shy bloomer, and less desirable for that reason ; and the Mexi-
can lily {Castalia mexicana)^ a native of Mexico and western
Texas, more desirable as it is equally hardy and blooms freely.
The only pink lily we have native is a form of our common pond
lily, known as the pink or Cape Cod water lily {Castalia odorata
rosea). This differs from the white form only in its pink flowers.
When we approach those produced artificially we have a larger
selection. And here the productions of that wizard of hardy
water lilies, M. Latour-Marliac, a Frenchman, stand without rival.
He astounded the world of horticulture between 1885 and 1890
with his creations, and since then has been making almost annual
additions to his achievements. He guarded so well the secrets of
parentage of his hybrids that little is definitely known about them.
His yellows were perhaps derived from Castalia ntexicana ; his
pinks from Castalia odorata rosea ; those with red at the center
from Castalia alba rubra^ of northern Europe ; Castalia tetragona
was certainly one of the parents of one, his dwarf yellow, Cas-
talia helvola; while Castalia odorata must certainly enter into the
problem. With these factors he has produced combinations and
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effects of color which have wonderfully broadened the field of use
of these flowers in water gardens. All of the many beautiful
things created by this genius cannot here be enumerated, but only
a few of the choicest. Standing in the front rank is Castalia Mar-
liacea chramatella, one of his first introductions, and perhaps the
most popular of all. It is perfectly hardy, a vigorous grower,
and a free bloomer ; its charming yellow flowers, always a de-
light, resemble in form those of our own native white lily. Yel-
low lilies are scarce, and this is a gem among them. It was
introduced about 1888 and was said by its creator to be a hybrid
of Castalia alba and C, mexicana. Another desirable yellow is
Castalia kelvola, also said to have C. mexicana blood in it, the
other parent being Castalia tetragona^ the pygmy lily. Certainly
it has the yellow color and spotted leaves of the former, and is
intermediate in size between the two. It is well worth growing.
About 1889 Marliac introduced two pink forms, said to be
hybrids between Castalia alba and C odorata rosea. These are
Castalia Marliacea carnea, and C Marliacea rosea. They are
very close, differing only in the deeper color of the variety rosea^
which is the preferable form.
With Castalia alba rubra apparently as one of the parents,
Marliac produced a number of surprising forms, all being per-
meated to a greater or less degree with the deep color of the
parent referred to above. The most pronounced of all of these
in the depth of color is Castalia Wtn, Falconer^ of a deep rich-
claret, a lily which should grace all collections. Near to this in
color is Castalia James Brydon. Those in which another ele-
ment becomes prominent, introduced perhaps by Castalia mexi-
cana^ have the center of the flower a deep red, with the ends of
the petals yellow. Castalia Seignoreti^ C atirora^ and C gloriosa
are of this kind, and are revelations among the water lilies.
There are other hybrids to be had, differing in color and mark-
ings, so that individual tastes may be consulted.
Among the white -flowered lilies, next to Castalia odorata, is
C, alba candidissima, said to be a hybrid of C Candida and C
alba, of Greece. It is a vigorous grower, and must be held in
check or it will run wild. Another desirable white-flowered lily
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213
is Castalia Gladstoniana, with large flowers, said to be a variant
from Castalia alba, and introduced by Mr. Richardson, of Ohio.
Belonging to the same family as the water lilies are the lotuses,
that from the Old World (Nelumbo Nelumbo, or N. nucifera),
and the representative from the New World {Nelumbo lutea).
The former is frequently known as the Egyptian lotus, quite
another plant, and should more properly be called the Japanese
lotus. It was highly prized by the ancients, and was described
by Theophrastus as growing spontaneously along the Nile, al-
though not known to occur there at the present time. It is highly
prized by both the Chinese and Japanese, and many forms, dif-
fering in color, have originated through the latter people. It is
one of the most striking features of a water garden, its large pel-
tate leaves, with the luster of satin, standing well out of the water,
and swaying in every breath of air, presenting beautiful modula-
tions of green. The large flowers ranging in different forms from
the deepest pink to white, add a feature which must be wanting
if this flower is left out. It is perfectly hardy and spreads rapidly ;
in fact it must be checked if its natural enemy the muskrat does
not do this unasked, and sometimes too thoroughly. The
American lotus {Nelumbo lutea) resembles its Japanese relative in
general habit, but is far less attractive, its yellow flowers being
eclipsed by its more showy rival.
All of the lilies referred to above are of the hardy sort and will
withstand the rigors of our winters, of course with the natural
protection of the water around them. There is another large
class of water lilies which have been derived from species inhab-
iting tropical or warm-temperate climes. As the artificial heat-
ing of the water, especially during the early summer and spring,
is of prime importance here, it is necessary to have constructed a
tank or pond in which the water supply may be controlled, and
the temperature raised considerably above that at which the hardy
sorts will thrive. The construction of such a tank or pond is
purely a mechanical process, and hardly enters into the scope of
this lecture. Provided with a proper tank or pond, however,
what shall we put into it in the shape of water lilies ?
The tender water lilies available for this purpose are divided
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into two groups, one group containing those flowering in the day
time, while the other comprises those in which the flowers appear
at night. Taking up the day-bloomers first, one of great interest
is the blue lotus of the Nile {Castalia coerulea)^ with light-blue
flowers. Another and closely related species is the Cape of
Good Hope lily {Castalia capensis, sometimes known as C, scuti-
folia\ also with light-blue flowers. Still another of this day-
blooming group is the Zanzibar lily {Castalia zanzibariensis),
with fragrant flowers of the deepest blue. This is one of the
best, a free bloomer and of easy culture. A marked form of this
IS the variety rosea, in which the flowers vary from carmine to
pink. Among the hybrids of the day-blooming kinds pulcher-
ritna and Wm. Stone are of great merit among the blues, while
Mrs, C W. Ward is a superb pink.
Among the night-blooming kinds we have the old favorite,
and one of the first to attract attention, the Devonshire lily {Cas-
talia devoniensis). It originated in the gardens of the Duke of
Devonshire, hence its name. It is one of the best, being a free
bloomer and of easy culture, with flowers of a brilliant rosy-red
and sometimes a foot across. The Egyptian white lotus {Castalia
Lotus) and the African white lotus {Castalia Lotus dentatd) are
both desirable sorts with white flowers. Another, a hybrid, is
Castalia Sturtevantii, and very desirable. Its flowers are large
and more cup-shaped than is usual in this type of lily. Others
which may be used are Castalia Otnarana, and a seedling variety
derived from it, Castalia George Huster,
In addition to the water lilies, there are other aquatic plants
which may be introduced into the collection. The blue water
hyacinth {Piaropus azurea, commonly known as Etchhornia azurea)
is a rampant grower, sending out its long stems in all directions.
It is a free bloomer, its flowers being borne in large masses re-
sembling in shape those of the hyacinth, hence its popular name.
Another is the water hyacinth proper {Piaropus crassipes), of evil
repute in Florida waters, with a more tufted habit and lavender
flowers, and the petioles of the leaves swollen into large spongy
organs which serve to keep the plant afloat. The water snow-
flake {Limnanthemufn indicum), with its white star-like flowers, and
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216
the fairy water lily {Limnanthemum trachysperfnuni), also with white
but smaller flowers, are useful. The water poppy {Hydrocleys
nytnphoides) is desirable for its bright-yellow flowers, and the
parrot's feather {Myriophyllum proserpinacoides) is a charming
plant, its feathery green foliage forming masses upon the surface
of the water. The water lettuce {Pistia Stratiotes), that odd mem-
ber of the same family to which our jack-in-the-pulpit belongs,
forms floating masses of a peculiar light-green, and is welcome for
this reason and for its oddity, All of the above are, unfortu-
nately, tender and require the protection of a greenhouse during
the winter, with the exception of the parrot's feather, which is
hardy in water which does not freeze to the bottom.
If one has succeeded in growing the ordinary tender water
lilies, his next ambition is to grow the queen of all aquatic plants,
the royal water lily, Victoria. This, too, prefers the night in
which to open its fragrant flowers, perfuming the air with an odor
reminding one much of the pine-apple. Of this there are two
species, one growing in the slow streams and lagoons from British
Guiana to the Amazon region, and known as Victoria regia ; the
other a native of similar habitats in Paraguay, and called Victoria
Cruziana, or usually by the much more recent name of Victoria
Trickeri. The latter, being from a more southern region, and
hence cooler, is much easier to grow than the former. For suc-
cess with Victoria regia a temperature from eighty to ninety de-
grees must be maintained. For Victoria Cruziana success may be
assured with a temperature considerably below this, but even then
a little heat early in the summer, particularly if several days of
cool weather occur, does not come ^miss, and your plant will re-
spond gratefully to this little attention. A noticeable difference
in the two species is to be seen in the leaves. Those of Victoria
Cruztana show the upturned margin, the unusual feature, almost
as soon as they expand from the bud, even very young plants
exhibiting this peculiarity. In Victoria regia the plant must have
attained considerable size before this feature is in evidence, and
each new leaf is slower in showing this development. For gen-
eral purposes, therefore, it is better to choose, at least for the
first experiment, Victoria Crtiziana.
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Fig. 33. A part of the natural pond, showing the background of woods, the Japanese lotui thoroughW at :m
and the margin a fringe of grasses and sedges with a plant of the Abyssinian banana in the center.
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217
A digression here from the purely horticultural side to the his-
torical may be of interest. The Victoria regia was apparently
first discovered about the year 1801 by that unfortunate explorer,
Haenke, who was sent out by the Spanish government to investi-
gate the vegetable productions of Peru. He found it in the
marshes by the side of the Rio Marmore, one of the tributaries
of the Amazon. There seems to have been no records preserved
of Haenke's impressions on beholding this wonder of the vege-
table world, but perhaps they were like those of Sir Robert
Schomburgh, who, on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society
of London, made extensive explorations in British Guiana in the
year 1837. He remarks as follows : " It was on the ist of Jan-
uary, 1837, while contending with the difficulties that nature in-
terposed, in different forms, to stem our progress up the river
Berbice (lat. 4 deg. 30 min. N., long. 52 deg. W.), that we arrived
at a part where the river expanded, and formed a currentless basin ;
some object on the southern extremity of the basin attracted my
attention, and I was unable to form an idea what it could be ; but
animating the crew to increase the rate of their paddling, we soon
came opposite the object which had raised my curiosity, and, be-
hold, a vegetable wonder ! All calamities were forgotten ; I was
a botanist, and felt myself rewarded ! There were gigantic
leaves, five to six feet across, flat, with a broad rim, lighter green
above and vivid crimson below, floating upon the water ; while,
in character with the wonderful foliage, I saw luxuriant flowers,
each consisting of numerous petals, passing in alternate tints,
from pure white to rose and pink. The smooth water was cov-
ered by the blossoms, and, as I rowed from one to the other,
I always found something new to admire. The flower-stalk is
an inch thick near the calyx, and studded with elastic prickles
about three quarters of an inch long. When expanded, the four-
leaved calyx measures a foot in diameter, but is concealed by the
expansion of the hundred-petalled corolla. This beautiful flower,
when it first unfolds, is white, with a pink center ; the color
spreads as the bloom increases in age ; and, at a day old, the
whole is rose-coloured. As if to add to the charms of this noble
Water-Lily, it diffuses a sweet scent. As in the case of others
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218
in the same tribe, the petals and stamens pass gradually into
each other, and many petaloid leaves may be observed bearing
vestiges of an anther. The seeds are numerous, and imbedded
in a spongy substance. Ascending the river, we found this plant
frequently, and the higher we advanced, the more gigantic did the
specimens become ; one leaf we measured was six feet five inches
in diameter, the rim five inches and a half high, and the flowers
a foot and a quarter across."
A lover of aquatics who has seen this queen of water lilies at
its best in cultivation can appreciate the feelings of Schomburgh
when he beheld this wonderful plant for the first time in all the
beauty and novelty of its natural surroundings.
When the existence of this wonderful lily became known to
the horticultural world, all were anxious to introduce it. The
first perfect seeds which reached England were collected by Mr.
Thomas Bridges, and were received at the Royal Gardens at Kew
in 1846. The result from these seeds was two plants, which met
an untimely end, after giving fair promise of success. Other at-
tempts were made at introduction, both from seeds and from
rootstocks, but all were unsuccessful. Finally, in 1849, seeds
were secured at Kew from parties at Georgetown, Demerara.
These arrived in excellent condition, and from them and several
other consignments from the same parties about fifty plants were
secured. One of these was sent to the famous gardens of the
Duke of Devonshire, at Chatsworth. Mr. Paxton, of horticul-
tural fame, was in charge of the gardens there, and to him be-
longs the honor of having flowered the Victoria regia in Europe
for the first time, the first flower bud beginning to expand on the
evening of November 8, 1849, marking the birth of this flower
into the world of horticulture.
Now a word as to the enemies with which one must contend in
his water garden. There is no pleasure unmixed with alloy, and
the lover of aquatics cannot hope to escape this general law. He
will find enemies on all sides, and these must be met and con-
quered. Perhaps his worst foe will be the wily muskrat. He
may be caught in traps, or if too keen for this one may resort to
shooting. The rootstocks of these plants seem to be very en-
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219
ticing to him, and this may be especially true of some choice and
high-priced variety. He seems to be a connoisseur in such
matters, and at times appears to select with unerring instinct the
costly plants. The aphis, or green-fly, is sometimes troublesome,
and is perhaps best disposed of by their natural enemy, the " lady
bird." Syringing and spraying with tobacco water is also effec-
tive. Another troublesome pest is the leaf-miner, which makes
unsightly furrows in the leaf surface. He can be pretty
thoroughly exterminated with kerosene emulsion, applied in the
same manner as with other plants. Fungous diseases, if they
become troublesome, may be conquered with Bordeaux mixture.
To emphasize what I have said in the foregoing pages, permit
me to call attention to the illustrations accompanying this article,
which were made from photograghs taken some years ago by
my father in his water garden at Clifton, New Jersey. On his
place there was an old swamp full of tussocks and little pools of
stagnant water, as old swamps are, and the breeding place of
countless mosquitoes. The first illustration depicts this as it was.
Taken in the winter time, it does not show the tangle of weeds
which made this place unsightly during the summer. Through
this swamp meandered a brook which had its origin in a swampy
woods near by, and on either side gently sloping hillsides rose to
the higher ground beyond. My father conceived the idea of de-
veloping this as a water garden, and I will let the succeeding
illustrations tell the story of how well he succeeded in carrying
out this conception. I will, however, add a word as to the gen-
eral development of the tract. A dam was thrown across the
lower end, backing the water up several feet. The tussocks were
eradicated with the mattock, a laborious and costly operation,
and one which experience has now shown can be done much
more simply and with much less cost by merely keeping the
leaves of the tussocks cut down as they appear at or near the
surface, thus drowning the plants out, since such plants must
have access to the air to live. The water of the pond thus formed
was too cold for the more tender lilies and for the Victoria regia.
That these might be grown, a cement pond, irregular in shape,
was placed on one of the sloping sides of the swamp, sufficiently
Digitized by VjOOQIC
220
removed from the pond to permit the placing of a hot-water
boiler between the two bodies of water. In the pond thus made
were grown all the tender lilies and the Victoria regia^ the latter
to a perfection perhaps not surpassed elsewhere. I have spoken
of the necessity of concealing the rim with plants in ponds artifi-
cially made. Let some of the photographs here reproduced illus-
trate how this may be done. The heating apparatus was placed
in a small shed which was effectually concealed by the planting
of vines, giving it the appearance of a mound near the water's
edge.
This site was an ideal one for the purpose, but there are many
others throughout the country equally well located. Here the
two types of water garden were developed side by side : the one,
the transforming of an old swamp into a beautiful lake by means
of a dam ; the other, the creation of a pond out of a dry hillside
by purely mechanical means and artistically concealing the
mechanism.
Let me emphasize not only the beauty of water gardens, but
their usefulness also. Old swamps, the breeding places of mos-
quitoes, and hence the birthplace of much malaria, may be trans-
formed from these pest holes into objects of beauty — may be
converted from tangles of bush and briar, and scattered pools of
stagnant water, into little ponds or lakes, around whose mar-
gins may be grown some of the most beautiful of flowers, and
whose waters may be decked with the daintiest and most attrac-
tive members of the aquatic plant world.
George V. Nash.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. William L. Bray has resigned the professorship of botany
in the University of Texas in order to accept the professorship
of botany in Syracuse University, recently vacated by Dr. J. E.
Kirkwood.
Mr. Homer D. House has resigned the associate professorship
of botany and bacteriology in Clemson College, South Cstrolina,
and will spend the coming year at the Garden.
GooQle
Digitized by VjOOQ
221
Mr. Elmer D. Merrill, Chief Botanist of the Bureau of Sci-
ence, Manila, Philippine Islands, spent some time at the Garden
during September examining the Philippine collections.
Volume 25, part i, of the North American Flora, appeared
August 24, 1907. It contains descriptions of the family Gerani-
aceae by Miss L. T. Hanks and Dr. J. K. Small, the Oxalidaceae
and Linaceae by Dr. J. K. Small, and the Erythroxylaceae by
Dr. N. L. Britton.
Mr. Oakes Ames, of North Easton, Mass., well known as a
student of the Orchidaceae, has presented his valuable collection
of living orchids to the Garden. This collection is the result of
many years work. It contains many valuable plants, some of
great rarity, and is a valuable addition to the orchid collection of
the Garden. A detailed account of this collection will appear in
a later number of the Journal.
Some recent visitors. — Dr. J. N. Rose, of the National Her-
barium, Washington, D. C; Mr. J. L. Sheldon, of the West
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va.;
Dr. E. W. Brown, of Mt. Kisco, N. Y.; Mrs. Flora W. Patter-
son, of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C; Mr.
William Dilger, Assistant Commissioner of Parks, Detroit, Mich.;
Miss A. Lens, of Utrecht, Holland ; and Mr. W. G. Cowell, of
Auburn, N. Y.
The collection of Agaves has recently been supplemented by
a large plant of the species which grows on the island of Cule-
bra, where it was studied by Dr. Britton in the spring of 1906,
at which time he enjoyed the hospitality of the Naval Station,
then in charge of Commander B. T. Walling. It was not prac-
ticable at that time to get a large plant shipped to New York,
but Commander Walling thoughtfully left a memorandum with
his successor. Commander G. R. Salisbury, who, in July, had
one of these interesting plants boxed and sent to Norfolk, Vir-
ginia, on a government vessel, from which point it was shipped by
freight and received at the Garden later in the month.
Meteorology for August. — The total precipitation recorded for
August was 2.59 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded
Digitized by VjOOQIC
222
of 92'' on the 8th, 89.5^ on the i8th, 89® on the 21st, and 80"*
on the 29th ; also minimum temperatures of 62® on the loth,
52.5® on the 15th, 55® on the 23d, and 50° on the 30th.
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM AUGUST I TO SEPTEMBER i, 1907.
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section of middle Florida, De Land, 1906. (Given by Dr. J. H. Bamhart. )
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Beer, J. G. Praktische Studien an der Famiiie der Orchideen, Wien, 1854.
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Bodard, P. H. H. Cours de botanique midicale comparie. Paris, 1810. 2 vols.
BoREAU, A. Flore du centre de la France et du bassin de la Loire ou description
des plantes, Troisiime Edition. Paris, 1857. 2 vols.
Br^bisson, a. de. Considirations sur les Ihatomies. Falaise, 1838.
6r£bisson, a. de. Flore de la Normandie, Deuxi^me Edition. Caen, 1849.
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Edition. Paris, 1798.
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mcnt des Bouches-du- Rhone. Marseille, 1862.
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Paris, 1802-03. 3 vols.
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Paris, 1840.
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I
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CossON, E. Itiniraire d^un voyage botanique en Algirie exicuti en 18^6. Paris,
1857.
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Dietrich, David. Taschenbuch der auslandischen Arzneigewdchse, Jena, 1839.
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TuRGOT, Marquis de Cousmont. Mimoire instructif sur la maniire de rassem-
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MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
43 specimens of marine algae from Anstralia and South Africa. ( By exchange
with the British Museum.)
6 specimens of North American ferns. (Given by Dr. Philip Dowell. )
I specimen of Scammony root for the drug collection. (Given by Dr. H. H.
Rusby.)
II specimens from Long Island, New York. (Given by Dr. R. M. Harper.)
I specimen of Picea Breweriana. (By exchange with the United States Forest
Service. )
406 specimens from Arizona. (By exchange with Professor J. J. Thomber.)
I specimen of the Mexican rubber plant. (Given by Mr. H. H. York.)
80 specimens of plants from Jamaica. ( By exchange with the Department of Pub-
lic Gardens and Plantations, Jamaica, West Indies. )
1 10 specimens of tropical American plants. (By exchange with the United States
National Museum. )
I specimen of Diaporthe parasitica from New York. (Given by Mr. C. H.
Hechler.)
I specimen of Diaporthe Parasitica from New York. (Given by Professor H, H.
Whetzcl.)
13 specimens of fleshy fungi from Indiana. (Given by Mr. Guy W. Wilson.)
350 specimens of woody fungi from New Hampshire. (Collected by Mr. Percy
Wilson. )
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228
1 specimen of fossil moss from Colorado. (Given by Professor T. D. A. Cock-
erell.)
2 specimens of polypores fix>m New York. (By exchange with Professor Charles
H. Peck.)
I specimen of apple leaf-blight from West Virginia. ( Given by Professor John L.
Sheldon. )
I specimen of a fungus from Washington, D. C. (Given by Professor T. D. A.
Cockerell.)
I specimen of a fungus from South Carolina. (Given by Mr. H. D. House.)
I specimen of Puccinia subnitens from Kansas. (Given by Mr. Alfred C. Burrill. )
Digitized by VjOOQIC
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIII. October. 1907. No. 94.
FURTHER EXPLORATION IN JAMAICA.
To THE Scientific Directors,
Gentlemen: — In accordance with your authorization to con-
tinue botanical exploration in the West Indies, I sailed for the
island of Jamaica on August 24, on the Royal Mail Steam Packet
"Tagus/' arrived at Kingston, August 29, was in the field until
September 28, leaving Kingston that day on the *' Trent " of the
same line, and reached New York on October 2. I was accom-
panied by Mrs. Britton, who aided greatly in the collection and
preservation of specimens.
On arriving at Kingston I at once called on the Hon. William
Fawcett, Director of Public Gardens and Plantations, at Hope
Gardens, and discussed with him plans for a month's work. He
most obligingly detailed Mr. William Harris, Superintendent of
Public Gardens and Plantations, to accompany us, and to this
kind cooperation a large part of the success of the expedition is
due, Mr. Harris's intimate knowledge of Jamaica and of its flora
making field operations simple and without diflFiculties. Mr.
Fawcett also spent nearly a week with us in the field and had
plants and specimens sent to Hope from the field properly cared
for. A kind invitation to breakfast the following morning with
His Excellency, Sir Sydney Olivier, Governor of Jamaica, at
King's House, gave me a delightful opportunity to discuss with
him many features of our plans for field work, and I am grateful
for his advice and suggestion ; it was hoped that we were to have
the honor of the governor's company in the mountains during
229
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230
the latter part of our trip, but official duties prevented the reali-
zation of this part of the program. We also discussed the trop-
ical research laboratory at Cinchona, held by the garden under a
lease from the Jamaican government, and it is most satisfactory to
know that all damages to the buildings there, caused by the
earthquake of last January, have been repaired by the government.
King's House, the gubernatorial residence, was wrecked by
the earthquake to such an extent as to make it uninhabitable. I
had learned that Sir Sydney and Lady Olivier had expressed
some desire to occupy Cinchona for a time, the delightful and
salubrious climate and the surpassingly beautiful mountain
scenery of that part of Jamaica making it most attractive, and in-
asmuch as we have no students there at present I took great
pleasure in requesting them on the part of the garden to use it
as a residence.
The days August 29 and 30 were thus mainly occupied,
though opportunity was taken to observe many interesting plants
at Hope Gardens and in the gardens at King's House, and some
botanical collecting was done on the hills near Constant Spring.
I also found opportunity to read the proofs of my account of
** The Sedges of Jamaica," written for the Bulletin of the De-
partment of Public Gardens and Plantations and published as a
supplement to volume 5 of that journal. This document will
also be issued as No. 97 of " Contributions from the New York
Botanical Garden."
The first region selected for exploration was the Santa Cruz
Mountains, a range of limestone situated near the southern coast
in the parish of St. Elizabeth, running northwest from the coast
and reaching altitudes up to 2,580 feet, and the Pedro plains, lying
between the mountains and the coast. Malvern, located on top
of the range, was made the base of operations. We proceeded
there by way of Mandeville, located on the Manchester Moun-
tains, taking three days travelling by railway to Williamsfield and
thence by carriage ; considerable collecting was accomplished
about Mandeville and on the way to Malvern, which was reached
on the afternoon of September 2, and where we were joined in
the evening by Mr. Fawcett and Mr. Harris, who had travelled
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231
by rail to Balaclava. The climate at both Mandeville and Mal-
vern is delightful, the roads excellent and the accommodations
good ; both are favorite resorts, both by Jamaicans and by tour-
ists. The Manchester Mountains and Santa Cruz Mountains are
separated by a low wide and hot valley ; the views from the
mountain sides are most attractive and interesting and many of
the plants seen were new to us, the climate being much drier
than that of the parts of the island visited in 1906, and the vege-
tation conspicuously quite different. The most conspicuous
floral feature was the low tree Bauhinia porrecta^ of the Senna
Family, covered with its showy white blossoms, its new leaves
just unfolding. Several orchids and bromeliads were also of
special interest. The vegetation of the summit and upper slopes
of the Santa Cruz Mountains was studied at points all along from
Lovers* Leap, a sheer cliff of 1,600 feet on the coast, to the inland
end of the range, carriages being freely used in moving from one
good collecting ground to another. Several tracts of woodland,
not lumbered for many years, proved most attractive and yielded us
specimens of many rare trees and shrubs. The special object of
search on these mountains was the small tree Peltostigma pti/e-
aides of the Rue Family. This apparently extremely local spe-
cies was obtained here in 1843 or 1844 by William Purdie, a
collector sent to Jamaica from the Royal Gardens at Kew, Eng-
land, and not since seen in Jamaica by botanists ; specimens of it
are extremely rare, and were much needed in connection with
the studies of Rutaceae by Mr. Percy Wilson for publication in the
" North America Flora." We sought this tree for six days, ex-
amining a large area of the mountains, and were finally rewarded
by finding it in considerable quantity on the southern side of a
single wooded hill at Potsdam, nearly or quite at the summit
of the mountain ratlge. Our delight can be imagined, and the
luck was quite equally divided, because while Mr. Harris was
gloating over the prize near one end of the hill and endeavoring
to make me hear him rejoice, I was experiencing quite the same
enjoyment at the other, the two colonies being perhaps half a
mile apart, though we subsequently found that they were irregu-
larly connected. The tree was in young fruit and bore some of
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232
the old fruits of last year, but no flowers could be had, and a
visit to the locality at another time of year, presumably in July,
will be necessary to obtain them. We prepared a large number
of herbarium specimens, cut down a tree for wood specimens,
and pulled up seedlings, which were abundant, for growing at
Hope Gardens and at the Bronx. Our thanks are gratefully
tendered to A. E. Harrison, B. A., Head Master of the Potsdam
School, and Mrs. Harrison for their aid and hospitality while ex-
ploring this woodland, which is fortunately the property of this
well-known school, ensuring the preservation of the Peltostigma;
also to Miss C. Gertrude Pearman who aided in the collecting of
specimens there.
Lovers' Leap, already mentioned as a precipice at the coastal
end of the Santa Cruz Mountains, is on the Yardley Chase estate,
the property of Mr. W. Panton Forbes. The rock cliffs support
a variety of interesting plants and we made a large collection
there and in the vicinity. One of my principal objects in explor-
ing the dry south side of Jamaica was to study the native cac-
tuses and obtain additional specimens of them, and here we found
one of the large species, the Jamaican Pilocereus, a branched
columnar plant 15 feet high, in quite an unexpected position on
the cliffs at 1,600 feet altitude. We had not previously observed
it growing at more than 200 or 300 feet altitude above the sea,
and I think this must be the greatest elevation known for any
plants of this genus in the West Indies. Pedro Bay, situated
across the Pedro Plains south of the Santa Cruz mountains, was
described to us as a cactus region and three days were devoted
to collecting there and in the vicinity ; this work was made con-
venient and comfortable by the kindness of Mr. W. Panton
Forbes who gave us the use of his cottage on the shore. This
is a region of very low rainfall, and the cacti thrive exceedingly,
forming extensive groves, though we found no different species
from those growing along the coast near Kingston, though many
other plants were of much interest, notably the rare wand- like
shrub Lasiocroton fnacrophyllus of the Spurge Family, which grew
in honeycombed limestone. We thought that we might find here
the little yellow-flowered cactus Mamillaria simplex, of special
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233
nterest as the type of its genus, and which Grisebach credits to
Jamaica in his " Flora of the British West Indies " as found by
Dr. Patrick Browne about the middle of the eighteenth century
and not since seen in Jamaica, but we were unsuccessful. Search
and inquiry were also made here and later further west along the
coast for two other rare or perhaps dubious plants of Jamaica,
one a Cycad, Zamia integrifolia, accredited to Jamaica by Grise-
bach " in arid places along the coast/' on the evidence of a speci-
men in the museum at Kew, the other a low palm with prickly
leaf-stalks, Copernicia tectorum, the occurrence of which in Jamaica
is also indefinite.
The work on the Santa Cruz Mountains was brought to a close
on September 1 1 by a visit to the forests on the Stanmore Hill
estate, toward the northwestern end of the range, from which we
had been driven out by rain on a previous visit a few days before.
Permission to explore these interesting woods had kindly been
given by the proprietors, the Hon. John V. Calder and Mrs.
Calder, who have carefully preserved them in a natural state ;
they contain many rare or unusual trees, some of which were in
bloom at the time, and some are probably new to science. One
of the most interesting is the tall Smooth Mountain Pride, Spa-
tlulia glabrescens, with its columnar unbranched trunk over sixty
feet high, crowned by a tuft of pinnately compound leaves, of
which we secured the fruit, hitherto unknown. These Stanmore
Hill woods will well repay further exploration, inasmuch as we
observed a number of trees in leaf only which neither Mr.
Harris nor I could recognize.
Our second base was made at Newmarket, a small market
town at an elevation of about 1,150 feet, located near the boun-
dary of the parishes of Saint Elizabeth and Westmoreland, con-
veniently situated for the exploration of the morass and coastal
regions of western Saint Elizabeth and eastern Westmoreland
and the hills adjacent. We travelled to Newmarket from Mal-
vern by way of Black River, a seaport town where parts of two
days were given to a study of the coastal flora. Our thanks are
gratefully tendered to Dr. A. R. Todd for information, and for
guidance to Longacre Point west of Black River, and vicinity,
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234
where considerable collections were made, perhaps the most
interesting plant being a tall palm of the sand dunes, a species of
Thrinax, known there as Bay Thatch and Pimento Thatch, with
bright green, stiff leaves, apparently quite different from the
Thrinax excelsa of the hills and mountains ; good fruiting speci-
mens and a number of seedlings were secured. A morass on
the property of Dr. Todd yielded many interesting marsh plants,
and in a ravine along the road on the way to Newmarket we
collected some hillside species not elsewhere observed.
Newmarket was made a base of operations from September 13
to September 21. Collections were made in the immediate vicin-
ity and in the hills of eastern Westmoreland especially about
Darliston and Beaufort where we found a very interesting flora.
This region is much wetter than the Santa Cruz Mountains, and
showers were experienced nearly every afternoon. A fine bro-
meliad of the genus Hohenbergia was abundant on trees and good
living specimens of it were obtained ; it is either a rare or unde-
scribed species and is an important addition to our collection of
these interesting air-plants ; several fine orchids were also secured
and a large flat-stemmed drooping cactus of the genus Rhipsalis
growing on rocks and trees was a prize which pleased us greatly.
Several species of trees were new to us, and the cabbage palm
and long-thatch palm grow there in great perfection and large
size. We are indebted to Mr. H. W. Farquharson for permission
to explore the woodlands on his Hopeton estate near Darliston,
where a rare leafless ground orchid, perhaps new to science was
obtained.
From Newmarket two trips were made by carriage to the low-
lands. One of these was to the valley of the Black River at La-
covia, where we secured the services of a negro with a dug-out
canoe and explored the river-banks for about two miles above the
town. The stream is arched over by many kinds of tropical trees
with vines hanging from them, and the experience was a delightful
one, although obtaining specimens from the canoe was not without
difficulty. Another of the long-sought Jamaican trees was found
here in considerable abundance ; this is the leguminous species
described by Grisebach under the name Cnidya spicata, previously
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235
recorded as growing in the great morass of Westmoreland ; it has
pinnate leaves and large, flat roundish pods. A fine white-flowered
Crininn grows in the muddy banks and specimens for cultivation
were obtained. On the same day we visited Mr. M. H. M. Far-
quharson's estate, Cornwall, near Lacovia, in order to see the pond
where the Yellow Lotus of Jamaica {Nelumbo) was known to
grow ; we were received with great cordiality, and Mr. Farqu-
harson personally conducted us to this interesting pond and
marsh. The Nelumbo was both in bloom and in fruit; spec-
imens were carefully prepared for comparison with the similar
plant of the United States, and seeds, kept in water to make their
germination likely, were taken for planting at Hope Gardens and
at the Bronx. A number of other interesting marsh and pond-
shore plants were collected here.
The other low-land expedition was to the Font Hill estate,
near Luana Point, a few miles west of Black River. Dr. Todd
had kindly arranged with Mr. Charles E. Isaacs, in charge of this
estate in the absence of the owner, the Rev. Samuel Spencer-
Smith, that we might breakfast with him, and we were given de-
lightful hospitality. Our collecting here was mostly on the
coastal sands and rocks and we had an excellent opportunity to
study the littoral flora.
We left the Newmarket base on the morning of September 22,
and drove to Bluefields, passing through the beautiful ravine
known as Tea Gully, which abounds in ferns and mosses, and
from Bluefields to Black River, collecting some specimens along
the way. The next day we drove from Black River to Lacovia,
passing along the western side of the large morass at Middle
Quarters. An elegant tall palm, resembling the cabbage and
royal palms, had been observed by us in this morass on our
previous trip to Lacovia, but access to it at that time seemed im-
possible. On this occasion, however, a tree was seen in flower
and fruit at no great distance from the road, and after securing
the guidance of a negro who could climb trees, I finally made my
way to it through the swamp and was ultimately rewarded by
securing good specimens, including seeds for planting, together
with material of other marsh plants not previously seen by us.
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236
Arriving at Lacovia, we sent the carriage along some five miles
to Santa Cruz, and made a further study of the banks of the
Black River, this time in a rowboat belonging to Mr. Farqu-
harson, and ascended the stream for about seven miles to Elham
wharf, where we arrived at dark ; our special search was for the
vine Combretum Jacquini, another rare Jamaican plant, the peculiar
four-winged fruits of which we had found floating on the water
during our previous canoe-trip ; we finally encountered the vine
just about dusk, a short distance below Elham wharf, but could
obtain only its foliage, its flowering time being evidently earlier
in the year. We reached Santa Cruz during the evening.
Return from those interesting regions was made by way of
Mandeville, where we arrived on September 24, reaching Kings-
ton the next day. September 26 and 27 were passed at Hope
Gardens in the delightful hospitality of Mr. Fawcett The last
collecting done was *in the valley of the Hope River, below
August Town, where Mr. Fawcett, Mr. Harris, and I spent the
afternoon of September 27. Here we were also much interested
in observing the land-slides caused by the earthquake of last
anuary, on the sides of Long Mountain and Mona Mountain,
where the Hope River runs through a narrow gorge, and where
the fallen debris of rock and earth has dammed the stream, form-
ing a long narrow lake.
The expedition has added much to the knowledge of the
Jamaican flora and the plants and specimens secured are important
additions to our collections. Nearly 1,000 field numbers repre-
sent some 2,000 specimens for the museums, herbarium and
greenhouses, and, in addition to these, are the collections made
by Mr. Harris, of which we will receive the duplicates. The
work was made possible by the kind liberality of Mr. D. O.
Mills, President of the Garden.
Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Britton,
Director-in- Chief,
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237
THE ABSENCE OF UNDERGROWTH IN THE
HEMLOCK FOREST.
The contrast in the character of the forest floor in evergreen
and in deciduous forests is a familiar fact. In a forest where
narrow-leaved, evergreen conifers predominate the floor is almost
wholly devoid of the shrubs and herbs of low habit, which form
so conspicuous a~ feature of the floor in a forest of broad-leaved,
deciduous trees. In walking through a hemlock forest for
example, one passes unhampered over a carpet formed of the dry,
brown, fallen leaves. This leaf-cover is broken only at irregular
and rare intervals, and usually where the sun has easy access, by
small groups or isolated individuals of herbaceous plants. But,
walking through a deciduous forest, one can often scarcely take
a step without treading on the green herbs.
In the photograph (Fig. 34) this contrast is shown in a striking
manner. The picture was taken from a path that passes through
the forest near the recently constructed rubble bridge. The area
to the left marks the edge of the hemlocks, that to the right the
beginning of the deciduous trees. Under the conifers there is a
practically entire absence of shrubs and herbs, while under the
broad-leaved trees they grow abundant and varied. Falcata
comosa, Parthenocissus qiiinquefolia, Rhus toxicodcfidron, Aster,
Solidago, Afnbrosia trifida, and Deringa canadensis predominate.
The boundary between the two types of floor is clean-cut and
conspicuous, and the invitation it presents to strollers through
the woods has been generously accepted. This is attested by the
well-worn path along the ^^^<t of the undergrowth, and the path
serves to further emphasize the contrast. Scarcely an herb is
found in the area under the hemlocks. The illumination of the
two areas, especially where they adjoin, is, to all appearances,
practically the same.
This difference in the undergrowth of the two kinds of forest
is probably due to a combination of causes. Difference in illumi-
nation may be a factor, but this alone cannot account for the
difference, for the seedlings of the hemlock, which is a tolerant,
or shade-bearing species, do not normally come to maturity
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o
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o
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*2
o
•T3
•T3
C
^
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d
Digitized by VjOOQIC
239
under the shade of the parent tree, nor of neighboring trees of
that species. This fact suggests that conditions in the soil are
also a factor. The suggestion is rendered all the more probable
by the fact that hemlocks are frequently not among the plants
growing in the open areas, and especially by the fact that hemlock
seedlings readily develop under the white pine {Piniis strobus),
so that the latter species is sometimes replaced by hemlock.*
The fact that white pine seedlings will not develop under hem-
lock may be explained, in part at least, by the fact that the white
pine is an intolerant, or light-demanding, species. It fails to de-
velop under the shade of oaks, chestnuts, etc., as well as under
hemlocks, while hemlock develops easily under the shade of
those species.
It has been asserted f that the seeds of hemlock " cannot ger-
minate under the trees that bear them." This certainly is an
erroneous notion as can be demonstrated by careful observation.
In the hemlock forest in the New York Botanical Garden young
seedlings may be observed in the spring in abundance under the
trees, even to within less than a foot of the trunk. In no case
however, has the writer ever found these seedlings attaining a
height of more than eight or ten centimeters (three or four
inches). Some cause interferes with their further development.
Since the species is a tolerant, or shade-loving one, and since the
seedlings may develop into vigorous saplings in the shade of a
broad-leaved, deciduous forest, the conclusion seems warranted
that their failure to develop near the parent trees is due partly
to conditions in the soil.
It is a well-known fact that many plants, grown in a substra-
tum of soil or other nutrient medium, excrete into the substratum
substances that are deleterious to that species, so that it is difficult
or even impossible, to grow a second or third crop of the same
species in the same soil. Thus Livingston X found that wheat
seedlings grown in clean glass sand in which wheat had previously
♦Pinchot, GifTord. A primer of forestry. Part 1., p. 33. Washington. 1903.
fThe Hemlock Grove on the Banks of Bronx River. Trans. Bronx Acad. Arts
& Sci. I, Pt. I. : 6. 1906. Also, Cont. N. Y. Hot. Garden, No. 83, p. 6. 1906.
X Livingston, Burton Edward, Bull. 28, Bur. of Soils, U. S. Dept. Agric. 1905.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
240
grown for twenty-one days, attained a growth less than one half
that attained by wheat seedlings similarly grown in clean glass
sand not previously thus used. More recently Shreiner and
Reed * have shown that " healthy growing plants excrete from
their roots substances which have a deleterious effect upon the
growth of the root/'
It seems not improbable that in these facts may lie a partial
explanation of the failure of hemlock seedlings to reach any
considerable development under trees of the same species.
C. Stuart Gager.
A RARE SEEDLING AT THE PROPAGATING HOUSES.
Through the kindness of the Director of the Royal Gardens,
Kew, we have been so fortunate as to secure several seeds of
the wonderful "Tumbo/* or Welwitschia mirabilis* The seeds
were planted early in April, and at present there are two healthy
seedlings, that give every indication of becoming strong and
robust examples of their kind.
The upper half of the accompanying photograph (Fig. 35) shows
the first two seed-leaves, or cotyledons, as they are called. These
are narrow spatulate leaves about one and one half inches long
* Shreiner and Reed, Bull. Torrey Club 34 : 279. 1907.
t Owing to an unfortunate error the above name cannot be used for this plant.
In a letter to the Linnaean Society, Dr. Welwitsch, its discoverer, suggested that it
be called Tumboa, from its vernacular name of **Tumbo." To this Sir Joseph
Hooker demurred. He asked, and received, permission from Welwitsch lo name it
IVelwiischia tnirabilis^ in honor of its collector.
Shortly afterward a Mr. T. Baines sent in some plants that were erroneously
supposed to be different from the plant of Welwitsch, and temporarily received the
name of Tumboa Bainesii^ during the discussions of the society. The results of this
controversy were published in the regular minutes of the society, appearing in the
Gardeners Chronicle, together with a note to the effect that the plant was sub-
sequently to be described by Hooker in the Transactions of the Linnaean Society.
Two years later a comprehensive monograph was published, in which the Welwitsch
and Baines plants were proved to be identical. The name, as previously decided
upon, was IVelwitschia mirabilis, but, according to the rules of nomenclature now in
use, a name once allowed to slip into print is considered a definite publication,
whether it was the intention to really name and describe the plant or not.
We must in the future, therefore, refer to this remarkable plant as Tumboa
Bainesii,
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Fig. 35. Seedling of Tumboa Bainesii.
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242
and three eighths of an inch broad. In the original description of
the plant it is stated, on the authority of Welwitsch, its discoverer,
that these are the only leaves that are ever produced during the
conjectural one hundred years of the plant's life. This was a some-
what gratuitous assumption, as neither Dr. Welwitsch nor Sir
Joseph Hooker had ever seen a seedling.
What really happens is that after the seed-leaves are about a
month old, a second pair of leaves springs out from between the
first, and opposite them. These later ones develop into the only
adult leaves that the plant ever produces. The lower figure
shows the two pairs of leaves when the plant is about six months
old.
One is apt to question, in view of these pictures and the
description, why the plant should ever have been called remark-
able ; for at this stage it seems to be a very ordinary little seed-
ling. Little does one suspect that this inconspicuous plantlet
will develop into a gigantic vegetable monstrosity, weird in its
unique ugliness, and well deserving the discussion and amaze-
ment that its discovery occasioned.
The mature **Tumbo" * is a **tree" with a ** trunk" about
two feet long shaped much like an inverted cone. Almost all the
" trunk " is below the surface of the ground, the visible part
rarely exceeding a few inches. But the remarkable feature of
the stem is that it is often fourteen feet in circumference, and
becomes more or less two-lobed in age. The stem looks more
like a great mass of " the burnt crust of a loaf of bread," to
quote Dr. Welwitsch's letter, than the trunk of a tree. The
underground portion becomes greatly elongated and its continua-
tion is the tap-root of the plant. This goes down several feet,
in its effort to get the few drops of water that the arid conditions
of the country permit.
There are never more than two leaves after the seed-leaves
drop off, and very curious leaves they are. Starting from a
groove on opposite sides of the depressed mass, they stand straight
* " Tumbo " is also a name used for a number of other plants in Portugese West
Africa. There are also several other names applied to our plant, notably ** Ghories *'
(Iloitentot) and *' Nyanka-Hykampop" (Damara).
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243
out on both sides of the plant. They are often six feet long and
two feet wide and usually split into ribbons that undulate over
the ground in a way strikingly suggestive of the tentacles of an
octopus. With its great ugly body and its tentacle-like leaves,
it is no wonder that it should have been the most remarkable
plant novelty of the last century. The flowers are borne in
scarlet cones on a cymose inflorescence coming from the crown
of the •* trunk."*
Tutnboa Bainesii belongs to the Joint-fir family, or Gnetaceae,
and IS known only from Portugese West Africa and Damara
Land. This is a region that seldom gets any rain, and desert
conditions prevail almost completely, except for the sea fogs.
The ** Tumbo '* is thus a desert plant /^r excellence and it is only
by a close approximation of these very arid conditions that we
can hope to cultivate it. It is exceedingly rare in cultivation and
there seem to be scarcely any recorded cases of its successful
germination under glass, nearly all the previously cultivated
specimens having been brought directly from Africa.
Norman Taylor.
NOTES, NEWS 'AND COMMENT.
Dr. C. B. Robinson, assistant curator, spent two or three weeks
of his summer vacation in making collections at the Bay of Seven
Islands, Saguenay, Quebec.
Mr. Allen H. Curtiss, well known as a collector and student
of the plants of the southern United States and of the West
Indies, died in Jacksonville, Florida, on September i, in the
sixty-third year of his age.
Mr. W. D. Hoyt, of Baltimore, Maryland, spent some time at
the Garden during September and October examining the collec-
tions of marine algae.
Dr. Heinrich Hasselbring, assistant in botany in the University
of Chicago, has been appointed assistant botanist at the Cuban
Agricultural Experiment Station, at Santiago de las Vegas.
* There are good illustrations of Tumboa Bainesii in the Botanical Magazine and
in the Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London for the year 1863.
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244
An international conference on plant hardiness and acclimati-
zation was held in this city October i, 2 and 3, under the auspices
of the Horticultural Society of New York. On October 3 the
members of the conference were guests of the garden ; the fore-
noon being devoted to the reading of papers and the afternoon
to the inspection of the collections. Luncheon was served in the
laboratories.
A very interesting fungus was recently presented to the garden
by the China and Japan Trading Company, of this city. A bale
of cotton cloth, made in this country, stored for a year in Shang-
hai, China, and lately returned to New York by a Suez steamer,
was wet in the voyage home, and, standing in the warehouse of
the company here, developed the fungus. The fruit-body is
about ten inches broad, six inches long, and four inches high.
It consists of a mass of pure white, overlapping, leaf-like portions
arising from a common point of attachment on the outside of the
bale and connected with the vegetative portion of the fungus
(mycelium), which permeates the inside of the bale in the form of
numerous minute white threads. The plant is readily recognized
as belonging to the genus Pleuroius, of the fleshy fungi, but the^
species has not yet been determined.
Some Recent Visitors, — Professor C. F. Austin, of the Cuban
Agricultural Experiment Station ; Mr. P. L. Ricker, of the Na-
tional Herbarium, Washington, D. C; Mr. Charles E. Monroe,
of Milwaukee, Wis.; Major E. W. Woodward, of Oakland, Cal.;
Mr. H. C. Irish, of the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis ;
Professor N. E. Hansen, of Brookings, S. D.; Mr. E. M. East,
of New Haven, Conn.; Mr. W. H. Evans, of Washington, D. C;
Professor W. A. Munson, of Morgantown, W. Va.; Professor
H. L. Hutt, of Guelph, Canada, and W. T. Macoun, of Ottawa,
Canada.
Meteorology for September, — The total precipitation for the
month was 7.93 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded
of 80° on the 1st, 81° on the 7th, 85° on the 15th, 89° on the
2ist, and 79^ on the 23d; also minimum temperatures of 59°
on the 7th, 55° on the 13th, 53° on the 19th, and 34° on the
27th.
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245
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
58 specimens of mosses from Salisbury, Connecticut. (By exchange with Mr.
Geo. E. Nichols. )
77 specimens of ferns and flowering plants from tropical America. (By exchange
with the U. S. National Museum. )
1 specimen of Gentiana Douglasiana from British Columbia. (Given by Pro-
fessor James Fletcher. )
2 specimens oi Andro$ace from New Mexico. (Given by Professor E. O. Wooton. )
17 mosses from Hayti. (By exchange with Mr. F. Renauld. )
9 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from New Jersey. ( Given by Mr. Macy
Carhart. )
3 specimens of flowering plants from Canada. (Given by Mr. J. M. Macoun.)
19 specimens from Colorado. (Given by Mr. H. L. Shantz. )
1 specimen of Rosa Maximiliani irom Colorado. (Given by Professor T. D. A,
Cockerell. )
2 specimens of mosses from Madagascar. (By exchange with Mr. F. Renauld.)
4 specimens of Solidago from Staten Island. (Given by Dr. A. HoUick. )
1 specimen of Quercus from Connecticut. (Given by Professor L. M. Under-
wood.)
2 specimens of fungi from Bronx Park. (Collected by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
5 specimens of fungi from Redding, Conn. (Given by Professor L. M. Under-
wood.)
10 specimens of fungi from Connecticut. (Collected by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
J fungi from the Conservatories of the New York Botanical Garden. (Collected
by Dr. W. A. Murrill.)
12 specimens of frmgi from Ithaca, New York. (Given by Mr. C. J. Humphrey.)
I fungus from Maine. (Given by Mr. C. C. Hanmer. )
1 fungus from China. (Given by the China and Japan Trading Company.)
I specimen of Porodiscus pendulus from Guatemala. (Given by Pfof. W. A.
Kellerman. )
50 specimens of fungi from North Carolina. ( Given by Miss Gertrude S. Burling-
ham.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
1,530 orchids for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Cakes Ames.)
6 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mrs. H. L. Britton. )
14 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with United States National Museum,
through Dr. J. N. Rose. )
I plant for conservatories. (Given by Commander Salisbury.)
5 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with La Mortola Gardens, Italy.)
10 plants for herbaceous grounds. (Collected by Mrs. E. G. Britton.)
10 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Pratt.)
8 plants for conservatories. (Given by Miss Helen M. Gould.)
5 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. )
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246
9 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. E. F. Cabada.)
13 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. F. F. von Wilmowsky.)
3 plants for conservatories. (Given by Dr. Hochreutiner, Geneva, Switzerland.)
I plant for conservatories. (Given by Mr. A. Miiller.)
67 plants for nursery. (Collected by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
I plant for nursery. (Given by Mrs. J. E. Messenger.)
I plant for conservatories. (Collected by Mr. W. E. Broadway, Trinidad.)
6 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Gilbert A. Albury.)
I plant for conservatories. (Given by Mrs. Beckwith.)
6 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. G. £. Barre.)
1 packet of seed. (Given by Dr. Hochreutiner, Geneva, Switzerland.)
4 packets of seed. (Given by Mr. F. F. von Wilmowsky.)
2 packets of seed. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
2 packets of seed. (By exchange with Dr. C. F. Baker, Cuba.)
316 plants derived from seed from various sources.
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIII. November, 1907. No. 95.
THE BOULDER BRIDGE.
The bridge built during the last year on the site of the old
wooden structure across the Bronx River at the northern end of
the hemlock grove, was completed in September, under the con-
tract awarded by the Commissioners of Parks on October i8,
I9p6, to M. J. Leahy. It consists entirely of boulders, selected
from old stone walls, and unearthed during grading operations ;
very nearly all these stones are trap-rock (diabase), brought by
the glaciers of the ice-period from the Palisades of the Hudson,
which lie directly in the line of the glacial movement, as evidenced
by grooves cut in the ledges of gneiss and schist, so abundantly
exposed in parts of the Garden grounds and beautifully illustrated
on the ledges along the western side of the valley of the herba-
ceous garden, where a path has been laid so as to cross one of
these exposures. At this point the direction of the glacial
groovings is seen to be a few degrees to the east of south, and
this line continued northward would strike the Palisades about
opposite Yonkers. These trap-rock boulders are the most
abundant large stones in the glacial drift of Bronx Park and the
surrounding country, and in places they are exceedingly numerous,
so abundant in fact as to make grading operations difficult and ex-
pensive. During our first grading work we hauled a great many
of these boulders into low grounds which had to be filled, but
it occurred to us several years ago that a bridge might be built
of them, and Mr. John R. Brinley, landscape engineer of the
Garden, made astudy for such a structure, which was subsequently
247
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248
approved by the Board of Managers, by the Commissioner of
Parks, and by the Art Commission. After this had been deter-
mined, the boulders were saved rather than buried, and the re-
sult is now to be seen, complete, in so far as the stone work is con-
cerned. The bridge is unique, we believe, for this part of the
country, and it fits into its natural surroundings as well, or perhaps
better, than any other type of structure would have done. The
total length of the bridge is 1 72 feet, the width of the pathway
across it 1 5 feet, and the three central arches and the two arches at
the ends of the bridge are 16 feet wide. In order to insure suffi-
cient area in the cross-section of the valley for freshets, the bridge
has been built eight feet higher in the center than the wooden
structure which it has replaced, and, as a further precaution, the
path approach from the east will be built at a low elevation in
order to permit flood water to pass over it, which is not apt to
happen more than once in several years, and it may be that the
arches will take it all even at the periods of greatest flood.
The bridge foundations rest, like those of the three driveway
bridges, on a stratum of gravel and coarse sand which underlies
the whole northern end of the Garden from the lakes to Williams-
bridge at just about the same level, being some six feet below
the surface of the river at average flow. The presence of this ex-
cellent material on which to build these heavy structures is very
fortunate, and no better basis could be desired ; a careful inspection
of the three driveway bridges shows no trace of settling in any
of them.
The method adopted by Mr. Leahy for building the arches in
such a way as to get a boulder finish on the under-side was in-
genious. The wooden centers were first erected and the
boulders were placed in a layer of sand about six inches thick
and thoroughly groutted together with strong cement ; after this
had set, and the centers were taken away, the sand fell to the
ground, leaving from four to six inches of the underside of the
stones exposed, when a small amount of trimming of the rough
cement edges gave the desired finish. The beauty of this, and in-
deed of the entire structure, is largely due to the care and in-
genuity of Mr. John Baxendale, the foreman of the work ; scarcely
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249
any of the boulders have been nicked or otherwise damaged, and
Mr. Brinley's design has been carried out most accurately.
A temporary earth and ash path has been laid across the
bridge so that it can be used, and a permanent surface, with path
approaches, may be built next spring after the filling needed at
the east end and between the arches has settled down. Mr.
Brinley's landscape design for the surroundings of the bridge
calls for an excavation under the eastern of the three larger
Fig. 36. The Boulder Bridge.
arches so as to permit the river to flow through all three of them,
and the continuation of this excavation southward through a
swale leaving a narrow island, about two hundred feet long,
south of the bridge : the plan also contemplates the excavation
of the marshy ground north of the bridge on the east side of the
river for the establishment of a small lake to be used for water-
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250
lilies and other aquatic plants, the cultivation of which at this
point, however, can only be satisfactorily accomplished when the
river valley is freed of muskrats, on which a more or less con-
tinuous war has been waged for several years and large numbers
of the animals taken by traps, but, while less numerous than a
few years ago, they are still very troublesome, and find in the
rootstocks of Castalia one of their favorite foods.
The contract price for the bridge was eleven thousand dollars ;
the cost of path approaches, excavation for the river, and for the
pond, will probably amount to fifteen hundred or two thousand
dollars.
N. L. Britton.
THE AMES COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS.
In the September number of this Journal reference was made
to this valuable collection of orchids, recently acquired. The
collection has now been temporarily arranged so that it has
been possible to study and briefly describe it.
Early in September Mr. Oakes Ames offered this collection to
the Garden, and the writer immediately went to North Easton,
Mass., to superintend its proper packing and transportation.
This work was greatly facilitated by the assistance of Mr. Ames,
who not only gave his own time in going over the collection
and carefully inspecting the labels, furnishing such as were miss-
ing, but also the service of his men in packing and shipping the
plants. The collection was, until last summer, located at his
greenhouses at North Easton. At that time, however, it was re-
moved to a range of houses located some five miles from that
place. To transport over this distance a collection of such size
was not a small undertaking. It took six wagon-loads to ac-
complish it, the wagons being arranged to accommodate two
tiers on each trip. Arrangements were made with the railroad
company for a freight car which was placed on a siding. Staging
was placed in the car, as the floor space was by no means ade-
quate to accommodate the collection. Two tiers of staging were
placed in one end and one in the other, and the smaller plants.
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251
packed in boxes, were placed on these. The larger plants were
packed in hay on the bottom of the car. Unfortunately the
selection of the car was a poor one, as it broke down in transit,
and was located in a disabled condition at New Haven, where
the contents were transferred to another car. The collection
finally reached the Garden just one week after its shipment,
fortunately suffering no harm whatever from the delay.
Owing to the crowded condition of the conservatories, this
collection has been divided, a part of it, mainly the venus*s-slip-
pers {Paphiopediium and Phragntidepium) and the cattleyas,
being placed on the central bench in house no. 1 5 of the conser-
vatories, while the remainder, for the present, is located in house
no. 3 of the propagating range.
This collection, brought together at much expenditure of time
and money, hardly needs comment as to its value. It is exceed-
ingly rich, not only in genera and species, a feature of especial
interest to a botanical garden, but also in hybrids, among which
may be numbered some of great beauty and rarity. Among
other interesting plants are many secured by Mr. Ames in his
personal explorations in Cuba and in the southern parts of Florida,
or by collectors whom he sent out especially in search of orchids.
Many things have come to him from Mexico and other parts of
Central America ; and from the Philippines he has received many
plants, some of these being the types of new species which Mr.
Ames has recently described. All these interesting and valuable
species are included in the gift to the Garden.
The collection is particularly rich in forms from the New
World, this region being represented by about fifty-five genera
and over four hundred species and varieties. Among the New
World genera rare in cultivation are, among others, the following :
Hexadesmia^ SMimia^ Mesospinidium^ Aspasia, Trichocentrum^
Trigonidium^ Lockhartia, Cirrhaea, Amblostoma, Scuticaria,
Dichaea, Lanium, Eriopsis, and Angidoa, Those from the New
World which are represented by five or more species or varieties
are the following : Maxillaria, 24; Cattleya, 72; Epidendrufn^6^ ;
Miltania^ 7 ; Schomburgkia^ 5 ; Oncidium, 40 ; SobrcUia, s ; Stan-
hopea, 8 ; Odontoglossum, 22 ; Brassavola^ 5 ; Laelia, 26 ; Ly caste ^
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252
lo; Phragfnipedium, 53 ; Pleurothallis, 17. This will indicate
the value of the collection for a comparative study of forms
from the new world.
The Old World is also well represented by about thirty-one
genera and three hundred and sixteen species. Among those un-
usual in cultivation are : Ceratostylis, Mystacidium^ Spathoglottis^
ListrostackySy Tainia^ Neobenthamia, Otockilus^ and Oberonia,
The following genera are represented by five or more species or
varieties: Eria, 13; Cirrhopetalum, 10; Sarca7ithus, 5; Cym-
bidium, 12 ; Flatyclinis, 5 ; Bulbophyllum, 25 ; Angraecum^ 14;
Coeiogyne, 20; Dendrobium, 52; Vanda, 11 ; and PaplUopedi-
lum, 108. The genus last named contains the largest repre-
sentation in the whole collection, and embraces some plants of
great value, now rather difficult to obtain.
Of genera which are common to both the Old World and the
New are : Polystachya, Liparis^ Vanilla^ Spiranthes, Eulophia^ and
Microstylis,
The entire collection contains about 1,530 plants, representing
nearly 100 genera and about 750 species and varieties. A num-
ber of the genera and many of the species were not previously
in the Garden collections. It is hardly necessary to state that the
acquisition of this material adds greatly to the value of the
Garden collections, not only for the purposes of study, but also
from the viewpoint of beauty and decoration.
George V. Nash.
THE SELF-PRUNING OF TREES.
The natural pruning of trees has long been well known. By
natural pruning is meant the loss of certain branches after their
death, caused usually by overshading and consequent poor
nutrition. Thus is explained the lack of lower branches on trees
growing close together in a forest. In this process the tree
remains passive until the branch is dead, after which the dead
branch is cut off by the formation of a "collar" of tissue by the
cambium. Trees that have been pruned by *' nature," that is,
as the result of the action of environmental forces outside the tree,
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253
yield lumber that is much freer from knots than that cut from
trees growing in the open, where the lower branches have per-
sisted, but natural pruning appears to be of little advantage in
the economy of the plant.
Many trees, however, prune themselves. This phenomenon,
though described by Foerst* in 1893, and more fully by
Schaffner and Tyler, in the " Ohio Naturalist" for 1 90 1, appears
to be not widely known. This self -pruning is distinguished from
natural pruning in that the tree itself is throughout the active
agent in the process. The branch dies as the result of the
pruning, rather than being pruned after it is dead. In some
trees there is formed at the base of certain branches an abscission
layer, like that formed at the base of petioles in leaf-fall, and
thus the branch is severed from the tree.
A striking demonstration of self-pruning may now be had
along the walks leading up to the museum building. The
sapling poplars {Populus deltaides), that alternate with the tulip-
trees on either side of the walk, are vigorously pruning them-
selves, and the fallen branches are so numerous as to attract
general attention. Most of the pruned branches are two years
old, though some are older and some younger. They bear
numerous, well-formed winter buds, and in some instances many
leaves still remain on the branch.
Self-pruning, in some families, is accomplished in other ways
than the one mentioned above. In the willow, for example,
instead of the abscission-layer, a brittle zone is formed at the base
of the branch. Out of about twenty-five genera where self-
pruning occurs, Catalpa^ AilanthuSy horse-chestnut, elm, lilac and
mulberry, may be mentioned as illustrative examples in the
garden.
The significance of self-pruning seems to be quite analogous
to that of artificial pruning, viz,^ to get rid of superfluous or of
weak branches. It does not seem to be a means of vegetative
propagation, for in most cases the branches cut off either do not
take root, or do not fall into conditions suitable for that. Some
trees, as, for example, the red and the sugar maples, and the
• Bull. Torrey Club ig : 267. 1892. Ibid, ao : 157. 1893.
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254
American elm, are self-pruned in the spring or early summer,
•while others, as the poplar, postpone the process until fall.
C. Stuart Gager.
THE TARDY DEFOLIATION OF THE TREES.
The significance of leaf-fall as a protection against excessive
drought rather than against extreme cold, as is popularly sup-
posed, is well shown in the late persistence of the foliage this fall.
Normally, most of the deciduous trees and shrubs in the Garden
are almost entirely barren of leaves by the last of October, but
this year the foliage, though richly colored with autumn tints, has
persisted until the last week in October, with almost no sign
of falling. Some of the maples, the hornbeams, sweetgums, and
even the plane-trees (which have already been once defoliated
this season by a fungus disease attacking them in the spring),
show, at a distance, almost no loss of foliage.
This fact is doubtless largely due to the copious precipitation
during September. Seven and ninety-three hundreths inches of
rain were recorded at the Garden last month, or almost one fifth
of the entire average annual precipitation. Thus tardy leaf-fall
is correlated with a tardy autumn and winter drought, and the
several frosts that have occurred have not appreciably hastened
defoliation. Of course loss of water by transpiration ceases some
time before the leaf actually falls.
C. Stuart Gager.
NEW MUSEUM CASES.
The crowding of specimens resulting from the naturally uneven
growth of the different parts of the museum during the last few
years has necessitated an increase in the case equipment for both
the public exhibits and the study collections. To meet this con-
dition, a number of cases were recently constructed and set up
under a contract of the Department of Parks. These represent
several standard units, and are built of quartered oak to match
the cases of their respective styles.
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255
Six cases for displaying fossil plants have been placed in the
west hall of the basement. These occupy positions relatively the
same as similar cases in the east hall. Thus the entire exhibition
space of the basement will be used for the display of fossil plants.
As the space in the new cases is equivalent to that of the old ones,
many of the more valuable and characteristic specimens of fossil
plants that have accumulated for several years in storage, can now
be put on exhibition.
Sixteen cases have been placed in the west wing of the economic
museum. They were arranged to complete the eight standard
blocks consisting of six cases each, thus using up the available
space in that wing. The collections displayed in that portion of
the museum can now be more satisfactorily developed. The added
space will be taken up mainly by the exhibits of plant constituents,
oils, beverages, spices, and tanning material.
Forty-one cases were added to the equipment on the top floor.
As many cases as possible were placed in the main herbarium
room in order to relieve the congested condition of the herbarium
of flowering plants, which has been brought about chiefly by the
addition of specimens secured by means of exploration and ex-
change. However, the majority of the new herbarium cases were
arranged in the room at the extreme western end of that floor.
Here the entire fungus herbarium is being installed, while the
cases in the room formerly devoted to fungi will be used for the
rapidly growing fern herbarium. This addition of cases enables
us to arrange the public exhibits and the study collections of the
Garden to much better advantage than was possible heretofore.
J. K. Small.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
The bi-weekly botanical conventions of the Garden were re-
sumed on November 6, and will be continued until June i.
Mr. H. S. Jackson, of the State Experiment Station, Newark,
Delaware, was at the Garden from November 4 to 6, consulting
the herbarium.
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256
Dr. L. M. Underwood, Professor of Botany in Columbia Uni-
versity and Chairman of the Board of Scientific Directors of the
Garden, died at his home in Redding, Connecticut, on Saturday,
November i6.
Dr. Raymond H. Pond, who has been studying at the Garden
during the past year, sailed for Europe on November 7 to spend
several months in visiting German botanical laboratories.
Dr. Murrill visited the Biltmore Forest School, at Biltmore,
North Carolina, in October, where he secured collections of
Polyporaceae and made some observations on diseases of trees.
Dr. M. A. Howe and Mr. Percy Wilson sailed for the Bahamas
on November 15. They have planned to spend several weeks
there in botanical exploration.
Dr. C. B. Robinson, assistant curator of the Garden since July
I, 1906, has been appointed economic botanist of the Bureau
of Science of the Government of the Philippine Islands, and is
planning to sail for Manila early in the coming year.
The regular autumn exhibition of the Horticultural Society of
New York was held at the Garden on November 13 and 14. An
' attractive display of varieties of apples was a feature of the exhi-
I bition. At the meeting on November 13 addresses were made
by Messrs. Hedrick and Fullerton.
! Professor C. F. Baker, for three years past chief of the depart-
ment of botany in the Estacion Central Agronomica, at Santiago
de las Vegas, Cuba, has been appointed curator of the herbarium
and botanic garden at the Museu Goeldi, Para, Brazil. His
special work there will be the further development of the her-
barium and garden at Para, and the botanical exploration of some
of the most interesting parts of the Amazon valley. Professor
Baker visited the Garden on November 20, on his way to Brazil.
The brook running through the center of the herbaceous
grounds, which was becoming wider than first designed by the
squeezing out of soil from its sides into the water by the crowds
of people walking along its banks, making it necessary to deepen
it continually for several years, has been made permanent this fall
by the construction of a loose stone wall along each side rising
to about the water level ; this construction will make the care of
Digitized by VjOOQIC
257
the grounds adjoining the brook much easier, and does not inter-
fere in the least with the planting of aquatics.
A contract for the construction of the park wall and fence on
the southwestern side of the Garden, extending from the Elevated
Railway station to the Southern Boulevard entrance along the
property line of Fordham University, was awarded by the Com-
missioners of Parks in October to Guidone and Galardi, who
plan to begin work during November. The structure will con-
sist of a low rubble stone wall surmounted by an iron fence
broken at intervals by granite columns. A fence along this
boundary line has long been greatly desired, inasmuch as the
path running parallel with this line from the Elevated Railway
station is used by thousands of people and the old stone wall
which is at present there is no barrier. The contract price is
^17,000, the total distance being about two thousand feet. The
fence will be stepped at intervals in order to conform to the natural
grades as much as possible, each section being horizontal. It
was designed by Mr. John R. Brinley, landscape engineer of the
Garden, in consultation with Mr. Samuel Parsons, landscape archi-
tect of the Department of Parks, and the design was approved
by the board of managers of the Garden and by the park com-
missioner.
The total precipitation recorded at the Garden for October was
4.44 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded' of 74° on
the 4th, 73® on the 7th and i8th, and 61° on the 23d; also
minimum temperatures of 40° on the 2d, 34° on the 10th, 31°
on the 5 1 St, and 28° on the 27th. The first fall frosts occurred
during the first week of the month.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
258
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM SEPTEMBER i TO OCTOBER 31.
Alpino, Prospero. Historiae Aegypti naturalis : pars prima, Lugduni Bata*
Torum, 1735. 2 vols, in I.
Archer, Thomas Croxen. First steps in economic botany, London, 1854.
Babington, Charles Cardale. Manual of British botany. Third edition*
London, 1851.
Backhouse, James. Monograph oftht British Hieracia. York, 1856.
Barr^ke, Pierre. Essai sur Vhisioire naturelle de la France iquinoxiali,
Paris, 1749.
Blackstone, John. Fasciculus plantarum circa Harefield sponte nascentium cum
appendice ad loci historiam speciante, Londini, 1737.
Blackstone, John. Specimen botanicum quo plantarum plurium rariorum
Angliae indigenarum loci natales illustrantur. Londini, 1 746.
BoEHMER, Georg Rudolf. Flora Lipsiae indigena. Lipsiae, 1750.
Buxton, Richard. Botanical guide to the flowering plants ^ ferns ^ mosses^ and
algae^ found indigenous within sixteen miles of Manchester, London, 1849.
Clute, Willard Nelson. Our ferns in their haunts. New York, 1901.
Clute, Willard Nelson. The fern allies of North America north of Mexico.
New York, 1905.
Dalech AMPS, Jacques. Histoire ginirale des planies, Lyon, 1615. 2 vols.
Da vies, Hugh. Welsh botanology, London, 1 813.
Davy, Humphry. Elements of agricultural chemistry, London, 1813.
Drury, Heber. Hand-book of the Indian flora. Madras, 1864-69. 3 vols.
Drury, Hbbkr. Useful plants of India, Madras, 1858.
DuNRAR, William Phillips. Zur Frage der Stellungder Bakterien, Hefen und
Schimmelpilte im System, MUnchen, 1 907.
Fortune, Robert. Journey to the tea countries of China. London, 1852.
Ganong, William Francis. The teaching botanist. New York, 1899.
Gardiner, William. Flora of Forfarshire, London, 1848.
Geddes, Patrick. Chapters in modem botany, London, 1 893.
Genevier, L. Gaston. Essai monographique sur les Rubus du bassin de la
Loire, Angers, 1869.
Harris, Joseph & Myers, William Shields. Food for plants. New edition.
New York, 1905. (Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.)
Harvey, Alexander. Trees and their nature. London, 1856.
Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Himalayan journals, London, 1854. 2 vols.
Hough, Romeyn Beck. Handbook of the trees of the Northern States and
Canada. Ix)wville, 1 907.
Irvine, R. H. Short account of the materia medica of Patna. Calcutta, 1848.
Iterson, Gerrit van. Mathematische und mikroskopisch-anatomische Studien
aber Blattstellungen. Jena, 1907.
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259
Journal of the Institute of Jamaica, Vol. II., Kiogston, 1894-99. (Given by
Dr. N. L. Britton.)
KiRSCHLEGER, Friedrich. Prodrome de la Flore d^ Alsace, Strasbourg,
1836-38.
Kirschleger, Friedrich. Statistigue de la flare d^ Alsace et des Vosges^ qui font
partie de cette province, Mulhausen, 1 83 1.
KiRSCHLEGER, FRIEDRICH. StatisHoue vigitale des environs de Strasbourg,
(Strasbourg, 1845.)
Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph. Synopsis der deutschen und scAtveiztr Flora.
Zweite Auflage. Leipzig, 1846-47.
Kramer, Wilhelm Heinrich. Elenchus vegetabilium et animalium per Aus»
iriam inferiorem observatorum, Viennae, 1756.
KuNTH, Carl Sigismund. Bemerkungen aber die Familie der Piperaceen.
Halle, 1840.
LiNDLEY, John. Medical and oeconomical botany, London, 1849.
LiNDLEY, John. Synopsis of the British flora, London, 1829,
LiNDLEY, John & Paxton, Joseph. Paxton' s flower garden, London, 1853.
3 vols.
Lindsay, William Lauder. Contributions to New Zealand botany, London,
1868.
Loudon, Jane Wells. Ladies^ flower-garden of ornamental annuals, London,
1840.
Loudon, John Claudius. Arboretum et fruticetum britannicum, London,
1838. 8 vols.
Lowe, Edward Joseph. Beautiful leaved plants. London, 1866.
Lowe, Edward Joseph, Natural history of new and rare ferns. London,
1868.
Massee, George. Evolution of plant life, London, 1891.
Massee, George. Text-book of fungi, London, 1906. (Given by the Trastecs
of Columbia University. )
Meredith, Louisa Anne. Some of my bush friends in Tasmania, London,
i860. Another edition. London, 189 1.
MiALL, Louis Compton & Carrington, Benjamin. Flora of the West Riding,
London, 1862.
MONGREDIEN, AUGUSTUS. Trees and shrubs for English plantations. London
1870.
Noisette, Louis. Le jardin fruitier . Paris, 1821. 3 vols.
Parkinson, John. Paradisi in sole Paradisus terrestris. Second impression.
London, 1656.
Phelps, William. Calendarium botanicum, London, 18 10.
PLfeE, AUGUSTE & PLfeE, Fran^ois. BerboHsations artificielles aux environs de
Paris, Paris, 181 1.
Plues, Margaret. British grasses, London, 1867.
PoMET, Pierre, history of drugs. Third edition. London, 1737.
PoRSCH, Otto. Versuch einer phylogenetischen Erkldrung des Embryosickes und
der doppelten Befruchtung der Angiospermen, Jena, 1907.
(Preston, Thomas Arthur.) Flora of Marlborough, London, 1863.
PuRTON, Thomas. Botanical description of British plants. Stratford-upon-
Avon, 1817-21. 3 vols.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
260
Ray, John. Catalogus plan/arum Angliae ei instdarum adjucentium. Londini,
1670.
Rbinbold, Theodor. Die Meeresalgen der detUsehen Tief see- Expedition lEgS--
i8gg. Jena, 1907. (Given by Dr. M. A. Howe.)
Rendle, Alfred Barton. List of British seed-plants and fims, London, 1907.
(Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
RiCHTER, Oswald. Die Bedeutung der Reinkultur, Berlin, 1907.
Rota, Lorenzo. Prospetto delta flora delta provincia di Bergamo Bergamo,
1853.
ROYLE, John Forbes. Essay on the productive resources 0/ India, London 1840.
Scarella, Giambattista. Breve ragguaglio intomo at fiore delPAloe ameri-
cana. Padova, 17 10.
. Seemann, Berthold. Viti: an account of a government mission to the Vitian or
Figian Islands in the years 1860-61. Cambridge, 1862.
Seubert, Moritz. Flora azorica, Bonnae, 1844.
Short, Thomas. Medicina britannica, London, 1746.
Sinclair, George. Hortus gramineus wobumensis. Second edition. London,
1825.
Smith, John Bernhardt. Economic entomology. Second edition. Philadel-
phia, 1906.
Spry, Henry Harpur. Suggestions received by the agricultural and horticultural
society of India for extending the cultivation ana introduction of useful and orna-
mental plants, Calcutta, 1 84 1.
Tabernaemontanus, Jacobus Theodorus. Neu vollkommen Kr&utet-buch,
Basel, 1687.
Teicke, Paul. Lehrbuch der Botanik fUr landwirtschaftliche Lehranstalten,
Berlin, 1907.
TOURNEFORT, JOSEPH PiTTON DE. Relation d'un voyage du Levant, Amster-
dam, 1 718. 2 vols, in I.
(ViGiER, Jean Baptiste.) HUtoire des plantes de V Europe^ et des plus usities
qui viennent d'Asie^ d* Afrique et d*Amirique. Lyon, 1 762. 2 vols.
Vilmorin-Andrieux & Cie. Les fleurs de pleine terre, Troisi^me edition.
Paris, 1870.
Wade, Walter. Catalogus systematicus plantarum indigenarum in comitatu
dublinensi inventarum, Dublini, 1794.
Wagner, Max. Pflantenphysiologische Studien im fValde. Berlin, 1907.
Watson, Hewett Cottrell. Remarks on the geographical distribution of
British plants, London, 1 835.
Watson, Hewett Cottrell. The geographical distribution of British plants.
Third edition : part L London, 1843.
White, John. An essay on the indigenous grasses of Ireland, Dublin, 1808.
Wilson, John. Synopsis of British plants, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1744.
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Woods, Joseph. The tourist's flora. London, 1850.
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261
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
8 specimens of Piperaceae from tropical America. ( By exchange with the U. S.
National Musemn. )
6 specimens of Pimpinella magna from eastern Pennsylvania. (Given by Professor
C. L. Gruber. )
2 specimens of Aralia hispida from Quebec. (Given by Brother Louis Arsene.)
13 mosses from New Hampshire. (Given by Mr. H. H. Bartlett.)
I specimen of Solidago juncea from Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr. Philip Dowell.)
3 mosses from Connecticut. (By exchange with Mr. George £. Nichols.)
1 specimen of Polygonum ienue from Minnesota. (Given by Mr. L. R. Moyer.)
5 specimens of ferns and mosses from Grenada, West Indies. (Collected by Mr.
W. E. Broadway.)
2 mosses from Brazil. (By exchange with Professor V. F. Brotherus.)
207 mosses from the tropics. (Distributed by Mr. F. Renauld. )
2,000 specimens from Jamaica, West Indies. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L.
Britton.)
14 specimens of flowering plants from Long Island. (Given by Dr. R. M. Harper. )
30 specimens <*Musci Acrocarpi Boreali-Americani." (By exchange with Pro-
fessor J. M. Holzinger.)
19 specimens of flowering plants from Colorado. (Given by Mr. H. L. Shantz.)
9 specimens of flowering plants from the Old World. (Given by Mr. H. D.
House. )
6 mosses from the West Indies. (By exchange with Mr. J. Cardot.)
1 specimen of Razoumo/skia pusilla from Maine. (Given by Mr. J. Loring
Arnold. )
2 specimens of Fissidens from Japan. (Given by Mr. E. B. Chamberlain.)
3 mosses from New England. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.)
54 specimens from South Carolina and Alabama. (Given by Messrs. H. D.
House and W. C. Dukes. )
65 specimens of fungi from Biltmore, North Carolina. (Collected by Dr. W. A.
Murrill.)
359 specimens from the Philippine Islands. (Collected by Mr. A. D. E. Elmer.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
102 plants for herbaceous grounds. (By exchange with Prof. W. J. Beal. )
I plant for conservatories. (By exchange with Dr. J. N. Rose, through United
States National Museum. )
43 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Dr. C. F. Baker, Cuba.)
1 plant for conservatories. (Given by Miss A. M. Clark.)
2 plants for conservatories. (Given by Dr. Philip Dowell.)
I plant for nursery. (Ciiven by Mr. H. G. Rugg.)
3 plants for nursery. (Collected by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
25 plants for herbaceous grounds. (Given by Mrs. W. Spalding.)
58 plants for conservatories from Jamaica. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L,
Britton.)
20 plants for nursery. (Given by Mrs, K. L. Prentiss.)
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262
packets of seed. (Collected by Mr. G. V. Nash, at Portage, N. Y.)
id^plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. M. A. Saville.)
1 packet of seed. (Given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.)
2 rootstocks for conservatories. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton in
Jamaica. )
I bulb for conservatories. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton in Jamaica.)
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Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. Pun \u
LUCIEN MARCUS UNDERWOOD.
From stereograph copyright by Underwood & Underwood, September, 1907.
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. VIII. December. 1907. No. 96.
THE Vl^ORK OF PROFESSOR LUCIEN MARCUS
UNDERWOOD.
The success of a life work is measured by the character and
extent of its influence. When this work is embodied in the form
of such voluminous records for permanent reference as have been
left by Professor Underwood, it is important that its characteristics
should be generally recognized. This is the more necessary in
the present instance, because interest in many of the subjects
treated by this author is yet in its infancy, and the work known
to but few in comparison with those who will in future require its
assistance.
A complete bibliography of Professor Underwood's writings is
in course of preparation by another ; it is the purpose of the
present contribution to make use of only such references as shall
illustrate the peculiar character and value of his work in general-
Professor Underwood was born on the 26th of October, 1853,.
at New Woodstock, New York, of John Lincklaen and Jane H.
(Smith) Underwood. He died at his home in Redding, Connec-
ticut, November 16, 1907, and was buried in the Redding ceme-
tery. A copy of his latest photograph, taken a short time before
his death, is shown in the frontispiece. His boyhood was passed
upon the farm and his subsequent love of natural history was
here foreshadowed in his interest in living things and in the keen
and inquiring intelligence with which he observed them. Dur-
ing his student days these propensities were notable to his school-
mates« even to those who were not interested in the same sub-
263
Digitized by VjOOQIC
264
jects. His natural history collecting might be said to have begun
spontaneously, in his boyhood, before he knew anything of such
work as a pursuit. It began systematically as soon as his student
life had given him a knowlege of this branch of study, and, before
he had received his collegiate degree, his collections were already
of considerable extent and of no little local value. The wide
range of these collections, through animate and inanimate nature,
{Mainly indicated the character of his mind and the nature of his
future work as a teacher and investigator. His interest in the
inorganic world extended to chemical composition, so that chem-
istry early become one of his favorite studies, and he spent some
time in teaching it. When he took the degree of Ph.D. at Syra-
cuse University in 1879, he was recognized by both faculty and
students as a young man of many broad attainments. These
facts are here dwelt upon by virtue of their relation to what the
writer regards as Professor Underwood's special characteristic,
breadth of view.
From these habits of study, it resulted that his superiors felt
able to assign him, at different times, to a wide variety of teaching
duties. He once informed the writer, with a smile of amused
reminiscence, that he had taught about everything that could, with
any degree of grace, be crowded within the range of work of any
one teacher. The many positions which he occupied as a teacher
indicated neither restlessness nor incompetence, but a determina-
tion to settle only where there was opportunity for the pursuit of
his real life work. This opportunity he secured in 1896, when he
became Professor of Botany at Columbia University, and assumed
important associated relations with the New York Botanical
Garden as a member of its Board of Scientific Directors, of which
he became Chairman in 1901. His opportunities here were
enhanced by the possession of unexcelled assistance in the teach-
ing department of the University, making it possible for him to
work in freedom from many of the distractions which often impede
the work of the scientific investigator.
Professor Underwood's first actual scientific publication seems
to have been an account of original observations of the evergreen
wood fern (Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, October, 1878).
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265
This published observation was but one of the many which he
had treasured, and, the ice being now broken, he became disposed
to direct attention to the ferns generally as he knew and loved
them, which he did in 1881, through a small volume entitled
"Our Native Ferns.'* The volume was dedicated to his sister,
and Its title page bore the following quotation from Coleridge :
** He prayeth best who lovcth best
All things, both great and small,
For the dear God who loveth us,
He made and loveth all."
The work contained synoptical descriptions of 147 species, and
its object was to guide to their study as well as to their classifi-
cation. This work has passed through six editions, the fourth
of which represents a notable advance in the author's view and
in his treatment of the subject ; it includes the fern allies, and
adopts a modern classification and a rational nomenclature. That
it created a widespread interest in the study of ferns is shown by
the successful career of the Fern Chapter and Fern Bulletin, both
of which profited largely thereby. A more striking evidence is
the great number of fern specimens that soon poured in upon the
author from students in all parts of the country, which enabled
him to accumulate a very valuable collection, now possessed by
the New York Botanical Garden.
During the progress of his work on ferns. Professor Underwood
became impressed with the need for some systematic presentation
of tke North American Hepaticae, which, serving as a convenient
guide, might lead to the more general study of this neglected
group. This project was carried out in 1883, when he published
his descriptive Catalogue of these plants in the Bulletin of the
Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.
One of his most cherished objects was the publication of an
elaborate Index Hepaticarum, and in 1893 its first part, on
bibliography, appeared. It is characteristic of the author that
this first part is presented so that it can form a convenient basis
for the continuation of the work by another. In 1894, he pub-
lished a highly scientific paper on the evolution of the Hepaticae.
Professor Underwood's natural tendency to breadth of study
Digitized by VjOOQIC
266
was illustrated in his relations with the work of the Indiana
Academy of Sciences. This society was established in 1885 and
the publication of its Proceedings was begun in 1891, the first
volume containing two papers by him. In that year he proposed
the undertaking of a biological survey of the state. The follow-
ing year he was made chairman of a committee to provide for its
organization, with the result that in 1893 the Proceedings con-
tained a report of work covering 192 printed pages. Of these,
55 were by Underwood, and the remainder by a number of con-
tributors, indicating his influence in enlisting the interest of others,
an ability that characterized his entire career. In this first report,
he published a map of Indiana, with those counties shaded in blue
from which no collections of ferns or fern-allies had been reported,
the area thus covered representing about three fifths of the state.
The same idea of making provision, where none existed, for
encouraging new interest in little-worked fields of study led him
in 1899 to publish a work entitled ** Moulds, Mildews and Mush-
rooms.'* The author's idea was expressed in the following
prefatory statement : ** The increasing interest that has been
developed in fungi during the past few years, together with the
fact that there is no guide written in the English language to the
modern classification of the group and its extensive but scattered
literature, has led the writer to prepare this introduction for the
use of those who wish to know something of this interesting
series of plants." In accordance with this idea, guides to the
literature here accompany his exposition of all the groups. Two
years earlier, he had published his ** Preliminary List of Alabama
Fungi." It would perhaps be too much to say that the author's
interest in fungi had been incited by economic considerations, but
these unquestionably had much to do with his special study of
them. The publication of his studies of the cedar-and-apple rust
proved of great interest in horticultural circles. In 1896, he
published, in cooperation with Earle, an important paper on the
"Treatment of Fungous Diseases," in the Bulletin of the Ala-
bama Agricultural Experiment Station. About 1902, he became
interested in the establishment of mycological clubs throughout
the country, the work of these organizations being largely eco-
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267
nomic. It is doubtless due to the fact that most of Professor
Underwood's work dealt with groups having few economic rela-
tions that his interest in vegetable economics was not more
generally known. The writer is better informed, through long
and intimate acquaintance, and has been for several years past
impressed with a belief that he contemplated some important
publication on economic botany.
During the entire period that these other studies, so fruitful of
results, were occupying his attention. Professor Underwood was
making steady progress in his investigations of the ferns. It is
this which we regard as his special work, and it is to it that we
must look for our best knowledge of him as a scholar. We have
seen how, in the fourth edition of his fern manual, he broke
from old traditions and thenceforth pursued his work with greater
freedom to discover the truth and intelligibly present it. It was
a momentous change, and one that marks the beginning of his
best work. It gave to his views concerning the inter-relations
of the North American ferns that unique value, the recognition
of which weighs us down with the special sense of our loss, in
that we shall never see the full results of its influence in their
systematic arrangement. It forced him to go backward as well
as forward in his researches, one of which was represented by a
critical paper published in 1 899 on the genera of ferns proposed
prior to 1832. A little gem, which may be credited to the same
impulse, was his paper of 1905, entitled ** A Glimpse at Early
Botanical Literature " ; it had led him in 1 901, in a paper entitled
**A Changed Conception of Species," to say the following : " Two
pernicious principles early invaded the study of botany in this
country, and some traces of the spirit they engendered still per-
sist in conservative settlements, along with other provincialisms
strikingly un-American: (i) the habit of regarding as many
American species as possible identical with European congeners
. . . ; (2) the more or less blind acceptance of European writers
on American plants as 'authorities.'" This position was more
definitely stated a year later in a paper entitled *' Some Features
of Future Fern Study," Herein he refers to observations care-
fully recorded at Kcw in 1898, and treats of the advance that
Digitized by VjOOQIC
268
will be made in the future study of our American ferns, viz. : " the
delimitation of closely allied species that have hitherto been tied
up in specific groups under single names." He speaks also of
what will be '* a very conspicuous feature of the fern study of the
next few years," that is, of the early stages of our natiye ferns.
He refers to the value of anatomical studies as casting light upon
systematic relationships. The writer had knowledge of much
deeper problems concerning the significance of fern anatomy
which occupied our author, problems indicating such questions
as " What is the frond," and " What is the relation of the fern
caudex to the ordinary stem." In the paper here considered he
speaks of the broadening of our present limited conceptions of
American ferns by including those of the American tropics.
"But these thoughts," he says, **take us far beyond the origi-
nal intent of my subject ; yet they only emphasize the fact that
the world is a unit, and that even in fern study we will do well
to bear in mind not to become too narrow in our conceptions."
The attitude of Professor Underwood toward fern study at the
time of his death is to be seen in the following quotation from
his very last paper : '* The two ferns of the genus Lindsaea here
to be described, one from Colombia, the other from Cuba, we
regard as very distinct and readily recognizable ; otherwise we
should hesitate to add to the list of names in a genus so thor-
oughly in need of careful revision."
As a summary, from a careful review of this whole field of
labor, it may be said that Professor Underwood's systematic
study of the ferns was one of the most profound in its class, and
was performed in a manner to compel the admiration of all com-
petent critics. Convinced that the existing views of inter- relation-
ship among the ferns were not only confused, but wrongly
founded, and that correction could be accomplished only through
a general readjustment, he undertook this enormous task with-
out faltering, although he did not in the least lack appreciation
of its magnitude. Although he dissected unsparingly the work
of others, his sense of responsibility as a critic was so keen as to
save him from any tinge of offensiveness, and he was never
were all transferred to a shelter house located within the experi-
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269
known to yield to the personal in viewing either another's work
or his own. In his studies, he was equally appreciative of the
general and the detailed, and he balanced the two in a way that
is very rare among systematists.
In work of this kind, every conclusion reached becomes the
key to other questions, so that the publication of a group always
represents the accomplishment of much more than appears in
the publication. It is thus true that by far the larger part of
Professor Underwood's results are recorded only in the herbarium
cases where his annotated specimens are arranged. When one
shall appear who is ready and able to take up this work where
Professor Underwood has left it, he will find it no light task to
prepare himself by traversing the ground already covered and
by bringing himself to a point where he can compass Professor
Underwood's view.
H. H. RusBY.
THE EVAPORATING POWER OF THE AIR AT THE
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN.
In May, 1 900, three meteorological stations were established
in the Garden.* Station i, located in the Herbaceous garden^
was equipped with a standard rain-gauge, a thermograph, and a
set of maximum and minimum thermometers. Station 2 was on
a low ridge in the center of the hemlock forest, and station 3
in the central portion of the elevated plain of the fruticetum.
The last two stations were equipped with thermographs only.
Late in September, 1904, these three stations were abandoned. f
The catchment basin of the rain-gauge was installed on the roof
of the Museum building over the physiological laboratory, and,
by means of a lead pipe extending down through one of the sup-
porting pillars, it was connected with the gauge at the base of
the pillar, inside the laboratory. The amount of precipitation
recorded at the new station was found to be approximately the
same as at the old one. The thermometers and thermographs
♦Journal N. Y. Bot. Garden I : 76. 1900.
t Journal N. Y. Bot. Garden 5: 211. 1904.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
270
ment-garden, near the propagating-houses, on the eastern border
of the garden.
Until June, 1907, the meteorological records at the garden
include only the dates and amounts of precipitation, and the
temperature of the air and that of the soil at two depths. The
amount of precipitation, however, is not an index of the amount
of water available to vegetation. Part of the meteoric water
drains away through the soil before it is used, while a portion of
it evaporates from the surface of the soil into the air. It is the
ratio between annual precipitation and evaporation that chiefly
determines how nearly a given region approaches to either a
swamp or a desert. In a swamp evaporation is less than precipi-
tation, while in a desert the reverse is true.
It is a well-known fact that the rate of evaporation from a
given area depends upon the relative humidity of the surround-
ing air. Relative humidity, in turn, varies with the temperature
of the air, and with the environment. Thus, for a given air-tem-
perature, the rate of evaporation from a given water-surface will
vary with the area of the surface and with the depth of the water,
and the rate of evaporation from moist substances will be modi-
fied by the nature of the substance, and with the amount of
moisture it contains. Thus, for example, water will evaporate
more rapidly from one square foot of water-surface than from
two square feet, and more rapidly from one square foot with a
depth of, say, one quarter of an inch, than it will from the
same area over a depth of one foot. Also the same amount of
water will evaporate at different rates from clay-soil and from
sand-soil. Shrubbery and foliage tend in several ways to in-
crease the relative humidity of the surrounding air, thus retard-
ing evaporation.
The experiments described in this paper form part of a more
extended investigation, inaugurated by Dr. Burton E. Livingston,
of the Desert Botanical Laboratory, of the Carnegie Institution,
at Tucson, Arizona. Evaporimeters of uniform pattern, and
standardized, have been distributed to some twenty-seven stations
in the United States, ranging from Orono, Maine, on the east, to
California, on the west, and from Bozeman, Montana, on the
Digitized by VjOOQIC
271
north, to Gainesville, Florida, on the south, covering a wide
range of altitude and of nearness to large bodies of water. Of
these instruments, those received at the garden were Nos. 28, 30
and 34. It is hoped by means of the investigation, to be able to
establish a unit for measuring evaporation.
On the sixth of June, 1907, the evaporimeters were installed
at three stations within the Garden. These instruments consist
of a pint fruit-jar, tightly corked with a cork stopper soaked in
paraffine. Through the stopper a glass tube extends from the
oottom of the jar up and through a second cork, which tightly
closes the opening into a porous clay thimble. The glass tube
extends to the top of the thimble. For further protection against
the entrance of water from without a paraffined piece of cloth
was fitted tightly around the glass tube, and extended as a roof
over the top of the fruit-jar.
The jar was filled with distilled water up to a zero mark, and
the porous thimble and the glass tube were also filled with dis-
tilled water. Each evaporimeter was sunk into the ground to the
level of the top of the fruit-jar. As evaporation took place from
the surface of the thimble the water rose from the jar up through
the glass tube, thus keeping the thimble full and lowering the
surface of the water in the jar. The rate of evaporation varied
with the relative humidity of the surrounding air, and the amount
was measured by carefully pouring more distilled water into the
jar from a graduate, until the water-surface in the jar rose again
to the zero mark. The amount of water necessary to accomplish
this was the measure of the amount of evaporation for the given
period.
Station i (evaporimeter No. 28) was west of the propagating
houses on a dry, rocky knoll, covered with only a thin layer (one to
two feet) of soil, and well drained. The instrument was shaded
on all sides by tall saplings of red cedar and Ailanthtis, and nu-
merous small herbaceous plants and vines such as Smilax rotun-
difolia^ and ferns. The surface of the ground was covered with
twigs and dead leaves. Station 2 (evaporimeter No. 30) was
about fifty feet south of the stable, near the eastern border of the
garden. The ground is low, poorly drained, and marshy during
Digitized by VjOOQIC
272
the spring and other periods of '* wet weather." The instrument
was surrounded with unmoved grassy sod, shaded by a tall sap-
ling of alder on the west, and by tall shrubbery {Forsythia, etc.)
on the east. Station 3 (evaporimeter No. 34) was about six feet
east of the instrument shelter in the experiment garden (Fig.
37). On the north and west was sod, on the east and south
Fig. 37. Evaporimeter- Station 3. (InUrununl No. J4) New York Botanical
Garden. Facing nearly due west. The photograph shows the above-ground portion
of the evaporimeter near the tall fence post. Evaporation takes place only from the
upper ( whiter) part of the porous clay thimble. The top of the fruit-jar which is sunk
into the ground is covered by the paraffined cloth "roof,'* through which the glass
tube passes from the jar up into the clay thimble.
cultivated ground, with evening-primroses growing within two
feet. The soil here is loamy and well drained.
The instruments were all standardized by Dr. Livingston, so
that, after applying the correction for each instrument, the
respective readings were strictly comparable, varying only with
the external conditions that control evaporation. Readings,.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
273
taken every week on Monday morning from June 6, to October
14, and standardized by applying the necessary correction con-
stant, are given in the following table :
Week ending,
6/10
6/17
6/24
7/1
7/8
No. 28,
66
77
'99
60
77
No. 30,
48
48
51
29
47
No. 34,
—
129
147
106
137
Week ending,
7/15
7/22
7/29
8/5
8/12
No. 28,
99
60
130
98
82
No. 30,
55
37
56
37
46
No. 34,
129
124
185
133
142
We S- ending,
.8/19
8/26
9/2
9/9
9/16
No. 28,
126
105
118
47
74
No. 30,
89
64
85
32
41
No. 34,
188
131
128
41
85
Week ending,
9/23
9/30
10/7
10/14
No. 28,
50
50
99
68
No. 30,
27
—
32
—
No. 34,
58
35
80
61
It has been ascertained by Dr. Livingston that an evaporation
of 6.05 c.c. from the evaporimeters corresponds to i mm. of
depth, or, in English units (since it is customary to measure pre-
cipitation in inches), 153.67 c.c. of evaporation equals i inch of
depth. For the purpose of ascertaining this data comparisons
were made between the evaporation from the evaporimeters and
from a chemical water-bath, 25.6 inches in diameter, with the
water standing 1 1 cm. deep when the surface is at zero on the scale.
" It stands," writes Dr. Livingston, " with the water-surface level
with the middle of the evaporimeters to be tested, and about two
meters away from them. It is about 15 cm. from the ground
to the water-level. This level is about 5 mm. below the level of
the dish at the beginning of a period, and the vessel is refilled
once a day when the readings are made."
The total precipitation registered at the garden from June 10,
1907, to September 23, 1907, was 9.32 inches. This amount
will be approximately the same for all three evaporimeter stations.
Therefore, taking the difference between the amount of precipita-
tion in inches and the amount of evaporation from the evaporim-
eters in inches, we have :
Digitized by VjOOQIC
274
For No. 28 (at the propagating house) 9.32 in. — 8.47 in. zr= .85 in.
For No. 30 (at the stable) 9.32 in. — 4.84 in. = 4.48 in.
For No. 34 (at the experiment garden) 9.32 in. — 12. 10 in. = — 21.42 in.
That is, at the propagating house precipitation was .85 inch in
excess of the loss from the evapori meter, at the swampy region
near the stable, 4.48 inches ; while in the experiment garden dur-
ing the same period the evaporating power of the air was 2.78
inches in excess of the precipitation recorded.
Now it should be kept in mind that the loss of water from the
evaporimeters is not a measure of the amount of water lost by
the soil through evaporation, but is onfy an index of the evaporat-
ing power of t/ie air for the given station. For the same locality
the rate of evaporation from soil and from evaporimeter will
materially differ, being less from soil and varying with its nature
and condition, as well as with the surroundings above the soil-
surface.
The purpose of the above data, therefore, is not to give a
measure of the amount of precipitation that remains in the soil,
or that becomes available to the plants, but, as already empha-
sized, to give a measure of the evaporating power of the air in
different localities. The above record, then, gives mnnerical
expression of the fact that, of the three localities studied, the
evaporating power of the air is greatest in the experiment garden,
least at the swampy area near the stable, and intermediate on the
elevated, shaded, and well-drained rocky knoll.
C. Stuart Gager.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Mr. George V. Nash, Head Gardener, delivered a lecture on
Water Gardens before the Bronx Society of Arts and Sciences
December 6.
Bulletin No. 14, containing an enumeration by Henry H.
Rusby of plants collected in Bolivia by Miguel Bang, with de-
scriptions of new genera and species, was issued December 7,
1907. This number also contains an index to Vol. 4, which it
completes.
A tuber of Ibennllea Sonorae, a member of the gourd family,
Digitized by VjOOQIC
275
collected in Mexico in February, 1902, and placed in the mu-
seum here soon afterwards, has shown signs of life again this
season by sending up a slender stalk, which still appears green
and to some extent active. This curious desert plant may be
seen on the second floor of the museum building near the main
stairway.
The road leading from the eastern end of the Long Bridge
northward along the Bronx River to the Newell Avenue entrance
at the Williamsbridge end of the garden was completed and
thrown open for use in November, a steam road roller being
obligingly detailed for its completion by the Hon. Joseph I. Berry,
Commissioner of Parks. This portion of the driveway system is a
little over 2,000 feet in length and the roadway has been built 25
feet wide. It will be possible to broaden it in the future in case
this should be found necessary, but it is not expected that it will
be used as much as the main 40-foot driveways and it is hoped
that the 2 5 -foot width will answer all purposes. Considerable
grading of banks has been done from time to time along this
road, but much of this work still remains to be accomplished.
The road skirts the river north of the Long Bridge for about 700
feet and beyond that skirts the eastern side of the north meadows.
The opening of this road completes the driveway system of the
northern part of the ground.
The paths through the shrub collection on the plain north of
the lakes, and those encircling the lakes, were completed during
the autumn, a total length of over a mile of finished path being
thus added to the system. Nearly all the grading necessary
along the sides of these paths had previously been done. The
paths through the economic garden and connecting this planta-
tion with the paths leading to the Museum Building and to the
systematic herbaceous plantation, a total length of nearly 2,000
feet, were also completed, as well as the path leading from the
herbaceous garden in a southerly direction to the Bronx Park
in the woods at the southern boundary of the garden, a distance
of about 800 feet. This work was all made possible by securing
a boat load of fine trap rock screenings through the Department
of Parks. The same boat load of trap rock screenings furnished
Digitized by VjOOQIC
276
material for the resurfacing of the driveways first built in the Gar-
•den from the Bedford Park Boulevard entrance past the Museum
Building, and northward to the lakes, and southward to a point
•east of the public conservatories ; a considerable amount of the
earlier built paths about the public conservatories being also
re-surfaced. The entire road and path system of the grounds,
constructed up to the present time, may now be reported to be
in first class condition. The portion of the main driveway at the
Lake Bridge, which has remained unfinished since the building of
that structure awaiting the complete settling of the earth and rock
filling, a length of about 250 feet, was also completed during
November, as well as the paths leading to that bridge both from
the north and from the south.
Meteorology for November, — The total precipitation recorded
for the month was 5.03 inches. Maximum temperatures were
recorded of 62° on the 3d, 58.5° on the 5th and lOth, 54° on
the 17th, 58° on the 2 2d, and 55° on the 28th ; also minimum
temperatures of 29° on the ist, 30° on the 5th, 23° on the i 5th,
32° on the 20th, and 25° on the 30th.
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
432 specimens from North Dakota. (By exchange with Dr. J. Lunell.)
3 specimens from Virginia. (Given by Mr. E. B. Bartram.)
3 specimens of hepatics from New England. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz. )
I specimen of the wood of Cotinus americanus from Alabama. (Given by Dr. R.
M. Harper.)
1 specimen of European spruce gum from Poughkeepsie, New York. (Collected
by Mr. Percy Wilson. )
39 specimens from Colorado. ( By exchange with Mr. George E. Osterhout. )
99 specimens of ferns from the Eastern States. (Given by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
2 specimens of ferns from Chapel Hill, North Carolina. (Given by Professor W.
<:. Coker.)
I specimen from Colorado. (Given by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell. )
7 specimens of mosses from New England. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.)
1 specimen of Cercospora pachyspora from Ohio. ( By exchange with Professor W.
A. Kellerman.)
2 specimens of polypores from Ithaca, New York. ( Given by Professor George F.
Atkinson. )
Digitized by VjOOQIC
277
$6 specimens of fungi from Virginia. (Collected by Dr. W. A. Marrill.)
1 specimen of SoliJas^o from Michigan. (Given by Mr. William T. Wallace.)
2 specimens of Laciarius from Gainesville, Florida. (Given by Mr. H. S.
Fawcelt. )
3 specimens of polypores from Rockville, Indiana. (Given by Mr. Geo. T.
Howell.)
1 specimen of PorodaedaUa Pint from Forked River, New Jersey. (Given by
Mr. W. H. Ballon.)
34 specimens from Colorado. ( Given by Mr. H. L. Shantz. )
25 specimens of fungi from various localities. (Given by Miss S. L. Clarke.)
2 specimens of polypores from Staten Island, New York. (Given by Mr. S. C.
Edwards. )
1 specimen of Fissidem mintUulus from Cambridge, New York. (Given by Mr.
Frank Dobbin.)
2 specimens of Androsace from New Mexico. (Given by Prof. E. O. Wooton. )
9 specimens of mosses from Connecticut. (By exchange with Mr. Geo. £.
Nichols.)
45 specimens of violets from Connecticut. (Given by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
4 plants for conservatories. ( By exchange with Dr. Treub, Java. )
59 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mrs. George Such.)
I plant for conservatories. (Collected by Mr. L. J. K. Brace.)
I plant for nursery. (Given by Mr. Sturtevant. )
1 plant for conservatories. (Given by Prof. P. H. Rolfs.)
2 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with United States National Museum,
through Dr. J. N. Rose. )
I plant for conservatories. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
48 plants for conservatories. ( By exchange with Estaci6n Central Agron6mica,
Cuba.)
48 plants derived from seed from various sources.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
Digitized by VjOOQIC
INDEX
Absence of undergrowth in the hemlock
forest (fig. 34) 237-240
Absinthe 189
Acacia 76, 83
Acer rubrutn 206
Acicularia Schenckii 52
Aconite 189
Agathis 164
Agave 10, 78, 171
rigida 171
Agaves 221
Ailanthus 160, 253
Avicennia 83
Albuginaceae 17
Albugo 17
Alder, black 205
smooth 205
Alfalfa 192
Allen, Mr. J. A., see Linnaeus 123
Alnus rugosa 205
Amblostoma 251
Ambrosia triUda 2^7
Amelanckier 181
alnifolius 182
canadensis 181
Cusickii 182
American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science 43
American plants known to Linnaeus, see
Linnaeus 123
trees known to Linnaeus 136
Ames, Mr. Oakes 221, 250
collection of orchids 250-252
Amomis 84, 87
An attractive Philippine shrub in
flower (fig. 23) 161-163
An old locust post (fig. 27) 173-175
Anaphalis adnata 115
contorta 115
Anderson, Mary Perle, Nature-study as
an education 32-42
Early European botanists
in Japan 99-110
Andromeda 90
PfafHana 90
Andromeda, privet 205
Angraecum 2$ 2
Anguloa 251
Anim6 164
Anise 191
Antennaria margaritacea 126
Anthurium Veitchii 162
Apios 27
/iralia 209
Arbor Day exercises 120
Arctostaphylos pungens 185
Aronia arbuti folia 185
Arrow- wood 205
Arthur, Prof. J. C. 16, 69
Artichoke, Jerusalem 191
Arundo Donax 207
Asclepias syriaca 126
Asparagus 191
Aspasia 251
Aster 237
Atkinson, Prof. Geo. Francis 43
Austin, Prof. C. F. 244
Autumn lectures, 1907 201
Azalea viscosa 205
Balm 191
Banana, Abyssinian 209
Mexican 180
Baker, Prof. C. F. 256
Barber, Prof. M. A. 166
Barberry 179
Barley 192
Bateson, Prof. Wm. 196
Baulimia porrecta 231
Baxendale, Mr. John 248
Beans 192
Beaucamea 6, 12, 171, 173
Beet 191
Begonia 84
Belladonna 189
Bernard, Claude 151
Berry, Hon. Joseph I. 138
Bignonia tomentosa, see Paulownia tO'
mentosa
Billings, Mr. Franklin S. 194
Blackberry 192
Black haw 179
Blanco 114
Blephariglottis ciliaris 207
psy codes 207
Blue-berries 178, 192
Blue-flag 206
Blue-grass 128
Kentucky 192
Boenninghausenia albiHora 115
Boerhaave 128
Boneset 189
Bonnetie, Dr. Kristine 89
Border screen refilled 119
279
Digitized by
Google
280
Borer, locust 175
Boston Society of Natural History 194
Bostrychia 52
Botanical convention, The bi-weekly 255
Botanical Society of America (PI.
XXXVIII., opp. p. 95) 16
Boulder bridge, the (fig. 36) 247, 250
Brassavola 251
Bray, William L. 43, 166, 220
Breathing of plants, The 143-156
Bridge to replace " Blue " bridge, Work
on 1 19-120
Brinley, Mr. John R. 247
Britton, Dr. N. L. 42, 88, 90, 166, 196,
221
Dedication of the Linnaeus Bridge
130
Exploration of the Bahama Islands
71-81
Further Exploration in Jamaica
229-236
The boulder bridge (fig. z^) 246-
250
Britton, Mrs. N. L. 42, 90, 196
Broccoli 191
Brown. Addison, Need of additional
funds 95-99
Brown, Dr. E. W. 221
Browne, Dr. Patrick 2zz
Brussels sprouts 191
Buckwheat 192
Buffalo berry 181
Bulhophyllum 252
Bumelia 188
Bunch-berry 183
Burlingham, Miss Gertrude S. 17
Burmann 128
Button-bush 206
Cabbage 191
Cactaceae 187
Cacti in Southern Mexico, Collecting
(figs. 1-7) 1-13
Cactus, giant 187
hedgehog 170, 173
prickly-pear 187
Calder, Hon. John V. 2^^
Calico-bush 205
California holly 185
Calopogon pulchelUis 207
Calotropis 83
Calophyllum 84
Caltha palustris 206
Campbell. Prof. D. H. 196
Canarium strictum 164
Caraway 191
Cardinal-flower 207
Carica 86
Papaya 184
Carludovica 84
Carrot 191
Castalia 85
alba 211, 213
candidissima 211
rubra 2x0, 211
aurora 211
Candida 211
capensis 214
coerulea 2x4
devoniensis 2x4
Aava 210
George Huster 214
Gladstoniana 213
gloriosa 211
helvola 210, 211
James Brydon 211
Lotus 214
dentata 214
Marliacea carnea 211
chromatella 211
rosea 211
mexicana 210, 211
odorata 210
rosea 210, 211
Omarana 214
pygmaea 210
scuti folia 214
Seignoreti 211
Sturtevantii 214
tetragona 210
tuber osa 210
Wm, Falconer 211
zansibarensis 214
rosea 214
Castor oil 189
plant 209
Catalpa 253
CateHella 52
Catesbaea 73
Catnip 189
Cattell, Dr. J. McK. 196
Cattleya 251
Cattleyas 251
Caulerpa 52
clavifera 53
racemosa 53
Cauliflower 191
Ceanothus 191
Cedrela 84
Celery 191
Celiis 188
Century plant 171
Cephalanthus occidentalis 206
Cephalocereus macrocephalus 4
Ceratostylis 252
Cereus 5, 6, 83, 173
geometrizans 4
giganteus 4, 173, 187
Digitized by
Google
281
Pringlei 173
Thurberi 187
Weheri 4, 12
Chamaedaphne calyculata 205
Checkerberry, red 183
Cherry-tomato 188
Cherry, wild red 182
Chicory 191
Chinquapin 192
Chio genes hispidula 183
Choke-berry 185
Choke-pear 185
Chrysobalanus 188
Cinnamon fern 207
Cirrhaea 251
Cirrhopetalum 2S2
Citharexylum 83
Citron 191
Clayton's fern 207
Clerodendron 83
Clethra alnifolia 205
Clifford, George 128, 130
Clover, crimson 192
red 192
white 192
Coccoloba 79, 83, 188
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A. 190
Cockerell, Mrs. T. D. A. 196
Cocoa-plum 188
Coehgyne 252
Collecting Cacti in Southern Mexico
(figs. 1-7) 1-13
Collection of American desert plants, A
(PI. XL., fig. 26) 169-173
of fossil gums 140
of fossil gums (figs. 24, 25) 163-
165
Colocasia 192
Coltsfoot 189
Combreium Jacquini 236
Construction work 256, 257, 275, 276
Condalia 188
Condiments, see Economic garden 189
Coniunt 189
Cook, Dr. M. T., awarded Research
scholarship 16, 89
Copal 164
Brazilian 165
Copeland, Dr. E. B. 89
Copernicium tectorum 233
Cordia 188
Com field 192
pop 192
sweet 192
Comus canadensis 183
Cotton 189
Coulter, John Merle 43
Cowell, Mr. John C. 69
Cowell, Mr. W. G. 221
Cowrie 164
Cox, C. P., need of additional funds
95-99
Crab-apples 179
Crabs, cultivated 179
Cranberry, high bush 179
mountain 178
small 177
Crassulaceae 12
Crataegus 180
Cretaceous Flora of Southern New
York and New England, The (note)
18
Crinum 235
Cromwell, George 120
Croton 74, 83
Crudya spicata 234
Cuban agriculture experiment station
243
Cucumber 191
Cuming, Hugh 114
Currants 180, 192
Curtiss, Mr. Allen H. 243
Cyathea 84
Cycas 7Z
Cyllene Robiniae 175
Cymbidium 2^2
Cypents papyrus 209
Cypress 8, 85
Cypripedium reginae 207
Dammar resin 164, 165
black 164
white 164
Dammara 164
! (Agathis) australis 165
I orientalis 165
I Dandelion 191
I Darwin, Erasmus 152
' Dasylirion 171, 173
I Day, Rev. Edward 194
' Decodon verticillatus 206
Decrberry 178
Dendrobium 252
Dervnga canadensis 237
Devil's-apple 189
Dichaea 251
Dicranopteris 85
Dictyurus 53
Dilger, Mr. William 221
Dillenius, Professor 130
Dioon edule 12
Dodge, Prof. Chas. Wright 51
Donors
Abrams, Mr. L. R. 50, 142
Albury, Mr. Gilbert A. 246
Ames, Mr. Oakes 245
Andrews, Mr. D. M. 142
Arnold, Mr. J. Loring 261
Digitized by
Google
282
Arsene, Brother Louis 167, 261
Arthur, Prof. J. C. 70
Atkinson, Prof. Geo. F. 276
Ballou, Mr. W. H. 277
Banker, Dr. H. J. 142
Barnhart, Dr. J. H. 118, 222
Barre, Mr. G. E. 246
Barteaux, Mr. J. E. 50
Bartlett, Mr. H. H. 261
Bartram, Mr. E. B. 27^
Baxter, M. S. 93
Benedict, Mr. R. C. 276
Berry, Mr. E. W. 21
Bessey, Dr. Charles E. 93
Brainerd, President E. 93
Brenckle, Dr. J. F. 20
Bresadola, Mr. G. 2z
Britton, Mrs. H. L. 142, 245
Britton, Dr. N. L. 92, 140, 260
Britton, Mrs. N. L. 19, 141
Burlingham, Mrs. Gertrude S. 70,
24s
Burrill, Mr. Alfred C. 228
Caboda, Mr. E. F. 199, 246
Cardot, Mr. J. 198
Carhart, Mr. Macy 245
Carnegie, Mr. Andrew 28
Chamberlain, Mr. E. B. 261
China and Japan Trading Co. 245
Clark, Miss A. M. 261
Clarke, Miss Cora H. 21, 167
Clarke, Miss S. L. 2Tj
Clinton, Mr. G. P. 19
Cockerell, Mr. T. D. A. 228, 245,
276
Coker, Prof. W. C. i99» 27(>
Cook, Dr. M. T. 70, 121
Cox, Mr. Chas. F. 28, 93
Dobbin, Mr. Frank 277
Dowell, Dr. Philip 198, 199, 227,
261
Dukes, Mr. W. C. 261
Dunbar, J. 93
Dyer, Mrs. 121, 167
Earle, Prof. F. S. 199
Earle, Mrs. F. S. 70, 199
Edwards, Mr. S. C. 2^^
Eggleston, W. W. 93, 277
Elmer, Prof. A. D. E. 70, 198
Endy, Dr. A. 167
Fawcett, Mr. H. S. 277
Fletcher, Prof. J. F. 245
Ford, Mr. Jas. B. 28
Garrett, Prof. A. O. 20
Geological and Natural History
Survey of Canada 121
Gould, Miss Helen 199, 245
Griffiths, Mr. D. 121
Gruber, Prof.* C. L. 122, 261
Haberer, Dr. J. V. 70
Hanmer, Mr. C. C. 245
Harding, Mr. 121
Harper, Dr. R. M. 21, 227 ^ 261
Haynes, Miss Caroline C. 70
Hechler, Mr. C. H. 227
Hicks and Son, Messrs. I. 142
Hochreutiner, Dr. 246
HoUick, Dr. Arthur 98, 141, 245
House, Mr. H. D. 227^ 261
Howe, Dr. M. A. 260
Howell, Mr. E. N. 142
Howell, Mr. Geo. T. 277
Humphrey, Mr. C. J. 245
Kern, F. D. 93
Johnson Dr. D. S. 70, 199
Kellerman, Prof. W. A. 245
Knight, Mr. O. W. 50
Lorenz, Miss Annie 199, 261, 27^
Lyall, Mrs. W. A. 20
MacDougal, Dr. D. T. 19, 93, 142,
262
MacKenzie, K. K. 93
Macoun, Mr. J. M. 245
Marble, Miss D. W. 142, 168
Maxon, Mr. Wm. R. 21
Messenger, Mrs. J. E. 246
Mills, Mr. D. O. 28
Morgan, Mr. J. Pierpont 28
Morris, Dr. R. T. 121
Moyer, Mr. L. R. 261
Miiller, Mr. A. 246
Nelson, Prof. A. 20
Nogle, Mr. J. T. 142
Palmer, Mr. Lowell M. 1x9, 142
Parish, Mr. S. B. 50, 70, 142
Patterson & Co., Messrs. G. W. 167
Pauls, Mr. F. 70
Peck and Velsor, Messrs. 20
Perkins, Mr. Geo. W. 28
Pratt, Mr. 245
Prentiss, Mrs. K. L. 261
Pringle, Mr. C. G. i2»
Rapp, Mr. S. 122
Renaud, Mr. F. 245
Ricker, Mr. P. L. 19
Rix, Mr. V. E. 199
Rolfs, Prof. P. H. 277
Romell, Mr. L. 21
Rusby, Dr. H. H. 20, 121, 227, 246,
277
Salisbury, Commander, 245
Saville, Mr. M. A. 262
Schneider. Mr. R. C. 121
Shafer, Mr. Quercus 168
Shantz, Mr. H. L. 245, 261, 277
Sheldon, Prof. John L. 228
Digitized by
Google
283
Siebrecht and Sons, Messrs. 142
Small, Dr. J. K. 50
Smithsonian Institution 198
Spalding, Mrs. Wm. 261
Spaulding, Mr. Pcrley 70
Steele, Mr. E. S. 142
Steele, Mrs. 50
Stevens, Dr. F. L. 142
Sturtevant, Mr. 2'J7
Such, Mrs. Geo. ^tj
Sumstine, Prof. D. R. 70
Svedelius, Dr. Nils 19
Thorp, Mr. C. S. 50
Torrey Botanical Club 198, 223
Underwood, Prof. L. M. 19, 91, 93,
245
U. S. National Museum 245
Vail, Miss A. M. 19, 21, 91, 93
Van Pelt, Mr. S. S. 199
Wallace, Mr. Wm. T. 277
Weeks, Mr. A. S. 142
Werkl6, Mr. C. 21, 94
Whetzel, Prof. H. H. 227
Wilmowsky, Mr. F. F. von 246
Wilson, Mr. Guy W. 20, 199, 277
Wilson, Mr. Percy 121
Wolf, Dr. L. J. 70
Wooton, Prof. E. O. 245, 277
York, Mr. H. H. 22'j
Dulcamara 189
Dyckia 173
Earle, Prof. F. S. 165, 196
Early European botanists in Japan 99-
110
East, Mr. E. M. 244
Echeveria 171
Echinocactus 170, 173
grandis 4
Economic Garden, The 11 7- 11 8, 189-
, 193 (fig. 28)
Egg-plant 191
Ehrectia 188
Eichhomia asUrea 214
Elder, American 205
Eleagnus argentea 181
Elm 253
Epidendrum 251
Eria 252
Erica cinerea 194
tetralix 194
Eriopsis 25 1
Erythroxylaceae 221
Escontria ekioHlla 4, 12
Eulophia 252
Eupatorium 189
Euphorbia 79
Euterpe 84
Evans, Prof. A. W. 89
Evans, Mr. W. H. 244
Evaporating power of the air at the
New York Botanical Garden (fig. 37)
269-274
Exchanges
Ames, Mr. Oakes 142
Andrews, Mr. L. 49
Arthur, Dr. J. C. 21
Baker, Dr. C. T. 246, 261
Beal, Prof. W. J. 261
Beckett, Mr. T. W. N. 20
Botanical Garden, Dublany 121
Groningue 121
Leiden 121
St. Petersburg 121
Zurich 167
British Museum 227
Frotherua, Prof. V. F. 261
Bureau of Plant Industry 21, 50,
121, 245
of Science, Manila 21, 50, 167
Burns, Mr. Rodney 142
Burt, Prof. E. A. 142
Cardiff, Dr. I. D. 121
Cardot, Mr. J. 198, 261
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A. 21
Deam, Mr. Chas. C. 20
Department of agriculture, W. I.
20
public gardens and plantations,
Jamaica 227
Edwards, Mr. S. C. 20
Estacion Central Agron6mica 50,
277
Forest Service 49
Geological Survey of Alabama 20
Canada 20, 50
Grout, Dr. A. J. 70
Harper, Dr. R. M. 276
Harvard University, Herbarium of
19
Holway, Mr. E. W. D. 49
Holzinger. Prof. J. M. 261
Jennings, Mr. O. E. 167
Kellerman, Prof. W. A. 276
La Mortola Gardens, Italy 245
Library of Congress 140, 198, 225
266
Lorenz, Miss Annie 19, 20
Lunell, Dr. J. 276
Mackay, Dr. A. H. 21
Martin, Prof. D. S. 20
Missouri Botanical Garden 19
N. Y. Zoological Garden 21
Nichols, Mr. Geo. E. 141, 167, 199,
245, 261, 277
Digitized by
Google
284
Oberlin College 70
Osterhout, Mr. Geo. £. 20, 276
Peck, Prof. Chas. H. 228
Public Gardens, Jamaica 21
Rolfs, Mr. P. H. so
Royal Gardens, Kew 21, 70, 93,
I2Z
Richter, Mr. M. 50
Somes, Mr. M. P. 142
Subtropical Laboratory, Miami,
Florida 167, z68
Sydow, D. P. 70
Thornber, Prof. J. J. 227
Thorp, Mr. C. S. 70
Trelease, Prof. Wm. 122
Treub, Dr. 277
Tuttle, Mrs. B. B. 21, 50
University of California 122
U. S. Forest Service 227
National Museum 19, 20, 21,
70, X2I, 142, 167, 199, 327,
245, 261, 277
Vries, Prof. H. de 70
Weber van Bosse, Mrs. A. 167
Weinberg, Mr. F. 21
Exercises commemorative of the two
hundredth anniversary of the birth
of Linnaeus (figs. 16-20) 123-139
Exploration of Southern Florida 23-28
of the Bahama Islands 71-81
Falcata comosa 237
Farquharson, Mr. H. W. 234
Fawcett, Hon. Wm. 229
Ferguson, Margaret Clay 43
Fennel 191
Fern, American royal 207
cinnamon 207
Clayton's 207
Ostrich 207
Fibers, see Economic garden 189
Ficus 90
neurocarpa 90
Filbert 192
Flag, blue 206
Fodder plants 192
Food plants, see Economic Garden 191
Forbes, Mr. W. Panton 232
Forestieria 188
Fouquieria 173
Four-o'clock 126
Fox-glove 189
Fringed-orchis, small purple 207
yellow, 207
Fullerton, Mr. 256
furcraea 173
Further exploration in Jamaica 229-236
Gager, Dr. C. Stuart 43, 88
Absence of undergrowth in the
hemlock forest (fig. 34) 237-
240
The breathing of plants 143-
156
The evaporating power of the
air at the N. Y. Botanical
Garden (fig. 37) 269-274
The tardy defoliation of the
trees 254
Garreau 156
Gaultheria procumbens 183
Shallon 183
Geological Survey of Canada 195
Geraniaceae 221
Globe-artichoke 191
Gloeosporium nerxnsequum 157
Gooseberries 180
Grains, see Economic Garden 192
Griffin, Miss Delia 194
Grass-pink 207
Gronovius 128
Ground-cherry 188
Guettarda 83
Gum Anime 164, 165
sour 206
sweet 206
Gumbo 191
Gymno gramme 84
Halimeda 52
Haloplegma 53
Halsted, Byron David 43
Hamamelis virginiana 189
Hanks, Miss L. T. 221
Hansen, Prof. N. E. 244
Harris, Mr. Wm. 51, 229
Harrison, A. E. 232
Hasse, Dr. H. E. 16
Hasselbring 243
Hayata 116
Hazelnut, American 192
Heath 194
Heather, Scotch 194
Hedrick, Mr. 256
Heliconia 84
Hellebore, American white 206
Hemlock 237, 239, 240
forest, Absence of undergrowth in
(fig. 34) 237-240
Henshaw, Death of Mr. Samuel 197
Henderson, Mr. David 51
Hesperaloe 173
Heteromeles arbutifolia 185
Hexadesmia 251
Hibiscus Moscheutos 206
Hippomane 83
Hohenbergia 234
Digitized by
Google
285
Hollick, Dr. Arthur i8, 88, 120, 166
A collection of fossil gums
(figs. 24, 25) 163-165
Holly, American 206
Holmes, Mrs. Georgiana K. 193
Honeysuckle 188
swamp 205
Horehound 189
Hornaday, Dr. W. T. 139
Home, Mr. W. T. 69
Horse-chestnut 253
Horseradish 191
Horticultural Society 244
Exhibition of 139, 256
House, Mr. Homer D. 220
Howe, Dr. C. D. 196
Howe, Dr. Marshall A. 42, 88, 165, 256
Visit to Jamaica (figs. 9-14) 51-60
Hoyt, Mr. W. D. 243
Huariqui 170
Huckleberry 192
green 178
poison 178
Hugeria 178
Husk-tomato 188
Hutt, Prof. H. L. 244
Hyacinth, water 214
Hydrangea 191
Hydrochys nymphoides 215
Hymenaea 84, 164
Courbaril 165
Ihervillea Sonorae 170, 275
Ilex opaca 206
verticillata 205
Inga 84
Ingen-Houz, Jan 156
Tpomoea sp. 6
Iris, Japanese 207
Iris Kaempferi 207
laevigata 207
prismatic a 206
versicolor 206
Irish, Mr. H. C. 244
Isaacs, Mr. Chas. E. 235
Jackson, Mr. H. S. 255
Jackson, Prof. Robert T. 194
Jacquinia 83
Jamaica, Further exploration in 229-
236
Japan, Early European botanists in 99-
xxo
Jarvis, Mr. P. W. 51
Jeffrey, Edward Charles 43
Jimson-weed 189
Johnson, Mr. Emil F. 138
Johnson, Prof. D. S. 43, 196
Jones, Prof. L. R. 195
Jute 189
Kaempfer, Engelbert 99, 100, 102, 103,
• no
Kale, sea 191
Kalmia angustifolia 205
lati folia 133, 205
Kane, Mr. John I. 16
Kauri 164
Kern, Mr. Frank D. x6
Kirkwood, Dr. J. E. 165
Kohl-rabi 191
Kunz, Mr. G. F. 138
Lady's-slipper, showy 207
Laelia 251
Lanium 251
Lasiccroton 74
tnacrophyllus 232
Laurel, mountain 205
sheep 205
Lavender 191
Leaf blight of the plane-tree (figs. 21,
22) 157-161
Leahy, Mr. M. J. 247
Leather-leaf 205
Leek 191
Lemna 76
Lens, Miss A. 221
Lentils 192
Lepargyraea argentea 181
Lettuce 191
water 215
Leveille 157
Lichen Collection of Dr. H. E. Hasse
16
Licorice 189
Liebig 156
Lilac 253
Lilium philippinense 114
Lily, Cape of Good Hope 214
Devonshire 214
pond 21 o
Zanzibar 214
Litnnanthemum indicum 214
trachyspermum 215
Limodorum tuberosum 207
Linaceae 221
Linen 189
Linnaea americana 135
horealis 135
longiAora 135
serpyllifolia 135
Linnaeus and American Zoology 123
Anniversary of birth of (figs. 16-
20) 123-139
Bridge and Tablet (PI. XXXIX.,
opp. p. 123)
Digitized by
Google
286
Liparis 252
Lipsky, Mr. Vladimir H. 140
Liquidambar 90
integri folia 90
styraciHua 206
Listrostachys 252
Lizard's-tail 206
Lloyd, Prof. F. E. 166
Lobb, Mr. Thomas 162
Lobelia, great 207
Lobelia cardinalis 207
syphilitica 207
Lockhartia 251
Locust 173
black 174, 17s
borer 175
Loher Z14
Loosestrife, spiked 207
swamp 206
Lotus 213
African white 214
American 2x3
blue 214
Egyptian white 214
Japanese 213
yellow 235
Lovage 191
Lucas, Mr. F. A. 139
Ly caste 251
Lycopodium 85
Lythrum Salicaria 207
MacDougal, Dr. D. T. 196
Collecting Cacti in Southern Mex-
ico 1-13
Macoun, Mr. J. M. 195
Macoun, Mr. W. T. 244
Magnesium Salts 17
Magnolia 191
glauca 206
virginiana 206
Mallow, marsh 206
rose 206
Afalus 179, 180
Malvaviscus 78
Mamillaria simplex 232
Manzanita 185
Maple, red 206
Maranta 86
Marcgraavia 84
"Marjoram 191
Matsumura zi6
Maxillaria 251
Maxon, Mr. W. R. 196
May, B. D. 194
Majrflower 193
May-pops 186
McGill University 195
Medicines, see Economic Garden 189
Medinilla bracteata 162
magniAca 161, 162
Melastomaceae 84
Melocactus 83, 173
I Mentxelia 74
Merrill, Mr. E. D. 115, 116, 221
' Mescal 9
Mesopinidium 251
Meteorology, see N. Y. Botanical Gar-
den
Mexico, Collecting cacti in southern
(figs. 1-7) 1-13
Microstylis 252
Mildews, Downy 16
Milkweed 126
Miller, Philip 130
Mills, Mr. D. O. 236
Millspaugh, Mr. C. F. 42, 90
Miltonia 251
Mimosa 78
Mirabilis Jalapa 126
Miscanthus sinensis 207
Mitchella 183
Mitten Collection of Mosses and Hepat-
ics 28-32
Moneses 183
Monroe, Mr. Chas. E. 244
Morkill, Mr. xi
Morning-glory, tree 6
Morris, Mr. E. L. 139
Morus rubra 186
Mountain laurel 205
Mulberry 253
black 186
Munson, Prof. W. A. 244
Murrill, Dr. W. A. 256
American trees known to Linnaeus
136
An old locust post (fig. 27) 173-
175
Exercises commemorative of Lin-
naeus's birthday (figs. x6-2o)
123-139
Leaf blight of the plane-tree (figs.
21, 22) x57-x6x
Musa Ensete 209
Museum cases, new 254, 255
Fairbanks 194
Muskmelon 191
Muskrats 250
Mustard 191
Myriophyllum proserpinacoides 2x5
Mystacidium 252
isannyberry 179
Nash, G. V. 88, 90, 274
New flower garden adjoining the
conservatories 11 8- 11 9
Digitized by
Google
287
An attractive Philippine shrub in
flower (fig. 23) 1 61-163
Collection of American desert
plants (PI. XL., fig. 26) 169-173
The Ames collection of orchids
250-252
The economic garden (fig. 28) 189-
193
The rapid growth of the young
Paulownia 13-16
Water lilies and other aquatics (PI.
XLI., figs. 29-33) 202-220
Nasturtium 191
Naturalists Club, Ottawa 195
Nature-Study as an Education 32-42
lectures 140
Need of Additional Funds 95-99
Nelumbo 235
lutea 213
Nelumbo 213
nucifera 213
Neobenthamia 252
Neowashingtonia Ulifera 173
robust a 173
Nesaea verticillata 206
New Jersey tea 191
:New York Botanical Garden, Construc-
tion work 90, 119, 256, 275
Explorations i, 13, 51, 71, 229
Lectures, 1907, autumn 201
Spring 88
Meteorology, 1906, December 18;
1907, January 43, February 69,
March 91, April 120, May 140,
June 166, July 197, August 221,
September 244, October 257, No-
vember 274
New Conservatories 119
New flower garden adjoining the
conservatories, A 118, 119
Precipitation, see Meteorology
Publications of Staff and Students
for 1906 60
Rainfall, see Meteorology
Reports i, 23, 51, 71, i93i 229
Temperature, see Meteorology
"Nopal 4
North American Flora 69, 221
Notes, news, and comment 16, 43, 69,
89. 119, 139, 165, 196, 220, 243, 255,
274
Nuts, see Economic Garden 192
Nyssa sylvatica 206
-Oak, swamp 206
Oberonia 252
Odontoglossum 251
Okra 19T
Olivier, Sir Sydney 229, 230
Oncidium 251
Onion 191
Opuntia 5, 6, 74, 76, 83, 17I1 173
Orchidaceae 221
Orchids, The Ames collection of 250-
252
Ormosia 84
Orysa sativa 192
Ostrich fern 207
Otochilus 252
Ottawa naturalists club 195
Oxalidaceae 221
Oxy coccus erythrocarpus 178
Oxy coccus 177
Oyster-plant 191
Padus 182
Palmer, Mr. Lowell M. 119
Papaw 183, 184
Paphiopedilum 251, 252
Papyrus antiquorum 209
Parrot's feather 215
Parsley 191
Parsnip 191
Parthenocissus quinquefolia 237
Partrige-berry 183
Passion-flower 186
Patterson, Mrs. Flora W. 221
Patterson & Co., Messrs G. W. S. 140
Paulownia, The rapid growth of the
young (fig. 8) 13-16
Paulownia imperialis 15
tomentosa 15
Paw -paw 184
Peanuts 192
Pearly everlasting 126
Pearman, Miss C. (Gertrude 232
Peas 192
Peltandra 27
Peltostigma ptelioides 231
Pemmican 182
Penhallow, Professor 195
Penicillus 52
Pennyroyal 189
Peperonia 84
Pepper-bush, sweet 205
Pepperidge 206
Peppers 191
Peronosporaceae 17
Persimmon 185
Philippine shrub, An attractive (fig. 23)
161-163
Philippines, Some features of the moun-
tain flora of the 11 3-1 17
Philodendrum 84
Phragmipedium 251, 252
tnragmites communis 207
Phragmites 207
Physalis viscosa 188
Phytolacca decandra 126
Digitized by
Google
288
Piaropus asurea 214
crossipes 214
Pickerel-weed 206
Pieris Mariana 205
Pilocereus 173, 232
chrysocantha 4
fulviceps 4
teteteo 4
Pine, white 239
Pinus Strobus 239
Piper 84
Pistia 85
Stratiotes 215
Pitahaya 187
Plane-tree IS7, 159. 160, 161
Platanus occidentalis 157, 159
orientalis 157, iS9
racemosa. 157
Platyclinis 252
Pleurothallis 252
Pleurotus 244
Plum, downward 188
Plumieria 83
Poa prqtensis 128
Podocarpus 84
Poison hemlock 189
oak 126
Poke-weed 126
Pollard, Mr. Chas. Louis 196
Report of lectures on the preser-
vation of wild flowers 193-196
Polycodium 178
melanocarpum 178
Polysiphonia 52
Polystachya 252
Pond, Dr. Raymond H. 256
Why is a substance poison 110-113
Pontederia cordata 206
Poppy* water 215
Populus deltoidea 253
Potato 126, 191
Precipitation, see N. Y. Botanical Gar-
den
Preservation of wild flowers 193-196
Prickly -ash 191
Prickly-pears 4, s
Priestley, Joseph 153, 154, I55
Privet andromeda 205
Prosopis 83
Prunus pennsylvanica 182
serotina 182
Pseudophoenix 75
Pulque 171
Pumpkin 191
Pyrola, one-flowered 183
Pyropolyporus Robiniae 175
Quercus palustris 206
Radish 191
Rainfall, see N. Y. Botanical Garden
Ramie 189
Rare seedling at the propagating houses,
A (fig. 35) 240-243
Raspberry 192
Red-top 192
Keed, common 207
Old-world 207
Reed-grass, Japanese 207
Relishes, see Economic Garden 189
Report of lectures on the preservation
of wild flowers 193-196
Reports, see also N. Y. Botanical Gar-
den
Rhamnus Frangula 191
Rhipocephalus 52
Rhipsalis 234
Rhubarb 189
Rhus 185
potentillaefoUa 6
Toxicodendron 126, 237
Ribes cereum 181
inebrians 181
tenuiHorum 180
Rice 192
Indian 193, 207
wild 207
Ricinus communis 209
Ricker, Mr. P. L. 244
Robin, Jean 174
Robinia Pseudacacia 174
Robinson, Dr. C. B. 243, 256
Some features of the mountain
flora of the Philippines 11 3-1 17
Robinson, Miss W. J. 166
Rolfe 116
Roripa Nasturtium 191
Rosa Carolina 205
Nutkaensis 180
Rose, Carolina 205
Rose, Dr. J. N. 11, 221
Rose, Jr., Mr. Joseph 13
Rosen, Dr. Nils 128
Royal fern, American 207
Rusby, Dr. H. H. 88, 196, 275
Some little-known edible fruits of
the United States 175-188
The economic garden 11 7-1 18
The work of Professor Lucien
Marcus Underwood (PI. XLII.)
263-269
Rydberg, Dr. Per Axel 139
Linnaeus and American botany
124-135
Rye 192
Sage 191
Sagittaria 207
Digitized by
Google
289
Saguaro 4, 173, 187
Salisbury, Commander G. R. 221
Salix babylonica 206
Sambucus canadensis 205
Sapindus 186
Saprolegnisi 16
Sarcanthus 252
Sarracenia 166
Saururus 27
cernuus 206
Saussure, Theodore de 156
Savory 191
Saw-palmetto 186
Scheele, Karl Wilhelm 155
Schlimia 251
Schmidt, Mr. Hermann 166
Schomburgkia 251
Scuticaria 251
Sea-grape 188
Seaver, Mr. Fred J. 166
Seeds, see Economic Gardens 192
Self-pruning of trees. The 252-254
Senebier 156
Service-berry, Canadian 181
Shad-bush 182
Shafer, Dr. John A. 69, 165
Visit to the Island of Montserrat
81-88
Shallon 185
Sheldon, Mr. J. L. 221
Siebold, Philip Franz von 16, 108, 109,
no
Silvcrberry 181
Sisal hemp 171
Sloane, Sir Hans 130
Sloanea 84
Small, Dr. J. K. 221
Exploration of Southern Florida
23-28
New museum cases 254-255
Snowflake, water 214
Soap-berry 186
Sobralia 251
Society, Exhibition of Horticultural 256
for the protection of native plants
194
horticultural 244
of natural history, Boston 194
Wild flower preservation 195
Solanum 77
tuberosum 126
Solidago 237
Some features of the mountain flora of
the Philippines 11 3-1 17
Some little-known edible native fruits
of the United States 175-188
Spanish bayonet 173, 180
Spathelia 76
glabrescens 233
I Spathoglottis 252
I Spearmint 191
' Spencer-Smith Rev. Samuel 235
I Spinach 191
Spiranthes 252
Spring Lectures 88
Squash 191
Stagger-bush 205
Stanhopea 251
Stevens, Prof. F. L. 166
Stokes' Fund 193
Stramonium 189
Strawberry 192
Sumac-berry 185
Sweet bay 206
flag 191
gum 206
potato 191
Symphoricarpos 188
Systematic Paleontology of the Pleisto-
cene Deposits of Maryland (footnote)
18
Tainia 252
Tansy 189
Tardy defoliation of the trees. The 254
Taro 192
Taxodium mucronatum 8
Taylor, Norman, A rare seedling at the
propagating houses 243
Teaberry, white 183
Tecoma 83
Temperature, see N. Y. Botanical Gar-
den
Tetetzo 12
Thalassia testudinum 52
Thalia dealbata 209
divaricata 209
Thatch (Palm), Bay 234
Pimento 234
Theobroma 87
Thesium psUoioides 115
Thornapple 180
Thrinax excelsa 234
Thunberg, Carl Peter 105, 107, 108, no
Thyme 191
Timothy 192
Tobacco 189
Todd, Dr. A. R. 233
Tomato 191
Trachylobium 164
Homemannianum 165
Trclease, Prof. Wm. 69
Trichocentrum 251
Trigonidium 251
Tumbo 240, 242
Tumboa Bainsei 240, 243
Tuna 4
Digitized by
Google
290
Turnip 191
Typha angustifolia 209
latifolia 209
Udolea 52
Underwood, Dr. L. M. 43, 256
The work of Professor Lucien
Marcus (PI. XLII.) 263-269
University, McGill 195
of Vermont 195
UredinaleSt see N. A. Flora 69
Vaccinium stamineum 178
Vitis-Idaea 178
Vail Miss Anna Murray 139
Valerian 189
i/anda 252
Van Helmont 151
Vanilla 252
Vateria indica 164, 165
Venus's slipper 251
Veratrum viride 206
Vetch, spring 192
winter 192
Viburnum alni folium 179
dentatum 205
Lentago 179
Opulus 179
prunifoHum 179
Victoria 210
crusiana 215
regia 215, 216, 218, 219, 220
Trickeri 215
Vidal, Sebastian 114
Vinca 83
Visit to Jamaica for collecting marine
algae, A (figs. 9-14) 51-60
to the Island of Montserrat 81-88
Walling, Commander B. T. 221
Wallis 114
Water-cress 191
Water-hyacinth 214
Water-lettuce 215
Water lilies and other aquatics ; their re-
lation to horticulture (PI. XLI., figs.
29-33) 202-220
Water lilies, royal 210
Water lily. Cape Cod 210
fairy 215
pygmy 2x0
royal 215
tuberous 2x0
Watermelon 191
Wax-berries x88
Weinmannia 84
Weiss, Mr. Louis x66
Welwitschia mirabilis 240
Wheat 192
White, Edward A. 89
Whitford, Dr. H. N. X96
Why is a substance poison xio-113
Wild flower preservation society 195
Williams, Mr. R. S. 162
Willow-herb 206
Willow, weeping 206
Wilson, Mr. Guy West 16, 160
Wilson, Mr. Percy 231, 256
Winterberry, Virginia 205
Witch-hazel 191
Woodward, Major E. W. 244
Work of Professor Lucien Marcus Un-
derwood, The (PI. XLIL) 263-269
Wormwood 189
Wright, Prof. R. Ramsay 195
Xanthoxylum americanum 191
Xolisma ligustrina 205
Yam 191
Yucca 173
baccata 180
Zamia 73
integrifolia 233
Zizania aquatica 207
Zisyphus 188
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J OURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Volume IX, 1908
Published by the aid of the
David Lydig Fund
Bequeathed by Charles P. Daly
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JOURNAL
OP
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL
Assistant Director
Volume IX
With 12 Plates and 39 Figures
1908
PUBUSHKD FOR TH£ GaRDBM
At 41 NoKTH QuBSM Stksbt, Lamcastbk, Pa.
ST Tbs Nbw Kka PBnrmio CoMTAifT
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Press or
W IRA PRINTIII* COaMaV
LANCASTER. PA.
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OlTKICERS, 10O8.
President— D. O. MILLS,
Vice-President— ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Treasurer— CHARLES F. COX,
Seoletary— N. L. BRITTON.
BOA.RD OR IVlANAQBRS.
1. CLCCTCD MANAQCRS.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON,
JOHN I. KANE, W. OILMAN THOMPSON,
D. O. MILLS. SAMUEL THORNE,
2. EX-OPnCIO MANAQCRS.
The President of the Department of Public Parks,
HON. HENRY SMITH.
The Mayor of the City of New York,
HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN.
3. SCICNTIFIC DIRECTORS.
PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman.
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,
PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE,
CHARLES F. COX, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chuf.
DR. W. A. MURRILL, AssUtant Director.
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Muumm.
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator.
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator.
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator.
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Curator.
GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener.
FRED J. SEAVER, Director of the Laboratories.
DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian.
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting^ Chemist.
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer.
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerh and Accountant.
DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian.
PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant.
NORMAN TAYLOR, Custodian of the Plantations,
GooQle
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Aembetd ot tbe Cotpotatioiu
George S. Bowdoin,
Prof. N. L. Brixton,
Hon. Addison Brown,
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler,
Andrew Carnegie,
Prof. C. F. Chandler,
William G. Choate,
Charles F. Cox,
John J. Crooke,
W. Bayard Cutting,
James B. Ford,
Robert W. de Forest,
Henry W. de Forest,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
Richard W Gilder,
Hon. Thomas F. Gilroy,
Hon. Hugh J. Grant,
Henry P. Hoyt,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
John I. Kane,
Eugene Kelly, Jr.,
Prof. James F. Kemp,
John S. Kennedy,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee,
Hon. Egerton L.
Hon. Seth Low,
David Lydig,
Edgar L. Marston,
D. O. Mills,
J. Pier PONT Morgan,
Theodore W. Myers,
George M. Olcott,
Prof. Henry F. Osborn,
Lowell M. Palmer,
George W. Perkins,
James R. Pitcher,
Percy R. Pyne,
John D. Rockefeller,
William Rockefeller,
Prof. H. H. Rusby,
James A. Scrymser,
Henry A. Siebrecht,
William D. Sloane,
Nelson Smith,
James Speyer,
Francis L. Stetson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Samuel Thorne,
George W. Vanderbilt,
WiNTHROP, Jr.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
No. 97. January
The Collectioni of Fungi 1
The Banyan Tree 10
Preamble and Resolution Adopted by the Scientific Directors Relative to
the Death of Professor Lucien M. Underwood 13
Notes, News and Comment 14
Aceeisions 15
No. 98. February
The Herbarium of the Late Dr. Otto Kuntze 19
The Collections of Mosses and Hepatics 21
The Spread of the Chestnut Disease 23
Publications of the Staff, Scholars and Students of the New York Botan-
ical Garden During the Year 1907 • 30
Notes, News and Comment 38
Accessions 39
No. 99. March
Report on the Botanical Exploration of the Bahama and Caicos Islands . . 41
Spring Lectures, 1908 51
Notes, News and Comment 52
Accessions 54
No. 100. April
Registered Investigators at the New York Botanical Garden, 1897-1908. . 57
No. 1 01. May
Botanical Exploration in Jamaica 81
Notes, News and Comment 91
Accessions 93
No. 102. June
Leaf Blight of the Plane Tree 105
Adulterants in Foods and Drugs and their Detection 107
The Lace-bark Tree 116
Notes, News and Comment 119
Accessions 122
No. 103. July
The Collections of Algae 123
An Unusual Specimen of the " Flor dc San Sebastan " 130
Notes, News and Comment 132
Accessions '33
vii
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vm CONTENTS,
No. 104. August
Collecting Fungi at Biltmore 135
Our Duty to the Parks 141
A Collection of Vines 142
Supplement to the Merck Collection of Proximate Principles of Plants.... 144
Notes, News and Comment 146
Accessions 148
No. 105. September
Report on Botanical Exploration in Panama 149
Autumn Lectures, 1908 158
Notes, News and Comment 159
Accessions 160
No. 106. October
Further Exploration in Jamaica 163
The Museum Collections of Flowering Plants 172
Dr. Gager's New Position 179
The Newly Appointed Director of the Laboratories i8x
Notes, News and Comment 182
Accessions 183
No. Z07. November
A New Genus of Cactaceae 185
Letchworth Park and the Falls of the Genesse z88
Notes, News and Comment 20Z
Accessions 202
No. 108. December
Edible Mushrooms in Bronx Park 205
The Museum Collection of Fossil Plants 214
Enriching Soil by Crimson Clover 226
Notes, News and Comment 228
Accessions 229
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. January. 1908. No. 97.
THE COLLECTIONS OF FUNGI.
The fungus collections of the garden are arranged in two
series, one in the museum of systematic botany on the second
floor of the museum building, and the other in the mycological
herbarium room on the floor above. The former is for the bene-
fit of the general public, the latter for the use of students only.
The public museum collection, consisting at present of about
700 separate exhibits, is installed in 20 cases and 50 swinging
frames, arranged in five blocks each, as shown in the accompany-
ing plan (Fig. i). Specimens are mounted on blocks or cardboard
or in frames, or are preserved in alcohol or formalin. Photo-
graphs and colored drawings form an important part of the col-
lection. Two cases, with 70 exhibits, are devoted to the smuts
and rusts ; and two cases, with 45 exhibits illustrate the coral-
fungi, the hedgehog-fungi, and closely related groups. The large
and conspicuous polypores fill six cases, with 185 exhibits ;
while the gill-fungi, very perishable plants, occupy at present only
one case, with 5 5 exhibits. Many colored drawings of agarics,
however, are now being mounted in the swinging frames. The
puffballs are well represented in a separate case by 45 exhibits.
The chestnut disease so prevalent about New York is also ex-
hibited in a single case. Four cases are devoted to the lichens,
with 120 exhibits; and the sac-fungi and imperfect forms, with
over 100 exhibits, are shown in the remaining three cases.
The study collection of these plants, consisting of about 160,-
000 specimens, has been recently removed to a large room over
1
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forty feet long and nearly thirty feet wide at the northwestern
corner of the building, where thirty new herbarium cases have
been installed to receive it.
A general idea of the arrangement of the herbarium may be
gained from the accompanying plan. The six central blocks of
four cases each contain the regular groups of fungi in series, ten
cases being devoted to moulds, sac-fungi and imperfect forms,
two to smuts and rusts, and twelve to the higher groups. The
side cases contain the synoptical collection, duplicates, and mis-
cellaneous specimens. At one end of the room are desks and
Fig. a. Flan of the Mycological Herbarium.
Other equipment for the use of students, and in the center large
tables for laying out specimens. At the other end is the office
of the curator in charge of the fungi.
The original Ellis collection of 80,000 specimens was pur-
chased in 1896, and his residual collection of 20,000 specimens
in 1900. Since that time the Garden has obtained an average of
over 8,000 specimens a year, making a total of 60,000 acquired
in the past seven years.
Mr. Ellis was at work upon his collection for forty years, dur-
ing which time he not only collected extensively himself, but
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received material from all parts of this country and many parts
of Europe for determination and exchange. More species of
fungi were described by him than by all other American botanists
together, and the types, or orginal specimens, of these species
X were all preserved in his collection. Among the contributors
whose names frequently appear, the following are perhaps the
best known : Messrs. H. W. Ravenel, A. B. Langlois, G.
Martin^ W. W. Calkins, S. H. Demetrio, E. Bartholomew, E.
Bethel, F. W. Anderson, W. C. Carpenter, H. W. Harkness, C.
L. Smith, A. P. Morgan, B. M. Everhart, A. Commons, J.
Macoun, J. Dearness, A. C. Waghorne and Charles Wright.
Since 1900 there has been no very large single collection of
fungi added to the herbarium, but specimens have been derived
from many different sources, chiefly through material sent in for
determination and through explorations conducted by members
of the Garden Staff. Certain groups that were poorly repre-
sented in the Ellis collection, such as the gill-fungi and many of
the large wood-loving species, have recently been collected in
great quantities in Maine, New Hampshire, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida ; and
in the Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Rico, Jamaica, Costa Rica, Hon-
duras, and other parts of tropical America.
Among those not connected with the Garden who have
assisted in building up the mycological herbarium in recent years,
are the following : Messrs. E. W. D. Holway, H. J. Banker, F.
E. Clements, C. F. Baker, T. D. A. Cockerell, W. Trelease, G.
F. Atkinson, F. S. Earle, A. D. Selby, L. Abrams, J. J. Davis,
S. M. Tracy, A. A. Heller, F. E. Lloyd, C. F. Millspaugh, D.
Griffiths, W. A. Kellerman, E. C. Howe, A. Nelson, R. M.
Harper, W. C. Barbour, C. W. Dawson, E. Bartholomew, G. P.
Clinton, D. R. Sumstine, C. V. Piper, P. L. Ricker, C. H. Peck,
E. R. Memmimger, C. C. Hanmer, A. O. Garrett, J. Macoun,
L. Romell, A. J. Hill, W. E. Broadway, N. M. Glatfelter, M.
E, Peck, W. R. Maxon, D. S. Johnson, A. D. E. Elmer and C.
H. Demetrio ; and Misses A. Eastwood, S. F. Price, V. S.
White, M. L. Overacker and G. S. Burlingham,
• Important European collections have been recently obtained
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from Abbe G. Bresadola, of Trient, Austria-Hungary, and from
Mr. George Massee, of Kew Gardens, England. Sets of current
European exsiccati are purchased as they appear.
Considerable attention has also been given to the collection of
oriental species in certain groups. Very valuable material was
acquired by Mr. R. S. Williams, assistant curator, during his
explorations in the Philippine Islands, and this has been extensively
supplemented by Philippine specimens sent in for determination.
Most of the specimens of groups below, and including, the
rusts are mounted in packets glued on herbarium sheets such as
are used in the herbarium of flowering plants. The higher
groups, however, contain many bulky specimens which must be
preserved in boxes, and these are in most herbaria kept in a
separate series, entailing much extra labor and no little jnconven-
ience. In order to avoid the double series here, we have had
light wooden drawers made to fit the compartments in the her-
barium cases and into these, in their regular order with the sheets,
the boxes containing the larger specimens are placed. These
drawers have the additional advantage of protecting against dust
and insects, and, on the whole, appear to solve the problem as
well as could be desired. Any one who has attempted to handle
loose boxes in quantity will welcome some such convenient
arrangement as this*
For ready reference in the comparison of these bulky speci-
mens and for the use of students consulting the herbarium, a
synoptical collection is being arranged in alphabetical order in
boxes glued on cardboard, each box containing good representa-
tive specimens of a single species, with as many variations as are
obtainable. This arrangement will save much time and will
largely prevent the usual wear and tear and displacement of
specimens in the regular collection.
In the fungus collection are many field notes of great value
relating to the size, color, form, etc., of the plants when fresh.
These, with photographs and colored drawings when obtainable,
are pasted on the herbarium sheets or placed in the boxes, the
idea being to keep everything relating to a given specimen as
close to it as possible. The same disposition is also made of
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notes taken in foreign herbaria, characters obtained from micro-
scopic study, and letters containing information regarding habitat,
distribution and other points of interest. A collection of auto-
graph letters from mycologists and collectors is kept separately
for reference in case the identity of labels or miscellaneous data
is in doubt.
Specimens preserved in alcohol or formalin are desirable in
some groups, but no attempt is made to preserve any large
number in this way except for special studies in morphology or
for museum purposes, as such a collection is of doubtful value
in taxonomic work, especially when one considers the immense
amount of time, space and money involved.
The preservation of fungi against insects has always been a
difficult problem for the curator. Many methods have been
tried in various herbaria without complete success. Carbon
bisulfid has been mainly used in this country, but the results are
not satisfactory. Corrosive sublimate, so extensively employed
for flowering plants, is not only valueless but decidedly harmful
to many of the higher fungi, since it alters or destroys their sur-
face characters and often changes their substance to a marked
degree. It is much better to lose some specimens than to have
the whole collection thus altered. In the case of large woody
specimens, also, it is very difficult to secure sufficient penetration
to preserve the interior portions.
The substance I have used with great success is naphthalene
flake, of the best quality. Experiments conducted here have
shown that adult insects are killed in a few hours when placed in
a box with this substance, and it is probable that those emerging
from the pupa stage succumb in less time. Specimens are treated
when first obtained, and those peculiarly susceptible are kept in
an atmosphere of naphthalene more or less all of the time. In
going through the collections, when a packet or box is found
containing insects, a spoonful or more of naphthalene is added
and the incident closed. Possibly there are insects not yet
acquired or some that do not thrive in this region that are not
amenable to this treatment, but it has been more satisfactory here
so far than any other method I have seen tried.
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All fungi found upon leaves are treated with corrosive sub-
limate. This is done chiefly to preserve the leaves intact, the
fungi being so small that, with few exceptions, insects would
hardly do them serious damage. All other fungi, particularly
the conspicuous forms known as mushrooms, bracket fungi, etc.,
are placed in boxes with naphthalene flake for several weeks or
longer, according to the season, before distributing them in the
herbarium. Groups peculiarly liable to attack are examined
once or twice a year and fresh naphthalene added when necessary.
After a box collection has been once cleared of pests, it is not so
difficult to keep them out, with a fair amount of precaution and
vigilance.
At Kew Gardens, fungus specimens are treated once a year
with carbolic acid (or a cheaper substitute) and alcohol. This
mixture is easily applied with a brush to the large number of
specimens there that are pasted flat on the sheets without packets.
Dr. Magnus, of Berlin University, advocates the carbon bi-
sulfld treatment once a year, in case there is not sufficient time
for separate treatment of specimens with corrosive sublimate,
which latter he considers superior. Dr. Magnus works almost
entirely with rusts and other minute fungi that attack the leaves
of plants.
Dr. Patouillard, of Paris, uses corrosive sublimate exclusively
for all groups of fungi, simply immersing the specimens in a mix-
ture of sublimate and alcohol. He is of the opinion that this is
the only practical method of preserving them. He says that
naphthalene is very good at first, but that when it evaporates the
insects return. This might not be possible if his specimens were
in close-fitting boxes.
Mr. Hennings, of the Berlin Botanical Garden, uses corrosive
sublimate also, having no faith in naphthalene.
Abbe Bresadola, of Trient, claims that insects are entirely
killed or expelled by naphthalene and that this substance is far
superior to carbon bisulfid, chloroform, strychnine, corrosive sub-
limate, or carbolic acid. He places fresh specimens of woody
forms that are infested with insects in a tight box with naphthalene
for a day or less, then dries them and keeps them in a drawer
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for several weeks with naphthalene before removal to the her-
barium. Agarics, because of their perishable nature, are dried
before treatment. No naphthalene is used in the regular collec-
tion and none appears to be necessary, as I did not find a single
insect in his entire herbarium, and not one has appeared in the
thousand packets of fungi obtained from him for our collection.
Lars Romell, of Stockholm, follows Bresadola in the use of
naphthalene and has no use whatever for sublimate, claiming that
specimens are worthless unless recognizable. He frequently
places infected agarics under a belljar with chloroform on return-
ing from the field, in order to kill the insects before drying the
specimens.
The value of this immense collection of fungi can hardly be
overestimated. From a purely botanical standpoint, it is highly
important that original and representative specimens of all groups
of plants be thus preserved for the purposes of reference and com-
parison ; and, since questions of origin, distribution and variation
always enter into studies of classification, it is desirable to have
these collections as complete as possible. From the standpoint
of applied botany, the vast number of destructive plant diseases
caused by fungi relate this subject very intimately with horticul-
ture, agriculture, forestry and allied sciences. The damage done
in this country by wheat rust alone amounts to several billions of
dollars annually, and there are other fungus diseases almost as
destructive. The fact that practically all of the chestnut trees in
and about New York city have been killed in the past few years
by a fungus not heretofore known cannot fail to impress one with
the importance of the fungi in relation to forestry, both as regards
the host of destructive forest diseases already known and those
that may yet be discovered.
Aside from the use of this collection by systematic botanists, plant
pathologists and foresters, there is a large and increasing interest
jn fungi by the plant-loving public, drawn by fondness for the
queer and unknown, or attracted by bright colors and peculiar
forms, or by their extensive use as food. To all these, the col-
lection affords the keenest pleasure and offers opportunities for
further knowledge and enjoyment.
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9
This collection is to be the basis of nine volumes of the North
American Flora. As the various groups of fungi are worked
over and new species published, the number of type specimens
in the herbarium will be greatly increased. Students, collectors
and investigators of fungi throughout the country will continue
to send in specimens for determination and comparison, and will
come here in greater numbers to consult not only the originals,
but the array of additional specimens that show the variation and
the geographical distribution of given species and groups of
species.
As material accumulates, without doing violence to the integ-
rity of the collection, duplicates will be sent out in exchange for
material from new regions, and to various botanical institutions
for the purpose of stimulating activity along certain lines of col-
lecting.
It is hoped that important contributions may in time be made
to questions of geographical distribution on the basis of these
various collections from distinct regions. For the purpose of
recording the distribution of species conveniently and quickly,
the distribution chart found at the end of this number of the
Journal has been prepared ; copies of which are properly marked
and pasted on the inside of the species covers, to show at a glance
just where a particular species has been collected.
If one wishes to distinguish plants from different regions in the
herbarium, he may use gummed paper markers of different colors
on the genus covers, or simply indicate the regions by numbers
or letters, as shown in the following table :
I. North America Na While. VI. India In Orange.
II. Tropical America Ta Red. VII. China and Japan Cj Yellow.
III. South America Sa Blue. VIII. Malaya Ma. ..Brown.
IV. Europe and Siberia Es Gray. IX. Australia Au....Pink.
V. Africa Af.....Black. X. Islands Is Green.
W. A. MURRIIL.
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10
THE BANYAN TREE.
In the northwest corner of house no. 4 of the public con-
servatories will be found a specimen of this interesting tree,
which is so highly esteemed by the Hindus. As the accom-
FiG. 3. A young banyan tree in the conservatories.
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11
panying illustration indicates, this specimen is beginning to show
plainly the growth of the large aerial roots which make this tree
an object of wonder to travelers ; but it can, of course, but faintly
suggest its magnificent appearance in its native home along the
lower reaches of the Himalayas and the Dekhan peninsula.
There are many other trees which attain the height of the banyan
tree, but the latter is remarkable for the great spread of its
branches, which extend horizontally and send down roots which
eventually reach the ground ; and many of these, increasing greatly
in diameter, form subsidiary trunks, so that the final effect is
more that of a small grove than of a single tree.
The size to which this tree grows in its native wilds is not defi-
nitely known, but there are many trustworthy records of its great
size in a state of cultivation. There was a specimen growing at
Satara in 1882, said to have an average diameter of five hundred
and twenty feet in the spread of its branches, and a girth of over
fifteen hundred feet. This mere statement, perhaps, does not
convey an adequate idea of its magnificent proportions ; but
think of such a tree as not only entirely filling the house in which
the conservatory specimen is located, but of covering an area
with a diameter equal to the entire length of the conservatory
range I One has perhaps heard the statement that a banyan tree
could shelter under its branches an army of twenty thousand
men ; the tree at Satara would furnish shelter for over fifty thou-
sand men, allowing four square feet for each man.
Another remarkable specimen, somewhat smaller than the one
at Satara, is in the botanical garden at Calcutta, and is about one
hundred and twenty-five years old. It was described some years
ago by Dr. King, who gave the girth of the main trunk as forty-
two feet, the circumference of the leafy crown as eight hundred
and fifty-seven feet, and the number of aerial roots as two hun-
dred and thirty -two. It originated about 1782 from a seed
dropped in the crown of a date-palm, presumably by some bird,
a common method of dissemination of this and other similar trees.
Following its usual custom, it grew vigorously, tightly encom-
passing the sheltering and supporting palm with its roots, and
finally strangling it, taking the place of its foster parent in the
vegetable world.
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12
The banyan tree is often a very active agent in the destruction
of the walls of temples and other buildings. A seed, deposited
by some passing bird in a crevice of some wall, soon germinates,
sending its stout roots further and further into the crevice, and
finally destroys the structure. One would immediately suggest
that such destruction might be avoided by merely uprooting the
young plants ; but this tree is held sacred by the Hindus, and, if
any damage threatened the young tree, the building, and not the
tree, would be sacrificed.
The word ** banyan*' seems to have been first applied to a
large tree of this species which grew at Gombroon. This speci-
men was a favorite of the " Banyans," or Hindu traders, who had
settled at this place and had built a pagoda under its branches.
Economically, the banyan tree is of considerable importance
to the people in the regions where it grows. It yields a milky
juice, as others of this genus do, and from this an inferior quality
of rubber is extracted. It is also made into a bird-lime by mix-
ing with it a certain proportion of mustard-seed oil. A coarse
rope and more or less paper are made from its bark. Medicin-
ally, it is used externally to relieve pains and bruises, and it is
considered of great value as an application for the soles of the
feet when cracked or inflamed. An infusion of the bark is con-
sidered of great value as a tonic and in the treatment of diabetes.
In times of scarcity the small red figs are eaten by the poorer
classes, this large tree being a relative of the fig-tree which fur-
nishes the edible figs of commerce. The leaves and young twigs
are eaten with apparent relish by elephants and cattle. The
leaves also fill another want, for they are frequently used as
plates. The wood is said to be of moderate hardness, but is not
of much value ; its durability in the presence of moisture, how-
ever, makes it useful for well-curbs. The wood of the aerial
roots is said to be stronger, and this is often used for tent-poles,
cart-yokes, etc.
The genus Ficus, of which the banyan tree is but one species,
is widely distributed, almost exclusively in tropical regions, in
both the old world and the new, being especially abundant in the
former. At the present time there are said to be about six hun-
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13
dred known species, of which two are well known to many as the
rubber plant, Ficus elastica, and the edible fig, Ficus Carica. All
of them have the peculiar fruit known as a fig, consisting of a
modified branch in the shape of a hollow receptacle, on the inside
of which are borne the numerous flowers, the pistillate ones
developing the small seeds, which are so numerous in the edible
fig.
In the immediate vicinity of the banyan tree, in house no. 4
will be found a number of other species of the genus Fictis^
including a large specimen, in the center of the house, of the
common rubber plant, Ficus elastica,
George V. Nash.
PREAMBLE AND RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS RELATIVE TO THE
DEATH OF PROFESSOR LUCIEN
M. UNDERWOOD.
Whereas, Death has removed from this Board Professor
Lucien Marcus Underwood, our associate from the commence-
ment of our organization, and our chairman since the year 1901,
We therefore desire to record an expression of our profound
sorrow at the severance of such happy personal relations as have
always existed between the deceased and members of this Board,
and at the untimely ending of a career of such present value and
of such great promise.
We desire also to place upon record our appreciation of the
great value to the New York Botanical Garden of the services
rendered by Professor Underwood, both in his official capacity
and by virtue of his high and broad scholarship.
As our chairman. Professor Underwood has always performed
his duties in a prompt, studious and efficient manner, and has
shown rare wisdom in conserving the higher interests of the insti-
tution and of those served by it.
As an original investigator in those lines of research which it
is the object of the Garden to promote, Professor Underwood has
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14
displayed untiring energy, combined with independence and
originality, and his work has been fruitful in many important
contributions to science.
As an adviser and guide in the investigations of others, here
and elsewhere. Professor Underwood has exerted a wide influence,
and has displayed unselfish devotion and a generous regard for
the interests of those so engaged.
The cheerfulness and general good-fellowship of Professor
Underwood in his personal relations with us, and with the mem-
bers of the Garden Staff, have been such as to combine the most
pleasant recollections with the most sorrowful regret that we are
to enjoy them no more.
Resolved, that a copy of this memorial be transmitted to the
family of Professor Underwood, and that the same be entered
upon our minutes and published in the Garden Journal.
(Signed) J. F. Kemp,
Secretary.
December 14, 1907.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
At a recent meeting of the board of managers. Dr. W. A.
Murrill was advanced from the position of first assistant to that
of assistant director.
Dr. M. A. Howe and Percy Wilson returned from the Bahamas
January 5, with a large collection of plants, in which both ter-
restrial and marine species are well represented.
Mr. W. R. Maxon, of the U. S. National Museum, spent
several days at the Garden early in January examining the fern
collections.
Dr. N. L. Britton attended the meetings of the American As-
sociation for the Advancement of Science and Affiliated Societies
at Chicago during the holidays.
Mr. H. S. Jackson, of the State Experiment Station, Newark,
Delaware, spent the latter part of December at the Garden study-
ing the fungus collections from Delaware.
Professor J. C. Arthur and Mr. F. D. Kern, of Purdue Uni-
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15
versity, were awarded research scholarships for the month of
January, to aid them in their investigations of the North American
species of rusts (Uredinales), a group of parasitic fungi very
destructive to cultivated plants.
The orchids are at their best during January and February.
The large additions of rare and attractive species during the past
year make the collection one of great interest and beauty.
Some Recent Visitors, — Professor W. L. Bray, of Syracuse
University ; Professor A. W. Evans, of Yale University ; Dr. C.
F. Millspaugh, of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chi-
cago ; Professor A. H. Graves, of the Yale Forestry School ;
Professor John F. Cowell, Director of the Buffalo Botanic
Garden; and Mr. Stewardson Brown, of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia.
Meteorology for December, — The total precipitation for the
month was 4.42 + inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded
of 57° on the 8th, 58° on the loth, 55° on the 23d, and 53® on
the 28th ; also minimum temperatures of 18° on the 5th, 23° on
the 13th, 22° on the 20th, and 26.5° on the 25th and 27th.
The maximum temperature recorded for the year was 93°,
occurring on July 8, 18, and 25 ; the minimum temperature for
the year was — 2°, on February 6 ; the mean temperature for
the year, therefore, was 45.5°. The total precipitation recorded
for the year 1907 was 47.01 + inches. The first fall frosts
occurred during the first week in October.
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM NOVEMBER i TO DECEMBER 31, 1907.
Arthur, Joseph Charles & MacDougal, Daniel Trembly. Living plants
and their properties. New York, 1898. (Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia
University. )
BRiTTOf^, Nathaniel Lord. Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and
Canada. Ed. 2 [second impression]. New York, 1907. (Given by the author.)
Elgood, George S. Italian gardens. London, 1907.
Heidenhain, Martin. Plasma und Zelle, Erste Abteilung : Allgemeine
Anatomie der lebendigen Masse. Lief. i. Jena, 1907.
Lakowitz, Conrad. Die Algenjhra der Damiger Bucht, Danzig, 1907.
Loudon, John Claudius. An encyclopaedia of agriculture. Ed. 4. London,
1839. (Given by the Trustees of Columbia University. )
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16
Matsumura, Jinzo. Index fianiarum japonicarvm, Tokioni, 1904-05. 2
vols.
Matsumura, Jinzo & Hayata, Bunzo. Enumeratio plantarum in insula For-
mosa spontt cresceniium, Tokyo, 1906. (Given by Dr. C. B. Robinson.)
Maury, Matthew Fontaine & Fontaine, William Morris. Resources of
West Virginia. Wheeling, 1876. (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.)
Miller, Philip. Gardener' s dictionary. Loudon, 1731.
Neger, Franz Wilhelm. Die Nadelholur (AToni/eren) und Ubrigen Gymno-
spermen. Leipzig, 1 907. (Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.)
[Niederlein, Gustavo, and others.'\ Official handbook. Description of the
Philippines. Part I. Manila, 1903. (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.)
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Vols. I-4.
1904-7. (Given by Dr. William J. Gies.)
Stevens, William Chase. Plant anatomy . . . and handbook ofmicro-technic.
Philadelphia, 1907.
Watt, George. The wild and cultivated cotton plants of the World. London,
1907.
Wiesner, Julius. Der Lichtgenuss der Pflanzen. Leipzig, 1907.
Woolson, Grace A. Ferns and how to grow them. New York, 1906.
Zellner, Julius. Chemie der hoheren Pilu. Leipzig, 1907.
ZoPF, Friedrich Wilhelm. Die Flechtenstoffe in chsmischer, botanischer,
pharmakologischer und technischer Beziehung. Jena, I907.
PICTURE COLLECTION.
I photograph of a view in Bronx Park. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
I portrait of Professor Charles F. Chandler. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
5 photographs of botanists. ( Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton. )
I photograph of Porto Rico. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
I photograph of Evening Primroses in Professor de Vries' garden, Amsterdam.
(Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton. )
I photograph of Abb6 G. Bresadola. (Given by Dr. W. A. Murrill.)
I photograph of a portrait of Linnaeus. (Given by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.)
18 plates from various sources.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
4 specimens of drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
634 specimens of Texas plants. (By exchange with the Missouri Botanical
Garden. )
5 specimens of North American ferns. (Given by Professor L. M. Underwood
and Dr. Philip Dowcll. )
1 fern. (Given by Mr. H. D. House.)
25 wax models of tropical fruits. ( Made by Mr. A. Hyatt Verrill. )
2 specimens of fungi from British Columbia. (Given by Mr. E. W. D. Holway.)
68 specimens of flowering plants from Missouri. (Given by Mr. B. F. Bush.)
27 specimens of ferns. (Given by Dr. Philip Dowell. )
485 specimens of Mexican plants. (Collected by Dr. E. Palmer. )
5 specimens of Viola from South Carolina. ( Given by Mr. H. D. House. )
2 specimens of Cunninghamites elegans from North Carolina. (Given by Mr. E.
W. Berry.)
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17
3 specimens of flowering plants from Lake Morey, Vermont. (Given by Dr.
Arthur HoUick.)
3 specimens of coniferous plants from California. (Given by Mrs. H. L. Britton.)
4 specimens of ferns from Palisades Park, New Jersey. (Given by Mr. F. Pauls. )
32 specimens of North Amer can ferns. (Given by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
449 specimens of cryptogams from Guadeloupe and Martinique. (Collected by
PdreDuss.)
5 specimens of fungi from Forked River, New Jersey. (Given by Mr. W. H.
Ballou.)
9 specimens of fungi from Missouri. (Given by Dr. N. M. Glatfelter.)
I specimen of Travertine from the Salton Basin, Arizona. (Given by Dr. D. T.
MacDougal.)
4,500 lichens, being the collection of Dr. H. E. Hasse. (Given by Mr. John I.
Kane.)
I specimen of Monotropa from Florida. (Given by Mr. H. S. Fawcett.)
80 specimens of polypores from West Virginia. (By exchange with Mr. C. P.
Hartley.)
13 specimens of mosses from Georgia and Massachusetts. (Given by Mr. H. H.
Bartlett. )
I specimen of Plagiothecium MueUerianum from Manchester Centre, Connecticut.
(Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.)
I specimen of Vara Cardamonii. (Given by Parke, Davis and Company.)
4 specimens of drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
I specimen of the fruit of Passiflora incamata* (Given by Dr. W. A. Murrill. )
3 specimens of North American food plants. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
I specimen of Caliiitemon lanceolatus from Florida. (Given by Professor P. H.
Rolfs.)
4 specimens of fruits of North American trees. (Given by Dr. J. A. Shafer. )
125 specimens of flowering plants from Guatemala. (Collected by Mr. H. von
Turckheim.)
6 specimens of twigs of North American trees. (Given by Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
270 specimens of California plants. (Collected by Mr. A. A. Heller.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
5 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with United States National Museum,
through Dr. J. N. Rose.)
44 plants for nursery. (Given by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.)
I plant for conservatories. ( By exchange with Mr. F. Weinberg. )
5 packeU of seed. (Given by Dr. H, H. Rusby.)
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. February. 1908. No. 98.
THE HERBARIUM OF THE LATE DR. OTTO
KUNTZE.
Dr. Otto Kuntze, a distinguished German botanist who died at
San Remo, Italy, on January 28, 1907, accumulated during his
busy life a large and important herbarium which was offered for
sale. Through the generosity of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, vice-
president of the board of managers, this valuable collection of
prepared specimens of plants has been acquired by the New
York Botanical Garden. It comprises 403 boxes about 8 inches
long, 12 inches wide, and 6 inches deep, of dried specimens
attached to sheets of paper, thoroughly poisoned to prevent insect
depredation and carefully labeled by Dr. Kuntze. A rough esti-
mate indicates that there are over 30,000 specimens.
This herbarium contains plants from all parts of the world, and
includes specimens of many species not heretofore represented in
the collections of the Garden. Dr. Kuntze travelled widely and
collected and observed plants in many countries. During the
years 1 874-1 876 he made a trip around the world, proceeding
from Bremen to the West Indies and collecting on the islands
of St. Thomas, Porto Rico, and Barbados ; thence to Trinidad,
Venezuela, and Colombia ; thence to Panama and Costa Rica,
returning to Panama; he reached New York in July, 1874, and
proceeded westward, collecting in New Jersey, New York, Ohio,
Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho,
Nevada and California ; he reached Japan in December of that
year, and in January proceeded to China where he collected
19
r
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about Hongkong and Canton, in Anam, Cochin China and Siam,
proceeding to Java, Singapore, Penang, Birma, thence to India,
where he explored about Calcutta, going north into Sikkim,
returning to Bengal and Bombay ; the early part of the year 1876
he spent in Arabia and Egypt.
He visited eastern Asia and Russia in the year 1886, and the
Canary Islands in 1 887-1 888.
In December, 1891, he proceeded to South America, reaching
Montevideo in December and remaining in Uruguay, and in the
Argentine Republic through part of January, 1892. He crossed
the Andes into Chili, collecting at several localities, including the
Desert of Atacama, proceeded to Bolivia, where he visited regions
botanically very little known, and remained in that country
through the summer, reaching Paraguay in September and pro-
ceeding to Brazil at the end of the year, reaching Pernambuco
December 27, 1892.
In January, 1894, he explored in South Africa, landing at the
Cape of Good Hope and collecting in Cape Colony, the Orange
Free State, the Transvaal and Natal, reaching Durban in March
and proceeding northward by sea to Delagoa Bay, Beira, Mozam-
bique, Dar-es-Salam and Zanzibar, returning to Europe by the
Suez Canal.
His last extensive trip was made in 1904, when he reached
Ceylon in February, proceeded to Australia, Tasmania, New 2^a-
land, Samoa, the Sandwich Islands, and returned to Europe by
way of the United States.
He studied his extensive collections principally at the Royal
Botanical Garden in Berlin and at the Royal Gardens at Kew,
England, where the writer had the pleasure of meeting him for
the first time in 1888. The scientific results of these expeditions
are mostly presented by him in the three volumes entitled " Revisio
Generum Plantarum, cum Enumeratione Plantarum Exoticarum
in Itinere Mundi Collectarum," published from 1891 to 1898 ; in
these he gives a list of plants collected, with many critical notes,
records of geographic distribution, descriptions of spedes new to
science, and discussions of nomenclature, this subject being one
to which he paid enthusiastic attention and through which he
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will probably be best known in the future. A considerable part
of his collections was referred to other experts for critical study.
To American botanists the greatest interest of his herbarium is
in the large number of type specimens which it contains of species
from South America and Tropical America described either by
himself or other botanists ; he collected few duplicates, his rapid
movements from place to place during his travels requiring that
he should reduce his luggage to as small an amount as practic-
able, and in a large number of cases the specimens obtained for
the Garden by the generosity of Mr. Carnegie are thus unique,
not being represented at any other institution.
N. L. Britton.
THE COLLECTIONS OF MOSSES AND HEPATICS.
The moss collections at the Garden are arranged in two series,
like those of the fungi, one in the museum of systematic botany
on the second floor of the museum building and the other in the
moss room and in the cryptogamic laboratory on the top floor.
The former is for the benefit of teachers and the general public,
the latter for the use of students only.
The public museum collection consists of about 599 specimens
and illustrations and is installed in 8 cases and 12 swinging
frames. The structure of Funaria hygrometrica, Mnium cuspi^
datum^ Polytrichum commune, and two species of Frullania are
also illustrated by microscopic exhibits. Specimens are mounted
on blocks or cardboard or preserved in formalin. Illustrations
have been obtained for most of the species exhibited, and speci-
mens in bulk have been secured to show their habit of growth
and general appearance.
The swinging frames are designed to illustrate the local flora,
or all species known to grow within a radius of 100 miles from
New York City, and to give the range of each species and its
common name : 468 species are included in this series, 384 of
these being mosses and 84 hepatics.
The study collection of these plants may be found on the top
floor, the mosses in the cryptogamic laboratory, under Mrs.
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22
Britton's care, and the hepatics with the algae, under Dr. Howe's
care. The acquisition of the Mitten Herbarium of mosses and
hepatics, an account of which was published in the Journal
for February, 1907, has made necessary a great deal of mount-
ing, as all his specimens were laid loosely in folders or pinned to
sheets and these are gradually being incorporated with collections
already at the Garden. The American species, including those
from South America, Central America and the West Indies are
being mounted first, and these have made possible many com-
parisons and exchanges which throw light on our knowledge
before the publication of the volume on mosses of '* North Ameri-
can Flora." It is increasingly evident that there has been much
duplication of naming by various European authors and we
acknowledge our obligations to Professor Max Fleischer and
Dr. Urban of the Royal Botanical Garden and Museum at
Berlin for numerous comparisons with the originals of American
species named by S. E. Bridel and Karl Miiller. We are also
under lasting obligations to Mr. C. H. Wright at Kew Gardens
and Mr. Anthony Gepp at the British Museum of Natural
History at South Kensington for comparisons with valuable col-
lections preserved at these two institutions. It is expected that
some ade(|uate acknowledgment will be made when we come to
distribute the duplicates from the Mitten Herbarium and the large
number which have accumulated as a residue from our West
Indian collections. We are also indebted to Messieurs Renauld
and Cardot for portions of types or authentic specimens of many
of their Central American and North American species and have
arranged for an exchange of notes and specimens with Mr. V. F.
Brotherus, who is enumerating the mosses of the world for Engler
and Prantl's Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
An effort has been made to follow critically all the species
listed from North America and a card catalogue has been kept
for this purpose, to which are added corrections in synonymy
and extensions of range. These cards now record 148 acrocar-
pous genera with 1,642 species and 98 pleurocarpous genera with
491 species, and the enumeration is not yet completed.
From Mr. William R. Maxon, of the National Museum, we
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23
have received duplicates for determination of all his West Indian
and Central American collections, and Dr. George N. Best has
continued to examine and report on all the Leskeaceae sub
mitted to him for study.
Mr. R. S. Williams has devoted much time to studying the col-
lections made by him in Bolivia and has extended his studies
northward along the Andes into Central America and Mexico ;
extensive collections by C. G. Pringle and Jared G. Smith in
Mexico, Percy Wilson in Honduras and W. R. Maxon in Costa
Rica having been submitted to him for determination.
Before the death of Professor Underwood his collections of.
hepatics had been purchased for the Garden and these with the
Mitten specimens and the Austin Herbarium have been arranged
so that they are available to students of these groups in the room
where Dr. Howe can give them personal supervision. Miss C.
C. Haynes has availed herself of this privilege and for several
years has devoted her time during the winter to naming miscel-
laneous collections from various parts of the United States in
connection with her work as Hepatic Curator of the SuUivant
Moss Chapter,
Occasional visits are made by Dr. Evans, of Yale University,
who is engaged in a critical study of the Hepaticae, and he has
with great patience and care named all the collections of hepatics
thus far made by the various explorers sent out by the Garden.
He is planning to devote several months to the arrangement of
the Mitten collections of hepatics, in exchange for which he will
have the privilege of selecting duplicates for the herbarium of
Yale University. Elizabeth G. Brixton.
THE SPREAD OF THE CHESTNUT DISEASE.*
The disease of our native chestnut, discovered in Bronx Park
in 1905 and described in the Journal for June and for Septem-
* Murrill, W. A. A serious chestnut disease. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Garden 7 : 143-
153- /• ^3-^9' June, 1906.
Merkel, H. W. A deadly fungus on the American chestnut. Ann. Rept. N. Y.
Z06I. Society 10 : 97-103. 1906. (lUust.)
Murrill, W. A. Further remarks on a serious chestnut disease. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Garden 7: 203-21 1. /. 23-30. September, 1906.
Murrill, W. A. Anew chestnut disease. Torreya6: 186-189./. 2, Septem-
ber, 1906.
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24
ber, 1906, has continued its ravages among the chestnut trees in
and about New York City with unabated virulence. Preventive
measures have apparently not affected it in the slightest degree.
The pruning of diseased branches has entirely failed to check it,
Fig. 4. Chestnut trees in the New York Botanical Garden killed by the disease.
Goosle
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25
even in the case of very young trees. Branches have been care-
fully removed and wounds covered, leaving trees apparently
Fig. 5. Aflected chestnut trees in the nursery.
entirely sound, but upon inspection a few weeks or a few months
later they would be found badly diseased at other points. From
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26
ten to fifteen different infections were counted on single specimens
of young trees near the hemlock forest during the past season.
When the infections are as numerous as this no means of preven-
tion is worth the experiment ; and, moreover, some of them are
practically certain to be infections of the main trunk, which cannot
Fig. 6. Inoculation experiments with young chestnut trees. Specimen on the
right killed to the base of the trunk by a body infection ; specimen on the left reserved
as a check.
be treated by pruning. This is especially apt to occur because
the spores that are washed down from diseased branches find
lodgment at the base of the branch where the bark is rough and
very often cracked.
The disease is abundant in and about New York City, on
Long Island, and in New Jersey, and is known to occur along
the Hudson as far north as Poughkeepsie. Specimens have been
sent in from Connecticut, Massachusetts and Maryland. It is
reported from Washington, D. C, and from Virginia, but I have
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27
seen no specimens of it from these localities. Some have thought
that the death of numbers of chestnut trees in the lowlands of
Georgia and Alabama, as reported some years ago by Mohr and
Small, was due to this disease, but no field studies have been
made as yet to determine this point. A visit to Biltmore, N. C,
however, where dead and dying chestnut trees are exceedingly
abundant, failed to discover a trace of the fungus ; death appar-
ently being due to poor soil, forest fires, the chestnut beetle, and
the disturbance of natural forest conditions in various ways.
The disease was at first supposed to be confined to our native
chestnut, but in the autumn of 1906 an affected branch was
found upon one of the Japanese chestnut trees {Castanea crenatd)
growing in the open near the eastern boundary of the Garden.
The branch was at once cut away some distance below the
affected area and no other infections were noticed on the tree
during the remainder of that season. During the spring and
summer of 1907, also, the tree appeared healthy and it was
thought that the disease had been effectually eradicated by
timely pruning ; but a closer examination last autumn revealed a
large diseased area near the base of the trunk, and the tree will
doubtless succumb soon after the next season opens.
This discovery is especially timely because of the fact that the
Japanese chestnut has been under observation elsewhere in the
vicinity of affected native trees and has been considered immune,
so that it has been mentioned as a desirable substitute for the
native tree in some of our parks.
Two specimens of chinquapin {^Castanea pumilci) recently ex-
amined in the Garden fruticetum have also been found to be
badly attacked, and the indications are that they have been
suffering from the disease for the past two or three years. It
was reported several months ago that the cultivated chinqua-
pins on Long Island were badly affected, but I have seen no
specimens.
It is now certain that the chestnut disease attacks all species
of Castanea, both native and cultivated, that occur in this region,
namely, Castanea dentata, the common native chestnut, Cas-
tanea crenata, the Japanese chestnut, and Castanea pumila, the
cninquapin, found native from New Jersey to Florida.
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28
Fig. 7. Cultures of the fungus on sterilized and living chestnut branches.
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29
It is highly important that some effort be made in the near
future to determine as accurately as possible the distribution of
the chestnut disease and to prevent its spread. Care should also
Fig. 8. Fruiting pustules and spore masses of the fungus from cultures, X '6*
A, stages in the development of the pustules ; B, C, Z>, various forms of spore dis-
charge in a moist atmosphere.
be taken to prevent its introduction into new localities through
diseased nursery stock. The chestnut growers of southern
Europe should be warned against the importation of any species
of Castanea from this country for public or private parks or
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30
plantations without inspection by a competent person. The
European chestnut is so closely related to our native tree that
the fungus would doubtless attack it with equal violence, caus-
ing great loss and distress where it is cultivated.
Owners of standing chestnut timber within the affected area
are advised to cut and use all trees, both old and young, that
stand within half a mile of diseased trees, unless protected from
infection through wind-blown spores by dense forest growth or
some other natural barrier. This may not prevent the spread of
the disease through the agency of storms, birds and squirrels,
but it will at least retard its progress. Old weathered chestnut
trunks that have been dead several years have no power to
spread the disease, and these may be cut at leisure for the tannic
acid factory or for firewood. Trees of good size recently killed
should be turned into lumber as soon as possible ; the fungus
affects only the bark, but other fungi may afterwards impair the
value of the wood if allowed to stand too long. Discarded
branches and young trees of no value that are cut near the edge
of the infected area should be burned at once in order to destroy
the spores they contain ; but if they are well within the zone of
infection such precaution is useless.
It is not considered safe at present to put out chestnut planta-
tions at any point within the known area of distribution of the
fungus, and those made elsewhere should be started from the seed
and carefully guarded. W. A. Murrill.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS AND
STUDENTS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL
GARDEN DURING THE YEAR 1907.
Anderson, M. P. Nature-study as an education. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 8 : 32-42. F 1907.
Early European botanists in Japan. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 8: 99-110. Mr 1907.
Arthur, J. C. New genera of Uredinales, Jour. Myc. 13 :
28-32. I Ja 1907.
Uredinales, N. Am. Fl. 7 : 83. 6 Mr 1907
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31
Uredinaceae. N. Am. Fl. 7 : 97-127. 6 Mr 1907.
Coleosporiaceae, N. Am. Fl. 7: 85-95. 6 Mr 1907.
Aecidiaceae (pars). N. Am. Fl. 7: 129-160. 6 Mr
1907.
Bamhart, J. H. The local floras of Vermont. Bull. Vt. Bot.
Club 2 : 11-16. Ap 1907.
The dates of Rafinesque's New Flora and Flora Tel-
luriana. Torreya 7 : 177-182. 21 S 1907.
Benedict, R. C. Notes on some ferns collected near Orange,
N.J. Torreya 7: 136-138. Jl 1907.
The genus Antrophyum-^l. Synopsis of subgenera,
and the American spedes. Bull. Torrey Club 34 : 445-458.
19 O 1907.
Britton, E. G. Notes on nomenclature — VII. Bryologist 10 :
7, 8. 2 Ja 1907.
The Mitten collection of mosses and hepatics. Jour. N.
Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 28-32. Mr 1907.
& Hollicky A. American fossil mosses, with description
of a new species from Florissant, Colorado. Bull. Torrey
Club 34 : 139-142. //. p. 7 My 1907.
Britton, N. L. Two undescribed species of Cotnocladia from
Jamaica. Torreya 7 : 6, 7. 7 F 1907.
' A new polygalaceous tree of Porto Rico. Torreya 7 :
38, 39. 28 F 1907.
Report of the Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the
year 1906. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5 : 195-203. 7 Mr 1907.
Pioneers of science in America. John Torrey. Pop. Sci.
Mo. 70 : 297, 299, portrait. Ap 1907.
Report on the continuation of the botanical exploration
of the Bahama Islands. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 71-81.
Ap 1907.
Ribes chihtiahuense sp. nov. Torreya 7 : 102. 20 My
1907.
Erythroxylaceae. N. Am. Fl. 25 : 59-66. 24 Au 1907.
The sedges of Jamaica. Bull. Dep. Agric. Jamaica 5 :
Suppl. 1-19. 19 S 1907.
Further exploration in Jamaica. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
8 : 229-236. O 1907.
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32
The boulder bridge. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Card. 8 :
247-250. N 1907.
Lucien Marcus Underwood. Columbia Univ. Quart.
D 1907.
& Rose, J. N. Periskiopsis, a new genus of Cactaceae,
Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 50 : 331-333. 28 O 1907.
Bttrlingham, G. S. Suggestions for the study of the Lactariae,
Torreya7: 11 8-1 23. 19 Je 1907.
Some Lactarii from Windham County, Vermont. Bull.
Torrey Club 34 : 85-95. 9 Ap 1907.
A study of the influence of magnesium sulphate on the
growth of seedlings. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc. 29: 1095-I112.
Jl 1907.
Cook, M. T. Notes on polyembryony. Torreya 7 : 1 1 3-1 17.
/• ^-J- 19 Je 1907.
The embryology of Sagittaria lancifolia L. Ohio Nat.
7: 97-102.//. <?. 12 Mr 1907.
The embryology of Rhytidophyllum, Bull. Torrey Club
34: 179-184.//. 10, II Je 1907.
The embryology of Rhizophora Mangle. Bull. Torrey
Club 34: 271-277. pL 22, 2j, 26 Jl 1907.
Eggleston, W. W. New North American Crataegi, Torreya
7: 35, 36. 28 F 1907.
The flora of Pownal. Bull. Vt. Bot. Club 2: 21-24.
map. Ap 1907.
Peter Kalm's visit to Lake Champlain in July, 1749.
Bull. Vt. Bot. Club 2 : 32, 33. Ap 1907.
Gager, C. S. (Diel's) Juvenile forms and flower maturity. Tor-
reya 7: 9-14. 7 F 1907. (Review.)
Annual report of the director of the laboratories. Bull.
N. Y. Bot. Card. 5: 233-240. 5 Mr 1907.
Radium in biological research. Science II. 25 : 589,
590. 12 Ap 1907.
An occurrence of glands in the embryo of Zea Mays.
Bull. Torrey Club 34: 125-137. 7 My 1907.
Science and poetry — a protest. Science II. 25: 908,
909. 7 Je 1907.
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33
(Cook's) Aspects of kinetic evolution. Torreya 7 : 147-
152. 19 Jl 1907. (Review.)
The breathing of plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 :
143-156. Jl 1907-
Radium may solve the world-old riddle. Discovery i :
81-83. Au 1907. (Illust.)
The absence of undergrowth in the hemlock forest.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 237-240. O 1907.
Two recent papers by O. F. Cook. Torreya 7 : 204-
205. 18 O 1907. (Review.)
The self-pruning of trees. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 :
252-254. N 1907.
The tardy defoliation of the trees. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 8: 254. N 1907.
The evaporating power of the air at the New York
Botanical Garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 : 269-274. D
1907.
Gies, W. J. On the effects of magnesium sulphate on the
growth of seedlings. Science II. 26 : 214-216. 16 Au 1907.
HayneSy C. C. Ten Lophozias. Bryologist 10 : 9-12. pL 2,
J. 2 Ja 1907.
Two new species oi Aytonia from Jamaica. Bull. Torrey
Club 34 : 57-60. 9 Ap 1907.
Hollicky A. The cretaceous flora of southern New York and
New England. Monographs of the U. S. Geol. Survey No.
50. p. 1-219. //. 1-40. Washington, Dec. 1906.
A collection of fossil gums. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 :
163-165. Jl 1907.
Description of a new tertiary fossil flower from Floris-
sant, Colorado. Torreya 7: 182-184. 21 S 1907.
House, H. D. New species of Ipomoea from Mexico and Cen-
tral America. Muhlenbergia3 : 17-46.pl. r-j, 28 Mr 1907.
Studies in the North American Convolvulaceae — III.
Calycobolus, Bonamia, and Stylisma, Bull. Torrey Club 34 :
143-149. 7 My 1907.
New or noteworthy North American Convolvulaceae.
Bot. Gaz. 43 : 408-414./. 1-4.. 17 Je 1907.
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34
Hanks, L. T. & Small, J. K. Geraniaceae. N. Am. Fl. 25 :
3-24. 24 Au 1907.
Howe, M. A. Report on a visit to Jamaica for collecting marine
algae. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 : 51-60. Mr 1907.
(Gardner's) Cytological studies in Cyanophyceae, Torreya
7 : 104, 105. 20 My 1907. (Review.)
Phycological studies — III. Further notes on Halimeda
and Avrainvillea, Bull. Torrey Club 34 : 491-516. //. 25-
JO. 17 D 1907.
Kern, E. D. The rusts of Guatemala. Jour. Myc. 13 : 18-26.
I Ja 1907.
New western species of Gyninospormigium and Roestelia,
Bull. Torrey Club 34 : 459-463. 19 O 1907.
Knox, A. A. Fasciations in Drosera^ Ibervillea and Cecropia,
Torreya 7 : 102, 103. 20 My 1907.
The relation of fasciation to injury in the evening prim-
roses. Plant World 10 : 145-15 1./. 2g. Jl 1907.
The stem of Ibervillea Sonorae, Bull. Torrey Club 34 :
329-344. //. 24. 12 S 1907.
Kupfer, E. Studies in plant regeneration. Mem. Torrey Club
12 : 195-241. /. /-/J. 10 Je 1907.
Murrill, W. A. Report of the First Assistant. Bull. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 5 : 214-223. 5 Mr 1907.
Exercises commemorative of the two hundredth anni-
versary of the birth of Linnaeus. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 :
123-139- Je 1907-
Leaf blight of the plane-tree. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
8: 1 57-161. Jl 1907.
An old locust post. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 173-
175. Au 1907.
Some Philippine Polyporaceae. Bull. Torrey Club 34 :
465-481. 19 O 1907.
Polyporaceae (pars). N. Am. Fl. 9 : 1-72. 19 D 1907.
Nash, G. V, The rapid growth of the young Paulozvnia, Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 13-16. Ja 1907.
Report of the Head Gardener. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
5: 263-271. 7 Mr 1907.
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35
A new flower garden adjoining the conservatories. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 : 1 18, 1 19. Mr 1907.
Costa Rican orchids — I. Bull. Torrey Club 34 : 113-
124. 7 My 1907.
Structure and classification of orchids. Jour. Hort. Soc.
N. Y. 1 : 24-26. Je 1907.
An attractive Philippine shrub in flower. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 8 : 161-163. Jl 1907.
A collection of American desert plants. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 8 : 169-173. Au 1907.
The economic garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 : 189-
193. Au 1907.
Water lilies and other aquatics : their relation to horti-
culture. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 : 202-220. S 1907.
The Ames collection of orchids. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
8: 250-252. N 1907.
A visit to Letchworth Park. Torreya 7 : 209-214. 19
N 1907.
Pond, R. H. Why is a substance poison ? Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 8: 110-113. My 1907.
(Jost's) Lectures on plant physiology. Torreya 7 :
168-170. 21 Au 1907. (Review.)
Robinson, C. B. Some affinities of the Philippine flora.
Torreya 7: 1-4. 7 F 1907.
Ipomoea triloba in the Philippines. Torreya 7 : 78-79.
15 Ap 1907.
Some features of the mountain flora of the Philippines.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 1 13-117. Mr 1907.
Contributions to a flora of Nova Scotia — I. Plants col-
lected in eastern Nova Scotia in August, 1906. Bull. Pictou
Acad. Sci. Assoc, i : 30-44. My 1907.
The seaweeds of Canso ; being a contribution to the
study of eastern Nova Scotia algae. Further Contrib. Can.
Biol. 1902-1905: 71-74. 1907.
Botrychiums in sand. Torreya 7: 219, 220. 19 N
1907.
Rusby, H. H. The wild grains and nuts of the United States.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 269-273. Ja 1907.
GooQle
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A biography of the druggist's circular. Druggist's
Circular and Chemical Gaz. 51 : 8-15. Ja 1907.
Fifty years of materia medica. Druggist's Circular and
Chemical Gaz. 51 : 29-43. Ja 1907.
Report of the Honorary Curator of the economic col-
lections. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 231-232. 5 Mr 1907.
The failure of a standardization bubble to form. Drug-
gist's Circular and Chemical Gaz. 51 : 298. Ap 1907.
The economic garden of the New York Botanical Gar-
den. Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 117, 118. My 1907.
Review of Kraemer's Botany and Pharmacognosy.
Science 11. 26: 43, 44. 12 Jl 1907.
The future of the national association of retail druggists.
Druggist's Circular and Chemical Gaz. 51 : 550. Au 1907.
What to see at the New York Botanical Garden and how
to see it. Amer. Drug. & Pharm. Record 51 : 101-104.
Au 1907.
Some little known edible native fruits of the United
States. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 175-188. Au 1907.
An enumeration of the plants collected in Bolivia by
Miguel Bang. — IV. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4 : 309-470.
5 S 1907.
The work of Professor Lucien Marcus Underwood.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 263-269. D 1907.
The present crude drug supply of the New York market.
Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 55: 331. 1907.
Cooperation between the medical and pharmaceutical
professions. Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 55: 256. 1907.
Rydbergy P. A. Studies on the Rocky mountain flora — XVII.
Bull. Torrey Club 34: 35-50. 27 F 1907.
Address delivered at the exercises commemorative of
the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 : 124-135. Je 1907.
Linnaeus and American botany. Science II. 26 : 65-71.
19 Jl 1907.
The genus Pilosella in North America. Torreya 7 :
157-162. 21 Au 1907.
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37
Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora — XVIII. Bull.
Torrey Club 34: 417-437. 10 O 1907.
Scandinavians who have contributed to the knowledge of
the flora of North America. Augustana Library Publications
No. 6: S-49. Rock Island, 111. 1907.
Shafer, J. A. Report on a visit to the island of Montserrat.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 : 81-88. Au 1907.
Small, J. K. Exploration of southern Florida. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 8 : 23-28. F 1907.
Report of the Head Curator of the museums and her-
barium. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 224-230. $ Mr 1907.
Additions to the tree flora of the United States. Torreya
7: 123-125. 19 Je 1907.
Oxalidaceae, N. Am. Fl. 25: 25-58. 24 Au 1907.
Linaceae, N. Am. Fl. 25 : 67-87. 24 Au 1907.
Geraniales. N. Am. Fl. 25 : i, 2. 24 Au 1907.
New museum cases. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 : 254,
255. N 1907.
Taylor, N. On some distribution factors of the Sierra Maestra,
Cuba. Torreya 7: 49-55. 19 Mr 1907.
A new Mikania from Cuba. Torreya 7 : 185, 186. 21
S 1907.
A rare seedling at the propagating houses {Tumboa
Bainesii). Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 240-243. O 1907.
Underwood, L. M. American ferns — VII. Bull. Torrey Club
33: 591-605. /. 7-/(5. 7 F 1907.
Report of the chairman of the board of scientific direc-
tors for 1906. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5 : 285-289. 5 Mr
1907.
Concerning Woodwardia paradoxa, a supposedly new
fern from British Columbia. Torreya 7 : 7^-76, 1 5 Ap 1907.
The progress of our knowledge of the flora of North
America. Pop. Sci. Mo. 70: 497-517. /. 1-7. Je 1907.
American ferns — VIII. A preliminary review of the
North American Gldcheniaceae. Bull. Torrey Club 34 : 243-
262. 10 Jl 1907.
The names of some of our native ferns. Torreya 7 :
193-198. 18 O 1907.
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& ICaxon, W. R. Two new ferns of the genus Undsaea.
Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 50 : 335, 336. 28 O 1907.
Vail, A. M. Note on a little-known work on the natural history
of the Leeward Islands. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 275-279.
Ja 1907.
Jane Colden, an early New York botanist Torreya 7 :
21-34. 28 F 1907.
Report of the Librarian. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8 : 241-
262, 5 Mr 1907.
Wilson, G. W. Melanospora parasitica. Torreya 7 : 57-59.
19 Mr 1907.
Studies in North American Peronosporales — L The
genus Albugo. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 61-84. 9 Ap 1907.
An historical review of the proposed genera of Phycoftty-
cetes — I. Peronosporales, Jour. Myc. 13: 205-209. 12 S
1907.
Studies in the North American Peronosporales — IL
Phytophtlwreae and RhysotJuceae, Bull. Torrey Club 34 : 387-
416. 10 O 1907.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Mr. R. S. Williams, assistant curator, sailed for Colon on
January 25, expecting to devote several months to botanical
explorations in the Republic of Panama, a region very imper--
fectly known botanically.
Dr. C. B. Robinson, assistant curator since July i, 1906, left
New York January 21, for the Philippine Islands. His appoint-
ment as economic botanist of the Bureau of Science, Manila, was
noted in the Journal for November.
Mr. F. V. Coville, botanist in charge of the economic collec-
tions, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of
Agriculture, spent several days at the Garden early in February
examining the herbarium.
Mr. Norman Taylor, who has been a Garden aid for several
years, was recently appointed custodian of the plantations.
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39
Mr. W. W. Eggleston has been assigned a research scholar-
ship for two months to aid him in continuing his work upon
North American Thorns, genus Crataegus.
Mr. George E. Davenport, an enthusiastic and well known
student of North American ferns, died at Medford, Massachusetts,
November 29, 1907, at the advanced age of seventy-four. Many
specimens collected by him are preserved in the Underwood
Fern Herbarium of the Garden.
Volume 9, part i, of the North American Flora, appeared
December 19, 1907. Volume 9, part 2, is expected to appear
this month. These two parts contain descriptions of all known
native species of the Polyporaceae (a large group of woody fungi),
except some of the lower resupinate forms, which will be treated
at the close of volume 8.
Meteorology for January, — The total precipitation recorded for
January was 2.48 inches. Snow flurries occurred on the 9th,
snow turning to rain on the i6th, and 10 inches of snow on the
tlA and 24th. Thunder and lightning were recorded on the
1 2th.
Maximum temperatures were recorded of 5 1 ° between the 6th
and 13th, 53° on the 13th, 60° on the 21st, and 44° on the 27th,
also minimum temperatures of 13° on the 6th, 17° between the
6th and 13th, 18° on the 17th, 12° on the 2Sth, and 1° on the
31st. The thermograph failed to record between the 6th and
13th.
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
248 specimens of marine algae from Barbados, West Indies. (G>nected by Miss
Anna Vickers. )
6 specimens of ferns. (Given by Dr. C. B. Robinson. )
8 specimens of mosses from Texas. (Given by Professor S. W. StanBeld.)
13 specimens of mosses from Cuba. (By exchange with the United States National
Museum. )
69 specimens of marine algae from North Carolina. (Given by Mr. W. D. Hoyt. )
4,125 specimens of marine algae from the Bahamas. (Collected by Dr. M. A.
Howe.)
4 specimens of flowering plants from Georgia. (Given by Mr. M. H. Hopkins.)
Google
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40
6 specimens of mosses from New Hampshire. (Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson. )
34 specimens of mosses from G>lombia. (By exchange with the United States
National Museum. )
3,418 specimens of flowering plants from the Bahamas. (Collected by Mr. Percy
Wilson.)
7 specimens of mosses, hepatics and lichens from the Bahamas. (By exchange
with the Field Museum of Natural History.)
38 specimens of flowering plants from Louisiana. ( Given by IVofessor R. S. Cocks. )
I specimen of rust from British Columbia. (Given by Mr. E. W. D. Hoi way.)
16 specimens of rusts from western localities. (Given by Mr. Frank D. Kern.)
5 museum specimens of fungi from Forked River, New Jersey. (Given by Mr.
W. H. Ballou.)
T specimen of Foma geotropus from Tennessee. (Given by Mr. Perley Spaulding. )
I specimen of fungus on a moss from North Carolina. (Given by Dr. A. J. Grout.)
I specimen of Fomes from Pennsylvania. (By exchange with Professor D. R.
Sumstine.)
I specimen of Clitocybe amethystina from Indiana, (Given by Ph>fessor J. C.
Arthur.)
12 specimens of polypores from the Bahamas. (Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson. )
200 specimens, " Fungi Columbian!," Centuries XXV. and XXVI. (Distributed
by Mr. £. Bartholomew.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
3 plants for conservatories. (Collected in Jamaica by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
4 plants for conservatories. (Given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.)
I plant for conservatories. (By exchange with United States National Museum,
through Dr. J. N. Rose.)
3 plants for conservatories. ( By exchange with Bureau of Plant Industry. )
I plant for conservatories. (Given by Mr. L. M. Simonson.)
X plant for conservatories. (By exchange with Hope Gardens, Jamaica.)
6 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Hoffmann.)
3 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Sacket. )
I bulb for conservatories. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby. )
I bulb for conservatories. (Given by Mr. H. C. Pearson. )
I packet of seed. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
4 packets of seeds. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
I packet of seed. (By exchange with Hope Gardens, Jamaica.)
1 packet of seed. (Given by Mr. J. Borin.)
2 packets of seed. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
1 packet of seed. (Given by Dr. O. Beccari, Florence, Italy.)
59 plants derived from seed from various sources.
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. March, 1908. No. 99.
REPORT ON THE BOTANICAL EXPLORATION OF
THE BAHAMA AND CAICOS ISLANDS.
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief.
Sir : We beg to present herewith a brief report on our
recent expedition to the eastern and southeastern islands of
the Bahamian archipelago and to the Caicos Islands, which are
really a part of the Bahamas geographically, though now for
more than half a century associated politically with the Jamaican
government. The main object of the visit was to secure herba-
rium and museum specimens, illustrating both the land and
marine flora, for the New York Botanical Garden and the Field
Museum of Natural History of Chicago, the latter institution
having shared the expense of this and several previous expedi-
tions to the Bahamas. In fact, the present expedition was the
seventh that has been sent to the Bahamas since the winter of
1904, either by the New York Botanical Garden alone or by the
Garden in cooperation with the Field Museum, and, in addition,
much collecting Tor these two institutions has been done on vari-
ous islands of the group by Mr. L. J. K. Brace, a botanist resi-
dent in Nassau. On this, as on previous visits, considerable
attention was given to securing living plants of scientific and
economic interest for the conservatories of the Garden.
We left New York on the Ward Line steamer " City of Wash-
ington" on Friday, November 15, 1907, and reached Nassau,
New Providence, on the morning of the nineteenth. Accom-
panied by Mr. Lewis Brace of Nassau, we sailed eastward the
41
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42
following afternoon on Mr. William J. Finder's schooner, the
'• Nellie Leonora," which had been chartered for us previously
to our arrival. Owing to a strong head- wind and heavy seas, we
put in at the Bight, Cat Island, on the afternoon of November
22. Little time was given to collecting the commoner land-
FiG. 9. The " Nellie Leonora" at Rose Island.
plants of this locality as extensive collections were made at this
point earlier in the year by yourself and Dr. Millspaugh. A
" creek " in this vicinity furnished a number of marine algae of
interest. Leaving the Bight at about noon on the twenty-third,
we anchored at sunset near the Southwest Point of this island,
where we remained for a few hours during a squall, sailing in the
night for Cockburn Town (•* Riding Rock "), Watling's Island,
where we arrived on the twenty-fifth. Cockburn Town is the
port of entry of Watling's Island, and we carried letters of intro-
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43
duction to Mr. Rigby, the Assistant Resident Justice there, to
whom we are indebted for various courtesies. Watling's Island is
about twelve miles long and six miles wide and a considerable
part of its area is occupied by salt-water lakes or lagoons which
have no obvious connection with the ocean. The bottoms of
these shallow salt lakes are clothed with enormous quantities of
the siphonaceous green algae, Batophora Oerstedi and Acetabulum
crenulatum, Chara Hornemanni is also common. As you and
Dr. Millspaugh spent four days last March in this western and
northern part of Watling's Island, we did not attempt to collect
the land-plants here so thoroughly as we might have done other-
wise ; nevertheless, specimens were taken rather freely and the
results seem to justify the trouble, as certain species were found
in better condition for collecting in November than they had
been in the previous March. The following day, the twenty-sixth^^
was spent in the vicinity of Graham's Harbor, near the north-
eastern extremity of the island, not far from the monument on
the eastern shore marking the spot where .Christopher Columbus
is supposed to have " first set foot upon the soil of the New
World." Returning on the evening of the same day to Cock-
burn Town, we proceeded the next morning to the southeastern
end of the island, a part which was not visited by the expedition
of last spring. Four days, accordingly, were spent here and ex-
tensive collections were made. A plant of special interest here
was Euphorbia vaginulata Griseb., which was quite common on
the sands a short distance back from the coast. This was for
many years known only from the Turk Islands, where it was
obtained in 1858 by J. A. Hjalmarson, who spent fourteen days
there in collecting materials which were used by Grisebach in
preparing his " Flora of the British West Indian Islands." The
plant is now well represented in our herbarium, having been taken
by Mr. Nash and Mr. Taylor on Great Inagua and Little Inagua
in 1904 and by them also in the type locality in 1905. It was
found by us also at South Caicos and on Castle Island. Grow-
ing in the sand back from the shore, this species of Eupliorbia
develops into a shrub with a height of from one to nearly three
feet, but occurring, as it sometimes does, on exposed littoral
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44
rocks, it becomes dwarfed and more or less prostrate and ap-
pressed, as may be seen in the accompanying illustration (Fig.
id), a "creek" near the southeastern extremity of Watling*s
Island furnished some marine algae of peculiar interest, including
fertile specimens of Halimeda iridens^ which are of exceedingly
rare occurrence, having, in fact, been previously reported only
from Porto Rico, where they were obtained by a New York
Fig. io. Euphorbia vaginulata Griseb. (the low prostrate- appressed shrub) on
white coral sea-cliffs, Long Cay, Cockburn Harbor, South Caicos.
Botanical Garden expedition in 1906. Halimeda tridens and
Halimeda Monile, two closely related and occasionally confused
species, were growing in great profusion and in most intimate
association in this creek, yet showed no traces of intergrading
forms.
From the southern end of Watling's Island, we sailed on the
afternoon of November 30 for Atwood (Samana) Cay, a small
island about eighty miles to the southeast, anticipating covering
this distance by the following daybreak, but the wind shifted and
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45
fell during the night and we did not reach the island until the
morning of December 3. Atwood Cay is now uninhabited
except at certain seasons, when small parties from the neigh-
boring islands visit it in order to gather cascarilla bark, the bark
of Croton Eluteria, This shrub is still fairly common at certain
localities on this island, but in view of the rate at which it is now
being uprooted, it seems only a question of a short time when the
species will become very scarce. Atwood Cay, we believe, had
never been visited by botanists before and the marine flora in
particular we found of much interest, including several forms
which we think will prove new to science ; but up to this time we
had suffered considerable delay owing to head winds and calms,
so on the morning of December 5, after a stop of only two days,
we took advantage of a brisk fair wind and set sail for the island
of Mariguana, and the intervening distance of fifty-three miles
was compassed in about five hours. We had planned to stop
a day or more in the neighborhood of Betsy Bay at the north-
west end of the island, where the soil is said to be especially
good, but with the wind then prevailing it was not advisable to
launch a boat or to anchor at this point, so we skirted the more
sheltered south shore until about ten miles west of Abraham
Bay, where we dropped anchor. * Mariguana is nearly twenty-
eight miles long and has a maximum width of six or seven miles.
Its highest elevation is given on the charts as loi feet. This
island, like Atwood Cay, had not previously been visited by
botanical collectors, so far as our information goes, and we
accordingly devoted a week to exploring the southern and
western parts of the island. The isolation and scanty popula-
tion of Mariguana make it an attractive resort for various kinds
of birds, of which the most showy and perhaps the most inter-
esting is the red flamingo. A flock of between one hundred and
two hundred of these picturesque birds was at the time of our
visit dividing its attention between a shallow salt-pond at the
eastern end of the island and the almost equally shallow bay or
reef-harbor adjacent. Owing to a long-continued drought,
many of the plants in this region were in a badly dried-up con-
dition and scarcely suitable for the herbarium, yet nearly seven
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46
hundred specimens of flowering plants were secured while we
were on this island. In certain rocky areas, the cacti were well
represented, and of these one of the most peculiar and striking
was the Turk's-head cactus, the plant from which the Turk
Islands, about one hundred and twenty miles further southeast,
are said to have derived their name. Several living specimens
of this cactus were obtained for the conservatories. The photo-
graph (Fig. ii) reproduced herewith illustrates the odd form
Fig. 1 1 . The " Turk* s-head cactus ' ' ( Melocactus sp. ) on the island of Mariguana.
assumed by this plant. The hog-palm {Pseudo phoenix Sargentii)
appeared to be represented at the southeast end of Mariguana by
a single specimen, less than six feet high.
On December 12, we sailed from Mariguana for the Caicos
Islands, arriving at the port of entry, Cockbum Harbor (''East
Harbor'*), South Caicos, a little after noon on the fourteenth.
South Caicos is only about twenty miles from the island of Grand
Turk and it shares with the Turk Islands the fame of producing
salt of an excellent quality. It is situated in longitude 71° 30'
and latitude about 21° 30', and was the most southern and most
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47
easterly of the islands visited on this expedition. We remained
here from the fourteenth to the night of the sixteenth and col-
lected many interesting plants not found on the other islands,
including the Jamaican lignum- vitae, Guaiacum officinale^ a species
which, we believe, has not hitherto been reported from the
Bahamas. Cockburn Harbor also furnished us numerous algae
of interest.
During our stay at South Caicos, we heard much of the rich-
ness of the flora of the neighborhood of the settlement known as
Kew, on the island of North Caicos, some forty or fifty miles to
the northwest by a direct line, though considerably further by
the " outside '* or ** ocean " route which our schooner was obliged
to take in order to reach it. Late in the afternoon of the seven-
teenth we anchored off Fort George Cay and Pine Cay, at the
western end of the island of North Caicos. Pine Cay takes its
name from ^he presence of Pinus caribaea, which is fairly com-
mon there, though the trees are mostly small, the larger ones
having been cut for lumber. It was the first time that we had
met with the pine on the present voyage, although the tree is
found in considerable abundance on the larger northern and
western islands of the Bahamian group, at least on Andros, Great
Bahama, Abaco, and New Providence. Arrangements having
been made for a visit to Kew, one of our party (Mr. Wilson)
started for that point at daybreak of the eighteenth in a small boat,
accompanied by two natives and the first mate of the " Nellie
Leonora." The distance from our anchorage to Kew Landing
was about four miles, and, the route lying over a part of the shal-
low northern border of the Caicos Bank, a considerable portion
of the trip was accomplished by pushing the boat along with a
pole. The landing was reached at about ten o'clock and after
following a trail for nearly three miles, we sighted the settlement
of Kew, where our visit was evidently of as much interest to the
inhabitants as the plants found there were to us. The tree locally
known as the *' oak" {Bucida Buceras) here attains a large size,
excellent examples of it growing along the main thoroughfare
of the village. Owing to the richness of its soil and consequent
development of its vegetation, North Caicos was by far the most
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48
interesting of the islands visited during the voyage. Some species
of woody plants which are shrubs on the other islands here attain
the size of trees. A more thorough exploration of this region at
some future time would undoubtedly yield results of much scien-
tific value. We were obliged to return to our schooner late in
the afternoon of the same day, wading a part of the distance over
banks that had been left nearly dry by the ebbing tide.
On the nineteenth a stop of a few hours was made on the
the island of Providenciales, in the vicinity of Malcolm Road ;
good collections of marine algae were made here, but little
was accomplished in the way of securing land-plants owing
to the dryness of the region. The following day was devoted
to exploring the the island of West Caicos. A large portion of
this island is under cultivation and its flora, probably for that
reason, seemed rather less varied and rich than that of some of
the other islands of the Caicos group. There is a large planta-
tion here for the cultivation of sisal {Agave sisaland), the prop-
erty of a London company incorporated under the name of ** Pita
Ltd." About i,6oo acres are fully planted with sisal, over 1,400
acres are partially laid out and planted, and 700 acres in addition
are now being cleared and burned over. An interior salt lake or
pond contained several algae of particular interest, one of them
being the plant that has commonly been identified with Valonia
aegagropUa, originally described from the lagoons of Venice,
where it is said to be very abundant. This Valonia was common
and luxuriant in this lake on West Caicos, often forming unat-
tached hollow globose masses, sometimes attaining the size of a
man's head. While at West Caicos we enjoyed the hospitality
of the manager of the estate of the Pita company. Captain
Henry T. W. Holdsworth, and his accomplished wife, and we are
much indebted to Captain Holdsworth for assistance and helpful
suggestions in our investigations of the flora of the island.
A part of December 21 was spent at Little Inagua, which was
explored for the Garden by Mr. Nash and Mr. Taylor in 1904,
and on the afternoon of the following day, we went ashore for a
few hours on Castle Island, near the south end of Acklin's Island,
while on our way to the Ragged Islands group, which we reached
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49
on the afternoon ot December 23. We remained at Great Rag-
ged Island until the morning of December 27, making good col-
lections there both of the seed-plants and of the algae, including
several additions to the known flora of the Bahamian archipelago.
A low gray fine-branched shrubby plant of rather striking appear-
ance found there is a member of the morning-glory family,
Evolvulus bahamensis, recently described as a new species by
Fig. 12. Evolvulus bakamensis House (in foreground), Great Ragged Island.
Mr. Homer D. House. Our photograph (Fig. 12) gives some
idea of its habit of growth. During our stay at Great Ragged
Island we were the recipients of various helpful favors from the
Resident Justice, Mr. Stevenson, to whom we carried a letter of
introduction from Hon. Herbert A. Brook, of Nassau, Registrar
of the Colony.
From the Ragged Islands we headed northward for the return
to Nassau, spending a few hours on the twenty-eighth on Harvey's
Cay of the Exuma Chain and the morning of the next day on
Rose Island, a few miles northeast of New Providence. Nassau
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50
was reached on the afternoon of the twenty-ninth and the follow-
ing three days were devoted to packing for the voyage to New
York, where we arrived on January 5. The algae secured on
the expedition are represented by 830 collection-numbers and
the seed-plants by 741 numbers, the total doubtless aggregating
over 8,000 herbarium specimens. In addition, a considerable
amount of museum material was obtained. The living plants
collected, representing particularly the Cactaceae, were left in the
care of Mr. L. J. K. Brace, of Nassau, to await a more favorable
season for shipment to New York.
Respectfully submitted,
Marshall A. Howe,
Percy Wilson.
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51
SPRING LECTURES, 1908.
Lectures will be delivered in the lecture hall of the museum
building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at
4:00 o'clock as follows :
May 2. " A Botanical Expedition to Jamaica and Cuba," by
Dr. Arthur Hollick.
May 9. ** Early-Flowering Trees and Shrubs,*' by Dr. N. L.
Brixton.
May 16. " Plant Life of the Sea," by Dr. M. A. Howe.
May 23. " Ornamental Shrubs ; Their Selection and Ar-
rangement," by Mr. George V. Nash.
May 30. ** Plants that Feed on Insects," by Dr. C. Stuart
Gager.
June 6. "Adulterants in Foods and Drugs and their Detec-
tion," by Dr. H. H. Rusby.
The lectures will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise-
They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:28 train from
the Botanical Garden Station, arriving at Grand Central Station
at 5:57 P. M,
The museum building is reached by the Harlem Division of
the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical
Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedfork Park, or by the Third
Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park.
Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway
at 149th Steet and Third Avenue.
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62
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Dr. Arthur Hollick sailed for
Kingston, Jamaica, on February 22. They have planned to
make collections at the western end of the island, and a Bahamian
schooner has been chartered for this purpose. It is expected
that a stop will be made in eastern Cuba on the return voyage
early in April.
Some interesting and very successful experiments with color
photography were recently made in the conservatories of the
Garden by Mr. F. C. Berte.
Twenty-five sets of duplicate polypores, representing nearly a
hundred of our more common species, have recently been sent
out by the Garden to certain botanical institutions in the eastern
United States and Europe.
Vol. 9, part 2, of the North American Flora, appeared March
12, 1908. This part concludes the treatment of the polypores,
and contains most of the large tree-destroying fungi of special
interest to foresters.
An attractive Philippine shrub, Medinilla magnifica^ described
and figured in the Journal for July, 1907, is novvin flower in
the public conservatories, house no. 4.
The seedling of Tumboa Bainesii^ described in the October
number of the Journal, has made considerable growth since
that tinie. By reference to the lower figure there shown it may
be seen that the leaves which are eventually to be the perma-
nent ones are considerably shorter than the cotyledons. Now
they are at least three eighths of an inch longer than the seed
leaves. The only other change of note is the flesh color that has
gradually come over the whole plant ; but as yet there is nothing
that gives one a hint as to the remarkable adult form that it is
hoped the plant may some day attain.
Among the cyclamens represented in the conservatories. Cycla-
men Neapolitanunt has a very curious arrangement of its seed pods.
After the flower has dropped off", the stalk with the immature fruit
begins to spirally contract, so that when the seed is ready to be
discharged the pod is tightly held in a closely coiled spiral which
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53
is capable of considerable movement when rolled over the ground
by the wind or other agencies. A specimen of this plant at the
conservatories now presents all stages of this interesting process.
Meteorology for February. — The total precipitation recorded for
the month was 5.45 inches, including snow-falls of 7 inches on
the 6th, 5 inches on the 19th, and traces of snow on the i6th
and 26th. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 46° on the
1st, 44° on the 6th, 51° on the i ith, 40° on the 17th, and 46°
on the 27th; also minimum temperatures of 0.5° on the Sth,
11° on the nth, 13° on the 23d, and 11® on the 2Sth.
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64
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM JANUARY i TO FEBRUARY 29, 1908.
Brown, Stew ARUSON. Alpint flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, New
York, 1907. (Given by the author.)
Cole, George Watson. Bermuda in periodical literature, [Boston], 1907.
((riven by the author.)
Curtis, Carlton Clarence. Nature and development of plants. New York,
1907. ( Deposited by the trustees of Columbia University. )
Fitch, Walter Hood, & Smith, Worthington George. Illustrations of the
British flora, London, 1880. (Given by Mr. F. Weinbeiig.)
Grisebach, August Heinrich Rudolph. Flora of the British IVest Indian
Islands, London, 1859-64. (Given by Dr. Margaret B. Wilson. )
Illinois State Agricultural Society, TVansactions. Vols. 5, 25. Springfield, I S65,
1889. 2 vols.
Illinois State Horticultural Society, Transactions, New ser. Vols. 21-22. War-
saw, 1888-89. 2 vols.
Icwa State Agricultural Society, Report for 1863-64, 1868-69, 1874-75. Des
Moines, 1864-76. 6 vols.
Jordan, David Starr. Fishes, New York, 1907. (Given by Dr. N. L.
Britton. )
Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Report for 1875. Topeka, 18/5.
Low, Albert Peter. Report on the Dominion government expedition to Hudson
Bay and the arctic islands on board the D, G. S, Neptune jgoj~igo4. Ottawa, 1906*
(Given by Mr. J. M. Macoun.)
Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, Synoptical and analytical index , 183^-^2,
Boston, 1893.
Migula, Walter. Kryptogamen* Flora von Deutschland^ Deutsch- Osterreich
und der Schweiz Band II., Algen. I Tell. Gera, R., 1907.
ViDAL Y SOLER, SEBASTIAN. Phanerogamae Cumingianae philippinarum,
Manila, 1885.
Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Transactions, Vol. 7. Madison, 1868.
Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, Transactions, Vol.12. Madison, 1882.
MUSEUM AND HERBARIUM.
104 specimens of flowering plants from British America. (By exchange with the
Geological Survey of Canada. )
2 specimens of flowering plants from Indiana. (Given by Professor J. C. Arthur. )
2 museum specimens of bark and sap of the Cow Tree from Venezuela. (Given by
Mr. F. F. von Wilmousky. )
I specimen of yam root. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby. )
Digitized by VjOOQIC
66
6 specimcDS of drugs and spices. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
Ii6 specimens of flowering plants from Nevada. (By exchange with Professor P.
B. Kennedy.)
230 museum specimens of marine algae from the Bahamas. (Collected by Dr. M.
A. Howe.)
240 specimens of flowering plants from Barbados, West Indies. (Collected by Mr.
J. S. Dash.)
6 specimens of violets from South Carolina. (By exchange with Mr. H. D.
House.)
6 specimens of ferns firom eastern North America. (Given by Miss Margaret
Slosson. )
10 specimens of mosses from North Carolina. (Given by Dr. A. J. Grout)
140 specimens of mosses and hepatics from Guadeloupe. (Collected by Rev. Pire
Duss.)
2 specimens of mosses from Guatemala. ( By exchange with the U. S. National
Museum. )
60 specimens ** Musci Americae Septentrional is Exsiccati." (Distributed by Mr.
J. Cardot.)
7 specimens of mosses from Georgia. ( By exchange with Professor J. F. Collins. )
20 specimens of polypores from Delaware. (By exchange with the Delaware
Agricultural Experiment Station. )
2 specimens of Gloeophyllum from the eastern United States. (By exchange with
the U. S. Department of Agriculture. )
149 specimens of fleshy fungi from Massachusetts. (Given by Mr. Geo. E.
Morris. )
I package of *' Koffeno." (Given by the Sleepy Eye Milling Company.)
3 specimens of drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
I specimen of fruits of the Stone Pine. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby. )
35 specimens of marine algae from the Danish West Indies. (By exchange with
Mr. F. Bdrgesen.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
1 plant for conservatories. (Given by Miss Helen M. Gould.)
2 plants for conservatories. ( Purchased. )
5 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. C. Werckli.)
3 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Department of Parks, Borough of
Brooklyn.)
1 plant for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Oakes Ames.)
2 plants from Mexico for conservatories. (By exchange with United States
National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose. )
1 root for conservatories. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
56
I packet of seed. (GiTcn by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
14 packets of seed from Costa Rica. (Given by Mr. C. Werckli. )
I packet of seed from Jamaica. ( By exchange with Public Gardens, Jamaica. )
33 packets of seed from North Carolina. (Collected by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.)
I packet of seed from Sonora. (By exchange with the United States National
Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose. )
I packet of seed from Bronx Park. (Collected by Mr. R. C. Schneider.)
28 plants derived from seed from various sources.
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JOURNAL
OP
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. April, 1908. No. 100.
REGISTERED INVESTIGATORS AT THE NEV\^ YORK
BOTANICAL GARDEN, 1897-1908.
Abrams, LeRoy, Stanford Univ, Calif, b. Sheffield, la, Oct.
I, 74. Stanford, A.B, 99, A.M, 02 ; Columbia (fel.) and N. Y.
Bot. Garden, 04-05 ; research sch, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 05.
Act. prof, bot, Idaho, 99-00 ; asst. syst. bot, Stanford, 00-02 ;
instr, 02-04 ; asst. curator, Div. Pits, U. S. Nat. Mus, 05 ; asst.
prof, bot, Stanford, 06-. A. A. A. S ; Nat. Geog. Soc ; Wash.
Bot. Soc ; Wash. Biol. Soc ; Torrey Bot. Club.
Taxonomy.
Anderson, Mary Perle, Horace Mann School, N. Y. C, and
East Berkshire, Vt. b. East Berkshire, Vt, June 9, 64. Mt.
Holyoke, JB.S, 90 ; Mass. Inst. Tech, 97-98 ; Woods Hole, 99 ;
Chicago, 02-04 ; Columbia and N. F. Bot. Garden, 06-08; Kew,
and Jardin des Plantes (Paris), 07. Tea. sci, K. C. L. College
(Independence, Mo.), 90-94; tea. sci, Plymouth (Mass.) H. S,
94-95 ; instr. biol, Somerville (Mass.) H. S, 95-02 ; instr. nat.
study, Vermont State summer schools, 02, 04, 05 ; instr. biol.
and nat. study, summer session, Columbia, 03 ; instr. bot, Mt.
Holyoke, 04-06; critic tea, biol. and nat. stiidy. Tea. Coll, Co-
lumbia, 07-. ist Stokes prize essay. Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am,
04. Am. Nat. Study Soc.
Geographical distribution of the ferns of Japan.
Arthur, Joseph Charles, Lafayette, Ind. b. Lowville, N. Y,
Jan. u, 50. Iowa State, B.S, 72, M.S, 77-, Hopkins, 78-79;
Harvard, 79 ; Cornell, Sc.D, 86 ; Bonn, 96 ; N. Y. Bot, Garden,
57
Digitized by VjOOQIC
58
03) 04) research sch, 06, 07, 08. Instr. bot, Minnesota and
Wisconsin, 79-82; bot. Exp. Sta, Geneva, N. Y, 84-87; prof,
veg, physioL and path, Purdue, 8y- ; bot, hid, Exp, Sta, 88-;
Int. Cong. Arts and Sd, St. Louis, 04 (speaker) ; Intemat. Bot.
Cong, Vienna, 05 (del. Smith. Inst). Pel. A. A. A. S (sec'y.
Sec. F, 86 ; asst. gen sec'y, 87 ; v.-pres, 95) ; Bot. Soc. Am.
(pres, 02); Soc. Prom. Agric. Sci; fel. Ind. Acad. Sci, (pres,
93) ; Iowa Acad. Sci ; Wash. Acad. Sci ; Phila. Acad. Sd ;
Torrey Bot. Club ; Int. Assoc. Bot.
Mycology ; fungus diseases of cultivated crops ; development
of plant rusts.
Bailey, Harriet Brown, N. Y. City. Deceased, Nov. 25, 05.
N. Y. Bot, Garden, 02-04. Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am.
Banker, Howard James, De Pauw Univ. Greencastle, Ind. b.
Schaghticoke, N.Y, April 19, 66. Syracuse, A.B, 92 ; Columbia,
A.M, 00, Ph.D, 05 ; N. Y. Bot, Garden, 99-00, 02, 03-04, 05,
06. Instr. biol, S. West. Nor. Sch, California, Pa, \0-0^\ prof.
De Pauw, 04.-. Fel. A. A. A. S ; Bot. Soc. Am ; Torrey Bot.
Club.
Mycology.
Banta, May, WeJlesley, B.S, 89 ; N. Y. Bot, Garden, 99-00.
Barnhart, John Hendley, 34 Windle Park, Tarrytown, N.Y.
b. Brooklyn, N. Y, Oct 4, 71. Wesleyan, A.B, 92,, A.M, 93 ;
Columbia, M.D, 96 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 01-03. iSd. a««t,
N^ F. BoU Garden, 03-, librarian, 07-. Fel. A. A. A. S ; Am.
Soc. Nat ; Torrey Bot. Club, (editor-in-chief, 03-07) ; N. Y.
Bot. Garden, (life mem.) ; Biol. Soc. Wash.
Botanical bibliography and nomenclature ; taxonomy of flower-
ing plants ; local floras of North America.
Barrett, Alice Irene, Deceased. N. Y. Bot. Garden, 00-01.
Barrett, Mary Franklin, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.
b. Bloomfield, N. J, August 25, 79. Smith, B.L, 01 ; Barnard,
01-02 ; Woods Hole Marine Biol. Lab, 02 ; Columbia and N.
Y. Bot. Garden, 03-06; Columbia, A.M, 05 ; Cornell, summer
session, 06. Tea, H. S, Verona, N. J, 04 ; tea. sci. and math,
Randolph-Pond Sch, N. Y. C, 05-06 ; instr. bot Wellesley, 06-,
Torrey Bot. Club.
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59
Taxonomy of fungi.
Bateson, Charles Edward Wagstaffe, 145 West 58 St, N.
Y. C. Columbia, E.M, 02, A.M, 05 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05,
Paleobotany.
Benedict, Ralph Curtis, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N.. Y. C. b.
Syracuse, N. Y, June 14, 83. Syracuse, A.B, 06. Asst biol,
Syracuse, 05-06 ; student and aid, N. F. Bot. Garden, 06-.
Taxonomy of pteridophytes.
Billings, Elizabeth, 279 Madison Ave, N. Y. C. b. Wood-
stock, Vt, 71. Barnard (spec, student), 95 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden^
02-03, 04> ^Si 06, 08-. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (life mem.) ; Torrey
Bot. Club ; N. Y. Bot. Garden (life mem.).
Paleobotany, Taxonomy.
Blodgett, Frederick H, College Park, Md. b. Rockford, 111,
Sept. 12, 72. Rutgers Coll, B.S, 97; M.S, 99; student and
aid, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 00-01 ; asst. curator (botany). Field
Columbian Mus, 01 ; asst. State Path, Maryland Agric. Coll, 01-
06 ; ^ad, student-asst. bot, Johns Hopkins, 06—, Fel. A. A. A. S.
Embryology and Ontogeny.
Brackett, Mary M. 604 W. 115 St, N. Y. C. N. Y. C.
Nor. Coll. 93 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04. Secy Wadleigh H, S.
{N. K C), OS-; asst. ed, l^lant World, 06-. Torrey Bot. Club.
A. A. A. S.
Braislin, Anna Priscilijv, (Mrs. Thomas H. Montgomery,
Jr.). Vassar, A.B, 97 ; Univ. of Penn, Philadelphia ; N. Y. Bot.
Garden, 99-00.
Brandenburg, Ellen Klapp, 9x5 French St, Washington, D.
C. b. Philadelphia, Pa, 82. Columbian, B.S, 04 ; Harvard Sum-
mer Sch, 03 ; Cold Spring Harbor, 05 ; Cornell Summer Sch, 06 ;
N. Y. Bot. Garden, 07-. Instr. in biol. and english, Washington
H. Schs, 04-07.
Botany ; mycology.
Broadhurst, Jean, Teachers College, Columbia Univ, N.
Y. C. b. Stockton, N. J, Dec. 29, 73. N. J. State Nor. Sch.
(Trenton), 92 ; Tea. Coll. Columbia, B.S, 03 ; N. Y. Bot.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
60
Garden, 01-03. Asst bot, Barnard Coll, 02-03 ; tea. N. J;
State Nor. Sch, 03-06 ; instr, biol. Tea. Col, 06-, A. A. A. S.
Torrey Bot. Club ; Wild Flower Pres. Soa Am. (2nd Stokes)
prize essay, 04) ; Nat. Study Soc. Editor, Torreya, oS-.
Morphology.
Broomall, Laura Baker. Michigan, B.S, 98 ; N. T. Bot.
Garden, 03.
Embryology of spermatophyta.
Bruckman, Louise, 1022 Lexington Ave, N. Y. C. b. New
York, March 16, 72. N. Y. C. Nor. Coll, 87-91; N. Y. C
Nor. Coll, Pd.B, 95 ; N. Y. Univ, Pd.M, 95 ; B.S, 07 ; Cornell
Summer Sch, 99 ; Cold Spring Harbor, 00, 01, 03 ; N. Y. Bot.
Garden, 00-01. Tea, elementary Schools of N. Y. C, 92-02,
instr. biol. Girls' H, S, Brooklyn, N, K o-?-. Torrey Bot Club.
Pedagogy of biology.
Brues, Charles Thomas, Milwaukee Public Museum, Mil-
waukee, Wis. b. Wheeling, W. Va, June 20, 79. Univ. Texas,
B.S, 01, M.S, 02; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03; fel. zool, Co-
lumbia, 02-03 ; Scholar zool, Columbia, 03-04. Special field
agent, U. S. Dept. Agric, 04-05 ; member of staff. Marine Biol.
Lab. Woods Hole, Mass, 03 ; curator invert, zool, Milwaukee
Pub, Mus, 05-. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc. (gen. sec'y, and ed.
of their Quarterly Bull.) ; Sigma Xi ; Washington Entomol.
Soc ; Entomol. Soc. Am ; Assoc. Economic Entomol ; fel. A. A.
A. S ; Wisconsin Acad. Scis, Arts and Letters.
Morphology of algae.
Byrnes, Esther Fussell, 193 Jefferson Ave, Brooklyn, N. Y.
b. Philadelphia, Pa, Nov. 3, 67. Bryn Mawr, A.B, 91, A.M, 94,
fel, 94-95, Ph.D, 98 ; Woods Hole, 91 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden,
02-03, Demonstr. biol, Vassar, 91-93; Bryn Mawr, 95-97.;
tea. biol, Girls' H. S, Brooklyn, p<?-. Am. Soc. Nat ; Mar. Biol.
Assoc ; fel. N. Y. Acad. Sci ; N. Y. Assoc. Biol. Teas. (v. pres.).
Cytology, Zoology, Experimental morphology.
BuDiNGTON, Robert Albyn. Williams, A.B, 96, A.M, 99 ;
N. Y. Bot. Garden.
Burlingham, Gertrude Simmons, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. Y.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
61
C. b. Mexico, N. Y, April 21, 72. Syracuse, A.B, 96; Woods
Hole, 99 ; N, Y. Bot. Garden and Columbia, 05-08. Precep-
tress, Ovid (N. Y.) Union Sch, 98 ; tea. biol. sd, Binghamton
(N. Y.) H. S, 98-05 ; instr. biol. N. J. State Nor. Sch, Trenton,
Biology, Mycology, Plant Physiology.
Butler, Bertram Theodore, Helena, Mont b. Nashua, la,
March 22, 72. Hamline Univ, Ph.B, 01.; ^ad, stud,.Co/ufn6ia,
07-; N. F. Bot. Garden, 07-. Tea, elementary and High
Schs, 90-98 ; instr. Sci, Montana Wesleyan Univ, Helena,
Mont, 03-05 ; city supt. schs. and sci. tea. High Sch, Glendine,
Mont, 05-07.
Regional botany.
Cannon, William Austin, Tucson, Ariz. b. Washington,
Mich, Sept. 23, 70. Stanford, A.B, 99, A.M, 00; fel. Co-
lumbia, oOr-02, Ph.D, 02. Asst. in bot, Stanford, 99-00; lab.
asst, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03, (Carnegie feL) 06; ; resident
investigator. Desert Bot. Lab, Carnegie Inst, Tucson, Ariz, 03-
05 ; member of staff , Dept, of Bot. Research, Carnegie Inst, oj-.
Fel, A. A. A. S ; Bot. Soc. Am ; Nat. Geog. Soc ; Am. For-
estry Assoc.
Structure of plant hybrids, biology of desert plants.
Cardiff, Ira Dietrich, Salt Lake City, Utah. b. Goshen
Tp. Stark Co, 111, June 20, 73. Knox, B. S, 97 ; Chicago, .99-
04 ; Columbia, Ph.D, 06 ; N. Y. Hot. Garden, 04-05, (research
sch.) summer, 06. Asst. bot, Col. Univ, 04-07 ; prof bot.
Univ. Utah, 06-. A. A. A. S.
Morphology and cytology.
Carss, Elizabeth. Cornell, Ph.B, 95 ; N. Y, Bot, Garden,
00-01.
Clark, Anna May, Training School for Teachers, 241 East
119 St, N. Y. C. b. Brookfield, Vt, April 21, 74. State Nor.
Sch, New Britain, Conn, 96 ; Vermont, Ph.B, 98 ; Tea. Coll,
Columbia, Masters diploma, 04 ; N. Y. Hot. Garden, 03-04 ;
Columbia, M.A, 04. Tea. sci, State Non Sch, New Britain,
Conn, 98-99 ; tea. sci, State Nor. Sch, Framingham, Mass, 99-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
62
03 ; tea. sci. and nature study, N. Y. C. Training Sch. for
Teas, 04-07 \ first assi. and head of dept, 07-.
Biology, botany and nature study.
Clements, Frederic Edward, Univ. of Minnesota, Minne-
apolis, Minn. b. Lincoln, Nebr, Sept. 16, 74. Nebraska, B.S,
94, A.M, 96, Ph.D, 98 ; N. Y. Hot, Garden, 02, Asst bot, Ne-
braska, 94-97, instr, 97-01, adj. prof, 01-03, asst. prof, 03-05,
assoc. prof, pit physiol, 05-06 ; prof, 06-07 ; prof, bot, Minne-
sota, 07-. Sec'y, Nebr. Bot Surv, 94- ; fel, A. A. A. S ; Bot.
Soc. Am ; Geog. Assoc ; Bot Cent. States ; Micros. Soc ; Mycol.
Soc.
Phytoecology.
Clements, Mrs. F. E. (See Schwartz, Edith)
Coker, William Chambers, Chapel Hill, N. C. b. Harts-
ville, S. C, Oct 24, 72. S. Carolina, B.S, 94; Hopkins, Ph.D,
01 ; Bonn, 01-02 ; N. Y, Bot. Garden, 05, 07, Asst bot, Cold
Spring Harbor, 00 ; assoc. prof, bot. No, Carolina, 02—; chief of
bot staff, Bahama Exped. of Baltimore Greog. Soc, 03. Fel, A.
A. A. S ; Am. Soc. Nat ; Bot. Soc. Am ; N. C. Acad. Sci. {y.
pres, 07").
Cytology, embryology.
Cook, Melville Thurston, Agric. Exp. Station, Newark,
Del. b. Coffeen, 111, Sept. 20, 69. De Pauw, 88-89, 91-93 ; Stan-
ford, A.B, 94 ; De Pauw, A.M, 01 ; fel, Ohio State, 01-02, Ph.D,
04 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden (research sch.) 07. Prin, H. S, Van-
dalia, 111, 94-95 ; instr. biol, De Pauw, 95-97 ; prof, 97-04 ;
lecturer human embryol. Central Coll. Physicians and Surgeons,
Indianapolis, 02-03 ; comp. anat, Med. Coll. Ind, 03-04 ; chief,
dept. pit. path, and econ. entom, Estacion Central Agronomica
de Cuba, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, 04-07 ; prof, bot„ Dela-
ware Coll, and pit, path, Del, Agric. Exp. Sta, 07-, Fel, A. A.
A. S ; Assoc. Econ. Entomol ; Ind. Acad. Sci.
Embryology ; insect galls.
Crane, Aurelia Blair, Scarsdale, N. Y. Barnard ; N. Y,
Bot. Garden, 04-05. Torrey Bot. Club.
Mycology,
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63
CuMMiNGS, Clara Eaton, deceased, Dec. 28, 06. b. Ply-
mouth, N. H, July 13, 55. Wellesley, 76-79; Zurich, 86-87 ;
N, Y. Bot, Garden (Cinchona), 05. Instr. bot, Wellesley, 79-87,
assoc. prof, 87-03, prof, 03-06. Chief Ed. " Decades of N. A
Lichens," and ** Lichenes Boreali " ; assoc. ed. Pit World,
05-06 ; fel, A. A. A.. S ; Soc. Pit. Morph. and Physiol, (v. pres,
04) ; Mycol. Soc ; Torrey Bot. Club ; Bost, Soc. Nat. Hist ;
Bost Mycol. Club ; Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am.
Lichenology.
Darling, Chester A, Columbia Univ, N. Y. C. b. Leon, N.
Y, Oct. 4, 80. Albion, A. B, 04, A.M, 06 ; TSf. Y. Bot. Garden
and Columbia, o6-. Prof, biol, Defiance Coll, Defiance, O, 04-
06 ; as^t. boL Columbia^ 06-. Ohio State Acad. Sci.
Cytology, Plant physiology.
Delafield, Mrs. John Ross (see White, Violette S.)
Dow, Bertha McLane, 123 West 80 St, N. Y. C. b. New
York City, June 3, 69. Barnard (spec, student), 95 (certifi-
cate), 01-02 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 00-01 ; Woods Hole, summer
06. Instr. sci. Park Avenue Sch, N. Y. C, 01-05 ; instr. sci,
The Alcuin Prep, Sch, N. K C, 05-.
Biology, teaching.
DuFOUR, Alice, Stockbridge Hall, Yarmouth, Maine, b. Gal-
lipolis, O, Aug. 22, 63. Ohio State, 97-99 ; Defiance, Ph.B,
99 ; fel. and asst. bot, Ohio State, 99-00 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden,
00-01, 02-03, Columbia, A.M, 03 ; Directora, Escuela Practica
de Seiioritas, Guatemala City, Cent. Am, 05-07 ; principal,
Stockbridge Hall, Yarmouth, Me, 07-. Ateneo, Guatemala City,
Cent. Am.
Sociology, botany.
Dunn, Louise Brisbane, deceased Dec. 18, 02. Columbia,
A.B, 97, A.M, 99; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-00.
DuRAND, Elias Judah, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, N. Y. b. Canan-
daigua, N. Y, Mch. 20, 70. Cornell, A.B, 93, $c.D, 95. N.
Y. Bot. Garden (research sch.) 05. Asst. bot. Cornell, and
asst. crypt, bot. Agric. Exp. Sta, 95-96, instr, bot. 96-; asst.
curator herb. pS-. Fell. A. A. A. S ; Bot. Soc. Am ; Sigma Xi.
Mycology, Discomycetes, Embryology.
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Eaton, Elon Howard, Rochester, A.B, 90, A.M, 93 ; N.
Y. Bot. Garden, qq-oo,
Eggleston, Willard Webster, Rutland, Vt. b. Pittsfield,
Vt, Mch. 28, 63. Dartmouth, B.S, 91 ; student, Gray Herb, 97 ;
studying Crataegus, Biltmore Herb, 07-08 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden
(research sch.), 08. Studying and collecting, local flora of
Vermont, 91-04; asst. city engineer, Rutland, 93-97; civil
engineering, 97-04 ; aid, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-07 ; lecturer,
civil engineering, Biltmore Forest Sch, 08-, A. A. A. S ; Ver-
mont Bot. Club ; N. E. Bot. Club ; Thayer Sch, Civil Engineers
(Dartmouth).
Taxonomy of Crataegus. Arctic-alpine flora of New England.
Emerson, Julia Titus, i 3 1 East 66 St, N. Y. C. b. N. Y C,
April 6, jj. Coll. Pharm. (Columbia), 98 ; Tea. Coll, Columbia,
98-99; Woods Hole, 99, 01, 03, 04; Briarcliff' Manor Agric.
Sch, 01 ; ^. F. Bot. Garden, 02-04, 04-. Spec, asst, pit. path,
Purdue, 02 ; lab. asst, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 03-04. Torrey Bot
Club ; Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am.
Taxonomy of Mosses.
Evans, Helena, 205 W. Court St, Rome, N. Y. Syracuse,
Ph.B, 01. N. Y. Bot. Garden, 06-07.
Mosses.
Fawcett, Edna Hague, Dept. Agric. Washington, D. C. b.
Washington, D. C, Feb. 26, 79. Smith, B.L, 01 ; Barnard,
02-03 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05 ; tea. pub. schs, Springfield,
Mass, 01-02 ; tea, primary work and nat. study. Miss Keller's
Day Sch, N. Y. C, 02-05 ; Sci, asst. Bur. Plant Industry, {Lab.
Soil Bact and Water Purif. Invest.) U. S. Dept. Agric., Wash,
D. C, 06-.
Soil bacteriology.
Gager, Charles Stuart, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. Y. C. b.
Norwich, N. Y, Dec. 23, 72. Syracuse, A. B, 95 ; N. Y. State
Nor. Coll, Pd.B, Pd.M, 97 ; Cornell, Ph.D, 02. Lab. asst. biol.
Syracuse, 94-95 ; v. prin, Ives Sem, (Antwerp, N. Y), 95-96 ;
prof. biol. sci. and physiog, N. Y. State Nor. Coll. (Albany),
97-05 ; asst. bot. summer sch, Cornell, 01, 02; instr, 05 ; col-
Digitized by VjOOQIC
65
laborator, Jour. Applied Micros, 01-02 ; lab. asst, N. Y. Bot.
Garden, 04-05 ; acting prof, bot, Rutgers, 05 ; prof, bot, N. Y.
Univ. summer sch, 05, 06 ; tea. biol, Morris H. S, N. Y. C. 05 ;
director of the laboratories, N» F« Boi, Garden, 06-; assoc.
ed. Plant World, 05. A. A. A. S ; fel. Am. Geog. Soc, 05-06 ;
N. Y. State Sci. Tea. assoc. (mem. Committee on Physiog.)
01-04 ; Albany Entom. Soc. (Chart, mem.) 98-04, (v. pres,
98-99); Torrey Bot. Club {Secy, 05-); Soc. Exp. Biol. & Med,
(Charter mem.) ; Am. Soc. Biol. Chemists ; Bot. Soc. Am ; N.
Y. Club, Phi Beta Kappa ; Sigma Xi.
Plant physiology ; cytology.
Gaines, Elizabeth Venable, 297 Ryerson St, Brooklyn, N.
Y. b. Mossingford, Va, Ap. 25, 69. Vassar, 89 ; Mass. Inst
Tech, 92-94 ; Chicago, 98 ; Adelphi Coll, B. A, 99 ; N. Y. Bot.
Garden, 02-03. Instr. biol, Adelphi Coll, pp-.
Sanitary biology.
Gardener, John R, Upper Univ. Iowa (Fayette), B.S, 90 ;
Iowa State, C.E, 94 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 00, and at yarious
times thereafter.
Taxonomy of Celastraceae of N. A.
GiLMAN, Charles Winthrop, Palisades, N. Y. N. Y. Bot.
Garden, 00-01.
Mosses.
GleasoNj Henry Allan, Univ. of Illinois, Champaign, 111.
Illinois, B.S, 01, M.A, 04; Columbia, Ph.D, 06; N. Y. Bot.
Garden, 05-06. Instr, boL Illinois, 06-. A. A. A. S ; Torrey
Bot. Club.
Taxonomy.
Gordon, Clarence Everett, Amherst, Mass. Mass. Agric.
Coll, B.S, 01 ; Boston Univ, B.S, 03 ; Columbia, A.M, 05 ; If,
Y. Bot. Garden, 05-06. Asst, prof, zool. and geoL Mass, Agric.
Coll, OS-.
Zoology, Geology, Paleobotany.
Griffiths, David, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. b.
Aboristwyth, Wales, Aug. 16, 67. So. Dakota Agric. Coll,
B.S, 92, M.S, 93 ; Columbia, Ph.D, 00 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden,
Digitized by VjOOQIC
66
99~oo. Tea. scis, H. S, Aberdeen, S. Dak, 93-98 ; prof. bot.
Ariz, and bot. Ariz. Agric. Exp. Sta, 00-01 ; asst, div. agrost,
U. S, DepL Agric, oi-. Fel, A. A. A. S ; Bot. Soc. Am ; Nat.
Geog. Soc ; Bot. Soc. Wash ; Wash. Acad. Sci ; Torrey Bot.
Club.
Gramineae ; forage plants.
Grout, Leon Everett, Jamaica, Vt. b. Newfane, Vt. Sept.
14, 77. Univ. of Vt, B.S, 02 ; Tea. Coll, Col. Univ. and N. Y.
Bot. Garden, 03-03.
Agriculture.
Gruenberg, Benjamin C, 69 West 88 St, N. Y. C. b. Czer-
nowitz, Austria, Aug. 15, 75. Minnesota, B.S, 96 ; N. Y. Univ.
Sch. of Pedagogy, 01-02; N. Y, Bot. Garden, 03-06; Co-
lumbia, A.M, 04, Sugar testing lab, U. S. Appraisers' Stores,
N. Y. C, 98-02 ; instr. biol. High Schs, N. K C, 02- ; tea.
Evening Schools, N. Y. C, 02-03, 04-07 ; lecturer biol, Rand
Sch. Social Sci, 07. A. A. A. S ; N. Y. High Sch. Teas.
Assoc; N. Y. Assoc. Biol. Teas.
Botany : Physiology of Nutrition ; Zoology : Tropisms, etc.
Mechanics of animal behavior ; Pedagogy of science teaching.
• Hanks, Lenda Tracy, 425 Nostrand Ave, Brooklyn, N. Y.
b. New York, Jan. i, 79. Columbia, A.B, 01, A.M, 02;
museum aid N. Y. Hot. Garden, 01-03 ; Adelphi Coll, 03-04.
Tea. sci, Adelphi Acad, Brooklyn, N. Y. C, 03-04 ; tea. biol,
• Girls Tech. H. S, 04-05 ; tea, biol, Girls High Sch, 05-. Torrey
Bot. Club ; Linnaean Soc.
Biology.
Harlow, Sarah Havens, Norfolk, Conn. b. Florida, Orange
County, N. Y, Oct. 20, 67. Wellesley, B.S, 91 ; N, Y. Bot.
Garden, 99-oi ; Columbia, 00-01, A.M, 01. Tea. Amer. Col-
legiate Inst, Smyrna, Turkey, 93-96 ; Tuxedo Park Sch,
Tuxedo Park, N. Y, 96-99 ; Randolph Cooley Sch, Plainfield,
N. J, 01-03 ; Private tutor, Norfolk, Conn, 04..
Harper, Roland McMillan, College Point, N. Y. b. Farm-
ington, Me, Aug. 11, 78. Univ. of Georgia, B.A, 97; N. Y.
Bot. Garden, 99-05 ; Columbia, Ph.D, 05. Aid, U. S. Nat
Digitized by VjOOQIC
67
Herb, oi, 02 ; Forestry Collector, Geol. Surv. Ga, 03-04; Mu-
seum Aid) IS. Y. Bot. Garden, 04; Bot, Geol. Surv. Ala,
05-06 ; Forestry Asst, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, 06. New Eng,
Bot. Club; Torreyfiot. Club; Nat. Geog. Soc; N.Y.Acad.
Sci ; A. A. A. S ; Columbia Ph.D. Assoc ; Ga. Forest Assoc.
Geography. Phytogeography of Eastern North America,
especially of the Georgia coastal plain.
Haynes, Caroune Coventry, Highlands, N. J, and 16 East
36 St, N. Y. C. b. N. Y. C, April 13, 58. Graduated from Mrs.
Sylvanus Reed's Sch. 76 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, oa-. Torrey
Bot. Club ; Sullivant Moss Chapter (v. pres, 08) ; Wild Flower
Pres. Soc. Am ; N. Y. Bot. Garden (Ann. Mem.).
Hepaticae.
Hazen, Tracy Elliot, Barnard College, N. Y. C. b. Jericho
Center, Vt, July 4, 74. Vermont, A.B, 97 ; Columbia, A.M,
99, Ph.D, 00 ;'N. Y. Hot, Garden, 99-00. Director, Fairbanks
Mus. Nat. Sci, St. Johnsbury, Vt, 01-02 ; asst. bot, Barnard,
02-03, tutor, 03-07, instr, 07-. Fel, A. A. A. S ; Bot. Soc.
Am ; Torrey Bot. Club ; New Eng. Bot. Club ; Vt. Bot. Club.
Algae, chiefly Chlorophyceae.
Henry, Florence (Mrs. Hervey W. Shimer), Mass. Inst, of
Technology, Boston, Mass. b. Sacramento, Calif, Sept. 24, 79.
N. Y. State Nor. Sch. Cortland, 97 ; Cornell, A.B, 01 ; Columbia,
A.M, 02 ; Columbia and N. Y, Bot. Garden, 02-03,
Hewins, Nellie Priscilla, Elmhurst, N. Y. b. Maspeth, N. Y,
Jan. 20, 78. Cornell, B.S, 98 ; Grad. stud, Cornell, 98-99 ;
Columbia, A.M, 00; Secondary diploma. Tea. Coll, 00; Cold
Spring Harbor Summer Sch, 01 ; Cornell Summer Session, 05 ;
Alliance Fran^aise, Paris, Summer, 03 ; Stem Sch. of languages,
03-^S ; N, ¥• Bot, Garden, 99-oo, 04-05 ; Tea. ColL [Columbia),
06- ; Columbia Summer Sch, 07. Tea. sd. South Orange H. S,
01 ; instr. biol, Newtown H. 5, Elmhurst, L. /, o/-. Torrey
Bot. Club.
Teaching of Biology in Secondary Schools.
HocKADAY, Ela, Sherman, Texas. No. Texas Nor. Sch ;
N, Y, Bot. Garden, o5-o6.
Lichen flora of Texas. Morphology.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
68
Holm (Herman) Theodore, Brookland, D. C. b. Copenhagen,
Denmark, Feb. 3, 54. Grad, Copenhagen, 80 ; Catholic, Ph.D,
p2; N. Y. Bot. Garden (research sch.), 03. Botanist and
Zoologist, Danish North Pole Exped, 81-82 ; travelled in West
Greenland as botanist and zoologist for the Danish Gov't, sum-
mers of 84-86; asst. bot, U. S. Nat. Mus, 88-93; U. S. Dept.
Agric, 93-96. Danish, Swedish, French, German and Canadian
sci. societies.
Anatomy and morphology of phanerogams.
Horne;, William Titus, Estacion Central Agronomica, Santi-
ago de las Vegas, Cuba. Univ. of Nebraska, B.S, 98 ; grad. stud,
98-00; fel, Cplumbia, 03-04; N. Y, Bot, Garden, 03-04.
Instr. bot, Nebraska Wesleyan Univ, 98-00; instr. bot, Sch.
Agric, Univ. Neb, 99-00 ; Botanical Seminar (Univ. Neb.).
Botany. ..
House, tf omer Doliver, N. Y. Bot Garden, N. Y. C. b.
Oneida, N. Y, July 21, 78. Syracuse Univ, B.S, 02; N. Y.
Bot. Garden, 02-03 ; Columbia, M.A, 04. Asst. bot, Columbia,
03-04; substitute tea. bot, Rutgers, 04; aid, U. S. Nat. Mus,
Div. Pits, 04-05 ; Bur. Pit. Industry, Dept. Agric, 05-06 ; assoc.
prof. bot. and bact, Clemson Coll, S. C, 06-07 ; ^id, N. F. Bot.
Garden, 07-. Torrey Bot. Club.
Taxonomy.
HoYT, William Dana, 609 Lennox Street, Baltimore, Md. b.
Rome, Ga, April 16, 80. Georgia, A.B, 01, M.S,04; Hopkins,
04"/ N. Y. Bot. Garden, 07. Tutor biol, Univ. Georgia,
01--04. Phi Beta Kappa.
Plant physiology, algae.
Humphreys, Edwin William, 2155 Bathgate Ave, N. Y. C.
b. New Jersey, June 15, 83. Coll. of the City of N. Y, A.B,
03 ; Columbia Summer Sch, 04, 05, M.A, 06 ; N. Y. Bot.
Garden, 05-06. Tea. Elementary Schs, N. Y. C, oj-.
Geology, Paleobotany.
Irving, Mrs. Leonard (See Rennert, Rosina Julia).
IsHAM. Florence, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-03.
Taxonomy of local sedges.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
69
Jackson, Herbert Spencer, Newark, Del. b. Augusta, N. Y,
Aug. 29, 83. Cornell, A.B, 05 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden, 07. Asst.
bot. (Mycology), Cornell Summer Sch, 04 ; asst. bot (Mycology),
Cornell, 04-05 ; assL pit, path, Delaware Coll. Agric, Exp, Sta,
Newark, Del, 05-; tnstr, bot, Delaware Coll, 05-,
Mycology, plant pathology, flora of Delaware.
Johnson, Duncan Starr, Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, Md.
b. Cromwell, Conn, July 21, 67. Wesleyan, B.S, 92 ; Hopkins,
Ph.D, 97 ; Tropical Lab, If . Y. Bot. Garden (Cinchona), 03, o6.
Curator, Mus. Brooklyn Inst, 97; Munich, 01 ; in charge crypt,
bot, Biol, Lab. Brooklyn Inst, g6-; assoc. bot, Hopkins, 98-
01 ; assoc. prof, 01-05 ; prof, 05-. Bot. Soc. Am. {Secy, 06-);
fel, A. A. A. S ; Torrey Bot. Club.
Plant embryology, marine algae.
Kellicott, William Erskine, Woman's College, Baltimore,
Md. b. Buffalo, N. Y, April 5, 78. Ohio State, Ph.B, 98 ; Co-
lumbia, Ph.D, 04 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-00. Asst. zool,
Barnard, 01-02, tutor, 02-05, instr. 05-06; prof, biol. Woman's
Coll. Baltimore, 06-. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
Vertebrate morphology and embryology.
Kern, Frank Dunn, Purdue Univ, Lafayette, Ind. b. Rein-
beck, la, June 29, 83. University of Iowa, B.S, 04 ; Purdue
Univ, M.S, 07 ; N. Y. Bot. Garden, 06, research sch, 07, 08 ;
lab. asst in animal morph. and physiol, Univ. of la, 02-04 ; spec,
agt. Bur. of Pit. Industry, U. S. Dept Agric, 04-05 ; asst. bot.
Purdue Univ. Agric. Exper. Sta, o^-. Ind. Acad. Sci ; A. A. A.
S ; Amer. Forestry Assoc ; Amcr. Breeders Assoc ; Torrey Bot.
Club ; Sigma Xi.
Mycology, Uredinology.
Kimura, Tokuzo, 501 West 22 St, N. Y. C. b. Hirobuchi,
Miyagiken, Japan, Dec. 2» 80. Nogakushi from Sapporo Agric.
Coll, Japan, 03 ; Stanford, A.B, 06 ; grad. stud. Columbia, 07- ;
N. Y. Bot. Garden, 07-; Tohoku Gakuin Missionary Coll,
Sendai, Japan, 01-03.
Biology, Sex-determination, Artificial Parthenogenesis.
King, Cyrus Ambrose, 661 Flatbush Ave, Brooklyn, N. Y. C.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
70.
b. Plum Tree, Ind, June 6, 67. Indiana, A.B, 93 ; Harvard,
A.B, 97, A.M, 98, Ph.D, 02 ; If, Y. Bot. Garden, 03-04, 05.
Tea. nat sci, H. S, Decorab, la, 93-96; asst. bot, Harvard, 96-00;
asst. bot, Harvard Summer Sch, 97-01 ; Radcliffe, 99-00 ; instr,
Indiana, 00-02 ; instr, in charge Bot. Biol. Sta, Indiana Univ.
Summer Sch, 02 ; tea. biol, De Witt Clinton H. S, N. Y. C, 02-
07 ; first asst. biol, Erasmus Hall H. 5, Brooklyn, 07-. Fel,
A. A, A. S ; Soc. Nat. Cent. States ; Torrey Bot. Club ; N. Y.
Assoc. Biol. Tea,
Cytology.
KiRKWooD, Joseph Edward, Hacienda de Cedros, Mazapil,
Zac. Mex. b. Cedar Rapids, la, Jan. 24, 72. Pacific Univ, A.B,
98 ; special fel. in biol, Princeton, 98-99, A.M, 02 ; Columbia and
N. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-01, 02, 04 (research sch.) ; Columbia, Ph.
D. 03. Asst. in bot, Columbia Summer Sch, 00 ; asst. in biol,
Tea. Coll, Columbia, 00-01 ; instr. bot, Syracuse, 01-03 ; assoc.
prof, bot, 03-07 ; prof. bot. and head of dept, 07 ; asst. bot, Dipt.
Investigation, Continental- Mexican Rubber Co, 07-. Fel, A. A.
A. S ; Sigma Xi ; Torrey Bot. Club ; Bot. Soc. Am.
Economic Botany, Embryology, Ecology.
Knox, Alice Adelaide, Care of Miss M. F. Knox, Lakewood,
N. J. b. Point Pleasant, N. J, Aug. 28, 76. Smith, A.B, 99 ;
Columbia, A.M, 06 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05. Demonstr. bot,
Smith, 00-01 ; asst. bot, Barnard, 03-05 ; asst, Cold Spring
Harbor, 04 ; lab. asst. If. Y. Got. Garden, 05-06 ; asst, Dept.
Bot. Res. Carnegie Inst, 06-07 ; teacher. The Knox School,
Lakewood, N. J. Torrey Bot. Club ; Barnard Bot. Club.
Plant morphology and physiology
KoRNMANN, Elsie W, Nor. Coll, N. Y. C ; If. Y. Bot. Garden,
00-01.
KuPFER, Elsie M, Cedarhurst, N. Y. b. Bayreuth, Germany,
Sept. 5, 77. Barnard, A.B, 99 ; Columbia, A.M, 01 ; Ph.D, 07 ;
Columbia and N. F. Bot. Garden, or-. Asst. bot, Columbia
summer session, 01, 02 ; tea. biol, L. I. City H. S, 02 ; tea. biol,
Wadleigh H, 5, cy-. Torrey Bot Club; Wild Flower Pres.
Soc. Am.
Plant physiology.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
71
Leavenworth, George, St. Genevieve, Mo. b. St. Genevieve,
Mo, Sept. 30, 75. Missouri, A.B, 02 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden, 02-
03 ; ^ Columbia, 03.
Forestry.
Lewis, Ivey Foreman, Cor. Fayetteville and Hargett Sts,
Raleigh, N. C. No. Carolina, A.B, 02, M.S, 03 ; Hopkins,
03-07 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden (Cinchona), 06 ; Marine Biol. Lab,
Naples, 07-08.
Algae.
Livingston, Burton Edward, Desert Bot. Lab, Carnegie Inst,
Tucson, Ariz, b. Grand Rapids, Mich, Feb. 9, 75. Michigan,
B.S, 98 ; Chicago, Ph.D, 01. If . Y. Bot. Garden, 03 (research
8Ch.), 05. Asst. bot. lab, Michigan, 95-98 ; instr. sci, H. S,
Freeport, 111, 98-99 ; asst. plant physiol, Chicago, 99-04, assoc,
04; field work, Mich. Geol. Surv, 01 ; collaborator, U. S. Bur.
Forestry, 02 ; instr. biol, summer sch, Easton, III. State Nor.
Sch, 03 ; Carnegie research asst, 04 ; soil expert, U. S. Bur.
Soils, 05-06 ; mem. staffs Desert Bot Lab^ Carnegie Inst, 06-.
Fel, A. A. A. S ; Am. Soc. Nat ; Bot. Soc. Am. Walker prize,
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, 03.
Plant physiology and ecology ; Soil Physics.
Livingston, Mrs. Flora Virginia, Scarsdale, N. Y. If. Y.
Bot. Garden, 04, 05.
Mycology.
Locke, Emily Pauline, 72 Mt. Auburn St, Watertown, Mass.
Smith, B.L, 00 ; If . Y. Bot. Garden, 02.
Embryology of spermatophyta.
MacIntvre, Lucy, 303 West 74 Street, N. Y. C. b. New
York City, Dec. 5, 64. Miss Leverett's School, N. Y. C, 73-
79 ; The Misses Graham School, 79-83 ; Dresden, Germany,
83-84 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden, 03-04, 05, 06, 07, 08. Torrey
Bot. Club ; A. A. A. S ; league for Political Education.
Morphology of alg^e. General bryology.
Marble. Delia West, Bedford, N. Y. b. New York City, 68.
Spec, stud, Columbia, 97-98, 05 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden, 01-02.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
72
Private tutoring in botany. Torrey Bot. Club ; Wild Flower
Pres. Soc. Am.
Local Flora N. Y. C, Ferns and Mosses.
Mathewson, Chester A, Station A, Cincinnati, O. b. Cin-
cinnati, O, Dec. II, 78. Chicago, 99; Cincinnati, 01-03;
Yale, 03-04 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden, 04-05 ; Columbia, B.S. 05 ;
A.M, 06; ColL P. & S. {Columbia), 07-; instr. Technical Sch.
of Cincinnati, 98-03 ; Tea. ColL (Columbia), 05-06 ; Plainfield
(N. J.), H. S, 06-07 ; H, S. Commerce, N. Y. C, 07-, Am. Nat.
Stud. Soc ; N. Y. Assoc. Biol. Teas, (sec'y.).
Maxon, William Ralph, U. S. Nat. Museum, Washington,
D. C. b. Oneida, N. Y, Feb. 27, 77, Syracuse, Ph.B, 98 ;
N. Y. Bot. Garden, 03 ; research sch, 05. Asst, N. Y. Bot.
Garden, 98 ; aid, crypt, bot. Div. of Pits, U. S. Nat. Mus, 99-
05, asst. curator, oj-. Fel, A. A. A. S ; Linnaean Fern Chapter
(pres, 00-01); Bot. Soc. Wash ; Wash. Acad. Sci ; Wild Flower
Pres. Soc. Am, (charter mem.).
Taxonomy of ferns.
MiDDLETON, Florence, 366 St. Nicholas Ave, N. Y. C. b.
New London, Conn, Aug. 2, 63. Nor. Coll, N. Y. C, 85 ; Tea.
Coll, Columbia, 00-02 ; Barnard, 02-08 ; Cold Spring Harbor, 04 ;
H". Y. Bot. Garden, 05-06. Asst. tea. biol, Wadleigh H. S,
N. Y. C, 04.-. Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am.
Biology, botany.
MiLLSPAUGH, Charles Frederic, 5748 Madison Ave, Chi-
cago, 111. b. Ithaca, N. Y, June 20, 54. Ithaca Acad, 69-71 ;
Cornell, 72-75; N. Y. Homoep. Med. Coll, M.D, 81; IT. Y.
Bot. Garden, 03. Prof. bot. W. Virginia, 91-92 ; curator, Dept
Bot. Field Mus. Nat. Hist, 94-: professorial lecturer bot, Chi-
cago, 95-; prof, med, bot, Chicago Homeop. Med. Coll. p(5-/
Mem. Pan Am. Commission Med. Plants, 99-01. Wild Flower
Pres. Soc. Am, (charter mem, director, 02-); Explorers Club ;
Broome Co. (N. Y.) Homeop. Med. Soc, (hon. mem.) ; Bingham-
ton (N. Y.) Acad. Sci, (hon. mem.) ; Mexican Med. Soc, (hon.
fel.) ; Brazilian Med. Soc ; Torrey Bot. Club ; A. A. A. S ; Soc.
Nat. Cent. States ; Sigma Xi ; Geog. Soc. Chicago ; ed, Homeop.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
73
Recorder, 89-90 ; has studied at various times in herbarium,
If. Y. Bot. Garden and other Amer. herbaria, Kew, British
Museum Nat. Hist, Linnaean Society, Owen's College, Man-
chester, Leyden, Berlin, Praag, Vienna, Florence, Geneva, and
Paris.
Systematic botany.
MoLWiTZ, Ernestine, 88 East 165 St, N. Y. C. Columbia,
A.B, 02 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden, 01-03.
Plant anatomy and physiology.
MuLFORD, Fannie Augusta, Hempstead, N. Y. b. Nevada
City, Calif, Sept. 20, 55. TK. Y. Bot Garden, 02-03. Wild
Flower Pres. Soc. Am, (charter mem.) ; Torrey Bot. Club.
Flora of Long Island.
MuRRiLL, William Alphonso, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. Y. C.
b. Campbell County, Va, Oct. 13, 69. Virginia Polytechnic Inst,
Agric. Course, 86 ; Mechan. Course and B.S, 87 ; Ran-
dolph-Macon Coll. B.S, 89 ; A.B. 90 ; A.M, 91 ; Cornell, Ph.D,
00 ; If . Y. Bot. Garden, 01-04. P^'^f- ^^^t. sci. Bowling Green
Sem, Va, 91-93 ; prof. nat. sci, Wesleyan Female Inst, Va, 93-
97 ; Cornell, scholar in bot, 98-99 ; asst. crypt, botanist, 99-00 ;
tea. biol, De Witt Clinton H. S, N. Y. C, 00-04 ; asst. curator,
N. F. Bot. Garden, O4-05 ; first asst, 06-07 ; Asat. director,
08". Sigma Xi ; Torrey Bot. Club ; Bot. Soc. Amer.
Mycology.
Palliser, Helen Letitia, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N.
Y. b. Bridgeport, Conn, May 4, 82. Barnard, A.B, 05 ; Tea. Coll,
Columbia, 03-05 ; Columbia, A.M, 06; If. Y. Bot. Garden, 05-
06 ; asst. biol, Vassar^ 06-, Torrey Bot. Club.
Mycology.
Pond. Raymond Haines, Bonn Univ, Bonn, Germany, b.
Topeka, Kansas, March 3, 75. Kansas State Agric. Coll, B.S,
98, M.S, 99 ; Univ. of Michigan, Ph.D, 02 ; N. Y. Bot. Gar-
den (research sch.), 05, 06, 07 ; Bonn Univ, Germany, 07-,
Asst. bot, Kan. State Agric. Coll, 9S-97, asst. chem, 97-98 ;
asst. in charge of herbarium, Univ. Michigan, 98-99, asst. pit
physiol, 99-00; spec, investigator. Bur. Fisheries, 99, 00, 01 ;
Digitized by VjOOQIC
74
asst, bot. and path, Maryland Agric. Coll. & Exp, Sta, oo-oi ;
instr. chem. and biol, Township H. S, Sterling, 111, 02-03 ; prof,
bot. and pharmacog, and director miscrop, lab, Northwestern, 03
-07 ; asst. pit. physiol, Chicago, 06. Fel, A. A. A. S ; Bot. Soc.
Am ; Bot. Cent. States ; Sigma Xi ; Am. Soc. Biol. Chem. (char-
ter mem.).
Plant physiology.
Rand, Edith Edwin a, 223 West 106 St, N. Y. C. b. Norwich,
Conn. Smith, A.B, 99, fel, 99-00; Woods Hole Biol. Lab.
fel. zool, 00, fel. bot, 01 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden, 01-02 ; Tea. Coll,
Columbia, A.M, 02. Lab. asst, zool, Smith, 97-00; tea, HoL
sci, Horace Mann H, 5, 02-,
Botany.
Rea, Paul Marshall, The Charleston Museum, Charleston, S.
C. b. Cotuit, Mass, Feb. 13, 78. Woods Hole, 98-99 ; Williams,
A.B, 99 ; Columbia and N. Y. Bot. Garden, 99-00 ; Williams,
A.M, 01 ; Columbia, 02-03. Asst. biol, Williams, 00-02 ; field
asst, Bur. Forestry, U. S. Dept. Agric, 02, 03 ; prof. Coll, of
Charleston and director Charleston Mus, oj-; instr. Woods Hole,
06-, Am. Ass. Museums {Sec'y, 07-) ; A. A. A. S ; ed, Bull,
Charleston Mus, oj-.
Museum administration, Zoology, Polychaetae, Oligochaetae,
fauna of S. C.
Rennert, Rosina Julia, (Irving, Mrs. Leonard), 366 W. 120
St, N. Y. C. b. N. Y. City, July 8, 78. Nor. Coll, N. Y. C,
A.B, 97; Columbia, A.B, 01, A.M, 02; If. Y. Bot. Garden,
99-01, 02-04. Asst. tea. biol, Washington Irving H. S, N. Y.
C, 02-03 ; Wadleigh H. S, N. Y. C, 03-07. A. A. A. S.
Plant anatomy and physiology.
Robinson, Charles Budd, Jr, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I.
b. Pictou, Nova Scotia, Oct. 26, 71. Dalhousie (Halifax), B.A,
91 ; Cambridge, Eng, non-collegiate, 97-98; Christ's Coll, 98-
99; Columbia and N. Y. Bot. Garden, 03-06; Columbia,
Ph.D, 06. Tea, Kings County Acad, N. S, 92-93 ; tea, Pictou
County Acad, 93-97, 99-03 ; night schools, N. Y. City, (No. 3,
Bronx), 03-06; asst. curator, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 06-07;
Digitized by VjOOQIC
75
ecan, bot, Bureau of Science, Phil, Govt, 08--. Torrey Bot.
Club ; Bot. Soc. Am ; Nova Scotian Inst, of Sci ; Sigma Xi.
Systematic botany, especially phanerogams of eastern Canada
and the Philippine Islands.
Robinson, Winifred Josephine, Vassar College, Poughkeep-
sie, N. Y. b. Johnstown, Mich, Oct. 17, 67. Mich. State Nor.
Coll, 92 ; Mich. Agric. Coll, summer, 94 ; Univ. of Mich, B.S,
B.Pd, 99 ; Woods Hole Marine Biol. Lab, summer sch, 99, 00;
N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02, 03 (research sch.), 04, 07-08 ; Co-
lumbia, M.A, 04. Instr, training dept, Mich. State Nor. Coll,
93"OS ; instr. in biol, Vassar Coll, 00-; lab. asst, If. Y. Bot.
Garden, 07-08. A. A. A. S; Am. Soc. Nat; Torrey Bot.
Club.
Biology, botany.
RuBRECHT, William Keller. Muhlenberg Coll, B.A, 01 ;
N. Y. Bot. Garden, 02.
Algae and fungi.
Sage, Lillian Belle, 34^ East 12 St, N. Y. C, or Norwich,
N. Y. b. Norwich, N. Y. Mt. Holyoke ; Cornell, A.B, 01.
N. Y. Bot. Garden, 06-08. Tea. biol, Washington Irving H, 5,
N. Y. C, 04-, Torrey Bot. Club ; Sigma Xi.
Mosses.
Schwartz, Edith, (Mrs. F. E. Clements), University of Min-
nesota, Minneapolis, Minn. Nebraska, A.B, 98 ; H". Y. Bot.
Garden, 02.
Experimental evolution.
Scott, George Oilman. Williams, A.B, 98, A.M, 99. H". Y.
Bot. Garden, 99.
Algae.
Seaver, Fred Jay, No. Dakota Agric. Coll, Fargo, N. D. b.
Webster Co, la, yj, Chicago, summer, 01 ; Momingside, B.S,
02 ; univ. scholar bot, State Univ. of Iowa, 02-03 ; spec. asst.
to Dr. Arthur, Purdue, spring, 03 ; fel. bot. State Univ. of
Iowa, 03-04, M.S, 04 ; fel. bot, Columbia, 06-07 ; H", Y. Bot.
Garden, 06-07. Asst. bot. State Univ. of Iowa, 04-05 ; instr.
(in full charge) biol, Iowa Wesleyan, 05-06; elected prof, biol.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
76
o6 ; assL prof, bot, N. Dak. Agric, Coll, oy-, Fel. Iowa Acad.
Sci ; Sigma Xi.
Mycology.
Selby, Augustine Dawson, Ohio Agric. Exp. Station, Woos-
ter, O. b. Athens Co, O, Sept. 2, 59. Ohio State, B.S, 93 ; H". Y,
Bot. Garden, 03-04. Supt. schs, Huntington, W. Va, 84-86 ;
principal, H. S, Ironton, O, 86-87 ; tea. bot, H. S, Columbus,
O, 90-94 ; botanist and chemist, Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta, 94-02 ;
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States ; Ohio Hort. Soc. (chairman, Comm. Veg. Path, 95-08) ;
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three months in 05. Spec. Field Agt. Div. of Agrost, U. S.
Dept. Agric, summers of 95, 96 and 97 ; asst. agrost. U, S,
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Plant ecology, regional botany.
Slatek, Florence W. Cornell, B.S, 00 ; If. Y. Bot. Garden,
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Pteridology.
Stewart, Lilian, 533 Manhattan Ave, N. Y. C. Carlton Col-
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Plant physiology.
Stockard, Charles R, Columbus, O. Miss. Coll. Agric. and
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Cytology.
Streeter, Stella Georgiana, Cummington, Mass. b. Cum-
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. May. 1908. No. 101.
BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN JAMAICA.
To THE Scientific Directors,
Gentlemen: In continuation of botanical exploration of the
West Indies previously authorized, I spent the month of March
and part of the month of April in Jamaica, being absent from
the Garden for this purpose from February 22 to April 16. I
was accompanied by Mrs. Britton and Dr. Arthur Hollick,
who assisted me in the collection, care and preparation of the
large collection of plants and specimens secured, and, during the
month of March, we were favored by the company and assistance
of Mr. Wm. Harris, Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plan-
tations of Jamaica.
Special attention was given to the flora of the coastal regions
of the island and to that of hills and mountains near the coast,
previous collecting on behalf of the Garden having been mainly
accomplished in the interior. In order to carry the work forward
efficiently, the schooner " Nellie Leonora" of Nassau, used by us
on several occasions for botanical exploration in the Bahamas,
was chartered from Mr. W. J. Pinder and sent to Kingston,
where we found her upon our arrival on the steamer '* Trent,"
on March 27.
Three days were given to outfitting and to visits to Hope
Gardens, Kingston, where we were hospitably received by the
Hon. Wm. Fawcett, Director of Public Gardens and Plantations,
and where plants and specimens desirable for our collections
were secured ; some collecting was done in the vicinity of King-
81
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ston and at Hardware Gap in the higher mountains. I was
cordially received at King's House by Sir Sydney Olivier, Gov-
ernor of Jamaica, who had most kindly anticipated the needs of
the expedition, upon the request of Mr. Fawcett, by issuing a
general order to harbor masters and other officials, including the
police, to aid our work in any way possible ; this order relieved
our schooner of all port charges, gave us efficient assistance just
where it was needed, obtained for us time-saving information on
many occasions, and was, altogether, most important in the pros-
ecution of our work. I have expressed to His Excellency our
keen appreciation of his valuable cooperation.
Mr. Harris, Dr. Hollick and I set sail in Kingston Harbor on
the morning of March 2 and made our first stop the same day at
Fort Henderson, at the mouth of the harbor, where the day was
spent in studying the flora of the Salt Pond Hills, a very dry
region abounding in cactuses and other plants requiring but little
rainfall. Leaving Fort Henderson at daybreak on March 3, we
reached Old Harbour Bay early in the afternoon, and went
ashore on Little Goat Island, where we found, among other inter-
esting species, the white-flowered vine-like tree ValUsia glabra^
of the Dogbane Family, new to Jamaica. March 4 was given to
collecting on the adjacent Great Goat Island ; this island is inter-
esting not only on account of certain rare trees growing there,
but also because it is the only place inhabited by the iguana in
Jamaica ; we saw many of these large lizards, which, on being
startled, race through the bushes with great speed, seeking refuge
in holes and crevices of the limestone.
Sailing south and west the following morning, the day of March
5 was spent near the extreme southern promontory of Jamaica,
between Portland Point and Rocky Point. Here we were
delighted to find a primitive race of cotton {Gossypium) growing
on a rocky plain elevated a few feet above the sea, and on the
coastal sand dunes, over an area about a mile long and in places
several hundred feet wide. The region is singularly devoid of
weeds of cultivation, and the nearly complete absence of soil
practically forbids cultivation. On the rocky plain the cotton
plants attained an average height of about four feet, while on the
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sands they grow higher, sometimes up to fifteen feet. The small
flowers of this interesting race open white in the morning and fade
pink ; the small pods are nearly round, pointed, and the cotton
fiber is short and adheres to the seed. Some of the plants are
very hairy, others very nearly without hairs. We secured a
quantity of the seeds, some of which I immediately sent by mail
to Mr. F. V. Coville, Chief of the Division of Botany, United
States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, for experi-
mental work in plant breeding, and Mr. Harris took a supply to
Hope Gardens; abundant museum and herbarium specimens
were also collected. Among many interesting shrubs and trees
observed here, the beautiful and rare Catesbaea parviflcra, a low
shrub 'of the Madder Family with small dark green leaves and
snow-white berries, deserves special mention.
We anchored during the night in Carlisle Bay and early next
morning, March 6, set sail for Bluefields, the course being west
to Pedro Bluff, where we spent several days last September, and
then nearly northwest, the total distance about fifty miles ; an
obliging "norther" blew vigorously during the day, and after
some beautiful sailing we landed at the old castle at Bluefields
early enough in the afternoon to make arrangements with the
willing corporal of police for the ascent next day of Bluefields
Mountain, and also had time to study the coastal thickets a mile
or two west of the town.
Bluefields is classic ground biologically, for here resided the
English naturalist Gosse during his visit to Jamaica, and it was
mainly here that the materials for his books, entitled "The Birds
of Jamaica " and " A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica," were
derived. We gave March 7 to the ascent of Bluefields Moun-
tain, traversing some of the region studied by Gosse. Ponies
were supplied by Police Corporal A. A. Williams, and Constable
Wallace was detailed as guide. The land has been much cleared
for cultivation since the visit of Gosse and it was only after long
riding that we came to tracts of forest at altitudes of over 2,200
feet, where some species not heretofore collected by us were
obtained, notable among them a fine red-flowered Columnea, a
vine of the Gesneria Family, which we hope to introduce into
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cultivation, and three species of the bromeliad Hohenbergia^
a genus well developed in Jamaica, and known, like other
bromeliads, to the natives as '* wild pine," the pine-apple belong-
ing to the same natural family. We drifted across Bluefields
Bay to Savanna-la-Mar, on the morning of March 8, arriving in
time to pay our respects to Hon. Arthur W. Vickers, Gustos
of Westmoreland, and Mrs. Vickers at their sugar estate,
" Fontabelle," where Mrs. Britton had been their guest for a
week while collecting in the vicinity. Mr. and Mrs. Vickers
gave us valuable information relative to the extreme western end
of Jamaica, which we were next to examine botanically, and we
gratefully appreciate their kindness and hospitality.
The land about Savanna-la -Mar is a plain almost all under
cultivation, and of botanical interest mainly in its crops of sugar-
cane and logwood. We therefore sailed westward at once on
the morning of March 9, reaching Negril, at the southwestern
point of the island, in the afternoon, and remained there until
the afternoon of March 12, exploring the thickets and wood-
lands on the hills and near the coast, by aid of information and
personal guidance of Mr. J. S. Brownhill, Lighthouse Superin-
intendent at Negril Point, These yielded specimens of many
rare species, including the ** wild sago " {Zamia)^ the existence of
which in Jamaica was known only from a stem seen by Professor
Grisebach in the botanical museum of the Royal Gardens, Kew,
prior to 1 860, but not preserved there at the present time. This
fine cycad inhabits rocky woodlands east of Negril and is locally
abundant. Its stem is nearly embedded in the soil, and its leaves
reach a height of over three feet. March is evidently not its
flowering season, but after long search Mr. Harris found a
ripe cone, and several plants with staminate flowers were ob-
tained. We dug out a quantity of the plants for cultivation, and
for Museum specimens, these stems containing much starch, like
their Bahamian congeners. Dr. Hollick made a careful drawing
of the cone, which was afterwards preserved in formalin, so we
obtained complete materials for the illustration of this interest-
ing species. These rocky woods yielded also bulbs of a fine
spider -lily (Hymenocallis) unknown to us. Opportunity was
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taken at Negril for exploring the borders of the Great Morass ol
Westmoreland, a marsh of large extent similar in some of its
features to the Everglades of Florida. The rare tree Crudya
spicata seen by us last September on the banks of Black River
was again found, as well as the marsh cabbage palm {Roystonea)^
and ripe seeds of both were taken for germination. Here
we found ourselves in a veritable forest of the long thatch palm
{Geonoma Swarizii) with ripe fruit, a magnificent sight long to
be remembered.
Sailing northward on March 1 3 we cast anchor in the after-
noon in Green Island Harbour, and devoted the two days follow-
ing to the hills in that vicinity, to those about Fish River and to
the coast near Orange Bay. We were hospitably entertained by
Arnold G. Clodd, Esq. at his estate, '* Phoenix,*' where we found
another rare spider-lily {Hymenocallis) on a rocky hill, and by
other members of the Green Island Club. Mr. R. F. Lindo, of
Fish River, kindly permitted us to examine his interesting wood-
lands, where we obtained specimens and seeds of a fine thatch
palm {Thrinax) and of other interesting trees; we could have
spent more time there to advantage. In Orange Bay River,
under the guidance of Mr. W. A. Hewitt, we were much pleased
to find quantities of the beautiful aquatic fern Ceratopteris, rare
in Jamaica, and obtained needed specimens for comparison with
the related species of South Florida for Mr. R. C. Benedict,
who is studying this group of ferns for " North American Flora."
We made the attempt to send living plants, in a large can of
water, to Hope Gardens, in the hope of establishing them there
and subsequently removing them to the aquatic house at the
Garden, but the plant proved to be very tender and delicate, and
the necessary delay in shipping until we reached the railroad at
Montego Bay, has probably defeated us ; through the aid of Mr.
Hewitt, we hope to succeed at another time.
After beating the strong northeast wind nearly all day, the
beautiful harbor of Lucea was reached in the afternoon of March
16 and here we anchored until the morning of March 21, giving
four days to the study of Dolphin Head and adjacent hills
and mountains some six miles back from the coast. Mrs. Britton
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had come to Lucea several days previous and had secured con-
venient quarters in a cottage on the shore ; the collections had
now become so large that the time of all members of the party
was fully occupied in their increase, care and preservation and
this condition obtained during the rest of the trip, one or two
persons usually remaining in camp or on the boat with the speci-
mens while the others collected. We are indebted to the Hon.
Mr. Sanftlebcn, Custos of Hanover, for advice and aid.
Mr. Harris had made a previous visit to Dolphin Head and
had obtained specimens of some rare plants, but his work was
then hampered by almost continuous rain. This time we had
two clear and splendid mountain days and two broken ones.
The ascent is made from Askenish, a village at 600 feet eleva-
tion, reached by carriage from Lucea; Dolphin Head is 1,816
feet high. Its forests contain a variety of trees and shrubs not
known to grow elsewhere, and our collections there include
specimens of over two hundred species. An elegant white-
flowered Blakea, a vine of the Melastoma Family, clothes the
trees in places; the nickel tree {Omtosid), a tall forest tree related
to our locusts, is endemic here, as is the red-flowered shrub
Gesneria scabra, and there are many fine orchids and bromeliads.
Here Mrs. Britton found rich collecting ground for mosses and
hepatics. On a wooded foothill we found the magnificent tree
Hernandia with its curious pouch-like, translucent fruits, each
enclosing one black eight-ribbed seed ; in order to secure these
we had to have felled a tree over sixty feet high, with a trunk
diameter of about two feet, and this afforded us an interesting
illustration of the efficiency of the machete, our negro guide
hacking this large trunk through with the long thin blade in
less than half an hour, quite as expeditiously as one of our
northern woodsmen would have done it with an axe and appar-
ently with no greater effort. We had to fell many trees here
and elsewhere in order to get their flowers or fruits, though in
many instances they were had by climbing; this same guide
gave us an unconscious expert exhibition of climbing on one
occasion when' we sent him up a fifty foot Mayepaea^ and happened
to notice that he balanced the machete on his head all the way
up to the lowest branch, some thirty feet !
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Montego Bay, reached on the afternoon of March 21, was
made the base of operations until the afternoon of March 25.
Here Dr. A. T. McCatty obligingly permitted us to use his sana-
torium, on the shore, as a very convenient and hospitable work-
ing place ; we are also indebted to Messrs. J. E. Kerr & Co. for
courtesies and information. The collecting grounds were low
hills near the bay, and the range of mountains some six miles to
the southeast on which the Kempshot Observatory, established
by Judge Maxwell Hall, is situated. On the coastal hills we
found the creeping vine Callisia, of the Dayflower Family, not
hitherto reported from Jamaica, and in the mountains about
Kempshot many trees and shrubs not previously seen by us,
including an undescribed species of prickly ash {Zanthoxyluni)
wholly devoid of prickles, another thatch palm {Thrinax), and
the broad-stemmed Rhipsalis, an interesting climbing cactus.
Near Montego Bay we had a good opportunity to observe the
disease of the cocoanut palm which has caused much damage to
the crop in places, evidenced by the yellow color of the foliage,
the small size and reduced number of the nuts produced, and the
eventual death of the trees. The trouble seems to be caused by
planting the trees on level stretches of land too little elevated to
give them the drainage they require. We observed several groves
in such situations between Montego Bay and Port Antonio and
they were almost invariably affected, while those on slopes or on
sand dunes were healthy. The simple remedy is to avoid plant-
ing cocoanuts in poorly drained soils. The same conditions obtain
near Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas, where the trees are un-
healthy over a large low level area where they have been planted.
Sailing from Montego Bay in the afternoon of March 25, the
schooner reached St. Ann's Bay the next afternoon, and four
days were then devoted to the study of the coastal vegetation
from Roaring River Falls to Runaway Bay and to the hills a few
miles to the south. The flora of the Parish of St. Ann's has
been little known recently, and it proved to be quite different in
many features from that of regions hitherto explored by us. The
Roaring River, which reaches the sea about four miles east of St.
Ann's Bay, is a picturesque stream and in its valley we found
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some interesting shrubs and trees ; about two miles back from the
coast it plunges over a rocky precipice, forming a very attractive
cascade which is a landmark for mariners, being visible many miles
from shore; near its mouth, where it passes under the road from
St. Ann's Bay to Ocho Rios, there is a series of low waterfalls
separated by nearly level stretches which present the curious
aspect of many large trees growing directly in the water. These
trees are mainly the " wild olive " (Bucida Buceras) and the large-
leaved '* anchovy pear " (Grias caulifiora). Their seeds germi-
nate in the calcareous travertine or tufa deposited from the water,
and individuals of all ages may be seen growing under these un-
usual conditions. This valley, containing these two remarkable
natural features, ought to be made a park, and all encroachments
of cultivation rigidly prevented ; as it is, the land along the river at
the foot of the cascade has already been cleared and cultivated
and presents an unattractive aspect, much of it grown up with
weeds: the natural features could be restored by judicious plant-
ing and care of native trees and shrubs. One can only imagine
what a glorious natural landscape it must have presented before
it was devastated for the production of a few dollars worth of
agricultural products annually. Near Runaway Bay the land is
a nearly level rocky plain, with many sink-holes, covered by low
woods and thickets, physiographically much like portions of the
Bahama Islands, and here grow several kinds of plants not seen
by us elsewhere in Jamaica ; this region would doubtless repay
further investigation at another time of year. On the ocean cliffs
at Eton Hall, Runaway Bay, grows the characteristic Rhacicallis
mariHma, a shrub of the Madder Family, known in Jamaica only
at this point, but common on the coasts of other West Indian
Islands ; we were cordially received and entertained at Eton Hall
by Rev. and Mrs. Geo. Leonard Chaney. At Liberty Hill, St.
Ann's Bay, the Misses Stennart kindly furnished aid and infor-
mation ; from this hilltop a magnificent ocean view is obtained,
the Cuban mountains being visible under favorable atmospheric
conditions. We are also indebted to Mr. A. B. Berrie for letters
of introduction and other assistance.
At this time Mr. Harris was obliged to return to Hope Gardens
Digitized by VjOOQIC
89
on account of the approaching retirement of Mr. Fawcett from
the position of Director of Public Gardens and Plantations. Being
especially desirous of learning more about the flora of St. Ann's
Parish back from the coast, I concluded to abandon the further
examination of the coastal region at this time, and on March
30 Mrs. Britton proceeded to Moneague, where a new base was
established. I took the schooner to Port Antonio on March 31,
and gave the next day to collecting on the hills a few miles to
the southeast, and about the marshes east of the town, where I
found quantities of a pretty yellow-flowered bladderwort {Utricu-
larid). *
I sent the schooner home to Nassau on April 2 and travelled
by rail to Bog Walk, where I had a few hours time between
trains for a study of the hillsides and the magnificent deep valley
of the Cobre River. Here I met Dr. Hollick, who had remained
for a week at Montego Bay, and proceeded with him in the after-
noon by rail to Ewarton and by carriage to Moneague, where
we rejoined Mrs. Britton. The party remained at Moneague
until the morning of April 9, and, although hampered to some
extent by rain, collected specimens of some 250 species, most of
them different from those previously obtained. There is consid-
erable original forest remaining on the hills and mountains of St.
Ann's, and much time would be necessary to explore the region
completely ; we rediscovered some of the rare species found here
by the older collectors. To F. B. Sturridge, Esq., of Union Hill,
we are under special obligations for aid and hospitality ; his beau-
tiful estate, largely forest lands, reaches elevations of some 2,200
feet, and here we collected many varieties, including fine fruiting
specimens of the thatch palm (Thrinax tessellata), previously
observed in the neighboring hills at HoUymount, from which a
crop of seedlings may be grown. We were also much pleased
to see the large forest tree, black yacca (Podocarpus Purdieanus),
of the Yew Family, from which fine specimens were obtained.
Bromeliads, orchids, mosses and ferns were collected in variety.
The day of April 4 was given to the " Fern Gully," on the
road from Moneague to Ocho Rios. We had heard much of this
ravine, but were unpleasantly surprised to find that its great
natural beauty has recently been vandalized by the planting of
Digitized by VjOOQIC
90
bananas and other food-plants and the necessary clearing of its
sides for this purpose in places quite down to the roadway. It
is really a great deprivation, at least to visitors, that this marring
of the beauty of the gully should have been permitted ; the only
apparent way to correct the evil is to make a park of the valley,
clear out the extraneous bananas and other unnatural features and
permit the wild ferns and other interesting plants to resume their
former attractiveness and beauty.
Leaving Moneague on the morning of April 9, we proceeded
to Kingston. The next day was given to packing the collections
and to a visit to Ferry RSver, about six miles east, especially for
specimens of the rare shrub Buntelia rotundifolia, of the Sapo-
dilla Family, growing on the hillsides there, and for some water
plants which inhabit that river and its banks. We boarded the
steamer '* Orinoco " in the evening and sailed for New York early
next morning, arriving on April 16.
Altogether, on the expedition, 1,407 field numbers of speci-
mens and plants were secured, the total number of specimens
aggregating nearly 4,000, and to these are to be added some 400
collection numbers of Mr. Harris, of which we will receive the
duplicates. The work has added materially to our knowledge
of the West Indian flora and to its representation at the Garden.
My original plan for the expedition was to cross over to east-
ern Cuba for about ten days, after having spent most of March
in Jamaica, and upon the request of Judge Addison Brown, Chair-
man of the Executive Committee of the Board of Managers of the
Garden, the Commandant of the United States Naval Station at
Guantanamo, Cuba, had been requested by the Honorable Sec-
retary of the Navy to permit me to land there for the purpose of
collecting plants and specimens and to facilitate this work. I
found, however, that more time than I anticipated was necessary
to accomplish what I wished to do in Jamaica, and also concluded
that ten days in eastern Cuba would be insufficient to obtain what
we desire from that region, so I decided to defer the Cuban work,
and have so informed the Commandant at Guantanamo.
Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Brixton,
Director 'Ut' Cliief,
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91
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
^Professor A. H. R. Buller, of the University of Manitoba, Win-
nipeg, recently visited the Garden to examine the collections of
fungi.
A work on North American trees by Dr. N. L. Britton, as-
sisted by Dr. J. A. Shafer, appeared May 6. This work is fully
illustrated, and is comprehensive, including also many tropical
species as well as those of temperate regions.
Dr. Small visited Washington and Baltimore late in April to
examine collections of flowering plants in connection with his
work on "North American Flora."
The herbarium of the late Professor A. P. Morgan has been
given to the University of Iowa. A number of his specimens of
fungi are to be found in the Ellis collection at the Garden. Pro-
fessor Morgan was one of the leading mycologists of the country.
Two others, Professor Underwood and Professor Kellerman, have
died during the past winter.
The spring course of lectures to the 4B and 56 grades of the
public schools of the Bronx, comprising fifteen lectures with ac-
companying demonstrations, began April 20 and closed May 22.
Mr. Percy Wilson recently visited Philadelphia and Washing-
ton to examine specimens of certain groups of plants which he is
monographing for "North American Flora."
The eighth annual meeting and floral exhibition of the Horti-
cultural Society of New York were held at the Garden on May
13 and 14. Dr. B. T. Galloway lectured before the Society on
"The Foundations of Successful Violet Culture." A feature of
the exhibition was the attractive display of orchids by the recently
established Orchid Section.
The fifth annual botanical field " symposium " will be held at
Georgetown, Delaware, July 6 to 12. The botanical clubs of
Philadelphia and Washington will cooperate with the Torrey Botan-
ical Club on this occasion as in former years.
Dr. Murrill visited Washington about the middle of April to
examine the collection of Boleti at the Division of Vegetable
Digitized by VjOOQIC
92
Pathology, and to confer with Dr. Metcalf, of the Division of
Forest Patholdgy, regarding the distribution of the chestnut
canker.
Meteorology for March. — The total precipitation recorded for
March was 2.35 inches. Snow fell on the 2d, 3rd and 6th, hail
on the 17th and i8th. Maximum temperatures were recorded
of 5 1 ° on the 7th, 63 ® on the i6th, 79. 5 ° on the 27th ; also mini-
mum temperatures of 20.5° on the 5th, 21° on the lothand 21st,
and 30° on the 26th.
Meteorology for April, — The total precipitation recorded for
April was 2.22 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded
of 61° on the 2d, 77"" on the 7th, 63° on the 13th, 84'' on the
26th, 72° on the 28th ; also minimum temperatures of 21.5®
on the 5th, 31° on the loth, 26° on the 17th, and 30® on the
2 1st.
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MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
63 specimens of flowering plants from the eastern United States. (Given
by Mr. J. J. Carter.)
I specimen of diatomaceous earth from California. (Given by Mr. C. F.
Cox.)
4 specimens of hepatics from Cuba. (By exchange with Prof. C. F, Baker.)
30 specimens, " North American Musci Pleurocarpi," (Given by Dr. A. J.
Grout, for the Columbia Herbarium.)
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221 Specimens of Rubus, Betula and Amelanchier, (Distributed by Mr. W.
H. Blanchard.)
2 Specimens of Senecio and Convolvulus from South Carolina. (Given by
Mr. K. K. Mackenzie.)
2 Specimens of Pinus from Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. (Given by
Mr. E. P. Bicknell.)
172 specimens of Canadian mosses. (Distributed by Mr. John Macoun.)
15 specimens of mosses from Japan and South America. (By exchange
with General Paris.)
9 specimens of ferns from Connecticut. (Given by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
16 specimens of ferns from Missouri and Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr. N.
M. Glatfelter.)
62 specimens of grasses from Jamaica. (By exchange with the Depart-
ment of Public Gardens and Plantations, Jamaica, West Indies.)
19 specimens of flowering plants from the eastern United States. (Given
by Mr. E. B. Bartram.) )
3 specimens of ferns from Indiana. (Given by Professor G. W. Wilson.)
9 specimens of Viola from South Carolina. (Given by Mr. H. D. House.)
75 specimens of flowering plants from British America. (By exchange
with the Geological Survey of Canada.)
36 specimens of willows from Massachusetts. (Given by Mr. F. F. Forbes.)
3,500 herbarium specimens from Jamaica. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs.
N. L. Britton and Dr. A. Hollick.)
23 specimens of mosses from Alaska, Oregon and California. (By ex-
change with Professor C. F. Baker.)
2 specimens of Agrimonia from Canada. (Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.)
12 specimens of flowering plants from Wyoming and Colorado. (Given by
Dr. H. Hapeman.)
104 specimens of North American plants collected by C. A. Geyer. (By
exchange with the British Museum.)
50 specimens, " Phycotheca Boreali- Americana," Fascicle 29. (Distributed
by Messrs Collins, Holden and Setchell.)
1 specimen of rust from Nevada. (Given by Dr. P. B. Kennedy.)
2 specimens of Eniyloma composiiarum from Central Park. (Given by Dr.
E. B. South wick.)
I type specimen of Sorosporium confusum from Newark, Delaware.
(Given by Mr. H. S. Jackson.)
1 specimen of Porodisculus pendulus from Newark, Delaware. (Given by
Mr. H. S. Jackson.)
7 specimens of Boletus from Missouri and Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr.
N. M. Glatfelter.)
2 specimens of fungi from Forked River, New Jersey. (Given by Mr. W.
H. Ballou.)
4 specimens of Clitocyhe dealbata deformata from East Hartford, Con-
necticut. (Given by Mr. C. C. Hanmer.)
61 specimens of polypores from Fayette, Iowa. (Given by Professor G.
W. Wilson.)
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2$ Specimens, " Ustilaginecn," Fascicle 9. (Distributed by Professors H.
and P. Sydow.)
25 specimens, "Fungi Utahensis," Fascicle 6. (Distributed by Professor
A. O. Garrett.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
1 plant of Pandanus utilis for conservatories. (By exchange with New
York Zoological Society.)
2 tvbers of Dioscorea sp. for conservatories. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
61 plants from Jamaica for conservatories. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs.
N. L. Britton.)
98 plants for woody collections. (Purchased.)
2 plants of Citrus auraniiaca for conservatories. (By exchange with New
York Zoological Society.)
15 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with Mrs. B. B. Tuttle.)
2 plants of Agave barbadensis for conservatories. (By exchange with Mis-
souri Botanical Garden.)
3 plants of Furcraea tuberosa for conservatories. By exchange with Mis-
souri Botanical Garden.)
I packet of Dwarf Sunflower seed. (Given by Dr. W. A. Murrill.)
1 packet of seed of Ipomoea sp. from Cuba. (By exchange with United
States National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.)
2 packets of seed of Atractylis gummifera, (Given by Mr. H. C. Pearson.)
I packet of seed of Agave angustifolia, (By exchange with Missouri Bo-
tanical Garden.)
3 packets of seed. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
13 plants derived from seed from various sources.
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Journal ok the Nf.w York Botanical Garden. Plate XLV.
Plank-trkk nkar Museum Huildinc; Affected with Leaf Blight.
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. June, 1908. No. 102.
LEAF BLIGHT OF THE PLANE-TREE.
A brier account of this disease, with illustrations, was given in
the Journal for July, 1907, when the plane-trees on the grounds
of the Garden had somewhat recovered from a severe attack that
began in May and lasted through the month of June. This
serious outbreak of the disease was due to the remarkably late
and wet spring. Many other diseases caused by fungi also de-
velop rapidly under such conditions. Several plane-trees in the
Garden were examined at the time and in every case the fungus
{Gloeosporium nervisequum) was found to be present in the in-
jured leaves and twigs. The presence of the fungus was also re-
ported by investigators in other localities.
In the report of the botanist of the Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station issued in May, 1908, Dr. G. P. Clinton refers
to the death of the young leaves of the plane-tree {Platanus occi-
dentcdis) in the spring of 1907, and ascribes the injury entirely to
the severe frosts of May 11 and May 21. Dr. H. von Schrenk
held the same opinion last year, and published a short article in
the report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, describing '' frost in-
juries" to the plane-trees in the Mississippi Valley and eastward.
The blight was first noticed here this year on May 22, after
several days of rainy weather. All of the plane-trees on the
grounds were attacked, but most of them recovered in about two
weeks, the spring weather being very different from that of 1907.
As predicted last year, the terminal twigs were nearly all dead,
and the new shoots were from lateral buds a foot or more from
106
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o
J
o
£
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107
the tips or the branches. The accompanying illustrations, made
from the same tree figured in last year's Journal, show the con-
dition or the tree and its smaller branches on May 25, 1908.
The fungus present in the small pustules on the dead twigs is
Hymenula platani Lev. {Discula platani Peck), considered a mere
form of the Gloeosporium nervisequum^ which attacks the opening
buds.
W. A. MURRILL.
ADULTERANTS IN FOODS AND DRUGS AND
THEIR DETECTION.*
A very earnest and intelligent salesman for one of our largest
wholesale grocery houses recently assured me that the most de-
pressing feature connected with his business, namely, competition
against grossly adulterated goods, has been largely eliminated
by the pure food law, one of the most wholesome and beneficent
acts of legislation that has been bestowed upon the American
people since the abolition of slavery.
I might remind you here that it is not necessary for all, or even
a majority of those engaged in a business to act dishonestly, in
order to bring about its demoralization. There is a strong tend-
ency for the entire body to work down toward its lower stand-
ards. The great body of those engaged in irregular practices are
themselves disgusted with their conditions, and perhaps, after all,
the most important effect of the purification process now going
on is the relief of a great body of honest and honorable young
employees from the sickening and deadly influence of being com-
pelled, day after day, year in and year out, to do things against
which their consciences revolt
* From a lecture delivered June 6, 1908, at the New York Botanical Garden. The
lecturer, after quoting numerous publications on the subject of food and drug adulter-
ations, deplored the disposition of many writers to give a sensational aspect to the
subject, and of others to minimize its seriousness. Although it was not a part of
his present duty to discuss the extent to which the adulteration of foods and drugs
is practiced, he would state, from intimate personal knowledge, that there is enough
<ir it to demand systematic, sustained and powerful measures for its repression and
control.
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It must be noted that two Tundamental objects are sought in
the administration of our present food and drugs law. The first
is to save the purchaser from getting something which is either
positively injurious, or which lacks the value to him which it
should possess. There is no real difference of opinion as to the
propriety of carrying on this part of the campaign. The sec-
ond is to exclude what is known as the " intent to deceive," even
though such deception does not result in any injury to the pur-
chaser ; even though it might perhaps confer a greater material
benefit upon him than if the deception had not been practiced.
To the unthinking mind, the last mentioned offense is apt to be
lightly regarded and it is against its suppression that the chief
activity of commercial critics has been directed. To the moralist,
however, this offence is rightly regarded as worse by far than the
mere infliction of some material injury. It is here that the great
contest is being waged at the present time. Some influential
authorities under the federal government are being misled into
winking at, and in some cases openly sustaining, the most flagrant
acts of deception, while others are stoutly contending that this
feature of the law is deserving of the most earnest support.
I desire specially, before leaving this subject, to bring forcibly
to your attention the fact that there is in operation such a power-
ful, systematic and sustained attempt at improvement as I have
referred to ; that its methods of investigation are as reliable as its
motives are sincere, and that when it delivers an opinion to you,
you are justified, in the main, in accepting the same as sound, in
spite of any protestations to the contrary by those who are either
self-interested, or irresponsible and ignorant of the facts. This
is not saying that mistakes cannot occur, but in so far as you
yourselves lack information, it is necessary that you should trust
in some one, and I would urge you to give your confidence and
support to a movement that is being most intelligently and con-
scientiously carried on.
Reminding you that, as an institution, our interest in this sub-
ject is purely botanical, I will refer to three methods for determin-
ing the purity and quality of our foods and drugs. The first i$
that of practical trial, foods being supplied to animals and the
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109
nutritive results observed and recorded, or medicines being so
administered and their physiological and therapeutic effects ob-
served by trained experimenters, delicate apparatus often being
employed for the purpose. This method is manifestly very diffi-
cult, if it is to be made at all certain ; so much so that its very prac-
ticability is only now beginning to be generally acknowledged.
The second method is that of quantitative chemical analysis or
assaying. This method is accurate and reliable, but the pos-
sible field of its application, especially in relation to vegetable
drugs and medicines, is quite limited in the present state of our
knowledge.
The third method is the examination of the physical characters
of the drug, especially its structure. This is the natural method
of examining the article when entire. When it comes to us in
the form of a fine powder, as it usually does, its examination can
be conducted only by the aid of the microscope. The possi-
bility of identifying the minute elements of these powders has
been to a great extent doubted, even by many scientific people
who should know better. Only a week ago a very prominent
pharmacist acquaintance expressed surprise at my reference to
this work, saying that he supposed that as yet it was mere theory.
We have only to reflect that each of the cellular elements com-
posing the plant is just as much a complete individual as is the
whole plant and that it has its own characteristic structure and
life history. It will not then surprise us to be told that many of
the cells of plants, properly magnified, can be recognized with as
much certainty as can other natural objects.
It is true that until very recently little could be done in this
direction, but this fact was due wholly to lack of knowledge of
methods and substances. Within the last few years, thanks to
the services of Kraemer, Schneider, Jelliffe, Nelson, Mansfield
and others in this country, and many foreign workers, the minute
structure of a large part of our drugs has been made known to
us. I do not claim to be one of the leaders in this work, but I
have followed the investigations of these men with the greatest
interest and profit, and I have endeavored to bring together this
afternoon a number of cases illustrating the importance of the
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110
work, the certainty of its results, and the nature of the methods
by which it is carried on.
One of the very first things for which the pharmacognosist
looks in identifying a drug powder or fragment is the presence
or absence of starch grains, and their peculiarities, if present.
Starch is probably in most cases the first compound formed by
the leaves of the plant out of carbon dioxide and water, and most
plants store it in the form of granules. These granules have a
distinct plan of structure, which differs in different plants. The
size and form are also characteristic of the plant producing
them. I exhibit here a very instructive illustration of a group of
starch grains, taken from Kraemer's work. Observe the very
large grains of potato and arrow-root, with their very distinct
rings. The hilum is near the end in both, but in the second it is
fissured. Wheat starch has a rather small grain, distinguished by
its lenticular shape, very well seen in the granules which present
their edges to view, and by the central hilum. Com starch is
peculiar in its angular outline and its fissured central hilum.
Curcuma starch is very beautifully formed and marked, although
it reminds one of the appearance of some bugs. All starch
grains must be measured, the upper limits of size being fairly
constant. Their occurrence singly or in groups is also signifi-
cant of their identity. In this picture of Colchicum corm you
see them mostly grouped in threes and fours, and having a very
peculiar hilum.
This next picture illustrates potato starch grains altered by
moist heat. It is not unusual for a dishonest drug miller to grind
up with a good drug a portion of exhausted material, from which
medicine has already been made. Such material is first put into
a still to drive off its alcohol, in which process it is steamed. By
this steaming it is swollen and its shape altered and it loses its
characteristic markings.
In this specimen of Imila^ or Elecampane, you look in vain for
starch-grains. It belongs to that largest of all plant families, the
daisy family, which forms none. This family yields a great
number of drugs and you at once see that if adulterated with a
drug from another plant, we are very likely indeed to find starch
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Ill
grains, which at once exposes the fraud. You do see a reserve
food material in these cells, but it is inulin, a substance which
approaches nearer to sugar than starch does.
The drug Lycopodiutn, here shown, consists of the spores of
various species of that genus, especially Z. clavatum. The
peasants gather and store it in flour bags, so that cereal starches
are apt to occur in it. Advantage is often taken of this fact to
fraudulently add such substances. In this case we must be
guided in our judgment by the amount of starch present.
Another article exceedingly abundant in the cells of plants is
calcium oxalate, which occurs in crystals of various beautiful
forms, a number of which are here shown. The needle-shaped
crystals occur in squill and many other drugs of the lily family.
The rosette masses are common in Viburnum^ the doubly pointed
prisms in soap-bark and the loose masses resembling sand in
belladonna leaves.
Belladonna root is a drug that is used on an enormous scale
in this country, being imported from Europe. During the past
year nearly all that was imported contained an admixture of poke-
root. The properties of the two are widely distinct, and the
adulteration was a serious one. The two roots as presented in
this picture are of very different appearance, but when mixed in
small pieces through the bales the poke can very easily go unde-
tected. When powdered, there is no general difference in the
appearance ; but viewed with the microscope, the pokeroot shows
numerous needle-shaped crystals which are entirely wanting in
the belladonna. This poke is the species that occurs in Europe.
In the one of this vicinity, these crystals are much larger, so that
we can actually determine whether the adulteration took place in
Europe or in this country.
These illustrations indicate the use that is made not only of
these but of numerous other contents of cells in detecting adul-
teration. The cells themselves are often indicative of the same
condition. One of the most important classes of such cells is the
stone-cell. This variety of cell is usually rather short, and con-
sists almost wholly of wall, that is, it has a very small cavity.
The wall is hard and heavy, and this sort of cell is used by the
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112
plant, as builders use stone or brick, in forming strong and im-
penetrable walls. Hence we find it largely composing shells of
nuts and the endocarps of fruits. These, being waste products,
are for sale at very low prices and in abundant quantity, so that
they are favorite adulterating substances. Olive pits are very
lat^ely ground up for this purpose, and their stone-cells are here
shown. You will at once see how readily these could be detected
in this powdered aconite root. They are very largely used in
ground black pepper.
. Those of cocoanut shells are very similar, as here shown, but
they look somewhat different after the shell has been roasted.
Both the raw and roasted article have been traded in to the ex-
tent of several car-loads at a single sale. They have been used
with especial frequency for the adulteration of chocolate, the pure
powder of which is here shown.
One of the most interesting of these stone-cells is that in birch-
bark. After the aromatic oil has been distilled from birch to be
sold under the name of oil of wintergreen, the residue is useless,
and it is not infrequently added to powdered drugs. It is not
only of peculiar shape, but many of the cells have a bright red
spot, here of course showing black. I have recently found it in
powdered ipecac. This is a peculiarly villainous form of adul-
teration, because, as most of you know, ipecac is frequently our
sole reliance in saving the life of a child attacked with croup.
One of the most interesting cases of adulteration is that of
pinkroot (Spigelid) with the root of Ruellia, which possesses none
of the properties of the former. So common is this adulteration
that I have almost never seen a lot that was both genuine and
pure. So positive was I that the published descriptions and
pictures of the powder of Spigelia were incorrect, that I took some
roots of each from flowering plants, and gave them to my asso-
ciate. Dr. Mansfield, for study. It turns out that not one of the
many descriptions and pictures has failed to describe or illustrate
the false for the genuine. Here is one of these pictures, and
there is scarcely an element in it that does not pertain to the
Ruellia,
Closely related to stone-cells are the fibers of plants, the long,
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113
thick- walled cells that give strength and toughness to woods and
barks. It often happens that a food or drug that contains no
fibers is adulterated with some article that does, and the fact is at
once shown by the microscope. Capsicum or cayenne pepper
should be made by grinding up peppers from which the stems
and hulls (calyx) have been removed. When a careless or greedy
miller violates this rule, these fibers tell the story.
Gentian, although a large root, is another drug that contains
no fiber, as you see by this picture, yet I have last year con-
demned two very large lots which consisted to the extent of 50
per cent, of coarse fiber, perhaps old bags or ropes ground up.
One of the most valuable drugs at the present day, from both
a'pecuniary and medicinal point of view, is the root of Hydrastis
or golden seal. Its price, about $2,00 per pound, makes it a
favorite article for adulteration, since a vety handsome profit can
be made by adding only 10 per cent, or even 5 per cent, of cheap
adulterant, an amount that may readily pass undetected. As you
can see, there are no fibers in it, and almost everything that
would probably be used for its adulteration, contains them. Nev-
ertheless, I am satisfied that we know little as yet about the
adulteratian of this drug, and that we are constantly accepting as
pure lots that are adulterated. The subject is one most in need
of investigation. This picture is of great interest, since it displays
two crystals that you would think, after previous explanations,
consist of calcium oxalate. They are in reality the sulphates of
two important alkaloids, hydrastine and berberine, which occur
in this drug.
We have now given considerable attention to the inner elements
of the plant ; let us consider some of the externals. Many years
ago I was deeply impressed by the publication by one of our sci-
entific directors, Mr. Charles F. Cox, of a valuable paper on a
subject then little known, the characteristic features of plant
hairs, or trichomes. I remember with what surprise I read his
statement that in many cases the family of a plant could be de-
termined by examining its hairs. Since then I have come to see
these trichomes used for the unerring determination, not of fam-
ilies merely, but of species of plants in the form of dust powders.
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114
One of the interesting oriental drugs is Kamala, consisting of
the glands and hairs abraded from the surface of a fruit related to
the castor oil plant These glands and hairs are very well
known, but I here show you an illustration of them.
I present here an illustration of the henbane leaf, one of our
most important drugs, in order that you may note the great va-
riety of glandular hairs which it bears. The subject of this drug
and its adulteration is one of the most interesting that presents
itself to us at the present time. The drug is extremely variable
in its percentage of alkaloid, it being most common for it to fail
to contain the required one twelfth of i per cent. There is
another species of Hyoscyatnus {H. mutictis), growing in Egypt,
and forming an immense spreading herb often weighing more
than half a hundred weight. It can be collected in great quan-
tity and very cheaply. This species often contains from ten to
fifteen times as much alkaloid as the other. Since this alkaloid is
not of the same kind, and has not the same medicinal properties
as that of the other, there should be no substitution. As a
matter of fact, however, it has been quite common during the
past year to add a quantity of this spurious article to an inferior
henbane so as to bring up its alkaloidal percentage. The article
is revealed by its large stellate hairs, and the peculiar convoluted
walls of its cells, here exhibited.
The hairs of Digitalis^ or fox-glove, look somewhat like those
of henbane, though it is not difficult to distinguish them. I
have this season condemned a lot of powdered digitalis because
it contained the hairs here shown, with their surfaces thickly
papillose or warty ; showing the presence ' of Stramonium.
Desirous of checking my work, I gave some of it, as digitalis, to
our chemist, asking him to determine its constituents. He
reported that it contained a mydriatic alkaloid, which is just
what stramonium contains. Fox-glove, on the other hand, con-
tains glucosides, but no alkaloid.
In the same lot of powdered drugs which contained the digi-
talis last mentioned, there was some stramonium, so labeled,
which contained such hairs as are here shown and which indicate
chestnut leaves. It is very rarely that we encounter them in this
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115
stellate form, since the powdering process detaches the hairs in-
dividually, or in twos or threes, from the rosette. The chestnut
leaf has been a favorite artiticle for use in adulterating other
powdered leaves.
We come next to one of the most interesting cases of adulter-
ation, or rather of substitution, that I have ever encountered. The
complete disentanglement of what has become a system of error,
which I shall shortly undertake, will carry us back nearly two
centuries, to the early history of Peru. Suffice it to say here
that the two plants shown side by side have been collected under
the name of Matico. Surely no botanist present will object to
my claims that they are distinct species, one Piper angustifolium,
the other P, Mandoniu The former is the genuine drug, the
latter the substitute. Yet, different as these are, my decision has
been criticised in various places. I am told that botanists at the
National Herbarium have done so, and an official scientific body
in Germany has given the foreign shipper a certificate that the
last named drug is genuine. Mansfield's examination shows the
hairs of the genuine, as here shown, single and weak, with thin
walls. In the spurious species, these hairs are stellate and have
the walls so greatly thickened as to almost obliterate the lumen.
Upon incineration these leaves yield more than double the amount
of ash of the other, and this ash contains two or three times the
percentage of silica. Its medicinal properties are much weaker.
The picture of Aspidiunty or male fern, here presented is
unfortunately not characteristic. Among other things, this drug
is characterized by the presence of glandular hairs, which, instead
of growing outward upon the surface, grow inward into the inter-
cellular spaces. This drug should contain no iibers, but its
powder is frequently loaded with them. Male fern, as a remedy
for tape-worms, has come to be regarded by physicians as a very
unreliable medicine. I believe, on the contrary, that it is one of
the most reliable, and that its bad reputation is due almost wholly
to the enormous extent to which the drug has been adulterated.
H. H. RusBY.
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THE LACE-BARK TREE.
Among the many interesting trees of the island of Jamaica,
there is one of peculiar interest on account of the unusual charac-
ter of its inner bark, which, when freed from the outer confining
bark and spread out, much resembles linen lace, hence its popu-
FiG. 14. Flowering branch of the lace-bark tree, Lagetta Lagetto (Sw.)
lar and appropriate name of the lace-bark tree. This tree is
commonly found in the central and western parts of the island,
and is also said to occur in Haiti. It is of a rather straggling
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117
habit, and in its native wilds attains a height of twenty to thirty
feet Its ovate leaves are of a shining light-green, and very
attractive. The flowers are fleshy, of a creamy-white color, and
borne in long slender spike-like racemes. The tree is a relative
of the leatherwood or moosewood, Dirca palustris, of our north-
eastern woods, belonging to the Thymeleaceae, or mezereon family.
In the public conservatories, in houses 4 and 7, will be found
specimens of this interesting tree. One of these has flowered
for the first time, and the accompanying illustration was drawn
from flowers secured from this specimen.
This tree is known to botanists as Lagetta lintearia, a name
given to it in 1789 by Lamarck, who, recognizing its differences
from the old genus Daphne^ in which it had first been placed, raised
it to the dignity of a genus. It was first called Daphne Lagetto by
Swartz, in 1 788. As Lagetto is the oldest specific name for this
plant, it must be adopted, and so to botanists this tree must be
known in future as Lagetta Lagetto (Sw.).
Fig. 15. The upper figure shows a section of wood with part of the outer bark
removed, exhibiting the lace-like character of the inner bark ; the lower figure
represents a whip made from this tree.
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118
The restricted distribution of this tree makes it an object of in-
terest, but its peculiar interest, as was stated above, lies in its
inner bark, which has given it the popular name of lack-bark, and
which perhaps caused Lamarck to give it the specific name of
" lintearia," meaning " of or belonging to linen." This inner
bark is made up of fibers arranged in several layers, which may
be stretched apart into a loose fabric. This is well shown in the
upper figure of the second illustration accompanying this article.
Fig. i6. One of the layers of the inner bark, showing its lace-like texture.
It hardly seems possible that all of this fluffy mass could have
once been confined within the outer bark, shown in the other end
of the figure. The lace-like character of the inner bark may be
seen in the third illustration. In former times, and even now to
a less extent, the people employed this bark in making capes,
ruffs, bonnets, and even entire lace suits. Its yellowish tinge is
removed by bleaching in the sun, frequent applications of water -
being given. It has, unfortunately, had other uses than the
adornment of the person, for during the days of slavery it was
manufactured into whips which were used in beating the negro
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119
slaves. A whip of this kind is shown in the lower figure of
the second illustration, and is made by removing the woody
tissue from the center of the stick for a portion of its length,
leaving only the bark for the lash. This bark was also formerly
largely used by the Spaniards in the manufacture of rope, and it is
said that the Indians employed it for a great variety of purposes.
The first introduction of this tree into cultivation seems to have
been at the Royal Gardens, Kew, throu h plants secured by
Capt. William Bligh in 1793. These soon died, however, before
flowering. The next attempt to introduce it was made about
1844, when Mr. Wilson, curator of the botanical gardens at Bath,
Jamaica, sent seeds and young plants to the same institution.
Several of the plants thus secured flourished, and one of them in
1849, when eight to ten feet tall, produced flowers and fruit. It
seems to be extremely rare in cultivation, at least in this country,
and no mention is made of it by Bailey in his Cyclopedia of
American Horticulture. I find no record of its having flowered
before in the United States.
George V. Nash.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
During April and May about ten thousand school children,
accompanied by their teachers, visited the Garden as a regular
school exercise. Suitable lectures and demonstrations were ar-
ranged for most of them.
A very valuable collection of Philippine fungi, consisting of
between six and seven hundred packets, has recently been sent
in by the Bureau of Science, Manila, for determination. Most of
these are duplicate specimens and will become permanent addi-
tions to the Garden herbarium.
The unusually high rainfall of May, 7.36 inches, has caused
the grass on the lawns to grow so rapidly during the month that
it has taxed all available men and horses to keep the lawns
properly mowed, and certain portions of the lawn area grew very
high before they could be reached with the machines.
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120
A joint meeting of the Horticultural Society of New York and
the American Rose Society was held at the Garden June lo.
An exhibition of lantern slides was given by Mr. Leonard Barron,
showing types of roses for various purposes. The usual exhibi-
tion was held June lo and ii.
Volume 22, part 3, of North American Flora appeared June
12, 1908. This pait contains descriptions of the Grossulariaceae
by F. V. Coville and N. L. Britton ; the Platanaceae by H. A.
Gleason ; the Crossosomataceae by J. K. Small ; the Connaraceae
by N. L. Britton; the Calycanthaceae by C. L. Pollard; and
the Rosaceae, in part, by P. A. Rydberg.
An important addition to the literature of the fleshy fungi has
recently been made by Miss Gertrude Burlingham, now of the
State Normal School, Trenton, N. J., who was a student at the
Garden and Columbia University from 1905 to 1908, during
which time she made an exhaustive study of the Lactariae, or
gill-fungi having a milky juice. The results of her studies ap-
peared May 26 as a memoir of the Torrey Botanical Club (14 :
1-109. /. 1-15. 1908). The descriptions and notes are very
complete, and the illustrations, from photographs by the author,
are excellent. A feature of great value to collectors is a con-
densed description of each species when fresh with distinguishing
characters to be used in the field. Seventy-one species are rec-
ognized in the United States, six of these being described as new.
The process of enriching soil by the growth of crimson clover
is being tried this spring on about half an acre of land immedi-
ately behind the museum building, and the growth of the crop
may readily be watched, the field being in full view from the
windows of the systematic museum. The clover seed was sown
May 14, the plantlets began to appear above ground on May 20,
and the first foliage leaves were developed by May 30. An ex-
amination of the little plants on June 2, when they were about
an inch high, showed the roots already provided with tubercles
containing the organisms which concentrate [nitrogen. A com-
plete account of the development of the plant and of the cost of
the work on this field will be published in a subsequent number
of the Journal.
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121
Construction work is going forward on the fence along the
southern boundary of the Garden from the Elevated Railway
Station to the Southern Boulevard, on the property line adjoining
the land of Fordham University, under a contract of the Park
Department with Guidone & Galardi. The rubble stone base is
now nearly completed, many of the piers built, and it is expected
that the iron fence will be in place and the work finished by mid-
summer. This handsome fence replaces an old stone wall, much
of which was used in the foundations for the new structure ; its
completion will make it possible to plant the strip between the
path near this boundary line and the fence, in the autumn, after
a small amount of necessary grading shall have been done.
Meteorology for May, — The total precipitation recorded for
May was 7.36 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded
of 6(f on the 5th, 89° on the 17th, 87'' on the 24th, and 90°
on the 27th ; also minimum temperatures of 41.5° on the 5th,
48 "^ on the 13th, 50.5° on the 19th, and 53.5® on the 29th.
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ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
200 herbarium s]>ecimens from British America. (By exchange with the Geo-
logical Survey of Canada. )
2 museum specimens of cocaine hydrochloride. (Given by Messrs. Schieffelin &
Company. )
6 specimens of mosses from Cuba. ( By exchange with Professor C. F. Baker. )
40 specimens** American Hepaticae," nos. 1-40. (Given by Miss C. C. Ilaynes.)
I specimen of fern from Ontario. (Given by Mr. J. H. Faul^ )
1 specimen for the food collection. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
I specimen of rust from Nevada. (Given by Dr. P. B. Kennedy.)
1 specimen of Polygonum aviculare for the drug collection. (Given by Dr. H
H. Rusby.)
3 specimens of mosses from Long Island. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
15 specimens of mosses from Central and North America. (By exchange with
Dr. J. Roll.)
2 specimens of mosses from Connecticut. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz. )
97 specimens of ferns from Jamaica. (Collected by Mr. W. Harris.)
2 specimens of ericaceous plants from Nantucket, Massachusetts. (Given by Mr,
E. P. Bicknell.^
2 specimens of flowering plants from Leng Island. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton. )
546 specimens of flowering plants from Guatemala. (Collected by Professor W.
A. Kellerman. )
600 specimens of fungi from the Philippine Islands. (In exchange with the
Bureau of Science through Mr. E. D. Merrill, botanist. )
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
I plant of Cereus flagelliformis. (Given by Mrs. J. Dorr.)
I plant of NephroUpis exaltata bostoniensis, (Given by Messrs. F. R. Pierson &
Co.)
I plant oi Sedum from Mexico. (Given by Prof. F. E. Lloyd.)
4 succulent plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. Frank Wein-
berg.)
1 plant of Ficus lutescens. (By exchange with the N. Y. Zoological Society.)
311 hardy evergreen plants, mainly conifers. (Given by Mr. Lowell M. Palmer. )
485 hardy shrubs and trees. ( Purchased. )
17 packets of seed from the Bahamas. (Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson.)
2 packets of seed from Jamaica. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
4 packets of seed from the western United States. (Given by Mr. Wilhelm Miller. )
I packet of seed from South Africa. (Given by Dr. II. H. Rusby.)
3 plants derived from seeds from various sources.
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9
fid
D
o
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. July, 1908. No. 103.
THE COLLECTIONS OF ALGAE.
Accounts of the collections of the fungi and of the mosses and
hepatics, in the possession of the New York Botanical Garden,
have already been published in the present volume of the Jour-
nal. A description of '*The Museum Exhibit of Seaweeds," by
the present writer, appeared in the Journal for March, 1904,
but since that time there have been considerable additions to the
collections of the seaweeds and their fresh-water relatives, in both
museum and herbarium, so that some further account of them is
perhaps now justifiable.
As is the case with the fungi and mosses, the herbarium of
Columbia University, deposited with the Garden in accordance
with the terms of an agreement made in 1896, furnishes the
nucleus of the collections of algae at the Garden, although this
original elehient is now largely overshadowed by the accessions
made on the part of the Garden since the merging of the two
institutions. The collections of algae, however, have never re-
ceived any increment comparable in magnitude and historical im-
portance with that of the fungi through the purchase of the Ellis
collection or that of the mosses and Hepaticae through the pur-
chase of the Mitten herbarium. Nevertheless, the collections in
this department have been rather notably increased during the
past decade by the purchase or gift of several herbaria, by ex-
change with various collectors and institutions, and by special
expeditions sent out by the Garden to Bermuda, Florida, the
West Indies, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland.
123
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124
The older collections, belonging to Columbia University, in-
clude a number of specimens of historical interest, sent to Pro-
fessor John Torrey by Dr. Jacob Whitman Bailey, who was for
many years a distinguished teacher of the natural sciences at the
United States Military Academy at West Point, by the elder
Fig. 17. The Merman's Shaving-brush {Penicillus capUatus Lamarck). From
Bermuda. One half natural size.
Agardh of Lund, Sweden, one of the founders of modern phy-
cological science, and by several others among the well-known
students and collectors of the algae during the early and middle
portions of the last century.
If, as is the usual fashion at the present day, the Characeae or
stoneworts are to be included among the algae, the first notable
accession to our collections in this department after the consoli-
dation of the herbaria of Columbia University and the Garden
was the donation by Dr. Timothy Field Allen, in 1 901, of his
collections of Characeae. Dr. Allen was for many years the
leading American student of this group of plants and the collection
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125
9
that he brought together
is unsurpassed in the
United States and prob-
ably by only three or
four in the world at
I'arge. It contained
nearly 4,000 sheets
which have been incor-
g porated in the Garden
herbarium and about
twice as many more
I which have been dis-
-§ tributed as duplicates.
V A more detailed account
a of the Allen collection
^ was published in the
Journal for April, 1 90 1 .
g The first of the collec-
tions of algae, of any con-
J siderable size, secured
^ by the Garden through
_. purchase, was that of
S. Rev. George W. Perry,
•5 who was, at one time,
^ state geologist of Ver-
5 mont. This herbarium,
•I bought in 1902, con-
I sisted of about 1,400
^ specimens of seaweeds
collected chiefly in
Massachusetts or ob-
^ tained by exchange from
California, Europe, and
Australia. Another algal
herbarium, containing
nearly 2,500 specimens,
purchased in the same
year, was that of Mr.
•u
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126
Horace Averill, of Brooklyn. This was especially rich in the
local forms and included also many species obtained by exchange
from other parts of the world. A third collection of algae, chiefly
marine, purchased by the Garden, was that brought together by
the late Colonel Nicolas Pike, who communicated to Professor W.
Fig. 19. UJotea conglulinata (Ell. & Soland.) Laniour. trorn the Bahamas.
Eight sevenths natural size.
H. Harvey many of the specimens upon which the Nereis Boreali-
Americana was based. The Pike collection consisted of a few
more than 3,000 specimens. Colonel Pike was United States
Consul at Oporto, Portugal, for about ten years, and later, for an
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127
equal period, held a similar position in Mauritius. He made ex-
tensive collections of algae at both of these points and his her-
barium was particularly rich in Mauritian material. In 1904, the
algal collections of Dr. C. L. Anderson, of Santa Cruz, California,
numbering about 4,000 specimens, came to the Garden through
purchase. Dr. Anderson has been an enthusiastic collector of
the marine algae during a long residence in Santa Cruz, and
being' for many years the leading student of this group of plants
on our Pacific Coast, he received for determination many speci-
mens from other collectors in that region, and as he had also
exchanged extensively with collectors in the eastern states and
in Europe, his herbarium brought elements of much value to the
Garden's collections.
But the chief source of the increase in the Garden's algal her-
barium in recent years has been from special expeditions sent into
the field for the purpose of making collections. In 1900, the
writer was enabled through a grant from the department of botany
of Columbia University and one from the John Strong Newberry
Fund to make collections and studies of the marine algae in Ber-
muda, on Marthas Vineyard, Mass., and on the coast of Maine. On
behalf of the Garden, in 1 901, an expedition was made to Nova
Scotia and Newfoundland ; in 1902, to Florida ; in 1903, to Porto
Rico ; in 1904. to Florida and the Bahama Islands ; in 1905, to the
Bahama Islands ; in 1906, to Porto Rico ; in i9o6-*07, to Jamaica;
and in 1907, to the Bahama and Caicos Islands. These expedi-
tions have resulted in bringing together about 35,000 dried speci-
mens of marine algae, as specimens are commonly counted.
Many of these still await critical study and are yet to be in-
corporated in the herbarium proper. Probably two thirds of them
will be used as duplicates for exchange or for distribution to
other institutions. The dried specimens are supplemented by a
large amount of material preserved with the aid of formaldehyde,
etc., such material being, in case of many of the species, very
desirable or even essential for showing the natural form and finer
details of structure. These fluid-preserved specimens are also
freely used in the exhibits in the show-cases of the public museum.
In addition to the specimens obtained by the Garden expedi-
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128
tions or by purchase, many have reached our herbarium in the
past few years through exchanges. American (and sometimes
foreign) material has been received in this way from W. G. Far-
low, F. S. Collins, W. A. Setchell, D. A. Saunders, J. Macoun,
W. D. Hoyt, and others ; Japanese specimens from K. Okamura
and S. Yamanouchi ; New Zealand specimens from R. M. Laing ;
Fig. 20. Growing apex of the Great Kelp [Macrocystis pyrifera (Turn.) Ag.].
From a Califomtan specimen. About one third natural size. This plant is said to
attain a length of several hundred feet.
material from Denmark, Iceland, Greenland, the Faeroes, and
the Danish West Indies from F. Borgesen ; Barbados specimens
from A. Vickers ; Ceylon specimens from N. Svedelius ; algae
from the Dutch East Indies from A. Weber-van Bosse ; algae
from various islands of the South Pacific from Th. Reinbold ;
fresh-water algae of Sweden from O. Nordstedt ; Corallinaceae
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129
from M. Foslie ; and there have been exchanges also with the
British Museum, the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, of Paris,
Trinity College, Dublin, the University of Lund, and other in-
stitutions. The herbarium contains, also, sets of the principal
exsiccatae issued in Europe and America as well as Okamura's
Algae Japonicae Exsiccatae. From the duplicates collected on
Fig. 21. A coralline alga {Gonioliihon solubiU Fosl. %l Howe) encrusting and
covering a living coral. From Culebra Island, Porto Rico. Natural size.
various Garden expeditions, several contributions have been made
to the Phycotheca Boreali-Americana of Collins, Holden, and
Setchell.
In the synoptical section of the public museum, the algae are
displayed in fifteen cases and are represented at the present time
by about 450 exhibits, including dried specimens, specimens in
fluids, drawings, and photographs. Enlarged figures and photo-
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130
graphs are used for showing microscopic forms and also the details
of structure of selected types among the larger kinds. A few of the
smaller sorts are shown under microscopes. The exhibit of tropi-
cal species and of corallines in the synoptical cases is perhaps
especially noteworthy. An account of the corallines wais pub-
lished in the Journal for July, 1905. In addition to the general
systematic exhibit, the seaweeds and their relatives in the local
flora are represented by specimens in swinging frames, though, at
the time of writing, this feature is only partially installed, includ-
ing thus far the algae of the *' red '* and '* brown " groups and
the stoneworts.
Marshall A. Howe.
AN UNUSUAL SPECIMEN OF THE -FLOR DE
SAN SEBASTIAN."
The plant from which the accompanying illustration was made
was secured by Mr. W. R. Maxon, who made explorations for
the New York Botanical Garden in Costa Rica in the early part
of 1906. Cattleya Skinneri, of which this plant is an unusually
fine specimen, is said to occur from southern Mexico to Costa
Rica, and has even been reported from the island of Trinidad.
It was originally found in Guatemala, where it was discovered
many years ago by Mr. Skinner, in whose honor it is named,
and was said by that gentleman to be found almost exclusively
in the warmer parts of the country. It is known there as ** Flor
de San Sebastian," and is eagerly sought for by the people as an
ornament for the shrines of their favorite saints. It is not ob-
tained, however, without great difficulty, for it is said to grow in
the tops of the highest trees in the forests, a habit which makes
it very hard to find and harder to collect, unless the tree on
which it grows happens to be uprooted by a storm.
This use of the plant for religious decoration might well be
appreciated by one who had seen in full flower, in the public
conservatories, this large plant brought back by Mr. Maxon.
Imagine a plant with a spread of about three feet bearing in great
profusion large masses of flowers of a deep rose-purple. At the
Digitized by VjOOQIC
131
height of its perfection, about the middle of May, this plant bore
twenty-two flower clusters, each cluster containing from four to
eight flowers.
Mr. Maxon secured the plant in a garden at Cartago. Upon
its arrival here it was placed in a sunny position near the roof in
a house of medium temperature and humidity, a treatment to
which it responded readily as the above record of its flowering
will show.
This Cattleya is closely related to C, Bowringiana, a native of
Honduras, which differs in being of larger growth, with flowers
of a somewhat different color, and especially in its time of flower-
ing, which is in the fall instead of in the spring.
The genus Cattleya was named by Lindley in honor of Mr.
Cattley, a great lover and successful cultivator of these plants in
the early part of the nineteenth century. It is distributed mainly
from southern Mexico to Brazil, and is represented by about
twenty species. It is the various species of this genus which fur-
Goosle
Digitized by VjOOQ
132
nish the greater part of the large showy orchids so much used
for decorative purposes. As the species vary in their time of
flowering, it is possible, by judicious selection, to have some of
these showy flowers in evidence at all times of the year.
George V. Nash.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. N. L. Britton attended the special summer meeting of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science at Han-
over, New Hampshire, and the annual botanical field "sym-
posium " at Georgetown, Delaware.
Professor G. W. Wilson, of Upper Iowa University, Fayette,
Iowa, has been assigned a research scholarship at the Garden for
two months, beginning July i.
Dr. W. A. Murrill visited the State Museum at Albany in June
to examine the collection of fungi of the family Boletaceae, which
probably contains more original specimens than any other col-
lection of its kind in America.
Signs have been placed at the principal entrances to the hem-
lock grove with the following instructions : ** This grove is situ-
ated near the southern limit of the region in which hemlock trees
grow naturally near the coast, and its preservation is a matter of
special interest. As the roots of the hemlock trees are near the
surface of the ground and the soil is thin, trampling over the
ground may cause the death of the trees. Visitors are therefore
requested to keep to the paths and trails and to abstain from
injuring the trees in any way. If this caution is not observed
the use of the forest will have to be materially restricted."
Following the extremely wet weather of May, a drought of
unusual duration and severity has been experienced which can-
not fail to be of considerable injury to vegetation. The rain-
fall of June was just one inch at the Garden, and no rain has
fallen during July up to the fourteenth of the month. Not alone
the damage to vegetation is to be regretted, but the driveways
have suffered severely. Lawns have been browned in many
places, but this will not be permanent because a few inches of
GooQle
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133
rain-fall will cause the grass to grow again. The injury has
been particularly great to shrubs and trees planted this spring,
although they have been watered as much as possible.
Meteorology for June, — The total precipitation recorded for
June was I inch. Maximum temperatures were recorded of
86.5° on the 7th, 89.5° on the 8th, 93.5° on the 21st, 937° on
the 22d, 92.5° on the 29th ; also minimum temperatures of 44.5°
on the 7th, 55.5° on the 12th, 47.5° on the 17th, and 55° on
the 27th. The mean temperature for the month was 69.1°.
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM MAY i TO JU.N'E 30, 1908.
American journal of science and arts. Vol.37. New Haven, 1839. (Given by
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart. )
Appel, Otto. Beispiele zur miiroskopiscken Untersuchung von Pflantenkrank-
heiten. Zweite Auflage. Berlin, 1908.
Bri TTON, Nathaniel Lord. North American trees. New York, 1908. (Given
by the author. )
Brown, Addison. The Elgin botanic garden , its later history . . . Lancaster,
1908. (Given by the author.)
BuiST, Robert. American Jhwer-garden directory, Ed. 6. Philadelphia, 1854.
(Given by Dr. John Hendley Barnhart.)
Charleston medical journal and rezieiv. Vols. 4-5. Charleston, 1849-50. 2
vols. (Given by Dr. John Hendley BamharL)
Collett, Henry. Flora simlensis, Calcutta, 1902. (Given by Miss Anna
Murray Vail. )
Commercial relations of the United States with foreign countries for the years
18S0-81, 1896-97, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1906. Washington, 1883-1907. 10 vols.
(Given by the Department of Commerce and Labor. )
Engler, Heinrich Gustav Adolph & Prantl, Karl Anton Eugen. Die
natUrlichen Pflanunfamilien, Lieferung 1-230. Leipzig, 1887-1907.
Hager, Hermann. Das Mikroskop und seine Amvendung. Zehnte Auflage.
Berlin, 1908.
Henderson, Peter. Practical floriculture. New York, 1873. (Given by Dr.
John Hendley Barnhart. )
Knuth, Paul, handbook of floioer pollination. Vol. 2. Oxford, 1908.
KUPFER, Elsie. Studies in plant regeneration. New York, 1907. (Deposited
by the Trustees of Columbia University. )
Maryland Geological Survey, Vol. 6. Baltimore, 1906. (Given by Dr. Arthur
Hollick.)
Okamura, Kintaro. Icones of Japanese algae. Vol. I, parts 1-6. Tokyo,
1907-08.
Digitized by VjOOQIC
134
Pardee, R. G. Complete manual for the cultivation of the strawberry, Ed. 6.
New York, 1856. (Given by Dr. John Hendlcy Bamhart.)
Robinson, William. The subtropical garden, London, 187 1. (Given by Dr.
John Hendley Barnhart. )
Rural New-Yorker, Vol. lo. Rochester, 1859. (Given by Dr. John Hendley
Bamhart. )
Saida, Kotaro & Sakurai, Hanzaburo. Catalogue of botanical specimens in
the natural history department of the Imperial Museum, Tokyo, 1 891. (Given
by Miss Anna Murray Vail.)
SCHULZ, Georg E. F. NaturUrkunden : Pflanzen, Berlin, 1908.
ScHULZ, Georg E. F. Natur-Urkunden : Pilze. Berlin, 1908.
[Smith, John Donnell.] Icones plantarum centrali-americanarum. [Balti-
more, 1908.] (Given by the author. )
Strasburger, Eduard Adolf, and others. Text-book of botany, Ed. 3.
London, 1908.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
50 specimens **Phycotheca Boreali- Americana,*' Fascicle XXX. (Distributed
by Messrs. Collins, Holden, and Setchell. )
4 specimens of mosses from Connecticut. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz. )
7 specimens of mosses from the Chiricahui Mountains, Arizona. ( By exchange
with Mr. J. C. Blumer. )
214 specimens *• Crytopgamae Formationum Coloradensium.*' (Distributed by
Professor Frederic E. Clements. )
220 specimens of mosses from Costa Rica and Guatemala. ( Distributed by Mr.
E. Levier.)
61 specimens of flowerless plants from Bermuda. (Collected by Mr. Stewardson
Brown. )
4 specimens of drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
7 Syrian food products. (Given by Mr. Siyd Mikel Albestany.)
5 specimens of Chinese food products. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
2 specimens of Bovistapila from Vermont (Collected by Dr. M. A. Howe.)
I specimen of rust from Long Island, New York. (Given by Dr. H. D. House.)
4 specimens of woody fungi for the conservatories. (Collected by Dr. W. A.
Murrill.)
22 specimens of polypores from the Adirondack Mountains. (Collected by Dr.
W. A. Murrill.)
112 specimens of drugs. (Given by Messrs. Merck & Company.)
100 specimens '*Bryotheca Exotica.'' (Distributed by Mr. E. Levier.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
8 plants for woody nursery. (Given by Mr. H. S. Adams.)
3 cactuses from Colorado for conservatories. (Given by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell.)
I plant of /trisaema Stetvardsoni for herbaceous grounds. (Collected by Mrs. E.
G. Britton.)
I plant of Dry opter is Goldieana'Xmarginalis. (Collected by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
38 chrysanthemums for nursery. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry. )
257 plants derived from seed from various sources.
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. August. 1908. No. 104.
COLLECTING FUNGI AT BILTMORE.
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief.
Sir: With your permission, I accepted an invitation from Dr.
C. A. Schenck, Forester of the Biltmore Estate, to spend two
weeks in July at his summer home in Pisgah Forest for the
purpose of studying the fungi of that region. My report on
these studies is prefaced with a brief account of this interesting
estate.
The estate of Mr. George W. Vanderbilt is situated in
Henderson and Transylvania counties in the western part of
North Carolina to the south and southwest of Asheville, a region
famous for its superb climate and magnificent scenery, many of
the mountains being over 5,000 ft. in height and a few, the highest
in the eastern United States, attaining an elevation of nearly
7,000 ft. By far the greater part of the 1 30,000 acres in the
estate is mountain land covered with virgin forest, the arable
land being situated in the valleys of the Swannanoa and French
Broad rivers near the village of Biltmore.
Biltmore House, modeled after the famous chateaux of the
Loire, was completed nearly twenty years ago, and with its rich
furnishings and splendid landscape effects that have only recently
been brought to maturity, it is easily the finest country seat in
America. Biltmore village, two miles from Asheville and twenty-
four hours by rail from New York, has the appearance of an
exceedingly neat and comfortable old English village, with
houses in half-timbered style built of cement mixed with sand and
135
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136
pebbles from the adjacent river bottoms and molded on frames
of wood and wire. Near Biltmore are the nurseries, the dairy,
the swine and poultry ranges, and other adjuncts of farm life for
which the estate is famous.
Mr. Vanderbilt usually spends about six months of the year at
Biltmore House. He lives quietly, being devoted to literature
and to the study of natural history, and his guests are usually
selected on account of personal a^chievement rather than because
of social distinction. Occasional visits are made with friends to*
his hunting lodge on Pisgah and to the excellent trout streams
in various parts of the estate. Once a year the favored families
of Asheville and vicinity are entertained together at Biltmore
House ; and during the Christmas holidays every family on the
estate is invited there to a feast, after which each man, woman
and child receives a suitable gift.
The effect of this magnificent estate on the people of western
North Carolina, combining as it does the artistic and the practi-
cal, must have been very marked in the past twenty years, being-
no less than that of a great educational institution diffusing knowl-
edge of facts and methods, giving employment and encourage-
ment to many, and depending upon and developing the energy,
experience and devotion of those employed.
The forest lands are in charge of Dr. C. A. Schenck, who suc-
ceeded Mr. Gifford Pinchot many years ago as forester of the
estate. Forestry at Biltmore is twenty years old, the oldest of
its kind on American soil. According to Dr. Schenck, the prob-
lems are totally different from those in Germany, where he re-
ceived his training. Since coming to Biltmore, he has extended
and elaborated the plans of Mr. Pinchot and has in many cases
followed original lines of development. Lumbering operations
are conducted on an extensive scale, and the denuded hills and
abandoned fields near Biltmore, comprising about 2,000 acres,
have been planted with a variety of useful trees, such as white
pine, pitch pine, hemlock, oak, chestnut, maple, ash, yellow poplar,
walnut, basswood, locust and cherry. It 13 possible to see in
a short drive all stages of these plantations from young trees
just removed from the seed beds to trees twenty years of age.
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137
The Biltmore Forest School, organized ten years ago, is located
at Biltmore from November to April, and is removed to Pisgah
Forest for the remainder of the year. The forenoon of each day
is regularly devoted to lectures and the afternoon to excursions
for observation and the practical application of forestry methods
employed on the estate. Twenty-four young men are now
enrolled as students, and as many more are on the waiting list
Pink Bed Valley, the home of the forester and the forest school
from the middle of May to the first of November, is in Transyl-
vania County, twelve miles from Pisgah Forest Station in the
direction of Cold Mountain, The Balsams, and Pisgah Ridge.
The valley is about eight miles long, with an elevation of 3,000
to 3,500 ft, and the surrounding ridges that completely shut it
in, except at two points, reach an elevation of a thousand feet more.
The forest is composed of hardwood species, chestnut, oak and
tulip predominating, while pitch pine occurs sparingly on the dry
ridges and white pine and hemlock along the streams. Minor
hardwoods are hickory; black gum, basswood, sourwood, birch,
maple, black locust, butternut, ash and Fraser's magnolia. Rho-
dodendron^ Kalniia and Azalea are exceedingly abundant, forming
impenetrable thickets in many places, which, when in flower, are
visible from a distance as pink-colored masses or " beds." Gay-
lussaccia ursirta and Vaccinium corymbosum are also very abun-
dant in the undergrowth. Balsam and spruce forests are found
at an altitude of five to six thousand feet on summits easily
reached from Pink Bed Valley.
When I reached the valley, on July 13, a season of wet
weather had brought out quantities of fleshy fungi, which, with
the assistance of Dr. H. D. House, were collected in abundance.
Many of the thinner forms dried readily in the sun, but the more
fleshy agarics and all of the Boleti had to be dried by artificial
heat, excellent facilities being provided for this purpose by Dr.
Schenck. This collection, with the notes I was able to obtain
from the study of specimens in the field, should be especially val-
uable to the student of American fungi because of the pioneer
work done in North Carolina by Schweinitz and Curtis, the former
having published in 1822 a list of 1,373 species of fungi found in
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138
this state, many of them described as new, and the latter having
sent nearly 2,500 species from North Carolina to Berkeley in
London for determination, a large percentage of which were pub-
lished as new species under the joint authorship of Berkeley and
Curtis. The condition of all these early collections, even when
they still exist, together with the brevity of the descriptions drawn
from them originally, makes it necessary in many cases to study
recent collections in order to properly understand the relation-
ships of a given species.
Among the gill-fungi collected, species of Lactarius, Russula^
Amanita, Amanitopsis, Cortinarius, Marasmius, Collybia, Mycena,
Cantharellus, Pleurotus, Crepidotus and Hygrophorus, were quite
common, while many other genera were represented more or less
sparingly.
Lactarius volemus and Z. ptperatus were very abundant, while
L, lignyotuSy L, fuliginosus, L. torminosus, and several other
species were frequently seen. Russula was found in various col-
ors, white, yellow, red, olive and green, R, emetica, R, foctida
and /?. virescens being common. All of the species of Cantha-
rellus usually found in the eastern United States were repre-
sented, C cibarius, C, aurantiacus and C, floccosus being common.
Amanita phalloides was rather common, varying from pure white
to blackish in color, while A. caesarea, A. soliiaria, A. rubescens
and certain other species were several times collected. Amani-
topsis vaginata and A, farinosa were exceedingly common.
Clitocybe laccata was just beginning to be abundant, and C, illu-
dens was found once. Cortinarius was represented by about six
species, several of them common. Paxillus rhodoxanthus was
very common along the roadsides and was frequently mistaken
for a Boletus, the upper surface being very similar to certain
members of this genus. Collybia radicata, usually so abundant,
was very rare, but C, dryophila was more common than usual ;
C, platyphylla and a few other species were also collected.
Mycena was represented by several of the smaller species, Om-
phalia by 0, campanella, O. epichysium and others, Pleurotus
chiefly by P. ostreattis, and Hygrophorus by H. conicus and a few
other brilliantly colored species. The rosy-spored agarics were
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139
represented by a few species of Clitopilus, Entoloma and Lepto-
nia, Flammula^ Inocybe^ Hebeloma^ Claudoptis and Crepidotus
were also collected, the last being quite abundant in C, versuius,
Ciavaria was more abundant than I have ever seen it before,
it being one of the few genera of fungi that can exist and thrive
in such dense shade as that of Kabnia and Rhododendron
overtopped by forest trees. Several species of Ciavaria were
collected for the herbarium, and certain of the larger forms were
gathered almost daily during my stay for table use. Other fungi
made use of in this way were Lactarius volemus, two or three
species of Russula, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lycoperdon gemmatum^
Cantharellus cibarius and Hydnum repandum. It was too early
in the season for a number of excellent autumnal species of gill-
fungi and for a sufficient quantity of many of the edible Bolett.
The species to be avoided at this time in the collections for the
table were chiefly Amaftiia pfudloides and most other species of
Amanita, Lactarius rufus^ Russula foetida^ Russida etnetica and
Cantharellus aurantiacus, A very common branched species,
Lachnocladium Schweinitzii, resembling Ciavaria in form, was
easily distinguished by its exceeding toughness and flexibility.
The Hydnaceae collected were nearly all terrestrial species, H.
imbricatum, H, repandum and H, putidum being abundant. Ca-
lostoma cinnabarium was the most abundant member of the Gas-
tromycetes, while Lycoperdon and Geaster were sparingly repre-
sented in three or four woodland species. The season for Morchella
had past, but Spathularia velutipes, Leotia lubrica, Sarcoscypha
coccinia^ and a few other Discomycetes were fairly abundant.
Two species of Cordyceps were collected, Cordyceps militaris in
several specimens on pupae of a species of moth buried under
moss and leaf-mold, and an undetermined species on the larva of
a large moth which had fallen among mud and leaves by the
roadside. Several specimens of Tremella mycetophila, parasitic
on Collybia dryoplula, were found. The wild crabs were all
aflected with Gymnosporangium^ and the unld plum and cherry
trees were frequently found covered with Plowrightia, Exobasidium
was rather common on species of Vaccinium and Azalea, Many
of the best known parasitic fungi were rare, as might be ex-
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140
pected in such a locality, but wood-destroying kinds, both sap-
rophytic and parasitic, mostly belonging to the Polyporaceae,
were quite abundant.
The principal wood-destroying species observed were, Paro-
daedala Pini^ on pitch pine ; Pyropolyporus igniarius^ on species
of oak ; Pyropolyporus Robiniae, common on all the black locust
trees seen ; Pontes populinus, chiefly on maple ; Elfvingia megaloma,
common on several hard-wood species ; Ganoderma Tsugae^ on
hemlock ; Laetiporus speciosus, common on oak and a few other
hard woods ; Grifola Berkeleyi, at the base of oak and chestnut
trunks, attached to the roots ; Inonotus hispidus, on oak ; Corio-
Ins versicolor, on various hardwoods ; Fistulina lupatica^ on
chestnut ; and Hydnum septentrionale^ on black gum. Daedalea
quercina was not seen. As beech and birch were very rare in
the valley, no specimens of Elfvingia fomentaria were collected,
although it must be common at other elevations. Armillaria
mellea, a very destructive root-rot, was known to be present in
abundance, but the sporophores were only beginning to appear.
The chestnut canker was not seen in North Carolina. The
chestnut tree is of immense importance in the Biltmore Forest,
being cut in great quantities annually for lumber and for tannin
extract. It is said that the successful employment of chestnut
wood pulp, now a waste product from the extract factory, for the
making of paper, would increase the value of Pisgah Forest^
with its wealth of chestnut timber, one hundred per cent. This
tree is very sensitive and is dying in many parts of the forest
from the effects of the chestnut borer and the disturbance of the
natural forest conditions, but, fortunately, this new disease, so
abundant and destructive about New York, has not yet been
introduced at Biltmore.
Besides the polypores mentioned in the above list of wood-
destroying species, AuranHporus Pilotae was twice collected. on
decayed oak logs, Cycloporus Greenei was found in two places
along the roadsides attached to underground roots, and Micropo^
rellus dealbatus was common in open thickets on the roots of
various members of Ihe heath family. Coltricia cifuiamomea was
very abundant on the banks along the roads and trails, while C.
perennis was found only once and C obesa twice.
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141
The Boletaceae, while not as abundant in July as a little later
in the season, were well represented by a number of very inter-
esting species, and particular attention was given to this group,
which can be profitably studied only from fresh specimens. Over
one hundred special collections of Boleti were made, comprising
about forty species, and all of these were critically studied and
■described in the field. A list of these, with notes of special
interest, will be published elsewhere.
In closing, I wish to express my appreciation of the cordial re-
ception tendered me by Dr. and Mrs. Schenck and the young
men of the Forest School, and of the efforts of everyone to make
my visit delightful as well as successful. I wish also to thank
Mr. Vanderbilt for the privileges I enjoyed on the estate.
Respectfully submitted,
W. A. MURRILL,
Assistant Director,
OUR DUTY TO THE PARKS.
Every privilege brings with it a duty. Every good thing that
we have ought to have two effects upon us. It should cause us
to take care of it. It should make us willing to let others have
the good of it as well as ourselves.
We all love the great and beautiful parks of our city — those
wonder places, those stretches of country sweetness and freshness
and greenness and beauty, set right down in the busy city streets
to refresh and cheer and charm us. Many a city child owes its
good health to the trees and streams and fountains in the parks.
And almost all city children love these pleasant playgrounds.
And what duty does this lovely gift bring with it ? Surely we
should do our best to keep the parks at their fairest, surely we
should obey all the rules that are made to protect them, surely we
should be willing that those who come and see them after we
have gone to our homes should find them as beautiful and pleas-
ant as we did.
Bronx Park is perhaps the most marvellous of all our city
parks, because it is instructive as well as charming. And yet.
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142
last Saturday, I saw two little girls wantonly tearing off great
bunches of the flowering phlox that the dty had carefully nur-
tured for us all to enjoy together.
They were hurting the bushes, and stealing the flowers. I say
*' stealing " because no one person has any right to take and keep
for himself the things that belong to all of us together.
If any of you, my boys and girls, see anyone devastating the
people's garden, I want you to be good citizens, and go right up
to them and make them stop.
If they will not obey you, tell them that you will call a gar-
dener ; and, if that does no good, call one.
It is your duty to the city of New York.
— The Bronx Home News, Friday/July 31, 1908.
A COLLECTION OF VINES.
The recent labelling of the collection, and the construction of
adjacent paths, has practically made available to the public the
beautifully installed and interesting collection of vines. The
secluded nature of its position, and lack of comprehensive labels,
has tended to obscure a plantation that has developed into one of
the most picturesque features in the Garden.
The Viticetum is just west of the border of the Hemlock
Forest, and winds for about three hundred feet along the ridge
to the east of the Economic Garden. At present the collection
consists of thirteen families, seventeen genera, and thirty-four
species, represented by about seventy specimens. The plants
are supported by a substantial arbor of rough-hewn logs, and
there is a pathway underneath so that people may walk from one
end to the other. The vines are planted along both sides of the
arbor and some of them have already run wild over the top.
During the spring and summer the walk underneath is a beauti-
fully shaded cloister with a charming vista looking down into
the hemlock woods.
Beginning at the southerly end, one of the first of the larger
plants is the Dutchman's pipe of the eastern states, belonging to
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143
the birthwort family. It is a splendid vine for covering porches,
its large kidney-shaped leaves affording a dense shade. The plant
is also interesting as being a northern representative of a genus,
Aristolochia, that in tropical countries produces perhaps the
largest flowers known, except in Rafflesia, In this native species,
however, they are small and half hidden by the leaves. They are of
a curious pipe-like shape, and it is from this resemblance that the
plant has derived its common name.
Near the Dutchman's pipe is Brunnichia^ of the buckwheat
family, one of the few native representatives of the group that is
enough of a trailer to warrant its appearance in such a collection
as this. It is little more than a climbing herbaceous perennial.
Just above this is a collection of the familiar Clematis. None
of the plants are very large as yet, and Clematis vitalba, or
" Traveller's Joy," of England, is scarcely what one would ex-
pect from reading descriptions of this historic vine. It was
called ** Traveller's Joy" by Gerarde in his Herbal (1597), and
it is interesting to read what he said then of one of the most
beautiful vines of rural England : ** These plants have no use in
Phisicke, as yet found, but are esteemed onely for pleasure, by
reason of the goodly shadowe which they make with their thicke
bushing and clyming, as also for the beautie of the flowers and
the pleasant sent {sic) and savour of the same."
The " Akebi Kadsura " {Akebia quinata) from China and Japan
is a graceful climber with a 5-foliolate leaf, and curious flowers
with three petals. It is a member of the Voqui family (Lardiza-
balaceae), and, except a single plant at the conservatory, it is
the only representative of the family in the collections of the
Garden. The fruit is eaten by the Japanese, and Chinese native
druggists make an emollient from the sap that is used in bron-
chial troubles. The orientals of San Francisco use a vegetable
decoction, a large part of which is made from the juice of
"Akebi," that is credited with being the usual panacea for all
ills ; much after the fashion of similarly exploited occidental reme-
dies. The flowers are fugitive, being of a dark red color and
partly hidden by the profusion of leaves.
Passing by the Actinidia or "Saru Nasi," the fruits of which
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144
are eaten by the Japanese, we come to the group of wistarias.
Of all the vines suitable for arbors or porches these are perhaps
the most beautiful. The delicacy of their color and the harmony
and grace of their flower-clusters will always make them most desir-
able for decorative planting. They are particularly well suited for
city homes, for they seem to have the faculty of taking good care
of themselves under apparently adverse conditions.
The Japanese honeysuckle {Lonicera japonicd) is a particularly
sweet-smelling climber and well merits its popularity as a cover
for fences and trellises. It was introduced into England by the
Dutch East India Company in the early part of the last cen-
tury and has spread throughout the civilized world.
But space forbids an account of all the vines in the collection.
However, mention must be made of the grapes, bittersweets, and
Virginia-creepers, all represented by good-sized plants. There
is also a fine plant of the trumpet -creeper, just now showing an
abundance of scarlet and orange flowers.
There is still room for expansion in the collection, and it is
ultimately planned to include all the vines that will stand the
variations of our climate. The collection will then be one of
great interest botanically, and will also serve to illustrate the hor-
ticultural possibilities of vines at present little used for decorative
purposes.
Norman Taylor.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE MERCK COLLECTION OF
PROXIMATE PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS.
Messrs. Merck & Co. have supplemented their valuable and
important gift of last year, consisting of several hundred vege-
table principles, with a collection of most of the crude vegetable
substances from which the former are derived. This addition
comprises one hundred and twenty articles, many of them of con-
siderable rarity. While many of the substances are represented
by but a single constituent, others possess several. Opium heads
the list with twelve constituents, mostly alkaloids. Cinchona
follows with eight, amygdala and ergot with five each, and coca.
GooQle
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146
dita, digitalis, sabadilla, turpentine, soap-bark, and belladonna
have four each.
The new acquisition necessitates an entire rearrangement of the
original collection. It has heretofore been classified according
to the chemical nature of the products, and in this form has
attracted much attention from visitors during the year, especially
from students. By the new arrangement, the crude articles
stand in botanical sequence, and each is surrounded by the prin-
ciples pertaining to it. Suitable pedestals and labels are now
being prepared for' each of these groups. The collection now
comfortably fills an entire section of cases, and may be found in
the northwest comer of the Economic Museum.
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146
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. Homer D. House, who was connected with the Garden
and Columbia University in 1902-04 and again in 1907-08, has
recently accepted the position of associate director in the Bilt-
more Forest School.
Dr. Raymond H. Pond, research scholar at the Garden at vari-
ous times during 1905, 1906, and 1907, has been appointed
biologist of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New
York, to investigate important biological problems connected with
New York Harbor.
Mrs. Cornelius Van Brunt has recently given the Garden an
assortment of over five hundred museum bottles, which will be
used chiefly for preserving in alcohol or formalin the flowers of
rare orchids as they appear in the conservatories.
Mr. H. von Turckheim, the veteran botanical collector of
Coban, Guatemala, visited the Garden August 13 and 14, on his
way to Europe. He began collecting for Mr. John Donnell Smith
nearly twenty- five years ago, and the Garden has been receiving
his collections, directly or indirectly, for the past ten years or
more. Practically all of his collecting work was done in
Guatemala.
The severe drought which was experienced during June and
the first part of July was broken by the showers at the middle
of July, and there has been sufficient rainfall ever since, although
the rainfall of the summer is still considerably below the average.
Grass has grown again on the burnt portions of lawns and banks
and, while newly planted shrubs were considerably set back, the
actual loss has not been very great, much less indeed than was
feared. This experience has emphasized the need for an exten-
sion of the water-supply system, and it is planned to accomplish
this by the expenditure of a portion of the recent additional ap-
propriation for construction made by the city.
An additional construction appropriation of $25,000, voted by
the Board of Estimate and Apportionment June 26, 1908, adopted
by the Board of Aldermen July 21, and approved by His Honor
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147
the Mayor August 4, will be expended in the continuation of con-
struction of driveways and paths, principally on the eastern side
of the grounds, in the completion of the grading operations neces-
sary at the museum building, in the extension of the system of
water-supply and drainage, and for minor works. All the earth
and rock to be excavated at the museum building is required for
filling and for the telford foundation of roads and paths, so that
the same money will effect two pieces of work, as has been the
case in nearly all the grading operations hitherto accomplished,
a result made possible by following the original plan of de-
velopment approved by the Board of Managers in December,
1 896. It is now planned to complete the driveway system and
to build at least an additional mile of paths.
Meteorology for July, — The total precipitation recorded for July
was 3.29 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 92. 5 **
on the 5th, 99.5° on the 6th and 12th, 95.5° on the 19th and
20th, 89.5° on the 27th, 28th and 31st; also minimum temper-
atures of 63° on the ist, 52.5° on the 9th, 54° on the 17th, and
63° on the 26th. The mean temperature for the month was 76°.
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148
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
47 specimens of flowering plants from central New Yprk. (By exchange with
Dr. H. D. House.)
9 specimens of flowering plants from Jamaica. (By exchange with the Department
of Agriculture, Jamaica, W. I. )
21 specimens of flowering plants from Long Island. (Given by Dr. R. M. Harper. )
45 specimens of cacti and Crassulaceae from North America. ( By exchange with
the U. S. National Museum. )
8 specimens of mosses from Scotland. (Given by Mr. J. Hunter.)
42 specimens of mosses and hepatics from the Philippine Islands. (G)llected by
Professor A. D. E. Elmer.)
33 photographs, mostly of cacti. (By exchange with the U. S. National Museum. )
50 specimens ** Hepaticae Europaeae Exsiccatae, series V, nos. 201-250."
(Distributed by Dr. Victor Schiff'ner.)
5 specimens of flowering plants from Nantucket, Mass. (Given by Mr. E. P.
Bicknell.)
3 specimens of Nopalea, ( By exchange with U. S. National Museum. )
50 miscellaneous specimens from Jamaica. (By exchange with the Department of
Agriculture, Jamaica, W. I. )
27 specimens of flowering plants from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with
the U. S. National Museum.)
5 specimens of drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
II specimens of mosses from Westchester County, New York. (Collected by Mrs.
N. L. Britton.)
18 specimens of mosses from Northern Black Hills, South Dakota. (By exchange
with Miss F. Grace Ernst. )
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
7 plants from Jamaica for conservatories. ( Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton. )
10 filmy ferns from Jamaica. (Collected by Mr. William Harris.)
I plant of Sedum Poloseni for conservatories. (By exchange with the U. S.
National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.)
18 succulents for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. F. Weinberg.)
19 orchids from Costa Rica. (By exchange with Mr. J. C. Zeledon.)
I OpunHa for nursery from Colorado. (Given by Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell.)
1 seedling oi Sequoia for conservatories. (Given by Mr. G. N. Tricoche. )
2 plants for herbaceous collections. (Collected by Mr. F. Weinisch.)
I plant of Leea for conservatories. ( By exchange with Fairmount Park, Philadel-
phia.)
1 packet of seed of Astragalus Blakei from Vermont. (Given by Mr. W. W.
Eggleston. )
2 packets of seeds of economic plants. (Given by Dr. H, H. Rusby.)
53 plants derived from seed from various sources.
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. iky September. 1908. No. 105,
REPORT ON BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN
PANAMA.
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief.
Sir: In accordance with your instructions, I left New York
January 25, 1908, for the Republic of Panama, in order to make
collections for the Botanical Garden, especially outside of the
canal zone. I was delayed by illness for two weeks at Kingston
and did not reach Colon until February 16, where I remained
over Sunday, taking the 8 140 A. M. train the next day for Pana-
ma, a ride occupying over three hours, owing to the many stops
at stations along the route of forty-eight miles.
The entire canal zone, as well as Colon and Panama, was so
greatly improved since the American occupation that I scarcely
recognized it as the same region passed over a few years before.
After getting located at one of the many hotels in Panama, I
called on Pinel Brothers, to whom I had a letter of introduction
from the Colon agent of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company,
to inquire about transportation to Pacific coast ports within the
Republic of Panama. From the information kindly given me I
concluded to make my headquarters at Penonome for a time, the
town being some twenty miles inland, in the vicinity of mountains,
and some one hundred miles west of the canal zone. As the
next boat for Porto Posada, the nearest landing to |Penonome,
did not leave for several days, I put in some time collecting near
the town.
Panama bay has a tide of sixteen or eighteen feet, and at low
149
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150
water numerous rocks project one third to one half mile from
shore. Here I spent parts of two days looking for algae, but
with little success, only six or eight species being obtained.
These were all attached to rocks, and I observed no specimens
drifting in along shore. Doubtless some of the many islands
a few miles out in the bay would prove better collecting ground.
Fig. 23. Porto Posada, the nearest port to Penonome.
Another day was passed in climbing Ancon Hill, just outside
of the town and 600 feet above the ocean. The hill is partly
covered with rather small timber and brush, with grass-covered
slopes intervening, but at this season the grass was dry and
brown, while many of the trees and shrubs were more or less
leafless and wilted from the hot sun. However, a few species
were just coming into bloom, and quite a number of others were
bearing fruit. Mosses and lichens, of the larger forms at least,
were scarce, and I did not secure a specimen of either.
On February 22, 1 boarded the small steamer ** Code " bound
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151
for Penonome. We left Panama about 8 A. M. and, after making
short stops at the island of Taboga and the Port of San Carlos,
came to anchor at midnight off the mouth of the Sarotee River.
At daylight we began steaming up the river, which proved to be
a stream of moderate size with but little current and with low,
often heavily wooded banks, the mangrove being one of the
Fig. 24. Palms near PeDonome. The one in the center is the oil-nut palm ; the
others are cocoanut palms.
most conspicuous trees. White and blue herons, parrots, and
sandpipers were common, otherwise we noticed little animal
life. We reached Porto Posada in about two and one half hours,
and found it to consist of a small wharf with a couple of open
sheds a few rods away, from which a nearly straight road led to
the town of Penonome, some twelve or fourteen miles distant.
Mosquitoes were in swarms and no fresh water apparently to be
had for miles, except that on the boat. I had ordered a saddle
horse to take me to the town, but, finding only some ox-carts
for the freight, concluded to walk and do some collecting along
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152
the way. This proved rather more of an undertaking than I
had counted on, having had almost nothing to eat since the day
before at noon. There was no food or water to be had on the
way and having stopped here and there along the road to collect,
I reached the town seven hours later, dry and hungry, with a
well -filled press.
Penonome is situated at the upper side of a rather level savanna
at the foot of hills that reach down from low, more or less timber-
covered mountains beyond. The place is only a hundred feet or
two above sea level, with the nearer hills some six or eight
hundred feet higher. It proved to be a town of some impor-
tance, being the capital of the province, and consisted of several
hundred native inhabitants, quite a number of Spaniards, some
Frenchmen, and at least one American and one German. The
streets', though narrow, seemed quite clean, and the connected
houses, which were built in long narrow blocks, were mostly
entirely without yards and with doors opening directly to the
streets on either side.
Many of the trees about town seemed to be cultivated, among
them the cocoanut and oil-nut palm. A species of Anacardium,
called Maranyon, was common, and furnished an edible fruit, or
rather an edible pedicel to the flat, stony fruits that were used by
the children in a game somewhat like marbles. A species closely
related to this was indigenous along the river near by, and proved
to be one of the largest and commonest trees of the region. Of
the plant families, the Papilionaceae were best represented. Species
of the Melastomaceae were also abundant, while climbing shrubs
and small trees belonging to the Polygalaceae were m sight al-
most everywhere, with handsome clusters of pink and purple
flowers. Orchids were fairly common in favorable localities but
only two or three particularly noticeable species were found.
Among other genera of this family two species of vanilla were
obtained.
I lived during my residence in the town with Mr. Hugo Henne,
the proprietor of a hotel for travelers, and he not only gave me
excellent board, but every assistance possible to make my stay
profitable. I remained there from February 23 to March 23,
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153
making in the meantime two trips with Mr. Henne to his rubber
estate, ** Bismark/' situated some twenty miles up the river at an
elevation of perhaps 2,000 feet. Low mountains surrounded the
plantation on nearly all sides and the climate was much moister
than below, light showers occurring frequently, which kept every-
thing green, in strong contrast to the parched lands at Penonome.
My visits, of scarcely two days duration on each trip, were quite
insufficient to fully explore even the immediate vicinity.
Fig. 25. Road leading to Old Panama.
On March 23, I left Penonome and rode to Porto Posada,
where I found the steamer waiting for high tide in order to
proceed down the river. We finally started at five o'clock and
reached Panama about eight o'clock the next morning. I now
wished to collect on the other side of the canal toward the
Colombian border, and at length arranged with Mr. Pinel, the
agent of the only regular steamer running to that region, to take
me to the Gulf of San Miguel and up the Tuira River about
forty-five miles to a small town known as El Real.
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154
While waiting for the next boat I made a short visit to the
ruins of Old Panama, five or six miles along the coast and east-
ward from the present town. Most of the city was built of wood
and was wholly burned by Morgan when he sacked the place in
1671, but the old stone tower, a bridge or two, and various
foundations still remain, surrounded by a tangle of bushes, trees
and banana plants. I carried a plant press along, but brought
Fig. 26. Part of sea wall in Old Paaaxxuu
back only a species of lichen, Ramalina, that quite covered some
of the low bushes. Many of the trees and shrubs were leafless
and not suitable for specimens.
On April i I took the steamer ** Cana " for El Real. We left
Panama about 6 : 30 P. M. and reached the Gulf of San Miguel
at nine o'clock the next morning, passing many small volcanic
islands and reefs, which, in connection with the tidal currents,
make navigation rather dangerous at times. The lower gulf
seemed six or eight miles wide in places and the tide runs up
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155
the Tuira River some fifty or sixty miles from the coast. As we
ascended the river we found the banks heavily wooded and saw
numerous birds, and shortly before reaching El Real we passed
quite a number of alligators swimming or floating along the
shores, looking much like rough logs well sunken in the water.
Knowing little about the country, I had intended to go to Ya-
visa, a small native town well in the interior of Darien, but the
officers of the boat told me that there I would be farther from
mountains than at El Real. Accordingly, on the recommenda-
tion of the captain, the agent of the Darien Gold Mining Com-
pany agreed to let me stay at their station, called Marraganti, a
few miles farther up the river, and here I remained for over a
week, collecting on both sides of the Tuira. The region in gen-
eral was low, there still being six feet of tide in the river,
with heavy forests covering much of the country. One tree in
particular was very conspicuous, growing in groups, with a round,
smooth trunk seven or eight feet in diameter, and attaining a
height of probably 150 feet or more. At this season it was
leafless but bore clusters of winged fruits four or five inches in
diameter, which, when blown off by the wind, appeared from a
distance like a flock of birds. Another quite common and very
large tree was evidently related to the Brazil nut, Berthollettia^
and bore round, very thick, woody capsules seven or eight inches
in diameter, packed with triangular nuts.
I remained at this station nine days, but wished to collect at
higher elevations, and was fortunate in meeting Mr. Lachszyrma,
Manager of the Darien Gold Mining Company, who came down
to Marraganti while I was there. He kindly consented not only
to transport myself and baggage to the mining camp, but to fur-
nish room and board for a time under the same conditions as
for an employee of the company. It took me from April 1 1 to
April 16 to reach the camp known as " Cana." The first day's
travel was up the river in a dug-out canoe, or peragua^ with two
skilled natives to pole and paddle the boat, which contained
not only my own baggage but some 1,200 pounds of iron rails
as well. The river banks we passed were mostly low and in
places, for a mile or so at a stretch, showed four of the most per-
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156
fectly arranged zones of vegetation that I have ever seen. In
the background was a growth of Cecropia, a graceful tree perhaps
fifty feet high, with slender spreading branches ; next below came
a dense belt of chara {Gyneriuni)^ or sometimes in place of this
false banana {Heliconid) ; next, on the steeper bank, another
coarse grass, but much lower than Gynerium ; and, near the
water, a low grass forming a rather dense sod.
Fig. 27. Tower of Old Panama.
We reached the first company station above Marraganti the
second afternoon out, having passed the night on a sandbar
without trouble either from mosquitoes or other insects. At
this station I remained over one day to collect, but the region
was very dry and quite like that lower down stream. On April
14 I proceeded to the next station, called ** Cituro.'* The greater
part of this distance was made in the cabin of a forty-ton engine
balanced ,over a two-foot gauge track. As the railway was not
quite completed to the station, I walked the remaining two or
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157
three miles with a plant press. The country about this station
seemed considerably higher and moister than down the river,
with open grassy hills here and there, causing a decided change
in the character of the vegetation. I collected the part of an
afternoon here and the next morning mounted a mule for the
third and last station, called *' Paca," before reaching my destina-
tion. The distance was only about thirteen miles and I had an-
Fig. 28. The bate of the tower shown in the previous figure.
other afternoon in which to do some collecting. The morning
following I started afoot for Cana, ten miles distant, with only
my plant press, the baggage to be forwarded the next day. A
great many interesting plants were found along the road and piy
press was easily filled some time before I reached the town.
Cana is situated at the base of the Espirito Santo Mountains,
at an elevation of some 2,000 feet, the mountains reaching an
elevation of about 7,000 feet and being well covered with forests
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158
to their summits. It is claimed that from one of the higher peaks
of this range, Balboa first saw both the eastern and western oceans
some four centuries ago.
April 17 being Good Friday, no freight arrived in camp and
my baggage including dryers and a good many plants in press,
did not reach me until the afternoon of the next day. I was
afraid many of the specimens would be spoiled, but fortunately
only a few had to be thrown away. The following morning,
with plenty of papers and dryers on hand, I was able to get out
and do some collecting, but good weather did not last much
longer, for on April 2 1 the wet season started in abruptly with
heavy showers, and my last collecting of any extent was done on
April 27, although a few specimens were obtained at various
times in May, whenever I was able to get out.
Probably between 900 and 1,000 species were collected on the
entire trip. Of the lower forms, Dr. Murrill has already exam-
ined the small collection of fungi and reports some 24 species.
Of these, 17 are common tropical or world-wide species. Of the
remaining 7, 6 species are interesting or rare, while one is per-
haps undescribed, although collected before in Cuba.
I have rather carefully looked over the true mosses and find some
30 species. Of these, 24 are found in South America, including
2 that are world-wide in tropical regions and 4 that are also found
in North America. The remaining 6 species are at present ap-
parently known only from Central America, three of these being
probably undescribed. Respectfully submitted,
R. S. Williams,
Assistant Curator,
AUTUMN LECTURES, 1908.
Lectures will be delivered in the lecture hall of the museum
building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at
four o'clock, as follows :
Oct. 17. "Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms,*' by Dr. W.
A. Murrill.
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159
Oct. 24. " Wild Autumnal Flowers and Fruits," by Dr. N.
L. Britton.
Oct. 31. ** Letchworth Park and the Falls of the Genesee,"
by Mr. George V. Nash.
Nov. 7. " Plant Distribution as Interpreted by Geology,' ' by
Dr. Arthur HoUick.
Nov. 14. " Botanical Cruises in the Bahamas," by Dr. M. A.
Howe.
Nov. 21. **
," by Dr. H. H. Rusby.
The lectures will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise.
They will close in time for auditors to take the 5: 34 train from
the Botanical 'Garden Station, arriving at Grand Central Station
at 6 : 04 P. M.
The museum building is reached by the Harlem Division of
the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical
Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third
Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park.
Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway
at 149th Street and Third Avenue.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Professor John Dearness, of London, Ontario, visited the
Garden on August 29. Professor Dearness has been an enthu-
siastic collector of fungi in Canada and has contributed largely
to the Ellis Collection, now deposited in the herbarium of the
Garden.
Mr. H. S. Jackson, of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment
Station, spent over two weeks at the Garden in September com-
pleting his list of the fungi of Delaware. The Ellis collection
contains a large number of specimens collected in Delaware
by Mr. Commons.
Dr. Britton entertained the members of the Garden Staff on
August 19, on the occasion of the departure of Dr. C. Stuart
Gager for the University of Missouri. Dr. E. O. Hovey, of the
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160
American Museum of Natural History, and Mr. C. William
Beebe, of the New York Zoological Park, were also present and
gave interesting accounts of their recent explorations in Tropical
America.
On August 28, 1908, a thousand or more dead English spar-
rows were found on the grounds of the Garden, especially in the
shrubbery about the elevated approach and along the railway
line on the west side. In one small area 620 dead birds were
picked up where they had fallen from the shrubs at night. Their
death was due to the heavy cold rain of August 25 and 26 ac-
companied by a night temperature of 50° or lower. The pre-
mature cold was too great for the young birds as yet poorly
supplied with feathers. The death of sparrows in other places
about the city was noted in the papers at this time. The
English sparrow is a decided nuisance on the grounds and about
the buildings of the Garden, especially in the conservatories and
around the eaves of the museum building. It will be interesting
to note the effect of this wholesale slaughter upon the number of
birds next year.
Meteorology for August. — The total precipitation recorded for
the month was 7.19 inches, 6 inches being recorded for the week
beginning August 22. Maximum temperatures were recorded
of 92.5° on the nth, 94° on the 14th, 88° on the 19th, and
81.5° on the 30th ; also minimum temperatures of 69.5° on the
8th, 59.5° on the nth and i6th, 50.5° on the 21st, and 45.5°
on the 28th.
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM JULY i TO AUGUST 31, 1908.
BUSEMANN, L. Der PflanunbtsHmmer, Stattgart, 1908.
Chun, Carl. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen T^ef see- Expedition auf
dem Dampfer " Valdivia^^ iSgS-^, Zwciter Band, erster Tcil, Lieferung 1-2;
Zweiter Band, zweiter Teil. Jena, 1905-07.
GiSEVius, Paul. Das Werden und Vergehen der Pflanzen, Leipzig, 1907.
(Given by the Trustees of Columbia University.)
GoRDiNiER, Hermon Camp,& Howe, Elliot Calvin. The flora of Rensselaer
County, New York, Troy, 1894. (Given by Dr. H. C. Gordinier.)
Digitized by VjOOQIC
161
Hannig, Georg. Der Friedhof und ieine Kunst, Berlin, X908.
Hayek, August von. Flora von Steiermark. Enter Band, Heft i. Berlin,
1908.
Index Kewettsis. Suppl. 3. Oxonii, 1908.
Junk, Wilhelm. Indices nominum trivialium ad: Linnaei Species plantarum^
ed, /. Berlin, 1907.
' Junk, Wilhelm. Linni^s Species ptantarum^ editio princeps, und ihre Vari-
an/en, Berlin, 1907.
Kenter, J. MorpkoloigischMoio^sches Skiitenbuch, Ausgabe A: Botanik.
Amsberg, 1908.
Kronfeld, E. MORlTZ. Anton Kemer von Marilaun : Leben und Arbeit eines
deuischen Naturforschers, Leipzig, 1908.
Lelievre, J. F. Nouveau jardinier de la Louisiane, Nouvelle-Orleans, 1838.
(By exchange with Howard Memorial Library. )
LiNDAU, GusTAV. Nylanderi Synopsis Lichenum index, Berlin, 1907.
Nordstedt, Carl Frrdrik Orro. Index Desmidiacearum, Supplementum.
Lundae, 1908.
SCHLECHTENDAL, DiEDERICH FrANZ LeONHARD VON, LANGETHAL, CHRISTIAN
Eduard, & ScHENK, Ernst. Flora von Deutsckland, 3te Aufl. Jena, 1845-72.
21 Tols.
Switterland, Departement des Innem, Baum- und Waldbilder aas der Schweiz.
Erste Serie. Bern, 1908.
TscHiRCH, Alexander. Die Chemie und Biologie der pflansUichen Sekreie,
Leipzig, 1908.
TscH I RCH, Alexander. Handbuchder Pharmakognosie, Lief. i. Leipzig, 1908.
Vincent, Frank. The plant world : its romances and realities. New York,
1899 [1897 J. (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.)
Wagner, Maximilian. Biologie unserer einheimischen Phanerogamen. Leip-
zig, 1908.
Wallis, E. J. Illustrations of the Royal Botanic Gardens^ Kew, (Kew, 1908.)
(Given by Dr. N. L. Britten.)
Westerman, Wilhelm. De tabakscultuur op Sumatra* s oostkust, Amsterdam,
1 901. (Given by the Trustees of Columbia University.)
Winkler, Hans. Parthenogenesis und Apogamie im Pflontenreiche, Jena, 1908.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
2,500 specimens from Panama. (Collected by Mr. R. S. Williams.)
16 specimens of woody fungi from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with the
Bureau of Science, Manila. P. I., through Mr. E. D. Merrill, Botanist.)
750 specimens of fleshy fungi from Pisgah Forest, North Carolina. (Collected by
Dr. W. A. Murrill and Dr. H. D. House.)
25 specimens of fleshy fungi from Falls Church, Virginia. (Collected by Dr. W.
A. Murrill.)
2 specimens of Hepaticae from New Hampshire. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.)
I specimen of Epipactis viridiflora from New York. (Given by Mr. George V.
Nash.)
6 specimens of flowering plants from Westchester Co. , New York. (Given by
Mrs. N. L. Britton. )
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loo specimens, <*Bryotheca Exotica, Ser. I." (Distributed by Mr. £. Levier.)
21 specimens of mosses from Central America. (Distributed by Mr. F. Renauld.)
I specimen of Amblystegium hygrophilum from Pennsylvania. (By exchange with
Dr. George N. Best. )
8 specimens of Zygodon from England. (By exchange with Mr. H. N. Dixon.)
I specimen of moss from Guatemala. (Given by Mr. H. von Tiirckbeim.)
I specimen of Albugo Froelichiae (cotype). (Given by Professor Guy West
Wilson.)
1 6 specimens of Peronosporales from India. (Given by Professor Guy West
Wilson.)
I specimen of Tyromyces palustris from Miami, Florida. (Given by Professor
Ernst A. Bessey. )
3 specimens of Boleti from Stockholm, Sweden. (Given by Mr. L. Romell.)
98 specimens of fleshy fungi from Pisgah Forest, North Carolina. (Given by Dr.
H. D. House.)
20 specimens of fleshy fungi from Herradura, Cuba. (Given by Professor F. S.
Earle.)
6 specimens of fungi from Corvallis, Oregon. (Given by Professor E. R. I^ke. )
41 specimens of fungi mostly from North Carolina. (Given by Professor G. F.
Atkinson.)
30 specimens of woody fungi from Seattle, Washington. (Given by Professor T.
C. Frye.)
4 specimens of sac-fungi from Utah. (Given by Professor I. D. Cardiff.)
4 specimens and two photographs of Lepiota Americana from Redding, Connecti-
cut. (Given by Professor A. L. Treadwell.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
I plant oi Echinocadus sp. for conservatories. (Given by Mr. H. Dennerstein.)
I plant of Cattleya sp. from Guatemala for conservatories. (Given by Mr. H. von
TQrckheim. )
I plant of Allium cernuum for herbaceous grounds. ( Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby. )
9 cactuses from Colorado for herbaceous grounds. (Given by Dr. C. E. Bessey.)
8 cactuses from Mexico for conservatories. (By exchange with United States
National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose. )
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. November, 1908. No. 106.
FURTHER EXPLORATION IN JAMAICA.
To THE Scientific Directors,
Gentlemen : — In accordance with previous authorization and
with the approval of the president of the Board of Managers of
the Garden, I have continued the botanical exploration of the
island of Jamaica and the collecting of plants and specimens for
the greenhouses, museums and herbarium during a period of
about four weeks, being absent from the Garden for the purpose
from August 22 to September 30, 1908, this being my fourth
trip to Jamaica.* I was accompanied by Mrs. Britton, who
materially supplemented our collections of cryptogamic plants
during the trip, besides giving much aid in the preservation and
preparation of the general collection made, and she remained on
the island for two weeks subsequent to my return for the
purpose of visiting portions of the interior mountain region in
search of plants not yet secured. Sailing from New York August
22 on the Royal Mail Steam Packet " Tagus," we arrived at
Kingston without incident on August 27. Proceeding at once
to Hope Gardens, consultation was had with the Hon. H. H.
Cousins, Director of Agriculture of the Jamaica Government, and
with Mr. Wm. Harris, Superintendent of Public Gardens, and a
scheme of exploration was determined upon, planned to enable
us to visit portions of the island which we had not seen during
our three previous trips. To our great satisfaction it had already
*See Journal New«York Botanical Garden 7 : 245 ; 8 : 229 ; 9 : 81.
163
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been arranged that Mr. Harris would accompany us during most
of the time. I had begun, during the past summer, in coopet--
ation with Mr. Harris through correspondence, the preparation
of a Flora of Jamaica, and brought with me a copy of the manu-
script for almost one third of this work ; considerable time was
given to the consideration of this study, with reference to the
valuable herbarium and collection of living plants at Hope
Gardens. Knowledge of the Jamaica flora has been much
increased during recent years through the collecting work of
Mr. Harris and the study of specimens thus obtained by Pro-
fessor Ignatius Urban, of the Berlin Botanical Garden, and
others, while the expeditions sent on behalf of the New York
Botanical Garden have also contributed materially. Very much
more is therefore known about this flora than in 1893, when the
Hon. Wm. Fawcett, late Director of Public Gardens and Planta-
tions, published his ** Provisional List of Jamaica Flowering
Plants." We now propose to bring this knowledge into avail-
able form for general use by the publication of the work above
mentioned, as a volume of *' Memoirs of the New York Botanical
Garden."
Some collecting was accomplished in the vicinity of Kingston
and near Constant Spring, from August 28 to 30, but Spanish
Town was made the first important base of operations, from
August 30 to September 3, principally as the most convenient
point for visits to the Healthshire Hills, a low and rocky range of
considerable extent situated near the southern coast ; we traversed
them on foot in two directions, progress being slow and difficult
on account of the extremely high temperature and great aridity,
but were well rewarded by the discovery of several interesting
shrubs and small trees.
A day was given to the study of the hills north of Spanish
Town and the valley of the Rio Cobre below Bog Walk in search
of the rare shrub Bumelia Purdieiy named in honor of William
Purdie, a botanical collector who spent the years 1843-44 in
Jamaica in the interests of the Royal Gardens at Kew, England ;
we failed to find it, but detected several other plants of interest.
Proceeding to Mandeville on September 3^ four days were
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devoted to collecting in the Parish of Manchester, mostly at alti-
tudes of 1,500 to 2,500 feet. The climate of this region is one
of the most delightful in the West Indies, neither too warm nor
too cold, too wet nor too dry. One of my objects in visiting this
part of Jamaica was to secure living plants and herbarium speci-
mens of two species of air-plants, bromeliads of the genus Hohen-
bergia growing mostly on the limbs of trees, found there some
years ago by Mr. Harris and at that time new to science. I was
desirous of increasing our collections of these remarkable plants,
which have long narrow leaves growing in tufts, in appearance
being something like a gigantic bird*s-nest, the flowers borne in
large clustered spikes on a long stalk arising from the middle of
the tuft. Many kinds of these bromeliads grow in Jamaica and
a considerable number are endemic there. We readily found the
plants desired, as well as a third species ; some fifteen different
Hohenbergias are now known from Jamaica and we have speci-
mens of all of them ; at least six are new to science and will soon
be technically described. Special attention was given during the
entire trip to plants of this group, the Pineapple Family (Brome-
liaceae), and in addition to the Holienbergias most of the numerous
species of the other large genera, TUlandsia, Guzmania and
Catopsis were secured and one species each of Bromelia, Aechmaea
and Pitcairnia. All these air-plants are known in Jamaica as
"wild pines," the cultivated pineapple being called "pine"; in-
asmuch as there are no pine trees on the island, except some
planted ones high up in the mountains, no serious confusion re-
sults in the application of the English name, which could not be
used for these plants in the north temperate zone. The Garden's
public collection of bromeliads is in conservatory house No. 2
and is a fairly representative exhibit, now to be materially aug-
mented by plants obtained in Jamaica ; many others grow in
Cuba, Santo Domingo and in other parts of tropical America
which I hope may be obtained by subsequent exploration.
Our collections in Manchester were extensive, including speci-
mens of many characteristic trees and shrubs, among them the
large-leaved little-known Plumier's grape-tree (Coccolobis Plu-
tnieri), found in ripe fruiting stage on a hillside at Mandeville ; it
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is a relative of the sea grape or sea gr3ipC'trec {Cocco/o6is uviferd)
a common tree of tropical American sea-coasts, extending north-
ward to Florida and Bermuda, and like it has large clusters of
edible fruits something like small plums, the branches resembling
bunches of grapes.
During the years 1847 to 1849 the Moravian minister Henry
R. WuUschlaegel was stationed in Jamaica ; he was an enthusi-
astic botanical collector and discovered many plants new to sci-
ence, some of which have not been found again, and are repre-
sented in collections only in Europe ; much of his work, both
pastoral and botanical, was done in Manchester ; Fairfield was
one of his stations, and there we went in search of some of the
varieties discovered by him ; we were hospitably received by
Bishop A. Westphal who gave us information about the district,
which has been almost completely cleared of natural woodland
since the time of WuUschlaegel ; a few small tracts of " bush
land " still exist, but an examination of them did not reveal any
of the desiderata at this point though some were subsequently
found elsewhere. We were especially desirous of obtaining the
little leafless ground orchid, named in his honor Wullschlaegelia^
but our search was fruitless, and this still remains one of the rarest
of Jamaican plants ; most of the other orchids of the island, enu-
merating, large and small, some 1 80 species, are now represented
in our collections, several additions having been made during this
expedition ; in the study of these plants I am grateful to Mr.
Oakes Ames of North Easton, Massachusetts, for aid and infor-
mation ; he recently presented his valuable collection of living
orchids to the Garden,* and this is of great assistance in our
studies ; I secured a number of duplicate specimens of orchids for
his herbarium.
We returned to Kingston on September 7 and on September
9 made a new start by carriage to the mountains, our objective
point being Cedar Hurst in the Parish of Portland, the road cross-
ing the range at Hardware Gap at an altitude a little over 4,000
feet, and descending to Cedar Hurst at about 2,000 feet, the dis-
tance being about 32 miles ; beautiful mountain scenery is had at
* See Journal New York Botanical Garden 8 : 250. 1907.
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the higher elevations and the drive to Hardware Gap and return
to Kingston is one of the most interesting and enjoyable in the
West Indies. I had traversed it in the spring of this year * and
was glad of the opportunity to see the same vegetation in the
autumn ; we collected specimens of a number of species not
found in the spring, including the endemic air-plant Guzmania
Fawcettiiy named in honor of the Hon. William Fawcett, late
Director of Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaica, and found
first by Mr. Harris near Hardware Gap ; it proved to be quite
abundant in the vicinity. At Hardware Gap, as elsewhere in
these mountains, a number of north temperate zone herbaceous
plants are naturalized along the roadsides, including wild straw-
berries, buttercups, sorrel and dock, these existing there owing
to the cool climate to which they are accustomed at home. Just
beyond Hardware Gap five kinds of tree ferns grow plentifully
near the road.
From Cedar Hurst we climbed up to Moody's Gap, at about
3,000 feet elevation. One of the most interesting plants found
was the climbing aroid, Philodendron tripartitum^ growing on banks
and trees, its three-parted leaves somewhat resembling those of
jack-in-the-pulpit of our own woodlands, a plant of the same fam-
ily. I was glad to obtain this species for the collection of climbing
aroids in conservatory house No. 4. Another conspicuous air-
plant growing here is Guzmania capituligeray its large inflores-
cence bearing numerous small clusters of flowers. Many orchid^
were obtained and the region is rich in rare and interesting ferns
and mosses, many species of which were collected. Two species
of wild Begonias were abundant and beautiful ; the flora of this
region is very rich and diversified and more specimens were col-
lected on this day than on any other of the trip ; the rainfall here
is high, but we were favored by perfect weather.
Returning again to Constant Spring Hotel on September 11,
some time was given to the care of the collections and to further
studies at Hope Gardens. On September 13 a visit was made to
the Red Hills near Constant Spring, but the next important base
of work was Bath, near the eastern end of the island, in the Parish
* See Journal New York Botanical Garden 9 : 81. 1908.
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of St. Thomas, which we reached by carriage on September 14,
driving forty-four miles from Kingston ; the excellent road runs
along and near the southern coast ; some collecting was accomp-
lished at points on the way, but the long drive took most of the
daylight.
Bath is situated in the valley of the Plantain Garden River, at
an altitude somewhat above icx) feet and the climate is hot and
wet The hot sulphur springs, which gave the town its name,
are in a lateral valley about a mile north of the town, and the
baths there have long been esteemed. Bath is also noteworthy
as the site of an old botanical garden where many valuable
plants were first introduced into Jamaica, and which still con-
tains many interesting exotic trees of large size. While here we
were joined by the Hon. H. H. Cousins, Director of Agricul-
ture, who came to inspect the old garden and to consider the
availability of part of it as a nursery for cacao, the chocolate
tree {Theobroma cacao\ the cultivation of which is of increasing
importance in the warm moist parts of Jamaica.
Our first collecting trip from Bath was to the Cuna Cuna Gap,
through which passes the riding road over the mountains from
Bath to Port Antonio ; the gap is six and one half miles from
Bath, at an elevation shown by the aneroid barometer to be about
2,400 feet ; we traversed this road on foot and proceeded some
two miles beyond the pass down the northern slope of the moun-
tains, returning to Bath long after dark, favored by perfect
weather until nightfall, when the rain caught us several miles out
on the rough road and although protected by rubber coats we
reached our lodgings in a somewhat bedraggled condition. But
the experience of the day was well worth the wetting ; the moun-
tain views were beautiful, the temperature at the higher eleva-
tions delightful and the flora greatly diversified, containing many
elements not familiar to us and we loaded a horse with inter-
esting plants and specimens, including several rare species of the
elegant shrubs and small trees of the Meadow Beauty Family
(Melastomaceae), represented by many species in Jamaica. Mr.
Harris detected a single plant of an orchid with a strikingly
beautiful orange-colored flower growing on a tree trunk ; it is
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quite unknown to us and must be very rare ; the most diligent
search of tree-trunks and rocks failed to reveal another of the
same kind ; the plant was preserved in formalin for Mr. Ames*
examination.
One object in visiting Bath was to see the rare tree Prioria
copaiferay definitely known to us to grow only in the vicinity of
that place, although reported to occur also in Panama ; it is
locally known as oil-tree and gum-tree, its wood containing an
inflammable heavy oil or liquid resin, which gives off dense black
smoke when burned ; it was discovered here before 1 860 by
Nathaniel Wison, for many years curator of the Bath Botanical
Garden and a diligent collector who contributed much to the
knowledge of Jamaica plants ; its generic name commemorates
the important botanical work of Dr. R. C. Alexander Prior in
Jamaica. We failed to find it on the Cuna Cuna road. Mr.
Harris had visited the district in search of this tree some years
ago, and had found one at Mansfield, a short distance from the
town. We therefore visited the estate, where we were cordially
received by the owner, Mr. A. H. Groves, who kindly gave
us permission to explore his woodlands. We made collec-
tions of many plants, including some fine orchids, but did not
find the tree sought for. The valley of the Devil's River on this
estate proved very interesting, but we were driven out by rain in
the afternoon and could not explore it thoroughly.
The next day we again set out to find Prioria, going to Bache-
lor's Hall estate where it was first discovered by Wilson. After
climbing over the foothills of the John Crow Mountain range all
day, with only ordinary success, we were finally rewarded at dusk
and again in the rain, by finding it in a valley at an altitude of
about 600 feet. The tree is a magnificent one, forming a straight
smooth cylindric trunk rising to at least 90 feet, the head of dark
green foliage being oblong in outline. It was not in flower at
the time, but we obtained specimens of the foliage from a young
specimen and plenty of fruits and young seedlings on the ground
under a large tree. The genus is of the Senna Family and has
remarkable fruits, these being woody one-seeded, somewhat heart-
shaped pods, about three inches across, the seed germinating in-
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side the pod, which does not spilt open. Our walk this day in-
dicated one apparently practicable way of reaching the top of
the John Crow Mountain range, which has never been visited by
botanists.* We reached, at one time, an elevation in the hills of
some i,3CX) feet, and had a close view of part of the main range ;
our guides pointed out a course which might be taken to reach
the summit during dry weather, probably requiring camping only
for two nights. It is probable that unknown plants exist at the
higher elevations of this range, which runs nearly at right angles
to the main mountain chain, and I hope that opportunity may
come to explore these mountains before our study of the Jamaica
flora is completed.
The last day at Bath was occupied by care of the collections,
studies of the trees in the old botanical garden, a visit to the
ravine above the baths and in attending an interesting meeting of
the local branch of the Jamaica Agricultural Society, held to
give the members an opportunity of meeting Mr. Cousins, Director
of Agriculture. We drove back to Kingston on September 19,
traversing the " inland road," which took us through some inter-
esting hilly country where specimens of several species not seen
by us before were collected. Near Serge Island we found the
Jamaica wild grape-vine (Vitis caribaea) in full fruit, the vine
climbing to the top of a tall tree, the small grapes of a rather
pleasant flavor ; we came out on the main coastal road at Bel-
videre and reached Constant Spring Hotel late in the evening.
Mr. Harris and I devoted September 21 to 23 to another trip
to the Parish of Manchester, the base being the hotel at Bloom-
field, very near Mandeville, and extensive collections were made
in the country north and northwest of that town, driving one day
well north of the railway to Grove Hill. We again failed to see the
elusive little orchid Wullscltlaegelia, but found some of the other
interesting plants collected by Wullschlaegel. The best thing
discovered is a species of Dorstenia detected by Mr. Harris grow-
ing on vertical limestone cliffs at Somerset. This peculiar genus
of small herbaceous plants has leaves in tufts, and among them
♦See Journal New York Botanical Garden 7: 245. 1906.
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the cluster of very small flowers borne on a nearly flat receptacle.
It is included by botanists in the Mulberry Family on account of
the technical characters of its flowers, but should, I think, be
classified as a distinct natural family. The species found here
has shield-shaped leaves and is new to the Jamaica flora^ if not
new to science ; the other known Jamaica species, Dorstenia cor-
difolia, has heart-shaped leaves. Near Kendal I had the pleasure
of seeing for the first time in bloom, the orchid Epidendrum dis-
coidale, a stout large species with characteristic brownish flowers,
and secured plants for growing.
We returned from Mandeville on September 24, driving
through the parishes of Manchester and Clarendon some twenty
miles to the railroad station at Four Paths. Between Cla-
rendon Park and Four Paths we crossed some characteristic
savanna lands at an elevation not over 200 feet above the sea ;
these are grassy plains interspersed with thickets, and an oc-
casional pond, very dry at this time, but subject to flooding after
heavj- rains. Here we obtained specimens of several rare shrubs
and herbaceous plants not previously seen by us, including the
beautiful shining-leaved little tree Mouriria, of the Meadow Beauty
Family. Next day the collections made during the whole trip
were packed at Hope Gardens where they had accumulated. I
am grateful to Mr. Cousins and Mr. Harris for aid in packing and
shipping. Two general collections of ferns from various parts of
the world contained in the herbarium at Hope Gardens but not
needed there, were transferred by them to the New York Botan-
ical Garden and formed part of the shipment. I had selected
from our greenhouses before leaving New York, a large boxful
of duplicate living plants for the Jamaica Department of Agricul-
ture, and a number of duplicate herbarium specimens, the receipt
of these ferns being thus in the nature of an exchange.
I sailed from Kingston on the " Atrato " September 26 and
arrived in New York September 30, the collections coming on
the same ship, except some of those made by Mrs. Britton.
Living plants, seeds, fruits and herbarium specimens obtained
during the expedition aggregate about 3,500 specimens and are
important additions to our representation of the West Indian
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flora. The duplicates obtained will be used in exchange with
other institutions. The expenses were defrayed by a generous
contribution from Mr. D. O. Mills, president of the Board of
Managers of the Garden.
Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Britton,
Director 'in- CJdef,
THE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS OF FLOWERING
PLANTS.
The flowering plants of the museum collections fall into two
distinct divisions, the public exhibit and the herbarium. The
public exhibit is installed in the east hall and the east wing on
the second floor of the museum building, except a block and a
half of cases now standing in the west hall, while the herbarium
is arranged in the main herbarium room situated on the top
floor of the building.
Two distinct sections constitute the public exhibit : first, the
Local Flora, a collection of specimens representing the plants
growing without cultivation within a radius of one hundred miles
of New York City, is displayed in the swinging frames borne on
standards placed between the large exhibition cases. Each stand
displays at least ninety-six representatives from the area con-
cerned. The specimens are each provided with a label giving the
common name, the plant name^ the habitat, and the distribution
of the species. Most of the species occurring within the one
hundred mile radius referred to are now installed and labelled.
In the second section of the public exhibit, called the Synoptic
Collection, the flowering plants are arranged on a system showing
their relationship by families, beginning with the more simply
organized groups and ending with the more highly organized.
Characteristic specimens represent each plant family. The speci-
mens are supplemented by plates or drawings which stand beside
each specimen at the back of the case, while on the shelves in
front of the plates and specimens are shown objects, mainly parts
of plants from related species or genera, such as bark, leaves,
flowers, fruits, woods and fossil remains.
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173
The collection of flowerless plants was described in the June
number of the Journal for 1901. As compared with the four
subkingdoms of the flowerless plants, the flowering plants com-
prise a single subkingdom, technically called the Spermatophyta,
or the seed-bearing plants. However, this single subkingdom
divides into two sharply defined groups, namely, the cone-bear-
ing plants, or Gymnosperms, represented by the conifers, or the
shrubs and trees commonly called evergreens, and the fruit-
bearing plants, or the Angiosperms, represented by the herba-
ceous vegetation and the deciduous-leaved shrubs and trees.
Like their relatives, the higher group of flowerless plants, the
cone-bearing plants in an early geological age were the more
prominent seed-bearing representatives of the vegetable kingdom,
but in a later age, as in the present one, the cone-bearing plants
apparently began to decrease and the fruit-bearing plants came to
predominate; consequently the present representatives of the
cone-bearing plants may be considered a remnant of a once dom-
inant group in the plant kingdom.
The herbarium was described in the March number of this
Journal for 1900. At the time that description appeared all the
herbarium specimens at the Garden, of both the flowerless and
flowering plants, were arranged in the main herbarium room
referred to in a former paragraph. Now a half dozen other
rooms on the top floor of the Museum Building are devoted in
whole or in part to the flowerless plants, while the flowering
plants alone occupy the cases in the main herbarium room. The
growth of the herbarium has resulted in about an equal division
of the two main groups of plants as far as the case room they
occupy is concerned, the flowerless and the flowering plants each
occupying cases with a total of over five thousand pigeon holes,
while fruits and seeds and other objects too bulky to be placed
on herbarium sheets are contained in cabinets at the southern
end of the herbarium room.
The herbarium of flowering plants is made up of the her-
barium of Columbia University, including the Torrey Her-
barium, the Meissner Herbarium, and the Chapman Herbarium,
together with miscellaneous sets of specimens, and the Garden
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176
Herbarium, including over twenty-five individually formed her-
baria of considerable size, and several smaller herbaria, and
miscellaneous sets of plants. The collection is especially rich in
specimens from all parts of the North American mainland, the
West Indies, South America, Europe, China, the Philippines, and
Australia, together with a fair representation of the vegetation of
other parts of the world.
r I I I
7\ n — \-^
^ III'
"^ 1 r- 1 1
1 1 1 o: L>xj 10 1 II
1 — 1 — 1 — 1 ^ 1— 1 1 — 1
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Fig. 31. Floor- plan of the herbarium of flowering plants. Compare Fig. 7 in the
Journal for March, 1900. Dotted lines represent cases not yet installed, See
frontispiece for style of cases, cabinets and tables.
The importance of the Columbia herbarium, in addition to the
specific elements referred to above, lies largely in the great bulk
and variety of material brought together and preserved by Dr.
Torrey while he maintained the center of botanical activity in
North America. That period was conspicuously productive both
of individuals interested in botany and of lasting botanical
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achievement. During the first half of the nineteenth century,
the limited but well-settled area of the United States was apparently
more evenly furnished with men interested in plants and their
distribution than at any period before or since. Professional
men, business men and army officers in all parts of eastern
North America sent their specimens to Dr. Torrey ; while the
collections made on many of the expeditions sent to explore the
yet unknown portion of the West came to him for study. Dr.
Torrey's successors lost no opportunity to increase the value and
usefulness of the original foundation and accumulated much
important material by means of exploration, exchange and
purchase.
The Garden and the Columbia herbaria supplement each other
as well as any two separately formed collections could. The
consolidation of the herbaria cited in the following list may be
considered the foundation of the Garden herbarium :
The J. J. Crooke herbarium — North American mainland,
West Indies and Pacific Ocean regions.
The F. M. Hexamer herbarium — North American mainland
and Europe.
The H. E. Hasse herbarium — Central and western United
States, Mexico and Greenland.
The P. A. Rydberg herbarium — Western United States and
Sweden.
The L. R. Gibbes herbarium — Southeastern United States.
The P. V. LeRoy herbarium — North American mainland.
West Indies and Europe.
The H. Edwards herbarium — North American mainland,
chiefly California, and Australia.
The A. M. Vail herbarium — Eastern United States.
The F. E. Lloyd herbarium — Pacific slope and eastern North
America.
The O. R. Willis herbarium — Eastern United States.
The F. S. Earle herbarium — North American mainland, es-
pecially the south and the west.
The W. A. Murrill herbarium — Eastern United States.
The E. G. Britton herbarium — Eastern North America.
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The L. T. Chamberlain herbarium — North American main-
land, especially California and the northeastern United States.
The E. C. Howe herbarium — Eastern United States.
The A. Vigener herbarium — Mexico and Europe.
The A. Henry herbarium — China.
The O. Kuntze herbarium — West Indies, Central and South
America and Old World.
The American Museum of Natural History herbarium — United
States, Central America and Old World.
The Torrey Botanical Club herbarium — Region within one
hundred miles of New York City.
Some specimens of flowering plants were also contained in the
following herbaria which constitute a large portion of the collec-
tions of flowerless plants :
The J. B. Ellis herbarium.
The C. L. Anderson herbarium.
The N. Pike herbarium.
The J. S. Billings herbarium.
The L. M. Underwood herbarium.
The G. S. Jenman herbarium.
The T. F. Allen herbarium.
The W. Mitten herbarium.
The G. Massee herbarium.
These, with two other large elements, constitute the Garden
herbarium at present. First, many sets of plants from portions
of North America, South America and the Old World which
were imperfectly known or could not be explored during the
period of greater botanical activity at Columbia. Second, the
material secured by collectors on journeys of exploration main-
tained by the Garden on the American mainland, the West Indies
and the Philippine Islands.
J. K. Small,
Head Curator.
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179
DR. GAGER'S NEW POSITION.
At the meeting of the scientific directors of the Garden, held
June 13, 1908, the following letter was received from Dr. C.
Stuart Gager, Director of the Laboratories :
5 June, 1908.
Dr. N. L. Britton,
Director 'in- Chief, New York Botanical Garden.
Dear Sir : On the 30 of May I received notice of my appoint-
ment as Professor of Botany in the University of Missouri.
A realization of the unusual opportunities of my present posi-
tion, and a full appreciation of the congenial circumstances and
harmony that have marked my official relations here, have not
made it easy for me to decide to accept this new appointment.
For several reasons, however, I feel that I ought not to decline:
I have forwarded my acceptance to the executive committee of
the university, and beg to present herewith my resignation as
director of the laboratories of the New York Botanical Garden,
to take effect on August 31, 1908.
It will be difficult to terminate by that time some investigations
now in progress, and I will esteem it a great favor if I may have
the privileges of the laboratories and the experimental garden
until this work can be brought to a close during the coming
autumn.
Very sincerely yours,
{signed) C. Stuart Gager,
Director of the Laboratories.
This resignation of Dr. Gager was received with regret, and
his valuable services to the Garden and to botanical science were
discussed. The resignation was accepted and the chairman was
requested to write Dr. Gager a letter expressing the appreciation
of the scientific directors of his services while occupying the posi-
tion of director of the laboratories.
A copy of the letter written by the chairman of the scientific
directors is as follows :
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180
July 6, 1908.
Dr. C. Stuart Gager,
Director of the Laboratories.
Dear Dr. Gager : The board of scientific directors, in ac-
cepting your resignation, have instructed me to express their
great regret at the necessity for doing so, and to write to you a
letter expressing their appreciation of your services while occu-
pying this position.
In carrying out these instructions, it gives me pleasure to say
that your services both as an instructor of those who have
studied under you and as an original investigator have been,
without exception, highly satisfactory.
Your personal qualities have endeared you to all the members
of the garden staff who have been brought into close relations
with you, and you will carry with you our high personal esteem,
as well as our official approval. Not the least among our feel-
ings of regret is that in connection with the loss that the scien-
tific interests of this city and locality will suffer through your
removal. At the same time, we heartily congratulate Missouri
upon its good fortune, and trust that you will continue to feel
bound to us by mutual interest in your work and by the ties of
good fellowship.
Sincerely yours,
(signed) H. H. Rusby,
Chairman.
Dr. Gager was appointed director of the laboratories of the
Garden in 1906 and commenced work in that capacity in Febru-
ary of that year. While occupying the position he has directed
the work of many students and has carried on noteworthy inves-
tigations in plant physiology and plant cytology. His princi-
pal literary production during this period is his account of his
extended experiments with radium on the growth of plants, which
is now being printed as the third volume of Memoirs of the
Garden.
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181
THE NEWLY APPOINTED DIRECTOR OF THE LABO-
RATORIES.
In filling the position of director of the laboratories, made va-
cant by the resignation of Dr. Gager to accept the professorship
of botany in the University of Missouri, the scientific directors,
at their meeting on June 13, considered the subject in all its bear-
ings and concluded that it would be most desirable for much of
the Garden's work to secure a plant pathologist ; Professor Fred
J. Seaver, of the North Dakota Agricultural College, was invited
to accept the post, which he subsequently did, and reported for
duty early in September. Mr. Seaver graduated from Morning-
side College in 1902, and subsequently studied as a university
scholar In botany at the State University of Iowa, and served as
a special assistant to Dr. J. C. Arthur at Purdue University. He
held a fellowship in botany at the State University of Iowa dur-
ing 1903 and 1904, where he received the degree of master of
science ; he held a Columbia University fellowship in botany in
1906 and 1907, and carried on investigations at the New York
Botanical Garden during that period. He was a botanical assis-
tant at the University of Iowa in 1904 and 1905, instructor in biol-
ogy in Iowa Wesleyan University, 1905- 1906, and has recently
been assistant professor of botany in the North Dakota Agricultu-
ral College. Mr. Seaver's original investigations have been upon
certain groups of minute fungi parasitic on living plants and this
knowledge will be of great advantage to us in the cultural work
of the Garden. Mr. Seaver will also prepare some of the mono-
graphs of groups of fungi for " North American Flora,*' in addi-
tion to his regular work of supervising the work of students.
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182
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
The autumn course of lectures to the 4 B and 5 B grades of
the public schools of the Bronx, comprising fifteen lectures with
accompanying demonstrations, began October 6 and will be
concluded in November. The total attendance of pupils and
teachers at these exercises will reach twelve thousand.
The entire collection of Boletaceae in the herbarium of Cornell
University has recently been sent to the Garden for critical
examination. This collection contains valuable material from
Alabama, North Carolina, the Adirondacks, the Cayuga Lake
Basin, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Michigan, and elsewhere, mostly col-
lected by Professor Atkinson or his associates. A number of
duplicate specimens have been presented to the Garden.
Gray's New Manual of Botany has recently j^jpeared in its
seventh edition, prepared by Professors B. L. Robinson and M.
L. Fernald of Harvard University, with the collaboration of
other specialists.
A field meeting of the members of the Department of Botany
of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences was held at the
Garden on the afternoon of Saturday, October 3, over forty ladies
and gentlemen being in attendance. They were received by Dr»
Britton, who spent the afternoon with them, describing the collec-
tion of shrubs (fruticetum), and they were subsequently escorted
through other parts of the grounds and the public conservatories
by Mr. Wilson.
Meteorology for September, — Total precipitation recorded for
September 1.42 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded
of 84° on the 2d, 85° on the 9th and i ith, 86° on the 19th and
81° on the 25th ; also minimum temperatures of 46.5® on the
4th, 49° on the 8th, 46.5'' on the i6th, 56.5° on the 22d and
41 ° on the 29th. The mean temperature for the month was 63.5°.
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183
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM SEPTEMBER I TO SEPTEMBER
30, 1908.
EuLER, Hans. Grundlagen und Ergebnisse der Pflantenchemie, Enter Teil.
Braunschweig, 1 90S.
Fischer, Julius. Die Lebemvorg&nge in Pflanun und Tier en, Berlin, 1908.
FRANCt, Raoul H. Die Lichtsinnesorgane der Algen. Stuttgart, 1908.
Haluer, Hans. Ober Juliania, eine TereHnihaceen-Gattung mit Cupula, . . .
Dresden, 1908.
HouARD, Clodomir. Les toocicidies des plantes d* Europe et du bassin de la
Mediterranie, . . . Tome Premier. Paris, 1908.
Klinicksieck, Paul 8c Valette, Th. Code des couleurs, . . . Paris, 1908.
MiGULA, Walther. Pftanunbiologie, Leipzig, 1909 (1908).
Vickers, Anna. Phycologia Barbadensis, Paris, 1908.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
175 specimens of fungi from New York City. (Collected by Dr. W. A. Murrill.)
133 specimens of fungi from New Orleans, Louisiana. (Given by Mr. F. S.
Earle.)
106 specimens of flowering plants from Africa. (By exchange with the Royal
Gardens, Kew, England.)
100 specimens '* Kryptogamae Ezsiccatae," Cent. XIV, for the Columbia Her-
barium. (By exchange with the Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria.)
2 specimens of Rutaceae from Lower California. (Given by Mr. T. S. Brand-
egee.)
34 specimens of hepatics from Mexico, Panama and Colombia. ( Distributed by
Mr. F. Renauld. )
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
78 plants for conservatories. (By exchange with United States National Museum,
through Dr. J. N. Rose.)
2 ferns for herbaceous collection. (Given by Mr. R. C. Benedict.)
3 plants of Fragaria for herbaceous collection. (Collected by Dr. P. A . Rydberg. )
30 plants for the herbaceous collections. (Collected in the vicinity. )
I plant of Epidendrum for conservatories. (Given by Mr. D. T. Darnolt.)
1 plant of Haemanihus for conservatories. (Given by Mrs. W. H. Harrison. )
7 palms for conservatories. (Given by Mrs. P. L. vonHemert.)
16 plants from Mexico for conservatories. (Given by Dr. F. E. Lloyd. )
2 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. F. F. von Wilmowsky. )
2 packets of Crataegus seed. (Given by Mr. B. F. Bush. )
I packet of Thaliitrum seed for herbaceous collection. (Given by Mr. E. S.
Steele.)
1 packet of seed from Mexico. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby. )
24 plants derived from seed from various sources.
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JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. November, 1908. No. 107.
A NEW GENUS OF CACTACEAE.
The gigantic cactus of Arizona and adjacent regions, known in
its home by the common name sahuaro, is one of the most re-
markable of plants and the most striking element in the desert
vegetation of the southwest. As pointed out by Dr. D. T. Mac-
Dougal, it was probably first observed by Europeans about i 540,
when the expedition of Coronado passed through the region
which it inhabits ; Onate in 1604 passed through the valley of
the Bill Williams Fork of the Colorado River in Arizona and
noted the plant, and his account is probably the earliest printed
record of it (see Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 129-130). While
known to earlier explorers from the Atlantic seaboard, the first
specimens of this interesting plant were collected on the expedi-
tion of Lieut. W. H. Emory, a military reconnoissance from Fort
Leavenworth in Missouri to San Diego in California, during the
autumn of 1846, and the plant is frequently referred to in his
report. These specimens were sent to Dr. George Engelmann at
St. Louis and after a study of them he gave this cactus the
botanical name Cereus giganteus.
The plant grows on hillsides in southern Arizona, south-
eastern California and northern and central Sonora, sometimes
reaching a height of sixty feet, branching at from twelve to
twenty feet above the ground. Travelers through these regions
are always impressed by its very unusual form, and many
thousands of people have become familiar with it since three
plants were brought to the New York Botanical Garden by Dr.
MacDougal in the spring of 1902, where they have since been
185
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186
successfully maintained, flowering every year in late spring and
early summer ( Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3 : 96-98). During our
study of the North American Cactaceae, which has now extended
over several years, the species included by previous students in
the genus Cereus have been critically examined ; most of them
have been seen in the living state, and living specimens are now
in the conservatories of the New York Botanical Garden, and in
those of the United States Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington. As these specimens have come into flower from time to
time it has become increasingly evident that the conception of
the genus Cereus by previous authors has been altogether too
broad. This was inferred at the outset of the investigation from
a study of the published descriptions and illustrations, and from
the fact that the plant-body of species of Cereus ranges all the
way from slender climbing vines and low tufted plants, up to the
magnificent and stately proportions of the sahuaro and of the
other gigantic species which inhabit southern Mexico. The type
species of Cereus is Cereus peruvianus Miller, a night-blooming
species native of South America, fine large specimens of which
may also be seen in the conservatories of the Garden. Some
genera have already been suggested as distinct from Cereus by
one author or another.
The most noteworthy recent study of these plants has been by
Mr. Alwin Berger, gardener at the late Sir Thomas Hanbury's
famous home at La Mortola, Italy, entitled " A Systematic Re-
vision of the Genus Cereus Miller *' (Report Mo. Bot. Gard. 16 :
57-86. 1905), which is a great improvement over the preceding
discussion of these plants by the late Professor Karl Schumann
(Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen, ed. 2, 1903), inasmuch as
Mr. Berger first definitely groups most of the species into sub-
genera, more or less well-defined by floral and fruit characters ;
whereas Professor Schumann was obliged to group them only in
series, many of these being very unnatural, and based almost
wholly on the plant-body instead of on the inflorescence. Mr.
Berger's contribution is a noteworthy advance, and we find our-
selves largely in accord with his groupings of the plants, although
there are some results in which we are obliged to differ with him.
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Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. Plate XLIX.
Courtesy of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Specimen ok Carnegiea gigantea of maximum size, near Agua Caliente,
Arizona, on the slopes of the Catalina Mountains,
photographed March 25, 1908.
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reached mainly from a more complete knowledge of flowers and
fruits. Dr. Engelmann in his Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the
United States (Proc. Amer. Acad. 3: 260-346. 1856) had
earlier indicated some subgenera and had recognized Cereus gi-
ganteus as belonging to one of these, which he called Lepido-
cereus^ a name which it is neither necessary nor desirable to main-
Fig. 32. Cluster of flowers at apex of stem of Camegiea gigantea growing near
Tucson, Arizona.
tain ; he also included in this subgenus C Thurberi Engelm.,
native of Sonora and Arizona, which we now know should be
excluded, leaving only the sahuaro in the genus which we here
propose under the name
CARNEGIEA.
A day-blooming cactus, with stout upright stems and few
branches, or none, strongly ribbed, the areoles velvety, close
together, and bearing 12-18 spines. Flowers borne at the are-
oles near the top of the stem and branches, funnelform, the tube
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188
nearly cylindric, about half as long as the limb, bearing a few
broadly triangular-ovate acute scales with tufts of wool in their
axils ; petals white, short, widely spreading and somewhat reflexed
when fully expanded ; ovary spineless, oblong, with similar scales
somewhat closer together ; stamens very numerous, about three-
quarters as long as the petals; stigmas 1 2-1 8, narrowly linear,
reaching a little above the stamens ; fruit an oblong or somewhat
obovoid berry with small distinct scales, its pulp red, the seeds
very small, numerous, black and shining. The genus consists
only of the species.
Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.).
Cereus giganteus Engelm. Rept. Emory's Recon. 159. 1848.
The genus is dedicated to Mr. Andrew Carnegie. The Desert
Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, at Tucson,
Arizona, is surrounded by typical specimens of this unique plant.
N. L. Brixton,
J. N. Rose.
LETCHWORTH PARK AND THE FALLS OF THE
GENESEE.*
The Genesee River rises in the northern part of Pennsylvania,
in the Allegheny plateau, and during its course of one hundred
and twenty-three miles in the state of New York it has a fall of
fifteen hundred and fifty-three feet, finally emptying into Lake
Ontario at Rochester. This river is unique in two particulars :
It is the only river in New York which flows entirely across the
state ; and it is the only river crossing the southern boundary
which flows to the north. For a part of its course it forms the
boundary line between the counties of Wyoming and Livingston,
and it is to a short distance of this boundary portion, some three
miles in length, that I wish to call your attention. Here, in a
strife which was begun in ages past, but which is still continued
between the waters and the land, this river has cut for itself a
deep bed, known as the Portage or Glen Iris gorge, and in this
short three miles is comprised some of the most striking and mag-
nificent scenery in the eastern United States, being second only to
* From a lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden, October 3 1, 1908.
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Journal of the New York Botanical Gar din. Plate LI I.
Specimens of Carnegiea gigantea collected near Tucson, Arizona, in 1902,
in bloom in the conservatories of the New York Botanical Garden.
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189
that of Niagara, which, though more imposing and on a grander
scale, must perhaps give way in some respects to its smaller rival.
To this place, about the middle of the last century, was attracted
a gentleman destined to be one of the great men of New York —
a man of deep charity and broad human interest — a descendant
from sturdy Quaker stock. This man is the Hon. William Pryor
Letchworth, for a long time a member of the state board of chari-
ties, and for many years its president. A gentleman of the old
school, courteous and kindly, with an open hospitality which
makes the guest feel at once at home, and with a broad human
sympathy which embraces all mankind — to know this gentleman
is indeed a privilege.
To this man the state, the nation too, owes a debt of grati-
tude, for to his generosity the people of the country are indebted
for a gift of almost priceless value. As will be shown in detail
below, Mr. Letchworth has given to the state of New York, for
all time, the beautiful tract of land, containing over one thousand
acres, now known as Letchworth Park, including within its con-
fines all three of the falls of the upper Genesee.
It was in 1859, about two years after the Hon. Andrew H.
Green, a kindred spirit, had begun improvements in our own
Central Park, that Mr. Letchworth made his first purchase of
land along the Genesee. From time to time since then he has
made additions to this original acquisition, until now, as stated
above, the tract comprises over one thousand acres, and upon
its acquisition and improvement there have been expended by
Mr. Letchworth over five hundred thousand dollars. At the
time of its purchase it had been devastated by lumbermen, and
the tract was littered with only such refuse as a lumberman, in
his greed for gain, can make — old limbs and branches, rotting
logs, chips and stumps. All vestiges of these have been removed
and in their place have appeared stretches of new timber, care-
fully preserved, and paths and driveways affording access to the
beauties of nature here so lavishly displayed.
From its very inception, Mr. Letchworth has designed his
estate as a public park, and the public has at all times been
welcome to it. The immediate surroundings of his home have
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190
been restricted, but to all other parts visitors have had free access.
His home is known as Glen Iris, a name early conferred upon it
by Mr. Letchworth, suggested by the beautiful rainbows which
form constantly on bright days in the mists which rise from the
middle fall.
From a private park, private only in the sense that it belonged
to a private citizen, it was but a step to the broader outlook of a
public park, and eventually we find Mr. Letchworth seriously
considering the step to which I have already alluded — its free
gift to the state as a public park or reservation. A committee
of influential men was appointed, and after consultation with
them this step was taken. On December 14, 1906, this com-
mittee called on Governor Hughes, explaining their mission, and
it is said that he responded as follows : "In the midst of so
many calls from people who are asking for something from the
state, it is a novel and delightful sensation to have some one offer
to give something to the state. This is certainly a most generous
benefaction." On January 10, 1907, a bill was introduced into
the legislature providing for the acceptance of- this gift. A week
later the assembly passed this unanimously, but in the senate
opposition developed. An amended bill was there proposed,
but, on the insistence of Mr. Letchworth, the original bill was
finally passed by that body on the twenty-third with but four
opposing votes, and on the twenty-fourth it became a law by the
addition of the governor's signature.
The bill provides that *' the land therein conveyed shall be for-
ever dedicated to the purpose of a public park or reservation,
subject only to the life use and tenancy of said William Pryor
Letchworth, who shall have the right to make changes and im-
provements thereon.*' The bill also provides that after the death
of the donor, control and jurisdiction of the tract shall be in the
hands of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society,
of which Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan is honorary president, and
Mr. Geo. F. Kunz, the noted gem expert, president, thus placing
it in safe hands. Early in February the senate and assembly
adopted a concurrent resolution conferring the name of Letch-
worth Park upon this tract in honor of its donor.
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191
That this park might be made of even greater service to the
public, by emphasizing its educational side, Mr. Letchworth
wished to have a study made of the arboreal vegetation in the
park and the trees properly labelled. Dr. N. L. Britton, the
Director-in-Chief of the Garden, was consulted in this matter,
with the result that I was selected to visit the park and consult
with Mr. Letchworth in reference to this. My first visit was made
in the fall of 1 907, and a sample of the label used on the trees in
the New York Botanical Garden was submitted. Mr. Letch-
worth approved of this, and during July of the present year I
made a second visit for the purpose of superintending the affix-
ing of a number of labels of this type.
With this brief account of the history of Letchworth Park, I
wish now to describe to you, with the aid of a few illustrations,
some of its beauties and points of interest. A reference to the
accompanying map will help make clear the positions of the
various places mentioned.
From New York City the region is reached most conveniently
by the Erie railroad. Leaving the train at Portage, which is on
the Livingston county side of the river, a short walk brings us to the
long viaduct, upon which the railroad crosses the Genesee. From
the middle of this structure, which is two hundred and thirty-
four feet above the level of the river, a magnificent view of the
Genesee gorge may be had. Before us to the north, as far as
the eye can see, lies a beautiful panorama of undulating hills and
forest stretches, with the gorge and river winding like a narrow
ribbon to the north. About five hundred feet from the viaduct
the Genesee takes its first plunge, a cloud of spray and rising
mists marking the position of the chasm into which the river leaps.
This is known as the upper fall. Away to the northeast, about
twenty-one hundred feet beyond the upper fall, another cloud of
mist and spray reveals the spot where the river takes its second
plunge, this being known as the middle fall. It is but a few hun-
dred feet from this, on the left bank of the stream, that the resi-
dence of Mr. Letchworth is located. Between this and the third
and last fall, out of view beyond the distant bend, lies the pictur-
esque gorge of the Genesee.
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At the further end of the bridge will be found a series of steps
and galleries which will conduct us to the vicinity of the upper
fall. About half way down these we come to the falls of the
De-ge-wa-nus, a small stream which empties into the Genesee
at this point, and a little later to the picnic grounds. Here
tables and benches have been provided for visitors, and hitching
posts for horses, for many people drive from the surrounding
country to see these falls. At this point glimpses may be had
of the upper fall, but if one really wants to enjoy its grandeur,
Fig. 34. Upper fall, seventy -one feet in height, veiled in its own mist.
let him pick his way carefully along the slippery and stony bank
of the west side of the stream until he comes to a vantage point
from which he may view the fall as seen in the above illustra-
tion. Along the west bank the road continues, and soon we
hear the roar and see the mists of the middle fall, the greatest
of the three. From an observatory on a small rocky plateau at
the very brink of the fall, an impressive view may be had of the
great volume of water as it drops over the precipice to the river
about one hundred and seven feet below.
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194
Leaving the little observatory, the path follows along the brink
of the gorge to a point on the cliff not far from the residence
of Mr. Letchworth, where we get a magnificent view of the
gorge, looking northeast. The accompanying illustration gives
some idea of this, but only a visit to the spot will make one re-
alize its beauties. On either side are perpendicular walls of rock,
beautifully variegated by alternating strata of shale and sand-
stone, rising to a height of three hundred and fifty feet, twenty
feet higher than the palisades opposite New York City, crowned
on the left bank with a mass of vegetation to an additional
height of one hundred and fifty feet, making the total on that
side nearly five hundred feet.
This gorge of the Genesee is often known as the Portage
gorge, and these rocks, laid down nearly fifty million years ago,
belong to the Portage epoch of the upper Devonian age. Most
of what is now New York state then lay under a vast sea. The
rivers of what land there was at that time washed their sediment
down into this apparently shallow sea where it settled and formed
not only the Portage rocks but also others of central and western
New York. As time passed on, other and more modern strata
were laid down on this Portage formation, burying it out of
sight. Ages passed, and finally came a great upheaval of the
continent, when the bottom of this sea was raised up and dry
land was formed. As the center of this upheaval was to the
north, the strata, which were formerly horizontal, assumed a
gentle dip to the south. Then the elements attacked the land ;
the winds and the rains and the floods came and washed and
eroded, until finally in millions of years the Portage rocks were
again brought to view.
About the time of the glacial age a great depression occurred
in the north, reversing the inclination of the land, making the
rivers which formerly flowed to the south now take a northerly
direction. But the glaciers, stopping up the valleys with their
debris, formed large lakes, and one of these was located in the
large basin-like area, a part of the old Genesee valley, to the
south of the present Portage gorge. As the depression con-
tinued in the north, this lake began to overflow, naturally at the
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lowest point in its brim, which happened to be not at the region
of the old valley, but at the site of the present gorge. This
stream, probably at first but a small brook, following the line of
least resistance, gradually wore for itself a tortuous channel,
sinking it deeper and deeper as the years went by,"* until it
formed and is still forming for itself the deep channel known as
Fig. 35. Lower fall, looking up-stream from table rock, the separation into two
cascades clearly shown.
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the Portage gorge. At first there was probably but one fall, but,
owing to the variation in the hardness of the strata, which wore
away unevenly, the original fall began to split into two and then
into three falls, and these are still changing their relative
positions.
Leaving this interesting spot and continuing along the path which
skirts the gorge, a walk of about one and a half miles brings us
to the plateau above the lower fall. From this place a series of
stairs and galleries descend to the bottom of the gorge, and bring
us into a magnificent strip of old timber, consisting of large tulip-
trees, hemlocks, maples, and other splendid trees. It is a delight
to see this old timber, preserved from the devastating hand of the
lumberman by obstacles thrown in the way by nature. On the
one side is a tall cliff, now clothed with verdure, and on the other
the raging waters of the river, two obstacles which the lumber-
man could not surmount, and so we have left to us a remnant
and a reminder of what this whole region once was.
Passing through this strip of forest by a delightful woodland
path, we suddenly emerge upon the brink of the chasm through
which rush the waters of the lower fall. The view here pre-
sented of this fall is that which one sees from the upper end of
Table Rock, displaying both cascades. Here is demonstrated the
manner in which the three falls have separated, for you see the
first step of the process, the breaking up of the lower fall into
two cascades. In time these will separate more and more, and
there will be four falls instead of three.
Two of the most interesting features of the lower fall region
are Table Rock and Cathedral Rock, shown in the accompany-
ing illustration. Many years ago Professor Hall said of Table
Rock : ** The table above, which was formerly the bed of the
river, will in a few years become covered with soil and vegeta-
tion ; strong grass and willows will have taken root in the fissures,
and these collecting about them a little earth, giving a soil for
the support of other plants, the evidence of its original condition
will be lost. A century hence, some incredulous observer may
stand on the edge of Table Rock, then covered with shrubs and
trees, and deny that the insignificant stream flowing in its bed
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197
can have excavated this deep chasm. An observer of similar
disposition may now stand on the margin of the great gorge of
the Genesee at Portage and say that it is impossible for this river
to have worn it to the depth of 350 feet and a breadth of 600
feet. But the Genesee was once a more powerful stream, and it
has flowed in its present direction longer than we are usually ac-
customed to consider as the age of the world/' How true this
prophecy was is evidenced by the trees and shrubs, and grass
and other herbs now securing a firm foothold on this plateau.
Fig. 36. Table rock, with the flume to the left, and cathedral rock, as seen from the
left bank.
Leaving this beautiful region of the lower fall, we will return
to the upper portions of the park, traversing this time, however,
not the path along the brink of the gorge, but the road inland
which passes through the farm lands, comprising several hun-
dred acres of the estate. To the right of this road which paral-
lels the Genesee, we see the Chestnut Lawn Farm, equipped as
a modern dairy, while opposite to this, on the other side of the
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198
road, IS the Prospect Home Farm, and beyond these the Lauter-
brunnen Farm.
It is but a short step from this last farm to the residence of
Mr. Letchworth. Here we find a commodious house with an
ample porch on two sides, with large columns running up for
two stories, so that many of the sleeping apartments look out
upon it. To one side, between the residence and the front gate,
is a little pond with a fountain playing continuously, fed by a
perennial spring in the hillside near by. This fountain seems to
be a vista-point, for it may be seen here and there from various
parts of the grounds. Large evergreen and deciduous trees
surround the house, among them a fine American elm and some
magnificent specimens of the Norway spruce, perfect in shape
and branched entirely to the ground, their long branches trailing
in the grass. From the group of trees surrounding the house
spread broad lawns, the planting so arranged as to form charm-
ing vistas, which terminate in many cases in the woodland beyond.
The open stretches of lawn contain no flower beds, and the
shrubbery does not obtrude and detract from the harmony
around. Along the brink of the gorge trees have been planted,
with openings here and there, so that beautiful vistas upon the
falls and gorge meet the eye as one strolls along the paths. All
trees and shrubs not native to the vicinity are confined to the
regions in the immediate neighborhood of the residence, so that
the woodlands beyond contain native plants only. It is a delight
to walk through these woods and see the tulip-trees, white pines,
Norway pines, cucumber-trees, elms, oaks, chestnuts, beeches,
hornbeams, butternuts, and many other trees, natives of this
region, in such great abundance.
One of the roads through these woodlands finally leads us to
the Council House Grounds, one of the most interesting features
of the park. Here will be found an old Indian council house,
from which the reservation takes its name. This building, con-
structed of hewn logs, is about forty feet long and seventeen feet
wide. Its exact age is uncertain, but it is known to antedate the
revolution. It is a work of the Seneca Indians, and was formerly
located at Caneadea, or Ga-o-ya-de-o, the uppermost of their
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199
villages on the Genesee, about eighteen miles from its present
location. It was falling to decay when Mr. Letchworth decided
to remove it to its present site in 187 1. In taking it down each
part was carefully numbered so that it might be put together
exactly as it was originally.
The Senecas were one of the five nations which composed the
league of the Iroquois, the other four being: the Mohawks,
Oneidas, Onundagas, and Cayugas. Of these the Senecas were
the most numerous, enterprising, and chivalrous, and were set to
guard the western door of the confederacy. They were organ-
ized, devoted to agriculture, and were great orators. As Canea-
dea was m the southwestern border of the Seneca country, it was
a convenient rendezvous of war-like parties passing to their fights
in Ohio and Pennsylvania.
On October i, 1872, the last council of the Senecas was held
in this house, nineteen warriors, a mere remnant, being present
from the neighboring reservation. At this council the Indians
urged Mr. Letchworth to consent to adoption into the Seneca
nation, which was their way of showing appreciation of his devo-
tion to the interests of the Indians, for whom he had done so
much. Mr. Letchworth, however, declined. That evening he
was surprised by a visit from them, when they repeated their re-
quest, to which he acceded, the ceremony being performed on
his front porch. As was their custom on such occasions, they
bestowed on him a name — Hai-wa-ye-is-tah — meaning, "the
man who always does the right thing."
Not far from the council house is the " White Woman's Cabin,"
and near by the grave of Mary Jemison. The house was built
by Mary Jemison for one of her daughters on the Gardeau reser-
vation. The monument in front of this house was erected by
Mr. Letchworth to her memory. Upon this are two inscriptions
which tell the story of her life among the Senecas.
At the further fend of the Council House Grounds is a section
of the big treaty oak which formerly stood on the banks of the
Genesee below Mt. Morris, opposite Geneseo. This tree stood
near where the treaty was made transferring practically all of the
land west of the Genesee to the whites. It took place in 1797,
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200
in the presence of three thousand Indians, and consumed twenty-
one days. Four miUion acres were disposed of for jS 100,000.
This amount was placed in trust in the hands of the government,
and the interest is still paid on it as an annuity to the Indians.
The Genesee Valley Museum contains many objects of interest
relating to this section, among which are numerous Indian relics ;
also the head of a large mastodon, found about seven miles from
Glen Iris in 1879, ^"^ purchased by Mr. Letchworth.
Fig. 37. Middle fall and the view up-stream, as seen from the lawn in front of the
residence of Mr. Letchworth.
Before leaving Letchworth Park, let us descend the charming
woodland path which connects this reservation with the home
grounds and take a farewell look at the middle fall, which is shown
in the last illustration. Here we are standing on the edge of the
lawn, but a few feet from the south porch, looking up the gorge
of the Genesee. Below, but a few hundred feet away, is the
middle fall, sending up its clouds of mist and spray, which, on
windy days, is blown upon the house near by, and in which, when
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the sun is shining, rainbows come and go. To the right is the
little observatory, just on the brink of the fall, from which we
have looked out upon the waters as they plunged below. Further
on we see the hazy distance of the other shore, and still beyond
the mist rising from the upper fall to the railway viaduct above.
This is the view which Mr. Letchworth has looked upon for
many years and of which he is very fond.
George V. Nash,
Head Gardener,
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. N. L. Britton spent November i8 and 19 in Washington
and Baltimore examining collections of cacti, and in attending a
meeting of the Committee on Policy of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science.
Dr. W. A. Murrill visited Harvard University November 7 to
examine types of certain Boletaceae in the Farlow collection.
The autumn course of lectures to the 4 B and 5 B pupils of the
public schools of Bronx closed November 10. No postpone-
ments on account of rain were necessary during the entire course,
and on only one occasion was the attendance materially reduced
by threatening weather.
An interesting and unique celebration will be held on the estate
of Mr. Greorge W. Vanderbilt at Biltmore, North Carolina, dur-
ing the Thanksgiving holidays, commemorating the twentieth
anniversary of the beginning of practical forestry at Biltmore and
the tenth anniversary of the Biltmore Forest School.
The regular autumn course of public lectures delivered in the
large hall of the museum building on Saturday afternoons closed
November 21 with Dr. H. H. Rusby's lecture on "The Rubber
Plants of Mexico." These lectures have been well attended.
The first botanical convention of the present collegiate year
was held in the library on the afternoon of Wednesday, Nov-
ember 4. Mrs. N. L. Britton gave an account of her recent
collections in Jamaica ; Mr. E. W. Humphreys described an inter-
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202
esting analogy existing between fossil plants and those now living;
Mr. F. J. Seaver showed specimens of some fungi collected by
him in North Dakota ; and Mr. G. V. Nash exhibited a living
specimen of Stangeria, a peculiar cycad obtained in Europe in
1902.
An interesting plant of the genus Stangeria, a native of south-
ern Africa, may be seen among the cycads on the east side of
house No. I of the public conservatories. Unlike all the other
genera of the sago-palms, this one has pinnately veined leaflets,
giving it much the appearance of some ferns. It was from this
resemblance that Kunze, many years ago, named a leaf of this
plant Lomaria eriopus. Living plants were brought into cultiva-
tion, which, on producing cones, disclosed the real nature of
this plant. The name Stangeria paradoxa was then given to
it, but the specific name must now give way to that used when it
was described as a Lomaria, A young cone may be seen on the
plant.
The total precipitation recorded at the Garden for October was
1.46 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 75° on
the 4th ; 76.3° on the i ith ; 88° on the 17th ; 74.5° on the 19th,
and 67° on the 26th ; also minimum temperatures of 36° on the
3d; 39.5° on the 6th; 31° on the 13th; 37° on the 22d, and
34° on the 3 isL Mean temperature for the month, 59. 5®. First
frosts occurred about the middle of the month.
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM OCTOBER I TO OCTOBER 31, 1908.
Berger, Alwin. Mesembrianthemen und Fortulacaceen, StuUgart, 1908.
(Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
BouLANGER, Emile. NoUs sur la truffe, Lons-Ie-Saunier, 1906. (Deposited
by the Trustees of Columbia University. )
Engler, Heinrich Gustav Adolf. Die VegetaHmsformationen tropischtr und
subtropiicher Ldnder. Leipzig, 1 908.
Henslow, George. The heredity of acquired characters in plants, London,
1908.
Jongkindt Coninck, a. M. C. Dictionnaire Latin- Grec-Franfais-Anglais-
Allemand-ffollandaiSf des principaul tertnes employis en botanique et en horticulture,
Bussum, 1907.
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203
Kraemer, Henry. A text-book of botany and pharmacognosy, Ed. 3. Phila-
delphia, 1907. (Given by the Torrey Botanical Club.)
LeRenard, Alfred. Eaai sur la valeur antitoxique de P aliment complet et.
incomplete Paris, 1907. (Deposited by the Trustees of Columbia University.)
Sagra, Ramon de i.a. l/istnre physique, politique et naturclle de Pile de Cuba :
iotanique. Paris, 1838-45. 2 vols. (By exchange with the Department of Agri-
culture, Jamaica.)
Senn, Gustav. Die Gestalts- und Lageverdnderung der Pflanzen-Chromato-
phoren. Leipzig, 1908.
Zeitschrift fiir induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre, Band I, Heft Yj
Berlin, 1908.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
113 specimens of mosses from Japan and Korea. (By exchange with Mr. J.
Caidot. )
92 specimens *• Uredineen,'* Ease. 44 & 45. (Distributed by Professors H. & P.
Sydow. )
3,000 herbarium specimens from Jamaica, W. I. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs.
N. L. Britton.)
1 specimen of Emca saliva from Pennsylvania. (Given by Messrs. J. M. Thor-
burn & Co. )
10 specimens of flowering plants from Gait, Ontario. (Given by Mr. W. Harriot.)
50 specimens *' Musci ?>ond. Archipelagi Indici et Polynesiaci." (Distributed
by I^rofessor Max Fleischer. )
7 specimens of hepatics. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz. )
54 specimens of mosses from the Himalaya Mountains. ( By exchange with the
Royal Gardens, Kew, England.)
32 specimens ** Musci Norvegici." (By exchange wilh Dr. N. Bryhn. )
5 specimens '* Hepaticae Canariensia.'* (By exchange with Dr. N. Br^'hn.)
1 specimen of Picea from Keewatin. (Given by Mr. S. S. Cummins.)
7 specimens of flowering plants, co-types, from New Mexico. (Given by Pro-
fessor E, O. Wooten. )
2 specimens of .-/r<7/i7//i/j from North Dakota. (Given by Professor H. F. Bergman. )
600 herbarium specimens from New York, Virginia, Tennessee and North Carolina.
(Collected by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.)
4 specimens of rhragmiies aqueliong^nsisj tertiary (?) fossil plants. (Given by
Dr. A. Hollick.)
8 specimens of fossil plants from the eastern United States. (Given by Dr. A.
Hollick. )
190 specimens of cretaceous fossil plants from Long Island and Martha's Vineyard.
( By exchange wilh the U. S. Geological Survey. )
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
2 cactus plants for conservatories. (By exchange with United States National
Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose. )
I orchid for conservatories. ( Given by Mr. J. C. Zeladon. )
3 plants o Pandanus utilis for conservatories. (Given by Mrs. John H. Hall. )
I plant oi Uxistcnarhinensis for conservatories. (Givenby Mr. W. IL Mehlich. )
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204
1 pl&ni of Beaitcarnea recurvafa for conservatories. (Given by Mr. J. Chr. G.
Hupfel.)
4 erns for conservatories. (Given by Miss Margaret Slosson. )
14 cacti for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. F. Weinberg.)
16 plants for the herbaceous collections. (Collected in the old nursery.)
60 plants for conservatories. (Collected in Jamaica by Dr. and Mrs. N. L.
Hritton. )
2 packets of Cra/aepis seed from Montana. (Given by Mr. B. T. Butler.)
33 packets of Rubus seed. (Collected by Dr. V. A. Rydberg.)
50 plants derived from seed from various sources.
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Journal ok the Nkw York Botanical Garden. Flate LIV.
Kdiulh MrsHKu(»Ms.
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. IX. December. 1908. No. 108.
EDIBLE MUSHROOMS IN BRONX PARK.
The popular interest in mushrooms of all kinds is almost phe-
nomenal. This is due to their beauty of form and color and the
supposed mystery surrounding their origin and growth, as well
as to the use of certain kinds for food. Their nutritive value is
not great, being about equal to that of cabbage, but they afford
variety in flavor and add greatly to the relish for other foods.
Mushroom eating Is much more in vogue in Europe than in
this country. The struggle for existence is greater there, and
the edible and poisonous varieties are better known by all classes
of people. In China it is almost impossible for a botanist to get
specimens, on account of the thorough manner in which all wild
food is collected by the natives.
The use of mushrooms in this country is as yet very limited,
being confined chiefly to our foreign-born population. Even in
New York City many excellent kinds go to waste every season
because they are different from kinds known in Europe. This
is especially true of the puffballs, which do not seem to be gen-
erally recognized here as edible. On the other hand, many
species are collected in a wholesale and indiscriminate manner
by ignorant foreigners, who, while searching the lawns for the
common mushroom and the stumps for the ** beefsteak" mush-
room and the honey agaric, appear to gather everything they
find at all resembling edible forms known to them.
All knowledge regarding the edible and poisonous properties
of mushrooms is based on experiments, either intentional or un-
205
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206
intentional. The only safe rule is to confine oneself to known
edible forms until others are proven harmless. If one is a be-
ginner, he is like an explorer in a new country with an abundance
of attractive fruit near at hapd, which may be good or may be
rank poison ; he cannot tell without trying it, unless some native,
who has learned from his own and others' experience, shares his
knowledge with him.
The writer on this subject undertakes a very responsible task,
owing to the vast number of similar forms among the mushrooms
which are distinguished with difficulty by those not accustomed
to fine distinctions ; but it should be possible to describe a few
striking kinds in such a way that no serious mistakes will be
made.
The common field mushroom (PI. 5 5, fig. 4) is known to almost
everyone who pretends to collect mushrooms at all, and the
majority of collectors limit themselves entirely to this one kind.
It grows in low grass on meadows or on rich, moist upland
pastures, being common after rains from August to October.
The upper side is white with brownish fibrils or scales, and the
under side is a beautiful salmon-pink when young, changing
gradually to almost black when old. The stem is colored like
the top and has a loose white ring around it. There is little or
no swelling at the base of the stem and no " cup," as in the
deadly amanita, which latter, moreover, is white underneath and
grows usually in woods or groves.
The " spawn," or vegetative portion of the common mushroom,
is hidden in the soil and feeds upon the dead organic matter
found therein. When the proper season arrives, small fruit
bodies, known as ''buttons," appear on the spawn and soon de-
velop into " mushrooms," which are in reality only the mature
fruit bodies of a delicate and widely branching plant entirely con-
cealed in the earth. The parts of the fruit body are known as
the " stem " and the " cap." On the under side of the cap are
the " gills," which bear countless tiny bodies known as " spores,"
which are distributed by the wind and produce new plants as
seeds do in the case of flowering plants. The cottony " ring "
on the stem is what remains of a thin white " veil " which cov-
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Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. Plate LV.
Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms.
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207
» ered the gills in the younger stages of growth. This veil is not
present in all kinds of mushrooms.
In the cultivation of the common mushroom, bricks of spawn
are planted in suitable soil and the conditions of growth attended
to with great care. Anyone wishing to grow mushrooms should
provide himself with a good handbook on the subject, or learn
the secret from a practical man in the business. It is not easy to
do successfully unless done properly.
'* Here's a destroying angel with its head broke off/' shouted my
small companion as we entered a beautiful oak grove in search of
mushrooms. And, as we passed through, we found that several
other "angels" had lost their heads, leaving the large "death-
cups " almost hidden in the thin grass and leaf-mould where they
grew. Evidently, this most poisonous of all mushrooms, the
deadly amanita, had gone to grace somebody's feast, — and a
single specimen of it is sufficient to kill four or five persons !
I have frequently noticed a tendency in young or inexperienced
persons to belittle the dangers of mushroom eating, apparently
believing that a show of bravado or fearlessness will overcome the
effects of the poisonous kinds, as though they belonged to the
category of myths or ghosts. It is, indeed, true that many
varieties have been called poisonous when they were not, just as
most of our snakes have been under the ban on account of the
mischief done by three or four ; but there are a few mushrooms
that contain poisons just as deadly as that of the rattlesnake or
copperhead, and these are responsible for practically all of the
deaths due to mushroom eating. These poisons are narcotic,
rather than irritant, and their effects are slow to appear.
If distress is experienced within four or five hours after eating
mushrooms, it is a case of indigestion or minor poisoning and
should readily yield to a prompt emetic. If, however, from eight
to twelve hours have elapsed since eating the mushrooms, disa-
greeable symptoms should be taken very seriously, since it is
almost certain that one of the deadly poisons is at work. A phy-
sician should at once be called and the heart action stimulated by
a hypodermic injection of about one sixtieth of a grain of atro-
pine, which should be repeated twice at half-hour intervals.
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208
Atropine is an antidote to the poison of the "fly amanita/* which
paralyzes the nerves controlling the action of the heart. If the
** deadly amanita," which dissolves the blood corpuscles, has been
eaten, the atropine will probably do no good, and death will surely
follow if the amount eaten is sufficient.
The '* deadly amanita," shown in one of its forms in the accom-
panying illustration (PI. 55, fig. 2), is a very conspicuous and beau-
tiful object, occurring throughout the summer and autumn in open
groves and along the edges of woods. Neither its odor nor its
taste is disagreeable, as is the case with most inedible mushrooms,
and it must be recognized by a careful study of its form and parts,
which are, fortunately, very characteristic.
The most important part of the deadly amanita is the sheath at
the base of the stem known as the "death-cup," which is well
shown in the illustration. This is what remains of the outer coat
of the " egg *' after the cap has burst from it and has been carried
upward by the growing stem. The ring on the stem is similar
to that of the common mushroom, but the gills are white, both
when young and old, those of the common mushroom being at
first pink, then black. Nothing can be told from the color of the
upper surface of the cap because it varies so much, being pure
white, yellowish, brownish or blackish. Sometimes the surface
is perfectly smooth and at other times it is adorned with pieces
of the "death-cup,** which were carried up on it when the cap
burst through the roof of the "egg."
When gathering mushrooms it is exceedingly important to get
all of the stem and not leave a portion of it in the ground, since
the "death-cup" may thus be overlooked. Mushrooms should
not be gathered in the "button" stage unless mature specimens
are growing in the same place, otherwise an "egg" of one of the
poisonous kinds may be collected by mistake.
The " fly amanita " is as beautiful as it is dangerous. The cap
is usually bright scarlet, yellowish or orange, sometimes fading
to nearly white, and covered with conspicuous warts, which are
portions of the death-cup carried up from below. The rest of the
cup will usually be found in fragments in the soil about the
swollen base of the stem. The gills are white and remain so.
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209
thus diflfering from those of the common mushroom. The warts
on the cap also distinguish it. I have not found this species
common here, but it is very abundant in many localities, both in
this country and in Europe.
The death-cup and its remains on the surface of the cap should
always be looked for, and no mushroom of this group should be
eaten by the beginner, although some of them are most excellent.
The parasol mushroom is too miich like the amanita to be
recommended for general use, but careful observers may soon
learn to know it accurately. The cap is fawn -colored or brownish,
and its surface is broken up into broad, thick scales, which, being
a part of the cap, do riot separate readily. In the amanita the
" scales '' are parts of the roof of the death-cup and may be easily
removed from the cap. The parasol mushroom also differs from
amanita in having a free and movable, instead of a fixed, ring,
and in having no cup nor fragments of a cup at the base of the
stem, although the base is swollen. This excellent variety grows
in thin woods or along the edges of fields. It is one of the best
to dry for winter use.
The oyster mushroom, found in dense clusters on decayed
logs in woods, can hardly be mistaken for any poisonous kind.
It is attached to the log by its side or by a very short stem, and
is white throughout, with a slight grayish or brownish tinge. A
very nearly related edible species, the 'sapid pleurotus (PI. 55,
fig. s), which cannot be distinguished from the oyster mushroom
by the amateur, grows especially on elm logs in this vicinity.
The "ink-caps" are abundant and excellent, and it is almost
impossible to confuse them with poisonous species on account of
the peculiar way they have of melting into a black fluid when
mature. The glistening ink-cap grows abundantly about stumps
and dead trunks, especially of elm, and appears very early in the
season. It grew last year on buried wood under a tree in my
yard, the small, light buff caps appearing by the hundreds in
dense clusters after rains from April to November. When seen
in the early morning, when the plants were crisp and fresh, they
glistened as though dusted with powdered mica. Later in the
day, the caps expanded and turned black on the under side and
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210
finally went to pieces. They should be gathered young and
cooked within a few hours after picking.
The common ink-cap grows in close clusters on lawns, appear-
ing about the same time with the field mushroom. It is much
larger than the glistening ink-cap and is gray or smoky above
with a few scales on the very top of the cap, and white below,
but soon becomes black and melts away.
The " shaggy-mane " is a very striking object when it appears
on lawns, being cylindrical in shape, with shaggy, white upper
surface and white or pinkish gills, which melt into an inky fluid
at maturity. This is the largest and best, but also the rarest, of
the ink-caps.
The many-headed clitocybe (PI. 54, fig. 4) occurs in dense
clusters on lawns, especially in rather long grass, and is usually
found in great abundance when found at all. Its flesh is very
firm, with a slight oily flavor, and it may be kept for several days
without deteriorating. It is a valuable species and worth
transplanting.
The rough-stemmed boletus (PI. 54, fig. 5) is a very handsome
edible species and the most abundant of the group of fleshy fungi
having tubes instead of gills on the under side of the cap. The
majority of these are edible, but they are rather difficult to dis-
tinguish, and a few species are considered dangerous. The Ger-
mans collect many of these edible forms under the name of
** steinpilz.*'
The equestrian tricholoma (PI. 54, fig. 3), occurring in sandy
soil under or near evergreen trees, is too rare in this region to
be of importance. The specimens figured were collected in New
Jersey.
The honey-colored armillaria, or honey agaric (PI. 54, fig. 2),
occurs in great profusion in the autumn in this locality on and
about old stumps and attached to buried roots of both deciduous
and evergreen trees, on which it grows as a parasite. It is well
known to the Italians, being common also in Europe, and is
eagerly collected by them here. I recently saw one in the hem-
lock grove with over a bushel of the sporophores of this fungus.
The "brick-top,'* or perplexing hypholoma (PL 54, fig. i).
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211
likewise occurs abundantly in this vicinity until very late in the
season, but is confined to the stumps and roots of deciduous
trees, appearing in conspicuous reddish clusters of considerable
size. Its flavor is not particularly good, but it is useful because
of its very late appearance, and it improves puflfballs and other
species with little flavor when mixed with them.
Puffl)alls are the safest of all mushrooms for the beginner, none
of them being poisonous ; and they are at the same time very
excellent and very easy to get.
The field puff*ball (PI. 55, fig. i) is found on the lawns and in
fields where the common mushroom grows. Very few persons
seem to know its excellence. It is often picked when young
because of a faint resemblance to the common mushroom in
color, and at once thrown away. The accompanying illustration
was made from a specimen collected in the fruticetum of the
Garden, measuring six inches in diameter, but it is often not
larger than a good-sized pear, which it somewhat resembles in
shape. The surface is gray and nearly smooth, and the inside
milk-white, becoming purple when old and dry. The name puff*-
ball is assigned because of the cloud of dust which arises from one
of these old dried specimens when stepped upon.
A much smaller kind, about the size of a large marble, is
abundant in the same localities where the field puflfball occurs
(PI. 55, fig. 7). It is pure white and so abundantly adorned with
spines that it appears shaggy. When older, these spines peel
away and show the thin, brown inner coat, thus suggesting the
name " separating " puff*ball.
The studded puff'ball (PI. 55, fig. 3), found on the ground in
woods, is smaller than the field pufll)all, but is abundant and has
a longer season. It is pure white, pear-shaped, and ornamented
with spines having bases resembling cut gems. Another kind,
slightly darker and smaller but of similar shape, called the pear-
shaped pufflDall, occurs in dense clusters on rotten logs and stumps
in woods. I have found this abundant here late in November.
The giant puff*ball, which is rarely smaller than a man's head
and sometimes attains the huge size of ten feet in circumference,
also occurs in woods, usually near old stumps or in rich leaf-
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212
mould. There is a shallow pit in the hemlock grove in the
Botanical Garden where it appears every year ; and at Ithaca,
New York, there used to be a stretch of low beech woods with
a number of old stumps, where one might be sure of finding it
when the weather was seasonable. At a distance these giant
puffballs looked like a group of smooth white boulders, and a
small section of one of them was sufficient for a meal.
PufiTballs are good either stewed, or fried in thin slices with
butter, but cooked in the latter way they soak up a quantity of
butter and are very rich. Being tender they cook quickly and
are easily digested. They should as a rule be cut open before
cooking to see that they are not too old and that they are really
puffballs. If they are white and firm like cream cheese inside,
showing no yellow or brownish discoloration, they are of the
right age to use. If the interior shows no special structures, but
is smooth and of the same color and appearance all the way
through, then one may be sure he has a puffball. The *' egg **
of the amanita contains the young cap and stem inside, which is
readily seen when the egg is cut ; and the egg of the poisonous
stinkhorn (PL 55, fig. 6) shows the stem and a green mass inside
surrounded by a layer of jelly-like substance.
The hard-skinned puflFball, although edible when young, is an
exception to the color rule, being almost perfectly black inside.
It also differs from most puffballs in having a hard yellowish-
brown, warty rind, which must, of course, be peeled off if an
attempt is made to use this kind for food. It is commonly found
in rather firm soil in dry woods.
The coral mushrooms are easily known by their striking
resemblance to clusters of delicately branched coral. They grow
on the ground or on rotten wood in dense shade, and are whitish
or yellowish in color. Unfortunately, I have not found them
abundant about New York. When tender and of mild flavor
they make a delicious dish. None of them are poisonous. A
near relative of the true coral mushrooms, called Sparassis, was
found recently at New Rochelle by Miss Daisy I^vy and brought
to me for determination. This is a very excellent edible species
and cannot be confused with poisonous kinds.
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213
There is still one excellent kind that I must not fail to men-
tion. The "beefsteak" mushroom, common on chestnut and
oak stumps, may be readily recognized by its resemblance to a
piece of beefsteak. The cap is red and juicy, and is attached by
a short lateral stem. When cut open, the inside appears reddish
and streaked or mottled like the cut surface of a beet root. The
flesh is very firm and keeps for several days. If the acid taste is
objectionable, it may be easily corrected by the use of soda while
cooking. This mushroom will probably be very abundant about
New York in the next few years because of the great number of
dead chestnut trees.
In conclusion, my advice to beginners is to confine themselves
at first to the common mushroom, the beefsteak mushroom, the
puffballs, the coral mushrooms and other readily recognizable
forms, being careful to carry with them when collecting an accu-
rate mental picture of the deadly kinds, which have the death-cup
or the peculiar patches on the cap, and to avoid mushrooms that
are either too young or too old when selecting specimens for the
table. If one must experiment, let him begin with experiments
in cooking, since the way in which a mushroom is cooked often
has much to do with its flavor and digestibility.
The photographic work for the accompanying illustrations
was done by Mr. F. C. Berte and the color work by Mr. E. C.
Volkert. W. A. Murrill,
Assistant Director,
Explanation of Plates LIV and LV.
Plate LIV.
Fig. I, *< Brick -top ^' or perplexing hypholoma.
Fig. 2. Honey-colored armillaria or honey agaric.
Fig. 3. Equestrian tricholoma.
Fig. 4. Many- headed clitocybe.
Fig. 5. Rough-stemmed boletus.
Plate LV.
Fig. I. Field puff-ball.
Fig. 2. <* Deadly amanita.*'
Fig. 3. Studded puff-ball.
Fig. 4. Common field mushroom.
Fig. 5. Sapid pleurotus.
Fig. 6. Poisonous stinkhom.
Fig. 7. *« Separating" puff-ball.
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214
THE MUSEUM COLLECTION OF FOSSIL PLANTS.
The Original Collection. — The nucleus of the museum
collection of fossil plants is the material deposited by Columbia
University with the Garden under an agreement dated May 3,
1 901, in which year it was transferred from the University to
the museum building. It consists almost entirely of collections
gathered together during a period of some forty years by the late
Dr. John Strong Newberry, formerly professor of geology and
paleontology at Columbia.
The number of specimens in the collection at the time when
the transfer was effected was roughly estimated at about 8,oco.
Subsequent work, however, in the arrangement of the museum,
clearly indicated that this estimate was too low. It also did not
include a large number of specimens contained in several boxes
which had apparently never been opened. These have recently
been unpacked and the specimens arranged with the others in
their proper sequence — a piece of work which was impossible of
accomplishment until this year, when the six new cases provided
for the purpose became available. A somewhat hasty enumera-
tion now indicates that at least 2,000 specimens from this source
should be added to the original estimate and that the Columbia
University collection may be conservatively credited with not less
than 10,000 specimens.
The scientific value of this collection in its entirety, and the
historical interest which attaches to a large part of it, cannot be
adequately described or discussed within the limited scope of
this article ; but brief references to the more important facts in
connection with certain of the material may serve to at least in-
dicate what the collection as a whole represents.
Among the most interesting specimens, from the historical
standpoint, are those collected by Dr. Newberry about 1850,
upon which he based his earliest paleobotanical contribution,
" Fossil Plants from the Ohio Coal Basin." This paper was read
before the Cleveland Academy of Natural Science in 1853, and
may be found in the Proceedings, pp. 26-53. This same paper,
with additions, was also published as a series of articles, sparsely
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illustrated, in the Annals of Science, i : 95-97 ; 106-108 ; 116,
117; 128, 129; 152, 153; 164, 165; 268-270; 280-281.
1853, and 2 : 2, 3. 1854. These papers are among the earliest
contributions to American paleobotany and the specimens de-
scribed in them are among the earliest described American fossil
plants. Unfortunately, however, many of these are impossible of
identification with the descriptions and figures, although for the
most part they are designated as to name and locality by printed
labels, evidently text cut from the articles in the Annals of Science.
The specimens collected by Dr. Newberry may therefore be defi-
nitely identified, but it is merely an assumption that those desig-
nated by the text labels are the exact ones upon which the names
and descriptions were based, except in the case of those which
can be identified by means of the figures.
Other important collections, made by Dr. Newberry person-
ally, or made by others and reported upon by him, are such as
were obtained during the prosecution of various government ex-
plorations, from about 1855-60, viz., the Northwest Boundary
Commission, the Pacific Railroad and the Macomb, Ives, and
Raynolds expeditions, in what was at that time generally known
as ** the far West." Just how complete these collections maybe
can probably never be determined, but they contain a large num-
ber of the type specimens described in certain of the published
reports of these expeditions and for that reason alone their
scientific value can hardly be overestimated.
Subsequently Dr. Newberry was Director of the Ohio Geolog-
ical Survey and also assisted in the preparation of several paleon-
tological reports for other geological surveys, and further collec-
tions of fossil plants were obtained from these sources, the most
extensive of which is that from the Cretaceous of New Jersey, upon
which he based his " Flora of the Amboy Clays," published in
1896 as Monographs of the United States Geological Survey,
Volume XXVI. This latter collection is practically intact and
includes not only all of the type and figured specimens described
in the Monograph but also a large number of duplicates which
serve as valuable material for exchange.
Among the smaller collections may be specially noted those
upon which Dr. Newberry based the following contributions :
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216
" Descriptions of Fossil Plants from the Chinese Coal-bearing
Rocks, etc." Smithsonian Cont. 15: 1 19-123,//. p. 1867.
" Descriptions of Some Peculiar Screw-like Fossils from the
Chemung Rocks.'* Ann. N. Y.Acad. Sci. 3: 217-220,//. 18.
1885.
•* Fossil Fishes and Fossil Plants of the Triassic Rocks of New
Jersey and the Connecticut Valley." Monog. U. S. Geol. Surv.
14. Washington, 1888.
" Rhaetic Plants from Honduras." Amen Jour. Sci. 36 : 342
-351,//.*. 1888.
" Devonian Plants from Ohio." Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist
12 : 48-57, 104, 105, P^^' 4-^' 1889.
" The Flora of the Great Falls Coal Field, Montana." Amer.
Jour. Sci. 41 : 191-201, //. 14. 1891.
A few specimens only are lacking in the above-mentioned col-
lections, and these may possibly be found among the unassorted
specimens when these are subjected to final careful scrutiny.
Among the miscellaneous material may be specially noted the
extensive collection made in Australia in 1838-42, by the
Wilkes Exploring Expedition, containing the type specimens de-
scribed by Dana in volume 10, Appendix to the Report on the
Expedition ; two collections of Upper Devonian plants from the
celebrated " Fern Ledges " of New Brunswick, made and identi-
fied by C. F. Hartt ; a suite of specimens from the Tertiary sand-
stone of Bridgeton, N. J., mostly collected by the late Dr. John
I. Northrop, which have been made the subject of a forthcoming
Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey, by the writer, and numer-
ous lesser collections upon which more or less well-known con-
tributions have been based. Among these latter may be noted
the following :
"The Potomac or Younger Mesozoic Flora." Wm. M. Fon-
taine. Monog. U. S. Geol. Surv. 15. Washington, 1889, (A
small number only of the specimens described.)
"Note on a Collection of Tertiary Fossil Plants from Potosi,
Bolivia." N. L. Britton. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng. 21 :
250-259, i//ust, 1893. (Collection complete.)
** PreUminary Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Cretace-
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217
ous Formation on Long Island and Eastward." Arthur Hol-
lick. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 12 : 222-237, pis, 5-7. 1893.
(Collection complete.)
** Additions to the Paleobotany of the Cretaceous Formation
on Long Island." Arthur Hollick. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21 :
49-65, //j. ij^-iSo. 1894. (Collection complete.)
"The Cretaceous Clay Marl Exposure at Cliffwood, N. J."
Arthur Hollick. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 16 : 124-136, pis. 11--
ijf.. 1897. (Collection complete.)
"Notes on Block Island." Arthur Hollick. Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. Ii : 55-88, pis. 2-g. 1898. (Collection com-
plete.)
** A Report on a Collection of Fossil Plants from Northwestern
Louisiana." Arthur Hollick. Geol. Surv. La., Rept. 1899 •
276-288, pis. 32-4.8. 1900. (Collection complete.)
Accessions by the Garden. — Accessions have been received
from a variety of sources since the original collection was in-
stalled, either by the purchase of specially desirable material ; by
exchange ; by donation ; or by collections made during the prose-
cution of field work under the auspices of the garden ; and it
seems pertinent to here call attention to the fact that these acces-
sions were mostly all obtained from time to time, either for some
special purpose in connection with the museum, or through some
important investigation or report, and not merely with the object
of increasing the size of the museum collection.
By Purchase. — The largest single accession is the collection
of Cretaceous plants from the Dakota sandstones of Kansas,
purchased from Mr. Charles H. Sternberg. This contains some
1,400 specimens, beautifully preserved and admirably adapted
for display purposes. It also includes some of great biological
interest, such as an almost perfect petal of a large magnolia
flower and two well-preserved fig fruits. Both of these are
unique fossils, not elsewhere represented in any museum, so far
as known. They may be found described and figured in a paper
entitled *' A Fossil Petal and a Fossil Fruit from the Cretaceous
(Dakota Group) of Kansas " in ^the Bulletin of the Torrey Bo-
tanical Club, 30 : 102-101, figs. ^' B. 1903.
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218
By Exchange. — Three collections have been added by ex-
change of specimens. One of European Jurassic and Tertiary
plants, from the Natural History Museum of Paris, containing
75 specimens ; the others of Tertiary plants from the John Day
Valley beds of Oregon, and Cretaceous and Tertiary plants from
the Yellowstone National Park', from the U. S. National Mu-
seum, consisting of 1 5 and 50 specimens, respectively.
In exchange for reports on collections submitted for examina-
tion to the curator of fossil botany the following accessions are
to be noted :
About SCO specimens representing the flora of certain Cre-
taceous, Tertiary and Quaternary horizons in Maryland, from
the Maryland Geological Survey. Two reports on this material
have been issued, viz. : " Plantae : Phanerogamia." Md. Geol.
Surv., Miocene: 483-486, figs, la-i/t, 1904, and ** Systematic
Paleontology of the Pleistocene Deposits of Maryland : Pterido-
phyta and Spermatophyta." Ibid. Pliocene and Pleistocene :
217-237, pis. 6y-ys. 1906. All of the type specimens de-
scribed and figured in these reports are included.
About 200 specimens representing the Cretaceous flora of
Long Island and Marthas Vineyard, from the U. S. Geolog-
ical Survey. These are duplicates, a number of them counter-
parts of type specimens, forming a part of the material upon which
was based *' The Cretaceous Flora of Southern New York and
New England," issued as Monographs of the United States Geo-
logical Survey, Volume L., Washington, 1906. In this instance
the Garden could only secure the duplicates, as all type or figured
specimens collected through the Survey are by law required to
be deposited in the U. S. National Museum.
About 160 specimens of Tertiary plants from Louisiana, not
yet reported on, from the Louisiana Geological Survey.
About 25 specimens from the Grand Gulf formation of Ala-
bama, from the Geological Survey of Alabama. Examined
and reported upon.
About 20 specimens from the Laramie formation of the Bad
I^nds, from the American Museum of Natural History.
Examined and reported upon.
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219
By Donation. — The following collections have been added
through donations :
About 3 50 specimens from the Cretaceous clay marls of New
Jersey, by Mr. E. W. Berry, containing all of the type and figured
specimens described in the following contributions :
" The Flora of the Matawan Formation (Crosswick's clays).*'
Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 3: 45-103, pis. 43-57. 1903.
" New Species of Plants from the Matawan Formation."
Amer. Nat. 37: 677-684, ^^j. /-p. 1903.
•'Additions to the Flora of the Matawan Formation." Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 31 : 67-82, ph. /-j. 1904.
" Additions to the Fossil Flora from Cliffwood, New Jersey."
Bull Torrey Bot. Club 32 : 43-48, pis. 7, 2. 1905.
About 75 specimens from the Tertiary shales of Florissant,
Colorado, by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell. These include
several unique and interesting examples of the preservation of
delicate plant remains, two of which have been made the subjects
of special papers, viz. :
" American Fossil Mosses, with Description of a New Species
from Florissant, Colorado." E. G. Britton and Arthur HoUick.
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 34: 139-142,//. p. 1907.
•* Description of a New Tertiary Fossil Flower from Florissant,
Colorado." Arthur Hollick. Torrcya 7: 182-184, figs. /, 2.
1907.
About 50 specimens from the Lower Cretaceous (Great Falls
Group) of Montana, by R. S. Williams, including the type of
Zamites Montanensis Font. (See article in the Journal, 7 : 115.
1906.)
In addition to the above collections there have been several
lesser ones donated, probably aggregating about 100 specimens
in all.
By Collection. — Through the members of the staff and others
interested in the Garden, specimens are constantly being added
from collections made in the field. Three of these may be speci-
ally mentioned, viz :
About 1 50 specimens from Long Island and Martha's Vine-
yard, forming part of the material previously mentioned as the
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220
basis of the U. S. Geological Survey Memoir on *' The Cretaceous
Flora of Southern New York and New England." A number
of the type specimens there decribed and figured are included.
About 50 specimens of fossil leaf impressions, lignites and
amber from the Cretaceous clays of Kreischerville, Staten Island,
containing the best preserved Cretaceous material for structural
study ever discovered. Several preliminary papers dealing with
these remains have been issued viz. :
"The Occurrence and Origin of Amber in the Eastern United
States." Arthur Hollick. Amer. Nat. 39: 137-145, //j. /-J.
1905.
** Affinities of Certain Cretaceous Plant Remains Commonly Re-
ferred to the Genera Dammara and Brachyphyllum,** Arthur Hol-
lick and E. C. Jeffrey. Amer. Nat. 40: 189-216,//^. /-j. 1906.
** On Cretaceous Pityoxyla." E. C. Jeffrey and M. A. Chrysler.
Bot. Gaz. 42 : i-i5,//y. 7, 2, 1906.
"The Wound Reactions of Brachyphyllum." E. C. Jeffi-ey.
Ann. Bot. 20 : 383-394, pis, 2y, 28, 1906.
** Araucariopitys, a New Genus of Araucarians." E. C. Jef-
frey. Bot. Gaz. 44: 435-444, //j. 28''jo. 1907.
'* On the Structure of the Leaf in Cretaceous Pines." E. C.
Jeffrey. Ann. Bot. 22 : 207-220, pis. ij, 14. 1908.
Part of this material has also been utilized in the preparation
of a forthcoming Memoir of the Garden, now ready for the
press, and the remainder for a subsequent contribution which
is planned to be issued as a publication of the U. S. Geological
Survey, from which source a grant of ^(300 was obtained for
the prosecution of field and laboratory work.
About 15 specimens of Devonian (Cattskill Group) plants,
from Tannersville, Pennsylvania, an horizon which has yielded
comparatively few well-defined fossil plants in this region.
Summary of Accessions, — It may thus be seen that the Garden
has added to the original collection :
By purchase, 1,400 specimens.
" exchange, 1,045 "
•* donation, 575 '*
" collection, 215
Total, "3,235
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221
It should also be remarked that the number indicating the
number of specimens collected (2 1 5) is more or less misleading
for the reason that a large part of these consist of finely divided
lignitic material, contained in vials or massed in bulk, each so-
called specimen, therefore, including many individual specimens.
Arrangement of the Collection. — The general arrange-
ment of the collection is on the basis of geologic sequence, and
is designed primarily to indicate the evolution of plant life from its
earliest appearance on earth up to the present time. The best
preserved specimens, or those which have some special signific-
ance or are of value for general educational purposes, are displayed
under glass, and the remainder are arranged in the tiers of
drawers beneath the floor cases.
There are now twelve floor cases and five wall cases, located
in the main basement hall, to the east and west of the central
part, and numbered in accordance with the geologic sequence of
time and periods, as follows : (See Fig. 38.)
Floor Cases.
No. I — Paleozoic Time. Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and early
Carboniferous Periods.
Nos. 2-4 — Paleozoic Time. Carboniferous Period.
No. 5 — Mesozoic Time. Triassic and Jurassic Periods.
Nos. 6-8 — Mesozoic Time. Lower Cretaceous Period.
No. Q — Mesozoic Time. Upper Cretaceous Period.
No. 10 — Neozoic Time. Tertiary Period (Eocene).
No. II — Neozoic Time. Tertiary Period (Eocene and Miocene).
No. 12 — Neozoic Time. Tertiary (Miocene), Quaternary and Modern Periods.
Wall Cases.
No. I — Paleozoic Time. Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian Periods.
Nos. 2-4 — Paleozoic Time. Carboniferous Period.
No. 5 — Neozoic Time. Tertiary and Quaternary Periods.
A fair idea of the sequence of plant life in the history of the
earth may therefore be obtained by observing the specimens in
their sequence in accordance with the numbering of the cases, as
indicated in Fig. 38. This, as previously stated, is a geolog-
ical arrangement, but incidentally it is also roughly biological
and follows the same system as that on which the museum of
systematic botany is arranged, inasmuch as the plants of the
earlier periods are low in the scale of life and those of the later
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periods include a constantly increasing number of the higher
forms. Thus, for example, in the cases representing Paleozoic
time the plants are all thallophytes or seaweeds, pteridophytes
or ferns and their allies, cycado-filices or cycad-fems, and a few
conifers. In the first case representing Mesozic time, contain-
ing the plants of the Triassic and Jurassic periods, the majority
consists of gymnosperms, both cycads and conifers, while in the
next succeeding Mesozoic cases, containing the Lower and Upper
Cretaceous plants, nearly all are angiosperms, many of them
included in genera now in existence. The cases representing
Neozoic time contain a constantly increasing number of living
genera of angiosperms, until finally, in the last case, may be seen
the remains of Quaternary plants which are indentical, both gener-
ically and specifically, with our living flora.
Coincident with this general arrangement, which illustrates the
evolution of the vegetable kingdom as a whole, each case con-
tains some individual specimens, or groups of specimens, which
illustrate certain features or indicate certain phases of the subject,
which are of interest to students in special lines of investigation.
For example, most of the problematic fossils, those which have
been classed by some authorities as the remains of plants and by
others as traces of animals or as inorganic markings, may be seen
in floor and wall cases No. i ; namely, Plumulina, which is prob-
ably a hydroid ; Phytopsis^ which may be a coral ; Scolithus, al-
most certainly caused by worm burrows ; Dendrophyctis, which
may represent current markings ; Dictyolites, which is most
likely due to sun cracks, etc. These, and others under the genera
Paleophycus^ Fucoides, Arthophycus^ Archaeophyton^ etc., have all
been and some still are subjects of controversy as to their origin
or relationships. In floor case No. 2 and floor and wall cases
No. 3, are most of the fern-like plants, all of which were formerly
thought to be true ferns, but many of which are now known,
from critical study of the remains, to belong to an extinct order,
Cycadofilicales, which had the outward appearance of ferns with
fructification similar to that of the cycads or sago palms. Repre-
sentatives of the interesting " Glossopteris flora " may be found
in floor case No. 5, — a flora of uncertain botanical relationship
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224
which flourished in the transition period between Paleozic and
Mesozoic Time, particularly in the southern hemisphere, and may
yet have its living prototype in the South African genus Stangeria,
a cycad having leaves with pinnately arranged forking veins,
similar to ferns. Fossil plants found within the limits of the
City of New York, on Staten Island, or in the immediate
vicinity, in New Jersey and on Long Island, are displayed
in floor cases Nos. 6 and 7. Methods of preservation, either by
petrification, incrustation or carbonization, are shown by numer-
ous specimens of silicified wood, remains of various kinds from
the vicinity of calcareous or siltcious springs, and from Quater-
nary and recent swamp deposits, in wall case No. 5, and in floor
cases Nos. 11 and 12. A large part of the material in floor case
No. 1 2 is designed especially to indicate how our living flora is
being preserved in our peat bogs and other swamp and pond de-
posits and gradually converted into lignite, by the slow process
of natural distillation.
A view of the north side of the east wing of the museum hall,
containing floor and wall cases Nos. 1-3, is shown in Fig. 39.
Facilities for Critical Study and Research. — While the
main object of the museum arrangement is to enable the casual
visitor to obtain a general idea of the significance of the collec-
tion and the salient features which it represents, it is also well
adapted for critical study and research. The plants of any given
horizon or period may be found in their proper stratigraphic
position in the cases, in accordance with the general arrange-
ment of the museum, and the specimens from each locality, or
those collected by any expedition at any one time from an exten-
sive area or region are grouped together, and whenever possible
a duplicate copy of the paper in which the specimens arc
described is deposited with them for ready reference. Type
specimens are designated by red stars and others which have been
the subjects of illustrations are indicated by blue triangles.
The library of fossil botany, which has been developed in con-
nection with the collection, is now second only to that of the
U. S. National Museum. Cordial relations have been established
with practically every paleobotanist in the world, with the result
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^5
t
o
O
c
'5
1
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226
that nearly all important works or papers on paleobotany come
to the library as soon as published.
Every year students and investigators in paleobotany have
availed themselves of the opportunities and advantages which the
Garden supplies in this line of work, which are believed to be
unequalled by any other institution in America, and which could
be still further enlarged by including within their scope equip-
ment for morphological as well as systematic work.
Arthur Hollick.
Curator,
ENRICHING SOIL BY CRIMSON CLOVER.
The value of clovers and other leguminous plants in the ferti-
lization of soils has long been recognized but it is only within
comparatively recent years that the reasons for this have been
thoroughly studied.
Nitrogen which is contained in the soil in the form of com-
pounds is necessary to the life of the plant, and although free
nitrogen is present in the air in great abundance it is not avail-
able to the average plant in this form. When the nitrogen com-
pounds become exhausted from the soil by constant use it be-
comes necessary to restore these through fertilizers. Although
free nitrogen is not available by the average plant it has been
found that certain bacteria which are known as nitrifying bacteria
are able to use the free nitrogen from the air and to fix it in the
form of compounds in which form it is available by other plants.
These bacteria do not act alone but live as parasites on the roots
of clovers and related plants where they form swellings known
as nodules. Although parasites, they give in return for the sus-
tenance which they draw from the plant on which they grow, the
nitrogen so necessary to that plant. Through this adaptation
leguminous plants are able to grow in soils which contain a very
small amount of nitrogen compounds and to restore to the soil
through their remains these compounds in sufficient quantity to
supply the needs of other forms of vegetation. By the growth
and the subsequent plowing under of leguminous crops it has
Digitized by VjOOQIC
227
been found that worn out soils may be fertilized at much lower
cost than by other artificial means.
As noted in the Journal for June an area of about half an
acre of land at the rear of the museum building was graded and
prepared for sowing crimson clover seed in April and May. The
area was one that had to be denuded in the general grading op-
erations around the building and a great deal of rook taken out
of it, and it was subsequently covered to an average depth of
about lO inches with top-soil hauled from other parts of the
grounds, affording excellent opportunity for the use of crimson
clover instead of manure for fertilizing. The record of growth
is as follows :
May 14, seed sown and the ground rolled.
May 20, first appearance of seed-leaves above ground.
May 30, first simple foliage leaves abundant.
June 2, tubercles on main roots nearly i mm. in diameter;
minute tubercles on secondary roots.
June 15, plants about 2 inches high; increase in tubercles on
the root system.
July I, crop averaging 6 inches high, with proportionate in-
crease of tubercles on the root system.
The continued and severe drought through June and July
greatly retarded growth, so that not more than about one third
of the full crop was obtained. A small proportion of the plants
came into bloom late in July.
August 7, the crop was plowed in.
September 9, area sown with lawn mixture.
December i , area well covered with young grass.
Expenditures in May.
Plowing, team and 2 men, one day I7.00
Harrowing and rolling, team and i man, \ day 1.25
Sowing, I man, \ day 40
Cost of crimson clover seed 72
Expenditures in August.
Plowing, team and 2 men, } day 5.25
Expenditures in September.
Cost of lawn grass seed 2.00
Harrowing, sowing and rolling 4.50
Total expenses for half an acre ^21.12
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228
The cost of thus enriching a large acreage would, of course,
be considerably less, probably not more than ^30 per acre.
N. L. Britton.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Volume 22, part 4, of North American Flora, containing de-
scriptions of the family Rosaceae (pars), by P. A. Rydberg, was
issued November 20, 1908.
Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Murrill sailed for Jamaica December 5,
to study and collect fungi at various points on the island.
A plant of Acacia platyptera has just come into flower at the
conservatories. The flowers are bright yellow and are borne on
what appear to be stiff, flat leaves, but these are really branches.
The plant has no true leaves, and these leaf-like branches take
the place of leaves in the economy of the plant. This acacia is
native in Australia, and is now in house No. 1 2.
The collection of orchids in house No. 1 5 has been of great
interest for some time back, and promises to continue this interest
for some weeks to come. Dendrobium Coelogyne^ with the habit
of a Coelogyne but the flower structure of a Dendrobium, has
been in flower for several weeks, and is still in bloom. This is
a most peculiar plant, and this is the first time it has flowered
with us. Some showy oncidiums, including 0, alHssimum^ will
be a mass of yellow during December. The large collection
of Venus-slippers, representing the genera PaphiopedUum and
Phragmipedium^ forming a part of the large collection of orchids
presented to the Garden by Mr. Oakes Ames last year, has been
attracting much attention for some time past, and the buds in
sight now give promise of an interesting exhibit during Decem-
ber. There are in this collection a large number of hybrids,
some of them of extreme beauty and attractiveness. A view of
these plants would well repay any visitor to the collections.
Through the generosity of Mr. Henry Hicks, Cornell University
will be enabled to establish an arboretum of about twenty acres on
a tract of land recently bought from the late F. C. Cornell, adjoin-
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229
ing the campus on the east and the new athletic field on the south.
This tract lies along the sides of the Cascadilla ravine and pre-
sents a variety of soil and exposure admirably adapted for group-
ing trees according to their natural affinities. No attempt will
be made at landcsape gardening ; the contour of the ground will
be left as it is, and various groups of trees will be arranged in
lanes running northward and southward across this ravine. Mr.
Hicks' gift will include many foreign species, notably certain
hardy kinds from Japan and Manchuria.
Meteorology for November, — Total precipitation for November
.42 inch. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 64.7® on
the 3d, 60.3® on the 9th, 57.3° on the 20th, and 59® on the
26th and 27th ; also minimum temperatures of 31.7° on the 2d,
25® on the 5th, 24® on the i6th, 25.7^ on the 21st, and 34° on
the 29th. The mean temperature for the month was 44.35°.
While the amount of precipitation in the form of rain was very
low for the month this was in part counterbalanced by fogs and
mists which kept the air saturated and prevented excessive evapora-
tion. Heavy fogs from the 23d to the 26th kept the surface of
the soil thorougly moist. This followed by very light showers
but heavy mists.
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM NOVEMBER 1 TO NOVEMBER 30, 1908.
Ames, Oakes. Orchidaaae: illustrations and studies of the family Orchidaceae.
Fascicle III. Boston, 1908. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
Atkinson, George Francis. Studies of American fungi, Ed. 2, New York,
1903-
Edwards, Sydenham. The new flora Briiannica. London, 1812.
Gkiger, Philipp Lorenz. Pkarmaceutische Botanik, Zweite Auflage, neu
bearbeitet Ton T. F. L. Nees von Esenbeck und J. H. Dierbach. Heidelberg,
1839-40. 2 Tols.
LiNDLEY, John, & Moore, Thomas. Ireasury of botany. New edition. Lon-
don, 1870. 2 Tols.
Locke, John. Outlines of botany, Boston, 1 81 9.
MO1.LER, GusTAV. Mikroskofdsches und physiologisches Praktikum der Botanik
fUr Lekrer, Zweiter Teil : Kryptogamen. Leipzig, 1908.
NuTTALL, Thomas. An introduction to systematic and physiological botany,
Ed. 2. Cambridge, 1830.
Patterson, Homer L. College and school directory of the United States and
Canada. Chicago, 1908.
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230
Robinson, Benjamin Lincoln, & Fernaij), Merritt Lyndon. Gray*s new
manual of botany. Seventh edition. New York, 1908. (Given by Dr. W. A.
Murrill.)
ScHWEiNiTZ, Lewis David von. Synopsis fum^orum in America boreali media
degentium, Philadelphia. 1832. (Given by Dr. W. C. Deming.)
Science- Gossip, Edited by M. C. Cooke & J. E. Taylor. London, 1866-77.
12 vols.
Thonner, Franz. Die BluUnpflanten Afrikas. Berlin, 1908.
Warburg, Otto, & Van Someren Brand, J. E. KuUurpflanten der Welt-
wirhchaft, Leipzig (1908).
Williams, J. R. Suggestions for school gardens, Jamaica, 1908. (Given by
Dr. N. L. Britton.)
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
77 specimens of hepatics from the Franconia Mountains, New Hampshire. (Given
by Miss Annie Lorenz, for a committee of the SulHvant Moss Chapter. )
3 specimens of mosses collected on the Alaskan Mammoth Expedition of 1908.
(Given by the American Museum of Natural History.)
I museum specimen of Neemeris from Singapore. (Given by Mr. A. H. Church.)
6 specimens of the leaves of Sassafras Sassafras, (Given by Mr. Edwin W.
Humphreys. )
4 specimens of mosses from New Hampshire. ( Given by Miss Annie Lorenz. )
4 fossil specimens of Picea canadensis, (Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick.)
13 specimens -of various fossil plants from Colorado and New York. (Given by
Mr. Edwin W. Humphreys.)
II specimens ** Hepaticae Norvegici." (From the herbarium of N. Bryhn.)
5 specimens of marine algae from the Dutch East Indies. (By exchange with
Mrs. A. Weber- van Bosse. )
22 specimens " Musci Canariensia." (From the herbarium of N. Bryhn. )
I specimen of fungus from Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. ( By exchange with Mr.
H. Hasselbring.)
200 specimens of Canadian mosses. (Distributed by Mr. John Macoun.)
I specimen of Neomeris from the Friendly Islands. (Given by Trinity College,
Dublin.)
I model of the morel. (Given by Dr. W. C. Deming.)
1 specimen of fungus from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr. J. K.
Small.)
5 specimens of resupinate polypores from Lincoln, Nebraska. (Given by Mr. R.
J. Pool.)
2 specimens of Boletus granulatus from Biltmore, North Carolina. (Given by
Dr. H. D. House.)
5 specimens of polypores from Flat Rock, North Carolina. (Given by Mr. E. R.
Memminger.)
52 specimens of marine algae from Pacific Island and Australia. (By exchange
with Maj. Th. Reinbold.)
SEEDS AND PLANTS.
5 palms for conservatories. (Given by Hon. W. G. Choate.)
2 plants of Phyllocactus for conservatories. (Given by Mrs. M. Mott.)
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231
I fern for conservatories. (Given by Mr. C. Lanier.)
I plant of Paphiopedilum FairUanum for conservatories. ( By exchange with Mr.
J. A. Manda.)
3 plants of Stylopkyllum for conservatories. (Given by Miss E. M. Wickes. )
3 plants of Aralia for conservatories. ( By exchange with the Department of
Parks, Borough of the Bronx.)
5 grafted cacti for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Henry Schmidt.)
529 plants for the woody collections. (Purchased. )
3 packets of choice Althaea seed. (Given by Miss W. A. Compton.)
14 packets of Crataegus seed. (By exchange with Mr. B. F. Bush. )
19 plants derived from seed from various sources.
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INDEX.
Abrams, Le Roy 4, 57
Acacia platyptera 22S
Accessions, see N. Y. Botanical Gar-
den
Acetabulum crenulatum 43
Actinidia 143
Adulterants in foods and drugs and
their detection 107
Aechmea 165
Agaric, fleshy 137
honey 205, 210, 213
Agave sisalana 48
Akebia quinata 143
Algae 42, 48, so, 123, 124, 126, 127,
128, 129, 130, ISO
The collections of (PI. XLVL,
figs. 17-21) 123
Allen, Dr. T. F. 124, 178
Amanita 138, 139, 209, 212
caesarea 138
deadly 206, 207, 208, 213
fly 208
pkalloides 138, 139
rubescens 138
solitaria 138
Amanitopsis 138
farinosa 138
vaginata 138
Ames, Mr. Oakes 166, i6g, 228
Anacardium 152
Anderson, Dr. C. L. 127, 178
Anderson, F. W. 4
Anderson, M. P. 57
Archaeophyton 223
Aristolochia 143
Armillaria, honey-colored 210
mellea 140
Arrow-root no
Arthrophycus 223
Arthur, Prof. J. C. 14, 57, 181
Ash 136, 137
prickly 87
Aspidiitm 115
Atkinson, Prof. G. F. 4, 182
Aurantiporus Pilotae 140
Averill, Mr. Horace 126
Azalea 137, 139
Bahama and Caicos Islands, Report
on the botanical exploration
of the (figs. 9-12) 41
Bailey, H. B. 58
Bailey, Dr. J. W. 124
Baker, C F. 4
Balsam forest 137
Banana, false is6
Banker, H. J. 4, 58
Banta, May 58
Banyan tree, The (fig. 3) 10, 12, 13
Barbour, W. C 4
Bamhart, J. H. 58
Barrett, A. I. 58
Barrett, M. F. s8
Barron, Mr. Leonard 120
Bartholomew, £. 4
Basswood, 136, 137
Bateson, C. E. W. 59
Batophora Oerstedi 43
Beebe, Mr. C. W. 160
Beech 140, 198, 212
Begonia 167
Belladonna 145
leaves in
root III
Benedict, Mr. R. C 59, 85
Berger, Mr. Alwin 186
Berrie, Mr. A. B. 88
Berry, Mr. E. W. 219
Berte, Mr. F. C. 52, 213
BerthoUetia 155
Best, Dr. G. N. 23
Bethel, E. 4
Billings, Elizabeth 59
Billings, J. S. 178
Birch 112, 137, 140
Bittersweet 144
Blakea 86
Bligh, Capt. William 119
Blodgett, F. H. 59
Boletus 138
rough-stemmed 210, 213
B^rgesen, F. 128
Botanical exploration in Jamaica 81
Brace, Mr. Lewis 41
Brace, Mr. L. J. K. 41, 50
Brackett, M. M. 59
Braislin, A. P. 59
Brandenburg, E. K. 59
Bray, Prof. W. L. 15
Brazil nut 155
Bresadola, A. G. 5> 7
' Bridel, S. E. 22
I Britton, E. G. 177, 219
232
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233
The collections of mosses and
hepatics 21
Britton, Dr. N. L. 14, 51* 9i> 120, 132,
159, 1S2, 191, 201, 216
Botanical exploration in Jamaica
81
Enriching soil by crimson clover
226
Further exploration in Jamaica
163
The herbarium of the late Dr.
Otto Kuntze 19
Britton, N. L. & Rose, J. N., A new
genus of Cactaceae (Pis.
XLVIIL-LIL, fig. 32) 185
Britton, Mrs. N. L. 52, 81, 84, 85,
86, 89,. 163, 171, 201
Broadhurst, Jean 59
Broadway, W. £. 4
Bromelia 165
Bromeliads 165
Bronx Park, Edible mushrooms in
(Pis. LIV., LV.) 205
Brook, Hon. H. A. 49
Broomall, L. B. 60
Brotherus, Mr. V. F. 22
Brown, Judge Addison 90
Brown, Mr. Stewardson 15
Brownhill, Mr. J. S. 84
Bruckman, Louise 60
Brues, C T. 60
Brunnichia 143
Bucida Buceras 47, 88
Buckwheat family 143
Budington, R. A. 60
BuUer, Prof. A. H. R. 91
Bumelia Purdiei 164
rotundifolia 90
Burlingham, Miss G. S. 4, 60, 120
Butler, B. T. 61
Buttercup 167
Butternut 137, 198
Byrnes, E. F. 60
Cabbage 205
Cactaceae, A new genus of (Pis.
XLVIII.-LII., fig. Z2) 185
Cactus, Turk's-head 46
Caicos Islands, Report on the botan-
ical exploration of the Bahama
and (figs. 9-12) 41
Calkins, W. W. 4
Callisia 87
Colostoma cinnfibariutn 139
Cannon, W. A. 61
Cantharellus 138
aurantiacus 138, 139
cibarius 138, 139
fioccosus 138
Cardiff, I. D. 61
Carnegie, Mr. Andrew X9> »i, z88
Camegiea 187
gigantea 188
Carpenter, W. C. 4 .
Carss, Elizabeth 61
Castanea 27, 29
crenata 27
dentata 27
pumila 27
Catesbaea parvifiora 83
Catopsis 165
Cattley 131
CattUya 131
Bowringiana 131
Skinneri 130
Cecropia 156
Ceratopteris 85
Cereus 186
giganteus 185, 187
peruvianas 186
Thurberi 187
Chamberlain, L. T. 178
Chapman 173
Chara Homemanni 43
Cherry 136
Chestnut 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, xiS» I36»
137, 140, 198
canker 140
disease. The spread of the (figs.
4-8) 23
Chinquapin 27
Chocolate 112
tree 168
Chrysler, M. A. 220
Cinchona 144
Clark, A. M. 61
Claudopus 139
Clavaria 139
Clematis 143
vitalba 143
Clements, F. E. 4, 62
Clements, Mrs. F. £. 62
ainton, Dr. G. P. 4. 105
Clitocybe illudens 138
laccata 138
many-headed 210, 213
Clitopilus 139
Clodd, A. G. 8s
Clover, Enriching soil by crimson 226
seed 120
Coca 144
Cocoanut palm 87
shells 112
Coccolobis Plumieri 165
uvifera 166
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A. 4» 219
Coelogyne 228
Coker, W. C. 62
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234
Colchicum no
Collecting fungi at Biltmore 135
Collection of fossil plants, The mu-
seum (figs. 38, 39) 214
of vines 142
Collections of algae (PI. XLVL, figs.
17-21) 123
of flowering plants, The museum
(PI. XLVII., figs. 29-31) 172
of fungi. The (figs, i, 2) i
of mosses and hepatics, The 21
Collins, F. S. 128
Collybia 138
dryophila 138, 139
platyphylla 138
radicata 138
Coltricia cinnamomea 140
ohesa 140
perennis 140
Columnea 83
Commons, Mr. A. 4, 159
Construction work, see N. Y. Botan-
ical Garden
Cook, M. T. 62
Cordyceps 139
militaris 139
Coriolus versicolor 140
Cornell, F. C. 228
Cortinarius 138
Cotton 82
Cousins, Hon. H. H. 163, 168, 170,
171
Coville, Mr. F. V. 38, 83, 120
Cowell, Prof. J. F. 15
Cox, Mr. C. F. 113
Crane, A. B. 62
Crataegus 39
Crepidotus 139
versutus 139
Crooke, J. J. 177
Croton Elnteria 45
Crudya spicata 85
Cucumber-tree 198
Cummings, C. E. 63
Cyclamen neapolitanum 52
Cycloporus Greenei 140 j
I
Daedalea quercina 140
Daphne Lagetto 117
Darling, C. A. 63
Davenport, Mr. G. E. 39
Davis, J. J. 4
Dawson, C. W. 4
Dearness, Prof. John 4, 159
Delafield, Mrs. J. R. 63
Demetrio, C. H. 4
Dendrobium 228
Coelogyne 22S
Dendrophycus 223
Dictyolites 223
Digitalis 114, 145
Dirca palustris 117
Director of the Laboratories, The
newly appointed 181
Discula Platani 107
Dock 167
Donors
Adams, Mr. H. S. 134
Albestany, Mr. S. M. 134
American Museum of Natural
History 230
Ames, Mr. Oakes 55
Arthur, Prof. J. C. 40, 54
Atkinson, Prof. G. F. 162
Ballou, Mr. W. H. 17, 40, 10^
Barnhart, Dr. J. H. 16, 133, 134,
161
Bartlett, Mr. H. H. 17
Bartram, Mr. E. B. 103
Beccari, Dr. O. 40
Benedict, Mr. R. C. 17, 103, 183
Bergman, Prof. H. F. 203
Berry, Mr. E. W. 16
Bessey, Prof. C. E. 162
Bessey, Prof. E. A. 162
Bicknell, Mr. E. P. 103, 122, 148
Blanchard, Mr. W. H. 103
Borin, Mr. J. 40
Brandegee, Mr. T. S. 183
Britton, Mrs. H. L. 17
Britton, Dr. N. L. 15, 16, 54,
133, 161, 202, 229, 230
Britton, Mrs. N. L. 16, 122, 161
Brown, Mr. Stewardson 54
Bush, Mr. B. F. 16, 183
Butler, Mr. B. T. 204
CardiflF, Prof. I. D. 162
Carter, Mr. J. J. 102
Choate, Hon. W. G. 230
Church, Mr. A. H. 230
Cockerell, Mr. T. D. A. 134, 148
Cocks, Prof. R. S. 40
Cole, Mr. G. W. S4
Compton, Miss W. A. 231
Cox, Mr. C. F. 102
Cummins, Mr. S. S. 203
Damolt, Mr. D. T. 183
Deming, Dr. W. C. 230
Dennerstein, Mr. H. 162
Department of Commerce and
Labor 133
Dowell, Dr. Philip 16
Earle, Prof. F. S. 162, 183
Eggleston, Mr. W. W. 17, 148
Faull, Mr. J. H. 122
Fawcett, Mr. H. S. 17
Forbes. Mr. F. F. 103
Frye, Prof. T. C. 162
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235
Gies, Dr. W. J. i6
Glatfelter, Dr. N. M. 17, 103
Gordinier, Dr. H. C 160
Gould, Miss H. M. 55
Grout, Dr. A. J. 40, 55, 102
Hall, Mrs. J. H. 203
Hanmer, Mr. C. C 103
Hapeman, Dr. H. 103
Harper, Dr. R. M. 148
Harriot, Mr. W. 203
Harrison, Mrs. W. H. 183
Haynes, Miss C. C. 122
Hemert, Mrs. P. L, von 183
Hoffmann, Mr. 40
Hollick, Dr. Arthur 17, 133, 203, |
230
Holway, Mr. E. W. D. 16, 40
Hopkins, Mr. M. H. 39
House, Dr. H. D. 16, 103, I34t
162, 230
Hoyt, Mr. W. D. 39
Humphreys, Mr. E. W. 230
Hunter, Mr. J. 148
Hupfel, Mr. J. C. G. 204
Jackson, Mr. H. S. 103
Kane, Mr. J. I. 17
Kennedy, Dr. P. B. 103, 122
Kern, Mr. F. D. 40
Lake, Prof. E. R. 162
Lanier, Mr. C. 231
Lloyd, Prof. F. E. 122
Lorenz, Miss Annie 17, 122, 134,
161, 203, 230
MacDougal, Dr. D. T. 17, 40
Mackenzie, Mr. K. K. 103
Macoun, Mr. J. M. 54
Mehlich, Mr. W. H. 203
Memminger, Mr. E. R. 230
Merck & Co., Messrs. 134
Miller, Mr. Wilhelm 122
Morris, Mr. G. E. 55
Mott, Mrs. M. 230
Murrill, Dr. W. A. 16, 17, 104,
230
Nash, Mr. G. V. i6x
Palmer, Mr. L. M. 122
Parke, Davis & Co. 17
Pauls, Mr. F. 17
Pearson, Mr. H. C. 40, 104
Pierson & Co., Messrs. F. R. 122
Pool, Mr. R. J. 230
Robinson, Dr. C. B. 16, 39
Rolfs, Prof. P. H. 17
Romell, Mr. L. 162
Rusby, Dr. H. H. 16, 17, 40, 54>
55, 56, 104, 122, 134, 148, 162,
183 I
Rydberg. Dr. P. A. 16
Sacket, Mr. 40 1
Schieffelin & Co., Messrs. 122
Schmidt, Mr. Henry 231
Shafer, Dr. J. A. 17
Simonson, Mr. L. M. 40
Sleepy Eye Milling Co. 55
Slosson, Miss Margaret 55, 204
Small, Dr. J. K. 230
Smith, Capt. J. D. 134
Southwick, Dr. £. B. 103
Spaulding, Mr. Perley 40
Stanfield, Prof. S. W. 39
Steele, Mr. E. S. 183
Thorbum, Messrs. J. M. & Co.
203
Torrey Botanical Club 203
Tread wel>. Prof. A. L. 162
Tricoche, Mr. G. N. 148
Trinity College, Dublin 230
Trustees of Columbia University
160, 161
Ttirckheim, Mr. H. von 162
Underwood, Prof. L. M. x6
Vail, Miss A. M. 133, 134
Weinberg, Mr. F. 54
Wenisch, Mr. F. 148
Werckl^, Mr. C. 55, 56
Wickes, Miss £. M. 231
Wilson, Prof. G. W. 103, 162
Wilson, Dr. Margaret B. 54
Wilmowsky, Mr. F. F. von 54,
183
Wooton, Prof. E. O. 203
Zeledon, Mr. J. C. 203
Dorstenia 170
cordifolia 171
Dow, B. McL. 6z
Drugs and their detection. Adulte-
rants in foods and 107
Dufour, Alice 63
Dunn, L. B. 63
Durand, E. J. 6z
Dutchman's pipe 142, 143
Earlc, F. S. 4, 177
Eastwood, Alice 4
Eaton, E. H. 64
Economic Garden 142
Museum 145
Edible mushrooms in Bronx Park
(Pis. LIV., LV.) 205
Edwards, H. 177
Eggleston, Mr. W. W. 39, 64
Elecampane no
Elfvingia fomentaria 140
megaloma 140
Ellis, Mr. J. B. 3, 178
Elm 198
Elmer, A. D. E. 4
Emerson, J. T. 64
Digitized by
Google
236
Emory, Lieut W. H. 185
Engelmann, Dr. George 185, 187
Enriching soil by crimson clover 226
Entoloma 139
Epidendrum discoidole 171
Euphorbia 43
vaginulata 43
Evans, Prof. A. W. 15, 23
Evans, Helena 64
Everhart, B. M. 4
Evolvulus hahamensis 49
Exchanges
Baker, Prof. C. F. 102, 103, 122
Bfest, Dr. G. N. 162
Blumer, Mr. J. C. 134
B^rgesen, Mr. F. 55
British Museum 103
Bryhn, Dr. N. 203
Bureau of Plant Industry 40, 134
of Science, Manila 122, 161
Bush, Mr. B. F. 231
Cardot, Mr. J. 203
Collins, Prof. J. F. 55
Delaware Agricultural Experi-
ment Station 55
Department of Agriculture, Ja-
maica, W. I. 148, 203
Parks, Borough of Bronx 231
Borough of Brooklyn 55
Public Gardens and Planta-
tions, Jamaica 103
Dixon, Mr. H. N. 162
Ernst, Miss F. G. 148
Fairmount Park 148
Field Museum of Natural His-
tory 40
Geological Survey of Canada 54,
103, 122
Hartley, Mr. C. P. 17
Hasselbring, Mr. H. 230
Hope Gardens, Jamaica 40
House, Dr. H. D. 55, 148
Howard Memorial Library 161
Kennedy, Prof. P. B. 55
Manda, Mr. J. A. 231
Missouri Botanical Garden x6,
104
Natural History Museum, Vienna
183
New York Zoological Society 104,
122
Paris [E. G.] 103
Public Gardens, Jamaica 56
Reinbold, Maj. Th. 230
Roll, Dr. J. 122
Royal Gardens, Kew 183, 203
Sumstine, Prof. D. R. 40
Tuttlc, Mrs. B. B. 104
U. S. Department of Agriculture
55
Geological Survey 203
National Museum 17, 39, 40,
55, 5^, i04» X48, 162, 183,
203
Weber-van Bosse, A. 230
Weinberg, Mr. F. 17, 122, 14a,
204
Zeledon, Mr. J. C 148
Exobasidium 139
Explorations, see N. Y. Botanical
Garden
Farlow, W. G. 128
Fawcett, E. H. 64
Fawcett, Hon. William 81, 82, 89,
164, 167
Fern 167
male X15
tree 167
Femald, Prof. M. L. 182
Ficus 12
Carica 13
elastica 13
Fistulina hepatica 140
FlammtUa 139
Fleischer, Prof. Max 22
Flowering plants. The museum col-
lections of (PI. XLVIL, figs.
29-31) 172
Forties populinus 146
Foods and drugs and their detection.
Adulterants in 107
Forests, balsam 137
spruce 137
Foslie, M. 129
Fossil plants. The museum collection
of (figs, 38, 39) 214
Fox-glove 114
Frullania 21
Fucoides 223
Funaria hygrometrica 21
Fungi 123, 139, 158, 159
fleshy 137
The collections of (figs, i, 2) i
Further exploration in Jamaica 163
Gager, Dr. C. S. 51, ^4, X59i i79. i8o,
• 181
Gaines, E. V. 65
Galloway, Dr. B. T. 91
Ganoderma Tsugae 140
Gardener, J. R. 65
Garrett, A. O. 4
Gaylussaccia ursina 137
Geaster 139
Genesee and Letchworth Park, The
falls of the (PI. LHL, figs.
33-37) 188
Digitized by
Google
237
Gentian 113
Geonoma Swartsii 85
Gepp, Anthony 22
Gesneria scabra 86
Gibbes, L. R. 177
Gill-fungi 138, 139
Gilman, C W. 65
Glatfelter, N. M. 4
Gleason, H. A. 65, 120
Gloeosporium nerx/isequum 105, 107
Gordon, C E. 65
Gosse 83
Gossypium 82
Grape 144, 166
sea 166
Grape-tree, Plumier's 165
sea 166
Grape-vine, wild 170
Graves, Prof. A. H. 15
Green, Hon. A. H. 189
Grias caulifiora 88
Griffiths, David 4, 65
Grifola Berkeleyi 140
Grisebach (A. H. R.) 84
Grout, L. E. 66
Groves, Mr. A. H. 169
Gruenberg, B. C. 66
Guaiacum officinale 47
Gum, black 137, 140 ,
tree 169
GuMmania 165
capituUgera 167
Fawcettii 167
Gymnosporangium 139
Gynerium 156
Halimeda Monile 44
tridens 44
Hall, Judge Maxwell 87
Hanbury, Sir Thomas 186
Hanks, L. T. 66
Hanmer, C. C. 4
Harkness. H. W. 4
Harlow, S. H. 66
Harper, R. M. 4, 66
Harris, Mr. William 81, 82, 83, 84,
86, 88, 90, 163, 164, 16s, 167,
168, 169, 170, 171
Hartt, C. F. 216
Harvey, Prof. W. H. 126
Hasse, H. E. 177
Haynes, Miss C. C. 23, 67
Hazen, T. E. 67
Heheloma 139
Heliconia 156
Heller, A. A. 4
Hemlock 136, X37, 140
forest, 142
grove 132, 212
Henbane 114
Henne, Mr. Hugo 152, 153
Hennings, Mr. 7
Henry, A. 178
Henry, Florence 67
Hepatics, The collections of mosses
and 21
Herbarium of the late Dr, Otto
Kuntze, The 19
Hemandia 86
Hewins, N. P. 67
Hewitt, Mr. W. A. 85
Hexamer, F. M. 177
Hickory 137
Hicks, Mr. Henry 228, 229
Hill, A. J. 4
Hjalmarson, J. A. 43
Hockaday, E. S. 67
Hog-palm 46
Hohenbergia 84, 165
Holdsworth, Capt. H. T. W. 48
Hollick, Dr. Arthur 51, 52, 81, 82,
84, 89, IS9, 217, 219, 220
The museum collection of fossil
plants (figs. 38, 39) 2^4
Holm, Theodore 68
Holway, E. W. D. 4
Honeysuckle, Japanese 144
Hornbeam 198
Home, W. T. 68
Horticultural Society of New York,
I see society
House, Dr. H. D. 49, 68, 137, 146
I Hovey, Dr. E. O. iS9
! Howe, E. C. 4, 178
Howe. Dr. M. A. 14, 22, 23, 51, '59
I The collections of algae (PI.
j XLVL, figs. 17-21) 123
I Howe, M. A. & Wilson, P., Report on
the botanical exploration of
the Bahama and Caicos Islands
(figs. 9-12) 41
I Hoyt, W. D. 68, 128
I Hughes, (Governor 190
I Humphreys, Mr. E. W. 68, 201
Hydnum imbricatum 139
putidunt 139
repandum 139
septentrionale 140
Hydrastis 113
Hygrophorus 138
conicus 138
Hymenocallis 84, 85
Hymenula Platani 107
Hyoscyamus 114
muticus 114
Hypholoma, perplexing 2x0, 213
I Inocybe 139
Digitized by
Google
238
Inonotus hispidus 140
Inula no
Irving, Mrs. Leonard 68
Isham, Florence 68
Jackson, Mr. H. S. 14, 69, 159
Jamaica, Botanical exploration in 81
Further exploration in 163
Jeffrey, E. C. 220
Jemison, Mary 199
Jenman, G. S. 178
Johnson, D. S. 4, 69
Kalmia 137, X39
Katnala 114
Kellerman, Prof. W. A. 4, 91
Kellicott, W. E. 69
Kemp, J. F., Preamble and resolu-
tion adopted by the scientific
directors relative to the death
of Lucien M. Underwood 13
Kern, Mr. F. D. 14, 69
Kerr, Messrs. J. E. & Co. 87
Kimura, Tokuzo 69
King, C. A. 69
Kirkwood, J. E. 70
Knox, A. A. 70
Kornmann, E. W. 70
Kuntze, Dr. Otto 19, 178
The herbarium of the late Dr.
Otto 19
Kunz, Mr. G. F. 190
Kupfer, E. M. 70
Lace-bark tree. The (figs. 14-16) 116
Lachnocladium Schweinitsii 139
Lactarius 138
fuliginosus 138
lignyotus 138
piper atus 138
rufus 139
torminosus 138
volemus 138, 139
Laetiporus speciosus 140
Lagetta Lagetto 117
UnteaiHa 117
Lagetto 117
Laing, R. M. 128
Langlois, A. B. 4
Leaf blight of the plane-tree (PI.
XLV., fig. 13) 105
Leatherwood 117
Leavenworth, George 71
Lectures, see N. Y. Botanical Gar-
den
Leotia lubrica 139
LepidocereM 187
Leptonia 139
Le Roy, P. V. 177
Letchworth Park and the Falls of
the Genesee (PI. LIIL, figs.
33-37) 188
Letchworth, W. P. 189, 190, 191, ^94,
198, 199, 200, 201
Levy, Miss Daisy 212
Lewis, I. F. 71
Lichen 150, 154
Lignum-vitae 47
Lindo, Mr. R. F. 85
Livingston, B. E. 71
Livingston, Mrs. F. V. 71
Lloyd, F. E. 4, 177
Locke, E. P. 71
Locust 136
black 137, 140
Lomaria 202
eriopus 202
Lonicera japonica 144
Lycoperdon 139
gemmatum 139
Lycopodium in
clavatum in
MacDougal, Dr. D. T. 185
Maclntyre, Lucy 71
Macoun, J. 4, 128
Macrocystis pyrifera 128
Magnolia, Eraser's 137
Magnus, Dr. 7
Maple 136, 137, 140
I Maranyon 152
I Marasmius 138
I Marble, D. W. 71
I Martin, G. 4
Massee, Mr. George 5, 178
Mathewson, C. A. 72
Maxon, Mr. W. R. 4, 14, 22. 23, 72,
130, 131
Mayepaea 86
McCatty, Dr. A. T. 87
Medinilia magnifica 52
Meissner 173
Memminger, E. R. 4
Merck & Co., Messrs. 144
Metcalf, Dr. 92
Meteorology, see N. Y. Botanical
Garden
I Microporellus dealbatus 140
Middleton, Florence 72
Millspaugh, Dr. C. F. 4, 15, 42, 43, 71
Mitten, W. 178
Mnium cuspidatum 21
Molwitz, Ernestine 73
Montgomery, Mrs. T. H., Jr. 59
Moosewood 117
Morchella 139
Morgan, Prof. A. P. 4, 91
Morgan, Mr. J. P. 190
Digitized by
Google
239
Mosses 123, 150, 158, 167
and hepatics, The collections of 21
Mouriria 171
Mulford, F. A. 7^
MuUer, Karl 22
Murrill, Dr. W. A. 14, 73, 91, 132,
158* i77» 201, 228
Collecting fungi at Biltmore 135
Edible mushrooms in Bronx Park
(Pis. LIV., LV.) 20s
Leaf blight of the plane-tree
(PI. XLV., fig. 13) 105
The collections of fungi (figs, i,
2) I
The spread of the chestnut dis-
ease (figs. 4-8) 23
Murrill, Mrs. W. A. 228
Museum collections of flowering
plants, The (PI. XLVII., figs.
29-31) ^72
collection of fossil plants (figs.
38, 39) 214
Mushroom 205, 206, 207, 208, 209,
211, 213
beefsteak 205, 213
coral 2i2t 213
field 206, 2x0, 213
in Bronx Park, Edible (Pis. LIV.,
LV.) 205
oyster 209
parasol 209
Mycena 138
Nash, Mr. G. V. 43, 48, 51, 159, 202
An unusual specimen of the
" Flor dc San Sebastian " (fig.
22) 130
Letchworth Park and the Falls
of the Genesee (PI. LIII., figs.
33-37) 188
The banyan tree (fig. 3) 10
The lace-bark tree (figs. 14-16)
116
Nelson, A. 4
Newberry, Dr. J. S. 127, 214, 215
New genus of Cactaceae, A (Pis.
XLVin.-LIL, fig. 32) 185
Newly appointed director of the lab-
oratories. The 181
New York Botanical Garden
Accessions 15, 39, 54, 93, 122,
133, 148, 160, 183, 202, 229
Construction work 121, 146
Explorations 41, 8x, 135, 149, 163
Lectures, 1908
Autumn 158, 201
Spring SI
To public school children 91,
119, 182, 201
Meteorology, 1907, December 15;
1908, January 39, February 53,
March 92, April 92, May 121,
June 133, July 147, August 160,
September 182, October 202,
November 229
Precipitation, see Meteorology
Publications of the staff, scholars
and students for 1907 30
Rainfall, see Meteorology
Registered investigators at the
I 897- I 908 57
Reports 41, 81, 135, 149, 163
Resignation of Dr. Gager 179
Temperature, see Meteorology
Nordstedt, O. 128
North American Flora 39, 52, 120,
228
Northrop, Dr. J. I. 216
Notes,' News and Comment 14, 38,
52, 91, 119, 132, 146, 159, 182,
201, 228
Oak 47, 136, 137, 140. 198
Oil-tree 169
Okamura, K. 128
Olive pits 112
wild 88
Oliver, Sir Sydney 82
Omphalia 138
campanella 138
epichysium 138
Oncidium 228
altissimum 228
Orchids 152, 166, 167, 168
Ormosia 86
Our duty to the parks 141
Overacker, M. L. 4
Paleophycus 22$
Palliser, H. L. 73
Palm, cabbage 85
cocoanut 87
thatch 85, 87, 89
Panama, Report on botanical explora-
tion in (figs. 23-28) 149
Paphiopedilum 228
Patouillard, Dr. 7
Paxillus rhodoxanthus 138
Pear, anchovy 88
Peck, C. H. 4
Peck. M. E. 4
Penicillus capitatus 124
Pepper, black 112
cayenne 113
Perry, Rev. G. W. 125
Philodendron tripartitum 167
Phragmipedium 22%
Phytopsis 223
Digitized by
Google
240
Pike, Col. Nicholas 126, 178
Pinchot, Mr. Gifford 136
Pinder, Mr. W. J. 42, 81
Pine 47
Norway 198
pitch 136, 137, 140
white 136, i37f 198
wild 165
Pine-apple 84, 165
Pinel, Mr. 153
Pinus caribaea 47
Piper angustifolium 115
Mandonii 115
Piper, C. V. 4
Pitcaimia 165
Plane-tree 105 ,
Leaf blight of the (PL XLV.,
fig. 13) 105
Platanus occidentalis 105
Pleurotus 138
ostreatus 138, 139
sapid 213
Plowrightia 139
Plumulina 223
Podocarpus Purdieanus 89
Poke III
Poke-root iii
Pollard, C. L. 120
Polytrichum commune 21
Pond, Dr. R. H. 73, 146
Poplar, yellow 136
Porodaedala Pint 140
Potato no
Preamble and resolution adopted by
the scientific directors relative
to the death of Professor Lu-
cien M. Underwood 13
Precipitation, see N. Y. Botanical
Garden
Price, S. F. 4
Pringle, C G. 23
Prior, Dr. R. C A. 169
Prioria 169
copaifera 169
Pseudophoenix Sargentii 46
Publications, see N. Y. Botanical
Garden
Puflfball 205, 2ii» 212, 213
field 211, 213
hard -skinned 212
studded 211, 213
Pyropolyporus igniarius 140
Robiniae 140
Rafflesia 143
Rainfall, see N. Y. Botanical Garden
Ramalina, 154
Rand, E. E. 74
Ravenel. H. W. 4
Rea, P. M. 74
R?inbold, Th. 128
Rennert, R, J. 74
Report on botanical exploration in
Panama (figs. 23-28) 149
Reports, see N. Y. Botanical Garden
Rhacicallis maritima 88
Rhipocephalus Phoenix 125
Rhipsalis By
Rhododendron 137, 139
Ricker, P. L. 4
Rigby, Mr. 43
Robinson, Prof. B. L. 182
Robinson, Dr. C B. 38, 74
Robinson, W. J. 75
Romell, L. 4, 8
Rose, J. N., Britton, N. L. &, A new
genus of Cactaceae (Pis.
XLVIII.-LII., fig. 32) i8s
Roystonea 85
Rubrecht, W. K. 75
Ruellia 112
Rusby, Dr. H. H. 51, 159, 180, 201
Adulterants in foods and drugs
and their detection 107
Russula 138, 139
emetica 138, 139
foetida 138, 139
virescens 138
Rydberg, P. A. 120, 177, 228
Sage, L. B. 75
Sago, wild 84
Sanftleben, Mr. 86
Sarcoscypha coccinea 139
Saunders, D. A. 128
Schenck, Dr. C. A. 135," 136, 137, 141
Schenck, Mrs. C. A. 141
Schumann, Prof. Karl 186
Schwartz, Edith 75
Scolithus 22$
Scott, G. G. 75
Seaver, Mr. F. J. 75, x8i, 202
Seaweeds 125, 130
Selby, A. D. 4, 76
Sennart, The Misses 88
SetchcU, W. A. 128
Shafer, Dr. J. A. 91
Shear, C. L. 76
Shimer, H. W. 76
Shimer, Mrs. H. W. 76
Shoemaker, C. J. 77
Shreve, Forrest 77
Sisal 48
Skinner, Mr. 130
Slater, F. W. 77
Slosson, Margaret 77
Small, Dr. J. K. 91, 120
Digitized by
Google
241
The museum collections of flower-
ing plants (PI. XLVII., figs.
29-3 O 173
Smith, C. L. 4
Smith, Mr. J. D. 146
Smith, J. G. 23
Soap-bark 145
Society, American Rose 120
horticultural 91, 120
Sorrel 167
Sourwood 137
Spathularia velutipes 139
Spigelia 112
Spread of the chestnut disease, The
(figs. 4-8) 23
Spruce forest 137
Stangeria 202, 224
paradoxa 202
Starch no
com no
curcuma no
potato no
wheat no
Sternberg, Mr. C. H. 217
Stevenson, Mr. 49
Stewart, Lilian 77
Stinkhom, poisonous 213
Stockard, C. R. 77
Stramonium 114
Strawberries 167
Streeter, S. G. 77
Sturridge, F. B. 89
Sumstine, D. R. 4
STedelius, N. 128
Taylor, Mr. Norman 38, 43, 48
A collection of vines 142
Temperature, see N. Y. Botanical
Garden
Theohroma Cacao 168
Thrinax 85, 87
tessellata 89
Tillandsia 165
Torrey Botanical Qub 178
Torrey, Prof. John 124, 176, 177
Torrey, J. C 77
Tracy, S. M. 4
Traveller's Joy 143
Tree, nickel 86
The lace-bark (figs. 14-16) 116
Trclease, William 4
Tremella mycetophila 139
Trickoloma, equestrian 213
Trumpet-creeper 144
Tulip 137
Tulip-tree 198
Tumhoa Bainesii 52
Turckheim, Mr. H. von 146
Turpentine 145
Uhlig, W. C. 78
Underwood, Prof. L. M. 13, 14, 23,
91, 178
Preamble and resolution adopted
by the scientific directors rela-
tive to the death of Professor
Lucien M. 13
Unusual specimen of the " Flor de
San Sebastian" (fig. 22) 130
Urban, Dr. Ignatius 22, 164
Uiricularia 89
' Vaecmium 139
corymhosum 1 37
' Vail, A. M. 177
! Valentine, M. C 78
Vallesia glabra 82
Valonia 48
aegagropUa 48
' Van Brunt, Mrs. Cornelius 146
Vanderbilt, Mr. G. W. 135, 136, 201
, Vanilla 152
• Viburnum in
I Vickers, A. 128
. Vickers, Hon. A. W. 84
Vickers, Mrs. A. W. 84
I Vigener, A. 178
Vines 142, 143, X44
A collection of 142
I Virginia-creeper 144
' Viticetum 142
I Vitis caribaea 170
, Volkert, Mr. E. C. 213
Waghome, A. C 4
Wallace, Mr. 83
Walnut 136
Wang, C Y. 78
Watterson, Ada 78
Weber-van Bosse, A 128
Westphal, Bishop A. 166
Whipple, D. W. 78
White, V. S. 4, 78
Wilcox, E. M. 78
Wilkins, Lewanna 79
Williams, A. A. 83
Williams, Mr. R. S. 5, 23, 38, 219
Report on botanical exploration
I in Panama (figs. 23-28) 149
Willis, O. R. 177
Wilson, Prof. G. W. 79, 132
Wilson, Nathaniel 119, 169
Wilson, Mr. Percy 14, 23, 47, 91, 182
I Wilson, P., Howe, M. A., &, Report
I on the botanical exploration of
the Bahama and Caicos Islands
(figs. 9-12) 41
Wold, E. M. 79
Wood, G. C. 79
Digitized by
Google
242
Worthlcy, I. T. 80
Wright, Chas. 4
Wright, Mr. C. H. 22
Wullschlaegel, H. R. 166
Wullschlaegelia 166, 170
Yacca, black 89
Yamanouchi, Shigeo 80, 128
Yatsu, Naohid6 80
Yerkea, Mrs. R. M. 78, 80
York, H. H. 80
Zamia 84
Zamites Montanensit 219
Zanthoxylutn 87
Zeleny, Charles 80
Digitized by VjOOQIC
«ENCTAL LIBRARY} -^
. UNIV. OF MiCH. V I
Vol. IX ^^^ ^® ^^^ DECEMBER, 1908 No. 108
JOURNAL
09
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL
Assistant Director
CONTENTS
PAGB
Edible Moshrooms in Bronx Park 205
The Moaenm Collection of Fossil Plants 214
Enriching Soil by Crimson Clover 226
Notes, Hews and Comment 228
Accessions 229
PUBUSHED FOR THB GaRDBN
At 41 NOKTH QUBBM SnBBT, LAMCAflTSB, Pa.
•T Tub Nbw KaA PuMTim CoMrAXT
Digitized by VjOOQIC
i; / :>
ORRICERS, 10O8.
President— D. O. MILLS,
Vice-President— ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Treasurer— CHARLES F. COX,
Secretary— N. L. BRITTON.
1 . ELECTED MANAGERS.
HON. ADDISON BROWN,
ANDREW CARNEGIE,
W. BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
JOHN I. KANE,
D. O. MILLS.
J. nERPONT MORGAN.
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON,
W. OILMAN THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,
2. EX-OFHCIO MANAGERS.
Tm President of the Department of Pubuc Parks,
HON. HENRY SMITH.
The Mayor of the City of New York,
HON. GEORGE B. McCLELLAN.
3. SCIENTinC DIRECTORS.
PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman.
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER,
PROF. C F. CHANDLER,
CHARLES F. COX,
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,
PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE,
HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Tr.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-ChUf,
DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director,
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Mmettms.
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator.
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Curator.
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Curator.
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS, Assistant Curator.
GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener.
FRED J. SEAVER, Director of the Laboratories.
DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian.
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, QmsuUing Chemist.
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer.
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.
DR. JOHN A. SHAFER, Museum Custodian.
PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant.
NORMAN TAYLOR, Custodian of the PlantaHons.
Digitized by
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Aembets ot tbe Corporatfoiu
George S. Bowdoin,
Prof. N. L. Britton,
Hon. Addison Brown,
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler,
Andrew Carnegie,
Prof. C. F. Chandler,
William G. Choate,
Charles F. Cox,
John J. Crooke,
W. Bayard Cutting,
James B. Ford,
Robert W. de Forest,
Henry W. de Forest,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
Richard W Gilder,
Hon. Thomas F. Gilroy,
Hon. Hugh J. Grant,
Henry P. Hoyt,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
John I. Kane,
Eugene Kelly, Jr.,
Prof. James F. Kemp,
John S. Kennedy,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee,
Hon. Egerton L.
Hon. Seth Low,
David Lydig,
Edgar L. Marston,
D. O. Mills,
J. PiERpoNT Morgan,
Theodore \V. Myers,
George M. Olcott,
Prof. Henry F. Osborn,
Lowell M. Palmer,
George W. Perkins,
James R. Pitcher,
Percy R. Pyne,
John D. Rockefeller,
William Rockefeller,
Prof. H. H. Rusby,
James A. Scrymser,
Henry A. Siebrecht,
William D. Sloane,
Nelson Smith,
James Speyer,
Francis L. Stetson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Samuel Thorne,
George W. Vanderbilt,
WiNTHROP, Jr.,
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I>XJBLICA.TIONS
or
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal oi tba New York Botanical Glard«a, monthly, iUiistrated» coa-
laiDing notes, and non-technical articles of general interest Free to members of the
Garden. To others, zo cents a copy ; |l.oo a year. [Not offered in ixchange.]
Vol. I, 1900, Tiii + 213 pp. Vol. II, 1901, Tiii + 204 pp. Vol. Ill, 190a, viii -+-
244 pp. Vol. IV, 1903, Tiii -f 238 pp. Vol. V, 1904, ▼iii+242 pp. Vol. VI, 1905,
▼iii+224 pp. Vol. VII, 1906, viii 4- 300 pp. Vol. VIII, 1907, viii + 290 pp.
BnllatiB of tiie Naw York Botanical Qaidan, containing the annual reports
of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying
results of inTeatigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the
Garden ; to others, I3.00 per volume. Vol. I, Nos. 1-5, 449 pp., 3 maps, ^nd 12
olates, 1896-Z900. Vol. II, Nos. 6-8, 518 pp., 30 plates, 1901-1903. Vol. Ill,
Nos. 9-11,463 pp., 37 plates, 1903-1905. Vol. IV, Nos. 12-14, 479 PP-» '4
plates, I905-1907. Vol. V, No. 15, 105 pp., 1906; No. 16, 88 pp., 17 plates,
1906; No. 17, 115 pp., 1907. Vol. VI, No. 19, 114 pp., 1908.
Noitli Amarican Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be com-
pleted in thirty Tolumes. Roy. 8to. Each Tolnme to consist of four or more parts.
Subscription price I1.50 per part ; a limited number of separate parts will be sold
for ^2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. 22, part I, issued May 22, 1905. kosales: Podostemonaoeae, Crassula-
ceae, Penthoraceae, Pamassiaceae.
Vol. 22, part 2, issued December z8, 1905. Saxifragaoeae, Hydrangeaceae,
Cunoaiaceae, Iteaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo-
Domaceae.
Vol. 7, part I, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae.
Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia-
ceae (pars).
'Vol. 25, part I, issued August 24, 1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae,
Erythrozylaceae.
Vol. 9, parts I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly«
poraceae.
Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 190S, contains descriptions of the family Gros-
sulariaceae by F. V. Coville and N. L. Britton, the Platanaceae by H. A. Gleason,
the Crossosomataceae by J. K. Small, the Connaraceae by N. L. Britton, the Caly-
canthaceae by C. L. Pollard, and the Rosaceae (pars) by P. A. Rydbcrg.
Vol. 22, part 4, issued Nov. 20, 1908. Rosaceae (pars) by P. A. Rydberg.
Mamoira of tha Naw York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the
Garden, li.oo per Tolume. To others, I2.00. [Not offered in exchange.]
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone
Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg. iz + 492 pp. , with detailed map. I900.
Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Derelopment,
by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. xri + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. III. In press.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charics Stuart Gager.
viii 4- 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908.
ContxlbatloDfl from tha Naw York Botanical Gardan. A series of tech-
aical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above. Price, 25 cents eadi. I5.C0 per volume. Four volumes.
REGZINT NUMBERS 25 CBNTB BACH.
113. Some Notes on the Chemical Composition and Toxicity of Iberrillea
Sonorae, by Julia T. Emerson and William H. Welker.
114. The Boleti of the Frost Herbarium, by William A. Muirill.
115. Some North DakoU Hypocreales, by Fred J. Seaver.
116. Notes on Rosaceae, by Per Axel Rydberg.
117. Studies in North American Peronosporales — IV, Host Index, by Guy
West Wilson.
New York botanical Garden
Bronx Park. New York Orrv
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