Full text of "The Journal of American history"

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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
FRANCIS TREVELYAN MILLER

Member of the American Academy of Political and

Social Science
American Historical Association

National Geographic Society

American Statistical Association

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of tl|g "American jHro%rl|flrift" Number

Til I II 11 VOLUME FIRST NUMBEH

This book marks the beginning of the third year of the institution
of a Periodical of Patriotism in America, inculcating the principles
of American Citizenship, and narrating the Deeds of Honor and
Achievement that are so true to American Character On this
Centenary of Lincoln this Book is Dedicated to the United States

COVKR Historic Stained Glass Windows In America Mosaic by Ellhu Vedder
Symbolizing Science, Art and Letters In the Library of Congress at Washington,
District of Columbia From Art Collection of Foster and Reynolds of New York
FOREWORD To all True Americans

REPRODUCTION IN ORIGINAL COLORS OF "ORAL TRADITION" Mural Painting
by John White Alexander The chieftain of a village, an Arab, relating his tale to
an absorbed group of listeners
AMERICA'S TRIBUTE TO HUMANITARIANS 1

MANUSCRIPT OF THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF LINCOLN Original In Lincoln's

Handwriting, written for Campaign Purposes, Is here given Historical Record 2

PROPHECY Sculptural Conception by Louis A. Gudebrod of the National Sculpture
Society, warning the American People against the material and political Spirit
of the Times The figure of "Prophecy," with outstretched hands and the
Invocation to "halt" on the lips. Is one of the strongest symbolisms of modern
National Life Historical record extended exclusively by the Sculptor to "The
Journal of American History" as an appeal to public conscience 5

AMERICAN COMMERCE Sculptural conception by Daniel Chester French of the
National Sculpture Society, for the Federal Building at Cleveland, Ohio Historical
record In "The Journal of American History" by permission of the Sculptor 6

AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCES Sculptural conception by Daniel Chester French of

the National Sculpture Society for the Federal Building at Cleveland, Ohio.... 7

ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF WASHINGTON The new Washington

Equestrian Statue, by Daniel Chester French, Is here given historical record.... 8

CENTENNIAL SCULPTURAL CONCEPTION OF LONGFELLOW By William Couper,

of the National Sculpture Society, for erection in the City of Washington 9

FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES "In Congress Assembled" Statue
in honor of John Hanson (1716-1783) of Maryland, who organized first Southern
Troops for American Independence and presented General Washington to Congress
after victory at Yorktown Memorial by Richard E. Brooks of National Sculpture
Society Erected by State of Maryland in Statuary Hall at National Capitol.. 10

SIGNER OF DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Statue in honor of Dr. John
Witherspoon of New Jersey (1722-1795) who came to America from Scotland to
accept Presidency of Princeton College, and became a leader in movement for
American Independence Memorial by William Couper of National Sculpture
Society for erection at National Capitol, Washington 11

PHOTOGRAPH OF LINCOLN CONCEDED TO BE THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC
EVER TAKEN It shows him on battle-field, towering above his army officers
at headquarters of Army of Potomac, as he was bidding farewell to General
McClellan and a group of officers at Antietam, Maryland, on October 6, 1862
Original negative in $150,000 collection of Edward Bailey Eaton, Hartford 12

TRIUMPH OF AMERICAN CHARACTER Centennial Reveries on Devotion to
Principle and Duty as Exemplified in the Leaders of the most Momentous
Economic and Political Struggle that Mankind has ever known True Significance
of the Centenaries of Lincoln and Davis By Francis Trevelyan Miller,
Editor-in-chief and Founder of "The Journal of American History" 13

CENTENARY TRIBUTH OF LOYAL SOUTH The Spirit of the South on this

Anniversary, as expressed by these Words of Henry Watterson, its Master Mind.. 16

HISTORIC MURAL ART IN AMERICA Reproduction in Original Colors from Art
Collection of Foster and Reynolds of New York "Law" Mosaic Decoration by
Frederick Dlelman

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE IN EATON COLLECTION taken in May, 1862, with army at
Cumberland Landing, Virginia, on Custis Place, near "White House," which became
the Estate of General Fltzhugh Lee, the Indomitable Cavalry Leader 17

REMARKABLE PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN WHILE LINCOLN WAS PASSING THROUGH
CAMP AT ANTIETAM, MARYLAND, October 3, 1862, With Pinkerton, First Chief of
Secret Service Officer in uniform is General John A. McClernand Exclusive
reproduction from original negative in Eaton Collection 18

PHOTOGRAP.H TAKEN WHILE LINCOLN WAS CONFERRING WITH GENERAL
McCLELLAN ON BATTLEFIELD OF ANTIETAM, MARYLAND, October, 3,
1862 Rare negative treasured in collection of Edward Bailey Eaton 19

Copyrighted by Associated Publishers of American Records, 677-679 Chapel Street, New Haven, Connecticut

Entered at the fast Office at New Haven as mail matter of the second class Published

Quarterly Subscription THREE DOLLARS Annually SEVENTY-FIVE CENTS a copy

Subscriptions to Foreign Countries FOUR DOLLARS Annnally

unify 1ngratttng0 anft

FIHST QUARTER NINETEEN NINE

Chronicles of Those Who Have Done a Good Day's Work
Rich in Information upon Which May Be Based Accurate
Economic and Sociologic Studies and of Eminent Value to
Private and Public Libraries Beautified by Reproductions of
Ancient Subjects through the Modern Processes of American Art

CONTINUATION OF INDEX

HERO OF AMERICANS WHO WOKE THE GRAY Original negative of General
Robert Edward Lee, taken when fifty-seven years of age. In 1865 Now
In Collection of Edward Bailey Eaton Enlargement under Eaton copyright
exclusively for "The Journal of American History" 21

HERO OF AMERICANS WHO WORE THE BLUE Original negative of General
Ulysses Simpson Grant, taken when forty-two years of age, in 1865 Now In
Collection of Edward Bailey Eaton Enlargement under Eaton copyright
exclusively for historical record In "The Journal of American History" 23

LAST PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN On this Centennial of Lincoln, "The
Journal of American History" Is exclusively authorized to historically record this
enlargement of the Celebrated Photograph from the Original Negative taken by
Brady, the Government Photographer, In 1865 The Original is now preserved
In the Eaton Collection of Seven Thousand Original Negatives made during the
American crisis and valued at 1150,000 25

THE CENTENARY OF JEFFERSON DAVIS, the Political Compeer of Lincoln,
Occurred Last Year These two great Leaders of Economic Thought In America
were Born in Kentucky within eight months of each other On this Centennial,
this rare negative of Jefferson Davis Is taken from the Eaton Collection 31

HISTORIC COLLECTIONS IN AMERICA Seven Thousand Original Negatives Taken
Under Protection of the Secret Service During the Greatest Conflict the World has
Ever Known Preserved by Edward Bailey Eaton, Hartford, Connecticut 37

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN IN APRIL 1866, IN HISTORIC OLD RICHMOND,
VIRGINIA After one of the most heroic Incidents in American History In which
the Southern Capital was destroyed by the loyal hands of Its own patriots, rather
than to have it fall through an intruding army

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN AT A CONFEDERATE FORT ON MARIETTA ROAD,
NEAR ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 2, 1864 Showing the masterful
chevaux-de-frise construction of fortification against Federal Army

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN IN WINTER QUARTERS AT RAPPAHANNOCK
STATION, VIRGINIA, IN 1864

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN AT BRANDY STATION, VIRGINIA, IN 1863 When
army Wagon Train was being parked from a daring Cavalry Raid

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN IN 1865, AS THE LARGEST FLEET That Had Ever
Carried the American Flag Sailed for the Attack on Fort Fisher, North Carolina

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN WHILE ARTILLERY WAS AT EDGE OP WOODS
near Battle of the Wilderness in 1864

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN BEHIND EFFECTIVE CONFEDERATE OBSTRUC-
TIONS AT MANASSAS, near Bull Run, in 1862

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN AS GUNBOAT "SANTIAGO DE CUBA" sailed on the
Fort Fisher Expedition In 1864

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN IN SEPTEMBER, 1862, while Major Allen (Allan
Plnkerton), first chief of Secret Service, was passing through Camp at Antletam

AMERICA Guardian of World Peace Movement In the United States to Organize
the Nations of the Earth Under a Constitution, Based Upon the Principles of the
American Union of States Stupendous Progress of America and Its Duty to the
World as a Leader In Civilization Argument by Victor Hugo Duras, L. L. M.,
D. C. L., M. Dip., Author of "Universal Peace," Dedicated to Andrew Carnegie,
Founder of the Palace of Peace at the Hague 39

AMERICAN MOTHERS OF STRONG MEN Patriots of the Home whose Faith and
Encouragement Have Moulded the National Character of the Republic Historical
Investigations Into American Foundations By Mrs. Katherine Prescott Bennett
of Minneapolis, Minnesota, Granddaughter of Roger Sherman Prescott 45

STATUE TO ROGER SHERMAN, C. B. Ives, Sculptor He was the only man privileged

to take part In the Four Great Documents of our National History 46

SIGNING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Painting by the Distinguished

Painter of the American Revolution, John Trumbull (1756-1843) 48

GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ORDER BOOK IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Original Records In Washington's Orderly Book Throw New Light onto His
Military Character and His Discipline of the Army Proof of His Genius as a
Military Tactician Life of the American Patriots In the Ranks of the
Revolutionists Revealed by Original Manuscript now In Possession of Mrs. Ellen
Fellows Bown of Pittsfisld, New York, Great-grand-daughter of Member of
Washington's Staff in the American Revolution 53

INDEX CONTINUED (OVEH)

ffirom Anmnt

JANUAHY FEBHUAHY UARCH

Collecting the Various Phases of History, Art, Literature,
Science, Industry, and Such as Pertains to the Moral, Intellectual
and Political Uplift of the American Nation Inspiring Nobility
of Home and State Testimonial of .the Marked Individuality
and Strong Character of the Builders of the American Republic

CONTINUATION OP INDEX

FIRST LETTER WRITTEN IN AMERICA Original Manuscript of Dr. Diego Alvarez
Chanca, the Physician on Columbus' Ship, Relating His Impressions of the New
World and Its Political and Commercial Possibilities Revelations of the
Practitioner to the Court of Spain Distinguished Personnel of the Fleet to
America in 1494 By A. M. Fernandez De Ybarra, A. B., M. D. Member of the
New York Academy of Sciences Medical Biographer of Christopher Columbus
Original Translation in Smithsonian Institution at Washington 69

REPRODUCTION IN ORIGINAL, COLORS OF MURAL PAINTING "THE PRINTING
PRESS" By John White Alexander Shows Gutenberg, the inventor of printing,
in his office with an assistant, examining proof sheet and discussing his invention

REPRODUCTION IN ORIGINAL COLORS "THE CAIRN" By John White Alexander
A company of Men of prehistoric time raising a heap of boulders to
commemorate some notable event

CHRONICLE OF A SOUTHERN GENTLEMAN Life In the Old South Diary of
Colonel James Gordon, who Emigrated to Virginia in 1738, and Entered into the
Social and Religious Life of the Scotch-Irish Regime in America His Observations
of Presbyterian Character and Its Influence upon the Moulding of the National
Spirit of Liberty By Louisa Coleman Blair, Richmond, Virginia 81

CENTENARY OF A HYMNIST TO LIBERTY General Albert Pike, who helped blaze
the path for civilization through the West in 1831 Cavalry leader In Mexican War
Author of battle-song "Dixie" Commanded the Cherokee Indians under flag
of the Confederacy in Civil War 90

SIR CHARLES HOBBY Early Knight and American Merchant Adventurer
Investigations In England, Barbadoes and America Into the Life and Progeny
of an American who was Knighted by Queen Anne at Windsor Castle for Services
to the Crown in 1692 at Earthquake In Jamaica He "Owned One-Half of New
Hampshire" By Rollin Germain Hubby, Cleveland, Ohio 91

PORTRAIT OB' CHARTLES HOBBY An American knighted by Queen Anne at Windsor
Castle for Bravery In the Earthquake at Jamaica In 1692 Original Painting by
Sir Peter Lely In Boston Museum of Fine Arts 97

CHARLES BULFINCH American Architect of the National Capitol at Washington
and the State House in Boston Descendant of Judith Hobby, sister of Sir Charles
Hobby Portrait by pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds 98

BUILDING OF THE GREAT WEST Mural Paintings by Maximilian F. Friederang

of New York in residence of General Harrison Grey Otis In Los Angeles, California 102

FIRST OVERLAND ROUTE TO THE PACIFIC Journey of Colonel Anza Across the
Colorado Desert to Found the City of San Francisco and Open the Golden Gate
to the Orient By Honorable Zoeth S. Eldredge, San Francisco, California 103

POEM From Edward Everett Hale 112

LOG OF AN AMERICAN MARINE IN 1762 ON A BRITISH FIGHTING SHIP
Original Journal of Lieutenant William Starr, Narrating His Adventures with His
Majesty's Fleet In the Expedition against the Spanish In Cuba Bombarding
Ancient Havana from a Man-o'-War before America was a Nation Life of the
Soldier at Sea Diary Accurately Transcribed By William Starr Myers, Ph. D. 113

CENTENARY OF AN AMERICAN LITTERATEUR One Hundredth Anniversary of
Edgar Allan Poe Born at Boston, Massachusetts, on the Nineteenth of January,
1809, and became first American Author to receive Literary Homage of Old World 118

EXPERIENCES OF AN AMERICAN MINISTER From His Manuscript in 1748
Original Journal of Reverend Joseph Emerson, Antecedent of Ralph Waldo
Emerson, In which He Relates the Life of a Clergyman in Early America
Memoranda of His Texts for Sermons A Pastor's Social Relations with His
Parishioners Original Diary transcribed by Edith March Howe 119

CENTENARY OF AN AMERICAN OF LETTERS Our Hundredth Anniversary of Birth
of Oliver Wendell Holmes Born In Cambridge, Massachusetts, on August 29,
1809, and Contributed Liberally to the Culture and Literature of His Century 128

HISTORIC ART IN BRONZE IN AMERICA Symbolism of "Knowledge" and "Wisdom"

by Daniel Chester French, In Doors of Boston Public Library 129

THE RISE OF THE GREAT WEST Triumphal Symbolism in Sculpture of the

Development of Minnesota By Daniel Chester French and E. C. Potter 130

MEMORY Beautiful Symbolism of the "years that have gone" and linger only In the
memories of those who pass through them Modelled by Hans Schuler of
Baltimore, Maryland 130

INDEX CONTINUED (OVER)

(Prtgittal jRgggarrfr in World's

The Publishers of THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY wish
to state that Book Collectors are holding the rare copies of
the first volume at four dollars and the second volume
at three dollars These values are constantly advancing
but a limited number of full sets in possession of the
Publishers may be secured at these current book prices

CONCLUSION OF INDEX

MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN Repository for Ancient Documents
Historic Mementoes Relics and Heirlooms In the Private Collections and Homes
/ of Descendants of the Builders of the Nation 131

ORIGINAL ORDER FOR SALE OF A NEGRO BOY IN NEW ENGLAND IN 1761 When
slavery was a universal American practice Document owned by Mr. George
Langdon of Plymouth, Connecticut Reproduced by permission 131

ORIGINAL LETTER WRITTEN BY NOAH WEBSTER Writer of the first American

Dictionary, to his nephew 132

ORIGINAL STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT RENDERED IN 1776 By Captain Reuben

Marcy against the Continental Government for money loaned to Revolutionists 133

PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE ORIGINAL EDITIONS OF FIRST AMERICAN DICTIONARY
AND FIRST AMERICAN SPELLING BOOK WRITTEN BY NOAH WEBSTER
Now In Springfield, Massachusetts Bust of Noah Webster representing him as
he looked late in life 134

ANCESTRAL HOMESTEADS IN AMERICA American Landmarks Old Houses
Colonial Homes of the Founders of the Republic Preserved for Historical Record
from Photographs in Possession of their Descendants 135

ANTIQUE FURNITURE IN AMERICA Extant Specimens of the Furniture of the
First American Homes Exhibits of Early Designs Still Treasured in the
Possession of their Descendants 139

PROPERTY OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM PITKIN, GOVERNOR OF CONNECTICUT
IN 1766-1769 Mohogany table and chair with combination of Anglo-Dutch legs
and frame-work that came Into fashion In England toward the middle of the
Eighteenth Century Owned by Miss Marlon P. Whitney, New Haven, Connecticut 139

DRESSING TABLE USED BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Now owned by

Mr. Thomas S. Grant, Enfleld, Connecticut 140

IN PERIOD JUST BEFORE REVOLUTION Six-Legged High Case over one hundred

years old Now owned by Mrs. Walnwrlght, Hartford, Connecticut 140

ARM CHAIR USED BY JAMES GATE PERCIVAL, Linguist and Scientist Born In
1776 This chair was occupied by him during many of his greatest achievements in
Wisconsin 141

OFFICE CHAIR OF ROGER SHERMAN Signer of the Four Great Documents in the
Founding of the American Nation Now in possession of Connecticut Historical
Society Pre-Revolutionary Chair now owned by Mr. Walter Hosmer, Wethersfleld,
Connecticut 141

CHAIR, HAT AND WALKING-STICK USED BY DR ELIPHALET NOTT, BORN IN

1773 President of Union College at Schenectady, New York 141

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY OR REVOLUTIONARY SETTEE With Folding Candle-stick

Now owned by Mrs. Walnwrlght, Hartford, Connecticut 142

GALLERY OF THE AMERICAN ART CONNOISSEUR Ancient Masterpieces In
America Old Paintings Miniatures Engravings Silhouettes in the Possession
of American Collectors and Ancestral Homes 143

OLD PAINTING OF EHHU YALE (1649-1721) ENGLISH GOVERNOR OF MADRAS,
INDIA Whose benefactions permanently founded Yale College This canvas is
now in possession of Yale University 144

THREE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF AMERICA'S
GREATEST CITY BY THE DUTCH IN 1609 In Historical Commemoration of the
Dutch Regime, this Coat-of-Arms is emblazoned, marking the transition of the
Dutch New Amsterdam to the English New York, under the Administration of
Peter Stuyvesant, Dutch Governor of New Netherlands American Adaptation
of Heraldic Illumination Engraving loaned by The Americana Society of New
York, from their "American Families of Historic Lineage"

INAUGURATION OF GENEALOGY AS THE SCIENCE OF HEREDITY Institution
of a movement on this Centenary of Darwin to Establish Genealogical Research
on a Foundation of Scientific Investigation Into the Strains of Blood In America
and their effect upon American Citizenship and American Character 145

BRONZE MEDAL IN COMMEMORATION OF THE LINCOLN CENTENARY By Jules
Edouard Roine of Paris Cast under Instructions of Mr. Robert Hewitt of New
York, Collector of Historic Medals, and recorded with his authority, and under
his copyright, In "The Journal of American History" on this Centennial

IMPRESSIONS OF THE AMERICAN PUBLIC Comment of Distinguished Americans

and Europeans on "The Journal of American History" 149

ESSAYS without name of author and all MONOGRAPHS and introductorles to articles
are by Francis Trevelyan Miller

ALLEGORICAL border designs surrounding pages are by

Howard Marshall of New Haven, Connecticut

all n Ammrana

^fe MERICANS who have co-operated in the founding of this first national
j(M periodical of patriotism in America, are to be congratulated upon

7 m tneir loyalty and fidelity to this inspiring work. Instituted upon
^^B motives of civic duty and moral uplift, it has found in the first
^^ m homes in America a most cordial greeting. The scope of its work.
s possibilities for great public good, and its effect upon con-
~* i * ?: m PP r a r y Me and character, has been so far beyond its original
contemplation that it has been irresistibly carried into all the tributaries of public
service Through the loyalty of these first homes into which it has been received
has become not only a journal of national inspiration, but a powerful factor
m the moulding of our national character. It enters upon its third year with
broadest opportunities for distinguished usefulness. It is especially apropos

i,c t0 reC . rd that il is the first union of the interests of

A * ?? m r a P rac . tlcal movement for the development of a national

and the moulding of a national character. It is the first distinctly organ-
ized movement for the cultivation of historical research in North, South East
West and the erection of memorials to every American whose heroism has
endeared him to the hearts of his own people. If it accomplishes this one servicJ
-which I believe is the greatest service that can be given to the American
people-it is of noble birth. It is pledged to the Brotherhood of States and
Nations ; it knows no alien prejudices. It is the first American historical journal
to pursue historical investigations in the archives of other nations for the purpose
of discovering foreign viewpoints and recording them impartially for juxta-
position with the American evidence. It is the first American historical journal to
receive the recognition of the scholars of the older civilization, and the co-opera-
tion of its researchers, or to have bestowed upon it the expressions of gratitude
1 commendation from the rulers of many of the ancient dynastils The
entire resources of THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY are being used to

SStl? P WV ltie , S f r ^ A , J0 r a1 ' Hke a man ' Iearns and ma ^s with
experience While its possibilities for the most eminent public service throughout

ie generations lie more directly in the hope of a private endowment which would

establish it as a public institution, it has laid a foundation upon which may be built

Si nT influences in American life. The greatest work can be accom-

plished only through practical business channels. Modern business system

'"f tvf S T M P er nent , r . OWth and matured achievement. For the perfection

iS lg \ f f thls P ub l ication Jt must be held close to the heart of the basic

maples of finance and to bring ,t more closely into such relations it has estab-

.shed corporation offices at Three Forty-one Fifth Avenue, New York (Search

Light Library, opposite Waldorf-Astoria, Thirty-fourth Street) A cordi

invitation is extended to all who are in sympathy with its labors. It is intended to

extend its service in the preservation of the records of the Nation by nau g uradn

?hf Jf 5 S - y ^ enealo & lcal ^searches, and collecting in permanent editions'

the genealogical manuscripts that are now in possession of various families and

genealogists throughout the country. Those who are considering the

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VOLUME III

NUMBER I

F1HST QUAKTKK

Ammoi'0 rttatfr in

^^^^HIS is the beginning of a year that will be one. of the most
" / ^ I memorable in the progressive annals of the American people.
M It is not only a time when public attention is being turned

III toward the lives of those who have contributed to the welfare
^^^^r of humanity in commemoration of their centenaries, but it is
a period of reconstruction. Strange as it may seem, through
the peculiar evolution of History, this centennial of Lincoln
finds Americans engaged in the reconstruction of economic problems fully
as important to the future of the Nation as the problems which he met.
North and South, East and West, engrossed in a conscientious endeavor
to lay a foundation of integrity under its system of finance; seeking an
equitable and friendly basis for those two great factors in the world's
progress capital and labor ; struggling to hold the beacon of liberty before
the world, assimilating the blood of all nations, and blending its aliens
into the mould of American ideals. It is a period of emancipation ; equally
as essential as that through which Lincoln passed. The emancipation of
industry from poverty; the emancipation of intelligence from ignorance;
the emancipation of honesty from greed ; the emancipation of all the higher
instincts of man from his lower being a process of evolution. And strange
enough, this, too, is the centennial of Darwin, the man who gave to the
world the knowledge that man rises from himself toward the most perfect
emulation of his spiritual ideals. The spirit of the times is the most perfect
tribute to these two humanitarians. America has a work to do today a
work for which these men were the forerunners built upon the foundations
which these men laid. Americans are utilitarians. The greatest tribute
that can be offered them on this centennial year is to utilize their own gifts
to humanity by accomplishing today's work of emancipation peacefully;
by meeting the problems that beset Lincoln with reason and accord rather
than the ravages of war, and thus give practical demonstration of the dis-
coveries of Darwin intellectual, moral, and consequently physical evolution.

i!attu0rnpt of tip Auiahtngrapljg of Entrain

_ ely by the Sculpt

JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY as an appeal to public conscience

AMERICAN COMMERCE Sculptural conception by Daniel Chester French of the National Sculpture Society for
the Federal Building at Cleveland, Ohio Historical record in THE JOURNAL or

AMERICAN HISTORY by permission of the Sculptor

AMERICAN JURISPRUDENCE Sculptural conception by Daniel Chester French of the National Sculpture Society,
for the Federal Building at Cleveland, Ohio Historical record in THE JOURNAL OF
AMERICAN HISTORY by permission of the Sculptor

On this Anniversary of the Birth of Washington, the new Washington Eques-
trian Statue, hv Daniel (^.hr*.tfr FV*n*-K ic V,..-. ;,,- u:- : i _. t

Q Centennial Sculptural Conception of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,
i Couper, of the National Sculpture Society, for erection in
the City of Washington, District of Columbia

by William

FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES "IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED" Statue in honor
of John Hanson (1715-1783) of Maryland, who organized first Southern troops for American independence and
nresented General Washineton to Congress after victorv at Yorktown Memnrial hv RirharH F. P.r,.,,L-<. f

SIGNER OF DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Statue in honor of Dr. John Wlther-
spoon of New Jersey (1722-1794) who came to America from Scotland to accept Presidency of

0f Amenran

I
1

(Erulrttnial Rfwrtea on Emotion to Jlrinnulr an& Duty as
txt mulifirb in tltr foatora of % moat iflomrntoua lErmtotmr
ana JJnlmntl tragal* that iflutikiuii has rurr luumm J*
Eritc &ia,iutuanrf of the (trutruarirfi of Einroln auii Harta

FRANCIS TREVEI.TAN MILLEK

Editor-in-chief and Founder of THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY

IS is the anniversary of the triumph of American character.
It is the real test of the breadth and the depth of the American
mind and heart. In the last twelve months there have occurred
II in America the centennials of the births of the leaders of the
J most momentous economic and political struggle that mankind
has ever known. It is not so much the tragedy of historical
events met by these courageous men that give the anniver-
isaries their real import. The true significance of these occasions is the
attitude of the American people today in their observation of them.

Is American character strong enough to survive the tremendous strains
through which it has passed?

Is the sense of patriotism, in the first idealistic government created by
mankind, strong enough to overcome the difficulties that must necessarily
beset it in the high ideal of justice to which it attains?

At the end of a century of political and economic misunderstandings,
personified by the centennial of the leaders of the two well-defined schools
of economic thought, that came to tragic conclusion in a conscientious
endeavor to interpret the Constitution upon which the Republic is founded,
American character is taking its own measurement. The world has never
known more heroic devotion to principle than that exemplified by these
centenaries. Both were supported by statesmen of highest honorability ;
both found reason for their beliefs in established precedents; both offered
their lives to its momentous decision. So intense did it become that physi-
cal force, rather than argument, became the arena, and here again both
proved true to the causes which they represented with heroic self-sacrifice.
It is one of the coincidents of History that both political factions chose
their leaders from Kentucky, and that both came into the world within
the same twelve months. This is not an occasion for reviving the various
phases of the political problem which they represented. The causes for
which they bled are ably defended in their traditions. Integrity of intent
and nobility of purpose is proved in their sacrifices. It is not strange that
those who passed through the terrific conflict hold in their hearts memories
dear to them, and memories bitter to them. It would indeed be gross
ingratitude for either to forget. The man who would rob them of their
traditions is unworthy of American citizenship. It has been my privilege
to know both the heart of the North and the heart of the South. Born
in New England, and true to its traditions, I have lived in the Southland

HJp

Ehr Spirit of ll;r &mrth on lb!a Amiiumiaru, as txurraBrI
Inj tli fur IDiirlifi of Ijrurij SJattrraim. ila iflar.trr fHhtli,
IB tljf (SrratCBt itributr to Amrriran (tharartrr

,ITH respect to Abraham Lincoln, I, as a Southern man and
a Confederate soldier, here render unto Cassar the things
that are Caesar's, even as I would render unto God the things
that are God's. The celebration of the centenary of the
birth of Abraham Lincoln will not be bounded by sectional
lines, though it will recall from many points of view the
issues and incidents through which he passed in life and
of which in History he remains the foremost figure. I am writing from
the Southern standpoint. All of us must realize that the years are gliding
swiftly by. Only a little while and there will not be a man living who
saw service on either side of that great struggle. Its passions long ago
faded from manly bosoms. Meanwhile it is required of no one, whichever
flag he served under, that he make renunciations dishonoring himself. Each
may leave to posterity the casting of the balance between antagonistic
schools of thought and opposing camps in action, where in both the essentials
of fidelity and courage were so amply met. Nor is it the part of wisdom
to regret a tale that is told. The issues that evoked the strife of sections
are dead issues. The conflict which was thought to be irreconcilable and
was certainly inevitable, ended more than forty years ago. It was fought
to its conclusion by fearless and upright men. To some the result was
logical, to others it was disappointing, to all it was final. The war of
sections, inevitable to the conflict of systems but long delayed by the
compromises of patriotism, did two things which surpass in importance
and value all other things: it confirmed the Federal Union as a Nation
and it brought the American people to the fruition of their manhood.
Before the war we were a huddle of petty sovereignties held together by
a rope of sand ; we were all a community of children playing at government.
Hamilton felt it, Marshall feared it, Clay ignored it, Webster evaded it.

Northerner or Southerner, none of us need

fear that the future will fail to vindicate our integrity. When those are
gone that fought the good fight, and philosophy comes to strike the balance-
sheet, it will be shown that the makers of the Constitution left the relation
of the States to the Federal Government and of the Federal Government
to the States open to a double construction. The battle was long though
unequal. Let us believe that it was needful to make us a Nation. Let us
look upon it as into a mirror, seeing not the desolation of the past, but the
radiance of the present ; and in the heroes of the New North and the New
South who contested in generous rivalry up the fire-swept steep of El
Caney and side by side re-emblazoned the national character in the waters
about Corregidor Island and under the walls of Cavite, let us behold
hostages for the Old North and the Old South blent together in a Union
that recks not of the four points of the compass. Colonel Henry Watterson
of Louisville, Kentucky, in The Cosmopolitan.

Remarkable photograph taken while Lincoln was passing through camp at Antietam. Maryland, October 3. 1862. with Pinkertnn. first chief of Secret Service Officer
in uniform is General John A. McClcrnand Exclusive reproduction protected by copyright from original negative in collection of Edward

'holograph taiceTi while Lincoln was conferring with General McClellan on battlefield of Antietam, Maryland, October 3, 1862 Rare negative treasured in
ollectiun of Edward Bailey Eaton, at Hartford, Connecticut, and exclusively reproduced under his copyright in "THE JOURNAL OP AMERICAN HISTORY"

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IKKM 01 \MKKICANS WHO WORE THE (IK AY Original negative of General Robert Edward Lee, taken when fifty-seven years of age, in 1865 Now
Collection of Kclward llailcy Kuton Enlargement under Eaton copyright exclusively for historical record in "THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY" I

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The Centenary of Jefferson Davis, the political compeer of Lincoln, occurred last year These two great leaders of economic thought in America
were born in Kentucky within eight months of each other On this Centennial, this rare negative of Jefferson Davis is taken from the Eaton
Collection, valued at $150,000, and here presented for historical record under the Eaton copyright in "The Journal of American History"

Srurn Slf mi0at> (Original jXVyattncn OJukrn iuu>r lltr
Jlrotprtum of tlf* 9m*t &mrfr* During ttfp (SrraJpHt
(Emtflirt of fHr u lljc lSmiJ> ffiaa Eurr Siiuutw .^ Jlrr s rrur b

BAILEY EATON

HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT

N this Centennial of Lincoln, it gives me pleasure to extend,
through THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY, as the recog-
nized repository for historical record in America, the exclusive
permission of reproducing prints from the celebrated Brady
Collection of seven thousand original negatives, taken during
the Civil War under the protection of the Secret Service,
and which it has been my privilege to restore after they have

been secluded from public view for nearly forty-two years, except as an

occasional proof has been drawn for especial use.

In presenting these prints from the most valuable collection of historic
photographs in America, the EDITORS of this publication take pleasure in
here recording that it is only through the public spirit of Mr. Eaton as
an antiquarian that this Collection is unveiled to this generation. The
existence of this Collection is unknown by the public at large. Photogra-
phers have pronounced it impossible, declaring that photography was not
sufficiently advanced at that period to prove of such practical use in war.
Distinguished veterans of the Civil War have informed me that they knew
positively that there were no cameras in the wake of the army. This incredu-
lity of men in a position to know the truth enhances the value of the Col-
lection inasmuch that its genuineness is officially proven by the testimony
of those who saw the pictures taken, by the personal statement of the
man who took them, and by the Government Records. It is not strange
that these negatives should be unknown by the public, inasmuch as they
have been practically lost for forty-two years. When the American Repub-
lic became rent by a conflict of brother against brother, Mathew B. Brady
of Washington and New York, asked the permission of the Government
and the protection of the Secret Service to demonstrate the practicability
of Scott-Archer's discovery of modern photography in the severest test
that the invention had ever been given. Brady's request was granted
and he invested heavily in cameras which were made specially for

fef

OlolUrttnna in Amerua

the hard usage of warfare. The experimental operations under Brady
proved so successful that they attracted the immediate attention of
President Lincoln, General Grant and Allan Pinkerton, known as
Major Allen and chief of the Secret Service. Equipments were hurried
to all divisions of the great army and some of them found their
way into the Confederate ranks. The secret never has been divulged. How
Mr. Brady gained the confidence of such men as Jefferson Davis and Gen-
eral Robert E. Lee, and was passed through the Confederate lines, may
never be known. It is certain that he never betrayed the confidence reposed
in him and that the negatives were not used for secret service information,
and this despite the fact that Allan Pinkerton and the artist Brady were
intimate. Neither of these men had any idea of the years which the conflict
was to rage and Mr. Brady expended all his available funds upon parapher-
nalia. The Government was strained to its utmost resources in keeping
its defenders in food and amunition. It was not concerned in the develop-
ment of a new science nor the preservation of historical record. With the
close of the war, Brady was in the direst financial straits and these seven
thousand negatives were placed in storage where they remained throughout
the years, occasionally coming before the public but never being fully
revealed until their restoration by Mr. Eaton a few months ago. General
Ulysses S. Grant was acquainted with the work of Brady on the battle-field,
and in a letter written on February third, 1866, spoke of it as "a collection
of photographic views of battle-fields taken on the spot, while the occur-
rences represented were taking place." General Grant added: "I knew
when many of these representations were being taken and I can say that
the scenes are not only spirited and correct, but also well-chosen. The
collection will be valuable to the student and artist of the present generation,
but how much more valuable it will be to future generations!" General
Garfield once declared these negatives to be worth at least $150,000.
It is believed to be the first time that the camera was used on the battle-
field. It is the first known collection of its size on the Western Continent
and it is the only witness of the scenes enacted during the greatest crisis
in the annals of the American Nation. As a contribution to History it
occupies a position that the higher art of painting or scholarly research
and literal description can never usurp. It records a tragedy that neither
the imagination of the painter nor the 1 skill of the historian can so dramati-
cally relate. The drama here revealed by the lens is one of intense realism.
In it one can almost hear the beat of the drum and the call of the bugle.
It throbs with all the passions known to humanity. It brings one face to
face with the madness of battle, the thrill of victory, the broken heart of
defeat. There is in it the loyalty of comradeship, the tenderness of brother-
hood, the pathos of the soldier's last hour ; the willingness to sacrifice, the
fidelity to principle, the love of country. Far be it from the power of these
old negatives to bring back the memory of forgotten dissensions or long-
gone contentions! Whatever may have been the differences that threw a
million of America's strongest manhood into bloody combat, each one
offered his life for what he believed to be the right. The American People
today are more strongly united than ever before North, South, East and
West, all are working for the moral, the intellectual, the industrial and politi-
cal upbuilding of Our Beloved Land. The mission of these pages is one of
Peace that all may look upon the horrors of War and pledge their manhood
to "Peace on Earth, Good Will toward Men!"

Jim?

fttmtrmrttt in

tlj* llmtrii fctatrn to

(OnjtauiEr thr xV alinna of % Eartli

Inorr a (Constttwttnn, iL5a0ri> Upon lljr

of Hit- American Union of &talrH j* 9tnprnaaus flronrrsB of

America ana Us Duly to tltr Ularla SB a Urafcr in (Ciwlijalum -* Argnutrut

VICTOR HUGO DURAS, L.L.M.. D.C.L., M.DIP.

Author of " Universal Peace," Dedicated to Andrew Carnegie,
Founder of the Palace of Peace at the Hague

E home-coming of the American war fleet after encircling
the globe, and entering into the annals of History as the first
great battle-fleet to circumnavigate the earth on a mission of
il peace, is but another impressive assurance of the duty of
the American Republic to become the guardian of the world's
peace. It is America that gave to the world the first appeal
for the cessation of war that of Elihu Burritt in 1857. It
is America that, having fallen into the most stupendous conflict of brother
against brother that the world has ever known, proved its indomitable
power to return to the pursuits of peace united into a stronger brotherhood
than ever before. It is America that is giving to the world its greatest
living force in the interests of universal peace Andrew Carnegie. Through-
out America today there are thousands of men organized for the noble
purpose of the everlasting abolition of war. It is permeating the school
rooms, and becoming imbedded in the minds and characters of the coming
generation. It is the spirit of the Nation. Peace movements have been
too academic; not until now have they been established on a practical
foundation of sound political doctrine. It was the privilege of these
pages in closing their second year of public service, to give historical record
to the first draft for a written Constitution of the United Nations of the
World. The feasibility of a suggested union of the eighty nations of the
earth was based upon the union of the forty-six states of the United States
under a Constitution. It is not probable that any historical document
of modern times has created wider discussion throughout the nations.
Through THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY, this draft was sent to
the parliaments of the nations, the world's rulers, their premiers, and the
intellectual and the political leaders of every known form of government.
The controversy resulting has been both aggressive and healthful, inasmuch
as it promotes a movement toward some tangible expression of universal
peace, with a possible method of solution. President Diaz of Mexico,
Vice-President Fairbanks of the United States, ambassadors, ministers and
statesmen from France, Germany, England, China, and many of the for-
eign powers, have entered into the discussion. Dr. William Osborne
McDowell, the author of the draft of the proposed Constitution for the
United Nations of the World, in placing it in THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN

HISTORY, for historical record, stated that if it created healthful controversy
along practical lines of legislative enactment it would have done signal
service in the cause of peace. This it has done, and through it have devel-
oped many expressions from political economists who are working along
similar lines. Among these is Victor Hugo Duras, whose travels through
Europe and investigations of the systems of government, some time ago
convinced him that the solution of universal peace must come through
a constitution. Dr. Duras has recorded his views in a recently published
volume, transcripts of which have been moulded into a record for these
historical pages, and presented herewith. EDITOR

It is very easy and natural to call a man an idealist when he promul-
gates some new and large idea, but in a clearer light we are today seeing
things which were undreamed of a decade ago, and the rapidity with which
progress is making revolutionary changes right before our eyes is astonish-
ing. Why, then, should we consider those things unreasonable which past
events have demonstrated entirely feasible and practical? As more events
of historic interest have been crowded into the Nineteenth Century than
in all past time, we may reasonably believe that there will be more activity
in international affairs in the Twentieth Century than there was up to its
beginning. I deem it very significant that in my travels over Europe,
where national boundaries practically bristle with bayonets and swords
to protect the existing national dividing lines (which are being obliterated
by economic ties), I had been able to commute from one capital to another
without the least hindrance and without a passport. The "United Nations
of the World," commonly called the Confederation of the World has been
in the minds of men from time almost immemorial. International peace
has been in the minds of great men from the beginning of organized
government, ever reverberating in importance. Hugo Grotius declared
that the congress of Christian nations should be held and controversies
should be decided by third parties. Henry IV of France called a congress
to discuss the maintenance of peace. William Penn published a scheme for
the establishment of a European Diet. Abbe Saint-Pierre, Bentham, Kant
and others devised schemes along different lines. Military conquerors
had the idea in mind. Alexander, Caesar, Napoleon, argued that only
military conquest could bring about universal peace.

Originally no one race of people had the superior right to occupy
any particular portion of the earth's surface, but their final attachment to
the soil made communities of men separated by seas, mountains and deserts.
Man has conquered the ocean, tunneled the mountains, and drawn segre-
gated communities into one world community, so that it is easier to go
around the world today than it was to cross a continent fifty years ago.
The remotest peoples have come into friendly relations with one another
and are being governed by a most mutual public law which is drawing
them closer into a world-citizenship. The community of the nations of
the earth has advanced so far that an injustice in one part of the world
is felt throughout its extent, and the idea of cosmopolitan universal right
is no fantastic and strained conception of right, but is only the completion
of the unwritten law.

International war has no future. Every change in conditions or
dispositions is affirmed and fixed only after a struggle of armaments. How-
ever, after 'an analysis of the history of mankind since the year 1496 B. C.

rff^ ^W* * V*V *"*. . ^ ^ LTVf* F i ni *

Itntefc Nation* of tiji> Worlfc

to the year 1906 of our era that is, in a cycle of 3,402 years there were
only 257 years of universal peace and 3,145 years during which the peoples
were in a state of war. The war years were not years of universal war,
but local war, of whatever sort, and we can say that, according to area
and space of time, the world was preponderingly in the state of peace.
Even considering it thus, the history of the life of the peoples presents a
picture of uninterrupted struggle. The status of war, it would appear, is a
normal condition of human life, even though there is no actual warfare
during the status of this armed peace. But the position has changed and
still the new continues to contend with the remnants of the old, which is
ever changing and being superseded by the modern order of things.

Economic evolution is ever tending to broaden spheres of activity, and
is conducive to a unification of industrial enterprise and the solidification
of political entities over broader areas. A highly developed exchange in
the securities between nations, or international exchange of corporate stock,
is in itself a strong bond between nations, through community of economic
interests. It causes till another demand for peace, and is another argument
against war. Financial considerations are beginning to play the most
decisive part in the extermination of war, for no two countries would be
apt to engage in conflict when the interests of each are utterly against war.

Let me instance the United States as materially illustrating my
argument. Its wealth has put it in a high rank among nations. In a little
more than a hundred, or, at most, two hundred, years of wealth-gathering
we have piled up $110,000,000,000. These stupendous figures are beyond
mental grasp. When the Indian wants to tell his tribesmen, upon his
return from New York, that he saw vast numbers of men, he says they
were as numerous as the leaves on the trees or the grasses in the fields.
The savage realizes number and quantity in his peculiarly picturesque way.
When I speak to mathematicians of $100,000,000,000 they form but an
indefinite picture of this sum. To aid in the realization of such a vast sum
of wealth, it may be said that Great Britain, after two thousand years, a
country which has been piling up wealth since its mines sold tin to the
Phoenicians, and Caesar's legions encamped in its numerous castra or ches-
ters, has accumulated only $55,000,000,000, or half the wealth of the United
States. France, La Belle France, her vineyards, olive orchards, rose gardens
the sunny land of Roland and Bayard, the land in which thrift is the
law and waste a legend has amassed only $50,000,000,000. Germany,
including Alsace and Lorraine, an empire whose industrial and commercial
history, at least in the last hundred years, reads like a romance, has gathered
only $48,000,000,000. Russia, an empire whose scepter sways over one-
sixth of the world, a land with a thousand years of recorded History, com-
mands only $35,000,000,000. Austria-Hungary, the great dual empire,
including Bohemia, the Bohemia of song and story, owns but $30,000,-
000,000. Italy, imperial Italy, the land of the Romans and the Renaissance,
has only $18,000,000,000. Spain, poor Spain, after the billions taken from
the mines of Mexico and Peru, owns her $12,000,000,000.

To put all this in another form, this land in which we live God's
country, as the exiled consuls, ambassadors and ministers call it pos-
sesses but a small part of the world's area, in rough figures, one-fourteenth,
and of its population, one-twentieth. Yet it produces twenty per cent
of the world's wheat, thirty per cent of its gold, thirty-two per cent of its
coal, thirty-three per cent of its silver, thirty-four per cent of its manufac-
tured products, thirty-five per cent of its iron, thirty-six per cent of its

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Ammra O^uarbtan of

cattle, thirty-eight per cent of its steel, fifty per cent of its petroleum, fifty -
four per cent of its copper, seventy-five per cent of its cotton, eighty-four
per cent of its corn.

In 1904 it produced 13,000,000,000 pound bales of cotton, 27,000,
000,000 bushels of corn and more than 775,000,000,000 bushels of wheat.

We have twenty per cent of the world's money inside our gates,
twenty-five per cent of its coin and bullion, sixty-seven per cent of its bank-
ing power, or $14,000,000,000, thirty-three and one-third per cent of its
savings bank deposits, forty-two per cent of its railroads, and more than
half of its thirty best harbors. The foreign trade of the world is about
$22,000,000,000 per twelve months ; the internal trade of the United States
is $22,000,000,000. Is comment necessary?

Europe has 12,000 square miles of coal lands, much of it nearing
exhaustion so much so that Great Britain, in alarm, has created two com-
missions latterly to examine the situation. Twenty years ago, Jevons
stated that the mines, at the rate of consumption then going on, would be
exhausted in from 150 to 200 years. Again alarmed, England had Wallace
report on the situation. He declared that if the mines were run far under
the sea they would last another hundred years, or from 250 to 350 years.
Three hundred years is not a long period in the history of a nation. It
is only three hundred years since the age of Elizabeth, and yet to history
students, at least to men familiar with the dynasties of Egyptian and
Assyrian kings, it is modern, very modern.

In the bowels of our earth is coal enough, at the present rate of
consumption, or 300,000,000 tons a year, to last six thousand years. The
only countries that can possibly compare with us are China and Russia.
According to Richupfen, the great German geographer and geologist, tho
Celestial Empire and he explored only a part has, to his knowledge,
225,000 square miles of coal.

Siberia alone contains one-ninth of the world's area. Great Britain
and all of Europe, except Russia, together with the whole of the United
States, could be put into Siberia, and, as its mineral deposits are inestimable,
at its present rapid rate of settlement it is destined to become the future
mineral and grain market of the world.

Mr. Atkinson of Boston, boasted ( in 1890 that 1900 would see the
world producing 40,000,000 tons of iron. It did produce 40,018,000 tons.
In 1900 he said that 1916, or possibly 1910, would see a 6o,ooo,ooo-ton
iron output. It promises realization by that time. The history of our
iron and steel industry reads like a romance; it is romance, for the story
of Peter White is the story of the iron industry. The work in the Gobegic,
Vermillion and Mesaba ranges in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota
rivals the romances of Dumas and Scott. Iron ore is found in these mines
in an oxidized form, is scooped up by great automatic shovels, poured into
thirty or forty ton steel wagons, and carried often by gravitation to Duluth,
Two Harbors, or Marquette, on Lake Superior, when it is then dumped
into hugh 10,000 or 12,000 ton steamers, filling one of these leviathans
in as many hours, now, as it formerly took days to fill boats, the largest
of which was 2,000 tons. By these boats the iron ore is carried across the
lakes to Buffalo, Toledo, Cleveland and Chicago on Lake Erie and Lake
Michigan, and is dumped into huge furnaces. Most of the work, if not
quite all, is done by automatic machinery. There it is converted into steel
billets, rails, or the ten thousand things for which it serves, among which

are principally the implements of human destruction. With all these
things we have gone into the earth to bless man with implements of con-
struction and implements of destruction. The figures given above were
for 1900. Since that time a great change has come over the iron world.
In 1905 we produced 22,300,000 tons of the world's total, 52,000,000, beating
England and Germany by 2,600,000 tons. In 1893 we had thirty-nine per
cent of the world's total, 46,368,000 tons. In 1863 we produced only
831,770, to Great Britain's 4,825,254 and Germany's 759,900, and the world's
total, 9,250,000 tons. For five years we have been producing as much as
both. This, with coal, has given us the mastery of the world's markets.
They have put us at the head of the procession of the so-called Anglo-Saxon
civilization. It is weighing us down with great and grave responsibilities ;
it is inaugurating an era in which this country is to sit at the head of the
table in the world's great council chambers. The only blur in it all is the
limit of the supply. The world's estimated iron deposits amount to only
10,000,000,000 tons. Luckily, there are lands still unexplored. In these may
be many billions more. Of the 10,000,000,000 tons known, the United States
is said to have 1,100,000,000; Germany, 2,000,000,000; Great Britain, 1,000,-
000,000 tons. The remainder of 6,000,000,000 tons is, for the most part,
found in Scandinavia, Spain, Russia, Canada, and the various countries
of Asia and the islands of the sea.

In the production of steel the record is romantic, we may say. In
1900 we produced 10,188,000 tons of steel; the United Kingdom, 4,901,000;
Germany, 6,362,000 tons. In 1903 our production reached 14,517,763 tons,
or forty and one-half per cent of the world's total of 35,846,000 tons.
During that year Germany, keeping pace with modern movement in far
better form than England, produced 8,801,515 tons and Great Britain
5,134,101, both together producing far less than the United States, and
the discrepancy has continued to grow in the years 1904 and 1905. It is
probable that the steel production of the United States is rapidly moving
toward 20,000,000 tons. Indeed, the thoughtful and observing student
will have noted the marvelous rapidity with which we have risen from a
place behind Germany and England to the foremost rank in iron and
steel production.

As late as 1883, Great Britain produced 8,490,224 tons of iron and
2,158,880 tons of steel; Germany, 3,397,588 tons of iron and 1,066,920 of
steel, against 4,595,510 and 1,673,534 tons, respectively, for the United States.
Still further back, both countries surpassed us in the two products. In all
this, one begins to realize the meaning and value of these minerals, coal and
iron: they are the real royal metals, or, in other words, they are the real
sources of power. It is to these that Great Britain owes her pre-eminent posi-
tion. They gave her the world, and are now giving the world to the United
States. Behind Gibraltar, the Suez, the islands of the Mediterranean, India,
Australia, Canada, and the mighty places of the world upon which her guns
have been erected, are the coal and iron mines of England, Scotland and
Wales. Behind the United States' success at home and abroad are the coal
and iron mines of our country, which are forces and factors that make
every possibility a marvelous opportunity of manifest destiny.

The meaning of this vast wealth, both at hand and in reserve, is
evident. It creates new and vast responsibilities. While it gives us power,
it gives responsibilities. To be true to them all, to live up to the past, and
to be as virtuous as our fathers, we shall have to work ceaselessly in the

Is,

LjffW r\H*

Ammra (Ktraritfan nf

tear?

cause of Peace, so that our resources may be used for the upbuilding of
the Nation and not the destruction of its glorious opportunity.

The great American Republic has already achieved the highest position
among the nations of the earth; it is destined to play the star part on the
stage of diplomacy in future time. In but a century the United States have
come to the front by leaps and bounds, from an agricultural to an industrial
and now to a commercial nation. The period of agriculture covered the
time between the Revolution and the Civil War. The industrial period
reaches from the Civil War to the Spanish-American War, and the com-
mercial period from that war to the present time. All the necessary funda-
mentals for the building up of a strong nation have been gone through
in but a century and a quarter, and with the remarkable strides that this
Nation has made in the past century, with its practically untouched and
boundless resources, who can predict the future?

Already I have stated that the United Nations of Europe must neces-
sarily stand against the wonderful development and power of the United
States of America. In one hundred years the American states have devel-
oped an empire twice the size of the combined states of Europe. And the
most significant fact of all, is, the rapid transition of the great American
commonwealth from a democracy to a republic and then to an empire in
but the course of a little over a century.

There is bound forever to be a difference between the civilizations
of the East and the West, and let me say here that when we compare the
Orientals and the Occidentals, civilization is indeed an ambiguous term, for
if we are to determine the standard of civilization according to the sphere
and length of time a people is in the state of peace, then eastern civilization
has attained the highest development. If we are to determine the standard
of civilization according to the sphere and length of time a people is in the
state of war, then western civilization has attained the highest development ;
for the peoples of the East have been living in the state of peace in the past
centuries, while the peoples of the West have been living in the state of war.

As certain as it is a fact that man was born in the East, so certain is
it that civilization began with its development there; and as the waters
receded from the land and left it stand out above their surface, so man
descended into the valleys left by the subsiding waters; and if man was
born on Mount Arrarat ten thousand years ago, he has spread to the four
winds; and, ever following the same direction, comes nearer and nearer to
the shrine of his birth. In the history of man we may say : He left home
alone, but comes back with a family of 15,000,000,000, increasing at the
rate of ten millions a year. He has a polychrome family, each contending
for superiority over the other. Many differences have hence arisen among
them as the stronger color dominated the weaker.

However different may be the civilization of the Orient from that
of the Occident, we cannot fail to find great likeness, even where we find
the greatest difference, and cannot help but foresee the realization of Univer-
sal Peace by a system of International Government, in which all the races
and peoples of this earth shall finally merge. As we survey the world today
there is everywhere an apparent tendency toward a common solidarity ;
for, in fact, peace and truth are sought with both sides of the shield; all
races teach love, all religions preach self-sacrifice, and all languages are full
of expressions of truth, peace and brotherhood.

"Ex Orients Lux."

Ammran

Patriots of ttft SjotttP tnljoBr Jfaitfj anb iatrouragrmrnt
ijaup Jfinitlopo thr National (El|arartrr of thp ilirjmhlir J>
^tatoriral 3nuptigationa into Antrrtran 3Founbatiott8

BY
MRS. KATHARINE PRESCOTT BENNETT

MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
Granddaughter of Roger Sherman Prescott

American

^ mother is the

fi silent patriot

l of the Nation.

Through the
wars and poli-
tical events that
have held the Nation in
jeopardy, the American
mother has been the power
behind the strong men who
have come to the rescue of
their country. The elec-
tive franchise for which
woman seeks today, can
never carry her to the
heights of glory which
she has attained at home
in times of peril. It is not
difficult to understand the
spirit that beckoned men to
the New World three cen-
turies ago, but the self-
sacrifice of those women
who became the first Ameri-
can mothers is one of the
most inspiring records in
the world's History. In
the American Revolution
the women were real he-
roes. In all the train of
progress that has since
swept the continent, the
American woman has never
hesitated in following, and
at times, leading the way
through the wilderness.
The great West today is a
monument to her courage.

An Agronomical 1)1 ART,

ALMANACK

For the Tear of our Lo.D CHRIST,

1 7 5 3

Being the firft after BISSEXTII.Z, or LtAP-
YEAR : And in the Twenty-Sixth Year
of the Reign of ow rtioft Gracious Sove*j
reign KINO -GEORGE //.

(Whereinis contained the Lunations, Eclipfcsj

j -Mutual Afpeds of the Planet?, Sun arxt,
Moon'sRrfuig.Sr Setting,Ri(mg, Setting &
Southing ot the Seven'Scarsi Time of High-
Water, Courts, Obfrrvable Days* Spring
Tides, Judgment, of the Weather," &c. _

iCalculMed for rffc Lat-of 41 Deg.Nofth,&the
Meridian of New-London in CON Nfi cr i Cu T

Time fpfni'g frcmU*iknefs,* &W *citntNighi
Aid 'iitti'dalong with the ft-ft ReJiiiiof Li-he ;

ime

ii Soft b'ighcCdrr fee feij'd tliefliwing rcinj.
And drnvc h'n Coorfcts thro' the ./f.Hitrrll Plains,
Whnfe Rsdii.pt Beams aff-ft aw feeble' Eyes '
And fill our jiiiiidi with Wonder and Surpifz-,
And (till lihViicrls.oii their frift Axles Rolt
Wnli eeet htlte to reach the dcliinM Ucil v
Pft ; vhe Winds, theij tjpiij Gciife they benrf,
dQ thv'dlcnut* b'ngllf fatal End.

-.G ' B **- 75 3.

Facsimile of Front Page of the Astronomical

Diary Edited by Roger Sherman in 1753
Original in the Connecticut Historical Society

tef

1^
pTsrntt B>lt?rmau

STATUE TO ROGER SHERMAN C. B. Ives, Sculptor

He was the only man privileged to take part in the Four Great Documents of our National
History The Declaration of Rights (1774) The Declaration of Independence
(1776) The Articles of Confederation (1777) and the Con-
stitution of the United States (1789)

Statue in the Facade of the State Capitol at Hartford, Connecticut

32?
into ijmfrtij

in Ammra

recently pursuing investigations into early American foun-
dations, I was impressed with the mass of ma'terial that has been
collected regarding Roger Sherman. As I read the closing lines
of one especially elaborate and interesting, I thought, "How
strange that in all my reading I never have read one on his
wife, Rebecca Prescott Sherman : yet it seems to me she is
worthy of more than the few lines usually devoted to her in
the biographies of her distinguished husband." I began researches into
her life and this record is the result. Before I attempt to interest you in
the distinguished woman, a brief outline of her ancestry may prove of
historic value. Surnames were little, almost never, used in England before
the Norman Conquest. Doubtless every name originally had a meaning
derived from some cherished place or object, or from fancy, or caprice; or
from some deed which had distinguished its owner. The name "Prescott"
is of very ancient origin, and is composed of two Saxon words, "priest" and
"cottage." It is said, on good authority, that the Prescotts are of royal
descent through a younger branch of the royal family. It is certain that
they belonged to the nobility of England. There is preserved by the des-
cendants in this country (America) a family coat-of-arms which was con-
ferred upon one of the remote ancestors for his bravery, courage and
successful enterprise as a man and military officer. This coat-of-arms
must have been very old, as it was used by the Prescotts of Theobold Park.
Hertfordshire, Barts; and by those of the ancient families of that name
in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Among the most marked traits of this race,
which have remained the same in each succeeding generation for centuries]
are independence and great force of character; executive ability, integrity,
tenacity of purpose, and quickness to think and act in emergency. Many
interesting anecdotes illustrating these qualities are at my command.

The first American ancestor of Rebecca Prescott was John Prescott
who sold his lands in Shevington, Lancashire; then sailed for Barbadoes
where he landed in 1638, and became an owner of lands there. In 1640,
he came to New England and landed in Boston ; then settled in Watertown
where he had large grants of land allotted him. John Prescott, like most
of the early settlers in New England, left his. home to escape the relentless
religious persecutions in his native land. How much his coming meant
to what was then a wilderness ! I pause and think of the long procession
of his distinguished descendants, and what their lives have meant to this
country. The power of heredity is typified in progeny ; from him have come
to us ministers, scholars, statesmen, soldiers and brave men and good women
filling honorable places in their respective communities. Such men as "Pres-
cott the Historian," and "Prescott of Bunker Hill" are prominent figures
m the line of his descendants; and many others equally worthy of notice,
whom I have no space to mention, still others whom I shall touch upon,
later, in connection with Rebecca Prescott. When the "Prescott Memorial"
was ready for press, it was withheld until the soldiers were "mustered out"
at the close of the Civil War, in order to learn how many of the family
had taken part in it. Three hundred and sixty of the name of Prescott
responded ; also many of Prescott ancestry, not name, still others, no doubt,
swelled the ranks of our army, who were not heard from. It is safe to
calculate that several hundred of the "Prescott" blood went in response
to their country's call, and "acted well their part" in the nation's conflict,
as did their ancestors of Colonial days. And there were Prescotts in the

SIGNING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

Painting by the Distinguished Painter of the American Revolution, John Trumbull

(1756-1843), whose historical canvasses include the notable American masterpieces,

"The Battle of Bunker Hill," "The Death of Montgomery," portraits of

Washington, Jefferson, and many of the builders of the

American Nation This Painting here reproduced

includes the portraits of all the signers of

the Declaration of Independence

Congress of the United States in session now assembled (1909) has passed a Bill ncorporating an organization to be
composed of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence to collect material regarding the life
and works of all the signers of this most historic document in the world's annals, and it is to be signed by Theodore
Roosevelt as the President of the United States, in commemoration of Washington's Birthday, on February 22, 1909

Original Painting in the Art Gallery of the Athenxuin at Hartford, Connecticut

South who were loyal to their Southern homes and traditions. The first
American ancestor of the Prescotts was of fine physique, forceful character,

afe and brilliant mind ; he was a remarkable personage, and at once became

\JJ an influential man in his adopted country.

Leaving the first ancestor of Rebecca Prescott, I will pass by several
generations of intensely interesting people and events, until I come to her

frandfather, Benjamin Prescott, and Elizabeth Higginson, his wife, of
alem village. This is the bicentennial of the graduation of Benjamin
Prescott from Harvard, in 1709. He studied for the ministry and was
ordained over the church at the "2nd Precinct" in Salem on September 23,
1713, where he officiated with fidelity and success for forty-five years.
Upon retiring from his pastoral duties, he, being endowed with strong rea-
soning powers, and his mind well stored with political, as well as theological
knowledge, was extensively employed in the defense of the rights of the
people, more especially at the commencement of the controversy which
lead to the Revolution. It is said that his writings were distinguished for
their force and vivacity even when he entered his ninetieth year, in which
year he died, having lived just long enough to rejoice over the Declaration
of Independence and the freedom of the Colonies. I have here transcribed
an original letter relating the ordination of Benjamin Prescott, grandfather
of Rebecca Prescott, in 1713. It was written by Lawrence Conant, a mem-
ber of the ordaining council:

Honored and Dear Friend Salem ' Se P t *5 th ' I 7 I 3-

Through ye goodness of Providence we arrived in this

place after dark Tuesday night, and are now staying with your brother Thomas at
ye Precinct. The reason we got there so late, was because we were detained a long
time at ye ferry, as ye boat was on ye Charlestown side and ye roads were very bad
and ye streams very high on account of ye great rains. Mr. Appleton of Cambridge
did not get here 'till Wednesday evening at poc, his horse being weary, so we tarried
all night at Reading. Your Brother Thomas says ye place has grown very much
since you lived here, and that ye church has got 40 members who came off from Mr.
Noyes Church in Salem town (13 men & 27 women) and ye town has granted ye
Precinct 5 a year for 5 years for ye support of ye gospel in ye Precinct. Ye church
has made choice of ye Rev. Benj. Prescott for their Pastor and voted him 60 a year,
and 15 cords of wood, when single and 75 when he shall be married. Mr. Prescott
is the oldest son of Esq. Jonathan Prescott of Concord, and is a promising man
about 25 years old, and betrothed to Elizabeth Higginson, a comely daughter of
Mr. John Higginson. Ye New Meeting House is situated in a pleasant valley, near
a stream of water, on ye village road and about a mile from Town Bridge. Ye
services in ye church (or meeting house) began by reading a part of ye llpth. Psalm
by Rev. C. Mather, after which he read a portion from Thomas Aliens Invitation to
thirsty sinners. Mr. Hubbard your excellent minister then offered prayer, and a
Psalm was sung to a most solemn tune, ye oldest Deacon reading line by line in
solemn voice, so that ye whole congregation could join. Mr. Bowers of Beverly
next offered a prayer of Ordination and Consecration, with ye laying on of hands
of ye elders. Mr. Appleton of Cambridge preached ye sermon from 2nd. Cor. 2nd.
chap. i6th. verse, last clause, "Who is sufficient for these things," another Psalm
was then sung and then Mr. Shepard gave ye charge, and the Rev. Mr. Greene of
ye village ye hand of fellowship, and Mr. Garnish of Wentham made ye concluding
prayer. There was an immense concourse of people in ye house, so that every part
of ye house was crowded and some were on ye beams over ye heads of ye congrega-
tion. Ye Governor was in ye house and her Majesty's Commissioner of ye Customs,
and they sat together by ye pulpit stairs. Ye Governor appeared very devout and
attentive, altho he favors Episcopacy and tolerates the Quakers and Baptists, but
he is a strong opposer of ye Baptists. He was dressed in a black velvet coat, bordered
with gold lace, and buff breeches with gold buckles at ye knees, and white stockings.
There was a disturbance in ye galleries, where it was filled with negroes, mulattoes
and Indians, and a negro, called "Pomp Shorter," belonging to Mr. Gardner, was
called forth and put in ye broad aisle, where he was reproved with great awfulness
and solemnity, he was then put in ye Deacons seat between two deacons in view of

ve whole congregation, but the Sexton was ordered by Mr. Prescott to take him
out because of his levity and strange contortions of countenance, giving great scandal
to ye grave deacons, and put him in the lobby under ye stairs. Some children and
a mulatto woman were reprimanded for laughing at Pomp Shorter. When ye
services at ye house were ended, ye council and other dignitaries were entertained
at ye house of Mr. Epes on the hill near by, and we had a bountiful table with bears
meat and venison, the last of which was from a fine buck, shot in the woods near
by_ye bear was killed in Lynn Woods near Reading. After ye blessing was craved
by Mr Garnish of Wentham, word came that ye buck was shot on ye Lords day
by Pequot, an Indian who came to Mr. Epes with a lye in his mouth, like Annamas
of old, we thereupon refused to eat of ye venison, but it was afterwards agreed, that
Pequot should receive 40 stripes save one for lying and profaning the Lord's day-
restore Mr Epes the cost of ye deer and counciling that a just and righteous sentence
on ye sinful Heathen, and that a blessing had been craved on ye meat, ye council
all partook of it, but Mr. Shepard whose conscience was tender on ye point of venison.
Ye people all much rejoiced to have ye Gospel Ordainances as established among
them and ye house is well built, 3 stories high, 28 by 42 feet with oak timber and
covered with one and one half inch plank, and with clapboard upon that and it is
intended to have ye outside finished with plastering, when ye Precinct are able. Ye
pulpit and ye Deacons seat are made of good oak; and a green cushion on ye pulpit
given by Mr. Higginson. I had ye above particulars from Mr. Drake ye build_er of
ye house, who is a man of considerable requirements. He also told me, that he pre-
pared a box to put under ye foundation containing ye year of our Lord that ye
building was begun and various particulars about ye framing of ye church. He also
put in copper coins of ye Reign of our blessed Sovereign Queen Ann and an epistle
to ye Sovereign, who shall reign over these Provinces, when ye box shall be found
and another to the household of faith in ye Salem Middle Precinct exhorting them
to maintain ye doctrine of ye founders, to ye utter confusion and shame of all
Baptists, Mass mongers and other heretical unbelievers. Mr. Trask, who is himself
a Godly man and a member of ye church, would not agree to put ye box under ye
house, as he thought it savored of presumption and vainglorying : and some of them
woud not agree to ye sentiments of ye letter to ye Householder of faith, but he
privately put ye box under ye Pulpit, when the house was near built enclosed in
brick and good clay mortar without the knowledge of ye church. Mr. Trask thinks
that ye frame of ye house will stand two or three hundred years, if it is well covered
from ye weather. There have been great rejoicing with us in Boston on account of
ye glorious news of peace and may ye Lord long continue ye blessing and avert
ye judgements we deserve.

LAWRENCE CONANT.

The son of this Benjamin Prescott was also a Harvard graduate, taking
his degree in that college in 1736, and married Rebecca Minot in 1741.
Their first child was born in 1742, the Rebecca Prescott of my sketch, who
came into this world blessed with the heritage of a long line of honorable
ancestors back of her, a race powerful in mind and body. Honorable lineage
is indeed a goodly heritage. Fancy her in old Salem town as she grew
from babyhood to childhood, from childhood to girlhood ; fancy the simple
duties and simple pleasures, which made up the life of this Puritan maiden.
"Fancy" all this, I say, for we know little of her from the time of her birth,
until she was seventeen years old. There is a family tradition, true beyond
question. It comes from the best authority as Rebecca Prescott herself
told it to her own niece through whom it came to me. This niece lived to
a great age, her faculties unimpaired to the last, her mind clear on all points,
especially those connected with her early days. I wish I could make you
see this niece, as my memory pictures her. She is in a large and lofty room
in a stately old home of the long ago. It is a fit setting for her, and no more
stately than her erect figure, as she sits in her straight-backed chair (she
would have scorned a lounging one) beside the great four-poster. Her
eyes were black and shining with animation, her iron-gray hair curled
closely, three short curls each side in front, in graduated lengths. These

bua 4

I*//

ffl

into ifm&ttg in Am?rtnt

curls had a fascinating way of bobbing about, as she would shake her head,
when relating anything of especial interest to herself. I used to watch
them when a child, with the greatest enjoyment, and though she has been
dead some years, her vivid personality made all that she was and did and
said, remain as clear in my mind as what I saw and heard yesterday. One
day I found her in her usual place, looking over some beautiful old-fash-
ioned silks for a quilt. I was interested in them at once, and asked questions
and admired them with such enthusiasm that she was greatly pleased.
"You may draw up that ottoman and sit down, my dear, if you would like
to hear about some of these," she said. So with much satisfaction I settled
myself to listen to one of her reminiscent talks, in which I so delighted.
"Most of these are the dresses of members of our family," she began.
"This piece is not, but belonged to a friend of mine who wore it to a ball
given in honor of Lafayette, and she was chosen as a partner by him many
times that evening. This lovely brocade was Aunt Mercy's ; and this," pick--
ing up a beautiful piece of green moire antique, "was Aunt Rebecca Prescott
Sherman's dress, about which there is a little story you may like."

"Oh !" I exclaimed, "Won't you please begin and tell me all about her ?"
She smiled at my insatiable longing for reminiscences, of which this
was not her first experience, and after "putting on her thinking cap" for
a minute, as she used to call it, said: "Very well, my dear, I will tell you
about Aunt Rebecca, who was always a very interesting person to me. She
was born in Salem, and nothing in particular happened to her until she was
about seventeen, when something very particular indeed happened." This
certainly sounded exciting, and, full of interest, I waited for what should
come next. "You know," she continued, "that her aunt had married
Rev. Josiah Sherman of Woburn, Massachusetts," (I did not know it, but
held my peace) "and one bright morning Aunt Rebecca started on horse-
back to visit her, little dreaming toward what she was riding so serenely.
Roger Sherman, meanwhile, had just finished a visit with his brother,
Josiah, who decided to ride a short distance toward New Haven with him.
They were about to say good-bye when Aunt Rebecca's horse, with its
fair rider, came galloping down the road. Aunt Rebecca was a great beauty
and a fine horse-woman, and she must have ridden straight into Roger
Sherman's heart, for, concluding to prolong his visit, he turned his horse
and rode back with her. His courtship prospered, as we know, and they
were married May 12, 1763, when she was twenty and he was forty-two
twenty-two years her senior. She was his second wife, and entered the
life of this wonderfully gifted but plain man, just at the time when her
beauty, grace and wit were of the greatest help in his career. We always
have been a patriotic race," she continued, "and this marriage brought Aunt
Rebecca into still more active touch with all matters pertaining to the inter-
ests of the Colonies at this stirring period ; and when at last the Declaration
of Independence was declared, can you fancy the excitement and enthusiasm
of the wife of Roger Sherman; the man who had so much to do with the
momentous document? When a little later George Washington designed
and ordered the new flag to be made by Betsy Ross, nothing would satisfy
Aunt Rebecca but to go and see it in the works, and there she had the
privilege of sewing some of the stars on the very first flag of the young
Nation. Perhaps because of this experience, she was chosen and requested
to make the first flag ever made in the State of Connecticut, which she
did, assisted by Mrs. Wooster. This fact is officially recorded."

^
ftefirnit ^fymttatt

of Hint

She paused, smiled and said : "Have you not heard enough about Aunt
Rebecca?"

"You said there was a story about the dress like this piece," I hinted.

"Yes, it is just a short little story which came to Uncle Roger's ears,
which it amused him to tell, to Aunt Rebecca's consternation. When
independence was declared, she was only thirty-four years old, and the
lovely girl had developed into what George Washington considered the
most beautiful of what we now call the Cabinet ladies. She wore this
dress to a dinner given by George Washington to the political leaders and
their wives, and he took her out to dinner, thus making her the guest of
honor. Madam Hancock was much piqued, and afterward said to some one,
that .y/J* was entitled to that distinction. A rumor of her displeasure came
to the ears of George Washington, and to have his actions criticized was
not at all to his liking. He drew himself up to his full height and sternly
said : 'Whatever may be Mrs. Hancock's sentiments in the matter, I had the
honor of escorting to dinner the handsomest lady in the room.' If Mrs
Hancock heard of this, I do not think it would have tended to restore her
tranquility. I remember Aunt Rebecca coming into the room, just as
Uncle Roger was finishing this story, and exclaiming, half laughing, half
vexed: 'Oh! Roger, why will you tell the child such nonsense?' Then
turning to me, she said: 'Always remember, that handsome is what hand-
some does.' 'Well !' Uncle Roger retorted gallantly, 'You looked handsome
and acted handsome too, Rebecca, so I am making an example of you.
Surely you cannot find fault with that?' How these trifling incidents will
stay by one," she said thoughtfully. "Now I have told you the little story of
the green moire antique dress, and you may have a piece of it if you like,
child." Thanking her for my pleasant time, and for the piece of the precious
dress, I left her to think quietly of other days, so very real to her.

Of the several children of Rebecca Prescott Sherman, one daughter
became the mother of United States Senator Hoar; another the mother of
Roger Sherman Baldwin, Governor of Connecticut, and United States
Senator ; still another the mother of Honorable William M. Evarts. These
are but casual citations of the many distinguished names among the descend-
ants of this illustrious woman. A little over a year ago, in a large and
beautiful city sometimes called the "New England city of the West" a
young ladies' chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution was
being organized. The important question of a name for this new chapter
was much discussed ; none met with approval until the name of the woman
of this sketch was mentioned together with some facts relating to her.
This found favor at once, except that the full name seemed rather long. At
first they thought to call it Rebecca Prescott then Rebecca Sherman ; but
as both names, Prescott and Sherman, were so closely associated in all minds
with the Colonial days, they could not drop either, so the entire name was
given to the chapter. Its present regent is of Prescott ancestry, and one of
her choicest possessions is a beautiful quilt, in the center of which is the
piece of green moire antique silk of which I told you in the little anecdote
of Washington's dinner party. Perhaps this little band of patriotic modern
American girls will do more than could be done in any other way to perpet-
uate the name of the Puritan maiden, Rebecca Prescott, who attained the
highest honor that woman can reach in this world the mother of men.

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ipatriota in tlj? Slanka of % JfottoltttUmiatB Kmalf & bg Original fllannarript

NOW IN POSSESSION OP

MRS. ELLEN FELLOWS BOWN

PENFIBLD, NEW YORK

Great-grand-daughter of Member of Washington's Staff
in the American Revolution

E original Order Book of General Washington in the American
^ Revolution, which is being recorded in these pages, has devel-
oped an interesting discussion among historians as to whether
ll or not Washington wrote his own orders in his own book or
issued them to a fellow-officer who transcribed them for military
record. Mr. Charles Allen Munn, President of the Scientific
American, and an authoritative antiquarian, is inclined, from
his investigations, to believe that Washington did not indite his own orders.
In speaking of THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY, Mr. Munn says : "I
wish to congratulate you. I watch it with great interest. I think that it
is extremely doubtful that Washington kept his own Orderly Book. I have
seen several of his Order Books, and, in fact, I own three of them myself.
One of them is claimed to have been written by Washington himself, and
to be in his handwriting. I have some very excellent evidence that it is
in his handwriting, amongst which is a certificate to that effect, signed by
Tobias Lear. The resemblance between the chirography in this book
and Washington's own handwriting is strikingly similar, but there is in
my mind no doubt that it is not by Washington's hand. It was not the
practice, as far as I have been able to discover, for any of the generals of the
Revolution to keep their own Order Books ; certainly at this very busy time
it would have been impossible for Washington to do so. I have Washing-
ton's first Order Book, at the time he took command in Cambridge. This
is certainly not in his hand, and it was written by someone who was rather
illiterate. I have an Order Book which precedes the one from which you
quote, giving the orders during the occupancy of New York City. It con-
tains the orders for announcing the Declaration of Independence, read in
front of the City Hall. It is not in Washington's handwriting." Records
from the Order Book in possession of Mrs. Bown are here transcribed.
Investigations regarding the interesting controversy created by them are
being pursued for further record in these historical pages. EDITOR

COURT MARTIAL FOR COWARDICE IN RUNNING AWAY

FROM ENEMY

HEAD QUARTERS. Sept. 7th, 1776.
Parole, Temple; Countersign, Liberty.

John Davis of Capt'n Hamilton's Company of Artillery tried by a Court
Martial, whereof Coll. Malcomb was President, was convicted of Desertion and
Sentanced to Receive 39 Lashes; Levi Webster of Capt'n Hyde's Com'y, Coll.
Wyllis' RegX convicted by the same Court Martial of ye same Offence, sentanced
to Receive the same Punishment. The Gen'l approves the Sentances, and orders
them to be executed on the Regimental Parade at the Usual Hour in the morning.

A Court Martial consisting of a Commandant of a Brigade, 2 Colls., 2 Lt.
Colls., 2 Maj'rs and 6 Captains, to set tomorrow at Mrs. Montainie's. to try
Maj'r Post of Coll. Hacklin's Reg't, for Cowardice in running away from Long
Island, when an alarm was given of the approach of the Enemy, the same Court
also to try John Spangenby of the same Reg't for the same Offence, & Likewise
Lt. Peter Hacklin. Benjamin Store appointed Quarter Master, William Adams
appointed Pay Master, Nath'l Webb Adj't of Coll. Durkee's Reg't, Dan'l Tilden Esq.
to do duty as Captain till further orders. Richard Sill is appointed Pay Master
to Coll. Tyler's Reg't, Maj'r Lee is desired to do duty as Brigade Major in Major
Henley's Stead, till an appointment is made.

Brigad'r for the Day Commandant Silliman, Field Officers for the Picquet,
Coll. Holman, Lt. Coll. Lewis, Maj'r Chapman, for Main Guard, Maj'r Alner,
Brigad'r Maj'r Gray.

BRIGADE ORDERS, Sept. 7th, 1776.

For Guards in the Brigade & Boat Duty as Yesterday. The Gen'l once more
Warns the Soldiers of this Brigade against makeing Distraction of the Fences, of
other Property of the Inhabitants, he declares that he will bring those to exem-
plary Punishment who shall be detected in such Unwarrantable Practices, & he
cautions ye Officers to be Vigilent to discover those who shall be guilty of such
detestable Practices.

Officer of the Day for tomorrow, Coll. Smith, Orderly Serg't for Head
Quarters from Coll. Gary's Reg't. Orderly Serg't for Brigade Head Quarters
from Coll. Smiths Reg't.

HEAD QUARTERS, Sept 8th, 1776.
Parole, Grayson; Countersign, Tilghman.

Alexander Mclntire of Capt'n Newell's Com'y, James Butler of Capt'n 03116/3
Com'y & John Knowlton of Capt'n Maxwell's Com'y, all of Coll. Prescptt's
Reg't, tried by a Court Martial whereof Coll. Malcomb was President, & acquitted
of Plundering a Cellar belonging to a Citizen of New York, each ordered to be
discharged & Join their Reg"ts. Amos Read, Corp'l in Capt'n McCleave's Company,
Reg't late Coll. Johnson's, tried by same Court Martial, and convicted of speaking
disrespectfully and Vilifying the Commander in Chief, Sentanced to receive 39
Lashes, at different Days successively, 13 each Day, & reduced to the Ranks.
John Lillie of Coll. Knox's Reg't of Artillery, Capt'n Hamilton's Com'y, convicted
by the same Court of abusing Adj't Henley, and striking him, ordered to receive
39 Lashes in the same Manner. The Gen'l approves the above sentances, and
orders them to be put in Execution at the Usual time & Place.

The Gen'l directs that in future, in Case of any Soldier being detected in
Plundering, the Brigadeer Gen'l or Coll. or Commanding Officer of the Reg't
immediately call a Court Martial, and have the offender tried and punished
without Delay.

BRIGADE ORDERS, Sept 8th, 1776.

Guards and Boat Duty as Yesterday. 150 Men Properly Officered, to turn out
upon Fatigue tomorrow. Officer of the Day tomorrow, Lt. Coll. Longley,
Orderly Serg't for Head Quarters from Coll. Smith's Reg't, Orderly Sergeant
for Brigade Head Quarters from Coll. Holman's Regiment.

AFTER ORDERS.

Adjutant Bradford of Coll. Hitchcock's Reg't to do the Duty of Brigade Maj'r
for Gen'l Nixon's Brigade, during Maj'r Boxe's Illness.

Written in Army nf tlj? Ammran Stetmlntiott

ORDERS FOR CALLING THE ROLL THREE TIMES A DAY TO BE
PUNCTUALLY OBEYED

HEAD QUART'S, Sept gth, 1776.
Parole. Mifflin; Countersign, Putnam.

Elias Mather appointed Quart'r Mast'r to Coll. Tyler's Reg"t, Gardner
Carpenter appointed Pay Master to Coll. Huntington's Reg^t. The Colls, or
Commanding Officers of Reg'ts, or Pay Masters, where appointed, are Immediately
to prepare and send in their Pay Abstracts for the Months of July & Aug., the
Pay Master will attend at his old office, Mr. Lispenard's, on Thursday and Friday
to receive those of the Division under Gen'l Putnam. A time and place will be
appointed in Gen'l orders tomorrow, to Receive those of Gen'l Heath's and
Spencer's Divisions. The Maryland Brigade being ordered to March, Gen'l
Fellows to supply 250 Men in their Stead till further Orders.

The several Brigade Maj'rs are required to have their Men on the Grand
Parade precisely at 8 o'clock every morning, or they will be publickly reprimanded,
the late Relief of the Guards is a Subject of Gen'l Complaint, no Failure of Duty
in the Adjutant will excuse, unless the Adj't is put under Arrest. Brigadeer
for the Day, Gen'l Scott, Field Officers for the Picquet Coll. Smith, Lt. Coll.
Molton, Maj'r Millin; for Main Guard Maj'r Canfield, Brigade Maj'r.

BRIGADE ORDERS, Sept pth, 1776.

For Guard and Boat Duty the same as Usual. Mr. Thomas Hetherly is
appointed Drum Maj'r for this Brigade till further orders, he is to be obeyed
accordingly, & it is expected that the Drum Maj'r take care that all the Drummers
off Duty attend at Head Quarters of the Brigade at Usual Hours, for the last
time the Gen'l directs the Quarter Masters to scour and Grease the Spears on
this Post, once in four Days. The Adjutants will see that the Guard for the
Grand Parade are Paraded on the Brigade Parade at half after 6 o'clock every
morning, precisely. Officer of the Day tomorrow, Coll. Holman; Orderly Serg't
for Head Quart's from Coll. Holman's Reg't Orderly Serg't for Brigade Head
Quarters from Coll. Gary's Reg't.

HEAD QUARTERS, Sept. loth, 1776.
Parole, Marblehead ; Countersign, Orange.

Maj'r Post of Coll. Hinkler's Battallion haveing been tried by a Court
Martial, whereof Coll. Silliman was President, on a Charge of Cowardice and
Shamefully abandoning his Post on Long Island, the 28th of August, is acquitted
of Cowardice, but convicted of Misbehaviour in the other Instance, he is therefore
Sentanced to be dismissed from the Army, as totally unqualified to hold a
Military Commission.

Adjutant Langdenburgh & Lt. Franklin tried for the same offence were
acquitted, the Gen'l approves the Sentance as to Langdenburgh and Franklin,&
orders them to Join their Reg'ts, but as there is reason to believe further evidence
can soon be obtained with respect to the Maj'r, he is to continue under Arrest
till they can Attend.

The Brigade Maj'rs of the Day to carry the Parole & Countersign, to the
several Guards as formerly, takeing care that it be done Early.

The Brigade Maj'rs are directed to have the several Reg'ts form in Brigade
as often as Possible, and to be very careful that they are thoroughly acquainted
with their Alarm Posts, and the Lines they are to Man. The Gen'l observes
with great concern that too little care is taken to prevent the Men's straggling from
their Quarters & Incampments, so that in Case of a Sudden Attact, it will be
difficult to collect them, he therefore most anxiously desires both Officers and Men
would attend to it, and consider how much their safety and success depends
upon their being at hand when wanted. The orders for calling the Roll three
times a Day is to be punctually obeyed and any Officer omitting it will be
brought to a Court Martial.

Great complaints are made of ye Adjutants being irregular and remiss in
Duty, the Gen'l Informs them that he expects alacrity and dispatch of Business,
equal to the Importance of their Situations, and will certainly make some examples
(if), which he sincerely hopes may not be the Case, there should be any further
reason of complaint.

The Court Martial to sit tomorrow for the Trial of Capt'n Rapeljee,
confined by Coll. Lasher for refuseing to do Duty. Maj'r Scammel is appointed

UaaJjitujintt

THIRTY-NINE LASHES ADMINISTERED FOR PLUNDERING

a temporary Assistant to the Adjutant Gen'l, and is to repair to Gen'l Heath's
Division, he is to be obeyed and respected accordingly.

Brigad'r of the Day Glover. Field Officers for the Picquet, Coll. Ward,
Lt. Coll. Stockholm, For Main Guard Maj'r Wells, Brigade Major Fish.

BRIGADE ORDERS, Sept. loth, 1776.

For Guards tomorrow as Usual, for Fatigue 150 Men Properly Officered.
Officer of the Day tomorrow, Coll. Gary, Orderly Serg't for Head Quarters from
Coll. Gary's Reg't, Orderly Serg't for Brigade Head Quarters from Coll. Smith's Reg't.

Parole, Ulster;

C. Sign, Albany.

GEN'L ORDERS, Sept nth, 1776.

Robert Williams of Coll. Glover's Reg't is appointed Pay Master to s'd Reg't
William Arnold & Sam'l Clark of Cap't Smith's Com'y, Coll. Smallwood's Battal-
lion, Dan'l Donival of Capt'n Hardnighs Com'y, Coll. Ritzmar's Reg't, John
Andrews of Capt'n Gilman's Com'y, tried by a Court Martial, whereof Coll.
Malcomb was President, on a charge of Plundering the House lately occupied
by Ld. Sterling, Donival was convicted of the Crime & Sentanced to receive
39 Lashes, the others acquitted. The Gen'l approves the Sentances. orders the
latter to join their Reg't, and Donival to be whiped tomorrow on the Grand
Parade before the Guards march off, the Provo Marshall to see it executed, Coll.
Ritzmar's Reg't being removed. Peter Richards, Serg't in the Gen'ls Guard
convicted by the same Court Martial of abuseing and strikeing Capt'n Gibbs,
Sentanced to be Reduced to the Ranks, and whiped 39 Lashes, the Gen'l approves
the Sentance and orders it to be executed tomorrow morning at the head of the
Com'y at 8 o'clock.

Coll. Palfrey, Pay Master, will receive the Pay Abstracts, agreeable to Yester-
day's orderv of Gen'l Spencer's Division, at Gen'l McDougal's Quart's near
Harlem, on Saturday and Sunday; of Gen'l Heath's Division at his Head Quarters,
at any time. The Commanding Officers of Coll. Silliman's, Coll. Lewis', Coll.
Mead's and Colj. Thompson's Regiments, to examine the State of the Amunition
of their Reg'ts, it being reported that the Men on Guard last night were Deficient
John Cenly of Coll. Umphrey's Reg't convicted by a Court Martial, whereof Coll.
Malcomb was President, of Desertion, ordered to receive 39 Lashes, the Gen'l
approves the Sentance, and orders it to be executed tomorrow morning at the
Usual time and Place. Such Reg'ts where Pay Masters have not been named
in Gen'l Orders are by their Field Officers immediately to recommend suitable
Persons to the Gen'l for that Office, every recommendation is to be signed by
the Field Officers of the Reg'ts who are Present.

Brigad'r of the Day Gen'l Parsons, Field Officers of the Picquet Coll. Tyler
Lt Coll. Chandler, Maj'r Holdridge; for Main Guard, , Brigade
Maj r Hopkins.

BRIGADE ORDERS, Sept nth, 1776.

For Guards tomorrow as Usual; Officer of the Day tomorrow Coll

Orderly Serg't for Head Quart's from Coll. Smith's Reg't

HEAD QUARTERS, Sept I2th, 1776.
Parole, Franklin; Countersign, Congress.

j Th j t^u'ty of procuring Milk and other Proper Food for the Sick has
Induced the Oenl to establish an Hospital where those necessaries can be pro-
cured in Plenty, the Regimental Sick are to be Immediately Mustered for this
Purpose, one of the Surgeons of the Hospital will attend with the Regimental
burgeons. Such as are able to remove themselves will be allowed so to do,
under the care of a Proper Officer. A Suitable Officer not under the Rank of
a Captain is to be appointed by the Brigadeer out of each Brigade, to attend
6uch bick of each Bng'e as cannot remove themselves, they are under the Advice
of the Surgeons, who also attend to see that all Proper care is taken for their
"3 f ^.. , while removeing and afterwards. The same Court Martial which
tried Maj r Post, to try Maj'r Hatfield, charged with making a false Report of

A/fe\

Written in Artmj of ilj? Ammran SUtmlntinn

"CARE OF THE SICK IS AN OBJECT OF GREAT IMPORTANCE"

the Guards. As the care of the Sick is an Object of great Importance, the Gen'l
directs that a Person not under the Rank of a Captain be also appointed in like
manner, in each Brigade, who shall be Impowered to procure necessaries for them,
& Moneys furnished for that Purpose, he takeing care that the Utmost Frugallity
and care be Used.

John Porter Esq. is appointed Pay Master to Coll. Ward's 2ist Reg't, in the
Continental Service. Brigad'r for the Day, Gen'l Scott. Field Officers of the
Picquet, Coll. Lasher, Lt. Coll. Thompson, Maj'r Sprout, for Main G'd Maj'r
Wheelock; Brigade Maj'r Gray.

BRIGADE ORDERS, Sept. lath, 1776.
Guards tomorrow as Usual. Orderly for H. Quarters from Coll. Holman's Reg't

HEAD QUART'RS, Sept I3th, 1776.
Parole, Newark; Countersign, Amboy.

Sergeant Clement, late of the General's Guards, convicted by a Court Martial
whereof Coll Malcomb was President, of Remissness of Duty, is ordered to be
reduced to the Ranks, the Gen'l approves the Sentance, and orders that he be
sent back to the Reg't from which he was taken. The Visiting Officer has again
reported that the Men from Coll. Silliman's, Coll. Lewis's and Coll. Thompson's
Reg"ts go upon Guard Deficient in Ammunition, & with bad Arms, The Gen'l
hopes the Officers of those Regiments will immediately attend to it

Simon Learnard, late Lt. in Learnard' s Reg't, haveing resigned his Commission
as Lieut, is appointed Pay Master to s'd Reg't

Gen'l Fellow's Brigade to remove into the adjoining pur Houses, & Raft
the Boards which compose their present Incampment, to King's bridge, or such
part of them as may be deemed necessary by him. A Disappointment with respect
to a proper place for the Removal of the Sick, in some measure Vacates the
order of Yesterday, and the following is now to be attended to and obeyed,

The Situation of the Army rendering it Difficult to make that Provision for
may require. In order as the most speedy and effectual manner to remove the
the relief and support of the Sick, in the City of New York, which their Cases
Sick to some place where they can be supplied with everything necessary for them,
the Gen'l directs the Surgeons of each Brigade under the immediate Inspection
of the Brigadeers, to examine the State of the Sick, and to make a list of the
Names of such as they suppose can remove themselves, to the Brigad'r Gen'l
of the Brigade, who is directed to send such Convalescent Persons to some
convenient Place in the Neighborhood of New York, to be chosen by, and be
under the care of a discreet Officer, and one of the Regimental Surgeons, who
is in the most Prudent manner to make the necessary Provision for the Reception
& Support of such Convalescent Persons, who are Immediately to be Returned
to their Reg'ts, as their health will Admit their doing duty. Such as are so ill
as not to be able to remove themselves, are to be collected under the care of
another Officer, of the like Rank, in one place, and notice given to the Director
Gen'l of the Hospital, that they may be taken Proper care off. In each of the
above Cases, the superintending Officer is permitted to lay out Money, in the
most frugal manner, for the most comfortable subsistance of his Sick, which will
be allowed to him on rendering his Account

Mr. Hendrick Fisher is appointed Pay Master to Coll. Prescott's Reg't.
Gen'l of the Day Fellows, Field Officers for the Picquet, Coll. Drake, Lt. Coll.
Raymond, Maj'r Alner; for Main Guard Maj'r Wheelock, Maj'r of Brigade
Leavensworth. Charles Hobby is appointed Pay Master Pro Tem, to Coll. Ser-
geant's Reg't

Guards tomorrow as Usual.
Gary's Reg't.

BRIGADE ORDERS, Sept. 13th, 1776.
Orderly Serg*t for Head Quarters from Coll.

- ^-v

(Anginal QDrtor lank of

Waaljhtgtntt

"OFFICERS AND MEN MUST ACT UP TO THE NOBLE CAUSE IN
WHICH THEY ARE ENGAGED"

GEN'L ORDERS, Sept. i6th, 1776.

The arrangement for this night upon the Heights commanding the Holloway
from the North River up to the Main Roads leading from New York up to Kings
bridge; Gen'l Clinton to form next the North River, & extend to the left; Gen'l
Scott's Brigade next to Gen'l Clinton's; Lt. Coll. Sayer of Coll. Griffith's Reg't,
with the three Companies intended for a Reinforcement to Day, to form upon the
left of Scott's Brigade, Gen'l Nixon's & Coll. Serj't's Division, Coll. Weden's and
Maj'r Price's Reg'ts are to Return to their Quarters, and Refresh themselves, but
to hold themselves in readiness at a Minute's warning.

Gen'l McDougall to establish Proper Guards against his Brigade upon the
Heights, and every Reg't posted upon the Heights from Morris's House to Gen'l
McDugal's Camp, to furnish Proper Guards to prevent a Surprise, not less than
20 Men from each Reg't Gen'l Putnam's commands upon the Right Flank
tonight, Gen'l Spencer from McDougal's Brigade up to Morris's House. Should the
Enemy attempt to force their pass tonight, Gen'l Putnam is to apply to Gen'l Spen-
cer for a Reinforcement

By his Excellency's Command,

RICHARD GARY JUNR., A. DE C.

HEAD QUARTERS, Sept. I7th, 1776.
Parole, Leech; Countersign, Virginia.

The Gen'l most heartily thanks the Troops Commanded Yesterday by Maj'r
Leech, who first advanced upon the Enemy, & the others who so resolutely sup-
ported them. The behaviour Yesterday is such a Contrast to that of some Troops
ye Day before, as shows what may be done where Officers and Soldiers will exert
themselves. Once more, therefore, the Gen'l calls upon Officers and Men to Act
up to the Noble cause in which they are engaged, and support the Honour and
Liberties of their Country. The Gallant and brave Coll. Knowlton, who was an
Honour to any Country, haveing fallen Yesterday, whilst Gloriously fighting,
Capt'n Brown is to take the Command of the party lately led by Coll. Knowlton,
Officers and Men are to obey him accordingly. The Loss of the Enemy Yesterday
would undoubtedly have been much greater, if the orders of the Commander in
Chief had not in some instances, been contradicted by Inferior Officers, who,
however well they may mean, ought not to presume to direct It is therefore
ordered that no Officer Commanding a Party, and haveing received orders from
the Commander in Chief, depart from them without Counter orders from the
same Authority, and as many may otherwise err through Ignorance, the Army
is now acquainted that the General's orders are delivered by the Adjutant Gen'l,
or one of his Aide Camps, Mr. Tilghman or Mr. Moylan, Quart'r Master Gen'l.
Brigade Maj'rs are to attend at Head Quart's every Day at 12 o'clock, and as soon
as possible to Report where ye Brigades and Reg'ts are Posted, many Reg'ts have
not been relieved for want of attendance of their Brigade Maj'rs for orders. It
is therefore the Interest and Duty of every Brigadeer to see that his Brigade
Maj'r attends at 12 o'clock at noon, and 5 o'clock in the afternoon, & they are
to be carefull to make the Adjutants attend them every Day. The several Maj'rs
or Brigadeer Gen'ls are desired to send to Head Quart's an Account where
they are guarded.

Untill some Gen'l arrangement can be fixed, each Brigade is to furnish
Guards who are to Parade at their respective Brigadeer's Quarters in such Pro-
portion as they shall direct, such Reg'ts as have expended their Ammunition or
are otherwise deficient are Immediately supplied, applying to the Adjutant Gen'l
for an Order; but the Reg't is to be first Paraded, & their Ammunition examined,
the Commanding Officer is therefore to Report how much Deficiency has happened.

IF
it

3fltr0i Writer HJrittett in America

riginal HanttBtrijrt

of Sir. Siego Aluare? Qlljattra, ilje

Jlhtjsirtan on (tulitmbus' S'hiu, Srlaltuy 2jis

3mure0sunts of the Nem lUnrlti auii ttr. JUilUtral and

(Cummmial ipiusiubilttiesi J* Seuelat iuns of the Jlrartitunter tn the

(Cuitrt of uaut * Distinguish, eft Jlersmwel of the Iflcct to America in 1494

A. M. FERNANDEZ DE YBARRA, A. B., M. D.

MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES MEDICAL BIOGRAPHER OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Original Translation by Dr. Ybarra is officially recorded in Archives of
Smithsonian Institution at Washington

first description of America by an actual observer has recently
been translated by Dr. Ybarra, a member of the New York
Academy of Sciences, and is preserved in the Smithsonian
Institution at Washington. The remarkable document was
written in 1494 by the physician on the fleet of Columbus on
his second voyage of discovery to America. It is a fascinating
narrative of experiences and observations, and is told with a
keen sense of human nature. The ancient manuscript has long been over-
looked by historians, and in presenting this translation from the Spanish
original, Dr. Ybarra says : "I believe that it was translated into English
first by Mr. R. H. Major, of the British Museum, for the Hakluyt Society
in London in 1847; t> u ^ as it was penned by its author in the Old Spanish
of the Fifteenth Century, its translation into English, by a foreigner of the
Nineteenth Century, naturally contains several almost unavoidable inaccu-
racies, and appreciation of the many fine and subtle meanings in phraseology,
deviating from the rules of grammar, which the original Spanish letter
possesses. Besides, Dr. Chanca was an Andalusian, who had all the ready
wit and quick perception of the humorous side of events, combined with
the hyperbolic way of expressing their thoughts so peculiar to the natives
of Southern Spain, and almost impossible to appreciate in their full signifi-
cance by foreigners. All other transcriptions of this document by the
English and Americans have been, I believe, repetitions of Mr. Major's
version." Dr. Ybarra's recent translation, with its interesting remarks and
notations, as deposited in the archives of the Smithsonian Institution and
recorded in the Government Collection, is here given the first public record
in an American literary periodical, where it will be brought to the attention
of the public-at-large. This ancient manuscript is so entertaining in its
observations of the American "cannibals," who were a source of so much
amusement to Europeans, that its service is not alone to historical scholar-
ship, but to all Americans who are interested in "truth that is stranger
than fiction," for such is the real romance of all History. EDITOR

WIT

39}

ffflatmarnpt of Pmaman on (Eolumbws' I

IS document is a letter addressed to the Municipal Council, or
Cabildo, 1 of the city of Seville, Spain, by Dr. Diego Alvarez
' Chanca, a native of that city, and physician to the fleet of

Columbus on his second voyage of discovery to America, 2 dated
at the port of Isabella, in the Island of Hispaniola, or Santo
Domingo, West Indies, at the end of January, 1494. This
letter left the port of Isabella on February 2d, in care of Don
Antonio de Torres, commander of the twelve vessels sent back by Columbus
to Spain with the news of the discoveries, and arrived there April 8, 1494.
Every thing Dr. Chanca says in his letter, therefore, regarding those just
discovered islands of the New World, he learned in the short space of time
between November 3, 1493, when he saw the first island (Dominica), and the
last week of January, 1494 that is, in less than three months.

Dr. Diego Alvarez Chanca had been especially appointed by the Spanish
monarchs to accompany that expedition, not only on account of its great
political and commercial importance, but also because among the 1,500
persons who came over from Europe to America in that fleet were several
distinguished Court personages and a large number of young gentlemen
belonging to aristocratic families, restless and daring warriors who had
done excellent military service in the war just successfully ended against
the Moors of Spain.

Mingling with the men of distinction who came over from Spain to
America in that expedition I may menton the following: Juan Ponce
de Leon, the future conqueror of Puerto Rico and later on the discoverer
of Florida; Alonso de Ojeda, the future discoverer and explorer of the
north coast of South America, with whom the Italian Amerigo Vespucci
made his first trip to the New World, named after him ; Pedro Margarit, the
subsequent discoverer of the archipelago to which he gave the name of
the Marguerite Isles; Juan de la Cosa, the expert cosmographer, author of
the first map of America in existence, drawn by him in the year 1500 and
now in the Royal Naval Museum at Madrid ; Antonio de Torres, a brother
of the nurse (aya) of Prince Juan; the father and uncle of Fray Bartolome
de las Casas, the accomplished Spanish historiographer of America ; Bernal
Diaz de Pisa, the accountant or treasury official of the expedition; Diego
Marquez, the overseer of the flotilla and master of one of the caravels;
Villacorta, a noted mechanical engineer; Fermin Zedo, an expert metal-
lurgist; Francisco de Penalosa; Gines de i Gorbalan; Juan de Rojas; Alonso
de Valencia; Sebastian de Olano; Juan Aguado; Caspar Beltram; Juan
de la Vega; Pedro Navarro, and Melchor Maldonado. Other equally dis-
tinguished persons who came over in the second voyage of Columbus to

This is the name then given to the corporation of a town in all the Spanish
dominions, equivalent to Chapter, after the chapter of a cathedral or collegiate church.
It is now called the Ayuntamiento, and is composed of a Corregidor or Alcalde, and
several Regidores; the first corresponding to Mayor, and the latter to Aldermen.

"This physician was a distinguished practitioner of much learning and professional
skill, who held the position of Physician-in-Ordinary to the King and Queen of Castile
and Aragon, and had attended their first-born child, Princess Isabella (who afterward
became Queen of Portugal) during a serious illness the year before. On his return
to Spain, Dr. Chanca published in Spanish, in the year 1506, a treatise on The Treat-
ment of Pleurisy (Para curar el mal de costado), and a commentatorial work in Latin,
criticising the book entitled "De conservanda juventute et retardanda senectute,"
whose author was another eminent Spanish physician named Dr. Arnaldo de Villanoya.
The title of this second work of Dr. Chanca is "Comentum novum in parabolis divi
Arnaldi de Villanova," which was printed in Seville in the year 1514.

Bantmait Urtifow tit

^fmn H x F " a y. Bern / 1 1 Bo11 - apostolic delegate of Pope Alexander VI,
accompanied by twelve fathers belonging to different religious orders
among whom the most prominent were Fray Roman Pane, Fray Juan de
[ism. and Frav Tnan de la Duela, familiarly called ' "

rf VrnT - of f dic [ ne > Dr. Chanca showed his skill by
saving the l,fe of Christopher Columbus, who suffered a very dangerous
attack of typhus fever, on one occasion, and pernicious malarial fever on
another occasion as well as the lives of many Spanish hidalgos who were
at the point of death, as victims of disease, during their stav at the island
Hispaniola the Santo Domingo of today, called at that epoch Haiti by
the aboriginal inhabitants.

This expedition of the Spaniards was altogether different from the one
sent out the previous year in quest of a new passage to the Indies. Instead
of three caraves carrying only 120 persons, which accomplished the dis-
covery of the Western Hemisphere, this flotilla was composed of three great
galleons or carracks, and fourteen caravels of different sizes It was well
provided with the requisites for the establishment of a permanent settlement
m the land that had been discovered the year before. Even twenty horses for
diers armed with lances, which played a most terrorizing influ-
-nce among the American Indians, because they had never seen horses
before, and supposed that both the animal and his rider were a single indi-
vidualcame over also on board those Spanish vessels.

Besides this excellent description of the first part of the second voyage
imbus to America, which competent authorities consider the best in
existence, Dr Chanca also supplied information to Father Andres Bernaldez
SriSH?*?} P an f. h Priest of the town of Los Palacios and chaplain to the
hbishop of Seville, Don Diego de Deza, which enabled Bernaldez to give
many important details of this expedition of the Spaniards in his famoJ
historical work entitled "Chronicle of the Catholic Kings." The town of S
Palacios is located twelve miles to the south from the city of Seville and
has at present a population of about 2,000.
Here follows the letter:

"Since the occurrences which I relate in private letters to other persons
are not of such general interest as those which are contained in this epistle,
I have resolved to give you a complete narrative of the events of our

nL'Hr treat of the other matters which form the subject

petition to you.

. ."The expedition which their Catholic Majesties sent, by divine per-
'adn! ^ ffif t0 Ind'es under the command of Christopher Colum-
bus, admiral of the ocean, left Cadiz on the 2 5 th day of September in the

Efl/two da s W durin and ^^ favorable for tne voyage The wind
rp. ' ,1 ime we managed to make nearly fifty

I he weather then changing, we made little or no progress for
two days ; it pleased God, however, after this, to restore us fine
lT l iV L days more we reached the island of Great Canary.
*i, * j harbor > which we were obliged to do to repair one of the
ships hat made a great deal of water. We remained all that day, and on
the following set sail again but were several times becalmed, so that four
or five days more passed before we reached the island of Gomera. We had
emam at Gomera one day to lay in our store of meat, wood, and as much
water as we could stow, preparatory for the long voyage that we expected

of llmHtnau on (Holumbua*

to make without seeing land. 3 Thus it happened that through the delay at
these two ports, and being calmed the day after leaving Gomera, we spent
nineteen or twenty days before we arrived at the island of Ferro. 4 After
this we had, by the goodness of God, a return to fine weather, more con-
tinuous than any fleet ever enjoyed during so long a voyage; so that leaving
Ferro on the thirteenth day of October, within twenty days we came in
sight of land, but we should have seen it in fourteen or fifteen days if the
ship Capitana? had been as good a sailer as the other vessels," for many
times the others had to shorten sail because they were leaving us much
behind. During all this time we had great fortune, for throughout the
voyage we encountered no storm, with the exception of one on St. Simon's
eve, which for four hours put us in considerable danger. 7

"On the first Sunday after All Saints' day, namely, the 3rd of Novem-
ber, about dawn, a pilot of the ship Capitana cried out: 'The reward, I
see land!'*

"The joy of the people was so great, that it was wonderful to hear
their cries and exclamations of pleasure; and they had good reason to be
delighted, for they had become so wearied of bad living, and of working
the water out of the leaky ships, that all sighed most anxiously for land.
The pilots of the fleet reckoned on that day that between the time of leaving
the island of Ferro and the first reaching land we had made eight hundred
leagues; 8 others said seven hundred and eighty, so that the difference was
not great, and three hundred more between Ferro and Cadiz, made in all
eleven hundred leagues. 10 I do not, therefore, feel now as one who had
not seen enough water.

"On the morning of the aforesaid Sunday we saw lying before us an
island, and soon on the right hand another appeared; the first 11 was high

'From the island of Gomera Columbus embarked eight pigs, bulls, cows and
calves, sheep and goats, fowls and pigeons, seeds of oranges, lemons, bergamots, citrons,
pomegranates, dates, grapes, olives, melons, and other European fruits, as well
as all kinds of orchard and garden vegetables. All these things were the origin of
their species in the New World. The expedition likewise carried twenty horses
belonging to twenty soldiers armed with lances, shipped before leaving Cadiz, besides
stores of all kinds, including medical and surgical supplies, and implements of hus-
bandry, from Spain.

The southwesternmost of the group of the Canary Islands, and named Hierro
in Spanish. Formerly this group was called the Fortunate Islands.

A galleon (known in Spain as a nao, like the Santa Mlaria of the first voyage)
of four hundred tons burden, that carried the admiral's flag, and in which the writer
of this historical document made the trip. Columbus's younger brother Diego, and
three old comrades of his first voyage to America, were also on board this vessel.
Sixteen in number.

'They believed themselves in much peril that evening, October 27, as they certainly
were in such a sudden and fierce storm, accompanied by heavy rain, rapid lightning
and loud peals of thunder, so frequent in the tropics until they beheld several of
lambent flames called by sailors "St. Elmo's tapers," playing about the tops
of the masts, and gliding along the rigging, which are occasionally seen about tempest-
tossed vessels during a highly electrical state of the atmosphere. The sailors con-
sider that phenomenon as of good omen.

The Spanish government had offered a reward in money to the first person
who should see land on this voyage, the same as had been done on the first voyage
of discovery to America.

That is, 2,400 Spanish miles, or about 2,057 English miles.

U 3;390 Spanish miles, or about 2,829 English miles.

This was Dominica, so called by Columbus from having been discovered on a
Sunday (Dies Dominica). It is twenty-nine miles long and thirteen miles in its
greatest breadth, has an area of 291 square miles, and belongs to England

3Ftr0t

Urttfrtt in Ammni^l4JJ4

and mountainous on the side nearest to us; the other was flat and very
thickly wooded. 12 As soon as the light of day became brighter other
islands began to appear on the right and on the left of us, so that that day
there were six of them to be seen lying in different directions, and most
of them of considerable size.

"We directed our course towards that which we had first seen, and
reaching the coast, we proceeded more than a league in search of a port
where we might anchor, but without finding one : all that part of the island
which met our view appeared mountainous, very beautiful, and green even
down to the water's edge. It was delightful to see it, for at that season of
the year there is scarcely anything green in our country. When we found
that there was no harbor on that side 13 the admiral decided that we should
go to the other island, which lay on our right, and was about four or five
leagues distant. 1 * One of the vessels, however, still remained at the first
island all that day seeking a harbor, in case it should be necessary to return
thither. At last, having found a good one where they saw both people
and dwellings, 16 they returned that night to the fleet, that had already put
into harbor at the other island; and there the admiral, accompanied by a
large number of men, landed with the royal banner unfurled in his hands,
and took possession of all that territory we had discovered on behalf of
their Majesties.

"This island of Marigalante is filled with an astonishing growth of
wood; that variety of trees being unknown to us, some of them bearing
fruit and some others flowers. It was surprising to see that, and indeed
every spot was covered with verdure.

"We found there a tree whose leaf had the finest smell of cloves that
I have ever met with; it was in shape like a laurel leaf, but not so large;
I think it was really a species of laurel. There were wild fruits of various
kinds, some of which our men, not very prudently, tasted ; and upon only
touching them with their tongues, their mouths and cheecks became swollen,
and they suffered such a great heat and pain that they seemed by their
actions as if they were crazy, and felt obliged to resort to cooling applications
to ease the pain and discomfort.'

"We found no signs of any people living on this island, and concluded
it was uninhabited. We remained there two long hours, for it was already
near evening when we landed, and on the following morning we left for
another very large island, situated below this one, and at the distance of
about seven or eight leagues. 16 We approached it under the side of a
great mountain that seemed almost to reach the skies, in the middle of which
rose a peak higher than all the rest of the mountains near it, and from
which many streams came out and diverged into different channels, espe-
cially towards that part to which we were proceeding. At about three
leagues' distance from it, we could see an immense fall of water that ap-
peared to us of the breadth of an ox, and came rolling down from such a

"The island to which Columbus gave the name of Marigalante, the real name
of the galleon Capitana, in which he and Dr. Chanca sailed. It has an estimated
area of sixty square mies, and belongs to France.

"Dominica has no harbors, but there are several good roadsteads on its western
side.

"The island Marigalante, as already stated.

"Probably the beautiful anchorage at the north end of the western coast of
Dominica, now called Prince Rupert's Bay.

"Known today as Guadeloupe, which belongs to France.

heieht that it looked as though it were falling from the sky. It could be
seen from that great distance, and it occasioned many wagers to be laid
on board the ships, some people saying that it was nothing else but a series
of white rocks, while others maintained that it was a great volume of tailing
water When we came nearer, it showed itself distinctly ; it was the
beautiful thing in the world to see how from so great a height, and from so
small a space, such a large fall of water was being discharged. 17

"As soon as we approached the island, the admiral ordered a light
caravel 18 to run along the coast in search for a harbor. The captain of
this small vessel put into land in a boat, and seeing some houses, leapt on
shore and went up to them, the inhabitants fleeing at sight of our men.
He then entered the houses and found therein various household articles
that had been left unremoved, 19 from among which he took two 'parrots,
very large and quite different from the parrots we had before seen. 20
found also a great quantity of cotton, both spun and already prepared for
spinning, and provisions of food, of all of which he brought along with him
portion Besides those articles of food he likewise brought away with
him four or five bones of human arms and legs. When we saw those bones
we immediately suspected that we were then among the Caribbee islands,
whose inhabitants eat human flesh, because the admiral, guided by the in-
formation respecting their situation he had received from the Indians of
the islands he had discovered during his former voyage, had directed
course of our ships with a view to find them, both on account of
Caribbee islands being nearest to Spain and also in the direct track to the
island of Hispaniola, where he had left some of his men when he returned
to Spain. Thither, by the goodness of God and the wise management

"Unquestionably, it was water that this culminating peak was throwing out
Neither Dr. Chanca, Columbus, nor any of their companions on this voyage speak ot
having seen a vokano on the island of Guadeloupe and for this reason .1 am in-
clined to the opinion that the volcano La Souffriere of this island (for there is another
with the same name on the island of St Vincent) did not exist at the "!*
discovery, but that some seismic convulsion occurred afterward that transfe
that "great mountain that seemed almost to reach the skies" into a regular volcano.
The fact that there are now three extinct volcanoes on that island seems to lend tprce
to my way of thinking in regard to the subject In Central America there
volcano that pours forth water instead of lava or ashes. .

"The fleet of Columbus, on this his second voyage of discovery, consisted of threi
galleons or carracks and fourteen caravels ( of different sizes, carrying a total of 1,500
persons among whom were several distinguished personages and a large numb<
of aristocratic young fellows anxious for adventure after their exploits in the war
against the Moors had ended. On the first voyage only 120 persons accompanied
Columbus, thirty-eight of whom remained at the port of La Navidad in the island
of Hispaniola or Santo Domingo when Columbus returned to Spain, arriving i
the same little port of Palos from where he had started 225 days before. A wonder-
ful achievement!

"Among these household articles were netted hammocks, utensils of earthen
pottery, what seemed to be an iron pot, and the stern-post of a European ship.
Several receptacles of different sizes and shapes, for various uses, called by the Indians
iicaras were also found. They were made from a melon-like fruit called Guira, in
Spanish, and in English, Calabash-tree, of which there are two species, the Crescent
cujete and the Crescentia cucurbitina; cups, hollow dishes, bottles, and so forth,
were then, and are still, made of this fruit, which is never eaten, but with the soft
pulp of its inner part there is prepared a pectoral syrup which is a common household
remedy in all the Spanish Antilles.

"These were not real parrots, but as the author himself says in his letter,
papagayos, that is, macaws with a short tail, or popinjays.

they reported they had found many aromatic plants, delicious fruits, several
kinds of unknown birds, and some considerable rivers, 28 but all in a wood-
land so thick with luxuriant vegetation and high trees that they could not see
the sky even by climbing the trees, and only with great difficulty walk.
Finally they came out upon the sea-shore, and following the line of coast,
returned to the fleet. They brought with them some women and boys, ten
in number.

"These stragglers came back from the interior of the island in such
an emaciated condition, that it was distressing to see them. The admiral
had sent searching parties into the woods to find them; they hallooed, and
sounded their trumpets, and fired their arquebuses, but to no avail.

"On the first day of our landing, several men and women came on
the beach, down to the water's edge, and gazed at the ships in astonishment
at so novel a sight, but when a boat with some of our men was sent ashore,
in order to speak with them, they cried aloud 'taino,' 'taino,' which is as
much as to say 'friends,' 'friends,' and waited for the landing of the sailors,
standing, however, by the boat in such a manner that they might escape
from our men when they wanted to do so. The result was that none of
those men could be persuaded to join us, and only two of them were taken
by force and led away. More than twenty of the female captives were taken
with their own consent, and a few of the native women, by surprise, and
forcibly carried off. Several of the boys, who were captives, came to us,
fleeing from the natives of the island, who had taken them prisoners in
their own country.

"We remained eight days at that port" in consequence of the temporary
loss of the before-mentioned captain and six men composing one of the de-
tachments, and in that time we went on several occasions on shore, passing
amongst the dwellings and through the villages located near the coast. 28 We
found there a vast number of human bones and skulls hung up about the
houses, like vessels intended for holding various things. Very few men
were there to be seen around, and the women that we had captured informed
us that this was on account of the departure of ten canoes full of men
having gone out to make war upon the inhabitants of other neigh-
boring islands. 28

"The principal rivers of the island of Guadeloupe are now called the Goyaves,
the Lamentin, and the Lazarde.

"The port referred to here is the handsome bay of Point-a-Pitre.

"These villages were composed of twenty or thirty houses, square in shape for
the common people and circular for their chiefs, all surrounding an open place or
plaza called batey, among the Lucayans, a name now-a-days applied to the open space
occupied by the different buildings of a sugar plantation. The houses had the name
bohios, and were made of trunks of trees, general jy the royal-palm, and covered around
with yagiias, that is, the large broad leaves covering the fruit of the royal-palm, which
resemble thin, very pliable boards, from one to four feet wide and four to eight feet
long, intertwined with reeds called bejucos, and still so named, and continued to the
present day to be employed in the backwoods of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo,
and so forth, as the abode of the farmers. The roofs of these huts are covered with
the common, long, and flaked leaves of the same royal-palm, and have in front a
sort of portico or extension of the roof that serves as shelter from the hot sun, and
from the rain.

At the entrance of one of these houses in the island of Turuqueira the explorers
found some images of serpents, tolerably well carved in wood. Perhaps this house
was the church or place of worship of the idolatrous aborigines of America.

"When the Carabbee men went forth on their predatory expeditions, always
accompanied with their caciques, or kings, the women remained at home to defend

larmtumt Urttet in Am* rta <# 1404

"These islanders appear to us to be more civilized than those who had
hitherto been seen, for although all Indians have houses made of straw, 30
yet the dwellings of these people are constructed in a much superior fashion,
better stocked with provisions, and exhibit more evidences of industry
both on the part of the men and of the women. They had a considerable
quantity of cotton, already spun and also prepared for spinning, and many
cotton blankets so well woven as to be in no way inferior to similar ones
made in our country. 31

"We inquired of the women who were prisoners of the inhabitants of
this island, what sort of people these islanders were, and they replied,
'Caribbees.' As soon as these women learned that we abhor such kind of
people because of their evil practice of eating human flesh, they felt de-
lighted. And after that, if any man or woman belonging to the Caribbees
was forcibly brought forward by our men, they informed us (but in a
secret way) whether he or she belonged to that kind of people, evincing at
the same time by their dread of their conquerors that those poor women
pertained to a vanquished nation, though they well knew that they were
then safe in our company. 82

"We were able to distinguish which of the women were natives of
this island and which captives, by the distinction that a Caribbee woman
wore on each leg two bands or rings of woven cotton, one fastened around
the knee and the other around the ankle, by this means making the calves
of their legs look big and the above-mentioned parts small, which I imagine
they do because they believe this sort of adornment makes them pretty and
graceful : by that peculiarity we distinguish them.* 8

"These captive women told us that the Caribbee men use them with
such cruelty as would scarcely be believed ; and that they eat the children
which they bear to them, only bringing up those which they have by their
native wives. Such of their enemies as they can take away alive, they
bring here to their homes to make a feast of them, and those who are killed

their shores from invasion, and they were as good archers as the men, partaking
of the same warrior spirit as their husbands and male relatives.

"Dr. Chanca here makes a mistake, for, though the houses of the native Indians
of the Antilles may have had the appearance of being built of straw, they were almost
exclusively made of the component parts of the royal-palm (Roystonea regia), as
stated in the above explanatory note. He probably considered those houses made
of straw because they certainly had that appearance, and in the short space of time
which he had had to observe them he did not get the opportunity of seeing one of
those huts in process of construction.

"They possessed also the art of making household utensils of clay, which they
baked in kilns like the potters of Europe.

"Prof. Justin Winsor, the accomplished librarian of Harvard College, in his
"Christopher Columbus," referring to the Caribbee Indians, makes the following
interesting statements: "The contiguity of these two races, the fierce Carib and the
timid tribes of the more northern islands (the Lucayans) has long puzzled the
ethnologist Irving indulged in some rambling notions of the origin of the Carib,
derived from observations of the early students of the obscure relations of the Ameri-
can peoples. Larger inquiries and more scientific observations has, since Irving's
time, been given to the subject, still without bringing the question to recognizable
bearings. The craniology of the Carib is scantily known, and there is much yet
to be divulged. The race in its purity has long been extinct. Lucien de Rosny, in
an anthropological study of the Antilles published by the French Society of Ethnology
m 1886, has amassed considerable data for future deductions."

"^These bands or rings of woven cotton worn by the Caribbee women were about
two inches wide and sometimes embellished with pieces of gold, pearls, and valuable
stones; a sort of double garter known by them as llauto.

of Staiairiatt on (Eolmnbus'

"*<^=> ~ ^e^gMiaiaJ^ S ^&~ ^ ^^<gS

in battle they eat up after the fighting is over. They claim that the flesh
of man is so good to eat that nothing like it can be compared to it in the
world; and this is pretty evident, for of the human bones we found in
their houses everything that could be gnawed, had already been gnawed, so
that nothing else remained of them but what was too hard to be eaten. In
one of the houses we found the neck of a man undergoing the process
of cooking in a pot, preparatory for eating it.* 4

"The habits of these Caribbees are beastly.

"There are three islands: this one on which we are, is called by the
natives, Turuqueira;** the other, which was the first we saw, is named
Cayre,"' and the third Ayay. There is a general resemblance among the
natives of these three islands, as if they were of the same lineage. They
do no harm to one another, but each and all of them wage war against the
inhabitants of the other neighboring islands, and for this purpose sometimes
they go as far as a hundred and fifty league in their canoes. 88 which are a
narrow kind of boat, each made out of a single trunk of a tree. 88 Their

"Alexander Von Humboldt, in his "Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoc-
tial regions of America," speaking about the Caribbees, makes the following instructive
observations, worthy of serious reflection, upon the baneful influence of fads and fancies :
"Reproaches addressed to the natives on the abominable practice which we here
discuss, produce no effect ; it is as if a Brahmin, travelling in Europe, were to reproach
us with the habit of feeding on the flesh of animals. In the eyes of the Indian of
Guaisia, the Chernvichaena was a being entirely different from himself, and one whom
he thought it was no more unjust to kill, than the jaguars of the forest. It was
merely from a sense of propriety that, whilst he remained in the mission, he would
only eat the same food as the Fathers. The natives, if they return to their tribe
(irse al monte), or find themselves pressed by hunger, soon resume their old habits
of anthropophagy. And why should we be so much astonished at this inconstancy
in the tribes of the Orinoco, when we are reminded, by terrible and well-ascertained
examples, of what has passed among civilized nations in times of great scarcity?
In Egypt, in the thirteenth century, the habit of eating human flesh pervaded all
classes of society; extraordinary snares were spread for physicians in particular.
They were called to attend persons who pretended to be sick, but were only hungry;
and it was not in order to be consulted, but devoured. An historian of great veracity,
Abd-allatif, has related how a practice, which at first inspired dread and horror, soon
occasioned not the slightest surprise."

"The island of Guadeloupe, named by Columbus Nuestra Senora de la Guadelupe,
as already explained.

"The island of Dominica.

"This must have been the island now known as Martinique, though Dr. Chanca
fails to mention having been there. It is situated thirty miles south by west from
Dominica and twenty miles north of St Lucia. It is almost entirely of volcanic
formation, with several well-marked volcanic mountains, among which, the loftiest
peak is that of Mount Pelee in the northwestern part of the island. Before the
terrific and appalling eruption of May 8, and August 30, 1902, which destroyed the
city of Saint-Pierre and killed over 30,000 inhabitants, it had an altitude of about
4,500 feet This volcano had been previously twice in eruption, in 1762 and in 1851.

At the time of the discovery no one speaks of having seen a volcano there; and
it is my humble opinion that, like the volcano La Souffriere, on Guadeloupe, it is
of subsequent origin. On Martinique there are today, as on Guadeloupe, several
extinct volcanoes which in ages gone by were probably as active as Mount Pelee
and La Souffriere some years ago. Mount Pelee remains at present entirely inactive
in spite of the great number of slight earthquakes in all the neighborhood, and the
tremendous upheavals in South America, California and Jamaica. Perhaps these
subterranean convulsions are the very cause of the stoppage of its discharging activity.

"That is to say, 450 Spanish miles or about 376 English miles, which means as
far as Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Cuba to the north, and Trinidad, Curacpa, and
the north coast of South America to the south.

"In the language of the Caribbees these boats were called canaoas, and among the
Lucayans acalli, the largest ones, holding forty or fifty persons, being known as

Jtr0f Itorumtfttt -Unitett in America 1434

arms are arrows, in place of iron weapons, and as they have no iron, some
of them point their arrows with a sharpened piece of tortoise-shell, and
others make their arrow-heads of fish-spines, which are naturely barbed
like coarse saws. These arms are dangerous weapons only to naked people
like the Indians, causing death or severe injury, but to men of our nation
they are not much to be feared. 40

"In their wars upon the inhabitants of the neighboring islands, these
people capture as many of the women as they can, especially those who
are young and handsome, and keep them as body servants and concubines;
and so great a number do they carry off, that in fifty houses we entered,
no man was found, but all were women. Of that large number of captive
females, more than twenty handsome women came away voluntarily with us. 41

"When the Caribbees take any boys as prisoners of war, they remove
their organs, fatten the boys until they grow to manhood and then, when
they wish to make a great feast, they kill and eat them, for they say the
flesh of boys and women is not good to eat. Three boys thus mutilated
came fleeing to us when we visited the houses.

"We left that island eight days after our arrival. 42 The next day, at
noon, we saw another island, not very large, at about twelve leagues'
distance from the one we were leaving. 43 On that evening we saw another
island, but finding there were many sandbanks near it we dropped anchor,
not venturing to proceed until the morning. 44 On the morrow, another
appeared, of considerable size, 46 but we touched at none of these because

piraguas, which is still the Spanish name for that kind of Indian boat, called in
English pirogue.

The trunk of the tree of which these water crafts were made was excavated
by burning into a suitable shape. They had no sails and were impelled by a long
paddle of light timber, broad and flat at each end, and held at its center by both hands.

"Dr. Chanca did not then know that these Caribbee arrow points were poisoned,
probably with the juice of a plant as the machineel-tree. The death of a Spanish
sailor wounded with one of these arrows, which penetrated his buckler and pierced
his side during a fight with a party of these Indians, clearly demonstrated that that
native weapon was not so harmless as it appeared to be.

"These native women were natives of the island of Borinquen, Puerto Rico of
today, who seemed to be handsomer and more attractive than the Caribbee women.

Tuesday November 12, 1493. The island here referred to is Guadeloupe.

"This was Montserrat, so named by Columbus because its general appearance
reminded Fray Bernal Boil (a high ecclesiastic born in the province of Tarragona,
Spain, who had been especially selected by King Ferdinand to accompany this
expedition) of the celebrated mountain of Montserrat, in his native province, where
the Benedictine monastery of which he was one of the Fathers is located. I have my-
self visited Montserrat, thirty miles north-west from Barcelona, and twenty-four
miles in circumference, which is, in my opinion, one of the most beautiful mountains
in the world. It is the Mons Serratus of the ancient Romans, with its loftiest point,
where the monastery is located, a little over 4,000 feet in height At present there is
here, as in some of the mountains of Switzerland, a railroad that makes the ascent
and descent by going around this remarkable promontory over jagged pinnacles
and steep precipices. The monastery is visited annually by about 80,000 pilgrims and
tourists. This mountain is also a popular place for the people of Barcelona to
spend two or three days on picnics and excursions, and for newly-married couples
of the middle class to enjoy their honeymoon.

"Columbus called it "Santa Maria la Redonda" on account of its semi-circular
shape. It is a rocky, barren islet, between the islands of Nevis (called Nieyes in
Spanish) and Montserrat, so steep on all sides that it seems inaccessible without
ladders or ropes thrown from the top, and is inhabited only by workers in the
phosphate mines.

"This was Santa Maria la Antigua. It is twenty-eight miles long and twenty broad,
having a broken and elevated surface, and its soil is fertile. Now it is called only

fei

dHatutampi of pjptnan on Oloturnhna'

we were anxious to convey comfort and consolation to our people, who had
been left on the first voyage in the island of Hispaniola. It did not please
God, however, to grant us our desire, as will hereafter appear in this
narrative.

"The next day at the dinner hour we arrived at an island which seemed
to be worth finding, for judging by the extent of cultivation in it, it appeared
very populous." We went thither and put into harbor. 4 "

"The difference between these Caribbees and the other Indians, with
respect to dress, consists in wearing their hair very long, while the others
have it dipt irregularly; also because they engrave on their heads innumer-
able cross-like marks and different devices, each according to his fancy;
and they make these lasting marks with sharpened bamboo sticks. All of
them, both the Caribbee and the other Indians, are beardless, so that it is
an unusual thing to find one of these men with a beard. The Caribbees
whom we have taken prisoners, have their eyes and eyebrows stained
circularly around, which I think they do for ostentation and also because
it gives them a ferocious appearance.*'

"One of the Caribbees we held as captive told us that in one of the
islands belonging to them, and called Cayre* 8 (which was the first we saw,
though we did not land on it), there is a great quantity of gold, and that
if we were to give its inhabitants nails and tools with which to make their
canoes, we might bring away as much gold as we like.

"On the same day we arrived we left that island, 80 having being there

Antigua, and is the most important of the Leeward group of the British West Indies;
its population, including that of the island of Barbuda, is at present 36,819 inhabitants.

"Called by Columbus St Martin. It is of triangular shape, each side being from
nine to eleven miles long. The climate is healthy, but there is little natural water
to drink, the inhabitants depending almost entirely on rain water. Since 1648 it
has been divided between France and Holland. The French portion, a dependency
of Guadeloupe, has an area of twenty square miles and a population of 3,500. The
Dutch portion is a dependency of Curasao, has an area of eighteen square miles, and
a population of 3,984 inhabitants.

Grand Bay must have been this harbor.

"The dyeing material they used for that purpose was obtained from the red or
yellowish-red seeds of a small tree, called by the Indians catabi, now known in the
French West India Islands by the name of roucouyer, in Spanish, bija (Bixa orellana),
and in English, arnotta and annotte, whose leaves are heart-shaped. It is now
employed for coloring cheese and butter, and, in Germany, for coloring white wines.
In Jamaica it is used as medicine in the treatment of dysentery, and is considered to
possess astringent and stomachic qualities.

Those marks and stains about the face and head of the Caribbees remind me of
the similar custom of the ancient Romans, who after their victorious return, entered
Rome riding in their chariots with the face and neck painted red, in imitation of fire,
as stated by Christopher Landino in his commentaries to Dante's "Divine Comedy;"
and as was also done by the ancient Britons, as recorded by Julius Caesar in his
famous Commentaries.

"As already stated, this was the island of Dominica.

"The island to which Columbus gave the name of Santa Cruz, and now known
as Saint Croix, where the explorers anchored on Thursday, November 14, 1493.
It lies sixty-five miles east southeast of Puerto Rico, and is eighty-three square miles
in extent Together with the islands of St Thomas and St. John, it forms today
a Danish colony.

Here in this island, the most northerly one inhabited by the fierce Caribbees, the
Spaniards had their first fight with the Indians in trying to capture a canoe with two
women, one man and a boy. Two of the Spaniards were wounded with arrows,
and one of them, a Biscayan sailor, died later. The women fought as bravely as
the men, and one of them wounded the sailor. He was duly buried on the shore of
the island of Haiti, as the Lucayans called Hispaniola or Santo Domingo.

itarumtttt Urtttot in Ammra * 1494

no more than six or seven hours, and steering for a point of land that ap-
peared to lie in our intended course of travel, we reached it by night. On
the morning of the following day we coasted along, but found that although
it was very long in extent, it was not a continuous territory, for it was
divided up into more than forty islets. 51 The land was very high and
most of it barren, an appearance which we had never observed in any of
the islands visited by us before or since; the ground seemed to me to
suggest the probability of its containing minerals.

"We proceeded along the coast the greater part of that day, and on the
evening of the next, we discovered another island called by the Indians,
Borinquen, 02 which we judged to be on that side about thirty leagues in
length, for we were coasting along it the whole of one day. 08 This island
is very beautiful, and apparently very fertile. Here the Caribbees come to
make war upon its inhabitants, and often carry away many prisoners.

"These islanders have no large canoes, nor any knowledge of naviga-
tion, as our prisoners inform us, but they use bows like those of the Carib-
bees; and if by chance, when they are attacked, they succeed in taking
prisoners some of the invaders, they eat them up in like manner as the
Caribbees themselves do.

"We remained two days in a port of that island, 04 where a great num-
ber of our men went on shore, but we were not able to talk with the natives,
because at our approach they all fled, from fear, I suppose, that we were
the Caribbees.

"All the above-mentioned islands were discovered on this voyage, the
admiral not having seen any of them on his former trip. They are all very
beautiful and possess a most luxuriant soil, but this island of Borinquen
appears to exceed the others in beauty. 05

"Here almost terminates the group of islands which on the side toward
Spain had not been seen before by the admiral, 06 although we regard as
a matter of certainty, that there is land more than forty leagues beyond the

"Columbus named the largest of all these islets Santa Ursula, and the others
"The Eleven Thousand Virgins" (Las once mil virgenes), which are now called
the Virgin Islands. Santa Ursula is known today as Tdrtola, which means turtle-
dove. It is eleven miles long and four miles in its greatest breadth. The principal
bay is on the southeast, and on that side there is a double curve of islets and reefs
enclosing a vast roadstead with calm water, called Virgin's Causeway. The group
of islets has an area of fifty-eight square miles, and a population of 4,639 inhabitants.
Cotton and sugar are cultivated for exportation. The chief town is called Roadt9wn.

"This was the island of Puerto Rico, which Columbus named "San Juan Bautista"
(St. John the Baptist). The date of its discovery was Saturday, November 16, 1493.

"An astonishingly-exact calculation of Dr. Chanca, for Puerto Rico is ninety
miles long from east to west (very nearly the equivalent of thirty Spanish leagues)
and thirty-six miles broad, with an area of 3,600 square miles and a population
f 953. 2 43 inhabitants. The capital is San Juan, but the city of Ponce is the acknowl-
edged metropolis, the first with a population of 32,048 inhabitants, and the second
numbering 27,952 souls.

"The port here referred to is now known as the Bay of Mayaguez.

"The islands of St Kitts and Nevis are not mentioned by Dr. Chanca in this
account of the voyage, but they must have been seen by the explorers, for another
writer of those times speaks of them as "San Cristobal" and "Nuestra Senora de
las Nieves," respectively.

"Here ended the Caribbee Islands, the account of whose fierce and savage inhabit-
ants was received with eager curiosity by the learned of Europe. Traces of that
same race of cannibals have more recently been discovered and in a masterful and
philosophical way described by Alexander yon Humboldt far in the interior of the
country through which flows the great Orinoco river of Venezuela.

fHanuarrtpt of Pjgatnatt nn

southern-most of these newly discovered islands. 07 We believe this to be
the case, because two days before we saw the first island, 68 we had dis-
covered some birds called 'rabihorcados,' which are marine birds of prey
that do not sit or sleep upon the water, making circumvolutions high in the
air at the close of the evening, with the object of taking their reckoning
of where they are and flying after that in a straight line toward land to
sleep. These birds could not have been going to spend the night at more
than twelve or fifteen leagues' distance from where they were, because it
was already late in the evening, and the direction they took in their flight
was toward the South. 58 From all this we concluded that there was land
in that direction still undiscovered ; but we did not go in search of it because
it would have taken us out of our intended route. I hope that in a few
more voyages it will be discovered. 80

"It was at dawn when we left the above-mentioned island of Borin-
quen,' 1 and on that day prior to nightfall we caught sight of land, which
although not recognized by any of those who had come hither in the former
voyage, we believed to be Hispaniola from the information given us by
the Indian women we had with us ; and in said island we remain at present. 82

"Between it and the Borinquen, another island appeared at a distance,
but it was not of great size. 88

"When we reached Hispaniola, the land at the place where we ap-
proached it was low and very flat, 84 on seeing which, a general doubt arose
as to its identity, because neither the admiral nor his companions on the
first voyage had seen it.

"This island of Hispaniola, being a large one, is divided up into
provinces: that part which we first touched at, is called by the natives,
Haiti; another province adjoining it, they name Samand, and the next
province is known by them as Bohio, which is the place where we now are.
These three provinces are subdivided into smaller portions.

"It is truly admirable how nearly exact was this calculation of Dr. Chanca, for
the comparatively large islands of Curagoa and Trinidad, and the North coast of
Venezuela, are about that distance from Martinique.

"The island of Dominica.

"Probably these sea-birds were going to spend the night on the island of Martin-
ique, thirty miles southwest of Dominica and twenty miles north of St. Lucia.

"And that land was in fact discovered, as predicted by the learned author of this
overlooked important historical document, in the very next, or third voyage of
Columbus. On July 31, 1498, he discovered the island of Trinidad, and caught a
glimpse of terra firma at the delta of the Orinoco River. Afterwards he discovered
the islands of Margarita, Tobago, Buen Aire, and Curac.oa, although he did not land
at any of them. In his passage from the Gulf of Paria to the island of Hispaniola,
Columbus also discovered on his third voyage, sailing along without touching at them,
the little islands to which he gave the names of Asuncion, Conception, Sola, de los
Testigos, de la Guarda, and de los Frailes, all belonging to the group known as the
Windward Islands.

"That was the dawn of November 18, 1493. The explorers sailed from the bay
known today as Mayaguez, where they landed and visited a village located on the
shore, and constructed as usual among these Indians, around a common square, like
a market-place, from which a spacious road led to the sea-shore, having fences on
each side of the way made of interwoven reeds and enclosing fruitful gardens. At
the end of this road was a kind of terrace, or lookout, overhanging the waters of
the bay.

"It was in fact the island of Hispaniola.

"This was the small island to which Columbus gave the name Mona, situated
in the channel between Puerto Rico and Santo Domingo, now known as Mona Passage.

"That locality must have been between Point Macao and Point Engano, which
is flat The higher land of the north coast begins at Point Macao.

Vff

Innmttttt Urtlfam ttt Ammra ^e 1434

"Those who have seen the length of its coast state that this is an island
two hundred leagues long, and I, myself, should judge it not to be less than
a hundred and fifty leagues. As to its breadth, nothing is hitherto known.
At the date of writing this letter, it is already forty days since a caravel
left here with the object of circumnavigating it, and it has not yet returned."

"The country is very remarkable, and contains a vast number of large
rivers and extensive chains of mountains, with broad, open valleys, and the
mountains are very high. It looks here as if the grass is never cut through-
out the whole year. I do not think that they have any winter here, for
at Christmas we found many birds-nests, some containing the young birds
and others the eggs. No four-footed animal has ever been seen in this, nor
in any of the other islands, except some dogs of various colors, as in our
own country, but in shape and size like lap-dogs. Of wild, ferocious
beasts, there are none.

"I came near forgetting to mention another four-footed little animal,
in the color of its hair, size, and fur, like a rabbit, but with long tail and feet
similar to those of a rat. These animals climb up the trees, and many of our
men who have eaten them say their taste is very good.

"There are many snakes, small in size, also lizards, but not so many,
for the Indians consider them as great a luxury as we do pheasants. These
lizards are of the same size as ours, but different in shape.

"In a small adjacent island, close by a harbor which we named 'Monte
Cristo,' where we stayed several days, our men saw an enormous kind
of lizard which they said was as large around the body as a calf, and the
tail shaped like a lance. They often went out to kill it, but bulky as it was,
it disappeared in the thicket and got into the sea, so that they could not
catch it.

"There are, both in this and in the other islands, an infinite number
of birds like those we have in our country, and many others such as we
had never seen. No kind of domestic fowl has been found here, with the
exception of some ducks in the houses of the island of Turuqueira." 8 Those
ducks were in size larger than the ones we have in Spain, though smaller
than geese, very pretty, with flat crest, and most of them as white as snow,
but some also black.

"We ran along the coast of this island nearly a hundred leagues. We
continued our course till we came to a harbor, which we named 'Monte
Cristo/ where we remained two days in order to observe the position
and formation of the land in its neighborhood. There was a large river
of excellent water close by," but the surrounding ground was inundated,
and consequently ill-calculated for a place of habitation. 68

"As we went on making observations of this river and the neighboring
land, some of our people discovered the bodies of two dead men in the grass
by the river bank, one with a rope around his neck and the other with an-
other rope round his feet: this was on the first day of our landing there. 88

"On the parallel of i82S' North latitude the island of Santo Domingo has an
extreme length of 400 miles, and its extreme breadth may be taken to be as of 150
miles on the meridian 71 20' West from Greenwich Observatory.

"As already explained, the old island of Turuqueira is Guadeloupe.

"This river was called by the natives Yaqui, and has now the name Rio de Oro.

"This plain remark shows how well fitted was Dr. Chanca, as a medical man
and a sanitarian, to accompany that large number of explorers and colonizers, which
included many distinguished men.

"That day was November 28, 1493.

On the following day they found two other corpses farther on along the
river, and it was noticed that one of them had a great quantity of beard.
This was regarded as a very suspicious circumstance by many of us, because,
as I have already said, all these Indians are beardless.

"This harbor is twelve leagues from the place where the Christians
had been left by the admiral on his return to Spain from the first voyage, 70
and under the protection of Guacamari, a king of these Indians, who, I
suppose, is one of the principal sovereigns of this island. After we anchored
at said spot," the admiral ordered two lombards to be fired in order to see
if there was any response from the Christians, who would fire in return,
as a salute, for they also had lombards with them; but we received no reply,
nor did we see on the sea-shore any body, or any sign of houses whatever.
Our people then became very much chagrined, and began to realize what
the circumstances naturally suggested.

"While all of us were in this depressed state of mind, the same canoe
with several Indians on board, which we had seen that afternoon, came
up to where we were anchored, and the Indians, with a loud voice inquired
for the admiral. They were conducted to the admiral's vessel, and remained
there on board for three hours, talking with the admiral in the presence
of us all. They said that some of the Christians left on the island had
died of disease, others had been killed in quarrels amongst themselves, and
that those who remained were all well. They also said that the province
had been invaded by two kings named Caonabo and Mayreni, who burned
all the houses, and that king Guacamari was at another place, some dis-
tance away, lying ill of a wound in his leg, which was the reason why he
had not come himself in person.

"Next morning some of our men landed by order of the admiral, and
went to the spot where the Christians had been housed. They found the
building, which had been fortified to a certain degree by a palisade sur-
rounding it, all burned up and leveled with the ground. 72

"They found also some rags and stuffs which the Indians had brought
to set the fort and the houses in the environs on fire. They observed, too,

"A distance of thirty-six Spanish miles, equivalent to about thirty-one English
miles.

"The spot here referred to is the harbor named by Columbus on his first voyage,
La Navidad (the Nativity), reached by this large fleet of the second voyage on the
night-fall of November 27, 1493.

"The little wooden fortress in which Columbus had left thirty-eight men the
year before, was built with the remains of the, caravel Santa Maria, the largest of the
three small vessels that discovered the Western Hemisphere of our planet which had
been wrecked on the reefs of that harbor. That small band of fool-hardy Spanish
people was left well provided with arms and ammunition, medical and surgical supplies;
but they all perished for lack of discipline and disregard of the orders and admoni-
tions of Columbus before he returned to Spain.

Their commander was the hidalgo Diego de Arana Enriquez, who was a brother
of Donna Beatriz, the second wife of Columbus (by whom he had his second son,
Don Fernando, born at the city of Cordova on August 15, 1488), and he had as his
lieutenants Pedro Gutierrez and Rodrigo de Escovedo.

Among those thirty-eight men killed by the Indians was one of the two physicians
or fisicos (as they were then called) who had accompanied Columbus on his first
voyage, and was left to care for the health of those boldly-venturous Spaniards. His
name was Maese Juan. The name of the other ship surgeon, who returned with
Columbus to Spain, was Maese Alonso. In my monograph on "The Medical History of
Christopher Columbus, and the Part Taken by the Medical Profession in the Discovery
of America," I mention these two worthy members of the medical profession, who

were the first physicians to tread American soil.

1
I

ill \\(tl

Jtrat Sterummt Urtttnt in Ammra ^ 1494

that the few Indians seen going about in that neighborhood were shy, and
dared not approach, but on the contrary, when called, fled.

"We had already been told by one of the Indians who, as interpreters,
were carried to Spain and brought back with us, and who had conversed
on board with the natives that came in their canoe to talk to the admiral,
that all the Christians left on that island had been killed, but we did not
believe it. Caonabo and Mayreni with their warriors had made an attack
upon them, and burnt down the buildings.

"We went to the place where Guacamari was. When we arrived there,
we found him stretched upon his bed, which was made of cotton net-work,
and according to their custom, suspended. 78 He did not arise, but from his
bed made the best gesture of courtesy of which he was capable. He showed
much feeling, and began by explaining to the best of his persuasive power
how the Christians had died of disease, others had gone to the province
where Caonabo was king, in search of gold mines, and had been killed there,
and the rest had been attacked and slain in their own houses. Judging by
the condition in which the dead bodies were found, I think it was not yet
two months since this calamity had occurred.

"Guacamari then made a present of eight marks and a half of gold to
the admiral, 74 five or six hundred pieces of precious stones of different
colors, 75 and a cap ornamented with similar stones, which I think the Indians
must value very highly because that cap was delivered with a great deal
of reverence. 7 '

"It appears to me that these people put more value upon copper than
gold. They beat the gold they find into very thin plates, in order to make
masks of it, and then set it in a cement which they prepare for that purpose.
Other ornaments they also make of the gold, which they wear on the head
and hanging from their ears and nostrils, 77 and for this object it is equally
required that the gold should be in the shape of a thin plate. But it is not
the costliness of the gold that they value in their ornaments ; it is its showy
appearance.

"The surgeon of the fleet 78 and myself being present, the admiral
told Gaucamari that we were skilled in the treatment of all human ills, and
wished that he would show us his wound. Gaucamari replied that he was
willing, and then I said it would be better, if possible, to examine the wound
outside the house, 78 because there were so many people inside of it, that

"This is the first mention in History of a hammock, called hamaca by those
Indians, and still so named in Spanish.

'^The Spanish mark, as a measure for gold and silver money, weighed eight
Spanish ounces, equivalent to two-thirds of a Troy pound, and in money value was
equal to fifty castellanos, or pesos as this standard Spanish coin is now called. The
fifty castellanos in bullion value today would be worth about $150 in United States
currency.

"The diamond was not included in these precious stones, for it has never been
found in the Antilles, nor the emerald, ruby, nor sapphire.

"These Indians called this covering for the head, chuco, and it was worn in
battle by the caciques like a helmet

"These gold ornaments hanging from the ears or nostrils were called by the
Lucayans, chaquina, and when used around the neck or the wrist like a necklace
or bracelet, chaquira.

"On that expedition of the Spaniards there were, besides Dr. Chanca, in charge
of the general health of the explorers (many of them distinguished persons belonging
to the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella, as already explained), a ship surgeon, called
in Spanish in those times, fisico or physicist, and also a pharmacist

Dr. Chanca unquestionably had a suspicion that Guacamari was feigning, and
wanted to be sure. As it afterwards turned out, he was right in his incredulity.

tui

made the place somewhat dark, and we needed better light. To this he
consented, but in my opinion more from fear of the truth being found out
than from any inclination on his part to do so, and went out of the house
leaning on the arm of the admiral. After he was seated, the surgeon
approached him and began to untie the bandage that covered the wound.
Gaucamari then told the admiral that his injury had been inflicted with a
ciba, by which he meant, with a stone. When the wound was uncovered, we
examined it carefully; and it is a fact that there was no more wound on
that leg than on the other, although he cunningly pretended, when we
touched it, that it pained him very much. 80

"There were certainly many proofs of an invasion by a hostile people,
so that the admiral was at a loss what to do. He with many others of us
thought, however, that for the present at least, and until we could ascertain
the truth of what had happened, it was better to conceal our distrust.

"Fish is abundant here, an article of food that we greatly needed, for
our provision of meat was running short, and it is a singular kind of fish,
more wholesome than those we have in Spain. The climate does not allow
the fish to be kept from one day to another, for all the animal food speedily
becomes unwholesome on account of the great heat and dampness.

"Large quantities have been planted, and they certainly attain a more
luxuriant growth here in eight days, than they would in Spain in twenty.

"We are frequently visited here by a large number of Indians, ac-
companied by their caciques, who are their captains or chiefs, and many
women. They all come loaded with 'ages,' a sort of turnip, very excellent
food, which they cook and prepare in various ways. This food is very
nutritious, and has proved of the greatest benefit to us all after the priva-
tions we endured when at sea, which in truth, were more severe than man
ever suffered. This age the Caribbee Indians call nabi.

"These Indians barter their gold, 81 provisions, and every thing they
bring with them, for tags, nails, broken pieces of darning-needles, beads,
pins, laces, and broken saucers and dishes. They all, as I have said, go
naked as they were born, except the women of this island, 82 who, some
of them, wear a covering of cotton, which they bind around their hips,
while others use grass and leaves of trees. 83

"When these Indians wish to appear full-dressed, both men and women
paint themselves, some black, others white and red, and different combina-
tions of colors, in so many devices that the effect produced is very laughable ;
they also shave some parts of their heads, and in other parts of it wear
long tufts of matted hair, which gives them an indescribably ridiculous
appearance. In short, whatever would be looked upon in our country as
characteristic of a madman, is here regarded by the most prominent Indians
as a mark of distinction.

"In our present position, we are in the neighborhood of many mines
of gold, not any one of which, we are told, is more than twenty or twenty-five

"This remarkable example of refined hypocrisy and deceit in an uncivilized
American Indian does not contribute to the idea of straightforward, impulsive
sincerity and honesty of the human race in its unsophisticated state. The perfidy
of Guacamari brings to my memory the origin of the well-known proverbial American
expression, "Honest Indian."

"The Lucayans called gold, nucay.

"The island of Santo Domingo, and also the native women of Cuba.

"That covering of cotton was called nagua by these Indians, from which the
Spanish word enagua, meaning the inner white skirt of a woman's dress, is derived.

jp^

I/
i

Jtrat iurnttumt Urtifcm in America $ 1494

leagues off. The Indians say that some of them are in Niti, a place in
the possession of Caonabo," that Indian king who killed the Christians-
other mines are located in another place called Cibao, 8 ' which, if it please
God, we shall see with our own eyes before many days have passed; indeed
we should go there at once, were it not because we have so many things
to attend to that there are not enough men among us to do it at present
And this is m consequence of one-third of our people haven fallen sick
within four or five days after we landed here, which misfortune I think
has happened principally on account of the toil and privations of the journey
to which must be added the variableness of the climate; 89 but I trust in our
Lord to be able to restore all the sick to health."

"My idea of these Indians is, that if we could talk their language,
they would all become converted to our religion, 88 for they do before the
altars exactly the same things they see us doing, as, for instance : kneeling
and bowing; singing the Ave Maria, or doing any other devotional exercises
and making the sign of the cross over one's self. They all say that they
wish to become Christians, for in reality, they are idolaters, having in their
houses many kinds of strange figures. 89 I asked them the meaning of those
figures, and they told me 'things of Turey,' by which they meant 'of Heaven >
once I made the pretence that I was going to throw those figures into
the fire, and this action of mine grieved them so much that they began to
weep. They believe that every thing, no matter what, we have brought
with us, comes from Heaven, and also called it Turey.

"The little time that we have spent on land has been so much occupied
in seeking for a place where to establish a settlement, 80 and in providing
ourselves with things we needed, that we have had little opportunity of

" He , wa . s . a Ca , r r ibbee b y birth . an d ruled over the province of Hispaniola, called
by the aborigines Mangana, m which were the mountains named Cibao. The appel-
lation Caonabo, like all names of persons and of places in almost every Indian language
had a meaning equivalent to Lord of the Golden House, and seeming to indicate
the great wealth of his dominions.

' Th .is was the name given to a chain of mountains which traverses the center
of the island of Santo Domingo.

'The climate changes suddenly in these West Indian islands from very hot and
dry, to comparatively cool and very damp, due to heavy and long-continued rain

Columbus himself was also sick with malaria fever for several weeks, and
seven months later suffered a dangerous malady, which I have ventured to diagnose
as typhus^or ship fever, ' m my monograph on "The Medical History of Christopher
Columbus (which is the first, and only writing in existence on that subject), pub-
llsh , ed .- m E ."Sl'sh ln Journal of the American Medical Association" for May 5 1804,
T 5wS I ournal c of Medical Science" for August and Septemberf 1894 I
have also published it in Spanish, French, and Italian.

This belief of Dr. Chanca was fully confirmed in a very short time afterward, for

those Indians soon became strong Catholics, the same as are the Indians still
remaining in all the Spanish-speaking countries of America.

. Most f - them w r ere u 8 h ., ima ? es of snakes, crocodiles and other creeping
animals. Their name for the evil spirit or devil was cemi. They had also speaking
gods, or oracles, and their augurs or priests were known as buhitis, who played,
besides, the same parts among them as the "medicine-men" of the Indians of these
northern regions of America. The religious songs of the Lucayans, which were also
their war songs to celebrate their victories but not the war-dance or ghost-dance,
songs, of the North American indigines before their battling against some foe-^
and their funeral chants, when burying their dead caciques and noblemen, were
C3.1ICQ circitos.

"They found at last a convenient place. It was on the shore of a good bay, on
: north coast and upon high ground, with two rivers of potable water near by, and
: back part well closed by the thick growth of an impassible forest that protected

A-

fiatwBrrtpt nf fttjgBtrian nn Gtalumbua'

becoming acquainted with the natural productions of the soil. In spite
of this drawback, we have already seen many marvellous things. For
instance: trees producing a soft silky fiber fine enough (according to the
opinion of those who are acquainted with that industrial art) to be woven
into good cloth. And of this kind of trees there are so many, that we
might load our vessels with the fiber, though it is somewhat difficult to
gather it because these trees are very thorny, but some means can easily
be found to overcome that difficulty.

"There are also cotton plants as large as peach trees, which all the
year round produce cotton, and in abundance.

"We found other trees which produce wax, as good both in color and
smell as bees-wax, and equally useful for burning; indeed, with very little
difference between the one and the other.

"There is a vast number of trees which yield surprisingly fine turpentine.

"Tar is found in abundance, of a very good quality too.

"We discovered trees which, in my opinion, bear nutmegs, but at
present without fruit on them, and I say so because the bark tastes and
smells like nutmegs.

"I saw one root of ginger which an Indian was carrying around his
neck.

"There are aloes too, though not of the same kind as those we are
acquainted with in Spain, but nevertheless a species of aloes that we
doctors use.

"A sort of cinnamon has likewise been found, but, to speak truthfully,
it is not of such a fine quality as the one we have in Spain; or perhaps
this is so because it is not now the proper season to gather it, or the soil
in which it was found growing in this vicinity is not well adapted.

"We have also seen here some yellow mirabolans. At this season they
are lying under the trees, and as the ground is very damp they are all rotten,
and have a very bitter taste, due, in my opinion, to their state of decomposi-
tion; but the flavor of those parts which in spite of that, have remained
sound, is the same as that of the genuine mirabolan.

"There is, besides, a very good kind of mastic.

"None of the natives of all these islands we have visited possess any
iron. They have, however, many implements, also hatchets and axes, all
made of stone, which are so handsome and well finished that it is a wonder
how they can contrive to make them without employing iron.

"Their principal food consists of a sort of bread made of the root of

it from being set on fire by the Indians on a night attack. The building up of the
first Christian town of the New World was commenced there, in that very spot,
and to it Columbus gave the very appropriate name of Isabella, his faithful defender
and protectoress.

The engineers who came in that expedition at once laid out the square or plaza,
and the streets ; a convenient site for the church was selected, as well as another for
the fortress, and a residential quarter for Columbus and the subsequent governors
of the colony. These three buildings were to be made of stone, the principal houses
of wood, others of intertwined reeds covered with mortar and called in Spanish,
embarrado, or, in English, adobe, and the rest after the Indian fashion, or bohios.

At Isabella the first aqueduct ever built on American soil was carried to comple-
tion, and it consisted of a trench or open ditch that conducted the water of one of
the two rivers through the middle of the principal streets. This sort of irrigatory
aqueduct is called in Spain, acequia, where there are several of these kinds of narrow
canals. The ruins of the stone buildings in a solitary waste constitute today the melan-
choly relic of that historical locality.

Jirst Bnrumtnt Uriton in Atnwtra oe 1494

an herb, half way between a tree and grass, and the age, which I have
already described as being like the turnip, and a very good food it certainly
is. They use, to season it, a vegetable called agi, which they also employ
to give a sharp taste to the fish and such birds as they can catch, of the
infinite variety there are in this island, dishes of which they prepare in
different ways.

"They have, besides, a kind of grain, in appearance like hazel-nuts,
very good to eat.

"They eat all the snakes, lizards, spiders, and worms that they find upon
the ground, so that, according to my judgment, their beastiality is greater
than that of any other beast on the face of the earth.

"The admiral had at one time determined to leave the search for the
mines until he had dispatched the ships that were to return to Spain, on
account of the great sickness which had prevailed among our men,* 1 but
afterwards he resolved to send two detachments under the command of two
captains, one to Cibao, 02 and the other to Niti, 63 places in which, as I have
already stated, Caonabo lived and ruled. 94 These two detachments in
effect departed, and one of them returned on the twentieth of the month,
while the other did so on the following day. The party that went to Cibio 85
saw gold in so many places that one scarcely dares state the fact, for in

"The explorers in great number were suffering from malaria fevers, about one-
third of them, as Dr. Chanca said. That disease was in those days very little known,
and much less its prevention and treatment. The miraculous pulvis febrifugus orbis
americani, also called by the names "The Jesuits' powders" and "The countess's pow-
ders" (los polvos de la condensa, alluding thereby to the Spanish countess of Chinchon,
who was the wife of the Spanish viceroy of Peru, and the first European person to
be cured with that wonderful new remedy), were not yet known to Europeans. The
existence, and the wonderfully curative virtue, of the mysterious "quinquina" (a cor-
ruption of the indigenous Peruvian word kina-kina, which signified the bark par
excellence), that saved the lives of Charles II of England, Louis XIV of France, and
Friedrich the Great of Germany, was at that time known only to the aborigines of
the yet undiscovered kingdom of Peru. And in truth, it was not until the year 1738
that, thanks to the valuable investigations of La Condamine the tree that produces
this most precious bark, was known with certainty; and he was, too, the first scientist
who conceived and carried out the idea of transporting and transplanting that tree
to other countries than the one of its natural habitat.

"Which word in the Lucayan language meant "stone mountain."
"The fertile valley afterward called by the Spaniards "La vega real."
"Coanabo was a Caribbee by birth and the cacique of the rich province known
to the Indians with the name of Mangana, located in the interior of the island.

"The captain of this detachment was a young and daring hidalgo named Alonso
de Ojeda, who was a native of the city of Cuenca, Spain, and started with only fifteen
armed soldiers, at the beginning of January, to find the famous gold mines of Cibao.
He returned a few days after with the news that there was, in reality, an abundance
of gold in that region. He had been a bold warrior in the recently-terminated war
against the Moors of Granada, of whom the following feat of courage and intrepidity
is related :

It took place in the tower of the Giralda, at Seville. To entertain Queen Isabella,
in whose company he was an officer of the guard during her visit to the tower, and
to give proof of his courage and agility, he, armed and accoutred as he was at that
moment, mounted on a great beam which projected in the air twenty or twenty-five
feet from the wall of the tower, and at such a great height from the ground below, that
the people in the street looked like dwarfs. Along that beam he walked briskly, and
when at its extreme end he stood on one leg, lifting the other in the air; then, turning
nimbly round, he returned in the same way, unaffected by the giddy height. Reaching
almost the other end of the beam, and close to the wall of the tower, he stood with
one foot resting on the beam, placed the other foot against the wall, and threw an
orange he carried in his pocket over the summit of the figure Giralda, at the top
of the tower.

^fTOT

r~ /

f^i

of Pjujstrian on Ololnmbna*

truth they found it in more than fifty brooks and rivers as well as upon their
banks ; so that the captain said that any body who wished to seek for gold
throughout that province, would find as much as he wanted. He brought
with him specimens from the different parts, that is to say, from the sand
of the rivers and its banks."

"It is generally believed that by digging as we know how, the gold will
be found in greater compact masses, for the Indians neither know how to
dig nor have they the means of digging the ground more than to a
hand's depth.

"The other captain, who went to the other place called Niti, 8 * returned
also with news of a great quantity of gold in three or four localities, of
which he likewise brought specimens with him. 88

"Thus, surely, their Highnesses the King and Queen may henceforth
regard themselves as the most prosperous and wealthy sovereigns on earth,
because never yet, since the creation of this world, has such a thing been
seen or read of. On the return of the ships on the next voyage, they cer-
tainly will be able to carry back such a quantity of gold as will fill with
amazement all who hear of it. 89

"Here I think I shall do well to break off my narrative. And I believe
that those who do not know me, and hear of these things that I relate to
you, may consider me prolix and somewhat an exaggerator, but God is
my witness that I have not exceeded by one iota the bounds of truth."

"One of those specimens was a nugget that weighed nine ounces.

"This second detachment was under the command of another young and fearless
hidalgo called Gines de Gorbalan, who was sent back to Spain by Columbus right
after his return from this expedition to Niti, as a witness of the marvelous richness
of the island of Hispaniola. He took with him to Spain the large nugget of gold
which Alonso de Ojeda had found in his exploration of the mountains of Cibao.

"These specimens were fewer and of less value than the others, thus proving
that the region called Niti was not so rich in gold as Cibao.

"Dr. Chanca in my opinion was admirably sagacious, for what he predicted here
in this important historical document, written at the beginning of the year 1494, was
realized but a few years after, when the Spanish galleons, loaded with the gold and
silver of the New World, incited the avarice of men of other nations, who did not
hesitate to become piratical adventurers. euphemistically called buccaneers in order
to rob the Spanish properties in America, both on land and upon the sea.

I (EJprmtid? nf a
Hit e in

Btary of (Culmirl

3/amr0 <gnromt, tnljn

la Utrgima tn 1730, ann Enterea tttto

tiff &nrial ann SWiginua SJtfp nf % rntrlj-3ri01j

Krgimp in America ^ if ia barmatuma nf iprrahijterian QHjarattf r

ann ttfi 3nfliwn upon th? fllmtlaing nf Ih? Jfatumal Spirit nf

LOUISA COLEMAN BLAIR

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA

chronicle of a Southern gentleman, relating to life in the
Old South, is one of those human documents which take one
from the activities of Modern America back to the chivalrous
days when this country was loyal to monarchal government,
when secession from royalism was anarchy, and liberty of
speech, concience and press was socialism. The original manu-
script, written from 1759 to 1763, by a distinguished member
of the gentry of that time, is in possession of his descendants, and portions
of it are here transcribed for historical record, with entertaining reflections
on life and customs in America in the pro-revolutionary days. The diarist
was one of those strong-minded gentlemen of Scotch-Irish blood, whose
character has permeated the magnificent demesne that lies at the foothills
of the Alleghanies and the Blue Ridge the Appalachian mountain country
from Pennsylvania to the Gulf and has instilled its strength into our
national life. The Scotch-Irish came to America from the north of Ireland,
where they had settled during the "Plantation of Ulster," in the reign of
James I. Shortly after the famous siege of Londonderry, in 1689, these
iron-willed, strong-minded men began to settle in the valley of the Shenan-
doah, occupying the highland region, back from the coast, and formed an
independent, sturdy stock that has been an important factor in the moulding
of our national spirit. Andrew Jackson, Calhoun, and many of the vigorous
men in the building of the Nation, have sprung from this race. Its influence
was carried into Puritan New England, where Scotch-Irish settlements
were founded in New Hampshire as early as 1719. The progeny of this
blood held a Scotch-Irish Congress in Columbia, Tennessee, some years ago,
and organized a society for the preservation of Scotch-Irish history and
associations. These observations of Colonel Gordon, from entries in his
original diary, are a worthy contribution to this literature. In Virginia and
the Carolinas, there are several privately owned paintings relating to the
Scotch-Irish regime. Dr. William St. Clair Gordon of Richmond, Vir-
ginia, has in his possession original portraits of the Gordons. EDITOR

/^*JT has been said that the Eighteenth Century was the Golden Age.
*m It is quite true that the material wealth and social graces of
the ancient regime were then brilliant in Old Virginia. In the
^ grain of general prosperity the prickly plants of religious dis-

W I content had steadily increased throughout America. Tares were
^%L^ they, so thought the Virginia planters, themselves loyal to
church as to king. Desire for religious liberty had stimulated
political freedom. Patrick Henry championed the cause of the persecuted
Baptist ministers ; he argued against the exactions of the established clergy
by maintaining that there was misrule on the part of the king. Thomas
Jefferson conceded that religious discontent was predominant, and prepared
and carried the bill for religious freedom. There are many graphic records
of dissent in colonial Virginia. I have recently found one from the pen of
a Presbyterian gentleman James Gordon who had emigrated from Ireland
to Virginia in 1738. He settled in Lancaster County on the Rappahannock
River. A younger brother, who came with him to the colony, resided across
the river in Middlesex County. Amiable, good-looking, and of ancient
family, the younger men speedily became favorites with their new neighbors.
The brothers engaged in shipping and general merchandise business. They
prospered and married ladies of families long established in the colony.
For a number of years James Gordon kept a journal in which he recorded
brief daily entries of his mercantile and farming concerns, domestic matters,
the status of religion and events of interest, with a careful register of all
visitors at his mansion and his own visits away from home. Unfortunately,
I find only a portion of his diary and that has come down to us in a fragment
which seems to have been torn from a large volume. The four years'
record that this fragment contains (1759-1763) presents a faithful likeness
of Virginia life an hundred and forty years ago. The Northern Neck, in
which Lancaster County is situated, supported before the Revolution a pros-
perous population. The varied soils of this peninsula yielded bountiful crops
of maize and tobacco, wheat and flax. Great warehouses along the rivers
unburdened themselves for less plentiful lands across the sea ; the ports of
entry drove a thrifty trade with ships from Jamaica and other foreign marts.
In the year 1759 the lower portion of the Virginia colony lay in a politi-
cal calm. Thanks to Nathaniel Bacon, the people of Eastern Virginia
since 1676 had nothing to fear from the savages. In the French and Indian
War, the horrible massacres along the frontier came nearly to an end with
the peaceful conquest of Duquesne by Forbes and Washington. Henceforth
fighting was transferred to Canada. The campaigns were too distant and
the dispatches too infrequent greatly to affect the lives of the Virginia
planters, secure below the great Appalachian wall. There was no longer
even the exhilaration of quarreling with the Governor, for the unpopular
Dinwiddie had sailed to England the year before to the entire content of
the Virginians, and his successors, Francis Fauquier and Norborne, Lord
Botetourt, were everything that Virginia gentlemen desired in leaders of
courtly council. The great debates which preceded the Revolution had
not arisen. The lives of the planters on the Northern Neck were enlivened
chiefly by constant arrivals of vessels from the Indies or England, tidings
of a miscarried cargo, or a runaway slave, or talk at the court-house concern-
ing the parsons and dissenters. The dissenters were having a hard time of
it in the colony. The English Act of Religious Toleration, passed under
William and Mary, 1689, was never formally grafted on the Virginia Statute

&
7

FNS

T^ u _TlJ, ^* vRk ff*~If <" ^"*W" ** .ww^^ \-f ****

attJn &lt9uiu0 Slifr in Early Atturtra

Books. True, it was recognized by various governors and advocates, but
fashionable opinion had continued strong against any who were not satisfied
with the form of religion "good enough for the king." In comparison with
other dissenting sects the Presbyterian enjoyed some degree of comfort.
Three of the Virginia governors, during the Eighteenth Century Spots-
wood, Gooch, and Dinwiddie, were Scotchmen, as was Commissary Blair,
President of William and Mary College. They were therefore familiar
with the Presbyterian as the established form of worship in Scotland. They
had favored granting to the grave young divines from northern colleges who
applied to them at Williamsburg, licenses to preach and establish meeting-
houses in Virginia. Nevertheless, in this liberality the Governor's Council
did not often concur. The contrast between the freedom Presbyterians
had enjoyed for fifty years in Scotland and the intolerance they met in
Virginia is heightened furthermore by the spiritual coldness of the estab-
lished church of the province at this time. The mother church in England,
asleep in the scepticism of the Eighteenth Century had been roused by the
preaching of Wesley and Whitefield. But her awakening had scarcely
stirred her far-away daughter in the new land; and that the dissenters
in the colony were eagerly partaking of the revival, only served to discredit
it further among the Virginia clergy. The diary of James Gordon gives
us a clear notion of this religious rift in the colony.

As may be expected, we shall look in vain to find in the note-book of
a business man and sober Presbyterian, the polite fancies, the gayeties, and
the graces which we are accustomed to connect with writings of the
Eighteenth Century. The light extravagance, the zest and play which
sparkle from every page of that "prince of good fellows," Colonel William
Byrd, are all absent here. On the other hand, we do not find the tendency
to morbid meditation uppermost in the journals of some of the religious
enthusiasts of the time. Although the writer sometimes rises into fervor, in
general he is placid. His observations are quiet rather than comic, wise
rather than witty ; not gay, but cheerful. And it is unlikely that the view the
writer gives us of Virginia society could have chanced otherwise from a man
who himself took a position half way between the petty obscurities and the
luxuriant follies of his day. Moreover, the journal was kept for private con-
venience. Its jottings are straight to the page, as the events happened;
neither furbished nor undervalued, evidently a moderate representation of
the era an account both accurate and sincere. The life of the diarist was by
no means bare. In the year 1759, James Gordon was in the prime of his
years and activity; a large-landed proprietor; father of many children;
colonel of militia, and magistrate in the county. His portrait, painted, it is
said, by Hesselius, presents a man of florid, but sweet countenance ; the dig-
nity of a portly form, handsomely clothed with the adornment of ruffles and
white perruque. The entries of the diary bring us at once into contact with
an agreeable company of people living amid the entertainment and hospi-
tality which these Virginians never ceased to exchange:

Jan. i, 1759, Dr. Robertson and his young wife came here according to the
Dr.'s custom. Very agreeable company and good dinner. Our boat went for Mrs.
Wormley. Miss Flood went in our chair to Mr. Camm's. Dr. Robertson went to
Mr. Charles Carter's. Mr. Dale Carter and Mr. Payne here. John Mitchell and his
wife came at night in the rain. Several of the neighbors came in the evening.

Although the diary brims with notices of daily guests, only three times
in four years does the busy householder find the presence of visitors
inconvenient :

itant of (Moral Norton * goHthmt (fentUmatt

P. ~ Lj-^r-^~t ^TMJC^^ / > J g=grsr ^^Sgg^^ *2*gs9

A throng day of company. Our poor little Sally (his daughter) has been very
unwell for several days, but before I returned she was taken with fits. We do not
expect her recovery. A great company here which is rather disagreeable as the
child is so unwell. But these trifles we sh'd bear with more patience than we do.

It is evident, nevertheless, that the genial Scotch-Irishman greatly
enjoyed his guests, for the company is usually "very agreeable," and one
entry runs:

We had no company, which is surprising.

This neglect was remedied a day afterwards:

Mr. Wm. Churchill, his wife and five children came, and Mrs. Carter and
her son and Miss Judith Bassett.

Nor was the host less of a visitor himself. Indeed, the whole neighbor-
hood must have been a large "merry-go-round," the more noticeable when
one considers that the intercourse between the people of the bay counties
in Virginia, then, as now, was carried on greatly by water. Among the
visitors Gordon records in his diary, we find not a few honorable names:
Dr. Andrew Robertson was an eminent Scotch surgeon who had fought
in the Flemish wars, was with Braddock in 1755, and had escaped from that
rout with the remains of his regiment, twenty men in number. He resigned
his commission on returning to Great Britain and emigrated to Virginia
with his wife and son. He decided upon a residence in Lancaster County,
and soon took the lead in medical practice in the Northern Neck. Being
a Scotchman, and a staunch Presbyterian, he became a frequent visitor
at Colonel Gordon's, and joined with him in promoting Presbyterianism
in the neighborhood. The most picturesque figure in Gordon's narrative
is the father of his first wife. The Conways had been settled in Northum-
berland and Lancaster a hundred years when James Gordon, newly arrived
in the colony, asked for the hand of Milicent, youngest daughter of Colonel
Edwin Conway, heir, by the Virginia law of primogeniture, to large tracts,
estates handed down from original grant. The hand was acceded, but
the tapering fingers of the thirteen-year-old bride would not retain the
wedding-ring, sad omen, for Milicent, "a most loving and excellent wife,"
died at the age of nineteen, leaving two little daughters. Anne, the elder,
had been named, doubtless, for her grandmother, Anne Ball Conway, half-
sister of Mary Washington, but Colonel Gordon dubs her affectionately
"Nancy," and she seems to have been his favorite child. Colonel Gordon
went often to visit Colonel Conway. He had been a leader of men, and a
champion for the rights of the people throughout his whole country-side.
In the Conway papers we have a spirited account of a contest of the
planters of the Rappahannock district with a "spightful tobacco inspector."
Fire and fists were resorted to. Colonel Conway pacified the bitter people
by appealing to Governor Gooch on their behalf. This gentleman had
actively engaged also in the dispute which arose between Governor Spots-
wood and the House of Burgesses concerning the levy for the defense; a
tax which the House refused to impose, whereupon that ruler of force
wrathfully dissolved the assembly, and it was for several years prorogued.

Colonel Conway was indeed one who "feared God and none besides."
He was of a ripe age when we are introduced to him in Gordon's account, but
his zeal for what he conceived to be the good of those around him had not
abated, as we see him in his efforts, loyal churchman that he was, to contend
with the dissenters. His more liberal son-in-law perpetually placed him-

atti S*l!0ura0 Bfr in Early Ammra

I
I

self a reconciler between the irascible old gentleman and his neighbors
of the new-fangled doctrines. Colonel Gordon writes:

1759. J an - 9th, Went to Col. Conway's where Mr. Criswell joined us and was
very agreeably entertained. This gentleman has now fully dropped opposing the
meeting-house, which is mostly occasioned by a letter he recently received from
Mr. Ben Waller who advises that the Dissenters have power to build a house and
enjoy their religion by Act of Toleration. Complains very much of the Church of
England for petitioning the King about a law that was lately passed in this colony
that sets their sajaries (the parson's) at 16/8 per cwt. which they call the Two-Penny
Act, and which is likely to make a great noise in this country, (as it did). Went
to Col. Conway's with Mr. Camm; the difference between Mr. Camm and myself
settled.

Mr. Camm, a clergyman, also took a prominent part in the contest
between the clergy and the Legislature about the value of tobacco in which
the stipends were paid (F cote's Sketches of Virginia). This celebrated
dispute first brought Patrick Henry into fame. After a number of "agree-
able" visits to his father-in-law, Colonel Gordon notes :

Received a letter from Col. Conway and one to Nancy upon religion, but in my
opinion very little to the purpose. Thos. Carter rec'd one which displeased him
very much. Col. Conway seems so great a bigot that people who are religiously
inclined despise his advice.

The word religion, indeed, was not very exactly defined in the Eigh-
teenth Century. Each sect claimed a monopoly of the truth. Yet three
years later, when his son-in-law records in the family Bible, the death of
"the people's champion," it is with words of admiration. "A gentleman
of very great parts," he writes. In spite of religious difference, it is evident
Gordon regarded him with affection and honor. A man of greater parts
than Colonel Conway, and as fervent in religious zeal, figures also in the
Gordon memoir. This was the Reverend Samuel Davies. The war-cries
of Davies and his prophetic utterance concerning Washington are matters
of Virginia history. Dr. Doddridge addressed Davies as "a man of so
great eminence." Jonathan Edwards commended him as "a man of very
solid understanding." But it is as the father of Presbyterianism in Virginia,
the tender shepherd of harassed sheep, that Gordon fondly regarded him.
In poor contrast with the gifted Davies, who was more flame and spirit
than flesh of this world, were many of the parsons of the establishment
in Virginia. No more devoted Christians than their pioneers to the colony
had ever existed. Pious Robert Hunt, Smith's chaplain, Bucke, of the
"Sea Venture," "Pure and Honorable Master Whittaker, Apostle to the
Indians," who baptized Pocahontas, all these labored with increasing
zeal for the field committed to their charge as did James Blair, founder of
William and Mary College. Yet the lack of a bishop of Virginia, the long
distance from which a supply of incumbents must be drawn, and the uncer-
tain tempers of their masters, the vestries when the clergymen did come,
all combined to produce but poor material wherewith to supply the parish
pulpits. The people saw their pastors at the race-field and cocking-match ;
at wine or cards the parsons excelled ; their conversation ridiculed religious
experience as fanatical. We need not be surprised that our earnest diarist
was not unobserved of such "wolves in sheep's clothing."

Went with Mr. Criswell to North Coast and called at Northumberland Court
House. At court Mr. Leland and Minzie behaved like black-guards in respect to
Mr. Criswell who went to get scholars and engaged several though the Parsons did
all they could to prevent it which seemed to make the people more fond of sending
their children. I think such ministers should be stripped of their gowns.

Went to Col. Selden's where I had the pleasure of meeting dear Mr. Davies. He
came home with me, with Col. Selden and Mr. Shackelford. Went to meeting where
Mr. Davies gave us an excellent sermon. A full house.

Sunday A comfortable day to me. The Lord's Supper was administered to
44 communicants, besides the Hanover gentlemen. About 800 or ooo present

Robert Hening came home and brought a letter from Mr. Minzie to Mr. Davies,
which, in my opinion, is very foolish.

May 7, After dinner went to the Court House. The Court sat but a short time.
The Minister*! Play was read in the ordinary by Mr. Packer who received it from
Mr. Rinehard, who said he found it in the Court Yard. (The play was written by
the parsons to ridicule the dissenters). Minzie and Leland at the head of the mob.
Pretty fellows these to be teachers of the people.

Went to our Court. Saw Mr. Leland, but had no words with him. I under-
stand all the gentlemen of sense ridicule the farce.

Sunday, August 25, At home with my wife and family, where I have much
more comfort than going to church, hearing the ministers ridicule the dissenters.

October nth, Mr. Criswell came before dinner, but with disagreeable news
that Mr. Davies will not return this way. (A previous entry notes) : I wrote to
him his going away gives us here and in Hanover the greatest uneasiness, but I trust
God will direct us in the way to Heaven.

Mr. Davies had accepted the Presidency of Princeton College, left
vacant by the death of Jonathan Edwards. Some time later Colonel Gordon
makes this entry :

March 12, 1761 : Yesterday heard the disagreeable news of the death of the
Rev. Mr. Samuel Davies. Never was a man in America, I imagine, more lamented.
The Christian, the gentleman, and the scholar appeared conspicuous in him. Virginia,
and even Lancaster, I hope, has great reason to bless God for sending such a minister
of the gospel amongst us. But He that sent him could send another, and his labor
be attended with as much success. But I am afraid our country is too wicked for
such comfort

But let us revert to the ministerial situation. Colonel Gordon notes:

1759. July Qth: Went to North'd Court The paper was read about Minzie and
Leland publickly, which occasioned a large company some mirth. Minzie sat till it
was read and then went out much displeased. It appears these ministers will repeat
their farce that has pleased them so much.

Sunday Silla and Molly went to church. I read a sermon to the negroes.

Went with my wife to White Chapel Church where we heard Mr. Camm a

the things that belong to our peace before it be too late.

Went to our vestry. Spoke to Mr. Camm about the sermons he has preached
lately; he endeavored to excuse himself, but could not do it in my opinion.

Even a parson could take a hint, though, for three weeks later:
Mr. Criswell went to White Chapel Church. Nothing against the dissenters.

In spite of all these vexations (and from vexations the dwellers in
the golden age of Virginia were not free) the year 1759 drew comfortably
to a close in the Colonel's well-ordered household.

October 28th, 1759: Maj. Campbell called here this morning on his way from
James River and brought the agreeable news of the surrender of Quebec and
Montreal, but with the loss of our great and brave General Wolfe who was killed
in the engagement. (The agreeable news had been forty-six days in coming).
Nancy, Mr. Criswell, and Mrs. Gordon go to White Chapel Church and report on
returning there is again nothing against the dissenters. The year ends pleasantly
with an oyster dinner party, on the last day, at the mouth of Jonah's Cove. '

And the grateful father of the family comments:

I
I

Aortal attb Skli^tos Etfr in iEarlu. Amwrira

Very agreeably ended the old year, for which and all other mercies, I adore
and praise the Divine goodness, for He is good, and His mercy endureth forever.

In 1763, the Reverend George Whitefield visited the Northern Neck.
"Mr. Whitefield," says a biographer, "sailed from Scotland for Rappahan-
nock. He had sailed with but little hopes of further usefulness, owing to
his asthma, and it was with difficulty he preached." Mr. Whitefield had
been in Virginia before, Colonel Gordon says:

1763, Aug, 26th: This evening I had the comfort of receiving a letter from
Rev. George Whitefield who landed this day at Urbana.

27: Mr. Waddell and I set off in our boat for Urbana and got there about
10 o'c. Mr. Whitefield and Mr. Wright, who came with him, readily agreed to come
with us, so we got home about 2 very happy in the company of Mr. Whitefield.

Aug. 28th; Mr. Whitefield preached a most affecting sermon to a great number
of people. My wife would venture out tho' in such a condition.

3 ist: Went with Mr. Whitefield to meeting where we had a fine discourse to
a crowded assembly.

Sept 2nd: Sent for Col. Selden and bought his chair and horses for 47/10
for Mr. Whitefield who seems much pleased with them and proposes setting off
to-morrow. (The Rev. Mr. Whitefield was on his way to Philadelphia).

There are pleasant traditions of this visit of Mr. Whitefield to the
Northern Neck handed down through Miss Hening, who was then a little
girl and a frequent playfellow of the Gordon children. She remembers
him as cheerful in private intercourse and playful with children. Colonel
Gordon continues:

Sept. loth: The Lord's Supper was administered to about 115 white and 85
black communicants. We met Mr. Waddell at the meeting as Mr. Whitefield w'd
not part from him so as to allow him to return before.

The young minister whom Mr. Whitefield had retained in his company
was by all accounts such a one as Mr. Whitefield himself described as
"a bright witness of Jesus Christ." He was the celebrated James Waddell,
famous later in Virginia as the Blind Preacher, whose marvellous eloquence
inspired the pen of William Wirt in The British Spy. Patrick Henry,
after hearing the most famous speakers of America, was accustomed to say
that Waddell and Davies were the greatest orators he had ever heard.
Mr. Waddell was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Hanover in 1701.
Ten churches in Virginia, and one in Pennsylvania sued almost immediately
for his services, but Mr. Waddell decided in favor of the churches in Lan-
caster and Northumberland. Colonel Gordon says :

Blessed be God for giving us such a prospect of Mr. Waddell who has a
great character in the divine life.

Went to the upper meeting. Mr. Waddell gave us two excellent sermons. The
people seem delighted with him.

Mr. Waddell gave us two fine sermons to a vast number of hearers. He is so
universally liked that people flock to hear him. Mr. Waddell has hearers enough.

The young orator, handsome and distinguished in appearance, was
successful in another way. He had resided at the Gordon's about a year
when the colonel makes this entry:

Mr. Waddell spoke to me to-day about Mollie.

Mollie, the colonel's third daughter, was scarcely above ten years at
the time of Mr. Waddell's proposal. With her brother James, and their
playmate, Mollie Hening, she was sent to be catechised before her suitor.
We wonder if Mollie was aware of his request and if his sentiments helped
her to perfect herself in the Shorter Catechism!

Went with my wife and family to meeting to hear the young people say their
catechisms. Mr. Waddell gave us good advice and exhortation how to bring up
ur children. (Mr. Waddell was twenty-three). Molly Hening answered the best
and all the Larger Catechism. James Gordon answered ninety questions in the
Larger Catechism; Mollie said all the Shorter.

Let us believe the musical voice and winning manner of the young
pastor softened the long ordeal at least for Mollie. At the age of sixteen,
she became his wife. The daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Waddell married
Dr. Archibald Alexander of Princeton.

After procuring this "agreeable minister," the Presbyterian congrega-
tion made great efforts to establish itself permanently. The congregation
purchased a glebe. For the cultivation of this, Colonel Gordon persuaded
Colonel Selden to present his negro man, Toby. 300 had been raised by
lottery the year before to build a meeting-house. Colonel Gordon, finding
more seats needed to accommodate Mr. Waddell's hearers, gives timber.
Although a large proportion of the entries in the Gordon diary report affairs
of religion, not a few concern themselves with physical well-being. Malaria
haunted with alarming fatality the low-lying lands of the Northern Neck.
Mrs. Gordon was frequent in her offices for the sick. The duties of the
Virginia matron were far from nominal ones only. Colonel Gordon does
not record an idle moment on the part of his wife. She entertained daily
guests in unforeseen numbers; she visited an immense acquaintance in all
times of illness, death, and rejoicing, and was accustomed to receive the
large compliment of their continued presence within her own mansion
during like events at home. We feel sure she was a lenient step-mother,
for, in their portrait, the little faces of Nancy and Sallie look out very
happily above their prim, satin gowns. Mrs. Gordon was,- besides a
devout church-goer, and a kind and attentive mistress to her slaves. In
all these offices she was gallantly aided by her consort, who was a
true lover of home. Nor does the loyal Gordon ever hint of a moment
of discord between them. That a discord existed at first, seems probable,
since Mary Harrison was a bigotted High Church-woman at the time
of her marriage, and was only convinced of the error of her ways
by a sermon which she accidentally heard from the Reverend Samuel
Davies. Perhaps, though, we cannot call it accidental, for Colonel Gordon
had set ajar the door of her sick-chamber that she might gain the
blessing from the adjoining room. Thenceforth she divided her attentions
between the church of her fathers and 'the meeting-house of her husband,
and the husband records no objection to her taking the way she thought
best. At times a lady in that age seemed also to have rights.

Colonel Gordon gives very little account of how his young daughters
amused themselves. It is not unlikely, in spite of Presbyterian sobriety,
that in the intervals of catechisms and courtships they indulged in the
customary fancy of stepping the minuet. Then there was the Court Chron-
icle to peruse in the two-leaved Gazette which came weekly from Williams-
burg, and the advertisements of the milliners lately arrived from London.
And even if a cargo of new finery was not in, there were other matters
more delicate to linger over in the polite journal from the capital verses
of sentiment addressed to fair ones under carefully guarded names, Chloe,
Myrtilla, and the like. Formal schooling was brief for the damsel of the
Eighteenth Century. Marriages were early, including a larger proportion
of early married widows than is usual now. The season between childhood
and wifehood was as brief as the time of wild roses in spring. They

fforial anil

JGifr In EarUj Atnmra

HHK

worked at the embroidery frame ; tinkled the spinet ; sang not much ; danced
the minuet and country dance at one after another of the neighboring
houses, or played "button" and forfeit games in the presence of their elders
around the blazing log fire in the drawing room. Take it all in all, life
was not unendurable even in the family of an Eighteenth Century Presby-
terian. The kindly gentleman who presided over the one into which we
have glanced, was himself no enemy to simple, hearty pleasures. If, as
he states, he will not go to the race-course, he plays ball on the lawn with
his guests. There is the great Rappahonnock at his doors for another
kind of sport.

Went with my wife and Mr. Criswell to see the seine drawn. We met in
Eyck's Creek a school of Rock Brought up 260, some very large; the finest haul
I ever saw. Sent many among the neighbors. Dined very agreeably afterwards
on a point on fish and oysters. Late when we got home.

This sport they often indulged in. And there comes this pleasant entry :

Went with my wife to the school. My wife treated the scholars to pancakes
and syder, it being Shrove Tuesday, and prevailed on Mr. Criswell to give them
play in the afternoon.

Went to the general muster. The militia was called on to proclaim King George
the Third which was done in pretty good order. The officers joined and gave the
men about fifty or sixty gallons of punch.

Teetotalism had not then been invented. As a merchant the good
Presbyterian elder sold spirits and even engaged the services of Mr. Criswell,
who was a licentiate for the ministry, to help him manufacture whiskey
when prices ran high. In addition to these inconsistencies, to which we may
add the lottery, the worthy man attended, or at least quoted, the slave
auctions when the Dutchmen came in. When he buys, he becomes a
friend as well as a master. He notes in his diary ordering shoes and cloth-
ing for the negroes. He gives them books; instructs them; visits them
in illness, and sends for Dr. Robertson, the first surgeon in the country-side,
when Scipio, a favorite slave, is ill. He never speaks of his slaves. They
are negroes, or "the people." In short, to live a useful, well-ordered,
charitable life constituted happiness for the simple-minded gentleman.
"Agreeable" is the key-note of his diary. He has left us the agreeable
impression that a Virginian of his time could be in the world, and not
of it ; the record, moreover, of other agreeable men and women who made
the time in which they lived and of a fair land where ripened in the sun-
shine, not only golden tobacco, but good-fellowship; sincere courtesy, and
last, and the best, to which he not a little contributed the growth of
tolerance and charity for all.

af a $?gmnt0i tn ICttertg

CSrnrral Albrrt Pihr. tufa Ijrluri) Slazr % ?atlf for OlittUtEaiion lh.raun.li
thr fflrat in 1H31 J* (Uanalry Staorr in fHrxiran Uar .# flhunmanhffc
lijf OUjrrokrr Jnoiana unorr JFlag of tijp <Eonfro*rara in ffitutl Har

On this Centennial of this unique personality in American History, these manuscripts in possession of his daughter,
Lilian Pike Koome of Washington, District of Columbia, are given historical record General Pike was born in Boston
Massachusetts December 29, 1809 : studied at Harvard : taught school at Newburyport, and set out for the Far West

iction during his time, became distinguished by the Order of Free Masons, and died in Washington, April u, 1891

(ODr in

When shall the nations all be free,

And Force no longer reign;
None bend to brutal Power the knee,

None hug the gilded chain?
No longer rule the ancient Wrong,
The Weak be trampled by the Strong?
How long, dear God in Heaven ! how long ?

The people wail in vain!

Do not th' Archangels on their thrones

Turn piteous looks to Thee,
When 'round them thickly swarm the
groans

Of those that would be free?
Of those that know they have the right
To Freedom, though crushed down by

Might,
As all the world hath to the light

And air which Thou mad'st free?

The ancient Empires staggering drift

Along Time's mighty tide,
Whose waters, running broad and swift,

Eternity divide:

How many years shall pass, before
Over their bones the sea shall roar,
The salt sands drift, the fresh rains pour,
The stars mock fallen Pride?

What then the Great Republic's fate?

To founder far from land,
And sink with all her glorious freight,

Smitten by God's right hand?
Or shall she still her helm obey
In calm or storm, by night or day,
No sail rent, no spar cut away,

Exultant, proud and grand?

The issues are with God. To do,

Of right belongs to us :
May we be ever just and true,

For nations flourish thus!
JUSTICE is mightier than ships;
RIGHT, than the cannon's brazen lips;
And TRUTH, averting dark eclipse,

Makes fortunes prosperous.

ALBERT PIKE, July 4, 1853.

Oh, Liberty! thou child of many hopes,

Nursed in the cradle of the human heart;
While Europe in her glimmering darkness
gropes,

Do not from us, thy chosen ones, depart !

Still be to us, as thou hast been, and art,
The spi rit that we breathe ! Oh, teach us still

Thine arrowy truths, unquailingly, to dart,
Until all tyrants and oppressors reel,
And despotisms tremble at thy thunder-
peal!

Methinks thy daylight now is lighting up
The far horizon of yon hemisphere

With golden lightning. Over the hoary top
Of the blue mountains, see I not appear
Thy lovely dawn, while Shame, and
crouching Fear,

And Slavery perish under tottering thrones ?
How long, oh Liberty! until we hear

Instead of an insulted people's moans,

The crushed and writhing tyrants uttering
deep groans?

Is not thy spirit living still in France?

Will it not waken soon in storm and fire?
Will earthquakes not 'mid thrones and
cities dance,

And Freedom's altar be the funeral pyre

Of Tyranny, and all his offspring dire?
In Hungary, Germany, Italia, Spam,

And Austria, thy spirit doth inspire
The multitude ; and though, too long, in vain,
They struggle in deep gloom, yet Slavery's
night shall wane.

to CUir-rtu;

And shall we sleep, while all the earth

awakes ?
Shall we turn slaves, while on the Alpine

cones

And vine-clad hills of Europe brightly
i breaks

The morning-light of Liberty? What

thrones

Can equal those which on our father's bones
The demagogue would build? What chains

so gall,
As those the self-made Helot scarcely

owns,

Till they eat deeply; till the live pains crawl
Into his soul, who madly caused himself
to fall?

Men's freedom may be wrested from their

hands,
And they may mourn; but not like those

who throw

Their heritage away; who clasp the bands
On their own limbs, and creeping,

blindly go
Like timorous fawns, to their own

overthrow,
Shall we thus fall? Is it so difficult,

To think that we are free, yet be not so?
To shatter down in one brief hour of guilt,
The holy fane of Freedom that our fathers
built?

ALBERT PIKE, 1834.

GUpurlra iphbg lEarlg
attfc Ammran

Jlntif stinaluntfl in lEnglann,

jSarbatuirs anb America into the Zife

ani Ifrogfnw. of an Ammran tnlja roaa

bu (fhtmt Anne at Windsor (Hautlc fur Srruirra to tb,e

ffirmtw in 1032 at lEartliiiuaUe in iamaira ** Hf* (Duuirft "(One-half

of Km ifamualfir*" ana tmta Appointed Hiftfnant-C6mrnor of Annapolia

ROLLIN GERMAIN HUBBY

CLEVELAND, OHIO
Descendant of Sir Charles Hobby, who has conducted these recent researches

IS official record of investigations in Great Britain, the Bar-
badoes, and America, relates the romantic life of an American
merchant adventurer, who was knighted by Queen Anne at
Windsor Castle for bravery at the earthquake in Jamaica in
1692. The progeny of this knighted American, Sir Charles
Hobby, who lost his fortune by speculating in the ownership
of "one-half of New Hampshire," and later became Lieutenant-
Governor of Annapolis-Royal, is today active in civic affairs throughout
the Western Continent. This investigation is therefore a notable contribu-
tion to both historical and genealogical literature. The investigator, in
recording it in THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY, says : "I started this
investigation nearly ten years ago. An eminent genealogist in England has
since been at work upon it, and has unearthed much important material
from the most authoritative sources, discovering, I believe, the long-sought
genealogical link which unites the English and American lineage. With
this prolific data, many prints and old engravings have been collected,
including forty views of Bisham Abbey, the seat of Sir Thomas Hobbie,
ancient portraits, autographs, and a letter written by Queen Elizabeth to
Lady Elizabeth Hobbie. In the British Museum there is a manuscript of
the travels and life of Sir Thomas Hobbie, knight, written by himself from
1547 to 1564. This has been recently been transcribed by Edgar Powell,
the English genealogist, for the Royal Historical Society, and a copy sent
to me. These researches in the British Museum and the English state
papers have frequently crossed the lines of the Tracys of Hailes Abbey,
whose lineage was established in THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY,
Volume I, Number 3, under the title 'Progeny of Saxon Kings in America,'
of which I speak in the Genealogical Department of this Number, proving
the royal affiliations of these early Americans. I have had transcribed at
Bridgetown, Barbadoes, the earliest records, which serve as a connecting
link between the British and the American lines. I have also found several
eminent researchers in America who have valuable data, and I am convinced
that sufficient evidence exists to uphold American claims." EDITOR

IMF

OHwriw

, JJSJ JL _ I f/f V ^WX ' _*^ - '

A Kntgljt in Am? rtra

IR CHARLES HOBBY, Knight, a. product of the early mer-
chant adventurers from England, was brought up in Boston,
but I have found no evidence that he was born there. He
seems to have been the eldest son of William Hobby, Esquire,
a wealthy merchant of Boston. This William Hobby found
his final resting place in Copp's Hill burying ground, and his
tombstone inscription reads: "Here lyes ye body of Mrs.
Ann Hobby wife of Mr. William Hobby aged 74 years. Died June ye 22nd
1709. Mr. William Hobby aged 79 years. Died August ye 24, 1713;"
(all on one stone). He was born therefore in 1634, but not in Boston.
His children were Charles, who died in London 1714 John, born 1661 ;
died December 7, 1711; age 50 William, born February 9, 1669 Ann,
born September 9, 1670 Marcy, born October 4, 1672 Judith, born
May 3, 1674; died February I, 1741 Elizabeth, born October 18, 1676.
In searching the records of the births, baptisms and marriages from 1630
to 1699 in Boston, as registered in the "Ninth Report of Record Commis-
sioners," I do not find Charles and John, sons of William Hobby. It is
.therefore reasonable to infer that they were born possibly in England
or in the Virginia Colonies. At this writing, however, no record of birth
has been found of Sir Charles Hobby and his exact age is not known,
but it has been established that he died in London in the year 1714 and was
buried there, and that he married an Elizabeth who was buried in Boston,
November 17, 1716, although her maiden name is not known. According
to the statement of Savage "The two Mathers were connections of Sir
Charles," and it might be inferred that Elizabeth's maiden name was
Cotton or Mather, or an allied branch of these families. Nathan Gillet
Pond, late of Milford, Connecticut, investigated this matter but was unsuc-
cessful in finding Lady Elizabeth's parents. He thought possibly she
might have been Elizabeth, daughter of Robert and Jemima (Clark) Drew,
born in the year 1661.

Sir Charles Hobby was engaged in the foreign commerce, and in
his inventory evidently had ventures at many foreign ports, with con-
signments from London, Jamaica and the Barbadoes. Having seven slaves
in his own household at Marlborough Street, Boston, he no doubt had
extensive dealings in the slave trade, importing negroes from the Barbadoes
and West Indies. In his sloop "Sea Flower" he happened to be present
in Jamaica at the time of the earthquake in 1692, in which he rendered
effective assistance and exhibited considerable bravery. He commanded
the Artillery Company of Boston and was styled its captain in 1701, 1702
and 1703. In 1702, he was appointed Colonel of the Boston Regiment.
In 1705, he went to England with letters from the "Dissenting ministers"
and the accord of Cotton Mather, recommending him as Governor in
place of Governor Joseph Dudley. He was not successful in gaining this
appointment, owing no doubt to the influence of Dudley's friends at Court.
He was received by Queen Anne upon his arrival at Windsor Castle, and
as a token of regard for his services rendered to the crown in New
England, and for his bravery and material assistance rendered by him
in 1692 at the earthquake in Jamaica, he was knighted by this queen at
Windsor Castle the 9th day of July, 1705. No distinguishing coat-of-arms
was granted him and he failed to follow the custom of placing his pedigree
on record at the Herald College.

Sir Charles Hobby was one of two men of New England to receive

tntn American 3F0tmfoatt0tt0

the order of knighthood, the other being Sir Benjamin Thompson, Knight.
The following year in London, 1706, Sir Charles Hobby received from
Thomas Allen of London, a grant or deed for one-half the Province of
New Hampshire. It has been alleged by some investigators that a consid-
eration of 800 added its weight to his already favorable chances for
knighthood. If Sir Charles Hobby parted with this large sum of money
in London, it no doubt represented the price he paid for the grant of
one-half the Province of New Hampshire, which afterwards proved to be
worthless. He evidently took it in good faith, for in the inventory of his
estate is found this claim to "one-half of New Hampshire." In the
records of the Gorges and Mason grants of the Province of New Hamp-
shire in the Annals of Portsmouth by Nathanial Adams, published in
1825, is found the information that they were Royal Grants, and
were confirmed b'y successive sovereigns including Queen Anne; that
the Mason Grant was sold by the heir of Robert Tufton Mason in 1691
to Samuel Allen, a merchant of London; and that his son, Thomas Allen,
conveyed one-half of this Province in 1706 to Sir Charles Hobby. Upon
the death of Sir Charles this grant was found to have little value. The
sturdy inhabitants of New Hampshire claimed their titles from the Indians
and scouted the Royal Grants. This parchment deed, as large as an apron,
is now in the custody of the Bangor Public Library.

Failing to supplant Dudley as Governor of Massachusetts ; Sir Charles
Hobby returned to Boston, and in the following year was elected Selectman
and Justice of the Peace with Samuel Lynde and others, in the year 1707.
His commercial interests again took him into foreign parts but I find him
back in Boston in the year 1710 in time to take part in the Port Royal
Expedition. The Massachusetts Colony determined to send two regiments
of their own, one under Sir Charles Hobby and the other under Colonel
Tailor, for the capture of Port Royal from the French. They were
joined by a regiment from Connecticut under Colonel William Whiting and
one from New Hampshire under Colonel Walton. The expedition arrived
September 24, 1710, and the forts surrendered October and , enabling the
soldiers to return to Boston by the 26th of October of the same year,
according to the record in Hutchinson, Volume II, page 181. The name
of Port Royal was changed to Annapolis Royal, and in the following year,
1711, Sir Charles Hobby was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Annapolis
Royal. The signatures of the Royal Commissioners, Sir Charles Hobby
among them, are filed in the Massachusetts Archives, Military V, 693.

It was upon a commercial venture and while doing business in England
that the death of Sir Charles Hobby occurred in London in the year 1714.
The inventory of his estate was filed April 23, 1716. He left no will and
his business agent, John Colman, his brother-in-law, who had charge of
his business affairs in Boston while Hobby was away in foreign ports, took
charge of the estate, which was later found to be insolvent. Among the
many items in the accounting is Silver Plate to the value of 342-193-0;
seven slaves, value 300; Sloop "Sea Flower;" a Coach; Mansion house
on Marlborough Street; Pistols, Swords, Pikes, Hatchets, Drums,
Billhooks, and so forth, a fair arsenal for those days; in all a
value of nearly 2,000. Deeds of half the Province of New Hampshire
was one item which was put down as worthless, the General Court of New
Hampshire claiming that the early settlers bought their land direct from
the Indians. A good round sum must have been paid for this vast territory

Yn> v .^^KUimB . w

IHr Olijarbs

<# A SCmglit in Ammra

and being proved worthless may partially account for the insolvency of

the estate. , -, .

The Province House in the year 1702 was the residence of Major
Charles Hobby, who, on February 19* of this same year, had born to him
a daughter Mary, according to the record in the Old South Church. This
historic mansion was built in 1679, by Peter Sargeant. In 1701, Sargeant
moved to the house of his new wife (the widow of Sir William Phipps)
and rented his house to Major Charles Hobby. This house was located
nearly opposite the "Old South Church." It was purchased in 1716 by the
Provincial Legislature, and occupied by each of the successive Royal
Governors down to the Revolution, and is described in Landmarks of Boston
by Drake. At the old corner book-store, 283 Washington Street, Boston,
I found a photograph of the Old Province House among four hundred
views of old historical buildings.

In 1713 and 1714, Sir Charles Hobby was one of the chosen Wardens
of King's Chapel. He was a man of fashion and in his early days lived
luxuriously. It is apparent that he was a gay cavalier and quick in his
perceptions of beauty in the fair sex. He followed the mode and the
manners of the gentility as it then existed in the time of Queen Anne.
His mode of living seemed somewhat antagonistic to the simple puritanical
principles and caused his sterner compeers to look upon him at times with
ill-favor. His commercial and seafaring life, coupled with his military
exploits, gave him a hardy manner and a rough tongue which he used at
times in his dealings with some of the seafaring men. He knew how to
command the men under his care and made a creditable record not only
for bravery but in his ability to act quickly, which was exemplified at the
instance of the earthquake in Jamaica. Two years before his death, he
must have found favor among the most circumspect of his God-fearing
neighbors, for he was twice elected warden of their church, "King's Chapel,"
now known as the Old Stone Church in Boston.

At the time of his death, his son, John Hobby was a planter in the Bar-
badoes and it was probably in these parts that Sir Charles Hobby married.
Four of his children are definitely known and there may have been others :
(i) Elizabeth Hobbey, the eldest, born about 1695, married James Gooch,
September 30, 1715, ceremony by Benjamin Colman at Brattle Street Church,
Boston. Rev. Benjamin Colman was brother of John Colman, who married
Judith Hobby, sister of Sir Charles Hobby. (2) A son (name unknown).
"Wait" Winthrop, writing March 17, 1711 says: "Sir Charles Hobby's
eldest son was killed with a gun, as he and another were a-gunning in
a canue, which by some means or other went off as it lay in the canue."
I refer you to Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 6th Series,
Volume V, page 256, note. (3) John Hobby, son of Sir Charles Hobby, is
identified in various ways. John Colman, in rendering his account of Sir
Charles Hobby's estate, has charges paid for tuition "of his son at College,"
such charges appear several times. This John Hobby, an undergraduate
of Harvard College at the time of his father's death, was presumably too
young to attempt to take out letters of administration on Sir Charles Hobby's
estate. (4) Mary Hobbey, the youngest daughter of Sir Charles Hobby,
who was born in the Province House, at Boston, February 19, 1702, and mar-
ried May 15, 1722, Zachariah Hubbart (Hubbard), died about 1730. He
married, 2nd, Sarah Kingman, July 21, 1731. Charles Hobby Pond,
Governor of Connecticut, and the Ponds of Milford, Connecticut, descend
from Mary Hobby and Zachariah Hubbard.

)

tntn American 3F0wt&attmtJS

Sir Philip Hobby, born 1505, ambassador at Court of Charles V, died
May 29, 1558, seized of Bisham, Evesham and Eyford. Evesham was
granted to Sir Philip Hobby, 37 Hen. VIII, 1546. In the genealogy of
the Gibbs family, Robert Gybbes of Honnington married Margaret, daughter
of , King of Evesham, and died August 10, 1558. His daughter, Eliza-
beth married Thomas Tickeridge of Evesham County, Worcester, England.
This Robert Gibbs of Honnington is an ancestor of the Col. Benjamin
Gibbs whose daughter, Lydia, married Hugh Hall of Barbadoes. Sir
Henry Gibbs, Knt, born 1593, had son Robert, born 1634, who came to
Boston in 1658, (merchant), married Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob Sheafe.
In London the families of Hobby and Sheafe were related in the Fifteenth
Century. See Henry Lea's Gleanings of England.

Oliver Noyes and Elisha Cooke were appointed administrators of Sir
Charles Hobby's estate as the result of a petition of several creditors. This
petition, dated November 8, 1715, recites that "the Lady Hubby above
a month agone was notified to accept or refuse administration of her
husband's estate; but she nor any other of the relatives of the deceased
not having taken administration, but declining the same, and so forth."
John Colman and Sir Charles Hobby were coadministrators of the estate
of William Hobby. As Sir Charles was indebted to his father's estate,
John Colman (as administrator of William Hobby's estate) presented
this claim to the administrators of Sir Charles' estate. Sir Charles Hobby,
during his absence from Boston, had appointed John Colman his business
agent, and as such he rendered an account against the estate. The
court records also reveal that Mary Hobby, daughter of Sir Charles, peti-
tioned the court that her Uncle Colman be made her guardian. There is
also mentioned Elizabeth Hobby to whom John Colman paid money for
necessities and she is undoubtedly the Elizabeth Hobby who married
James Gooch on September 30, 1715. In settling the estate, Elisha Cooke
made application to recover the lands in New Hampshire, as recorded in
Providence Papers of New Hampshire, Volume III, part 2, page 631, et
passim. John Hobby in his own behalf, November 23, 1726, presented a
memorial to the General Assembly praying for a commission to compound
with him for his claim of one-half the Province and so forth, but I find that
on November 30, 1726, it was voted that the said memorial be dismissed,
according to Volume IV, pages 226-7-9, 434-6-

In Volume LXXVII, page n, of the Suffolk Land Records, I find a con-
tract deed, between John Adams of Boston and Amey Crichlow of the Parish
of St. Michaels and Island of Barbadoes, widow, heretofore Amey Hobby,
wife of John Hobby, Gentleman, of same Parish and Island aforesaid deed,
of St. Michaels and Island of Barbadoes, widow, heretofore Amey Hobby,
and John Hobby of same Parish and Island, planter, eldest son and heir
of John Hobby, deceased, to receive that "Estate of Sir Charles Hobby"
rights inherited by her second husband, John, eldest son of Sir Charles
Hobby, and so forth. It seems that John Hobby, grandson of Sir Charles,
also made an attempt to recover this estate. In Volume LXXVII, page 173,
of the Suffolk Land Records, the following memorial is presented: "John
Hobby of the Island of Barbadoes Gent, at present in Boston, eldest son
and heir of John Hobby heretofore of the parish of St. Michael, Barbadoes
deed, who was the son of Sir Charles Hobby heretofore of Boston but last
of London Knt. deed. Lands and woods lying on S. E. part of Sagadehock
river in N. E. part of New England, called by name of Masonia Lands

is.

1 *K*. v jtUlK9* V7 ^*if M ^k r^^r* xsi '*\v* -r .

^tr dljarba f ohbg ^ A Kniglit in Ammra

in the province of Main & all others which was conveyed by this Allen of
London only son and heir of Samuel Allen late of New Hampshire on
the 28th of Aug. 1706."

An investigation of the records at Bridgetown in the Barbadoes for
the marriages, baptisms and burials of Hobby reveal the following entries:
"Marriages of Hobby 1648 to 1760. 2. A. 215, 7th of April 1723 marriage
of Mr. John Hobby and Mrs. Amy Atkins. 4. A. 49, 29 October 1757
Marriage of John Cole and Eliza Hobby. Baptisms of Hobby 1648 to 1760.
2 A. 374. 8 Sept. 1732, Elizabeth Atkins, dau. of John Hobby Esq., deed.
& Mrs. Amy his wife. Born 3ist of last Aug. 2. A. 255, Aug. ist 1725
John son of John Hobby Esq., & Mrs. Amey his wife, born the same day.
Mr. John Van Home, Mr. Isaac Van Daur, Godfathers. Margaret New, &
Ann Hearth god mothers. 2. A. 284. Dec. 16 1726 Honor dau. of Mr. John
& Mrs. Amy Hobby, born the same day. Captn Wm. Martindale & Mrs.
Daniel Wiles, godfathers, Mrs. Jehoaden Martindale & Mrs. Alice Harris
godmothers. 2. A. 340. 26 April 1730, Charles, son of Mr. John & Mrs.
Amy Hobby born 24th inst. Mr. Edward Winslow, John St. John god-
fathers, Mrs. Mary Campion & Mrs. Sarah Campion godmothers." The will
of John Hobby is dated June I, 1728, but he had two children born to him
after the date of this will, viz: Charles, baptized April 26, 1730 and Eliza-
beth, born September 8, 1732. John Hobby died the same year Elizabeth
was born, 1732. In his will he gave his wife Amy Hobby half of his
property, real or personal, here or elsewhere for life, and then equally
to his son and daughter John and Honor Hobby. The other half he gave
to his son and daughter equally between them but his said son John was
not to have any part thereof till he was twenty-one years old. And he
appointed his wife executrix. He also mentioned two slaves which he
bought from his brother, Robert Atkins. The document is witnessed by
John McCollin, John Mason, John Stewart; will proved before Lord
Howe, Governor, on I9th May, 1733, by John Mason.

The Barbadoes records speak frequently of the Atkins family, who
were evidently related to the Hall, Colman, Clark, Gibbs, Pitt, Symonds,
Byley, Crisp, and Lindall families, who appear to have lived in the Bar-
badoes. Madam Lydia Colman was the daughter of the old Indian fighter,
Captain Joshua Scottow. She married three times: ist, Colonel Benjamin
Gibbs, born at Boston, January 26, 1667 ; 2nd, Captain Anthony Cheekley,
Attorney-General; 3rd, William Colma'n, father of John Colman and Rev-
erend Benjamin Colman of the Brattle Street Church, Boston. Madam
Colman 's daughter, Lydia Gibbs, born at Boston in 1669, married Hugh
Hall, who was born May 28, 1673 a * Bridgetown, Barbadoes. He was
a merchant of Barbadoes for twelve years, Judge of the Admiralty Court
and finally member of the King's Council. By her, he had a son Hugh
Hall who married Elizabeth Pitts, daughter of John and Elizabeth Lindall,
daughter of James Lindall who came from England in 1639. This Hugh
Hall became a prominent merchant of Boston and he had a daughter Sarah
born in Boston, February 3, 1738, who married, ist, Elisha Clark, and 2nd,
Deacon Winslow Hobby. The daughter, Sarah Clark, married Louis Baury
de Bellenve, who was the mother of Reverend Alfred Louis Baury, D. D.
of Boston whose family have beautiful length portraits of Sarah (Hall)
Clark and her sister, Maria Hall. Hugh Hall was only six years old at
s father's death and was placed in the care of his mother, Lydia Colman.
The grandchildren also came under her care when they came from the Bar-

An American knighted by Queen Anne at Windsor Castle for Bravery in the
Earthquake at Jamaica in 1692

Original Painting by Sir Peter Lely in Boston Museum of Fine Arts

CHARLES BULFINCH, American Architect of the National Capitol at

Washington and the State House in Boston Descendant

of Judith Hobby, sister of Sir Charles Hobby

Portrait by pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds

hadoes to Boston for schooling. When Sarah, tin- sister of Hugh Hall,
arrived from the Barbadoes she was eight years old and she brought with her
a maid. All the very young gentlemen and young ladies of Boston blood
paid her visits, and she gave a feast at a child's dancing party with the sweet-
meats left over from the sea-store. She left unbidden with her maid, and
went to a Mr. Brimming's to board, sending home word to the Barbadoes
that her grandmother made her drink water with her meals. Madam Rebekah
Symonds was another grandmother of Sarah Hall, living 'in what must have
seemed painful seclusion to any Londoner, in the struggling little New
England hamlet of Ipswick, Massachusetts. She had married four times :
Henry Byley in 1636; John Hall in 1641; William Worcester in 1650;
and Deputy-Governor Symonds in 1663. Governor Symonds was a gentle
and noble old Puritan gentleman, a New Englander of the best type. In
the archives of the American Antiquarian Society is a collection of letters
of the years 1663 to 1684, written from London by the merchant John Hall
to his mother, Madam Rebekah Symonds.

The will of Hugh Hall is filed in the archives at Bridgetown, Barbadoes,
dated September i, 1698. It is somewhat mutilated and difficult to decipher.
He was of the Parish of St. Michael and a merchant in Barbadoes. He
gives to his son Hugh Hall a place called "Greenfield which he had bought
of John Edmondstone of Maryland. - creeke in the province of Pennsel-
vania containing 1,200 acres, to sons Joseph John & Benjamin, a parcel of
land called Wappin situate in Duck creek Penselvania containing i.ooo
acres." He has several slaves and estate in Barbadoes and appoints
Thomas Clark, Thomas Pelquin, Henry Feeke, Joseph Harbin, as guardians
of his children and executors of his estate. He also mentions John Grove
of London. There is also a will of Thomas Hall which throws some light
upon the relation between the Barbadoes planters and their relatives in
the southern provinces. The will of Thomas Hall is dated March 23, 1704,
and gives to his wife Mary his dwelling, mentions Elizabeth Gibbs, Godchil-
dren, Thomas Adams and Robert Williams ; bequeaths to his son, Thomas,
estate here and elsewhere ; and gives his estate to his two cousins then living
in Cathorlina (Carolina) by name Diana Atkins and Sarah Atkins, daugh-
ters of John Atkins and Diana his wife, if his son Thomas Hall should die
under age, and so forth. It is evident from the information obtained from
these wills that John Hobby, son of Sir Charles, had connections living
in Carolina and Pennsylvania and probably other of the southern provinces.
In the book of Virginia County Records, Volume I, Spotsylvania gives a
Deed dated August 2, 1737, of George Proctor to John Proctor and Elias
Sharpe of Virginia ; it was witnessed by David Bronaugh, John Steward,
James Strother and John Hobby. Will Book E, 1772-1798 gives the will
of John Hazelgrove, Fredericksburg, Virginia ; he leaves among other
bequests 500 pounds to Linamah Hobby.

Researches into the Gooch lines develop the proof that Elizabeth
Hobby, the eldest daughter of Sir Charles Hobby and Elizabeth, who was
born about 1695, married James Gooch, September 30, 1715, and that the
ceremony was performed by Dr. Benjamin Colman, Brattle Street Church,
Boston. James Gooch was born October 12, 1693, and died January 9, 1786,
His father, James Gooch, (son of John or James), commanded the sloop
"Mary" to relief of Storer's garrison at Wells, 1692, and came to Boston in
1695, a widower with one son, James, who became a merchant prominent in
town affairs, purchasing Tomb No. 3, in the Granery burying ground which

fcj

is mill in possession of his descendants; his transactions in real estate were
numerous as per Moston Records. The first wife of the elder James Gooch

was Jlannah , who died March 15, 1694. He married, 2nd, Elizabeth

IVck August 15. K-)5 I P.oston Records) and she died in 1702. He mar-
ried/ 3rd, Sarah Turtle, November 12, 1702. He died in 1735 and was
interred in his Tomb No. 3. He is the one spoken of by Cotton Mather
as "the valient Con;.:,."

The children of the elder James Gooch were: (i) James Gooch.
son of 1st wife, Hannah, born October 12, 1693, and married Elizabeth
Hobbey. (2) Elizabeth Gooch, daughter of the 2nd wife, Elizabeth Peck,
born March 17, 1698; married 1st, John Hubbard, November 25, 1714;
married 2nd, John Franklin, brother of Benjamin Franklin. (3) John
Gooch, born October 23, 1699; married Mary Deering, October 19, 1736,
Executor of his father's will, left no children and died July 1772 at Marsh-
field, Massachusetts. His wife died 1779. (4) Joseph Gooch, born
November 18, 1700; graduated from Harvard, 1720; married Elizabeth
Valentine, July 2, 1724. She was the eldest daughter of John Valentine
and Mary, only daughter of Samuel Lynde of Boston. She died about 1764.
Joseph Gooch' was Colonel of his Majesty's American Foot, appointed by
Governor Shirley. He lived in Boston on Summer Street, corner Hawley,
next to Trinity Church, and removed to Milton, where he died December
9, 1770. His children were Elizabeth, Joseph, Jr., Mary, Sarah, John and
Katherine.

James Gooch, Jr., son of James and Hannah, born October 12, 1693,
who married, ist, Elizabeth Hobbey, eldest daughter of Sir Charles Hobby
and his wife Elizabeth, on September 30, 1715, had three children by this
marriage with Elizabeth Hobbey: (i) Elizabeth Gooch, born March 8, 1712
in Boston, Thomas Valentine. (2) James Gooch, born June 17, 1719,
married Mary Sherburne. He died April 7, 1780. (3) Hannah Gooch,
born November 14, 1724, married August 4, 1740, Dr. Simpson Jones.
She died 1754, after the death of Elizabeth Hobby. James Gooch, Jr.,
married, 2nd, Mrs. Hester Plaisted, widow of Francis Plaisted, as early
as 1729. His children by this second marriage were: (4) Sarah Gooch,
born April 26, 1730, married 1775, Benjamin Ellery. (5) John Gooch,
born May 23, 1731. (6) Martha Gooch, born February 27, 1733, married
September 20, 1753, William Carew of the Barbadoes. (7) Joseph Gooch,
born October 26, 1735. (8) Williarn Gooch, born September 5, 1737,
married May 31, 1770, Deborah Hubbard, and he died December 12, 1823.
(9) Mary Gooch, born in Hopkinton, May 29, 1743. After the death of
Hester Plaisted, James Gooch, Jr., married a third wife, Elizabeth Craister,
March 8, 1761.

James Gooch, Jr., born October 12, 1693, lived in Boston, where
Gooch Street was named after him. He then took up a portion of the
William Crown land in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, where he built a house
and established a large estate. Unfortunately, the house was burned Sep-
tember 2, 1743, and two negro children lost their lives in the flames. His
second wife, Hester, would not return to Hopkinton to live, and he soon
after sold the place to Sir Charles Harry Frankland who built his famous
"Manor House" on the back of the site of the Gooch house. This house
was burned January 23, 1858. Another house on this site was built by
the Nasons, and a few years ago this one also shared the fate of the
others. Nothing now remains of this once famous place but a few old

J^*lfl

wtfl American
-

PROVINCE HOUSE Residence of Sir Charles Hobby in Boston His daughter
Mary was born here in February, 1702

elms, the old barn and outhouse and a few of the old rose bushes. James
Gooch was quite an important man both in Boston and Hopkinton. His
name frequently occurs in the Boston Records. He had his own portrait
painted ; that of his wife, Elizabeth Hobbey, a beautiful woman ; Hester
Plaisted, who was highly cultured in appearance; two daughters by his first
wife, Elizabeth and Hannah ; all supposed to have been painted by Smybert,
Copley's teacher.

101

tet

Immigrant Train Carrying ClvUljalloa IBM tin- G Ani.-ri. :ni W

Blazing Way for Civilization Through the West Coming of the White Ma

Prairie Schooner on Route to the Pacific Coast

Arrival at Ancient Spanish Mission of San Gabriel in California

Historic Mural Paintings by Max F. Fricclerang of New York in residence
of General Harrison Grey Otis in Los Angeles. California

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(golbrn <Satr to % ffiirl?r0 of % CSrrat rtrnt

I!Y

HONORABLE ZOETII s. ELDREDGE

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

Member of the American Historical Association
President of the National Bank of the Pacific

'HIS translation from an old Spanish diary, revealing for the first
time the accurate route of the first white men to cross the
Colorado Desert, is one of the most important contributions
to Western History. The manuscript of Colonel Anza, the
explorer, establishes the historical truth after more than a cen-
tury of conflicting opinions and theories. The several stages
of the journey have been recorded in these pages, and, as stated
in the first installment, the diary has been known only by a few researchers
into the Spanish History of America, and has never been published. Ameri-
can historians have but barely mentioned his two remarkable expeditions.
Bancroft speaks of it briefly, but he could not give the route by which the
explorer reached the Golden Gate, and where he attempted, it was incorrect
according to Anza records in his own handwriting. The entries from the
diary, which is now one hundred and thirty-four years old, have been
verified geographically and it is here given the first historical record. In
the first stage of the journey, Explorer Anza reached Monterey in Cali-
fornia, demonstrating the practicability of his belief in an overland route.
and on his return to the City of Mexico, was raised from the rank of captain
to lieutenant-colonel, and commissioned to enlist a company of thirty soldiers
and conduct them and their families to Monterey, whence they" were to
establish the presidio and mission of San Francisco. While Colonel Anza
was following this trail, on his second expedition, in the interests of Spain,
the Declaration of Independence was signed in the East, giving birth to
the English-speaking nation which was ultimately to control the "great ter-
ritory which he was traversing, as subsequent events developed. The
second stage carried him across the Colorado Desert. The third installment
completed the journey and took the commander back to Mexico where
he received promotion and authority to organize the great expedition for
the establishment of San Francisco. The start of the final expedition was
recorded in the preceding issue of this publication and carried Colonel Anza
to one o'clock on November 30, 1775, when the first settlers of San Fran-
cisco stepped on the California soil. This installment carries them along
another stage of the journey. It is accompanied by rare photographs taken
recently along the old route, and mural paintings by Max F. Friederang,
for the residence of General Harrison Grey Otis, in Los Angeles'
California, portraying the latter-day expeditions to the Pacific Coast!
The Anza diary will be continued to the end of his journey. EDITOR

103

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3Ftr0t trlanb Sourupy to tit? (Wont (iat?

UILDIXG a hut (barraca) on the bank of the river for the
two priests that wore to remain, An/.a prepared to resume
his jotirnev when lie was informed that two more of his people
were added to the sick list and were so desperately ill that the
sacrament of penitence had been administered to them. Has-
tening to their relief, he applied such remedies as he had, but
it was not until the fourth day that he could again take up

thC 'settling the padres in their abode with an interpreter, and three
servants one of whom was Sebastian Tarabel who had accompanied the
first expedition, Anza provided them with four months supply of provisions
together with several horses for their use, and committing them to the care
of Palma, began his march down the plain of the Colorado on the morning
of December 4 th. The route was a toilsome one, being so overgrown with
brush that in many places only a narrow trail could be found,
most difficult to get the cattle through this chaparral and they remained
more than a league behind. That night he camped at the Cerro de San
Pablo (Pilot Knob) near the present boundary line. The cold was
intense that two horses died and the sick-list was increased to eleven per-
sons In the morning the march was resumed in a southerly direction
with frequent detours to avoid the forest and the branches which put out
from the river and join it a few miles further down. After an advance
of three leagues, camp was made at the Laguna de los Cojas.
ment of penitence was administered this night to one of the sick ones who
was thought to be dying. The next day they reached the Laguna de Santa
Olalla where they were to rest and prepare for the most difficult portion of
their journey; the passage of the Colorado Desert. The Indians of Santa
Olalla received them hospitably and gave them great quantities of fish from
the lake, and of grains and fruits, including more than two thousand wate
melons which they were obliged to leave behind. Mindful of the danger:
of his previous journey, Anza divided the expedition into three parts t
march on different days that all might not arrive at the wells the same day.
The first division was under his own command ; the second he placed ir
charge of Sergeant Grijalva, and the third was under command of Knsig
Moraga. The beef herd he sent by a separate road in charge of
vaqueros ; the cattle being so wild that they could not be watered from buck
ets and must go from the Pozos del tarrizal to San Sebastian, a distance
of 'fifty miles, without water or pasture. The vaqueros, muleteers, and
troopers were ordered to carry maize and grass for the animals. At 9:30
on the morning of December Qth, the first division began the inarch lne\
reached the Pozos del Carrizal at half-past two in the afternoon, and found
the water though bad, abundant. Font, who was with the first division,
called the aguage El Poso Salobre del Carrizal the brackish well of the
Carrizal and denounces it as a dreadful stopping place, without pasture
and with very bad water. The next day, after giving the animals all the
water they would take, they resumed the march and traveled about five
leagues in a west-northwest direction, and camped for the night m a deep
and dry water-course where there was a little fire-wood but neither water
nor pasture. The camp was in the bed of the New River about a mile
below the present boundary line. The cold was intense. At three o clod
in the morning the caballerias were fed with grain, and at seven they set
out in a westerly direction and by a forced march of ten leagues arrived at

iVto-^r^zm^ Afar

SUiul? of (Holottel Attxa from i$w O^iun itarg

ROUTE OF THE FIRST EXPEDITION TO FOUNDING OF SAN FRANCISCO
Colorado Desert from San Jacinta Mountain over which Colonel Anza passed in
1775 Photograph copyrighted by C. C. Pierce and Company, Los Angeles, California

nightfall at Los Pozos de Santa Rosa de las Lajas. Anza had sent men
in advance with tools to open the wells, but he found them much behind
hand. He set himself personally to the work, but so slowly did the water
distill that it was ten o'clock before he was able to give water to a few of
the animals. The night was cruelly cold, they had no fuel, and in the
darkness none could be found. It was two in the morning before all of
the animals could have a little water, but by ten o'clock all were satisfied.
At 12:30 they resumed the march, laying their course in a northerly direc-
tion with a slight inclination to the west. A fierce cold wind from the north
distressed them and impeded their progress. They made four leagues and
camped at a place where there was a small quantity of fire-wood. At day-
light they saw the high mountains on their left covered with snow. The
cold wind continued, causing much distress to the women, and to increase
their discomfort it began to snow. At nine o'clock they resumed their march
in the same general direction for five and a half leagues, then due north one
and a half leagues more, and arrived at 3:30 in the afternoon at the
Cienega de San Sebastian. The weather had calmed somewhat and in
the clearer atmosphere they saw the Sierra Madre, through which they
must pass, so filled with snow that they marveled that so much could be
gathered together. Anza caused the people to gather all the fire-wood
possible, which was but little, and at five o'clock the cold wind began again
with great force and continued throughout the night. At daylight it began
to snow, and Anza determined to wait in camp the arrival of the two
divisions that were to follow. At 12 o'clock the cattle arrived, four days
from Los Pozos del Carrizal without water, and with a loss of ten oxen.
Though taken to the edge of the pool, most of them refused to drink the

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brackish water and began eating the alkali whitened grass. All day Anza
waited the arrival of the second division, which did not come. All day
tlu- cold wind continnul and the snow fell until plain and mountain alike
were covered. At ii I 1 . M. the snow ceased, and a pitiless frost followed
from which the people suffered greatly and six oxen and one mule died.
The morning of the fifteenth dawned clear and cold, with the snow that
had fallen tlie preceding and night well hardened by the frost that followed.
At [2:i the second division under Sergeant Grijalva 1 arrived, badly
crippled by the storm which had caught them between Santa Rosa and San
Sebastian." Several of the people were badly frost-bitten, one barely escap-
ing death, and they had lost five caballerias from the cold. The frost
continued severe, and Anza lost four more oxen that night. The next
morning he was informed that the Serranos had run off some of his cabal-
lerias during the night. The sergeant and four soldiers were dispatched
in pursuit and were instructed to recover the animals without harming the
Indians unless the latter showed fight, but to warn them that a second
offense would be severely punished. All day long they waited for the third
division, which did not appear. The sergeant returned in the evening with
the stolen animals. He had found them in charge of the women, in two
different rancherias, the men having disappeared. At seven the next
morning the commander sent soldiers with twenty horses to the relief of
the distressed rear guard, and at 3:30 in the afternoon it came in. The
storm had fallen with fury upon them and the driving snow stampeded most
of their horses. Four horses had died from the cold, and it was with the
greatest difficulty the ensign had saved the lives of his men. So great was
his exposure in caring for the sufferers that he was taken with an earache
so severe that it left him, for the time being, totally deaf. 2

Two more oxen died today from the cold, but Anza notes the general
improvement in the health of the command, notwithstanding the cold and
suffering. His sick-list is reduced from fifteen to five. He gives credit
for this to the many watermelons the people ate at Santa Olalla. 3

"Juan Pablo Grijalva was born in Valle de San Luis, Sonora, in 1742. He was
commissioned ensign in 1/87, and transferred to the presidio of San Diego where
he served until retired as lieutenant in 1796. His wife was Dolores Valencia. His
daughter, Maria Josefa, married Antonio Yorba. Her son, Bernado, was grantee
of the Canada de Santa Ana. The family is a prominent one in California.

'Jose Joaquin Moraga was born in 1741 ; died in 1785, and lies buried under the
altar of the church of the Mission of San ' Francisco. His wife was Maria del
Filar de Leon y Barcelo. She did not accompany the expedition, being sick at
the presidio of Terrenate, but joined her husband in San Francisco in 1781. Their
only son, Gabriel, became a famous Indian fighter, and the foremost soldier of his
day in California. Don Jose founded the presidio and mission of San Francisco,
and was its first comandante. In 1777 he founded the mission of Santa Clara and
the pueblo of San Guadalupe, now known as the city of San Jose.

''In order to realize Anza's great achievement, one has but to read the passage
of this desert by the advance guard of the Army of the West under General Stephen
W. Kearny in November, 1846. as told by Lieutenant W. H. Emory, U. S. Topo-
graphical Engineers, accompanying the expedition. (3Oth Congress, ist Session,
Ex. Doc. No. 41. "Notes of a Military Reconnaisance" by Lieut-Col. W. H. Emory),
Kearny, with his staff and one hundred dragoons, a pack train, and a large supply
of extra saddle and pack animals, followed the route of the "great highway" opened
by Anza seventy years before. The hardships and sufferings of these toughened
soldiers in crossing this dreadful desert were great, and they lost a large portion
of their animals.

But a great change has been wrought in this desolate region. The waters of
the Rio Colorado have caused the desert to bloom as the rose ; grains and grasses,
fruits and flowers cover the once glistening sands, and the mesquite and cactus have

106

Rout? flf (Eolmtrl Attza frnm Ifts O^iun itarg

OASES IN FIRST JOURNEY ACROSS THE COLORADO DESERT Wells dug
by the Aboriginal American Indians where first white men quenched their thirst
while travelling over parched sands near San Jacinta Mountains Photograph by
permission of copyright by C. C. Pierce and Company, Los Angeles, California

On the following day, December 18, 1775, Anza prepared to resume his
march and begin the passage of the cordillera. Three oxen died from cold
and exhaustion in the morning, and five more, unable to move with the band,
were killed and the beef dried and salted though hardly eatable by reason
of its smell, color, and taste.

At i :3O in the afternoon, the expedition moved up the broad canon of
the San Felipe River and travelled three and a half leagues. The next
day they made four leagues to San Gregorio, in Coyote Canon. The water
of the wells was so scanty that the cattle received very little, while the cold
was so intense that each day many of cattle and caballerias, exhausted by
the hardships of the journey, died. So severe was the cold this night
that the people were frightened, and it required all the exertion of the
officers to get them through the night, while three caballerias and five oxen
were frozen to death. At seven in the morning the commander was notified
that many of the cattle, driven by thirst, had escaped from their keepers.
Sending the sergeant with three soldiers and a vaquero to look for them, he
moved forward to the sink of the Santa Catarina (Coyote Creek), there

made way for the date, the fig and the olive. Complete figures on the cantaloupe
crop of the Imperial Valley, as it is now called, show that 1,954 carloads of the
little melons were shipped out of the valley in the year of 1908. This is but one of
the products.

10T

tei

Slmmtnj to % Ofotont

tei

Jtrsl

to give the horses a rest and wait for the cattle to come up. In this day's
march, the !<> in cattle and caballerias was very heavy. In the afternoon
df the second day, the sergeant returned with a few of the cattle, and
repnt-ted a loss of fifty head, suffocated in the mud of the Cienga de San
Sebastian, bc-ing t.,'\\eak to extricate themselves. Anza was greatly
distressed at this mishap which had cost him so dear, in spite of all his care.
A few miserable Indians came into camp and were fed by the Spaniards.
The morning of December Jjrd began with a rain-storm, but it ceased
raining at nine o'clock and the expedition resumed its inarch up the canon
of the Coyote. Two short jornados brought them on the 24th to the
rancheria of the Danzantes. They were halted here by the sickness of
one of the women of the expedition. By ten o'clock that night she was
happily delivered of a boy. Anza makes record that "She is the third who
has done this thing between Tubac and this place. Besides these there
have been two other births, that, with the other three that happened on the
march to San Miguel de Horcasitas make a total of eight, all in open
country." Owing to the birth the night before, Christmas was passed quietly
in camp, but on the following morning the sick women having courage for the
march, the command moved forward and a short climb through Horse Canon
brought them at two in the afternoon to the Royal Pass of San Carlos 4 where
a halt was necessary on account of the rain. Here they had a thunderstorm
followed by an earthquake. Five leagues of travel the next day carried them
to San Patricio, the beginning of the San Jacinto River. From this point
Anza dispatched three soldiers of his escort to the missions of California and
the comandante, Don Fernando de Rivera y Moncada, advising them of
the probable time of arrival of the expedition ; its condition, and the necessity
of furnishing him with horses. He also expressly requested the comandante
to be prepared, on the arrival of the expedition at Monterey, to accompany
him to the survey of the Rio de San Francisco.

From the summit of the cordillera, the poor people looked with dismay
upon range after range of mountains filled with snow. To the west,
towards the South Sea, as well as those extending into Baja California
all were so covered that they could barely perceive a few trees on their
summits. Coming from a hot climate, few of them had ever seen such a
thing, and so terrible did the sight appear to them that some began to weep
saying that if here so many animals died from the cold and they themselves
barely escaped the same fate, what would happen to them in the north
where the snow is so plentiful? The commander comforted their hearts
by telling them that as they approached the sea, the cold would diminish
and the journey would be easy and comfortable. They were obliged to
remain in camp the next day, for between the cold and the damp the sick
woman was much worse. They were able to move forward the following
day, December 29th, traveled six leagues down the Canada and camped in
the Valle Ameno de San Jose. The next day they marched down the

'I am sorry I cannot agree with the historians who have told the story of this
journey and take the expedition over the San Gorgonio Pass; but the fact is, that
in order to do so I would have to ignore Anza's course as stated by both himself
and Font; his distances, his time, and his descriptions of the route and the country
through which he passed. Bancroft gets over this lightly, by saying that Anza
frequently got things mixed up in his diary. To go through San Gorgonio Pass,
Anza would have to travel eighty miles of desert from San Sebastian, with the nearest
water sixty miles distant. The expedition would never live to reach it. The Royal
Pass of San Carlos is the divide between the head waters of the Coyote and the
San Jacinto.

108

Anza from Sfis (Pwn itarg

FIRST WHITE MEN TO CROSS COLORADO DESERT passed over this
route Reproduction of photograph of the ancient sea wall on the Colorado Desert
By permission of copyright of C. C. Pierce and Company, Los Angeles, California

spacious and bejatiful valley and camped at the Laguna de San Antonio
de Bucareli. A long march of seven leagues the next day brought them
to the Santa Ana River. An inspection of the river showed it to be unford-
able and Anza was obliged to build a bridge to get his people over, and it
was twelve o'clock the following day before this was completed. The
women and children were passed over first, then the perishable load, and
then the rest of the people and the baggage. The animals had to swim
for it and one horse and one ox were swept away and drowned. By three
o'clock the passage was completed and they camped for the night of January
i, 1776, on the western bank of the river. The three soldiers Anza had
sent to the mission of San Gabriel December 27th now came to report,
bringing from the padres eleven horses and a message from the corporal
commanding the mission guard, to the effect that the Indians had risen
against the mission of San Diego, killed one of the priests and two of the
servants, wounded all the soldiers of the guard and destroyed the mission
buildings. The corporal said the Indians were gathering in the vicinity
of San Gabriel and threatened an attack upon that mission ; that he had
sent word to the comandante, Captain Rivera, at Monterey, and that officer
was expected at San Gabriel. The next morning Anza sent two soldiers
forward to the mission to announce his approach and taking up his march
advanced through a heavy rainstorm intermingled with snow, as far as

109

ODitrrlanfo dlmmtnj tn to Okitont (Sat?

1 -*;

tin- -iti- of the present town of Pomona and camped for the night on San
\ntouio Creek. The next day they made live leagues through the heavy
mud t<> the San I .abriel River and the following morning at eleven o'clock,
January 4. i/7<>. arrived at the mission of San Gabriel Arcangel. Here
An/a met the comandante of California, Captain Don Fernando Rivera
y Moncada. who had come the previous day. Rivera laid before Anza
the particulars of the revolt at San Diego and requested the loan of Anza's
troops to suppress the rebellion and pacify the country. The entire military
establishment of California at this time consisted of the comandante, Rivera,
one lieutenant, two ensigns, two sergeants, eight corporals, fifty-four soldiers,
one armorer, and one drummer, a total of seventy-one. This force was
scattered over the coast line of four hundred and twenty miles, guarding
two presidios and five missions.

Anza gave Rivera's request careful consideration and believing he
would be justified in stopping his progress to assist' Rivera in the
pacification of the country, gave his assent to the proposition and volun-
teered to serve under him in his expedition against the savages. His
offer was accepted, and taking seventeen of his veteran troopers, joined
to twelve soldiers brought by Rivera, they set out January 7th for San Diego,
forty leagues distant, leaving the expedition at San Gabriel under command
of Moraga. We will not follow Anza on this march. Nothing was accomp-
lished so far as the perpetrators of the outrage is concerned, and Anza, in
disgust with the dilatory tactics of Rivera, resolved to proceed with his
journey. On February 3rd he received a dispatch from Lieutenant Moraga
saying that he had been notified by the priest in charge of the mission of
San Gabriel that he could no longer furnish food for the expedition. He
therefore arranged with Rivera to leave him ten of his men, and returned
to San Gabriel, which he reached February I2th. He found that a soldier
of Sergeant Grijalva had, the night before, deserted, and carried off twenty-
five of the best horses of the expedition and mission together with a lot of
the stores of the expedition. He at once dispatched Moraga, whom he now
names as lieutenant, with ten soldiers in pursuit of the deserters and after
waiting until after the 2ist for the return of the lieutenant, he left twelve
of his soldiers, including the sergeant, at San Gabriel for Rivera's assistance,
and resumed his march to Monterey, leaving orders for Moraga to follow
and overtake him. The twelve soldiers left at San Gabriel joined their
comrades at Monterey before June 17, ,1776.

The incessant rains of a very wet season had made travel slow and
difficult for his decrepit pack-train, and, marching in a westerly direction.
Anza passed through what is now the city of Los Angeles, crossed the
Rio Porciiincula (Los Angeles River) and through the Cahuenga Pass
into the San Fernando Valley. He camped for the night in the pass which
he calls Puertezuelo (Little Gate). Resuming the march the next morning
they traveled along the southern border of the San Fernando Valley and
halted in the canon of the Rio de las Vergines at a spring called by him
Agua Escondida, now known as Agua Margo (Bitter Water). The next
day they made a long march of ten hours and covered nine leagues. They
crossed the Santa Susanna Mountains and descended by a hill so steep
that the women were obliged to accomplish it on foot (Liberty Hill) into
the Santa Clara Valley, and camped on a river of that name near the present
village of Saticoy. A march of two leagues in a dense fog the next morning
brought them to La Asuncion, the first rancheria of the Santa Barbara

*M.

lout? nf Cohmd Attza from lifts (JDum iiarg

NATURE'S BARRIERS THAT HELD FIRST WHITE MEN FROM THE
GOLDEN GATE OF THE PACIFIC San Jacinta Mountains on route of Colonel
Anza's Expedition Permission of copyright by C. C. Pierce and Compamy

Channel, and the site of Anza's camp of April n, 1774. Portola reached
this rancheria August 14, 1769; the vespers of the feast of La Ascuncion
de Nuestro Senora, and gave it that name. It consisted of about thirty
large spherical houses, well constructed of clay and rushes, some fifty-five
feet in diameter, each house containing three or four families. Portola
thought that this rancheria must be the one named by Cabrillo Pueblo de
Canoas (Pueblo of the Boats). It was then determined to establish on
this site, the mission to be named in honor of the doctor scrafico (Giovanni
de Fidenza), San Buenaventura, but it was not until 1782 that the mission
was founded by Junipero Serra, in the presence of the governor, Don
Filipe de Neve, and Lieutenant Jose Francisco de Ortega. A thriving
town of 3,000 inhabitants is the result of that establishment. The name.
San Buenaventura, not suiting the convenience of the mailing clerks of
the Postoffice Department, the government some time ago changed the name
to Ventura. Anza continued his march along the Santa Barbara Channel
and camped for the night at the Rancheria del Rincon. Their camp was
on the bluffs overlooking the sea of the Arroyo del Rincon, the boundary
line between Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties. The Indians brought
them an abundant supply of good fish, among them Anza names sardines,
obadas, and tangres ; more than a third of a vara long, not counting the tail.

Jirst GDurrlanfo iountnj 10 ihr (&0l0rtt C^at^

A inarch of seven leagues the next day brought the expedition to the
Rancherias de .Mescaltitan, four large Indian villages around the shore of
an esU-ni. <>r lake, while on an island in the midst was one larger still, con-
sisting of more than one hundred houses. On the march this day they
passed through three large rancherias, one, situated on a lake of fresh
water, named by Portola, Laguna de la Concepcion, was the site of the
city of Santa Barbara. When the governor (Neve), was about to establish
the presidio and mission of Santa Barbara, he hesitated between the site
Di" .Mescaltitan and that of Laguna de la Concepcion, or, as it was sometimes
called, San Joaquin de la Laguna, but decided in favor of the latter, because
the water was of better quality. The Rancherias de Mescaltitan have, of
course, disappeared, but the name, Mescaltitan, is still attached to this island.

The following day they passed through five rancherias, all abounding
with fish, and finished the day's journey at Rancheria Nueva. Four more
rancherias were passed the next day, February 27th, and camp made at the
Rancheria de Cojo, just east of Point Concepcion. When Portola reached
this village, August 26, 1769, he was graciously received by the chief and
his rancheria. Crespi, priest and diarist for the expedition, "baptized" the
village with the name Santa Teresa, but El Cojo was the name that stuck,
and it may be seen today on the country maps. The next morning they
finished the Santa Barbara Channel and, turning Point Concepcion, they
proceeded to the mouth of the Rio de Santa Rosa (Santa Inez) where
they camped for the night.

"Give me white paper!"

That which you use is black, and rough with smears

Of sweat, and grime, and fraud, and blood, and tears,

Crossed with the story of men's sins and fears,

Of battle, and of famine, all these years

When all God's children had forgot their birth,
And drudged and fought and died like beasts of earth.

"Give me white paper !"

One storm-trained seaman listened to the word ;
What no man saw, he saw ; he heard what no man heard.

In answer, he compelled the sea

To eager man to tell

The secret she had kept so well !
Left blood, and guilt, and tyranny behind,
Sailing still West, the hidden shore to find;

For all mankind that unstained scroll unfurled,

Where God might write anew the story of the World.

EDWARD EVERETT HALE

bud

0f an American marine in
mt a Iriifeff Jigging

(Original 3lonrnal

nf ifoafcnant SJiUtam &tarr,

Narrating 2fia AotwnturFB roith. ?8jta IHajf attj'a

Meet in II)? Exut nition Against th? ^paniah, kt Qlnba J*

SJombaroing Anricnt Banana from a JUan-o'-War brforr Amrrira

uraa a Nation J* Siiff of tJfp &oloirr at ra j* Diary Arruratrly Qfranarribra

WILL.IAM STARR MYERS. PH.D.

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AT PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Original Journal now in Possession of Mr. Caleb Allen Starr, great-grandson of

Lieutenant William Starr, and now in his eighty-seventh

year living at Durand, Illinois

AT this time, when the American battle fleet is returning home
from its triumphant journey of peace around the globe, this
log of an American marine on a British fighting ship in
1762 is doubly interesting. It was written before America
was a Nation; when patriotism in America found its only
inspiration under the flags of the Old World monarchies.
The ancient diary is in the handwriting of William Starr,
who was born near Middletown, Connecticut, on January 2, 1730. He was
the son of Daniel and Esther (Southmayd) Starr, and was thirty-two years
of age when he became imbued with the fighting spirit, entering military
service on March 15, 1762. On the following May this young, American
sailed with the British ships on an expedition against Cuba. According
to the custom of the time, which is an excellent one for modern Americans
to emulate, he kept a daily record of his experiences. This record is today
a witness of the historic events through which he passed. It is one of
those documents which form the great body of evidence from which History
receives its authenticity, and arrives at its final verdict. The entries in
the diary may not alone be of historical importance, but in relation to
similar evidence they may develop new phases of investigation, corroborate
other witnesses, and establish historical fact. This is the invaluable ser-
vice of the diaries and journals which are being recorded in these pages.
William Starr, after many hazardous adventures, returned to his family
on November 30, 1762, holding the rank of first lieutenant in the Sixth
Company (Major Timothy Hierlihy) of the First Connecticut Regiment,
which was commanded by General Phineas Lyman of Suffield, and Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Israel Putnam of Pomfret. William Starr was lost at sea
some time during the years 1763-4. His journal, of which the following
is an accurate transcript, is now in the possession of his great-grandson.
Mr. Caleb' Allen Starr of Durand, Illinois, now in his eighty-seventh year,
and through whose kind permission it is here given historical recprd. EDITOR

tfN

Son 0f an Ammran ftarin* in

r=^ -^PK*- <^^rs^=s, --V -**^s&&y>- / ^^^^2^

Wednesday ye ipth May, 1762. Em-
barked on board ye Schooner Amherst,
Cap't Barnes, bound to New York where
we arriv'd on thursday ye 27th without
meeting with anything Extraordinary; im-
mediately embark'd on board ye Trans-
port Ship Swallow, Cap't Trotter, the Fleet
having orders to hold themselves in read-
iness to Sail on ye shortest Notice mean-
while ye Troops landed each Morning on
Nut Island for Exercise, Shooting at Mark
&c. and Embarked at night

Saturday 5th June. Fell down to ye
Hook

Thursday loth June. Rec'd Orders to
sail, but going over ye Bar our Com'odore
got a'ground, but by ye help of ye Tide
soon got off without any other loss but
Starting 40 Butts of Water, which he was
Suppli'd with from ye Fleet, however this
seasion'd our coming to anchor till next
morning.

Friday nth June, 1762. The Fleet Con-
sisting of his Majesties Ship the Intriped
Capt. Hale of 64 Gs. the Chesterfield Capt.
Skief of 40 guns with sixteen . . . and
having on board near three thousand
Troops. Sailed from Sandy Hook bound
on an Expedition against ye Havana leav-
ing part of our Fleet to come in another
Division; God grant us Prosperity.

After a Passage of thirty-five days with-
out meeting with anything Extraordinary
we made Cape Samana on ye N. E. part
of Hispanolia, being Friday the Sixteenth
day of July 1762. Ran down on the north
side.

Sunday ye l8th at six in ye evening
Hove too under Cape Nicholas on yc N. W.
part of Hispanolia, saw a Sloop and a
Schooner going into the Bite of Leogan at
y* after six made Sail stood N. W.

Monday ye igth in ye Morning made ye
E. end of Cuba bearing S. W. about six
leagues dis't. bore away W. at 12 at night
found our selves imbay'd so y't we could
not look clear of ye land on either tack, we
were hard put to it to get out, but by good
Luck just before Day we clear'd the . . .

(In) ye morning we had ye Mortification
to see ye Juno Transport on Shore, & ye
Masquerade in ye bottom of ye Bay with
her F. Top Mast gone but not on shore,
ye Juno men got Safe on shore.

Wednesday ye 2ist. this morning ye
Masquerade got out of ye Bay.

Thursday ye 22d. at 4 oClock afternoon
(not being able to take off Juno's People
by reason of ye Swell) the Fleet bore
away leaving ye Falls to bring off ye Juno's
men as soon as possible.

Friday ye 2^d. his day I was sensible
of a very strong Currant to ye Westward,
by our Rapid Passage by ye small Islands
on ye Coast of Cuba, at 10 oClock at night
Hove too; at J4 past three we were

114

Allarm'd with Breakers Close under our
Lee, we set our selves imediately to ply
ye Ship, but before we could fill her sails
she struck ground, we found it to be a reef
of Rocks, our Ship soon bilg'd & Hold
was full of water, Very Lucky it was for
us that ye wind was not Boisterous, for
had it been nothing less than a Miracle
could have sav'd us, however our case was
very doubtful for we could see no land,
and the Sea made a Continual break over
us; & to add to our Grief we saw 3 more
ships a Stern under ye same Circum-
stances, and the whole Fleet close to Wind-
ward which we expected would share ye
same Fate, but by our firing (Blessed be
God) they had ye good Fortune to Es-
cape; we perceiv'd also that ye Chester-
field was on shore by her firing

Saturday ye 24h. at day break we saw
land, about three quarters of a mile north
of us, upon which we all got safe on shore
without ye loss of a man, the Commodore
Sent to see our Circumstances, of which
being inform'd he with ye rest of ye Fleet
made ye best of their way to Havana, pur-
posing to send relief as soon as possible.

Here we were still Apprehensive that
many Casualties might render our Situa-
tion Miserable, for we had but small hopes
of getting much Fresh water out of the
Wrecks, and there was none on ye Island
which was above half a mile in length &
Forty Rods wide & not above six feet per-
pendicular from ye Surface of ye water
in ye highest place, neither could we find
any Spring of Fresh water tho' we Ex-
plor'd all ye Adjacent Islands for above
20 miles, of which there were a great many,
and some Highland, and very large, it was
almost impossible to get to ye main Island
of Cuba from here, by reason of ye Multi-
tude of small Islands and shoals, this
Island we find to ly in Lat'd 22 degrees, 12
minutes north near Caio Romans Opposite
ye S. E. Point of ye Grand Bahama Bank
'and is call'd by ye Cruisers Sugar Key but
by us ye Island of Hope

Monday ye 26th fine weather, our peo-
ple are employ'd in getting Necessaries
from ye Wrecks Provisions we find Pretty
easie to come at, but water very Difficult,
however we made Shift to get one or two
Buts on shore and Dealt to ye men a pint
each, this is ye first fresh water they had
since Saturday, we are in Preparation to
Distil fresh water out of salt which we
are like to Effect by ye help of Materials
from ye Wrecks, this day a Frigate com-
ing down hove too and sent her boat on
shore, who inform'd y't she and a 40 Gun
ship were Convoy to our Second Division
from New York, y't off Hispanolia they
were attack'd by two French 60 Gun ships,
and two Frigates, y't five Transports were
taken and ye rest Dispersed. Those taken

iraow

ra
ll

were of ye s8th Reg't and part of ye N.
York Reg't.

Tuesday 27th. This morning saw sev-
eral Sail to windward which we supposed
to be ye remainder of our Second Division,
we was in hopes y't they would pay us a
visit but they went by without Calling, to
day we got our Still at work, and find y't
we shall be able to make about 60 Gal. of
good fresh water in 24 hours, this may
prove of ye greatest Service to us.

Wednesday 28th. Saw a Ship to wind-
ward one of our boats went on board.
She inform'd that ye Earl of Albemarle
Landed at ye Havana on ye 7th of June,
that he was in a fair way soon to Reduce
ye Mora Castle, this day one of ye Conn't
Troop died very Sudden.

Thursday 2pth. This morning ye Ship
we saw to windward yesterday took on
board ye Troops y't were in ye Man of
War, and proceeded to ye Havana.

30 & 3 1 st. Employ* d in getting Necessa-
ries from ye Wrecks, Provisions we get
very plenty, we have now Sufficient on
Shore for four months, we also get more
water than we expected, we have already
got on Shore 50 Butts, & are in hopes to
get more if ye weather Continue favora-
ble.

Sunday Aug't ye ist. a bout noon a
Small French Privateer Schooner came
down & ran Close under ye little Key y't
ye Chesterfield's people were upon and
came to an Anchor within Musquet Shot,
and Fir*d Smartly for some minutes, but
ye Man of War's men who at first Con-
ceal'd themselves arose and return'd so
smart a fire of small Arms that ye
Schooner was soon forc'd to Cut her Cable
and Sheer off 'tis tho't with considerable
loss, there was one of ye Chesterfield's
men kill'd at 3 oClock we saw two Ships
and a Sloop com'g down, which prov'd to
be ye Enterprize and Falls with ye Juno's
people on board; at 5 saw Several Ships
to Leeward, these prov'd to be a Relief
sent to us from ye Havana, these in-
form'd us y't ye English were in posses-
sion of ye Mora Castle, y't our Troops
were very Sickly, & we much wanted, we
were as Expeditious as possible in em-
barking which we effected on Monday &
Tuesday.

The Troops Shipwreck'd on this Island
were Gen'l Lyman, Maj'r Durkee, Maj'r
Hierlihy & Sundry other Officers of ye
Connecticut Troops with about 400 Pro-
vincials ye two Grenadier Companies of ye
46th Reg't & one Independent Com-
pany.

Wednesday ye 4th Aug't. we Set Sail
for ye Havana, (leaving our Small Island
uninhabited) where we arrived on Monday
ye pth of Aug't without meeting any thing
Extraordinary, we landed as soon as pos-

sible, and Join'd ye rest of our corps.

Tuesday ye loth of Aug't. we En-
camp'd on an Eminence on ye west side of
ye Town, there being a Plain between us
and ye City which Afforded a Delightful

Prospect at 6 this evening I was

warn'd to go with a Party to raise a Re-
doubt with in 500 yards of ye City Walls,
this is ye first ground that was broke on
this side of ye City, we work'd very
Quiet while n oClock, when the Enemy
began to fire upon us with Grape Shot, but
over shot us, we expected they had Sent
out Spies and Discover'd ye ground y't we
were upon, and expected to be Annoy" d the
rest of ye Night; but after firing 8 or 10
pieces they left off, and we were troubled
with them no more.

Wednesday ye nth. this morning we
open'd 4 Batteries on ye Eminence on ye
East Side of ye Harbour, which kept an
incessant fire on ye Fortifications for about
six hours; two of our Batterys for ye first
4 hours were employ'd against ye Ponto,
a Fort on ye small west Point of ye Har-
bour's mouth, mounting 30 pieces of Can-
non Chiefly Brass 24 Ib's which ye Enemy
were Oblig'd to Abandon and Retire to ye
town, when all our fire was thrown at ye
Fortifications next ye Town, and was so
furious that at n oClock ye Enemy Sent
out a Flag of Truce with Articles of Capit-
ulation, which were Rejected and others
sent in, and 24 hours given for their An-
swer.

Thursday I2th. at II oClock ye Flag
return'd from ye City. Tarry'd 'till just
night not being able to come to any agree-
ment in all Points, when ye Gen'l Sent to
ye Governor y't if he would not agree to
those Articles he had propos'd, he would
not have him trouble himself to send again,
for he should not alter one Article.

Friday ye I3th. August 1762. this
morning ye Flag return'd from ye City
with ye Articles Sign'd, the Particulars we
don't expect to know until we see them in
ye English Prints, but flatter our selves
they are not Scandalous, as surely we
could have made them surrender at Dis-
cretion

at 6 in ye evening a party of 350 men
light Arm'd were sent into ye Country to
take Possession of a Town Call'd St
Deaga about 20 miles SS. W. of Havana
I went in This Party we Arriv'd at this
place on Saturday even'g about Sun Set,
were kindly receiv'd and Entertain'd;
there was in this Town at least 5000 peo-
ple, and no less than twelve Assembly
men, these people did not belong to this
town, but came from ye Havana, & Vil-
lages between that and this in time of ye
Siege.

Tuesday ye I7th. we return'd from ye
Country by another way. This is a very

tef

of an Ammran Harin* in

Pleasant County, and a good land, but
not well Wate/d, the People very Indolent,
and seem to live Chiefly on the Produce of

Nature. This day I wrote a letter

home by Mr. Warner two of ye N.

York Troops, a Regular Sergeant, and two
Negroes were HangM for Plundering since
ye Capitulation.

Wednesday ye i8th. I went into ye
Pqnto to see the Effects of our Cannon-
ading and indeed it was Surprizing, there
was not above two Cannon but what were
render'd useless, and many of them en-
tirely niin'd by our Shot, the wall of ye
Fort next our Batteries (although twenty
feet high) was so Battered that a man with
ease might walk up in several places, the
Spaniards said they lost fifty men in this
Fort the morning our Batteries were
opened.

From ye ipth to ye 2ist. Regular
Troops were Chiefly employ'd in Geting
into Cantoments, & the Ships, into ye Har-
bour, the Provincials grow something
Sickly.

Wednesday ye 25th. Mov'd ye Provin-
cial Encampment to ye East Side of ye
Harbour on ye hill where our Batteries
were Erected.

Monday ye soth. The Fleet Sail'd for
Spain Consisting of 30 Sail, with Spanish
Troops on board.

Tuesday ye 3ist went into ye City for
Observation this City is about twice as
large as New York, has eighteen Stately
Churches, most of them very Rich and
magnificent, the Houses are Chiefly Stone,
those next ye water, and in ye Center of
ye Town are Pretty large and Stately, but
those next ye wall very mean; the Sub-
urbs of his City were Considerable, but
Chiefly destroy'd by our Troops in time
of ye Seige, there being but three Par-
ishes left, ye rest were burnt down this
City is Watered by a Canal cut 7 miles
thro' ye Plain Country from a River, bro't
into ye City in Pipes underground, from
whence proceeds sundry fine Fountains
which Sufficiently waters ye whole Town,
we turn'd ye Water in this Canal from
running into ye City Some days before its
surrender, by means of which ye Inhabi-
tants were greatly Distress'd.

Saturday 4th. September, last night
Maj'r Hierlihy was taken very ill. Our
Troops for some time past have been em-
ploy'd in geting down ye Ordinance from
ye Batteries, to go on board ye Ships, but
we are now grown so sickly that we do lit-
tle or nothing.

Sunday 5th Sept this day Cap't Patter-
son died. We have but 7 Officers fit for
duty in our Regiment. Maj'r Hierlihy is
exceeding Bad.

Monday ye I3th. to day Cap't Stanton
died.

Maj'r Hierlihy has been very sick for
10 days past, but seems to be mending,

Friday ye I7th. Cap't Chadwick sail'd
for New London, I wrote by him. we now
give over sending any men on fatigue, the
whole of our welj being not Sufficient to
take Care of ye Sick.

Monday ye 2oth. I went to gather some
Oisters up a small Cove about two milss
Distant. These Oisters grow on Bushes
very thick and Plenty, but something small,
they tast very much like our Oisters tho*
I am suspicious that they are not whole-
some, because they grow near ye City &
are easie to be gather'd & yet appear to be

Neglected Cap't Hierlihy is finely

Recov'd.

Monday 4th Oct there is a report y't a
large number of Spaniards are under Arms
in ye Country, and only wait for a signal
to fall upon us and take ye Town. This
has Ocasion'd new orders to be given to
ye Guards, & also sundry New Guards to
be form'd.

Monday nth October, this day Como-
dore Kepple Sail'd with six ships of ye
line and five Frigates, to Cruize to Wind-
ward. The Provincials have orders to
hold themselves in readiness to Embark on
ye ipth Inst I have been some thing
indispos'd for three or four days past,
Ocasion'd as I suppose by over much Fa-
tigue, and being Expos'd to ye Extreem
heat of ye sun

Tuesday ye ipth October. Ye Provin-
cials Embark' d on board Transports bound
for New York under Convoy of ye In-
tripid, Cap't Hale

Thursday ye 21 st Put to sea, but ye
next morning two Cartel Ships Bound to
France & Spain, Sprang a leak and were
oblig'd to put in again.
1 there were Several Cartel Ships Sail'd
with ye Fleet.

Sunday 25th. this Morning were off ye
Mantanzes. Stood for ye Gulf. Wind at
N. W. at 12 the high land at ye Mantanzes
bore S. S. W. 8 Leagues Dis't

Monday 25th. our Course the last 24
hours has been N. E. by N. Lat. by Ob-
servation 25 degrees, oo minutes

Tuesday 26th. Course since yesterday
noon N. E. at 6 this morning made ye
Rigues Keys bearing N. N. E. at noon
Tack'd and stood to ye Westward. Wind

N. E. At 12 at night tack'd and

stood to ye Eastward. Wind N. N. E.

Wednesday 27th. this morning made
ye Keys bearing East, fresh wind at N.N.E.
Tumbling Sea. Lat. 25 degrees, 30 minutes

Thursday 28th. Wind N. by E. Lat

26 degrees, 40 minutes two more ships
spring aleak and are sent back with a Sloop

Friday zoth. Fresh wind at N.E. Cold.
Lat 28 degrees, 20 minutes Tumbling Sea.

Saturday soth. Wind N.E. Lat 29 de-
grees, 30 minutes at 6 oClock this evening
one of ye ships made a Signal of Distress,
She having Sprung a leak was sent into
Georgia. Fleet Hove too laid till 12.

Sunday 3ist fair wind East Lat. 30 de-
grees, 30 minutes

Monday ist November flying Clouds
wind at N. JL. Lat 31 degrees, 4 minutes

Tuesday 2d Nov last night Something
Squaly. this morning lost Sight of ye
Fleet Wind E. Cloudy no Observation
at 10 this even'g wind got into S.S.E.

Wednesday 3d Nov'r at 4 this morn-
ing ye wind shifted to N.N.W. fair. Lat
32 degrees, 30 minutes. Large Swell from
ye S.E. small wind and unsteady

Thursday 4th Nov'r Small wind at
E.N.E. at noon Gouds up. No Observa-
tion, at 2 ye wind freshens on at S.E.

Friday ye 5th last night Sundry Squalls
with thunder and rain this morning, wind
Shifts to S.W. blows fresh, at noon ye Sun
breaks out Lat. 34 degrees, 20 minutes.

Saturday ye 6th. this morning Sundry
very hard squalls from ye S.W. at 8
oClock grows more moderate_ Saw Sev-
eral Sail to ye Eastward, which we Sup-
pose to be part of our Fleet no Obser-
vation. Continues Squally, but don't over-
blow, at 7 in ye evening ye wind Shifts
very Sudden into ye N.E. blows very
hard Hove too with our Staboard Tacks
'o board

Sunday ye 7th Continues very windy.

Monday ye 8th Rainy fresh wind at
N.E. Cross Tumbling Sea. Still Lying
too

Tuesday ye 9th this morning at 6 oClock
made Sail, wind at W. at noon wind
Dies away fair Lat. 36 degrees 40 minutes

Wednesday loth fair wind at W. at
noon ye wind dies away Comes on Cloudy,
at 2 ye wind gets into ye N.E. Rain

Thursday nth at 3 this morning ye
wind Shifted very Sudden into ye N.W.

Friday ye I2th fair, at noon made Sail
wind at W. Lat. 38 degrees, 40 min-
utes Saw a Sail to ye N. ward

Saturday 13th. Flying Clouds wind at
N.W. at 2 wind freshens Hove too

Sunday ye I4th. Continues very Boister-
ous.

Monday ye isth. at 8 this Morn'g made

Sail, wind W by fair, saw a Brig to

ye West and ... to ye N'ward Lat.
23 degrees, 25 minutes

Tuesday ye i6th. at 3 in ye morning ye
wind gets into ye North, at 10 dies awav

Wednesday ye I7th. Cloudy wind at N.
at 4 in afternoon Sounded 30 fathoms.

Thursday i8th. in ye Morning Calm,
at 10 ye wind came at S.W. stood to ye
N.ward. Lat. 38 degrees, 40 minutes wind
freshens. Smooth Sea. At Sun Set Made
land bearing N.W. by W. Stood N. by
W. at 8 oClock Sounded, had 18 fathoms,
when we continued our Course intending
to bear away when we had got 10 or 12
fathoms, but at J4 after twelve ye Ship
Struck ground, on ye back of ye Island y"t
lyeth off Great Egg Harbour. She was
then going at least 7 Knots, it being Sandy
ground, and a Smooth Sea She received no
Damage but went off without Sloping.

Friday ipth. Stood in N.W. till we
made land wind Dies away Calm. Hazy.
Spoke with a Schooner from Rhode Island
bound to Philadelphia, who inform'd us y*t
New found land was Retaken by Colo.
Amherst wind Shifts to N.E. Clears

Saturday ye 2oth. Fair wind N.N.W.
Lattitude 40 degrees, 10 minutes at 2
oClock tack'd and stood to ye Westward,

Sunday 2ist. in ye Morning Fogy.
Small wind at N. at 10 oClock Gears
away. Saw 3 Sail Standing in for ye land,
at 2 oClock were in 14 fathoms water
about 4 Leagues to ye Southwart of Sandy
Hook. There we Catch'd two fine Cod

Monday ye 22d. this Morning were
Gose in with ye high land. Sun about an
hour high ye Pilot came on board, by ye
help_ of ye tide, & a favorable S.E. wind
Springing up, we got up to York by 9
oClock in ye evening. Now Blessed be
God we are got where a N.W.ter Shall
not blow us off ye Coast this Winter
'though we are Concern'd for Several of
our Companions, for we find but nine out

of thirty Arriv*d Put our Sick men

in ye Hospitle and with those y*t were able
Embark'd on board ye Brig Free Mason
for N. London where we ArrivM on Sat-
urday Morning; after landing and Store'g
our Baggage, Set off for home where I
Arriv'd on Monday ye 29th Nov.

Found my Family all well, for which
and ye favour of ye Campaign, God's name
be Praised.

A Roll of ye dead in Capt Hierlihy's
Company 29th Nov. 1762
Peter Long Tho's Welley

George Rice Martin Cole

Eleazer Washburne Edward Ramney
Johannes Struklin James Stewart
John Hill Daniel Ely

Jona'n Arnold Samuel Spicer

James Cady Hezh. Hubbard

Nathan Edwards Rich'd Blake
John O'brian Ozias Ramney

John Warner Roger Gipson

Michael Melony Thompson Spelman

Abel Barns

flknfrtrarg af an Ammnm SIttorateur

n* ^nnfcrroth AnmnrrBaru. of togar Allan POP J* lorn at IBoBion,
flJaaaarljHBrttB, on % Ntnrtrntfh of Kannarg, 1H09, anb Srrame tiff
3Ftnrt Amrrtcan Antljor to Kmto Ittfrarg ijomanr of li> ifflorlo

On this Centennial of Edgar Allan Poe, these lines inspired and created by his own
genius, are again recorded to his memory It is on this One Hundredth Anniversary
that Poe "comes to his own" The first great American author of power to gain
reputation in the Old World, he did not enter the heart of his own Nation's literature
until now, and it is today incumbent upon America to inscribe the name of this genius
of literary psychology in its Hall of Fame as a master of style and literary imagery

THE COLISEUM

Vastness ! and Age ! and memories of Eld !
Silence! and Desolation! and dim Night!
I feel ye now I feel ye in your strength
O spells more sure than e'er Judean king
Taught in the garden of Gethsemane !
O charms more potent than the rapt Chaldee
Ever drew down from out the quiet stars.
Here, where a hero fell, a column falls !
Here, where the mimic eagle glared in gold,
A midnight vigil holds the swarthy bat !
Here, where the dames of Rome their gilded

hair
Waved to the wind, now wave the weed

and thistle!
Here, where on golden throne the monarch

lolled,

Glides, spectre-like, into his marble home,
Lit by the warm light of the horned moon,
The swift and silent lizard of the stones !
But stay! these walls, these ivy-clad

arcades
These mouldering plinths these sad and

blackened shafts

These vague entablatures of this crumbly

frieze-
These shattered cornices this wreck this

ruin
These stones alas! these gray stones are

they all,

All of the famed and the colossal left
By all the common Hours to Fate and me?
"Not all!" the Echoes answer me;

"not all!

Prophetic sounds and loud arise forever
From us and from all Ruin, unto the wise
As melody from Memnon to the Sun.
We rule the hearts of mightiest men ; we rule
With a despotic sway all giant minds.
We are not impotent, we pallid stones.
Not all our power is gone not all our

fame

Not all the magic of our high renown
Not all the wonder that encircles us
Not all the mysteries that hang upon,
And cling around about us as a garment,
Clothing us in a robe of more than glory!"

nf Ammnm
from Sjfe iKannHrript in

Original Smtrnal nf 3Rp tirrrnn

Snappl? Entfrann, Antmopnt nf Sdjilf

Haifa fonrrann, in tnljidf Iff Krlatra ifye SJifie

nf a dlrrggman in lEarljj Amrrira J* iHratnranna

nf 8?ia SIrxta for S>mnnna o* A ^aatnr'a Swial ffirlatinna

nrttlj Sfia JJariahintura ^ Original fltarg Kmntlg Jfcmnd * GJranatrinra

EDITH MARCH HOWE

T}EWBURYFORT, MASSACHUSETTS

Whose Family has been Intimate with the Emersons for Several Generations
and into whose possession passed the Ancient Journal

IS diary, written by an uncle of Ralph Waldo Emerson, is
one of the clearest expositions of the private life of a clergyman
in early America that has ever been given historical record.
The original diary, now almost indecipherable, was written in
1748-1749 by Reverend Joseph Emerson who was a grandson,
in fourth descent, of the distinguished Reverend Peter Bulkley,
who was born in Odell, Bedfordshire, England, in 1583, a fellow
of St. John's College at Cambridge, a well-to-do emigrant to America in
1635, first minister of Concord, Massachusetts, and the progenitor of one
of the most distinguished lines of clergymen that America has produced.
Reverend Joseph Emerson, the writer of this diary, was born in Maiden,
Massachusetts, August 25, 1724, and graduated from Harvard College in
1743. He was chaplain of the expedition to Cape Breton in 1745, and upon
his return from Louisburg, at twenty-three years of age, he became pastor
of a settlement, which, upon his suggestion, was named Pepperell, in honor
of Sir William Pepperell, the military leader of the successful campaign.
There is a tradition said to be founded on the fact that Sir William intended
to present the town with a church bell, and sent to England to have one
cast, on which was to be this inscription : "I to the church the living call
And to the grave I summon all." If the bell ever reached this country, what
became of it is a mystery. The new minister was the oldest of the nine
sons and four daughters of the Reverend Joseph Emerson, senior, whose
mother was a daughter of the eccentric parson, Reverend Samuel Moody
of York. Two other sons became clergymen; William settled over the
church in Concord, grandfather of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and chaplain
at Ticonderoga, August, 1776; and John, who lived in Conway, Franklin
County. A sister married Daniel Emerson, a cousin, pastor of the church
in Hollis, New Hampshire, a neighboring town to Pepperell. These three
brothers and their cousin were all Harvard graduates and were known
as the "Patriot Preachers." It was the custom of Reverend Joseph Emer-
son to keep a journal, noting down, day by day, the little events and duties
that made up the round of a clergyman's life in the early days in America.

119

rv/i

HHJ

in Utfip of an larhj Ammran

I.V

AUGUST.

Monday I. Visited 6 Families. Stephen
Hall Daniel Rolie, James Lawrence.
Benj'n Martin. James Green, Thomas Wil-
liams.

Tuesday 2. I studied A. M. afternoon I
went a fishing.

Wednesday 3. I went to Harvard-
preached Mr. Seccomb's Lecture from
John 4. 42. Brother Emerson with me.
We went over to Botton; lodged at Dr.
Greenleaf's.

Thursday 4. We returned home.

Friday 5. I read some, & studied chief
of the Day.

Saturday 6. I studied chief of the Day.

Sab. 7. Preached all Day from What is
man profited if he gain, &c.

Monday 8. I visited 8 Families, Isaac
Williams. Elias Eliot. Ebenz Gilson. Dan-
iel Rolfe. Eben: Pierce. Nathan Hall
William Warner, Widow Saunders.

The wife of Ebenz Gilson is runing very
wild, full of Enthusiasm.

Tuesday 9 I went up to Lunenburg:
lodged at Mr. Steam's.

Wednesday 10. I rid over in the morn-
ing to Leominster in Company with Mr.
Downe the Schoolmaster of Lunenburg;
returned to Mr. Steam's to Dinner, & home
at night

Thursday II. I studied chief of the Day.

Friday 12. Studied forenoon: went up
to Holies afternoon, preached Brother Em-
erson's Lecture from Isa. 12:3; returned.

Sat. 13. Studied all Day.

Sab. 14 Preached all Day from Mat.
5 :4. Blessed are they that mourn, for they
shall be comforted.

Man. 15. I visited 3 Families. Saml
Fisk, Phineas Chamberlin. Deacon Law-
rence. Afternoon I went down to Groton.
& lodged at Mr. Trowbridge's.

Tues. id. After making a Visit, & doing
some Business I returned to my Lodging
before noon; afternoon entertained Com-
pany.

Wed. 17 Studied some. Cut stalks for
my Landlord part of ye day.

Thurs. 18 Studied all Day.

Frid. ig Studied forenoon: afternoon,
private meeting at my Lodgings. I read a
Sermon of my Father from Wisdom is jus-
tified of all her children

Sat. 20 Studied all Day.

Sab. 21. A. M: Preached from Blessed
are they that mourn &c. P.M: from Sam.
3: 44. Thou hast covered thyself with a
cloud that our Prayers should not pass
thro'.

Man. zi I visited 6 families, James Col-
burn, and his Son, William Blood, Benj :
Swallow, Josiah Tucker, Josiah Lawrence.
And finished my Pastoral visits for the
year.

Tues. 23. I went over to Lancaster;
lodged at Capt. Willards

Wed. 24. Returned Home at Night.

Thurs. 25. I studied all Day.

I now have finished my 24th year, and
entered upon my 25th. May I do more for
God this year than ever I did.

Frid. 26. Studied forenoon; afternoon
discoursed with two Persons, who are
about to jo-n the Chh. ; & one who seems
to be under strong Conviction.

Sat. 27 Studied very hard all Day.

Sab. 28 I preached all Day from The
whole need not a Physician, but they that
are sick.

Man. 29. I visited two sick Persons
who were prayed for yesterday; and con-
versed with two Persons who are about
owning the covenant.

Tues. 30. I went up to Holies; heard of
the Sorrowful News of two of my Parish
quarreling last Night, one wounding the
other with a knife, as some are ready to
fear dangerously.

Wed 31. I studied some at Brother Em-
erson's, and returned. Went down to look
at my workmen, who are now building my
Chimney.

SEPTEMBER.

Thurs I. I studied Chief of the Day:
conversed with a Person about her son:
visited a sick woman,

Frid 2 Studied forenoon : Lecture after-
noon: Mr. Seccomb preached on Paul's
conversion. I was obliged to put by the
Sacrament, for we could not obtain wine.

Sat. 3 I went out in order to settle
some Affairs of my own; and visited a
man who has received a wound in a quar-
rel with his neighbour.

Sab. 4. I preached all Day from My
sheep hear my voice, & I know 'em, <
they follow me.

Man. 5 Stopt from seting out in my
Journey by the Rain, which was the most
merciful & the plentiful we have had for a
year past

Tues. 6. Set out for Connecticut in
Company with Peter Powers of Holies, in
order to go to New Haven Commencement.
We stopt at Mr. Trowbridge's a little while
& then rid over to Lancaster ; stopt at Col !
Willards & took a mouthful: & arrived at
Mr. Curtis's at Worcester a little after
Nine at Night. We mist our Way, & went
about half a mile, but comfortably found
it again.

Wed. 7. I tarried all the forenoon at
Mr. Curtis's & dined; afternoon went over
to Mr. Goodwin's, about two miles. Peter
Powers went over to Shrewsbury to see
some Friends. I lodged at Mr Goodwin's
much refreshed with the sight of Worces-
ter Friends.

Thurs. 8 I called to Mr. Upham's, who

MSI

120

Saurtrol nf a OHerggmatt in Ammra iti 174B

keeps the school here; made two or three
Visits in Town; lodged at Mr. Brown's,
my former Landlord when I preached in
Town.

Frid. p. We sat out for Connecticut in
the Morning; stopt at Esq. More's at Ox-
ford; we dined at Convas's, the Tavern at
Killenly, & lodged at Mr. How's minister
of the middle Parish. Rode this day 30
miles.

Sat. jo. Set out on our Journey; dined
at Mr. Hutchins' in the same Town, who
formerly belonged to Groton, where we
were kindly entertained. We arrived at
Mr. Rowland's, the Minister of Plainfield.

Sab. ii. I preached all Day from John
4:42. There is here a separate Society,
who have a Layman ordained over 'em,
one Thomas Stevens: there is more than
50 Families of 'em.

Man. 12. We sat out for Newhaven.
Mr. Rowland in Company: stopt at Nor-
wich, which is a very pretty Town: dined
at Capt Denison's, an uncle of Mr. Row-
land: got to Connecticut River just after
Sunset; past over Brackaway"s ferry, be-
tween there and Sebrook, we mist our way,
& wandered an hour or two in the wood,
but at last found our way to Mrs. Lay's,
the Tavern in Sebrook, by u o'clock, where
we put up. Rid 50 miles.

Tues. 13. Sat out on our Journey, baited
at Killingworth, again at Gilford, & dined
at Mr. Robin's at Branford; got over New-
haven ferry before Sunset, which is about
2 miles from the College ; we put up, & got
lodging before Day Light ended; spent the
Evening at College.

Wed. 14 Commencement All things
were carried on with the utmost Decency;
they come very little behind Cambridge it-
self.

Thurs. 15. Breakfasted at College, & sat
out for home in Company with Mr. Eells
of Middletown & arrived at his House in
the Evening about 34 miles.

Frid 16 Tarried in Town all Day, went
to another Part of it, & returned to Mr.
Eells. This is a large Town, situated on
Connecticut River, very populous.

Sat. 17 We sat out on our Journey: in
Weathersfield we met with Mr. Edwards
of Northampton, & concluded to go home
with him the beginning of next week by
the leave of Providence. We stopt &
dined at Hartford, & called at Winsor
upon Mr. Edwards, father to Mr. Edwards
of Northampton, where we were over-per-
suaded to tarry over the Sabbath.

Sab. 18. Mr. Edwards of Northampton
preached A: M: from I Tim. 6: 19. I
preached P:M: from Can. 2:16. Very
courteously treated here.

Mon. i<) We sat out on our Journey &
dined at Dr. Pinchon's at Long Meadow, a

part of Springfield, & lodged at Mr. Hop-
kins', minister of a Parish in Springfield
on the west side of the River: he is
Brother to Mr. Edwards of Northampton.
About 20 miles.

Tues. 20 The forenoon being lowry, we
tarried at Mr. Hopkin's till after Dinner,
& then proceeded on our Journey, arrived
at Northampton before Night.

Wed. 21 Spent the Day very pleasantly :
the most agreeable Family I was ever
acquainted with; much of the Presence of
God here. We met with Mr. Spencer, a
gentleman who was ordained last week at
Boston, as a missionary to the Indians of
the Six Nations; he purposes to set out to-
morrow for Albany: the most wonderful
Instance of self-denial I ever met with.

Thurs 22 We set out for home: Mr.
Edwards was so kind as to accompany
us over Connecticut River, & bring us on
our way: we took our leave of him: he is
certainly a great man. We dined at Cold
Spring, & got to Brookfield in the Even-
ing: lodged at Dr. Uphams, who came
from Maiden, where we were very courte-
ously entertained.

Frid. 23. We were early on our Jour-
ney: breakfasted at Mr. Eaton's the Min-
ister of the upper Parish of Leicester:
made Several Visits in Leicester: dined at
Mr. Sprague's, who has lately moved from
Maiden; went down to Worcester, & made
two or three Visits; lodged at Mr. Good-
win's.

Sat. 24. Sat out on our Journey; dined
at Col. Willard's at Lancaster; got home
to Groton a little after Sunset

I have had a_ very pleasant Journey:
have not met with any Dificulty in trav-
elling about 300 miles. God's name be
praised !

Sab. 25. I preached all Day from Rom.
8.1 : went up to Holies in the Evening, &
found my Sister comfortably a Bed with a
Daughter. My mother from Maiden has
been up here about a fortnight

Mon. 26. I waited upon my Mother over
to my Lodgings.

Tues. 27 Returned back to Holies with
Mother, where I tarried two or three days
much out of Order with a cold.

Frid. 30 I came home, & attended the
private meeting at Ebenezer Gilson's. I
read some of Mr. Edward's Concert &
Prayer.

OCTOBER.

Sat. i. I wrote two Letters in the fore-
noon, one to Mr Edwards of Northamp-
ton, the other to his second daughter, a
very desirable Person, to whom I purpose
by Divine Care to make my addresses.
May the Lord direct me in so important an
Affair!

In the Afternoon, I went up to Holies:
my Sister still comfortable beyond our

Sab. 2. I changed with Brother Emer-
son, & preached at Holies all day from
W hat is a man profited if he gain the
whole world &c.

Man 3. Set out with my Mother for
Maiden ; dined at Col. Ting's, & got as far
as Reading : lodged at Capt. Eaton's.

Tues. 4 We arrived at Maiden; found
my Father's Family well.

Wed. 5 I went to Boston, did some Bus-
iness, and returned to Maiden.

Thurs. 6. Made a visit or two m the
forenoon: in the afternoon sat out for
home : went as far as Reading.

Frid. 7. The Weather so bad, I could
not proceed with Comfort on my Jour-
ney: made Several visits in Reading.

Sat. 8 Returned to Groton.

Sab. 9. I preached all Day from 2 Pet
3: 14.

Man 10. I visited 3 Families out of the
Bounds of the Parish, made Pastoral vis-
its. Isaac Lakin. Saml Harwell, Benj.
Parker.

Tues. n. Had Company all the fore-
noon; afternon went down to Groton.

Wed. iz Studied all Day.

Thurs. 13. Studied the forenoon; after-
noon went down to Mr. Trowbridge's Lec-
ture. Mr. Hall from Westford preached
from Except j>e eat the Flesh, & Drink
the Blood of the Son of Man, y* have no
Life in yow.

Frid. 14 Returned home; afternoon
conversed with, & wrote the Relation of
two Persons who are about to joyn the
Chh.

Sat. 13. Studied all Day.

Sab. 16. Expounded the 4 first Verses
of the 37th Psalm : dwelt on 'em all Day.

Man. if. I went out a Visiting: made a
Pastoral Visit to John Word's Family.
Stopt by the Rain; tarried all Night at
Benj. Parker's.

Tues. 18. I was up to Holies. Was sent
for to visit two Persons at Dunstable,
Mass. Mr. Pike & Wife, both sick of the
fever: I went & lodged at Mr. John Ken-
dal's.

Wed. i<) I returned to Holies: spent the
forenoon in religious Exercises with the
Family. This Day was kept as a Day of
Thanksgiving by my Brother's Family upon
the wonderful comfortable circumstances
of my Sister this Time of her Ljing in.
In the afternoon there was a Publick Lec-
ture by Mr. Prince, the blind man, who
preached from Mighty to save; a very
profitable Sermon. I returned home in the
Evening.

Thurs. 20 Studied all Day. In the Even-
ing rid up to Mr. Bqynton's in Holies, &
heard Mr. Prince again from Gen. 41 : 55 :

I grow in my esteem of him as a profitable
preacher.

Frid. 21 Our Lecture before the Sacra-
ment, Mr. Prince preached for me from
Luk. 19: i-io

Sat. 22. I had Company in the forenoon.
Mr. Shed & Wife, from Billeries: went up
to Mr Swallow's & dined with 'em.

Sab. 23. I preached A. M: from Col.
3:3: P:M. Mat 5:4. Mr. Kendal, a
Brother of our Chh. came to Meeting in
the forenoon, & stopt when I was about to
administer the Ordinance of the Supper, &
began to make some Objections against pur
Way of Worship, & in particular against
one of the Brethren of the Chh. I was
obliged to stop him, & desire him to with-
draw, which he did without making so
much Disturbance as I expected: he is
deeply tinged with Enthusiasm: he has not
attended with us for some months.

Man. 24. I had Company chief of the
forenoon, Mr. Bliss called to see me:
afternoon I attended the funeral of Widow
Shipley, being sent for by Reason of Mr.
Trowbridge being out of Town.

Tues. 25 I studied chief of the Day.

Wed 26 Forenoon did some Business in
the Parish : afternoon went to the other
end of the Town, & preached a Sermon at
Daniel Lartell's from, In the Time of Ad-
versity, Consider; his wife has been so low
that she has not been able to attend Pub-
lick Worship at the Meeting House for 5
years.

Thurs. 27 Studied part of the Day : con-
versed with two Persons, one about to
joyn in full Communion, the other under
promising Conviction.

Frid. 28 Studied some in the Morning,
& had determined to spend the rest of the
Day in Fasting & Prayer, but was _ inter-
rupted by my Brother Edward coming in
from Boston about I o'clock : spent the Re-
mainder of the Day with him: rid out to
Several Houses.

'Sat. 29. Studied all Day.

Sab. 30. I preached A:M: from Psal.
37:5. P:M. from What is a man profited
&c.

Mar. 31 I sat out with Brother Edward
for Maiden, & got safe there in the Even-
ing.

NOVEMBER.

Tuesday I. I went to Boston, did some
Business, & returned to Maiden.

Wed. 2. Sat out for home: being not
well, I reached only as far as Mr. Benj.
Parker's of Groton.

Thurs. 3. Returned to my Lodgings (in
Pepperell). did some Business in the Par-
ish.

Frid. 4. Studied some : conversed with 2
Persons who are about joyning ye Chh:
went out in the Evening.

122

Sfonrnal of a (Ebrggman in Amrcira in ir4B

VF9,

Sat. 5. Studied chief of the Day.

Sab. 6. Very much out of order with a
Cold, yet preached all Day from Psal. 37:5:
much better in ye Evening.

Man. 7. Sat out some Time before Dav
on a Journey to Northampton to visit Mrs
(Miss) Esther Edwards to treat of Mar-
riage: got to Worcester comfortably, tho'
something stormy: lodged at Mr. Good-
win's.

Tues. 8. Had a pleasant Day to ride in;
got to Cold spring in the Evening; lodged
at Mr. Billing's, the Minister, where I was
very comfortably entertained.

Wed. o Got safe to Northampton: ob-
tained the Liberty of the House: in the
Evening heard Mr. Searle preach at an
House in the Neighborhood from, By
Grace are ye saved.

Thurs. 10. I spent chief of the Day with
Mrs Esther in whose company the more I
am. the greater value I have for her.

Frid. ii The young Lady being obliged
to be from Home, I spent the Day in copy-
ing off something remarkable Mr. Ed-
wards hath lately received from Scotland.
Spent ye Evening with Mrs Esther.

Sat. 12. Spent part of the Day upon the
Business I came about.

Sab. 13 A:M: Mr. Eaton of Leicester
being here on a visit, preached from, In the
Day of Adversity, Consider; P :M : I
preached from, Behold, the Lamb of God.

Man. 14. I could not obtain from the
Young Lady the least Encouragement to
come again : the chief Objection she makes
is her Youth, which I hope will be removed
in Time. I hope the Disappointment will
be sanctified to me, & yt the Lord will by
His Providence order it so that this shall
be my Companion for Life. I think I have
followed Providence, not gone before it.

I sat out with Mr. Eaton for home: we
lodged at Col. Dwight's at Brookfield.

Tues. 15. I came as far as Worcester;
lodged at Mr. Stearns'.

Wed. 16. I came to Lancaster: this Day
the Rev. Mr. Harrington was installed to
the Pastoral Office here. Mr. Storer of
Watertown began with Prayer. Mr. Han-
cock of Lexington preached from I Cor,
9:19.

Mr. Appleton of Cambridge gave the
Right Hand. After supper I went to Har-
vard, home with Mr. Seccomb.

Thurs. 17 I came home to my Lodgings
(in Pepperell) : dined at Capt. Bancroft's at
Groton. I was considerably melancholy
under my Disappointment at Northampton;
concluded, notwithstanding, by Leave of
Providence, to make another trial in the
Spring.

Frid. 18 In the forenoon I read some:
P :M : I went to the private meeting at Mr.
Wright's: read a sermon of Mr. Elvin
upon the Obedience of Faith.

Sat. 19. So discomposed I could not
study. I could not have thought that what
I have lately met with would have had this
Effect The Lord hath put me in a very
good School : I hope I shall profit in it

Sab. 20. Much more composed.

I endeavored to roll off my Burden upon
the Lord, & He sustained me. I preached
all Day from, They that are whole need
not a Physician, but they that are sick.

Man. 21. Studied chief of the Day.

Tues. 22. Studied forenoon: afternoon
I went to see some workmen I have about
my House.

Wed. 23 I studied very hard all Day:
was much assisted.

Thurs. 24 Publick Thanksgiving. I
preached from Praise ye the Lord. Went
up to Holies to Supper: returned in the
Evening to marry a Couple.

Friday 25. Rid out with Brother Emer-
son in Town about Business.

Sat. 26. Read some in the forenoon:
afternoon wrote a Relation for Mercy Wil-
liams; rid uo to Holies to change with
Brother Emerson.

Sab 27. I preached at Holies all Day
from, He is the Rock &c.

Man. 28. I made one Pastoral Visit to
Silas Blood on the other side of the River :
made several other Visits.

Tues. 20 I studied forenoon: afternoon
preached a Sermon at John Words from,
He is the Rock &c.

Wed 30 Studied hard all Day: in the
Evening did some other Writing.
DECEMBER.

Thurs. i. Studied hard all Day : went in
the Evening to Mr. Isaac Farnsworth's, &
wrote the quarter part of a Relation for
his Wife.

Friday 2. Studied forenoon: afternoon
our (Preparatory) Lecture: I preached
from with Joy shall ye draw Water out of
the Wells of Salvation.

Sat. 3. I went in the Morning to visit
a child of Mr Wright, who is sick of the
Throat Distemper: She died in the after-
noon.

Sab. 4. Sacrament. I preached from 2
Cor. 8.9 P :M : from Blessed are they who
mourn &c

Man. 5. I wrote two Letters to North-
ampton, one to dear Mrs (Miss) Esther
Edwards, who I find ingrosseth too many
of my Tho'ts, yet some glimmering of
Hope supporteth my Spirits. In the even-
ing I went down to Capt. Bulkley's &
lodged there.

Tues. 6. Set out with a number of Gro-
ton People for Concord. I lodged with
Capt Hubbard, a Relation of mine, where
I was courteously entertained. I heard of
the death of Mr. Owen of Boston which
affected me much : the best friend I had in
Boston. I pray God to sanctify it to me 1

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(b0emati0ns in ifr of an larhj American

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. 7 I went to the other Parish:
attended the ordination of Mr. Lawrence.
Mr. Appleton of Cambridge began with
Prayer. Mr. Trowbridge preached from
i Tim. 3:15 Mr. Hancock of Lexington
gave the charge. Mr. Rogers of Littleton
prayed after the charge. Mr. Williams of
Weston gave the Right Hand. After sup-
per, I rid down to my Father's. My
Mother hath been ill with the slow Fever,
but something better.

Thurs. 8. I went to Boston: attended
the Publick Lecture: Mr. Cheekley
preached from Luk. 14.27: dined with Mr.
Bromfield; returned to Maiden.

Frid. 9. Sat out for Home: dined at
Woburn with Mr. Cotton, lodged at Mr.
Chandler's who hath lately brot Home his
Wife, who appears to be an agreeable
Woman.

Sat. 10 Came to Dunstable in Hamp-
shire in order to preach there tomorrow.
Mr. Prince is to supply my Pulpit: took
lodgings at Col Blanchard's.

5Vj&. // I preached all Day from What
w a man profited if he gain the whole
World &c

Man. 12. Breakfasted at Major Love-
well's and after Dinner with the Col.
(Blanchard), returned to my lodgings (in
Pepperell).

TKM. 13. Read all the forenoon: in the
afternoon attended the funeral of a Child
of Moses Woods who was still born; in
the Evening went up to Holies, heard part
of a Sermon at Mr. Townshend's from Mr.
Prince: lodged at Brother Emerson's.

Wed. 14 Spent the forenoon in reading
part of Col Gardner's Life: after Dinner,
returned home.

Thurs. 75 Read some: conversed with
two Persons who are about owning the
Covenant Studied some in the Evening.

Frid. 16 Studied all Day. In the Even-
ing went out about Business.

Sat. 17 Studied chief of the Day.

Sat. 18 Preached all Day from The
whole need not a Physician, but they that
are sick

Man. 10 I went out : made two Pastoral
Visits on the other side of the River, viz.
to Nathan Fisk, & James Blood. Studied
some in the Evening.

Tues. zo Read some in the forenoon:
afternon went up to Holies, & pilotted Mr
Prince down, who purposes to tarry a Day
or two with us. I studied in the Evening.

Wed. 21. I read chief of the Day to Mr
Prince, & he preached a Sermon at mv
lodgings in he Evening from Behold I
stand at the door and knock.

Thurs. 22. Read something in the fore-
noon; in the afternoon went to James
Parker's, & married him at his own House
to Rebekah Bulkley. A decent pretty wed-
ding.

Fri. 23. I was this Day so pressed down
under the weight of some peculiar Burdens
both of a Temporal & a Spiritual Nature,
that I could not fix my mind to do anything
at all in the forenoon: in the afternoon I
attended a private Meeting at Mr. Saml
Fisk's: read a Sermon out of Dr. Watts.

Sat. 24 Melancholy all Day: it seems to
be growing upon me. I read a little, but
chief of the Day sat meditating on my
Troubles: Evening my Burdens somewhat
lightened. Oh! that I could be thankful;
for it almost unfits me for the Service of
God or Man I

Sab. 25 Preached all Day from They
that be whole need not a Physician, but
they that be sick.

Man. 26 Went out to divert myself, and
visited several of the neighbors.

Tues. 27 Read some; attended some
upon Company: & studied some: studied
the whole of the Evening.

Wed. 28. Studied part of the Day: be-
gan to read Ames' Medulla; went in the
Evening to wait upon the Parish Commit-
tee at James Lawrence's about Business.
After nine o'clock I was sent for to see
the Wife of Benjamin Rolfe who has been
exercised with Fits, & is in very great Dis-
tress of Soul: her Convictions appear
strong, may they well.

Thurs. 20. Read in the forenoon; stud-
ied Afternoon and Evening.

Friday 30. Read some, & studied some.

Sat. 31 Read some, & studied some.
The year is now concluded, & I may well
finish my Journal as Ames does his Alma-
nack I Another year is gone, but ah! how
little have we done ! Alas ! how little have
I done for God, for my own Soul, for the
Souls of the People committed to my care !
I find a great deal Amiss. I would fly to
the Grace of Christ to pardon my Defects,
& to his Strength to enable me to do more
for him this year, if he should please to
spare my Life!

A JOURNAL FOR THE YEAR 1749.
JANUARY.

Sat. i. I preached all Day from Com-
mit thy Way to the Lord: trust also in him
&c. An extreme cold day, very few People
at Meeting.

Man z. I went out about Business in
the Parish.

Tues. 3 Did some odd chores in the
Day: studied in the Evening.

Wed. 4. I went up to Moses Wood's, &
preached a Sermon in his House from
Turn Thou me, 6" I shall be turned. A
larger Assembly than I expected.

Thurs. $ Dr. Brewster & Brother Em-
erson came to see me: I waited on 'em

124

3lonrnai of a (Ebnjgman in Ammra in 1T4B

I
I

chief of the Day. Studied in the Even-
ing.

Frid. 6. Went up to Holies after studv-
ing some in the morning, & preached
Brother Emerson's Lecture, from Fear not,
little Flock &c: Returned Home.

Sat. 7. Studied all Day. Being hin-
dered so much this week, I could not get
prepared for the Sabbath till in the Even-
ing.

Sab. 8. I preached all Day from The
whole need not a Physician &c; an ex-
treme cold Day, much colder than the last.

Man. o. I went up to the other end of
the Parish, & visited Eleazer Green's Wife,
who is sick: went down to Dunstable, &
lodged at Ebenezer Kendal's.

Tues. 10. Went to see a man in the
neighborhood, who is apprehended to be a
dying; & who did die within an hour or
two after I left the House. I returned
Home.

Wed. ii. Forenoon I studied some;
afternoon went to the Parish Meeting:
Evening waited upon Company.

Thurs. iz Studied all Day, Evening
reckoned with some who have worked for
me.

Frid. 13. Studied forenoon: afternoon
attended the meeting at Jonas Varnum's,
instead of the Lecture, for I put by the
Sacrament upon the Account of the Diffi-
culty of the Season: spent the Evening at
James Parker's.

Sat. 14. Studied all Day.

Sab. 15. I expounded all Day 2 Tim.
3 1-12.

Man. 16 Read chief of the Day.

Tues. 17 Read forenoon; afternoon &
Evening spent with the Committee who
came to settle the Salary for this coming
year.

Wed. 18 Went up to Holies : spent the
Day: returned Evening.

Thurs. 10. Studied forenoon; afternoon
attended the funeral of a Child at Saml
Rolfe's 'tother side the River.

The Child was not a fortnight old, born
of a woman whom Ezra Rolfe brot here,
& calls his Wife, tho' he has another at
Lancaster. I spent the Evening at Deacon
Cumming's with Brother Emerson & Mr.
Prince.

Frid. zo. Studied all Day.

Sat. 21 Studied all Day

Sab. 22. Preached all Day from Mai.
3:16.

Mon. 23 Studied some, afernoon enter-
tained Company: Mr. Prince came to
tarry a Day or two with us.

Tues. 24. Studied chief of the Day.

Wed. 25. Studied forenoon: afternoon
went up to Holies.

Thurs. 26. Studied all Day; Evening

Mr. Prince preached at my Lodgings from
To 'em who believe, he is precious

Frid. 27. I went to Dunstable, Brattle's
End, & preached to a family meeting at
Mr. Ebenezer Kendal's from Mai. 3.16: &
in the Evening at Mr. John Kendal's from
Turn thou 6- I shall be turned,

Sat. 28. Returned Home very much out
of Order.

Sab. 29. Preached all Day from Yea, all
who will live godly in Christ Jesus shall
suffer Persecution. Much indisposed all
Day.

Mon. 30. My illness seems to increase
upon me.

Tues. 31. Something better thro' Mercy :
was able to do a little writing: heard of
the death of James Parker whom I mar-
ried about a month ago: he died at his
Mother's at Toun.

FEBRUARY.

Wed. i. Something better: wrote two
Letters to Northampton.

Thurs. 2. I went down to Groton, &
attended the Lecture. Mr. Trowbridge
preached from. Mar. 13, 35. I went to
Unkety & lodged at John Wood's.

Frid. 3. Attended the private Meeting at
John Scot's: read a Sermon out of Dr.
Watts.

Sat. 4 I studied some.

Sab. 5. I preached all Day from O that
they were wise.

Mon. 6. Read some in the forenoon;
afternoon walked up to Holies in Order to
joyn with Brother Emerson tomorrow in
the Concert of Prayer.

Tues. 7. We spent the forenoon in re-
ligious Exercises in private, except one or
two Neighbors with us. afternoon a pub-
lick Lecture.

Brother Emerson preached from Esther
4:14

Wed. 8. In the afternoon I sat out to
return Home, went part of the Way, &
was_ beat out by a Storm of Snow : made
a Visit to the Widow Cummings, who hath
for some Time, been under peculiar Temp-
tations; returned to Brother Emerson's.

Thurs. 9. Studied chief of the Day.

Frid. 10 Studied some in the Morning,
& returned Home to my Lodgings.

Sat. ii. Studied all Day.

Sab. 12 I preached all Day from Yea,
all who will live godly in Christ Jesus,
shall suffer Persecution.

Mon. 13. Read all Day, Brother Emer-
son & Mr. Ward, our Schoolmaster, who
keeps in the Parish, spent the chief of the
Evening with me, and then I went up to
Holies with Brother E.

Tues. 14 Went early in the Morning to
Capt Powers, & did some Business: made
two or three Visits, & returned to my

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Lodgings. I conversed at Brother Emer-
son's with Mrs. Brown, wife to Josiah
Brown, who is under very grievous Temp-
tations & spiritual Difficulties: the Lord
relieve her!

W ed. 15 Read some & studied some.

Thurs. 16 Studied forenoon; afternoon
made a Visit to the Widow Parker, who is
a young Widow indeed, but a little above
18 years of Age.

Frid. 17 Studied all Day.

Sat. 18 Went up to Townshend in order
to change with Mr. Hemenway.

Sab. 19. I preached all Day at Towns-
hend from Mai. 3:16.

Man. 20. I made several Visits, & re-
turned Home at night.

Tues. 21. I read all the forenoon:
afternoon wrote a Letter to Northampton
to send by Mr. Isaac Parker who designs
to set out for there tomorrow. Spent the
Evening with the Committee who came up
from Town to lay out the Common about
our Meeting.

Wed. 22 Studied some; spent the Even-
ing with Company.

Thurs. 23 Studied chief of the Day:
went in the Evening to visit Cap. Parker
& Mehitabel Flanders, who seems to be
abandoned to all Wickedness. I could not
see the Capt: but talkt with her, & dis-
charged my own Conscience: but I fear
did her but little Good.

Frid. 24. Studied Forenoon: Afternoon
the Preparatory Lecture: I preached from
those words, My Beloved.

Sat. 25. This Day, being the Annover-
sary of my Ordination, I devoted to Fast-
ing & Prayer. I was obliged to study
some being not prepared for Tomorrow.
I endeavoured to lay low before God for
my many Sins, & the many Aggravations
of 'em especially for the short Comings
of the year past, & awful breach of Vows
and Promises.

I solemnly renewed my Covenant, &
made Resolutions & Promises. I hoped in
the Strength of Christ that I would five
better, that I would watch more against
sin, & especially against the Sin which doth
most easily beset me; & pleaded for
strength to perform all Duties of my Gen-
eral & Particular Calling. Q Lord, hear
my Prayers, accept my Humiliation, & give
me Strength to keep my Vows for Jesus'
Sake. Amen & Amen.

Sab. 26. Sacrament. I preached all
Day from 2 Cor : 8 :p

Mon. 27. I sat out for Maiden: got to
my Father's safe in the evening. Went
via Concord.

Tues. 28. I spent the Day in visiting a
Neighbour or two. The Winter in a great
measure broke up.

MARCH.

Wed. i Accompanied my Uncle Moody
a few Miles, who hath been visiting his
Friends here for some Time. He is some-
thing better than he hath been.

Thurs. 2. I went down to Boston. Mr.
Foxcroft preached the publick Lecture
from Job I :$. I agreed to preach for Mr.
Roby at Lynn precinct next Lord's Day,
who supplies my place. Mr. Cheever is
to go up.

Frid. 3 Returned to Maiden and
preached my Father's Lecture from
Mai. 3:16.

Sat. 4 I went to Lynn, took my Lodging
at Mr. Jonathan Wait's.

Sab. 5. Preached A:M: from There is
no Peace saith my God to the Wicked.
P:M: from Mai. 3:16, and in the Evening
I preached a Sermon at Mr. Wait's from
The Whole need not a Physician &c.

Mon. 6 I returned to Maiden, made a
Visit or two by the Way.

Tues. 7. I went to Cambridge, & visited
a poor woman in Jail who is condemned
to die for Burglary. She appears one of
the most hardened Creatures I ever saw.
Afternoon I went to Boston & returned to
Maiden.

Wed. 8. A:M: Made a Visit to Mr.
Cleaveland. P :M : My Father preached
a Lecture to the Children at his own House
from Acquaint thyself with God, 6r be at
Peace.

Thurs. 9. I sat out for Home. Dined
at Concord, spent the Afternoon at Mr.
Minot's, lodged at Mr. Bliss's, & returned
Home on Frid. 10.

Sat. ii Read something, received a
Letter from Mrs Sarah Edwards of
Northampton, who entirely discourages me
from taking a Journey again there to visit
her Sister, who is so near my Heart I
am disappointed: the Lord teach me to
profit; may I be resigned.

Sab. 12. I preached all Day from Rom.
8:1.

Mon. 13. Began my Pastoral Visits, &
visited 5 Families, Daniel Boynton, Jos.
Jewett, Jonathan Woods, Jacob Ames,
James Shattuck.

Tues. 14. I kept school Forenoon for
Mr. Ward, had 60 Scholars ; afternoon I
chatechized in the same House, had an
hundred children present, I went up to
Holies at night & lodged.

Wed. 15. I went in company with
Brother Emerson to Townshend, Mr. Hem-
minway's Lecture. Mr. Trowbridge
preached it from The precious Blood of
Christ. Returned Home to my Lodgings,
Brother Emerson with me.

Thurs. 16. Read some, entertained Com-
pany forenoon & afternoon. Married

Iflurnal of a (Ebnjgmatt in Amerira in IT4B

Abraham Parker to Lois Blood in the
evening.

Frid. 17. Studied forenoon, afternoon
went to the private meeting at Mr. White's,
read a Sermon of Dr. Watts'.

Sat. 18. Studied all Day.

Sab. 19 Preached all Day from Job.
19 125, 26. 27.

Mon. zo. Visited 5 Families, Saml Shat-
tuck, Wm Spaulding, the Young Widow
Parker, Simon Lakin, Nehemiah Hobart.

Tues. zi. Very much out of order, I
have a constant faintness at my Stomach,
more weak this Spring than usual.

Wed. 22. Able to study some.

Thurs. 23 Publick Fast. A:M: I
preached from Isa. 58:1. P:M. Brother
Emerson preached for me. the Day not be-
ing observed in Hampshire, from Psal
79 :8-9-

Frid. 24. Very faint & weak yet. I
wrote two Letters to Maiden. Received
Visits. Went out toward Evening with
Mr. Ward to see Mr. Prescott.

Sat. 25. Read some forenoon. Went up
to Holies to change with Brother Emer-
son.

Sab. 26 I preached at Holies A:M.
from Hoseah 3:1. P:M: from Mai. 3:16.
Came home in the Evening.

Mon. 27. My weakness increases upon
me, so I am obliged to leave Pastoral Vis-
its for a Time. I rode out and did some
Business in the Parish.

Tues. 28. I rode up to my Place to see
my Workmen. I had 19 Yoke of Oxen at
work for me. & 16 Hands, all given me.

My People seem to grow in their Kind-
ness to me, blessed be God. They cross-
ploughed 3 or 4 Acres of Land.

Wed. 29. I rode down to town, made
several Visits, lodged at Capt. Bulkley's.

Thurs. 30. Attended Mr. Trowbridge's
Lecture. Mr. Hemmenway preached from
Psal. 26:6. I went to Unkety, lodged at
Mr. Perker's.

Frid. 31. Returned Home, and read

The ancient diary was found not many years ago and I will tell the
interesting story: My grandfather, Reverend James Howe, was succeeded
by Reverend Joseph Emerson, with one occupant intervening, in the pulpit
at Pepperell. I have often heard my grandfather relate anecdotes of the
Emersons. My mother's father, James Lewis, also lived in Pepperell, so
the Howe and Lewis and Emerson families were much together. When
the Emerson property changed hands, some time ago, the "minister's bar-
rels" became a source of interest to my uncles, who were then young men.
They pulled out large bunches of sermons, and among the other manuscripts,
found these journals. The journal relating to Esther Edwards was found
by my uncle, James S. N. Howe, and the Louisburg journal, by Samuel
Lewis. Many years ago, the Esther Edwards' diary disappeared. Within
two years, by the merest accident, the original journal was found, when the
papers of the Reverend Charles Babbidge were being looked over by his
daughter, after his death. It had been loaned to him by my uncle. She
returned it to my father, but we felt that it belonged to a son of the original
finder, so it has been kept by him ever since. I asked his permission to
send a copy to THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY for historical record,
and he readily assented. His name was Frank C. Howe and he resided in
Melrose, Massachusetts, but some weeks ago he died, and where the journal
will go now, I do not know. He valued it so highly that he kept it with
his private papers in a safe. The Louisburg portion of the journal is owned
by my cousin, Harriet E. Freeman of Boston. It was given to her by our
uncle, Samuel Lewis of Pepperell, who found it. She has had it deciphered
and type-written.

127

an Attwriratt

(Our Ijunftrrftth AmunrrBaru of Sirlh of (Oluirr Iflrniirll ijolatrn >
Snnt in Camhrtiigr, iHaBBarliuBrltB, an August 29, 1H09, m\i\
(Contributed Cibrnillu to tbr (Culturr ana Ziifrratnrr af Wna (Crittwry

On this Centennial of Oliver Wendell Holmes, these patriotic lines which he dedicated
to the cause of American Liberty are inscribed to his memory His work is his grandest
monument His poem, "Old Ironsides," written at the time that the Government
proposed to break up the old battleship "Constitution," appealed to the patriotic spirit
of his countrymen and gave him his first national reputation as an American poet

LEXINGTON

Slowly the mist o'er the meadow was

creeping,

Bright on the dewy buds glistened the sun,
When from his couch, while his children

were sleeping,

Rose the bold rebel and shouldered his gun,
Waving her golden veil
Over the silent dale,
Blithe looked the morning on cottage and

spire;

Hushed was his parting sigh,
While from his noble eye
Flashed the last sparkle of Liberty's fire.

On the smooth green where the fresh

leaf is springing

Calmly the first-born of Glory have met;
Hark! the death-volley around them is

ringing!
Look! with their life-blood the young

grass is wet!
Faint is the feeble breath,
Murmuring low in death,
"Tell to our sons how their fathers have

died !"

Nerveless the iron hand,
Raised for its native land,
Lies by the weapon that gleams at its side.

Over the hillsides the wild knell is tolling,
From their far hamlets the yeomanry

come;

As through the storm-clouds the thunder-
burst rolling,

Circles the beat of the mustering drum.
Fast on the soldier's path
Darken the waves of wrath,
Long have they gathered and loud shall

they fall;

Red glares the musket's flash,
Sharp rings the rifle's crash,
Blazing and clanging from thicket and wall.

Gayly the plume of the horseman was

dancing.

Never to shadow his cold brow again;
Proudly at morning the war-steed was

prancing,

Reeking and panting he droops on the rein ;
Pale is the lip of scorn,
Voiceless the trumpet horn,
Torn is the silken-fringed red cross on

high;

Many a belted breast
Low on the turf shall rest
Ere the dark hunters the herd have passed by.

Snow-girdled crags where the hoarse wind

is raving,
Rocks where the weary floods murmur

and wail,
Wilds where the fern by the furrow is

waving,
Reeled with the echoes that rode on the

gale;

Far as the tempest thrills
Over the darkened hills,
Far 1 as the sunshine streams over the plain,
Roused by the tyrant band,
Woke all the mighty land,
Girdled for battle from . mountain to main.

Green be the graves where her martyrs are

lying !
Shroudless and tombless they sunk to

their rest,

While o'er their ashes the starry fold flying
Wraps the proud eagle they roused from

his nest.

Borne on her Northern pine,
Long o'er her foaming brine
Spread her broad banner to storm and to

sun;

Heaven keep her ever free,
Wide as o'er land and sea
Floats the fair emblem her heroes have won !

\*ff

HISTORIC ART IN BRONZE IN AMERICA Symbolism of " Knowledge " and "Wisdom" by
Daniel Chester French, embodied in the Entrance Doors of the Boston Public Library Bronze by
John Williams, Incorporated Photographic reproduction for historical record in THE JOURNAL OP
AMKKIC AN HISTORY by courtesy of William Donald Mitchell of New York Copyright by Sculptor

THE RISE OF THE GREAT WEST Triumphal Symbolism in Sculpture of the Development of Minnesota,
by Daniel Chester French and E. C. Potter Photograph copyrighted by John Williams. Incorporated, of New
York Permission for reproduction foi historical record granted to THE

HE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY

MEMOR\ Beautiful Symbolism of the "years that have gone" and linger only in the memories ot
e who pass through them Modelled by Hans Schuler of Baltimore. Maryland This reproduction for
>ncal record in IHR JOURNAL of AMERICAN HISTOKV granted by courteous permission of the Sculpto

nf Ammran Antiquarian

fnr Ancient Uommrnta j* Sjiatorir Mtmtntasa J*
Krlira anb Sjcirlonma in \\\t ijlrtiiatp (HollrrtionH an&
ifnmra of Bramtoanta of tljp iBuilnrra of tljp Nation

Original order for Sale of a Negro Boy in New England in 1761, when slavery was a universal American
practice Document owned by Mr. George Langdon of Plymouth, Connecticut ^Reproduced by permission

NTIQUITY is to a nation what reputation is to a man. Disregard
for the record of the past, whether it be in the individual
man or groups of men united under a political system, is
the first step toward self-destruction. Reputation is construc-
tive ; it is the cumulation of years. The interests, of the
antiquarian and the inspiration for civic beauty and honorable
living are conceived from the same psychological motive. A
true antiquarian must necessarily be a good citizen. This is not an academic
deduction, for it is proved a thousand-fold by the membership of the
antiquarian and historical societies in America today. An analysis of the
character of the Americans devoted to antiquarian interests reveals a higher
state of intellectuality and morality than any other social relation of the
time. These same American homes are the treasure-houses of History. In
nearly every home of more than a generation's foundation in America,
there are ancient documents in the handwriting of the first citizens of the
Republic testifying to the social and economic establishment of the Nation.
Thousands of these are being lost by neglect, and becoming indecipherable
by age. It is to be the public service of these pages to become a repository
for these ancient autograph documents, preserving them for historical record
to posterity. All documents submitted for this purpose will be reproduced
in facsimile and returned to their owners. These will prove of wider service
if accompanied by such data as will assure it greater historical import.

181

of ihr Ammrau Anitqitartan

J7. /<S>.4'

__<f - ..

, ..

^ ^-~ e

Original Letter written by Noah Webster, writer of the first American Dictionary, to his nephew

This is an autograph letter, written by Noah Webster, compiler of
the Dictionary of the English Language, to his nephew. Noah Webster
was born in West- Hartford, Connecticut, October 16, 1758, and served
in a company of militia raised to oppose General Burgoyne. He grad-
uated from Yale in 1778, and first came into prominence with his spelling
book, of which sixty-two million copies were issued. The first dictionary was
written in the handwriting here shown. The manuscript enrolled twelve
thousand words and between thirty and forty definitions in this chirography.

13-2

of tlj? Ameriran Antiquarian

OrlginaPStatem.ent of Account rendered in 1776 by Captain Reuben Marcy against the Continental Government

for money loaned to Revolutionists

^H^MvHIS is an exact photographic reproduction of the original account
/ -^ of Captain Reuben Marcy, a prominent merchant during the

M American Revolution, against the Continental Government for

li ' / money and goods advanced to soldiers and their families.
^^^^^ Captain Marcy was born in Connecticut, November 28, 1732,
and his store was one of the chief distributing points, goods
being hauled overland by oxen. During the blockade, he trans-
ported geods as far as Portsmouth, New Hampshire, though his main
sources of supply were Boston and Providence. To meet the demands of
the trade, he often had over thirty teams on the road at the same time. In
the American Revolution, he was especially kind to the families of absent
soldiers, and the freedom with which he extended credit made heavy drafts
upon his fortune. This document, charging his loans to the government
in 1776 the year of the signing of the Declaration of Independence was
paid in sheets of dollars, but as the United States did not adopt the decimal
system for their money until 1786, it is apparent from this document that
he must have waited at least ten years for its payment. The notation on
this document, changing the dollars to pounds, shilling and pence, and mak-
ing them agree to the fraction, is an interesting exhibit of early American
finance. Captain Marcy answered the call of the Lexington "To Arms,"
and when Sir William Howe, with thirty thousand men, supported by
a powerful British fleet, appeared off New York Harbor in 1776, Captain
Marcy raised and commanded a company of patriots to recruit General
Washington in its defence. Captain Marcy's old musket is now in posses-
sion of his great-great-grandson, Charles Guilford Woodward of Hartford.

133

fea^

Bust ol Noah Webster representing him as he
looked late in life

Photographs of the original editions of first American Dictionary and first American Spelling Rook written by Noah Webster -

Now in Springfield, Massachusetts

Auroral l0mi>0frai>0 in Amrrira

Antmrau ffianomarka o (Mil pauses j* (Enhmtal ^uinra of
SUmniirra of life Krjmblir j* ^rrarrurli far ijtatnriral
from ^hntngra}jlj0 in ^oaaraatfln of tljptr

Ancestral Homestead and Birthplace of First American Missionary to the Sandwich Islands, Martha Barnes-
Now standing at Southington, Connecticut

MERICA is rich in historic landmarks. While battle-fields instill
a thrill of patriotism into a nation, the noblest and truest
memorials are those which stand for peace and industry,
loyalty in every day's work the patriotism of the home.
Throughout the Nation today there are many old homesteads
within whose walls the founders of the Nation worked and
lived for their country. There lingers about them no tragedy
of bloodshed, no heroic romance, only the sweet memory of a mother and
her children. It was in these old homesteads that the real republic had
its inception. It was here that liberty, duty, civic righteousness found
their first abiding-place. It is the intent of these pages to give historical
record, before it is too late, to these early American homes. Americans
are invited to co-operate in this patriotic work by contributing photographs
for record in these pages, accompanied by such data as may prove of
historical import. All photographs will be returned safely to their owners.

rcw

OLD HOUSE

Photographs taken

THE JOURNAL OF

Preserving for

the American Lan<

demolished by

N AMERICA

Jew England for
KICAN HISTORY
orical Record
cs that are being
lern Progress

EARLY AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE Types of Ancestral Homesteads in New England

Antique Jnrniinr? in Amrrira

Extant &pfc\mens of tfyp Jfarnitnrr at tljr 3Firat
Amrrtran Sjnmra ^ Exhibits nf Earlg iraigna 8>ttll
Htrpaaurrh in tfyr JlnaarBatim af tljrtr Srarrnlianta

Property of Governor William Pitkin, Governor of Connecticut in 1766-1769 Mahogany table and chair with
combination of Anglo-Dutch legs and frame-work that came into fashion in England toward the middle
of the Eighteenth Century Now in possession of Miss Marion P. Whitney of New Haven, Connecticut

MERICANS are futurists rather than antiquarians. The Ameri-
can spirit is absorbed in the morrow, and is inclined to forget
the yesterday. This tendency is characteristic of ardor and
ambition, whether it be in man or nations of men, especially
in the newness of life. Youth looks only ahead; Age looks
back and then goes forward. Maturity must have a founda-
tion ; matured thought is based on experience, the organiza-
tion of gone years. All material greatness is structural and its permanency
depends wholly upon its foundation. The substance of all life is based upon
this truth. The character of the nation is moulded in the home, and the
home is but the the evolution of the homes of yesterday. It is from this
view-point that all tangible expressions of home-life find their real, historical
value. The heirloom, the furniture of the forefathers, the ancient silver-
service, and all that comes down through the generations as the tangible
evidence of ancestral devotion, is a worthy and significant contribution to
History, and should be preserved in the annals of a nation. This is the
real worth of the collections of antiques treasured in American homes
today. It is to be the service of these pages to reproduce for historical
record photographs of these heirlooms in possession of contemporary
Americans. These photographs will be safely returned to their owners.

139

to I

Dressing Table used before the American Revolution Now owned by Mr. Thomas S. Grant,

Knfield, Connecticut

In period just before Revolution Six-Legged High Case over one hundred years old Now
owned by Mrs. Wainwright, Hartford, Connecticut

Pre-Revolutionary Chair now owned by Mr. Walter Hosmer,
Wethersfield, Connecticut

Chair, t at and walking-stick used by Dr. Eliphalet
Nott, born in 1773, President of Union College at
Schenectady, New York He delivered the notable
address on the death of Alexander Hamilton, the
organizer of present American system of finance

Armchair used by James Gates Percival, linguist and
scientist, born in 1775 This chair was occupied dur-
ing many of his greatest achievements in Wisconsin

Officti v. l>air ut Roger Sherman, Signer of the Four Great
Document?, in the Founding of the American Nation
Now in possession of Connecticut Historical Society

Eighteenth Century or Revolutionary Settle with folding candle-stick-
Now owned by Mrs. Wainwright, Hartford, Connecticut

ffj

(SaUrrg nf tlf? Ammratt Art

Anrirnt iHaatrrpirrra in Amrrica Ifc flaitttingB
JHiniaturrfi j* iatgrawinga J* &HIjnHrttra in tljr
mnn of Amrriran (Qallectam ani Ancestral

MERICA has frequently been rated by Europeans as a Nation
without Art. This is not only unjust, but untrue. The
American people have a well-defined Art sense. Moreover,
it is extending more encouragement to aestheticism than any
other country in the world. The ancient master-pieces are
coming into possession of Americans every day. The munici-
palities throughout the Nation are organizing Art commis-
sions. Nearly every city has its public collections, and there are but few
American homes that do not contain something strongly suggestive of the
truest Art instinct. It may be partially true that there is no organized
technique of expression in creative art in America, and that academic interest
in various schools of art is but slightly developed. This, however, is not
of first importance. The basic principle of true Art is the love of the
beautiful, and that this sub-conscious appreciation permeates America today
is of greater import to the Nation than the merely critical cult. It is far
better for the millions to feel the sense of beauty than it is for the clique
to discuss it academically. It has been truly said that true Art is the expres-
sion of the ideals of a people ; "their conditions, their activities in archi-
tecture, decorations, furnishings, clothes, pictures, pottery, in fact in those
things most intimately associated with their actual living. Art feeling and
art knowing have not been limited to paint and canvas, but have found their
expression in all the mediums and through all the devices known to man.
The question of a National Art is now being widely discussed. This great
movement is not wholly in the hands of the artist who paints pictures,
although this may be the highest form of Art. It is in the hands of the
architect, the sculptor, the decorator, the printer, the costumer, the designer
and the general public who buy and use the products of these men. . Reform,
or the birth of a new idea, grows from the bottom up, not from the top down.
If we are to be remembered, to be known to future peoples, we must extend
our vision of National Art to include both the simple and the vital, national
and individual ideas and their expression in every field of social and indus-
trial activity." Art is History just as truly as are political movements and
wars, and its tendency is much more uplifting. It is not the privilege of
these pages to discuss the academic problem of National Art, rather to
give historical record to the various expressions of Art that are treasured
in America today, from which a National Art will ultimately arise. Repro-
ductions from private collections of old paintings, miniatures, and portraits,
either by known or unknown painters, will be given record, especially such
as pertain to historical events, or historical personages in the building
of the Nation. Photographs will be safely returned to their owners.

Old Painting of Elihu Yale (1649-1721) English Governor of Madras, India, whose benefactions
permanently founded YaleJ College This canvas is now in possession of Yale University

Jnaugttnittan uf

JmUitittum of a ittmtrinrut an tliia (Cnttriwnj nf Darwin to
l-ataMialf (Sruralnijiral Krsnirdt an a jFmmiialum at Scientific
Jlmiratiaatum into % Strains of lnn& in Antrrua and tljrtr
upmt American ffiitizrnsliiu and Amrriruu Character

N this Centenary of Darwin, who established the science of
the processes of evolution through which mankind is develop-
ing, there can be no more significant memorial to his memory
than to record at this time the tendency in America toward
the establishment of a new science of heredity on the same
scientific basis which Darwin gave to the world. That man
is an atom in evolution is today accepted by science. That
heredity is one of the greatest forces in the life and the character, as well
as in physical resemblances, in this process of evolution, is acknowledged by
medical science and our system of justice. Heredity is today one of the
strongest factors in criminology, and it is accepted by courts of law and equjty
as sufficient grounds for relieving moral responsibility, even for taking human
life. One of the greatest financial systems in the world, life insurance,
representing billions of dollars, rests upon heredity as a foundation. Strange
as it may seem, in every relation of man to the lower animal, heredity or
pedigree is the basis of valuation; man values his dog, his thoroughbred
horse, even his fowls, on the strains of blood that are perfected in them.
He guards against the intermingling of strains that are unknown to him.
In fact, he has so far perfected the science of heredity that he can control
the color, physical form, and characteristics of his animals. Man ignores
this most subtle power of heredity only in his own offspring. In this greatest
and most responsible duty known to mankind fatherhood and motherhood
he brings into the world souls that know not, and have no control what-
ever over, the endowments of heredity which have been thrust upon them
without reason or intent. The weakest point in civilization today is its
promiscuous marriage and loose marriage bonds, as proved both by its
offspring and its divorce courts. It is as positive as time itself that future
civilizations will require by law examinations into heredity before granting
the privileges of entering into the serious and sacred matrimonial relations
and the basis for these examinations will be a perfected system of genealogi-
cal investigations.

146

Jfatmoatum of >t\mtt of ^

Genealogy today is largely a social factor in America. Even on this
plane it is the most wholesome and the most inspiring of social customs. As
has been stated before in these pages, genealogical knowledge is moral
strength. The man who feels the responsibility of upholding the honorable
record of his family for generations will make a good citizen. To such a
man there can be no deeper humiliation than that he is the weakest and
the most ignoble of generations of strong forbears, and that he has stooped
to dishonor that which has been held sacred by his own blood for centuries
and for which many of his kin would have sacrificed their lives honor.
This is the philosophy and the science of genealogy every man taking good
care to contribute some good quality of character to the name with which
he is intrusted a true American aristocracy on principles of pure democracy.

(Sriif aliutij 80 a Swtoluiriral Jf&ttat in Amrrirtm ffiife

The tremendous responsibility of the single individual, both to himself
and to posterity, is now being forcibly demonstrated by Professor Elisha
Loomis, Ph. D., of Cleveland, Ohio, who is preparing the investigations
into the Loomis foundations in England and America. Dr. Loomis is one
of the ablest mathematicians in this country, and he has just completed a
mathematical calculation of the relative importance of the individual to the
state as a factor in the building of the Nation. Dr. Loomis' scholarly
genealogical work is now being published by THE ASSOCIATED PUBLISHERS
OF AMERICAN RECORDS (the publishers of THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HIS-
TORY), and from the manuscript this interesting computation is made:
Every human being has necessarily had two parents, four grandparents,
eight great-grandparents, and so on until one's ancestors for ten generations
are apparently 512; fifteen generations, over 16,000; twenty-five generations,
over 16,000,000. This computation would make the direct lineal ancestors
greater in number than all the inhabitants of the earth at the time of the
beginning of the Christian era. It is therefore apparently a paradox in
mathematics. The solution of this is : that through the processes of heredity,
intermarriage, and various genealogical branches, a single ancestor is com-
mon to countless interweaving lines. ' The only mathematical approach
for sociological deductions is therefore by beginning with an ancestor and
working forward. As a test any early American emigrant may be taken.
Consider, for example, the case of Joseph Loomis, who came from Brain-
tree, Essex County, England, to America in 1638. He was the average
early American settler. He was married to Mary White. They had five
sons and three daughters. As a basis for calculation let us suppose that
the families in descent averaged two sons and two daughters; as a matter
of fact the Loomis lines happen to average more than this number. The
actual result on this conservative estimate makes Joseph Loomis, and his
wife, Mary White Loomis, in ten generations, or less than three hundred
years, the father and mother to 5,270,540 sons and daughters in various
degrees of descent. What a tremendous responsibility! And every living
man and woman stands today as the probable beginning of a race as mighty
as this, which is to spring from his or her being.

Slits $rar is thr JUhrrr Ijnnnrrnth Aitmurrsarij nf tljr 3unmuing nf Ainrrtra'

rratrat (City bu thr Sntrb. in IfiOfl J*3n ijtatortral Qlnututrinnratinn nf

thr intrh. Srgtmr, tb,ia (finat-nf-Artna ta rmblazonro, marking thr

tranaittnn nf thr intrh Nrin Amatrrnam In thr English

3frui ^|nrk, nnbrr tljr AouttntHtrattnn uf Jrtrr

i^tnyiirsant. thr 3Cust Sutrh (Suurrnur nf

thr Nriu Nrtbrrlanofi tit Amrrira

AnicricHn Adiiptatiun of Heraldic Illuininulimt

KngravinK loaned by The Americana Society of New V,.ik

ITOIII tlieir "ATiir-ri'^in I'iiniilies of Historic F.inpage "

Inauguration on % Okntetanj of larurin

America can pay no greater tribute to Darwin on this centenary than
to begin to give practical consideration to heredity as a subtle power in
the morals, the mentality, the physical strength, and the abilities of its
people upon these the future must be built, social and political ; upon these
all material and intellectual greatness rests.

^Inauguration of Brpartmrut of (Smpaluyiral Umarrh

This marks the inauguration of a Department of Genealogical Research
in connection with the investigations into American foundations now being
conducted by THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY. This publication is
dedicated to public service and pledged to extend its energies to all that
pertains to the moral, intellectual and political uplift of the Nation. Believ-
ing that genealogy is the foundation upon which is to be ultimately devel-
oped one of the greatest discoveries in the annals of science the Science
of Heredity this Department is instituted with the co-operation of the
most distinguished and authoritative genealogists in America and England.
Organization is now in progress for the most comprehensive and united
movement for genealogical research that has ever been inaugurated in
America. While this system is being perfected the patrons of THE JOURNAL
OF AMERICAN HISTORY are invited to send to this department a record of
the investigations upon which they are engaged and data to complete their
hereditary foundations. These records will be disseminated among the
leading genealogists in this country and abroad. The most practical method
for bringing the investigator into communication with the source of infor-
mation is now being discussed by genealogists and will be announced in
the succeeding numbers of this publication as the organization develops.
The desire is to institute in America a clearing-house for genealogical
statistics and there is no more practical and effective channel than through
THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY which today is the recognized histor-
ical authority in the first homes of hereditary Americans and the leading
public and private libraries on two continents.

Exhaiistiuc 3mtrnttnatumB into Amrriran IffumiiWttuus

Supplementary to this Department of Research, exhaustive inquiries
which have just been completed by eminent investigators, and embody the
elements of historical record through intricate association with the history-
making epochs of our Nation, will be recorded in the literary pages of THE
JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY. In this issue there are invaluable con-
tributions to American historical and genealogical records, representing in
several instances from ten to twenty-five years of indefatigable research
and expenditures of more than fifteen thousand dollars. That these explor-
ations unearth rich sources for information into historical foundations, that
would never be discovered were it not for genealogical research, and that
they are direct investigations into the sociological and economic evolution of
the American people is acknowledged by the leading historians and scholars.

147

Jouttoattott of Sronr? of $fmbtt|j

That America is beginning to appreciate the significance of genealog-
ical research, is shown on this Centenary of Darwin by the movements
for its higher development. The most distinguished scholarship of the
country, including the affiliation of many men of science, is now interested
in the various aspects of genealogical investigation. The New York
Genealogical and Biographical Society, under the presidency of Mr. Clarence
Winthrop Bowen, the publisher of America's leading critical weekly, The
Independent, and treasurer of the American Historical Association, is
is organizing exhaustive and systematic registration of American pedigrees.
Promoting this movement are such eminent authorities as George Austin
Morrison, Junior, John Reynolds Totten, Dr. William Austin Macy, J.
Henry Lea. Its executives include types of the truest American character :
William Bradhurst, Osgood Field, Tobias Alexander Wright, Henry
Russell Drowne, Hopper Striker Mott, Richard Henry Greene, Ellsworth
Eliot, M. D., Rowland Pell, Warner Van Norden, Henry Pierson Gibson,
James Junius Goodwin, Archer M. Huntington, General James Grant
Wilson, William Isaac Walker. The Department of Research in con-
nection with THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY will co-operate fully
in the registration of these pedigrees and suggests that Americans communi-
cate immediately with the library and archives of the New York Genealog-
ical and Biographical Society at 226 West Fifty-eighth Street, New York.

3ttBtttutimi af a (Smralnijtral Clrariny-^nnBr in tnglanfc ani> America

This Department of Research in these pages is also co-operating in
several British movements, with which affiliations are now being completed.
Charles A. Bernau, the distinguished genealogist at Walton-on-Thames,
England, is compiling a complete international genealogical dictionary, in
which is to be given record of genealogical investigations completed, those
now in process of investigation, and sources of all professional and private
information. More than 1,40x3 genealogical researchers have already filed
their records. The work had the approval of the late Sir Edmund Bewley,
LL. D., F. S. A., who was one of the most distinguished British genealogists.
THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN HISTORY will give this work every possible
assistance in America, it being along the direct lines of the institution
of this department as a clearing-house for genealogical researches on both
continents and of the widest public service not only to genealogists, but
to all Americans who desire to lay a genealogical foundation under their
homes and families. "Knowledge of ancestry is information which all are
in duty bound to transmit in permanently recorded form for the benefit of
their children in particular, and of posterity in general. Failure to record
in the present what is now known to be accurate genealogical information
will result in the loss of this knowledge to succeeding generations."

American genealogists are cordially invited to co-operate in this organ-
ized movement toward placing genealogy on sound and permanent founda-
tions, tending toward the establishing of the science of heredity. On this
centenary of the discovery of evolution it is a safe assertion that within
the next century another Darwin will arise with the revelation of a new
force, more subtle, more powerful than them all the science of building
a great race through a full knowledge of the science of heredity.

Amertem

3t iH $Wl BJortlj facing Hindi to Know tljat
Htfr'a Murk ia not Sping Bnnt Atotu>, but
an Ahi&tng $Ua in tiff ijrarts of tiff

PETER I, King of Servia "His Majesty, King Peter, desires to acknowledge the

Anniversary Number and to express His Majesty's thanks."

GEORGE I, King of Greece "His Majesty sends assurances of respect and admiration."
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS III, King of Saxony "It gives His Majesty much pleas-

ure to receive your publication."

GEORGE II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen "The Duke sends expressions of esteem."
ERNST, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg "With assurances of fidelity and constancy for

your work."
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, Grand Duke of Oldenburg "His Majesty wishes to

extend his thanks for your 'Journal' and to express his gratitude and appreciation."
ERNST LOUIS V, Grand Duke of Hesse "We have the honor to receive your

publication, for which we thank you. It is indeed worthy."
PEDRO MONTT, President of Chili "Sends greetings bespeaking the cordial

friendship existing throughout Pan-America."
PORFIRIO DIAZ, President of Mexico "It is a most remarkable work. I extend

my congratulations."
MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA, President of the Republic of Guatemala "His

Excellency is grateful, and extends his compliments."
HONORABLE WILLIAM H. TAFT, President-elect of the United States "It is

a journal of the deepest interest."
HONORABLE GROVER CLEVELAND, Ex-President of the United States "It

seems to me that you are doing a very good work in attempting to arouse increased

interest in the incidents in our History I have sometimes thought that in this

age of materialism too little attention was being given to the things which have

made our past splendid and inspiring."
HONORABLE CHARLES W. FAIRBANKS, Vice-President of the United States

"I congratulate you upon its excellence."
HONORABLE HENRY ROBERTS, Ex-Governor of Connecticut "A journal

of American History will be a credit to the Nation. I hold its builders in high

esteem. I cannot too strongly endorse the plan. I am sure it will receive the

immediate co-operation of all who have the real interests of the Nation at heart."
HONORABLE JAMES RUDOLPH GARFIELD, Secretary of the Interior "It pre-

sents a very interesting appearance."
HONORABLE D. J. BREWER, Chief Justice of the United States "It seems full

of interesting matter and ought to be very acceptable to those investigating

historical questions."
SIR C. PURDON CLARKE, Director Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City

"I cannot speak with too warm praise of 'The Journal of American History,'

and wish it every success."
WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY, Admiral of the United States Navy during the

Spanish-American War "It is most commendable."
HONORABLE CYRUS NORTHROP, President of The University of Minnesota

"After looking through the work and admiring it to a degree that would have

done your heart good, I have passed it over temporarily to our department of

History that the professors and instructors may have an opportunity to study

its merits and enjoy it."
HONORABLE JOHN C. CUTLER, Governor of Utah "I wish to compliment you

on the enterprise. I cannot help thinking that such a periodical will supply a want

long felt, and its influence will be for the spread and deepening of patriotic

feeling throughout the land. I congratulate you most heartily."
GEORGE AUSTIN MORRISON, JUNIOR, of the New York Genealogical

and Biographical Society "The publication will undoubtedly fill a want among

historical and genealogical magazines, and the articles therein are most interesting,

preserving as they do much data which otherwise would remain unknown."

149

of tlje Ammran Jhtbltr

limn
I

Thousands of letters of appreciation have been received by THE JOURNAL OF
AMERICAN HISTORY at this beginning of its third year as an institution of patriotism,
not alone from the critical public press but from the most distinguished scholars
on both continents. As a matter of historical record, and as an evidence of the national
spirit of the times, excerpts from this extensive collection are filed in these annals

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ance, and a public service is rendered through such an undertaking.'TAe Outlook.
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superior in beauty of illustration to any other historical magazine in the world.
Students of American History need no longer bemoan the lack of
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tive quarterly, designed as a national periodical of patriotism, has won for itself
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addition to every library." Boston Globe.

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tion not fully furnished without it." Plover Review.
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editorial plan of the publication." St. Paul Dispatch.

150

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Ry i i'i rs I NI \KO Ris h. ! r.i :

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MISSOURI "Published in impressive form befitting its admirable purpose." Kansas
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. Words are inadequate to describe the beauties of this edition. Keep
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today as elegantly gotten up, nor upon which such an amount of money is
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CONNECTICUT "It is certainly a beautiful specimen of typographical art, as well

as valuable for the quality of the reading matter which it contains." Waterbury

American.

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of % ijitftson gfcr-CEgnlgttarg Number

snooxra NTJMBBH THIRD VOLTJMB

This book marks second quarter of third year of institution
of a Periodical of Patriotism in America, inculcating princi-
ples of American Citizenship, and narrating Deeds of Honor
and Achievement that are so true to American Character
This Summer Number is Dedicated to American Civilization

HISTORIC MURAL ART IN AMERICA Cover Design on this book is a reproduction in original colors
of the mural painting symbolizing "History" in the Library of Congress at Washington By John
White Alexander From the Art Collection and by special permission of Foster and Reynolds of New York

AMERICA'S GREAT METROPOLIS THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO On this Ter-centenary of New
York, This Rare Document Describing the Island of Manhattan when "Wilde Beasts" Roamed its Forests,
is Historically Recorded as Evidence of the Wonderful Power of American Civilization ............................ 153

PR ESI DENT OF THE U NITED STATES Honorable William Howard Taft Portrait bearing his signature
presented to THE JOURNAL op AMERICAN HISTORY in recognition of its services to American patriotism
and literature .............................................................................................................................................................. 157

HUDSON'S ARRIVAL AT MANHATTAN ISLAND Painting by George Wharton Edwards In Commem-
oration of the Three Hundredth Anniversary of New York, which since the arrival of the adventurous
Dutch navigator in the "Half Moon" has become America's greatest metropolis and one of the world's
richest ports of commerce and trade ....................................................................................................................... 159

LAST VOYAGE OF HENRY HUDSON Painting by Sir John Collier On this Three Hundredth Anniver-
sary of Hudson's Arrival at Manhattan Island there is neither an Authentic Portrait nor a Known Burial
Place of the Great Navigator This painting represents him on his voyage to the Far North from which
the mariner never returned ...................................................................................................................................... 161

PRAISE OF NEW NETHERLAND Written by Jacob Steendam in 1661 Translated from the Dutch ...... 162

RARE WOOD ENGRAVING OF NEW YORK ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO Canal Street in 1809 with

its drainage ditch spanned by bridges ...................................................................................................................... 163

SKY-LINE IN NEW YORK TWO HUNDRED YEARS AGO Sketch from ancient map ............................ 163

FIRST MARKET PLACE IN NEW AMSTERDAM Now Broad street in the Heart of the Financial District

of the Western Continent Rare Wood Engraving .............................................................................................. 163

BRONZE TABLET RECENTLY ERECTED AT FORT McHENRY, MARYLAND By United StatesGov-
ernment Executed by John Williams, Inc. of New York Photograph by courtesy of William Donald
Mitchell ........................................................................................................................................................................ 164

MANUSCRIPT OF THE NATIONAL HYMN IN HANDWRITING OF ITS AUTHOR, FRANCIS SCOTT
KEY "The Star-Spangled Banner" was Originally Written on the Back of a Letter in 1814 First sung in
aTavernin Baltimore Transcript of Manuscript Presented by the Author to a Friend in Washington ...... 165

DISCOVERY OF THE BAY OF SAN FRANCISCO By Portola Painting by Arthur Mathews Original in

Possession of the San Francisco Art Association ................................................................................................ 169

DISCOVERY OF THE BAY OF SAN FRANCISCO By Portola Painting by William Keith Original in

Possession of the Bohemian Club at San Francisco ............................................................................................ 170

FIRST OVERLAND ROUTE TO THE PACIFIC Journey of Colonel Anza Across the Colorado Desert to
Found the City of San Francisco and Open the Golden Gate to the Riches of the Great Orient By
Honorable Zoeth S. Eldredge, San Francisco, California Member of American Historical Association.... 171

FORT BUILT BY FIRST WHITE SETTLERS AT SAN FRANCISCO Old Engraving of historic Castillo
de San Joaquin as it appeared in 1852 The fort was razed arid the rock cut down in 1853-54 to erect the
present Fort Winfield Scott ..................................................................................................................................... 175

Address all Business Communications to the Subscription Offices at 765 Broadway, New York

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Published Quarterly and Copyrighted (1909) by THE ASSOCIATED PUBLISHERS OP AMERICAN RECORDS at the
Printing'House.'-ieS-ieO Pratt Street, Meriden, Connecticut

Context uritlj lEttgratttnga aitfr Antfror0

SEOOIfD QTJAHTER

NINHTEDN MINK

CONTINUATION OF INDEX

THE FIRST AMERICAN IN SCULPTURE Reproductions of historical statuary 180

War or Peace By Cyrus E. Dallin.

Victory By E. Berge of Baltimore, Maryland.

American Indian By A. Sterling Calder of Los Angeles, California.

On the Trail By E. Berge of Baltimore, Maryland.

Bas Relief on Parkman Monument By Daniel Chester French of New York.

AMERICA'S CONTROL OF THE SEAS Sculptural Conception of Science and Invention as applied to the
American Navy and embodied in the bronze doors recently dedicated at the United States Naval Acad-
emy at Annapolis, Maryland By Evelyn Beatrice Longman of the National Sculpture Society 182

AMERICAN PATRIOTISM Sculptural Conception of the Spirit of American Supremacy as symbolized in
the Motherhood and Youth of the Nation Bronze doors unveiled in June of this year at the United States
Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland By Evelyn Beatrice Longman of the National Academy of Design 183

FIRST ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE SOCIETY INTO A FREE POLITICAL BODY Investigations into
the Famous Providence Compact which First Separated the Civil Government from Theology and Estab-
lished Citizenship as an Absolutely Independent Political Unit Evidence that this Document was Not
Written by Roger Williams but is of Lollard or Quaker Origin By Professor Stephen Farnum Peckham,
Chemist of Department of Finance of City of New York 185

ORIGINAL DOCUMENT WHICH CREATED THE FIRST POLITICAL GOVERNMENT IN THE NEW
WORLD FREE FROM THEOCRATIC PRINCIPLES Photograph of the Providence, Rhode Isand,
Compact of 1638, in the handwriting and bearing the autograph of Richard Scott as the first signer 188

GREAT PAINTINGS IN AMERICAN HISTORY Reproductions from famous canvasses by John Trumbull,
the first American Historical artist:

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown 197

Death of General Montgomery before Quebec 198

Surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga. 198

Battle at Princeton 199

Battle of Bunker Hill 199

ORIGINAL POTOGRAPH OF CUSTER ON THE BATTLEFIELD Negative taken at Brandy Sta-
tion, Virginia, in 1863, while Custer on his black war-horse, was conferring with Major-General Pleason-
ton, astride his gray charger. 200

DIARY OF CAPTAIN BENJAMIN WARREN ON BATTLEFIELD OF SARATOGA Remarkable Nar-
rative of One of the "Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World" Written on the Battlefield by a Captain in the
American Revolution Transcribed from the Jared Sparks Collection of Manuscripts Deposited in the
Library at Harvard University By David E. Alexander, Cambridge, Massachusetts 201

FIRST TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR IN THE FIRST TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF UNITED
STATES Investigation into services of the deposed St. Clair whose government embraced all the region
from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi and from the Ohio River to the Great Lakes, known as the "United
States Northwest" Strong Pleas for Governor St. Clair By Dwight G. McCarty, A. M., LL. B., Emmets-
burg, Iowa 217

AMERICA THE INVINCIBLE REPUBLIC Poem from William Watson of London, England 226

A SURVIVOR'S STORY OF THE CUSTER MASSACRE ON AMERICAN FRONTIER Recollections of
an old Indian Fighter who followed the Gallant Custer to his Tragic Death in 1876 Living Witness to
Heroism of the Daring Cavalryman who Fell on the Sioux Battlefield Testimony of Jacob Adams
By Horace Ellis, A. M., Ph. D., President Vincennes University 227

PLANTATION LIFE IN THE OLD SOUTH AND THE PLANTATION NEGROES Recollections of
the Days Before the War and Customs that Prevailed Documentary Evidence of the Relations which
Existed Between a Master and His Negroes as Exhibited in the Investigations into the Private Life of Jef-
ferson Davis on His Plantation in Mississippi By Walter L. Fleming, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of History
in Louisiana State University 233

FIRST DECLARATIONS OF INDEPENDENCE Ancient Document by Joseph Hawes at Wrentham, Mas-
sachusetts, which Antedates Jefferson's Declaration at old Philadelphia, Transcribed by Gilbert Ray Hawes
of the New York Bar. 247

, INDEX CONTINUED (OT^H)

Anmttt Snruttmtts

Collecting the Various Phases of History, Art, Literature,
Science, Industry, and Such as Pertains to the Moral, Intellectual
and Political Uplift of the American Nation Inspiring Nobility
of Home and State Testimonial of the Marked Individuality
and Strong Character of the Builders of the American Republic

CONTINUATION OF INDEX

PAINTING OF AUTHOR OF WRENTHAM DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Joseph Hawes
(1727-1818), Lieutenant in Massachusetts Militia, 1775-78, Minute Man at "Lexington Alarm," Bunker
Hill and Siege of Boston, Representative to the General Court in 1778-81 Painting byEHab Metcalf in
Possession of Gilbert Ray Hawes of New York 249

HISTORIC COLLECTIONS IN AMERICA Exclusive reproductions for historical record from the Seven
Thousand Original Negatives taken under the Protection of the Secret Service during the Civil War
Valued at $150,000 and now owned by Edward Bailey Eaton, Hartford, Connecticut 251

ORIGINAL NEGATIVES TAKEN AT FAMOUS LONG BRIDGE, connecting National Capital at Wash-
ington with Alexandria, Virginia, the Gateway of the Confederacy, in 1861 250

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN BEHIND BREASTWORKS AT FORT LINCOLN in protection of the

National Capital, in 1861 252

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN IN 1862 WHILE THE MILITARY TELEGRAPH CORPS WERE

FOLLOWING THE FEDERAL ARMY 253

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN BEHIND BREASTWORKS AT YORKTOWN, VIRGINIA, showing

heaviest battery of artillery in the world up to 1862 254

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN AT RUINS OF MANASSAS JUNCTION, IN VIRGINIA, IN 1862.... 255

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN WHILE McCLELLAN WAS PASSING THE ARMY OF THE

POTOMAC OVER THE CHICKAHOMINY IN 1862 256

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN WHILE FEDERAL PROVISION TRAINS WERE ENTERING

PETERSBURG AFTER THE EVACUATION, IN 1865 257

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE OF THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM. IN 1862, First photograph ever taken by

armies in battle on the Western Continent 258

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN AT RUINS OF STONE BRIDGE OVER BULL RUN, IN 1862 259

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN AT FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA, IN 1862 260

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN OVER RUINS OF KNOXVILLE TENNESSEE, IN 1863, from

Fort Sanders 261

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN ON GRANT'S MILITARY RAILROAD when the 13-inch Mortar,

"Petersburg Express," was throwing shells into Petersburg in 1864 262

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN AT FORT FISHER, NORTH CAROLINA, showing the destruction of

gun carriage, in 1865 '. 263

ORIGINAL NEGATIVE TAKEN BEHIND THE PARAPETS AT FORTRESS MONROE, the base of

the Government operations, in 1861 264

FIRST BOOK PRINTED IN NEW YORK Remarkable Treatise on Morals and Ethics entitled "A
Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman" concerning his Behavior and Conversation in the World,
printed by William Bradford in 1696 and now in archives of Columbia University Library Written
about 1670 by Reverend Doctor Richard Lingard, University of Dublin 265

GENERAL WASHINGTON'S ORDER BOOK IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Original Records
in Washington's Orderly Book throwing new light onto his Military Character and His Discipline of the
army Proof of his genius as a Military Tactician Life of the American Patriots in the ranks of the
Revolutionists as revealed by Original Manuscript in possession of Mrs. Ellen Fellows Bown, Penfield,
New York 275

XKDIX CONTINUED IOVEH)

ODrtghtal %ggpard| in World's

The Publishers of "The Journal of American History" an-
nounce that the issues of the first year are now being held by
Book Collectors at a premium, the market price is now Four
Dollars and will increase as the numbers become rare
Subscriptions for 1909, however, will be received for Three
Dollars until the early editions of the year are exhausted

CONCLUSION OF INDEX

FIRST MANOR -HOUSES IN AMERICA AND ESTATES OF THE FIRST AMERICANS A Journey to
the Historic Mansions along the York River in Old Gloucester County, Virginia Old-time Southern Char-
acter and Culture Reflected in the Magnificent Landmarks which Still Withstand the Ravages of More
than Two Centuries Mute Evidence of the Ancient Tombs Transcribed by R. T. Crowder of Gloucester

County, Virginia 283

Including original photographs:

Earliest Type of Houses in First English Generation in America "Goshen," seat of the Tompkins in

Historic Old Gloucester, Virginia

Typical Southern Manor-place during British regime in America "White Marsh," estate of the Whit-
ings, Prossers, Rootes and Tabbs in Virginia

Mansion of the early American aristocracy in the Old South "Burgha Westra," estate of the Talia-

ferros in Virginia, used as Hospital in Civil War

Estate of old Cavalier Days in the South "White Hall," original seat of the Willis blood in America,

later the Corbins and Byrds of Southern aristocracy

Homestead of American Revolutionists in the Old South "Timber Neck," abode of the Catletts of

ancient lineage in Virginia

Mansion where Jefferson wrote first draft of Declaration of Independence, "Rosewell," established

by the Pages in Virginia in 1725 and scene of brilliant assemblages.

Mansion built in 1758 "Belleville," original seat of the Booths in Virginia

"Hockley," of the Virginia Taliaferros "Glen Roy," "Lowland Cottage," built in 1700

"Warner Hall," established in Virginia in 1674 by Honorable Augustus Warner, Speaker of the House

of Burgesses .

"Elmington" before the American Revolution and as now occupied by Thomas Dixon, junior, and "The

Exchange," home of the Dabneys

Famous old churches of England still standing in Virginia Abingdon, built in 1690, and "Ware,"

erected in 1679

Manor-place, "Churchill," established in Virginia in 1658 by William Throckmorton

ADVENTURES OF A MINUTE MAN IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Experiences of Captain
Samuel Allen who ventured his fortune and his life in the struggle to found a Republic on the Western
Continent Thrilling Episodes on Land and Sea in the protection of New York from the British Narra-
tive of a True Patriot in the Conflict for Independence By Colonel Ethan Allen, Former Deputy Dis-
trict Attorney, New York 297

INAUGURATION OF DEPARTMENT OF GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH 310

MARGINAL DECORATIONS in this book are by Howard Marshall of New Haven Connecticut

EDITORIAL and all unsigned introductories to articles are by Francis Trevelyan Miller, Editor-in-chief
Presswork and entire manufacture of this book is from the plant

of the Curtiss- Way Company at Meriden, Connecticut

*k' Journal

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EDITOR-IN-CHIEP
FRANCIS TREVELTAN MILLER

Member of the American Academy of Political and

Social Science
American Historical Association

National Geographic Society

American Statistical Association

Fellow of the American Geographical Society

Aram'ran iistorij

NIN ET B F N WIN E

NUMBER II

8 BOON D QT7ARTXB

IfiOS Sfym ijmtftrri* fears 19flfl
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is the three hundredth anniversary of America's greatest
^ metropolis the "wonder city" of commerce and trade that

has arisen as if by magic on Manhattan Island, the gateway
ll to the western civilization; until it stands to-day with its
towering structures that pierce the clouds, its subterranean
railways that under-travel its foundations and rivers, as the
the most marvelous handiwork of man that the world has ever
seen. This anniversary marks two epochs: the culmination of three
centuries of American civilization since Hudson planted the Dutch flag
on Manhattan; and the achievement of a single century since Fulton
proved the practicability of navigation by steam on the Hudson river,
revolutionizing the world's commerce, bringing the nations of the earth
into one fellowship, linked by a mighty race of sea messengers that find
New York their mother-port. It is still more; it is the beginning of a
third epoch in which having solved the problem of wind and tide on the
waters of the Hudson, and having delved underneath its surface with
subways and tunnels man, the master of the universe, now rises above
his magnificent achievements and follows the course of the historic Hudson
in ships that sail through the air. New York, on this anniversary, stands
as the triumph of material civilization. In historical juxtaposition with
the great American metropolis to-day there is recorded in these pages this
ancient manuscript from the archives of the New York Historical Society.

18:

tf.

Jftrat flsara on iianljattan 30lani>

Accurate Transcript of Manuscript on Manhattan "'. Island Written In Pirst.Yeara of; English^ Occupation

AT Tract of Land formerly called The New Netherlands,
( j ot j 1 conta j n t k a t L an( j w hich lieth in the north-parts of
5 ! America, betwixt New-England and Mary-Land in Virginia,
A the length of which northward into the Countrey, as it hath

J not been fully discovered, so it is not certainly known. The

bredth of it is about two hundred miles: The principal
Rivers within this Tract, are Hudsons River, Raritan- River,
and Delewerbay-River. The Chief Islands are the Manahatans-Island,
Long Island, and Staten-Island.

And first to begin with the Manahatans Island, so called by the
Indians, it lieth within land betwixt the degrees of 41, and 42, of north-
latitude, and is about 14 miles long, and two broad. It is bounded with
Long- Island on the South, with Staten-Island on the West, on the north
with the main Land: and with Conecticut Colony on the East-side of it;
only a part of the main Land belonging to New- York Colony, where
several Towns and Villages are settled, being about thirty miles in bredth,
doth intercept the Manahatans Island, and the Colony of Conecticut
before mentioned.

New-York is settled upon the West-end of the aforesaid Island, having
that small arm of the Sea, which divides it from Long-Island on the South-
side of it, which runs away Eastward to New-England, and is navigable,
though dangerous. For about ten miles from New- York is a place called
Hell-Gate, which being a narrow passage, there runneth a violent stream
booth upon flood and ebb, and in the middle lieth some Islands of Rocks,
which the Current sets so violently upon, that it threatens present ship-
wreck; and upon the Flood is a large Whirlpool, which continually sends
forth a hideous roaring, enough to affright any stranger from passing
further, and to wait for some Charon to conduct him through; yet to those
that are well acquainted little or no danger, yet a place of great defence
against any enemy coming in that way, which a small Fortification would
absolutely prevent, and necessitate them to come in at the West end of
Long-Island by Sandy-Hook, where Nutten-Island doth force them with-
in Command of the Fort at New- York, which is one of the best Pieces of
Defence in the North-parts of America.

New- York is built most of Brick and Stone, and covered with red and
black Tile, and the Land being high, it gives at a distance a pleasing As-
pect to the spectators. The Inhabitants consist most of English and
Dutch, and have a considerable Trade with the Indians for Bevers, Otter,
Raccoon skins, with other Furrs; As also for Bear, Deer, and Elke skins;
and are supplied with Venison and Fowl in the Winter, and Fish in the
Summer by the Indians, which they buy at an easie rate; and having
the Countrey round about them, they are continually furnished with all
such provisions as is needful for the life of man; not only by the English
and Dutch within their own, but likewise by the adjacent Colonies.

The Commodities vented ... is Furs and Skins before mentioned ;
As likewise Tobacco made in the Colony, as good as is usually made in
mary-land; Also Horses, - Oyl, Pease, Wheat and the like.

Long-Island, the West-end of which lies South-ward of New- York
runs Eastward above one hundred miles and is in some places eighteen
some twelve, in some fourteen miles broad; it is inhabited from one end
to the other. On the West end is four or five Dutch Towns, the rest
being all English to the number of twelve, besides Villages and Farm

154

'(/IPS

houses. The Island is most of it in a very good soyle, and very natural
for all sorts of English grain; which they sowe and have very good increase
of, besides all other fruits and Herbs common in England, as also Tobacco,
Hemp, Flax, Pumpkins, Melons, &c.

The Fruits natural to the Island, are Mulberries, Posimans grapes
great and small, Huckelberries, Cranberries, Plums of several sorts, Ras-
berries and Strawberries, of which last is such abundance in June, that the
Fields and Woods are died red: Which the Coun trey-people perceiving,
instantly arm themselves with bottles of Wine, Cream and Sugar, and
instead of a Coat of Male, every one takes a Female upon his Horse behind
him; and so rushing violently into the fields, never leave till they have
disrobed them of their red colours, and turned them into the old habit.

The greatest part of the Island is very full of Timber, as Oaks white
and red, Walnut-trees, Chestnut-tree, which yield store of mast for swine,
and are often therewith sufficiently fatted with Oat-corn: as also Maples,
Cedars, Saxifrage, Beach, Birch, Holly, Hazel, with many sorts more.

The Herbs which the Country naturally afford, are Purslain, White
Orage, Egrimony, Violets, Penniroyal, Alicampane, besides Saxaparilla
very common, with many more. Yea, in May you shall see the Woods
and Fields so curiously bedecke with Roses, and an innumerable multitude
of delightful Flowers, not only pleasing the eye, but smell, that you may
behold nature contending with Art, and striving to equal, if not excel
many gardens in England: nay, did you know the vertue of all those Plants
and Herbs growing there (which time may more discover) many are of
opinion, and the natives do affirm, that there is no desease common to
the countrey, but may be cured without materials from other Nations.

There is several Navigable Rivers and Bays, which puts into the
North-side of Long-Island, but upon the South-side which joyns to the
Sea, it is to fortified with bars of sand and sholes, that it is a sufficient
defence against any enemy, yet the South-side is not without Brooks and
Riverets, which empty themselves into the Sea; yea, you shall scarce
travel a mile, but you shall meet with one of them whose Christa streams
run so swift, that they purge themselves of such stinking mud and filth,
which the standing or low paced streams of most brooks and rivers west-
ward of this Colony leave lying, and are by the Suns exhalation dissipated,
the air corrupted, and many Fevers and other distempers occasioned,
not incident to this Colony: Neither do the brooks and Riverers premised,
give way to the Frost in Winter, or draught in Summer, but keep their
course throughout the year.

These Rivers are very well furnished with Fish, as Bosse, Sheeps-
heads, Place, Pearch, Trouts, Eels, Turtles, and divers others.

The Island is plentifully stored with all sorts of English Cattel, Horses,
Hogs, Sheep, Goats, &c, no place in the north of America better, which they
can both raise and maintain, by reason of the large and spacious meadows
or marches wherewith it is furnished, the Island likewise, producing ex-
cellent English grass, the seed of which was brought out of England, which
they sometimes mow twice a year.

For wilde Beasts there is Deer, Bear, Wolves, Foxes, Racoons, Otters,
Musquashes and Skunks. Wild Fowl there is great store of, as Turkies,
Heath-Hens, Quailes, Partridges, Pidgeons, Cranes, Geese of several
sorts, Ducks, Widgeon, Teal, and divers others. There is also the red
Bird, with divers sorts of singing birds, whose chirping notes salute the

155

! w n r

eara rm Hanifattatt

.-. . ^

ears of Travellers with an harmonious discord, and in every pond and brook
silken Frogs, who warbling forth their untun'd tunes strive to bear a part
in this musick.

Towards the middle of Long- Island lyeth a plain sixteen miles long
and four broad, upon which plain grows very fine grass, that makes ex-
ceeding good Hay, and is very good pasture for sheep or other Cattel;
where you shall find neither stick nor stone to hinder the Horse heels,
or endanger them in their races, and once a year the best Horses in the
Island are brought thither to try their swiftness, and the swiftest re-
warded with a silver Cup, two being annually procured for that purpose.
There are two or three other small plains of about a mile square, which
are no small benefit to those Towns which enjoy them.

Upon the South-side of Long-Island in the Winter, lie store of Whales
and Crampasses, which the inhabitants begin with small boats to make
a trade Catching to their small benefit. Also an innumerable multitude
of Seals, which make an excelent oyle, they lie all the Winter upon some
broken Marshes and Beaches, or bars of sand before-mentioned, and might
be easily got were there some skilful men to undertake it.

To say something of the Indians, there is now but few on the Island,
and those few no ways hurtful but rather serviceable to the English, and
it is to be admired, how strangely they have decreased by the Hand of
God, since the English first setling of those parts; for since my time, where
there were six towns, they are i educed to two small Villages, and it hath
been generally observed, that where the English come to settle, a Divine
Hand makes way for them, by removing or cutting off the Indians, either
by Wars one with the other, or by some raging mortal Disease. They
live principally by Hunting, Fowling and Fishing; their Wives being the
Husbandmen to till the Land, and plant their corn.

The meat they live most upon is Fish, Fowl and Venison; the eat
likewise Polecits, Skunks, Racoon, Possum, Turtles and the like. The
build small moveable Tents, which they remove two or three times a year,
having their principal quarters where they plant their corn ; their Hunting
quarters, and their Fishing quarters: Their Recreations are chiefly
Foot-ball and Cards, at which they will play away all they have, excepting
a Flap to cover their nakedness: They are great lovers of strong drink,
yet do not care for drinking, unless they have enough to make themselves
drunk; and if there beso many in their company, that there is not sufficient
to make them all drunk, they usually select so many out of their Company
proportionable to the quantity of drink, and the rest must be spectators.
And if any one chance to be drunk before he hath finisht his proportion,
(which is ordinarily a quart of Brandy, Rum, or Strong- waters) the rest
will pour the rest of his part down his throat.

They often kill one another at these drunken matches, which the
friends of the murdered person, do revenge upon the murderer unless he
purchase his life with money, which they sometimes do: Their money
is made of a Periwinkle shell of which there is black and white, made much
like unto beads and put upon strings.

For their worship which is diabolical, it is performed usually but once
or twice a year, unless upon some extroadinary occasion, as upon making
of War or the like; their usual time is about Mickaelmass, when their corn
is first ripe, the day being appointed by their chief Priest or pawaw; most
of them go a hunting for venison: When they are all congregated, their

166

Jtrat fears on iHanliatiau

Priest tells them if he want money, there God will accept of no other offering,
which the people beleeving, every one gives money according to their
ability. The priest takes the money and putting it into some dishes,
sets them upon the top of their low flat-roofed houses, and falls to
invocatint,' their God to come and receive it, which with a many loud
hallows and outcries, knocking the ground with sticks, and beating them-
selves, is performed by the priest, and seconded by the people.

After they have thus a while wearied themselves, the priest by his
Conjuration brings in a devil amongst them, in the shape sometimes of a
fowl, sometimes of a beast, and sometimes of a man, at which the people
being amazed, not daring to stir, he improves the opportunity, steps out,
and makes sure of the money, and then returns to lay the spirit, who in the
mean time is sometimes gone, and takes some of the Company along
with him; but if any English at such times do come amongst them, it
puts a period to their proceeding, and they will desire their absence, telling
them their God will not come whilst they are there.

In their wars they fight no pitcht fields but when they have notice
of an enemies approach, they endeavor to secure their wives and children
upon some Island, or in some thick swamp, and then with their guns
and hatchets they way-lay their enemies, some lying behind one, some
another, and it is a great fight where seven or eight is slain.

When any Indian dies amongst them, they bury him upright, sitting
upon a seat, with his gun, money, and such goods as he hath with him,
that he may be furnished in the other world, which they conceive is West-
ward, where they shall have great store of Game for Hunting and live easie
lives. At his Burial his nearest Relations attend the Hearse with their
faces painted black, and do visit the grave once or twice a day, where they
send forth sad lamentations so long, till time hath wore the blackness off
their faces, and afterwards every year once they view the grave, make a
new mourning for him, trimming up of the grave, not suffering of a grass
to grow by it: they fence their graves with a hedge, and cover the tops
with mats, to shelter them from the rain.

Any Indian being dead, his name dies with him, no person daring ever
after to mention his name, it being not only a breach of their Law, but an
abuse to his friends and relations present, as if it were done on purpose
to renew their grief: and any other person whatsoever that is named
after that name doth incontinently change his name, and takes a new one,
their names are not proper set names as amongst Christians, but every
one invents a name to himself, which he likes best. Some calling them-
selves Rattle-snake, Skunk, Bucks-horn, or the like; and if a person die,
that his name is some word which is used in speech, they likewise change
that word, and invent some new one, which makes a great change and
alteration in their language.

When any person is sick, after some means used by his friends, every
one pretending skill in Physick; that proving ineffectual, they send for a
Pawaw or Priest, who sitting down by the sick person, without the least
enquiry after the distemper, waits for a gift, which he proportions his
work accordingly to; that being received, he first begins with a low voice
to call upon his God, calling sometimes upon one, sometimes on another,
raising his voice higher and higher, beating of his naked breasts and
sides, till the sweat runneth down, and his breath is almost gone, that that

158

HUDSON'S ARRIVAL AT MANHATTAN IS], AND

Painting by George Wharton Edwards

In Commemoration of the Three Hundredth Anniversary of New York which

since the arrival of the adventurous Dutch navigator i.j the "Half Moon"

has become America's greatest metropolis and one of the

world's richest ports of commerce and trade

3Ftr0t fears an Manhattan

little which is remaining: he evaporates upon the face of the sick person
three or lour times together, and so takes his leave.

At their Cantica's or dancing matches, where all persons that come
are freely entertained, it being a Festival time: Their custom is when
they dance, every one but the Dancers to have a short stick in their hand,
and to knock the ground and sing altogether, whilst they that dance some-
times act warlike postures, and they come in painted for War with their
faces black and red, or some all black, some all red, with some streaks of
white under their eyes, and so jump and leap up and down without any
order, uttering many expressions of their intended valour. For other Dances
they only shew what An tick tricks their ignorance will lead them to,
wringing of their bodies and faces after a strange manner, sometimes
jumping into the fire, sometimes catching up a Firebrand, and biting
off a live coal, with many such tricks, that will affright, if not please an
English man to look upon them, resembling rather a company of infernal
Furies than men.

When the King or Sachem sits in Council, he hath a Company of
armed men to guard his Person, great respect being she wen him by the
People, which is principally manifested by their silence: After he has
declared the cause of their convention, he demands their opinion, ordering
who shall begin: The Person ordered to speak after he hath declared
his minde, tells them he hath done: no man ever interrupting any person
in his speech, nor offering to speak, though he make never so many or
long stops, till he says he hath no more to say: the Council having all
declar'd their opinions, the King after some pause gives the definitive
sentence, which is commonly seconded with a shout from the people,
everyone seeming to applaud, and manifest their assent to what is deter-
mined : If any person be condemmed to die. which is seldom, unless for
Murder, or Incest, the King himself goes out in person (for you must
understand they have no prisons, and the guilty person flies into the Woods)
where they go in quest of him, and having found him, the King shoots
first, though at never such a distance, and then happy is the man can shoot
him down, and cut off his Long Hair, which they commonly wear, who for
his pains is made some Captain or other military Officer.

Their Cloathing is a yard and a half of a broad Cloth, which is made
for the Indian Trade, which they hang upon their shoulders; and half
a yard of the same cloth, which being put 'betwixt their legs, and brought
up before and behinde, and tied with a girdle about their middle, hangs
with a flap on each side: They wear no hats, but commonly wear about
their Heads a Snake's skin, or a Belt of their money, or a kind of a Ruff
made with Deers hair, and died of a scarlet colour, which they esteem
very rich. They grease their bodies and hair very often, and paint their
faces with several colours, as black, white, red, yellow, blew, &c, which
they take great pride in, everyone being painted in a several manner:
Thus much for the Customs of the Indians.

Within two leagues of New- York lieth Staten-Island, it bears from
New York West something Southerly: It is about twenty miles long,
and four or five broad; it is most of it very good Land, full of Timber,
and produceth all such commodities as Long-Island doth, besides Tin
and store of Iron Ore, and the Calamine stone is said likewise to be found
there: There is but one Town upon it consisting of English and French,
but is capable of entertaining more inhabitants: betwixt this and Long-

160

LAST VOYAGE OF HENRY HUDSON

Painting by Sir John Collier

On this Three Hundredth Anniversary of Hudson's Arrival at Manhattan Island

there is neither an Authentic Portrait nor a Known Burial Place of the Great

Navigator This painting represents him on his voyage to the

Far North from which the mariner never returned

tef

3FtrHt

nit Manhattan Jfilanfo

Island is a large Bay. and is the coming in for all ships and vessels out
of the Sea: On the North-side of this Island After-Kull River puts into
the main Land on the West-side, whereof is two or three towns, but on
the East-side but one. There is very great Marshes or meadows on both
sides of it, excellent good Land, and good convenience for the settling
of several Towns: there grows black Walnut and Locust, as their doth in
Virginia, with mighty tall straight Timber, as good as any in the North
of America: It produceth an}' Commoditie Long-Island doth.

Hudsons River runs by New- York Northward into the Countrey.
toward the Head of which is seated New-Albany, a place of great Trade
with the Indians, betwixt which and New York, being above one hundred
miles is as good Corn-land as the World affords, enough to entertain
Hundreds of Families, which in the time of the Dutch-Government of
those parts could not be setled : For the Indians, excepting one place,
called the Sopers, which was kept by a garrison, but since the reduce-
ment of those parts under His Majesties obedience, and a Patent granted
to His Royal Highness the Duke of York, which is about six years: since
the care and diligence of the Honourable Coll Nichol's, sent thither Deputy
to His Highness, such a league of Peace was made, and Friendship con-
cluded betwixt that Colony and the Indians, that they have not resisted
or disturbed any Christians there, in the settling or peaceable possession
of any Lands with that Government, but every man hath sate under
his own vine, and hath peaceably reapt and enjoyed the fruits of their
own labours, which God continue.

The Country is full of Deer, Elks, Bear, and other Creatures, as in
other parts of the countrey. where you shall meet with no inhabitants
in this journey, but a few Indians, where there is stately Oaks, whose
broad -branched -tops serve for no other use. but to keep off the Suns heat
from the Wild Beasts of the Wilderness, where is grass as high as a mans
middle, that serves for no other end except to maintain the Elks and
Deer, who never devour a hundredth part of it, then to be burnt every
Spring to make way for new. How many poor people in the World would
think themselves happy, had they an Acre or two of Land, whilst here
is hundreds, nay thousands of acres, that would invite inhabitants.

I must needs say: if there be any terrestrial Canaan, 'tis surely
here, where the Land floweth with milk and honey. The inhabitants
are b'est with Peace and plenty, blessed' in their Countrey. blessed in their
Fields, blessed in the Fruit of their bodies, in the fruit of the grounds,
in the increase of their Cattel, Horses, and Sheep, blessed in their Basket.
and in their Store: In a word, blessed in whatsoever they take in hand,
or go about, the Earth yielding plentiful increase to all their painful
labours.

PRAISE OF NEW NETHERLAND Written by Jaboh Steendam'jin 1661
Translated from the Dutch

New Netherland, thou noblest spot of earth,
Where Bounteous Heaven ever poureth forth
The fulness of His gifts, of greatest worth,

Mankind to nourish.

Whoe'er to you a judgment fair applies,
And knowing, comprehends your qualities,
Will justify the man who, to the skies,

Extols your glories.

In North America, behold your seat,
Where all that heart can wish you satiate,
And where oppressed with wealth inordinate,

You have the power

To bless the people with whate'er they need,
The melancholy from their sorrow lead.
The light of heart, exulting pleasures cede.

Who never cower.

162

Rare Wood Engraving of New York One Hundred Years Ago

Canal Street in 1809 with its drainage ditch spanned by bridges

L^Pt^-'l^gtfgp^g^^

Sky-line in New York Two Hundred Years Ago Sketch from ancient map

Rare Wood Engraving of First Market Place in New Amsterdam

Now Broad street in the Heart of the Financial District of the Western Continent

Bronze Tablet recently erected at Fort McHenry, Maryland, by United States Government
Executed by John Williams, Inc., of New York Photograph
by courtesy of William Donald Mitchell

HJatw0rrtpt 0f ilje National %mn

"3UJP ^tar-Syanglri lamwr" uraa (Sriginallg Urittrn on tiff lark of
a trttrr in 1 B 1 4 J* Jfirsi 8>img in a Eaumt in Saltimorr o* Sranarrtpt
of fHuuuiuTtut JJrrapntfii by tn.r Author to a 3Froni> in

This record of an original copy of the American national hymn in the handwriting
of its author, Francis Scott Key, witnesses the variations that have been made in "The
Star-Spangled Banner" since its first inscription. The first lines of the national hymn
were written on the back of a letter, and while there is some discussion regarding the exact
conditions, the most authoritative sources give this record : Francis Scott Key was an
American lawyer born in Maryland, August 1, 1779. He was thirty-five years of age when
the British ascended Chesapeake Bay, in 1814, and captured Washington. General Ross
and Admiral Cockburn established headquarters in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, at the home
of Dr. William Beanes, one of Key's friends. Dr. Beanes was taken prisoner by the British.
To release his friend, Key planned to exchange for him a British prisoner in the hands of
the Americans. President Madison approved the exchange and directed John S. Skinner,
agent for the exchange of prisoners, to accompany Key to the British commander.
General Ross consented to the exchange, but demanded that Key and Skinner be
detained until after the approaching attack on Baltimore. They had gone from
Baltimore out to the British fleet in a vessel provided for them by order of President
Madison and were transferred to the British frigate Surprise, commanded by Admiral
Cockburn's son, but soon afterward permitted to return, under guard, to their own vessel,
whence they witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry. By the glare of guns they
could see the flag flying over the fort during the night, but before morning the firing ceased,
and the two men passed a period of suspense, waiting for dawn, to see whether or not
the attack had failed. When Key discovered that the flag was still there his feelings
found vent inverse.] On the back of a letter he jotted down in the rough "The Star-Spangled
Banner."' On'his return^to Baltimore, Key revised the poem and gave it to Captain Ben-
jamin Eades, of the Twenty-seventh, u Baltimore Regiment, who had it printed. Taking
a copy from the press, Eades went to the tavern next to the Holiday Street Theater, which
was a gathering place for actors and their congenial acquaintances, and the words were
first read aloud to the crowd, who shouted for someone to sing them. Ferdinand Durang,
a singer of the day.^was lifted upon a chair and sang America's national hymn, for the
first time, the crowd taking up thejstrain enthusiastically. The popular melody soon
swept the country andjfound its way so deeply into the hearts of the American People
that it became the American national anthem. Key did not write the music, but suggested
that the words would adapt themselves to the popular air, "Anacreon in Heaven," which
had its vogue in England between 1770 and 1775, and was written by John Stafford Smith-
The original lines vary somewhat from its popular interpretation to-day and it is interesting
to note these changes. There is extant a copy of the hymn written in the handwriting of
Key, which was presented to James Maher, the gardener at the White House, about six
months before the death of the author. It is interesting to note that when Key wrote "The
Star-Spangled Banner" he was describing in verse an actual situation, apparently addressing
the lines to his companion, Skinner. The words and sentiment have since moulded them-
selves into modern and more general conditions and "The Star-Spangled Banner" as tri-

165

im&r

umphantly sung today does not relate to any special incident in American history but
has become an expression of the true American spirit of patriotism on all occaswns. past,
present, or future. Key died in Baltimore, January 11, 1843, and James Lick, the Amencan
philanthropist, bequeathed $60,000 for a monument to the memory of the author of; '
Star-Spangled Banner," which was erected in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco,
memorial, fifty-one feet in height, designed by the sculptor, Story, presents a seated figure
of the author of the national anthem in bronze, under a double arch, crowned >by a bronze
figure of America with an unfolded flag.

Oh! say, can you see, by the dawn's

early light,

What so proudly we hailed at the twi-
light's last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars,
through the clouds of the fight, ( l )
O'er the ramparts we watched, were

so gallantly streaming?
And the rocket's red glare the bombs

bursting in air
Gave proof through the night that our

flag was still there;
Oh! say, does that Star-Spangled Banner

yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home

of the brave?
On that shore, dimly seen through the

mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread

silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the

towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half () conceals,

half (*) discloses;
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's

first beam,
In full glory reflected, now shines on

() the stream.
Tis the Star-Spangled Banner Oh! long

may it wave

O'er the land of the free and the home
of the brave.

And where is the/oe that (*) so vauntingly
swore

That (") the havoc of war and the

battle's confusion
A home and a country should () leave

us no more?
This (') blood has washed out his (')

foul footsteps pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight or the gloom

of the grave.
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph

doth wave
O'er the land of the free and the home

of the brave

Oh, thus be it ever! when /remten () shall

stand
Between their ( 10 ) loved homes and the

war's desolation.
Blest with victory and peace, may the

Heav'n rescued land
Praise the power that hath made and

preserved us a nation.
Then conquer we must when our cause

it is just,
And this be our motto, "In God is our

trust."
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph

shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home

of the brave.

1 "Perilous fight." GrUwold Dana. Common
version. 2. "Now." Dana. 3. "O'er." Several
versions 4. "Band who." Griswold Dana.
6. "Mid." Griswold Dana. 6. "They'd."
Griswold. 7. "Their." Griswold Dana. Common
version. 8. "Their." Griswold Dana. Common
version. 9. "Freeman." Griswold. 10. "Our."
Griswold Dana. Common version.

166

iHanusrrtjrt of National ifiijum. " tur &pattgl*d Sautter"

in the ffintiiUtiritiuy of its Autliur

JFranria rutt Hey

fatt^e*^

J^~:

^^ Jf j*^

DISCOVERY OF THE BAY OF SAN FRANCISCO by Portola

Painting by Arthur Mathews

Original in Possession of the San Francisco Art Association

DISCOVERY OK THE BAY OF SAN FRANCISCO by Portola

Painting 1'Y William Keith

Ordinal in Possession of the Bohemian Club at San Francisco

ROUTE OF COLONEL ANZA FROM HIS OWN DIARY

r-irtt Overland Journey to California PhutuKraph alone the Santa Ana River

3?in*t

tn % fforifa

Sountry of (Colonrl Anna Arroaa lljr QJnlnraun Srarrt
to JFottnit tljr (City of 8>att Jfranriarn at> urn tljp
CSolorn (Satr to % SUrhra nf tljr (grrat rirnt

HONORABLE ZOETII s. ELDREDGE

SAN FKANCISCO, CALIFOKNIA

Member of the American Historical Association
President of the National Bank of the Pacific

While the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific exposition is engaging the attention
of the country, and thousands of travelers are turning toward the Great
West, it is interesting to follow the development of Mr. Eldredge's investi-
gations into the route of the first overland journey of the first white men
to the Pacific. These investigations, which are being recorded in these
pages, are the first accurate survey of the route and are based upon recent
translations from the original diary of Explorer Anza, who preserved each
day's progress of his heroic journey in Spanish. It is one of the
most important contributions to the historical records of the Pacific
and is especially appropriate at this time. The preceding article left
the explorer in camp on the bank of the Rio de Santa Rosa after
possibly one of the most daring overland journeys in early Ameri-
can exploration. The investigations carry him to the Golden Gate
and the founding of the great metropolis of San Francisco. EDITOR

NZA was obliged to remain in camp on the bank of the Rio de
Santa Rosa until the tide went out, and at 12:30 P. M. of
February 29, 1776, succeeded in effecting the passage of the
river. Continuing the march in a northerly direction along
the Burton Mesa, in sight of the ocean, they came in three
leagues of travel to a little lake, named by Portola, La Lagima
Graciosa, where they camped for the night. The map of
the Geological Survey does not show any lake in the vicinity and it has
possibly disappeared. It may have been formed by the San Antonio Creek
which here flows into the sea. The name is perpetuated by the Canada
de la Graciosa through which the Pacific Coast railroad runs and by the
Graciosa Station at the mouth of the canon. Three leagues of travel the
next morning brought them into a wide and beautiful valley having in the
middle a large lake, named by Portola, La Laguna Larga de los Santos
Martires, San Daniel y sus Companeros The Great Lake of the Sainted
Martyrs, St. Daniel and his Companions now known as Lake Guadalupe.
situated in the northwestern corner of Santa Barbara County. Anza did
not halt at Lake Guadalupe but pushed on to the mouth of the San Luis
Canon, a long Jornada of nine leagues, to the Rancheria del Buchon. This
was just below the site of the little town of Avila in San Luis Obispo

171

zji

fcf

ir B - -

Hurst t*rUttifc immteg to tit? Ofotont

Count] '1'lie spot is marked by mounds of shells still visible. Hie name.
which' mean-, an encysted tumor, was given by Portola's soldiers to the chief
of the Indian village because of a large tumor that hung from his neck.
The name El llnclwn was conferred on the chief, on his ranchena, and
on San Luis Canon. It still exists in the locality. The cape between Port
llarionl and .Moro I Say is Point J'.uchon, and the hill east of Port Harfonl,
marked I '.aid Knob on 'the maps of the Geological Survey is Mount Buchon.

A march of three and a half leagues the next morning brought tlu-
expedition to the mission of San Luis Obispo, founded in 1772, and now
a nourishing twn of 3,500 inhabitants. In anticipation of their arrival
at the mission the colonists had smartened themselves up, but disaster
overtook them. |ust before reaching the mission they fell into a marsh
so miry that all had to dismount and make their way across it as best they
could." The men had to relieve the pack animals and carry the baggage
-n their shoulders, while those of the expedition who endeavored to pre-
serve themselves by forcing their horses through the mire fared worse
than the rest, being obliged to dismount and extricate the horses. The
marsh which caused the pilgrims such distress was located in what is now
the southern part of the town of San Luis Obispo, and one of the finest
residence streets of the town is Marsh Street. Portola, on his march, fell
into this same cienega, December 28, 1769, the day of the Holy Innocents
Fiesta de los Santo Inocentes and Crespi bewails the fact that they cannot
say mass because they are all stuck fast in a mud-hole and unable to move.

There was great joy in the mission of San Luis Obispo over the arri-
val of the expedition, Not only was it a delight to the priests and the sol-
diers of the cscolta to see so many Spanish faces and hear the news from
home, but they had been badly frightened by the affair at San Diego, and
were informed by the Indians that they were to be next attacked, and that
Anza had been killed and his expedition utterly destroyed by the tribes of
the Colorado.

Sunday, March 3rd, was given as a rest for the expedition and on Mon-
day morning the march was resumed. Traveling up the canon of San Luis
Obispo Creek for seven miles, they crossed the summit of the Santa Lucia
Mountains by the Cuesta Pass, at an elevation of about 1,500 feet, thence
a descent of four miles brought them to Santa Margarita, where now a
little town marks the site and preserves the name of the ancient rancheria.
Two and a half miles down the Rio de Santa Margarita, they came to the
Rio de Monterey (Salinas River), down which they traveled five and one-
half miles and camped at the rancheria of La Asumpcion (Asuncion),
still so called, a good clay's march of seven leagues. This is one of the sites
selected by the United States Government for the camp and summer manceu-
vers of the army. The next morning they traveled down the beautiful plain
for three leagues and then left the river at a point where El Paso del Robles
now stands and passed into the hills to the west, traveling in a west north-
west direction. Four leagues more brought them to the Rio del Nacimi-
ento which they crossed and proceeded another mile to El Primo Vado of
the Rio de San Antonio, where they camped for the night. Resuming
the march next morning, they reached the mission of San Antonio de Padua
at four o'clock in the afternoon after a march of eight leagues. Their
reception here was equal to that of San Gabriel and of San Luis, and the
padres regaled the troops with two very fat hogs and some hog lard. This
present, Anza says, considering the condition of the country and of their

172

ittr of (EaUwl Attsa from lits (Dam itarg

own necessities, they highly appreciated. The following day was given
to rest and at one in the afternoon, Lieutenant Moraga arrived and reported
to the commander that he had captured the deserters in the Desert of the
Colorado and had left them prisoners at the mission of San Gabriel to be
dealt with by Captain Rivera. He also reported that the Serranos of the
Sierra Madre had made hostile demonstrations against him, but when he
charged them they dispersed. He said that the Indians had secretly killed
three of the stolen horses to prevent their recapture, and that he noted in
their possession articles indicating that they had taken part in the sacking
of San Diego.

Leaving the mission the next morning, the expedition passed up Mis-
sion Creek and descended Releuse Canon to Arroyo Seco, down which they
traveled to the Valley of the Rio de Monterey and halted for the night at
the site of his camp of April 17, 1774, which he now calls Los Ositas
(The Little Bears). The next day they traveled eight leagues through
a spacious and delightful valley along the river and camped at a place called
by them Los Correos. The following day, Sunday, March 10, 1776, they
marched three leagues down the river, then leaving it, turned westward
for four leagues more, all in a heavy rain, and at half past four in the
afternoon reached the Royal Presidio of Monterey and the end of their
journey. Anza gives the distance traveled from Tubac as three hundred
and sixteen and a half leagues, in sixty-two jornados somewhat fewer
than he had calculated before starting.

The next morning, the very beloved father-president of the missions,
Fray Junipero Serra, accompanied by three other religious, came from the
mission of San Carlos del Carmelo to congratulate them and bid them wel-
come, and the priests sang a mass as an act of thanks for the happy arrival
of the expedition, after which Padre Font preached an unctuous sermon
in which he exhorted the people with much energy, that, with the good
example of their lives, they should manifest Catholicism as a mirror, and
justify his majesty, the king, in sending them to these regions to convert
the gentiles. In the evening, the senor comandante and his chaplain accom-
panied the priests to the mission, one league distant, as there were no proper
accomodations for them at the presidio. Anza notes that a number of
Christian converts has been increased to more than three hundred souls
and he says that here, as in the other missions he has passed through, with
all they raise, they do not produce enough to maintain themselves, because
though the land is very fertile there has been no means of planting it,
although this year the amount of land under cultivation is much greater ;
"and in proportion as this abounds will be the spiritual conquest, since the
Indians are many, and if, as we say of the greater part of these, conversion
and faith enter by the mouth, so much greater will be our success."

The viceroy had ordered Anza to deliver his expedition to Rivera, the
comandante of California at Monterey, and proceed to make a survey of
the port and river of San Francisco before returning to his presidio of
Tubac. Two days after his arrival at the mission, while preparing for
his survey, Anza was suddenly taken with the most violent pains in the
left leg and groin. So great was the pain that he could scarcely breathe
and believed that he would suffocate and die. After six hours of torment,
during which the doctor of the presidio administered such medicines as
he had, without giving him relief, Anza had them make a poultice of a root

173

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i\ v

\ijft VI ^tnl In^. I / ,TK> " w(v ^* ^ /"* -*^ v - - -

IFtrst (JDwrlanfr Sawrunj tn tlje <0Uten (iat?

( ^/T=^ '^*3

~ "*:

among his own stores, which somewhat alleviated the pain, but not enough
liable him to sleep. For over a week he was unable to move, but on the
ninth day he got out of bed and on the day following, in spite of the remon-
strance of the doctor, lie mounted his horse and began his journey to the
San Francisco Peninsula, going as far as the presidio of Monterey. There
he rented, being able to walk but a few steps. The next clay, March 23rd,
he se! Dtii accompanied by Padre Font, Lieutenant Moraga, and an escort of
eleven soldiers. While sick at the mission he had sent to Rivera to say
that the soldiers of the expedition were anxious to reach their destination
and he begged Rivera to join him in establishing a fort and mission of
San Francisco as ordered by the viceroy, and notified him that he should
proceed at once to the survey and examination of the port. The travelers
made seven leagues across the Valley of Santa Delfina, as Font calls it, and
camped at the mouth of a Canada at a place called La Natividad, probably
an Indian rancheria. The village of Natividad now marks the site. The
place was the scene of a sharp little engagement, November 16, 1846, be-
tween a detachment of sixty men of the California Battalion (American)
under Captain Burrows, convoying a band of several hundred horses,
gathered for Fremont's army at Monterey, and a force of about eighty
Californians under Don Manuel de Jesus Castro, in which the American
commander was killed and the Californians retired, leaving the Americans
in possession of the field. The valley, which is the lower Monterey or
Salinas, was given the name of Santa Delfina Virgen y esposa de San El-
cearo by Portola, October 7, 1769. "Esposa" does not mean spouse wife,
but a young woman who devotes herself to the service of the holy man.

Leaving the Salinas Valley, the explorers passed into the Gabilan
Mountains, traveling up the beautiful canon of Gabilan Creek, over the
summit and descended to the San Benito River, passing the site where, on
June 24, 1797, was founded the mission of San Juan Bautista. They
crossed the San Benito River just north of San Juan Bautista and entered
upon the Llano de San Pascual Ballon, passed the Rio del Pajaro, entered
the San Bernardino Valley and camped for the night on the Arroyo de
Las Llages. These streams still bear their original names but ancient
San Bernardino, which extended from Gilroy to Coyote Station is now the
upper part of Santa Clara Valley. The following morning the explorers
passed between the low hills where the valley narrows to the Coyote River
and entered upon the great Llano de los Robles del Puerto de San Francisco
the Plain of the Oaks of the Port of San Francisco now better known as
the Santa Clara Valley and keeping well t'o the western part, they traveled
along the base of the foot hills and camped on the Arroyo de San Jose
Curpertino, where from an elevation of about three hundred feet, they saw
the Bay of San Francisco some seven miles to the north. A march of
four leagues the next morning brought the exploradores to the Arroyo de
San Francisco, now known as the San Francisquito Creek, the site of Stan-
ford University, and Portola's camp of November 6th to nth, 1769. A little
rancheria of about twenty huts on the bank of the stream received the name
of Palo Alto in honor of a giant redwood tree growing on the bank, whose
size, height, and appearance is recorded by both Anza and Font as it had
been by Crespi six years before. Here Anza found a cross planted to
designate the place for a mission. This had been done by Captain Rivera
and Frey Palou in 1774, but the idea was abandoned because, Anza says, of
lack of water in the dry season. Passing on, they crossed the Arroyo de

174

I* If

Himt? of Cnlonrl Attza from lite (Dum itanj

FORT BUILT BY FIRST WHITE SETTLERS AT SAN FRANCISCO Old
Engraving of historic Castillo de San Joaquin as it appeared in 1852 The fort was
razed and the rock cut down in 1853-54 to eruct the present Fort Winfield Scott

San Mateo and halted for the night on a little stream about a league beyond.
Anza comments upon the abundance of oaks, live oaks, and other trees
they have had on all sides during the last two days' travel and particularly
notes the many tall and thick laurels of extraordinary and very fragrant
scent. He has been traveling through the most beautiful section of Cali-
fornia. Breaking camp early the next morning, a march of three and one-
half hours brought them to the mouth of the port of San Francisco, and
they camped at Mountain Lake, known afterwards as Laguna del Presidio.
Anza does not give any name to the lake, but the creek running from it
to the sea he calls Arroyo del Puerto and says its flow is considerable and
sufficient for a mill ; while Font says that boats can come into it for water.
Its present name is Lobos Creek and it is but a little brooklet. 1

Pitching his camp at the laguna, Anza went at once to inspect the
entrance to the bay for the purpose of selecting a site for the fort. Font
grows enthusiastic over the wonderful bay. He says that the port of
San Francisco is a marvel of nature and may be called the port of ports.
He gives at length an excellent description of it ; its shores ; its islands ;
the great river which disembogues into the Bahia Redondo San Pablo
Bay which has been called the Rio de San Francisco and which he says
he will henceforth call La Boca del Puerto Duke The Mouth of the
Fresh Water Port from the experiments they made when they went
to examine it. At eight o'clock the next morning, Anza resumed his
survey and going to the point where the entrance to the bay was narrowest,
Punta del Cantil Blanco Point of the Steep White Rock, now called Fort

'The government is now taking measures for fortifying the mouth of Lobos
Creek, which forms the southern boundary of the Presidio Reservation not to pre-
vent the boats of a hostile fleet from entering but as a part of the system adopted
for fortifying the harbor of San Francisco.

anal m H&r

as}

,r ct narrowing to the north until it ends m the Cantil Blanco.

Fon SiyS^This mesa presents a most delicious view. From it may be
een i -reat part of the port and its islands, the mouth of the port, and of
the ,ea! ,1,; v.ew reaches beyond the Parallels' The senor comandante
designated this mesa for the site of a new town. "

The comandante now turned his attention to the east and southeast
part of the peninsula and taking with him Lieutenant Moraga soon encoun-
ured some streams and timber, mostly of oak; the trees being of good
hi knes, but twisted against the ground on account of the northwest winds
Sent on the coast. About three quarters of a league from camp, he
Sme upon a little lake of good water, known to the San Francisco pioneers
as Fresh Pond, or Washerwomen's Lagoon. Continuing along the eastern
shore of the bay he found a large lake into which flowed a good stream or
sprin" 0/0 de agua which appeared as if it might be permanent in the
dryest season, and the land about it was fertile and promised abundant
reward for cultivation. He returned to camp about five o clock, mud
pleased with his day's examination.

The next morning, Friday, March 29, Anza packed the baggage and
sent it by the road of his coming with orders to await him at the Arroyo
de San Mateo, and taking with him his padre capellan and an escort oi
five soldiers, went to complete his examination of the southeast part ol the
peninsula and of the lake, to which he gave the name of Laguna de Manan-
tial He also examined the stream ojo de agua which Font speaks ot
as a beautiful rivulet, and because the day was the Friday of borrows-
Viernes dc Dolores, Good Friday he named it the Arroyo de los Delores.
Thus originated a name that became the official designation of a very large
and thickly settled section of the city of San Francisco the Mission Dolores

-The Farallon Islands, about twenty-five miles off the coast.

"Captain Benjamin Morrell, who visited the port in May, 1825, says '1 he town
of San Francisco stands on a table-land about three hundred and fifty feet above t
on a peninsula five miles in width, on the south side of the entrance to t
hav about two miles to the east of the outer entrance, and one-fourth of a mile
from the shore." (Morrell's Narrative, N. Y., 1833.) This settlement at the Presidio
was abandoned after 1835-6, when the Americans and other foreigners began to build
their trading houses and residences at Yerba Buena. It was not on the mesa, but
on the lower and more sheltered ground of the Presidio

'The fort was built on the point designated by Anza. The Punta del Cantil
was a bold jutting promontory of hard serpentine rock, about one hundred feet above
hi-h water' The fort was a formidable affair of adobe, horse shoe in shape and
pierced with fourteen embrasures. It was one hundred and thirty-five feet long by
one hundred and five feet wide. The parapet was ten feet thick. In the middle
of the fort was the barracks for the artillerymen. Eleven brass nine pounders were
sent from San Bias, but I believe only eight of them were mounted. The fort stood
on the extreme point of the rock which on the west was sheer to the water. It was
finished in 1794 and cost $6.500. In 1796 it had a garrison of a corporal and six
artillerymen It was named Castillo de San Joaquin and was variously called by
that name, the "Castillo," and "Fort Blanco." In 1853-4, the fort was razed and
the rock cut down to the water to form the site ot the present fort, Win field Scott.
One of the ancient guns now serving as a fending-post at the sally port of hort
Winfield Scott bears the date of 1673, and the legend: Governando los Senores de la
Real Audienda de Lima The Governing Lords of the Royal Council of Lima.

176

Imtt? nf ffl0Umf I Attza from Ifts nm itarg

KNGRAVTNG OF THE GOLDEN GATE IN SAN FRANCISCO IN 1S52
Original from Bartlett's Narratives showing Cantil Blanco and the Spanish Fort

shortened in the vernacular to the "Mission." Anza found here all the
requirements for a mission; fertile land for cultivation, unequalled in
goodness and abundance, and with water, fuel, timber suitable for building,
and stone, nothing was wanting. Anza, a quiet, self-contained man, speaks
with enthusiasm of the site for the new town and mission he had done so
much to establish. The fort, he said, shall be built where the entrance to
the port is narrowest and where he set up the cross, 4 the town on the mesa
behind it and the mission in this quiet, beautiful valley, sufficiently near the
fort to be under its protection, but far enough away to insure its peaceful
serenity.

Having settled these details, Anza proceeded across the peninsula to
examine the Laguna de la Merced, 5 which is situated near the ocean shore
in the southwestern part of the city, thence he turned into the Canada de
San Andres, through which he traveled its entire length of some six and
one-half leagues and gives an account of the abundance of suitable timber
for building ; speaking particularly of the redwood palo Colorado oak.
poplar, willow and other trees, and of the facility with which the lumber
could be gotten out. He also suggested that a second mission could also
be established in this caiiada which would serve as a stopping place escala
between Monterey and San Francisco. 6 In the Canada an enormous bear
came out on the road against them and they succeeded in killing it. At
6:15, after dark, he reached his camp on the Arroyo de San Mateo.

"Laguna de la Merced (Lake of Mercy) was named by Captain Bruno Hecate of
the fragata "Santiago," September 24, 1775. For many years it formed the chief
water supply for San Francisco.

177

3First iwrlanb 3lnurnnj In Iht (Stolfon dalr

i )n the following iiKjrning, .March 3ist, they proceeded to cut off the
heail of ( (/<\vi'<i/'('rar to get around the head of) the cstero, a* they desig-
nated the Hay of San Francisco. From the Arroyo de San Mateo they kept
to the road of their coming until they reached the Arroyo de San Francisco
San Francisquito (.'reek then Raving the road, they passed around the
head of the bay and came to a large arro\<_> or moderate river, which, after
some difficulty in finding a ford, they crossed and camped for the night.
An/a gave the name of Rio de Guadalupe to the stream and said it had
abundant and good timber, and lands that would support a large popula-
tion. 7 The next morning the march was resumed and crossing with some
difficulty the Coyote River, they traveled northward for seven leagues and
camped on the San Leandro Creek, named by Fagcs in 1772, Arroyo de la
Harina, and by Crcspi, Arroyo de San Salvadorc. They passed six ran-
cherias. the people of which, unaccustomed to seeing white men, Bed in
terror. . \iixa endeavored to pacify them and gave presents of food and
trinkets to all who wmild approach him. The Indians, unlike those he had
met in coming up the coast, wore their hair long and tied up on top of the
head. Three leagues of travel the next morning brought the e.rploradorcs
to the site of the University of California at Berkeley, "a point opposite
the disemboguement of the cstero commonly called San Francisco," and
they gazed out through the Golden Gate to the broad Pacific beyond. Anza
noted his opinion that the cstero was not five leagues broad as had been
stated, but scarcely four. Proceeding on their journey they climbed over
the treeless hills and crossed the deep arroyos of Contra Costa and camped
for the night very close to the "disemboguement of the Rio de San Francisco
into the port of that name." Font gives a very good description of San
Pablo Bay Bahia Redonda and speculates if the large cove and stretch
of water, which, from a high hill he could see away to the west, one quarter
northwest did not communicate with the port of Bodega, discovered six
months before by Lieutenant Juan Francisco de Bodega y Cuadra. What
Font saw was Petaluma Creek. The camp ihat night was on Rodeo Creek,
about two and one-half miles from Carquines Strait. On the following
day, April 2, 1776, the command proceeded a short distance up the strait
and halted to take the latitude of the place, to observe the condition of the
"river" and to measure its breadth and depth. Both Anza and Font were
doubtful if it were a river at all as there appeared to be no current and there
was no evidence of freshets in the shape of driftwood and rubbish thrown up
on its banks. They both tasted the weafer and found it brackish, though
not so salty as the sea. They record their observation of the sun as giving
the latitude 38 5%'. Resuming the march in the afternoon, they found
the so-called river begin to widen out until it took on the appearance of
'The Canada de San Andres was named by Portola, Canada de San Francisco,
and it was from the heights as he crossed into it that he first beheld the bay of
San Francisco. On November 30, 1774, it received from Rivera the name Canada
de San Andres, which it still retains. It formed part of the Buri Buri and Las Pulgas
grants and now belongs to the Spring Valley Water Company and contains the water
company's principal reservoirs.

'The royal order for the establishment of a presidio and two missions on the
Bay of San Francisco also included a pueblo in the vicinity under the jurisdiction of
the presidio. The site selected was on the Rio de Guadalupe. Under the orders
of Governor Neve, Lieutenant Moraga took nine soldiers, skilled in agriculture

from the presidios of San Francisco and Monterey, five settlers pobladores and

one servant, numbering with their families seventy-eight persons, and with them
founded, on November 29, 1777, the pueblo of San Jose de Guadalupe, the first pueblo
established in California.

178

i * //

TcS^'&Ssglr

lout? of Ololottrl Anza from ifia ($um itarg

OLD ENGRAVING OF THE MISSION OF MONTEREY IN CALIFORNIA IN 1792

a lagitna rather than that of a river, 8 then turning somewhat to the south
to avoid the marshes they camped for the night on the bank of an arroyo
of wholesome water that had been named by Pages, Arroyo de Santa Angela
de Fulgino, now known as Walnut Creek. The next morning they crossed
the valley of Santa Angela de Fulgino in a northwest direction and entering
Willow Pass, surmounted a hill, from the top of which they could see how
the "river" divided itself into three arms or branches, as described by Don
Pedro Fages. Descending the hill they tried to approach the river but were
prevented by the marshes. Continuing to the east northeast for two and
one-half leagues they came to the river and to a large rancheria of some four
hundred Indians who received them with friendly demonstrations and gave
them cooked slices of salmon, while Anza reciprocated with the usual pres-
ents. Tasting the water of the river they found it quite fresh and were
persuaded that what Lieutenant Fages had called the Rio de San Francisco
was not a river at all, but a great fresh water sea. 8 They were now on
the San Joaquin River.

'Suisun Bay.

'Don Pedro Pages, fourth governor of California, born in Catalonia, Spain, came
to Mexico in 1767 with the First Battalion, Second Regiment, Catalonia Volunteers,
in which he held the rank of lieutenant. In the autumn of 1768 he joined the
California Expedition by order of Galvez, being appointed gefe de las armas to the
expedition, and with twenty-five of his men, sailed for San Diego Bay on the ill-fated
San Carlos. While still weak and sick from the scurvy he joined Portola in his
march to Monterey. He also accompanied him on the second expedition in 1770,
which founded the presidio and mission of Monterey when he was appointed by
Portola comandante of California. In 1772 he explored the coasts of San Francisco,
San Pablo, and Suisun Bay. To the straits of Carquines, Suisun Bay, and San Joa-
quin River, discovered by Ortega in 1769, he gave the name of Rip de San Francisco.
I" !773, Junipero Serra, with whom he had quarreled, procured his recall and he was
ordered to join his battalion at Real de Minas de Pachuca, Mexico. On July 12,
1782, he was appointed governor of the Californias, having previously been made
a lieutenant-colonel, and reached the capitol, Monterey, the following November.

He was made a colonel in 1789, was retired at his own request in 1791, and died
in Mexico in 1796. His wife was Dona Eulalia Calis. whom he married in Catalonia.
One child, Maria del Carmen, was born in San Francisco, August 3, 1784.

179

war

Ammnm

Ye say they all have pass'd away,

That noble race and brave,

That their light canoes have vanish a

From off the crested wave;

That 'mid the forests where they roam d,

There rings no hunter's shout;

But their name is on your waters,

Ye may not wash it out.

'Tis where Ontario's billow

Like ocean's surge is curl'd;

Where strong Niagara s thunders wake

The echo of the world;

Where red Missouri bnngeth

Rich tribute from the West

And Rappahannock sweetly sleeps

On green Virginia's breast.

Ye say their conelike cabins,
That cluster'd o'er the vale,
Have fled away like withered leaves
Before the Autumn's gale:

By A Sti-rlmg CaMer, Los Angeles California

VICTORY Bv E. Berge of Baltimore, Marylan ;

Attwtnm

But their memory liveth on your hills.
Their baptism on your shore;
Your everlasting rivers speak
Their dialect of yore.

Old Massachusetts wears it
Within her lordly crown,
And broad Ohio bears it
'Mid all her young renown;
Connecticut hath wreathed it
Where her quiet foliage waves.
And bold Kentucky breathes it hoarse
Through all her ancient caves.

Wachusett hides its lingering voice

Within his rocky heart.

And Alleghany' graves its tone

Throughout his lofty chart;

Monadnock on his forehead hoar

Doth seal the sacred trust:

Your mountains build their monument

Though ye destroy their dust.

LYDIA HUNTLEY SIGOURNEY

< \- THE TR AIL_By E. Bcroe of

Bas-relief on Parkman Monument

AMERICA'S CONTROL OF THE SEAS Sculptural Conception of Science and Invention
as applied to the American Navy and embodied in the bronze doors recently dedicated
at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland By Evelyn
Beatrice Longman of the. National Sculpture Society

eohrhn');' 1 | RI H T v S ^!r S f C l'i Pt ^ a ; 1 - ConC a ption 1 the Spirit of American Supremacy as symbolized
at thl r n > .?& . 5 Yo i lt . h of , the Nation Bronze doors unveiled in June of this year
at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland By Evelyn
Beatrice Longman of the National Academy of Design

B
By

HONOR OF AMERICA'S NAVAL HEROES
ron door, erected at Annapohs. M"^nd
y Evelvn Beatrice Longman ot New York

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PROFESSOR STEPHEX FARNUM PECKHAM

CHEMIST OF THE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK

Former Chief Chemist in Laboratory of United States Army and on Faculties f Brown

University, Washington College, and University of Minnesota Fellow of the

American Association for the Advancement of Science American

Philosophical Society Franklin Institute of Philadelphia

^OLITICS must always be an absorbing problem with the Ameri-
can people as the foundation of the nation is laid upon politi-
cal discussion. The more agitated the controversy, the more
healthful the result. Such discussions as that which has been
engaging the political parties in Congress the tariff are
typical of the American spirit. It is indeed a dangerous
symptom of a diseased political body when it falls into a coma-
tose condition and cannot be aroused. It needs such hyperdermic solu-
tions as the tariff to infuse vitality into its veins. It is a wholesome
condition when argument is rife whether it be in politics or in history it is
the best evidence of vigorous life. This article is along the lines of healthful
controversy. For twenty-five years, Professor Peckham has been investi-
gating American political foundations and is convinced that certain claims
that have established themselves in history are untrue. The argument
is over the first attempt to organize society into a free political body,
separating civil government absolutely from theology. The first so-called
"free" government on the Western Continent was based on religious
rather than pure political or economic principles. In New England
self-government was the outgrowth of a theological doctrine. In Virginia
the Church of England was the dominant force. In New York there was
probably less of the religious domination under the Dutch than in the other
American foundations. It nevertheless remained for Rhode Island,
now geographically the smallest state in the Union, to establish a system
,of government on a pure ecomomic and political foundation without
religious regulation, authority or interference. For two and a half cen-
turies this has been attributed to Roger Williams, as the author of the
original compact. Professor Peckham, while recognizing Roger Williams as
aradicalist, even to the possible extent of being a socialist, contends that the
full credit does not lie with him inasmuch as he was but a single voice in a
gathering of men who were supporting the same political principle. EDITOR

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,HEN I \va.s a boy, brought up within sight of the steeple of
St. John's Church, Providence, I received the impression
from various sources, that the liberties we enjoy in Rhode
Island were bestowed by Roger Williams and confirmed
by George Washington. When old enough to comprehend
the meaning of religious liberty, I gained a further impres-
sion that liberty of conscience was unknown before Roger
Williams discovered or invented it, and, that Rhode Island was a land
consecrated from the dawn of its existence, in a peculiar manner, to
freedom of conscience, whose cradle was guarded and rocked and whose
infancy was shielded by Roger Williams, until a hero had stepped forth to
bring a world to bow at his feet. Therefore the debt the world owed to
Roger Williams, and the debt that Rhode Island in particular owed to
him was beyond all repaying, and an aureole invested his name like that
of a patron saint.

About twenty-five years ago, I was stimulated to seek to discover
from whom I came. In doing this I discovered evidence which brings
historical truths into better proportion. As it is so intimately concerned
with my own family researches, it will be necessary for me to enter into
somewhat personal records to prove the claim which I have already in-
timated. I traced the Peckhams back to John Peckham who settled in
Newport in 1638. I have since learned that he came of an Anglo-Saxon
family settled in Kent and Sussex shortly before the Norman Conquest.
On this side he was a Baptist associated with John Clarke and his brothers.
John Peckham's first wife was their sister, Mary Clarke. I found that
my line of Peckhams from John Peckham's oldest son, John, became
Quakers and married for three generations the descendants of Governor
John Coggeshall, through his son Joshua and his daughter Waite, who
married Daniel Gould. They were all Quakers. Through John Coggeshall
and his associates I went back to the founding of Portsmouth and the
Portsmouth Compact and to the 57 who were disarmed, disfranchised
and banished from Boston in 163-S.

My Grandmother Peckham was a Ward well, and through her I went
back through the first settlers of Bristol, again to the 57 who were dis-
armed and to John Rowland of the Mayflower. These people were all
Congregationalists, not one Quaker 01 Baptist among them.

My mother was a birthright Quaker, from Farnums, Congdons.
Laphams and Scotts. Through the Fannums of Uxbridge, Mass., I went
back to the Sanfords of Hartford and the Gaskells of Mendon, all Quakers.
The Laphams were all Quakers from the original John Lapham of Provi-
dence. The Scotts went back to Richard Scott, the first signer of the
Providence Compact and the first Rhode Island Quaker. His wife was
Catharine Marbury, a sister of Ann (Marbury) Hutchinson. She was
whipped in a Boston jail, by John Endicott, because she was a Quaker.
Her son, John Scott, married the daughter of John and Sarah Browne
of Swansea old Swansea that was burned by the Indians in Philip's
War. the site of which is now in the southeast corner of East Providence.
This family of Brownes were of John Myles' Baptist congregation.

The Quakers and Baptists, before they came to New England, would
have been classed together in Old England as Lollards or Wyckliffites,
and would have been persecuted alike by any of the dominant sects who
held political power there.

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While craving the pardon of this audience for so much that is per-
sonal, I beg to remind you that these researches that were at first persona!
soon led me into bye paths of history that at length became more inter-
esting and general in their scope than any personal consideration. Further
investigation led me to fix my attention upon certain facts that focus
upon the Providence Compact.

The printed "Early 'Records of the Town of Providence," on the first
page of the first volume of which this remarkable instrument appears,
led to a very careful examination of these volumes as they came out.

Two sources of information, that may appear to have a very remote
connection with this subject really brought many very important consid-
erations to bear upon the origin and purpose of this document. These
were first, the "History of Religion in England," by Sharon Turner,
published by Longmans in 1815, and second. "Antinomianism in the
Colony of Massachusetts Bay," edited by Charles Francis Adams, and
published by the Prince Society in 1894. The first shows that the Lollards
were a power in England centuries before Wyckliffe, the second shows
in what manner those holding the doctrines of the Lollards were driven
from Boston to Rhode Island.

Under the Providence Compact, the first attempt was made tc or-
ganize human society into a political unit absolutely free from theology.
That it is a Lollard document I shall now proceed to show; it reads as
follows :

"We whose names are hereunder desirous to inhabit in ye town of providence
do promise to subject ourselves in active or passive obedience to all such orders or
agrements as shall be made for publick good of our body in an orderly way by the
major consent of the present inhabitants, maisters of families incorporated together
into a town fellowship and others whom they shall admit unto them only in civill
thinges."

I have for a long time possessed a full sized photograph of the compact,
which I highly prize, as it so emphatically contradicts so much of the
productions of vivid imaginations concerning the original. The photo-
graph shows that the compact was originally written on a loose sheet
of paper about ten and one-half inches long and four and one-half inches
wide; that this paper was folded and carried in some ones pocket until
the corners were worn off, and then, after being trimmed was pasted into
the book where it now is, yellow and stained with its weight of years. All
of the descriptions that relate that it was written in a book with blank
leaves for additional signatures are pure imagination, as are all of the
deductions drawn from such descriptions. The reduced facsimiles, pub-
lished on various occasions are worthless to convey any adequate im-
pression of the thing itself.

As before stated this Compact is found on the first page of the first
volume of the printed records of the town of Providence. In volume
fifteen at page 67 is printed a letter, the original of which in the autograph
of Sir Henry Vane is found in the Town Records. Neither the Compact
nor the letter are reproduced by photo-engraving in the printed records ;
yet the Commissioners saw fit to reproduce twelve pages of Roger Williams'
autograph much of which has very little intrinsic value. The multiplicity
of examples furnished the most complete evidence as to the identity of
Roger Williams' autograph, which was filled with peculiarities of the strong-
est individuality.

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Ssf

ORIGINAL DOCUMENT WHICH CREATED THE FIRST POLITICAL

GOVERNMENT IN THE NEW WORLD FREE

FROM THEOCRATIC PRINCIPLES

Photograph ol the Providence, Rhode Island, Compact of 1638 in the hand-
writing and hearing the autograph of Richard Scott as the first signer

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The first signer of the Compact was Richard Scott, whose signature
is plainly in the hand of the instrument itself. In the same hand are
also written the signatures of William Reynolds and John Field, who made
their marks. Then follow Chad Browne, John Warner and George Rickard.
These six signatures with the body of the Compact are written with an
ink that has been well preserved. Then follow with an ink that has faded,
Edward Cope, Thomas Angell's mark, Thomas Harris, Francis Week's
mark, Benedict Arnold, Joshua Winsor and William Wickenden. These
men were all among those who came either before or with or immediately
after Roger Williams. Their names are in the earliest transactions re-
corded in the town records. John Warner became identified with the
Warwick party. Edward Cope was a kinsman of Richard Scott's wife
and died about 1646, leaving no heirs. It is a singular coincidence that
the Copes of Philadelphia are and have been Quakers from colonial times.
All of the other signers were identified with the activities of Providence
from the beginning until after Philip's war. Benedict Arnold removed
to Newport and became one of the most noted of the colonial governors.
Chad Browne and William Wickenden both became pastors of the First
Baptist church of Providence. Among the descendants of nearly all of
them in the 18th and 19th centuries were found many of the prominent
Quakers of the state. There must have been a reason why the men who
signed that Compact were afterwards members of the Society of Friends
or whose descendants became Friends; for, the doctrines of the followers
of George Fox embrace certain sublime ideals, and one of those ideals
the complete separation of church and state is the corner-stone of the
Compact. It was also a cardinal doctrine of the Lollards from an unknown
date to the 17th century.

Let us examine the Compact closer. The phrase "we whose names
are hereunder" is the common phrase of the period and is not confined
to Rhode Island. "Desirous to inhabit in the town of Providence," does
not reasonably signify that the signers did not then inhabit therein, for
their names are on the earliest of the town records; and, being already
there, they desired to remain there, under certain conditions to be named.
"Do promise to subject ourselves in active or passive obedience to all such
orders or agrements as shall be made for publick good of our body in an or-
derly way by the major consent of the present inhabitants," is latent in all
the legislative acts of the town for many years from its foundation, also
in Roger Williams' deed, the Combination of 1640 and the Charter of
1643. There is nothing about this language peculiar to this Compact.
It is probable that it represents the consensus of opinion that was abroad
among the immediate companions of Roger Williams and the others
associated with him. It might have been first proposed by any one of
several of the companions of Roger Williams or by Roger Williams him-
self. "Maisters of families incorporated into a town fellowship and others
whom they shall admit unto them." This clause is also latent in Roger
Williams' deed, the Combination and the Charter of 1643. Unlike the
preceding clause it is peculiar to these documents and indicates that the
signers wished to restrict those who might enjoy the privileges of citizen-
ship to those whom the majority might select as best fitted to share with
them the responsibilities of the government. It is true that in May, 1637,
Roger Williams wrote to Deputy Governor Winthrop a letter in which he em-
bodied the same ideas in nearly the same language, and it may be that these

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ideas that were then abroad were expressed in language that was original
with Roger Williams, but not necessarily so, for Roger Williams was an
educated man who wrote a very peculiar and elegant hand and he must
have been an artist in making quill pens, for no man could write the hand
he wrote who was not. If, however, Roger Williams was the originator
of those phrases, he would not have been likely if he wrote the compact,
to have forgotten a part of the phrase and have been obliged to interline
the forgotten words, as was done by whoever wrote it. Very much more
likely would another person have made such a mistake who was trying
to use words original with Roger Williams in order to secure his signature
and support to the Compact, and which it was intended should embody
an idea not yet promulgated by Williams. Roger Williams was not the
only man among those who came earliest who was a penman, acquainted
with books and who possessed a smattering knowledge of law. The letter
which Richard Scott wrote to George Fox, which was published by Fox in
his "A New England Fire Brand Quenched," shows Scott to be just as
familiar with the use of good English as Roger Williams. The inventory
of the estate of William Harris shows that he could not have been ignorant
of the rudiments of law. Nine of the thirteen who signed the Compact
used his own autograph and eight of them also signed the Combination,
with the four who used their marks. Of Roger Williams and the twelve
grantees under his deed, nine signed the Combination and all but Richard
Waterman used his autograph. These facts show conclusively, for that
place and period, that Roger Williams was by no means an educated man
alone among a company of uneducated men, but, on the contrary that he
was an educated man among his peers. They represent the political
atmosphere of Old England with her generations of freemen, transplanted
to New England by English freemen. Another element in these problems
has been overlooked, viz.: many of these emigrants were junior members
of gentle families; they were in the social scale considerably above the
average emigrant. The brothers, William and Thomas Arnold and their
niece, the wife of William Mann, were from an old Welch family, still
represented in South Wales. Richard Scott claimed descent from John
Baliol and his wife and her kinsman Edward Cope, were of a gentle family
in Lincolnshire. I presume the others were in the same social scale. It
is not necessary in order to bestow upon Roger Williams the honor he
deserves to depreciate his associates by conferring upon him the honor which
belongs to them.

To what I have already written as forming the body of the Compact,
there were added four words, which so far as I know are not found in any of
Roger Williams' letters or anywhere else. They make the document
immortal. These words are "only in civill thinges." Here we have the
words that make it worth while to enquire who wrote them. There is
no absolute proof that they were written by Richard Scott, for this is
the only writing in existence, so far as I know, attributed to his pen.
As to Roger Williams the case is entirely different, as there are a large
number of examples of his unique and elegant penmanship in the libra-
ries of New England. The printed Records of the Town of Providence
have been widely circulated. Any unprejudiced person who examines
the twelve photo-engraved pages of Roger Williams' letters in volume
XV of those records will discover certain peculiar forms of letters, particu-
larly the letter P, which occurs about twenty times as the initial letter

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of the word Providence, that are very peculiar. Other less striking will
be easily discovered. If a search is made for these peculiar forms of
letters in the photo-engraved copy of the Compact, recorded in the
April number of the New England Historic-Genealogical Register for
1906, they will not be found. There will be found peculiar forms of letters,
particularly the final s in many of the words, that do not occur in Roger
Williams' letters. There is no more resemblance between these letters
and the Compact than is to be found in the general style of penmanship
in vogue at any given period. The handwriting of the Compact, be it
whose it may, is not the handwriting of Roger Williams.

There are several documents that have come down to us from early
in the 17th century relating to Liberty of Conscience. I have in my
possession a book of about 400 pages, entitled "Tracts on Liberty of Con-
science," which contains, among other things, a tract entitled, "Religion's
Peace or a Plea for Liberty of Conscience, long since presented to King
James, and the High Court of Parliament then sitting, by Leonard Busher,
Citizen of London, and printed in the year 1614, wherein is contained
certain Reasons against Persecution for Religion; also a designe for a
peaceable reconciling of those that differ in opinion."

I need not call the attention of this audience to John Robinson's
famous farewell discourse, yet it properly falls in here.

Later came the Compact in the cabin of the Mayflower, or Combina-
tion, as Bradford calls it. It runs as follows:

"In ye name of _God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal
subjects of our dread sovraigne Lord King James, by ye grace of God, of Great Brit-
aine, France & Ireland King, defender of ye faith, &c, having undertaken for ye
glory of God and advancement of ye Christian faith, and honour of our King and
countrie, a voyage to plant ye first colonie in ye Southern parts of Virginia, do by
these presents solemnly and mutually in presence of God and one of another, cove-
nant and combine ourselves together into a civill body politick for our better order-
ing and preservation & furthermore of ye ends aforesaid, and by virtue hereof to
enacte, contribute and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitu-
tions and officers, from time to time as shall be thought most meete and convenient
for ye general good of ye Colonie, unto which we promise all due submission and
obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cap
Codd ye 11 of November, in ye year of ye raigne of our sovraigne Lord, King James,
of England, France and Ireland ye eighteenth, and of Scotland ye fiftie fourth.
An* Dom. 1620."

In 1629 the colony of Massachusetts Bay was organized at Salem
and Boston under a charter of incorporation. Bancroft says, quoting
Judge Story, "according to the strict rules of legal interpretation was far
from conceding to the patentees the privilege of freedom of worship.
Not a single line alludes to such a purpose, nor can it be implied by a
reasonable construction of any clause." Bancroft then quotes from
Clarendon, who declared, "the principle and foundation of the charter
of Massachusetts to be the freedom of liberty of conscience." Bancroft
says further, "the emigrants were a body of sincere believers, desiring
purity of religion, and not a colony of philosophers bent on universal
toleration." These contradictory statements clearly shadow forth the
contradictions that became active in the colony. The Brownes, who were
Episcopalians, were sent home to England; Roger Williams, a reputed
Baptist, would have been sent after them but he escaped to Rhode Island;
laterjthe Wheelwright and Hutchinson party with their supporters in

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Salem were banished to Exeter and Rhode Island. Still later, through the
withdrawal of Hooker and his companions, the town of Hartford was
founded. In ten years, under this charter, described as above by Claren-
don, the government of the colony had become a theocratic despotism,
in the administration of which, law and justice were trampled in the dust
under the sway of a fanatical clergy, who returning to the Levitical law
forgot that the New Testament had ever been written.

Hooker and his associates drew up in 1639 a Compact that became
the fundamental law of the Colony of Connecticut. The Hutchinson
party came to Providence in 1638. My friend Reuben Guild once said
to me, "the Antinomians came to Providence, but Roger Williams did
not want them so he sent them down to Portsmouth." Be that as it may,
the Hutchinson party signed the Compact which is known as the Ports-
mouth Compact and runs as follows:

"The 7th day of the first month 1638.

"We whose names are underwritten dp here solemnly in the presence of Jehovah
incorporate ourselves into a Body Politick and as He shaU help, will submit our
persons, lives and estates unto our Lord Jesus Christ the King of Kings and Lord of
Lords, and to all those perfect and most absolute laws of His Holy word of truth
to be guided and judged thereby." "Exodus XXIV, 3& 4; 2 Chron. XI, 3; 2 Kings
XI, 17.

The idea of this compact is a pure theocracy.

Winthrop's colony of Massachusetts Bay was a very respectable
company. They were just as orthodox as they chose to be, and they
expected everybody else to be like themselves, exercising toleration for
just as much dissent as they chose and no more. To indulge any more
imperiled a man's soul. So, when the ship Griffin arrived in 1634, with
about as heterodox a crowd as ever sailed the main, the Winthrop party
was shocked, both theologically and politically, to its very foundations.
For, when the Lollard element, which had been steadily increasing with
each fresh arrival, became strong enough to elect Sir Henry Vane gover-
nor of the Massachusetts Bay in spite of Winthrop, something had got to
be done, and it was done with the help of the clergy headed by the Reverend
John Wilson. Vane was defeated for a third election and in disgust returned
to England. The imprudence of Wheelwright was a godsend to Winthrop.
The Wyckliffites who formed the party supporting Ann Hutchinson were
disarmed, disfranchised and banished without a pretext of law or justice,
and Ann Hutchinson was vilified and abused with a bigotry, that, it has
been well said, finds no parallel outside the annals of the Spanish In-
quisition. I know of no story among civilized, Christian gentlemen that
equals in brutality Winthrop's story of her trial. If any one thinks my
language too strong, let him read the terrific arraignment of Massachusetts
17th Century theology in Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter.

Richard Scott was present at the trial of his sister-in-law and with
John Coggeshall and William Coddington vainly protested against the
injustice of her condemnation. He was never banished from Massachu-
setts. He must have been at Moshasuck when the 57 were disarmed or
his name would have been in the list. It is evident that he was not with
the Hutchinson party that went to Portsmouth. He must have separated
from Coggeshall and Coddington who signed the theocratic Portsmouth
Compact while he was obtaining signatures to the Providence Compact,

Jfamttotuma

which discarded that principle and to which he affixed his autograph.
He also signed the Combination which affirmed the principle set forth in
the Providence Compact. Years afterwards he wrote the letter to George
Fox in which he reiterated his adherence to the same principles. His
record is clear and consistent from 1638 to 1676 as an uncompromising
advocate of government "only in civill thinges."

Another fact pertinent to this discussion has been frequently over-
looked. The town government of Gravesend, Long Island, was organized
under a patent granted December 19, 1645 by Governor Kieth to Lady Debo-
rah Moody, her son Sir Henry Moody and others. The patent specifically
allowed "freedom to worship without interference from magistrates or
ministers." This is even a more emphatic declaration for a government
"only in civill thinges," than the Providence Compact.

To return to Rhode Island. When the Hutchinson party were
banished from Boston, several of Roger Williams' old friends were banished
from Salem. They immediately joined him at Providence and in November
of 1638, they, together with the Pawtuxet party, forced or persuaded Roger
Williams to deed to them an undivided interest in the town of Providence.
In this deed the signers of the Compact had no share. The records of the
family of William Arnold, as shown in the New England Historical-
Genealogical Register of 1879, prove that he was at Pawtuxet
before Roger Williams was at Providence, and it may be reasonably in-
ferred from subsequent events that some members of the families of William
Harris and William Carpenter were there with him. Thomas Arnold
and Thomas Harris, brothers of the two Williams, settled at Moshasuck,
near by Richard Scott. I believe that they too had made their settle-
ments before Roger Williams came to the spring near where St. John's
Church now stands and called his settlement Providence. The deed which
Roger Williams secured from the Indian Sachems, covered the territory
at both Pawtuxet and Moshasuck, but Roger Williams' deed to the twelve
proprietors of Providence did not include the Moshasuck settlers, although
it included their lands. This deed was not recorded until 1660, and then
Roger Williams recited it from memory. The town records do not show
what became of the original or why it was not recorded. The feud which
was apparently engendered by this deed lasted with the Pawtuxet party
about fifty years, although it was superficially allayed by what is called
in the records the "Combination." This was drawn upon the 27th of 5th
mo. 1640, by Chad Browne and John Warner of the signers of the Compact
and Robert Coles and William Harris of the grantees under Roger Williams'
deed. They declare that, "being ffreely chosen by the consent of our
loving ffriends and Neighbors, the inhabitants of this town of Providence,
having many differences amongst us: They being ffreely willing and
also bound themselves to stand to our Arbitration in all differences amongst
us: to rest contented in our determination: Being so betrusted: we have
seriously and carefully endeavoured to waye and consider all those differ-
ences: being desirous to bring them to unitye and peace: Although our
abilities are farr short in the due examination of such weightye thinges:
yet so far as we can conceive laieing all thinges together: wee have gon
the fairest and equallest way to produce o r peace:"

Then follows agreement 1 as to the boundaries between Providence
and Pawtuxet:

Inltttral CSInmpart in Am*rtra

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Then agreement 2: That in the town of Providence 5 men be chosen
"to be Betrusted: with desposall of Landes: and also the Towne stock:
and Gennerall thinges:"

Then agreement 3 : The details of a method of government by arbi-
tration.

Then agreements 4, 5 and 6 : Further details.

Then agreement 7, "That the Towne by the rave men shall give every
man a deed of all his Landes lieing within the boundes of the plantation
to hold it by for after ages."

Then agreements 8, 9 and 10 give details as to calling town meetings.

Then argeements 11 and 12, direct that all "Townesmen" shall pay as
they are received 30s. into the Towne stock.

This unique instrument closes thus: "These being those thinges
which we have Gennerally Concluded on for o' peace we desiring o' Loving
ffriends to receive as o r absolute determination Laieing o r selves down as
subjects to it. "

The Combination was not recorded until March 28, 1662. It was
dated "Providence this 27th of the 5th Month in the Yeare so called 1640."
It was an echo of the Compact, and was an attempt to organize a civil
government without magistrates, through arbitration. The document
was signed by twelve of the thirteen who signed the Compact, by Roger
Williams and eight of the twelve grantees under his deed and by eighteen
others, including two women. They were the earliest inhabitants of
Providence, Pawtuxet and Moshasuck. Externally matters were quieted,
and all of the signers from that time on became prominent citizens of the
town of Providence, acquiesing in the requirements and agreements of the
Combination which became the fundamental law of the town. The
personal feuds, however, lasted until the death of the principal actors.
The Combination will be found on the 2 page of vol. XX. of the Early
Records of the town of Providence.

Some time after the signing of the Combination, Roger Williams
went to England. He returned in 1643 with a royal charter for the colony,
a copy of which will be found at page 7, vol. XV. of the Early Records of
the town. This charter provides that the Rhode Island colony shall
choose such officers as it sees fit, to make such laws "as be conformable
to ye Lawes of England." There is not a word in the charter that refers
in any manner to religion, and liberty of conscience is not mentioned.

The Charter of 1643 did not prove permanently acceptable to the
four towns that then formed the Rhode Island Colony and after some
years of continued differences the four towns united in sending to England
John Clarke, a Baptist Lollard, to secure a royal charter more acceptable
in its provisions. After more than ten years of diplomacy and entreaty
he returned with a charter which was granted by the humble petition of
our trusted and well beloved subject John Clarke on the behalf of Ben-
jamin Arnold and twenty-two others of whom Roger Williams was one, they
representing the four towns of Portsmouth, Newport, Warwick and Provi-
dence. Half of these, including Roger Williams, had been banished from
Massachusetts, and the others would have been had they not gone directly
to Rhode Island. This charter recites:

"And whereas, in their humble address, they had freely declared, that it is
much on their hearts (if they may be permitted) to hold forth a lively experiment,
that a most flourishing civil state may stand and be best maintained, and that among

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our English subjects, with a. full liberty in religious concernments but that all
and every person and persons, may from time to time and at all times hereafter,
freely and fully have and enjoy his and their own judgements and consciences in
matters of religious concernments."

This charter, as well as the Compact and Combination reflects the